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tINDEX  SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No,  3666,  Jan.  29,  1898. 


THE 


^ 


70 


ATHENtEUM 


J  O  U  E  N  A  L 


OF 


LITERATURE,    SCIENCE,    THE    FINE   ARTS,    MUSIC, 

AND    THE    DRAMA. 


JULY  TO  DECEMBER, 


1897. 


LONDON: 


PRINTED  BY  JOHN  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  ATHEN^UM  PRESS,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE. 

PUBLISHED  AT  THE  OFFICE,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE,  E.C., 

BY  JOHN  C.   FRANCIS. 

SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  AND  NEWSMEN  IN  TOWN  i^.ND  COUNTRY. 
AGENTS  FOR  SCOTLAND,  MESSRS.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  AND  MR.  JOHN  MENZIES,  EDINBURGH. 


MDCCCXCVII. 


ffiUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENiEUM  with  No.  3666,  Jan.  29,  1898. 


n? 
m 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  3666,  Jan.  29, 18 


INDEX    OF    CONTENTS. 

JULY    TO    DECEMBER 
1897. 


LITERATURE. 
Reviews, 

About's  Tlie  Kinj;  of  the  Mountains,  tr.  Davey,  418 

Acts  of  the  Privy  Council,  15S7-1588,  416 

Adams's  (B.  D.)  Miss  Secretary  Ethel,  818 

Adderley's  (J.)  Paul  Mercer.  704 

Adye'B  (Geicril  Sir  J.)  Indla-i  Fr)nti-r  Policy,  881 

Alexandar'8(Mr8.)  Birl)ar;i,  Laiy's  Maid  and  Peeress,  558 

Alheiin'e  (P.  d')  Sur  les  Pointes,  64 

Allden's  (W.  L.)  His  Uaugliter,  318 

Allen's  (G.)  An  Afric.n  Millionaire,  93;  The  Evolution 
of  tlie  Meaof  God,  700,750 

Allen's  (J.  L.)  Tlie  (Jli)ir  Invi<ible,  348 

Allies's  Tlie  Formation  of  Christendom,  290 

Allingh^Tn'a  (P.)  Cr.)oked  Pa'.hs,  155,  194 

Almanacs,  Diaries.  Calendars,  &c.,  708,  749,  821,  854,  881 

Amarga's  (N.)  The  Settling  of  Bertie  Mirian,  705 

America  and  the  American?,  fro'n  a  French  Point  of 
View,  223 

American  History  told  by  Contemporaries,  editad  by 
Hart,  Vol.  I.,  669 

Anderson's  Introdactory  Grammar  to  the  Sena  Lan- 
guage, 289 

Aneodota  Oxoniensia  :  Hiberaici.  Minora,  ed,  Meyer,  632 

Anglican,  The,  455 

Anstey's  (F.)  B-ihoo  jAbberjje,  B.A.,  633 

Apocalypse  of  St.  John  in  a  Syriac  Version  hitherto 
Unknown,  edited  by  Gwynn,  62 

Aristophanis  Rinae,  editad  by  LeeuAfen,  18) 

Aristotle  :  Bibliographie  d'Ariitote,  by  Schwib,  235 

Aimitage's  A  Key  to  Bnglisli  Antiq  lities,  2S9 

Armour's  (M.)  S  )ng3  of  Love  a'ld  Death,  188 

Armstrong's  (A.  E.)  Mona  St.  Claire,  669 

Arnamagnaeanske  Haandskrift  310,  edited  by  Grolh,  351 

Arnold  of  Rugby,  by  Fi.idlay,  233 

Arnold'sSclioolShakespeire  :  CorioUnu?,ed.  Ciolmeley — 
King  John,  ed.  Birmrd,  127 

Art  of  Conversing,  The,  85} 

Assyrian  and  Babylonian  Letters  in  the  Kouyunjik  Col- 
lection, ed.  Hir.ier,  Partj  lU.  an  I  IV.,  157 

Audebrind's  Napo!e)n,a-t-il  eteun  Homme  Heurjux?  561 

Audo's  (  r.)  Syriac  Lexicon,  Vol.  I.,  19J 

Autographs  in  the  MSS.  Depart  nont,  British  Museum, 
Facsimiles  of,  edited  by  Warner,  Thirl  Ssries,  703 

Bacon's  (Comra.  R.  H.)  Benin,  the  City  of  Bloid,  850 
Baddeley's  Robert  the  Wi^e  atid  his  Heiri,  254 
Banot's  Sport  in  India  and  Central  America,  438 
Bafeer's  (iMrs.  W.)  Little  Tora,  853 
Baldwin's  (Rev.  J.  R.)  Indiin  Gup,  383 
Balfour's  (A.)  By  Stroke  of  SworJ,  287 
Balzac,  Autour  de,  by  Vicarate  Lovenjoul,  97 
Balzac's  (H.  de)  Cone  lie    Humaine,  ed.  Siintsbury — 

Wild  Ass's  Skin,  &c.,  tr.  by  Bell  and  others,  219 
Bmgs's  (J.  K.)  Paste  Jewels,  706 
Baring-Gould's  (S.)  Perpetua,  486;  Bladys  of  the  Stew- 

poney,  658 
Barnard,  F.  A.  P.,  Memoirs  of,  by  Pulton,  33 
Barnes's   (Rev.  Dr.  W.    B.)   An   Apparatus   Criticus   to 

Cbronicles  in  the  Peshittv  Version,  321 
Btrr'8(A.  E.)  Prisoners  of  Conscience,  416 
Barr's  (R  )  The  Mutable  Many,  185 
Bartram's  (G.)  Ttie  People  of  CI  ipton,  744 
Battenberg's  (Prince  Louis  of)  Men-of-War  Names,  their 

Meaning  and  Origin,  749 
B6,umann's(H.)  A  Sec  )nd  Germ  in  Course,  254 
Baxter's  (Miss  K.  S.)  In  Bamboo  Lands,  3i 
Beatty's  (W.)  The  Secretar,  670 

Bedford's  (Duke  of)  A  Great  Agrii;ultural  Estate,  121 
Bedford's   (L.)    Mrs.   Merriman's  Godchild -Prue  the 

Poetess,  819 
Bell's  (R.  S.  W.)  The  Cub  in  Love,  191 
Bengesco's  (G.)  La  Question  d'Orient,  820 
Benham's  (C.  E.)  Old  Colchester,  126 
Bennett's  (J.)  Maater  Skylark,  819 
Berkeley's  (Hon.  G.  P.)  Reminiscences  of  a  Hun'aman, 

745 
Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon  Archaeological  Journal,  126 
Bertheroy's  Les  Trois  Fillea  de  Pieter  Waldorp,  186 
Beuzemaker's  (J.  J.)  A  Second  French  Course,  127 
Bibliography  ;  Catalogue  General  dn  Livres  imprime* 
de  la  Bibliolheque  Nationale,  Vol.  I.— Bibliogripliical 
Index  to  the   Writings  of  Swedenbor^,   321;  Ii.dex- 
Catalogue  of  Bibliographical  Works  relating  to  Inlia 
by   Campbell,  322,  3.57;    Catalogue    Annuel    de    la 
Librairie  Fran5ai8e  pour  1896,  by  Jordell— New  Cita- 
logue  of  British  Literature,    1896,  by  Chivers— Zeit- 
Bchrift  fiir  Biicherfreunde,  ed.  Zobeltitz— Bibliography 


of  Theology,  &c.,  322;  Sipplemint  to  Citalojue  of 
Persian  Manoscnpts   in  British  Museim,  by  Rieu — 
Citalogue  of  Persian  Manuscripts  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  by  Browne,  379  ;    Catalog'ie  General  das 
Incunables  des  Bibliotheques  Publiques  de  Franc  •,  by 
Pdllechet— Notice  sur  les  .Manuscrits  O.iginaux  d'Ade- 
mard;  Chabannei,  by  Dalisle — Kitilog  der  Freiherr- 
lich  von   Lipperheide'schan  Simmlung  fiir  Kostiim- 
wissenschaft,  451 ;  Bibliographie  Corea'iie,  byC  )urAnt, 
452;    Bibliography  of  the   Works  of  W.  Morris,  by 
Scott,  591 
Bickford-S  nith's  (R.  A.  H.)  Gre'an  Sketches,  834 
Bigelow's  (P.)  Wliito  .U.n's  Africi,  592 
Bigh  tm's  With  the  Turkish  Army  in  Thessily,  216 
BikeUs'fl  Nouvelles  Grecques,  747 
Bird's  (G.  W.)  Waiderin^s  in  Burmi,  124 
Bjornsin's  (B.)  Tne  Bridil  March,  62;  Ma^nhild,  63 
Bhckfuore's  (R.  D.)  Uariel,  782 

B  aikie's  Itiner  iry  of  Prince  C  larles  B  lirard  Stuart,  253 
Blashill's  (T.)  Sutt  min-Holde  ness,  183 
B)a3e's  (P.)  Moderi  English  Biography,  Vol.  II.,  225 
Biethius's  Consolation  of  Philosophy,  tr.  by  James— tr. 

by  Colville,  ed.  by  Bax,  877 
Boisra^on's  (Cipt.  A.)  The  Benin  Massacre,  850 
Bon-Mots  of  Ninetee  ith  Century,  e  lited  J^rrold,  160 
Book  of  Comm  )n  Prayer  in  Manx  Gaelic,  632 
Bjoksellers'  Catalogues,  128,  -385,  591,  708,  784 
B)0thby'8(G.)  The  Fascination  of  ohe  King,317;  Sheilah 

McLeod,  450 
Bossuet's  Oraisons  Paneires,  elited  Rebe'liau,  254 
B)ulton's(H.  M.)  B)ss,  883 
Bovet's  (M.  A.  de)  Parole  Jure  a,  61 
Boyesen's  (H.  H.)  Bss  lys  on  Sc  mdinavian  Literature,  487 
Bra  la's  Lettres  d'une  Amoureusa,  591 
Braine's  (S.  B.)  The  Luck  of  the  Birdleys,  631 
B  andt's  (G.)  D  iployan  Shorthaid  adapted  to  Ea;^li8h, 

191 
B.ereton's  (J.  La  G.)  The  Song  of  B  otherhood,  125 
Brette's  (A.)    Recueil  de  Djc  iments  reiatifs  a.  la  Con- 

vocition  des  Etats  Geieraux  de  1789,  95 
Briggs's  (Sir  J.  H.)  Naval  Adminiitrations,  127 
Briason's  (A.)  Portraits  Intimes,  Troisie  ue  Serie,  160 
Bro^kbank's  (W.  B.)  Poems  and  Songs,  707 
Uroglie's  (Due  da)  Histoire  et  Politique,  34 
Biowue's  (VI.)  Two  Old  Ladies,  &c„  819 
B -owning,  Bliza'ieth  Barrett,  Letters  of,  ed.  Konyon,  627 
Bryoe's  (J.)  Impressions  of  South  Africi,  813 
Brymnar's  (D.)  Rep  )rt5  O'l  Canadian  Archives,  33,  19) 
Budge's   (e).    A.    W.)   An    Egyptian   Reading-Bo )k   for 

Beginners,  120;  Th;  Book  of  the  Dead,  874 
Biilovv,  O  ibriele  voi,  a  .Me  noir,  tr.  by  Nordliiiger,  189 
Buriett'a  Ofi&oiul  Nurjing  Diracto'y,  749 
Burgin'8(G.  B.)  Fortune's  Footbal  s,  416 
Burnett's  (F.  H)  His  Grace  of  Osnaonde,  852 
Burns'a  (R.)    Clarinda,   by   Dr.  J.   D.   Ross,  385;    The 
Poetry  of,  ed  by  Henley  and  Henderson,  Vol.  IV.,  415 
Burr.jge'8(B.  H.)  The  Vanished  Yicht,  853 
Butler,  William  John,  Life  and  Litters  of,  834 
Butler's  (S.)  The  Authoress  of  the  Oiysiey,  849 
Bye-Gones  relating  to  Wales,  &c.,  1895-6,  253 
Caine's  (Hall)  The  Christian,  286 
Calendar  of  State  Papers,   1677-1630,  edited  by  Siins- 

bury  and  Portescus,  32 
Gimeron's  (Mrs.  L.)  A  Man's  Undoing,  416 
CarJellVs  (G.)  For  the  L  fa  of  Others,  704 
Ctrey's  (R.  S.)  Dr.  Luttrell's  First  Patiant,  630 
Cirman's  (B.)  More  Soigs  from  Vagiboidia,  880 
Carmichael's  (H.)  The  Oarstairs  of  C  istle  O.aig,  705 
Cartwright's  (Mrs.  E.)  Jen  ly,  70) 
Cassier's  Magazine,  Marine  Number,  ^52 
Castelli's  (D.)  II  Poema  Semitico  dal  Pessimismo,  320 
Castle's  (B.)  La  Roman  du  Prince  Othon,  708 
Cervantes's  The  Adventure  of  the  Wooden  Hirse,  &c., 

edited  by  Bevenot,  254 
Chairman's  Manual,  The,  291 

Chamberlain's  (J.)  foreign  and  Colonial  Speeches,  34 
Champion's  (E.)  La  Prince  d'apres  les  C  thiers  de  1789,  314 
Chance's  (W.)  Children  under  the  Poor  Law,  593 
Gharbonnel's  (Abbe  V .)  La  Volonte  da  vivre,  661 
Charletons  (R.  J.)  Netherdyke,  630 
Chaucarian  and  other  Pieces,  edited  by  Skeat,  741 
Chaytor'8  (H.  J.)  The  Light  of  the  Eye,  155 
Chinyanji  Languiga,  The  Prayer  Book  an  I  Robertson's 

Church  History  in,  283 
Christmas  Numbers  :    Bookseller — Publishers'   Circular 
— Bookbuyer— Pearson's,  819;  Newsigant  and  Book- 
seller's Review,  834 
Chuquet's  (A.)  La  Jeunesse  de  Napoleon,  672 
Church  Quarterly  Review,  191 


Church's  (Rev.  A.  J.)  Lords  of  the  World,  853 
Church's  (S.  H.)  John  Marmaduke,  883 
Cicero  :  The  Fourth  Verrine,  el.  Hall,  127;  The  Corre- 
spondence of,  ed.  Tyrrell  and   Purser,  Vol.  V.,  281; 
Pro  Plancio,  el.  Audan,  384 
Cladel's  (L.)  Achille  et  Patrocle,  ed.  La  Francois,  127 
Clare's  (A.)  The  Siege  Perilous,  705;  By  the  Rise  of  the 

River,  746 
Claretie's  (J.)  L'Accusateur,  287 
Clarke's  (M.)  Stories  of  Australia  in  Early  Days,  158 
Cleeve's  (L.)  The  Water-Finder,  486 
Clevelan  Is  (A.  R.)  Woman  under  the  English  Law,  344 
Clough,  Anne  Jemima,  Me-noir  of,  by  her  Niece,  779 
Goites's  (A.)  Rie's  Diary,  97 

Cooking's  (B.  D.)  A  Primer  of  French  Etymology,  254 
CoflSn's  Quebec  and  the  Birly  American  Revolution,  33 
Coillard's  Threshold  of  Central  Africi,  tr.  Mackintosh, 

854 
Coleridge,  S.  T.,  The  Poetry  of,  ed.  Garnett,  701 
Coleridge  s  (M.  B.)  The  King  with  Ta-o  Faces,  595 
Cmcordanca  to  the  Greek  Testiment,  edited  by  Moulton 

and  Geden,  62 
C  megliaao's  (Due  de)  Le  Second  Empire,  672 
Con -inental  Literature — Belgium,  7;  Bohemia,  8;  Den- 
mark, 9  ;   France,  10  ;  Germany,  13  ;  Greece,  18  ;  Hol- 
land,   18;    Hungiry,    2J;    Italy,  20 ;    Norway,   24; 
Poland,  25  ;  Russia,  26 ;  Spain,  23 
Conway's  (Pr.  J.  P.)  Lives  of  tlie  Brethren  of  the  Order 

of  Praachers,  1206-li!59,  60 
Gipinger's  (W.  A.)  The  Bible  and  its  Transtnlssion,  414 
Copley,  Sir  Thomas,  Latters  of,  ei.  Christie,  251 
Cornish's  (C.  J.)  Nights  wiih  an  Old  Gunner,  715 
Correspondence  of  the  Governors  of  tha  New  England 

Company  in  London,  159 
Cjuch's  (L.  Q  )  A  Spanish  Maid,  745 
Courthope's  (W.  J.)  The   Longest  Raign,  an  Ode,  34  ; 

History  of  English  Poetry,  Vol.  II.,  218 
Crackanthorpe's  (H.)  Last  Studies,  746 
Crampton's  (G  )  Bl  Carman,  747 
Craven's  (H.)  Katharine  Cro:ner,  663 
Crawford's  (P.  M.)  Corleone,  817 
Crawford's  (J.  H.)  A  Girl's  Awakening,  416 
Crockett's  (d.  R.)  L  ichinvar,  59d  ;  Sir  Toady  Lion,  819 
Croo'ie's  (W.)  No.thWestern  Provinces  of  India,  93 
Cr  ipp's  (J.)  La  Cour  d' Assises,  749 
Culross's  (Dr.  J.)  The  Three  Rylanis,  673 
Cuihing's  (H.  A.)  Transition  f ro  n  Provincial  to  Com- 
mon weaU.h  G)vernmant  in  Massichusatts,  33 
Dale's  (Dirlay)  Chloa,  521 

Dmte  :    Vita  Nova,  ed.  B;c'<— Die  Mataphar  bei  Dante, 
by   Beck— Tue    Treatment   of   Nature  in  Dante,  by 
Kuhns,  346 
Dirley's  (G.)  Nepenthe,  Introl.  by  Streatfeild,  377,  422 
Darmesteter's  (.'dadime)  A  Mediaeval  Gtrland,  852 
Daughters  of  the  City,  45) 

Dauze's  Index  Biblio-Icoujgnphique,  Vol.  I.,  316 
Davenmt,  John,  Lord  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  by  Fuller,  315 
Davies's  (A.  K.)  Phariseas,  706 
Davis's  (R   H.)  Cuba  in  War  Time,  560 
Daws)n's  (A.  J.)  Middle  Greynesa,  70.5 
Dawson's  (W.  H.)  Social  Switzerland,  385 
Dayton's  (A.  C.)  Knickeib  ickar  Life  in  New  York,  190 
Debrett's  Peerage,  Bironetage,  and  Knightage,  834 
De  La  Pasture's  (Mrs.  H.)  Dabirah  of  Tol's,  878 
D8m)8theae3:    Tue  First  Philippic  and  the  Olyathiacs, 

el.  Sandys,  127 
Desire's  (Earl  of)  Raid  of  the  Detriraantal,  630 
Dautscher  Musen-Almanach  for  1897,  2i5 
Diamond  Fary  Book,  The,  819 

Diary  and  Directory  fir  Surveyors,  Auctioneers,  &c„  749 
Dibdin's  (J.  C.)  Scottish  Birdjr  Lif-,  670 
Dictionaries:     The   Language  of  Motu,  by  Cidrin,'ton 
and  Palmer,  125;  New  English  Dictionary,  ed.  Murray 
and  Bra  lley,  434  ;  Slang,  Jargon,  and  Cant,  by  Barre  e 
and  Le  aid,  673  ;    Sea  i'erms,  by  Anste  I— Chimbers's 
Biographical,  ed.  Patrick  and  Grooma,  820 
Dictionary  of  Nati  mal  Biography,  ed.  Lee,  Vol.  LI.,  117 
Dies  Irae,  Part  I.  Tha  Hymn,  tr.  hy  Warren,  190 
Diwan  des  arabischen  Dichters  Hdt\m.  2'aj  nebst  Frag- 

menten,  ed.  Schuhhess,  453 
Dod's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,  884 
Dollivet'a  (L  )  Sale  Juif  !  487 
Don's  (I.)  A  Strong  Necessity,  597 
Doniol's  (H.)  M.  Thiers,  le  Comte  de  Saint- Vallier,  le 

General  de  Manteutfel,  160 
Dougall's  (Miss  L.)  A  Dozan  Ways  of  Love,  157 
Douglas's  (R.  K.)  Under  tha  Dragon  Throne,  747 
Dowd'a  Round  about  the  County  of  Limerick,  191 
Dowden's  (B.)  A  History  of  French  Literature,  435 


IV 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^.UM  with  No.  3666,  Jan.  29, 1898 

July  to  December  1897 


LITERATURE. 

Wteviexva— continued. 

Dutch  Church  of  London,  Letters  and  Documents  of  the, 
ed.  Hessels,  Vol.  IIL,  448 

Eady's  (K.  M.  and  R.)  Boys  of  Huntingley,  705 

Earle's  (Bishop)  Microcosmography,  ed.  Irwin,  418 

Easton's  (H.  T.)  Banks  and  Baiikiuf?,  783 

Ehigambo  Ebitutugeza  Ebiri  mu  Byawandikibwa  Ebitu- 
kuvu,  288 

Edwards's  (C.)  Railway  Nationalization,  748 

Eerie  Book,  The,  edited  by  Armour,  853 

Egerton's  (Q.)  Symphonies,  63 

Egerton's  (H   B.)  History  of  British  Colonial  Policy,  853 

Eggleston's  (E.)  The  Besjinners  of  a  Nation,  190 

Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  Archaeological  Report  for 
1896-1897,  edited  by  Griffiih,  784 

Ekitabo  Ekyokusaba  Kwabantu  Bona,  125 

Eliot's  (C.  W.)  American  Contributions  toCivilization, 708 

EliZ'«bethan  Sonnet  Cjcle-",  ed.  by  Crow,  417 

Elliot's  (A.)  Wheie  the  Reeds  Wave,  486 

finault's  (L.)  Le  Rachat  d'une  Anie,  630 

English  EpithaUmies,  compiled  by  Case,  63 

English's  ( vi.)  The  Sorrows  of  a  Society  Woman,  597 

Ktudes  d'Histoire  du  Moyen  Age  dediees  a  Gabriel 
MonoJ,  216 

Evans's  (G.  E.)  Record  of  tlie  Provincial  Assembly  of 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  290 

Everett  Sc  Son's  Stand  Reading-Case,  255 

Everett-Green's  (E.)  The  Young  Pioneers,  384;  Battle- 
down  Boys,  818 

Fairy  Tales  from  Far  North,  translated  by  Braekstad,  853 

Falklands,  739 

Falys  (P.  C.)  Ninety-eight,  706 

Farjeoii's  (B.  L.)  Miriam  Rozella,  817 

Farrell's  (J.)  Australia  to  En^iland,  881 

Farror's  (W.)  Court  Rolls  of  the  Honor  of  Clitheroe,  in 

the  County  of  Lancaster,  Vol.  I.,  126 
Penn'8  (G.  AI.)  Vince  the  Rebel,  705  ;  High  Play,  852 
Fichte's  The  Science  of  Etliics,  tr.  by  Kroeger,  820 
Fitidlater's  (Miss  M.)  Over  ttie  Hills,  670 
Fini.y's  (V.  G.)  A  Daughter  of  Erin,  631 
Fiizgerabi's  (A.)  A  Tragedy  of  Grub  Street,  747 
Fitzpatrick's  (P.)  The  Outspan,  188 
Fleming's  (D.  H.)  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  703,  821 
Fleming's  (G.)  Little  Stories  about  Women,  63 
Fleming's  (J.  S.)  Tbe  Old  LudKin^s  of  Stirling,  253 
Fletcher's  (Rev.  C.  J.  H.)  History  of  the  Church,  &c., 

of  St.  Martin  (Carfax),  Oxford,  224 
Fletcher's  (J.  S.)  God's  Failures,  385;  The  Builders,  559 ; 

The  Making  of  Matthias,  882 
Flint's  (iM.  B.)  Early  Song  Island.  417 
Floran's  (M.)  Orgueil  Vaincu,  745 
Flores  Saga  ok  Blankifleur,  ed.  by  Kolbing,  351 
Forbes's  (A.)  The  Black  Watch,  282 
Forbes-Robertson's  (Mi-s  F.)  Odd  Stories,  671 
Ford's  (G.)  The  Larriimys.  155 
Ford's  (P.  L.)  The  True  George  Washington,  190 
Forman's  (L.  L.)  Index  Andocideus,  Lycurgeus,  Dinar- 

cheus,  748 
Pouillee's  (  A.)  Le  Mouvement  Positiviste  et  la  Concep- 
tion Sociologique  du  Monde,  345 
Fowler's  (J   H.)  Nineteenth  Century  Prose,  670 
Prance's  (A.)  Le  Mannequin  d'Osier,  524 
Francis's  (B.)  The  Gentlemanly  Giant,  882 
Frar.cis's  (M.  E.)  Maime  o'  the  Corner,  878 
Friescli  Woordenboek,  by  Dijkstra  and  Hettema,  350 
Froment's  (Lieut.)  L'Espionnage  Militaire,  853 
Fyfe's  (H.  H.)  A  Trick  of  Fame,  92 
Gallon's  (Tom)  A  Prince  of  Mischance,  704 
Gardiner's  (S.  R.)   What  Gunpowder    Plot  Was,  149; 
History   of    the    Commonwealth    and    Protectorate, 
1649-60,  Vol.  II.  1661-4,  594;    Cromwell's  Place  in 
History,  873 
Garland's  (H.)  Rose  of  Dutcher's  Coolly,  253 
Gerard's  (D.)  Miss  Providence,  669 
Gerard's  (E.)  An  Electric  Shock,  &c.,  64 
Gethen's  (H.  F.)  Nell's  Schooldays,  631 
Gibbons,  Ahby  Hopper,  Life  of,  ed.  Emerson,  190 
Gibson's  (Hon.  W.)  Abb6  de  Lamennais  and  the  Liberal 

Catholic  Movement  in  France,  94 
Gilkes's  (A.  H.)  Kallistratus,  256 
Gille's  (P.)  Ceux  qu'on  Lit,  820 
Giiliat's  (Rev.  E.)  In  Lincoln  Green,  560 
Ginsburg's  (Dr.)  Introduction  to  the  Maseoretico- Criti- 
cal Edition  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  321 
Gislason's  (K.)  Forelaesninger  over  OlJnordiske  Skjal- 

dekvad,  edited  by  Dr.  Olsen,  158 
Giurati's  (Signor  D.)  Memorie  d'  Emigrazione,  291 
Gladstone,  Right  Hon.  W.  B.,  The  Political  Life  of, 

illustrated  from  '  Punch,'  Vol.  III.,  708 
Gloucestershire  Notes  and  Queries,  Vol.  VII.,  350 
Godenhjelm's  (B.  F.)  Handbook  of  the  History  of  Finnish 

Literature,  trans,  by  Butler,  95 
Godfrey's  The  R  juvenation  of  Miss  Semaphore,  155 
Goethe,  Criticisms,  &c.,  of,  tr.  by  Ronnfeldt,  352 
Golden  Treasury,  by  Palgrave,  Second  Series,  555,  601 
Gomme's  (G.  L.)  Tbe  King's  Story-Book,  818  ;  Lectures 

on  the  Principles  of  Local  Government,  853 
Goodnow's  (F.)  Municipal  Problems,  385 
Gordon's  (Lord  G.)  The  Race  of  To-day,  704 
Gordon's  (S.)  In  Years  of  Transition,  782 
GosBe's  (R.)  A  Short  History  of  English  Literature,  74 


Gossip  from  a  Muniment  Room,  edited  by  Lady  Newdi- 
gate-Newdegate,  699 

Gough's  (General  Sir  H.)  Old  Memories,  88 

Gould's  (Nat)  Seeing  Him  Throuf;h,  318 

Gould's  (Dr.  O.)  An  Autumn  Singer,  288 

Gowing's  (Mrs.  A.)  Merely  Players,  383 

Graham's  (S.)  The  Showman's  Daughter,  487 

Grand's  (S.)  The  Beth  Book,  743 

Gray's  (Maxwell)  Sweethearts  and  Friends,  630 

Great  Educators :  Thomas  and  Matthew  Arnold,  by 
Fitch,  554 

Greek  Pwpyri,  Series  II.,  ed.  Grenfull  and  Hunt,  413 

Green's  (A.  K.)  That  Affair  Next  Door,  883 

Greenhow's  (Surgeon- Major)  Amy  Vivian's  Ring,  524 

Greenstock's  (W.)  The  History  of  Arminius,  &■;.,  127 

Gregorovius's  (F.)  History  of  Rome  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
tr.  Hamilton,  Vol.  IV.,  315 

Grey's  (R.)  The  Craftsman,  191 

Grier's  (8.  C.)  Peace  with  Honour,  744 

Grierson's  (G.  A.)  Specimen  Trans'ations  in  Various 
Indian  Languages,  454 

Griffith's  (G  )  Tbe  Romance  of  the  Golden  Star,  92 ; 
Tbe  Knights  of  the  White  Rose,  818 

Grffiths's  (Majir  A.)  Forbidden  by  Law,  451;  The 
Wellington  Memorial,  747 

Guide-Books :  Hampshire,  Dorsetshire,  North  Wales, 
The  Trossachs,  Cities  of  Bel^^ium,  34  ;  Smith's  Handy 
Guide  to  England  and  Wales— Ward  &  Lock's  Guide 
to  Plymouth — Guide  to  Matlock,  Derby,  and  Neigh- 
bourhood, 125;  London  and  its  Environs,  by  Mrs. 
E.  T.  Cook — Topografia  di  Roma  Antica,  by  Borsari, 
160  ;  Lakes  of  Killarney— Switzerland — Clyde  River 
and  Firth,  322;  Franzenshnd,  673 

Gyp's  En  Balade,  322  ;  Totote,  818 

Halbertsmae,  Tjallingi,    Adversaria    Critica,   edited    by 

Herwerden,  189 
Half- Hours  in  Early  Naval  Adventure,  560 
Hall's  (O.)  Jetsim,  415 
Halle's  (B.  von)  Baumwollproduktion  und  Pflanzungs- 

wirtschaft  in  den  Nordamerikanischen  Siidstaaten,  670 
Hamilton's  (M.)  The  Freedom  of  Henry  Meredith,  878 
Hammar's  (A.)  The  New  Africa,  222 
Hammond's  (J.)  A  Cornish  Parish,  155 
Handbook  of  Travel  Talk,  291 
Hannan's  (C.)  The  Wooing  of  Avis  Grayle,  123 
Hannay's  A  Short  History  of  the  Royal  Navy,  879 
Hanschmann's  (A,  B.)  The  Kindergarten  System,  tr.  by 

Franks,  287 
Hansen's  (J.)  L' Alliance  Franco-Russe,  385 
Harbottle's  Dictionary  of  Quotations  :  Classical,  884 
Harcourt's  (A.  F.  P.)  On  the  Knees  of  the  Gods,  415 
Hardy's  (F.  H.)  The  Mills  of  God,  883 
Hare's  (C.)  Broken  Arcs,  818 
Harland's  (M.)  An  Old-Field  Schoolgirl,  819 
Harraden's  (B.)  A  New  Boak  of  the  Fairies,  560;  Untold 

Tales  of  the  Fast,  882 
Hart's  (F.)  When  Passions  Rule.  383 
Harte's  (Bret)  Three  Partners,  486 
Harvey's  (Rev.  M  )  Newfoundland  in  1897,  525 
Hawthorne,  Memorials  of,  by  Latbrop,  153 
Hayens's  (H.)  Paris  at  Bay,  705 
HazeH's  Annual,  edited  by  Palmer,  821 
Headlam's  (C.)  Selections  from  British  Satirists,  820 
Hearn's  (L.)  Gleanings  in  Buddha  Fields,  664 
Heath's  Letters  from  the  Black  Sea,  1854-55,  248 
Heatley's  (H.  R.)  Pantoia,  671 

Heine,  Heinrich,  Choice  Poems  of,  tr.  by  Oldie,  453 
Heller's  Annotated  Edition  of  the  Code,  288 
Henderson's  The  Social  Spirit  in  America,  255,  820 
Henbam's  (B.  G.)  Menotah,  706 
Henty's  (G.  A.)  With  Moore  at  Corunna,  560 
Herbert's  Law  of  Banks  and  Rankers,  783 
Hervey's  (M.  H.)  David  Dim»dale,  M.D.,  61 
Hervieux's  (L.)  Les  Fabulistes  Latins,  Vol.  IV.,  188 
Hewlett's  (.M.)  Songs  and  Meditations,  288 
Hill's  (H.)  By  a  Hair's  Breadth,  596 ;  The  Zone  of  Fire, 

705 
Hilton,  Marie,  her  Life,  &c.,  by  Hilton,  189 
Hi'igeston-Randolph's  Exeter  Episcopal  Registers,  1331- 

1360,221 
Hirrch's  (L.)  Reisen  in  Siid-Arabien,  Mahra-Land,  und 

Hadrniut,  189 
His  Fault,  or  Hersl  630 
Histoire  Generate  du  IV.  Sifecle  k  nos  Jours,  edited  by 

Lavisse  and  Rambaud,  291 
Historical  Records  of  the  Maltese  Corps  of  the  British 

Army,  compiled  by  Major  Chesiiey,  182 
Histori-cbe  Vraagen,  288 
Hobbea's  (J.  O.)  The  School  for  Saint.",  817 
Hobbes's  (R.  G.)  Reminiscences  of  Seventy  Years'  Life, 

&c.,  224 
Holdsworih's  (A.  B.)  The  Gods  Arrive,  450 
HoUandia,  No.  1,  673 
Hollis's  (M.)  Stapleton's  Luck,  347 
Holmes's  (F.  M.)  Tbe  Gold  Ship,  853 
Home's  (A.)  Exiled  from  School,  853 
Hommel's  Ancient  Hebrew  Tradition  as  illustrated  by 

tbe  Monuments,  tr.  by  McClure  and  Crossle,  284 
Hope's  (A  )  Ivan  Alexandrovitch,  61 
Hopper's  (N.)  Under  Quicken  Boughs,  187 
Hornuns's  (E.  W.)  The  Rogue's  March,  61 
Hort's  (F.  J.  A.)  The  Christian  Ecclesia,  94 
Hovey's  (R.)  More  Songs  from  Vagabondia,  880 
Howarth's  (A.)  Jan :  an  Afrikander,  669 


Howells's  (W.  D.)  A  Letter  of  Introduction— Five  o'clock 

Tea,  633 
Hudson's  (Rev.  W.)  How  Norwich  grew  into  Shape,  253 
Hume's   {b\)   Tbe    Tonib-tonc    Treasure,    191  ;    Claude 

Duval  of  Ninety-tive,  559 
Hume's    (M.   A.   S.)    Sir  Walter   Ralegh  :    the   British 

Doininion  of  the  We^t,  446 
Humphreys's  (A.  L,)  The  Somerset  Roll,  290 
Hungerford's  (.Mrs.)  Tbe  Coming  of  Chloe,  348 
Hunt's  (V.)  Unkist,  Unkind  !  559 
Hunt  (V.)  and  others'  Stories  and  Play  Stories,  747 
Hutchinson's  (J.  R.)  Way  Down  Eii-t,  128 
Hutton's  (W.  H.)  The  Church  of  the  Sixth  Century,  94 
Hyne's  (C.)  Tbe  Paradise  Coal-boat,  452 

In  Praise  of  Mu-ic,  compiled  by  Sayle,  63 
Irving's  (G.)  Temptation,  559 

Isabella  the  Catholic,   Queen   of  Spain,  1451-1504,  by 
Barou  de  Nervo,  tr.  by  Temple-West,  224 

Jaccaci's  On  the  Trail  of  Don  Quixote,  186 

Jackson's  (A.  M.)  The  Revelations  of  a  Sprite,  631 

Jacob=i's  (W.  W.)  The  Skipper's  Wooing,  &c.,  452 

James's  (H  )  What  Maisie  Knew,  629 

James's  (M.  R.)  A|)0.'ry|)ha  Anecdota,  Part  II.,  62 

Jefferson's  (R.  L.)  Roughing  it  in  Siberia,  748 

Jensen's  (W.)  Luv  und  Lee,  669 

Jewish  Year-Bo;)k,  edited  by  Jacobs,  385 

Jocelyn's  (Mrs.  R.)  Lady  Mary's  Experiences, 348;  Only 

a  Love  Story,  852 
Johnson's  (A.  H.)  Europe  in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  484 
Johnsonian  Miscellanies,  edited  by  Hill,  87 
Johnston's  (Messrs.)  Map  of  N.W.  Indian  Frontier,  385 
Johnston's  (Sir  H.  H.)  British  Central  Africa,  57 
Johnston's  (R.  M.)  Old  Times  in  Middle  Georgia,  452 
Jones- Parry's  (8.  H  )  An  Old  Soldier's  Memories,  343 
JuHian's  (C.)  Hist  dre  de  Bordeaux  depuis  les  Origines 

jusqu'en  1895,  255 
Jusserand's  Jacques  I.  d'i;cosse,  fut-il  Poete]  525 

Katechismus  der  Heilige  Schrift,  288 
Keene's  (H,  G.)  A  Servant  of  John  Company,  633 
Keith's  (L.)  My  Bonnie  Lady,  123;  A  Rash  Verdict,  347 
Kenna's  (F,)  Songs  of  a  Season,  123 
Kennard's  At  the  Tail  of  the  Hounds,  704 
Kielland's  Norse  Sketches  and  Tales,  tr.  by  Cassie,  62 
King  Olaf  Tryggwason,  Saga  of,  tr.  by  Sephton,  158 
Kipling's  (R.)  Captiins  Courageous,  589 
Kisbey's  (Rev.  W.  H.)  Zi^ua  Exercises,  289 
Krasinska,  Countess  Fran9oi8e,  Journal  of,  translated  by 
Dziekonska,  749 

Lamb's  Practical  Hints  on  Writing  for  the  Presi,  352 
Landor,  Walter  Savage,  Letters  and  Unpublished  Writings 

of,  edited  by  Wheeler,  557 
Lang's   (A.)   Modern    Mythology,   151;    The    Book    of 

Dreams  and  Ghosts,  322;  The  Pink  Fairy  Book,  631 
Latey's  (J.)  The  Star  of  Klondyke,  673 
Latin  Verse  Unseens,  sehcted  by  Middleton,  671 
Launay's  (L.  de)  Chez  les  Grecs  de  Turquie,  223 
Lavedan's  (H.)  Les  Jeunes,  64 
Laveleye's  Essais  et  Etudes,  Troisieme  Serie,  784 
Lavertujon's  (A.)  La  Chronique  de  Sulpice  Severe,  381 
Law's  (E.)  Short  History  of  Hampton  Court,  784 
Lawlor's  (H.  J.)  Chapters  on  the  Book  of  Mulling,  665 
Lead  im's  The  Domesday  of  Inclosures,  1517-1518,  90 
Lean's  (Col.)  Royai  Naval  List,  97,  634 
Le  Braz's  (A.)  Paques  d'lslande,  671 
Le  Breton's  (J.)  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity,  671 
Le  Coz's  (Madame  V.)  Sans  Mari,  597 
Lee's  (C.)  The  Widow  Woman,  878 
Lefevre-Pontalis's  Les  Elections  dans  les  Pays-Bas,  488 
Leger's  (L.)  Russea  et  Slaves,  Second  Series,  283 
Le  Goffic's  (C.)  Gens  de  Mer  :  Sur  la  Cote,  160 
Lehmann's  (R.  C.)  Rowing,  783 
Leighton's  (R.)  The  Golden  Galleon,  819 
Le  Queux's  (W.)  Whoso  Findeth  a  Wife.  559 
Le   Roux's   (H.)    Nos    Fils— Que    feront-ils  ?    64;    Les 

Amants  Byzantins,  597 
Leroy-Beaulieu's  (A)  Etudes  Russes  et  Europeennes,  95 
L'Etat  Independant  du  Congo  a  I'Exposition  de  Bruxelles- 

'J'ervueren,  1897,  378 
Letters  and  Papers  of  Reign  of  Henry  VII [.,  arranged 

by  Gairdner  and  Brodie,  Vol.  XV.,  247 
Lilly's  (W.  S.)  Essays  and  Speeches,  128 
Lindsay's  (H.)  Methodist  Idylls,  452 
Lindsay's  (J.)  Recent  Advances  in  the  Theistic  Philosophy 

of  Religion,  666 
Linn's  Pedigree  of  the  Magennis  (Guiness)  Family,  417 
Literary  Pamphlets,  edited  by  Rhys,  740,  788 
Little's  (L.  M.)  Wild  Myrtle,  707 
Locke's  (W.  J.)  Derelicts,  487 
Logan  (J.  A.)  jun.'s  In  Joyful  Russia,  418 
Logia  :  Sayinj;s  of  our  Lord,  discovered  and  ediied  by 

Grenfell  and  Hunt,  129,  181,  192 
London  Manual  for  1897-98,  edited  by  Donald,  191 
Lo'igman's    English    Classics  :    Macaulay's    Essay    on 

Milton — Irving's  Tales  of  a  Traveller,  ed.  Carpenter,  384 
Lord's  Lost  Empires  of  the  Modern  World,  672 
Loti's  (P.)  Figures  et  Choses  qui  passaient,  708 
Louis's  (A.  B.)  Mallerton,  317 
Lowndes's  (P.  S.)  Bishops  of  the  Day,  159 
Lucas's  (E.  V.)  Book  of  Verses  for  Children,  6di;  The 

Flamp,  The  Ameliorator,  and  The  Schoolboy's  Appren- 
tice, 882 
Lundstedt'a  (B.)  Sveriges  Periodiska  Litteratur,  Vol,  II., 

95 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  3606,  Jan.  29, 1898] 

July  to  December  1897  


INDEX    OF   CONTENTS 


Luther's  Primary  Worka,  &c.,  translated  into  English, 

edited  by  Wace  and  Buchheim,  344 
Lyalls  (E.)  Wayfaring  Men,  704 
Lynch's  (H.)  An  Odd  Experiment,  155 
Lyster's    (Miss)  Sturdy    and    Stilts,  705;    Mrs.    Rules 

Foundlings,  819  .     .    ,r  o 

Lyttelton's  (Hon.  E.)  Are  We  to  go  on  with  Latin  Verses  ! 

454 
McCabe's  (J.)  Twelve  Years  in  a  Monastery,  850 
McCarthy's  (J.)  The  Three  Disgraces,  746 
McCarthy's  (J.  H.)  French   Revolution,  Vols.  III.  and 

IV.,fi72  .    ^  .,„ 

MacCauley'sCC)  An  Introductory  Course  m  Japanese,  4&c5 
McCorquodale's  Railway  Diary,  &c.,  884 
Macdonald's  (Rev.  A)  The  Clan  Donald,  318 
Mac  Donald's  (G.)  Salted  with  Fire,  154 
M'Donnell's  (A.  C.)  Nineteenth  Century  Poetry,  670 
Macfarlaiie's  (C)  Camp  of  Refuge,  633 
Macgregor's  (B.)  King  Longbeard,  882 
Macllwaine's  (H.  0.)  The  Twilight  Reef,  746 
Mackenzie's  (A.)  The  Frasers  of  Lovat,  318 
Mackie's  (J.)  Tliey  that  Sit  in  Darkness,  153 
Macleod's  (F.)  The  Laughter  of  Peterkin,  853 
Macleod's  (M.)  Stories  from  the  Faerie  Queene,  852 
Macnamara's  (L,)  Blind  Larry,  93 
McNultv's  ( B.)  The  Son  of  a  Peasant,  668 
IMacRitchie's  Tour  through  Gieat  Britain  in  1795, 159 
Maeterlinck's  (M.)  Aglavaine  et  Selysette— Translation 

by  Sutro,  665 
Magnus's  (L.)  A  Primer  of  Wordsworth,  884 
Maiiland's  (Mrs.  P.)  Song-Book  of  Bethia  Hardacre,  188 
Makower's  (S.  V.)  Cecilia,  668 
Maltbie's  English  Local  Government  of  To-day,  351 
Mangan,  J.  C,  Poems  and  a  Study,  by  Guiney,  667 
Marchmoiit's  (A.  W.)  By  Right  of  Sword,  488 
Margueritte's  (P.  and  V.)  Poum,  255 
Marlas's  (Ben)  Brer  Mortal,  632 
Marsh's  The  Beetle— Crime  and  the  Criminal,  487 
Marshall's  (Mrs.  E.)  Lady  Rosalind,  416;  In  the  Choir 

of  Westminster  Abbey,  882 
Marx's  (K.)  The  Eastern  Question,  385 
Mason's  (A.  E.  W.)  Lawrence  Clavering,  450 
Massa's  (Marquis  P.  de)  Souvenirs  et  Impressions,  1840- 

1871,  160 
Masson's  (P.)  Histoire  du  Commerce  Franpais  dans  le 

Levant  au  XVII.  Siecle.  254 
Masterman's  (Rev.  J.  H.  B.)  The  Age  of  Milton,  64 
Mathew's  (F.)  A  Child  in  the  Temple,  450 
Maugham's  (W.  S.)  Liza  of  Lambeth,  347 
Maulde-Lt  Claviere's  (R.  de)  Lea  Mille  et  une  Nuits 

d'une  Ambassadrice  de  Louis  XIV.,  182 
Maurice's  (Major-General)  National  Defences,  96 
Maurier's  (G.  du)  The  Martian,  415 
Meade's  (L.  T.)   Under  the  Dragon  Throne,  747;  Bad 

Little  Hannah— Wild  Kitty,  819 
Meehan's  (J.  F.)  The  Famous  Houses  of  Bath,  97 
Melville's  (H.)  The  Ancestry  of  John  Whitney,  159 
Meredith,  George,  Selected  Poems  by,  560 
Merlino's  (S,)  Pro  e  contro  il  Socialismo,  97 
Merrain's  (Madame  J.  M.)  Camille  et  Marcel,  819 
Merriman's  (H.  S.)  In  Kedar's  Tents,  629 
Merry  Songs  and  Ballads  prior  to  the  Year  A.D.  1800,  ed. 

by  Farmer,  Vols.  l.-V.,  280 
Meyer's  Konversations-Lexicon,  Vol.  XVI.,  351 
Mihayo  ya  Kwadia  mu  Kisukuraa,  125 
Miles's  (A.  H.)  Fifty-two  Stories  of  Duty  and  Daring  for 

Boys— Ditto  for  Girls,  705 
Jlimaude's  (P.)  L'Heritage  de  Behanzin,  749 
Modern  Language  Quarterly,  ed.  Dr.  Heath,  160 
Molesworth's  (Mrs.)   Miss  Mouse  and   her   Boys— Meg 

Langholme — Stories  for  Children,  631 
Moliere,  Scenes  Choisies  de,  edited  by  Thirion,  254 
Montague's  (C.)  Hans  van  Donder,  188 
Montr^sor's  (F.  F.)  At  tlie  Croes  Roads,  630 
Moore's  (F.)  Parson  Prince,  819 
Moore's  (H.)  The  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  291 
Moore's  (H.  C.)  The  Dacoit's  Treasure,  560 
Morgan-13rowne'8  Sporting  and  Athletic  Records,  784 
Morley's  (C.)  Studies  in  Board  Schools,  598 
Morris's  (M.)  Transatlantic  Traits,  Essays,  820 
Morris,  W.,  Bibliography  of  his  Works,  by  Scott,  591 
Morris's  (W.)  The  Water  of  the  Wondrous  Isles,  777 
Morrison's  (A.)  The  Dorrington  Deed-Box,  671 
Moses,  The  Assumption  of,  ed.  by  Charle?,  320 
Muir's  (Sir  W.)  The  Mohammedan  Controversy,  225 
Murray's  (D.  C.)  My  Contemporaries  in  Fiction,  633; 

This  Little  World,  817 
Myrtle's  (W.)  The  Plagiarist,  416 

Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Life  of,  by  Sloane,  Vol.  III.,  189, 
257;  Vol.  IV.,  708;  New  Letters  of,  trans,  by  Lady 
M.  Loyd,  747 

National  Australasian  Convention  Debates,  160 

Navy  :  History  of  the  Administration  of  the  Royal 
Navy,  &c..  Vol.  I.,  1509-1660,  by  Oppenheim— Naval 
Accounts  and  Inventorie-i,  1485-S  and  1495-7,  ed. 
Oppenheim,  152,  193,  226,256;  Two  Disc  mrses  of  the 
Navy,  1638  and  1659,  by  Hollond,  ed.  Tanner,  152 

Nepos,  Cornelius,  ed.  Melhuieh — Selections  from,  by 
Carver,  127 

Nettleship,  Richard  Lewis,  Philosophical  Lectures  and 
Remains,  ed.  Bradley  and  Benson,  780 

Neuman's  (B.  P.)  A  Villa  n  of  Parte,  669 

Neveux'g  (P.)  Golo,  783 


New  Editions,  Reprints,  &c.,  34,  64,  97,  126.  225,  255, 

291,  322,   354,  384,  385,  418,  455,  488,  561,  598,  634. 

673,  708.  749,  784,  820,  821,  S54,  884 
Newton's  Glimpses  of  Life  in  Bermuda,  &c.,  32 
New  York  College  Yearbook  and  Athletic  Record,  488 
Niccolina  Niccolini,  782 
Nicholson's  (C.)  Joy  of  my  Youth,  817 
Nicole's  (J.)  Le  Laboureur  do  Me'nandre,  560 
Nightingale's  (Val)  The  Devil's  Daughter,  451 
Nihongi  :  Chronicles  of  Japan,  tr.  by  Aston,  90,  492 
Nisbet's  (H.)  A  Sweet  Sinner,  383 

Noblemaire's  (G.)  En  Conge,  223  ,      ,-    u     \ 

Noreen's  (A.)  Abriss  der  altnordischen  (altislandischen) 

Grammatik,  351 
Norges  Gamle  Lov  indtil  1387,  ed.  Storm  and  Hertzberg, 

351 
Norris's  (W.  E.)  Marietta's  Marriage,  558 
Nursery  Rhymes,  by  Bradley  and  Le  Fanu,  819 
Oestrup's  (J.)  Contes  de  Damas,  289 
O'Hara's  Songs  of  the  South,  Second  Series,  123 
Oliphant's  (Mrs.)  The  Lady's  Walk,  486;   Anna's  of  a 

Publishing  House,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  517 
Orr's  (J.)  The  Ritschlian  Theology,  598 
Ouida's  An  Altruist,  2r)2 

Owen,  Roddy,  by  Mrs.  Bovill  and  G.  R.  Aekwith,  749 
Oxford  Historical  Society  :  Collectanea,  224 
Oxley's  (J.  M.)  In  the  Swing  of  the  Sea,  560 
Page's  (E.  M.)  A  Matrimonial  Freak,  745 
Pain's  (B.)  The  Octave  of  Claudius,  317 
Palinurus's  The  Paper  Boat,  291 
Panton's  (Mrs.  J.  E.)  The  Way  they  should  Go,  34 
Parker's  (G  )  The  Pomp  of  the  Lavilettes,  450    - 
Parry's  (Judge)  The  First  Book  of  Krab,  632 
Paston's  (G.)  A  Fair  Deceiver,  450 
Paterson's  (A.)  Father  and  Son,  524 
Paterson's  (A.  B.)  The  Man  from  Snowy  River,  123 
Paying  Pleasures  of  Country  Life,  160 
Payn's  (J.)  Another's  Burden,  817 
Peery's  (Rev.  R.  B.)  The  Gist  of  Japan,  664 
Pemberton  (A.  C.)  and  others'  The  Complete  Cyclist, 

edited  by  Robinson,  89 
Pembrokeshire  Antiquities,  882 
Pendered's  (M.  L.)  Three  Comely  Maids,  669 
Penn's  (R.)  Cherriwink,  819 
Pert's  (0.)  La  Camarade,  155 

Peter  the  Great,  by  Waliszewski,  tr.  Lady  M.  Loyd,  58 
Pliedre,  Fables  Esopiques,  ed.  Havet,  254 
Philips's  (F.  C.)  Poor  Little  Belli,  852 
Phillipps-Wolley's  One  of  the  Broken  Brigade,  747 
Phillips's  CW.  A.)   The    War  of  Greek  Independence, 

742,  822 ' 
Picard'a  (B.)  En  Congolie,  378 
Pierre's   La   Deportation  Ecclesiastique  sous  le   Direc- 

toirfl   ^i 
Pike's  (W.)  Through  the  Subarctic  Forest,  222 
Plarr's  (V.)  In  the  Dorian  Mood,  188 
Plato  :  The  School  of  Plato,  by  Bussell,  597 ;  Drei  ersten 

Tetralogien,  by  Lutoslawski,  598;   Notae  Griticio  in 

Platonis  Libros  de  Republica,  Pars  I.,  Lib.  I.-V.,  by 

Hartraan,  748 
Plautus  :  The  Bacchides,  ed.  McCosh,  348 ;  The  Peeu- 

dolus,  ed  Auden— An    Introduction  to  Latin  Textual 

Emendation  baaed  on  PUutus,  by  Lindsay,  349 
Plessis's  (F.)  Le  Mariage  de  Le  )n\e,  783 
Plympton's  (A.  G.)  Wanolasset,  883 
Portraits  et  Recits  extraits  des   Prosateurs]  du  XVI. 

Siecle,  ed.  Huguet,  254 
Postgate's  (J.  P.)  Silva  Maniliana,  748 
Post  Office  London  Directory  for  1898,  854 
Powel's  (E.)  Vox  Humana,  288 
Pre  cott's  (E.  L.)  The  Rip's  Redemption,  416 
Prescott's  (J.  E.)  Register  of  Priory  of  Wetherhal,  154 
Psichari's  (J.)  Le  Reve  de  Yanniri,  630 
Puppets  at  Large,  il22 
Pusey,  B.  B.,  Life  of,  by  Liddon,  ed.  by  Johnston,  Wilson, 

andNewbolt,  Vol.  IV.,  590 
Putnam's  (G.  H.)  Books  and  their  Makers  during  the 

Middle  Ages,  59 
Q's  Poems  and  Ballads,  188 
Quinet's  (Madame  E.)  De  Paris  h  ^dimbourg,  749 

Radford's  (Mrs.  Dollie)  A  Light  Load,  881 

Rae- Brown's  (C.)  The  Devil's  Shilling,  597 

Kaikes's  Fifty  Years  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Radley,  627 

Raine's  (A.)  A  Welsh  Singer,  348 

Ramsay's  (W.  M.)  Impressions  of  Turkey,  221 

Ramsay's  (Mrs.  W.  M.)  Everyday  Life  in  Turkey,  820 

Ramsden's  (Lady  Q.)  A  Smile  within  a  Tear,  882 

Rands's  (W.  B.)  Lilliput  Lectures— Lazy   Lessons  and 

Essays,  673 
Ranjitsinhji's  (K.  S.)  Jubilee  Book  of  Cricket,  251 
Rayner's  (O.  P.)  The  Type-Writer  Girl,  348 
Read's  (General  M.)  Historic  Studies  in  Vaud,  &c.,  672 
Records  of  Buckinghamshire,  126 
Records  of  the  Clan  of  Fergusson  or  Ferguson,  ed.  J. 

Ferguson  and  R.  M.  Fergusson,  318 
Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  ed.  Hall,  556 
Registers  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  883 
Renan,  Ernest,  Life  of,  by  Madame  Darraesteter,  663 
Reports,  Catalogues,  &c.,  of  Free  Libraries,  64,  673 
Ricci's  (S.)  Epigrafla  Latina,  748 
Richardson's  (O.  H.)  The   National   Movement  in   the 

Reignof  Henry  III.,  284 
Riddell's   (Mrs.  J.  H.)    A  Rich  Man's  Daughter,  155; 

Did  He  Deserve  It  1 186 


Ridella's    (P.)    Una    Sventura    Postuma    di    Giacomo 

Leopardi,  708 
Ridge's  (W.  P.)  Secretary  to  Bayne,  M.P„  596 
Rigg'a  (J.)  Wild  Flower  Lyrics,  881 
Rigg's  (J.  M.)  St.  Anselm  of  Canterbury,  121,  162 
Rita's  Good  Mrs.  Hypocrite,  286,  324  ;  The  Sinner,  878 
Roberts's  The  Adventure  of  the  Broad  Arrow,  488 
Robertson's  (C.  G.)  Voces  Ac  idamicae,  784 
Robertson's  (J.  L.)  Outlines  of  English  Literature,  670 
Robertson's    (J.   M.)    New    Essays    towards    a    Critical 

Method,  593 
Robinson's  (F.  W.)  Youns;  Nin,  668 
Roebuck,  John  Arthur,  Life  of,  ed.  Leiler,  847 
Rooke,Sir  George,  Journal  of,  ed.  Browning,  347 
Rose's  (J.  H.)  The  Rise  of  Democracy,  748 
Rose's  (W.  K.)  With  the  Greeks  in  Thessaly,  216 
Ross's  (M.)  The  Silver  Fox,  596 
Ros3-of-Bladensburg'8   (Lieut.-Col.)    A   History   of    the 

Coldstream    Guards  from   1815  to   1895— The   Cold- 
stream Guards  in  the  Crimea,  7o2 
Rouse's  (W.  H.  D.)  The  Giant  Crab,  631 
Rowlands's  (E.  A.)  The  Fault  of  One,  61 
Rowsell's  (M.)  France,  671 

R oxburghe  Ballads,  Part  XXV.,  ed.  Ebsworth,  449 
R  lyal  Historical  Society,  Transactions,  819 
Royal  Naval  List  Diary,  834 
Royal    Society  of  Antiquaries  of   Ireland,  Journal   of, 

Vols.  IV.,  v.,  and  VI.,  416 
Royal  Soc  ety  of  Literature,  Transaction?,  160 
Russell's  (E.  H.)  A  Tragedy  of  Temperament,  225 
Russell's  (F.)  The  Haughtyshire  Hunt,  746 
Ruasell's  (T.  0.)  B  auties  and  Antiquities  of  Irelind,  125 
Russell's  (W.  C.)  A  Tale  of  Two  Tunnels,  61, 129,  192, 

225,  292  ;  The  Two  Captains.  668 
Ryan's  (C.  S.)  Under  the  Red  Crescent,  626 
Rye's  Song,  S'orics,  and  Sayings  of  Norfolk,  289 
Sabatier's  Un  Nouveau  Chapitre  de  la  Vie  de  S.  Franjois 

d'Assise,  290 
Sacred,  Moral,  and  Religious  Verse,  edited  by  Miles,  417 
St.  Anselm  of  Canterbury,  by  Rigg,  121,  162 
St.  Augustine,  Mission  of,  t )  Kngland  according  to  the 

Oris^inal  Documents,  edited  by  Mason,  313 
St.  Joseph's  Anthology,  collected  by  Russell,  63 
St.  Leger's  (H.)  Skeleton  Reef,  705 
St.  Nicholas,  Vol.  XXL,  160 
Sala's  (G.  A.)  Margaret  Forster,  704 
Salmon's  (G.)  S  »me  Thoughts  on  the  Textual  Criticism 

of  the  New  Testament,  62 
Sand's  (G.)  Lettres  a  Alfred  de  Musset  et  a  Sainte-Beuve,  64 
Sandeman'a  (M.)  Sir  Gaapard's  Affinity,  782 
Sandes's  (J.)  Under  the  Red  Crescent,  626 
Savage  Club  Papers,  edited  by  Muddock,  560,  601,  635 
Scandinavian  Folk-lore,  tr.  by  Craigie,  488 
Schindler's  (Gen^jral)  Eastern  Persian  Irak,  223 
School  Calendar,  385 
Schulz's  (A.)  The  New  Africa,  222 
Schwab's  Vocabulaire  de  l'Ang6ologie,  d'aprei  lea  MS3. 

Hebreux  de  la  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  454,  564 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  Preface  by  Saintsbury,  351 
Scottish  History  Society  :  Miscellany— Scotland  and  the 

Commonwealth,  edited  by  Firth— Wariston'a   Diary, 

Mar's  Legacy,  &c.,  92 
Seignobos's    Histoire    Politique    de    I'Europe    Contem- 

poraine,  96 
Sergeant's  (A.)  The  Claim  of  Anthony  Lookhart,  382 
Sergeant's  (L.)  Greece  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  411 
Seymour's  (G.)   Thq  Rudeness  of  the  Honourable  Mr. 

Leatherhead— A  Homburg  Story,  157 
Shakspeare's  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  ed.  Chambers 

— ed.  Lyde,  384 
Shand's  (A.  I.)  Mountain,  Stream,  and  Covert,  745 
Sharer's  (W.  R.)  One  Heart  One  Way,  287 
Sharp's  (E.)  The  Making  of  a  Schoolgirl,  560;  All  the 

Way  to  Fairyland,  882  ;  The  Making  of  a  Prig.  878 
Sharp's  (R.  P.)  Dictionary  of  English  Authors,  884 
Shaw's  (F.)  The  Story  of  Australia,  598 
Shearer's  (C.  J.)  Loidon,  and  other  Poems,  283 
Shelton's  (S.)  Life's  Way,  706 

Shepherd's  (W.  R.)  The  History  of  Proprietary  Govern- 
ment in  Pennsylvania,  159 
Sherard's  (R.  H.)  The  Iron  Cross,  878 
Sherring's  (H.)  The  Mayo  College,  882 
Shipley's  (M.  E.)  Beside  the  Guns,  705 
Shipton's  (H.)  The  Faith  of  his  Father,  705 
Short  Notices,  34,  61,  97,  128,  160,  191,  225,  255,  291. 

322,  352,  386,  418,  455,  488,  561,  599,  634,  673,  70.^ 

784,  821,  854 
Shorter's  (C.)  Victorian  Literature,  742 
Sigerson's  Bards  of  the  Gael  and  Gall,  249 
Sinclair's  (M.)  Audrey  Craven,  122 
Sirafi's  Arabic  Commentary  on  Sibawahi's  Grammatical 

Work,  tr.  by  Jahn,  Part  XII.,  190 
Sitwell's  (I.)  Poppy,  631 
Sixty  Years  of  Bmpire,  749 
Skinner's  (W.  R.)  Mining  Manual  for  1897,  455 
Smith's  (G.)  Twelve  Indian  Statesmen,  881 
Smith's  (H.)  Poems,  150 
Smith's  (N.  A.)  Kindergarten  Principles  and  Practice— 

Froebel'a  Occupations,  287 
Smith,  Richard  Baird,  the  Leader  of  the  Delhi  Heroes 

in  1857,  by  Col.  Vibart,  816 
Social  England,  edited  by  Traill,  Vol.  VI.,  279 
Somerville'a  (E,  05.)  The  Silver  Fox,  596 
Sommerville's  (M.)  Siam  on  the  Meinam,  124 
Sources  of  Greek  History,  arranged  by  Hill,  252 


VI 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


[8UPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN.'E  UM    with  No.  3666,  Jan.  29,  1898 

July  to  Dkcembek  1897 


LITERATURE. 

Re  vl  CTVS — continued. 
Spanish  Proteatanta  in  tlie  Sixteenth  Century,  from  the 

German  of  Wilkensby  ChaUice,  94 
Spencer's  (H.)  Various  FragraentB,  847 
Stal.ies's  (Dr.  G.)  A  Fight  for  Freedom,  488;  The  Island 

of  Gold,  853 
Steel's  (F.  A.)  In  the  Permanent  Way,  74(5 
Bteevens's  (G.  W.)  With  the  Conquerint;  Tutk,  707 
t^tepliens's  (T.  A.)  Bibliography  of  Bank  of  Kntjland,  783 
Stevenson's  (F.  J.)  The  Lines  of  Imperial  Union,  160 
Stevenson,   Robert    Louis,   The   Works    of,    Edinburgh 

Edition,  Vols.  I.-XXIV.,  213,  245  ;  St  Ives,  518 
Stewart's  (A.)  Epinranis  and  Epitaphs,  352 
Stoddard's  Lost  Gold  of  the  Montezumas,  818 
Story  of  the  I'iljirim  Fatherp,  ed.  Arber,  33 
Stuart's  (B.)  Tangled  Threads,  ^>>1 
Sturgis's  (J.)  The  Folly  of  Pen  Hiirnngton,  60 
Sullivan's  (J.  F.)  Here  They  Are,  560 
Sully's  (J.)  Children's  Ways,  454 
Sutcliffe's  (H.)  A  Man  o(  tlie  Moor?,  878 
Swan's  (A.  8.)  The  Ne'er-do-Weel,  745 
Sweec's  (H.)  First  Steps  in  Ani;lo-?axon,  670 
Swift's  (B.)  The  Tormentor,  818 
Swift,  Prose  Works  of,  Vol.  II.,  ed.  Ryland,  700 
Sykes's  (F.)  With  Plumer  in  Mata^'eleUnd,  34 
Symons's   (A.)   Anioris   Victima,  447;    Studies   in   Two 

Literatures,  520 
Syrett'8  (N.)  The  Tree  of  Life,  744 
Tacitus:  The  History  of,  tr.  by  Quill,  150 
Tadema's  (L.  Alma)  Reaima  of  Unknown  Kings,  706 
Tancock's  The  Ionic  Revolt  and  the  Persian  War,  384 
Tarleton's  (A.  H.)  Nicholas  Breakspear  (Adrian  \  V.),  743 
Tarver'a  (F.)  French  Stumbling-Blocke,  &c.,  254 
Tasma's  A  Fiery  Ordeal,  704 

Tayler's  (J.)  The  Public  Man,  his  Duties,  &c..  191 
Tench's  (M.  F.  A.)  Where  the  i;*urf  Breaks,  317 
Tennyson,  Alfred,  Lord,  Memoir,  by  hia  Son,  481,  521 
Tennyson's  (M.  H.)  A  Sinless  Sinner,  744 
Thicknesse's  (L.)  Two  Sinners,  122 
Thiery's  (J.)  Monsieur  le  Neveu,  61 
Thomas's  Journeys  among  the  Gentle  Japs,  384 
Thomason,  James,  by  Sir  W.  Muir,  882 
Those  Dreadful  Twins,  560 
Thouvenel's  (L.)  Trois  Annees  de  la  Question  d'Orient, 

1856-1859,  96 
Thynne's  (R.)  Matthew  Flinders,  384 
Tomlinaon's  (W.  W.)  Life  in  Northumberland,  819 
Tour  du  Monde  for  1896,  223 
Traill's  (H.  D.)  The  New  Fiction,  &c.,  414 
Treasury  of  Minor  British  Poetry,  comp.  Collin?,  63,  162 
Tupper's  (J.  L.)  Poemp,  881 

'I'urgenev's  Dream  Tales  and  Prose  Poems,  tr.  Garnett,  453 
Turner's  (E.J  Aiiss  Bobbie,  631 
Twain's  (Mark)  More  Tramps  Abroad,  883 
Tweedie's  (Mrs.  A.)  Througu  Finland  in  Carts,  222 
Twelve  Years  of  a  Soldier's  Life,  L'itters  of  Major  W.  T. 

Johnson,  ed.  by  his  Widow,  519 
Tyler's   Literary  History  of    the  American  Revolution, 

1763-1783,  Vol.  I.,  215;  Vol.  II.,  779 
Ty tier's  (8.)  The  American  Cousins,  852 
Universal  Direct  iry  of  Railway  OflScialj,  385 
Upper  Norwood  Athenaeum,  Record,  884 
Upward's(A.)  A  Bride's  Madness,  186;  A  Day's  Tragedy, 

881 
Urquhart,  Mrs.,  Memoir  vif,  by  Mrs.  Bishop,  33 
Urwick's  (W.)  Nonconformity  in  Worcester,  290 
Valois'e  La  France  et  le  Grand  Schisme  d'Occident,  184 
Vere,  Aubrey  de,  Recollections  of,  55'3 
Verhaeren's  (£.)  Poferaea,  122 
Verne's  (J.)  For  the  Flag— Clovis  Dardentor,  631 
Victoria  the  Good  Queen  and  Empress,  160 
Vign6ras's  (S.)  Mission  Pranfaiae  en  Abyssinie,  223 
Vivian's  (H.)  Servia,  784 
Vivian,  Richard  Hussey,  First  Baron  Vivian,  a  Memoir, 

by  the  Hon.  C.  Vivian,  875 
Voyage  of  Bran,   Son  of  Febal,   to  the  Land  of  the 

Living,  edited  by  Meyer,  814 
Voynich's  (E.  L.)  The  Gadfly,  630 
Vyse's  ( \1.  C.)  A  Modern  Atalanta,  &c.,  671 
AVakeman's  (H.  O.)  History  of  the  Church  of  England,  185 
WaUoid's  (L.  B.)  Ivii  Kildire,  852 
Walke'  'a  (H.)  The  Aye  of  Tennyson,  748 
Walker's  (H.  De  R.)  AustrdJian  Democracy,  784 
Walker's  (R.J  The  Seven  Penitential   Psalms  in  Latin 

Elegiacs,  708 
Walsh's  Secret.  Histoiy  of  the  Oxford  Movement,  673 
Walters's  (W.  C.  F.)  Hints  in  Greek  Prose,  671 
Walton's  Compleat  Angler,  ed.  Le  Gallienne,  385 
Warden's  (F.)  The  Girls  at  the  Grange,  122 
Waterhouse's  (B.)  Verses,  707 

Watts- Dunton's  (Theodore)  The  Coming  of  Love,  625 
Webb's  (S.)  Labour  in  the  Ijongeat  Reign,  34 
Welby's  (Lady)  Grains  of  Sense,  159 
Wells's  (tl.G.)  riie  Invisible  Man,  416;  Certain  Pergonal 

Matters,  672 
Weill's  (J.)  Oxford  and  its  Colleges,  350 
Want's  (tlev.  J.)  Facillima,  671 
What  to  Do  and  Say  in  France,  291 
Whibley's  (0.)  Studies  in  Frankness,  815 
Whishaw's  (F.)  Elsie's  Magician,  8l9 
Whitaker's  Almanack,  854 


Whitby's  (B.)  Sunset,  878 

White's  (P.)  A  Passionate  Pilgrim,  744 

White,  Walter,  The  Journals  of,  820 

Whitley's  The  Charters  and  Manuscripts  of  Coventry,  126 

Whymper's  Guide  to  Zennatt  and  the  Matterhorn,  381 

Wiedemann's  The  Religion  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  454 

Wigt^in's(K.  D.)  Kindergarten  Principles  and  Practice — 

Froebel's  Occupations,  287 
Wilberforce,  William,  Private  Papers  of,  555 
Wilkins'a  (M.  E.)  Jerome,  706 

Willcock's  (Rev.  J.)   A  Shetland  Minister  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century,  '^54 
Williams's  (P.)  Over  the  Open,  746 
Williamson's  (Mrs.  G.  N.)  The  Barn  Stormers,  883 
Willis's  (W.  A  )  The  Workman's  Compensation  Act,  455 
VVill,«on's  (B.)  Tlie  Tenth  Island,  525 
Winbolt's  (S.  fc.)  Exercises  in  Latin  Accidence,  671 
Winckler'a  The  Tell  el-Amarna  Tablets,  tr.  Metcalf,  157 
Windham,  Lieut.-General  Sir  C.  A.,  Crimean  Diary  and 

Letters  of,  ed.  Major  Pearse,  119 
Winn's  (R.  A.)  Boxine,  784 
Winter's  (J.  S.)  Princess  Sarah,  &c.,  671 
Winthrop,  R.  C,  Memoir  of,  by  his  Son,  670 
Women  Novelists  of  Queen  Victoria's  R^ign,  by  Mrs. 

Oliphant  and  others,  55 
Woodward's  (W.  H.)  Vittorino  da  Feltre,  &c.,  288 
Wordsworth,  Selections  from,  ed.  Webb,  384 ;   Poetical 
Works  of,  ed.  Knight,  Vol.  Vlll.,  412,  456  ;  Selections 
from,  by   Lang,  671 ;    Poems    in   Two  Volumes,  ed. 
Hutchinson,  672 
Wordsworth  and  Coleridge  MSS.  in  the  Possession  of 

Mr.  T.  N.  Lon;^nian,  edited  by  White,  31 
Workman's  (Fanny  B.  and  W.  H.)  Sketches  Awheel  in 

Fin  de  Siecle  Iberia,  186 
Wright's  Industrial  Evolution  of  the  Uo't  d  States,  670 
Wyatt's  (A.  J.)  An   Elementary   01  i-English    Grammar 

(Early  West  Saxon),  521 
Wylde's  (K.)  Our  Wilh  a.id  Fateq,  92 
Wyllarde's  (D.)  A  Lonely  Little  Lady,  631 
Xenophon  :  Anabasis,  Book  III.,  ed.  Edwards,  671 
Yorke's  (Curtis)  A  Flirtation  with   Truth,  286;   Valen- 
tine, 669 
Zeitschrift  fiirceltische  Philologie,  ed.  Meyer  and  Stern, 

632 
Z.  Z.'s  The  Beautiful  Miss  Brooke,  61 

Poetry, 

Appe\l,  A  Last,  by  B.  Nesbit,  129 

Ohi  As;e,  by  A.  Symons,  192 

Sailor's  Bride,  The,  by  A.  P.  Grave?,  35 

Unura  est  Necessarium,  by  M.  Darmesteter,  256 

Original  Papers. 

Agriculture  and  Burial,  750 

A/tikar  and  Nabm,  The  Story  of,  711,  750 

Aquila's  Version  of  the  Old  Testament,  Remains  of,  323 

Art)uthnott  jMaouscripts,  711 

Arnold's  (Matthew)  '  Poems  of  Wordsworth,'  886 

Author  and  Publisher,  The  Law  of,  887 

Ashburnham  Library,  Sale  of  the,  Part  I.,  35,  67,  98  ; 

Part  11,562,  822,  856 
Bacchylidea,  856,  887 

Bacon.  Roger,  The  Opus  Majus  of,  527;  A  Pupil  of,  885 
Bede,  Venerable,  An  Alleged  Error  of.  67,  130 
Brathwaifs  '  The  Good  Wife,'  1618,  751,  787,  822 
Brooke's  (Mr.  Stopford)  '  Primer,'  161,  193 
Brunetto  Latini's  Home  in  France,  635,  674,  710 
Cambridge,  Notes  fron,  787 

Chaucer's  "  Raptus  "  of  Cecilia  Cliaumpaigne,  226 
Chess  in  Sanskrit  Literature,  Earliest  Mention  of,  130, 192 
Clerk  of  the  Ships  :    the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty, 

193,  226,  256 
Coleridge's  '  Sibylline  Leaves,'  885 
Collectors,  A  Warning  to,  709 
Collins's  (Mr.)  Anthology,  lb2 
Cowley,  Abraham,  99;  Letters,  132 
Cranmer,  An  Unde^cribed,  823,  885 
"  Grease,"  The  Etymology  of,  38o,  419 
Dante,    Editio  Princeps    of  the  Treatise  '  De  Aqua  et 

Terra  '  ascribed  to,  527,  675 
Dickens  Pseudo- Rarities,  355 
Disputed  Title,  A,  822 

'  Don  Quixote,'  An  Alleged  1604  Edition  of,  99 
English  Church  History  Exhibition,  65 
Franciscan  Myth,  The,  885 
"  Fylfot,"  The  Derivation  of,  163 
Gibbon's  Library,  36 

Glasgow  University,  Examiners  at,  750,  785,  822 
Greek  Indepeodence,  The  War  of,  822 
Greek  Word  in  Hebrew,  Another,  162 
Heine's  Centenary,  855 
International  Press  Courtesie',  130 
Ironside,  Edmund,  The  Sons  of:  St.  Osgitha,  292 
Jutish  Elements  in  Keotish  Place-Names,  886 
Kelmscott  Press,  The,  751 
'  King's  Quair,  The,'  674 
Kurdish  or  Gypsy,  635,  675 
'  La  Saisiaz,'  886 
Lenthall,  Speaker,  97 
Library  Association,  563,  600 

Library  Conference,  The  Second  International,  100,  131 
Logia,  The  New,  129,  192 
London  University  Compromise,  162 
Magazine  Erudition,  132 
Malory,  Sir  Thomas,  353 


Manuscript,  A  Los-t,  35 

'  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,'  821 

Milton,  John,  Senior,  160 

Orient  .lists,  The  Congress  of,  354,  387 

Oxford,  Notes  from,  709 

Paine,  Thomas,  A  Letter  of,  to  Dr.  Franklin,  65 

Papyri,  New,  750 

Paris,  Notes  from,  526 

Percy,  Thomas,  the  Conspirator,  Alleged  Bigamy  of,  352 

"  Praise-God  Barebonea,"  257 

Public  Schools  in  1897,  97 

Publishers'  Second  International  Congress,  67 

Publishing  Season,  292,  323,  354,  337,  420,  456,  490,  527 

St.  Anselm  of  Canterbury,  162 

St.  Paul's  School  and  the  Humanista,  562 

Saintsbury,  Prof.,  on  the  Matter  of  Britain,  256,  292 

Sales,  35,  67,  98,  1:32,  675,  710,  787,  822,  856 

'  Savage  Club  Papers.'  601,  635 

Say,  The  Family  of,  35 

Sloane's  '  Life  of  Napoleon,'  257 

Stuart,  Ludy  Arabella,  352 

'  Tale  of  Two  Tunnels,'  129,  192,  225,  292 

Tennyson,  The  Bibliography  of,  388,  419 

Trelawny  at  Usk,  257 

Trio,  A  Poetic,  193 

Winter's,  Thomai,  Confession,  711,  750,  785.  8.j5,  883 

Wordsworth,  '  The  Eversley,"  Vol.  VIII.,  456 

Obituaries. 

Alcock,  Sir  R.,  636.  Althaus,  Dr.,  102.  Arneth,  Ritter 
von  A„  194.  Asnyk,  A.,225.  Bachtold,  Dr.  J.,  259. 
Bingham,  Capt.  Hon.  D.,  102.  Blackie,  Miss  C,  564. 
Boase,  G.  C.  491.  Bogue,  D.,  602.  Brown,  Rev. 
T.  E.,  656.  Buet,  C,  789.  Byrne,  Dr.,  6U2.  Calder- 
W.1)  1,  Prof  ,752.  Casiillo,  Seflor  C.  del,227.  Couvreur, 
Ma  iame  (Ta«ma),  602.  Dana,  C.  A.,  564.  Daudet,  A., 
887,  896.  Drisler,  Dr.  H.,  855.  Duncker,  A.,  3'24. 
Fremine,  A.,  825.  Garrett,  W.  H.,  259.  Gautier,  L., 
324.  Gayangos  Don  Pascual  de,  5z9,  602.  Goldschmidt, 
Dr.  L.,  153.  Harney,  J.,  858.  Hedderwick,  Dr.,  788 
Hutton,  R.  H.,  389.  Ingelow,  Miss  Jean,  129.  John- 
ston, T.  B.,  357.  Jiirgenaen,  Dr.,  492.  Joyce,  Mr.,  69. 
Lacaussade,  M.,  227.  Lake,  Dr.,  825.  Legge,  Rev.  J., 
788.  Linde.  Prof.  A.  van  der,  293.  Maitla'id,  E.,  492. 
Malleson,  F.  A.,  712.  Meyer,  Dr.  J.  B.,  69.  Mowbray, 
Mr.,  602.  Newman,  F.  W.,  489,  492.  Nussey,  Miss 
E.,  788.  Oliphant,  Mr^.,35.  Palgrave,  F.  T.,  699,636. 
Palmer,  Prof.  A  ,  857.  Kae-Brown,  C,  390.  Hegnault, 
J.  A.,  564,  Renouf,  Sir  P.  le  P.,  582,  602.  Riehl,  Dr. 
von,  712.  Rin^wood,  Dr..  36.  Ros«ter,  W,,  564. 
Schumann,  G.,  530.  Semmig,  Prof.  F.  H.,  69.  Skel- 
ton.  Sir  J.,  133.  Spilling,  J..  357.  Stoughton,  Dr., 
602.  Trumbull,  Dr.  J.  H.,  293.  Vacherot,  M.,  194. 
Vallauri,  Prof.,  357.  Vaughan.  Dean,  564.  Walford, 
E.,  751.  Watteobach,  Prof.  W.,  422.  Wegele,  F.  X. 
von,  602.    Willmer,  Alderman,  564.    Winsor,  Dr.  J.,634 

Gossip. 

Parliamentary  Papers,  ^.■^,  69,  102,  13.3,  164,  194,  227,  29.3,  .3,57, 
;?90,  422,  4.=)M.  492,  5.30,  .5ii4,  602,  636,  676,  712,  752,  825,  88:*. 
Discovery  of  a  New  Fragment  of  the  celebrated  Parian 
Chronicle,  36.  Publishers'  Association,  Meeting,  68.  Tbe 
Koyal  Holloway  College,  132.  Booksellers'  Provident  In- 
stitution, Report,  226.  Dictionary  of  National  Biography, 
Supplementary  and  Index  Volumes,  491,  6.36.  Kecord 
Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  Annual  Meeting,  564. 
The  Koyal  Historical  Society,  601.  Henry  Bradshaw 
Society,  Annual  Meeting,  752.  Keats's  Residence  at 
Hampstead,  788,  868.  Kxhibilion  of  the  Works,  &c.,  of 
Tennyson  in  New  York,  824.    Cymmrodorion  Society,  858 


SCIENCE. 

Reviews. 

Adams's  British  Land  and  Freshwater  Shells,  228 

Afl  ib>'s  (P.  G.)  The  Natural  History  of  Australia,  458 

Anthropological  Institute,  Journal,  713 

Astronomii-itl  Jouvnal,  358 

Astronomical,  kc.,  Observations  at  Greenwich,  1894,  565 

Astronomische  Nachrichten.  39,  328.  424,  790,  826 

Bacon,  The  Opus  Majus  of,  ed.  by  Bridges,  422,  527 

Ball's  (Sir  R.)  Report  of  Cambridge  Observatory,  165 

Bites,  Thomas,  and  the  Kirklevingtou  Shorthorns,  326 

Berthelot'H  (M.)  Science  et  Morale,  133 

Bidston  Observatory,  Liverpool,  Report  for  1896,  229 

Biederniann's  Electro-Physiology,  tr.  Welby,  Vol.  I.,  37 

Bingham's    Fauna    of    British     India  :     Hymenoptera, 

Vol.  I.,  262 
Blount'a  (B.)  Chemistry  for  Engineers,  &c.,  193 
Bloxam'8(A.  <}.)  Chemistry  for  Engineers,  &c.,  195 
Borlftse's  (W.  C.)  The  Dolmens  of  Ireland,  888 
Briti-ih  Association  :  President's  Address,  260 
British  Flowering  Plants,  compiled  by  Clarke,  197 
British  New  Guinea,  Report  for  1894-5,  165 
Brodie's  (C.  G.)  Dissections  Illustrated,  392 
Bulman's(H.  F.)  Colliery  Working  and  Management,  196 
Cajori's  (F.)  Elementary  Mathematics,  198 
Campion's  Constructional  Iron  and  Steel  Work,  197 
Catalogues  :    Mesozoic    Plants   in   British    Museum,   by 
Seward  —  Fossil    Cepbalopola    in    British    Museuin, 
Part  III.,   by   Foord  and  Crick,  195;  African  Plants 
collected  by  Welwitecb,  Part  I.,  by  Hiern,  198 
Clodd's  (K  )  Pioneers  of  Evolution,  391 
Clowes's  (F.)    Detection  and    Measurement  of    Inflam- 
mable Gas  and  Vapour  in  the  Air,  103 
Collins's  New  Complete  Atlas,  198 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN.EUM  with  No.  3060,  Jan.  29,  1898] 


July  to  December  1897 


INDEX     OF     CONTENTS 


vii 


Concise  Knowledge:  Natural  History,  eil.    MileR,  165; 

Astronomy,  ly  Gierke,  Fowler,  and  Gore,  858 
Connaissance  des  Temps  for  1899,  ed.  Loewy,  2G4 
Cook's  (Capt.)  Three  Voyages  round  the  World,  ed.  Low 

—  ed.  Synge,  ^57 
Cornish's  (V.)  Short  Studits  in  Physiial  Science,  70 
Ciawford's  (J.  H.)  Wild  Life  of  Scotland,  228 
Cross's  (D.  K.)  Htalth  in  Africa,  713 
Curry's  Theory  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism,  603 
Dawson's  (Sir  J.  W.)  Relics  of  Primeval  Life,  195 
Dawson's  (S.  B.)  North  America,  Vol.  I.,  713 
Dew-Smith's  Confidences  of  an  Amateur  Gardener,  198 
Duncan's  Memorials  of  the  Faculty  of  Pliysicians  and 

Surgeons  of  Glasgow,  1599-1850,  392 
Earle's  (Mrs.)  Pot-Pourri  from  a  Surrey  Garden,  358 
Edridge-Green's  (F.  W.)  xMemory  and  its  Cultivation,  676 
Euclid's  Elements  of  Geometry,  by  Taylor,  198 
Evans's  Ancient  Stone  Implements  &c.,  of  Great  Britain, 

324 
Felton's  (S.)  Gleanings  in  Gardens,  37 
Flitmmarion's  Lumen,  tr.  A.  A.  M.  and  R.  M.,  565 
Fleisthmann's  (W.)  The  Book  of  the  Dairy,  tr.  by  Aikman 

and  Wright,  326 
Pock's  (A.)  Chemical  Crystallography,  tr.  by  Pope,  37 
Fulcher'a  (P.  A.)  Birds  of  our  Islands,  458 
Geikie's  (Sir  A.)  The  Ancient  Volcanoes  of  Great  Britain, 

194  ;  The  Founders  of  Geolcgy,  789 
Geikie's  (J.)  The  Great  Ice  Age,  &c.,  263 
Geological  Survey  of  India,  Memoirs,  Vol.  XXIII.,  195 
Gessi's  Africa  :  Antropologia  della  Stirpe  Camitica,  261 
Gill's  (Dr.)  Meridian  Observations  at  the  Royal  OLser- 

vatory,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1861-5,  890 
Guide  to  South  Africa,  ed.  by  Brown,  713 
Haldane's  (J.  W.  C.)  Railway  Engineering,  602 
Harcourt's  (Vernon)  Rivers  and  Canals,  294 
Hofman's  The  Young  Beetle-C<dlector'8  Handbook,  262 
Holt-ButterfiU's  Mechanical  and  Engineering  Drawing,  37 
Horn  Scientific  Expedition  to  Central  Australia,  134 
Hunter,  John,  Man  of  Science,  by  Paget,  752 
Hutchinson's  Marriage  Customs  in  Many  Lands,  890 
Impey's  (S.  P.)  A  Handbook  on  Leprosy,  326 
Johtson's  ^Sir  G.)  History  of  the  Cliolera  Controversy,  326 
Jones's   (C.)   Course   of   Elementary    Experiments    for 

Students  of  Piacticul  Inorganic  Chemistry,  164 
Joiet's  (C.)  Les  Plautes  dans  I'Antiquite  et  au  Moyen 

Age,  227 
Kirby'8(W.  P.)  Handbook  to  the  Order  Lei.idoptera,262 
Kirkes'  Handbook  of  Physiology,  ed.  Halliburton,  326 
Knott's  (C.  G.)  Physics,  264 
Kulary's  (J.  S.)  Ethnographische  Beitiage  zur  Kenntnis 

des  Karolinen  Archipels,  Part  II.,  70 
L'Anthropologie,  493 

Lean's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  CLem  stry,  102 
Le  Blanc's  Elcmen  ts  of  Electro-Chemistry,  tr.  Whitney,  134 
Lockyer's  (Sir  J.  N.)  Recent  and  Coming  Eclipses,  5t'4 
Lowe's  Yew-Trees  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  358 
Mcintosh's  (W.  C.)  British  Marine  Food-Fishes,  261 
Madras,  Report  of  Government  Astronomer  at,  358 
Madras  Museum,  Official  Report,  by  Bourne,  790 
Maiden's  (W.  J.)  Farm  Buildings,  &c.,  326 
Martin's  (E.  A.)  Bibliography  of  Gilbert  White,  45*2 
Masterman's  (A.  T.)  British  Marine  Food-Fishes,  261 
Maxwell's  (Sir  H.)  Memories  of  the  Aionths,  458 
Memoirs  ol  the  Geological  Survey  of  India.  262 
Memorie  della  Society  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  135, 

229,358  424,859,890 
Merrill's  (Q.  P.)  A  Treatise  on  R(  cka,  195 
Millais's  (J.  G.)  British  Deer  and  their  Horns,  492 
Morgan's  (C.  L.)  Habit  and  Instinct,  825 
Morley's  (G.)  In  Russet  Mantle  Ciad,  458 
Monro's  (R.)  Prehistoric  Problems,  102 
Natal  Observatory,  Report  for  1896,  by  Nevill,  198 
Naturalist's  Directory,  1897, 196 
Newth's  (G.  S.)  Elementary  Piactical  Chemistry,  164 
Newton  and  others'  Dictionary  of  Birds,  69,  135 
North's  (W.)  Roman  Fever,  392 

Observatory,  The,  328, 826 ;  The  Companion  for  1898,  826 
Ogilvie's  Microscopic  and  Systematic  Study  of  Corals,  '/.2& 
Open-Air  Studies  :  Botany,  by  Praeger,  358 
Oughtie's  (P.)  Oil  Colour  Indicator,  637 
Paris  Society  of  Anthropology,  Bulletins,  199 
Pengelly,  W.,  A  Memoir,  ed.  by  his  Daughter,  636 
Perkin  jun.'s  Introduction  to  Study  of  Chemistry,  102 
Perry's  (J.)  The  Calculus  for  Engineers,  197,  327 
Philips'  Map  of  Greece.  198  ;  Planisphere,  859 
Philosophical  Society  of  Washington,  Bulletin,  Vol.  XII., 

135 
Poland's  Records  of  the  Miller  Hospital,  &c.,  326 
Poynting's  (P.)  Eggs  of  British  Birds,  196 
Redmayne's  Colliery  Working  and  Management,  196 
Revue  de  I'Art  Ancit  n  et  Moderne,  493 
Reynolds's  (S.  H.)  Tlie  Vertebrate  Skeleton,  165 
Richardson's  (Sir  B.  W.)  Vita  Medica,  530 
Rideal's  (S.)  Water  and  its  Purification,  228 
Royal  Astro,  oruical  Society,  Monthly  Notices,  199 
Sandford's  (P.  G  )  Nitro-Explo^ives,  164 
Siivilian  Profes  or  at  Oxford,  Annual  Ri  port,  165 
Saville-Kent's  The  Naturalist  in  Austialla,  261 
Seager's  (H.  W.)  Natural  History  in  Shakespeare's  Time, 

Seebohm's  (H.)  Eggs  of  British  Birds,  196 
Sexton's  (A.  H.)  Fuel  and  Refractory  Materials,  164 
Smellie,  Dr.  William,  Life  of,  by  Gkister,  753 
Smith's  (R.H.)  Calculus  for  Engineers,  &c.,  197,  327 


Smithsonian  Reiiort  to  July,  1894,  134 
Snow's  Notes  on  the  Kuril  Inlands,  261 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  Proceedings,  713 
Slevens's  (P.  H.)  Elementary  Mensuration,  198 
Stevenson's  (Surgeon- Col.  W.  F.)  Wounds  in  War,  391 
Stewart's  (H.  E.)  Biids  of  our  Country,  458 
Struben's  Geological  Formation  of  South  Africa,  262 
Symons  and  Wallis's  British  Rainfall  for  1896,  294 
Thomas's  (E.)  The  Woodland  Life,  458 
Thompson's  (C.  J.  S  )  Alchemy  and  Pharmacy,  424 
Trowbridge's  (J.)  What  is  Electricity?   263 
Tubeuf's  (K.  von)  Diseases  of  Plants,  tr.  by  Smith,  197 
United   States    Geological    Survey,    Sixteenth    Annual 

Report,  134 
Wakley,  T.,  Life  and  Times  of,  by  Spiigge,  293 
Watkins's    Gleanings    from    Natural    Hi  tory    of    the 

Ancients,  196 
Webster's  "Theory  of  Electricity  and  Magnetistn,  263 
Weed's  Life  Histories  of  American  Insects,  890 
Willis's  Dictionary  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Perns,  197 

Original  Papers. 

Anthropological  Notes,  199,  493,  713 

Astronomiial   Notes,  135,  165,  lt8,  229,  264,  328,358, 

424,  638.  826,  890 
Calculus  for  Engineers,  3.^7 
Mathematical  Congress,  264 
Museums  Association,  103 
Newton's  (Prof.)  Dictionary  of  Birds,  135 
Publishing  Season,  424,  458,  493 

Societies. 

Archaologlcal  Inst  Utile— 103,  677,  826 

yl  r(s(o(e^aa— Elections,  754,  859.    Also  678 

Bibliographical — 38 

British  Archaeological  Association— 677,  753,  826 

Chemical — Elections,  827 

Entomological — Elections,  565,  714,  753,  827 

Oeographical—Vlltct'\ons,  677,  763 

Oeolo_i,ical—E\ect\nus,  70,  714,  789,  859 

HMuyl — Annual  General  Meeting,  891 

//e/Z«ft"tc— Annual  Meeting,  70.     AUo  678 

^wtorica^  — Elections,  754 

InUitution  of  Civil  Engineers— Electiona,  827.   Also  638, 

678,  754,  790,  859 
Linnean—Ehcthms,  38,  714.     Also  789 
Mathtmulical — Electi<  ns,  859.     Also  714 
Meleorological—7li,  859 
A''Mmismaa'c— Elections,  603,  753,  891 
Philological— Dict\ona.Ty  Evening,  677.     Also  827 
Fhi/sical-38,  639,  714,  790,  859 
/Joyai— Elections,  789;  Anniversary  Meeting,  826.    Also 

37,  753,  859,  890 
Royal  Institution — Elections,  70,  638 
Royal  Society  of  Liltrature—37 
Society  of  Antiquaries — 826,  890 
Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology — 639,  827 
Society  of  Engineers-5Sl,  639,  827,  859 
Statistical — Annual  General  Meeting,  38.     Also  714 
Zoological— 753,  826,  891 

Obituariesi 

Auerbach.  L.,  531.  Brodie,  Rev.  P.  B.,  638.  Dunning, 
J.  W.,  677.  Haughlon.  Rev.  S..  637.  Heddle,  Prof. 
M.  P.,  754.  Joly,  A.,  859.  Marth,  A.,  229.  Meyer, 
Prof,  v.,  229.  Petzold,  Prof.  W.,  199.  Roy,  Dr. 
C.  S.,  493.  Sobering,  Prof.  E.,  678.  Schrauf,  Dr.  A., 
859.  Schiitzenberger,  Prof.  P.,  37.  Simmonds,  P.  L., 
493.  Sohncke,  Dr.  L.,  714.  Steenstrup,  Prof.  J.  J.  S., 
39.  Vogel,  K.,  165.  Volger,  Dr.  G.  H.  O.,  603.  Wat- 
son, Capt.  E.  Y.,  714.     Winnecke,  Prof.  F.  A.  T.,  859 

Gossip. 

Parliamentary  Papers,  165.  Centralfest  of  the  Swiss  Alpen- 
klub,  .3  2.  Beport  of  the  Commissioners  of  Woods  and 
Forests,  714 


FINE  ARTS. 
Revie'ws. 

All  about  Animals  for  Old  and  Young,  892 
Archaeological  Survey  of  India,  Vol.  XX  f.,  168 
Architectural  Association  Sketch-Book,  Series  III.,  71 
Art  at  the  New  Gallery— Art  at  the  Paris  Salons— Art  at 

the  Royal  Academy,  1897,  200 
Art  for  the  Nursery,  828,  860 
Atalanla,  Vol.  X..  eilitcd  hy  Oliver,  531 
Beardsley's  (A.)  A  Book  of  Fifty  Drawings,  360 
Bedford's  (Rev.  W.  K.  R.)  The  Blazon  of  Episcopacy,  565 
Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon  Archaeological  Journal,  230 
Blomfield's    History    of    lleuai;8ance    Aichitecture    in 

England,  790 
British  Museum,  Animil  Return  of  the,  1897.  461 
British  School  at  Athens,  Annual  of,  1895-6,  168 
Browning,  Robert,  Poems  by,  illust.  Shaw,  860 
Catalogues  :  P<loponn('8ian  CoiiiS,  by  Limbro',  Vol.  I., 

201 ;  P.  G.  H.  Price's  Egyptian  Antiquities,  360 
Cathedrals  :    York,   Lincoln,   aiid    Beverlt-y,    drawn    by 
Farren,  Introduction  by  Freeman,  200 ;  St.  Paul's,  by 
Newbolt— Wells,  by  Church— Ely,  by  Dick:on— Dur- 
ham, by  Greenwell— Painted  Glass  of  Canterbury,  715 
Chaffers's  (W.)  Hall-Marks  on  Plate,  393,  567 
Constable,  John,  Life  of,  by  Leslie,  294 
Courtenay'i  Family  Armorial,  ed.  Lady  Courtenay,  167 
Cox's  (P.),(iueer  People,  361 


Cruikshank's  (G.)  Portraits  of  Himself,  by  Layard,  891 
Delitzsch's  Die  Entstehung  des  iiltesten  Schriftsystems, 

104 

Department  of  Science  and  Art:  Forty-third  Report,  233; 

Forty-fourth   Report   and   Supplement,   4G1  ;   Second 

Report  from  the  S;lect  Committee  on  the  Museu  n8,604 

Derbyshire  Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society, 

Journal  of,  Vol.  XIX.,  230 
English  Portraits,  Parts  I.  and  II.,  200 
Besex  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions,  231 
Fall  of  the  Nibelungs,  Englished  by  Armour,  531 
Pouque's  Undine,  illustrated  by  Pitman,  754 
Glynne's  Churches  of  Cheshire,  edited  by  Atkinson,  199 
Hall's  (B.  K.)  Adventures  in  Toyland.  531 
Hendry's  (H.)  Red  Ajiple  and  Silver  Bells,  755 
Historic  Bristol,  Etchings  by  Bird,  137 
Holiday's  (H.)  Stained  Glass  as  Art,  678 
Jahrbuch    der    Koniglich     Preuasischen     Kunstsamm- 

lungen, 328 
Keats,  John,  Poems  by,  illust.  by  Bell,  754 
Lancing's  (C.)  The  Nude  in  Art,  459 
L'Art  Pratique  :  Der  Formen-Schatz.  360 
Leighton's  Addresses  to  Students  of  Royal  Academy,  39 
Leylai.d's  (J.)  The  Thames  Illustrated,  892 
Life  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  Tissot,  translated  by 

Mrs.  A.  Bell,  754 
Little  Grown-Ups,  by  Humphrey  and  Tucker,  755 
L'CEuvre  d'Art,  edited  by  Miintz,  169 
London  as  Seen  by  C.  D.  Gibson,  860 
Magazine  of  Art,  Vol.  XX.,  168 
Manatt's  (Prof.  J.  I.)  The  Mycenaean  Age,  40 
Masterpieces  of  Dutch  Art  in  English  Collections,  137 
Maurier'8  (G.  du)  A  Legend  of  Camelot,  860 
Maxwell's  (Sir  H.)  Sixty  Years  a  Queen,  754 
May's  (Phil)  Graphic  Pictures,  531 
Mayo's  Medals,  &c.,  of  British  Army  and  Navy,  891 
Millet,  J.  P.,  Life  and  Letters,  by  Cartwright,  264 
Modern  French  Masters,  ed.  J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  459 
Molinier's  (E.)  Les  Ivoires,  359,  394 
Montagu  House,  Collection  of  Miniatures  in,  229 
Miintz's  (R.)  Florence  et  la  Toscane,  392 
Murray's  White  Athenian  Vases  in  British  Museum,  135 
Napier's  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Sir  W.  Scott,  531 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland.  Report  for  1896,  716 
National  Portrait  Gallery  :  Fortieth  Report,  604 
Naval  and  Military  Trophiis  of  British  Heroes,  136 
New  Editions,  361 

Nu,  Le,  Ancien  et  Moderne,  Parts  I.  and  II.,  201 
Nursery  Rhyme  Book,  edited  by  Lang,  861 
Nursery  Rhymes.  Book  of,  illust.  Bedford,  755 
Old  Italian  Masters  in  ihe  National  Gallery,  361 
Osgood's  (I  )  The  Chant  of  a  Lonely  Soul,  360 
Pennell's  (J.)  The  Work  of  Charles  Keeue,  860 
Phil  May's  ABC,  755 

Phipson's  (E.)  Choir  Stalls  and  their  Carvings,  70 
Pinelli's  (B.)  Mitologia  Illustrata,  200 
Pliny   the   Elder's  Chapters   on    the    History  of    Art, 

translated  by  Jex-Blake,  359 
Pollard's  (J.)  the  Land  of  the  Monuments,  104 
Pope's  (A.)  The  Rape  of  the  Lock,  755 
Pottier's  (E.)  Vases  Antiques  du  Louvre,  135 
Reinach's  (S.)    Repertoire  de  la   Statuaire  Grccque  et 
Roraaine,  Vol.  I.,  40  ;  Documents  sur  les  Pouilhs  et 
Decouvertes  dans  I'Orient  Hellenique  de  1891-95,  168 
Raymond's  (M.)  Les  Della  Robbia,  459,  861 
Reynard  the  Fox.  in  English  Verse  by  Ellis,  754 
Riegl's  (A.)  Ein  orientalischer  Teppich  vom  .Tahre  1202 

N.  Chr.  und    ie  orientalischen  Teppiche,  136 
Roberts's  (W.)  Memorials  of  Christie's.  493 
Robinson's  (F.  S.)  The  Connoisseur,  166 
Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1897,  200 
Shaw's  (W.  A.)  Manchester,  Old  and  New.  360 
Shelley's  Ayrshire  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Burns,  531 
Smith's  (A.  H.)  Athenian  Vases  in  British  Museum.  135 
Smith's  (E.  W.)  The  Moghul  Architecture  of  Fathpur- 

Sikri,  Part  II.,  167 
Spenser's  Shepheard's  Calendar— The  Faerie  Queene,  828 
Steele's  (R.)  Renaud  of  Montauban,  828 
Temple's  Art  of  Painting  in  the  Queen's  Reign,  860 
Thompson's  Studies  in  the  Art-Anatomy  of  Animals.  165 
Thurston's  Note  on  „he  History  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany Coinage  from  1753  to  1835,  201 
Tsountas's  (Dr.  C.)  The  Mycenaean  Age,  40 
Upton's  (P.  K.)  Little  Hearts,  755 
Victoria,  Queen,  Early  Portraits  of,   136;  by  Holmes, 

827 
Victoria  Painting  Book  for  Little  Folks,  755 
Vocabolario  Araldico  ad  Uso  degli  Italiani,  compiled  by 

Guelti.  167 
Wa  ker,  Frederick,  A.R.  A.,  Life  of,  by  Marks,  424 
Wallis's  (H.)  Pictures  from  Greek  Vase-^,  135 
Watson's  (R.  M.)  The  Ait  of  the  House,  40 
Way's  (T.  R.)  Reliques  of  Old  London,  329 
Woodwarl's  (J.)  Treatise  on  Heraldry,  167,  233 
Zigzag  Fables,  a^  pictured  by  J.  A.  Shepherd,  755 

Original  Papers. 

Asia  Minor,  Notes  from,  566 

Athens,  British  School  at,  137 ;  Notes  from,  894 

British  Aichaeological  Associatii  n,  296 

Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  265,  297 

Central  Asian  Ant  quities,  715 

Chichester  Cathedral,  755 

Congress  of  Archaeological  Societies,  792 


viii 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^.CM  with  No.  3666,  Jan.  29,  1898 

July  to  December  1897 


FINE  ARTS. 
Original  vnipera— continued. 

Cyprus,  Mediaeval,  42 

David,  The  Tomb  of,  361 

Delia  Robbia,  Les,  8(51 

Montagu  Sale,  The,  755 

New  PrintB,  136,  791 

Paris,  Notes  from,  893 

Portraits,  Two,  169 

PublishiDK  Season,  394,  426 

Royal  Archaeological  Inetitute,  201 ,  Z6l 

Sales.  42,  73, 105, 137.  640, 755,  793.  828,  862,  894 

Strafford  Portraits,  361 

Swift,  Two  Portraits  of.  73, 106. 169 

Wakefield  Cathedral,  828 

Exbibitions. 

Agnew  &  Sons'  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  715 

Black  and  White  Gallery.  829 

BousBod,  Valadon  &  Co.'s  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  679 

Clifford  Gallery,  680 

Dunthorne's  (Mr.j  Gallery,  680 

Fine-Art  Society,  105,  604,  895 

Goupil  Gallery,  829 

Graves's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  604 

Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil  Colours,  639,  7 lt> 

Liverpool,  Corporation  of.  Autumn  Exhibition,  6Z^ 

McLean's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  639 

Royal  Academy,  41,  72 

Society  of  Miniaturists.  640 

Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  791.  89^ 

Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  603 

Thorburn'a  Drawings  of  Game  Birds  and  Wild  lowl,  680 

Obituaries. 

Amici,  L.,  640.  Bethune,  G.,  640.  Binet.  A.  74. 
Blant,  B.  F.  le,  73.  Boishaudran,  L.  de,  266.  Boulard, 
A..  716  Burckhardf,  Dr.  J..  234.  Burgess,  J.  B.,  <15. 
Cavalcaselle.  Signor  G.  B.,  680.  Courtry  C.  L;.  b40. 
Dantan,  J.  E.,  74.  Geiger,  Prof.  N.,  862.  G'lbert, 
Sir  J.,  494.  Griffith,  J.  M..  394.  Gurlitt,  Prof.  L 
460.  Heaton,  J.  A.,  755.  Leu,  Prof.  A..  202. 
Maincent,  G.,  495.  Morris,  J.  G.,  43.  Pearson,  J.L., 
861.  Postolakas,  A..  299.  Sallet.  Prof,  von,  895. 
Schoenn,  Herr  A.,  460.  « Teja,"  640.  Tomlmso.., 
G.W  ,  394.  Varin,  A.,  531.  Verhas,  F.,  793.  Vizetelly, 
J.  T.,  604.    Wicheren.  J.  J.  G.  v«n,  531 

Gossip. 

Report  of  the  Arundel  Society,  42.  Housing  of  the  Wallace 
Gift,  73  British  Museum  :  Acquisitions,  105.  Opening  ot 
the  Tate  Gallerv,  138.  National  Galltry  :  Acquisitions,  169, 
233.  Mr.  Alma  Tadema's  New  Picture,  '  Melody,'  233.  Dis- 
covery of  Koman  Remains  at  Floience,  234.  Roman  Ex- 
cavations by  Herr  Meyer  at  Boden,  362.  Huge  Hotels  at 
Tintagel  and  Newquay,  426.  Remarkable  Discovery  m  the 
Brussels  Musee  de  Peinture,  4H0.  Purchase  of  M.  W.  H. 
Waddington's  Collection  of  Greek  Coins  by  the  Irench 
Government,  531.    Louvre  :  Acquisitions,  680 


MUSIC. 


Reviews. 

British  Musical  Biography,  by  Brown  and  Stratton,  427 
Country  Song,  A  Garland  of,  selected  by  Baring-Gould 

and  Sheppard,  266 
Diehl's  (A.  M.)  Musical  Memories,  362 
Duffc.-in,  Lady.  A  Selection  of  the  Songs  of,  299 
Early  English  Harmony,  ed.  Wooldridge,  Vol.  I.,  203 
English  Minsirelsie,  ed.  Baring-Gould,  Vol.  VII.,  105 
Eniilish  Series  of  Origitial  Songs,  ed.  Gale  and  Speer,  299 
Field's  (E.)  Songs  of  Childhood,  266 
Kipling's  (R.)  Barrack-Room  Ballads,  266 
Krehbiel's  (H.  E.)  How  to  Listen  to  Music,  202 
Music  of  the  Poets  :  a  Musician's  Birthday  Book,  comp. 

by  E.  D'Esterre-Keeling,  203 
Taylor's  Technique  and  Expression  in  Pianoforte  Play- 
ing, 299 
Verdi,  Man  and  Musician,  by  Crowest,  895 
Wagner's  (R.)  Prose  Works,  VoK  V.,  tr.  Ellis,  170 

Original  Paper. 

Handel  and  Canons,  74 

Operas,  Concerts^  dec- 
Ballad  Concerts,  680,  757.  863 
Bayreuth  Festival,  170.  203,  234,  266 
Birmingham  Festival,  461,  495,  531 
Bucbmayer's  (Herr  R.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  896 
Burghes's  (Miss  A.)  Pianoforte  Recit«l.  43 
Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recitals,  641,  717 
Chester  Musical  Festival,  138,  170 
Concert   to   the    Foreign   Delegates  of  the   Navul   and 

Marine  Engineers'  International  Congress,  106 
Court  Theatre  :  Humperdiuck's  '  Children  of  the  King,' 

568,  864 
Covent  Garden  Theatre— Carl   Rosa   Opera :   *  La    Bo- 

heme,' 495  ;  '  Lohengrin,' '  Tavalleria  Rusticatm,'  and 

'  Pagliacci,'  536  ;  '  Die  Meistersinger,'  567  ;  '  Diarmid,' 

604  ;  Cio-e  o'  Season,  641 
Crystal  Palace  Concerts,  5bl,  567,  604.  640, 680,  716.  756, 

793  895 
Danks'fl  (Miss  M.)  Conceit,  896 


Delafosse's  (M.  L.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  75 

Dooren  and  Booth's  Violin  Recital,  641 

Goodson  (Miss  K.)  and  Loevenaohn'B  (Mr.  M.)  Recital, 

863 
Greenhill'8  (Miss  E.  0.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  75 
Grieg's  (Herr)  Pianoforte  Recital,  862  _ 

Guildhall  School  of  Music  :  '  Golden  Legend,  895 
Haddock  and  Ayres's  (Messrs.)  "  Historical  Recital,"  43 
Halle  Manchester  Concerts,  641.  830;  'The    Messiah, 

896 
Handel  Society  :  Concert,  43  ,  ,      . , 

Her  Majesty's  Theatre  :  '  Rip  van  Winkle,'  by  Akerrnan 
and  Leoni,  362;  '  The  'Prentice  Pillar,'  '  Hansel  and 
Gretel,'  461 
Hereford  Festival,  394,  426,  863 
Hind's  (Miss  M.)  Pianoforte  Recital;  75 
Jacoby's  (C.)  Concert,  605 
Joran's  (Mile.  P.)  Concert,  106 
Kisch-Schorr's  (Miss  E.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  793 
Lamond's  (Mr.  F.)  Beethoven  Pianoforte  Recital,  829 
Lamoureux  Orchestral  Concerts,  640,  680.  756,  793 
Liebling's  (Herr  G.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  793 
Marchesi's  (Madame  B.)  Recital.  793 
Moore's  (Madame  B.)  Concert,  830 
Mottl's  (Herr)  Concerts,  680,  716 
Mustard's  (Miss  M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  756 
Nalborough's  (Miss  E.)  Concert,  605 
Newman's  (Mr.  R.)  Benefit  Concert,  567 
Orchestral  Concerts,  604,  640,  716,  756,  793 
Pancera's  (Mile.)  Concert,  680 
Patti  Concert  at  the  Albert  Hall.  830 
Philharmonic  Concerts,  74,  680,  756,  829 
Popular  Concerts,  640,  680,  717,  756,  793,  829,  862,  896 
Power's  (Miss  F.)  Vocal  Recital,  756 
Promenade  Concerts,  330,  461 
Richter  Concerts.  567,  604,  640 
Ross  and  Moore's  (Messrs.)  Concert.  681.  717 
Royal  Academy  of  Music  :  Concert,  139,  862 
Royal  Choral  Society  :  '  Elijah,'  716 
Royal  College  of  Music  :  Concerts,  169,  895 
Royal  Engineers'  Concert,  830 

Royal    Opera,   Covent    Garden  :    '  Tannhauser,'  '  Sieg- 
fried.'    'Faust,'     'Die      Meistersinger,'    43;      '  Der 
Evangelimann,'   74;    '  Le    Nozze    di    Figaro,'   'Inez 
Mendo,'    '  Don  Juan,'  106 ;   '  Lohengrin,'  Close  of  the 
Season,  169 
Royal  Society  of  Musicians  :  '  Elijah,'  716 
Saint-Saens's  (M.)  '  Samson  et  Dalils,'  680 
Sauer's  (Herr  E.)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  829,  896 
Savoy  Theatre  :  Offenbach's  '  The  Grand  Duchess,'  830 
Schulz-Curtius's  (Mr.)  Wagner  Concert,  829 
Steindel's  (Master  Bruno)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  604,  863 
Stock  Exchange  Orchestral  Society  :  Concert,  829 
Symphony  Concerts.  829 
Tonic  Sol-fa  Annual  Festival,  138 
Trinity  College  :  Students'  Concert,  863 
Vert's  (Mr.  N.)  Miscellaneous  Concert,  568 
Westminster  Orchestral  Society  :  Concert,  829 
Williams's  (Miss  A.)  Farewell  Concert,  531 

Obituaries, 

Gunther,  Dr.  0..  427.  Pollini,  Herr,  793.  Smallwood. 
W..234.  Taskin.  M.,  496.  Thayer,  A.  W.,  170.  Toller, 
Herr  E.  0.,  863.    Williams,  Madame  M.,  235 

Gossip. 

Annual  Festival  of  the  London  Sunday  School  Choir  at  the 
Crystal  Palace,  43.  tleraentary  Musical  Education  Re- 
turns, 330.  Mendelssohn  Concert  at  the  South  Place  Insti- 
tute—Mr. F.  Dawson  in  Berlin,  6S1.  St.  Andrew's  Day 
Concerts,  793.  M.  Massenet's  '  Sapho'  at  the  Paris  Opera 
Comique,  794 


DRAMA. 
RevieTvs. 

Actor's  Art,  The,  edited  by  Haminerton,  462 
Archer's  (W.)  Theatrical  World  of  1896,  171 
Dorpfeld's  (W.)  Das  Griechische  Theater,  235,  330 
Filoti's  (A.)  The  English  Stage,  tr.  White,  139 
Howells's  (W.  D.)  The  Mouse-trap,  171 
Jones's  (H.  A.)  The  Case  of  Rebellious  Susan,  107 
Madden's  The  Diary  of  Master  William  Silence,  568 
Moliere :    His    Medical    Associations,  by   Brown,  140 ; 

Lexique  de  la  Langue  de,  by  Livet.  267 
Molloy's  (J.  P.)  Romance  of  the  Irish  Stage,  461 
New  Editions.  364 

Owen's  The  Five  Great  Skeptical  Dramas  of  History,  363 
Pougin's  (A.)  Acteurs  et  Actrices  d'Autrafois,  172 
Reisch's  (E.)  Das  Griechische  Theater,  235.  330 
Russell's  (Sir  E.  R.)  Ibsen  on  his  Merits,  171 
Shakspeare  :  The  Tempest,  ed.  by  Boas,  107;  Plays,  tr. 
by  Schlegel  and  Tieck,  ed.   Brandl,  Vols.  I.  and  II.. 
497;    Bitiliographie,    1894-1896,   364;    The    Boy,   by 
Rolfe,  497 ;  Puritan  and  Recusant,  by  Carter,  497.  6U6 
Standing's  (P.  C.)  Ibsen  on  his  Merits,  171 
Temple  Dramatists  :  The  School  for  Scandal,  ed.  Aitken, 
364  ;  Hcywood's  A  Woman  killed  with  Kindness,  ed. 
Ward— The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,  ed.  Walker- 
Edward   III.,   ed.   Smith— Fletchei's    The     Faithfu' 
Shepherdess,  ed.  Moormm,  863 


Original  Papers. 

Plautus's    Trinummus  '  at  Westminster,  896 
Shakspeare,  Documents  relating  to,  108 
'Wasps,'  The,  at  Cambridge.  757 

Theatres. 

/I  (/«?»At— Madame   Bernhardt's   Performances.   44,   76, 

108;    Meilhac    and    Halevy's    '  Frou-Frou,'   Sardou's 

'Spiriti8me,'75;  Gillette's  'Secret  Service,' 172,  236, 

757  ;  Chambers  and  Carr's  '  In  the  Days  of  the  Duke,' 

395;    Du   Souchet   and    Vincent's   'The   Swell   Miss 

Fitzswell '— Trest.ury's  '  A  Virginian  Courtship.'  428 

Avenue— Mrs.  O.  Beringer's  '  My  Lady's    Orchard.'  Sir 

C.  Young's  '  The  Baron's  Wager,'  496 ;  Mackay's  '  The 

Mermaid.'  498;    'The  Lady   Burglar.'    'More   than 

Ever,'     569;      Henley    and    Stevenson's     '  Admiral 

Guinea,'  794 

Comedy— Burnsind'B'  Saucy  Sally,'  Newte's  '  A  Labour  of 

Love,'  172 ;  Bancroft's  '  Angela  Teresa,'  204 ;  Esmond's 

'  One  Summer's  Day,'  396 

Cottri- Parker's  '  The  Vagabond  King,'  642,  682;  '  The 

Children  of  the  King,'  568,  864 
Crilerion—CrsLven's   '  Four    Little   Girls,'   '  Before    the 
Dawn,' '  David  Garrick,'  140  ;  'The  Sleeping  Partner,' 
268 ;  Jones's  '  The  Liars,'  533 
Daly's— Bmcco's  •  Untreu,'  43  ;  Sohonthan  and  Koppel- 
Ellfold's  '  Die  Goldene  Eva,'  76  ;  Cooper  and  Jardine's 
'  The  Bow  of  Orange  Ribbon,'  236 
Drury    La?te— Raleigh    and    Hamilton's    '  The    White 

Heather,'  396,  427 
Duke  of  York's—'  FrancilloD,'  427 
Oarrick—'  In  Town,'  236 
(?/o6e— Morton's  '  Miss  Francis  of  Yale,'  363  ;  Powers'a 

'  The  First-Born,'  641 ;  'A  Night  Session,'  642 
Grand—'  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,'  268  ;    '  As  You  Like 
It,'   300;    'Under  the   Red   Robe,'   332;    Miss    Ada 
Rehan's    Performances,    498;    Sims    and    Merrick's 
'  When  the  Lamps  are  Lighted,'  758 
Haymarket—Bd.Tn&B  '  The   Little    Minister,'   140,  681  ; 
Revival  of  '  A  Marriage  of  Convenience,'  363  ;  Miss 
Scott's  '  The  Tarantula,'  364 
Her    Majesty' s-GruQiy' a  '  The  Silver   Key,'  107,  642  ; 
Farewell  of  Madame  Bernhardt,  172;  'Hamlet,'  268; 
'Catharine  and  Petruchio,'  642;    Misses  Emery   and 
Beringer's 'The  Other  Woman,'  682;  Buchanan's 'A 
Man's  Shadow,'  794 
Lyceum— 'The  Merchant  of  Venice,' 108;  Close  of  the 

Season,  140.  172  ;  '  Hamlet,'  395 
LvJ-fC— Donnay's  '  La   Douloureuse,'  43  ;    '  Frou-Frou, 
75;  'Madame  Sana-Gene.'  108;  Revival  of  Barrett's 
'  The  Sign  of  the  Cross,'  300  ;  Fernald's  '  The  C*t  and 
the  Cherub.'  641  ;  '  Tlie  Judgment  of  Paris,'  642 
ilfci(u<ee— Elizabethan  Stage  Society  :  '  Arden  of  Fever- 

sham.'  '  The  King  and  the  Countess,'  107 
Meiropole-Rope'i  'A  Bit  of  Drapery,'  364;    Parker's 

'  The  Vagabond  King,'  570 
Paj/fcAwrst— Douglass   and    Bateman's   '  From  Scotland 

Yard,'  462 
Favilioii-ShiTlej  and  Landeck's  '  Woman  and  Wine,'  533 
Prince  of  Wales's— Ga,\\on' a  '  A  Prince  of  Mischance,'  534 
Princess's— Vane's  '  In  Sight  of  St.  Paul's.'  44 ;  Shirley 
and   Landeck's  '  Tommy   Atkins.'  204 ;   '  Two   Little 
Vagabonds,'  498 
^owa^^y- Ambient.  Atwood,and  Vaun's  'Oh  !  Susannah!' 
496  ;  Mrs.  0.  Beringer's  '  A  Bit  of  Old  Chelsea,   498  ; 
Dariiley's  '  A  New  Leaf,'  794 
St.  Jaones's—'  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,'  44 ;  Carton's  '  The 

Tree  of  Knowledge,'  605 
Shafleslury—GTeeuhnnk'a  '  The  Scarlet  Feather,'  718 
Sirand—Beife  '  The  Purser,'  '  The  Greek  Soprano,'  396; 

Day's  '  The  Fanatic,'  570,  605 
Surrey  — LeoQArd' a    'The    Girl    of    my    Heart.'    534; 

'  Sporting  Life,'  642 
Terry's— Hood's  '  ApronStringa.'  533 
Vaudeville-'  Madame  Sans-Gene,'  76  ;  Williams's  '  The 
Man  in  Black,'  364  ;  Clayton's  '  A  Puritan  Romance, 
462 ;    Desvallieres    and    Mars's   '  Never  Again,'  533  ; 
Scott's  'The  Cape  Mail.'  534 

Obituaries. 

Blakeley,  W.,  864.  Daudet,  A.,  887,  896.  Hodermann, 
Dr  R.  498.  Lingard.  Miss  A.,  44.  Meilhac,  H.,  76. 
Sedgwick,  iMiss  Amy,  632,  718.     Terriss,  W.,  896 

Gossip. 

Mr.  Hall  Caine's  'The  Christian'  .''t.  ^he  Gratid  Theatre. 
Douglas,  23t5.  Mrs.  Oscar  Beringer's  My  Lady  s  Orchard 
at  Glaseow  332.  Mr.  Ainbieiifs  '  Oh !  Susannah  !  at 
Brighton  1^4.  Miss  Morton's  '  A  Bachelor's  Romance  at 
Rdinhurf^l)  396  Mr.  Gilbert's  '  The  Fortune-Hunter  at 
Bfrm£m4«2.  Messrs.  Sims  and  Merrick's^VVben  the 
Lara  us  are  Li"lited'  at  the  Regent  Theatre,  Sal  ford  533. 
MeTsrs  Ralei-b  and  Hicks's  '  Sporting  Life  '  at  the  Shake- 
speare TbLt/e.  Clapbam  Junction  5«9.  606  P^entat'on 
to  the  Hon.  Sir  Spencer  Ponsonby-Fane,  aS.  M  .  Craven  s 
•  No  Appeal '  at  the  Eden  Theatre,  Brighton,  864 


MISCELLANEA. 
Scott  Queries,  A  Couple  of,  108 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


/ 


^ 


SJournar  of  (^Bngli^D  mt)  ^fForefgn  literature,  Science,  tfte  :^im  ^rt0,  iWuisic  anft  tfie  IBrama, 


No.  3636. 


SATURDAY,   JULY    3,    1897. 


PRICK 

THREEPENCE 

REGISTEKRU  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


BRITISH  MUSEUM,  BLOOMSBURY.— Evening 
Opening  on  Weekdays  —From  MONDAY.  July  5.  to  SATURDAY. 
August  14  inclusive,  the  Galleries  usually  open  from  8  to  10  p  m.  on 
Weekdays  will  be  CLOSED  during  those  hours,  and  will  be  OPEN  from 
^  to  8  p.fti.  instead. 

E.  MAUNDR  THOMPSON,  Principal  Librarian  and  Secretary. 
British  Museum.  June  29, 1897. 

q^E    ELIZABETHAN    STAGE    SOCIETY.— 

JL  AKDEN  of  FEVERSHAM  and  EDWARD  III.  at  the  MATINlJE 
THEATRE,  St  George's  Hall,  on  FRIDAY  EVENING,  July  9.— Tickets 
and  Plan  at  tlie  Hall. 

ROYAL    SOCIETY   of   PAINTERS    in   WATER 
COLOURS.  5\.  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W.— 126th  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN.    Admission  Is  .  10  to  6 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HEIIKOMER,  Jun.,  Secretary  (pro  tem  J. 

OPEN  TO  THE  PUBLIC  FREE  10  .i  m.  TO  C  p  m. 

PUBLISHERS'  PERMANENT    BOOK    EXHIBI- 
TION,  10,  Bloomshury-street,  London.  W  C  , 
Where  the  Latest  Productions  of  the  Chief  Houses  may  be 
inspected,  BUT  NOT  PURCHASED. 

HOLIDAY  ENGAGEMENT,  out  of  London,  as 
SECRETARY  or  COMPANION,  WANTED  by  LADY  DURING 
AUGUST.  Shorthand,  'lype-writing,  &c. — Apply  M.  P.,  Secretarial 
Bureau,  9,  Strand. 

T  IBRARIES   ARRANGED    and    CATALOGUED 

-Li  by  an  EXPERIENCED  MAN.  Reasonable  terms  and  good  testi- 
monials.— Apply  W.,  Athentriim  Press,  Bream 's-buildings.  Chancery- 
lane,  EC. 

'l''UTOR    for    MODERN    LANGUAGES. —An 

i  ENGLISHMAN,  thorough  liinguist,  Professor  at  a  Continental 
High  School,  seeks  SUMMER  ENUAGEMENT,  July  to  September. 
Perfect  French  and  German,  fluent  Italian,  &c.  Of  middle  age,  active, 
and  fond  of  sports— Address  E.  G.  I)  ,  11,  Maida-vale,  W. 

1^0  COLONIAL  PUBLISHERS.— An  Oxonian  of 

JL  much  experience  on  the  Literary  Press  would  be  glad  to  go  abroad 
as  EDITOR,  SUB-EDITOR,  PUBLISHERS  ADVISER,  or  the  like. 
Highest  references  as  to  ability.  &c.  — X.  care  of  Francis  &  Co., 
Athentetim  Press,  Bi-eam's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

A  LITERARY  MAN,  livingr  in  Vienna,  seeks 
position  as  AUSTRIAN  CORRESPONDENT  to  an  ENGLISH 
PAPER.  Would  also  undertake  Translation  of  a  German  Book.  Will 
arrive  in  London  in  course  of  July. 

Address  P.  E.  Wheeler,  55,  Lordship-park,  N. 

SECRETARY  or  LIBRARIAN.— The  Advertiser, 
having  had  much  business  experience,  with  good  knowledge  of 
books,  is  anxious  to  meet  with  an  ENGAGEMENT  as  LlHllARIAN  or 
PRIVATE  SECRETARY.  He  would  not  object  to  act  as  Secretary  for 
a  College  or  Private  Club.  Unexceptionable  references  can  be  given  — 
—Address  W.  C,  care  of  Mr.  Gale,  Brigg,  Lincolnshire 


FINE  ART.— WANTED,  an  experienced  man  as 
SALESMAN  in  ENGRAVING  DEPARTMENT —Apply,  with  all 
particulars,  to  Alfred  Freee,  Fine-Art  Dealer,  Cardiff. 

EDITOR  WANTED  for  a  WEEKLY  LONDON 
TRADE  JOURNAL  of  old  and  high  standing.  Good  general 
Journalistic  experience-,  good  organizer;  take  up  full  duties  April  1. 
1898.  State  age,  previous  experience,  when  free,  &c.,  to  Alphi,  care  of 
Cecil  Roy,  Gloucester-road,  London,  S.W. 

'T'^HERB    is    a    VACANCY    in    a   SCIENTIFIC 

JL  LIBRARY  for  a  PUPIL  ASSISTANT  (MALE),  who,  in  exchange 
for  services  for  Twelve  Months,  will  receive  Training  in  Cataloguing 
and  General  Librarianship.  Opportunities  afforded  for  visiting  other 
Libraries.  Previous  Pupil  Assistants  have  received  valuable  appoint- 
ments—Apply, in  own  handwriting,  giving  particulars  as  to  age  and 
education,  to  Q  ,  care  of  Athenaiim  Press,  13,  Breams-buildings,  E.C. 

GIRLS'  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL,  BRISBANE, 
QUEENSLAND— A  SECOND  MISTRESS  will  be  REQUIRED 
in  JANUARY'  NEXr.  Salary  200(  per  annum,  with  board  and  resi- 
dence, and  60?.  passage  money.  Applicants  must  have  had  experience 
in  teaching,  and  hold  a  University  Degree  or  equivalent  qualification  — 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  The  Agent-Generii  for 
QuEENSL.\ND,  1.  Victoria-street,  S.W.,  to  whom  applications  should  be 
sent  not  later  than  July  19. 

THE  Committee  of  the  REDRUTH  SCIENCE 
and  ART  SCHOOLS  invite  applications  for  the  position  of 
SCIENCE  PRINCIPAL  and  LECTURER  in  CHEMI.STRY  and  METAL- 
LURGY (Practical  and  Theoretical),  MINERALOGY,  &e. 

Candidates  are  desired  to  forward  particulars  of  their  qualification  to 
the  Secretary  not  later  than  July  8,  from  whom  further  information 
may  be  obtained.  W   K.  WILTON,  Secretary. 

THE   LEEDS  INSTITUTE  of  SCIENCE,  ART, 
and  LITERATURE. 

The  Directors  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER  of 
the  LEEDS  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL  and  TEACHER  of  CHEMISTRY 
to  the  I'.OYS'  and  GIRLS'  MODERN  SCHOOLS  of  the  INS'l'ITUTE, 
now  vacant  by  the  death  of  Mr.  S.  J.  Harris,  M.Sc. 

The  Master  appointed  will  be  expected  to  take  Classes  in  Theoretical 
and  Practical  Inorganic  and  Organic  Chemistry,  and  to  exercise  a 
general  supervision  over  the  other  Classes  in  the  'I'echnieal  School 
■I'he  School  Buildings,  erected  in  1888,  are  furnished  with  all  necessary 
materials  and  apparatus  for  Science  Teaching. 

Salary,  partly  fi.xed  and  partly  dependent  upon  restUts,  amounts  to 
about  325(.— Full  particulars  may  be  had  from  the  Secreiirv,  to  whom 
applications  must  be  sent  not  later  than  July  20.  1897. 

(Canvassing  Directors  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

POTSDAM,  near  BERLIN.— Fraulein  von 
BRIESEN  and  Fraulein  ZAHN  receive  a  limited  number  of 
VOUNG  LADIES  in  their  High-Class  SCHOOL.  They  offer  all  the 
advantages  of  a  Continental  Education  and  a  comfortable  Home.  Terms, 
Fifty  Guineas.  References  and  Prospectus  through  Miss  Rodier  i' 
Fairview  Villas,  Mill  Hill.  London,  N.W  ,  who  has  been  for  many  years 
Teacher  at  the  School  and  is  willing  to  give  every  Information  and 
take  Pupils  back  with  her  in  the  first  week  of  August. —GOVERNESS- 
PUPIL  REQUIRED. 


EPSOM  COLLEGE.— ANNUAL  EXAMINA- 
TION for  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBiriONS  EARLY  in 
JULY.  New  Junior  Department  just  opened  for  100  Boys.  Preparation 
for  London  Matric.  and  Prel.  Sclent.  Exams  .  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Uni- 
versities. Numerous  recent  successes.— NEXT  TERM  BEGINS  SEP- 
TEMBER 16— Apply  to  The  Eirs.^b,  5,  The  College.  Epsom,  Surrey. 

WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.  —  An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  be  held  in  JULY  TO  FILL  UP  not  less  than 
FIVE  RESIDEN-r,  FIVE  NON-RESIDENT  QUEEN'S  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS, and  TWO  EXHlIill'lONS— Details  may  be  obtained  from  The 
Head  Masier.  Dean's-yard.  Westminster. 


''rHE  ALDEBURGH  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS.— Head 

I  Mistress.  Miss  M.  I.  GARDINER,  Nat.  Sc.  Tripos,  {;ambridge, 
late  Assistant  Mistress  St.  Leonard's  School,  St.  Andrews  References: 
Mrs.  Garrett  Anderson.  M.D.  i  the  Rev  and  Hon.  A.  T.  Lyttelton  ; 
Arthur  Sidgwick,  Esq.,  MA.  ;  Mrs.  Henry  Sldgwick,  &c. 

QWITZERLAND.— HOME    SCHOOL  for   limited 

kD  number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  I^n- 
gruag-es,  Masic.  and  Art.  Visiting:  Professors;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  largre  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise,— Mlle.  Hkiss,  Waldheim,  licrne. 


S' 


CHOOL    for    the    DAUGHTERS    of    GENTLE- 

MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 


'l^HE    FROEBEL  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTE, 

-1-  Talgarth-road,  West  Kensington,  London,  AV. 

Chairman  of  the  Committee-Mr.  W.  MATHER. 
Treasurer- Mr.  C.  G.  MONTEFIORE. 
Secretary— Mr.  ARTHUR  G.  SYMONDS,  M.A. 

TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS. 

Principal— Madame  MICH.AELIS. 

Who  is  assisted  by  a  Staff  of  competent  'Trainers  and  'Teachers. 

KINDERGARTEN    AND   SCHOOL. 

Head  Mistress— Miss  LAWRENCE. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Pklvcipal 

'T^'HE    MARIA     GREY     TRAINING    COLLEGE 

X.  (late  5,  Fitzroy-street.  W.). 

SALUSBURY-ROAD,  BRONDESBURY,  LONDON,  N.W. 

A  FULL  COURSE  of  TRAINING  in  preparation  for  the  CAMBRIDGE 
'CEACHERS'  CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  'Teaching  is 
offered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  'Teachers. 

Kindergarten  'Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate  of 
the  National  Fiocbel  Union 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAlt 
BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  15. 

Address  Principal,  Miss  Ai.ue  ■VXoods.  The  Maria  Grey  'Training 
College,  Salusbuiy-road,  Brondesbury,  N.W. 

ITNIVEKSITY  COLLEGE  of    NORTH  WALES, 

vJ     BANGOR  (a  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Walesj. 
Principal— H    K.  REICHEL.  MA, 
■With  Eleven  Professors.  Three  Lecturers,  and  Seventeen  other  Teachers. 

NEXT  SESSION  BEGINS  OCTOBER  .0  'The  College  Courses  are 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  Degrees  of  the  University  of  Wales,  and 
include  most  of  the  sui>jects  for  the  Degrees  of  London  University. 
Students  may  pursue  their  First  Year  of  Medical  Study  at  the  College 
'There  are  Special  Departments  for  Agriculture  and  Electrical  Engineer- 
ing, a  Day  Training  Department  for  .Slen and  Women,  and  a  Department 
for  the  Training  of  'Teachers  in  Secondai-y  Schools. 

Sessional  Fee  for  ordinary  Arts  Student.  IK.  Is  ;  do.  for  Intermediate 
Science  or  Medical  Student,  15(.  15s.  'The  cost  of  living  in  lodgings  in 
Bangor  averages  from  20/.  to  'Ml.  for  the  Session.  'There  is  a  Hall  of 
Residence  for  Women  students.    Fee,  'Thirty  Guineas  for  the  Session. 

At  the  Entrance  Scholarship  Examination  (beginning  September  21), 
more  than  'Twenty  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions,  ranging  in  value  from 
iOl  to  10/  ,  will  be  open  for  competition.  ONE-HALF  the  total  amount 
offered  is  reserved  for  Welsh  Candidates. 

For  further  information,  an<i  copies  of  the  Prospectus,  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

XFORD.-The  Secretary,  INFORMATION 

OFFICE.  44,  High-street,  Oxford  (opposite  Examination  Schools), 
answers  inquiries  on  all  points  concerning  Oxford  and  Educatiou 
generally.    Fee,  Five  Shillings,  to  accompany  inquiry. 

DVICE    as  to   CHOICE   of   SCHOOLS.— The 

Scholastic  Association  fa  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  hoys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad.— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R  J.  Beevor,  MA.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  KELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  ffree  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GAfsIUTAS, 
THRING  &  CO.,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  lioys  and  Girls,  and  successful  'lutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements.— 36,  Sackville-street,  W. 

GERMAN  TUTOR  (University  Man)  is  willing  to 
RECEIVE  ONE  or  TWO  PUPILS  in  his  retined  home.  Perfectly 
able  10  undertake  the  whole  education  for  a  Literary  or  Business 
Career.  Fourteen  years'  experience,  and  first-class  English  and  Conti- 
nental references. — Tutor,  care  of  Seytfardt's  Buchhandlung,  Amster- 
dam, Holland. 

PRIZE  ESSAY.  — The  Committee  of  the  Associa- 
tion  for  the  Harmonious  Development  of  Faculties  otters  a 
PRIZE  of  FOUR  GUINEAS  for  the  best  ESSAY  on  ETHICS,  not  to 
exceed  3  000  words. —For  particulars  apply  PaoF,  Ueshumbert, 
Caniberley,  Surrey. 

PARTNER  REQUIRED  to  develope  highly  suc- 
cessful Series  of  Privately  Printed  and  other  High-Class  Books. 
Valuable  nucleus  of  Publishing  Business,  with  enormous  reserve  of 
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lane. 

T^O  LECTURE  COMMITTEES  of  Literary 
Societies,  Institutes,  &c  — The  LECI  URE  AGENCY,  Limited,  The 
Outer  Temple,  Strand,  London,  WC.  acts  as  agent  for  all  the  leading 
Lecturers  and  Entertainers  of  the  day.— Full  particulars  post  free  on 
application. 


o 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBKS,  BEAULIEU-SUK  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR--MER.  CALAIS.  CANNES.  DIJON,  OUN- 
KIUK.  HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MKNTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  P.AU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIONANI  LIBRARY,  221,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris. 

H'^YPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 

J-  of  72  words  References  to  Anthors.- Miss  GLADniNo,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

n-^YPE-WRITER.- AUTHORS'  MSS.,    Plays,    Re- 

1  yiews.  Literary  Articles,  &c.,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies.— Address  Miss  E.  Tigar,  23,  Maitland 
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'^ryPE-WRlTING.— MSS.,   Scientific,   and  of  all 

JL  Descriptions,  Copied.  Special  attention  to  work  requiring  care. 
Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-writing).  Usual  terms. — Misses 
E  B.  &  I.  Farr.vn.  Hastings  House.  Norfolk-street,  Strand.  London 
(for  seven  years  of  34,  Southampton-street,  Sti-and). 

^''HE      EXCEL       TYPE-WRITING      CO., 

49,  BROAD-STREET  HOUSE,  OLD  BROAD-STREET, 

WANTS  YOUR  TYPE-WRITING. 


SPECIAL  TERMS  TO  AUTHORS,  LITTERATEURS,  AND 
PLAYWRIGHTS. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.— Confidential  Secre- 
tary, Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Natural  Science  Tripos),  sends  out 
Daily  a  trained  stair  of  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries,  expert  Steno- 
graphers, and  Typists.  Special  stall"  of  French  and  German  Reporters. 
Literary  and  Commercial  Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages. 
Speciality — Dutch  Translations,  French,  German,  and  Medical  Type- 
writing 

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staff  of  Inriexers  Speciality— Medical  Indexing.  Libraries  Catalogued. 
Pupils  trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

'■FYPE-WRITERS    and   CYCLES.— The   standard 

X  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bouphc 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words.— N.  Tavlor, 
74,  Chancery-lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  6690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator.  London." 

'TO    AUTHORS.  —  Facilities    offered   for   cheap, 

i  expeditious,  and  successful  publication.  The  MSS.  of  Travellers, 
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THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

J.  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
Interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
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with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free.— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuRoHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property, 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  ottering  to  place  MSS  ,  without  the  personal  recom 
mendation  of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society     By  order.    G.  HERBERT  THltlNG,  Secretary. 
4.  Portugal-street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Hor.ice  Cox,  Bream 's-buildings,  E.C. 

n^O    AUTHORS.  — The    ROXBURGHB    PRESS, 

X  LiMiTFn,  1.5.  Victoria-Street,  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE 
MANUSCRIPrs  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
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Vy«  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
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of  Terras  on  application. 

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R     ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising  Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR-STREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.W., 
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Manufacturers,  &c.,  on  application. 


N 


(S^nttxloQxxts, 
OW    READY,  CATALOGUE,  No.   20.— Draw- 

ings  of  the  Early  English  School— Engravings  after  Turner, 
Constable.  Reynolds,  &c— choice  states  of  Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— 
Illustrated  Books— Works  by  Professor  Ruskin.  Post  free,  Sixpence. 
— W.11.  Ward,  2,  Church-terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 

CHOICE  and  VALUABLE   BOOKS. 


c 


Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson, 
&c— First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  modern)— Early- 
English  Literature— Illuminated  and  other  MSS.— Portraits— Engravings 
— Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Works  on  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and 
Welsh  Topography,  Heraldry,  and  Family  History  free  on  application. 

MAGGS  BROS  , 
159,  Church-Street,  Paddington,  London,  W. 


2 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


'ORBIGN     BOOKS    and     PEllIODICALS 

promptly  supplied  on  mo'Iorato  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  apji.ication 

DULAU   &   CO.    87,    SOHO-SUUAKE. 


w 


ILLIAMS       &       NORGATE, 

IMl'OKTERS  OF  FOREIGN  HOOKS, 


14,  Henrlptta-street,  CoTen^ga^dcn.  London;  20.  South  Frederick- 
street,  Edinburgh;  and  7.  Broad-street,  Oxford. 
CATALOGUES  on  application 


E 


LLIS  &  ELVE 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Rooks  and  Manuscripts. 

NEW    CATALOGUE    (No    86)   of  RECENT  PURCHASKS 

now  ready,  post  free,  Sixpence. 

29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 


v. 


FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Alnsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G  and  K.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Itowlandson.  Leech.  &c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bought.— 
Walteh  T.  Spencer,  'J7,  New  Oxford-street,  London.  W.C. 

rrO  BOOKBUYERS  and  LIBRARIANS  of  FREE 

JL  LIBRARIES -The  JULY  CATALOGUE  of  valuable  NEW  and 
SECOND-HAND  WORKS,  oflered  at  prices  greatly  reduced,  is  now 
ready,  and  will  be  sent  post  free  upon  application  to  W.  H.  Smith  & 
Son,  Library  Department,  186,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

pHEAP    BOOKS.— THREEPENCE     DISCOUNT 

vy  in  the  SHILLING  allowed  from  the  published  price  of  nearly 
all  New  Books,  Bibles,  Prayer-Books.  and  Annual  Volumes.  Orders 
by  post  executed  by  return.  CATALOGUES  of  New  Hooks  and  Re 
niainders  gratis  and  postage  free. — Oilbeet  &  Field,  67,  Moorgate- 
street,  London,  EC. 

^''HE     "SUTHERLAND"    BINDING. 


I^H 


A  NEW  COLOUR  PROCESS  (PATENTED). 

Beautiful  Tooling  in  any  Colour.    Colours  absolutely  permanent. 

Mr.  BAGGULEY  will  be  glad  to  supply  particulars  as  to  where  the 
specimens  referred  to  in  the  Atlienceum  of  May  22  (p.  679)  can  be  seen 


in  Town. 


High-street,  Newcastle-under-Lyme. 


LARGE  PICTURE  BY    MAYER. 


'  T  A  COUR  D'ASSISE,'  Exhibited  at  Paris  Exhi 

Xj     bition,  FOR  SALE —May  be  seen  at  E.  Gallais  &  Co.,  Wim 


Merchants,  90,  Piccadilly,  W. 


THE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER-PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-street, 
London.  EC.) 
Contains    hairless    paper,  over   which    the    pen  slips  with    perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each     55.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

TO  INVALIDS.— A  LIST  of  MEDICAL  MEN 
In  all  parts  willing  to  RECEIVE  RESIDENT  PATIENTS,  giving 
full  particulars  and  terms,  sent  gratis.  The  list  includes  Private 
Asylnms,  &c. ;  Schools  also  recommended.— Address  Mr.  G.  B.  Stockeb, 
8,  Lancaster-place.  Strand,  W.C. 

MUDIE'S 

SELECT 

LIBRARY. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  ONE  GUINEA  per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY. 

Books  can  be  exchanged  at  the  residences  of  Sub- 
scribers in  London  by  the  Library  Messengers, 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO  GUINEAS 
per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S     SELECT     LIBRARY. 

COUNTRY  SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO 
GUINEAS  per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S  FOREIGN  LIBRARY. 

All  the  Best  Works  in  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  are  in  circulation. 

CATALOGUES  of  English  or  Foreign  Books, 
1*.  Qd,  each. 

Prospectuses  and  Clearance  Lists  of  Books  on  Sale, 
postage  free. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30  to  34,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  London. 

Bbanch  Offices: — 

241,  Brompton-road ;  and  48,  Queen  Victoria- street, 

E.G.  (Mansion  House  End). 

Also  10-12,  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


THE  HANFSTAENGL 


GALLERIES, 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 
(nearly  opposite  the  National  Gallery). 

Inspection  invited. 

REPRODUCTION  IN  CARBON  PRINT 

AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

GALLERY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
in  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLES 
L.  EASTLAKE,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.     Price  to  Subscribers,  11.  10s. 

[Part  III.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.      By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
Reproductions  of  the  Famous  Drawings  at  Windsor 
Castle,  bound  in  Artistic  Cover.    Price  bl.  5s, 


The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
NATIONAL  GALLERY,  LONDON;  AMSTERDAM, 
BERLIN,  BRUSSELS,  CASSEL,  DRESDEN,  HAAG, 
HAARLEM,  MUNICH,  VIENNA. 


LEADING   ARTISTS  of  the   DAY. 

9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BURNB  JONES, 
WATTS,  ROSSBTTI,  ALMA  TADBMA,  SOLOMON, 
HOFFMAN,  BODENHAUSEN,  PLOCKHORST,  THU- 
MANN,  &c.  

CATALOGUES  POST  FREE. 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 

THE  AUTOTYPE 
FINE -ART    GALLERY. 

74,  NEW  OXFORD.  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


PRODUCERS  AND   PUBLISHERS   OF 

PERMANENT 

PHOTOGRAPHIC  REPRODUCTIONS 

OF  FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART. 


AUTOTYPES  of  the  OLD  MASTERS 

in  the  GREAT  CONTINENTAL  GALLERIES. 

AUTOTYPES   of  MODERN    ENG- 
LISH ART. 

AUTOTYPES  of  PICTURES  in  the 

NATIONAL  GALLERY. 

AUTOTYPES  of  DRAWINGS  by  the 

OLD  MASTERS. 

AUTOTYPES  of  PICTURES  in  the 

FRENCH  SALONS, 


Those  interested  in  Art,  and  in  the  recent  de- 
velopments of  the  Photographic  Reproduction  of 
Pictures,  are  invited  to  inspect  the  Company's  ex- 
tensive Collection  of  Autotypes  and  Autogravures 
of  all  Schools,  now  on  view  at  their  Gallery,  74, 
New  Oxford-street,  where  may  also  be  seen  a  series 
of  framed  examples,  of  specially  designed  patterns, 
made  in  oak,  walnut,  and  other  hard  woods. 

Catalogues  and  Price  Lists  post  free  on  application  to 

THE     AUTOTYPE     COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


(SalEs  bB  Jluction. 

The  Collection  of  English  and  Foreign  War  Medals, 
formed  by  Col.  WALFOHD. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Hou«e.  No  I.).  Wellington- 
street,  Sii-and,  W C,  on  MONDAY,  .lulv  5,  and  Follnwinif  l>ay,  at 
1  o'clock  pieeiselj,  the  valuable  COLLECTION  ol  ENGLISH  and 
FOREIGN  WAR  MEDALS  and  DECORATIONS,  Jormed  by  CoL 
WALFORD,  and  other  small  I'ropei  ties,  eomprl»ing  N  G  S.  Medals 
with  rare  single  clasps  for  "  Ronne  Citoyenne  with  Furieuse " ; 
"Nassau.  2-.'nd  March,  If08';  "Anhalt.  ^7th  March,  1811";  "Koat 
Service,  4th  Feb  1804";  ■•  Roat  Service.  2nd  May,  1813";  M.G.8.  with 
single  clasps  for  "  liaiTOfa,"  "  Chateau(ruay,"  "Fort  Detroit."  &c  — 
H  K  I  C.  Medals  for  Rudiiguez.  Rourhcjn  and  Isle  of  France.  Nepaul,  and 
Capture  of  Java— Army  of  India.  :)-clasp  for  Assaye,  Argamu,  Gawilghur 
—rare  Gr(tups  of  Medals— Officer's  Silver  Medal  for  Egypt.  1801— Indian 
(;hief'8  Medal,  AR,  small  size;  including  a  Collection  of  English  and 
Foreign  Orders  and  1  decorations.  Victoria  Cross  and  Legion  of  Honour 
(as  a  group),  Gold  Guelphic  Medal  of  the  Prince  Regent,  &c.— Medal 
Cabinets. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Etchiigs  by  the  Old  Masters,  the  Property  of 
HEULEY  PEEK,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand.  WC  ,  on  WEDNESDAY.  July  7.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  COLLECTION  of  ETCHINGS  by  the  OLD  MASTERS,  formed  in  the 
last  Century  bv  one  of  the  Rourbon  Princes,  and  now  the  Property  of 
HEDLEY  i'EKK,  Esq. ;  also  a  few  very  choice  ENGRAVINGS,  In- 
Mezzotint  and  Colour,  the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  Books  on  Angling  of  the  late  R.   W.  COLE- 
MAN, Esq.,  of  Pennsylvania. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C.  on  THURSDAY,  July  8,  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  on  ANGLING  of  the  late 
ROBERT  W.  COLEMAN,  Esq.,  Of  Pennsylvania,  originally  Collected 
by  Rev.  G  W.  BEl'HUNE,  American  Editor  of  •  Walton's  Angler.' 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  valuable  Library  of  Cl'UIL  DUNN  GARDNER,  Esq, 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W  C,  on  SA'IUR1).\Y,  July  10,  and  Two  Following  Days, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  CYRIL  DUNN 
GARDNER,  E-q  (of  Fordham  Abbey,  Cambridgeshire),  comprising 
the  Works  of  Standard  English  Authors,  in  Old  and  Modern  Editions 
— rare  early  printed  English  Books— Topographical  Works  of  Baker, 
Hlomflcid,  Dugdale,  Thoroton.  and  others— a  large  Series  of  the  Writings 
of  Daniel  Defoe— ear ly  printed  and  rare  Books— Editiones  Principes  ol 
Homer,  Aristotle.  Terentius.  Varr-o,  Eusebius,  &c. — Aldine  and  Elzevir 
Editirtns— a  finely  written  Hebrew  Bible  on  vellum  of  the  Fifteenth 
Century,  and  a  MS  of  Ludolphus  ol  Saxony's  Life  of  Christ— fine  Edi- 
tions of  Flench  Writers— Illustrated  and  Architectural  Works— Tracts 
on  America- Books  in  fine  bindings. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Engravings  of  the  late  Rev.  A.  W.  G. 
MOORE,  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC  on  WBi>NESD.\Y,  July  14.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
ENGRAVINGS  (Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio),  including  the  COLLEC- 
TION of  the  late  Rev.  A.  W  G.  MOORE,  comprising  Fancy  Subjects 
and  Portraits  by  English  Artists,  some  printed  in  Colours— Sporting 
Prints— Artist's  Proois  of  Modern  Engravings,  after  Meissonier  and 
others— about  Eight  Hundred  Sets  of  '  'rhe  Race  for  Wealth,'  after 
W.  P.  Frith,  R.A  — and  a  few  Water-Colour  and  other  Drawings. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COINS. 

FOURTH  PORTION. 

\TESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

XtX  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street.  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  THURSDAY,  July  15,  and  Two  Following 
Days  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  FOUR'rH  PORTION  of  the  verj 
valuable  and  extensive  COLLECIION  ol  ENGLISH  (Copper,  &c.), 
IRISH,  SCOTTISH,  and  ANGLO-GALLIC  COINS. 

May  be  viewed  tvro  days  prior.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  had, 
price  One  Shilling  each. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Library  of  a   Gentleman, 
deceased  (by  order  of  the  Extcutors)  ;  Etchings,  Prints,  SfC. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SKLL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W  C.,on  TUESDAY,  July  6, 
and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS, 
comprising  Hutchins's  Dorset,  'Third  Edition,  3  vols  — Warne's  Ancient 
Dorset  and  Celtic  Tumuli,  2  vols  —Lady  Schreiber's  Fans  and  Playing 
Cards,  2  vols  — Racinet,  Le  Costume  Historique,  in  portfolios— Books 
on  Costume,  Needlework, Cookery.  Astrology,  London,  Scottish  History 
and  Poetry,  &c— Spoiling  and  New  Sporting  Magazine,  114  vols — 
Rawatorne's  Gamonia— Seebohm's  British  Birds,  4  vols.— Boccaccio, 
Decanrenm.  Laige  Paper,  2  vols  —Rolls  Chronicles,  43  vols— Early  MS. 
Latin  Bible  on  vellum— upwards  of  4  200  Volumes  of  Recent  Novels- 
several  Thousand  Volumes  of  Modern  Publications,  School  Books,  &c., 
mostly  new  in  cloth— 84  lb.  of  Gold  Bronze— 100  reams  ol  Copying 
Paper— Mahogany  hookshelving— Etchings  and  Engravings— Framed 
Photos,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  toUowlng 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James't- 
square.  the  Sales  commencing  at  I  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  July  5.  and  Two  Following  Days, 

the  COLLECTION  of  PORCELAIN,  PLATE,  EMBROIDERIES, 
OBJECTS  of  ART,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE  of  the  late  G.  P. 
BOYCE,  Esq.,  R.W  S. 

On    TUESDAY,    July    6,    ENGRAVINGS    and 

BOOKS  from  the  COLLErTION  of  the  late  GEORGE  RICHMOND, 
R  A  ,  and  OLD  FRENCH  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

On  TB  URSDAY,  July  8.  PORCELAIN,  OBJECTS 

of  ART,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE. 

On   THURSDAY,  July  8.   PICTURES  by  OLD 

MASTERS,  forming  a  Portion  of  the  COLLECTION  ol  D.  P.  SELLAR, 

On    SATURDAY,    July    10.   the    GOTT    HEIR- 

LOOMS  PICTURES  of  C.  T.  DODD,  Esq  ,  deceased,  and  important 
PICTURES  by  Sir  T.  Lawrence.  P.R  .\..  and  Sir  H  Raeburn,  R.A. ;  also 
EARLY  ENGLISH  PICTURES,  the  Property  of  the  MAROUIS  of 
(iUEENSBERRY,  removed  from  Kinmount  House,  Uuinfriessliire. 

On  MONDAY,  July  12,  OLD  PICTURES  belong- 

ing  to  the  MARQUIS  of  QUEENSBERRY,  the  late  Miss  F.  M.  WELS- 
FORD,  and  Mrs.  C.  WOOLuTON,  deceased. 

On    TUESDAY,   July    13,    and  Following   Day, 

MODERN  ETCHINGS  ol  Mrs.  EDWARD  FISHEB,  deceased. 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


Engravings  and  Paintings,  including  the  Collection  formed  by 
J.  F.  SNAITff,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Madras  Civil  fiervice. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester  square,  W  C  ,  on 
FRIDAY,  July  9,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'cloclc  precisely,  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS ENGKAVIN6S,  comprising  Fancy  Subjects,  many  being 
S Tinted  in  colours  by  and  after  Buck,  Condi',  Kauftman,  Hartolozzi, 
.eynolds— scarce  Mezzotints  alter  Morland,  Hoppncr,  Reynolds,  iSc  — 
Sporting  Subjects  after  Aiken,  John  Dean  Paul,  Hunt;  also  a  lew 
"WATER-CO LOUH  DRAWINGS  and  PAINTINGS 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Library  of  the  late  Professor  C.  TOM  LIN  SON,  F.JR.S. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C.  on 
WEDNESDAY,  July  14  and  Following  Days  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Professor  C  TOMLINSON,  F  R  S  , 
comprising  Works  on  the  Occult  Sciences— Philosophical  Transactions 
and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  complete  set— Chemical  Society's 
Journal,  complete  set— Aldine  Poets  and  Miscellaneous  Books  in  all 
Branches  of  Literature,  both  English  and  Foreign. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 


M 


ESSRS.   PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W C,  on 
THURSDAY  July  15,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
LIBRARY  of  WORKS  on  HORSEMANSHIP  formed  by  Captain  F.  H. 
HU'fH,  comprising  a  unique  Series  of  Books  on  the  subject  in  all  lan- 
guages. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON'S  NEXT  SALE 
of   MUSICAL  INSfRUMENl-S  will  take  place  on  TUESDAY, 
July  20. 

FRIDA  y,  July  9. 
Photographic  and  Scientific  Apparatus,  &c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King-street.  Covent  tarden.  on  FRIDAY 
NEXr.  July  9.  at  half-past  r2 o'clock  precisely,  CAMERAS  and  LENSES 
by  well-known  Makers— Opera  and  Race  Glasses— I'elescopes-Miero- 
scopes— Slides— and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
bad 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S-SQUARE. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  favoured 
with  instructions  to  SELL,  on  AVEDNESDAY.  July  7,  and  Fol- 
lowing Day.  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  unique  COLLEC  I'lON  of  FRUII" 
and  VEGEl'ABLES  in  PORCELAIN  and  POTTERY,  collected  for  many 
years  past  by  Captain  PHILIP  GREEN,  comprising  Beautiful  Speci- 
mens of  the  under-mentioned  English,  French,  German,  Italian,  Dutch, 
Belgian,  Danish,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  and  Oriental  Wares,  viz. : — 
Abbruzzo  Frankenthal  Reverend,  Paris 

Aprez  Homberg  Staffordshire 

Bow  Japanese  Savona 

Battersea  Enamel  Leeds  SOvres 

Berlin  Lille  Sinceny 

Brussels  Limoges  St.  Cenis 

Coalbrookdale  Luca  Schlakenwald 

Coalport  Luneville  Strasbourg 

Capo  di  Monte  Majolica  Spanish 

Chalons  Monstier  Satsuma 

Chinese  Marseilles  Swansea 

Custine  Montpelier  Tours 

Copenhagen  Niedervillar  Urbino 

Chelsea  Kevers  Vienna 

Delft  Palissy  Vivasem 

Dresden  Portuguese  Winterthen 

Delia  Robbia  Paul  Hanang  Wedgwood 

Danish  Rockingham  Worcester. 

Faenza  Rouen 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S-SQUARE, 
The  superior  Modern  Furniture— Slate  Bed  Billiard  Table  and  Fittings 
by  Thurston  &  Co  —the  choice  Collection  of  rare  old  Blue  and  White 
Nankin  China— Clocks— fine  Bronzes— Ivories— 1,000  ounces  of  Plate 
—  old  Sheffield  Plated  Articles— a  valuable  Casket  of  Jewels— 
Breech-loading  Guns  and  Fittings— 1  000  Volumes  of  Handsomely 
Bound  Books— the  Collection  of  about  230  Pictures  and  Drawings  by 
Esteemed  Modern  Artists— 100  dozens  of  rare  old  Wines— Cigars  of 
choice  Brands— handsome  Dinner  and  Dessert  Service— Old  English 
Cut  Glass— fine  Table  Linen  and  Effects,  by  direction  of  the  E.'secutors 
of  the  late  NEWTON  R.  SM.\RT,  Esq  ,  removed  from  the  Residence, 
Llanover  Lodge,  New  Barnet,  for  convenience  of  Sale. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  will  SELL  at 
their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  TUESD4  If,  July  20.  and  Three  Follow- 
ing Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  Day,  the  valuable  CONTENrs  of 
the  HESIDENCE,  removed  from  Llanover  Lodge,  New  Barnet,  details 
of  which  will  appear  in  future  Advertisements. 
May  be  viewed  the  Saturday  and  Monday  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 


TNCREASE    YOUR    INCOME  considerably  in  a 

-1-  pleasant,  easy  way.  The  Publishers  of  the  ANTI-PHILLSTINE 
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6 


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reputation,  but  also  writers  qualified  to  make  a  mark  in  the 
ranks  of  criticism."— Z)a%  Telegraph. 

"  A  handsome  and  opportune  volume." — Daily  Mail. 

"A  handsome  and  very  readable  volume Mrs.  Oliphant 

has  never  written  more  wisely,  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton  never 

more  vigorously MissYonge  contributes  interesting  little 

memoirs  and  appreciations The  book  will  have  permanent 

value  as  an  '  expert'  review  of  a  notable  phase  of  Victorian 
literature."— G/oie. 

"  Of  the  many  books,  notable  or  otherwise,  for  which  this 
splendid  date  in  our  national  history  is  responsible,  very  few, 
if  any,  are  more  valuable,  fascinating,  and  instructive  than 
'  Women  Novelists  of  Queen  Victoria's  Reign.'  The  essays 
are  characterized  by  very  trenchant  and  judicious  criticism. 

Nothing  could  be  more  thoughtful  and  open-minded 

than  Mrs.  Oliphant's   contribution  on  the  Brontes Not 

less  striking  is  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton's  essay  on  George  Eliot 

Charming  is  Miss  Edna  Lyall's  paper  on  Mrs.  Gaskell,  and 
the  trefoil  of  portraits  by  Miss  Sergeant  is  well  done." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  Certainly  one  of  the  most  a  propos  contributions  to  the 
literature  of  the  Diamond  Jubilee." — World. 

"A  book  that  should  find  favour." — Academy. 

"  A  book  of  extremely  readable  and  instructive  essays, 
every  one  of  which  is  worth  reading,  thought,  and  praise." 

Graphic. 

"  All  the  appreciations  are  interesting  and  readable." 

Black  and  White. 

"A  very  interesting  publication Mrs.  Gaskell's  novels 

are    admired    with    much    discrimination Miss    Adeline 

Sergeant  calls  Mrs.  Henry  Wood  '  the  Scheherazade  of  our 
quiet  evenings  and  holiday  afternoons,'  and  extols  very 
finely  the  large  charity  of  her  outlook  upon  life." 

Yorkshire  Post. 

"  Deserves  special  and  honourable  mention Strikes  us 

as  an  admirable  idea  admirably  wrought  out." 

Sheffield  Daily  Telegraph. 

"  Mrs.  Oliphant's  estimate  of  Charlotte  Bronte  is  a  fine 
and  sound  piece  of  literary  judgment.  Altogether  it  is  a 
very  readable  and  interesting  book,  and  will  be  welcomed 
by  all  who  desire  light  on  the  modern  woman  movement  as 
it  has  revealed  itself  in  letters." — Scotsman. 

"Mrs.  Lynn  Linton's  criticism  of  George  Eliot  is  both 

brilliant  and  judicious Altogether    the  book  is  a  very 

interesting  and  appropriate  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
the  year,  and  in  the  matter  of  print  and  binding  the  pub- 
lishers have  done  their  utmost  to  make  it  worthy  of  the 
occasion.' — Glasgow  Daily  Herald. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  to  present  as  a  contribution  to 
the  Diamond  Jubilee  such  a  splendid  record  of  the  work  of 

the  lady  novelists  of    the  early   Victorian  period Mrs. 

Oliphant's  acute  but  kindly  criticism  of  the  Sisters  Bronte 
is  one  of  the  best  estimates  of  these  remarkable  writers  that 

has  ever  appeared Mrs.  Lynn  Linton  writes  with  candour 

and  intelligence  upon  George  Kliot Edna  Lyall's  sketch 

of  Mrs.  Gaskell  is  equally  discreet  and  well  informed 

Mrs.  Parr's  sketch  of  Dinah  Mulock  is  worthy  to  take  rank 

with  some  of  the  best  articles  in  the  volume A  very 

remarkable  book." — Dundee  Advertiser. 


London  :  HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limited, 
13,  Great  Marlborough-street,  W. 


IVIR.  T.  FISHER  UNWIN'S  LIST. 


SECOND  EDITION 

TWELVE  BAD  WOMEN.     Edited  by 

AKTHUK  VINCENT.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  16s. 
ORAPHlC.  —  "Tbia  always  interesting,  and  sometimes   even  fas- 
cinating book." 

LOUIS  BECKES  NEW  VOLUME 

PACIFIC   TALES.     By  Louis    Becke, 

Author  of  'His  Native  Wife,"  'By  Reef  and  ralm,&c.    With  Por- 
trait of  the  Author.    Cloth,  gilt  top,  6s. 
COLONIES    AND    INDIA. —  "Most    entertaining    stories,    vividly 
written,  and  full  of  humour  and  pathos." 


FROM  the  FOUR  WINDS.    By  John 

SINJOHN.     Cloth,  Gs. 
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of  pathetic  or  humorous  narrative These  admirable  tales." 


NEW  EDITION. 


MRS.    KEITH'S    CRIME.      By   Mrs. 

W.  K.  CLIFFOKI).    With  Frontispiece  by  the  Hon.  John  Collier. 
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THE  PAIILI.\MENT  OF  GLADSTONE  AND  DISRAELI. 

The  INNER  LIFE  of  the  HOUSE  of 

COMMONS.    From  the  Writings  of  WILLIAM    WHITE.     Intro- 
duction by  JUSTIN  McCarthy,  M.P.    2  vols,  clotb,  16s. 
H.  W.  Lucy  in  the  DAILY  NE}FS.~"'We  have  here  preserved  precious 
photographs  of  historic  scenes  and  memorable  persons     Having  spent 
his  days  and  nights  with  Addison  and  other  classics  in  the  old  bookshop, 
the  Doorkeeper  brought  to  his  new  task  an  excellent  literary  style,  with 

a  pleasant  dash  of  the  old  fashion His  records  have  the  inestimable 

advantage  of  being  edited  by  Mr  Justin  McCarthy,  who,  with  long  ex- 
perience and  close  sympathy  with  the  House  of  Commons  and  its  history, 
was  the  very  man  for  the  task  of  dealing  with  a  mass  of  memoranda 
extending  over  ten  years.  I  do  not  know  what  he  may  have  left  out; 
he  has  certainly  known  what  to  preserve." 

T^E  '' BRITISH  UMPIRE"   SET  OF  '*  THE 
SrORY  OF  THE  NATIONS:' 

Fully  illustrated,  and  with  Maps  and  Index,  bound  in  clotb, 
price  5s  each. 

SOUTH  AFRICA  (Cape  Colony,  Natal, 

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Territories  South  of  the  Zambesi).    By  G    McUALL  THEAL,  LL.D. 
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AFRICAN  RETIEW.—"lLho  author  threads  his  way,  with  the  con- 
fidence and  ease  born  of  intimate  knowledge,  through  the  labyrinth  ol 
annexation  and  surrender,  triumph,  and  defeat." 

The    AUSTRALIAN    COMMON- 

WE.VLTH  (New  South  Wales,  Tasmania,  Western  Australia,  South 
Australia,  Victoria,  Queensland,  New  Zealand).     By  GBEVILLE 
'i'REGARTHEN. 
ATHEN^mi.—"  'The  story  of  the  convict  days  of  the  parent  colony 
is  well  told,  and  the  whole  volume  is  readable." 

CANADA.    By  J.  G.  Bourinot,  C.M.G. 

LL  D.  D  C.L. 
DovGLVs  SuDEN  In  the  LITERARY  WORLD.—"  A  very  sound  and  a 
very  readable  and  picturesque  book." 

BRITISH  INDIA.     By  R.  W.  Frazer. 

LL.B.  I.C.S. 

T/il/.ES.— "  Mr.  Frazer  has  succeeded  in  a  remarkable  degree He 

tells  with  accuracy,  with  fairness  of  spirit,  and  in  good  English." 

The  WEST  INDIES  and  the  SPANISH 

M.VIN.    By  JAMES  RODWAY,  F.L.S.    Second  Edition. 
MOR^IXO  POST.— "A  work  which  condenses  with  much  lucidity  all 
that  the  general  reader  need  know  ot  one  ol  the  most  Interesting  regions 
of  the  New  World." 

SCOTLAND.     By   John    Mackintosh, 

LL  D.    Third  Edition. 
GRAPHIC  —"  A  good  and  useful  sketch,  and  Dr.  Mackintosh  has  per- 
formed his  task  in  a  thorough  and  workmanlike  manner." 

IRELAND.  By  the  Hon.  Emily  Lawless. 

Fifth  Edition. 
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In  all  1,6    Volumes  have  appeared  in    "  The  Story  of   the 

Nations."    An  Illustrated  Descriptive  List  of  the  Series  will  be 

sent  post  free  to  any  address  on  applicatio7i. 

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Edited  by  F.  ORTMANS. 
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An  OUTPOST  of  PROGRESS.    II     Joseph  Conrad. 
ROYALTIES     I.    Right  Hon.  F.  Max  Miiller. 
A  TaAGIC  NOVEL     George  Moore 
NOTES  on  NEW  BOOKS.    Andrew  Lang 
The  THEATRE  in  LONDON.    William  Archer. 
The  GLOBE  and  the  ISLAND.    Henry  Norman. 
VOYAGEUSES.    VI,    Suite  etfln.    Paul  Bourget  (de  l'Acad(!mie). 
La  VIE  POLITiaUE  en  ROUMANIE     Henry  des  Rioux. 
NOTES  sur  la  LITTfiRATURE  RUSSE.    E.  Halpdrine-Kaminsky. 
Le  LIVRE  ii  PARIS.    Emile  Faguet.  . 

Le  THfiATRE  ft  PARIS.    Jules  Lemaltre  (de  lAcadCmie). 
REVUE  du  MOIS.    Francis  de  Pressensd. 

Der  LIEBESTRANK.    Ernst  von  Wildenbruch.  

Das  WACHSTUM  der  BEVOLKERUNG  und  die  INNERE  ENTWICK- 

LUNG  in  DEUTSCHEN  BEICHE.    E.  Francke.  

UEBER  das  WOLGEFALLEN  an  der  SCHONHEIT  der  LANDSCHAFT. 

E  Richter. 

Ein  TAGBHUCH.    Lady  Blennerha-isett.  

Die  FRANZ08ISCHE  LITTERATUR  Im  ABGEGANGENEN  JAHRE. 

J.  J.  David 
DEUTSCHE  bOCHER.    Anton  Bettelheim. 
POLITISCHES  in  DEUTSCHER  BELEUCHTUNG.    "Ignotus." 


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LIST  will  be  sent  post  free  to  any  address  on  application. 

London  : 
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N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


SATURDAY,  JULY  3,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CoNTiNENTAi.  Literature  — Belgium,  7;   Bohemia, 

8;    Denmark,   9;    France,    10;    Germany,   13; 

Greece,  18;  Holland,  18;  Hungary,  20;  Italy, 

20 ;    Norway,    24 ;    Poland,    25 ;    Russia,    26  ; 

Spain,  28      7-28 

The  Longman  MSS.  of  Wordsworth 31 

Books  of  Travel         32 

American  History      32 

Our  Library  Table- List  of  New  Books  ...  33—34 
The  Sailor's  Bride;  The  Family  of  Say;  A  Lost 

Manuscript  ;  Bale  of  the  Ashburnh a,m  Library  ; 

Mrs.  Oliphant  ;  Gibbon's  Library  ...        35—36 

Literary  Gossip         36 

Science  —  Recent   Manuals  ;    Prof.  P.  Schutzen- 

berger;  Societies;  Meetings;  Gossip  ...  37—39 
Fine  Arts  —  Lord  Leighton's  Addresses  ;  Library 

Table;     The     Royal     Academy;     Mediaeval 

Cyprus  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip  39—42 

Music  — The  Week;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 

Week 43 

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip         43—44 


CONTINENTAL     LITERATURE, 
July,  1896,  to  July,  1897. 

BELGIUM. 

As  usual,  the  books  devoted  to  national 
history  are  the  most  numerous  in  Belgian 
literature,  and  I  must  mention  as  of  first 
rank  two  great  collections :  the  scholarly 
'  Bibliotheca  Belgica  '  of  MM.  Ferd.  Vander 
Haeghen,  Arnold,  and  Vanden  Berghe,  who 
in  the  last  issues  have  entered  on  a  search- 
ing study  of  the  numerous  and  remarkable 
works  of  Erasmus  ;  and  in  a  more  modest, 
but  not  less  useful  sphere,  the  '  Diction- 
naire  Encyclopedique  de  Geographie  His- 
torique  de  la  Belgique '  of  MM.  Jourdain, 
Van  Stalle,  and  de  Heusch,  which  has  just 
been  finished,  and  will  be  of  signal  service 
to  foreigners  as  well  as  Belgians. 

Among  monographs  of  interest  I  would 
mention  *  Les  Glides  Marchandes  dans  les 
Pays-Bas  au  Moyen  Age,'  by  a  young  and 
most  promising  historian,  M.  Henri  Vander 
Linden;  'L'Histoire  de  I'Enseignement 
Primaire  en  Hainaut,'byM.  E.  Matthieu  ;  an 
admirable  monograph  by  M.  Max  Rooses, 
the  well-informed  Keeper  of  the  celebrated 
Plantin  Museum  at  Antwerp,  on  *  Chris- 
tophe  Plantin,  Imprkueur,'  a  work  which, 
published  first  in  1882,  with  magnificent 
illustrations,  at  100  francs,  was  only  known 
to  collectors  who  are  rich  in  illustrated 
works,  but  has  now  in  its  new  form 
created  a  sensation  in  the  world  of  history 
and  bibliography ;  the  remarkable  study  on 
'  Joseph  II.  et  la  Liberte  de  I'Escaut,'  by 
M.  F.  Magnette,  a  youthful  scholar  of  pro- 
mise ;  the  work  of  the  Jesuit  Father  L.  Del- 
place  on  '  La  Belgique  sous  la  Domination 
Frangaise '  up  to  the  time  of  Waterloo  ;  and 
the  curious  and  piquant  revelations  of  M.  le 
Comte  Oswald  de  Kerchove  de  Denterghem 
on  '  Les  Preliminaires  de  la  Eevolution 
Beige  de  1830.'  M.  Alphonse  Wauters, 
the  archivist  of  Brussels,  has  published  the 
ninth  volume  of  his  great  '  Table  Chronolo- 
gique  des  Chartes  et  Diplomes  imprimes  con- 
cernant  I'Histoire  de  la  Belgique,'  which  he 
has  carried  down  to  the  time  of  Jacob  van 
Ai-tevelde;  and  M.  Ch.  Plot,  who  has  re- 
signed his  place  as  general  archivist  of 
the  kingdom,   has   given    us    the   twelfth 


volume  of  the  *  Correspondance  du  Cardinal 
de  Granvelle.'  A  Benedictine  monk  of  the 
abbey  of  Maredsous,  who  aims  at  re- 
viving the  reputation  for  learning  which 
was  the  tradition  of  this  celebrated  order, 
Dom  Ursmer  Berliere,  has  published  the 
first  volume  of  his  great  '  Monasticon  Bel- 
gicum.'  The  most  curious  document  which 
has  appeared  in  the  last  twelve  months  is 
the  '  Livre  de  I'Abbe  Guillaume  de  Ryckel,' 
published  by  M.  H.  Pirenne,  which  repre- 
sents the  economic  situation  in  the  thir- 
teenth century  by  means  of  the  accounts  of 
the  abbey  of  St,  Trend.  The  most  inter- 
esting inventory  is  that  of  the  archives  of 
Ghent,  published  by  M.  Victor  Vander 
Haeghen. 

In  the  department  of  religious  history 
may  be  mentioned  'Les  Nouvelles  Etudes 
sur  la  Eestauration  Juive  '  after  the  Baby- 
lonian exile,  by  A.  van  Hoonacker ;  '  St. 
Irenee  et  le  Canon  du  Nouveau  Testament,' 
by  A.  Camerlynck ;  a  new  volume  of  M. 
Franz  Cumont's  masterly  work  on  '  Les 
Mysteres  de  Mithra';  and  the  '  Essai 
d'Anthropologie  Chinoise,'  by  Mgr.  de 
Harlez.  M.  J.  P.  Waltzing  has^  published 
the  second  volume  of  his  fine  '  Etude  His- 
torique  sur  les  Corporations  Professionnelles 
chez  les  Eomains'  up  to  the  fall  of  the 
Eastern  Empire ;  M.  G.  Kurth,  whose 
'  Clovis '  I  especially  noticed  last  year,  has 
printed  a  pendant  to  it  in  his  '  Ste.  Clot- 
hilde';  M.  Ernest  Gossart,  in  his  '  Charles - 
Quint  et  Philippe  II.,'  has  written  a  careful 
study  of  the  origin  of  the  political  pre- 
ponderance of  Spain  in  Europe  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  has  also  devoted  a 
piquant  essay  to  '  Elizabeth  of  England 
and  her  Suitors';  lastly,  M.  H.  Lonchay 
has  written  an  authoritative  sketch  of  '  La 
Rivalite  de  la  France  et  de  I'Espagne  aux 
Pays-Bas'  (1635-1700).  MM.  A.  Sluys  and 
J.  Verkoyen  have  studied  '  La  Vie  et  les 
CEuvres  de  Comenius,'  the  great  Czech  peda- 
gogue ;  M.  A.  Proost  has  raised  once  again 
the  great  question  of  the  '  Eeforme  des 
Humanites.' 

Among  books  of  travel  I  may  notice  '  En 
Congolie,'  by  M.  Edmond  Pieard,  one  of  our 
most  brilliant  and  sensational  prose  writers, 
who  went  out  bitterly  opposed  to  the  colony 
founded  by  the  King  of  the  Belgians,  only 
to  return  a  convert  and  even  an  enthusiast ; 
'  En  Egypte,  Palestine,  et  Grece,'  by  the 
Dominican  Father  Portmans ;  and  a  delicious 
collection  of  '  Lettres  de  Voyage '  by  the 
late  Emile  de  Laveleye,  which  have  all 
the  flavour  of  his  '  Lettres  d'ltalie.'  A 
little  work  calculated  to  make  a  stir  is  the 
terrifying  dissertation  of  the  well-known 
General  Brialmont,  the  great  military  en- 
gineer, on  '  L'Accroissement  de  la  Popula- 
tion et  ses  Effets  dans  I'Avenir.'  One  of  the 
leading  Socialists  in  the  Belgian  Chamber, 
Prof.  Hector  Denis,  has^  sketched  the 
'  Histoire  des  Systemes  Economiques  et 
Socialistes.'  M.  E.  Nys  has  published  an 
important  series  of  '  Etudes  de  Droit  Inter- 
national.' M.  0.  Pyfferoen  has  made  two 
remarkable  'Eapports  sur  I'Enseignement 
Professionnel  en  Angleterreet  en  Allemagne.' 
Thesame  investigations,  which  should  interest 
readers  of  the  Athenceum,  are  the  subject 
of  the  book  of  M.  Eugene  Neve  on  '  L'En- 
seignement  Professionnel  des  Industries 
Artistiques  en  Europe,'  especially  in  Eng- 
land,  Germany,  Austro-Hungary,    France, 


Switzerland,  Holland,  and  Belgium,  and 
that  of  M.  Omer  Buysse  on  '  Les  Ecoles 
Professionnelles  et  les  Ecoles  d'Art  Indus- 
triel  en  Allemagne  et  en  Autriche ' ;  the 
author  has  especially  studied  the  teaching 
of  drawing  in  the  primary  and  middle 
schools  of  Hamburg,  Hanover,  Vienna, 
Dresden,  Munich,  Diisseldorf,  Berlin,  and 
Leipzig.  M.  A.  Allard  has  written  on  '  La 
Crise  Agricole '  and  the  remedies  for  it. 
Here,  as  elsewhere,  thanks  to  the  voice  of 
Pope  Leo  XIII.,  we  are  deep  in  the  '  Summa' 
of  the  universal  and  angelic  doctor :  M. 
Crahay  has  written  a  book  '  Sur  la  Poli- 
tique de  St.  Thomas  d'Aquin,'  and  M. 
Maurice  de  Wulf  another  and  more  original 
one  on  '  L'Esthetique  de  St.  Thomas  d'Aquin.' 

Literary  history  and  criticism  have  been 
dealt  with  in  '  Dante  et  ses  Precurseurs,'  by 
M.  Tito  Zanardelli,  and  'L' Element  His- 
torique  dans  le  Coronement  Loo'is,'  by  M. 
Leonard  Willems,  which  is  an  interesting 
book.  Coming  to  our  own  times,  we  have 
a  paradoxical  '  Discours  sur  le  Eenouveau 
au  Theatre,'  by  M.  Edmond  Pieard,  and  a 
literary  satire  against  him  published  by  the 
Jesuit  Father  A.  J.  Delattre,  and  entitled 
*  Le  Cerveau  Picaresque.' 

In  spite  of  their  deep-rooted  disagree- 
ments and  their  violent  invectives,  the  young 
Belgian  authors  who  write  French  continue 
to  fill  their  literary  reviews  with  prose  and 
verse,  and  to  publish  volumes  which  excite 
but  little  enthusiasm  on  the  part  of  our  good 
public,  notwithstanding  all  the  noise  made 
about  these  books  and  reviews.  One  of  the 
most  original  and  extravagant  poets,  M. 
Emile  Verhaeren,  has  published  a  new  series 
of  'Poemes,'  whose  sub- titles  are  eloquent : 
'Les  Soirs,'  'Les  Debacles,'  'Los  Flam- 
beaux Noirs '  (?).  In  a  second  volume, 
entitled  '  Les  Heures  Claires,'  he  seems  to 
wish  to  return  to  simplicity,  clearness, 
and  sincerity.  M.  Maurice  Maeterlinck 
has  presented  us  with  '  Douze  Chan- 
sons.' Catholic  poetry  is  represented  by 
the  work  of  the  late  Jean  Caster,  '  Chants 
Intimes '  and  '  Encensoir,'  and  by  the 
'Poemes'  of  M.  Edouard  Ned.  M.  Ad. 
Hardy  shows  promise  in  his  '  Croquis 
Ardennais.'  I  have  yet  to  mention  '  Limbes 
de  Lumieres,'  by  M.  Gustavo  Kahn  ;  '  Fris- 
son de  Sphinx,'  by  M.  Jean  Delville ; 
'  Poemes  d'Hier  et  d'Aujourd'hui,'  by  M. 
Leon  Hcnnebicq ;  '  Chansons  et  Ballades,' 
by  M.  Victor  Arnould ;  and  the  collec- 
tion of  a  member  of  the  Old  Guard  who 
reappears, '  Aurore  et  Couchant,'  by  Madame 
Amelie  Strum  an- Pieard. 

M.  Maurice  Maeterlinck  is  still  at  the 
head  of  our  piose  writers.  This  year  he 
has  printed  a  drama  in  his  well  -  known 
manner,  'Aglavaine  etSelysette.'  M.Georges 
Eodenbach,  who  has  now  for  some  years 
lived  in  Paris,  remains,  nevertheless, 
faithful  to  his  old  subjects.  '  Bruges  la 
Morte '  and  '  Le  Carillonneur  '  deal  prin- 
cipally with  the  Venice  of  the  North,  the 
fair  capital  of  ancient  Flanders,  which 
slumbers,  but  is  certainly  not  so  dead  as 
M.  Eodenbach  imagines.  I  may  also  men- 
tion '  Le  Thyrse,'  by  M.  Arnold  Goffin ; 
'  La  Legende  d'  Yperdamme,'  by  M.  Eug. 
Demolder ;  and  '  Vieilles  Amours,'  by 
M.  Paul  Arden.  In  the  rarely  culti- 
vated department  of  theatrical  writing  may 
be  mentioned  the  attempts  of  M.  G.  van 
Zype,  with  his  drama  '  Tes  Pere  et  Mere ' ; 


8 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  M 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


of  M.  E.  Ledent,  with  his  '  Les  Eiitraves '  ; 
and  of  M.  E.  Warsage,  with  his  comedy  in 
verse  '  Marguerite.' 

While  the  Flemish  movement  agitates 
all  Belgium  violently  in  view  of  a  law  which 
is  to  place  the  Flemish  language  on  a 
complete  footing  of  equality  with  French, 
which  has  been  recognized  as  the  official 
language  of  the  kingdom  since  1830, 
Flemish  literature  does  not  share  in  the 
polemics  and  the  agitation  of  French 
literature  in  Belgium.  It  is  in  a  state 
of  dull  placidity. 

As  was  the  case  last  year,  no  volume  of 
poetry  of  real  importance  has  seen  the  light 
during  the  last  twelve  months  ;  and  if 
prose  is  less  mediocre  and  better  repre- 
sented, it  also  has  put  forward  no  work  of 
first-class  merit.  M.  Cyrille  Buysse,  whom 
I  have  praised  in  the  past  for  some  books 
of  power  and  originality,  is  unequal  to 
himself  in  his  novel  '  Op 't  Blauwhuis' 
('The  Blue  House').  M.  E.  Stijns  has 
published  '  Drif  ten '  ('Passions'),  a  col- 
lection in  extravagant  colours.  A  beginner, 
M.  Hendrik  de  Marez,  is  responsible  for 
the  freshest  and  most  original  work,  en- 
titled 'De  Gouden  Vlinder'  ('The  Golden 
Butterfly'),  which  shows  considerable 
promise. 

There  are  the  usual  number  of  theatrical 
pieces  which  appear  every  year,  and  are 
generally  very  weak.  I  must  notice,  how- 
ever, '  De  Herbergprinses  '  ('The  Queen  of 
the  Inn'),  by  M.  Nestor  de  Tiere,  because 
M.  Jan  Blocks  has  written  admirable  music 
to  this  libretto,  and  the  piece  has  enjoyed 
a  brilliant  success  at  the  Flemish  opera  at 
Antwerp. 

The  activity  of  Flemish  writers,  which 
was  once  displaj'ed  chiefly  and  almost 
exclusively  in  the  novel,  poetry,  and  the 
drama,  now  shows  itself  in  an  increasing 
variety  of  fields.  Above  all,  national  history 
and  local  archpoology  are  cultivated  with 
enthusiasm.  M.  Frans  de  Potter  has  con- 
tinued the  publication  of  his  great  history 
of  Ghent,  '  Gent  van  den  Vroegsten  Tijd  tot 
Heden ';  M.Edward  Gailliard  has  published, 
with  an  abundant  commentary,  the  cele- 
brated '  Keure  van  Hazebroek '  in  French 
Flanders  ;  M.  Ad.  Eeydams  has  studied  the 
names  and  the  history  of  the  houses  of  the 
town  of  Malines  in  his  curious  book  entitled 
'  De  Namen  en  de  Korte  Geschiedenis  der 
Huizen  van  Mechelen ' ;  M.  L.  van  Laeken 
has  devoted  a  large  work  of  no  great  fairness 
to  the  excesses  of  the  Sansculottes  in 
Flemish  Belgium,  and  to  the  rising  of  the 
peasantry  in  1798.  The  late  M.  J.  J.  Mulder 
wrote  an  important  study  on  the  stubborn 
resistance  made  by  the  city  of  Antwerp  in 
the  sixteenth  century  to  the  edicts  against 
the  heresy  of  Protestantism  in  the  reigns  of 
Charles  V.  and  Philip  II. ;  this  dissertation 
has  at  last  been  published  at  the  same  time 
as  a  study  by  M.  Julius  Frederichs  on  the 
Inquisition  in  the  old  Duchy  of  Luxem- 
bourg up  to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  writer  of  the  present  paper 
has  published  the  second  volume  of  his 
'  Corpus  Doc.  Inquisitionis  Neerlandicse,' 
which  includes  the  documents  dealing  with 
heresy  and  the  Inquisition  in  the  Nether- 
lands before  the  Eeformation.  M.  de 
Queker  has  studied  the  action  of  official 
and  private  beneficence,  and  M.  J.  van 
Hoorde  has  given  us  a  fine  essay  on  our 


two    excellent  Flemish   landscape  painters 
Xaveer  and  Cesar  de  Cock. 

While  Prof.  Vorcoullie,  of  the  University 
of  Ghent,  is  preparing  the  new  edition  of 
his  excellent  etymological  dictionary  of  the 
tongue  of  the  Netherlands,  his  pupil  M.Hipp. 
Meert  has  presented  us  with  his  volume 
'  Distels '  ("Thistles'),  which  is  devoted  to 
the  mistakes  of  style  committed  by  most 
Flemish  authors  when  they  endeavour  to 
write  their  maternal  language,  which  is 
also  that  of  their  brothers  of  Holland. 
In  Flemish  Belgium  old  forms  are  better 
preserved  than  in  Holland.  So  it  is 
that  a  Eoman  Catholic  priest,  Jan  Bols, 
has  added  to  the  number  of  collections  of 
old  Flemish  songs  his  volume  '  Honderd 
oude  Vlaamsche  Liederen'  ('  A  Hundred  Old 
Flemish  Songs  '),  in  which  he  prints  the 
words  with  the  music  of  each.  Of  late  years 
much  attention  has  been  paid,  and  with 
considerable  success,  in  Flemish  Belgium 
and  in  Holland  to  popularizing  the  songs 
of  the  Middle  Ages  and  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Paul  Fkedekicq. 

BOHEMIA. 

Bohemian  literature  during  the  period 
1896-7  has  not  shown  so  much  vigour 
as  in  the  preceding  twelve  months, 
although  the  nu.mber  of  publications  is 
still  very  large.  Many  collections  of 
verse  have  appeared,  but  few  of  them  rise 
above  mediocrity.  Especially  in  young, 
almost  unknown  authors,  the  tendency  often 
appears  to  begin  with  small  collections  of 
poems  published  at  their  own  expense, 
and  consequently  too  many  such  volumes 
appear,  which  (at  least,  with  very  few  ex- 
ceptions) show  no  great  talent  nor  much 
promise  for  the  future.  Cech  brought  out 
this  year  a  collection  of  '  Prayers  to  the 
Unknown,'  in  which  he  may  be  said  to  have 
reached  the  summit  of  his  development.  He 
originally  began  with  narrative  poems, 
historical  and  patriotic,  such  as  '  The 
Adamites,'  a  story  of  mediteval  enthusiasts 
in  Bohemia ;  then  continued  with  realistic 
accounts  of  modern  Bohemian  life,  such  as 
'  Petrkli<f-e '  ('  Cowslips  ')  and  '  Hanuman  ' ; 
and  next  brought  out  a  volume  of  pas- 
sionate '  Songs  of  a  Slave,'  which  are  full 
of  energetic  protest  against  oppression  as 
well  as  of  sympathy  with  the  oppressed. 
Vrchlicky  has  issued  his  '  Collected  Works.' 
As  in  many  of  his  former  volumes,  he  here 
dwells  on  the  beautiep  of  the  antique  world 
and  periods  of  past  literary  and  artistic  life, 
and  explains  the  creed  of  his  own  life  and 
the  results  of  his  reflections  on  philosophic, 
artistic,  and  patriotic  problems.  All  these 
fruits  of  the  matured  life  of  the  poet  are 
imbued  with  a  mournful  spirit — the  spirit 
of  a  man  whose  mind  longs  for  rest. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  powerful 
collections  of  patriotic  verse  is  Neruda's 
posthumous  '  Friday  Songs,'  which  sprang 
from  passionate  love  of  his  country  and 
people,  and  show  anew  what  a  mind  was 
lost  to  the  Bohemian  nation  by  his  death. 
Machar's  poems  of  1893-96  are  among  the 
best  he  ever  wrote.  Esjiecially  the  historical 
pieces  in  this  collection  (Napoleon,  Nero) 
surprise  me  by  their  particularly  deep  and 
philosophical  conception.  Heyduk's  lyrics 
'PtaCf  motivy'  and  'Nove  ciganske  melodie' 
read  pleasantly;  SLadek's  melancholy  poems 
'In  the  Winter's  Sun  '  and  Sova's  '  Calmed 


Mournings  '  are  touching  from  their  happy 
representation  of  the  heart's  inmost  feelings. 
The  young  Eoman  Catholic  poets  have  issued 
several  volumes,  of  which  Dvorak's  '  Medita- 
tions '  is  noteworthy  on  account  of  its  fine 
language  and  earnest  religious  spirit ;  while 
among  the  young  authors  who  form  the 
group  of  the  Modem  Review  Neuman  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  fervour  of  his  apostrophes. 

In  fiction  Bohemian  literature  still  lacks 
the  modern  novel  of  character — a  want  not 
compensated  by  some  attempts  at  shorter 
tales  of  this  class.  Stories  of  all  kinds  and 
shades  are  coming  out  as  numerously  as 
poems,  but  the  majority  of  them  do  not 
rise  above  the  average,  and  many  of  the 
productions  of  even  older  storytellers  foUow 
the  beaten  path,  without  attempting  to 
be  artistic.  The  best  of  them  are  still 
those  that  delineate  minutely  the  life  of  the 
Bohemian  country  jieople,  as  the  subject 
itself  secures  attention.  Such  are  Eais's 
'  Pantata  Bezou.sek,'  Vfesnicky's  '  Na  hrube 
hroude,'  and  Stasek's  '  Blouznivci  nasich 
hor,'  all  pictures  of  life  in  the  north-east 
of  Bohemia ;  and  Klosterman's  '  Sklafi ' 
and  '  V  srdci  hvozdu  sumavskych,'  which 
describe  the  simple  lives  of  those  who  dwell 
in  the  Bohemian  Forest. 

The  Slavonic  population  of  Moravia  have 
found  successful  exponents  of  their  life  and 
customs  in  the  brothers  Mr.sti'k,  especially 
in  their  work  '  Bavlnkovy  Zeny.'  V. 
Mrsti'k  has  tried  another  line  in  his  '  Tale 
of  May.'  Herites  as  usual  lays  his  scenes 
in  small  country  towns.  He  has  written 
'  Navstgvy,'  'Malom^stska  slechta,'  and  a 
thorough  study  of  the  beliefs  of  our 
countrymen,  '  God  among  the  People.' 
Kosmak,  a  favourite  storyteller,  has  given 
us  new  '  Kaleidoscope  Pictures '  of  rustic 
life,  while  middle  -  class  society  has  fur- 
nished the  matter  for  M.  Havel's  tales 
'  Posledni  sveho  rodu '  and  '  Eodiny  dvou 
sester,'  and  Hermann's  '  Two  Prague 
Idyls.'  Zeyer  has  published  a  third  col- 
lection of  'Eetouched  Pictures.'  They 
are  in  keeping  with  his  favourite  subjects. 
He  dives  into  past  ages  and  civiliza- 
tions, and  enlivens  them  with  all  his  usual 
gorgeousness  of  style.  In  this  collection  he 
dwells  on  the  rich  past  of  Spain  and  the 
mystical  ideas  of  Oriental  lore. 

Dramatic  authors  have  been  busy  writing 
plays,  which  have  appeared  on  the  stage 
of  the  National  Theatre  of  Prague,  but 
here  again  we  meet  with  the  same  defi- 
ciencies as  in  other  branches  of  our 
literature ;  the  many  attempts  of  be- 
ginners, while  promising  well  for  the 
future,  at  present  lack  maturity.  Zeyer 
brought  a  piece  of  Spanish  life  upon  the 
stage  in  his  'Donna  Sancha,'  and  a  pretty 
pastoral  of  Biblical  times,  '  Z  dob  ruzoveho 
jitra';  Vrchlicky  another  Spanish  tragedy, 
'  Marie  Calderonova,'  and  a  drama  of  Chris- 
tian martyrdom  in  Eome,  '  Eponina.'  A 
remarkable  attempt  at  a  comedy  of  senti- 
ment was  made  by  Svoboda  in  his  simple 
picture  of  domestic  life,  '  DSdeCku, 
dfdecku ! ' 

Travels  are  represented  by  Paul  Durdik's 
descriptions  of  Sumatra,  '  With  the  Can- 
nibals,' and  '  Familiar  Eemembrances 
of  Travels  and  Non  -  Travels,'  by  1. 
Guth,  who  also  has  produced  an  in- 
teresting description  of  the  Olympic  games 
in    past    ages    and    in  the    late    revival. 


N''  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


9 


Stolba  has  written  upon  Holland,  '  Na 
puds  mofi  urvane,'  and  St.  Vraz  has 
furnished  to  various  papers  and  magazines 
most  interesting  pictures  of  the  islands  of 
Eastern  Asia  and  of  China.  Artistic  works, 
some  of  them  costly  and  finely  "  got  up," 
are  numerous.  Besides  many  which  have 
been  coming  out  for  several  years,  I  have  to 
mention  a  beautiful  edition  showing  the  de- 
velopment of  miniature  painting  in  Bohemia 
under  the  Jagellonic  kings  ;  '  Pictures  by 
Ale§,'  published  by  young  painters  of  the 
Manes  Society  ;  and  sundry  beautiful  photo- 
graphic reproductions  of  the  finest  views 
and  landscapes  in  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and 
Hungarian  Slovenia,  which  are  being  pub- 
lished by  Vilimek  after  the  pattern  of  the 
best  English  and  American  publications  of 
the  same  kind. 

The  Bohemian  Academy  has  undertaken 
a  valuable  work  in  printing  a  minute  descrip- 
tion of  all  artistic  objects  and  memorials  of 
art  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  divided  accord- 
ing to  districts,  and  has  reached  the  third 
volume. 

Literary  criticism,  though  lately  common 
in  papers  and  magazines,  is  still  represented 
by  but  few  original  works,  and  this  deficiencj' 
is  only  supplied  by  translations.  Vrchlicky 
has  published  a  collection  of  short  criticisms 
under  the  title  of  '  Studies  and  Portraits.' 
Jar.  Vl^ek  has  finished  the  first  part  of 
his  *  History  of  Bohemian  Literature,'  and 
several  smaller  biographies  have  appeared, 
as  Vl^ek's  '  Safarik,'  Jakubec's  '  Ant. 
Marek,'  and  others.  Besides  these  the 
Bohemian  Academy  is  preparing  a  memorial 
of  the  great  historian  Palacky  for  the  cen- 
tenary of  his  birth  in  June,  1898. 

The  ethnological  movement  has  not  yet 
produced  the  results  which  were  expected 
from  last  year's  Ethnographic  Exhibi- 
tion. A  work  on  the  subject  is  being 
issued  by  the  Bohemian  Ethnographic 
Society,  and  we  possess  a  very  good  maga- 
zine of  folk-lore.  Mention  may  be  made 
also  of  Hostinsky's  treatise  on  Bohemian 
popular  songs  and  ballads,  Niederle's  book 
on  Slavonian  history  (on  the  origin  of  the 
old  Slavonians),  and  an  ethnological  descrip- 
tion of  Bohemia  which  is  being  prepared 
by  the  Academy.  V.  Tille. 

DENMAEK. 

I  DEAL  first  with  the  department  of 
helles-lettres,  though  I  must  confess  that 
imaginative  literature  has  not  in  the  last 
twelve  months  produced  much  of  value  in 
this  country :  no  grand  works — not  even 
works  of  unusual  promise — have  appeared. 

Our  testhetic  literature  appears  to  have 
reached  a  point  where  form  has  been 
developed  to  the  highest  perfection,  but  it 
would  also  now  and  then  seem  as  if  we  were 
at  a  loss  for  the  material  to  fill  in  the  form. 
Every  region  has  been  explored,  every  stone 
turned,  every  experiment  tried,  and  a  feel- 
ing of  weariness  has  overcome  us.  Of  skilled 
authors  there  are  enough  if  only  they  knew 
what  to  do  with  their  skill. 

The  Nestor  among  Danish  authors,  H.  E. 
Ewald,  has  added  a  new  book  to  the  long 
list  of  his  historical  novels,  '  Liden  Kirsten, 
en  Fortselling  fra  Kong  Hanses  Dage.' 
Historical  fiction  since  the  days  of  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  has  had  cultivators  every- 
where. In  Denmark  Scott  found  an  imitator 
in  Ingemann,  who  wrote  our  mediteval  his- 


tory, basing  it  on  the  old  popular  songs. 
But  since  then  historical  research  has  put 
those  days  in  quite  a  new  light.  Ewald  has 
learnt  much  from  modern  study — in  fact, 
he  is  very  particular  regarding  the  truth  of 
history ;  but  he  has  not  deprived  the  olden 
times  of  their  romantic  glory.  Our  nervous 
age  may  find  the  author  too  broad,  too 
detailed,  and  his  psychology  too  simple ; 
nevertheless  his  books  are  just  those  which 
speak  to  thousands  and  contribute  to  the 
culture  of  youth. 

Of  the  younger  authors  Karl  Gjellerup 
has  published  'MoUen'  ('The  Mill'), 
a  big  novel  of  country  life,  involving 
elaborate  analysis  of  character — analysis 
which  now  and  then  seems  a  little  too 
clever.  Nevertheless  the  book  is  the 
outcome  of  descriptive  talent  and  refined 
intellect.  Herman  Bang  in  his  '  Ludvigs- 
bakke '  again  shows  himself  possessed  of 
some  of  Charles  Dickens's  keen  perception 
of  the  small  things  in  character  and  human 
life — a  quality  which  is  singularly  rare 
among  Danish  novelists ;  but  he  knows  as 
little  as  many  other  writers  of  the  present 
day  of  the  art  of  composition,  on  which  so 
much  depends.  Half  of  the  art  of  writing 
is  to  know  what  to  tell  and  what  to  leave 
untold,  and  to  gather  all  the  strings  of  the 
narrative  firmly  in  one's  hand. 

Other  authors  may  be  praised  for  ex- 
quisiteness  of  style.  Certainly  it  seems  as 
if  we  have  now  reached  a  point  in  literary 
development  where  style  is  a  general  gift 
acquired  without  much  difiiculty  or  train- 
ing. Formerly  it  was  a  personal  distinction 
only  attained  by  a  combination  of  unusual 
natural  aptitude  with  a  long  and  arduous 
attention  to  workmanship.  Now  it  very 
often  seems  to  be  merely  a  beautiful  veil  used 
to  hide  the  insignificance  of  the  matter. 
These  remarks  will  hold  good,  perhaps,  not 
only  in  Danish  literature,  but  in  every 
country  where  literature  has  become  a 
vocation  that  is  followed  by  a  greater  or 
smaller  number  of  men.  These  people  get 
into  the  habit  of  publishing  a  book  a  year, 
and  go  on  writing,  so  that,  instead  of  being 
possessed  by  their  theme,  they  very  often 
grapple  with  it  against  the  grain,  if  only 
they  can  produce  their  usual  book.  It  would 
be  invidious  to  mention  examples  of  this 
malady  of  our  time,  which  is  common  enough 
among  writers  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Karl  Larsen,  in  his  book  *  Uden  for 
Eangklasserne  '  ('  Outside  the  Upper 
Classes '),  sketches  certain  sections  of  Copen- 
hagen life  and  their  Copenhagen  slang,  for 
which  he  has  a  very  sharp  ear.  Some  of 
his  book  is  decidedly  humorous,  but  it  will 
scarcely  be  understood  outside  the  town  of 
which  he  writes.  The  same  author  has 
begun  the  publication  of  a  description  of 
the  Danish- German  war  in  1864,  which 
is  founded  on  contemporary  evidence.  For 
his  work  he  has  collected  a  mass  of  material 
in  the  shape  of  letters  and  journals  of  the 
period,  from  soldiers  who  took  an  active 
part  as  well  as  from  those  at  home.  His 
aims  are  to  give  a  picture  of  the  time,  its 
ideas,  hopes,  and  delusions,  drawn  by  the 
actors  themselves.  A  collection  of  letters 
of  the  period  had  already  been  made  and 
published  by  our  renowned  historian  F.  C. 
Allen,  but  it  only  comprised  letters  from 
common  soldiers,  so  that  the  range  is  here 
a  wider  one. 


Stories  of  social  life  have  been  written  by 
S.  Schandorph,  the  humorous  painter  of 
Danish  peasantry,  and  by  G.  Wied,  a  pupil 
of  his,  in  a  somewhat  coarser  manner.  His 
humorous  tales  will  scarcely  raise  a  smile. 
Woldemar  (a  pseudonym)  continues  his 
humorous  chronicles  from  the  times  of  the 
witches,  i.e.,  the  seventeenth  century.  These 
tales — the  last  of  them  is  eiDtitled  '  Kuriose 
Historier  fra  Heksenes  Tid' — treat  of  all 
the  strange  superstitions  and  curiosities  of 
a  bygone  century,  and  are  written  in  an 
antiquated  style  which  is  an  imitation 
(though  somewhat  of  a  caricature)  of  the 
writing  of  that  date.  Among  the  younger 
writers  Johannes  Jorgensen — often  men- 
tioned in  my  earlier  articles — undoubtedly 
holds  one  of  the  first  places.  In  his  books 
there  is  a  depth  and  serenity  which  is 
rare.  But  he  is  a  dreamer  who  does  not 
take  much  interest  in  life  as  it  really  is, 
and  the  consequence  is  that  he  depicts 
one  person  only  in  his  books,  who  is 
always  the  same,  the  only  one  whom  he 
knows  —  himself.  Of  late  years  he  has 
gone  deeply  into  religious  speculation,  till 
he  at  length  has  taken  the  step  of  enter- 
ing the  Roman  Church.  His  last  book 
*  Den  yderste  Dag '  exhibits  him,  though 
he  writes  in  prose,  as  the  same  bril- 
liant poet  whom  we  found  in  his  earlier 
work,  a  master  of  the  sublime.  Mrs. 
Matilda  Mailing,  who  some  years  ago 
made  so  great  a  success  with  her 
book  on  the  First  Consul,  has  now  com- 
pleted a  volume  on  the  great  philosopher 
Eousseau  called  '  Eremitage  -  Idyllen  ' 
('The Idyl  of  the  Hermitage ').  Her  literary 
career  is  one  continued  course  of  hero-wor- 
ship. If  she  idolized  the  hero  of  Marengo, 
she  makes  the  French  philosopher  no  less  a 
saint  of  love;  but  fiction  and  ideal  repre- 
sentation are  best  kept  apart  from  history. 
The  author  is  undoubtedly  skilled,  but  her 
standard  of  life  and  art  is  not  a  high  one^ 
and  her  enthusiasm  is  often  expended  on 
unworthy  objects. 

Holger  Drachmann,  our  brilliant  poet, 
celebrated  in  October  last  the  completion 
of  twenty-five  years  of  literary  work,  and 
received  recognition  from  many  quarters. 
From  the  king  and  the  Court,  however,  he 
received  no  sign  of  sympathy  or  regard, 
owing  to  the  unsatisfactory  character  of  his 
domestic  life.  The  inspired  and  rich  quality 
of  his  work  is  a  feature  of  our  literature  in 
these  times  of  spiritual  decline  and  man- 
nerism. Generally  so  fertile,  he  has  not 
this  year  produced  any  new  volume,  but 
has  only  revised  and  altered  one  of  his 
plays  of  earlier  years,  '  Strandby  Folk,' 
which  in  its  new,  but  not  wholly  improved 
shape  won  at  the  Royal  Theatre  a  friendly, 
but  not  enthusiastic  reception. 

Among  lyricists  I  must  mention  Otto  C. 
Fiinns.  His  poems  called  '  Hinsides  Bjer- 
gene'  (' Beyond  the  Mountains')  consist  of 
a  series  of  Italian  pictures  in  good  clear 
verses,  the  novelty  of  which  may  perhaps 
be  disputed.  Helge  Eode,  a  gifted  young 
poet,  has  written  a  volume  of  poems  in 
which  the  feeling  is  most  serene  yet  in- 
tense, and,  thanks  to  his  powers  of  ex- 
pression, presented  with  unusual  force  to 
the  reader.  Aage-Matthison  Hansen  has 
published  a  very  small  collection  of  sonnets 
and  other  poems  called  '  Stjernerne  '  ('  The 
Stars ').     He,  too,  is  characterized  by  a  very 


10 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N''3636,  July  3, '97 


personal  and  intense  feeling,  and  an  artist's 
joy  and  sorrow  over  "small things." 

A  new  addition  to  our  men  of  letters  is 
Ernesto  Dalgas,  who  made  his  debut  with 
'Kroniker'  ('Chronicles').  This  is  a  col- 
lection of  tales,  old  and  new,  some  of  them 
gathered  from  the  most  different  quarters, 
others  due  to  the  author's  imagination.  A 
refined  taste  pervades  the  volume,  which  is 
a  little  too  strongly  coloured,  but  faults  of 
excess  may  be  forgiven  in  a  young  poet. 

A  book  which  might  especially  be  recom- 
mended to  English  readers,  who  are  always 
fond  of  travels,  is  Hans  Kaars  berg's 
'  Nordens  sidste  Nomade '  ( '  The  Last  Nomad 
of  the  North '),  a  work  which  describes  the 
life,  manners,  and  traditions  of  the  Lap- 
landers, who  with  their  great  flocks  of 
reindeer  inhabit  the  wide  snowclad  fields 
of  the  high  north  in  Sweden  and  Norway. 
Dr.  Kaarsberg  is  a  traveller  jmr  excellence,  a 
man  who  is  always  on  the  look-out  for  a  new 
experience,  and  not  only  a  first-class  sports- 
man, but  also  an  author  who  has  enough 
of  the  poet  and  humourist  in  him  to  make 
his  experiences  exceptionally  interesting. 

Our  best  writer  on  art,  Karl  Madsen,  has 
published  a  monograph  on  J.  Th.  Lundby, 
our  brilliant  painter  of  landscape  and  ani- 
mals, who  perished  at  an  early  age  in  the 
war  of  1848-50.  The  book,  which  contains 
reproductions  of  the  painter's  pictures,  gives 
a  good  idea  of  what  Danish  landscape  paint- 
ing was  at  its  best  about  the  middle  of  this 
century.  Another  student  of  art,  Francis 
Beckett,  has  written  a  study  on  old  Florentine 
art  from  Griotto  to  Fiesole  (Fra  Angelico). 

V.  Dahlerup,  an  able  investigator  of  our 
literature  and  language,  has  written  a 
history  of  the  Danish  language,  '  Det 
Danske  Sprogs  Historie.' 

The  history  of  the  Danish  kingdom  is 
just  now  being  written  by  no  fewer  than 
seven  of  our  historians,  who  have  united  for 
this  purpose  and  divided  the  task  between 
them.  It  is  their  intention  in  this  encyclo- 
paedic work,  which  it  will  take  years  to  pub- 
lish, to  give  in  popular  form  a  trustworthy 
yet  concise  representation  of  our  history 
as  the  light  of  the  research  of  later  years 
has  revealed  it.  The  thorough  examination 
of  our  manuscripts  and  archives  is  a  move- 
ment of  very  recent  date  which  has  almost 
on  every  point  modified  former  judgments 
and  suppositions.  The  popularization  of 
this  modern  scientific  history  is  a  matter  of 
national  importance,  and  it  will,  perhaps, 
be  interesting  to  record  that  the  book,  though 
it  will  be  rather  a  sumptuous  one,  and  will 
cost  between  6^.  and  11.,  has  attracted  about 
7,000  subscribers.  It  is  adorned  with  many 
and  accurate  illustrations.  The  names  of 
the  authors  are  J.  Steenstrup,  E.  Holm, 
Kr.  Erslev,  A.  Heise,  W.  Mollerup,  J.  A. 
rredericia,_  and  A.  D.  Jorgensen,  all 
specialists  in  history. 

I  must  also  not  forget  to  add  that  F. 
Eonning  has  written  '  Eationalismens  Tids- 
alder'  ('TheAgeof  Rationalism'), a  history 
of  literature  and  spiritual  life  in  Denmark 
in  the  last  half  of  the  last  century.  A. 
Aumont  and  E.  Collin  are  going  on  with 
the  edition  of  '  Det  Danske  Nationalteaters 
Historie'  ('  History  of  the  Danish  National 
Theatre'),  and  H.  Vodskov  is  publishing  a 
work  on  '  Sjoeledyrkelse  og  Naturdyrkelse ' 
('  Culture  of  Nature  and  Culture  of  the 
Soul'),  a  philosophy  of  early  religions  and 


mythologies,  a  work  of  which  I  may,  per- 
haps, give  a  brief  resume  in  a  later  article. 

Alfred  Ipsen. 


FEANCE. 

Our  various  literary  workshops  continue 
to  produce  most  abundantly.  The  revival 
of  several  of  our  industries  is  due  certainly 
to  the  establishment  ten  years  since  of  a 
regime  of  protection.  Our  literary  industry, 
on  the  contrary,  is  very  well  satisfied  with 
the  system  of  free  trade,  and  it  is  even 
probable  that  the  second  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  will  seem  to  future  history 
chiefly  characterized,  from  this  special  point 
of  view,  by  the  activity  of  the  literary  ex- 
changes between  France  on  the  one  side, 
and  on  the  other  certain  foreign  countries, 
notably  Eussia,  the  Scandinavian  peoples, 
England,  and  even  Germany.  No  one  can 
doubt  that  Tolstoy  owes  much  to  Balzac  and 
George  Sand ;  but  Tolstoy,  in  his  turn,  has 
exercised  a  considerable  influence  on  several 
of  our  countrymen  of  to-day.  Ibsen,  he  too, 
derives  from  George  Sand,  and  above  all 
Alexandre  Dumas  the  younger.  Our  young 
dramatists,  in  their  philosophic  and  mystical 
leanings,  owe  much  to  the  great  Scandinavian 
playwright ;  I  am  even  one  of  those  who, 
with  a  warm  admiration  for  the  author  of 
'  Nora,'  think  Ibsenism  is  a  little  over- 
worked. Dickens  was  one  of  Alphonse 
Daudet's  masters.  I  am  ready  to  believe 
that  the  French  novel  has  for  several  years 
past  left  its  mark  on  the  English  novel, 
which  now  attacks  subjects  before  which  it 
once  recoiled.  In  a  general  way  the  bold- 
ness of  the  moral  or,  if  one  prefers  so  to  style 
them,  immoral  descriptions  of  our  novelists 
appears  to  me  to  have  exerted  a  real  in- 
fluence over  nearly  all  Europe.  It  is  possible 
to  deplore  this  influence  of  M.  Zola  and  M. 
Bourget ;  it  is  possible  also,  as  tastes  differ, 
to  think  it  matter  for  congratulation ;  its 
existence  cannot  be  disputed.  In  France 
the  study,  admiration,  and  imitation  of 
foreign  writers  are  more  inclined  to  recall 
our  literature  to  discretion.  Gross  realism 
is  not  dead,  but  is  in  a  bad  way.  I  may 
remark  especially  on  a  certain  tendency  to 
mysticism  among  the  younger  men. 

Of  all  kinds  of  literature,  the  novel 
together  with  the  drama  offers  the  best 
opportunity  of  following  exactly  the 
marks  of  the  various  influences  which 
the  soul  of  a  people  undergoes  in  such 
variety.  Nothing  can  be  more  significant 
in  this  respect  than  the  isolation  of  M. 
Zola.  He  stood  forth  as  the  chief  of  a 
school,  and  in  very  deed  he  attempted  to 
form  around  him  a  school,  which  was  styled 
the  school  of  Modan,  from  the  village  where 
the  author  of  '  L' Assommoir '  has  his 
country  residence.  Now  all  M.  Zola's  old 
disciples  have  deserted  him  to  enter  on  other 
paths,  and  he  is  visibly  outliving  his  repu- 
tation. I  should  say  as  much,  too,  of  M. 
Paul  Bourget,  whose  influence  has  never 
been  so  large  as  that  of  M.  Zola,  although 
it  has  been  perhaps  still  less  healthy.  At 
the  time  of  his  great  vogue,  two-thirds  of 
the  new  novels  were  devoted  to  dramas  of 
adulterous  worldlings,  chiefly  acted  in  small 
suites  of  rooms.  It  would  be  too  much  to 
say  that  adultery  has  ceased  to  take  a  chief 
place  in  the  French  novel ;  but  its  place  is 
growing  less  year  by  year.  People  are 
decidedly  tired  of  this  sort  of  story. 


In  my  last  three  or  four  summaries  I  have 
been  able  to  distinguish  from  the  mass  of 
novels  which  each  year  produces  a  certain 
number  of  works  worth  more  than  a  casual 
railway  reading.  This  year  I  can  call  atten- 
tion to  a  real  masterpiece,  Pierre  Loti's 
'  Eamountcho.'  '  Eamountcho  '  is  the  very 
simple  story  of  a  smuggler  of  the  Basque 
country  who  is  in  love  with  a  little  peasant 
girl.  Her  mother  immures  her  in  a  convent, 
he  wishes  to  carry  her  off,  but  all  at  once — 
struck  by  respect,  stopped  by  the  puissances 
Handles — he  leaves  her  to  her  mission  of 
piety  without  daring  even  to  whisper  to  her 
a  word  of  his  plans.  The  landscape  scenes 
in  the  Pyrenees  are  full  of  beauty  ;  nowhere 
has  Pierre  Loti  gone  closer  into  the  soul  of 
nature.  The  final  scenes,  written  with  a 
wise  simplicity,  leave  on  the  reader  a  deep 
impression  of  dramatic  sadness.  My  readers 
will  do  me  the  justice  to  believe  that  I  do 
not  overdo  my  laudatory  criticism.  I  say 
to  them  to-day,  "  Here  is  a  masterpiece." 
The  chance  of  repeating  these  four  words 
is  too  uncommon  not  to  make  one  anxious 
to  have  good  reason  to  do  so, 

'  The  Secret  Garden '  of  M.  Marcel  Prevost 
has  been  the  occasion  of  much  controversy. 
It  is  a  very  curious  work  of  feminine 
analysis.  It  would  be  hard  to  have  a  better 
knowledge  than  M.  Prevost  has  of  the  wind- 
ing paths  of  a  woman's  uneasy,  agitated  soul. 
The  casuists  of  the  sixteenth  century  would 
have  much  relished  this  book,  where  a 
number  of  middle-class  Parisian  and,  above 
all,  provincial  women  can  be  recognized  as 
in  a  mirror.  M.  de  Vogiie  has  addressed 
himself  to  the  novel  in  '  Jean  d'Agreve.' 
It  is  the  book  of  a  poet.  Some  of  the 
descriptions  of  the  south  of  France,  of 
the  Golden  Isles,  are  simply  delightful. 
The  author's  style  has  never  been  more 
supple  or  more  brilliant.  '  The  Image '  of 
M.  Emile  Pouvillon  is  a  love  idyl  of  extreme 
delicacy.  The  sensations  of  the  mystic 
Theresa  and  her  dreaming  friend  are 
noted  in  the  book,  in  which,  it  has  been 
justly  said,  sensation  and  moral  life  are 
blended.  'With  all  One's  Soul,'  by  M. 
Eene  Bazin,  is  also  a  work  of  fine  and 
searching  analysis,  full  of  charm,  and  re- 
dolent of  a  perfume  which  is  exquisite,  and 
possesses  no  disquieting  element.  '  On  the 
Euins,'  by  M.  Maurice  Paleologue,  is  a 
melancholy  study  of  the  frailest  of  loves — 
that  which  attempts  rebirth  from  its  own 
ashes.  M.  Anatole  France's  '  L'Orme  du 
Mail '  is  only  a  novel  in  appearance.  It  is 
a  succession  of  sketches  of  administrative, 
ecclesiastical,  and  political  life  in  the  pro- 
vinces. These  sketches  are  lively,  witty, 
and  their  style  recalls  at  once  Eenan  and 
Voltaire  ;  but  I  really  must  ask  readers  not 
to  believe  that  all  our  prefects  and  all  our 
bishops  resemble  the  figures  in  M.  France's 
book.  In  '  The  Torch  -  Bearers,'  by  M. 
Bernard  Lazare,  there  ore  some  beautiful 
philosophical  passages.  '  The  Carnival  of 
Nice,'  by  the  brothers  Margueritte,  is  gay, 
frankly  gay,  and  this  is  becoming  a  rare 
quality. 

Poetry  is  still  on  its  last  legs.  M. 
Coppee  has  deserted  it  for  journalism, 
M.  SuUy-Prudhomme  for  philosophy  and 
science.  M.  de  Heredia  has  never  written, 
as  the  world  knows,  more  than  one  volume 
of  sonnets ;  Leconte  de  L'Isle  and  Ban- 
ville  are  dead,  and  have  left  no  heirs  to 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


11 


their  places.  I  note,  however,  with  a  lively 
pleasure,  the  first  appearance  of  M.  Fernand 
Gregh.  The  '  House  of  Youth '  shows  the 
beginnings  of  a  man  of  real  talent.  The  pre- 
dominant influence  over  the  young  school 
is  that  of  Verlaine — an  influence  full  of 
danger  in  spite  of  many  exquisite  pas- 
sages. When  M.  Gregh  has  entirely  thrown 
it  off,  he  will  justify  the  hopes  with  which 
the  Academy  of  France  greeted  him  when 
it  crowned,  for  his  first  book,  the  poet  of 
twenty-five  years  whose  name  must  be 
remembered.  I  must  make  a  note  of  M. 
Eivoire's  name.  He  has  recently  published 
in  various  reviews  verses  distinguished  by 
unusual  thought  and  highly  melodious 
form. 

Few  literary  epochs   have   witnessed   an 
imagination  so  feeble,  so  weakly,  so  stunted 
as   that   of   to-day.      Long    ago   I   noticed 
the  languid  state  of  poetry ;   the  novel  is 
chiefly    concerned    with     description     and 
analysis;    serious   drama   no   longer   deve- 
lopes  anything  but  social  theses  and   bits 
of  law.     To  make  up  for  this,  literary  criti- 
cism is  in  a  very  flourishing  state  ;  seldom 
has  it  been  cleverer  or  better  informed.     It 
cannot   be   denied   that   the   daily   papers, 
with  two  or  three  exceptions,  publish  nowa- 
days   many    more    booksellers'     advertise- 
ments, more  or  less  cleverly  disguised,  than 
genuine  and  candid  criticisms.  But  the  maga- 
zines have  preserved  a  fine  independence, 
and  the  book  is  always  a  resource  to  him 
who  refuses  to  make  his  pen  an  instrument 
for  puffing.     M.  Jusserand  is  still  in  charge 
of  the  fine  collection  of  "  Great  Writers  of 
France,"  of  which  I  have  often  spoken  to  the 
readers  of  the  AthencBum.    He  has  conceived 
the  ingenious  idea  of  asking  our  best  writers 
to    contribute    monographs    on    the    great 
authors  of  the  past.     The  last  two  volumes 
out  are  the  work  of  the  Duke  de  Broglie, 
who  has  drawn  once  again  a  brilliant  por- 
trait of  the  poet  Malherbe,  and  M.  Andre 
Hallays,whohas  made  the  many- sided  genius 
of  Beaumarchais  live  again.     M.  Petit  de 
Julleville  has  undertaken,  with  the  assistance 
of  our  most  learned  professors,  a  '  History 
of   the    French    Tongue    and    Literature,' 
which  will  be  a  really  monumental  work. 
In  the  *  History  of  the  Literary  Relations 
between  France  and  Germany,'  M.  Virgile 
Rossel    has    written     a     book     based     on 
documents  and  full  of    original  views.      I 
may,    perhaps,    be   allowed  to   remind  my 
readers  that  twenty  years  ago,  in  one  of  my 
first  studies,  I  sketched  an  outline  of  this 
subject   and  expressed  my  wishes   for   the 
book    which    has     appeared.      M.    T.    de 
Wyzewa    continues     to   introduce    foreign 
writers  to  the  French  public.   Few  men  have 
read   and    remembered    more    than   M.   de 
Wyzewa;  no  one,  not  even  the  best  scholars, 
can    read    a    page    of    his    work    without 
learning    something.       For    'Eomanticism 
and    the    Printer    Eenduel,'    M.    Adolphe 
Jullien  has  found  excellent  material  in  the 
rich  collection  of  treatises  and  letters  of  the 
romantic  writers  left  by  their  most  celebrated 
printer   to  tell   the  history   of  this   period 
of  brilliant   literary  vigour.      His   present 
volume    comprises    numerous    autographs, 
drawings,   and  engravings,  which    present 
still  more  vividly  the  character  of  this  time 
of  memorable   quarrels,    when  the    intelli- 
gent bookseller  succeeded  in  the  ten  years 
from  1830  to  1840  in  grouping  round  him 


all  the  living  powers  in  literature  and  art, 
and  proved  to  young  authors  not  only  pub- 
lisher,   but    ally   and    friend.      Innovators 
with   bold   and   generous   ideas,   an   enter- 
prising publisher,  strange  or  sublime  works 
— all  these  M.  Jullien  has  judged  as  a  well- 
informed  critic  who  is  not  fond  of   being 
taken  in,  and  his  somewhat  carping  humour 
pays  no  deference  to  the  talent  or  authority 
of  any  master.     A  special  mention  must  be 
accorded  to  M.  Pierre  de  Segur  for  his  book 
'  The  Kingdom  of  the  Rue  Saint-Honore.' 
Whatever  is  the  merit  or  the  literary  value 
of    numerous   works    devoted    to   Madame 
Geoffrin,  none  of  them  is,  properly  speaking, 
a  complete  biography  of  her  life  or  affords  a 
comprehensive  study  of  that  long  "royaute" 
— to  use  the  word  of  the  men  of  her  time — 
which  is  certainly  one  of  the  curiosities  of 
the    litei-ary    history   of    that    time.      The 
word  is  not  exaggerated  ;    it  was,  indeed,  a 
"royaute"  which  was    carried   on  in  that 
famous   hotel   in   the   Rue    Saint  -  Honore, 
which    saw    for    fifty    years    a    succession 
of    all  the   brilliancies   of    Europe — poets, 
writers,     philosophers,     crowned     or     not. 
The  Academician  Burigny  was  the   incor- 
ruptible minister  of  this  queen  ;  the  opposi- 
tion  was   represented  by  the   Marquise  de 
la  Ferte-Imbault,  Madame  Geoffrin's    only 
daughter.     She  died  without  issue  in  1791, 
and    left   to   the   family   of    Estampes   all 
the  records  she  preserved  of  her  mother's 
and  her  own.     On  these  archives,  now  the 
property  of    the   Marquis   d' Estampes,  M. 
Pierre   de   Segur   has    for    the   most   part 
drawn  for  this  book,  which  is  a  collection 
of  the  most  piquant  anecdotes  of  all  sorts 
that   can    be   read    anywhere.     M.    Henry 
Harrisse,    whose     remarkable     works     on 
America  are  well  known,  has  for  the  nonce 
left  Christopher  Columbus  for  the  Abbe  Pre- 
vost.     Thanks  to  unedited   documents,  he 
has  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  able  to  do 
away  with  a  number  of  legends  which  have 
long  been  attached  to  the  name  of  the  author 
of  '  Manon  Lescaut.'    A  young  Italian  lady, 
French  by  marriage,  who  brightened  with 
her  beauty  and  grace  the  old  age  of  Leconte 
de  L'Isle,  has  published,  under   the  pseu- 
donym of  Jean  Dornis,  a  moving  and  brilliant 
study  on   the  last  of  our  great  poets.     M. 
Gustave  Larroumet  in  his  '  Essays '  and  in 
his  '  Little  Portraits  and  Art  Notes '  shows 
a  fine  critical  taste  which  every  day  finds 
more  acute   and  delicate.     M.  Monnier  de 
la  Sizeranne  has  devoted   to  the  glory  of 
Ruskin  a  most  eloquent  essay.     Under  the 
title  '  Pasteur  :    the   History  of   a   Spirit,' 
M.    Duclaux,    the    distinguished    successor 
of     this     great     benefactor    to    humanity, 
has    not    aimed    solely    at    a    biography ; 
he  has  attempted  a  history  of   this   great 
spirit,     the     genesis     of     his     discoveries, 
the    outcome    of    his    struggles.      An    en- 
couraging feature  in  so  arduous  an  under- 
taking was  the  fact  that  the  scientific  life 
of    Pasteur  presents   an   admirable   unity, 
being,  so  to  speak,  the  logical  development 
of  one  and  the  same  thought.     "From  the 
beginning  of  his  work  he  had  before  him  a 
problem  of  life ;  he  found  the  road  to  meet 
it,  and  ever  afterwards  he  walked  in  the 
same  path   and   consulted   the   same   com- 
pass."     It  is    this  link  in   the   successive 
discoveries  of  Pasteur  which    makes  them 
as   interesting   as   a    novel    of    adventure, 
because  we  perceive  the  constant  interven- 


tion of  an  obstinate  will  which  triumphs 
over  all  difficulties  and  all  obstacles.  M. 
Duclaux's  book  adds  a  fine  chapter  to  the 
history  of  the  spirit  of  man.  Can  I  say  as 
much  of  the  book  of  Dr.  Toudouze  on 
M.  Zola  ?  This  book  made  a  great  deal  of 
noise,  but  really  I  cannot  resign  myself  to 
a  belief  that  *  L'Assommoir'and'  Germinal' 
are  fine  novels  because  "the  prominent 
parts  of  the  palm  of  his  hand  above  the 
base  of  the  thumb  and  little  finger  are 
moderately  fleshy."  These  so-called  scien- 
tific explanations  are  amusing,  but  nothing 
more. 

Last  summer  a  great  quarrel  arose  on  the 
subject  of  the  celebrated  amours  of  George 
Sand  and  Alfred  de  Musset,  Floods  of  ink 
were  spilt  to  prove  on  the  one  side  that  the 
author  of  '  Lelia  '  was  entirely  in  faidt,  on 
the  other  that  there  was  good  reason  for 
the  desertion  of  the  author  of  '  Rolla  '  in 
favour  of  Dr.  Pagello.  This  dispute  has 
procured  for  us,  firstly  the  publication  of 
letters  of  George  Sand,  which  are  some 
of  them  admirably  eloquent ;  secondly,  two 
highly  interesting  books,  one  by  M.  Spoel- 
berch  de  Lovenjoul,  the  '  Real  Story  of  Her 
and  Him,'  the  other  by  M.  Paul  Marieton, 
'  A  Love  Story.'  The  controversy,  it  seems,  is 
lasting  long  enough  to  provide  still  a  theme 
of  animated  discussion  at  literary  dinners. 
I  am  not  at  all  clear  whether  it  would  not 
have  been  better  to  let  these  dead  people 
sleep  undisturbed  in  their  graves. 

Publications  dealing  with  the  theatre  are 
numerous.  Nothing  can  be  more  lively  or 
witty  than  the  '  Theatrical  Impressions  '  of 
M.  Jules  Lemaitre.  The  'Essays  on  the 
Theatre  '  of  M.  Rene  Doumic  are  solid  and 
a  little  gloomy.  What  a  pity  it  is  that 
M.  Francisque  Sarcey,  now  for  forty  years 
the  acknowledged  king  of  criticism,  has  not 
brought  together  the  papers  he  has  seasoned 
so  well  with  his  verve  and  good  sense  ! 

There  are  few  philosophical  works  to  men- 
tion outside  the  admirable  book  of  M.  Fouillee 
on  '  The  Positivist  Movement  and  the 
World's  Conception  of  Sociology.'  That  the 
mechanical  conception  of  the  universe,  which 
satisfies  science,  ought  to  be  subordinated 
to  a  higher  representation  of  humanity  and 
the  world  is  the  possible  conclusion  to 
be  drawn,  thinks  M.  Fouillee,  from  the 
"Positivist  movement,"  which  appears  to 
him  to  tend — though  the  partisans  of  Comte 
may  not  think  so — to  the  same  results  as 
the  Idealistic  movement.  In  fact,  in  con- 
stituting sociology,  has  not  Positivism  itself 
furnished  the  means  to  pass  its  own 
limits,  and,  with  the  aid  of  new  data,  work 
out  a  new  conception  of  the  universe  ?  This 
is,  at  any  rate,  M.  Fouillee's  opinion, 
according  to  whom  the  broadest  idea  of  the 
world  ought  to  be  borrowed  from  the  most 
complete  of  sciences,  that  of  society.  How- 
ever that  may  be,  the  social  point  of  view 
is  too  near  the  moral  and  religious  point 
of  view  not  to  make  it  important  for 
philosophers  to  view  things  anew  in  this 
perspective.  To  this  task  M.  Fouillee 
invites  them  in  a  book  where  an  entire 
philosophy  of  the  sciences  is  to  be  found 
condensed.  It  will  be  interesting  to  see 
the  reply  which  French  and  English 
Positivists  will  not  fail  to  make  to 
M.  Fouillee. 

At  the  head  of  the  books  of  travel  must 
be  placed  the  '  Garnets '  of  M.  Taine.   These 


12 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


are  simply  notes  taken  in  1S63  and  1864  on 
various  Frencli  towns.  It  is  highly  curious 
to  notice  that  as  early  as  this  period  his 
political  and  social  ideas  were  most  clearly 
determined.  There  is  in  this  small  volume 
almost  all  the  substance  of  the  \  Origines  de 
la  France  Contemporaine.'  M.  Emile  Sonart 
has  studied  with  much  philosophic  method 
*  Castes  dans  I'Inde  ' ;  M.  Dubois  has  gone 
to  Timbuctoo ;  M.  Blavet  to  Madagascar ; 
M.  Felix  de  Eocca  to  the  Amou  Daria  :  their 
books  are  pleasant  to  read.  There  is  much 
finesse  and  wit  in  Madame  Alphonse  Baudot's 
'  Notes  sur  Londres.' 

Economic,  financial,  and  social  studies  are 
always  produced  in  great  numbers,  and  it  is 
-difiicult    to    make    a   selection    from   them. 
M.  le  Vicomte  d' Avenel  continues  his  curious 
Tesearches    on    '  Le   Mecanisme   de   la   Vie 
Sociale.'     What  Maxime  du  Camp  did  for 
the  Paris  of  the  Second  Empire,  M.  d' Avenel 
•is  doing  for  the  Paris  of  the  Third  Eepublic, 
but  he  has  more  method  and   regard   for 
accuracy  than  his  predecessor.     Maxime  du 
Camp  was  as  superficial  as  he  was  brilliant ; 
M.  d'Avenel  is  very  brilliant,  but  also  very 
conscientious.     The  book  of  M.  Jules  Eoche 
on  '  L'Impot  sur  le  Eevenu '  is  a  model  of 
lively  polemic  :  the  opponents  of  the  income 
tax  might  do  worse   than  translate  it  into 
English.     The  posthumous  work  of  M.  Leon 
Say  on  '  Les  Finances  '  deserves  a  separate 
notice.       This    volume,    the    fifth    of    the 
collection  of   the   "  Vie    National  e,"  which 
MM.    Charles    Benoist   and   Andre   Liesse 
look   after,  contains  the  last  pages  which 
M.  Leon  Say  wrote,  and  may  thus  be  said  to 
-constitute  the  political  testament  of  him  who 
was,    with   M.    Eouvier,    the    best    finance 
minister  of  the  present  day.    Here  M.  Leon 
Say   marks   out   precisely   the  rdle   of   the 
statesman  whom  he  calls   "le  ministre  de 
I'equilibre,"    and   never   has   wiser    advice 
been  given  more  in  season  or  with  greater 
authority.     The  second  part  is  devoted  to 
a  description  of  the  principal  departments  of 
the  Minister  of  Finance  and  the  administra- 
tions (customs,  excise,  &c.)  attached  thereto. 
Everywhere  may  be  discovered  the  remark- 
able qualities  of  ease,  grace,  and  clearness 
which  went   to   make  up  M.  Say's   talent, 
and  which  shed  so  much  charm  on  subjects 
more   often   than   not   dry  and  difficult  in 
themselves.     Lastly,  I  should    be   sorry  if 
I    did    not   notice   the    '  Petit   Dictionnaire 
Politique  et  Social,'  by  M.  Maurice  Block, 
"which  is  at  once  the  resume  and  the  com- 
plement  of    the  '  Dictionnaire    general    de 
la   Politique,'   of   which    the   two   editions 
(1864    and    1873)   have   been  long   out   of 
print.     M.  Block  here  reproduces  the  chief 
articles  which  treat  of  doctrine  or  every- day 
political  practice,  and  he  adds   to  these  a 
number   of  new  articles  which   have  been 
suggested    by    the    changes    of    the    last 
twenty  years  in  the  political,  economic,  and 
social  regime  of  various  governments.     The 
book  is  a  veritable  encyclopaedia,  interesting 
to  all  spirits  abroad  as  well  as  at  home  who 
desire  light  on  the  problems,  now  so  com- 
plex,  which  our  generation    is    obliged  to 
study.     It  seems    hardly  necessary  to  add 
that  this  '  Little  Dictionary '  (a  considerable 
work  of  800  pages)  is  remarkable  for  the 
qualities   of    impartiality   and    nice    atten- 
tion to  accuracy  which  have  made  the  works 
of  M.  Block  so  popular. 

My  readers  know  my  partiality,  and  hard 


it  would  be  to  disguise  it,  for  history,  which 
is  the  politics  of  yesterday,  just  as  politics 
will  be  the  history  of  to-morrow.     I  owe  in 
part  my  taste  for  this  noble  science  to  M. 
Perrens ;  I  was  student  when  he  was  pro- 
fessor.    His   '  Histoire   de   Florence '    is   a 
classic  in  Italy,  and  now,  in  his  green  old 
age,  he  has  published  an  essay  of  quite  the 
first  rank  on  '  Les  Libertins  en  France  au 
XVIP  Siecle.'     The  sixteenth  century,  we 
know,  gave  the  name  of  lihertinage  to  the 
spirit  of  unbelief  which  had  long  existed  in 
France.     If  at  the  time  of  the  Eeformation 
the  French   had   possessed  more  Christian 
faith,  they  would  have  become  Huguenots. 
It  is  the  history  of  these  philosophers  under 
Eichelieu  and  Louis  XIV.  which  is  related 
by  M.  Perrens,  and,  by  the  way,  he  breaks 
a  lance  on  a  curious  point  with  M.  Hano- 
taux,  who  has  recognized  in  Eichelieu  "  un 
vrai  pretre,  croyant  de   bonne  foi."     Now 
M.  Perrens,  proofs  in  hand,  makes  out  that 
Eichelieu  had  nothing  of    the  devot  about 
him,  but,  on  the  contrary,  was  attached  to 
the  school  of  the  philosophers,  being  deeply 
imbued  with  the  lessons  of  the  Englishman 
Eichard  Smith,   who  was   his  professor  of 
philosophy.     Probably   M.    Hanotaux   will 
find  occasion  in  the  last  part  of  the  second 
volume  of   his   '  Histoire  de  Eichelieu,'  in 
course  of  publication,  to  answer  M.  Perrens. 
MM.  Lavisse  and  Eambaud  are  finishing 
their  great '  Histoire  de  France.'    The  tenth 
volume,    devoted    to    the    Eevolution    and 
Napoleon,  has  now  appeared.     The  narra- 
tive, for  which  a  number  of    contributors 
are  responsible,  is  as  lucid,  and  the  method 
of  the  work  as  excellent,  as  in  the  preceding 
volumes.     Amongst  numerous  learned  pub- 
lications  dealing   with    ancient    periods  of 
French  history  it  would  be  wrong  not  to 
notice  the  history  of  '  Gaule  Merovingienne,' 
by  M.  Maurice  Prou,  librarian  of  the  Cabinet 
des  Medailles,  which  represents  the  twelfth 
volume  of  the  excellent  "Bibliothequed' His- 
toire Illustree,"  published  under  the  direction 
of   MM.   J.  Zeller  and   H.  Vast.     Like  its 
predecessors,  this  is  not  merely  a  manual  of 
history ;  it  is  a  work  of  at  once  a  general  and 
popular  kind.     After  an  exposition  of  the 
many  forms  in  which  the  barbarians  estab- 
lished themselves  in  Gaul,  the  author  draws 
the  picture  of  the  government  of  the  Franks  : 
the  kingship,  a  principle  of  unity  in  the  midst 
of  the  different  racial  elements  at  work  on 
our   soil,  and   the    agencies  which   secured 
the  administration  of  the  kingdom,  without 
forgetting  the  predominant  part  played  by 
the  Church.      M.  Prou  lays    stress  on  the 
normal    occupations   of    men — agriculture, 
manufactures,  commerce ;  on  the  moral  life 
and  the  beliefs  of  our  ancestors  in  the  sixth 
and  seventh   centuries — in  a  word,  on  the 
intellectual  and  artistic  manifestations,  which 
have  supplied  him  with  the  material  for  two 
particularly  instructive  chapters.    M.  Frantz 
Funck-Brentano  examines  the  '  Origines  de 
la  Guerre  de  Cent  Ans,'  and  in  especial  the 
policy  of  Philip  the  Fair,  who  aimed  at  the 
conquest  of  Flanders,  and  even  the  left  bank 
of  the  Ehine.     Our  living  historical  school 
has  two  great  qualities — it  bases  its  work  on 
the  original  sources,  and  it  endeavours  to 
make  its  studies  accessible  to  everybody.    It 
does  not  believe  that  a  learned  book  has  a 
right  for  that  reason  to  be  a  tiresome  one. 
So   we    read   as   if    they   were    novels   M. 
Schlumberger's     masterly    study,    entitled 


'  L'Epopee  Byzantine  il  la  Fin  du  Dixieme 
Siecle,'  and  M.  Waliszewski's  'L'Histoire 
de  Pierre  le  Grand.'  M.  Schlumberger's 
book  shows  us  the  first  attempts  of  the 
Eussians  against  the  Byzantine  Empire ; 
that  of  M.  Waliszewski  ends  in  the  legacy 
of  Peter  the  Great,  which  showed  his  suc- 
cessors the  way  to  Constantinople.  The 
Eevolution  and  the  First  Empire  are  in- 
exhaustible subjects  for  our  historians. 
M.  Charles  Gomel  writes  *  L'Histoire 
Financiere  de  I'Assemblee  Constituante '  ; 
M.  Bittard  des  Portes,  'L'Histoire  de 
I'Armee  de  Conde  ' ;  Count  Murat,  '  L'His- 
toire des  Campagnes  du  Eoi  Murat  en 
Espagne  ';  M.  Henri  Welschinger,  '  L'His- 
toire du  Eoi  de  Eome,'  based  on  unedited 
documents  in  the  archives  and  the  private 
correspondence  of  Marie  Louise. 

Memoirs  are  published  thick  and  fast : 
those  of  Bouteiller  Saint  -  Andre  on  '  La 
Vendee  pendant  la  Grande  Guerre '  ;  those 
of  Col.  de  Pontbriand  on  '  Les  Guerres  de 
la  Chouannerie ' ;  those  of  the  Countess 
Potocka  on  Napoleon's  stay  in  Poland ; 
the  '  Souvenirs  Militaires '  of  Baron  du 
Bourgoin,  where  some  really  admirable 
pages  on  the  retreat  from  Eussia  are  to  be 
found ;  the  witty  and  amiable  memoirs  of 
Mile,  de  Chastenay  on  the  Imperial  Court ; 
the  first  volume  of  the  '  Memorial '  of 
Norvins.  There  are  few  books  more  enter- 
taining than  this  '  Memorial.'  In  these 
memoirs,  hitherto  unpublished — in  which 
the  society  of  the  old  monarchy,  that  of  the 
Eevolution,  and  that  of  the  Empire  come  to 
life  again  with  their  principal  persons,  their 
conversations,  and  even  their  dress — the 
anecdotes  follow  one  another  unceasingly. 
If  these  stories  are  not  always  edifying, 
they  never  err  on  the  side  of  grossness,  and 
Norvins  has  not  considered  it  right  (differ- 
ing in  this  from  his  father-in-law  Thiebault) 
to  confide  the  history  of  his  successful 
gallantries  to  his  family  and  to  posterity. 
People  will  appreciate  his  good  taste  in  this 
decision. 

The  Second  Empire  begins  also  to  attract 
many     historians.      M.     Villefranche     has 
written  on  Napoleon  III.  a  very  impartial 
resume,  in  which  the  logic  of  facts  appears 
in  clear  strong  light ;    M.  Thirria  has  de- 
voted two  big  volumes  to  '  Napoleon  III. 
avant  I'Empire.'     The  dramatic  vicissitudes 
of   the  struggle   between   the   assembly  of 
representatives   and    the   prince  president, 
hailed  by  the  great  majority  of  the  nation, 
show,    according   to   M.   Thirria,    that   the 
French  people  did  not  wish  to   choose  in 
Napoleon  merely  a  president  of  the  Eepublic. 
It  is  easy  to  recognize  in  this  book  a  valuable 
contribution  to  the  study  of  the  character 
of  Louis  Napoleon   and    the  variations  of 
the  Assembly  of  1848  ;  but  if  the  author  had 
shown  a   little   less   enthusiasm,  his   book 
would   not   have   been   less   interesting   to 
read,  and  his  opinion  would  have  had  more 
weight.     Moreover,  I  must  add  that  all  the 
historians,  even  republican  ones,  who  make 
a  conscientious  investigation  of  the  enigmatic 
figure    of  Napoleon  III.,  feel  the  peculiar 
charm  of  that  strange  personage.     He  was 
one   of    the    most    mischievous    sovereigns 
France  has  seen,  but  he  bears  no  resem- 
blance   whatever    to    the    savage   creature 
against  whom  Victor  Hugo  aimed   his  re- 
doubtable   '  Chatiments.'     There  is  reason 
to  be  doubtful  about  the  narrative  of  M. 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


13 


Emile  Ollivier  in  the  second  volume  of  his 
*  Histoire  de  I'Empire  Liberal.'  But  M. 
X/amy,  who  was  one  of  the  most  energetic 
of  the  young  opponents  of  the  Empire,  is 
above  suspicion  of  partiality,  and  the  por- 
trait he  has  drawn  of  Napoleon  III.,  in  the 
first  volume  of  his  '  Essais  sur  la  Guerre  de 
1870,'  is  not  that  of  a  tyrant  without  heart 
and  bowels  of  compassion.  A  similar  im- 
pression is  to  be  derived  from  the  fifth 
-volume  of  the  '  Journal  du  Marechal  de 
Castellane,'  which  is  full  of  anecdotes  and 
curious  information  about  the  Court  of  the 
Tuileries.  General  Eleury,  in  the  first 
volume  of  his  '  Memoires,'  is  naturally  open 
to  the  objections  I  have  made  above  to 
M.  Thirria ;  his  recollections  are,  however, 
■of  the  greatest  interest. 

Alexis  de  Tocqueville,  who  was  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs  at  the  first  appearance 
-of  Louis  Napoleon  as  President,  has  found 
in  M.  Eugene  d'Eichthal  an  historian  of 
insight.  It  is  only  right  to  praise  the  im- 
partiality which  has  led  M.  d'Eichthal  not 
to  disguise  the  errors,  political  or  doctrinal, 
of  the  famous  writer  on  Democracy  in 
America.  But  no  one  before  him  has  shown 
in  relief  with  such  force  Tocqueville's  won- 
derful clearsightedness  and  profound  know- 
ledge of  laws  and  institutions.  The  work  is 
completed  by  some  fragments  of  conversa- 
tions between  Tocqueville  and  Senior,  which, 
although  well  known  in  England,  have  never 
been  previously  published  in  French. 

'  La  Correspondance  Inedite  '  of  Merimee, 
who  was  an  ardent  Bonapartist,  with  a 
Legitimist  grande  dame,  Madame  de  La 
Hochejacquelin ;  the  first  volume  of  the 
'  Correspondance '  of  Victor  Hugo  ;  and  the 
'  Derniers  Memoires  des  Autres,'  by  Jules 
Simon,  are  full  of  pictui'esque  and  curious 
information  on  various  periods  in  the  his- 
tory of  our  times. 

'L'Histoire  de  la  Troisieme  Republique  ' 
is  also  beginning  to  emerge  from  the  farrago 
•of  occasional  publications.  The  book  by 
M.  Zellerwith  this  title,  of  which  two  volumes 
have  already  appeared,  is  an  excellent  sum- 
mary, most  accurate  and  written  without 
any  bias.  The  history  of  the  Third  Eepublic 
is  above  all  a  parliamentary  history,  so 
that  it  is  easy  to  understand  the  interest 
attached  to  the  publication  of  the  speeches 
of  the  great  orators  who  in  the  last  twenty- 
five  years  have  added  so  much  to  the  glory 
of  the  French  tribune.  I  have  already 
noted  the  publication  of  the  speeches  of 
M.  Jules  Ferry,  which  have  reached  their 
fourth  volume.  The  speeches  of  the  Count 
de  Mun,  whom  the  Academy  has  chosen  in 
place  of  M.  Jules  Simon,  fill  six  volumes. 
If  I  cannot  share  the  ideas  of  the  ex- 
Eoyalist  leader  who  developed  into  one  of 
the  heads  of  the  party  of  the  rallies,  yet  all, 
opponents  of  yesterday  or  to-day,  agree  in 
doing  justice  to  his  eloquence,  which  is  of 
as  fascinating  a  kind  as  has  ever  charmed 
political  assemblies.  The  speeches  of  M. 
Challemel-Lacour  make  only  one  volume, 
but  this  is  a  collection  of  masterpieces. 
All  the  history  of  republican  ideas  is  con- 
tained in  these  500  pages.  It  is  a  manual 
of  philosophy  from  which  all  students  of 
public  affairs,  whatever  their  country,  can 
draw  equal  profit.  The  English  public, 
who  prefer  eloquence  of  a  simple  and 
sober  sort  to  eloquence  full  of  romantic 
fire  and  colour,  will  be  warmly  attracted  by 


this  volume.  They  will  think,  perhaps,  that 
M.  Challemel-Lacour  has  been  the  most 
perfect  of  our  orators  of  to-day,  and  I,  for 
one,  shall  not  gainsay  their  verdict. 

The  Eastern  crisis,  which  has  given  birth 
to  innumerable  brochures,  has  lent  a  new 
interest  to  the  '  Essais  Diplomatiques '  of 
Count  Benedetti.  The  former  ambassador 
only  speaks  of  the  past ;  but,  particularly  in 
the  affairs  of  Turke}',  is  not  a  good  know- 
ledge of  previous  events  the  surest  means  to 
secure  a  view  of  future  contingencies '?  On 
this  score  no  diplomat  would  seem  better 
authorized  by  a  long  sta}'  in  the  Levant  than 
Count  Benedetti  to  appreciate  in  its  present 
condition  the  eternal  Eastern  question  which 
he  has  discussed  in  the  past.  Nothing  has 
ever  been  written  with  a  surer  hand  or  fuller 
knowledge,  and  no  one  is  better  able  than 
M.  Benedetti  to  disentangle  the  complica- 
tions in  the  skein  of  European  diplomacy  by 
contributing  his  share  of  observations.  The 
book  of  M.  Victor  Berard  on  '  La  Politique 
du  Sultan,'  in  contrast  to  this,  palpitates 
with  present  interest.  It  is  the  history  of 
the  massacres  of  Armenia  and  Constanti- 
nople. Some  have  treated  this  book  as  a 
mere  pamphlet ;  unfortunately  it  is  nothing 
of  the  sort.  The  English  Blue-book  and 
the  French  Yellow-book  have  both  of  them 
confirmed  the  scrupulous  accuracy  of  these 
terrible  stories.  There  is,  alas  !  a  spot  of 
blood,  which  nothing  can  wipe  out,  on  the 
last  pages  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Joseph  Eeixach. 


GERMANY. 

"  Des  Deutschen  Vaterland  reicht  so  weit 
als  die  deutsche  Zunge  erklingt,"  the  old 
patriot  Arndt  said — so  it  reaches  not  only  to 
and  over  the  Rhine,  but  up  to  and  even  over 
the  Alps,  and,  since  the  Germans  have  become 
a  political  force  in  the  United  States,  over 
the  "  grosse  Wasser  "  also.  But  no  less  wide 
than  the  diffusion  of  the  language  extend  the 
possibilities  of  the  literature  of  the  Father- 
land, which  are  not  confined  to  the  limits  of 
the  present  German  Empire,  but  stretch  far 
beyond  them  in  the  southernmost  as  well  as 
the  Alpine  territories  of  Austria,  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Swiss  mountains,  and  the 
forests  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  distant 
West. 

The  old  German  Empire — that  of  the 
Saxon,  Franconian,  Swabian,  and  Austrian 
Cajsars — was  not  national  because  a  multi- 
tude of  speakers  of  other  tongues  besides 
the  German  were  included.  The  new  empire 
of  the  Hohenzollerns  is  as  little  national 
because  it  excludes  a  great  mass  of  German- 
speaking  peoples.  The  originally  German 
Netherlands  and  the  Swiss  cantons  were 
finally  separated  from  the  German  Empire 
by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia.  The  forma- 
tion of  the  North  German  Confederation 
and  of  the  hereditary  Prussian  Empire 
excluded  from  Germany  the  Austrian  pro- 
vinces of  the  former  German  Confederation. 
Political  Germany  has  been  finally  con- 
solidated, but  in  the  course  of  its  evolution 
it  has  become  progressively  smaller.  National 
German}^,  on  the  other  hand,  which  finds  its 
expression  in  the  community  of  language 
and  literature,  has  grown  steadily  larger. 

The  national  Germany  and  the  political 
Germany  have  never  been  coincident,  and 
they  are  not  so  nowadays.  With  the  ex- 
ception  of    the    Netherlands,   which    have 


developed  their  Low  German  dialect  into 
a  sep:irate  language  and  a  separate  litera- 
ture, the  branches  of  the  German  stock 
which  have  become  politically  separate 
from  Germany  have  never  lost  their  com- 
munity with  it  in  language  and  literature. 
The  German  poets  and  authors  of  Switzer- 
land, from  Haller,  Bodmer,  and  Gessner  in 
the  last  century  to  Gottfried  Keller  and 
Conrad  Ferdinand  Meyer  in  our  time,  like 
the  German  "Singer  und  Sager "  of  the 
Austrian  Alps  and  the  Danubian  provinces, 
from  the  poet  of  the  '  Nibelungenlied  '  and 
Walther  von  der  Vogelweide  down  to  Grill- 
parzer,  Lenau,  and  Anastasius  Griin,  have 
always  been  regarded  as  belonging  to  the 
circle  of  German  writers,  and  have  so 
regarded  themselves.  Any  one  who  wished 
to  exclude  them  because  their  birthplace 
was  on  ground  that  politically  had  ceased 
to  be  German  would  run  the  danger  of 
robbing  our  literature  of  some  of  its  chief 
ornaments.  The  German  literature  of 
America,  which  only  began  to  exist  a  few 
decades  ago,  is  still  too  young  to  be 
important ;  but  perhaps  the  time  is  not 
distant  when  it  will  have  its  Mark  Twains, 
Hawthornes,  and  Emersons. 

It  is  seldom  that  an  increase  of  depth 
accompanies  a  diffusion  of  area ;  in  the 
harvest  of  letters  as  of  corn  there  are  lean 
as  well  as  fat  years.  The  imaginative 
literature  of  Germany,  like  contemporary 
German  art,  is  arrayed  under  the  banners 
of  realism  and  symbolism.  Its  strength 
lies  in  the  drama,  and  the  strength  of  its 
art  in  historical  delineations.  The  former 
boasts  of  its  Wildenbruchs,  Sudermanns, 
and  Hauptmanns,  as  the  latter  its  Menzels, 
Bocklins,  and  Klingers.  On  the  other  hand, 
lyric  and  narrative  poetry  is  declining.  The 
song  for  music  gives  way  to  the  piquant 
delineations  of  the  reflective  imagination, 
the  hei'oic  poem  and  its  pathos  to  the 
dominant  humour  of  the  comic  epic  ;  novel 
and  tale  are  kept  "above  the  water" 
almost  solely  by  the  veterans.  Learned 
literature  —  history  more  especially — has 
lost  in  the  course  of  the  preceding  twelve 
months  some  of  its  "  old  masters,"  in  whose 
paths  science  has  walked  for  years,  and  will 
long  continue  to  walk. 

The  South  German  Dramatic  Prize  Jury 
in  Vienna  awarded  last  year  the  Grillparzer 
Prize  to  Gerhart  Hauptmann ;  the  North 
German  tribunal  in  Berlin  this  year  divided 
the  Schiller  Prize  between  Ernst  von  Wil- 
denbruch  and  G.  Hauptmann.  The  decision 
of  the  former,  which  was  made  in  the  name 
of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Vienna  as  tru'^tee  of  the  Grillparzer  Prize, 
is  wholly  unrestricted  ;  that  of  the  latter  only 
ranks  as  a  recommendation,  since  the  prize 
is  bestowed  in  the  name  of  the  German 
Emperor.  What  happened  some  years  ago 
in  the  case  of  L.  Fulda  happened  again  : 
the  laureate  of  the  jury  was  not  the  laureate 
of  the  Emperor.  G.  Hauptmann  was  set 
aside  either  because  of  his  mystico-fantastic 
'  Hannele,'  or  of  the  revolutionary  Socialism 
of  his  'Weber,'  and  the  whole  prize  was 
awarded  to  Wildenbruch,  the  author  of  the 
Imperial  tragedy  '  Heinrich  IV.  and  his 
Race.'  One  of  the  j  udges,  the  distinguished 
literary  historian  Prof.  Erich  Schmidt,  of 
Berlin,  resigned  in  consequence  his  seat  on 
the  jury,  as  on  the  previous  occasion  when 
a  similar  contretemps  happened  Paul  Heys© 


14 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^  3636,  July  3,  '97 


had  done.  The  playwright  himself,  who 
was  honoured  to  the  exclusion  of  his  rival, 
showed  his  disapproval  of  the  award  by 
giving  half  the  prize  to  the  German  Schiller 
foundation  as  representative  of  Grerman 
authors. 

Neither  this  rebuff  "  from  above  "  nor  the 
failure  last  year,  von  Unten,  of  his  first  his- 
torical  play  has  discouraged   Hauptmann. 
His  latest  production,  the  fairy  drama  '  Die 
versunkene  Glocke,'  displays   a  side  of  his 
mind  as  good-tempered  as  it  is  full  of  fancy, 
which  harmonizes    better  with    the    poet's 
court  of  beardless  seminarists  than  the  alcohol- 
ism of  his  first  work  '  Vor  Sonnenaufgang,' 
the  genial  lounging  of  his  '  College  Cramp- 
ton,'  or  the  clash  of  armour  which  accom- 
panied the  bluntness  of  his  peasant  leader 
Geyer.       '  Hannele,'    the   stirring   story    of 
the   tormented   child   who    in    his   feverish 
dreams   often    beholds    heaven     and    hell, 
touched  on  the  borders  of  fairyland,  but  the 
supernatural  beings  the  Angel  of  Death  and 
the  Saviour  were  after  all  only  "  dream," 
and  illness  and  torture  occupied  the  miserable 
realitj'.     In  '  The  Sunken  Bell '  the  writer 
transports  himself  and  his  audience  to  the 
realm  of  fairyland;  the  supernatural  weapons, 
the  elfs,  the  spirits  of  the  water  and  the  wood, 
who  take  part  in  the  action,  possess  the  same 
reality  as  the  human  beings,  the  bell-founder 
Heinrich  and  his  family,  with  whose  destiny 
elfs    and    mortals    interfere,    mingling    in 
the    play   as   in    'A   Midsummer    Night's 
Dream.'     Even  the  certainly  less  harmless 
"  Eiipel  "  are  not  absent.     The  author  has 
laid  the  scene  in  his  native  Riesengebirge 
on  the  borders  of  Silesia  and  Bohemia,  on 
"whose   peaks   the    legendary   forms  of   the 
mountain  spirit  Eiibezahl  and  his  witches, 
the  wood  and  water  sprites,  still  live  in  the 
mouths  of  the  people,  and  the  belief  in  "  wise 
women,"  fairies,  and  witches  is  widespread. 
An  ill-omened  exhalation  from  earth,  forest, 
and   water  rises    from  the  sonorous  lines, 
in   whose    changing    pictures    nature    and 
human  souls  and  spirits — and  among  them 
the  poet's  own  heart  makes  itself  visible  — 
mingle.     The  plot  is  as  follows.     The  bell- 
founder  Heinrich  has  cast  a  bell,  which  is 
to  be  hung  in  the  belfry  of  a  chapel  upon 
a  high  hill  in  the  forest.     As  it  is  being 
dragged  up  the   steep  slopes  in  a  waggon 
by  eight  horses,  a  wheel  breaks,  and    the 
bell  falls  head  foremost  several  fathoms  deep 
into  a  pool  at  the  foot  of  the  hill.    However, 
the  wheel  has  not  been  the  cause,  but  a  mis- 
chievous sprite,    the    bearded,    goat-footed 
"  Wald-schratt,"  a  second  Puck,  and  he  has 
done  it  because  he  cannot  tolerate  the  boom 
of  the  bell.     Heinrich,  who  is  unable  to  en- 
dure the  loss  of  the  work  he  has  laboriously 
finished,  throws  himself  from   the  precipice 
after  the  bell,  and  is  found  by  his  village 
friends  before  the  hut  of  an  old  wife  who 
is   reputed   a   witch,   and   is   carried    home 
upon   a    stretcher.     Mistrustful    of   himself 
and   of  his   strength,   and  in   spite   of   his 
wife's  nursing  almost  moribund,  he  is,  as  if 
by  a  miracle,  saved  from  death,  and  revives 
to  renew  his  strength  and  his  eagerness  to 
produce.     But  this  miracle  is   no  accident, 
but  the  work,  this  time,  of  a  helpful  spirit, 
the  amiable  elf  Rautendelein,  that  for  the 
moment  appears  to  bring  good  luck  and  a 
benefit,  but  becomes  of  evil  augury  for  his 
future,  inasmuch  as  for  the  sake  of  the  elf 
he  abandons    wife    and  child,  puts  aside 


reproach  and  entreaty,  and  the  earnest 
warnings  of  the  old  village  pastor,  who  has 
climbed  after  him  into  the  mountain  fast- 
nesses in  order  to  recall  him  to  his  duties 
as  husband  and  father.  In  the  arms 
of  the  child  of  nature  he  swells  with  hope 
of  a  bell  fabricated  by  superhuman  forces, 
which  "  hochgethiirmt  seinen  Knauf  zur 
Sonnennahe  erheben  soil."  But  super- 
human strength  rejects  mortal  control.  For 
the  third  time  a  spirit  interposes  in  his 
career  —  on  this  occasion  a  watersprite 
Nickelmann,  the  warder  of  the  pool  in 
which  the  bell  has  sunk.  He  summons 
Eautendelein  to  his  aid,  and  Rautendelein 
in  his  turn  awakens  the  slumbering  con- 
science of  Heinrich,  who  thereupon  returns 
from  the  world  of  spirits  to  that  of  the  earth. 
By  way  of  warning  the  pastor  has  ex- 
claimed, referring  to  the  bell  sunk  among 
the  hills,  "  She  chimes  to  thee  again,  Master, 
think  on  me."  The  prophecy  is  fulfilled. 
In  grief  at  the  desertion  of  her  husband, 
Heinrich's  wife  has  thrown  herself  into  the 
same  pool  in  which  the  bell  has  sunk.  Her 
dead  finger  moves  the  clapper,  which  Nickel- 
mann allows  to  reverberate  in  the  conscience 
of  the  bell-founder.  Pursued  by  the  tones 
of  the  bell,  he  returns  to  his  native  village, 
where  he  is  received  with  curses  as  an  un- 
faithful husband  by  the  churlish  peasants, 
and  is  pursued  with  volleys  of  stones.  His 
home  in  the  recesses  of  the  hills,  where  he 
has  dallied  with  Eautendelein  and  has 
dreamed  of  a  bell  rearing  its  head  sun- 
wards, is  meanwhile  burnt  down.  Broken 
in  body  and  soul,  he  crawls  to  the  hut  of  the 
witch  where  he  had  once  before  lain  help- 
less, and  the  "  wise  woman  "  gives  him  the 
Erlosungstranh,  and  he  expires. 

Hauptmann's  play  is  a  tragedy  of  destiny 
in  the  guise  of  a  fairy  tale.  The  forces  of 
destiny  do  not  stand  apart  from  the  action 
in  fatalistic  darkness  or  as  secret  patho- 
logical predispositions,  but  come  forward  as 
incarnate  forces  of  nature  visibly  active — 
indeed,  as  the  only  real  actors  in  the  drama. 
In  this  respect  it  offers  a  decided  contrast  to 
the  three  one-act  pieces  which  Hermann 
Sudermann  has  lately  put  together  under 
the  common  title  of  '  Morituri.'  The  bell- 
founder  is  a  passive  hero  who  is  played 
upon  for  good  or  evil  by  the  overpowering 
forces  of  nature  in  succession :  the  heroes 
of  the  'Teja,'  Tritzchen,'  and  'Das  ewig 
Miinnliche '  are  active  natures,  who  do  not 
receive  their  fate,  but  shape  it.  The  history 
of  the  last  Ostrogothic  king,  who  died  a 
hero's  death  in  the  pass  of  Mount  Vesuvius 
in  552  A.D.,  fighting  against  the  Byzantines 
under  Narses,  is  known  from  the  animated 
description  of  Procopius.  The  poet  depicts 
the  hero  on  the  night  before  the  final 
struggle  sitting  before  the  camp  fire,  certain 
of  the  issue,  yet  quiet  and  speaking  cheer- 
fully to  his  young  wife  ;  indeed,  he  goes  to 
certain  death  with  a  jest  upon  his  lips. 
Fritzchen,  the  small,  weak  lieutenant,  is  a 
spoiled  child  of  his  mother,  a  beloved 
bridegroom,  yet  the  old  Prussian  idea  of 
honour,  which  he  has  inherited  from  his 
father  and  made  his  own,  lifts  him  above 
himself,  and  he  confronts,  with  a  calm  that 
altogether  deceives  his  mother  and  bride, 
unavoidable  death  in  a  duel  with  an 
adversary  who  is  an  unerring  shot.  The 
plot  of  the  third  piece,  neither  the  period 
nor  scene  of  which  is  defined,  turns  upon 


the  triumph  of  true  manliness  ready  for 
death  over  feminine  folly  and  servility.  The 
author  places  it,  with  its  humorous  descrip- 
tion of  the  absurdities  of  Court  life  and  its 
happy  ending,  last  of  the  three  plays,  as 
with  the  ancients  the  satiric  drama  followed 
the  tragedies. 

By  the  side  of  the  productions  of  the  two 
foremost  of  modern  dramatists,  of  whom  the 
one  represents  idealism  in  realism  and  the 
other  realism  in  idealism,  the  best  of  the 
other  plays  of  the  year  make  but  a  modest 
figure.     Berlin  and  Vienna,  the  two  most 
important  theatrical  cities,  the  one  through 
the  number  of  its  theatres,  the  other  because 
of  the  old-established  excellence  of  at  least 
one  of  its  playhouses,  the  Burgtheater.  supply 
the   most   numerous   contingent   of   pieces. 
From  the   former  comes  '  The  Son  of   the 
Caliph,'  the  latest  work  of    L.  Fulda,  the 
author  of  '  Talisman,'  also  a  dramatic  fairy 
tale,  and,  like  Hauptmann's   '  Glocke,'  the 
portrayal  of  an  inward  change  of  tempera- 
ment based  upon  an  external  effect.     Prince 
Assad  (an    Uebermensch  in  the  sense  of  the 
Herrenmoral  of  the  philosopher  Fr.  Nietzsche) 
is  forced,  by  the  curse  laid  upon  him  that  he 
must  share  all  the  suffering  that  he  inflicts 
on  others,  to  pity  men,  and  to  perceive  that 
it  is  not  only  better,  but  cleverer,  to  benefit 
them  than  to  injure  them.     George  Hirsch- 
f eld's    piece    '  The   Mother '    also   breathes 
the  air  of  Berlin,  and  more  especially  the 
air  of  the  "freien  Biihne."     His  first  work, 
the  one- act  'At  Home,'  was  repudiated  by 
the  critics  of  his  party  because  of  his  extreme 
candour  in  the  portrayal  of  odious  circum- 
stances. The  exciting  plot  of  his  new  drama 
describes  a  deep-seated  conflict,  but  there  ia 
no  satisfactory  solution.     The  son  of  well- 
to-do,    middle -class    people    feels   himself 
destined     to     be    a    great    musician,    and 
thereby  comes  in  collision  with  his  family; 
so,   quitting  his   home,   he   forms  intimate 
relations  with  a  working   girl   greatly   in- 
ferior to  him  in  education.    His  father  dies ; 
his  mother  desires  to  have  her  son  home 
again  if  he  will  dismiss  the  girl,  who  is  not 
to   her   taste.     The   youth,   a   man   of   un- 
decided character,  hesitates  between  love  of 
his  mother  and  attachment  to  his  mistress, 
who  is  with  child  by  him.    As,  however,  the 
need  of  daily  bread  drives  him  to  it  and  the 
fleshpots  of  Egypt  are  on  the  side  of  his 
mother,  and,  as  a  critic  says,  the  stomach 
speaks,  the  only  son  forsakes  his  mistress 
and  his  unborn  child,   and   returns  to  his 
mother's  home  to  fit  himself  at  his  ease  to 
be  a  great  musician  of  the  future.     In  this 
gloomy  picture  of  a  mother's  weakness  and 
of  weak  ambition  after  greatness,  the  only 
bright  point  is  the  magnanimity  and  strength 
of  the  workwoman,  who,  of  her  own  free 
will,  releases  her  lover,  who  is  destined  for 
"higher  things,"  and,  instead  of  drowning 
herself  from  grief  at  his  loss,  remains  alive 
to  give  a  mother's  care  to  the  child  whose 
father  he  is.     The  heroic  altruism  of  this 
mother  offers  a  biting  contrast  to  the  egoism, 
as  vain  as  it  is  inhuman,  of  the  other  mother. 
The   tame   ending,    however,    is   a   failure. 
Whether   the   result  is  worth  the  sacrifice 
remains   undecided.      The   play,    which   is 
written  in  a  granular  style  which  reminds 
one  of  Heinrich  v.  Kleist,  ends  in  a  note  of 
interrogation. 

By  the  side  of  the  ambitious  capital  in 
the    North    and    the    aspirations    of     the 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


15 


"freien  Biilme"  stand  the  old  Imperial 
city  of  tlie  South  and  the  traditions  of  the 
"  Burg-Biihne."  Grillparzer  and  Friedrich 
Halm  (v.  Miiach-Bellinghausen)  impressed 
their  dramatic  stamp  on  the  Burgtheator  in 
the  first  half  of  the  century.  An  echo  of 
both — not  a  stronger,  but  a  weaker  echo,  as 
it  must  needs  be  after  the  lapse  of  half  a 
century  —  is  to  be  detected  in  Hermann 
Hango's  'Nausicaa'  and  Leo  Ebermann's 
^  Die  Athenerin.'  The  former  in  matter 
and  idea  is  a  reminiscence  of  Grillparzer' s 
*  Sappho ' ;  the  latter,  at  least  so  far  as  style 
goes,  of  Halm's  '  Son  of  the  Desert.'  As 
Grillparzer  did  with  the  ancient  Sappho, 
Hango  has  converted  into  a  modern  creation 
the  Homeric  Nausicaa ;  Goethe,  too,  in  his 
posthumous  plan  for  a  play  of  that  name, 
had  the  same  idea.  In  Homer  Nausicaa's 
love  for  the  hero  is  only  liglitly  indicated. 
According  to  Goethe  her  love,  hopeless 
because  not  responded  to  by  Ulysses,  who 
offers  her  his  son  instead  of  himself,  entails 
her  suicide.  In  Hango' splay  not  only  does  the 
maiden  love  the  stranger,  but  the  stranger 
the  maiden,  and  the  contest  between  love 
for  the  maiden  and  loyalty  to  the  wife,  for 
whom  Ulysses  decides  in  a  spirit  more 
Christian  than  Greek,  entails  his  departure 
and  on  Nausicaa  self-destruction.  Father 
Homer  represents  him  as  behaving  in  a  less 
conscientious  and  demure,  but  more  Hellenic 
manner  towards  Calypso  and  Circe.  Out 
of  a  similar  conversion  of  the  ancient  into 
the  modern  comes  Ebermann's  'Athenerin,' 
but  the  direction  is  the  opposite.  The 
hetaira  Charis,  who  is  the  "Athenerin"  of 
the  play  (although  by  the  laws  of  Athens 
she  can  enjoy  no  rights  of  citizenship,  and 
sells  herself  to  the  highest  bidder),  and  the 
Spartan  Agis,  who  has  come  there  nominally 
as  an  ambassador  and  really  as  a  spy,  meet 
in  Athens.  He  is  a  man  whose  peace  of 
mind  no  woman  has  disturbed  hitherto.  He 
is  a  type  of  chaste  manliness  as  she  of 
refined  selfishness.  The  pair  fall  in  love, 
which  is  natural  enough,  and  fly  to  a 
fisherman's  hut  at  the  Piraeus  to  live  undis- 
turbed ;  but  when  a  former  admirer  of 
Charis  who  has  discovered  their  retreat 
offers  her  a  costly  ornament  if  she  betrays 
the  secret  of  Agis,  who  in  the  mean  time 
has  taken  advantage  of  his  isolated  dwell- 
ing to  discover  the  weak  spot  in  the  defences 
of  Athens,  and  has  summoned  his  country- 
men to  besiege  it,  she  finds  it  just  as  natural 
to  betray  her  lover  for  the  earrings,  and  the 
Spartan  who  has  foolishly  trusted  a  courtesan 
discovers  no  other  remedy  than  to  punish 
himself  by  death.  Charis  admires  his  pro- 
ceeding, but  eventually  goes  to  Sicily.  The 
author  of  '  Nausicaa  '  has  developed  a  plot 
that  is  quite  non-Hellenic,  because  for  the 
Greek  view  of  life  he  substitutes  a  Christian 
and  more  particularly  Kantian  conception. 
The  author  of  the  '  Athenerin  '  has  achieved 
the  same  result,  because  his  man  and  woman, 
instead  of  being  the  Greek  characters  they 
are  supposed  to  be,  have  no  character  at  all. 
The  sentimental  Tectosage  Ingomar,  who 
willingly  carries  the  basket  of  flowers  to  his 
clever  Greek  teacher  Parthenia,  and  she 
herself  show  much  more  character  than  the 
Spartan  who  confides  in  a  courtesan  who  can 
be  purchased  with  a  jewel.  The  success  on 
the  boards  achieved  by  the  'Athenerin,' 
as  formerly  by  '  The  Son  of  the  Desert,'  i's 
to    be    ascribed    to    the   same    cause,   the 


"  Halsband    der     schcinen    Sprache,"    as    a 
keen  observer  said,  which  it  wears. 

Sleswick-Holstein,  the  land  of  marsh  and 
moor  beyond  the  Elbe  and  the  Eider,  was 
so  long  a  source  of  national  irritation  to  the 
Germans  that  sympathy  for  it  extended  to 
the  professors  and  pundits  of  its  university 
at  Kiel  as  well  as  to  its  authors  and  poets. 
There  was  a  time  when  "  to  swim  in  Kiel 
water"  was  considered  equivalent  to  being  on 
the  high  road  to  favour  and  promotion.     To 
be  sure,  the  greatest  poet  that  the  marshes 
have  produced,  the  dramatist  Fr.  Hebbel, 
pi'ofited  little  thereby,  but  that  was  because 
at  an   early  age  he  quitted  the  moorlands 
and  found  a  second  home  at  Vienna.     On 
the  other  hand,  the  novelist  Theodor  Storm, 
to  whom  a  monument  has   been  erected  in 
his  native  town  of  Husum  by  contributions 
from  all  parts  of  Germany,  and  the  fiery  lyrist 
Detleff  von  Liliencron,  to  whom  in  this  year, 
likewise  by  the  aid  of  all  Germany,  a  gift 
is  to  be  made  that  will  set  him  free  from 
cares   of   every   kind,   can   corroborate   the 
truth   of   the   saying.     The   last   named  is 
deemed  by  his  admirers  the  first  lyric  poet 
of  the  age  ;  by  many  others  he  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  gifted.    The  taste  in  lyric 
has  undergone  a  change,  as  I  have  already 
remarked.     The    singable    song   has   fallen 
out    of    favour,    and     the     preference      is 
awarded    to    a    piece    full    of     colour,    a 
rhetorical    picture    of    situation    and    feel- 
ing.    Liliencron    was   formerly  a    dashing 
cavalry    officer,    whose    first    collection    of 
verse,    '  Adjutantenritte,'    in    its   freshness 
and    directness    still    bore    traces,    and    to 
its  advantage,  of  the  former  kind  of  lyric. 
In   his   later   poetry  he   has    gone  over   to 
the  picturesque  school  and  has  become  its 
model  and  leader.     AVhile  the  song  written 
for   music    (of    which   the    Volkslied  is    the 
simplest   form)    loves    conciseness,  the    de- 
scriptive poem  aims  at  breadth,  and  assumes 
a  narrative   form.     The  newest  volume  of 
Liliencron' 8    'Selected    Poems'   allows    the 
reader  to  follow  the  entire  development  of 
the  "Urlyriker,"  from  the  '  Zapfens-treich ' 
(belonging  to  his  earliest  work)  to'Pidder 
Liing  '   (one    of   his  latest  effusions).     His 
most  recent  production,   '  Poggfred,'  which 
he    himself  styles  "a  topsy-turvy  epic  in 
twelve  cantos,"  shows  his  progress  towards 
narrative  poetry.     The  title,  which  in  IjOw 
German  means  "  Frosch  frieden,"  is  derived 
from    his    summer   residence   in    Holstein. 
The  poem  is  in  stanzas,  like  '  Don  Juan,' 
and,    like    it,    is    of    a    mixed    kind,    half 
narrative  and  half  lyric,  and,  composed  of 
relation    and  self  -  confession,  it  shares  the 
character  of  the  humouristic  epic.     Descrip- 
tions of  nature,  sketches  of  moor  and  heath, 
literary  outbursts  of  indignation  and  enthu- 
siasm,   Ariosto  -  like  pictures   of    love,  and 
Verestschaginesque      pictures     of      battles 
alternate  with   pessimistic  reflections,   pas- 
sages of  mystical  devotion,  and  references  to 
the  world's  history.     The  x^oet  has,  like  his 
English  model,  taken  to  himself  the  whole 
fulness   of   his    age,    and    lights    up    every 
corner  with  the  variegated  glass  of  his  tem- 
perament.    That  in  the  course  of  it  things 
turn  up  which  are  not  suited  to  every  eye  is 
a  feature  that  Liliencron' s  comic  epic  has 
in  common  with  the  new  epic  '  Pincelliade,' 
b}'  Ferdinand  von  Saar,  and  also  with  both 
its  forerunners  ;  but  Ariosto  and  Byron  have 
the  advantage  of  an  allusive  rather  than  a 


detailed  handling  of  topics.  In  Liliencron's 
and  Saar's  poems,  as  they  are  both  ex- 
officers,  the  one  of  the  Prussian,  the  other 
of  the  Austrian  army,  reminiscences  of 
soldiers  play  a  considerable  part,  the  former 
indulging  in  an  enthusiastic,  the  latter  in  a 
pessimistic  vein. 

"Die  Alten"  have  the  best  of  it  in  the 
matter  of  storytelling.    Paul  Heyse  remains 
always  a  classic,   the  virtuoso  of  short  tales, 
who  is  as  anxious  to  succeed  as  a  dramatist 
as  ever  Liszt   was    to    gain    recognition  as 
a  composer.     His  last   collection    of  tales, 
'  Das     Eiithsel     des      Lebens      u.     andere 
Novellen,'  showed  him  engaged,  in  a  lovable 
and  reasonable  way,  in  the  analysis  of  the 
feelings  of  those  pitiable  dilettanti  who,  like 
Grillparzer' s  '  Armer  Spiel mann  '  and  Marie 
von   Eschenbach's   '  Spatgeborner,'   possess 
the  desire  but  not  the  capacity  to  expi'ess  in 
language,  verbal  or  musical,  what  fills  their 
hearts.     F.   von    Saar's    most   recent  mis- 
cellany, the   scene   of   which  is,  as    in  his 
former  publications,  laid  in  Austria,  bears 
the  name  of  '  Herbstreigen,'  but  shows  that 
the  writer's  powers  are  still  in  the  full  bloom 
of   midsummer.      The   tale    '  Eequiem   der 
Liebe'  presents  a  picture  of  women's  sen- 
suality and  heartlessness  that  repels  by  its 
cold  monstrosity,  but  that  is  depicted  with 
indubitable  fidelity  to  nature.     In  addition 
to   these   two   practised   authors  I  have  to 
mention  Richard  zur  Megede,  whose  '  Kis- 
met '  is  another  proof  that  a  fine  hand  can 
even  now  make  a  tale  of  a  forger's  life  seem 
new,  and  can,  like   Edgar   Poe,   render   a 
ghost  story  credible.     Madame  Clara  Suder- 
mann's  '  Siegerin  '  relates  the  struggle  be- 
tween two  sisters  attached  to  the  same  man, 
in  which  the  less  worthy  wins ;  but  the  van- 
quished gains  the  victory  through  subduing 
herself.    The  tale  has  the  drawback  that  the 
writer's  husband,  H.  Sudermann,  is  the  author 
of  '  Katzensteig  '  and  '  Geschichten  im  Zwie- 
licht.'     The  latest  story  of  Ernst  v.  Wilden- 
brueh,    who,    like    his    brother   playwright 
A.   Wilbrandt,  has  almost  a  more  decided 
talent  for  romance  than   for  drama,    '  Der 
Zauberer  Cyprianus,'  forms  a  worthy  com- 
panion to  his  tale  of  the  Neronian  persecu- 
tion,   '  Claudia's  Garden,'   which   appeared 
two   years   ago.      The   hero   of   Calderon's 
'  Magico    Prodigioso '  —  a    heathen     philo- 
sopher, a  sort  of   ancient   Dr.  Faust,  con- 
verted into  a  Christian  martyr — forms  the 
central     point  ;     the     luxurious,     sceptical 
Antioch,    the    persecuting    reign    of    Dio- 
cletian,   forms   the   background  of   a  story 
as   profound   in    its    psychology    as    it    is 
brilliant  in  its  colouring.     The  new  stories 
of  the  experienced  observer  and  writer  Use 
Frapan,     '  Vom    ewig    Neuen,'    and   Adal- 
bert Meinhardt's  '  Norddeutsche  Leute  '  are 
drawn  from  North  German  life;  L.  Gang- 
hofer's      '  Hochlandsgeschichten '     and     L. 
Hevesi's  '  Althofleute  '  from  South  German 
life.     '  Drei  Novellen,'  by  Paul   Anselm — 
more  especially  the  tale  '  Peter  Paul,'  which 
first  appeared  in  the  Deutsche  Rundschau — 
are  distinguished  by  originality  of  matter 
and   fineness   of    execution.      The    painful 
picture  of  a  tortured  artist's  soul,  who,   a 
Eaphael  without  hands,  can  conceive,  but 
can   neither   draw  nor   paint,    reminds   the 
reader   of   the   similar   fate   of    a   German 
artist    Hans  von    Marees,   whose   designs, 
genial   in   intention,    never   resulted,    tech- 
nically speaking,   in  anything  higher  than 


16 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


formless  sketches.  A  not  less  ghastly,  and, 
speaking  cursorily,  most  improbable  conflict 
in  the  mind  of  a  pastor  described  as  the 
ideal  typo  of  his  profession,  who  at  last 
recognizes  that  he  has  preached  belief  and 
carried  unbelief  in  his  bosom,  is  solved  in 
the  novel  of  Madame  Lou  Andreas-Salome, 
the  friend  and  pupil  of  Nietzsche,  *  Aus 
fremder  Seele,'  by  the  device  of  making 
the  hero  become  crazy  like  the  philosopher. 
Unwonted  energy,  which  developes  itself  in 
quiet,  finds  expression  in  J.  J.  David's 
stormy  story  '  Friihschein.'  "  Feuerschein  " 
would  be  a  more  correct  description  of  the 
greater  portion  of  its  contents.  The  evil 
time  which  followed  the  devastation  of  the 
Thirty  Years'  War  is  the  burden  of  Herren- 
recht's  '  In  Sachen  des  Glaubens  und 
Gewissens,'  and  the  preparation  for  a  return 
to  legal  order.  David  possesses  a  gift  for 
narrative  which  reminds  me  of  H.  v.  Kleist, 
and  at  the  same  time  an  art  of  developing 
the  smallest  lines  in  a  tragic  miniature 
which  recalls  F.  Hebbel.  Rudolf  Lindau's 
stories  '  Tiirkische  Geschichten,'  which  in 
appearance  are  new,  but  in  reality  are 
the  property  of  all  quarters  of  the  globe, 
seem  colourless  beside  David's  gloomy  but 
intense  lighting.  The  harmonious  close  of 
*  Severin,'  a  simply  and  neatly  told  story 
by  Anna,  Countess  Pongracz,  betrays  the 
gentle  but  not  weak  hand  of  a  woman. 
The  hero,  who  is  on  the  point  of  com- 
mitting suicide,  is  brought  to  a  pause  of 
reflection  under  the  influence  of  a  girl  who 
wishes  to  do  the  same  deed,  and  leads  him 
to  commence  a  new  life  of  love  and  work. 

Unlike  French  and  English  novel- writing, 
German  fiction  knows  no  mediocre  work. 
In  L.  Boerne's  phrase,  the  German  lan- 
guage is  either  gold  or  copper,  seldom 
silver.  Among  the  few  cornucopias  of  the 
year  is  F.  Spielhagen's  '  Faustulus.'  The 
author  of  '  Hammer  und  Ambos,'  *  Sturm- 
flut,'  and  '  Auf  der  Diine  '  finds  new  life, 
like  Anttcus,  when  he  feels  under  his  feet 
the  dunes  and  shore  of  the  Eastern  sea. 
The  scene  of  his  story  is  Pomerania,  the 
little  coast  town  of  Wollin,  and  the  pilot's 
islet  Nedur  (rede  Euden) ;  the  hero  is  a 
doctor,  transferred  from  the  over-intellectual 
atmosphere  of  a  large  town  to  a  small  one. 
He  plays  Faust  in  miniature,  and  writes  a 
drama  'Faustulus,'  both  in  the  feeling  and 
meaning  of  the  first  part  of  the  original, 
not  the  second  part.  The  doctor  is  Faust 
and  Mephistopheles  in  one ;  his  Gretchen 
"  the  poor,  simple  child  "  Stine,  the  daughter 
of  the  old  pilot  in  the  sandy  island  Nedur. 
The  description  of  this  idyl  of  love  in  a 
solitary  waste  by  the  sea,  of  the  hand- 
some grey-headed  parents,  of  the  maiden 
fascinated  by  her  refined  seducer  as  the 
oriole  by  the  rattlesnake,  of  the  fisherman 
Jochem  Lachmund,  brutal  alike  in  love 
and  hate  of  his  infidel  betrothed,  forms  a 
whole  unmatched  for  truth  and  attraction. 
When  Stine  becomes  aware  of  the  treachery 
of  her  lover  she  quietly  drowns  herself  under 
the  appearance  of  accident.  The  author  of 
'  Faustulus,'  who,  in  contrast  to  Faust, 
disdains  to  be  received  into  heaven,  has 
at  least  sufficient  logic  about  him  to  yield 
himself,  in  expiation  of  his  sin,  of  his  own 
free  will,  to  the  murderous  sword  of  his 
only  rival.  There  are  few  novels  which 
afford  the  reader  such  a  feeling  of  assthetic 
contentment  through  scenic  excellence  and 


living  characterization,  of  ethical  satisfaction 
through  the  dramatic  consequentiality  and 
impartial  justice.  '  Heimkehr,'  the  novel 
published  by  Ossip  Schubin  (Lolo  Kirschner) 
in  the  Rundschau,  runs  it  close.  The  writer 
describes  in  her  book  how  the  spoiled  child 
of  an  aristocratic  family,  reared  among  the 
limitations  of  a  refined  daintiness,  internal 
and  external,  is  by  the  blows  of  fate  driven 
abroad  and  forced  to  make  a  livelihood  by 
the  art  for  which  she  seemed  only  to  possess 
the  talent  of  an  amateur.  We  perceive  how 
gradually,  on  her  way  to  the  highest  spheres 
of  art,  in  presence  of  the  increased  demands 
of  sensuality  and  the  unveiled  nakedness  of 
human  nature,  the  tender  bonds  of  feminine 
modesty  and  maidenly  reserve  are  dissolved, 
and  the  woman,  inwardly  and  outwardly 
enervated,  falls  a  victim  to  the  ripening  artist. 
It  is  the  same  theme — the  conflict  between 
the  artistic  and  the  feminine — which  forms 
the  basis  of  Sudermann's  striking  play  '  Die 
Heimat.'  His  Magda  returns,  like  Gertrude 
von  Glimm,  the  heroine  of  '  Heimkehr,'  to 
the  house  of  her  fathers  after  she  has  be- 
come a  great  artist,  but  her  woman's  honour 
is  lost.  But  the  one  haughtily  rejects  the 
idea  of  sacrificing  her  artistic  position  in 
order  to  return  to  the  respectable  trammels 
of  conventional  society ;  the  other  would 
bid  farewell  to  her  artistic  career  if  she 
could  thereby  wipe  away  the  stain  that 
tarnishes  her  honour,  and  could  offer  her- 
self as  a  pure  woman  to  the  lover  who, 
regardless  of  her  past,  is  willing  to  marry 
her.  Magda  sets  the  artist  above  the 
woman,  Gertrude  the  woman  above  the 
artist.  Magda's  resolve  costs  her  father 
his  life ;  Gertrude  sacrifices  her  own,  and 
thus  cuts  the  knot  without  loosening  it. 

No  heavy  problem  weighs  down  Adolf 
Wilbrandt's  new  novel  '  Schleichendes 
Gift.'  To  show  what  harm  a  couple  of 
satirical  verses,  more  defamatory  than 
witty,  may  do  in  a  circle  not  possessed  of 
any  readiness  of  perception,  for  otherwise 
it  would  detect  the  cheat  and  settle  the 
affair,  is  the  aim  of  the  book.  For  such  a 
task  as  this  a  man  of  Wilbrandt's  reputation 
was  hardly  needed.  The  author,  formerly 
manager  of  the  Burgtheater,  lived  long  in 
Vienna,  and  has  left  numerous  friends  there, 
and  the  city  may  with  good  reason  complain 
that  the  report  diligently  spread  abroad,  that 
the  novel  would  give  a  picture  of  the  best 
and  most  influential  circles  of  the  Kaiser- 
stadt,  is  calculated  to  convey  an  unfavour- 
able —  fortunately  a  very  mistaken  —  im- 
pression of  it.  The  social  types,  manners, 
and  modes  of  speech,  professedly  Viennese, 
which  are  to  be  found  in  this  book  could 
scarcely  bo  found  in  actual  Vienna,  except 
among  cabmen  and  popular  singers.  The 
author  was  more  just  to  Vienna  in  his 
former  novel  '  Hermann  Ifinger,'  of  which 
also  the  scene  was  laid  in  Vienna  and  its 
vicinity. 

Professorial  and  historical  romances  are 
not  yet  extinct.  The  chief  representative 
of  the  former,  the  Egyptologist  G.  Ebers, 
has  retired  from  the  Nile  and  Memphis  to 
the  Pegnitz  and  the  German  imperial 
cities.  Nuremberg,  where  '  Die  Gred  '  was 
at  home,  has  been  followed  by  Patisbon, 
where  lived  Barbara  Blomberg,  the  mother 
of  Don  John  of  Austria,  the  heroine 
of  his  latest  novel.  The  Golden  Cross, 
the    inn    in    which    Charles    V.    met    the 


pretty    innkeeper's    daughter,    still    exists 
in   the   old   Roman   city   on    the   Danube. 
The  room  in  which  the  emperor  lodged  has 
remained  unaltered  down  to  the  present  day, 
like  that  in  the  Fuggerhaus  at  Augsburg, 
now  the  inn  "zu  don  drei  Mohren.*^'     The- 
daughters  of  the  imperial  cities  have  always 
exercised    a    special    fascination    over    the 
princes    of   the   house   of    Hapsburg;    but 
Barbara  Blomberg  did  not,  like  Philippine 
Welser   of   Augsburg,    become   the   lawful 
wife  of  an  Austrian  archduke.     According 
to  the  study  of  her   contained   in   Ebers's- 
romance,  she  did  not  even  condescend  to  be 
the  emperor's  mistress.     The  novelist  dig- 
nifies  her  relations   with  the   emperor   by 
explaining  that,   at  the   commencement   at 
least,    they    sprang    out    of    a    passionate 
attachment  on  both  sides,  and  that  Charles 
was   attracted  rather  by  the   splendour   of 
her  voice  than  the  beauty  of  her  person. 
The  scene,  too,  of  Felix  Dahn's  new  novel  is 
also  laid  on  Bavarian  soil,   '  Im  Chiemgau/ 
on  the  Chiemsee,  but  at  a  date  about  one 
thousand   years   earlier,    '^  circa   596    a.d.,'^'' 
and,  like  everything  that  comes  from  the  pen 
of  the  learned  historian  of  the  '  Germanen- 
ktinige,'   whether  scientific   or  imaginative, 
it  belongs  to  the  time  of  the  invasion  of  the 
barbarians.      It   shares   the   drawbacks   as 
well  as  the  excellences  of  its  predecessors. 
It   cannot   be    denied    that    the    hectoring 
Teutonism    and     the    archaic    phraseology 
affected  are  now  completely  out  of  fashion. 
The  epoch  of  the  Renaissance — the  German 
as  Ebers  describes  it  in  his  novel  mentioned 
above,   the  Italian  as  Richard  Voss  in  his 
new    romance    'Under    the    Borgias '  —  is 
nearer  to  the  reader   of   to-day,    and   con- 
sequently more  comprehensible.     It  is  easily 
understood  that  an  author  like  Voss,  whose 
fancy  loves  to  overflow  into  the  fantastic, 
felt  himself  especially  attracted  by  an  age 
in  which  reality  assumed  the  most  fantastic 
forms.     A   comparison    of    his    book   with 
Conrad  Ferdinand  Meyer's  '  Angela  Borgia  ^ 
— which  appeared   some   years  ago,  treats 
of    almost    the    same    period,    and    intro- 
duces some  of  the  same  personages — suffices 
to  make  plain  the  difference  between  dis- 
orderly  and   fantastic   and   a    fanciful   yet 
artistically  regulated  treatment  of  the  same 
dramatic  material.     The  effect  of  the  Re- 
naissance in  religion,  politics,  and  art,  the 
struggles  of  Humanism  with  the  Church,  of 
the  middle  classes  with  the  nobility,  of  the 
art  of  the  Cinquecento  with  the  dying  Gothic,^ 
form   the    theme   also    of    '  The    Rose    of 
Hildesheim,'  the  historical  romance  of  Con- 
rad Alberti,  whom  one  is  as  little  accustomed 
to  meet  as  other  moderns  in  this  branch  of 
literature.  '  Beatrix  von  Hohenzollern  '  takes 
the  reader  back  to  the  Middle  Ages  and  the 
imperial  city  of   Nuremberg,  the  Danube, 
and  the  Alps.     It  is  historically  exact,  but 
the  monstrosity  of  the  characters  and  the 
strangeness  of  the  style  render  it  repulsive. 
Beatrix  is  the  pious  and  charitable  wife  of 
the  Archduke  Albert  III.  of  Austria,  and  the 
author,  C.  Erdmann  Edler,  patriotically  re- 
presents her  in  this  book  as  longing  to  appease 
the  secular  jealousy  between  Hapsburg  and 
Hohenzollern.     To  conclude,  I  may  mention 
two  collections  by  two  authors  long  known 
and  honoured  that  have  at  length,  although 
late,  been  brought  to  a  conclusion.  The  first 
of  these,  Wilhelm  Raabe,  has  no  equal  as 
a  humourist;   the  other,  Wilhelm  Jensen, 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


17 


wlio  has  recently  completed  his  sixtieth 
year,  possesses  a  great  reputation  as  a 
\vriter  of  novels,  and  is  still  more  deserving 
■of  recognition  as  a  lyrical  poet. 

Historical,    biographical,    and     patriotic 
literature  in  the  year  1895  was  mainly  de- 
voted to  Prince  Bismarck,  whose  eightieth 
birthday  was  celebrated  within  it.     That  of 
the  present  year  centres  round  the  Emperor 
WilHam  I.,  who  was  born  on  March  22nd, 
1797.     His  grandson  at  the  festival  of  the 
centenary  monument  applied  to  the  nominal 
restorer  of  the  German  Empire  the  title  of 
Great.     On  the   hundredth   anniversary  of 
the   birth   of   its   real   founder   a  thankful 
people  will  bestow  the  appellation  upon  Bis- 
marck.    Among  the  flood  of  patriotic  pub- 
lications, two  deserve  notice  on  account  of 
the  celebrity  of  their  authors  as  historians 
— I  mean  those  of  W.  Oncken  and  of  Ottocar 
Lorenz,  who,  although  a  professor  at  Jena,  is 
an  Austrian  and  a  Roman  Catholic  by  birth, 
a  sign  that  in  appreciation  of  the  life-work 
and  character  of  the  old  Emperor  all  Germans, 
whatever  their  origin  and  religion,  are   at 
•one.       Prof.     Oncken's     brochure,     '  Unser 
Heldenkaiser,'    has    been    written    at    the 
command   of  "William  II.,    who,    by   word 
of  mouth  and  by  the  supply  of   material, 
has  made  the  book  a  manifestation  of  his 
own  personal  admiration.     Thanks,  too,  to 
this  assistance  the  writer  has  been  able  to 
introduce  documents  of  importance — in  the 
shape  of  original  letters  of  William  I. — into 
his   work,   which   give   it   exceptional   sig- 
nificance.    The  letters  of  the  old  Emperor 
to  the  Empress  Augusta  written  from  Ems 
in  July,  1870,  and  subsequently  during  the 
campaign  in  France,   have  the  value  that 
original  sources  usually  possess.     The  cha- 
racter of  the  monarch   appears   in   all  its 
simple   honesty,  remarkable   modesty,  and 
■unswerving  loyalty.    To  the  literature  of  the 
centenary  that  I  have  named  may  be  added 
the    '  Illustrirte   Kriegschronik '    of   Victor 
von  Strantz,  a  handsome  series  of  illustra- 
tions,   which    unfortunately    only   contains 
those  which  were   published   in   the   years 
1864,     1866,    and    1870-1     in     the    Illus- 
trirte   Zeitung   of   Leipzig.      An   illustrator 
such  as  the  wars  of  the  "  Alte  Fritz  "  found 
in  Adolf  Menzel  the  recent  struggles  have 
not  met  with. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  eloquent 
■champion  with  tongue  and  pen  of  the  Hohen- 
^ollern  Empire,  Heinrich  von  Treitschke, 
did  not  live  to  see  the  celebration.  The 
impetuous  publicist,  the  fiery  orator  who 
did  not  listen  to  himself,  but  to  whom 
-everybody  listened,  would  have  been  the 
appropriate  orator  for  the  centenary  of  the 
first  monarch  of  the  new  empire.  Born  in 
Saxony,  where  the  reigning  house  had  been 
•antagonistic  to  the  Hohenzollerns  since  the 
-Seven  Years'  War,  the  son  of  a  Saxon 
general,  when  a  pupil  at  the  military  school 
■at  Dresden,  the  lad,  who  was  only  fifteen  years 
old,  delivered  a  panegyric  upon  German  unity 
at  a  ceremony  at  which  the  Saxon  minister, 
Count  Beust,  the  adversary  of  Prussia,  was 
present.  A  pamphlet  he  fulminated  against 
the  Saxon  dynasty  in  1866,  when  Saxony 
espoused  the  side  of  Austria,  created  a 
breach  between  father  and  son  ;  but  they 
were  reconciled  when  the  vanquished  little 
kingdom  entered  the  North  German  Con- 
federation and  afterwards  the  empire,  for 
the  unity  of  Germany  being  an  accomplished 


fact,  Von  Treitschke  abandoned  polemic 
and  attack  for  the  writing  of  history.  His 
life's  work,  '  History  of  Germany  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century,'  which  he  planned 
early,  and  which  occupied  him  for  thirty 
years,  remains  a  torso  like  Sybel's  '  History 
of  the  Prussian  Empire.'  Three  German 
historians  of  note  have  died  during  the  past 
year :  Treitschke  and  Sybel  and  Ernst 
Curtius,who,  after  Mommsen,  was  the  greatest 
exponent  of  the  history  of  classical  antiquit3\ 
All  three  belonged  to  the  school  of  Eanke  ; 
but  in  contradistinction  to  his  determina- 
tion to  take  the  state  and  general  political 
ideas  as  the  sole  subject  of  history,  they 
extended  their  inquiries  to  all  sides  of  the 
people's  life.  Treitschke  dwelt  chicily  on 
the  national  feelings  of  the  people,  Sybel 
on  their  economic  condition,  and  Curtius  on 
their  general  development.  The  first,  to 
whom  history  was  a  means,  the  political 
aim  the  end,  departed  widely  from  the 
Olympian  serenity  of  his  master ;  the  keen- 
sighted  coolness  of  Sybel  was  before  every- 
thing else  critical  and  destructive ;  Curtius 
had  the  nature  of  an  artist  and  aimed  at  an 
harmoniously  rounded  whole. 

Biography,      the     kind      of     literature 
most  closely  allied  to  history,  has  this  year 
profited  by  the  celebration  of  the  quater-cen- 
tenary of  the  birth  of  Philip  Melanchthon 
(February  16th,   1497),   and    through    the 
constant   accumulation    of    correspondence, 
memoirs,    and    autobiographies.       To    the 
memory  of  the  "  sauberlich  und  still  einher- 
fahrenden    Meister     Philipp,"    as    Luther 
called    him,    the    "  pra3ceptor    Germanice," 
various  of  his  successors,  such  as  A.  Nebe, 
Paul  Kaiser,  G.  Buchwald,  and  others,  have 
dedicated  monographs,  some  of  them  com- 
petent, that    of  the  last-named  admirable. 
By  the  side  of  the  stormy  reformer  to  whom 
the  short  jacket  of  the  "Junker  Jiirg"  on 
the  Wartburg  was  much  better  suited  than 
the  folds  of  the  Augustinian  gown  of  Erfurt, 
"  das  arme  diirre  Miinnlein  "  has,  despite  his 
poverty,  become   and  remained   a  popular 
hero.     In  respect  to   letters,  as   the  corre- 
spondence of  Strauss  was  the  chief  feature 
of  the  previous  twelvemonth,  so  is  Gottfried 
Keller's  of  the  twelve  just  elapsed.     Jacob 
Baechthold   has   included   it   in  his  life  of 
Keller.     Keller  was  one  of    the  men  who 
find  it  easier  to  write  a  book  than  a  letter  ; 
and  even  the  compilation  of  a  book  was  a 
task  to  him.    Few  authors  have  taught  their 
publishers   so    many   lessons   in    patience. 
Over    his    first    bantling,  the   novel    '  Der 
griine    Heinrich,'    he  vexed   his    own    soul 
and  that  of  his  publisher  for  several  years  ; 
and  when  he  chanced  to  write  a  letter,  it 
cost  him  as  much  effort.     The  reading  of 
the   casual  expressions  which  always  seem 
extracted  from  the  innermost  soul  of   this 
marble  man,  who  found  such  difficulty  in 
utterance,  and  whose  temperament  resembled 
his  native  mountains,  yields  a  peculiar  plea- 
sure ;  they  are  fragments  of  a  soul. 

Among  autobiographies  special  attention 
is  due  to  the  '  Lebenserinnerungen '  of 
Jacob  von  Falke,  the  ex-Director  of  the 
admirable  Oesterreichisches  Museum  fiir 
Kunst  und  Industrie,  established  by  Eitel- 
berger  on  the  model  of  South  Kensington, 
which  in  its  turn  became  the  model  of 
similar  institutions  in  Germany.  Falke 
belonged  to  it  from  the  commencement  as 
co-director,  and   after   the  decease  of   the 


founder    was    sole    director.     Through   his 
numerous    writings    upon   costume,    dress, 
and  household  furniture  he  became  a  great 
authority   upon    "art   for    the    house"    in 
Germany  and   Austria,  and    beyond    their 
boundaries  in  the  neighbouring  countries, 
especially  in  Poumania,  through  the  instru- 
mentality   of     the    art-loving    queen,    the 
poetess  Carmen  Sylva.     His  autobiography 
gives  an  amusing   picture  of   the  German 
minor  states,  and  of  the  development  of  the 
revival  of  art  industries  in  Germany.     His 
native    place   Eatzeburg   belonged   to   two 
states  :  the  frontier  line  between  Sleswick- 
Holstein  (now  a  Prussian  province)  and  the 
principality   of    Mecklenburg  -  Strelitz    ran 
thi'ough  the  middle  of  the  former  episcopal 
city,  situated  upon  an  island  in  the  Ratze- 
burger  See.     The  house  of  his  parents  was 
in    Holstein ;   the   school    attached   to   the 
cathedral  and  the  cathedral  itself  were  in 
Mecklenburg.     In  order  to  go  from  the  one 
to  the  other  he  had  to  pass  the  frontiers 
twice  a  day ;   so  the  boy  spent  his  nights 
in  Holstein  and  his  days  in  Mecklenburg. 
The  youth  first  made  acquaintance  with  the 
world  of  art  in  Dusseldorf  in  the  artistic 
circles  of  that  city,  and  when  he  grew  to 
be   a   man   he   obtained   in   the    Germanic 
Museum     at     Nuremberg     a     knowledge 
of   the    industrial    art   which   had    at   one 
time     attained     such     prosperity     in     the 
imperial    cities,    especially    in     Augsburg. 
Falke,  by  his  writings  and  personal  exer- 
tions, has  done  much  to  promote  its  revival 
in   our  day,  a   revival   that    makes   steady 
progress.     The     memory     of     the     poetess 
Annette  Elizabeth  von  Droste-Hiilshoff,  one 
of    the    most    important    lyric   writers    of 
Germany,  certainly  the  most  important  that 
the  Roman  Catholic  portion  of  it  has  pro- 
duced, was  revived  on  the  centenary  of  her 
birthday  (January   10th,   1797)  by  various 
publications  of  J.  Riehemann,  J.  "Wormstall, 
&c.      She   belonged,    like   her   seventeenth 
century  predecessor  Friedrich  von  Spee,  the 
noble  opponent  of  the  prosecution  of  witches 
and  the  author  of  the  '  Trutznachtigall,'  to 
the  ancient  Catholic  nobility  who  have  lived 
in  Westphalia  since  the  time    of    Charle- 
magne   and    Wittekind,    and   whose    local 
"  Erdgeruch "    flavours   the    pungent   and 
concentrated  verse  of  the  Droste. 

A  publication  at  once  original  and 
symptomatic  of  the  tendencies  of  thought 
among  the  present  generation  in  the  field 
of  literature,  and  more  especially  of  the 
pictorial  arts,  is  the  periodical  Pan,  which 
is  now  in  the  second  year  of  its  existence 
and  may  be  regarded  as  the  organ  of  the 
modern  school  and  at  the  same  time  of 
the  best  of  the  "  Modernen."  It  is  the 
work  of  the  same  refined  and  exclusive 
circles  which  brought  into  being  the  "  freie 
Biihne "  with  G.  Hauptmann's  '  Before 
Sunrise,'  and  the  poets  of  which  are 
Johannes  Schlaf ,  the  brothers  Hart,  Dehmel, 
and  C.  Morgenstern ;  Max  Liebermann, 
Bocklin,  and  Max  Klinger,  the  artists; 
Paul  Schlenther,  the  literary  critic ;  and 
Hugo  von  Tschudi,  the  art  critic.  The 
last  named  has  hit  the  truth  when,  in 
opposing  the  exaggerated  laudation  bestowed 
upon  the  realistic  art  of  Adolf  Menzel,  ho 
says  that  in  Menzel  the  spiritucl  observer  is 
stronger  than  the  intuitive  artist.  The 
"illustren  Kopfe"  and  the  "  schafEenden 
Hiinde  "  that  are  at  work  in  this  periodical 


18 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97' 


are  to  be  recommended  to  the  cognoscenti  in 
art  and  literature. 

Of  the  contributions  of  the  twelve  months 
to  philosoj)hy  the  best  are  the  aesthetic.  The 
*  Studies  and  Criticisms  '  of  Alfred  von 
Berger,  a  refined  poet  and  critic,  are 
designed  to  bring  home  to  the  distracted 
l-)oets  of  the  Decadence  the  exalted  models 
of  the  great  writers.  His  essays  upon 
iEschylus,  Homer,  Dante,  and  Shak- 
speare,  and  also  upon  the  moderns 
Grillparzer  and  H.  von  Kleist  down 
to  the  latest,  Ibsen,  G.  Hauptmann, 
&c.,  show  that  he  admires  idealism,  and 
is  at  the  opposite  pole  from  realism.  His 
criticism  is  of  the  kind  that  Lessing  called 
good  criticism,  which  is  not  satisfied  with 
showing  what  is  bad,  but  also  points  out  how 
it  can  be  improved.  An  essay  of  Berger's 
(appended  to  the  admirable  translation  of 
Aristotle's  'Poetics'  by  Theodore  Gompertz) 
upon  a  question  already  too  much  discussed, 
the  doctrine  of  "  catharsis,"  seeks  to  separate 
the  truth  from  the  error  in  Aristotle.  Of 
tragedy,  which  simply  works  as  a  purifica- 
tion (in  a  purely  medical  sense),  Aristotle 
had  no  higher  opinion  than  his  master  Plato 
among  the  Greeks  or  Edmund  Burke  among 
the  English.  Berger  has  clearly  shown 
that  the  cathartic  effect  is  only  a  secondary 
result.  The  chief  influence  of  tragedy  is 
to  be  found  in  a  purely  a?sthetic  sphere. 
Gompertz,  the  translator  and  popularizer 
of  the  works  and  philosophy  of  John 
Stuart  Mill,  has  by  his  monograph  on  '  The 
Greek  Thinkers '  enriched  literature  with 
a  work  admirably  written  and  founded 
upon  thorough  study.  Johannes  Volkelt's 
'  ^Esthetic  of  Tragedy '  is  noteworthy 
because  he  once  again  upholds,  and  j)roves 
by  irresistible  arguments,  the  necessity  of 
maintaining  resthetic  as  a  separate  science 
and  not  confounding  it  with  the  history  of 
art.  The  "aesthetic  of  tragedy"  the  writer 
endeavours  to  place  upon  the  broadest  basis 
as  an  experimental  science  which  ranges 
from  the  ancients  to  our  contemporaries, 
from  iEschylus  and  Sophocles  to  Haupt- 
mann and  Halbe.  The  only  book  that 
recalls  the  heroic  age,  vanished  or  almost 
vanished,  of  German  philosophy,  and  is 
carried  out  with  systematic  completeness 
and  based  on  metaphysic,  is  that  of  the 
"epigone"  of  Schelling  and  Schopenhauer, 
the  author  of  '  The  Philosophy  of  the  Un- 
conscious,' E.  von  Hartmann.  His  '  Kate- 
gorienlehre'  forms  at  the  same  time  the 
tenth  volume  of  his  collected  works.  His 
theory  is  that  neither  the  philosophers  who, 
like  Hegel,  proceeded  from  the  logical  as  a 
principle,  nor  those  who,  like  Schopenhauer, 
proceeded  from  the  non-logical,  were  able  to 
solve  the  problem  of  the  doctrine  of  the 
categories.  Only  a  philosophy  like  his  own, 
which  accepts  both  the  logical  and  the  non- 
logical  as  legitimate  principles  connected 
through  a  common  substance,  is  in  a  position 
to  formulate  this  problem.  The  future  will 
show  whether  it  is  able  to  solve  the  difficulty, 
Robert  Zimmermaxn. 

GREECE. 
The  Cretan  question,  which  became  urgent 
last  summer,  and  was  then  only  provision- 
ally settled,  produced  during  the  last  six 
months  of  1896  a  great  state  of  excitement 
in  Greece,  which,  after  the  fresh  outbreak  in 
the  beginning  of  February  this  year  of  the 


Turkish  powers  on  the  poor  island,  gradually 
led  the  Greeks  into  the  unfortunate  war 
against  Turkey.  In  a  time  of  such  distress 
there  is,  of  course,  little  to  say  about  lite- 
rary activity.  The  Muses  are  no  friends  of 
Mars. 

The  chief  event  in  literature  is  the 
beginning  of  a  project  due  to  the 
generosity  of  a  rich  Greek  who  is  settled 
at  Odessa,  a  former  burgomaster  of  that 
town.  Gregor  Maraslis  has  undertaken  to 
make  the  Greeks  acquainted  with  master- 
pieces of  the  historical,  philological,  archpoo- 
logical,  and  philosophical  literature  of  other 
countries  by  means  of  the  best  possible  trans- 
lations. Many  of  the  university  professors 
and  other  selected  private  scholars  have 
been  entrusted  with  the  work  of  translation 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Lysander  Had- 
jiconsta  at  Odessa.  The  series  will  be 
printed  at  Athens,  and  arrangements  pro- 
vide for  the  appearance  of  a  part  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  large  octavo  pages  every 
month ;  the  get-up  is  excellent,  the  price 
very  low.  Up  to  the  present  date  there  have 
appeared  two  instalments  of  Curtius's  '  Greek 
History,' translated  by  Prof.  Lambros,  while 
other  parts  contain  Macaulay's  '  History  of 
England,'  translated  by  Dr.  Emmanuel 
Rhoidis ;  Ribbeck's  '  History  of  Roman 
Poetry,'  translated  by  Prof.  Spyr.  Sakel- 
laropulos ;  Droysen's  '  History  of  the  Dia- 
dochi,'  translated  by  Prof.  Johann  Panta- 
zides  ;  and  Gilbert's  '  Handbook  of  Greek 
Antiquities,'  translated  by  Prof,  Nicolaos 
Politis.  Krumbacher's  '  History  of  Byzan- 
tine Literature,'  translated  by  Dr.  George 
Sotiriades,  and  Mr.  Head's  '  Historia 
Numorum,'  by  the  Director  of  the 
Cabinet  of  Coins,  Johann  Svoronos,  will 
appear  shortly.  Prof.  George  Hatzidakis 
will  translate  Whitney's  '  Life  and  Growth 
of  Language.'  This  extensive  programme 
will  show  how  useful  this  Maraslis  library 
will  be  to  modern  Greek  scholars.  From 
another  point  of  view  also  the  collection  is 
of  interest  even  for  foreigners,  as  it  will 
supply  the  best  materials  for  the  study  of 
modern  Greek.  Later  on  the  yearly  parts 
will  be  doubled  in  number,  and  the  library 
will,  in  accordance  with  the  founder's  design, 
also  include  original  works,  perhaps  even 
pay  attention  to  jurisprudence  and  medi- 
cine. 

After  the  failure  of  late  years  of  so  many 
periodicals,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the 
literary  Parnassus  Society  has  thought  it 
judicious  to  supply  the  place  of  its  organ 
of  the  same  name,  now  two  years  defunct, 
by  bringing  out  an  'E7reTv;/ot5,  a  yearly 
record.  Herein  will  appear  the  yearly 
reports  of  the  Society  and  also  the  various 
communications  of  its  sections.  The  first 
part  published  contains,  besides  much  matter 
which  cannot  be  mentioned  in  this  place, 
Prof.  Sakellaropulos's  '  Emendations  of 
Latin  Authors ' ;  Mich.  Chrysochoos  on 
'  Macedonian  Tumuli '  and  '  The  Town  of 
Amydon ' ;  Vito  Palumbo  on  '  A  Grpeco- 
Salentinian  Colony  in  Italy '  ;  Johann 
Lambros  on  '  A  Coin  of  the  Cretan  Hiera- 
pytna '  ;  Prof.  Nicolaos  Politis  on  '  Olym- 
piaca  Analecta,'  '  Remarks  on  Three 
Passages  of  Pausanias,'  and  *  Proverbs 
in  the  Poetry  of  the  Middle  Ages ' ;  and 
Prof.  Spyr.  Lambros  on  '  The  Onomatology 
of  Attica  and  the  Immigration  of  the 
Albanians.' 


The  second  part  of  the  '  Olympic  Games,' 
published  by  Carl  Beck,  contains  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  games  which  took  place  in  Athens 
in  the  spring  of  last  year,  together  with  a 
long  report  on  the  Panathenaic  Stadium  and 
the  excavations  made  there  by  Prof.  Politis. 

Margaritis  Dimitsas  has  in  his  '  Mace- 
donica '  converted  into  current  coin  for 
archfcologists  and  historians  the  rich 
treasures  of  Macedonian  inscriptions  which 
are  scattered  in  various  periodicals  and 
newspapers.  Well-known  materials  are 
often  described  by  him  afresh ;  there  are 
also  new  additions.  He  does  not  confine 
himself  to  antiquity  only  ;  he  has  brought 
forward  many  dark  points  in  the  Mace- 
donia of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  shed 
light  upon  them.  Stephan  Kallias  has 
chosen  as  his  subject  '  Chalcis  from  a  Phy- 
sical and  Medicinal  Point  of  View.'  George 
Papandreu  has  devoted  a  monograph  to 
'  The  Dialect  of  Ancient  Elis.' 

Dr.  Athanasios  Papadopulos  Kerameus 
has  published  at  St.  Petersburg  from  the 
manuscripts  of  Mount  Athos  forty  hitherto 
unedited  letters  of  the  Patriarch  Photius, 
and  provided  them  with  an  introduction  in 
Russian.  Prof.  Lambros  has  printed  from 
a  codex  of  the  Holy  Mountain  in  popular 
language  one  hundred  and  forty-four  un- 
edited fables  of  George  iEtolos,  a  Greek 
author  of  the  second  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Shortly  afterwards  these  fables- 
were  published  by  Emile  Legrand  at  Paris. 

The  two  following  publications  belong 
to  historical  literature  :  a  biography 
of  Theodor  Grivas,  who  fought  for  our 
freedom,  based  on  unedited  documents  and 
private  information  supplied  by  his  rela- 
tions;  and  'Amalia,  the  Queen  of  Greece,' 
by  Madame  Soteria  Alimberti,  which 
is  more  of  an  anecdotal  description  of" 
the  Court  than  a  political  and  historical 
biography.  A  good  deal  of  insight  into  the 
disturbed  period  from  1859  to  1862,  when. 
King  Otto  was  expelled  from  the  throne,  is 
also  afforded  by  the  '  Political  Year-books'  of 
the  late  Epaminondas  Deligeorgis,  who  was 
once  Premier.  His  notes,  in  spite  of  their 
fugitive  character,  are,  with  the  political 
letters  here  for  the  first  time  made  public, 
of  no  small  interest  for  the  history  of  the 
time  of  which  they  treat. 

Spyr.  P.  Lambros. 


HOLLAND. 

In  the  NouvelU  Revue  the  other  day  Mr. 
Ferrero,  the  Italian  psychologist,  wrote  on 
the  undue  invasion  of  literature  by  psycho- 
logical, moral,  and  social  theories.  Literar)'- 
ffenius,  he  observed,  should  be  instinctive. 
Shakspeare  did  not  know  a  word  of  psy- 
chology, and  yet  he  exposed  folly,  doubt,, 
and  degeneracy  none  the  worse  for  that. 

To  a  great  extent  this  observation  is- 
applicable  to  Dutch  literature  of  the  present 
day.  Some  of  our  younger  novelists  are 
more  struck  by  the  problems  which  life 
offers  than  by  their  influence  on  man.  They 
attempt  to  analyze  doubt,  dejection,  here- 
ditary crime ;  they  show  the  waning  in- 
fluence of  moral  and  religious  principles; 
and  the  great  mass  of  superficial  thinkers,  of 
which  the  "reading  public"  largely  con- 
sists, revels  in  this  very  modern  work,  which 
is  recommended  by  its  agreeable  form.  But, 
to  instance  a  single  specimen  of  the  class, 
'  Wormstekigen,'   by  Hora   Adema,    would 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


19 


be  a  work  of  art  if  it  were  less  scientific,  and 
something  like  a  medical  treatise  if  it  were 
less  fantastic.  Again,  Miss  Anna  de  Savornin 
Loliman,  who  last  year  wrote  a  short  story, 
rather  sentimental,  yet  promising,  has   ex- 
cited  general   attention  and  discussion   by 
a  book  of  no  great  depth,  somewhat  care- 
lessly, yet  affectedly  written,  which  she  has 
called    '  Vragensmoede.'      She   depicts   two 
highly  religious  people,  husband  and  wife, 
who    seek   in   vain    the    reason    for    their 
many  disappointments,  and,  finding  no  in- 
formation  vouchsafed   to   them,   lose   their 
faith  in  a  divine  Providence.     It  is  neither 
knowledge  nor  the  awe  of  life's  insoluble 
riddles  which  sets  them  doubting,  but  only 
material  adversities,  domestic  troubles.  This 
is  the  weak  point  of  the  book,  but  may  be 
the  cause  of  its  success  with  a  certain  section 
of    the    public,    who   like   to    have    philo- 
sophy  (or    its    substitute)  brought   before 
them  in  this  easily  digestible  form.     Espe- 
cially  attractive  to  those  who  are   on   the 
verge  of  abandoning  their  old  belief  must 
be  the  passages  which  insist  on  the  deplor- 
able effects  of  a  hard,  pitiless  dogma,  and 
there  the  author  is  at  her  best.      Another 
work  of  hers  on  the  art  of  living,  '  Levens- 
ernst,'  is  just  out,  and  in  one  of  the  maga- 
zines she  has  published  a  rather  indifferent 
tale.       Miss    Lohman   is   thus    developing 
a    considerable   literary   activity,  which   is 
stimulated    too    much     by    indiscriminate 
public  discussion. 

There   is   much   in    '  Twyfel,'   by   0.    P. 
Brandt  van  Doorne,  which  resembles  Miss 
Lohman' s  work.     Here  also  the  anomalies 
which  seem  to  contradict  the  teaching  of  a 
righteous  God  undermine  the  faith  of  the 
hero — a  young  curate — and  make  him  teach 
things  against  his  convictions.     The  mental 
struggle  is  not  analyzed  very  minutely,  but 
there  is  in  the  book  an  element  of  compas- 
sion for  those  who  are  thus  tossed  hither 
and    thither.      The    tale     is    told    simply 
and  in    an    excellent    style,    and   well   put 
together.     Miss     Lohman    revolts    against 
fate ;  Yan  Doorne  takes  the  standpoint  of 
a   compassionate   observer.     A   third   book 
which  deals  with   the  dark  side  of  life  is 
*  Een  Zwakke,'  by  Mr.  Frans  Coenen.  Here 
the   author  writes  throughout  as  a   disin- 
terested chronicler.    He  describes  the  life  of 
a  young  clerk  whose  time  is  divided  between 
the  uninteresting  work  of  his  ofiice  and  the 
weariness    of    perpetual   quarrels    between 
his  mother  and  sister  at  home.    Johan  has 
not  force  enough  either  to  snatch  himself 
away  from  this  joyless  existence  or  to  make 
an  abrupt  end  of  it ;  he  commits  suicide  [in 
almost  a  cowardly  way  by  neglecting  his 
health.     The  tone  of  this  book  is  depressing 
from  beginning  to  end  ;  the  tale  is  told  with 
unbending  realism,  and  we  are  not  spared 
one  detail  of   a   thoroughly  miserable  life 
of  poor  gentility.     But  for  the  remarkable 
variety  in  its  picture  of  painful  dreariness 
it   would   be   impossible    not  only  to  read 
the  book  through,  but  even  to  admire  the 
author's  consistency  and  courage.  A  modern 
(though    perhaps    only  Dutch)  Inferno   is 
here  typified  for  ever. 

This,  we  may  hope,  is  the  last  word  of 
realism.  Will  romanticism  revive?  I 
have  to  chronicle  two  novels  and  one 
dramatic  poem  which  are  all  but  romantic. 
One  of  them,  nevertheless,  bears  the  mark 
of  to-day  by  turning  on  a  moral  point.     In 


'  Drogon,'  by  Van  Schendel,  we  meet  with 
the  man  who  scorns  worldly  power,  and 
whose  ideal  is  to  find  the  "  Eing  of  Jesus." 
The  wisdom  this  ring  carries  with  it  he 
hopes  to  impart  to  mankind.  Drogon  tries 
to  base  all  his  actions  on  the  principle  that 
every  deed  is  allowable  which  results  in 
more  happiness  to  ourselves  than  harm  to 
our  neighbours ;  but  this  theory  gives  rise 
to  inextricable  problems ;  human  nature 
proves  stronger  than  ethical  maxims,  and 
Drogon  is  brought  to  shame  and  death. 
The  subject  is  highly  dramatic,  but  is  in- 
adequately worked  out.  A  fine  piece  of 
symbolism  occurs  at  the  end.  When  the 
people,  whom  Drogon  by  his  unwise  actions 
has  incited  to  revolt,  stand  before  his  castle, 
he  is  going  to  take  the  renowned  sword 
of  his  ancestors  from  the  wall ;  but  in  the 
attempt  the  stool  on  which  he  stands  falls 
over  and  he  is  killed.  The  wise  man  could 
not  even  reach  to  the  height  of  his  an- 
cestors ! 

In  *  Irmenlo,'  by  Adriaan  van  Oordt,  the 
conflict  between  heathenism  and  Christen- 
dom in  the  Middle  Ages  is  treated  with 
singular  dramatic  power.  Like  a  dark, 
threatening  cloud,  the  approaching  danger 
of  the  conquering  Christian  army  sweeps 
over  the  pagan  country.  The  book  leaves 
a  deep  impression.  The  characters  have, 
however,  to  some  extent  been  sacrificed  for 
tragic  effect,  and  we  are  more  struck  by  the 
situations  than  interested  in  the  lot  of  the 
persons  represented. 

The  young  author  Adriaan  van  Oordt  is 
introduced  to  us  by  the  poet  Frederik  van 
Eeden,  who  himself  has  written  this  year  a 
beautiful  dramatic  poem  '  Lioba,  a  Song  of 
Loyalty.'  Lioba  remains  loyal  to  her  aged 
husband  unto  death,  though  disappointed  in 
her  dearest  hopes  and  wishes,  and  notwith- 
standing her  secret  (and  pure)  love  for  a 
young  knight.  Thisis  a  truly  national  subject, 
and  Van  Eeden  has  with  this  work  captivated 
once  more  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.  It 
marks  a  considerable  advance  in  his  artistic 
development,  being  much  more  truly  poetical 
and  less  philosophical  than  his  recent  works. 
The  influence  of  the  great  masters,  of  Swin- 
burne and  Shakspeare,  is  unmistakable  ;  the 
descriptions  of  nature  are  equal  to  those  of 
our  best  modern  poets,  and  in  many  parts 
the  writer  surpasses  our  great  seventeenth 
century  poet  Vondel,  of  whom  he  often 
reminds  us. 

Van  Eeden's  art  has  many  sides  which  we 
do  not  find  represented  in  '  Diepe  Wateren,' 
by  Helene  Lapidoth  -  Swarth.  Her  genre 
is  much  more  restricted,  but  within  these 
limits  much  more  perfect.  It  is  a  very 
intimate  art,  best  seen  in  her  songs,  while 
she  is  second  to  none  in  expressing  a  noble 
idea  in  the  shape  of  a  perfect  sonnet.  Her 
prose,  however,  of  which  she  has  given  us 
an  instance  this  year  in  '  Van  Vrouwen- 
leven,'  is  uninteresting. 

The  output  of  poems,  though  certainly  less 
than  that  of  some  years  ago,  is  still  large. 
The  publisher  S.  L.  van  Looy  has  ventured 
to  bring  out  a  most  costly  illustrated  edition 
of  the  poems  of  the  late  Jaques  Perk.  Albert 
Verwey  has  published  '  Aarde,'  a  series  of 
reprints,  many  of  which  in  their  deep 
thought  and  stately  rhythm  make  us  hope 
that  Mr.  Verwey  will  some  day  produce 
the  great  epos  which  especially  his  pnrlier 
work  seemed  to  suggest.     Mr.  Pol  de  Mon'", 


who  is  ever  aiming  at  the  reunion  of 
the  North  and  South  Netherlands,  as  he 
pleases  to  call  the  two  kingdoms,  has 
brought  out  an  anthology  of  Dutch  and 
Flemish  poetry  of  the  last  two  decades,  '  Na 
Potgieter's  Dood.'  One  may  doubt  if  artists 
can  bo  more  readily  reconciled  than  poli- 
ticians. Flemish  poetry,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, is  rather  more  "honey  a  sauce  to 
sugar"  than  "virtue  added  to  beauty"; 
Dutch  poetry  is  much  brisker,  and  advances 
much  more.  The  literary  regeneration  in 
the  north  has  been  followed  by  no  equal 
movement  on  the  part  of  our  southern 
neighbours. 

The  last  twelve  months  have  brought  some 
remarkable  surprises.  In  the  heat  of  the 
battle  some  ten  years  ago  Albert  Verwey 
prophesied  that  the  old  Gids  was  destined 
for  early  death.  To-day  it  is  not  only 
alive,  but  it  has  found  room  for  contribu- 
tions by  the  principal  reformers  of  ten  years 
ago,  Van  Eeden  and  Van  der  Goes,  and  has 
even  published  a  highly  eulogistic  article 
on  the  fiercest  of  all  the  revolutionaries,  L. 
van  Deyssel !  On  the  contrary,  the  Nieuioe 
Gids,  now  edited  by  Willem  Kloos,  has 
made  a  violent  attack  on  its  founder 
Verwey,  and  published  incidentally  poems 
(or  what  purport  to  be  such)  which  would 
be  scarcely  good  enough  for  a  Sunday 
paper. 

A  strange  publication  is  *  Jeanne  Collette,' 
by  Willem  Paap,  also  one  of  the  reformers 
of  1883.  After  a  long  period  of  silence  Mr. 
Paap  has  surprised  the  world  with  a  big 
anti-Semitic  novel  in  two  volumes,  the  first 
of  which  is  tolerably  well  written.  It  paints 
the  utter  depravity  of  the  financial  world. 
But  Mr.  Paap  assigns  to  his  hero — the 
Amsterdam  banker  Uollette — such  a  supe- 
riority of  self-control  and  mental  force  that 
he  does  not  win  sympathy  for  the  weak 
people  who  are  described  as  his  victims. 

Louis  Couperus  has  just  finished  the 
publication  in  the  Gids  of  a  new  novel 
'  Metamorfose.'  It  contains  a  dissection  of 
a  modern  novelist  which  is  autobiographical 
and  interesting  enough  to  attract  a  much 
wider  public  than  the  admirers  of  this 
author,  whose  delicate  writing  is  one  of  the 
features  of  to-day. 

Of  learned  books  the  most  literary  in 
character  is  Dr.  van  Deventer's  '  Hellenic 
Studies,'  in  which  the  Greek  classics  have  been 
summoned  to  life  again  with  such  judgment 
and  ability  that  even  those  who  never  read 
them  in  the  original  have  obtained  a  very 
accurate  conception,  not  only  of  their  literary 
merits,  but  also  of  the  personal  character- 
istics of  their  authors.  An  admirable  work 
on  Dutch  history  is  '  Onze  GoudenEeuw,'by 
Prof.  P.  L.  Muller.  Mr.  Henri  Borel  has 
written  an  interesting  treatise  on  Chinese 
philosophy.  The  Confucian  teachings  have 
often  been  unfavourably  compared  with 
Christendom,  even  by  such  an  eminent 
authority  as  Prof.  Legge.  Mr.  Borel  aims 
at  a  more  impartial  standpoint,  though  his 
admiration  for  the  great  Chinese  philo- 
sopher is  evident  everywhere. 

There  seems  to  be  something  like  a  re- 
vival in  the  theatrical  world.  The  "  Neder- 
landsch  Tooneel "  has  produced  at  least  three 
works  of  importance:  Sophocles's  '  ffidipus 
Pex,'  the  'Taming  of  the  Shrew,'  and 
Ibsen's  '  Gabriel  Borkman.'  Shakspeare's 
work   was  undoubtedly  the  best  rendered  ; 


20 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


the  reading  of  Ibsen  whicli  the  actors  gave 
"was  all  but  melodramatic.  There  is  only- 
one  company,  the  "  Nederlandsche  Tooneel 
Vereeniging,"  who  seem  to  be  equal  to 
a  decent  performance  of  the  great  Nor- 
wegian's works.  On  the  whole,  the  revival 
was  not  lasting  in  its  effects,  and  dramatic 
art  has  only  too  rapidly  fallen  back  into 
the  state  of  lethargy  in  which  it  has  now  so 
long  been  slumbering. 

H.  S.  M.  VA^  WiCKEVOORT  Crommelin. 


HUNGARY. 


The  great  event  of  last  year,  the  national 
millennial  exhibition,  made  its  mark  upon 
every  department  of  our  life,  not  excepting 
literature.     A  large  number  of  books  of  a 
specially  national  character  have  seen  the 
light — at  least  a  hundred — but  few  of  them 
possess  any  permanent  value.   Among  these 
is    pre  -  eminent    Sandor    Szilagyi's    *  Mil- 
lennial   History    of     Hungary,'     the    first 
volumes  of  which  I  was  able  to  mention  in 
my  last  year's  article ;    a  few  more   have 
now  appeared,   and    reach  the    same  high 
standard  one  would  expect  from  the  names 
of   Vaszary,   Marczali,  Fraknoi,   and  other 
authoritative   contributors.     The  work  will 
be   completed    in    ten   volumes.     Not   less 
valuable  are  Zsolt  Beothy's  two  new  books 
on  the  literary  history  of  our  country ;  the 
larger  one  he  edited  with   the  aid  of   our 
best  scholars,  while  the  other  ('  Little  Mirror 
of  Hungarian  Literature')  was  written  by 
him  alone.     Mor  Gelleri,  the  general  secre- 
tary and  chief  organizer  of  the  exhibition, 
•edited  a  highly  interesting  compendium  on 
*  Hungary   in    the    Times   of    its    Millen- 
nium,' the   single  chapters  of  which  were 
contributed  by  well-known  experts  ;  and  a 
similar  though  much  more   comprehensive 
treatise  we  owe  to  Joseph  de  Jekelfalussy, 
the  well-known  director  of  the  State  Office 
of  Statistics,  under  the  title  of  '  Millennial 
Hungary  and   its   Population.'     As   far  as 
artistic  appearance  goes,  the  second  volume 
of  Julius  Laurencic's   splendid  book  '  The 
Millennium  of  Hungary  and  the  National 
Exhibition  '     occupies      the     first     place  ; 
it     contains     charming    pictures     of      the 
finest     things     in     the     country    and     in 
the     exhibition,    supplemented     by    short 
explanatory  notes  in  English,  Hungarian, 
German,    and  French.     As  a  sort  of  con- 
tinuation of  this  publication,  and  with  a  view 
to  perpetuate  the  interest  in    our  country 
excited    abroad    by  the  millennial    exhibi- 
tion, Laurencic  has  been  editing,  since  the 
new  year,  a  splendid  illustrated  fortnightly 
in  three  languages,  entitled  Millennial  Hun- 
gary,   in     conjunction    with     Adolf     Agai 
("  Porzo  "),  known  as  "the  king  of  Hun- 
garian feuilletonisiesP     A  national  work  of 
considerable  imjiortance  is  Zoltan  Ferenczi's 
new   standard    '  Life    of   Petofi '   in    three 
volumes,  published  at    the  expense  of  the 
Kisfaludy     Society,    our     leading    literary 
association.     This  excellent  book  has  been 
highly  praised  even  by  the  foreign  press — 
more  especially  in  England,  Germany,  and 
Italy  (see  Aihen.  No.  3635).    EIek  Benedek, 
our     best    authority    on    fairy    tales,    has 
enriched  our  millennial  and  national  litera- 
ture  by   a   five-volume   collection,    entitled 
'Hungarian    Fairy    Tales     and    Legends,' 
which  will  attract  children  as  well  as  ethno- 
graphers and  folk-lorists. 


In  lelles  -  lettres  the  output  has  been 
somewhat  slacker  than  in  the  last  few  years. 
Jokai  and  Mikszath  have  been  silent ;  but 
Ferencz  Herczeg  has  given  us  two  volumes, 
'  Szabolcs'  Marriage,'  his  first — and  not 
over  successful — attempt  at  a  psychological 
novel ;  and  '  The  First  Swallow,'  a  collection 
of  short  stories  in  his  old  light  and  masterly 
vein.  Robert  Tabori's  '  Cracked  Columns  ' 
is  a  most  characteristic  novel,  presenting 
a  lifelike  picture  of  the  rotten  system  of 
administration  prevalent  in  our  counties, 
which  is  antiquated,  and  will  shortly 
be  the  subject  of  legislation.  Zoltan 
Ambrus,  our  bitterest  sceptic,  has  pub- 
lished a  satirical  novel  of  importance, 
entitled  '  September.'  Tamas  Kobor's 
romance  '  Marianne,'  and  the  same  writer's 
'Demigod,  and  other  Stories,'  have  re- 
ceived universal  and  just  recognition,  for 
both  volumes  contain  many  proofs  of  in- 
timate observation  and  dramatic  talent. 

Istvan  Szomahazy,  too,  one  of  the  best 
among  our  lighter  storytellers,  has  issued 
two  books,  which  show  once  more  his  gaiety 
and  inexhaustible  imagination — *  Summer 
Clouds  '  and  '  Biarritz  &  Co.'  He  writes  ele- 
gantly and  tersely,  and  his  work  is  mature 
as  well  as  gay.  His  versatility  is  amazing ; 
of  the  fifty  stories  in  the  two  volumes  scarcely 
two  have  the  same  background.  Sentimental 
he  is  not,  but  there  is  a  slight  admixture  of 
romanticism  in  the  sarcasm  which  exposes 
certain  imperfections  in  men  and  institutions. 
He  is  always,  too,  witty  and  humorous.  So 
is  Ignaz  Balazs  in  his  delightful  '  In 
the  Dock,'  a  collection  of  sketches  from 
the  law  -  courts.  Our  leading  realist, 
Sandor  Brody,  has  presented  us  with  some 
sketches  in  his  well  -  known  manner,  en- 
titled *  Female  Beauty,'  while  Szaniszlo 
Timar,  a  young  and  able  writer,  has 
printed  '  Vanity  Fair,'  a  collection 
of  novelettes  which  usually  show  a 
philosophizing  turn.  In  Gyula  Pekar  we 
have  a  quaint,  complex,  and  powerful 
novelist ;  his  latest  book,  entitled  '  The  Lady 
with  the  Golden  Gloves,'  is  much  in  advance 
of  his  '  Dodo,'  which  I  noticed  in  these 
columns  a  few  years  ago. 

As  for  poetry,  Sandor  Endrodi's  '  Kurucz 
Songs '  come  first.  None  of  our  poetry 
since  Petcifi's  has  appealed  to  our  patriotism 
with  such  force  and  perfection  as  this 
splendid  production.  A  more  intimate  and 
tender  side  of  human  sentiment  is  touched 
by  Lajos  Posa  in  his  '  Dear  Mother.'  In  these 
exquisite  records  of  family  love  he  proves 
anew  that  he  is  our  best  poet  for  children. 
A  new  writer.  Baron  Sandor  Nikolics  de 
Rudna,  has  made  his  mark  by  an  excellent 
volume  of  lyric  poems,  the  best  of  which — 
all  are  good — is  one  entitled  '  Three  Birds,' 
which  paints  a  touching  picture  of  the 
miseries  of  war.  Another  gifted  new  bard 
is  Ferencz  Martos.  His  '  Iza,  and  other 
Poems,'  remind  us  vividly  of  Heinrich  Heine 
and  Alfred  de  Musset.  Still  he  has  enough 
originality  to  make  the  resemblance  an 
advantage  rather  than  a  drawback.  A  young 
poet,  Emil  Makai,  has  a  reputation  for 
polished  form  and  finish  which  his  recent 
new  volume  of  poems  has  sustained  and 
justified.  He  has  also  brought  out  two 
successful  plays  in  rhyme,  '  Adventure  '  and 
'  New  Adventures.'  The  most  popular 
play  of  the  year,  however,  is,  besides  a 
translation  of  Du  Maurier's  '  Trilby,'  Istvan 


Geczy's  '  The  Wild  Flower  of  Gyimes,'  a 
farce.  Kuroly  Gerci,  who  used  to  M'rite  only 
farces,  has  gone  in  for  comedy,  and  it  must 
be  confessed  that  in  his  comedy  '  Pink 
Letters '  this  fresh  departure  is  a  success. 
A  new  playwright  has  appeared  in  the 
person  of  Bela  Ujvari,  whose  effective 
comedy  'The  Guards,'  the  background  of 
which  is  historical  and  patriotic,  has  re- 
ceived general  and  well  -  merited  praise. 
The  most  poetical  among  the  plays  of  the 
twelvemonth  is  '  Princess  EUinor,'  by  our 
celebrated  Lajos  Doczy,  but  its  dramatic 
value  is  less  obvious.  It  is  full  of  lyric 
beauties,  and  its  hero  is  Edgar,  King  of 
Scots,  a  figure  drawn  with  all  the  skill  of 
this  well-known  writer. 

I  may  conclude  my  survey  with  a  few 
miscellaneous  publications  of  importance. 
Antal  Rado,  our  best  Italian  scholar, 
has  published,  at  the  instance  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences,  a  '  History  of  Italian 
Literature,'  in  two  volumes  of  exceptional 
merit,  which  form  a  fitting  addition  to  a 
literary  career  embracing  several  essays  and 
critical  studies  as  well  as  renderings  of 
Petrarch,  Ariosto,  Leopardi,  Giacosa,  Verga, 
&c.  Tamas  Szana,  who  is  secretary  to  the 
Petofi  Society,  and  one  of  our  best  writers 
on  art,  has  written  in  the  '  Life  of  Miklos 
Izso,'  the  pioneer  of  modern  Hungarian 
sculpture,  a  monograph  of  peculiar  in- 
terest and  value.  Another  of  our  most 
gifted  art  critics,  Joseph  Diner-Denes,  has 
brought  out  '  Past  and  Future,'  a  highly 
attractive  collection  of  "  studies  and  impres- 
sions," as  he  puts  it,  on  literary  and  similar 
topics — men,  movements,  and  currents.  It 
has  created  quite  a  stir.  A  new  venture  of 
importance  to  literary  historians  is  due  to 
the  initiative  of  Prof.  Gustav  Heinrich.  He 
is  editing  an  "Old  Hungarian  Library," 
which  supplies  critical  texts — ably  annotated 
by  expert  scholars,  at  very  low  prices — of 
forgotten  publications  of  importance  or 
interest  in  the  past.  Let  me  conclude  with 
a  first-rate  technical  treatise,  just  published, 
on  the  construction  and  application  of 
telegraphic  apparatus.  The  author  is 
Joseph  Kiss,  Director  of  the  Hungarian 
Telegraphs  and  professor  in  the  State 
Telegraph  School.       Leopold  Katschee. 

ITALY. 

The  year  ending  in  July,  1 897,  will  not  add 
much  to  the  fame  of  Italian  literature.  Most 
of  our  greatest  writers  have  either  produced 
little  or  nothing,  or  published  works  not  of 
a  purely  literary  character.  We  have  not  a 
single  ode  of  Carducci's  or  D'Annunzio's, 
only  one  (that  for  the  wedding  of  the  Prince 
of  Naples)  by  Panzacchi ;  no  new  verses,  to 
my  knowledge  (except  for  a  few  scattered 
poems),  by  Pascoli,  Baccelli,  Pitteri  ;  no 
novel  by  Fogazzaro,  Verga,  D'Annunzio, 
Matilde  Serao,  or  Di  Roberto ;  no  book  by 
Edmondo  de  Amicis.  Yet  a  few  exquisite 
volumes  of  poems  ;  a  few  novels,  noteworthy 
chiefly  for  the  promise  they  contain  and  the 
tendencies  the}'  reveal ;  some  short  stories, 
not  without  value  ;  and  a  work  of  a  more  or 
less  literary  character  by  a  j'oung  socio- 
logist, force  us  to  admit  that  the  year  has 
not  been  entirely  a  lost  one. 

In  poetry  the  influence  of  Carducci  and 
D'Annunzio  —  which  in  past  years  pro- 
duced to  excess  "  barbarous  "  metres  of  too 
great  elasticity,  and  poems  too  frequently 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


21 


archaic  in  diction  and  orthography  —  is 
less  marked  than  formerly.  Nor,  notwith- 
standing the  vogue  of  the  French  and 
Belgian  symbolists,  has  the  lily  of  mystical 
aspiration  hitherto  flourished  among  us. 
Faithful  in  this  respect  to  its  traditions,  the 
lyric  poetry  of  Italy  has  no  affinity  for  the 
occult.  While  the  novel  and,  to  a  certain 
extent,  also  the  stage,  are  fain  to  abstract 
themselves  from  immediate  reality,  turning 
to  disquisitions  on  social  anthropology,  and 
even  to  metaphysical  si^eculations,  the  lyric 
springs  directly  from  life  and  reflects  it. 
But  if  this  gives  it  clearness  and  spon- 
taneity, it  is  also  the  cause  of  its  too  fre- 
quently expressing  more  feelings  than 
ideas. 

Eecently,  however,  it  has  become  less 
sensuous  and  less  subjective.  Some  of  our 
young  poets  are  investigating,  with  com- 
passionate assiduity,  the  miseries  of  society, 
which  they  gather  up  into  small  episodic 
pictures.  But  compassion,  to  become  an 
effective  impulse  in  lyric  movements,  must 
be  tender  even  to  anguish,  or  energetic  even 
to  harshness.  Signer  Mercurino  Sappa,  in 
the  preface  to  his  '  Pie  Eime,'  says  that  he 
"would  be  "not  clerical,  but  religious — not  a 
Socialist,  but  a  humanitarian — not  factious, 
but  a  patriot."  Such  enviable  moderation 
in  feeling  and  judgment  may  lead  to  an 
excellent  novel  or  a  discreet  comedy,  but 
not  to  the  higher  flights  of  lyric  poetry. 
The  lyric  springs,  not  from  correct  senti- 
ments, but  from  a  close  synthesis  of  ideas 
or  from  uncontrollable  emotional  impulses. 
However,  the  '  Pie  Rime '  strike  a  note 
which  is  both  sincere  and  effective,  and  con- 
tain some  harmonious  lines. 

Signer  Fortunate  Vitali  has  published,  in 
twenty-  three  meritorious  sonnets,  the  'Epopea 
del  Eisorgimento,'  the  uprising  of  Italy,  of 
course,  being  meant.  Carducci,  in  his  *  (^a 
ira,'  and  Pascarelli,  in  his  '  Villa  Glori,' 
had  previoiisly  made  use  of  the  sonnet-form 
in  compositions  of  an  epic  character  in 
subject  and  initial  impulse.  But  they 
did  not  bestow  on  these  the  pompous  title 
of  epic,  and,  at  any  rate,  in  these  cases 
a  breath  of  continuous  inspiration  unites 
the  separate  sonnets  (each  one  of  which  is, 
as  it  were,  a  living  individual,  complete  in 
all  its  parts),  and,  in  so  doing,  imparts  an 
epic  breadth  and  fulness  ;  not  to  mention 
that,  in  the  *  (^a  ira '  especially,  each  sonnet 
contains,  in  a  condensed  form,  the  essence 
of  a  whole  canto.  In  this  'Epic  of  the 
Resurgence '  we  have,  indeed,  a  clear  and 
accurate  summary  of  historic  events,  but 
it  leads  rather  to  a  notion  than  to  a  true 
vision ;  and  when  the  poet  succeeds — and 
this  happens  several  times — in  touching  us, 
it  is  by  means  of  apostrophes  and  invoca- 
tions more  lyric  than  epic  in  character. 

Sincerity  of  domestic  affection,  a  sub- 
dued vividness  of  colouring,  and  a  certain 
raciness  of  form  distinguish  two  volumes 
of  verse— '  Nugte,'  by  Attilio  Tambellini, 
and  '  Neir  Ombra,'  by  C.  A.  Fabris.  Beau- 
tiful throughout,  and  original  with  that 
rare  originality  which  only  real  poets  can 
impart  to  hackneyed  subjects,  is  the  little 
volume  '  Ore  Campestri,'  by  Cesare  Ptossi, 
of  Trieste.  It  contains  fifteen  pieces,  of 
three  terzme  each.  The  rhymes  are  so 
interlaced  (a  mode  of  which  legitimate 
examples  are  not  wanting)  that  the  second 
line  of  the  first  terzina  supplies  the  rhyme 


for  the  second  line  of  the  following  one. 
The  stanzas,  therefore,  proceed  by  twos, 
instead  of,  as  in  Dante's  terzine,  by  threes. 
This  arrangement  of  rhymes  adds  much 
grace  to  short  compositions,  and,  as  it  were, 
lightens  them.  The  whole  movement  of 
the  verse — of  the  image  and  the  idea — is 
accompanied  by  a  most  graceful  and  deli- 
cate music.  The  title — quiet,  discreet,  inti- 
mate, accurate,  and  full  of  colour  as  the 
book  itself — sufficiently  indicates  the  sub- 
jects dealt  with.  An  intimate  friend  of 
Pitteri's,  Rossi  could  not  have  paid  him  a 
compliment  more  worthy  of  him  and  of  the 
pleasant  and  smiling  landscapes  of  the 
Isonzo,  which  both  these  poets  are  accus- 
tomed to  celebrate,  than  he  has  done  in  the 
dedication  to  this  book.  I  should  have 
liked  to  quote  a  few  lines,  but  the  difficulty 
of  choice  restrains  me.  Besides,  a  tragic 
sequence  of  events  leads  me  rather  to 
choose  a  quotation  or  two  from  another 
poet — or  rather  poetess — to  which  death 
has  added  a  tragic  interest  apart  from  their 
own  intrinsic  beauty. 

The  readers  of  the  Athenmim  will  no 
doubt  be  familiar  with  the  name  of  the 
beautiful  Countess  Lara,  who  was  recently 
murdered  at  Rome  in  a  house  where  she 
had  taken  up  her  abode  alone,  tired, 
perhaps,  of  an  adventurous  life  which  had 
become  full  of  difficulty,  both  for  herself 
and  for  others.  In  a  posthumous  volume 
of  'Nuovi  Yersi,'  as  musical  and  full  of 
imagery  as  her  former  publications,  and 
like  them  full  of  sensual,  not  to  say  sexual, 
exaltation  and  of  fastidious  elegance,  we 
find  a  few  stanzas  entitled  '  La  Naufraga,' 
which  at  any  time,  and  coming  from  any 
hand,  could  not  fail  to  strike  the  reader, 
but  which,  taken  in  connexion  with  the 
writer's  tragic  end,  seem  to  give  evidence 
of  a  prophetic  clairvoyance.  The  writer 
addresses  herself  to  a  friend,  an  "agile  e 
forte  marinar,"  who,  when  sailing  the  ocean, 
sees  the  following  vision  : — 

Vien  contro  la  tua  cave  una  femiiiea 

Forma  che  dormir  sembra. 

Bianca  sorella  dell'  antica  Ofelia 

Pur  senza  un  fior  suUe  marmoree  membra. 

Quella  morta  son  io  :  morta  in  un  pallido 

Naufragio  lontano. 

But,  she  goes  on,  let  him  not  stop  the  course 
of  his  bark,  nor  try  to  gather  up  the  cold 
corpse  passing  before  him  :  — 

Poiclie  11  mister  1'  avvolge,  solitario 
Ch'  ei  nel  mister  dilegui. 
Tu  guarda  in  alto  e  sull'  ignoto  Oceano 
Cantando,  il  corso  e  i  sogni  tuoi  prosegui. 

This  presentiment  of  a  violent  and  mys- 
terious death,  so  remote  from  any  destiny 
which  could  possibly  have  been  foreseen, 
and  so  speedily  verified,  chills  the  blood. 
The  poetess  indeed  died  "  in  a  pale,  far- 
off  shipwreck."  "When  she  would  divert 
her  friend's  thoughts  from  herself,  and 
entreats  him  to  pursue  his  own  course 
and  his  own  dreams,  she  inspires  us  with 
a  manly  comparison,  and  ennobles  with  a 
flight  of  high  and  true  poetry  her  morbid 
erotic  exaltation. 

Giuseppe  Mantica  is  a  poet  who  knows 
how  to  extract  substantial  ideas  from  the 
occurrences  of  ordinary  life.  When  he 
speaks  of  himself,  he  speaks  for  all  of  us  ; 
and,  in  doing  so,  it  is  not  the  sensations,  so 
easy  to  catch  and  render,  nor  any  senti- 
mental effervescence,  but  the  inner  and 
continuous  working    of    the    soul    and  its 


bitternesses,  which  he  seeks,  in  the  depths  of 
his  being,  by  the  light  of  an  upright  con- 
science. For  this  reason  the  poems  he  has 
collected  under  the  title  of  '  Specchio'  ('The 
Mirror')  reflect  the  feelings  of  a  large  sec- 
tion of  the  human  race,  and  aro  condensed 
and  mature  in  their  youthful  fervour. 

While  writing  these  lines  I  have  just 
received  a  small  volume  of  verse  entitled 
'Madre,'  by  Giovanni  Cena,  a  single  jet  of 
lofty  and  deeply  felt  poetry.  For  some 
years  past  I  have  read  no  verses  of  such 
pure  and  continuous  inspiration.  The  author 
relates  the  sufferings  and  death  of  his 
mother  without  one  excessive  touch,  one 
declamatory,  literary,  or  conventional  move- 
ment. Every  line,  every  word,  expresses 
deep  vibrations  of  the  soul.  Had  I  seen  it 
sooner  I  should  have  placed  it  at  the  head  of 
this  summary.  As  it  is,  I  note  it,  and  hail 
a  new  poet. 

The  novel  is  developing  in  two  different 
directions  under  the  influence  of  two  power- 
ful minds.  D'Annunzio  has  founded  a 
school ;  Fogazzaro  has  inspired  not  dis- 
ciples, but  followers.  In  other  words,  the 
formal  qualities  of  the  first  are,  in  part  at 
least,  of  a  kind  easily  acquired,  while  the 
intense  inward  fervour  of  the  second  attracts 
to  him  none  but  spirits  already  kindled. 
Both  are  idealists  :  Fogazzaro  through  his 
passion  for  the  ideal,  D'Annunzio  through 
the  habit  of  idealization.  Fogazzaro  con- 
templates life  in  its  reality  and  complexity  ; 
there  is  no  person  too  insignificant,  no  action 
too  trifling  for  him  to  regard  it  as  material 
for  art ;  yet  there  breathes  throughout  every 
one  of  his  writings  a  vivid  transcendental- 
ism, indicating  that  he  yearns  and  strives 
after  an  unseen  world — after  some  super- 
sensiial  good.  D'Annunzio  thinks  nothing 
worthy  of  artistic  treatment  but  himself,  and. 
himself  not  in  as  far  as  he  resembles  the 
re3t  of  humanity,  but  in  those  points  wherein 
he  differs  from  them.  By  dint  of  collecting 
and  refining  with  wonderful  mastery  his 
own  sensations,  and  making  of  them,  as  it 
were,  the  pivot  of  the  universe,  he  has 
attained  to  an  idealized  sensuality,  a  wanton- 
ness of  the  intellect,  in  which  he  places  the 
quintessence  of  life  and  the  nobility  of 
human  nature,  as  shown  by  his  recognizing 
in  those  so  endowed  the  right  of  ruling  over 
other  men.  It  was  natural  that  so  con- 
summate an  artificer  in  words,  so  skilled  in 
evoking  the  music  of  language,  should — 
since  his  nature  did  not  incline  to  mj'stic 
raptures  (he  will,  no  doubt,  come  to  these 
in  time,  of  set  purpose,  in  order  to  renew 
his  mental  substance) — turn  to  voluptuous 
raptures.  It  was  also  natural  that,  such 
being  the  themes  of  his  harmonies,  and  con- 
sidering, as  he  did,  the  pursuit  of  beauty  as 
the  highest  exercise  of  human  activity,  he 
should  end  by  erecting  the  necessities  of  his 
art  into  something  like  a  philosophical 
system. 

It  is  easy  to  understand  how  many 
minds,  disturbed  by  vague  artistic  aspi- 
rations, are  led  to  follow  in  his 
footsteps.  But  he  has  also  influenced 
aristocratic  and  capable  spirits.  There  was 
first  the  seduction  of  forms  in  which  they 
thought  they  could  clothe  their  owu 
interior  world.  But  if  mediocre  intellects, 
when  imitating  form,  succeed  only  in 
assimilating  its  mechanical  and  external 
part,  acuter  ones  cannot  fail  to  perceive  the 


22 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3636,  July  3,  '97 


irreducible  liarmonic  necessities  which 
connect  certain  forms  with  certain  kinds 
of  substance.  D'Annunzio  will  take  a 
permanent  place  in  our  literary  history, 
but  his  literary  influence  will  have 
benefited  those  only  who  admire  him  with- 
out wishing  to  take  him  as  a  model.  It  is 
a  good  thing  to  have  noted  in  his  verse  and 
in  his  prose  the  capacity  of  the  Italian 
language  for  renewed  and  genuine  freshness 
and  for  the  most  intimate  actuality,  but 
only  so  far  as  it  encourages  every  one  to 
carry  on  for  himself  the  task  of  linguistic 
purification,  seeking  for  himself  at  first 
hand,  guided  by  his  own  inclinations  and 
his  own  aims. 

Luciano  Zuccoli  has  published  two 
volumes  within  the  year — one  of  short 
stories,  '  La  Morte  di  Orfeo '  (taking  its 
title  from  one  of  the  number,  which  is, 
however,  neither  the  best  nor  the  most 
original),  and  a  novel,  '  Roberta.'  The 
short  stories  show  him  still  vacillating 
between  a  form  of  his  own,  inseparably 
connected  with  the  subjects  which  present 
themselves  to  him,  vivid  and  audacious,  by 
direct  inspiration,  and  the  music  of  D'An- 
nunzio. In  the  novel,  a  later  production, 
he  has  chosen  the  latter  course,  and  because 
he  perceives  its  harmonic  necessities,  he 
accompanies  his  characters  through  a 
"  deadly  flora  of  sensual  imagery,"  and 
applies  his  acute  observation  to  the 
sexual  whims  of  an  hysterical  girl.  One 
naust  recognize,  however,  that,  while  em- 
ploying D' Annunzio's  method  with  a  certain 
easy  mastery,  he  here  and  there,  when,  if 
we  may  say  so,  off  his  guard,  allows  us  to 
perceive  a  pictorial  quahty  and  an  analytic 
power  which  are  all  his  own.  It  is,  therefore, 
all  the  more  to  be  deplored  that  a  genuine 
artist  should  enter  on  a  road  not  discovered 
by  him  and  not  all  his  own. 

Enrico  Butti,  in  his  latest  novel  'L'ln- 
cantesimo,'  also  shows  the  influence  of 
D'Annunzio.  But  he  is  a  reluctant  and 
almost  unconscious  D'Annunzian,  and 
certainly  his  efforts  are  not  so  much  to 
approach  the  master  as  to  keep  at  a  dis- 
tance from  him.  His  hero,  the  scion  of  an 
"imperious  race,"  like  the  Cantelmo  of  the 
'Vergini  delle  Eocce,'  assumes,  like  his 
prototype,  the  attitudes  of  an  Uelermensch 
but,  unlike  him,  does  not  imagine  his  task 
to  consist  in  the  production  of  Uehermen- 
sclien.  On  the  contrary,  considering  procrea- 
tion as  "an  inferior  organic  fact,"  he  is  a 
misogynist,  as  he  himself  (with  a  want  of  tact 
scarcely  savouring  of  aristocratic  manners) 
confesses  to  the  girl  who  is  about  to  make 
him  her  prey.  How  this  author,  so  thorough 
a  student  of  sociology,  can  fail  to  perceive 
that,  if  the  continuation  of  the  species  is 
entrusted  to  inferior  beings,  individuals 
worthy,  in  his  opinion,  of  dominating  it, 
would  tend  to  disappear  from  the  world,  I 
do  not  understand.  It  would  be  comprehen- 
sible on  the  part  of  a  plebeian  convinced 
that  he  himself  is  the  sole  agent  of  his  own 
elevation — not  in  an  aristocrat  who  believes 
that  he  ought  to  rule  in  right  of  the  blood 
inherited  by  him  from  a  ruling  race. 

But  I  cannot  stop  to  discuss  the  pre- 
sumptuous and  somewhat  puerile  position 
taken  up  by  the  young  Count  Imberigo. 
His  misogyny  has,  fortunately,  no  organic 
reasons  sufficiently  sound  to  resist  even  the 
first  attacks  made  on  it  by  a  beautiful  girl, 


and  it  matters  little  that  the  novel  should 
start  from  absurd  premises  provided  that 
in  its  development  it  is  living  and  in- 
teresting. This,  in  fact,  is  the  case  in 
spite  of  the  book's  excessive  length.  Certain 
vacillations  of  the  soul,  certain  moral  weari- 
nesses, certain  confused  aspirations  towards 
the  close  of  life,  certain  sudden  passionate 
impulses — the  triumphant  notes  of  the  much- 
abused  generative  instinct — all  this  is  made 
apparent  by  a  firm  touch,  a  diffuse  but  care- 
ful analj'sis,  and  sometimes  comes  to  blossom 
in  pages  of  rare  beauty.  But  the  book  once 
read,  its  manifestly  D'Annunzian  origin 
intervenes  to  check  the  applause  one  would 
otherwise  award  to  the  author.  In  art  one 
is  not  permitted  to  have  a  father ;  at  most  we 
can  deduce  our  noble  descent  from  remote 
ancestors.  "With  regard  to  form,  Butti  only 
imitates  D'Annunzio  to  a  slight  degree  ;  but 
just  that  slight  degree  causes  a  jarring  un- 
certainty of  language  and  style.  Elabora- 
tion of  form  requires  continuously  careful 
selection.  An  archaic  word  side  by  side 
with  an  expression  derived  from  the  modern 
journalistic  jargon  offends  us.  D'Annunzio 
would  never  have  written  "  II  vespero  era 
perfettamente  sereno,"  because  the  vulgarity 
of  the  abverbial  expression  is  multiplied  a 
hundredfold  by  juxtaposition  with  the  choice 
word  vespero.  Butti  has  a  singular  predilec- 
tion for  such  adverbs.  In  a  single  page  I 
have  counted  eight :  certamente,  realmente, 
ahilmente,  ermeiica»ie)ite,  assolutamente,  imme- 
diatamente,  involontariamente ,  esteticamente  ! 
There  is  little  harm  in  this  if  the  idea  is 
clear  and  precise ;  but,  if  so,  why  write 
"vespero"  instead  of  sera.,  "  f  rale "  for 
fragile,  "fiata"  for  volta?  It  is  a  mere 
question  of  intonation.  It  is  onlj'  right  to 
point  out,  however,  that  such  discords  become 
rarer  as  the  action  of  the  story  developes  and 
quickens.  One  can  understand  that  the 
author,  overwhelmed  by  his  subject,  gra- 
dually forgets  his  formal  preconceptions,  and 
the  idea,  as  it  becomes  more  imperious 
and  exclusive,  necessitates  a  sincerer  style, 
and  therefore  one  more  harmonious  through 
its  own  inner  music. 

I  said  that  Fogazzaro  has  no  disciples, 
but  followers.  The  works  inspired  by  his, 
in  fact,  do  not  resemble  them  either  in  sub- 
ject, treatment,  style,  or  language.  One 
only  feels  that  they  are  animated  by  the 
same  transcendental  spirit,  which  has  im- 
bibed, not  his  manner,  but  his  self-reliance 
and  fearlessness. 

*  La  Signorina  X.  di  X.'  is  the  title  of  an 
anonymous  novel  which  has  been  much 
talked  of,  and  many  efforts  have  been  made 
to  penetrate  the  secret  of  the  authorship. 
The  book  consists  of  a  series  of  letters 
exchanged  between  a  young  Piedmontese 
diplomatist  and  the  Signorina  X.  di  X. 
Some  assert,  and  apparently  not  without 
foundation,  that  the  author  is  a  woman ; 
others  insist  that  the  correspondence  is  a 
real  one  between  two  collaborators  ;  others, 
again,  suppose  that  a  scholarly  priest  has 
lent  his  assistance.  However,  since  the 
author  or  authors  have  relinquished  that 
exterior  gratification  of  their  self  -  love 
which  yet  they  must  have  known  themselves 
to  deserve,  it  would  be  indelicate  to  do 
violence  to  their  modesty  by  pressing  our 
inquiries. 

The  plot  is  this  :  A  young  man  travelling 
alone  by  rail  from  Milan  to  Turin  finds  on 


his  arrival,  among  his  luggage,  an  elegant 
travelling  bag  not  belonging  to  him.  On 
opening  it,  in  order  if  possible  to  discover 
the  owner,  he  finds  a  few  flowers,  an  em- 
broidered handkerchief,  and  a  volume  of 
poems,  in  which  some  passages  are  marked 
in  pencil.  They  are  the  same  passages 
which,  on  a  previous  perusal  of  the  same 
book,  he  had  himself  marked  as  special 
favourites.  As  there  is  no  name  or  other 
indication  of  ownership,  he  sends  the  bag 
to  the  station-master  at  Milan,  to  be  restored 
to  any  one  inquiring  for  it,  but  not  before 
he  has  enclosed  in  it  a  discreet  and  courteous 
letter,  acknowledging  to  the  unknown  pro- 
prietor that  he  has  opened  the  bag  and 
turned  over  the  book,  and  requesting  her  to 
inform  him,  in  a  few  lines  addressed  to 
Signer  Y.  di  Y.,  Poste  Eestante,  Turin, 
whether  she  has  received  it  and  granted 
him  her  pardon  for  his  indiscretion. 

Thus  the  penultimate  and  antepenulti 
mate  letters  of  the  Italian  alphabet  begin 
a  correspondence  which  soon  assumes  the 
unexpected  character  of  an  exegetical  con- 
troversy. Y.  professes  himself  from  the 
beginning  somewhat  heterodox ;  X.  under- 
takes his  conversion ;  but  instead  of  having 
recourse  to  the  vague  mysticism  in  fashion 
at  the  present  day,  she  proceeds,  with  well- 
equipped  energy,  to  the  refutation  of  his 
heresies.  We  might  almost  say  that  the 
dramatis  personcs  of  the  novel  are,  on  one 
side,  Penan,  Biichner,  Moleschott,  Vogt, 
Strauss,  and  Kant  himself ;  on  the  other, 
the  Fathers,  the  Apostles,  and  the  Messianic 
prophets.  The  two  correspondents  remain 
throughout  the  novel  unknown  to  one  an- 
other ;  only  at  the  end  we  are  allowed  to 
guess  that  they  will  meet,  and  that  the 
already  minimized  religious  differences 
will  be  adjusted  in  a  perfect  and  well- 
deserved  union. 

I  am  not  qualified  to  pronounce  on  the 
merits  of  either  side.  It  appears  to  me 
that  X.  argues  better  and  with  more  re- 
strained force ;  but  I  see  valid  reasons  for 
suspecting  that  Y.  very  soon  comes  to  take 
pleasure  in  being  defeated,  a  suspicion 
which  does  more  honour  to  his  taste  than 
wrong  to  his  logic.  I  think  that,  in  Signer 
Y.'s  place,  many  an  infidel  far  more  pug- 
nacious than  he  would  end  by  unblushingly 
yielding,  while  persuading  himself  that  he 
was  convinced  by  force  of  argument.  This 
is  the  best  praise  which  I  can  give  to  the 
young  controversialist's  reasonings,  since, 
in  such  a  delicate  matter,  a  frivolous  and 
superficial  argument  would  seem,  even  to 
the  most  dogged  materialist,  a  presumptuous 
and  revolting  piece  of  profanity.  But  Sig- 
norina X.  di  X.  cannot  claim  for  her  printed 
letters  the  same  power  over  her  thousands 
of  readers  as  that  exercised  by  the  manu- 
script epistles  over  the  individual  to  whom 
they  were  addressed.  In  any  case,  the  novel, 
so  different  from  any  other,  must  awaken 
a  deep  and  thoughtful  interest.  The  in- 
cidents are  natural  and  graceful,  the  style 
and  language  clear  and  effective,  without 
effort ;  the  great  learning  displayed  in  the 
work  does  not  rest  on  it  like  a  dead  weight, 
but  is  enlivened,  as  it  were,  by  the  author's 
pugnacity.  It  is  a  book  uniting  two 
qualities  rarely  found  together  —  sincerity 
and  ability,  the  bond  which  connects 
them  being  an  exquisite  and  high-bred 
grace. 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


23 


Worthy  of  note  and  of  praise,  though  I 
am  unable   to  devote  any  space   to   them, 
are  two  novels — '  La  Prova,'  by  Regina  di 
Luanto,  and  '  L'  Amuleto,'    by  the   distin- 
guished  and   thoughtful  writer  who   signs 
herself  "  Neera."     Eenato   Fucini's   scenes 
of  Tuscan  peasant  life  '  All'  Ai'ia  Aperta ' 
are  exceedingly  fine,  and  Giacomo   Moran- 
dotti's  short  story  '  La  Veglia  '  vigorous  and 
racy.     But  the  most  interesting  book  of  the 
year  is  '  L'  Europa  Giovane,'  by  Guglielmo 
Ferrero,  a  Socialistic  sociologist  and  disciple 
of  Lombroso,    an    eloquent   orator   full   of 
matter,  a  prolific   and   imaginative   writer, 
an  acute  and  original  observer,  exceedingly 
daring  in  his  generalizations.     In  his  book 
'  Young  Europe  '  he  collects  the  impressions 
and   observations   gathered   on    a    journey 
through  Europe,  and  especially  during  his 
stay    at     Berlin,    London,    and     Moscow. 
Though  not  fond  of    diflfuse  word  -  paint- 
ing,  which,  on  the  contrary,  he  avoids  as 
far  as  possible,   his  delineation  of  things, 
actions,    and    people  is   clear  and   definite. 
Ferrero  possesses  in  an  eminent  degree  the 
artistic  faculty  of  seizing  on  salient  points, 
of  marshalling  them  in  brief  and  effective 
sentences,  and  of  embodying  them  in  vivid 
images.     In  his  prose  there  is  not  a  trace  of 
artifice.      He  sees  with  sure  eye,   discerns 
■with  acute  mind,  explains  with  rapid  sim- 
plicity.    And  these  qualities  as  a  writer  are 
even  surpassed  by  his  qualities  as  a   dis- 
coverer of  ideas  ("ideatore  ").      This  title 
fits  him  better  than  that  of  a  thinker,  for  he 
is  better  at  discovering  ideas  than  at  sub- 
jecting them  to  himself  by  rigorous  criticism. 
But  Ferrero   is   twenty-seven ;    and  at   his 
age  ideas,  especially  when  they  spring  up 
so  thickly  as  they  do  in  his  mind,  are  ajit  to 
shine   with    dazzling    splendour.      On   the 
other  hand,  while  this  marvellous  fertility  of 
ideas  is  all  his  own,  the  want  of  sufficient 
examination  is  rather  a  defect  belonging  to 
the  very  modern  science  to  which  he  has 
dedicated  himself,  and  which,  while  claiming 
to  be  an  experimental  science,  does  not  ex- 
periment on  positive  facts,  but  on  the  in- 
terpretation of  facts,  and  that  not  of  facts 
contemporaneous  with   the    experiment,    or 
following  it,  or  arising  from  it,  but  anterior 
and  remote,  and  collected  and  certified  by 
very  doubtful  testimony.     No  science  is  so 
ready   as   sociology   to   proclaim   laws  and 
general  principles ;   none  contents  itself  so 
easily   with    imperfect    and    unsatisfactory 
proofs. 

Thus  Ferrero  has  discovered  (as  we  find 
from  the  very  first  pages  of  his  book)  an 
historical  law,  which  he  calls  the  "Law  of 
Singularity,"  and  states  in  the  following 
terms : — 

"Nearly  all  great  men  have  had  a  singular 
intellectual  and  moral  character  ;  that  is  to  say, 
one  opposed  to  the  character  of  the  people 
governed  by  them  ;  and  it  is  precisely  to  this 
difference  of  character  that  they  have  owed 
their  success." 

In  proof  of  this  law,  he  cites  the  examples 
of  Mazarin  and  Napoleon  ruling  France, 
though  French  neither  by  origin  nor,  in 
his  opinion,  by  character.  He  takes  no 
notice  _  of  the  fact  that  his  portrait  of 
Mazarin  would  serve  ec[ually  well  for 
Eichelieu,  who,  being  a  Frenchman,  was  as 
much  a  ruler  of  France  as  the  Italian 
cardinal,  and  more.  He  also  fails  to  reflect 
■that   Louis   XI.,    Frangois   I,,    Henri   IV., 


Louis  XIV.,  and,  in  our  own  day,  Guizot, 
Thiers,  Gambetta,  Ferry,  Constans,  were 
rulers  of  France  because  they  were  French- 
men and  of  specifically  French  character. 
So  also,  in  his  opinion,  Bismarck  owes  his 
extraordinary  power  to  the  fact  that  he 
comes  of  a  Pomeranian  family  with  a  large 
admixture  of  Slav  blood ;  but  he  neither 
supplies  the  proofs  of  that  mixture,  nor  per- 
ceives how  Bismarck  expresses  and  sums  up, 
in  outward  physical  aspect  as  well  as  in  the 
subtlest  intellectual  and  spiritual  qualities, 
the  essence  of  the  German  character.  He 
also  explains  the  predominant  influence  of 
Cavour  on  Piedmont  by  asserting  that  that 
statesman,  sprung  from  an  entirely  mili- 
tary aristocracy,  abhorred  war,  and  was 
therefore  utterly  dissimilar  from  the  people 
over  whom  he  exercised  so  legitimate  a 
dominion.  He  forgets  that  the  Piedmontese 
aristocracy  boast  diplomatic  traditions  far 
more  glorious  than  any  warlike  ones,  and 
that  the  history  of  the  monarchy  of  Savoy 
is  as  much  a  history  of  foresight  and 
resource  as  of  battles. 

In  another  part  of  his  book,  in  order  to 
support  his  antithesis  between  Latin  sensual- 
ism and  German  idealism,  Ferrero  affirms 
that  in  the  Latin  languages  the  verb  "to 
love  "  is  applied  to  all  objects  productive 
of  pleasure,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  in 
Italian,  as  well  as  in  French,  we  say  "  io 
amo  mia  moglie,"  and  also  "  io  amo  i 
maccheroni."  Now,  as  regards  Italian,  the 
truth  is  that  this  expression  is  sometimes 
incorrectly  used ;  but  it  ought  not  to 
be.  Tommaseo,  in  his  '  Vocabolario  dei 
Sinonimi,'  observes  that  the  people  hardly 
ever  use  the  word  "  amare  "  except  in  rela- 
tion to  the  Deity,  and  that  love  added  to 
liking  ("non  solum  diligere  verum  etiam 
amare")  is  expressed  by  "  voler  bene." 
The  people,  and  all  who  care  about  lin- 
guistic correctness,  say  "  mi  piacciono  i 
maccheroni."  Nay,  there  is  current  in 
every  one's  mouth  a  joke  against  the  French, 
because  they  say,  "J'aime  les  epinards," 
as  well  as  "  J'aime  ma  femme." 

All  this,  however,  detracts  little  from  the 
interest  of  the  book,  and  scarcely  at  all  from 
the  merit  of  the  writer.  Ferrero  is  an  in- 
comparable starter  of  ideas.  What  does  it 
matter  if  his  prolific  harvest  includes  some 
erroneous  and  some  confused  ones  ?  It  is 
our  part  to  do  the  sifting.  It  is  good  to 
attest  a  truth,  and  equally  good  to  stimulate 
men's  minds  to  the  search  after  truth. 

The  study  of  history,  which  has  sus- 
tained a  heavy  loss  in  the  person  of 
Prof.  Giuseppe  da  Leva,  the  distinguished 
author  of  a  '  History  of  Charles  V.  in 
Italy,'  seems  to  be  awakening,  and  to  be 
abandoning  the  field  of  over-minute  in- 
quiries for  that  of  comprehensive  syntheses 
or  brilliant  monographs  on  some  particular 
point  of  history.  I  note,  among  good  his- 
torical books  recently  published,  the  first' 
volume  of  Prof.  Italo  Eaulich's  '  History 
of  Charles  Emmanuel,  First  Duke  of  Savoy,' 
Prof.  Michelangelo  Schipa's  '  History  of  the 
Duchy  of  Naples,'  and  Prof.  Del  Lungo's 
studies  on  Politian,  collected  in  one  volume 
under  the  title  of  '  Florentia.'  Very  note- 
worthy are  also  some  new  editions  of  ancient 
texts,  among  which  I  may  mention  the  '  De 
Bello  Gotico '  of  Procopius,  edited  by  Prof. 
Comparetti,  and  the  '  Epistolario '  of  Coluccio 
Salutato,    edited    by  Prof.   Novati.      That 


magnificent  publication  the  facsimile  edition 
of  Leonardo  da  Vinci's  Codex  Atlanticus, 
undertaken  by  the  Accademia  dei  Lincei, 
still  continues  to  appear,  thanks  to  the  un- 
wearied zeal  of  the  firm  of  Hoepli  (Milan). 
It  is  a  monument  of  inestimable  value  for 
the  history  of  science  and  art.  For  more 
recent  times,  the  correspondence  of  the 
statesman  Bettino  Eicasoli  and  that  of  the 
historian  Michele  Amari  are  of  importance, 
as  presenting  two  noble  and  patriotic  men. 

Studies  in  history  and  literary  criticism 
have  appeared  in  such  abundance  and  of 
such  importance  as  to  require  by  them- 
selves a  notice  of  far  greater  length  than 
the  whole  of  this  article.  Even  a  bare 
enumeration  of  the  most  important  would 
make  a  long  catalogue,  and  no  selection  can 
be  made  among  them  without  risk  of  in- 
justice. I  would,  therefore,  simply  note 
how  vigorously  these  studies  are  flourishing 
at  the  present  time,  and  congratulate  their 
authors  on  directing  their  energies — with 
less  minuteness  of  unnecessary  detail — to 
worthier  subjects  than  has  been  the  case  in 
past  years.  I  cannot,  however,  pass  over 
in  silence  a  work  which  has  delighted  all 
who  honour  the  greatest  poet  of  our  cen- 
tury— Giacomo  Leopardi,  whose  life  by 
Ranieri  (who  was  his  friend,  and  through 
that  friendship  obtained  fame,  not  to  say 
glory)  all  but  discredited  him  as  a  man, 
even  with  his  greatest  admirers.  So  long 
ago  as  1882,  Piergili  had  already,  with 
studious  moderation,  proved  some  of 
Eanieri's  revelations  to  be  calumnies ;  but 
the  latter  retained  their  hold  on  the  minds 
of  the  majority,  and  a  certain  shadow 
still  rested  on  the  poet's  name.  Now  Dr. 
Franco  Ridella  has  published  a  large  volume 
— the  result  of  minute  and  accurate  research, 
and  armed  with  indubitable  proofs — entitled 
*  Una  Sventura  postuma  di  Giacomo  Leo- 
pardi,' which  completely  clears  the  poet's 
memory,  while  branding  with  the  blackest 
ingratitude  that  of  his  unworthy  friend. 

The  most  notable  fact  in  the  region 
of  Italian  philosophy  is  the  movement 
which  has  culminated  in  the  production 
at  Milan  of  two  large  volumes  entitled 
'  Per  Antonio  Eosmini,  nel  Primo  Cen- 
tenario  dalla  sua  Nascita.'  In  order  to 
celebrate  this  centenary  in  the  worthiest 
manner,  Eosmini's  Italian  followers  have 
united  to  elucidate  his  teaching  in  all  its 
varied  aspects,  and  have  called  upon  the 
sharers  of  their  faith  in  other  countries  to 
take  part  in  a  work  to  which  they  wished 
to  give  the  character  not  so  much  of  an 
empty  tribute  as  of  an  energetic  propa- 
ganda. The  work — of  necessity  unequal 
in  value,  too  voluminous  ever  to  be  popular, 
defective  in  construction  on  account  of  the 
excessive  number  of  contributors,  and  per- 
haps also  through  the  undue  degree  of 
liberty  allowed  them — has  yet,  no  doubt,  at 
least  in  part,  attained  its  noble  aim,  and  con- 
stitutes the  solemn  affirmation  of  a  philo- 
sophico-religious  school,  living,  active,  and 
confident  in  its  own  future,  notwithstanding 
the  hostility  of  the  dominant  party  in  the 
Catholic  Church  and  the  indifference  of  the 
general  public.  Antonio  Fogazzaro  has 
prefixed  to  the  first  volume  a  masterly 
study,  in  which  Eosmini's  character  as  a 
man  is  treated  of,  and  his  doctrine  sum- 
marized. The  most  courageous  and  mili- 
tant  Eosminians  —  among  whom   are   eon- 


24 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3636,  July  3,  '97 


spicuous  Morando,  Allievo,  Billia,  Zoppi, 
Moglia,  and  Zanchi — liave  contributed  to 
the  work.  The  fundamental  principle  of 
Eosmini's  philoso2)hy,  the  idea  of  Being 
considered  as  the  divine  origin  of  human 
intelligence,  is  here  developed  in  several 
different  -ways.  A  peculiar  value  is  added 
to  the  work  by  some  unpublished  dialogues 
of  Bonghi,  which  have  now  for  the  first  time 
seen  the  light,  and  in  which  Eosmini,  Man- 
zoni,  the  Marchese  Gustavo  di  Cavour,  and 
Bonghi  himself  debate  with  rare  acuteness 
and  forceful  clearness  and  vivacity  of  ex- 
pression varioiis  questions  of  the  highest 
philosophy.  These  dialogues  are  furnished 
with  an  excellent  introduction  and  copious 
elucidatory  notes  by  Prof.  Morando. 

Almost  simultaneously  with  this  publica- 
tion has  appeared  a  volume  of  '  Meditazioni 
Vagabonde,'  by  Gaetano  Negri.  The  book 
is  composed  of  essays  on  various  subjects, 
but  all  closely  connected  with  each  other 
and  with  the  philosophico-religious  problem. 
Negri,  without  doubt  the  foremost  of  our 
essayists,  has  produced  a  treatise  truly  admir- 
able for  effectiveness,  colour,  and  clearness 
of  style,  for  the  justice  of  its  conclusions,  its 
well  -  bred  moderation  of  expression,  and 
its  lofty  tone  of  feeling.  He  professes  a 
species  of  Kantian  criticism  without  the 
contradiction  in  which  Kant  involved  him- 
self through  his  Categorical  Imperative. 
Negri  treats  metaphysics  pretty  much  as 
Eenan  treated  the  character  of  Christ.  He 
honours  the  great  metaphysicians,  but  wishes 
to  destroy  the  foundation  on  which  they 
have  built.  Not  content  with  demolishing 
the  demonstrations  of  the  Absolute,  he  tends 
to  the  bitter  and  despairing  conclusion  that 
the  Absolute  does  not  exist.  TheRosminians, 
with  whom  he  has  had  some  controversies, 
and  whom  he  always  treats  with  the  most 
courteous  consideration,  will  not,  we  may  be 
certain,  leave  the  '  Meditazioni  Yagabonde  ' 
unanswered.  Giuseppe  Giacosa. 


NOEWAY. 


Two  books  pre  -  eminently  have  made 
their  mark  in  Norwegian  literature  during 
the  past  twelvemonth,  and  have  already 
been  translated  into  nearly  every  European 
language.  Fridtjof  Nansen  has  at  one 
bound  secured  his  position  side  by  side 
with  Henrik  Ibsen  as  one  of  Norway's 
best-known  authors.  The  account  of  his 
Polar  expedition  is  possessed  of  con- 
siderable literary  merit.  In  animated,  pic- 
turesque language  and  pure  Norse,  the 
intrepid  explorer  tells  the  tale  of  his  ad- 
ventures among  the  Polar  ice,  only  rarely 
lapsing  into  the  conventional  diary  style, 
though  often,  if  not  too  often,  yielding  to 
the  temi^tation  of  quoting  scraps  of  ballads 
and  old  songs.  Ibsen's  last  drama,  as  far 
as  the  subject-matter  goes,  is  already  well 
known  to  the  reading  public.  It  is  emi- 
nently playable,  although  the  principal 
interest — as  usual  with  its  psychological 
author — moves  on  purely  idealist  lines.  It 
would  occuj)y  too  much  space  to  enter 
here  on  particulars  of  its  wealth  of  sugges- 
tions and  ideas  ;  it  may  even  be  unnecessary, 
considering  the  ample  notice  this  work,  like 
others  preceding  it,  has  received  in  England 
as  elsewhere. 

Bjurnsonhas  not  published  anything  new 
during  the  past  year.     Jonas  Lie,  however, 


as  usual,  put  in  an  appearance  last 
Christmas  with  one  of  his  much  appreciated 
novels.  This  last,  named  *  Dyre  Eein,' 
occupies  itself  with  a  love  affair  between  a 
healthy,  well-bred  girl  and  a  morbid  young 
man  with  Byronic  moods  and  tendencies. 
This  wretched  pessimist  succumbs  at  last 
to  the  dread  of,  perhaps,  causing  lifelong 
misery  to  a  pure,  trusting  girl  by  linking 
his  fate  to  hers,  and  resolves  to  save  her 
from  such  a  contingency  by  drowning  him- 
self on  the  eve  of  his  wedding  day.  The 
theme  is  well  worked  out,  and  the  various 
characters  enact  their  parts  admirably  and 
naturally. 

Arne  Garborg  publishes  'Laeraren,'  a 
tragedy,  sad  and  pathetic,  treating  of  the 
old,  though  ever-recurring  conflict  between 
an  idealist  and  his  prosaic  fellow  citizens. 
The  teacher  is  a  distinctly  religious  per- 
sonality, conscientiously  driven  to  dissent 
from  mere  orthodox  Christianity,  and  bent 
on  following  out  the  supreme  edict  of  selling 
all  he  has  and  giving  it  to  the  poor,  in  order 
to  be  active  in  well-doing  and  have  personal 
intercourse  with  those  whom  he  is  anxious 
to  benefit.  In  these  aims  he  is  violently 
opposed  by  his  friends  ;  they  quarrel  with 
him,  his  wife  goes  to  ruin,  and  finally  his 
convictions  land  him  in  gaol  as  an  enemy 
to  the  community  at  large.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  this  masterly  composition  is 
written  in  dialect,  and  consequently  de- 
barred from  appearing  on  the  stage,  where 
its  vivid  realism  could  not  fail  to  command 
success.  Mention  must  also  be  made  of 
several  younger  Norwegian  writers  who  are 
beginning  to  make  their  mark.  Chief  among 
them  is  Sigbjorn  Obstf elder,  whose  name 
may  be  remembered  as  having  before  now 
occurred  in  this  publication.  His  peculiar 
elegance  of  diction  and  absolutely  original 
delineation  of  character  single  him  out  from 
among  his  compeers.  He  had  long  to 
battle  with  the  disinclination  a  general 
public  always  evinces  for  originality  of 
any  kind,  especially  in  authors.  This  year, 
however,  he  has  scored  a  distinct  and  uni- 
versal success  with  his  lyrical  love  story 
'Korset'  ('The  Cross'),  of  which  three 
editions  were  exhausted  in  uninterrupted 
succession.  The  same  good  fortune  attended 
Miss  Alvilde  Prydz  in  her  production  of 
'  Gunvor  Thorsdatter  til  Hpero,'  a  novel 
sketched  on  distinctly  grand  lines,  though 
slightly  marred  in  execution  by  a  want  of 
simplicity  in  presenting  the  charmingly 
conceived  character  of  a  splendid  self- 
reliant  woman.  Thomas  P.  Krag  was 
equally  successful  with  his  novel  of  'Ada 
Wilde,'  which  was  at  once  warmly  wel- 
comed by  the  public,  though  it  is  distinctly 
less  powerful  than  its  immediate  predecessor, 
'  Kobberslangen.'  Also  decidedly  remark- 
able was  Hans  E.  Kinck's  'Sus,'  an 
energetic,  clever  analysis  of  the  develop- 
ment of  a  nature  entertaining  equally 
strong  inclinations  towards  the  allure- 
ments of  hypercivilization  and  those  of  the 
lonely  woods  around  his  home.  Perhaps  it 
was  not  easy  to  handle  such  a  subject,  for 
one  distinctly  feels  the  want  of  the  light- 
ness of  touch  requisite  for  absolute  success. 
Most  to  be  praised  is  its  wealth  of  virile 
lyric,  with  its  opposite  leanings  towards 
gentleness  and  defiance.  Minda  Eamm, 
Kinck's  wife,  surprised  the  reading  public 
with  an  interesting  novel  called  '  Lommen ' 


f'The  Loon'),  which  met  with  strong  con- 
demnation from  ardent  members  of  the 
Women's  Emancipation  League. 

Per  Sivle  and  Nils  CoUett  Yogt,  both  well- 
known  poets,  have  each  of  them  delighted 
their  numerous  admirers  with  a  new  volume 
of  poems.  Mrs.  Anna  Munch' s  psychological 
novel  '  Two  Human  Natures  ^  aroused  much 
interest.  Its  hero  has  the  same  prototj'pe 
as  George  Egerton's  '  Key-notes.'  Another 
very  clever  psychological  sketch  of  an  un- 
decided girlish  character  is  given  by  Miss 
Dikken  Zwilgmeyer  in  her  story  entitled 
'  Ungt  Sind '  ('  l^oung  Minds  ').  Two  other 
psychological  writers  are  .Jens  Tvedt,  whose- 
principal  characters  in  his  '  Straumgir '  are 
drawn  from  the  western  peasantry,  and 
Sven  Nilssen,  who  gives  character  sketches 
from  the  suburbs  in  his  *  Proletar.'  A 
fine  novel  also  is  '  Solvending,'  by  Vetle 
Yislie.  Albert  Brock-Utne  shows  distinct 
powers  in  his  small  novelette  '  Yinter.' 
The  same  may  be  said  of  Bernt  Lie,  Yil- 
helm  Krag,  Mons  Lie,  Peter  Egge,  and 
Otto  Sinding,  though  none  of  them  can 
be  called  specially  successful  in  his  most 
recent  publications.  On  the  other  hand,  this- 
summer  a  distinct  success  attended  the  pub- 
lication of  a  grand  historical  novel,  entitled 
'  I  Kancelliraaden's  Dage,'  by  the  new  author 
Tryggve  Andersen.  The  historical  novels 
which  Constantius  Flood,  Charlotte  Keren, 
and  Marie  have  added  to  their  other  popular 
works  are  by  no  means  of  equal  literary 
merit. 

'  Sanct  Olaf,'  by  Johan  Bojer,  is  a  happy 
attempt  at  reviving  the  historical  drama, 
and  as  successful  as  his  first  literary  pro- 
duction '  I  Folketog '  last  winter,  in  which, 
were  shown  the  very  doubtful  advantages 
accruing  to  the  peasantry  from  political 
agitations.  While  leaving  unnoticed  many 
other  literary  efforts,  I  must  mention 
Kristian  Gloersen's  and  Hagbart  Werge- 
land's  rural  sketches,  as  well  as  Capt.  H. 
Angell's  patriotic  descriptions  of  '  De  sorta 
Fjeldes  siinner '  from  Montenegro.  And 
with  the  last  named  we  are  already  on 
ground  which  may  no  longer  be  termed 
fiction. 

After  this  it  is  but  a  short  step  to  purely 
scientific  works,  if  on  the  way  I  devote  a 
few  lines  to  the  histories  of  literature.  In 
his  '  Tider  og  Idealer '  Dr.  Just  Bing  traces 
for  us  the  growth  of  ideals  in  French  art  and 
literature  during  the  century  that  stretches 
from  Watteau  and  Marivaux  to  Millet  and 
Balzac.  As  Bing  did  formerly,  so  now 
Yilhelm  Sommerfelt  treats  of  Novalis,  prin- 
cipally from  a  religious  point  of  view.  On 
the  other  hand,  Erik  Lie  has  successfully 
fulfilled  the  difiicult  task  of  producing  a 
survey  (outline  sketch)  of  the  principal 
epochs  of  the  world's  literature  down  to 
Yoltaire  and  Goethe.  Our  greatest  national 
poet,  Henrik  Wergeland,  deceased  some 
fifty  years  ago,  has  found  a  distinguished 
champion  in  Carl  N?erup,  who  has  made 
himself  responsible  for  a  complete  new  edi- 
tion of  his  voluminous  works,  and  reintro- 
duces them  with  a  delightful  preface  from 
his  own  pen.  The  principal  Norwegian 
classics  of  the  Middle  Ages,  Snorre  Stur- 
lasson's  sagas,  have  been  once  again  trans- 
lated by  Prof.  Gustav  Storm,  and  have 
appeared  in  an  edition  de  luxe,  splendidly 
illustrated  with  original  designs  by  several 
distinguished  artists. 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


25 


Prof.  Sophus  Bugge's  monograph  on 
'  Helge  -  Digtene  i  den  ajldre  Edd  a '  comes 
rather  under  the  head  of  pure  philology, 
rollowing  his  revolutionary,  and  hence 
much-impugned,  opinions  on  the  origin 
of  the  Norse  myths,  he  has  also  in  this 
instance  employed  his  vast  learning  to  place 
the  very  core  and  centre  of  Northern  heroic 
myths  among  the  settlements  of  the  Norse- 
men, surrounded  by  Kelts  and  Anglo- 
Saxons,  in  the  British  Isles.  Another 
scholarly  work  is  L.  J.  Vogt's  careful 
account  of  *  Dublin  a  Norse  Town,'  and  of 
the  Norwegian  kingdom  that  existed  in 
Ireland  about  three  hundred  years  before 
the  English  invasion  under  the  Vikings. 

In  leaving  this  short  retrospect  of  his- 
toric literature,  I  should  not  omit  to 
mention  that  the  celebrated  Professor 
of  Mathematics  Prof.  Sophus  Lie  has 
rescued  from  temporary  oblivion  one  of 
his  predecessors  named  Caspar  Wessel, 
who  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago 
occupied  himself  with  the  same  mathe- 
matical problems  that  only  lately  have  at- 
tained their  perfect  solution  through  Prof. 
Lie's  remarkable  abilities.  Higher  mathe- 
matics all  but  touch  the  realm  of  pure 
reason,  and  it  is  with  pleasure  that  I  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  last  year  has 
seen  several  works  on  philosophy  produced 
by  a  comparatively  young  generation  of 
abstract  thinkers.  Dr.  H.  0.  Hansen  has 
treated  '  Begrebet  Frihed'  ('The  Concep- 
tion of  Liberty  ' )  from  Hegel's  point  of  view  ; 
Dr.  Anathon  Aall  has  expounded  the  '  His- 
tory of  the  Logos  Idea';  Dr.  Alfred  Erik- 
sen  has  thrown  new  light  on  free  will ;  and 
Dr.  Iv.  B.  E.  Aars  pleads  in  favour  of 
*  Moralen's  Autonomi.'  Finally,  Mr.  Chr. 
Benneche  has  made  an  attempt  to  reconcile 
religion  with  natural  philosophy  in  a  com- 
pendious account  of  the  two  principal  doc- 
trines on  the  secret  of  existence. 

In  theological  circles  signs  have  been 
noticeable  of  a  distinct  inclination  to  dis- 
agree about  fundamental  principles.  Hence 
perhaps  the  new  edition  of  the  late  Prof. 
Grisle  Johnson's  '  History  of  Christian 
Dogmas  '  and  '  Christian  Ethics  '  passed 
without  notice,  comparatively  speaking. 
It  would  seem  that  this  thinker,  whose 
authority  used  to  be  absolute,  had  lost  the 
power  he  once  possessed  to  arouse  interest 
in  rigid  pietism.  In  the  actual  present, 
Churchmen  are  busy  with  other  cj^ues- 
tions.  Thus  the  Eev.  Dr.  Krogh-Tonning 
has,  by  a  striking  descrijDtion  of  '  The 
Process  of  Church  Dissolution,'  urged 
the  Lutheran  State  Church,  of  which 
he  himself  is  a  dignitary,  to  endeavour 
to  strengthen  her  position  by  a  closer 
union  with  the  Eoman  Church.  A  dis- 
tinct negative  was  given  at  once  on 
behalf  of  the  State  Church  by  the 
Minister  of  Public  AVorship  himself,  Jakob 
Sverdrup.  But  Axel  Andersen's  violent 
polemical  attack  on  '  Church  Pedagogics  in 
Schools '  and  on  official  theology  has  remained 
unanswered.  It  may  be  mentioned  here 
that  matters  pertaining  to  schools  as  well 
as  to  church  affairs  have  suffered  a  violent 
dislocation  of  their  historical  foundations. 
Tithes  are  to  be  abolished,  and  classics  are 
no  longer  obligatory  subjects  in  the  school 
curriculum.  That  these  changes,  as  well  as 
the  imminent  transition  from  Free  Trade  to 
Protection,  can  proceed  without  severe  con- 


test, proves  how  absolutely  public  opinion 
is  preoccupied  with  the  dispute  about  Nor- 
way's position  in  her  union  with  Sweden. 

As  to  the  modern  literature  called  into 
existence  by  this  dispute,  I  may  here 
mention  among  those  who  advocate  the 
strengthening  of  the  union  Prof.  Yngvar 
Nielsen's  account  of  the  '  Bodo  Case ' 
and  Prof.  Bredo  Morgenstierne's  '  Den 
Unionelle  Eet.'  This  last-named  work 
being  an  attempt  at  a  scientifically  legal 
exposition,  two  purely  legal  works  which 
appeared  last  year  should  also  be  men- 
tioned here :  one  by  the  Prime  Minister 
Francis  Hagerup,  being  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  civil  procedure,  and  P.  Kjer- 
schow's  codification  of  the  criminal  law. 
Besides  this,  legal  science  is  at  present 
occupied  with  a  carefully  prepared  scheme 
for  a  new  penal  code,  introduced  by  a 
distinguished  legal  authority,  Solicitor- 
General  Bernhard  Getz. 

Che.  Beixchmann. 


POLAND. 


Among   the   novels   of    the    past   twelve 
months  the  first  place  belongs  to  the  his- 
torical novel  in  three  volumes  by  Boleslaw 
Prus,    '  The   Pharaoh.'     The    author,    who 
has  previously  written  tales  and  novels  of 
manners,   has   in  this    last  work   provided 
something   of  a   surprise    for   the  reading 
public.  The  young  Pharaoh,  Eamses  XIII., 
has  resolved  to  restore  to  the  kingly  power, 
weakened  by  the  priestly  caste,  its  former 
force  and  distinction.     He  is,  however,  con- 
quered by  the  quiet  and  experienced  intelli- 
gence of   the  high  priest  Herhor  and  his 
own  frivolity.     At  the  decisive  moment  he 
entangles  himself  in  a  love  adventure,  and 
pei'ishes  by  the  hand  of  a  criminal.     In  the 
matter  of    composition  '  The    Pharaoh '    is 
one  of  the  best  of  Prus's  writings  ;  the  his- 
torical  background    shows    earnest   study, 
and  is  painted  with  a   siire    hand.     Other 
historical  novels    are  '  The  Knight  Mora,' 
by  "W.  Przyborowski,  in  which  a  well-filled 
and  charming  gallery  of  types  of  old  Poland 
in  the  seventeenth  century  is  portrayed,  and 
'  The  Last  Eomans '   of  T.  J.   Choinski,  a 
novel  of  the  times  of  Theodosius  the  Great. 
From  A.  Dygasinski  we  have  had  two  ex- 
cellent stories  :   '  As,'  the  history  of  a  dog, 
who  changes  his  master  several  times,  and 
tells  the  story  with  biting  irony,  and  '  The 
Pen,'    which   presents    a   young    and  able 
author  who  squanders  his  abilities  among 
evil   surroundings.      '  On  the  Threshold  of 
Art,'   by  Sewer,   is   a  finely  drawn  picture 
of  an  actress  who  rises  higher  and  higher 
in    her    art.      A    contrast   to    her   is    the 
heroine  of  M.   Gawalewicz,   '  Belonging  to 
Nobody':  she  does  not  make  a  success  of 
the  career  of  art,  and  passes  her  life  in  it 
only  to  leave  it  helpless  and  abandoned  on 
every  side.     The  chief  story,   'The  Eags,' 
of  the  same  author,  relates  the  endeavours 
of  profligate  people  to  nullify  the  legacy  of  a 
woman  philanthropist.    '  The  Spoilt  Girl '  of 
"W.    Kosiakiewicz,    like    his    other     novel 
'  The    Stain,'    interests    the   reader   not   so 
much   by   its   story  and   characters    as   by 
the    writer's   peculiar     gift     of     narrative. 
In  '  Wis  und  Dziunia  '  M.  Balucki  has  dis- 
played talent  for  acute  observation.     It  is 
a  story  of  a  young  wedded  pair  who  come 
from  the  country  and  fall  into  the  whirl  of 


town  life.  The  new  valuable  stories  and 
novels  of  Klemens  Junosza  deal  as  usual 
chiefly  with  the  life  of  our  petty  nobility 
and  the  Jews ;  on  this  side  he  re- 
sembles M.  Laskowski  in  his  two  stories 
'  The  Blase  Man '  and  '  Grown  into  the 
Ground.'  'The  Defeat'  of  K.  Glinski 
is  more  of  a  pretty  idyl  of  the  country 
than  a  novel,  and  is  distinguished  by 
deep  thought.  '  The  Female  Comedian  '  and 
'  The  Ferments  '  of  W.  Eeymont  show  their 
author's  excellent  literary  powers.  '  The 
Pictures  of  Venice '  of  W.  Gomulicki  are 
not,  properly  speaking,  stories ;  they  are- 
really  poetical  delineations  penetrated  by 
a  deep  thoughtfulness  and  melancholy. 
The  first  two  volumes  of  the  Jubilee  edi- 
tion of  the  works  of  A.  Swientochowski, 
one  of  the  most  considerable  of  Polish 
writers,  contain  his  novels  and  short  tales. 
Among  the  number  of  romances  which  have 
proceeded  from  a  feminine  pen  I  may 
notice  lastly  '  The  History  of  an  Ordinary 
Man,'  by  Madame  W.  Marrene  ;  '  A  Fin-de- 
siecle  Wife,'  by  Madame  G.  Zapolska,  who 
is  perhaps  the  most  important,  if  not  the 
only  representative  of  naturalism  among  us  ; 
and  '  In  Service,'  a  sympathetic  tale  of  the 
fate  of  a  governess  by  Madame  Z.  Kowerska. 
Among  our  lyric  poets  a  front  place  has 
long  been  taken  by  Madame  M.  Konop- 
nicka  ;  in  her  last  book,  '  Lines  and  Tunes,'' 
all  her  excellences  appear  ;  form  especially 
is  quite  masterly.  K.  Tetmajer,  a  young 
poet  of  ability,  has  published  a  selection  of 
poems.  Besides  these  the  works  of  L.  Szcze- 
panski,  J.  Klemensiewicz,  P.  Kosminski,  and 
J.  Zulawski  have  won  the  favour  of  critics. 

The  number  of  theatrical  p;ec9S  has  been 
by  no  means  small.     Most  success  was  won, 
by  '  Cinderella '  ('  Popychadlo  '),  by  J.  Szut- 
kiewicz,  in  which  the  scenes  of  the  life  of 
town    people    are    especially   notable ;     '  A 
Market- Woman  of  Warsaw'    (' Przekupka 
Warszawska'),    an   historical   play,    whose 
heroine,  a  beautiful  and  brave  girl,  acts  as 
a  spy  for  Kosciuszko,  by  A.  Belcikowski  ;, 
then      two      diverting     comedies  :      '  The 
Female     Slaves '     of       M.     Balucki      and 
'  The    Women  '     of      Z.    Przybylski     and 
Klemens   Junosza.     '  The   Tournament,'    a 
tragedy  (in  verse)  of  Eenaissance  times  by 
S.    Kozlowski,    possesses   a   good    deal   of 
scenic  effect,  but  the  motives  and  characters 
of  the  actors  will  not  satisfy  the  demands 
of    the    psychologist.      '  The   Ball    in    the 
Foot '   of  the  above-mentioned  J.   Szutkie- 
wicz,  whose   early  death  we  have   now  to 
regret;  'The  Plaything'  of  E.  Lubowski ; 
and  also  the  Tendoizstiich  'Is  It  Worth  It?' 
by  S.  Eoniker.  must  not  be  omitted  from 
this  concise  review  of  theatrical  literature. 
The  first  volume  of  the  '  Dramatic  Works  ' 
of   F.  Felicyan,  which   has  now  ajipeared, 
includes  three  dramatic  poems  from  different 
periods  of  Eoman  history,  which  remind  one 
of  the  best  things  of  the  sort. 

Among  many  works  of  the  remaining 
branches  of  literature  which  deserve  a 
mention  here  I  must  confine  myself  to 
a  notice  of  the  most  important,  such 
as  'The  Lekhs  in  the  Light  of  Histo- 
rical Criticism,'  by  A.  Malecki,  and,  by  the^ 
same  author,  '  Smaller  Writings  from  the 
History  of  the  Past '  ;  '  The  Last  Year  of 
the  Great  Diet,'  a  supplement  to  the  well- 
known  work  of  Kalinka,  by  W.  Smolenski ; 
'  On  the  Dynasties  and  Descent  of  the  Polish 


26 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3636,  July3,  '97 


Nobility,'  by  F.  Piekosins  ■d ;  '  Karol  Pro- 
ber,' a  contribution  to  tlie  history  of  the 
rebellion  of  Kosciuszko,  by  M.  Dubiecki ; 
'  Prince  Eepnin  and  Poland,'  by  Alkar ; 
'  Hoene  -  Wronski,  his  Life  and  Works,' 
a  biography  of  this  still  enigmatic  character 
by  S.  Dickstein;  'Matejko,'  a  biography 
of  the  most  distinguished  of  Polish  painters 
by  S.  Tarnowski ;  two  new  volumes  of  '  The 
Literary  Studies  '  of  the  same  ;  '  A  Century 
of  Polish  Painting,'  by  J.  Mycielski ;  '  Books 
of  Polish  Humour,'  by  K.  Bartoszewicz ; 
and  'Juliusz  Slowacki,'  a  biography  in  three 
volumes  of  the  greatest  Polish  poet  after 
Mickiewicz,  by  P.  Hcisick. 

Adam  Belcikowski. 


EUSSIA. 


The  reviewer  of  contemporary  Eussian 
literature  is  obliged  to  dwell  almost  exclu- 
sively upon  the  monthly  reviews,  as  in 
consequence  of  the  conditions  of  the 
book  market,  especially  on  account  of  the 
risk  involved,  the  works  of  our  con- 
temporary writers  are  rarely  published  in 
separate  volumes.  Such  publications  are 
mainly  educational  books,  or  works  on 
technical  or  other  special  questions.  As 
to  the  so-called  helles-lettres,  they  are,  with 
few  exceptions,  confined  to  the  monthly 
magazines,  of  which  the  number  and  size 
strike  the  foreigner. 

Owing  to  this  fact,  if  we  come  across  a 
j)urely  literary  work  published  separately  in 
book  form,  it  generally  either  belongs  to 
the  pen  of  a  writer  whose  literary  reputa- 
tion stands  very  high  and  who  consequently 
escapes  all  risk ;  or,  on  the  contrary,  it  is 
the  production  of  a  beginner  whose  writings 
are  ignored  by  the  reviews,  and  who,  being 
devoured  by  the  i^assionate  desire  to  see  his 
work  in  type — in  spite  of  his  lack  of  talent 
— ventures  everything  in  order  to  have  it 
j)rinted  at  any  cost. 

However,  I  may  in  the  present  article 
begin  with  some  of  the  works  published 
separately  in  book  form,  and  at  their  head 
I  shall  place  a  book  which  is  in  immediate 
connexion  with  the  aim  and  subject  of  my 
review — I  mean  the  book  by  K.  Golovin, 
'  The  Eussian  Novel  and  Eussian  Society.' 
If  the  author's  name  tells  nothing  to  the 
readers  of  the  Athenceum,  it  is  because  he  is 
known  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Orlovski," 
that  he  appends  to  his  numerous  novels, 
most  of  which  are  generally  published 
in  the  Russian  Messenger  {Russki  Vcstnik), 
the  oldest  Eussian  periodical.  In  the  retro- 
spective part  of  his  book  K.  Golovin  has  ex- 
plained the  gradual  changes  of  the  intellec- 
tual physiognomy  of  Eussian  society  for  the 
last  sixty  years,  and  has  shown  us  how 
these  changes  have  been  reflected  in  our 
literature,  and  especially  in  our  novels, 
the  latter  always  having  served  in  Eussia 
as  a  true  rendering  of  actual  life  as 
well  as  a  medium  for  propagating  the 
ideals  of  society.  If  the  novel  has  suffered 
from  a  lack  of  artistic  finish,  and  if  our 
novelists  have  at  times  expressed  contempt 
for  refinement,  stiU  our  fiction  has  never 
been  distinguished  by  a  lack  of  interest 
in  human  sufferings  or  by  poverty  of 
thought,  and  our  writers  have  never  been 
either  mere  indifferent  annalists  or  sybarites. 
It  is  just  this  characteristic  which  has  caused 
the  readers  of  Western  Europe  to  take  so 
.great  an  interest  in  Eussian  novels,  and 


it  is  stated  by  K.  Golovin  as  an  undeniable 
fact  that  at  the  time  when  the  west  of 
Europe  has  so  keenly  interested  itself 
in  our  literature,  the  latter  seems  in- 
clined to  abandon  that  very  peculiarity 
which  has  secured  its  success.  A  whole 
group  of  able  writers  whose  works  strike  i 
a  sympathetic  note  among  the  public  are, 
as  if  in  despite  of  all  traditions,  trying 
to  show  that  "the  contents  of  a  literary 
work  are  a  matter  of  no  importance,  and 
that  anything  one  likes  may  serve  as  the 
subject  for  one's  creation."  In  short,  one 
may  observe  in  literature  "a  something 
new,  something  that  has  not  been  seen 
hitherto."     According  to  these  innovators, 

' '  there  is  no  need  for  an  idea  to  spiritualize  the 
whimsical  creations  of  fantasy,  or  for  repro- 
ducing the  minutest  details  of  life.  If  only  the 
picture  reproduced  be  bright  and  beautiful, 
there  is  no  need  to  look  into  its  meaning,  to 
demand  from  the  artist  a  true  grasp  of  life  or  a 
powerful  work  of  intellect,  and  still  less  a  sensi- 
tive heart.  His  mind  may  remain  perfectly  calm, 
if  only  he  has  the  capacity  for  keen  observation 
and  delineation  of  the  obvious.  A  small  genre  pic- 
ture, even  a  sketch,  are  not  less  valuable  than  a 
picture  that  impresses  us   by  the  force  of  its 

dramatic  contents And  our  distracted  society, 

ever  in  a  hurry  amid  its  inactivity,  connives  at 
such  a  tendsncy,  evidently  finding  pleasure  in 
superficial  S/ietches  that  agitate  neither  the  mind 
nor  the  soul." 

What  is  the  cause  of  this  regrettable 
change  ?  "  Society  has  grown  small,"  is 
the  author's  reply,  "  and  therefore  in- 
significant works  evidently  correspond  with 
its  tastes."  In  Western  Europe  the  last 
phase  of  romanticism,  or  the  movement  of 
the  forties,  resulted  at  first  in  the  revolu- 
tionary outburst,  and  afterwards  in  a 
sceptical  lassitude.  In  Eussia,  however, 
this  movement  was  at  first  suppressed  ex- 
ternally, and  then  in  about  ten  years 
it  was  renewed  in  that  distinctly  demo- 
cratic form  which  marked  the  sixties. 
The  movement  proceeded  slowly,  and  in- 
stead of  a  blazing  outburst,  the  fire 
smouldered  on  beneath  the  outward 
appearance  of  order,  and  that  is  the 
reason  why  the  movement  was  of  a  longer 
duration  and  why  the  disenchantment  fol- 
lowed so  much  later  than  might  have  been 
anticipated.  And  now  that  romantic  idealism 
has  been  revived  in  Western  Europe,  with  us 
has  been  enthroned  the  absence  of  ideas, 
and  a  kind  of  middle-class  egoism  is  being 
cultivated.  This  is  the  fundamental  thesis  of 
K.  Golovin's  book,  supported  by  a  detailed 
and  exceedingly  interesting  analysis  of  the 
gradual  development  of  our  poetry,  and  of 
the  various  currents  of  thought  which  have 
succeeded  one  another,  beginning  with  the 
first  appearance  of  romanticism  on  Eussian 
soil  and  continuing  up  to  our  present  days, 
i.  e,,  the  period  of  decay  in  literature. 
However,  the  blame  for  this  decay  the 
author  does  not  entirely  throw  upon  the 
shoulders  of  the  writers,  because 

"  the  present  tendency  is  created  by  the  public, 
and  insignificant,  superficial  j) reductions  are  called 
forth  by  the  unexacting  temper  of  society — in  a 
word,  the  reader  himself  is  responsible  for  the 
demoralization  in  literature.  That  which  charac- 
terizes the  contemporary  tendency  in  art  as 
well  as  the  whole  life  of  society  is  nothing 
more  or  less  than  an  effort  to  satisfy  the  tastes 
of  the  man  of  ordinary  intellect  who  has  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  so  far  as  to  exhibit  a  taste  for 
art,  but  this  taste  is  regulated  by  his  notions 


of  moderation  and  accuracy.  No  wonder,  then, 
if  our  literature  is  already  unable  to  select  those 
phenomena  of  life  that  are  worthy  of  reproduc- 
tion, if — having  been  infected  by  middle-class 
mediocrity— it  does  not  even  notice  how  low  the 
level  of  this  mediocrity  has  become." 

I  cannot,  however,  unconditionally  accept 
the  author's  pessimistic  views,  as  even  in 
our  contemporary  literature,  among  the 
works  of  our  young  authors,  I  meet  with 
some  that  have  evidently  remained  entirely 
unaffected  by  its  present  regrettable  ten- 
dency. 

Another  book  worthy  of  notice  is  also 
marked  by  its  extreme  pessimism,  viz.,  that 
of  Prof.  Kareieff,  '  Thoughts  on  the  Essen- 
tial Points  of  Public  Activity.'  Although 
the  author  occupies  himself  very  little  with 
criticizing  our  present  society — he  mainly 
points  out  what,  in  his  opinion,  is  needed 
for  useful  public  activity  —  yet,  when  we 
compare  these  requirements  with  what  is 
taking  place  among  our  public,  it  is  not 
difficult  to  see  how  far  away  it  is  from  even 
a  very  modest  ideal.  The  fault  lies  in  our 
social  education,  which  is  pre-eminently  of 
a  bookish  character,  consequently  we  draw 
our  ideals  from  the  books  we  read  and  not 
from  life.  Therefore  they  are  so  wide,  and 
at  the  same  time  so  unrealizable  ;  therefore 
also  at  every  step  bitter  disappointment 
awaits  us,  and  then  we  become  sceptics 
and  begin  to  reject  all  ideals,  and,  shrug- 
ging our  shoulders,  we  content  ourselves 
with  living  our  own  personal  lives.  "  This 
is  the  fate  of  all  ready-made  prescriptions 
for  public  activity,"  says  Prof.  Kareieff  : — 

"at  first  blind  enthusiasm,  exaggerated  hopes, 
impossible  expectations,  then  collision  with 
actual  life,  after  which  follows  either  doubt — 
if  not  direct  disbelief  in  the  possibility  of  any 
activity  whatsoever  on  behalf  of  the  cherished 
object  —  or  that  distrust  in  oneself  which 
so  undermines  a  man's  energies.  Now  there 
only  remain  two  ways  out  of  the  dilemma : 
either  by  waving  one's  hand  to  allow  things  to 
take  their  own  course,  or  once  more  to  start  the 
experiment  with  a  fresh  prescription." 

In  these  apparently  simple  words  is  con- 
tained the  tragic  history  of  many  dis- 
appointed hopes  and  many  broken  lives, 
arising  out  of  tormenting  anxiety  and 
inability  to  strike  into  the  right  path — in 
a  word,  the  sad  pages  of  the  history  of 
Eussian  self-consciousness. 

Such  a  "blind  enthusiasm,"  which  is 
inevitably  accompanied  by  a  "collision 
with  reality,"  can  be  observed  in  that 
economic  materialism  now  fashionable  in 
Eussia,  with  the  development  of  which  the 
readers  of  the  Athencsum  became  acquainted 
through  Prof.  P.  Milyoukov,  and  which  is 
defined  by  Prof.  Kareieff  thus  : — 

"From  the  historico-philosophical  point  of 
view,  economic  materialism  has  proved  itself 
destitute  of  a  scientific  basis,  as  well  as  lacking 
in  adequately  minute  treatment,  and  does  not 
correspond  to  the  present  position  of  sociology." 

This  already  means  the  beginning  of  dis- 
enchantment. The  same  fate  awaits  also  that 
Marxism  proper  which  has  been  introduced 
into  our  literature  and  life,  thanks  to  the 
works  of  Prof.  Skvortzoff,  P.  Struve,  N. 
Beltov,  and  others,  as  is  also  known  to  the 
readers  of  the  Athenc&um. 

Mr.  Slonimski,  in  the  Messenger  of  Europe 
{Vestnik  Yevropi,  l<los.  7-9,  1896),  has  set 
himself  to  the  task  of  clearly  defining  the 
real  importance  of  this  Marxism.     Here  are 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


27 


the  concluding  words  of  his  interesting 
criticism,  entitled  '  Capitalism  according  to 
the  Doctrine  of  Marx.'  "  Marx,"  says  Mr. 
Slonimski, 

"was  by  temperament  a  man  of  action,  and 
this  characteristic  clearly  shows  itself  in  his 
'  Capital.'  Outbursts  of  bad  feeling  occur  much 
more  frequently,  and  take  up  much  more  space 
in  his  book,  than  sincere  expressions  of  sym- 
pathy with  the  unfortunate  and  the  oppressed, 
by  which  Marx  won  special  esteem  in  Russia, 
and  in  consequence  in  his  second  edition 
omitted  many  remarks  far  from  flattering  to 
my  nation.  In  the  history  of  the  intellectual 
movement  connected  with  the  labour  question 
this  book  plays  a  very  important  part,  but  as 
regards  economic  science  it  does  not  represent 
any  serious  step  in  advance." 

In  other  words,  Mr.  Slonimski  comes  as 
regards  Marxism  to  quite  the  same  con- 
clusion as  Prof.  Kareieff  did  with  regard  to 
the  modern  theor}''  of  economic  material- 
ism. Both  these  theories  are  of  little 
scientific  importance,  and  at  the  same 
time  they  chiefly  occupy  the  thinking  por- 
tion of  our  society,  to  the  detriment  of  other 
and  more  vital  problems. 

However,  such  theories,  ideas,  and  ten- 
dencies as  come  to  us  from  outside  do  not 
change  our  views  of  life :  parties  change, 
their  names  change,  but  life — despite  all 
parties — goes  onward  in  its  course,  reject- 
ing the  casual  and  developing  the  funda- 
mental. A  striking  illustration  of  this 
assertion  may  be  found  in  the  teachings  of 
Khomiakoff,  who  was  at  first  looked  upon 
as  a  propagandist  of  very  strange  and  even 
pernicious  ideas;  but  afterwards  the  seed  of 
his  doctrines — the  latter  having  disclosed 
to  us  the  fundamental  principles  of  our 
nationality — took  root  and  bore  fruit,  till 
his  teachings  have  entered  deeply  into 
our  self-consciousness.  True,  at  one  time 
the  father  of  Slavophilism,  who  has  ex- 
plained to  us  that  the  fundamental  feature 
of  Russian  nationality  consists  in  the 
fact  that  we  are  "  the  representatives  of 
a  purely  human  principle,"  seemed  to  be 
forgotten ;  but  that  was  only  apparently 
so.  Slavophilism  is  far  from  being  dead, 
and  this  explains  the  enormous  success 
secured  by  the  splendid  book  by  V.  N. 
Liaskovsky  on  '  A.  S.  Khomiakoff  :  his  Life 
and  Works,'  in  which  were  brought  to 
light  once  more  the  pure  and  lofty  features 
of  this  remarkable  man,  with  whose  theo- 
logical works,  by  the  way,  the  English  are 
familiar,  and  on  whose  death  the  Edinburgh 
Review  in  1861  wrote  as  follows  : — 

"We  cannot  doubt  that  there  will  arise  in 
the  Church  of  Russia  some  who  may  still  carry 
on  the  echo  of  those  marvellous  letters  of  the 
orthodox  Christian,  in  which  the  lamented 
Khomiakoff  poured  forth  his  aspirations  after 
the  future  through  a  union  of  tenacious  adherence 
to  ancient  orthodoxy  with  a  firm  confidence  in 
the  results  of  Biblical  criticism  and  Christian 
charity,  such  as  we  have  never  seen  surpassed." 

A  true  estimate  of  A.  S.  Khomiakoff  as  a 
theologian  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Birkbeck's 
book  entitled  '  Eussia  and  the  English 
Church  during  the  Last  Fifty  Years.' 

*  Which  is  Dead :  Slavophilism  or  Occi- 
dentalism?' is  the  title  of  an  article  by 
V.  E.  K.  in  the  Russian  Review  [Russkoie 
Olosrenie)  for  February,  1897.  I  cannot 
agree  with  the  author  that  "Occidentalism 
is  dead,"  but  I  am  perfectly  in  accord  with 
him  when  he  says  that  Slavophihsm — which 


was  so  well  expounded  by  A.  S.  Khomiakoff 
— "is  not  dead  and  will  not  die;  and  if 
once  it  should  disappear,  then  it  could  only 
be  simultaneously  with  the  political  death 
of  the  Russian  nation  itself,  because  it  is 
the  fruit  of  the  very  life  of  our  nation, 
the  eloquent  expression  of  the  faith  and 
feelings  of  the  Russian  people."  Yes,  both 
are  alive,  Occidentalism  and  Slavophilism, 
and  we  shall  yet  have  to  witness  the  bitter 
fight  between  them.  For  the  latter's  influ- 
ence has  been  visibly  growing  for  the  last 
fifteen  years.  The  Slavophils  propagate 
nationality,  uphold  orthodox  Russian  views, 
and  put  forward  as  their  principle  abso- 
lutism, to  which  the  Occidentalists  oppose 
either  Catholicism  or  the  entire  rejection 
of  Christianity,  cosmopolitism,  and  par- 
liamentarism. 

The  English,  cultivating  old  traditions 
and  freedom  of  the  Christian  spirit,  will 
understand  better  than  anybody  else  the 
power  of  Khomiakoff' s  doctrine,  viz., 
"  nationality,"  and  as  regards  orthodoxy, 
it  is  well  to  repeat  the  words  of  our 
great  writer  Th.  Dostoieffski :  "The  Rus- 
sian people  is  all  full  of  orthodoxy  and  of 
its  idea.  There  is  nothing  more  either 
about  or  among  them ;  and  it  is  as  well  it 
should  be  so,  for  orthodoxy  is  everything." 
There  only  remains  parliamentarism,  the 
strongest  weapon  used  against  the  Slavo- 
phils. But  at  present,  even  in  Western 
Europe,  it  is  not  regarded  as  an  ideal. 
"  Contemporary  parliamentarism,"  says 
A.  A.  Kireiefl  (brother  of  Madame  de 
Novikoff), 

"has  already  ceased  to  care  about  any  general 
ideas  or  principles,  such  as  equality  or  liberty  ; 
it  does  not  devote  itself  to  the  solution  of  general 
theoretical  problems  ;  it  has  narrowed,  reduced, 
and  materialized  its  task.  The  contemporary 
elector  is  j^re-eminently  a  practical,  matter-of- 
fact  man  ;  he  cares  nothing  for  brotherhood  of 
the  nations,  liberty,  or  equality  ;  he  requires 
order,  a  government  that  will  enable  him  to  sell 
at  a  higher  price  his  potatoes  or  his  products  ; 
a  government  that  will  pledge  itself  not  to  put 
any  taxes  on  beer,  and  so  on.  It  is  evident 
that  all  these  parties,  while  assuming  ever  more 
and  more  the  character  of  industrial  associa- 
tions, will  elect  and  send  to  Parliament  not  the 
most  virtuous  men,  but  the  most  clever,  intel- 
ligent, and  expert  lawyers,  capable  of  defending 
and  winning  their  case  in  Parliament." 

Moreover,  the  best  argument  of  the 
Slavophils  against  Western  Europeanism  is 
the  fact  that  even  Alexander  Herzen  was  at 
last  disenchanted.     He  wrote  as  follows  : — 

"I  have  become  convinced  that  it  is  not  suffi- 
cient to  drag  along  in  the  footsteps  of  Europe, 
that  in  Russia  there  is  a  something  which  is 
peculiarly  its  own,  that  it  is  indispensable  to 
study  well,  in  history  as  well  as  in  actual  life, 
the  position  of  affairs." 

Well,  it  is  the  study  of  that  something 
which  is  at  the  present  time  occupying 
the  best  minds  in  Russia.  It  is  largely 
due  to  this  fact  that  the  books  I  have 
mentioned  above  have  met  with  such  an 
enormous  success,  and  that  the  '  Moscow 
Collection'  (' Moskovski  Sbornik'),  pub- 
lished by  K.  P.  Pobiedonostzeff,  has 
acquired  a  well  -  deserved  notoriety.  Of 
this  capital  work  of  our  prominent  states- 
man and  author — which  has  elicited  flat- 
tering criticisms  even  on  the  part  of  his 
literary  and  political  adversaries  —  the 
Russian  Review  for  March,  1897,  says  : — 


"Something  unusually  near,  infinitely  dear 
and  refreshing,  is  expanded  by  this  'Collection.' 
It  is  near  to  us  because  the  ideas  propounded 
in  it  correspond  to  the  requirements  of  our 
minds  and  hearts  as  regards  the  most  funda- 
mental questions  of  religion,  morality,  and 
politics,  inasmuch  as  in  our  notions  of  the  latter 
are  conceived  the  manifold  elements  of  a  normal 
establishment  of  governmental  order,  national 
enlightenment,  justice,  and  the  press.  This 
'  Collection '  is  dear  to  us  because  in  it  we  find 
a  forcible,  energetic,  and  logically -founded  ex- 
position of  our  aims  and  ideals  in  the  domain 
of  religion,  morality,  and  politics." 

In  concluding  my  remarks  about  books, 
I  must  notice  in  a  few  words  the  book 
by  MM.  Tshuproff  and  Posnikoff,  entitled 
'  The  Influence  of  Harvest  and  the  Prices 
of  Corn  upon  some  Points  of  Russian 
National  Economy,'  which  created  at  the 
beginning  of  this  year  an  extraordinary 
sensation  and  a  storm  in  the  journalistic 
world.  This  will  be  perfectly  intelligible 
when  we  learn  that  the  fundamental  thesis 
of  this  "strange"  book,  as  it  is  termed,  is  as 
follows:  "The  most  profitable  combination 
for  the  peasants'  budgets  lies  in  plentiful 
harvests  and  low  prices  for  corn."  In  the 
Russian  Messenger  for  March  and  April  Mr. 
Polenoff  excellently  defines  the  real  signi- 
ficance of  this  book;  he  says:  "In  order 
to  prove  their  quasi-scientific  deductions, 
these  '  learned '  economists  have  made  use 
of  very  doubtful  statistical  data,  upon  which 
they  had  either  to  arrive  at  the  most  absurd 
conclusions,  or  by  rejecting  these  conclusions 
to  take  any  arbitrary  figure — and  this  was 
actually  done."  The  authors  of  this  book, 
which  has  occupied  for  months  the  reading 
public  in  Russia,  are  mercilessly  exposed 
in  the  criticisms  of  the  entire  press.  Con- 
servative as  well  as  Liberal,  although  they 
themselves  belong  to  the  latter. 

However,  let  us  turn  to  belles  -  lettres, 
to  Russian  fiction.  What  have  the  past 
twelve  months  brought  us  ?  While  paying 
the  homage  due  to  our  deceased  poet  Maikoff, 
and  after  noting  that  the  still  living 
coryphaei  of  our  literature  —  Tolstoy  and 
Grigorovitch  —  have  published  nothing,  I 
may  turn  to  those  writers  whom  we  have 
styled  "young"  for  the  last  fifteen  years, 
and  at  the  head  of  whom  stand  Tchekhoff, 
Korolenko,  Potapenko,  and  Mamin. 

Nevertheless,  I  must  give  the  first  place 
to  a  writer  who — while  not  one  of  the  cory- 
phaei— cannot  be  counted  among  the  young 
either,  and  who  has  nevertheless  enriched 
our  literature  for  more  than  thirty  -  five 
years.  I  mean  P.  Boborykin,  who  has 
recently  written  a  long  novel,  entitled  '  In  a 
Different  Way'  (published  as  a  serial  in 
the  Messenger  of  Europe  for  January  and  the 
following  issues),  which,  like  most  of  his 
novels,  has  embittered  critics  beyond  mea- 
sure. P.  Boborykin  has  distinguished 
himself  by  his  remarkable  ability  for  imme- 
diately responding  to  each  new  fashion  ;  "he 
seizes  the  moment,"  as  is  said  of  him ;  or 
he  "distinguishes  a  new  shade"  in  life,  as 
he  puts  it  himself.  True  to  this  capacity  of 
his  and  his  acquired  literary  manner,  he 
brings  before  us,  along  with  the  represen- 
tatives of  the  generations  of  the  sixties  and 
seventies,  in  his  novel  'In  a  Different 
Way'  the  young  generation,  the  sons 
who  already  live  not  like  their  fathers,  but 
in  a  new,  a  different  way.  Among  those 
who  live  in  a   different  way  there  are  the 


28 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


representatives  of  "  economic  materialism," 
as  well  as  those  followers  of  regenerated 
metaphysics  who  call  themselves  philo- 
sophers, and  also  the  people  who  do  not  stop 
to  think  ahout  any  theories  whatever,  but 
who  accept  from  life  everything  that  comes 
to  hand,  not  disdaining  either  speculation 
on  the  stock  exchange  or  amours  interesting 
from  a  monetary  point  of  view.  The  novel 
is  written  rather  carelessly  and  in  too  great 
a  hurry,  and  appears  not  to  be  an  ordered 
whole,  but  a  number  of  casual  but  dazzling 
episodes,  in  which  the  figures  j^ass  bj^  like 
phantoms.  Brighter  than  the  rest  stands  out 
against  a  gloomy  background  the  heroine  of 
the  novel,  the  girl  Studentzoff,  with  whom 
everything  is  in  a  different  way.  Even  the 
dress  she  wears  is  arranged  with  some  kind 
of  wings ;  she  worships  herself,  and  looks 
for  a  new  beauty,  has  abandoned  the  old 
prejudices,  reads  the  satires  of  Petronius, 
and  listens  to  the  advice  given  to  her  by  an 
effeminate  Decadent.  Her  enthusiasm  for 
eestheticism,  however,  cools  down  as  soon 
as  she  has  succeeded  in  ruining  her- 
self ;  and  becoming  convinced  of  her 
ruin,  she  prepares  herself  to  "  die 
nicely"  in  the  manner  of  Hedda  Gabler, 
but  at  the  last  moment  she  is  married  to 
a  rich  hussar.  This  is  the  gist  of  the 
novel.  The  author  is  gifted  with  a  quick 
grasp  of  all  new  manifestations  of  con- 
temporary life,  and  is  undoubtedly  the  most 
learned  of  our  writers,  and  thou  gh  not  endowed 
with  origmal  talent,  he  is  thoughtful  and 
observant.  This  happy  capacity  for  keen 
observation  has  not,  however,  won  for 
Boborykin  that  flattering  reputation  which 
was  enjoyed  by  Tourguenief,  for  instance, 
because  in  Boborykin's  novels  there  is  not 
that  inward  ecstasy,  that  hidden  pathos,  the 
presence  of  which  must  be  felt  in  the  most 
objective  productions.  As  in  all  his  other 
novels,  so  also  in  this  one  we  feel  that  the 
author  himself  is  not  carried  away  by  his 
subject — that  he  writes  under  no  constitu- 
tional necessity  to  sjieak  out,  to  impart  to 
others  those  pictures  and  impressions  that 
seek  for  expression. 

Our  young  generation  is  also  depicted 
in  K.  Golovin's  novel  'Audrey  Mologhin' 
{Messenger  of  Europe,  Nos.  10-12,  18'J6), 
whose  hero,  a  passionate  and  sensitive 
character,  gets  lost  among  self  -  possessed 
and  phlegmatic  people.  The  novel  offers 
a  well  -  sketched  and  melancholy  pic- 
ture of  our  society,  but  the  question 
as  to  which  workers  are  most  useful  in 
society — the  sensitive  or  the  phlegmatic — 
it  leaves  unsolved.  A  still  sadder  picture 
of  our  present  society  is  presented  by 
V.Svietloff  in  'The  Little  Corner  of  Cl- 
chida'  {Russian  Thought,  January,  1897), 
wherein  the  author  does  not  grudge  the  use 
— I  will  not  say  of  dark,  but  of  rather  pale 
colours,  which  render  the  characterization 
of  our  generation  more  indistinct.  This  is 
how  Dr.  Mitkin  defines  it : — 

"  The  result  of  the  generation  of  the  eighties 

is'ni  foi  ni  loi,' as  the  Frenchman  says If 

I  asked  you  from  what  you  would  shrink  in  the 
endeavour  to  obtain  for  yourself  those  or  the 
other  blessings  of  life,  you  would  bravely  reply  : 
From  nothing  !  Courage  there  is  a  great  deal 
in  you,  but  not  that  real  courage  of  a  man  who 
looks  straight  into  life's  face,  but  the  bravery  of 
a  coward  who,  while  bandaging  his  eyes  or  getting 
himself  intoxicated,  resorts  to  the  most  sense- 
less freaks You  are   the^  Nautili    deprived 


of  the  feeling  of  sociability  and   floating  upon 

the  sea  of  life  with  neither  rudder  nor  sail 

You  are  naught  ;  no  matter  liow  many  there 
may  be  of  you,  you  never  will  constitute  any 
inspiring  figure." 

Where,  then,  are  the  brighter  pictures 
of  our  society  ?  Let  us  take  '  The  Assist- 
ant Professor,'  by  Timkhovsky  {Russian 
Thought,  April,  1897);  'The  Millions,'  by 
P.  Boborykin  {ihid.) ;  '  Degeneration,'  by 
Madame  B.  Zhelykhovskaia  {Russian  Re- 
view, 1897);  'The  Irresiwnsible,'  by  D. 
Olshanin  (Russian  Messenger,  1897);  'The 
Honeymoon,'  by  Orlovski  {tbid.) ;  '  The 
Plateau,'  by  Miss  L.  Gurevitch  (the  Northern 
Messenger,  1896-1897)— in  short,  the  last 
productions  of  authors  of  the  most  varying 
and  even  extreme  tendencies — and  every- 
where we  see  the  same.  Nowhere  do  we 
come  across  a  cheerful  note.  However,  sixch 
are  the  pictures  of  the  so-called  "intel- 
ligent" life  in  Russia.  Will  your  readers 
saj^,  "But  jjerhaps  the  life  of  the  other 
spheres  of  society  is  not  quite  so  cheerless"? 

I  have  before  me  '  The  Forgotten  Sacris- 
tan,' by  Potapenko  (the  New  Word, 
1896),  which  describes  the  life  and 
character  of  the  Russian  clergy  in  a 
remarkably  sympathetic  and  lively  way, 
and  also  '  Mr.  Konovaloff,'  by  M.  Gorki 
(the  New  Word,  March,  1897),  the  hero 
of  which  is  a  vagabond  philosopher, 
who  asks  himself,  "  Why  do  I  live 
on  earth,  and  by  whom  am  I  needed 
here?"  Finally,  '  Mitinka  the  Teacher,'  by 
Miss  Dmitriefi:  (the  Messenger  of  Europe, 
Nos.  7  and  8,  1896),  is  a  gloomy  picture  of 
the  life  of  popular  teachers.  Everywhere 
the  same  everlasting  sadness  and  dissatis- 
faction, along  with  dryness  of  spiritual  life 
and  intellectual  incapacity. 

The  lower  we  descend  in  the  social  scale 
the  more  gloomy  becomes  the  picture.  The 
gifted  A.  TchekhofP,  who  had  not  written 
anything  for  a  long  time  (unless  we  take 
into  consideration  his  unsuccessful  comedy 
'  Sea  Swallows  '),  has  presented  to  us  in  the 
April  number  of  Russian  Thought  a  beautiful 
sketch,  'The  Moujiks.'  He  does  not  here 
propound  any  moral  purj)ose,  does  not  avail 
himself  of  any  "  currents,"  is  free  from  any 
tendencies  whatsoever.  He  simply  relates 
how  the  waiter  of  a  Moscow  restaurant, 
having  fallen  ill,  left  Moscow  in  order 
to  die  at  his  parents'  home  in  his 
native  village,  taking  with  him  his 
wife  and  little  daughter  ;  how  they 
find  themselves  superfluous  amid  their 
sordid  and  sombre  surroundings ;  how  the 
waiter  dies,  and  his  wife  and  daughter 
return  to  Moscow.  This  is  the  whole  sub- 
stance of  Tchekhoff's  latest  production, 
but  in  the  twenty- eight  pages  in  Avhich 
the  story  is  told  the  author  has  por- 
trayed so  vividly,  with  such  artistic  truth- 
fulness, the  cheerless  life  of  the  Russian 
village,  that  it  could  not  be  better  described 
in  hundreds  of  novels,  or  in  treatises  crowded 
with- facts,  figures,  and  deductions.  "In 
the  '  sorrowful  and  endless '  steppe  of  our 
world  of  fiction,  this  short  story  appears  like  a 
veritable  oasis  full  of  real  life  and  unaffected 
truthfulness,"  said  the  WorWs  Echoes 
{Mirowie  Otgoloshi),  a  newspaper  with  a  great 
future  before  it.  Unfortunately,  the  life  so 
skilfully  depicted  does  not  present  itself  as 
a  cheerful  oasis  amid  the  general  Russian 
life.     No,   it    is   not  a   gay  picture.     The 


village,  where  want  and  constant  care  about 
daily  subsistence  have  almost  deadened  all 
other  human  instincts;  and  society,  where  the 
lack  of  spiritual  life,  along  with  intellectual 
incapacity  and  fickleness,  has  created  un- 
principled idlers — these  are  phenomena  the 
causes  of  which  are  to  be  found,  not  only  in 
the  conditions  of  our  community,  but  in  the 
moral  and  intellectual  crisis  of  which  I  have 
spoken,  and  which  is  now  being  felt,  not 
only  by  Russia,  but  by  the  whole  human 
race.  Does  there  anywhere  flash  a  gleam 
of  hope  for  an  escape  out  of  this  unsettled 
frame  of  mind  and  feeling?  Yes,  we 
see  it  in  the  efforts  towards  the  infinite, 
upon  which  might  be  established  the  truth 
of  life  ;  in  the  aspirations  towards  nature, 
simplicity,  the  moral  substance  of  things, 
as  against  the  formulae  of  cold  reasoning  ; 
in  the  return  to  our  old  traditions,  to  the 
truth  of  aU  truths — to  God — to  religion, 
which,  in  the  words  of  Dostoieffski,  "  to  the 
Russian  people  means — everything," 

L.    A.    DE   BoGDANOVITCH. 


SPAIN. 

The  revival  of  historical  studies,  which  was 
noticed  in  my  article  last  year,  has  produced 
in  the  twelve   months  just   past  most  im- 
portant  results,    not   only   in    the   way   of 
publication  of  inedited  documents,  but  also 
in   works   of   research   regarding   different 
points     in     our     country's    history.      Un- 
doubtedly, of  all  these  the  ones  possessing 
most  interest  for  the  English  reader  will  be 
such  as  relate  to  literary  history,  especially 
those  devoted  to  Cervantes.     I  shall  begin, 
therefore,  by  noticing  a  volume  full  of  facts 
which  has  been  put  together  by  Senor  Perez 
Pastor,  and  printed  at  the  expense  of  the 
Marquis    de    Xeres     de    los    Caballeros — 
'  Documentos  Cervantinos  hasta  ahora   in- 
editos.'     It  contains  more  than  fifty  docu- 
ments,   notes,    various    facsimiles,   and    an 
index     of     proper    names,    and    fills    432 
octavo    pages.      Some    of    the    documents 
refer  to  the  private  life  of    Cervantes  and 
his    family,    in    particular    his    daughter, 
and  others  to  the  writings  of  the  immortal 
author,  from  '  Don    Quixote '   to   '  Persiles 
and  Sigismunda.'     All  of  them  throw  fresh 
light    upon    the    biography    of    Cervantes 
and  the  bibliography  of  his  writings,  and 
although    the    critics     may    perhaps     find 
matter  for  dispute  in  the  significance    and 
interpretation  of    some  of   the  documents, 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  generally  speaking, 
of  their  historical  value.     Among  the  points 
set  at  rest  may  be  mentioned  the  definite 
determination  of  the  birthplace  of  Cervantes, 
to  wit  Alcala  de  Henares,   by  his  express 
declaration  in  a  petition  in  which  he  sues 
for  a  formal  report  {informacion)  in  regard 
to  his  captivity  at  Algiers  (document  19). 
Also  noteworthy  is  No.  38,  an  "  asiento  de 
entrega"  of  two  copies  of  'Don  Quixote' 
for  the  funds  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Madrid 
Printers  before  the  26th  of  May,  1604,  from 
which  is  inferred  the  existence  of  an  edition 
anterior  to  the  first  of  the  two  editions  of 
1605,  considered  hitherto  the  princeps.     It 
is  possible,  as  some  weighty  critics  consider, 
that  many  of  the  copies  of  the  first  issue  of 
1605  ma}',  strictly  speaking,  have  belonged 
to  that  of  1604,  and  merely  a  change  of  date 
have  been  made  on  the  title-page,  and  that 
to  some  such  proceeding  (common  nowadays) 


N  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


29 


on  the  publisher's  part  is  due  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  copies  which  bore  the  original 
date.  From  every  point  of  view  the  notice 
is  of  singular  interest  and  will  lead  to  great 
searches  in  libraries.  Various  other  docu- 
ments refer  to  Isabella  de  Cervantes,  and  of 
them  it  is  enough  to  mention  her  will,  which 
is  numbered  54. 

Quite  as  important  as  the  volume  of  Senor 
Pastor  is  that  of  Don  Ramon  Menendez 
Pidal,  *  La  Leyenda  de  los  Infantes  de  Lara.' 
The  writer  studies  this  famous  legend  in 
the  chansons  de  gcste,  in  the  ancient  chronicles, 
in  histories  and  ballads,  in  the  drama,  in 
modern  poetry,  finally  in  the  folk-lore  of 
to-day,  paying  special  attention  to  the 
philological  and  critical  examination  of 
ancient  documents.  Senor  Pidal  has  scru- 
tinized forty  manuscript  chronicles,  estab- 
lishing their  filiation,  and  reconstructing  the 
fragments  of  the  primitive  epopee,  with 
important  results  as  regards  the  purest  form 
of  the  text  of  the  '  Estoria '  of  Alfonso  el 
Sabio.  In  the  chapter  devoted  to  the  ballads 
(romances)  our  author  notices  seven — and 
prints  four  of  them — that  are  not  found  in 
Duran.  In  the  appendices  are  included 
various  extracts  corrected  and  annotated 
from  the  '  Cronica  General,'  the  '  Abreviada,' 
and  other  (subsequent)  versions  of  the  four- 
teenth century.  Finally,  Senor  Pidal  in- 
vestigates the  fragments  of  vei'sification 
to  be  detected  in  the  chronicles,  finding 
more  than  five  hundred  octosyllabic  verses, 
and  concluding  that  the  primitive  '  Geste ' 
of  the  Infants  must  have  been  in  octo- 
syllabiclines.  To  literary  history  also  belongs 
the  essay  in  critical  biography  of  Senor 
Menendez  y  Pelayo,  the  subject  of  which  is 
the  Abate  Marchena,  and  which  is  prefixed 
io  the  second  volume  of  the  '  Literary  Works 
of  D,  Jose  Marchena,'  which  are  being 
printed  at  Seville  at  the  prompting  of  the 
Marques  de  San  Marcial.  This  sketch, 
which  fills  159  pages,  may  be  said  to  ex- 
haust the  subject,  completing  as  it  does  the 
previous  essays  of  Morel-Fatio,  Castro,  and 
others,  and  giving  an  admirable  portrait  of 
the  personal  and  literary  peculiarities  of  the 
celebrated  abate,  a  highly  characteristic 
representative  of  one  of  the  most  curious 
currents  of  ideas  that  influenced  the  eigh- 
teenth century.  The  translation  of  the 
poem  of  Lucretius  which  is  printed  in  this 
volume  is  for  the  most  part  excellent,  and 
constitutes  one  of  the  best  literary  produc- 
tions of  Marchena.  Of  the  '  Works  of  Lope 
tie  Vega '  and  the  '  Anthology  of  Castilian 
Lyric  Poets,'  wliich  are  being  published 
under  the  editorship  of  Senor  Menendez  y 
Pelayo,  two  new  volumes  are  on  the  point 
of  making  their  appearance. 

Seiior  Cotarelo,  already  known  by  his 
monographs  on  Villamediana  and  Tirso 
de  Molina,  and  recently  winner  of  an 
Academy  prize  for  an  erudite  essay  on 
Yriarte,  has  brought  out  three  new  works. 
The  first,  '  D.  Enrique  de  Villena :  su  vida 
y  obras,'  presents  all  the  facts  which  are 
to  be  found  in  the  known  authorities  with 
regard  to  the  famous  noble  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  his  studies  and  books,  his  reputa- 
tion for  magic,  and  his  famous  library,  the 
catalogue  of  which  Senor  Cotarelo  has 
endeavoured  to  reconstruct,  and  with  no 
inconsiderable  amount  of  success.  Among 
the  curiosities  which  this  work  contains  is 
to   be   reckoned  a  letter   of    Don   Enrique 


to  Suero  de  Quinones,  discovered  by  Seiior 
Cotarelo  in  a  MS.  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. The  other  two  books  form  part  of  a 
series  of  "  Estudios  sobre  la  Historia  del 
Arte  escenico  en  Espaila,"  and  are  devoted 
respectively  to  Maria  Ladvenant  and  to 
"la  Tirana,"  famous  actresses  of  the  end  of 
the  last  century.  Senor  Cotarelo  has  made 
use,  in  his  monographs,  of  a  multitude  of 
unpublished  facts  preserved  in  the  muni- 
cipal archives  of  Madrid,  and  has  thus  been 
enabled  to  compose  a  picture  (full  of  colour, 
although  at  times  somewhat  excessive  in 
point  of  detail)  of  the  theatrical  life  of 
Madrid. 

Of  the  work  of  Sefior  Yxart,  '  El  Arte 
escenico  en  Espaila,'  which,  strictly  speak- 
ing, is  a  critical  history  of  our  con- 
temporary stage,  the  friends  of  the 
unfortunate  author  have  published  the 
unfinished  second  volume,  which  deals 
with  comedy.  Seiior  Yxart  was  more  of 
a  critic  than  of  an  historian ;  and  the 
fact  that  he  contributed  regularly  to  the 
newspapers  and  published  his  writings  in 
them  imposed  upon  him  from  the  outset 
conditions  which  it  is  necessary  to  bear  in 
mind  in  forming  an  opinion  of  his  work.  Yet 
Senor  Yxart  possessed  the  gift  of  luciditj'-, 
exquisite  taste,  and  a  rectitude  and  sincerity 
of  judgment  that  are  by  no  means  common, 
and  give  an  extraordinary  value  to  his 
criticisms,  converting  them  into  a  medium 
of  instruction  and  education  for  our  public. 
To  the  same  branch  of  literature — viz.,  to 
criticism — belong  the  speeches  of  reception 
at  the  Spanish  Academy  pronounced  by 
SS.  Perez  Galdos  and  Pereda,  respectively 
answered  by  SS.  Menendez  y  Pelayo  and 
Galdos.  The  themes  were  "  relations  between 
the  novelist  and  the  public  "  and  "  the  local 
novel"  (la  novela  regional).  Although  all 
the  four  harangues  were  important  both  in 
virtue  of  their  subjects  and  the  speakers,  the 
most  valuable  was  that  of  Senor  Menendez 
y  Pelayo,  which  constitutes  a  critical  study, 
more  ample  and  more  thorough  than  has 
appeared  before,  regarding  the  works  and 
the  literary  skill  of  Perez  Galdos.  It  would 
be  no  exaggeration  to  add  that,  as  a  work  of 
art  and  thought,  this  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  discourses  that  Seiior  Menendez 
y  Pelayo  has  produced. 

Quitting  literary  history  and  coming  to 
the  general  history  of  Spain,  I  have  to 
mention  first  of  all  three  works  of  especial 
importance  :  the  '  History  of  the  Social  In- 
stitutions of  Gothic  Spain,'  by  D.  Eduardo 
Perez  Pujol;  'The  Despatches  of  the  Pon- 
tifical Diplomatists  in  Spain,'  by  D.  Eicardo 
de  Hinojosa ;  and  the  second  volume  of 
the  '  Spanish  Navy  from  the  Union  of  the 
Kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Aragon,'  by 
Seiior  Fernandez  Duro.  Seiior  Pujol,  long 
a  professor  at  the  University  of  Valencia, 
had  by  choice  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  Gothic  period.  Death  overtook  him 
before  he  had  finished  the  writing  of  his 
book,  and  the  part  that  is  missing  (judicial 
institutions)  is  precisely  the  part  which 
would  have  offered  most  novel  information, 
owing  to  the  author's  special  knowledge  of 
the  history  and  working  of  Spanish  juris- 
prudence. Still,  with  this  omission,  the 
treatise,  as  it  has  been  published  by  Seiior 
Pujol's  family,  fills  four  thick  volumes.  The 
first  of  them  is  mostly  taken  up  with  the 
antecedents   of  the  Gothic  period,  such  as 


primitive  Spain,  Phoenician  colonies,  Greek, 
Carthaginian,  and  Roman  domination,  and, 
although  offering  no  novelty  of  importance, 
gives  a  clear  and  critical  survey  of  the  present 
state  of  the  investigations  relating  to  these 
topics  that  I  have  mentioned.  Immediately 
upon  this  follows  a  disquisition  on  the 
origin  and  ethnic  affiliations  and  manners 
of  the  Gothic  race  before  the  invasion,  the 
form  and  conditions  of  that  invasion,  and 
the  modifications  which  contact  with  the 
Spanish  people  produced  in  their  social 
conditions  and  judicial  organization  and 
their  institutions,  whether  economic,  scien- 
tific and  artistic,  or  religious.  The 
author  founded  every  statement  on  the 
original  sources  without  forgetting  modern 
writings  on  the  subject,  and  it  may  be  said 
that  in  a  large  measure  the  results  of  his 
critical  researches  are  conclusive,  and  will 
replace  with  advantage  the  already  classical 
volumes  of  Felix  Dahn.  Completing  as 
they  do  the  work  of  Senor  Pujol,  the 
chapters  contained  in  the  volume  of  the 
'  History  of  Spain  from  the  Invasion  of 
the  Germanic  Peoples  to  the  Downfall  of 
the  Visigothic  Monarchy,'  written  by  SS. 
Fernandez  Guerra  and  D.  E.  Hinojosa,  will 
be  found  a  trustworthy  collection  of  infor- 
mation regarding  those  times,  which  will 
enable  the  Spanish  public  to  dispense  with 
that  resort  to  foreign  historians  which  till 
now  has  been  unavoidable. 

Of  another  kind,  yet  of  much  importance, 
is  the  first  volume  of  '  Los  Despachos  de 
la  Diplomacia  Pontificia  en  Espaila,'  by 
D.  Eicardo  de  Hinojosa.  The  author,  named 
in  1891  by  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion to  examine  in  the  Vatican  archives  the 
documents  throwing  light  on  our  national 
history,  employed  more  than  eighteen 
months  in  scrutinizing  the  existing  collec- 
tions, not  merely  in  those  archives,  but  in 
those  of  the  royal  Government  and  of  private 
individuals  in  Pome,  Milan,  and  Florence. 
The  instalment  now  issued  comprises  a 
description  and  history  of  the  archi^'es  of 
the  Holy  See  ;  an  introduction  in  which  are 
analyzed  the  most  notable  collections  refer- 
ring to  the  Nunciature  and  the  embassies, 
especially  to  Spain,  and  the  origin  of  the 
permanent  Nunciatures  ;  and  eight  chapters 
dealing  with  the  papers  belonging  to  the 
period  between  1450  and  1G05. 

The  second  volume  of  the  '  Armada 
Espanola'  extends  from  the  beginning  of 
the  reign  of  Philip  II.  to  1587,  and  passes 
in  review  not  only  the  events  that  happened 
in  European  waters  (Los  Gelves,  Malta,  Le- 
panto,  &c.),  but  also  those  of  which  America 
or  the  Philippines  were  the  scene,  and  which 
Seiior  Duro  has  studied  minutely.  There 
are  eleven  appendixes  of  documents  and 
notices,  of  which  the  eleventh  will  be  espe- 
cially interesting  to  the  English  public,  to 
wit,  bibliographical  notices  regarding  the 
English  corsair  Francis  Drake,  in  which 
seventy-seven  MSS.  are  mentioned.  The 
volume  terminates  with  an  index  of  persons 
and  a  general  index,  and  is  also  illus- 
trated. 

After  these  three  works  of  prime  import- 
ance, it  is  only  fair  to  mention  some  others 
that  deserve  attention  ;  for  instance,  the 
second  volume  of  *  Los  Fueros  de  Santiago 
y  de  su  Tierra,'  by  Seiior  Lopez  Ferreiro, 
which  embraces  the  period  from  the  middle 
of  the   fifteenth  century  to    our  own   day. 


30 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


It  comprises  eighty  unpublished  docu- 
ments, mostly  relating  to  the  organiza- 
tion and  social  life  of  the  times  men- 
tioned. Two  monographs,  too,  by 
Senor  Villamil  y  Castro,  upon  '  The  Tem- 
poral Sovereignty  of  the  Bishops  of  Lugo 
in  its  Relations  to  the  Municipality '  (with 
sixteen  unpublished  documents)  and  '  The 
Cistercian  Church  of  Santa  Maria  de 
Meira,'  are  interesting  and  soundly  put 
together,  like  everything  the  author  writes. 
The  fifth  and  sixth  volumes  of  the  '  History 
of  the  Reign  of  Charles  III.,'  by  Seiior 
Danvila,  are  rich  in  documents.  '  El  Apos- 
tolado  Serafico  en  Marruecos,'  by  Father 
Castellanos,  a  curious  story  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan    missions    in     North     Africa ;     the 

*  Episcopologio  de  Tortosa  '  of  Senor  O'Cal- 
laghan ;  the  '  Assaig  critich  sobre  Ramon 
Sibiude,'    by    Senor    Bove ;    the    valuable 

*  Cuadros  historicos  y  descriptivos  de 
Granada '  of  Senor  Simonet,  the  Arabic 
scholar ;  the  two  curious  volumes  on  con- 
temporary history  brought  out  by  Seiior 
Villalba  Hervas,  entitled  '  Recuerdos  de 
cinco  Lustros '  and  *  Una  Decada  san- 
grienta ' ;  the  second  volume  of  the  '  Guerra 
civil  de  1833  a  1840  en  Aragon  y  Valencia  : 
Campanas  del  General  Oraa,'  written  by 
the  Marquis  de  San  Roman ;  the  mono- 
graph on  '  San  Isidoro '  and  his  works, 
an  excellent  essay  by  Senor  Canal ;  the 
'  Historico  -  Critical  Studies  on  Spanish 
Science,'  by  Senor  Carracido,  of  weight 
for  the  history  of  our  civilization  and  the 
estimation  of  our  scientific  work  ;  the  '  His- 
tory and  Bibliography  of  the  Press  of  Seville,' 
rich  in  information  and  compiled  by  Senor 
Chaves  (pp.  xlii  and  37  5,  with  photogravures); 
the  volume  for  1896  of  the  '  Jochs  florals  de 
Barcelona,'  which  contains  various  mono- 
graphs like  '  La  Conquista  de  Menorca  per 
Alfons  III.,'  by  Senor  G.  Llabres  ;  and  some 
other  books  which  I  omit  in  order  not  to 
lengthen  the  list,  are  all  of  them  noteworthy. 
The  masterly  essay  on  '  Fernando  de  Rojas 
como  Embajador  de  los  Reyes  Catolicos,'  by 
Senor  Rodriguez  Yilla,  which  originally 
made  its  appearance  in  the  Boleiin  of  the 
Academy  of  History,  has  been  republished 
as  a  separate  book,  and  will  thus  be  much 
more  accessible. 

As  for  American  history,  I  need  only  men- 
tion two  volumes  by  Roman  y  Zamora,  '  Re- 
publicas  de  Indias,  idolatrias  y  gobiernos  en 
Mexico  y  Peru  antes  de  la  conquista,'  which 
form  part  (vols.  xiv.  and  xv.)  of  the  "  Colec- 
cion  de  Libros  Raros  y  Curiosos  que  tratan 
de  America." 

Arabic  studies  have  produced  only  one 
interesting  publication,  'Apuntes  sobre  las 
Escrituras  Mozarabes  Toledanas  que  se  con- 
servan  en  el  Archivo  Historico  Nacional,' 
written  by  Seiior  Pons  Boigues.  The  dis- 
course of  Senor  Ribera  on  '  Bibliofilos  y 
Bibliotecas  de  la  Espana  Musulmana '  is 
simply  an  extract  from  a  larger  work  the 
writer  is  preparing,  as  well  as  one  breaking 
quite  fresh  ground  upon  the  '  Origenes 
Arabes  del  Justiciasgo  Aragones.' 

There  are  but  two  important  publications 
to  chronicle  bearing  upon  the  history  of 
art :  the  first  part  of  the  '  Teatro  Lirico 
Espanol  anterior  al  SigloXIX.,'  a  collection 
of  musical  documents  illustrated  by  pre- 
faces and  notes  from  the  pen  of  Senor 
Pedrell,  to  whose  competence  the  '  His- 
panise  Schola  Musica,'  which  he  is  publish- 


ing, is  a  sufficient  testimony ;  and  the  *  In- 
ventario  de  los  cuadros  sustraidos  por  el 
Gobierno  intruso  en  Sevilla  el  ano  de 
1810,'  faithfully  transcribed  from  the 
original,  which  is  preserved  in  the  archives 
of  the  Royal  Domains,  and  accompanied  by 
a  learned  historical  introduction  by  Senor 
Gomez  Imaz.  With  these  may  be  classed 
the  second  part  of  the  '  Catalogo  del  Museo 
Arqueologico-Artistico  Episcopal  de  Vich,' 
one  of  the  richest  and  best  cared  for  in 
Spain. 

There  has  been  a  considerable  diminution 
in  the  number  of  appearances  of  collections 
of  historical  documents — apart,  of  course, 
from  those  included  in  works  of  research 
such  as  those  I  have  mentioned.  The 
causes  of  this  have  been  the  decease 
of  two  of  the  editors  of  the  principal 
collections,  the  Marques  de  la  Fuensanta 
del  Valle  and  Seiior  Zabalburu,  and 
the  failure  of  the  Academy  of  History 
to  bring  out  any  further  portions  of  its 
'  Memorial.'  I  have,  therefore,  only  to 
mention  the  following :  the  second  volume 
of  the  '  Antiquities  of  Valencia,'  by 
Father  Teixidor,  and  the  third  of  the 
*  Memorias  de  la  Vida  del  Exmo.  Seiior 
Don  Jose  Garcia  de  Leon  y  Pizarro,' 
the  previous  volumes  of  which  were 
mentioned  last  year  ;  the  '  Biblioteca 
historica  Manresana,'  which  has  begun  to 
appear  under  the  superintendence  of  the 
archivist  Seiior  Soler,  the  first  instalment 
comprising  the  unpublished  work  of  an 
author  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Magi 
Canyellas,  '  Descripcio  de  la  grandesa  y 
antiquitats  de  la  ciutat  de  Manresa '  ; 
the  '  Itinerary  of  the  Kingdom  of  Aragon,' 
by  Labana,  printed  in  the  collection  of 
Aragonese  authors  ;  the  interesting 'Segundo 
proceso  instruido  por  la  Inquisicion  de 
Valladolid  contra  Fray  Luis  de  Leon,' 
printed  entire  and  supplemented  by  notes 
by  Father  Blanco  Garcia ;  and  the  thirty- 
one  'Relaciones  historicas  de  los  Siglos  XVI. 
y  XVII.,'  published  by  Senor  Uhagon. 
They  include  some  royal  progresses  taken 
from  the  manuscripts  in  tjhe  Biblioteca 
Nacional.  The  same  publisher  has  also 
printed  an  account  of  the  festivities 
at  the  Vatican  on  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  of  Lucrecia  Borgia.  I 
should  mention  in  this  connexion  the  new 
'  Biblioteca  Bascongada,'  which  prints  his- 
torical documents  ;  the  publication  of  the 
celebrated  '  Tractat  del  regiment  dels  prin- 
ceps  6  de  comunitats '  of  Fr.  F,  Eximenis, 
commenced  in  the  Revista  de  Catalunya  in 
separate  sheets ;  and  the  luxurious  and 
superfluous  edition,  produced  by  the  Aca- 
demy of  History,  of  a  palimpsest  which 
contains  a  part  of  the  '  Lex  Romana  Visi- 
gothorum,'  including  a  new  law  of  Theudis. 

During  the  latter  half  of  1896  our  men 
of  letters  gave  few  signs  of  life,  but  in  the 
first  months  of  the  present  year  they  have 
repeatedly  published,  more  especially  novels. 
First  and  foremost  I  have  to  mention  the 
handsome  and  elegant  narrative  of  D.  Juan 
Valera  entitled  '  Genio  y  figura,'  a  scabrous 
subject  ingeniously  and  discreetly  treated, 
with  a  copious  vocabulary  and  classical 
turns  of  phrase.  A  young  writer,  Senor 
Unamuno,  whose  books,  exceedingly 
defective  in  point  of  language,  are 
most  interesting  on  account  of  the  origin- 
ality   and     value     of     the     thought,     has 


brought  out  a  novel  '  Paz  en  la  Guerra,'^ 
relating  the  struggles  between  Carlists 
and  Liberals  in  the  north  of  Spain,  which 
will  be  read  by  thoughtful  and  cultivated 
people,  although  it  is  certainly  not  over  the 
heads  of  the  general  public.  From  another 
youthful  man  of  letters,  Senor  Reyes, 
we  have  a  story  of  Andalusian  life, 
called  '  Cartucherita,'  which  has  been  much 
praised  by  the  press.  Prof.  Macfas,  of  the 
Institute  of  Valladolid,  has  printed  '  La 
Tierra  de  Campos,'  another  novel  of  Castil- 
lian  life,  mainly  political,  which  the  author 
has  observed  and  described  with  great 
accuracy  ;  and  Senor  Matheu,  already  known 
by  previous  writings,  has  augmented  the 
list  of  them  by  one  called  '  Marrodan 
primero,'  also,  by  a  significant  coincidence, 
like  Senor  Macias's  dealing  largely  with 
political  society.  And  as  I  have  been  led 
to  touch  on  these  matters,  I  must  of  neces- 
sity mention  '  Nonadas,'  the  book  of  A. 
Calderon,  which  is  at  once  a  vigorous  and 
profound  expression  of  modern  liberal  ideas 
and  a  model  of  chaste  and  elegant  style.  Of 
a  very  different  character  are  the  '  Cuentos 
y  Chascarrillos  Andaluces,'  written  by  four 
anonymous  authors  and  risk}-  reading. 
Finally,  the  '  Biblioteca  Clasica '  has  com- 
menced publishing  an  edition  of  the  plays 
of  Cervantes,  which  will  be  made  notable 
by  an  essay  from  the  pen  of  Senor 
Menendez  y  Pelayo.  Senor  Perez  Galdos 
has  just  published  a  new  novel,  *  Miseri- 
cordia,'  dealing  with  the  life  of  the  poor 
and  the  beggars  of  Madrid,  and  noteworthy 
for  the  characteristic  figures  it  introduces, 
and  the  noble  feeling  of  sympathy  which 
the  narrative  expresses. 

Catalan  literature  has  produced  two  most 
recommendable  books  :  the  '  Croquis  Pire- 
necs '  of  Masso,  beautiful  painting  of  the- 
life  and  scenery  of  the  mountains,  and 
'  Figura  y  Paisatge,'  by  N.  Oiler,  a  collec- 
tion of  precious  tales  and  sketches  by  this 
celebrated  author. 

In  poetry  there  is  little  that  is  new  and 
important  if  I  except  two  little  Catalan 
poems  by  Verdaguer,  '  Jesus  Infant '  and 
'  Flors  del  Calvari,'  and  a  collection  of 
Asturian  verses  by  Teodoro  Cuesta ;  some 
volumes  of  Galician  poets  who  are  serving 
their  apprenticeship  to  their  art  ;  other  two 
volumes  ('Fornos'  and  'Camafeos')  by 
Senor  Rueda ;  and  three  notable  composi- 
tions ('Nelson,'  'La  Muerta  Viva,'  '  Can- 
cion  ')  collected  in  a  single  volume  by  Senor 
Herrero,  a  successful  translator  of  Heine. 
Of  ancient  poets  I  may  mention  the  reprint 
of  the  plays  of  Lope  de  Rueda  in  the  "  Co- 
leccion  de  Libros  Raros  y  Curiosos,"  and  the 
first  and  second  parts  of  the  'Flores  de 
Poetas  Ilustres  de  Espana,'  which  comprise 
the  compositions — many  of  them  hitherto 
unknown — of  ninety-eight  authors  of  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries. 

The  theatrical  season  has  been  unevent- 
ful. None  of  our  successful  dramatists 
— Echegaray,  Galdos,  Feliu,  &c.  —  has 
obtained  with  his  pieces  of  this  year 
anything  like  his  former  triumphs,  and 
there  is  little  inducement  to  dwell  on 
plays  that  were  either  damned  on  the 
first  representation  or  failed  to  main- 
tain their  place  on  the  boards.  The  only 
new  reputation  achieved  has  been  by  Senor 
Benavente  with  his  '  Gente  Conocida,'  which 
shows    excellent    powers     of     observation. 


N°3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


31 


grace  and  talent,  and  a  natural  style,  but 
which,  wants  other  purely  theatrical  qualities 
with  which  the  public — at  least,  the  public 
of  our  day — can  seldom  be  induced  to  dis- 
pense. Senor  Benavente  was  conscious  of 
this  defect  when  he  styled  his  work  not  a 
comedy,  but  "Scenes  from  Modern  Life"; 
but  no  doubt  in  time  he  will  produce  a  play 
which  will  impose  itself  on  its  audience. 

Eafael  Altamira. 


LITERATURE 


A  Description  of  the  TFordstcorth  and  Cole- 
ridge MSS.  in  the  Possession  of  Mr.  T. 
Norton  Longman.  With  Three  Facsimile 
Eeproductions.  Edited,  with  Notes,  by 
W.  Hale  White.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

Of  the  interesting  memorials  here  described 
little  was  known  heretofore  save  the  bare 
fact,  noted  by  the  late  James  Dykes  Campbell 
('Coleridge's  Poetical  Works,'  p.  601),  of 
their  existence  amongst  the  archives  of  the 
house  of  Longman.  At  the  desire  of  the 
present  owner — grandson  and  successor  to 
the  publisher  of  the  '  Lyrical  Ballads  ' — Mr. 
Campbell  had,  we  believe,  agreed  to  tell  the 
story  of  the  MSS.  in  Longman's  Magazine  ; 
but  he  died  before  this  could  be  done.  Later 
on  a  happy  inspiration  led  Mr.  Longman  to 
confide  his  treasures  to  Mr.  Hale  White, 
whose  intimate  knowledge  of  the  poets  and 
their  work,  and  vigilant  accuracy  of  obser- 
vation and  statement,  have  been  turned  to 
excellent  account  in  the  production  of  this 
brief  report. 

A  glance  through  these  pages  reveals  the 
source  of  several  curious  textual  variations 
— amounting  in  some  cases  to  an  entire 
stanza,  or  even  a  page-long  passage — which 
have  been  inserted  by  Prof.  Knight,  with 
never  a  hint  of  their  origin  beyond  an 
oracular  "  MS."  aflSxed  byway  of  reference, 
amongst  the  notes  of  his  last  edition  of 
Wordsworth's  poems.  It  now  appears  that 
these  (seemingly)  unaccredited  intruders 
amongst  the  authentic  readings  of  the  several 
editions  have  been  silently  conveyed  into  the 
notes — and,  in  the  conveying,  maimed  and 
mangled — from  the  MSS.  in  Mr.  Longman's 
possession !  Surely  this  is  not  quite  fair 
either  to  the  public  or  to  Mr.  Longman. 
The  very  least  return  due  to  that  gentleman 
for  permitting  his  records  to  be  ransacked 
and  rifled  —  since  we  cannot  suppose  that 
these  excerpts  were  printed  without  his 
leave  —  had  been,  one  would  think,  an 
acknowledgment  in  handsome  terms,  and  a 
plain  reference  to  the  MSS.  wherever  they 
were  quoted.  One  who  takes  for  his  pro- 
vince the  whole  doctrine  and  discipline  of 
morals  cannot  afford  to  ignore  those  minor 
points  of  manners  which  guide  "  the  week- 
day man  in  the  hourly  walk  of  the  mind's 
business,"  and  ought  assuredly  to  have 
better  known  "  the  effects  of  courtesy,  dues 
of  gratitude,"  than  to  make  these  extensive 
appropriations  without  a  word  either  of 
thanks  or  of  avowal.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that, 
in  justice  to  all  parties,  the  omitted  refer- 
ences will  be  supplied  in  the  next  issue  of 
the  "Eversley"  Wordsworth. 

Of  the  relics  described  by  Mr.  Hale  White 
the  most  interesting  is  the  MS.  "copy"  of 
the  greater  part  of  the  second  volume  of  the 
'  Lyrical  Ballads  '  of   1800,  and  of  the  pre- 


face (part),  the  notes,  and  the  textual 
emendations  of  the  first  volume.  It  is  con- 
tained in  a  fasciculus  of  sixteen  documents, 
mostly  folio  sheets,  sent  through  the  post 
from  Ambleside  or  Keswick  to  Bristol  in  the 
latter  half  of  1800.  On  the  same  sheets 
with  the  copy  are  three  letters  to  the  printer 
signed  "  W.  Wordsworth,"  one  in  the  poet's 
autograph,  one  written  by  Coleridge,  and  a 
third  —  dated  September  15th  —  in  hand- 
writing which  the  editor  does  not  identify; 
besides  a  letter  from  Wordsworth  (repro- 
duced in  facsimile  here),  entirely  in  his  own 
hand,  to  "Mr.  Davy,  Superintendent  of  the 
Pneumatic  Institution,  Bristol,"  begging 
that  Davy  will  revise  the  sheets  of  the  new 
(second)  volume  and  rectify  the  punctuation 
— "  a  business  in  which  I  am  ashamed  to 
say  I  am  no  adept."  This  confirms  Mr.  T. 
Hutchinson's  conjecture(^i'/i^n<8«?«.  July  4th, 
1896,  p.  35)  that  it  was  to  Davy,  and  not, 
as  Mr.  Dykes  Campbell  supposed,  to  Jos. 
Cottle,  that  Wordsworth  looked  to  see  the 
volumes  of  1800  through  the  press. 
Dorothy's  hand  supplied  the  lion's  share  of 
the  copy,  but  Coleridge  furnished  copy  for 
thirty-six  pages — besides  many  notes,  direc- 
tions to  the  printer,  &c. — of  vol.  ii.,  and 
writes  out  his  own  poem  of  '  Love '  (repro- 
duced here)  and  seventy-one  alterations  in 
'  The  Ancient  Mariner  '  for  vol.  i.  Sarah 
Hutchinson's  hand  also  certainly,  and  Mary's 
probably,  appear.  Concerning  the  un- 
identified letter  of  September  15th  "we  have 
a  vision  of  our  own,"  a  private  fancy  strictly 
cherished  :  alas  if  fuller  knowledge  should 
prove  it  to  be  illusory  !  It  is  that  the  hand- 
writing here  is  that  of  John  Wordsworth 
the  sailor,  who,  as  Dorothy's  '  Journal ' 
relates,  returned  to  the  cottage  on  the 
evening  of  September  14th,  and  just  a  fort- 
night later  bade  farewell  to  cottage  and 
kindred  and  departed,  never  to  return.  The 
point  is  in  itself  of  little  importance ;  yet, 
should  our  conjecture  be  confirmed,  the 
value  of  this  bundle  of  copy  will  be  hugely 
enhanced  ;  for  in  that  event  not  only  will 
it  still  be  what  it  now  is,  a  document  of 
cxirious  literary  interest,  but  it  will  have 
become  a  monument  of  the  little  community 
of  six  friends  whose  joint  handiwork  it  will 
have  proved  to  be — a  monument  as  authentic 
as  the  Rock  of  Names,  and,  since  the  ever- 
to-be-regretted  destruction  of  that  trysting- 
stone,  absolutely  unique. 

Chief  amongst  the  many  attractions  of 
this  interesting  book  is  the  facsimile  of  the 
sheet  containing  Coleridge's  divinely  musical 
lyric  in  the  poet's  autograph.  The  version 
here  reproduced  is  not,  however,  the 
original  one,  which  is  longer  than  this  by 
nine  stanzas,  and  had  appeared  in  the  Morn- 
ing Post  over  a  year  before  (December 
21st,  1799),  under  the  title  of  'Introduc- 
tion to  the  Tale  of  the  Dark  Ladie.'  (Walter 
Scott,  who  pronounced  *  Love  '  to  be  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  poems  in  the  language, 
greatly  preferred  it  in  this  early  shajDc,  which 
he  reprinted,  along  with  Wordsworth's 
'  Tintern  Abbey,'  in  the  collection  entitled 
'  English  Minstrelsy,'  published  by  John 
Ballantyne  &  Co.  in  1810.  The  reader 
will  find  it  in  Dykes  Campbell's 
edition  of  Coleridge's  poems,  p.  612.)  In 
a  prefatory  letter  to  the  editor  Cole- 
ridge promises  to  send  the  poem  of  '  The 
Dark  Ladie  '  "  for  insertion  on  your  next 
open  day."     Of  course,  'The  Dark  Ladie' 


was  never  sent ;  was,  indeed,  never  finished 
by  Coleridge,  though  an  imperfect  draft  was- 
printed  in  the  posthumous  edition  of  1834. 
But  a  curious  attempt  by  an  anonymous 
scribbler  to  pass  off  his  wretched  doggerel 
as  the  poem  promised  by  Coleridge  to  the 
Morning  Post  confirms  the  testimonj'  borne 
by  Scott  to  the  admiration  excited  by  the 
verses  in  their  original  form.  In  1802  a 
little  volume  entitled  '  Tales  of  Superstition 
and  Chivalry '  was  published  by  Vernor  & 
Hood  of  the  Poultry.  Of  the  ten  idle  and 
extravagant  ballads  which  form  the  con- 
tents, the  first,  to  which  the  pirated  title  of 
'  The  Dark  Ladie '  is  given,  purports  to  be 
the  comj)anion  story  announced  in  the  final 
stanza  of  the  Morning  Post : — 

I  promised  thee  a  sister-tale 
Of  Man's  perfidious  cruelty  : 
Come  then  and  hear  what  cruel  wrong 
Befel  the  Dark  Ladie. 

AYith  this  Coleridge's  newspaper  version 
breaks  off.  Accordingly,  in  a  doleful  ditty 
of  thirty-nine  stanzas,  written  in  the  same 
metre  (but  with  a  difference!),  the  pseudo- 
Coleridge  unfolds  "  a  norrible  tale  "  of  the 
enormities  perpetrated  by  one  Sir  Guyon 
upon  a  mysterious  veiled  "ladie"  whom  be- 
holds in  durance  at  "  his  Castle  on  the  Sea." 
Sir  Huart,  the  narrator,  reports  the  "lament- 
able tale "  as  it  has  been  imparted  to  him. 
by  a  hoary  -  headed  man  who  talks  "for 
five  unbroken  hours  " — own  brother  clearly 
to  the  Ancient  Mariner.  The  '  Tales  of 
Superstition  and  Chivalry'  (one  of  which,, 
by  the  way,  entitled  '  Basil,'  is  a  palpable 
imitation  of  Wordsworth — Basil,  a  "rude 
sea  boy,"  being  Euth  in  breeches)  seem  to 
have  won  no  attention  on  their  appearance, 
and  are  not  mentioned  in  Halkett  and 
Laing.  Three  or  four  pretty  designs  illus- 
trate the  tiny  book,  which  was  probably  the 
indiscretion  of  some  moonstruck  rhymester 
in  easy  circumstances. 

No  editor  heretofore  has  ascertained  tha 
authorship  of  the  motto  for  the  title-page 
which  Wordsworth,  in  a  note  dated  August 
16th,  forwarded  to  the  printer.  Cole- 
ridge reiterates  Wordsworth's  directions 
at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  adding,  "Be 
careful  to  print  the  motto  accurately." 
He  then  repeats  it,  "  Quam  nihil  ad 
genium,  Papiniane,  tuum ! "  Coleridge 
found  the  line  in  Anderson's  '  British  Poets,* 
vol.  iii.  p.  238,  where  it  occurs  in  the  fore- 
word "From  the  Author  [Selden]  of  the 
Illustrations"  prefixed  to  Drayton's  '  Poly- 
olbion.'  Wordsworth,  we  may  observe  in 
passing,  was  indirectly  indebted  to  Ander- 
son for  the  motto  of  the  volumes  of  1807, 
lines  8  and  £  of  the  '  Culex.'  "Quam 
nihil,"  &c.,  has  a  hidden  significance  which 
is  highly  diverting,  though,  so  far  as  we 
know,  it  has  never  been  explained.  Papini- 
anus — the  name  was  that  of  a  renowned 
Eoman  lawyer  of  the  third  century — is  no 
other  than  that  "  Counsellor  keen,"  Sir 
James  Mackintosh,  for  whom  Coleridge 
nursed  a  ludicrously  vehement  antipathy, 
dating,  according  to  Dan  Stuart,  from  the 
time  when,  during  a  philosophical  seance  at 
Cote  House,  the  residence  of  John  Wedg- 
wood, Mackintosh  had,  in  the  presence  of 
the  poet's  patrons,  fairly  worsted  him  in 
argument  and  driven  him  in  dudgeon 
from  the  room.  And  Dan  Stuart's 
story  seems  plausible  enough  when  we 
recall    the    prodigal     licence     of     affirma- 


32 


THE     ATHEN7EUM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


tion  in  -which.  Coleridge  habitually 
indulged  (and  the  astounding  misconcep- 
tions under  which,  seemingly,  he  laboured) 
•touching  the  mutual  relations  and  respective 
merits  of  Hobbes  and  Descartes,  and  their 
respective  contributions  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  association  of  ideas.  This  was  ground 
■with  which  Mackintosh  was  thoroughly 
familiar,  and  on  which,  therefore,  it  was 
•mere  midsummer  madness  for  Coleridge, 
who  had  in  trutli  but  a  smattering  of  the 
subject,  to  dream  of  contending  with  him. 
The  reader  will  recollect  how,  long  after- 
wards in  the  '  Biographia,'  Coleridge 
publicly  challenged  the  statements  which 
Mackintosh,  in  his  lectures  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  had  advanced  on  this  question,  ex- 
posing himself,  by  the  thinly  veiled  arro- 
gance of  his  language,  to  a  dignified  and 
telling  rebuke  from  Mackintosh  in  a  note 
affixed  to  the  '  Dissertation  on  the  Progress 
of  Ethical  Philosophy.'  On  this  occasion 
■the  blunders  into  which  Coleridge  falls  are 
nothing  short  of  appalling ;  even  his  daughter 
Sara  admits  that  he  takes  from  Hobbes,  and 
gives  to  Descartes,  what  is  not  to  be  found 
in  the  latter  and  is  to  be  found  in  the  former. 
And  yet  he  has  the  temerity  to  reflect  in  this 
supercilious  fashion  upon  Mackintosh  : — 

"  So  wide,  indeed,  is  the  chasm  between  this 
gentleman's  philosophical  creed  and  mine,  that 
60  far  from  being  able  to  join  hands,  we  could 
scarcely  make  our  voices  intelligible  to  each 
other :  and  to  bridge  it  over  would  require 
more  time,  skill,  and  power  than  I  believe  my- 
self to  possess." 

One  knows  not  whether  to  laugh  or  to 
.groan.  And  the  tone  of  the  motto  on  the 
title-page  is  similar  :  "  How  utterly  worth- 
less— how  absolutely  of  no  account — are  our 
poor  verses  to  one  of  your  temperament,  0 
learned  jurist !  "  It  seems  quite  a  pity  that 
such  subtle  irony  should  have  been  thrown 
awav  upon  the  simple  readers  of  the 
'Lyrical  Ballads.'  The  "fellow  from 
Aberdeen  "  should  rather  have  been  apos- 
trophized in  the  downright  words  of  the 
motto  under  the  picture  of  the  rosemary 
in  the  old  herbals :  "  Sus,  apage !  Haud 
tibi  spiro."  For,  indeed.  Mackintosh  came 
■under  the  threefold  ban  of  the  '  Poet's 
Epitaph  ':  he  was  at  once  a  statist,  a  lawyer, 
and  a  moralist ;  and  Coleridge's  pentameter 
is  best  rendered  by  the  free  version  in 
Wordsworth's  second  stanza:  — 

A  Lawyer  art  thou  ? — draw  not  nigh  ; 
Go,  carry  to  some  other  place 
The  hardness  of  thy  coward  eye, 
The  falsehood  of  thy  sallow  face 

— lines  which  irresistibly  recall  the  "  Coun- 
sellor keen "  of  '  The  Two  Pound  Spaces 
on  the  Tombstone '  [Morning  Post,  Decem- 
ber 4th,  1800):— 

With  a  waxy  face  and  a  blubber  lip, 
And  a  black  tooth  in  front  to  show  in  part 
What  was  the  colour  of  his  whole  heart. 

Besides  the  sheets  discussed  above,  Mr. 
Longman  possesses  the  copy  (in  two  volumes 
of  letterpress  with  MS.  additions)  of  '  Lyrical 
Ballads,'  ed.  1802,  and  also  the  MS.  copy 
of  the  'Poems  in  Two  Volumes'  of  1807. 
These  are  here  carefully  described  by  Mr. 
Hale  White,  and  their  variations  from  the 
printed  text  given  in  detail.  Amongst  other 
important  matter  printed  by  him  is  a 
complete  poem  entitled  '  The  Tinker,' 
which  has  never  before  appeared.  It 
is    a     jingling    rhyme,    by    no    means   in 


Wordsworth's  customary  manner,  but  such 
as  Keats  in  a  merry  mood  might  have 
thrown  off  in  the  course  of  his  Highland 
walking  tour.  But  for  this  and  many  other 
interesting  bits  of  verse  we  must  refer  our 
readers  to  Mr.  Longman's  quarto,  which, 
with  its  sumptuous  paper,  clear  type,  and 
elegant  cover,  forms  a  handsome  and  indis- 
pensable addition  to  the  library  of  every 
lover  of  Wordsworth. 


BOOKS    OF   TRAVEL. 

When  Mrs.  Margaret  Newton  yielded,  on  the 
time-honoured  precedent,  to  the  urgent  pres- 
sure of  "many  friends"  and  decided  to  publish 
her  diary.  Glimpses  of  Life  in  Bernmda  and  the 
Tropics,  with  illustrations  by  herself  (Digby, 
Long  &  Co.),  she  might  with  advantage  have 
weeded  it  of  many  small  and  trivial  incidents. 
Not  that  we  would  have  had  it  made  impersonal. 
It  is,  for  instance,  quite  a  satisfaction  to  know 
that  after  a  week's  hard  work  she  indulged  in 
an  occasional  day  off,  and  did  some  "necessary 
mending  " ;  but  there  are  limits.  Sometimes, 
too,  she  is  disappointingly  vague.  Thus  of 
the  cathedral  at  Port  of  Spain  we  only  hear 
that  it  is  "not  an  extremely  interesting  place, 

but  beyond  in  an  old  part  of  the  town we 

passed  many  interesting  scenes  of  humanity  and 
saw  some  curious  domestic  customs."  Roseau, 
however,  has  "a  fine  French  Catholic  cathedral 
with  spire  pointing  heavenwards ";  though 
whether  the  noteworthy  point  is  the  existence 
of  a  cathedral  or  the  peculiar  direction  of  the 
spire  is  not  clear.  Many  pages  are  filled  with 
elaborate  word-paintings  of  the  gorgeous  scenery 
she  visited,  written  originally,  as  we  gather, 
with  the  intention  of  fixing  in  her  own  mind 
some  adequate  impression  of  such  scenes.  That 
they  will  do  as  much  for  readers  who  have  not 
seen  the  localities  is  hardly  to  be  expected, 
though  the  details  she  gives  of  form  and  colour- 
ing are,  doubtless,  careful  and  accurate,  while 
her  devout  and  enthusiastic  gratitude  to  the 
Author  of  so  much  beauty  is  as  evidently 
deep  and  genuine.  She  describes  the  salient 
features  of  the  scenery  of  the  difi'erent  islands, 
giving  on  the  whole  the  palm  to  Jamaica,  though 
Trinidad  runs  Jamaica  very  hard.  Her  descrip- 
tions may,  at  all  events,  have  the  further  result 
she  desires  of  inducing  others  to  go  and  see  for 
themselves.  In  the  daily  sketching  expeditions 
which  were  the  object  of  her  journey  she  was 
brought  much  in  contact  with  the  coloured 
population,  for  whom,  save  for  a  few  qualifying 
words  in  her  introduction,  she  seems  to  have 
nothing  but  praise.  She  never  ceases  to  dwell 
on  their  pleasant  qualities,  finding  them  not 
merely  polite  and  helpful,  but  honest,  and 
specially  "respectful";  in  church  they  are 
"earnest  and  reverent  "  ;  it  must  be  admitted, 
however,  that  she  was  sometimes  much  exer- 
cised by  the  absence  of  bathing  costume  among 
"quite  big  boys."  Of  the  universal  hospitality 
to  strangers,  and  the  friendly  feeling  for  Eng- 
land, she  speaks  in  the  warmest  terms.  If, 
then,  her  pictures  of  life  are  all  a  little  idyllic, 
she  doubtless  describes  it  as  it  appeared  to  her. 
The  illustrations  from  her  own  drawings  are 
mostly  slight,  but  clever,  and  by  no  means  in- 
effective. As  for  the  text,  the  punctuation  is 
throughout  exasperating,  making  the  construc- 
tion often  seem  faulty.  The  spelling,  too,  of 
common  words,  as  well  as  of  plant  names,  would 
not  have  been  passed  by  any  careful  proof-reader. 
We  note  that  she  writes  "  Aurelia,"  a  frequent 
feminine  rendering  —  we  know  not  why  —  of 
Aralia.  She  also  describes  the  inner  covering 
or  arillus  of  the  nutmeg  as  "maize."  We  take 
it  that  it  is  her  orthography  and  not  her  botany 
that  is  at  fault  here,  for  she  elsewhere  mentions 
"mace."  But  we  have  heard  that  the  East 
India  Company  in  early  days  once  wrote  out  to 
their  agents  to  plant  more  nutmeg  and  less  mace 
as  the  price  of  the  latter  had  fallen. 


We  intend  no  disrespect  to  Miss  K.  S.  Baxter, 
the  author  of  the  rather  sumptuous,  but  much  too 
heavy  volume  In  Bamhoo  Lands  (New  York, 
the  Merriam  Company),  in  mentioning  the  illus- 
trations in  the  first  place.  They  are,  it  is 
true,  almost  all  reproductions  of  photographs, 
and  some  of  these  wear  a  sufficiently  familiar 
look.  But,  on  the  whole,  they  are  better 
chosen  than  is  usual  in  books  of  this  sort. 
Several  of  them,  indeed,  give  a  juster  notion 
of  what  Japan  really  looks  like  than  any  we 
have  seen,  such  as,  to  mention  a  few,  the  view 
of  the  Motomachi  waterway  ;  that  of  the  moss- 
grown  steps  that  lead,  under  the  great  crypto- 
merias  behind  the  vast  Nikko  temples,  to  the 
tomb  of  the  founder  of  the  Tokugawa  Shoguns, 
lyeyasu  ;  the  interior  of  a  Japanese  house  on 
p.  154,  full  of  cool,  diffused  light  and  charac- 
teristically empty  ;  the  scene  on  the  road  to 
Miyanoshita,  which  has  just  the  sunlit  pic- 
turesqueness  peculiar  to  wide  Japanese  valleys  ; 
and  the  straggling,  in  part  two-storied  residence 
of  Count  Okuma,  with  its  broad  verandah,  a 
type  of  the  more  modern  architecture  that  would 
dare  novelty,  but  loves  antiquity.  For  the 
rest,  the  volume  is  what  the  author  says  it  is 
— a  simple  and  impartial  recital  of  what 
she  saw  and  did  in  the  course  of  a  pleasur- 
able tour  in  Central  Japan,  around  Ozaka 
and  Kioto,  and  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Nagasaki.  Despite  the  importation  of 
Western  ideas,  the  author,  even  in  Tokio, 
rarely  met  a  person  in  Western  dress.  Of 
drunken  persons  she  saw  none — there  are,  how- 
ever, plenty — and  she  heard  no  oaths,  but  what 
passes  for  oaths  it  requires  a  good  knowledge 
of  the  language  to  recognize.  Of  official  pedantry 
she  had  a  curious  experience  : — 

"  Oar  party  of  three  arrived  at  the  [Tokio]  station 
on  our  way  to  Yokohama,  one  lady  remaining  with- 
out while  the  two  went  in  to  purchase  the  tickets. 
My  companion  laid  down  the  money  for  two,  and 
I  the  price  of  one.  The  clerk  handed  us  two  tickets, 

took  pay  for  two,  and  refused  to  sell  a  third he 

saw  hut  two  persons,  and  declined  to  be  a  party  to 
such  extravagance," 

and,  despite  entreaty,  the  clerk  merely  shook  his 
head  with  an  Oriental  composure  that  nearly 
drove  the  travellers  mad.  At  the  Nishi  Hongwan 
temple  in  Kioto  the  party  visited  the  Buddhist 
seminary,  where  students  were  being  educated 
to  serve  as  missionaries  in  Christian  countries. 
"If  you  send  men  to  convert  us,"  said  the 
monk  who  acted  as  guide,  speaking  perfect 
English,  "why  should  we  not  pay  you  the  same 
attention  ? "  Why,  indeed,  if,  as  the  monk 
added,  the  "religion  [of  Buddha]  is  more  ancient 
and  more  logical  "  than  Christianity  1  Of  Young 
Japan  the  author's  experiences  were  not  agree- 
able, and,  in  fact,  there  has  been  of  late  a  good 
deal  of  recrudescence  of  the  old  anti-foreign 
feeling,  the  outcome  of  meiji  vanity  rather  than 
of  bakufu  intolerance.  On  one  occasion  near 
Kioto  she  and  her  friends  were 

"accosted  by  a  party  of  Japanese  students  in  Euro- 
pean attire  ;  one  of  the  lads  pointed  to  the  open 
page  [of  the  travellers'  guide-book],  and  we  handed 
iiini  the  hook.  He  read  a  few  words  with  difHcult)', 
hut  talked  lain^ly  and  was  unable  to  understand  us. 
Ohviously  they  considered  it  all  a  huge  joke,  and 
lingered  near  us,  laughing  and  gesticulating  until 
we  reached  the  temple,  when  they  left  us— to  our 
immense  relief." 

The  contemptuous  familiarity  with  which 
Western  travellers  in  Japan  allow  themselves 
to  be  treated  by  natives  of  all  degrees  degrades 
them  in  the  eyes  of  all  classes,  and  it  is  a  pity 
that  they  do  not  insist  upon  being  treated  with 
the  politeness  which  the  Japanese  usually 
practise  among  themselves. 


AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


The  Calendar  of  State  Papers  (Stationery 
Office)  dealing  with  the  period  between  1677 
and  1680  was  begun  by  the  late  Mr.  Noel  Sains- 
bury,  and  has  been  finished  by  the  Hon.  J.  W. 
Fortescue.  Many  of  the  entries  deal  with 
Bacon's  rebellion  in  Virginia,  and  they  supply 


N"  3636,  July  3/97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


33 


fresh  reason  for  regretting  that  Sir  William 
Berkeley  was  ever  the  Governor  of  that 
colony.  At  an  earlier  day  he  had  informed 
the  Commissioners  of  Foreign  Plantations, 
"I  thank  God  there  are  no  free  schools 
or  printing"  in  Virginia.  It  is  shown  in  this 
volume  how  he  defied  the  Commissioners 
who  had  been  sent  with  full  power  to  insist 
upon  his  resignation.  He  grievously  insulted 
them,  being  aided  and  abetted  by  his  wife.  He 
embarked  for  England  in  1677,  where  he  died 
soon  after  landing.  The  explanation  of  his  con- 
duct suggested  in  the  preface  is  charitable  and 
probably  correct,  being  in  substance  that  he 
was  not  always  responsible  for  his  actions.  Col. 
Jeffreys,  who  succeeded  him,  died  about  a  year 
after  assuming  the  governorship.  It  is  noted 
that  he  was  the  first  officer  in  the  regular  army 
who  was  promoted  to  be  Governor  of  a  colony. 
The  Puritans  of  Massachusetts  displayed  in 
their  dealing  with  the  home  Government  a 
casuistry  which  none  of  Pascal's  Jesuits  sur- 
passed, and  the  correspondence  in  1680,  which 
is  abridged  in  this  volume,  furnishes  ample 
evidence  of  this.  The  work  has  been  so  well 
executed  by  Mr.  Fortescue  that  our  regret  is 
lessened  for  the  loss  of  Mr.  Sainsbury. 

History  of  the  Transition  from  Provincial 
to  Covimoniuealth  Government  in  Massachusetts 
(New  York,  Columbia  University)  contains 
many  details,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  H.  A.  Gush- 
ing, of  a  stage  in  the  development  of  New  Eng- 
land with  which  even  ripe  historical  students 
are  not  familiar.  The  passing  of  the  Boston 
Port  Act  and  another  for  the  government  of 
Massachusetts,  with  the  appointment  of  General 
Gage  as  Governor,  was  held  by  the  patriots  as 
having  ended  the  compact  under  which  the 
province  had  been  administered  by  the  Crown, 
their  view  being  that  they  had  reverted  to  "  a 
state  of  nature."  A  similar  feeling  prevailed 
among  the  revolutionists  in  France  ;  but  a  very 
different  spirit  animated  them.  Many  French- 
men would  have  jeered,  probably,  at  any  sug- 
gestion to  adopt  resolutions  such  as  those  Vv'hich 
were  voted  by  the  representatives  of  the  people 
at  Falmouth,  in  New  England,  and  other  towns, 
and  of  which  the  following  words  formed  a  part : 

"  Every  one  shall  endeavour  to  sui)press,  at  all 
times,  riots,  mobs,  and  all  iicentiousness,  and  our 
fellow  subjects  should  consider  themselves,  as  they 
always  are,  in  the  presence  of  the  great  God,  who 
loveth  order,  not  confusion." 

Many  foolish  things  were  said  and  some  harsh 
acts  were  perpetrated  in  America  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  yet  the  Americans  acted  on 
the  whole  with  rare  good  sense  and  moderation. 
Very  few  extravagant  suggestions  were  put 
forward  ;  scarcely  one  was  adopted.  When  it 
was  proposed  to  rename  Massachusetts 
"Oceana"  the  vote  was  adverse.  It  is  note- 
worthy how  much  of  the  old  order  of  things 
remained  and  how  little  fundamental  difference 
now  exists  between  the  forms  of  government  in 
the  old  country  and  the  new.  The  names  of 
things  do  not  always  express  such  great  diver- 
gences as  might  be  supposed.  Dr.  Gushing 
has  been  conscientious  in  collecting  the  par- 
ticulars which  he  succinctly  sets  forth. 

The  Province  of  Quebec  and  the  Early 
American  Revolution  (Madison,  University 
Press)  is  a  work  by  Dr.  Victor  Coffin,  Assistant 
Professor  of  European  History  in  the  University 
of  Wisconsin,  and  has  the  merit  of  originality. 
It  is  the  accepted  belief  that  the  French 
Canadians  were  rendered  good  British  subjects 
by  the  Act  of  1774,  which  assured  to  them  the 
exercise  of  their  own  laws  and  the  practice 
of  their  own  religion.  Dr.  Coffin  thinks  that 
Canada  would  have  been  happier  now  if  the 
rule  had  been  followed  which  was  acted  upon 
when  Louisiana  became  a  state  of  the  Union. 
He  contends  that  the  French  Canadians  were 
over-pampered,  and  that  they  would  have  been 
gainers  in  the  long  run,  despite  momentary 
annoyance  and  heart  -  burning,  had  they  been 
thoroughly  Anglicized.    The  mass  of  the  French 


Canadians  had  no  aversion  to  becomingsubject  to 
British  law  ;  indeed,  most  of  them  had  been  so 
tyrannically  governed  that  any  change  was  an 
alleviation.  Dr.  Coffin  admits  that  the  framers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  were 
cognizant  of  these  facts  when  they  made  the 
treatment  of  "a  neighbouring  province" — re- 
ferring to  Canada  under  the  rule  of  Great 
Britain— one  of  the  American  grievances.  His 
criticisms  are  shrewd,  but  his  conclusions 
are  sometimes  doubtful.  We  disagree  with 
his  characterization  of  the  closing  passages 
in  Parkman's  'Old  Regime'  as  "turgid  rhe- 
toric." He  may  differ  from  Parkman's  view 
of  the  position  and  action  in  Canada  of  the 
Church  of  Rome  ;  but  ho  ought  not  to  deny 
that  the  historian  was  a  master  of  English  as 
well  as  of  his  subject.  Frequent  slips  in  the 
spelling  of  names  are  blemishes,  Shelburne 
being  printed  "Shelbourne"  more  than  once, 
Germain  having  an  e  added  to  his  name,  and 
Wedderburn  being  punished  for  his  treatment 
of  Franklin  by  iiguring  as  "  Wedderbourne. " 
Nevertheless,  the  work  is  creditable  to  the 
author  and  to  the  university  which  has  pub- 
lished it,  and  the  student  of  Canadian  history 
will  profit  by  its  perusal. 

The  Report  on  Canadian  A^xhices  for  JS95, 
which  Dr.  Douglas  Brymner  has  compiled  (Ottawa, 
Government  Printer),  is  as  carefully  prepared 
as  any  of  those  which  we  have  heretofore 
noticed  with  praise.  He  tells  very  clearly  the 
story  of  the  acciuisition  by  this  country  of  Prince 
Edward  Island,  and  also  of  the  changes  which 
took  place  in  New  Brunswick,  Cape  Breton,  and 
Nova  Scotia  towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Yet  the  most  interesting  papers  in  the 
volume  relate  to  Hudson  Bay.  Two  of  them, 
which  are  preserved  in  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany's office,  are  now  published  for  the  first 
time  in  the  original  French.  They  are  from  the 
pen  of  Pierre  Esprit  Radisson,  and  describe  his 
voyages  to  Hudson  Bay  and  his  feats  there  in 
1682  and  1684.  He  was  a  maritime  Dugald 
Dalgett}'.  He  was  in  the  service  of  France  on 
his  first  trip  and  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
on  the  next.  His  narrative  is  replete  with  self- 
praise,  and  his  French  is  often  a  puzzle.  Per- 
haps it  would  be  more  accurate  to  liken  him  to 
Benvenuto  Cellini  than  to  Scott's  soldier.  He 
appears,  however,  to  have  acted  with  great 
impartiality,  and  treated  the  enemies  of  his 
employers  as  his  own.  He  also  seems  to 
have  shown  skill  in  getting  on  excellent  terms 
with  the  natives,  and  this  was  one  of  the 
advantages  of  the  French  over  the  English 
while  they  were  rivals  in  North  America.  Every 
reader  of  Radissoi\'s  story  must  be  curious  to 
learn  more  about  his  after  career. 

The  Story  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  (Ward  & 
Downey)  has  been  edited  from  the  original  texts 
by  Mr.  Edward  Arber  ;  yet  few  will  read  this 
volume  with  profit.  The  documentary  evidence 
has  long  been  accessible,  the  story  itself  has 
been  often  told,  yet  how  many  are  acquainted 
with  it  ?  In  truth,  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  though 
worthy  and  praiseworthy  men,  do  not  occupy  so 
high  a  place  in  history  as  their  descendants 
suppose.  They  had  grievances  at  home,  and 
they  left  for  Holland  in  the  first  instance  and 
for  America  in  the  second  in  order  to  be  freed 
from  them.  They  were  model  emigrants  in- 
asmuch as  they  did  not  lose  heart  when  all  their 
hopes  were  blighted.  Praise  has  been  accorded 
to  them  in  large  measure,  yet  very  few  among 
those  who  now  lavish  it  would  sit  quietly  under 
their  government.  Nevertheless,  the  facts  con- 
nected with  the  exodus  of  the  best  men  among 
the  English  middle  class  from  their  native  land 
deserve  consideration,  and  the  material  is  amply 
and  conveniently  provided  in  Mr.  Arber's  pages 
for  studying  them.  The  book  itself,  though  not 
so  exciting  as  a  fashionable  novel,  has  a  much 
greater  attraction  for  the  earnest  student  of 
history.  To  readers  of  that  class  Mr.  Arber 
addresses  himself,  and  we  trust  that  the  result 


will  not  be  disheartening.  He  is  a  painstaking 
editor,  yet  at  p.  369  he  has  allowed  1630  to  stand 
in  the  place  of  1620. 

Memoirs   of  Frederick    A.    P.    Barnard,    by 
John  Fulton  (Macmillan  &  Co.),  contains  much 
interesting  material  which  would  be  more  in- 
teresting still  if  given  to  the  world  in  a  greatly 
condensed  form.     The  work  may  subserve  the 
purpose,  as  intimated  in  the  prefatory  note,  of 
being  a  useful  contribution   to    the  history  of 
education  in  the  L^nited  States  during  the  pre- 
sent century.     The  man  whom  it  commemorates 
was    born   at    Sheffield,    in    Massachusetts,    on 
May  5th,  1809,   and    he   died  as   President  of 
Columbia  College,    New  York,  on  April   27th, 
1889.     He  wrote  that  in  his  earlier  years  the 
inhabitants  of  his  native  village  considered  that 
to  use  the  designation  "  parish  "  with  regard  to 
a  particular  locality,  or  "  church  "  for  meeting- 
house, "savoured  of  prelacy."     He  spent  many 
dreary  hours  in  the  meeting-house  when  a  very 
little  boy,  with  the  result  of  thinking  that  the 
clergyman    was  shut    up  in    the  pulpit   against 
his  will,  and  that  his  fervent  discourses  "  were 
passionate  appeals    to   the  congregation  to  let 
him    out."     Mr.    Barnard  graduated    at  Yale  ; 
deafness  caused   him   to   take   a  great  interest 
in   deaf-mutes,    and   he   laboured   to   instruct 
them  ;    but    he   accepted   the    offer   of    a    Pro- 
fessorship   of   Mathematics   and    Natural    Phi- 
losophy   in    the    University    of    Alabama    and 
spent    many   years    in    the    Southern    States, 
returning  to  the  North  after  the  beginning  of 
the    civil    war,    and     becoming     President    of 
Columbia  College.     He  appears    to  have  been 
a  successful  teacher  and  a  good  administrator. 
His  biographer  admits  that  his  scholarship  was 
meagre.     It  is,  then,  highly  creditable  to  him 
that   in    1870  he  resisted  the  clamour  against 
classical  studies  in  the  following  terms,  which 
deserve  careful  attention  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic  : — 

'The  languages  of  Greece  and  Rome  are,  in  an 
important  sense,  the  languages  of  all  Southern 
Europe,  of  England,  and  of  America.  It  is  a  per- 
version of  terms  to  speak  of  them  as  dead  lan- 
guages, and  to  call  upon  us  to  bury  them  because 
they  are  dead.  They  are  not  dead  but  living,  and 
we  cannot  bury  them,  endeavour  as  we  may.  They 
live  in  our  own  tongue,  they  live  in  our  literature, 
they  live  in  our  philosophy,  they  live  in  our  history, 
they  live  in  our  jurisprudence.  When  they  shall  be 
actually  dead  we  too  shall  be  dead  like  them,  and 
other  races  yet  unknown  to  history  shall  come  here 
to  live  among  the  ruins  we  have  left." 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Urquhaet  was  a   remarkable  man,  and   hia 

wife,  a  sister  of  Mr.  Chichester  Fortescue  (now 

Lord  Carlingford),    was   a   remarkable  woman. 

Starting  from  a  very  different  standpoint,  Mrs. 

Urquhart,  after  her  marriage,  grew  to  share  all 

the  singular  opinions  of  her  husband,  but  in  his 

ultimate  evolution  towards  Roman  Catholicism 

the  influence  of  the  spiritual  side  of  her  nature 

was  probably  predominant.     A  Memoir  of  Mrs. 

Urquhart,  both  as  Miss  Fortescue,  and  afterwards 

as  wife  of  Mr.  David  Urquhart,  by  Mrs.  Bishop, 

authorofthevvell-knownmemoirof  Mrs.  Augustus 

Craven,  is  published  by  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  & 

Co.,  and  will  be  found  of  considerable  interest 

even    by   those   who   do   not   share   Urquhart's 

views.       The    most    tangible    reminiscences    of 

Urquhart    and    U^rquhartites   are   the    Turkish 

baths    plentiful    in    our    midst.       The    Foreign 

Affairs  Committees,  as  they  were  called,  which 

represented  the  Urquhartite  propaganda  in  our 

great  towns,  have  some  of  them  ceased  to  exists 

while  others  have  not  the  influence  that  they 

once  possessed  ;  and  Mr.  Joseph  Cowen  having 

retired  from  the  world  of  active  politics,  almost 

the  only  living    politician  who   shows   distinct 

traces    of    Urquhartite    training   is    Mr.   T.   G. 

Bowles,  M.P.,  who  shares  Urquhart's  views  and 

expresses  them  with  much  ability  upon  a  large 

number  of  questions,  though   upon  some  main 

points  he  has  changed  with  the  changes  of  the 

times. 


34 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N"3636,  July  3,  '97 


Messrs.  Routledge  &  Sons  publish  an 
authorized  edition  of  the  Foreign  and  Colonial 
Speecltes  made  by  Mr.  Chamberlain  since  the 
end  of  1887,  with  an  excellent  preface  by  an 
anonymous  editor.  The  names  that  are  assigned 
to  the  speeches  might,  perhaps,  be  criticized. 
For  instance,  that  whicli  is  called  '  Pegging  out 
Claims  for  Posterity  '  is  unaccompanied  by  any 
note  in  the  explanatory  page  to  show  that  the 
phrase  was  taken  from  Lord  Rosebery,  and  had 
been  the  subject  of  sharp  criticism. 

Mr.  Sidney  Webb  has  written  a  little  volume 
called  Labour  in  the  Longest  Reign,  which  is 
issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  Fabian  Society, 
and  published  by  Mr.  Grant  Richards.  It  is,  as 
may  be  expected  of  anything  coming  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Sidney  Webb,  accurate  ;  but  it  is  a 
little  slight  and  thin,  and  does  not  compare 
favourably  with  some  of  his  other  works. 

Mrs.  J.  E.  Panton,  in  a  volume  of  advice  to 
young  parents,  called  The  Way  they  should  Go 
(Downey),  discourses,  with  her  accustomed 
volubility,  on  commonplace  topics.  She  treats 
delicate  subjects  with  a  good  deal  of  skill.  Her 
advice  is  generally  excellent,  but  it  would  pro- 
bably be  more  effective  if  it  were  more  concise. 

With  Plumer  in  Mataheleland,  from  the  pen 
of  Mr.  Frank  Sykes,  who  was  a  trooper,  is  a 
trustworthy  and  well-illustrated   volume,  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Archibald    Constable  &  Co. 
The  author  has  evidently  taken  much  trouble  to 
be  accurate  with  regard   to  his    facts,  and  his 
book  will  supply  a  good  deal  of    material    to 
those  who  think  that  the  Chartered  Company 
is   wholly    responsible    for    the    Matabeleland 
rising.     In   his  first  chapter,  which    is    on  the 
causes  of  the  rebellion,  Mr.  Sykes  describes  how 
the  natives  were  bullied,  their  cattle  taken,  and 
their  women  interfered  with  ;  and  in  one  of  his 
last  chapters  on  the  religion  of  the  Matabele  he 
disposes  of  the  exploit  of  the  shooting  of  the 
native  god  by  the  American  scout  by  informing 
us  that  the  old   man   who  came    to  his  death 
when  leading  the  two  white  men  into  his  cave 
belonged  to  a  friendly  tribe,  who  had  through- 
out the  rising  been  "loyal  to  the  white  man." 
It  would  not,  however,  be   fair  to  count  Mr. 
Sykes  as  hostile  to  the  Chartered  Company  and 
its  rule  because  there  are  passages  of  this  kind 
which  can  be  used  in  the  way  described.     He 
is  a  writer  who  has  desired  before  all  things  to 
give  a  picture  of  the  war  as  it  was,  and  his  story 
is,   like   that   by    Major    Baden-Powell    lately 
reviewed  by  us,  on  the  whole,  doubtless  fair  all 
round, 

A   MISCELLANEOUS   volume    by   the    Due    de 
Broglie,  published  under  the  title  of  Histoire 
et  Politique  by  M.  Calmann  L^vy,  and  contain- 
ing mostly  reprints  of   articles,  is   remarkable 
for  one  contribution,  dated  July  of   last  year, 
and    called     'Vingt-cinq     Ans    Apres,'    which 
forms   a   most    interesting   and   valuable   view 
of   French   policy.      It   shows  how   France   at 
first,  to  use  a  memorable  phrase,  lay  hypnotized 
before  the  gap  in  the  Vosges,  then  burst  into 
colonial   activity,    and    now   into    the   Russian 
alliance.     The  Due  de  Broglie  points  out  with 
philosophy  and  with  prudence  the  weakness  in- 
volved in  each  of  the  three  attitudes,  and  nothing 
better   has   appeared    on    foreign   affairs   for   a 
long  time  past.      It  is  a   pity  that  the    article 
should  be  marred  by  the  statement  that  Lord 
Wolseley's  suppression  of  Arabi's  insurrection 
was  assisted  by  cash  payments.     This  statement 
has  been  repeatedly  made  by  our  enemies  abroad. 
It  is  untrue  ;  and  it  is  disgraceful  to  the  Due  de 
Broglie  as  a  moderate  man  that  he  should  accept 
it  (from  journalists  whose  testimony  on  every 
other   point   he  would   at  once   reject)  simply 
because  of   the  vehemence  with  which   the  lie 
has  been  repeated.     There  exist  in  this  country 
no  funds   from   which   such   payments   can   be 
made.      The  absurdly  small  amount  of  secret- 
service  money  is  known  to  be  partly  mortgaged 
to  annuities  which  have  been  running  for  long 
periods,  and  so,  far  as  it  is  not  thus  mortgaged, 


it  is  spent  on  information  as  to  dynamite  plots 
and  Irish  conspiracies.  The  Government  of  this 
country  does  not  dispose  for  true  secret  service, 
or  in  other  words  bribery,  of  any  funds  which 
amount  to  a  hundredth  part  of  those  so  spent  by 
the  governments  of  France,  of  Russia,  and  of  Ger- 
many. As  a  fact,  there  is  no  reason  to  believe 
that  any  money  whatever  is  so  spent  by  British 
Governments.  It  is  an  open  secret  that  the 
Venezuelan  question  and  all  its  difficulties 
could  have  been  avoided  if  a  small  present  had 
been  made  to  a  well-known  South  American 
statesman,  now  retired  from  public  affairs  and 
from  South  America. 

The  last  two  instalments  of  the  superb 
edition  of  Mr.  Meredith's  novels  which  Messrs. 
Constable  &  Co.  are  publishing  contain  Beau- 
champ's  Career  and  The  Egoist,  two  of  the  three 
great  books  which  Mr.  Meredith  produced  in 
the  seventies.  '  The  Egoist '  may  be  said  to  have 
roused  the  general  public  from  their  apathy,  and 
opened  their  eyes  to  the  fact  the  critics  had 
steadily  striven  to  impress  upon  them — that 
Mr.  Meredith  was  a  great  novelist. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Longest  Eeign,  an 
Ode,  by  Prof.  Courthope  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press),  a  good  specimen  of  official  verse,  digni- 
fied and  scholarly,  and  decidedly  superior  to 
the  Laureate's  effusion. 

The  hot  weather  brings  the  guide-books. 
Messrs.  Black  send  us  guides  to  Hampshire, 
Dorsetshire,  North  Wales,  and  The  Trossachs,  all 
tempting  places  to  the  tired  cockney.  In  the 
index  to  the  first  named,  Lymington  is  said  to 
be  noticed  on  p.  106  ;  it  should  be  p.  G6. — Mr. 
Grant  Allen  has  added  to  his  "Historical 
Guides "  a  recommendable  handbook  to  the 
Cities  of  Belgium  (Grant  Richards). 

A  SECOND  edition  has  reached  us  of  Mr.  Rye's 
most  useful  handbook  Records  and  Record 
Searching  (G.  Allen). 

We  have    on    our    table    National    Progress 
during  the  Queen's  Reign,  by  Michael  G.  Mulhall 
(Routledge),— T/ie  Ethics  of  John  Stuart  Mill, 
edited  by  C.  Douglas  (Blackwood), — The  Works 
of   Dionysius    the    Areopagite,    translated    into 
English  from  the  original  Greek  by  the  Rev.  J. 
Parker  (Parker), — Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field, edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by 
M.   Macmillan  (Macmillan),— T/ie    Golfer's  and 
Angler's  Holiday  Gnide  to  Scotland,  by  R.  W. 
Grant  (Simpkin), — The  Forcing-Book,  by  L.  H. 
Bailey  (Macmillan), — Hcpmorrhoidsand  Habitual 
Constipation,  by  J.  H.  Clarke,  M.D.   (Epps), — 
"  Old  Man's"  Marriage,  by  G.  B.  Burgin  (Grant 
Richards),  —  The   Happy   Hypocrite,    by   Max 
Beerbohm  (Lane), — Lady  Turpin,  by  H.  Her- 
man (Ward   &  Lock), — In  an  Ancient  Mirror, 
by  H.  Flowerdew  (Fisher  Unwin), — Ord  of  her 
Shroud,  by  H.  Ochiltree  (A.  &  C.  Black),— Poor 
Little  Mother,    by   E.    C.    Price  (S.P.C.K.),— 
Thirty-one  Parables  explained  by  Lonisa  Horsley 
(Stock),  — Religious  Teaching  in  Secondary  Schools, 
by  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Bell  (Macmillan), -^C/iapfers 
on  Symbolism,  by  W.  F.  Shaw,  F.S.A.  (Skefling- 
ton), — Brigandes,  by  Andrd  Godard  (Paris,  L^vy), 
— Responsable,  by  Princesse  Olga  Cantacuzene- 
Altieri  (Paris,  L^vy), — and  II  Sordomuto  e  la  sua 
Istruzione,  by  P.  Fornari  (Milan,  Hoepli). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 
Theology. 
Clarke's  (G.)  Daily  Salvation,  or  My  Ladder  to  Heaven,  2/  cl. 
Jay's  (K.)  A  Missionary  Family,  cr.  8vo.  3/9  cl. 
Lawlor's  (H.  J.)  Chapters  on  the  Book  of  Mulling,  8/6  net. 
McLaren's  (Dr.  A. )  Creed  and  Conduct,  a  Series  of  Readings, 

selected  by  Rev.  G.  Coates,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Mac  Neil's  (Rev.  J.)   Honey  Gathered    and  Stored,  Helps 

towards  "  handling  "  the  Word  of  God,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Our  Boys,  being  a  Book  for  Schoolboys    and   Others,  by 

Various  Preachers,  edited  by  Rev.  S.  B.  James,  3/6  cl. 

Law. 

Herbert's  (W.  de  B.)  Handbook  of  the  Law  of  Banks  and 

Bankers,  12mo.  2/H  cl. 
Shuttleworth's  (B.)  The    County    Courts   Act,  1888,  with 
Notes,  &c,,  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Fine  Art. 
Notables  of  Britain,  an  Album  of  Portraits,  &c.,  4to.  5/  cl. 
Temple's  (A.  G.)  England's  History  as  pictured  by  Famous 
Painters,  4to.  10/6  cl. 


Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Clarke's  (S.  W.l  The  Miracle  Play  in  England,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6 
Maeterlinck's   (M.)   Aglavaine  and    Selysette,  a   Drama  in 

Five  Acts,  translated  by  A.  Sutro,  Itimo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Shakespeare,  a  Revelation,  by  ?  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Music. 
Robertson's  (F.  E.)  Practical  Treatise  on  Organ  Building, 
with  Plates,  2  vols.  31/6  net. 

Philosophy. 
Bryant's  (S.)  The  Teaching  of  Morality  in  the  Family  and 
the  School,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Hallard's  (J.  H.)  Gold  and  Silver,  an  Elementary  Treatise  on 
Bimetallism,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

History  and  Biography . 
Gardiner's  (S.  R.)  What  Gunpowder  Plot  Was,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Hammond's   (J.)  A  Cornish   Parish,  being  an  Account  of 

St.  Austell,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Hill's  (G.  F.)  Sources  for  Greek  History,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Johnson's  (A.  H.)  Periods  of  European  History  :  Europe  in 

the  Sixteenth  Century,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Marbot,  Baron  de,  Memoirs  of,  translated  by  A.  J.  Butler, 

2  vols,  cr  8vo.  7/  cl. 
Stubbs's  (W.)  Registrum  Sacrum  Anglicanum,  4to.  10/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Abel  -  Musgrave's     (C.)    French     Conversation    with    the 

Examiner,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
English   Dialect  Dictionary,  edited  by  J.  Wright,  Part  3, 

4to.  30/  net. 
New   English   Dictionary,  edited  by   Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray, 

Vol.  3,  folio,  52/6  half-morocco. 

Science. 

Hanssen's  (C.  J.  T.)  Reform  of  Chemical  and  Physical 
Calculations,  4to.  6/6  net. 

Hiscox's  (G.  D.)  Gas,  Gasoline,  and  Oil  Vapour  Engines, 
8vo.  12/6  cl. 

Housman's  (W.)  Cattle.  Breeds  and  Management,  3/6  cl. 

Hull's  (E.)  Our  Coal  Resources  at  the  Close  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Parker's  (H.  C.)  A  Systematic  Treatise  on  Electrical 
Measurement,  royal  8vo.  4/6  cl. 

Sanderson's  (F.  W.)  Electricity  and  Magnetism  for  Be- 
ginners, cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Snyder's  (H.)  The  Chemistry  of  Dairying,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  net. 

Spencer's  (S.)  Pigs,  Breeds  and  Management.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Thompson's  (J.  A.)  A  Contribution  to  the  History  of 
Leprosy  in  Australia,  8vo.  2/6  net. 

West's  (T.  D.)  Metallurgy  of  Cast  Iron,  cr.  8vo.  12/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Allen's  (Grant)  An  African  Millionaire,  Episodes  in  the  Life 

of  the  Illustrious  Col.  Clay,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Allingham's  (F.)  Crooked  Paths,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Bolingbroke,  Lord,   Extracts  from  his  Political  Writings, 

edited  by  Hon.  S.  Erskine.  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Bower's  (M.)  The  Story  of  Mollie.  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Carlyle's  Sartor  Resartus,  edited  by  J.  A    S.  Barrett,  5/  cl. 
Crawford's  (P.  M.)  Taquisara,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Cros'iy's  (P.  T.)  Bells  at  Evening,  16mo  2/  cl. 
Hungcrford's  (Mrs.)  The    Three    Graces,  a   Novel,  cheap 

edition,  cr.  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Lillie's  (A.)  Croquet,  its  History,  Rules,  and  Secrets,  6/  cL 
Maurice's  (Major-General)  National  Defences,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Paper  Boat.  The,  Yachting  Stories,  by  Palinurus,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
Parker's  (G.  A.)  South  African  Sports  :   Cricket,  Football, 

&c,,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Roma  Baccolta  Artistico-Letteraria  Intern azionale.  7/6  net. 
Twain's  (Mark)  A  Yankee  at  the  Court  of  King  Arthur,  cheap 

edition,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Xenopoulos's  (G.)  The  Stepmother,  a  Tale  of  Modern  Athens, 

done  into  English  by  Mrs.  Edmonds,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net. 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Nestle  (E.):   Einfiihrung  in  das  griechische  Neue  Testa- 
ment, 2m.  80. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Alterthiimer,  Die,  unserer  heidnisohen  Vorzeit,  hrsg.  v.  dem 
romisch-german.    Centralmuseum    in    Mainz,    Vol.    4, 
Part  11,  4m. 
Bahrfeldt  (M.):   Nachtrage  u.  Berichtigungen  zur  Munz- 
kunde  der  romiscben  Republik  im  Anschluss  an  Babe- 
Ion's  Verzeichniss  der  Consular-Miinzen,  16m. 
Poetry. 
Lorrain  (J.) :  L'Ombre  Ardente,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Hoffmann  (A.)  :  Ethik,  2m.  50. 
Mariupolsky     (L.) :    Zur    Geschichte    des     EntwicklungB- 

begriffs,  Im.  75, 
Ortiz  (G.) :  Die  Weltanschauung  Calderons,  Im.  75. 
Sakmaun  (P  ) :  Bernard  de  Mandeville  u.  die  Bienenfabel- 
Controverse,  7m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bedjan  (P.) :    EusSbe  de  CfearSe,  Histoire  Bcclesiastique, 

editee  en  Syriaque,  16m. 
Calmon  (A.):    Histoire   Parlementaire  des  Finances  de   la 

Monarchic  de  Julllet,  Vol.  3,  7fr.  50. 
Hanserecesse  :  Part  1,  Vol.  8,  Die  Recesse  u.  andere  Aktea 
der  Hansetage  von  1256-1430,  28m. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Ajalbert  (J.):  L'Auvergne,  23fr. 

Philology. 
Erdmannsdorffer  (B.) :  Reimworterbuch  der  Trobadors,  5m. 
Pillet    (A.) :    Die    neuprovenzalischen     Sprichworter    der 
jiingeren  Cheltenhamer  Liederhandschrift,  3m.  60. 
Science. 
Cohn  (E.) :  Blektrische  Strome,  3m.  60 
Maillet  (B.) :  La  Creation  et  la  Providence  devant  la  Science 
Moderne,  7fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Cat  :  La  Vocation  de  Soledad,  3fr.  50. 
Claretie  (J.) :  L'Accusateur,  3fr.  50. 
Le  Roux  (H.)  :  Nos  Fils,  3fr.  50. 
Lesueur  (D.)  :  Le  Marlage  de  Gabrielle,  3fr.  50. 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


35 


Ludana  :  Lettres  a  Repondre,  3fr.  50. 

Massoii-Forestier  (M.):  Remords  rt'Avocat,  3fr.  50. 

Titeux  (E.) :    Saint  Cyr  et   I'Ecole  Speciale    Militaire    en 

France,  45fr. 
Wodzinski  (Comte  A.) :  Le  Journal  de  Liliane,  3fr.  50. 


THE   SAILOR'S  BRIDE. 
When  first  I  told  my  granny  old 

That  I  'd  be  Donal's  bride, 
She  took  my  face  between  her  hands, 
Then  turned  away  and  sighed. 
'  My  father  led  a  sailor's  life, 
He  was  your  joy,"  I  cried  ; 
'  My  mother  was  a  sailor's  wife  " ; 
Yet  still  she  only  sighed. 

My  wedding  clothes  with  her  I  chose. 

We  fitted  ihem  with  pride ; 
"With  heari's  content  to  church  I  went, 

I  left  it  Donal's  bride. 
No  bluer,  truer  eyes  than  his, 

No  breast  of  braver  brown, 
No  stouter  arm,  no  fonder  kiss. 

Search  Derry  up  and  down. 

Yet  we  were  wed  but  three  months'  time. 

But  three  months  and  a  day, 
When  Donal  to  a  foreign  clime 

Should  voyage  far  away. 
Ah,  then  too  well  I  learned  to  tell 

Why  first  my  granny  sighed — 
For  four  long  years  of  aching  fears 

An  absent  sailor's  bride. 

Our  boy's  first  cry,  and  he  not  by 

My  pride  and  joy  to  share — 
Our  boy's  first  walk  and  pretty  talk. 

And  still  no  father  there. 
And  letters  long  and  letters  short 

From  half  the  world  around. 
Grown  leaf  by  leaf  a  blistered  sheaf 

In  bridal  ribbons  bound. 

And  is  he  coming  home  again 

Who  all  these  jears  has  ranged  ? 
And  will  he  be  the  same  to  me 

Although  I  so  have  changed — 
The  same  again,  the  same  as  when 

Of  old  he  courting  came 
And  looked  me  through  with  eyes  so  blue — 

Oh,  will  he  be  the  same  ? 

I  would  have  drest  in  all  my  best ; 

He  'd  have  me  wear  my  worst, 
The  faded  gown  of  homespun  brown 

In  which  he  saw  me  first. 
My  woman's  heart  would  have  me  smart, 

I'm  but  a  woman  still ; 
But  bide,  gay  gown  ;  come,  old  one,  down  ; 

Let  Donal  have  his  will. 

The  Southern  Star  has  fetched  the  bar, 

She  's  signalled  from  the  land. 
Quick,  little  Donal,  to  my  arms  I 

Now  on  my  shoulder  stand. 
See,  there  she  sails,  he 's  at  the  rails 

He  's  waving  to  the  shore  ! 
Wave  back,  my  lad,  to  your  own  dad 

Ay,  'tis  himself  once  more  ! 

Alfred  Perceval  Graves. 


THE  FAMILY  OF  SAY. 


In  a  note  to  his  edition  of  Ludlow's  'Memoirs ' 
(voL  ii.  p.  373)  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth  states  that 
"  the  time  and  place  of  Say's  death  are  not 
known."  William  Say,  to  whom  this  refers,  with 
John  Lisle  sat  beside  Bradshaw,  as  assistant  to 
the  President,  at  the  King's  trial.  After  the 
Restoration  they  were  amongst  those  exempted 
from  the  Bill  of  Indemnity,  but  succeeded  in 
escaping  to  the  Continent.  Lisle  was  treacherously 
assassinated  at  Lausanne  in  1664,  and  Say,  who 
"  would  by  no  means  be  persuaded  to  think 
himself  safe  whilst  he  continued  in  these  quarters 

[Vevey] resolved    to    retire    to   some   place 

where  he  might  live  incognito."  We  have  more 
or  less  vague  indications  of  his  having  been  sub- 
sequently at  Basle,  Nieuport,  and  Amsterdam, 
but  nothing  to  suggest  that  he  took  up  his  abode 
at  either  place.  On  the  ground  that  nothing 
more  is  heard  of  him  after  1666,  the  writer  in 
the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography '  con- 
jectures that  he  died  soon  after  that  date. 

Just  one  hundred  years  later  there  was  born 
in  Lyons  (in  1767)  Jean  Baptiste  Say,  of  whose 


origin  we  know  nothing  beyond  the  fact  that  he 
was  the  son  of  a  prosperous  merchant,  a  Cal- 
vinist  in  religion,  with  English  proclivities,  as 
shown  in  his  son's  education.  Lyons  we  also 
know  to  have  been  a  city  to  which  English 
refugees,  religious  and  political,  betook  them- 
selves, not  only  on  account  of  its  proximity  to 
the  Swiss  frontier,  but  because  Protestantism 
had  a  number  of  influential  adherents  in  the  city 
and  surrounding  country. 

I  should  like  to  know  whether  any  attempt 
has  been  made  to  connect  the  uncompromising 
Presbyterian  regicide  William  Say  with  the 
economist  of  the  same  surname  who  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  Napoleon,  as  William  Say 
had  that  of  Cromwell,  and  whose  son  and 
grandson  have  been  conspicuous  men  of  their 
times. 

Perhaps  some  of  your  readers  in  this  country 
or  in  France  may  be  able  to  dispose  summarily 
of  the  hypothetical  relationship  I  have  ventured 


to  suggest. 


Lionel  G.  Robinson. 


A  LOST  MANUSCRIPT. 
Would  it  be  within  the  lines  of  possibility 
that  the  grateful  gentleman  who  signs  himself 
P.  in  last  week's  Athemexim,  and  who  wishes  to 
record  his  gratitude  to  an  unknown  benefactor 
who  returned  his  lost  MS.  without  revealing  his 
identity,  is  indebted  for  the  recovery  to  the 
veiled  courtesy  of  a  considerate  publisher  ? 

K. 


sale  of  the  ashburnham  library. 

Messrs.    Sotheby,    Wilkinson    &    Hodge 
commenced  the  sale  of  the  first  portion  of  the 
library  of  printed  books  collected   by  the  late 
Earl  of    Ashburnham    on  June  25th.      Excep- 
tionally high  prices  were  realized  for  the  most 
important,  of   which  we  note  the   chief  in  the 
first  three  days  :  yEsopi  Fahulse  et  Vita,  absque 
Nota,    A.    Sorg,     61/.       ^F]sopus,     by    Accius 
Zucchus,    Verona,    1479,    41/.     10s.     ./Esopus, 
Latin  and  Italian,  by  Fr.  Tuppi,  Naples,  1479, 
203/.  ;     another    edition,    Venet.,   1492,    57/.  ; 
another  edition,  by  S.  Brant,  Basil.,  1501,  29/.: 
the  same  in    English,   W.   Powell,   1551,  with 
Reynarde   the  Fox,    Lond.,    Thomas  Gaultier, 
1550,     40/.      Alciat,      Emblems      in      French 
by  J.    Lefevre,    on   vellum,    Paris,    1536,    37/. 
Andreas   in    Aristotelis    Metaphysicam,   Lond., 
Jo.  Lettou,  1480,  231/.      Aretino,  Historia  del 
Popolo   Fiorentino,    on   vellum,   Venet.,   1476, 
74/.     Ariosto,  Orlando   Furioso,   Venet.,   1534, 
finely  bound,  22/.  Ariosto  in  English  by  Haring- 
ton,  large  paper,  William  Cecil  Lord  Burghley's 
copy,  36/.      Aristoteles,  editio  princeps,  richly 
illuminated,    Venet.,    1483,    800/.     Aristoteles, 
Ethica,    Oxford,    1479,    121/.      Story   of    King 
Arthur,  Copland,   1557,  39/.     Arusiens  on  the 
Pestilence,  probably  printed  by  Machlinia  with 
Caxton's    type,    s.    a.    et    1.,    147/.     Ascham's 
Toxophilus,    first    edition,    presentation    copy, 
E.     Whytchurch,     1545,     30/.      10s.       Bacon's 
Essaies,   second   edition,   1598,  32/.  ;  Advance- 
ment of  Learning,  large  paper,  first  edition,  1605, 
20/.  Bale's  Scriptores  Britannise,  dedication  copy 
to  King  Edward  VI.,  50/.     Book  of  St.  Albans, 
first  edition,   1486,  imperfect,  385/. ;  the  same, 
Wynkyn    de    Worde,    1496,    imperfect,    160/. ; 
Copland's  edition,  n.d.,  61/.;  Powell's  edition, 
n.d.,  76/.;  Waley's  edition,  nd.,  62/.    The  first 
separate    edition    of    the    Treatyse    of    Fishing 
with  an  Angle,  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1532,  360/. ; 
Allde's  edition  of    the  whole  work,  1586,  41/. 
Bembo,  Lettere,  primo    volume,   first    edition, 
printed     upon    vellum,    finely    bound,    Roma, 
1548,  42/.  10s.  J.  P.  Bergomensis  de  Mulieribus, 
Ferrarise,    1497,    35/.     Berrati    Dialogus,   with 
engraving  by  Marc  Antonio,  Roma,  1517,  38/. 
Bertandus,  Encomium  Trium  Marianum,  Paris, 
1529,  41/.     Biblia  Pauperum,  block-book,  1430, 
1,050/.     Libri  Moysi  Quinque,  Maioli  binding, 
Paris,  1541,  30/.     Antwerp  Polyglot,  on  vellum. 
Vols.  I.-V.,  1570-1,  79/.   Mazarine  or  Gutenberg 
Bible  on  vellum,  1450-55,  4,000/.     First  Latin 


Bible  with  a  date,  on  vellum,  Mentz,  1462, 1,500/. 
Latin  Bible,  on  vellum,  Venet.,  G.  de  Rivabenis, 
1487,  106/.  Latin  Bible,  Paris,  1556,  copy  of 
Henry  II.  of  France,  50'..  Mallermi's  Italian 
Bible,  not  quite  perfect,  Venet.,  1492, 151/.  First 
French  Protestant  Bible,  Neuchatel,  1.535,  35/. 
Ninth  German  Bible,  Nuremberg,  1483,  59/. 
Tyndale's  Pentateuch,  second  edition,  Marl- 
borow,  H.  Luft,  1534,  270/.  First  Coverdale 
Bible,  not  quite  perfect,  1535,  800/.  ;  another 
(more  imperfect),  175/.  ;  another  (more  imper- 
fect still),  96/.  Second  Foreign  Edition  of 
Coverdale's  Bible,  1550,  58/.  Matthew's  Bible, 
1537,  177/.  ;  another  (imperfect),  50/.  First 
edition  of  Cranmer's  Bible,  1539,  73(.  ;  second 
edition  of  the  same,  1540,  61/.  ;  another 
edition,  1541,  63/.  ;  another  edition,  1550,  53/. ; 
another  edition,  1553,  with  royal  arms  on  bind- 
ing, 93/.  First  edition  of  the  Bishops'  Bible, 
1568,  70/.  The  total  sum  realized  for  the  first 
three  days  was  14,338/.  6s. 


MRS.  OLIPHANT. 
A  LINGERING  illness  has  closed  the  career  of 
probably  the  most  industrious  woman  who  ever 
followed  the  profession  of  letters  in  this  country. 
Beginning    nightly  when    her    household    had 
retired  to  rest,  she  kept  her  pen  running  over 
the  paper  untiringly  till  three  or  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  and  was  thus  enabled  to  pro- 
duce a  number  of  novels,  biographies,  histories, 
and  magazine  articles,  the  cataloguing  of  which 
would  furnish  a  bibliographer  with  months  of 
work.     It    was    impossible    that    people    who 
realized  how  prodigious    was    the    quantity  of 
work,  and  really  excellent  work,  she  turned  out 
should  not  sometimes  regret  that  she  did  not 
produce  less  and  try  to  achieve  some  master- 
piece of  fiction  that  would  secure  her  an  un- 
disputed place  among  the  immortals.  This  feeling 
was  especially  general  after  the  appearance  of 
*  The  Chronicles  of   Carlingford,'  the  wit    and 
humour  of  which  delighted  numbers  of  people 
to    whom     '  Passages     in     the    Life    of    Mrs. 
Margaret   Maitland '    had    remained    unknown 
because   of   its   Scottish   dialect.     And  yet  we 
greatly  doubt  if,  had  she  devoted  years  to  one 
book,    she    would     have     produced     anything 
of    higher   quality   than   she   achieved.       Mrs. 
Oliphant  was   a   good   critic   of  other  people's 
books,    as    her    articles    in    Blackwood    often 
showed  ;    but   she   was   no   critic  of   her  own. 
Like  Scott,  she  never  knew  whether  what  she 
had  written  was  good  or  bad,  and  had  to  wait  till 
she  got  another  person's  verdict.    No  doubt  her 
novels  did  occasionally  show  the  effects  of  con- 
stant production— she  would  have  been  more 
than  mortal   had    they  not.      They  sometimes 
failed  to  keep  up  the  bright  promise  of  the  open- 
ing, became  languid,  and  concluded  ineffectively. 
This  may  have  been  in  part  due  to  fatigue,  but 
it  was  also  due  in  part  to  other  causes.     She 
had    singular    fertility    of    invention,     unusual 
adroitness  and  felicity  in  observing  and  depict- 
ing character  ;    in  short,  she    had  a  wonderful 
brain  ;  but  the  genius  that  builds  up  a  great  work 
of   imagination   complete   in   all   its  parts,  the 
architectonic    faculty,    was    denied   her.      She 
could  not  dwell  on  any  one  theme  for  a  long 
space   of   time.     It  apparently  oppressed   her, 
and  to  gain  relief  she  must  pass  on  to  another 
subject.     Another    great    drawback    was    that 
she    was    deficient     in    passion.      The    kindly 
Scottish   lady,   whose  bright  face   and  pleasant 
manner    made   her    a    favourite   with   all   who 
knew     her,    was  sagacious,    humorous,  and    a 
quick  critic  of  the  foibles  and  the  heroisms  of 
humanity,  but  she  had  not  the  diahle  au  corps. 
She  could  not  have  written  a  book  like  '  Jane 
Eyre  '  or  '  The  Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall.'      But 
allowing  all  this,  how  much  wholesome  and  true 
pleasure  has  she  notaffordedher  contemporaries ! 
It  gives  us  some  idea  of  the  decadence  of  the 
novel     when     we     compare    '  Mrs.    Margaret 
Maitland  '  and  '  Adam  Graeme  '  with  the  much 
lauded  works  of  Mr.  Crockett  and  Ian  Maclaren 


^6 


THE   athp:n^um 


N°8636,  July  3,  '97 


or  even  with  Mr.  Barrie's.  In  construction,  in 
knowledge  of  human  nature,  and  in  acquaint- 
ance with  Scottish  life — even  in  so  compara- 
tively secondary  a  matter  as  dialect— Mrs. 
Oliphant's  early  stories  are  immeasurably 
superior  to  any  of  the  productions  of  the 
kailyard  school.  And  if  she  was  not  a  novelist 
■of  the  first  rank,  her  place  in  the  second  rank 
is  high. 

As  a  biographer  she  was  somewhat  uncertain. 
When  she  got  hold  of  a  theme  that  interested  her, 
as  in  her  life  of  Edward  Irving,  she  produced 
admirable  work.  The  romance  of  the  great 
preacher's  life  and  the  pathos  of  his  end 
fascinated  her,  and  she  made  her  readers  feel 
the  fascination.  But  in  many  of  the  works  she 
compiled  for  the  booksellers  she  was  much  less 
successful,  because  they  were  simply  hackwork, 
and  she  had  not  the  learning,  and,  what  was 
worse,  she  had  not  the  training,  necessary  for 
writing  about  '  The  Makers  of  Florence '  or 
*St.  Francis  of  Assisi.'  In  books  of  this  sort 
she  is  seen  at  a  disadvantage.  Her  very  worst 
performance  was  her  biography  of  Sheridan. 

A  word  may  be  said  regarding  the  tales  in 
which  she  dealt  with  the  supernatural.  They 
were  certainly  remarkable  tours  de  force,  far 
superior  to  what  one  would  have  predicted  they 
would  prove  had  oneknown  she  was  writing  them. 
At  the  same  time  they  were  certainly  overrated 
by  a  section  of  her  admirers.  '  The  Beleaguered 
City '  was  the  ablest  of  them,  and  a  very  power- 
ful piece  of  work  it  is  ;  but  it  has  a  moral,  and 
a  moral  is  fatal  in  literature  of  this  kind. 

Mrs.  Oliphant  made  a  considerable  income  by 
her  manifold  writings,  and  she  spent  it  with  regal 
generosity.     Simple  in   her  habits,  she  wasted 
nothing  on  show,   and  she  always    seemed   to 
look  upon  herself  as  the  last  person  to  be  con- 
sidered ;  but  to  any  one  who  she  thought  had  a 
claim  on   her  she  was  lavish  of  her  aid.     She 
spared  nothing  on   the  education  of  her  sons, 
and  she  brought  up  and  launched  in  the  world 
numerous  relations.     Her  life  was  prosperous, 
yet  she  encountered  many  bitter  sorrows.     Her 
liusband,  who  was  a  painter  in  stained  glass  in 
the  days  of  the  Gothic  revival,  died  seven  years 
after  her  marriage.     Her  elder  son  died  before 
he   was   thirty  -  five,   and    her    younger,    after 
living  for  many  years   the   life  of   an  invalid, 
followed  his  brother  to  the  grave  in  1894.     For 
a    time   she  was  heartbroken,   but  she    rallied 
"bravely,  and  found  consolation  in  renewing  her 
labours  ;  but  the  old  cheerfulness  never  revisited 
her. 


slie  had  finally  revised  for  the  press  the  whole 
of  the  firstvolume  of  the  history  of  the  famous 
publishing  firm  and  magazine  for  which  she 
wrote  so  much,  and  she  had  in  hand  the 
proofs  of  the  second  volume  when  her  last 
illness  overtook  her.  Mr.  W.  Blackwood 
was  not  able  to  be  present  at  her  funeral  at 
Eton,  but  his  nephew,  Mr.  G.  Blackwood, 
represented  the  firm. 

The  prices  Mi-s.  Oliphant  obtained  used 
to  vary  considerably.  We  are  not  now 
speaking  of  her  novels.  When  she  scored 
a  great  success — as  in  the  case  of  her  bio- 
graphy of  Irving  or  that  of  Laurence 
Oliphant — there  used  to  be  a  sudden  and 
considerable  rise,  then  a  slow  decline  till 
another  work  of  hers  ran  rapidly  through 
several  editions,  and  made  the  publishers 
again  eager  for  her  books. 

Since  Aytoun's  death  Blackwood'' s  Maga- 
zine has  lost  no  contributor  so  regular  and 
indefatigable.  The  amount  she  wrote  for  it 
was  surprisingly  great,  and  its  high  quality 
was  equally  surprising. 

The  first  authentic  and  complete  edition  of 
Sheridan's  plays  is  preparing  for  publica- 
tion by  Mr.  Fraser  Eae,  who  has  had  the 
advantage,  which  he  enjoyed  while  writing 
Sheridan's  '  Biography,'  of  examining  and 
making  unrestricted  use  of  the  manuscripts 
preserved  at  Frampton  Court.  Not  a  single 
play  in  the  current  editions  of  them  is  in 
Sheridan's  own  words ;  some  of  the  best 
sayings  of  Mrs.  Malaprop  and  Sir  Lucius 
0' Trigger  have  been  mutilated  or  sup- 
pressed; the  songs  in  'The  Duenna'  —  of 
which  Coleridge  and  Hazlitt  admired  the 
sweetness — have  been  altered  for  the  worse  ; 
while  that  English  classic  '  The  School  for 
Scandal,'  as  Sheridan  wrote  it,  will  be 
accessible  for  the  first  time  in  this  edition. 


GIBBON'S  LIBRARY. 

Atheneeum  Club. 

Your  readers  may  be  interested  to  know  that 
at    least    thirty-seven   volumes   with   Gibbon's 
book-plates    upon  them    are    easily  accessible. 
The    Englishman    to    whom    Mr.   Fraser    Eae 
alludes  was  Mr.  Halliday,  wlio  in  1829  bought 
the  ruins  of  Clees  Castle,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Lausanne.     By  that  purchase  a  portion  of 
Gibbon's  library  came  into  his  possession  and 
remained  under  his  care  until   1845,  when  the 
tower  and  the  books  became  the  property  of  a 
friend   of    mine  —  a   Swiss  gentleman  —  who  is 
willing  to  sell  these  books  to  any  one  interested 
in  such  things.     For  further  particulars  I  refer 
your    readers    to    Notes   and    Queries,    Eighth 
Series,  vol.    ii.   p.  381,  where   my   discovery  is 
described  under  the  title  '  A  Child's  Plaything.' 
I  regret  to  say  that  I  have  temporarily  mislaid 
the  catalogue  of  those  books,  which  my  friend 
gave    to    me  for  publication  ;    but  another  list 
•could  be  easily  procured. 

Richard  Edgcumbe. 


UitEtarj)  Gossip. 

Mrs.  Oliphaxt  has  left  behind  her  some 
literary  remains,  mainly  autobiographical, 
which  Messrs.  Blackwood  intend  to  publish 
at  a  suitable  time.     We  are  glad  to  say  that 


The  British  Museum  is  getting  up  an 
exhibition  of  MSS.,  &c.,  illustrative  of  the 
progress  of  the  Church  in  England  since 
the  days  of  St.  Augustine. 

The  Clarendon  Press  will  issue  in  a  few 
days,  on  behalf  of  the  Egypt  Exploration 
Fund,  the  fragment  of  the  supposed  collec- 
tion of  Logia  or  sayings  of  Christ,  recently 
discovered  by  Messrs.  Bernard  P.  Grenfell 
and   A.    S.    Hunt    at   Oxyrhynchus,    about 
which  wild  rumours  were  afloat  last  winter. 
The  papyrus  will    be    edited    by  the  dis- 
coverers   with    a    translation,    notes,     and 
facsimiles.     After  publication    the  original 
will  be  on  view  in    the  Exhibition  of  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund  which    is    being 
held   during    July   at   University    College. 
Messrs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt  have  commenced 
the    systematic    examination    of    the    Oxy- 
rhynchus   papyri.     Besides  portions  of  St. 
Matthew's   Gospel  (third  century).  Homer, 
Demosthenes,  and  Aristophanes,  some  new 
fragments    of    Sappho    have    been    found, 
together  with  part  of  a  lost  chronological 
work  dealing  with  the    latter  half  of  the 
fourth  century  b.c. 

We  learn  from  a  correspondent  at  Athens 
that  an  important  discovery  has  been  made 
at  Pares  of  nothing  less  than  a  new  frag- 
ment of  the  celebrated  Parian  Chronicle, 
part  of  which  is  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum, 
Oxford.  The  new  fragment  includes  the 
chronology  of  the  years  B.C.  336  to  299,  the 
period  of  Alexander  and  the  Diadochi.  The 
priceless   value    of    this   new  document   is 


obvious.     It  will  be   published  in  the  next 
issue  of  the  Athenian  3Iitfheilungen. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Ogle,  the  librarian  of  Bootle 
Free  Library,  has  written  a  volume  on 
'  The  Free  Library  :  its  History  and  Present 
Condition,'  which  has  been  edited  (was  this 
necessary  ?)  by  Dr.  Richard  Garnett. 

Mr.  Augustine  Birrell  is  printing  the 
lectures  on  '  The  Law  of  Employers'  Liability 
at  Home  and  Abroad  '  which  he  delivered 
as  Quain  Professor  of  Law  in  University 
College,  London.  Messrs.  Macmillan  are 
the  publishers. 

The  Eoman  Catholic  bishops  in  Ireland 
have  now  put  their  proposals  for  a  new 
university  in  a  form  to  which,  as  they 
believe,  both  political  parties  in  Great 
Britain  will  be  able  to  assent.  They  have 
agreed  that  the  money  voted  by  Parliament 
shall  be  exclusively  applied  to  secular 
education,  that  the  chairs  of  theology  shall 
be  endowed  by  Irish  Catholics,  that  the 
governing  body  shall  include  a  majority  of 
laymen,  and  that  if  the  Dublin  Test  Act  of 
1873  be  modified  in  the  sense  of  the  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  Acts,  the  honours  and 
emoluments  of  the  university  shall  be 
thrown  open  to  all  comers.  It  seems  pro- 
bable that  on  this  basis  the  Poman  Catholic 
University  question  may  at  length  be 
settled. 

Dr.  Pingwood,  of  Dungannon  School, 
whose  death  was  announced  in  Thurs- 
day's Times,  was  a  good  scholar  of  an 
old-fashioned  type,  and  turned  out  many 
pupils  who  did  him  credit.  Among  them 
was  Mr.  Justice  Collins,  who  was  fourth  in 
the  first  class  of  the  Classical  Tripos  at 
Cambridge  in  1865. 

The  library  and  reading  -  room  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  will  be  closed  from 
July  5th  to  July  17th,  both  days  inclusive. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Neuchatel  held 
its  yearly  meeting  at  Chateau  Valangin  on 
June  24th.  The  society  has  resolved  to 
publish  a  collection  of  documents  upon  the 
alliances  of  Neuchatel  with  other  towns  and 
with  the  different  cantons  of  Switzerland, 
to  be  edited  by  Prof.  Piaget,  of  the  Neu- 
chatel Academy,  and  P.  Chatelain,  of  St. 
Blaise. 

The  Prussian  Historische  Instltut  in 
Rome  has  resolved  to  add  to  the  two 
periodicals  which  it  is  already  publishing 
(the  Repertoriuni  Germanicum  and  the  Nun- 
tiaturherichte  aus  Deutschland)  a  third  serial, 
which  is  to  appear  twice  a  year  under  the 
title  Quellen  und  Forschungen  aus  Italienischen 
Archiven.  The  first  Seft  contains  one  paper 
of  general  interest,  '  Aufzeichnungen  iiber 
den  papstlichen  Haushalt  aus  Avignones- 
ischer  Zeit,'  by  J.  Haller.  The  other  articles 
(documents  relating  to  the  "  Reformthatig- 
keit  Felician  Ninguarde's"  in  Bavaria  and 
Austria,  by  K.  Schellhaas,  and  an  account 
of  the  Prussian  Court  a  hundred  years  ago, 
from  the  reports  of  a  Spanish  diplomatist  at 
Berlin  in  1797)  are  of  specifically  German 
interest. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Annual  Report  on  the  Mint 
(9^?.) ;  Education — Report  for  the  Welsh 
Division,  1896  {5d.);  Reports  on  Training 
CoUeges,  England  and  Wales,  1896  {dd.); 
Statutes  made  by  the  Governing  Body 
of    Queens'     College,     Cambridge    {Id.); 


N-^  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


37 


Copies  of  tho  Treasury  Minutes  and  of  tlie 
Eeports  of  Inspectors,  &c.,  with  regard  to 
the  Grant  in  Aid  of  University  Colleges, 
Great  Britain  (k/.) ;  Minutes  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education  with  regard 
to  the  Auditing  of  Accounts  of  Schools  re- 
ceiving a  Share  of  the  New  Aid  Grant  (1(^.)) 
and  defining  "Town  School"  and  "Country 
School"  and  fixing  Eates  of  Aid  Grant  for 
such  Schools  {Id.);  Eeport  of  the  Charity 
Commissioners  for  England  and  Wales  {2d.); 
Three  New  Ordinances,  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity {Id.  each);  and  another  Yorkshire 
Charity  Eeturn,  Parish  of  Eochdale  {Id.). 

SCIENCE 


RECENT   MANUALS. 

Electro -Physiology.       By     W.    Biedermann. 
Translated    by    Frances    A.    Welby.      Vol.    I. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.)— This  book  forms  a  welcome 
addition   to   the    library   of    English-speaking 
physiologists,  for  it  is  already  well  known  in 
Oermany.     It  deals  with  the  physical  and  elec- 
trical properties  of    muscle  and  nerve,  one  of 
the  most  recondite  and  progressive  branches  of 
physiology.  The  recent  advances  in  the  sciences 
of  physics  and  electricity   have  enabled  many 
improved  methods  to  be  employed  in  the  study 
of  muscular  contraction,  and  of  these  methods 
and  of    the    results    obtained    by    their   means 
Prof.  Biedermann  gives  a  full   account  in  this 
work,  which  he  dedicates  to  his  master  Prof. 
Hering.     The  present  volume  begins  with  an 
excellent  account  of  the  organization  and  struc- 
ture of  muscle  throughout  the  animal  kingdom, 
for  its  author  very  properly  assumes  that  unless 
the  minute  comparative  anatomy  of  a  tissue  is 
known,  but  little  progress  can  be  made  in  the 
study  of  its  function.     The  result  of  the  survey 
is  expressed  in  the  conclusion  that  there  is  no 
fundamental  diiierence  in  structure  between  the 
different  muscle-cells  of  the  invertebrates  (ex- 
cepting only  the  muscular  fibres  of  the  Arthro- 
poda),    whereas   among   vertebrates    there   are 
striking  distinctions,  morphological  as  well  as 
physiological,  between  the  several  muscles,  vege- 
tative and  animal.    A  tolerably  complete  resume 
is  given  in  this  chapter  of  the  work  done  upon 
the  minute  structure  of  striped  muscle,  though 
Prof.  Biedermann  has  overlooked  the  excellent 
observations  of  Dr.  C.  F.  Marshall.  The  second 
chapter  deals  with  the  change  of  form  in  muscle 
during  its  activity,  and,  like  the  preceding  one, 
gives  an  accurate  and  comprehensive  account  of 
the  work  done  by  the  various  physiologists  who 
have    lately   advanced   our   knowledge   of    this 
branch  of  physiology.     The  effects  of   fatigue, 
of  variations  in  temperature,  of   chemical  sub- 
stances, of  tension,  and  of  the  strength  of  the 
excitation  upon  the  contraction  of  muscle,  are 
the  chief   headings    under  which    this   subject 
is   considered.     The   author  then   proceeds    to 
examine  the  effects  of  the  electrical  stimulation 
of  muscle,  with  especial  reference  to  the  work 
of    Engelraann    and    Hering.      The    electrical 
excitation   of  unfibrillated  protoplasm  is   then 
considered,  and  results  of  the  greatest  interest 
are  detailed  in  connexion  with  this  branch  of 
the  subject,  which  hitherto  has  been  somewhat 
neglected.     Prof.    Biedermann   arrives   at   the 
conclusion  that  the  substance  of  Protozoa,  like 
muscle,  obeys   a   law  of  polar  excitation,   but 
with  a  reversal  of  the  phenomena  occurring  in 
muscle,  for  in  the  contractile  protoplasm  of  the 
Protozoa   excitation    is    at   the    anode    at   the 
making,  and  at  thekathodeat  the  breaking,  of  the 
current.  Thenextchapterisdevotedtotheelectro- 
motive  action  in  muscle,  about  which  much  has 
been  known  for  a  long  time.     The  last  chapter 
in  this  first  volume  gives  an  account  of  recent 
investigations  into  the  electromotive  action  of 
epithelial  and  gland  cells.  All  the  topics  treated 
of  in  this  book  are  of  the  greatest  interest  to  | 


the  physiologist  who  desires  to  make  his  subject 
an  exact  science,  as  they  leave  him  ample  room 
in  which  to  attain  his  end.  Prof.  Biedermann, 
in  spite  of  the  abstruseness  of  his  subject,  has 
made  his  book  most  readable,  for  the  various 
propositions  are  put  forward  with  the  greatest 
clearness,  and  the  illustrations,  selected  from  a 
variety  of  sources,  add  much  to  the  elucidation 
of  the  text.  Miss  Welby,  too,  is  to  be  greatly 
congratulated  upon  the  fidelity  of  her  transla- 
tion, as  well  as  upon  the  skill  with  which  she 
has  nearly  always  avoided  the  use  of  German 
idioms.  The  book  reads  as  though  it  had  been 
written  in  English,  which  is,  perhaps,  the 
highest  praise  that  can  be  awarded  to  a  trans- 
lation. "Hilus,"  though,  should  be  hilum ; 
the  articles  the  and  a  might  have  been  used  a 
little  more  frequently  ;  and  there  is  a  sentence 
of  portentous  length  on  p.  203.  These  are  but 
slight  blemishes,  and  we  heartily  welcome  a 
most  useful  book. 

Mechanical  and  Engineermg  Drawing.  By 
H.  Holt-Butterfill.  (Chapman  &  Hall.)— The 
method  by  which  civil  and  mechanical  engineers 
indicate  their  designs  is  known  as  mechanical 
drawing,  executed  by  the  aid  of  instruments 
instead  of  with  the  free  hand,  and  it  employs 
orthographic  projection  in  place  of  perspective. 
The  author  is  no  doubt  right  in  stating  that 
mechanical  drawing  is  not  taught  in  the  drawing- 
office,  and  the  object  of  this  book  is  to  aid  the 
student  and  apprentice  in  acquiring  the  requi- 
site knowledge  to  become  good  draughtsmen. 
There  are  three  essentially  practical  chapters  in 
the  book  :  the  first  on  the  appliances  and  simple 
instruments  used  in  mechanical  drawing,  the 
second  on  the  differences  and  uses  of  mechanical 
and  freehand  drawing,  and  one  in  the  middle 
of  the  book  on  the  inking- in  and  shading  of 
drawings.  The  rest  of  the  book  is  devoted  to 
geometrical  problems,  relating  mainly  to  the 
projection,  penetration,  and  intersection  of 
solids,  with  a  final  chapter  on  the  develop- 
ment of  the  surfaces  of  solids.  The  book,  there- 
fore, strictly  deals  with  geometrical  drawing, 
and  whilst  the  mechanical  student  who  masters 
the  ninety-nine  problems  given  in  the  book 
will  be  well  equipped  for  any  intricacies  of 
mechanical  drawing,  the  civil  engineering  stu- 
dent will  fail  to  find  information  with  regard  to 
the  preparation  of  the  plans,  elevations,  and 
sections  with  which  he  is  concerned.  The  book 
is  illustrated  by  about  two  hundred  geometrical 
figures  in  the  text  ;  but  in  the  absence  of  an 
index  the  table  of  contents  of  the  twenty 
chapters  furnishes  the  only  indication  of  the 
various  particulars  given  in  the  book. 

An  Introdvctiun  to  Chemical  Crystallography. 
By  Andreas  Fock,  Ph.D.  Translated  and  edited 
by  William  J.  Pope.  With  a  Preface  by 
N.  Story  -  Maskelyne.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) — Dr.  Fock  considers  crystallography  in 
its  relation  to  chemistry,  and  discusses  and 
explains,  so  far  as  the  present  state  of  our  know- 
ledge allows,  certain  recondite  phenomena  of 
crystallography  as  a  branch  of  physical  chemistry. 
The  translator  tells  us  that  "our  knowledge 
of  the  physical  and  geometrical  properties  of 
crystals  is  now  very  complete,  but  their  rela- 
tions to  chemical  constitution  and  composition 
are  as  yet  but  little  known."  He  accordingly 
brings  under  our  notice  the  most  recent  theories 
concerning  the  nature  and  formation  of  crystals, 
and  the  chemico  -  physical  characteristics  of 
isomorphism,  morphotropy,  &c.  The  chapteis 
from  first  to  last  are  interesting,  comprehensive, 
and  succinct.  Dr.  Fock  deals  throughout  with 
phenomena  and  reasoning  of  an  abstruse  kind, 
and  seems  hardly  to  realize  the  difficulty  which 
some  of  the  questions  discussed  will  offer,  even 
to  students  at  the  Central  Technical  College  ; 
he,  however,  gives  adequate  references  to 
original  papers  and  works,  so  that  his  readers  will 
be  able  to  find  the  views  under  discussion  set 
out  in  greater  detail  elsewhere.  Not  the  least 
interesting   part  of  the  work  is  the  historical 


sketch  given  of  the  progress  of  crystallological 
theory  from  the  times  of  flom(5  de  I'lsle,  Werner, 
Haiiy,  to  the  present  day,  and  the  whole  work 
will  be  found  a  trustworthy  guide  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  theories  of  chemical  crystallo- 
graphy, so  far  as  it  has  yet  gone. 

Gleanings  on  Gardens,  chiefly  respecting  those 
of  the  Ancient  Style  in  England.  By  S.  Felton. 
(Humphreys.)  —  This  work,  we  are  told,  was 
"  originally  published  in  1829,  and  copies  of 
the  edition  of  that  date  are  now  very  rarely 
met  with."  In  the  same  year  was  published 
Johnson's  'History  of  English  Gardening,' 
which  contains  a  much  more  complete  biblio- 
graphy of  gardening  than  the  "Gleanings"  do. 
In  the  year  1895  was  issued  '  A  History  of 
Gardening  in  England,'  by  the  Hon.  Alicia 
Amherst,  and  this  again  contains  a  more 
ample  bibliography.  The  book  before  us, 
therefore,  can  only  be  looked  on  as  a 
curiosity.  It  possesses  much  of  the  fascina- 
tion which  some  old  gardening  books  have, 
and  which  they  owe  in  great  measure  to  the 
pleasure  experienced  in  refreshing  one's  re- 
membrance of  what  has  been  written,  and  not 
unfrequently  to  the  pleasant  surprises  occasioned 
by  an  unfamiliar  passage.  The  account  of 
Cannons  at  p.  41  is  an  interesting  little  bit  of 
history,  with  much  about  the  house  and  its  con- 
tents, and  a  little  about  the  garden.  In  most 
cases  the  gardens  mentioned  are  dismissed  with 
two  or  three  lines,  and  there  is  very  little  evi- 
dence that  the  compiler  had  any  real  knowledge 
of  his  subject.  A  chapter  on  "  Garden  Burial  " 
is  specially  worth  the  reader's  notice  as  relating 
to  a  practice  in  whose  favour  much  might  be 
said,  but  concerning  which  little  has  been  written. 
Had  the  title  of  the  book  been  'Miscellaneous 
Gleanings  with  Incidental  Reference  to  Gardens,' 
it  would  have  represented  the  contents  more 
adequately  than  does  the  present  denomina- 
tion. 


PROF.    p.    SCHiJTZENBERGER. 

By  the  death  of  Prof.  I'aul  Schiitzenberger, 
the  distinguished  chemist  of  the  College  de 
France,  a  well  -  known  figure  disappears  from 
the  scientific  life  of  Paris.  Born  at  Strasbourg 
on  December  23rd,  1829,  he  studied  medicine 
in  his  native  city,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  his 
life  to  chemical  research,  especially  in  its  bearing 
on  physiology.  In  1864  he  published  his  '  Chimie 
applique'e  i\  la  Physiologic  Aniraale,'  and  two 
years  later  his  work  '  Des  Matieres  Colorantes.' 
English  readers  will  be  familiar  with  his  volume 
on  'Fermentation'  in  the  "International  Scien- 
tific Series."  His  largest  work  was  a  treatise 
on  his  favourite  science,  'Traite'  de  Chimie 
Gf^n^rale,'  issued,  in  seven  volumes,  between 
1879  and  1894. 


SOCIBTIBS. 
Royal.— J«ne  17.— Lord  Lister,  President,  in  the 
chair.— The  following  gcDtlemen  were  admitted  into 
the  Society  :  Sir  W.  H.  Broadbent,  Mr.  G.  Chree, 
Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes,  Prof.  G.  B.  Howes,  Mr.  F.  8.  Kip- 
ping, Prof.  G.  B.  Mathews,  Mr.  F.  H.  Neville,  Prof. 
J.  M.  Thomson,  and  Prof.  F.  T.  Trouton.— The  fol- 
lowing and  other  papers  were  read  :  'An  Experi- 
mental Research  upon  Cerebro-Cortical  Efferent 
Tract?,'  by  Prof.  Ferrier  and  Dr.  Turner,-'  On  the 
Relative  Behaviour  of  the  H  and  K  Lines  of  the 
Spectrum  of  Calcium,' bv  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Huggins,— 
'Further  Observations  of  Enhanced  Lines,'  'The 
Total  Solar  Eclipse  of  August  9tli,  1896,  Report  on 
the  Expedition  to  Kio  Island,'  and  '  On  the  Classifi- 
cation of  the  Stars  of  the  d  Cephei  Class,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Norman  Lockyer,— '  On  the  Action  exerted  by  Cer- 
tain Metals  and  other  Substances  en  a  Photographic 
Plate,'  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Russell,— '  Stress  and  other 
Effects  produced  in  Resin  and  in  a  Viscid  Com- 
pound of  Resin  and  Oil  by  Electrification,'  by  Mr. 
J.  W.  Swan,— 'On  Lunar  and  Solar  Periodicities 
of  Earthquakes,'  by  Prof.  A.  Schuster,  —  and 
'  Cathode  Rays  and  some  Analogous  Rays,'  by  Prof. 
S.  P.  Thompson. 

Royal  Society  of  Literature.— Jmmc  23.— Mr. 
E.  W.  Brabrook,  C.B.,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— A  paper 
was  read  by  the  Secretary,  contributed  by  Mr.  W.  D. 
Lighthall,  of  Montreal,  entitled  '  The  Conditions  of 


38 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3636,  July  3,  '97 


a  Colonial  Literature.'     It  war  stated  that  the  evolu- 
tion of  a  true  colonial  literature  proceeds  as  follows  : 
historical  sketches,  poetry,  natural  science,  fiction, 
philosophy,  moral  and  political,  and  thence  to  psy- 
chology and  the  more  difficult  flights.     Examples  of 
colonial  poetry— imitative  in  style,  but  original   in 
idea— were  given  from  'The  Rising  Village' of  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (the  grand-nephew  of  the  author  of  '  The 
Deserted  Village'  and   'The  Vicar  of  Wakefield'), 
which  affords  an  admirable  picture  of  the  settler's 
early  experiences  and  ultimate  success  ;  also  from 
the  writings  of   Pauline  Johnson,  William  Wilfred 
Campbell,  Charles  G.  D.  Roberts,  Isabella  Valancey 
Crawford,  Charles  Mair,  and  others. — In  a  discussion 
which   followed,  accounts  of  the   development   of 
literature    and    its    early  dif3Qculties,   in    Australia, 
British   Columbia,  and    South   Africa   respectively, 
were  given    by    Mr.   E.   A.    Petherick,    Mr.   W.    S. 
Sebright  Green,  and  Prof.  J.  A.  Liebmann. — A  paper 
was  alf^o   read  '  On  a  Conjectural  Source  of  Gold- 
smith's '■  Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  '  by  Mr.  P.  W.  Ames, 
the  Secretary.     In  this  paper  an  account  was  given 
of  '  The  Journal  of  a  Poor  Vicar,'  which  appeared  in 
England  as  a  fugitive  sketch  in  1750,  after  which  it 
was  translated  into  German  by  Zschokke,  retranslated 
by  an  American  from  the  German,  and  printed  in 
'The  Gift'  in  1844.      A  much   slighter  work  than 
Goldsmith's  immortal  tale,  the  '  Journal  '  presents 
some  resemblances  in  details.    In  both  there  are  two 
daughters,  one   of   whom    in    each   case    marries  a 
wealthy    baronet,    a    benefactor    to     the     family, 
who  appears  at  first  as  an  apparently  poor  man 
under  an  assumed  name.    Again,  in  both  are  found 
the  simple  devotion  of  the  poor  parishioners,  and 
the  accumulated  misfortunes  of  the  vicar,  borne  by 
him   with    simple    heroism    and    unaffected  piety. 
'  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield  '  was  described  as  superior 
to  'The  Journal  of  a  Poor   Vicar'  in    magnitude, 
humour,  and  literary  distinction.    The  anonymous 
author  of  the  '  Journal '  evidently  wished  to  present 
a  type  of  genuine  humility  without  baseness  and 
meekness  without  servilitj%  unmixed  with  any  other 
intention,  while  Goldsmith  made  his  tale  the  vehicle 
for    numerous    moralizings    and    philosophical  re- 
flections.   An  abstract  of  the  pathetic  and  beautiful 
story  as  told  in  the  '  Journal '  was  given,  and  it  was 
claimed  in  conclusion    that  the  peculiar  pleasure 
which  all    derive  from    '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield ' 
is  inspired  by  the  attractive  picture  of  a  simple  Eng- 
lish home  which  it  so  faithfully  presents,  and  by 
the  personal  character  and  disposition  of  the  vicar, 
and  these  qualities,  which  give  a  special  distinction 
to  Goldsmith's  work,  are  found  less  fully  developed, 
but   equally  well  portrayed,  in   '  The  Journal    of   a 
Poor  Vicar.'     It  would  become  of  great  interest  if 
the  presumptive  evidence  in  favour  of  the  theory 
that  Goldsmith  derived  his  first  idea  of  the  '  Vicar ' 
from  the  'Journal' were  strengthened  by  positive 
proof  that  he  had  actually  had  it  in  his  possession. 
— Mr.  R.  Wright  Taylor  and  the  Chairman  discussed 
the  subject. 

Statistical.— t/M«e  20. — Annual  General  Meet- 
ing.—Vix.  A.  E.  Bateman,  President,  in  the  chair. — 
The  report  of  the  Council  showed  that  there  were  at 
present  911  members  on  the  list.    The  obituary  of 
the  year  included  the  names  of  three   Honorary 
Fellows,  namely,  Dr.  Karl  Becker,  Dr.  Ernst  Engel, 
and  General  F.  A.  Walker  ;  and  also  Dr.  F.  J.  Mouat, 
ex-President,  and  Mr.  John  B.  Martin,  who  was  Pre- 
sident at  the  time  of  his  death. — The  financial  con- 
dition of  the  Society  continued  to  be  satisfactory. — 
The  following  were  elected  as   President,  Council, 
and  officers  for  the  ensuing  session  :  President,  Right 
Hon.  L.  H.  Courtney  ;  Council,  A.  H.  Bailey,  J.  A. 
Baines,  Sir  C.  Boyle,  Sir  H.  C.  Burdett,  N.  L.  Cohen, 
Major  P.  G.  Craigie,  R.  F.  Crawford,  F.  C.  Danvers, 
G.  Drage,  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Dudley,  Prof.  F.  Y. 
Edgeworth,  T.  H.  Elliott,  J.  Glover,  F.  Hendriks, 
H.  Higgs,  N.  A.  Humphreys,   F.  H.  Janson,  C.  S. 
Loch,  G.  B.    Longstaff,   Dr.   J.    Macdonell,   R.  B. 
Martin,  F.  G.  P.  Nelson,  Dr.  W.  Ogle,  T.  J.  Pittar, 
Sir  F.  S.  Powell,  R.  Price-Williams,  L.  C.  Probyn, 
R.  H.  Rew,  H.  L.  Smith,  and  the  Right  Hon.  the 
Earl  of  Verulam  ;  Treasurer,  R.  B.  Martin  ;  Honorary 
Secretaries,  Mnjor  P.  G.  Craigie,  N.  A.  Humphreys, 
and  J.  A.  Baines ;    Hon.  Foreign  Secretary,  Major 
P.  G.  Craigie.— The  Guy  Medal  (silver)  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  F.  J.  Atkinson,  of  the  Indian  Department  of 
Finance  and  Commerce,  for  his  paper  '  On  Silver 
Prices  in  India,'  which  was  published  in  the  Society's 
Journal  for  March  last.— It  was  announced  that  the 
subject  of  the  essays  for  the  Howard  Medal,  which 
would  be  awarded  in  1898,  with  201.  as  heretofore, 
was  'The  Treatment  of    Habitual  Offenders,  with 
special  reference  to  their  Increase  or  Decrease  in 
Various  Countries.' 


LiNNEAN.— J?/^ie  17.— Dr.  A.  Giinther,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Messrs.  Willoughby  Gardner  and 
W.  S.  Rowntree  were  admitted,  and  Mr.  A.  T.  Watson 
was  elected  a  Fellow.— The  Secretary  read  the  text 
of  an  address  of  congratulation  to  the  Queen  on  the 
attainment  of  the  sixtieth  year  of  her  reign,  which 


it   was    unanimously   resolved    to   present    to   Her 
Majesty.— Dr.  D.  H.  Scott  exhibited  original   pre- 
parations by  Prof.  Ikeno  and  Dr.  Hirase,  of  Tokio, 
illustrating  their  discovery  of  spermatozoids  in  two 
gymnospermous  phanerogams,  namely  Ginligo  hiloha 
and   Cycas  revoluta  (cf.  Bat.  Ccntralhlatt,  Bd.  Ixix. 
Nos.    1-2,    1897,     and    Annals    of    Botany,    June, 
1897).     The  slides  showed  the  spermatozoids  while 
still  in  the  pollen-tube,  before  the  commencement 
of   active  movement.      In  the  case  of  Ginkgo  one 
section    showed   the    two    male    generative    cells, 
closely  contiguous  and  enclosed  in  the  pollen-tube. 
The  general  structure  resembles  that  in  many  other 
conifers  at  the  same  stage,  e.g.,  Juniperus  virginiana 
and  Finns  silvestris  (Strasburger, '  Hist.  Beiti  iis;e,' 
iv.  plate  2).     In  Ginkgo,  however,  each  generative 
cell  showed  a  distinct  spiral  coil,  situated  in  each 
cell,  on  the  side  remote  from  its  neighbour.  Another 
preparation  of  Ginkgo  showed  a  series  of  sections 
across  the  micropyle,  passing  through  a  pollen-tube 
and  its  generative  cells,  the  plane  of  section  being 
in  this  case  approximately  parallel  to  the  surface  of 
contact  of  these   two  cells,  through  which  four  of 
the  sections  passed.     In  the  two  terminal  sections 
of  this  series  the  spiral  coil  was  clearly  shown,  con- 
sisting of  about  three  windings.     The  spiral  is  con- 
nected with  the  nucleus  of  the  cell,  but  whether  it 
is  itself  of  nuclear  or   cytoplasmic   origin    is    not 
certain.      In    the  preparation  from  Cycas  revoluta 
several  pairs  of  generative    cells  were    shown  ;    in 
some   cases  the   pollen-tube    enclosing   them   was 
intact.    The   spiral  coils  in   some   of   the  genera- 
tive   cells  were    surprisingly    clear,   consisting    of 
about    four    windings.     A    distinct    striation    was 
visible     in     connexion      with       the      coil,      pro- 
bably indicating    the    presence    of    the   numerous 
cilia     described     by    the     Japanese     discoverers. 
The  facts  admit  of  no  other  interpretation  than  that 
given  by  these  authors,  namely,  that  in  both  Ginkgo 
and  Cycas  each  generative  cell  gives  rise  to  a  spiral 
spermatozoid  ;    the   latter  by   its  own   movements 
(actually  observed  by   Dr.   Hirase  in  the  case  of 
Ginkgo)  no  doubt  travels  from  the  end  of  the  pollen- 
tube   to   the    female    cell.— In    a   discussion  which 
followed    on    this    highly    important   subject,   Dr. 
W.   T,   Thiselton    Dyer,   Mr.  W.  Carruthers,    Prof. 
E.  Ray  Lankester,  Prof.  Howes,  and  the  President 
took  part. — Mr.  T.  B.  Blow  exhibited  and  described 
a  curious  ease  of  protective  mimicry  in  Asparagus 
alhus,  which  drew  forth  criticism  by  Mr.  H.  Groves 
and  the  President. — Mr.  J.  E.  Harting  exhibited  and 
made  remarks  upon  specimens  of  Nestor  productus 
and  Nestor  norfolcensis,  from  the  Derby  Museum, 
Liverpool,  kindly  lent  for  exhibition  by  Dr.  H.  O. 
Forbes.     The  specimen  of  Nestor  norfolcensis  was  of 
especial  interest,  from  the  remark  of  Count  Sal  vadori 
('  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  Parrots,'  xx.  10)  that  this  bird  is 
now   extinct  and  is  only  known   from    Latham's 
description   ('Gen.   Hist.  Birds,'  1822,  ii.  171)  and 
from  the  description  and   figure  of  the  head  pub- 
lished by  Von   Pelzeln  {Sitzb.  k.  Akad.   Wiss ,  1860, 
xli.  322)  from  a  drawing  by  Ferdinand  Bauer,  who  had 
visited  Norfolk  Island,  where  the  bird  was  found. 
The  specimen  referred  to  had  originally  a  place  in 
the  Derby  Museum.    It  was  given  some  years  ago, 
in  exchange  for  other  skins,  to    Canon   Tristram, 
and  had  been  reacquired  on  the  recent  purchase  of 
his  entire  collection  of  birds  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
Liverpool  Museum.    There  was  reason   to  believe 
that  it  was  the  type  of  Latham's  description.     With 
regard  to  Nestor  productus,  it  appeared  (1)  that  the 
species  underwent  a  change  of  plumage  analogous 
to  that  of  the  crossbills  ;    (2)  that  the  description 
given  by  Latham  applied  to  a  more  adult  bird  than 
that  now  shown  ;  (3)  that  the  result  of  a  comparison 
of  the  two  skins  exhibited  and  the  dimensions  of 
the   wings,  tarsi,    and  feet,   rendered    it   doubtful 
whether  the  two  forms  were  specifically  distinct, 
the  slight  variations  observable  in   the  coloration 
being  such  as  might  reasonably  be  attributed  to  age 
or    sex. —  Mr.   Miller    Christy  read    a  paper    'On 
Primula  elatior,  Jacq.,  in    Britain.'     He  remarked 
that    this    widely    distributed    continental    plant, 
though  figured  accidentally  in  '  English  Botany  '  in 
1799,    was    not    really    detected    in     Britain    till 
1842,  up  to  which  time  the  totally  distinct  hybrid 
oxlip  {P.  acaulis—P.  reris)  was,  by  British  botanists, 
confused  with,  and  mistaken  for  it,  as  is  still  fre- 
quently the  case.     In  Britain  P.  elatior  occupies  a 
sharply  defined  area,  divided  by  the  valley  of  the 
Cam,  with  only  two  outlying  localities,  so  far  as 
Mr.  Christy  could  ascertain.    This  area  covers  the 
two  most  elevated  and   unbroken  portions  of  the 
boulder  clay    district,    the    loams  and    gravels    of 
the    river-valleys   and   the    chalk    being    entirely 
avoided.     The  boundary  lines  (some  175  miles  in 
length),  which  had  been  traced  by  Mr.  Christy  with 
precision,  were  in  consequence  very  sinuous.    They 
enclosed  together  about  470  square  miles,  over  which 
area  the   oxlip  flourishes   in   immense    abundance 
in  all  old  woods  and  some  meadows ;    while    the 
primrose  (which  grows  all  around)  is  entirely  absent. 
Along  the  dividing  line  between  the  two,  which  is 
very  sharply  defined,  hybrids  are  produced  in  great 


abundance.  On  the  other  hand,  the  cowslip  (which 
grows  both  around  and  throughout  the  oxlip  area) 
very  rarely  hybridizes  with  it.  Mr.  Christy  believed 
that  the  primrose  was,  in  this  country,  gradually 
hybridizing  the  oxlip  out  of  existence.  He  then 
noticed  a  rare  single-flowered  variety  of  P.  elatior, 
which  he  proposed  to  call  var.  acanlis,  and  several 
aberrations,  showing  upon  the  screen  photographic 
views  of  these  and  of  the  hybrids,  as  well  as 
a  map  of  the  distribution  of  the  oxlip  in 
Britain.  —  In  a  discussion  which  followed,  Mr. 
C.  B.  Clarke  and  Sir  John  Lubbock  con- 
firmed the  accuracy  of  Mr.  Christy's  observations. — 
On  behalf  of  Mr.  A.  D.  Michael,  the  Zoological 
Secretary  read  a  '  Report  on  the  Acari  collected  by 
Mr.  H.  Fisher,  Naturalist  of  the  Jackson-Harms- 
worth  Polar  Expedition,  at  Cape  Flora,  Northbrooke 
Island,  Franz  Josef  Archipelago,  in  189fi.'  The  col- 
lection had  been  formed  under  great  difficulties,  and 
consisted  of  five  species,  two  of  which  (  Krethrceus 
harnuworthi  and  Oribata  fsheri)  were  regarded  as 
new  to  science. — Sir  John  Lubbock  communicated 
the  substance  of  a  paper  entitled  '  Further  Observa- 
tions on  Stipules,'  in  continuation  of  a  former  paper 
communicated  by  him  to  the  Society  on  the  18th  of 
March  last.  The  present  paper,  which  was  illus- 
trated by  diagrams,  has  reference,  inter  alia,  to  the 
ash,  hop,  and  two  species  of  pea  {Lathyrus  grandi- 
flora  and  L.  pratensis). — Mr.  W.  Carruthers,  in  com- 
menting upon  this  paper,  expressed  the  satisfaction 
which  he  was  sure  would  be  felt  by  botanists  at  the 
way  in  which  the  author  was  carefully  working  out 
details  in  the  life-history  of  British  plants,  and  in 
that  respect  conforming  to  the  spirit  of  the  charter 
of  the  Society,  which  expressly  defined  the  object  of 
its  formation  to  be  "  the  cultivation  of  the  science 
of  natural  history  in  all  its  branches,  and  more 
especially  of  the  natural  history  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland."  —  Prof.  Conway  Macmillan,  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  communicated  the  princi- 
pal points  of  a  paper  '  On  Minor  Tension-lines 
between  Plant  Formations.' 


Physical. —  y?/«e  25. —  Mr.  Shelford  Bidwell, 
President,  in  the  chair.— A  paper  by  Mr.  Sutherland 
'On  a  New  Theory  of  the  Earth's  Magnetism  '  was 
taken  as  read.— Dr.  Kuenen  described  some  'Expe- 
riments on  Critical  Phenomena,'  made  in  continua- 
tion of  researches  on  the  condensation  and  critical 
phenomena  of  mixtures  of  ethane  and  nitrous 
oxide,  the  results  of  which  were  published  last  year. 
— A  paper  by  Dr.  Barton  'On  the  Attenuation  of 
Electric  Waves  in  Wires '  was  taken  as  read. — Mr. 
G.  F.  C.  Searle  read  a  paper  '  On  the  Steady  Motion 
of  an  Electrified  Ellipsoid.' 


Bibliographical.— Jjme  28.— Mr.  R.  S.  Faber  in 
the  chair.— Mr.  H.  B.  Wheatley  read  a  paper  'On 
Portraits  in  English  Books,'  in  which,  after  alluding 
to  the  spurious  portrait  of  John  Knox  which  so 
raised  Carlyle's  ire  and  the  portrait  of  Burchiello 
which  still  does  duty  for  that  of  Caxton,  he  grouped 
the  portraits  of  English  writers  which  occur  in  con- 
temporary, or  nearly  contemporary,  books,  espe- 
cially in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries, 
under  several  classes,  ranging  from  kings  and 
queens,  poets,  dramatists,  and  men  of  science,  down 
to  highwaymen.  Portraits  in  manuscripts  were 
illustrated  by  reproductions  from  those  of  Matthew 
Paris,  Chaucer,  Lidgate,  the  scribe  Siferwas  and 
Lord  Lovel  of  Tichmersh,  and  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
Will.  Somers.  The  portrait  of  Attavanti  (1479)  was 
shown  as  the  earliest  known  in  any  printed  book, 
and  portraits  of  John  Hey  wood,  George  Gascoigne, 
and  Dr.  William  Bullein  were  among  the  earliest 
English  specimens  exhibited— Mr.  Wheatley's  paper 
was  followed  by  some  supplementary  notes  by  Mr. 
Cyril  Davenport  '  On  Portraits  on  Bindings,'  the 
earliest  specimen  shown  being  that  of  the  Consul 
Romulus  from  an  ivory  diptych  of  the  fourth 
century.  Passing  over  crucifi.xes  and  figures  of 
saints  on  metal  bindings,  portraits  were  said  not  to 
be  found  again  until  the  sunk  medallions  of  classical 
personages,  Alexander,  Julius  Cfesar,  &c.,  stamped 
on  some  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  century  Italian 
bindings.  After  quoting  a  few  instances  of  portraits 
on  French  bindings,  Mr.  Davenport  called  attention 
to  the  numerous  examples  of  them  on  German 
books,  exhibiting  portraits  of  Luther  and  Melanch- 
thon,  the  Emperors  Maximilian  and  Charles  V.,  and 
of  quite  a  number  of  dukes  and  electors.  Of  English 
portraits,  with  the  exception  of  the  countless  repre- 
sentations of  Charles  I.  (three  of  which  were 
shown),  Mr.  Davenport  had  been  able  to  find  very 
few,  but  a  fine  portrait  was  exhibited  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  from  a  Bible  printed  at  Lyons  in  1566,  the 
binding  of  which  is  dated  two  years  later. 


MoN. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Hellenic,  5— Annual  Meeting. 
—       Royal  Institution,  5 —General  Monthly  Meeting. 
Wed      Archffiological  Institute,   4—' Customs  used  by  the    Copts  at 
Marriages,  Births,  and  Funerals,'  Mr.  S.  Clarke  ;  '  Ihe  Gallo- 
lloman  Museum  at  Sens,'  Prof.  B,  Lewis. 


N°3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


39 


^citnu  gossip. 

Tourists  may  be  glad  to  know  that  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Swiss  Naturforschende 
Gesellschaft  will  be  held  this  year  at  Etigelberg, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Titlis,  from  September  12th 
to  15th.  The  programme  includes  a  series  of 
excursions  on  foot  "mit  alpinem  Piknik." 

In  Prof.  J.  J.  Smith  Steenstrup,  who  has 
just  died  at  Copenhagen  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
four,  Denmark  has  lost  her  most  celebrated  man 
of  science.  After  having  acted  as  Lecturer  on 
Mineralogy  at  Soroe,  he  was  appointed  in  1845 
Professor  of  Zoology  and  Director  of  the  Zoo- 
logical Museum  at  Copenhagen,  retiring  from 
his  professorial  activity  in  1885.  Prof.  Steen- 
strup was  the  author  of  a  number  of  scientific 
publications,  several  of  which  have  been  trans- 
lated from  the  Danish  into  foreign  languages. 

Owing  to  an  accident  which  happened  to  the 
elevating  floor  of  the  Yerkes  Observatory  at  the 
end  of  May,  and  the  time  required  for  the  neces- 
sary repairs,  observations  with  the  great  tele- 
scope cannot  be  commenced  until  the  autumn. 

The  small  planet,  No.  350,  which  was  dis- 
covered by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on  Decem- 
ber 14th.  1892.  has  been  named  Ornamenta. 

Dr.  Isaac  Roberts,  of  Crowborough,  has  pub- 
lished in  Ad.  Nach.,  No.  3429,  a  list  of  nebulae 
which  he  has  detected  as  depicted  on  his  photo- 
graphs, but  which  have  not  been  recorded  in  any 
catalogue.  One  of  these,  situated  in  the  constella- 
tion Triangulum,  has  probably,  he  thinks,  only 
come  into  the  state  of  visibility  during  the 
present  half-century. 


FINE    ARTS 

Addresses  delivered  to  the  Siudetits  of  the  Royal 

Academy  ly  the  late  Lord  Leighton.  (Kegan 

Paul  &  Co.) 
When  the  late  President  rose  in  Ms  place 
before  an  audience  consisting  of  most  of  tlie 
coming  generation  of  British  artists,  and,  fol- 
lowing the  example  of  his  great  predecessor, 
Sir  Joshua,  on  similar  occasions,  addressed  his 
hearers  as  "Students  of  the  Eoyal Academy," 
there  was  immediately  profound  silence,  and 
the  upturned  faces  showed  a  somewhat  over- 
anxious desire  to  grasp  all  the  speaker  meant 
to  convey  in  the  long  discourse  which,  as  every- 
body knew,  had  occupied  his  holiday.  But 
when  he  had  got  through  about  a  third  of 
each  discourse  it  was  apparent  that  the  strain 
upon  the  attention  of  the  listeners  was  too 
great :  their  attention  relaxed,  and  to  keep 
a  hold  on  the  thread  of  the  address  became 
a  duty  not  easy  to  perform. 

The  fact  is  that  Leighton,  a  learned 
master  of  his  subject  and  a  practised 
speaker,  expected  too  much  of  his  audience, 
competent  though  it  was,  and  did  himself 
twofold  injustice.  He  put  too  much  matter 
into  each  discourse — more,  in  short,  than  the 
listener  could  in  the  time  assimilate — and 
in  addressing  students  of  form,  structure, 
and  colour,  appealed  to  them  by  means  of 
words  alone.  Now,  when  an  orator  wants 
to  satisfy  the  ear  rather  than  the  mind  of 
a  student  who  has  not  been  accustomed  to 
form  concrete  ideas,  words  alone  suffice.  As 
it  was,  however,  the  President  failed  par- 
tially, because  he  did  not  caU  his  own  art 
to  his  aid,  and  illustrate  what  he  said  by 
means  of  that  swift  and  accurate  draughts- 
manship of  which  he  was  a  master,  or, 
where  this  would  not  suffice,  employ  the 
camera  and  photography. 

Take,  for  instance,  his  remarks   on  the 


10th  of  December,  1885,  on  Etruscan  art, 
when,  distinguishing  its  "  boorislmess,"  as 
he  called  it  (a  term  we  do  not  like), 
from  the  grace  of  purer  types,  he  said  of 
two  renowned  examples  : — 

"  In  either  case  the  design  is  distinctly  Greek ; 
nevertheless,  a  certain  ruggedness  of  form  and 
handling  is  felt  in  both,  betraying  a  temper 
less  subtle  than  the  Hellenic,  and  we  read 
without  surprise  on  the  one  'Pultuke,'  and 
*  PhluphluuR  '  on  the  other.  This  peculiarity, 
this  certain  boorishness  of  which  I  speak,  mani- 
fests itself,  as  you  would  expect,  more  espe- 
cially in  those  portions  of  a  work  in  which  the 
Etruscan  artist  was  most  thrown  on  his  own 
resources — I  mean  the  purely  ornamental  por- 
tions. So,  for  instance,  Etruscan  scroll-work 
is  peculiarly  rude  and  uncouth.  But  if  we  trace 
those  characteristics  in  works  which  at  first 
glance  might  almost  seem  to  come  from  an 
Athenian  studio,  they  are,  of  course,  most 
strikingly  present  in  works  of  more  purely 
native  stamp  ;  they  mark  accordingly  the 
paintings  which  surround  the  chambers  of  the 
Tuscan  tombs  ;  but  nowhere,  perhaps,  are  they 
more  vividly  asserted  than  in  that  most  striking 
relic  of  Etruscan  art — the  bronze  lamp  in  the 
Museum  of  Cortona.  In  this  magnificent  work 
foreign  influence  is,  indeed,  present,  an  influ- 
ence distinctly  Asiatic  as  well  as  Greek.  In  the 
main,  however,  the  work  is  typically  Etruscan  ; 
it  is  Etruscan  in  its  rude  magnificence  and 
weird  conception,  in  its  array  of  winged  harpies 
and  of  alternate  satyrs,  huddling  naked  round 
its  rim,  its  rugged  row  of  heads  of  horned, 
bearded  Bacchus  ;  Etruscan  in  the  glaring 
Gorgon,  whose  tusks  and  out-thrust  tongue 
make  hideous  the  lower  centre  of  the  lamp  ; 
Etruscan  in  the  ingenious  ordering  of  the  whole; 
Etruscan  in  the  unfaltering  sharpness  of  its 
execution." 

This  is  a  most  characteristic  passage.  It  is 
somewhat  over-polished  and  strained,  and 
the  piling  up  of  effective  phrases  at  the  climax 
of  the  paragraph  is  quite  in  Leighton's 
way.  But  it  is  to  us  simply  wonderful  that 
he  did  not  illustrate  and  enforce  his  remarks 
by  diagrams  and  photographs  from  the 
objects  to  which  he  referred.  The  difference 
would  then  have  been  made  manifest  to  his 
audience  between  the  "  boorishness,"  or  we 
should  prefer  to  call  it  "ruggedness,"  of 
Etruscan  design,  and  the  ever-gracious  and 
pure  Greek,  which,  much  as  roses  are 
grafted  on  ruder  stocks,  was  grafted  in  later 
times  on  the  moody  and  harsh,  but  mascu- 
line Etruscan  art,  which  delighted  in  grim 
grotesques  (such  as  Leighton  referred  to) 
and  emblems  and  necromantic  allusions  to 
a  much  greater  degree  than  the  Greeks. 

While  lamenting  the  downfall  of  this 
stern  virility  when  sloth  and  self-indulgence 
had  sapped  the  nation's  manhood,  Leighton 
gave  his  hearers  a  brilliant  description  of 
one  of  the  most  impi*essive  relics  of  ancient 
Etruscan  art — the  tomb  of  the  Volumnii, 
near  Perugia,  which  is  "in  its  conception 
and  design  of  a  dignity  [and  likewise  of 
a  sternness,  let  us  say]  almost  Dantesque." 
The  President  went  on  to  say  : — 

"Raised  on  a  rude  basement,  the  body  of 
the  monument  figures  the  entrance  to  a  vault ; 
in  the  centre,  painted  in  colours  that  have 
nearly  faded,  appears  a  doorway,  within  the 
threshold  of  which  four  female  figures  gaze 
wistfully  upon  the  outer  world  ;  on  either  side 
two  winged  genii,  their  brows  girt  with  the 
never-failing  Etruscan  serpents,  but  wholly 
free  from  the  quaintness  of  the  early  Etruscan 
treatment,  sit  cross-legged,  watching,  torch  in 
hand,  the  gate  from  which  no  man  returns. 
Roughly  as  they  are  hewn,  it  would  be  difficult 


to  surpass  the  stateliness  of  their  aspect  or 
the  art  with  which  they  are  designed  ;  Roman 
gravity,  but  quickened  with  Etruscan  fire,  in- 
vests them  ;  a  new  artistic  mood  seems  to  be 
struggling  in  them  for  expression,  and  our 
thoughts  seem  to  be  carried  forward  to  the 
supreme  sculptor  whom  the  Tuscan  ?and  was 
one  day  to  bear,  and  in  the  furnace  of  whose 
genius  all  the  elements  of  Etruscan  art  were 
to  be  fused  into  a  new  type  of  unsurpassed 
sublimity." 

This  recognition  of  Michael  Angelo  and 
his  art  is,  of  course,  not  new ;  but  it  has 
seldom  been  expressed  with  more  dis- 
tinction and  sympathy.  Powerful  as 
the  sympathies  of  the  President  were, 
they  needed  pictorial  aid.  We  trust  that 
an  edition  of  these  lectures  may  yet 
be  published  illustrated  by  sketches  and 
studies.  The  difference  between  Eeynolds's 
'  Discourses  '  and  Leighton's  '  Addresses  ' 
to  audiences  who  equally  represented  their 
different  epoch  could  not  be  more  emphatic- 
ally set  forth  than  by  pointing  out  that  it 
would  be  quite  impossible  to  "illustrate" 
Sir  Joshua's  generalizations,  while  Leigh- 
ton's criticisms  may  be  said  to  cry  aloud  for 
illustrations. 

Of  course  it  would  be  impossible  ade- 
quately to  illustrate  many  of  the  finest 
parts  of  these  '  Addresses,'  especially 
such  as  deal  with  the  more  recondite 
portions  of  the  writer's  subject,  such,  for 
instance,  as  the  use  of  colour  and  the  pic- 
torial effect  of  light  and  shade.  It  would 
be  out  of  the  question,  for  example,  to  illus- 
trate the  following  passage.  After  alluding 
to  that  great  school  the  enamellers  of 
Limoges,  Leighton  continued  : — 

"  And  here  a  reflection  suggests  itself  on  the 
nature  of  the  French  gift  of  colour  as  manifested 
during  the  Middle  Ages  and  the  Renaissance. 
Speaking  broadly,  it  seems  to  me  to  be  based 
less  on  a  sense  of  harmony  and  subtle  combina- 
tion than  on  a  keen  sensitiveness  to  luminous 
splendour  and  intensity  of  hue  ;  and  it  is, 
further,  curious  to  note  that  in  much  of  the 
earlier  glass  the  sumptuous  results  obtained 
are  largely  due  to  scientific  combinations — 
of  which,  indeed,  the  outcome  is  not  always 
equally  happy.  The  effect  almost  exclusively 
aimed  at  was  a  purple  effulgence  of  hue  ;  and 
this  was  produced  by  a  scientific  juxtaposition 
of  very  small  fragments  of  red  and  blue  glass, 
corrected  by  a  sparing  interspersion  of  other 
colours,  and  controlled,  of  course,  by  the  close 
network  of  the  lead  lines.  Now,  these  reds 
and  blues,  which  produce  together  the  dominant 
tone,  are  not  seldom  in  themselves  crude  and 
harsh  in  the  extreme,  though  generally  yielding 
in  combination  a  most  gorgeous  hue  ;  and  it  is 
suggestive  that  when,  departing  from  this 
scientific  scheme  of  balanced  gem  like  spots  of 
colour — a  scheme  which  involved,  of  course, 
designs  very  small  in  scale^the  glass-painters 
from  time  to  time  introduced  larger  figures, 
they  seem  to  have  cut  themselves  adrift  from  a 
sure  anchorage.  Their  instinct  of  harmony  was 
not  an  infallible  guide  ;  certainly  it  is  in  these 
cases  not  seldom  disastrously  discordant.  This 
uncertainty  of  instinct  is  seen  even  more  clearly 
in  the  later  works,  in  which  a  larger  scale 
was  adopted  ;  and  by  the  side  of  a  window 
by  Jean  Cousin,  limpid  with  hues  of  amethyst, 
sapphire,  and  topaz,  and  fair  as  a  May  morn- 
ing, or  a  window  of  the  thirteenth  century,  deep 
and  fervid  as  a  midsummer  night,  your  eye 
may  fall  too  often  on  another,  or  a  whole  row 
of  others,  of  almost  ferocious  garishness  and 
crudity.  The  colour  sense  was,  I  repeat,  not 
unerring.  The  enamels  of  Limoges,  of  which 
some  are  so  admirable,  and  some  so  harsh, 
suggest  similar  reflections." 


40 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


This  is  a  searching  criticism,  finely  ex- 
pressed, of  a  very  diflicult  subject.  Another 
excellent  passage  immediately  follows, 
which  Leighton  uttered  with  a  smile  and 
eyes  that  sparkled  at  his  own  jest :  "  The 
difference  between  the  two  reigns  [of 
Louis  Quatorze  and  Louis  Quinzej  is  the 
difference  between  Madame  de  Maintenon 
and  Madame  du  Barry."  The  analysis 
■which  follows  of  the  art  of  the  later  epoch 
is  full  of  penetration,  but  much  too  long  for 
us  to  quote. 

The  Art  of  the  House.  By  R.  M.  Wat- 
son. Illustrated.  (Bell  &  Sons.)— Miss  (or 
Mistress)  Watson  set  about  her  task  with  a 
lively,  not  to  say  jaunty  sense  of  her  own  com- 
petence to  give  instructions.  In  this  delightful 
frame  of  mind  she  evidently  continued 
during  the  preparation  of  her  book,  not 
for  a  moment  doubting  the  soundness  or 
the  freshness  of  her  opinions.  The  "  intel- 
ligent amateur "  and  the  nineteenth  century 
upholsterer  are,  in  our  author's  opinion,  much 
to  be  pitied,  but  scarcely  to  be  blamed, 
because  they  so  often  fail  "  to  achieve  aught  but 
incoherency  and  fatuity  of  effect."  Let  them, 
therefore,  one  and  all,  read  '  The  Art  of  the 
House.'  It  will  perhaps  be  wise  in  them  to  do  so, 
because  it  is  very  likely  they  will  pick  up  some- 
thing useful,  and  it  is  certain  they  will  be 
amused  by  the  confidence  of  the  author  and  her 
sentimentality.  She  resembles  that  extremely 
sensitive  young  wife  who,  having  a  pet  dog  given 
to  her,  bought  a  new  carpet  to  match  him.  She 
possesses  a  great  command  of  language,  a  mission 
to  use  it,  and  her  book  proves  on  every  page  that 
she  is  still  young.  According  to  her  the  deco- 
rators of  the  last  generation — nay,  even  Mr. 
William  Morris  himself — fell  into  error,  especially 
in  the  matter  of  wallpapers.  Yet  it  is  only  fair 
to  say  that  we  do  not  remember  that  he  was 
guilty  of  the  common  error  of  considering  wall- 
paper as  an  independent  system  of  decoration 
instead  of  a  portion  of  a  general  scheme,  a  back- 
ground for  the  contents  of  the  room  whose  walls 
it  is  to  cover.  There  are  faddists,  no  doubt, 
more  Morrisian  than  Morris,  who  advocate 
distemper  in  colours — nay,  whitewash  itself ; 
but,  of  course,  these  are  fanatics  not  to  be 
taken  into  account.  The  maxims  of  Morris  do 
not,  we  think,  justify  our  author's  attack  upon 
him  ;  at  least,  not  without  many  considerable 
qualifications.  We  cannot  go  so  far  as  she  goes 
in  believing  in  the  virtues  of  brown  paper  as  a 
means  of  Avail  decoration  "  failing  the  two  ideal 
wall  coverings  — panelling  and  tapestry."  Before 
thinking  of  such  a  thing,  we  should  like  to  be  told 
what  in  the  writer's  view  is  brown  paper.  Some  of 
it  is  really  green,  some  inclines  to  grey,  and  that 
which  is  really  brown  covers  a  wide  scale  of  tints. 
"  Old  coloured  prints  after  Morland  and 
Romney "  (Romney,  of  all  masters  in  the 
world  !)  are,  it  seems,  dear  to  the  author  of 
'The  Art  of  the  House,'  but  we  decline  to 
admire  the  "  eared  armchair  by  Hopplewhite  " 
— Hepplewhite  is  meant — which  is  figured  on 
p.  16.  In  our  unsophisticated  eyes  it  is  a  clumsy 
thing,  lacking  most  of  the  sober,  sometimes 
graceful,  and  always  refined  motives  of  Hepple- 
white's  often  elegant  compromises  between  the 
art  of  the  Adams  and  the  upholsterers  of  the 
Directory  period.  Nor  do  we  feel  delighted  on 
contemplating  "the  fine  old  helmet-shaped 
copper  coal-scuttle."  It  is  an  abominaticm— 
absurd  whenever  we  hope  to  get  coal  into  it,  and 
worse  when  coal  is  to  be  got  out  of  it.  It  is 
almost  as  bad,  though  not  so  vulgar,  as  that 
monster  which  an  ironmonger  dared  to  dub 
"the  Ruskin,"  although  it  was  painted, 
japanned,  and  gilt,  badly  designed,  and  fool- 
ishly decorated.  The  author  is  evidently  much 
in  love  with  her  subject  and  versed  in  parts 
of  it  at  least.  She  states  that,  failing  the 
"real  thing  "  in  blue  china — which,  she  says. 


"in  the  world  of  faience  occupies  much 
the  same  position  as  Shakespeare,  or  Velaz- 
quez in  painting "  —  it  is  still  possible  to 
find  a  sort  of  salvation,  decoratively  speaking, 
in  modern  Japanese  imitations  (made  for  the 
English  market)  of  the  ancient  ware.  Pro- 
ceeding, the  writer  tells  the  reader  about  the 
excellences  of  "Nankin  blue,"  and  she  then 
enlightens  him  in  a  passage  which  is  a  favourable 
example  of  her  manner,  because  it  is  tem- 
perate and  sympathetic  •  — 

"These,  of  course,  for  a  pis  aller  ;  while,  for 
pure  pleasure,  there  is  no  ware  whatever  that 
approaches  the  undying  attractions  of  old  blue  and 
white,  be  it  porcelain  or  Delft,  English  or  Oriental. 
You  may  be  absolutely  ignorant  of  the  inner  mys- 
teriousness  of  marks,  you  may  not  even  have  suffi- 
cient knowledge  to  distinguish  between  kinds  and 
periods;  and  still  this  lack  of  learning  need  scarcely 
interfere  with  your  happiness  in  the  acquisition  or 
the  possession  of  dragon  bow),  hawthorn  jar,  and 
aster  plate  ;  neither  should  it  mar  your  appreciation 
of  their  beauties.  True,  the  owner  of  blue  china 
is  one  who  gives  hostages  to  Fortune  in  no  insigni- 
ficant degree.  Less  happy,  from  one  point  of  view, 
than  the  lord  of  Japanese  bronzes  or  the  keeper  of 
kakemonos,  he  trembles  at  the  inauguration  of  a 
new  waiting-maiden,  at  the  advent  of  an  exuberant 
guest ;  while  a  change  of  dwelling  has  for  him  some- 
thing of  the  bitterness  of  death.  On  the  other  hand, 
granted  a  certain  serenity  of  temperament,  and  a 
little  i)hilosophy,  the  possession  of  such  porcelain 
offers  perennially  more  opportunities  of  pleasure 
than,  perhaps,  any  other  sort  of  chattel  that  is 
formed  at  once  for  use  and  for  ornament.  If  you 
choose  you  may  have  it  always  with  you,  and  yet 
never  tire  of  it.  From  the  old  Dutch  tile  that  serves 
as  a  teapot-stand  —  thus  far  exalted  above  its 
brethren  that  fin's  the  hearth-place  with  Scriptural 
anecdote — to  the  great  covered  jar  with  the  little 
round  button  on  the  top  aud  the  majestically 
bulging  sides,  flowered  with  indigo  birds  and 
blossoms  without,  aud  fragrant  inside  with 
crumbling  bits  of  2)ot  fovrvi,  there  is  hardly  a  bit 
of  old  china  that  may  not  find  employment." 

This,  of  course,  is  a  capital  specimen  of  what 
Tennyson  called  "the  hunting  of  old  trails,"  a 
pastime  not  peculiar  to  the  lady  who  wrote  it, 
and  it  is  not  of  more  account  in  itself  than  that  it 
indicates  sympathy  with  the  favoured  decorative 
craftsmanship  of  those  "teacup  times"  when 
blue  china  was  worshipped  to  an  extent  of  which 
modern  admirers  have  but  faint  ideas.  It  suf- 
fices to  show,  however,  how  much  and  yet  how 
very  little  is  required  of  one  who  has  aspired  to 
write  upon  "  The  Art  of  the  House." 

The  Myceiicpan  Age.  By  Dr.  Chr.  Tsountas 
and  Prof.  J.  Irving  Manatt.  With  an  Intro- 
duction by  Dr.  Dorpfeld.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — 
It  is  just  twenty  years  since  the  discoveries  of 
Schliemann  at  Mycenae  astonished  the  world, 
and  ever  since  then  he  and  other  excavators, 
chief  among  whom  is  M.  Tsountas,  have  been 
constantly  adding  new  treasures  to  the  museums 
of  Athens  and  new  facts  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Mycen;ean  age.  Meanwhile  theory  has  been  busy 
with  the  results  ;  and  if  archfeologists  are  not 
yet  agreed  as  to  many  of  the  questions  involved, 
there  is  at  least  a  general  consensus  as  to  some 
of  the  chief  issues.  Under  these  circumstances 
it  was  obviously  desirable  that  an  attempt  should 
be  made  to  give  to  scholars  who  were  not 
specialists  and  to  the  public  at  large  an  account 
of  the  knowledge  that  we  have  acquired  as  to 
the  history,  civilization,  and  art  of  early  Greece. 
The  results  of  Dr.  Schliemann's  excavations 
are  contained  in  an  expensive  and  bulky  series 
of  volumes,  while  those  of  M.  Tsountas  and 
others  were  only  recorded  in  the  publications 
of  the  Greek  Archjeological  Society  and  similar 
learned  bodies.  Ten  years  ago  Dr.  Schuchhardt 
set  himself  to  meet  this  need  in  some  degree  by 
his  account  of  Schliemann's  excavations.  His 
work  appeared  in  1889,  and  in  1891  an  English 
version,  by  Miss  Sellers,  was  supplemented  by 
appendices  which  practically  made  it  a  com- 
plete account,  up  to  the  time,  of  the  discoveries 
of  the  Mycenaean  age  in  Greece.  Still  it  was 
a  narrative  of  discoveries  rather  than  a  sys- 
tematic treatise,  and  therefore  M.  Tsountas's 
work  on  '  Mycenfe  and  the  Mycenrean  Civdiza- 
tion '    (Mi'KTjvat   koI    MvKrjvaios   JloAiTicruds), 


which  appeared  in  189.3,  met  a  real  need.  This 
is  the  basis  of  the  work  which  Prof.  Manatt  now 
brings  before  us  in  a  form  worthy  of  the  subject 
and  of  M.  Tsountas's  masterly  treatment  of  it, 
and  enriched  with  illustrations  which  far  exceed 
in  quantity  and  equality  those  in  the  original 
Greek  edition.  Indeed,  with  their  help  it 
is  possible,  without  turning  to  any  other 
work,  to  follow  the  whole  of  the  descriptions  in 
the  text.  Prof.  Manatt  has  shown  the  most 
praiseworthy  energy  not  only  in  collecting  illus- 
trations from  earlier  books  and  periodicals,  but 
in  supplementing  them  by  an  admirable  series 
of  photographs,  several  of  which  appear  for  the 
first  time. 

The  book,  however,  is  not  merely  a  trans- 
lation of  M.  Tsountas's  work.  We  cannot 
help  wishing  that  Prof.  Manatt  had  contented 
himself  with  rearranging  M.  Tsountas's  mate- 
rials, adding  chapters  on  the  discoveries  that 
have  been  made  since  1893,  and  sujiplying  the 
wealth  of  illustration  that  makes  the  book  so 
attractive  and  so  useful.  But  he  has  rewritten 
and  modified  so  much  that  it  is  impossible  to 
hold  M.  Tsountas  responsible  for  the  book  as  it 
now  stands.  It  is  no  disparagement  to  the  work 
of  the  American  collaborator  to  say  that  we  wish 
it  had  been  possible  to  distinguish  everything 
not  to  be  found  in  M.  Tsountas's  book. 
For  M.  Tsountas  has  a  first-hand  knowledge 
of  the  Mycenaean  excavations  far  exceed- 
ing that  of  any  other  man  living ;  and  so 
even  his  casual  statements  carry  great  weight. 
It  is,  therefore,  to  be  feared  that  archaeo- 
logists will  not  be  able  to  make  use  of  this 
far  more  beautiful  and  satisfactory  work  to 
the  exclusion  of  M.  Tsountas's  original  publica- 
tion. But,  while  we  regret  the  merging  of  M. 
Tsountas's  work  in  the  additions  made  to  it,  we 
must  acknowledge  the.  care  and  zeal  with  which 
Prof.  Manatt  has  added  all  the  most  recent  evi- 
dence, such  as  Dorpfeld's  new  Troy,  Reichel's 
treatise  on  Homeric  armour,  and  Mr.  Arthur 
Evans's  Cretan  script  ;  in  this  way  he  has  ad- 
vanced on  Tsountas  as  much  as  Miss  Sellers 
advanced  on  Schuchhardt.  He  has  also  had  the 
advantage  of  M.  Perrot's  volume  on  Mycenaean 
art,  and  has  profited  by  it.  But  the  general 
reader  as  well  as  the  specialist  will  be  puzzled 
by  such  technical  inaccuracies  as  the  description 
of  vases  as  "glazed"  when  quite  a  different  thing 
is  meant,  or  the  statement  that  "  the  Trojan 
idols  are  chalked  with  owl -like  features." 
These  details,  however,  need  not  hinder  our 
gratitude  to  Prof.  Manatt  for  presenting  M. 
Tsountas's  work  in  so  attractive  a  form.  Dr. 
Dorpfeld's  introduction  contains  a  brief  but 
interesting  criticism  of  some  opinions  expressed 
by  M.  Tsountas,  and  a  summary  of  the  coinci- 
dences between  Hissarlik  and  the  Homeric 
Troy. 

Repertoire  de  la  Statuaire  Grecque  et  Bo- 
maine. — Tome  I.  Clarac  de  Foehe.  Par  Salo- 
mon Reinach.  (Paris,  Leroux.)— M.  Reinach 
already  has  a  well-earned  reputation  for  making 
accessible  to  scholars  the  scattered  information 
they  otherwise  might  miss,  or  the  expensive 
publications  which  they  cannot  aflford.  His 
new  undertaking  is  the  most  colossal  in  scope 
and  the  most  modest  in  form  that  even  he  ha,s 
yet  attempted  ;  for  it  is  intended  to  be  a  practi- 
cally complete  index  of  all  extant  ancient  statues 
and  statuettes,  with  an  illustration  of  every 
example.  This  first  volume  is  a  reproduction 
of  Clarac  ;  the  second  promises  to  contain  six 
thousand  statues  never  before  collected  together  ; 
the  third  will  consist  of  descriptive  text  and 
indices.  And  all  this  is  to  be  given  us  for  only 
five  francs  a  volume  !  The  first  volume  is  a 
facsimile  reproduction  of  Clarac,  plates  111  to 
1,000  ;  these  are  for  the  most  part  reproduced 
two  on  a  square  octavo  page,  and  the  scale  is 
quite  large  enough  for  the  purpose.  The  original 
Clarac  is  useless  for  purposes  of  style,  and 
M.  Reinach's  reproductions  are  quite  large  and 
clear  enough  to  show  the  subjects  and  pose. 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  we  have  here  a 


N°  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


41 


set  of  platea  which  serve  every  purpose  which 
was  served  by  Clarac's,  and   in  a    much    more 
handy  form  for  reference.     For  the  descriptive 
text   we  have    to  await  the  third  volume,  but 
meanwhile  M.  Reinach  has  provided  an  index 
and  brief  provisional  notes  on  the  plates  ;  these 
mainly  consist  of  references  to  other  publica- 
tions and  to  photographic  reproductions,  and  so 
are  invaluable      A  certain  number  of  forgeries 
or  unusually  bold  restorations  are  noticed  ;  but 
it  was  of  course  impossible  in  such  a  summary 
to  separate  entirely  what  is  antique  from  what 
is  modern.     We  wish  it  could  have  been  found 
possible  to  indicate  restorations  in  the  plates 
by  some  easily  intelligible  device.     It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  M.  Reinach  will  be  able  to  manage 
this  in  the  collection  which  he  promises  in  the 
second  volume.    At  the  beginning  of  the  volume 
M.  Reinach  gives  a  short  and  interesting  account 
of  the  Comte  de  Clarac  and  his  works.     In  his 
introduction  he  successfully  vindicates  both  his 
undertaking  in  general  and  the  suitability  of  a 
reprint  of  Clarac  to  form  its  first  volume.     A 
corpus   stntnarum  with  photographic  reproduc- 
tions would  of  course  be  an  immense  boon  ;  but, 
as   M.    Reinach   points    out,    even    the   Berlin 
Institute,  with  its  great  resources  of  every  kind, 
has  only  been  able  to  touch  on  the  fringe  of 
such  a  vast  project ;  and,  if  it  were  complete, 
only  millionaires  and  rich  public  libraries  could 
hope  to  possess  it.     Meanwhile  this  small  and 
convenient  work  will  serve  as  an  index  to  such 
a  corpus  in  anticipation,  and,  by  its  references 
to   photographic   or   other    reproductions,    will 
enable    every  one  to  provide   himself  with  all 
that  he  wants  for  any  particular  purpose.      We 
cannot  help  thinking  that,  when  it  is  complete, 
it  will  surpass  all  that  even  M.  Reinach  has  yet 
done  in  utility  and  convenience  ;  and  to  those 
who  know  the  rest  of  M.  Reinach 's  work  this  is 
a  very  high  estimate. 


THE    ROYAL   ACADEMY. 


(Sixth  Notice.) 
There   is   much   that   is   sincere  and  tender 
about  Mr.  East's  work  ;  his  mode  of  handling  is 
neither  mannered  nor  mechanical,  and  he  has  a 
sound  feeling  for  colour.    The  Sleepy  River  Somme 
(No.  418)  is  his  chief   work  of    the  year,   and 
well  worth  comparing  with  "Fast falls  the  even- 
tide," by  Mr.   Leader.      Mr.   East's  picture   is 
undoubtedly  the  better.    The  Silence  of  Morning 
(597)  is  his  other  contribution,  and  in  its  rest- 
fulness,    breadth,    and    softness    deserves    the 
praises  of  all  lovers  of  poetic  landscape.    In  both 
these  works,  it  is  right  to  add,  a  tendency  to 
paintiness,  which   for  some  time  past  we  have 
noticed  in  Mr.  East's  works,  is  increasing.    The 
composition  of  No.  597  gains  much  by  the  intro- 
duction upon  the  calm  stream  of  the  Somme  of 
the  imnt.—Ves2)ers  (459),   by  Mr.  M.   R.  Cor- 
bet, depicts  in  a  "  classical  "  mood — the  reverse 
of  Mr.  East's,  but  not  on  that  account  the  less 
poetical — one  of   those    wide   sandy  dunes  the 
painter  is  loth  to  leave,   the  dry,  light  green, 
thin  foliage  of    the  tamarisks,    and   masses   of 
wild   rush,  all  pressed  low  by  the  winds  that 
haunt  the  place.     The  time  is  just  after  sun- 
down, while  the  last  glow  of  the  day  touches  the 
edges  of  the  trees  in  the  foreground,  the  higher 
clouds    are  still   radiant,    and    the   blue  -  green 
firmament  is  full  of  light.     The  pale  gold  disc 
of    the    full    moon   ascends   from    behind    the 
evening  band  which  rests  upon   the   low   hills 
that  cut  off  the  horizon.     In  the  mid-distance 
wan  light  is  reflected  from  the  river,  near  whose 
bank   is  the   little   chapel   (embowered    among 
trees),  whose  one  bell  vibrates  solemnly  in  the 
still  air,  and  calls  to  prayer  the  kneeling  grey- 
clad  peasant  who  has  ceased  work.     A  broad, 
rich,  simple  picture,  '  Vespers  '  is  full  of  senti- 
ment, and  suggestive  of  Millet.    Carrara  Moun- 
tains (771),  by  Mr.  Corbet,  is  a  small,  tender 
landscape,    comprising   a   rushy   foreground,    a 
space   of  golden  sand,  and  a  slow  full  stream 
of    a   bluish    silvery   hue,    and,    as    a    whole, 


is  a  charming  harmony  of  tone  and  tint. 
Florence,  from  Bellusguardo  (822),  is  a  slight 
sketch,  equal  in  skill  and  tenderness  to  No.  771, 
but  neither  so  homogeneous  nor  pathetic.  Other- 
wise it  is  delicate  and  beautiful,  especially  so  are 
the  opal-like  masses  of  the  blossoming  almond 
trees  and  the  deeper  greys  of  the  buildings  seen 
through  the  thin  spring  foliage  of  the  front. — 
Mr.  K.  Mackenzie's  Morning  Mists  (472)  repre- 
sents happily  the  character  and  local  qualities 
of  dawn  extending  over  wide  spaces  of  white 
vapour,  saturating  the  higher  atmosphere  with 
light,  and  should  be  studied  in  relation  to  its 
brilliant  neighbour,  the  very  fine  '  Deeside '  of 
Mr.  D.  Murray. — Another  strong  and  fresh 
piece  is  Mr.  F.  E.  Bodkin's  Hampshire  Mill- 
stream  (485),  which  is  attractive  from  its 
firm  touch,  despite  the  almost  total  lack  of 
modelling  in  the  clouds  and  the  blackness  of 
the  land  shadows.  Why  do  all  but  the  best 
landscape  painters  of  our  time  —  such  as  Mr. 
Hook  —  treat  clouds  as  if  they  had  neither 
form,  substance,  light,  nor  shadow  1  Mr.  D. 
Murray  himself  often  neglects  his  clouds,  and 
of  late,  at  least,  has  imperilled  his  reputation 
by  the  crudities  of  his  foregrounds.  Till 
recently  he  was  an  excellent  cloud -painter. 

Blaclcherry   Gathering   (498),    by    Mr.   R.    H._ 
Hill,  a  hillside  in  veiled  sunlight,  is  a  "  blotty," 
but   vigorous    sketch,    attractive    owing   to    its 
luminous    sky.     His   Primrose    Gatherers  (107) 
shows  how  well  the  artist  has  distinguished  the 
colours    and    lighting    of    the    seasons    repre- 
sented.— Happily   reminiscent   of   De   Wint   is 
Mr.  W.  H  Edinger's  Near  Broadwater,  Sussex 
(513),    a     good     study.  —  Mr.    P.    Hogarty's 
Common    Lands  (518),    though    hung  on  high, 
seems  to  be  an  excellent  picture  of  sunlit  land 
opening   on  the  sea. — The   sun-blanched    slate 
cliffs,    and    the    thoroughly    well     drawn     and 
modelled  surface  of  the  long  billows  that  slowly 
break  upon  the  shore  of  Mr.  W.  T.  Richards's 
Beach  at  Porthtoivan  (542)  are  exactly  what  they 
ought  to  be. — The  foreground  of  Mr.  Y.  King's 
The   Windmill  (547),  a  mass  of  confused  frag- 
ments of  pigments  and  formless  splashes,  is  not 
acceptable.     The  middle-distance,  a  red-roofed 
cottage,   and   the    brilliant  sky  are  not  homo- 
geneous elements,  and  we  cannot  call  the  pic- 
ture worthy  of   the  clever   artist  (whose  style 
seems  to  be  in  a  state   of  transition)  of  '  The 
Garden    by  the  River '  (321),   which  we   have 
already    commended.  —  Mr.    Somerscales    has 
painted   The  Lust  Fight  of  the  Revenge  (618)  as 
an  ordinary  sea-tight  of  ancient  ships,  not  without 
spirit  of  a  sort,  but  with  no  special  aptitude  for 
the   subject.     He    is    becoming   a    mannerist, 
and    his  slate-coloured    sea  is  rather  dull  and 
decidedly  painty,  while   the    hard  and   opaque 
shadows    on     the     sails     and     hulls     of     his 
ships    suggest  the   lamp  rather    than    the    sun 
or   daylight. — Mr.    J.   L.   Barnard's    The    Elm 
Close,  counting    the    Flock  (G29),    is    a    capital 
rendering    of  morning  mist  among   trees,   and 
in    its   simplicity   and    good    keeping   all  that 
can    be   desired.  —  Mr.   R.   W.     Allan's     Wild 
North   Sea  (662)  is   defective  in   grading   even 
more  than  in  finish,    and  unfaithful  to  nature 
in  its  rendering  of  the  light  and  local  colours, 
which     are     simply    inexplicable.  —  In    these 
respects  it  contrasts    strongly  with  the   broad 
and    homogeneous    and    excellent    picture     of 
morning    on    a    simple    group  of  buildings  in 
bright  light,  which  Mr.  E.   F.   Wells  calls  The 
Farm  on  the  Hill  (657).  — Mr.  G.    P.  Jacomb- 
Hood's  contribution  of  The  Little  Swineherd  {Q78) 
has  many  of  those  excellent  qualities  which  go 
to  the  making  of  good  pictures,  and  it  is  among 
the  best  of  the  works  of  a  rapidly  improving 
man.     It  should  be  looked  at  in  connexion  with 
its  neighbour,  Mr.  E.  A.  Waterlow's  delightful 
idyllic   '  Summer  Flowers '  (680),  in  which  the 
most   beautiful    feature    is    the   spindling  ash 
standing  alone  on  our  left  in  front. 

In  Gallery  IX.  hangs  M.  H.  Fantin-Latour's 
Roses  (712),  an  artistically  composed  and  beauti- 
fully coloured  example  of  the  greatest  flower 


painter  of  our  time.     His   Zinnias  (874),  how- 
ever, is  not  nearly  so  lovely  and  fine  a  picture. 
—No.   751,   by  Mr.    W.   H.  Gore,  called    Wood 
GaUierers,  shows  much  fidelity  to   the  effect  of 
twilight.     Though  good  and  tender,  it  is  but  a 
slight   sketch  instead  of   a    finished   picture. — 
Natures  Gifts  (758),  by  Mr.  J.  Hayes,   a  well- 
studied  group   of   pears   and    pomegranates,  is 
very  solid,  sound,  finished,  and  rich  in  colour. 
—Poppies    and  Hollyhocks   (754),    by    Miss    A. 
Elias,  is  tender  and  delicate  in   its  touch  and 
tints.— There  is  some  nice  colour  about  Mr.  G. 
Clausen's  heavy-handed  Autumn  Morning  (790), 
but  it  is  a  slight  sketch,  hardly  worthy  of  its 
place  here,    for   the   drawing    is    bad   and   the 
figures  ill-proportioned.  — T/ie  Old  Farm  Corner 
(7l)2),  by  Mrs.  I.    R.  Morley,  a  white  building, 
is  very  good  and  natural. — No.  789,  Spoils  of  tlie 
Ocean,  by  Mr.   M.   Davison,  shells,  is  wonder- 
fully finished,  and  true  in  its  local  colours  and 
the  surfaces  of  the  same. — A  number  of  minor 
examples   in   Gallery    IX.    we   can    only    men- 
tion by  name.     They  are  Mr.  G.  P.  Gaskell's 
Haytime  in  the  Conu-ay  Valley  (846);  Mr.  W.  T. 
Winter's  "  Allien  trees  are  bare  "  (856)  ;   Onions 
(857),  by  Miss  A.  Elias  ;  Evening  (864),  by  Mr. 
W.  F.  Hulk  ;  Near  Broadwater  (853),  by    Mr. 
H.  J.   Kinnaird  ;  Betiveen  Tides  (850),  by   Mr. 
W.  G.  Daffarn  ;  Poppies  (914),  by  Miss  C.  M. 
Wood  ;  and  Still  Life  (919),  a  group  of  brass  and 
bronze  works  by  Mr.  W.  0.  Ford. 

Miss  M.  Earl,  in  her  Farthest  North  (1006), 
has  introduced  a  capitally  painted  sledge  dog, 
deserted  and  starving,  and  tied  to  his  burden, 
which   is    embedded   and    fast   frozen.     There 
is   much    feeling    and     truth    in    the    attitude 
and  expression  of   the  poor  creature,   but  one 
cannot  help  wondering  why  he  does  not  gnaw 
the  rope  which  binds  him  and  so  get  free. — Mr. 
Llewellyn's  Blackberry  Gatherers  (1072)  comprises 
sunlight  on  a  coast  landscape  and  a  group  of 
figures  clad  in  white.     The  artist  has  done  well 
with    these   very   simple    materials. — We    like 
Gloucestershire  Meadoivs  (1044),  by  Mr.    H.    C. 
Sheppard.— The  Mountain  Mist  (1053)  of  Mr. 
A.  Stokes  is  the  complement  to  his  picture  in 
the  New  Gallery,  and  depicts  the  highest  peaks  of 
a  mountain  range,  huge  and  angular,  purple  and 
grey  in  colour,  distinct  against  the  paler,  warmer, 
and    cloudless    firmament.      It    is   certainly    a 
fine    picture,    brilliant   and    yet    soft,    suffused 
with  light,  and  as    broad  as   it   is    possible  to 
be    where    there    are   no    shadows. — Houghton 
Mill  on  the  Ouse  (1073)  is  Mr.  E.  Parton's  single 
contribution,   and  it  is  quite  a  charming  ren- 
dering of  the  smooth  surface  of  the  calm  river 
chequered   with   floating  flowers   of  the   water 
lily.     Huge  elms  supply  masses  of  strong  greens, 
setting  ofl"  much  verdure  of  deeper  tints,  and 
a   pure   and   sober   blue    sky,    with    clouds    of 
grey,  white,  and  pale  purple.     The  best  praise 
we  can  oft'er  of  Mr,  Parton's  work  is  to  say  it 
suggests   Constable.     There   is    a   white   horse 
drinking  on  the  further  bank,  and  near  it  an 
old  weather-beaten   mill   and   trees   that   have 
been  prostrated  by  a  recent  gale. 

In  the  Water-Colour  Room  the  visitor  will 
find  a  valuable  and  fresh  collection  of  drawings, 
some  of  which  are  first  rate.  Perhaps  the  best 
are  the  following  :  Mr.  H.  Coutts's  Martyrs' 
Bay,  lona  (1084),  a  bright  and  clear  piece  of 
topography  ;  Mr.  Marks's  Amateur  Taxidermist 
(1086),  an  old  gentleman  taking  snuff  over  his 
studies  ;  and  In  the  Pyrenees  (1087),  by  Miss  F. 
Nathan,  which  has  spaciousness,  much  light  and 
colour.— Mr.  L.  Rivers's  delineation  of  a  sky 
pregnant  of  tumult  brooding  over  a  wild  moor- 
land is  decidedly  broad  and  expressive.  But 
the  handling  is  a  little  woolly  and  suggests  an 
appearance  of  artifice.  It  is  named  A  Stormy 
Bay  (1094).  His  Harvest  Time  (1169),  a  study 
of  sunlight  passing  into  twilight  and  growing 
purple  over  a  reaped  field,  is  broadly  effective 
and  has  good  colour.  Mr.  Rivers's  Clearing  after 
Rain  (1193),  a  brightening  effect  on  the  vista 
of  a  road,  is  rich  and  strong  in  tone.  His  success 
with  themes  so  various  indicates  the  extent  of  Mr. 


42 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3636,  July  3, '97 


Rivers's  resources.    His  A  nlamn  Evening  (1287) 
gives,  with  equal  success,  a  later  effect  of  even- 
ing gloom  upon  a  common  and  cottages. — At  the 
Seaside  (109()),  by  Miss  M.  Hickson,  represents, 
with  dainty  taste,  graceful  spirit,  truth  of  light, 
and  pleasing  colour,  a  number  of  little  children 
upon  the  sea-sands. — Mr.  C.  F.  Draper's  Dicart 
Bay,  Sark   (1103),   an    excellent    effect   of    soft 
sunlight    in    a    pure    atmosphere,  is   carefully 
drawn    and  coloured  from  nature. — No.    1107, 
Aitgnst,  BranntoH  Biirroics,  by  Mr.  P.  Dixon  ; 
No!    1109,    Viper's  Bnyloss,  by    Mr.  H.    Coop  ; 
and  Mr.  W.  J.  Muckley's  Narcissi  (1105),  are 
all  bright,  sound,  and  pure,  —  The  Sjm-it  of  May 
(1117),    by  Mr.    H.    Ryland,    a    graceful   figure 
against  a  bank  of  white  flowers,  would,  if  the 
boneless   "spirit"  were    more  carefully  drawn 
and     searchingly    modelled,     be    as    excellent 
in    its    technique   as  it  is    in    its    pure    light- 
ing   and  colouring  ;     the  carnations    are  really 
choice.  —  A  group  of  old  books,  which  Mr.  J. 
Hay   calls   a    Souvenir  of  the  late  Prof.  Blackie 
(1123),  is,  unlike    most   still- life   studies,  after 
Rembrandt's  style,  broad,  solidly  painted,  and 
good.  —  The     following    we     can     praise     in 
general    terms   only ;    they    have   all    of    them 
their    merits  :     No.    1136,    The    School     Yard, 
Eton   College,    by    Mr.    G.    M.    Henton  ;     York 
(1138),    by    Mr.    T.     H.    Crawford;     Brechon 
aiffs,  Sark  (1163),  by  Mr.  A  A.  Hunt  ;  Eahcre's 
Tomb    (1165),  by  Mr.    C.    W,    Armstead  ;    St. 
Mark's,   Venice  (1205),  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Hender- 
son ;     By    the    Wayside    (1207),     by    Mr.     C. 
Duassut";    Gosport  'Fair   (1192),     by     Mr.     M. 
Snape  ;    A   Comiield,    Westmoreland  (1273),  by 
Mr.  A.  Tucker;  At  Rest,   Low  Tide  (1229),  by 
Mr.  A.   F.   Hughes  ;    An  Old  Barn  (1239),    by 
Mr.    W.    Affleck  ;    San  Remo   (1251),    by   Mr. 
R.   C.   Green;    '^  At    evening  when    the   sun    is 
low  "  (1252),  by  Mr.  C.  Dua.ssut  ;  and  Cattle,  a 
Grey  Day  (1263),  by  Mr.  0.  Low. 

No.    1130,    Where  the  Sky   dipt  down  to  Sea 
and   Sands,   is  a  tenderly   graded   and    silvery 
panorama,   broad,  pure,  and    bright,  of  a  sandy 
shore   and   sea,   almost    a    white    calm.      It   is 
by  Mr.   G.    Cockram.  —  No.   1128,   Doorway  in 
Rathhans,  by  Mr.   R.  P.  Spiers,  is  drawn  with 
skill  and  firmness. — Mr.  C.  A.  Smith's  Teatime 
(1148),  an  interior,  with  well-designed  figures  and 
a  dog,  is  decidedly  good  in  a  conventional  way, 
the  light  well  rendered,  but  as  a  whole  some- 
what timid,   laboured,  and  artificial.  —  Brilliant 
and     delicate,     but     rather     flat    and    not     so 
solid      as     it      should      be,     is     Mr.      S.     B. 
CarliU's     Peafowl     (1142). —  Oh     Dover     Cliffs 
(1156),   by  Mr.  R.   Thorne-Waite,    is  a  capital 
illustration  of  the  success  of  Fripp's  school  in 
representing   with    delicacy,   luminosity,  and   a 
fine   atmospheric   effect   a  wide  view  over   the 
calm   sea  in  soft  sunlight. — Marjorie  (1170),  by 
Mr.  A.  N.  du  Mont,  may  be  described  as  the 
ghost   of  a  child   in  a  spasm   of  stillness. — A 
Garden     (1171)   is    Mr.    J.    Sowerby's    happily 
painted  study  of  an  old  wall  and  a  multitude 
of   flowers  and  leaves.     It  is  bright  and  good 
in     colour,    strong     in     handling,     and     firm 
in    touch.  — "  The     peace    of    evening     crovms 
a     golden     day"     (1177),      by    Mr.  '  J.     Mc- 
Dougal,    a    group    of    fishermen's    cottages    at 
a   rough  quay,   seen  in  grey  shadowy  twilight, 
while     there    is     a     golden    flush     on    distant 
cliffs,  is  a  beautiful  drawing,  broad  and  sound, 
and  modestly  painted  from  nature. — The  Rising 
Mist  (1179)  of  Mr.  W.  Stephenson  is  a  powerful 
and  faithful  study  of  a  darkening  atmosphere. 
— Nos.    1181  and    1191,   A   Morocco  Bride  and 
A  Marabovt  of  Morocco,  are  both   by  Senor  J. 
Tapiro,  and  are  curiously  elaborate,  thoroughly 
modelled,  bright,  and  academic  pictures  of  half- 
length,  nearly  life  size  figures,  which  are  polished 
so  as  to  look  like  porcelain,  and,  though  search- 
ingly drawn,  more  smooth  than  sound. 

Thorough  in  its  draughtsmanship,  brilliantly 
coloured,  solid,  and  very  natural  in  the  ex- 
pression of  buoyancy  and  speed  is  Mr.  W. 
Wyllie's  portrait  of  the  steamship  Dunvegan 
Castle   in  The  Liner's  Escort  (1186).  Certainly  it 


is  a  splendid  representation  of  bright  sunlight 
on  the  pure  surface  of  the  sea,  while  the  fore- 
shortening of  the  hull  and  the  drawing  of  its 
exquisitely  fine  curves  are  the  work  of  a  master. 
—  Highly  creditable  to  Mr.  W.  A.  Ingram  is  A 
Dream  of  Summer  {ildo)  because  it  is  a  fine, 
pure,  tender,   and  opalescent  representation  of 
the  brilliance  of  a  white  cabn  on  the  sea,  the 
level  surface  of  which  is  graded  and  toned  with 
extreme  delicacy  and  rare  success.     It  is  a  pity 
the  clouds  are  so  woolly.  —  No.  1214,   E::e,   is 
Mr.  S.  Reid's  notion  of  a  Tartarean  landscape. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  coarse  exaggeration  of 
colour,   tone,   and   fuliginous    light,    if   light   it 
can    be   called.       According    to    its    own    con- 
ventions   it  is,    thank  goodness,  quite  false    to 
nature. — No.  1265,   Maldon,   Essex,   by  Mr.  J. 
Fraser,  is  a  good  picture  of  houses   by  a  river 
and  in  sunlight.  —  In  No.  1268,  The  Calm  before 
the  Storm,  a  picture  of  a  rocky  coast,  Mr.  R. 
Hartley  has  introduced  a  finely  painted  sky. — 
An  Interior  (1295),  by  Miss  C.  P.  Ross,  a  clever 
and    brilliant    study,    may    be    praised    for   its 
colour,  and  deserved  to  be  soundly  finished. — 
Autumn   Sunlight    (1293),    by    Mr.    W.     Alex- 
ander, portrays  truly  and   strongly  a  group  of 
red    houses   in  evening  light. — No.    1288,   Bos- 
siney,    by  Mr.   F.  Althaus  ;   The  Rdl,   Kynance 
(1292),  by  Mr.  J.  O.  Nash  ;  and  Sussex  Meadow- 
Jand  (1240),  by  Mr.  W.  L.   Hankey,  are    solid 
and    richly  coloured   examples    after   nature. — 
No.   1291,   Mr.    V.   Rolfs  Near  Seaford,  is  an 
excellently  drawn,  modelled,  and  coloured  view 
of  a  wide  South  Down  valley.  —  The  Minaret  of 
Jesus,  Damascus  (1294),  by  Mr.  VV.  S.  S.  Tyr- 
whitt,   is  sunny,  soundly  drawn,  and  firm. — A 
Morning  Dip  (1299),   by  Mr.  L.  E.   Lawrance, 
is  a  charming  sketch  of  a  naked  child  walking 
on  the  shore. 

MEDIEVAL   CYPRUS. 

Jerusalem. 

Perhaps  some  of  your  readers  may  be  in- 
teresttd  in  the  unique  and  wonderfully  pre- 
served collection  of  mediteval  monuments  — 
cathedrals,  churches,  houses,  &c. — in  the  island 
of  Cyprus.  It  is  certainly  the  most  wonderful 
collection  of  architectural  remains  of  the  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  centuries  to  be  found  in  or 
out  of  Europe  in  so  unrestored  a  condition. 
The  richness  and  variety  of  the  sculpture,  the 
exquisite  proportions  and  elegance  of  design 
in  all  the  buildings,  constitute  a  tout  ensemble 
which  could  hardly  be  matched  elsewhere.  These 
buildings  owe  their  interesting  unrestored  con- 
dition to  their  having  been  taken  possession  of 
by  the  Turks  on  the  destruction  of  the  Lusignan 
kingdom.  The  churches  were  almost  without 
exception  turned  into  mosques,  and  the  old 
French  houses  and  palaces  occupied  by  Moslem 
families.  The  Moslems  allowed  much  figure 
sculpture  to  remain  on  the  outside  of  the 
churches,  and  their  floors  are  still  covered  with 
the  incised  tombstones  of  the  old  Frank  families. 
Major  Chamberlain  of  Larnaca  has  published  a 
large  collection  of  these  latter  ;  amongst  them 
figure  the  names  of  Berkeley,  Nevill,  and  many 
another  English  Crusader. 

Thfi  more  immediate  cause  of  my  writing  to 
you  on  this  subject  is  to  draw  attention  to  the 
excellent  opportunity  which  at  present  exists 
for  the  formation  of  a  museum  for  the  medireval 
remains  of  Cyprus  in  the  beautiful  old  church 
of  "St.  Nicholas  of  the  English"  at  Nicosia. 
This  old  church,  which  is  of  the  finest  fourteenth 
century  French  style,  with  certain  English  cha- 
racteristics in  the  inside  ornamentation,  is  at 
present  used  as  the  Government  grain-store  ;  it 
is  in  a  filthy  and  neglected  squalid  condition. 
The  windows  are  mostly  blocked  up,  and  its 
beautiful  interior  is  consequently  quite  in- 
visible. This  church,  although  in  the  most  per- 
fect and  fully  developed  Gothic  style,  possesses 
the  unusual  feature  of  a  dome  supported  on 
pendentives  over  the  crossing.  The  church  in 
itself  constitutes  a  museum  of  sculpture,  both 
Gothic  and  early  Renaissance. 


Now  could  not  this  most  interesting  old 
church  be  better  cared  for  and  used  as  a 
museum,  for  which  it  is  admirably  adapted,  for 
all  the  immense  quantity  of  beautiful  mediaeval 
sculpture  and  architectural  details  which  now 
lies  scattered  all  over  Nicosia  and  Famagusta 
in  disused  graveyards,  fields,  and  heaps  of 
rubbish  ?  Every  year  churches  and  houses  are 
being  rebuilt  under  the  influence  of  the  new 
administration,  and  no  care  is  taken  of  mediteval 
antiquities  (perhaps  tlie  most  important  in  the 
island  because  most  unique).  I  would  urge  in 
addition  that  such  a  museum  would  add  very 
much  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  island  from  a 
tourist  standpoint,  as  well  as  be  very  useful  for 
educational  purposes,  and  surely,  if  the  trifling 
cost  of  converting  the  old  church  to  such  a  use 
cannot  be  provided  in  the  island,  it  can  be  else- 
where. George  Jeffery. 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Chri.stie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  26th  and  28th  ult.  the  following,  from 
various  collections.  Pictures  :  R.  Bonheur, 
Cattle  in  the  Highlands,  early  morning,  1,155L 

E.  M.  Dubuffe,  Portrait  of  Rosa  Bonheur,  with 
a  bull  painted  by  Rosa  Bonheur,  24rll.  W. 
Miiller,  The  Falls  of  Tivoli,  2201. ;  Heidelberg, 
162L;  A  Landscape,  with  haymakers  and  chil- 
dren on  a  road,  120?.  E.  Nicol,  Donnybrook 
Fair,  535L ;  The  Tables  Turned,  136L  Sir 
J.  Noel  Paton,  The  Soldier's  Return,  231L 
C.  Troyon,  A  Landscape,  with  trees  overhanging 
a  pool  in  the  centre,  378L  J.  Maris,  A  View 
of  a  Dutch  Town  on  a  River,  325L ;  A  Canal 
Scene,  with  a  village  and  boats,  llol.  A. 
Mauve,  The  Timber  Waggon,  294L  C.  Stan- 
field,  A  View  of  Erlstoke,  near  Devizes,  252Z. 

F.  Goodall,  The  Waters  of  the  Nile,  168L 
F.  Roybet,  The  Bugler,  199?.  T.  S.  Cooper, 
A  Flock  of  Sheep,  near  a  farm,  131L  B.  W. 
Leader,  Goring  Church,  on  the  Thames,  183J. 
E.  Verboeckhoven,  A  View  at  the  back  of  a 
Farm,  2991.  F.  H.  Henshaw,  Maxtoke  Priory, 
Henley  in  Arden,  120L  P.  Graham,  Ruins  of 
Other  Times,  147?.  Sir  J.  E.  Millais,  A  Girl, 
seated,  holding  some  flowers,  110?.  Sir  A.  W. 
Callcott,  A  River  Scene,  with  old  water-mill, 
angler,  and  ducks,  115?.  P.  F.  Poole,  The 
Phantom  Hunter,  102?.  Tito  Conti,  In  the 
Wine-Cellar,  136?.  Drawing:  A.  Mauve,  Three 
Cows  in  a  Landscape,  52?. 


Mr.  MacLean  has  opened  at  No.  7,  Hay- 
market  a  collection  of  water-colour  drawings  by 
Senor  Jos^  Tapiro,  a  distinguished  Spanish 
artist  whose  works  are  but  little  known  in  this 
country. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  announce  for  pub- 
lication in  the  course  of  the  autumn  the  trans- 
lation with  commentary  of  Pausanias's  'De- 
scription of  Greece,'  upon  which  Mr.  J.  G. 
Frazer,  the  well-known  author  of  '  The  Golden 
Bough,'  has  been  engaged  for  several  years. 
The  author's  object  has  been  to  illustrate  the 
text  by  the  light  of  modern  research.  The 
amount  of  material  available  for  this  purpose, 
from  the  labours  of  scholars,  of  explorers,  and 
of  excavators,  more  particularly  during  the  last 
twenty-five  years,  and  the  full  use  which  Mr. 
Frazer  has  made  of  it,  may  be  judged  from  the 
fact  that  the  commentary  will  occupy  no  fewer 
than  four  octavo  volumes.  The  translation 
occupies  the  first  volume,  and  the  work  is  con- 
cluded by  a  sixth  volume,  containing  maps,  plans, 
and  indices.  About  two  hundred  engravings 
are  scattered  through  the  commentary,  chiefly 
of  monuments  and  works  of  art  described  by 
Pausanias,  or  of  such  as  seem  to  illustrate  his 
description  of  works  no  longer  extant. 

Readers  who  are  familiar  with  the  recent 
history  of  the  Arundel  Society  will  not  be 
surprised  at  hearing  that  the  managers  have 
in    their    recently    issued    report,    the    forty- 


N"^  3636,  July  3,  '97 


T  II  E     A  T  IT  E  N  7R  U  M 


43 


eighth,  recommended  that  its  work  shall  be 
brought  to  a  close.  The  numbers  of  the  sub- 
scribers, and  consequently  the  funds  available 
for  copying  ancient  pictures  and  publishing 
the  Society's  versions  of  them,  have  steadily 
diminished  The  managers  take,  we  think, 
too  much  credit  for  the  alleged  utility  of  its 
Berlin  chromo-lithographs  as  a  means  of  edu- 
cating the  public  to  appreciate  the  graver  and 
finer  art  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies. They  are  nearer  the  truth  when  ad- 
verting to  the  advantages  of  photography  as 
a  means  of  copying,  however  imperfectly,  the 
pictures  the  Society  desired  to  reproduce. 

The  exhibition  of  paintings  now  open  free  in 
Guildhall  on  Sundays  as  well  as  weekdays  will 
be  closed  on  the  18th  inst.  It  has  been  so  far 
greatly  successful ;  not  fewer  than  three  thousand 
persons  have,  on  an  average,  been  admitted 
every  day. 

It  has  been  resolved  to  defer  for  the  present 
— probably  till  the  autumn — the  exhibition  at 
Bristol  of  the  works  of  the  late  C.  P.  Knight, 
to  which  we  referred  the  other  day. 

The  obituary  of  the  22nd  ult.  mentions  the 
death,  in  his  house  in  Grosvenor  Place,  and  at 
the  age  of  eighty-seven  years,  of  Mr.  John 
Grant  Morris,  of  Allerton  Priory,  Woolton, 
Liverpool,  and  Allerton,  Cannes,  a  wealthy 
merchant,  whose  collection  of  pictures  at  Wool- 
ton  we  described  at  some  length  in  "The 
Private  Collections  of  England,"  No.  LXXVII., 
leaving  to  be  described  the  still  more  valuable 
and  fine  works  of  art  which  adorned  his  house 
in  Grosvenor  Place.  They  comprise  many 
capital  French  as  well  as  English  paintings,  and 
are  all  modern. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

BOYAL     Opera,     Covent     Garden.  —  '  Tannhiiuser ' ; 
'  Siegfried ' ;  •  Faust ' ;  '  Die  Meistersinger.' 

Wagner's  works  continue  to  be  given  in 
almost  superabundance  at  Covent  Garden. 
'  Tannhiiuser  '  was  repeated  on  Friday  last 
week,  with  M.  Van  Dyck,  Madame  Eames, 
M.  Eenaud  (a  fine  baritone  artist,  about 
whom  much  more  will  probably  have  to  be 
said),  and  M.  Plangon  in  the  principal  parts. 
On  the  following  night  M.  Jean  de  Eeszke 
appeared  for  the  second  time  in  '  Siegfried,' 
and,  if  possible,  was  even  more  vigorous 
and  picturesque  than  on  the  previous  occa- 
sion. It  is  a  wonderful  performance,  but 
we  do  not  advise  the  Polish  tenor  to  repeat 
it  frequently.  As  Lohengrin  and  Walther 
he  has  little  more  to  do  than  to  walk  about 
the  stage  and  warble  melodious  music ;  but 
in  '  Siegfried '  every  limb  and  muscle  have 
to  be  brought  into  requisition,  if  Wagner's 
idea  of  the  boyish  hero  is  to  be  realized. 
This  M.  Jean  de  Eeszke  does,  and  the  strain 
upon  his  vocal  and  physical  powers  gene- 
rally must  be  very  great. 

'Faust,'  with  Madame  Melba  and  M. 
Alvarez,  drew  an  immense  audience 
on  Monday,  and  both  the  artists  named 
were  in  perfect  voice.  The  Australian 
prima  donna  has  gained  in  warmth  of  ex- 
pression, and  fully  retains  the  uncommon 
sweetness  of  her  voice,  though  she  has 
become  rather  matronly  in  appearance. 
If  M.  Alvarez  looked  Spanish  rather  than 
German  in  visage,  his  pure  tenor  organ  told 
well.     The  other  parts  were  as  before. 

The  interpretation  of  '  Die  Meistersinger ' 
on  Wednesday  was  one  of  the  finest  that 
have  been  given  in  London  since  the  first 
introduction  of  Wagner's  comic  opera  here 


at  Drury  Lane  in  1882.  There  is  no  ground 
for  wonderment  that  a  master  who  could 
pen  such  gi-and  tragic  music  -  dramas  as 
'Tristan  und  Isolde'  and  '  Gtitterdam- 
merung'  should  be  able  to  write  a  de- 
lightful domestic  comedy  full  of  well-drawn 
characterization,  for  Shakspeare  did  the 
same  thing,  though  it  is  true  that  Shak- 
speare was  not  a  composer  as  well  as  a  poet 
and  dramatist.  So  essentially  German  is 
the  spirit  of  '  Die  Meistersinger  '  that  it  was 
a  pity  to  render  it  in  Italian,  but  we  pre- 
sume it  could  not  be  helped.  M.  Jean  de 
Eeszke  has  never  sung  the  music  of  Walther 
more  superbly,  nor  acted  with  better 
grace.  M.  Edouard  de  Eeszke,  Mr.  David 
Bispham,  M.  Plan^on,  M.  Bonnard,  Madame 
Emma  Eames,  and  Mile.  Bauermeister  were, 
as  last  year,  worthy  of  high  praise.  If 
Signor  Mancinelli  made  the  orchestra  too 
noisy  at  times,  and  hurried  the  tempt,  the 
general  performance  was  certainly  not  un- 
worthy of  the  traditions  of  Covent  Garden. 


The  efforts  of  Miss  Annie  Burghes  at  her 
pianoforte  recital  in  the  Salle  Erard  on  Satur- 
day afternoon  last  .served  to  show  that  the  young 
executant  is  making  satisfactory  progress  in 
her  profession.  At  first  she  seemed  rather 
nervous,  but,  gaining  confidence,  she  played  a 
group  of  Chopin's  compositions  with  much 
artistic  feeling  as  well  as  dexterity,  especially 
the  Study  in  g  flat  from  the  Second  Book, 
Op.  25,  which  was  encored,  and  the  Polonaise 
in  A  flat.  Op.  47,  with  its  fatiguing  middle 
section  in  descending  octaves  for  the  left  hand. 
Miss  Burghes  should  in  due  course  take  a  high 
position  as  a  pianist. 

The  third  of  Messrs.  Haddock  and  Ayres's 
"Historical  Recitals"  of  pianoforte  and  violin 
sonatas  took  place  at  the  Salle  Erard  on  Monday 
afternoon,  the  programme  consisting  of  Rubin- 
stein's Duet  Sonata  in  A  minor,  Op.  19,  Raff's 
in  A,  Op.  78,  and  songs  by  the  same  composers 
contributed  by  Mrs.  Willis-Hope. 

The  annual  festival  of  the  London  Sunday 
School  Choir  at  the  Crystal  Palace  on  Wednesday 
served  to  show  how  much  musical  education  for 
children  has  advanced  within  recent  years.  In 
the  junior  choir  concert  the  conductor,  Mr.  J. 
Rowley,  had  his  army  of  5,000  little  ones  entirely 
under  his  control,  and  the  effect,  especially  in 
"  O  rest  in  the  Lord,"  an  air  that  Mendelssohn 
certainly  did  not  write  for  such  a  phalanx  of 
children,  was  very  touching,  and  the  end,  in 
this  instance,  amply  justified  the  means.  Later 
in  the  afternoon  there  was  a  concert  of  adults, 
also  on  the  Handel  orchestra,  but  this  does  not 
call  for  comment. 

Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  will  write  the  music 
for  another  ballet  for  production  at  the  Al- 
hambra  early  next  year,  '  Victoria  and  Merrie 
England  '  being  a  popular  as  well  as  an  artistic 
success. 

The  executive  of  the  Handel  Society  may  be 
expected  to  know  its  own  business,  and  there 
may  be  good  reasons  why  it  limits  its  operations 
to  private  entertainments.  It  cannot  be  that  the 
association  regards  itself  as  inefficient,  for  at  the 
invitation  concert  in  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Tues- 
day evening  excellent  performances  were  given 
of  Schumann's  'New  Year's  Song,'  Schubert's 
'Song  of  Miriam,'  Mr.  Edward  German's  Over- 
ture to  'Richard  III.,'  and  Prof.  Villiers  Stan- 
ford's ballad  '  Phaudrig  Crohoore. '  The  last- 
named  piquant  and  effective  piece  was  conducted 
by  the  composer,  and  Handel  was  subsequently 
represented  by  the  Organ  Concerto  in  A,  No.  2 
of  the  third  set,  published  by  Walsh  after  the 
composer's  death,  and  the  Coronation  Anthem 


"The  King  shall  rejoice."  Of  course  criticism 
in  detail  cannot  be  given  concerning  an  invita- 
tion performance  ;  but,  nevertheless,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  Mr.  J.  S.  Liddle  conducted  with 
ability,  that  Mr.  E.  G.  Croager  was  the  organist, 
and  Miss  Helen  Jaxon,  Miss  Sibyl  Bristowe, 
and  Mr.  Arthur  Wills  the  principal  vocalists. 

Mr.  Hedmondt's  season  of  opera  in  English 
at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  will  commence  as 
early  as  September  4th. 

Madame  Marchesi,  senior,  will  probably  visit 
the  United  States  in  the  ensuing  winter,  and 
give  lessons  in  vocalization  at  terms  which  would 
be  regarded  as  prohibitive  in  Europe. 

The  Celtic  opera  'Diarmid,'  of  which  the 
Marquis  of  Lome  has  written  the  libretto  and 
Mr.  Hamish  MacCunn  the  music,  will  be  pro- 
duced at  Covent  Garden  next  autumn  by  the 
Carl  Rosa  Company,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Grand  Opera  Syndicate. 

Herr  Richard  Strauss  has  accepted  an 
invitation  to  conduct  a  subscription  concert  at 
Queen's  Hall  in  the  autumn.  He  will  on  that 
occasion  produce  several  of  his  own  composi- 
tions. 

Some  further  details  concerning  the  Bay- 
reuth  performances  are  now  to  hand.  There 
are  to  be  125  executants  in  the  orchestra,  and 
a  chorus  of  77  vocalists.  The  rehearsals  for 
'  Parsifal'  began  nearly  three  weeks  ago,  as  there 
are  several  new  aspirants. 


JION. 

Tviis. 
Wed. 

THLRi 

Fr[. 
Sat. 


PERFORMANCES     NEXT    WEEK. 
Perlormance  of '  Martha '  by  Students  of  the  Guildhall  School  of 

Music.  2.30.  Lyceum  Theatre 
Mr.  Carl  Armbruster's  Lecture  Recital,  3,  Kind's  College. 
Messrs  Haddock  and  Ayres's  Violin  and  Pianoforte  Recital,  3, 

Queen's  Small  Hall 
Royal  Oi  era.  Covent  Garden.  8,  'Les  Huguenots  ' 
M.  LCon  Delafosse's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Mr  Frank  Lambert's  Recital,  3,  Steinway  Hall 
M.  Marix  Loevensohn's  Violoncello  Kecital  3,  Salle  Erard. 
Koyal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  7  00,  ■  Die  Meistersinger.' 
Russian  Costume  Concert,  3.  Uueen's  Small  Hall. 
Madame  Nordica's  Wagner  Concert.  3.  Uueen's  Hall. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  8,  '  Der  Evaogelimann.' 
Mile    Pauline  Joran'3  Costume  Concert,  3,  No.  4,  Grosvenor 

Gardens. 
Madame  Cellini's  Concert.  8  30,  St  James's  Hall, 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Mr  B  Holland  s  Academy  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Koyal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Lyric. — '  La  Douloureuse,'  Comedie  en  Quatre  Actes.  Par 
Maurice  Donnay. 

Daly's. — '  Untreu,'  in  Three  Acts.  Translated  from  the 
Italian  of  Roberto  Bracco. 

Histrionic  rather  than  dramatic  is  the 
revelation  afforded  by  the  leash  of  actresses, 
French  and  German,  who  are  now  in  our 
midst.  With  '  Lorenzaccio,'  in  which 
Madame  Bernhardt  first  appeared,  we  have 
already  dealt.  '  Spiritisme,'  by  M.  Sardou, 
has  not  yet  been  seen.  There  remain,  accord- 
ingly, so  far  as  dramatic  novelty  is  con- 
cerned, 'La  Douloureuse,'  the  latest  Parisian 
succes  de  scandale,  and  '  Untreu,'  an  adapta- 
tion from  the  Italian,  which  is  rather  a 
drawing-room  entertainment  than  a  play. 
In  objecting  to  M.  Donnay's  perverse  and 
cynical  play,  in  which  Madame  He  jane 
chose  to  appear,  we  do  so  for  the  most 
conventional  and  philistine  reasons.  The 
work  thus  named  is  as  mischievous  and 
unedifying  as  a  farce  of  M.  Gondinet,  as 
depressing  as  a  problem  of  Ibsen.  Let  it 
be  conceded  that  the  dialogue  has  a  certain 
amount  of  glitter  and  the  stoiy  a  small 
measure  of  interest ;  grant,  even,  that  social 
life  is  depicted  and  not  wholly  caricatured, 
the  sauce  is  not  piquant  enough  to  dis- 
guise the  fact  that  the  meat  is  tainted. 
When  the  characters  are  not  practising 
adultery  they  are  discussing  it.  For  the 
play  to  be   acceptable,  or   even  tolerable, 


44 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°3636,  July  3,  '97 


it  must  be  assumed  that  tliere  is  a  world 
in  wliich.  the  pursuit  of  a  friend's  wife  is  as 
recognized  a  form  of  sport  as  the  slaughter 
of  grouse  on  or  after  the  12th  of  August. 
Such  a  world  existed  in  the  time  of  Restora- 
tion comedy,  and  the  beauty  of  the  Court 
of  Charles  II.  went  masked  to  the  theatre 
to   contemplate   its   own   image.      Five    to 
six    hundred    years    earlier     knights    and 
dames    debated    in    constant    session    the 
privileges  to  be  accorded  or  refused  a  lover. 
Some  element  of  romance  entered  into  the 
discussions    of    the    troubadours,    and    the 
ladies  who,  in    the   gardens  of   the   lovely 
palace    near     the    Arno,    listened    to    the 
licentious  narratives  of  Dioneo  affected,  at 
least,  to  frown.     In  '  La  Douloureuse '  all  is 
realistic,  and,   in  fact,  sordid  to  an   extent 
that  renders  difficult  the  task  of  explanation, 
or  even  that  of  comment;  and  we  know  not 
which  we  regard  with  the  more  disfavour — 
the  woman  whose  efforts  at  seduction  smack 
rather  of  the  pave  than  the  boudoir,  or  the 
fair  disputants  whose  experiences  are  wholly 
physical,  and  who  find  subject  for  mirth  in 
whatever  sanctities  have  been  imagined  to 
raise  sexual  relations  above  the  level  of  the 
*'  dark  idolatries    of    alienated  Judah "  or 
the  Bacchic  fervour  of  the  rout  in  '  Comus.' 
M.   Donnay's  heroine    has  had  a  husband 
and  two  lovers,  one  of  whom,  the  earlier,  is 
the  father  of  her  child.     When  the  second 
lover  learns  of    the    existence  of   his  pre- 
decessor he  arraigns  the  heroine  in  a  tone 
of  severe  condemnation  and  from  a  stand- 
point   of     exalted    morality.     Luckily,    or 
unluckily,  he  "  protests  too  much,"  and  in 
so    doing  reveals  that,  while  enjoying  the 
complete  possession  of  his  mistress,  he  has 
been  unfaithful  to  her  with  her  hostess  and 
friend.     The   conditions   imder  which    this 
perjury  has  been  committed  add  to  instead 
of  detracting  from  the  vulgarity  and  infamy 
of   the  offence.     With  feminine  ingenuity 
and  readiness,  the   heroine  carries  the  war 
into  her  opponent's  camp.     Instead,  accord- 
ingly, of  retreating  with  the  honours  of  war 
or  inflicting  a  defeat  on  his  antagonist,  the 
hero  retires  in  humiliation  and  disgust.    He 
is  summoned  back  in  the  end,  for  each  is 
worthy  of  the  other  and  the  world  in  which 
their  life  is  placed.     If  we  are  told  that  a 
world  such   as  this  exists,  we  can   but  be 
thankful  that  it  is  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Channel,  though  candour  compels  us  to  own 
that  English  matronhood,  unmasked,  smiled 
upon  it  with  benign  approval,  and  laughed 
with  what  we  prefer  to  regard  as  ignorance 
rather   than    cynicism    at   utterances    that 
might  conceivably  startle  the  barrack-room. 
In  this  piece  Madame  Eejane  has  a  scene  of 
penitence  and  humiliation  which  is  succeeded 
by  one   of   pained  triumph.     In  these  she 
shows  her  possession  of  a  certain  amount  of 
emotional  power.     With  the  possession  of 
some  gift  of  the  kind  we  naturally  credited 
so  supreme  an  artist.  It  is,  however,  wholly 
unworthy    of    comparison   with   her   comic 
gifts,  and  adds  nothing  to  our  estimate  of 
her    abilities.      The    Vaudeville    company 
showed  itself  worthy  of  its  reputation.     We 
should  have  been  glad  to  have  seen  it  in 
something  more  worthy  of  its  power. 

Not  wholly  or  widely  different  from  those 
in  *  La  Douloureuse  '  are  the  issues  raised 
in  *  Untreu.'  The  treatment  is,  however, 
lighter  and  far  more  acceptable.  Rupture 
of  nuptial  faith  is  not  regarded  as  venial 


and  inevitable  ;  the  world  in  the  midst  of 
which  we  are  placed  is  licentious,  but  not 
corrupt.  The  triumph  of  the  heroine  con- 
sists in  evading  the  pursuit  of  her  lover 
and  reilluming  the  fires  of  affection  in  her 
husband.  Saucy  enough  is  the  treatment, 
but  it  is  void  of  offence.  In  Madame 
Odilon  we  are  introduced  to  an  actress  with 
an  art  so  finished  as  to  leave  the  impression 
of  its  all  being  nature.  Madame  Odilon  is 
a  light  comedian  of  the  highest  order,  with 
an  indescribable  amount  of  grace,  vivacity, 
and  charm,  who  carried  all  hearts  captive. 
Her  triumph  was  shared  by  M.  Nhil  as  her 
lover,  and  M.  Christians  as  her  husband. 
The  entire  company  is  quite  up  to  its  work. 


Madame  Bernhardt  has  been  seen  in  turn 
at  the  Adelphi  as  Marguerite  Gautier  in  '  La 
Dame  aux  Cam^lias, '  Magda,  and  Frou-Frou, 
impersonations  with  which  London  is  now 
thoroughly  famihar.  One  more  novelty  will 
be  presented  on  Tuesday  next,  when  she  will 
play  Simone  in  M.  Sardou's  '  Spiritisme,'  pro- 
duced at  the  Renaissance  on  the  8th  of  last 
February. 

At  various  theatres  our  colonial  visitors  have 
been  feted.  The  interest  of  such  occasions  is, 
however,  patriotic  rather  than  dramatic.  In 
some  cases  the  appearance  of  the  guests  gave 
semblance  of  life  to  houses  sadly  depleted  at 
other  times  by  outside  attractions. 

'  The  Prisoner  of  Zend  a  '  was  revived  at 
the  St.  James's  on  Thursday  for  a  few  per- 
formances, with  Miss  Fay  Davis  as  Princess 
Flavia  and  Miss  Julie  Opp  as  Antoinette  de 
Mauban. 

An  adaptation  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich 
of  his  poem  of  'Judith  and  Holofernes  '  lias 
been  undertaken  for  Miss  Olga  Nethersole. 
Whether  Miss  Nethersole  is  seen  this  season 
in  London  depends  on  her  ability  to  find  a 
suitable  theatre. 

We  hear  with  regret  of  the  death  of  Miss 
Alice  Lingard,  an  actress  who,  though  little 
seen  of  late,  played  at  one  time  in  promising 
fashion  some  important  parts.  She  made, 
April  23rd,  1883,  a  favourable  impression  at 
the  Imperial  as  Camille  (Marguerite  Gautier) 
in  an  adaptation  so  named  of  '  La  Dame  aux 
Camelias.'  On  the  2nd  of  June  she  was  Lady 
Calista  in  Wilkie  Collins's  'Rank  and  Riches.' 
The  following  year  she  played  in  a  revival  of 
'The  Palace  of  Truth,' and  on  March  3rd,  at 
the  Prince's  Theatre  —  now  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  —  was  the  original  Flora  Goddard 
(Nora)  in  'Breaking  a  Butterfly,'  an  adapta- 
tion by  Mr.  H.  A.  Jones  of  Ibsen's  'Doll's 
House.'  On  the  20th  of  June  she  was  at  the 
Princess's  the  original  Pauline  in  '  Called  Back,' 
by  Hugh  Conway  and  Comyns  Carr. 

On  its  revival  at  the  Princess's,  'In  Sight 
of  St.  Paul's,'  by  Sutton  Vane,  has  lost  the 
services  of  Miss  Sydney  Fairbrother  and  Mr. 
Austin  Melford.  Mr.  Ernest  Leicester  and 
Miss  Kate  Tyndall  are  available  for  their  old 
parts,  however,  and  no  sense  of  falling  off"  is 
inspired. 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


45 


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CASSELL  &  COMPANY,  Limited,  London,  Paris,  and  Melbourne. 


46 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°  3636,  Julys,  '97 


T 


H 


E 


F 


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U 


M. 


Is.  e,l.  JULY,  1897.  Is.  HJ- 

The  POWEKS  and  the  GRECOTl-KKI.SH  -WAU.  Tlieodore  S.  Woo'.scy. 

KIGHTS  of  FORIUONKKS  in  Tt'KKEY.    Prof.  A.  I).  F.  Hamlin. 

NON-PAllTISANSHir  in  MUNICIPAL  GOVEKNMENT; 

Is  Non-partisansllip  Feasible  ?    Ex-Gov.  Uosh  ell  P.  Flower 
Mayor  Strongs  Experiment  in  New  York.  Senator  Frank  I).  Pavey. 

The   McKINLEY  ADMINISTIIATION   and   PKOSPEIUTY.     J.  Law- 
rence Laughlin. 

■WHY  SPAIN  has  FAILED  in  CUPA.    Thos.  Gold  Alvord,  Jr. 

JOHANNES  BRAHMS     Gustav  KobW. 

A    HAUICAL   DEFECT    in    OUR   CIVIL   SERVICE   LAW.     Duncan 
Veazey. 

SUGAR  noUNTIES  and  tlicir  INFLUENCE.    Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley. 

HAVE  AMERICANS  ANY  SOCIAL  STANDARDS?    Miss  Frances  M. 
Abbott 

WILLIAM  WORDSWORTH.    Mrs.  A.  P.  Peabody. 

The  EVOLUTION  of  the  EDUCATIONAL  IDEAL.     I.    Dr.  Friedrich 
Paulsen 

VICTORIAN  GREATER  BRITAIN  and  ITS  FUTURE.    Prof.  Thomas 
Davidson. 

London  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  24,  Bedford-street,  Strand. 


NEW  EDITION,  pp.  324,  cloth,  l.s.  post  free, 

HOMCEOPATHIC  FAMILY  INSTRUCTOR.    By 
Drs.   R.  and  W.   EPPS.     Describes  fully  and   Prescribes   for 
General  Diseases.                                                                  ,,            ^        . 
London  :  James  Epps  &  Co.,  Limited,  48,  Threadncedle-street,  and 
170,  Piccadilly. 

DAVID     NUTT. 


JUST  OUT. 
The  STORIES  of  RICHARD  WAG- 

NBR'8  DEK  RING  DBS   NIBELUNGEN  and  PARSI- 
FAL.    By  W.  F.  SHBPPARD      Crown  8vo.  sewed,  Is. 

ST.  JAMES'S  G^ZfiTJ.E'.—"  An  admirable  little  guide." 

*»*  No  visitor  to  Bayreuth  should  fail  to  provide  himself 
with  this  Work  and  with  Miss  WESTON'S  •  LEGENDS  of 
the  WAGNER  DRAMA,'  6s.,  published  last  year,  and  most 
favourably  noticed  by  the  literary  and  musical  press. 

LIFE  in  EARLY  BRITAIN.  Pro- 
fusely illustrated.  By  Professor  BERTRAM  C.  A. 
WINDLE.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

*„*  Although  only  published  a  few  weeks  ago  has  already 
won  wide  spread  recognition  as  the  best  popular  account  of 
British  Archaeology  and  Anthropology. 


FOLK-LORE. 

TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY. 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Myth,  Tradition,  Institution,  and 

Custom. 

[Incorporating  the  Archaological  Review  and  the  Folk-lore 
Journal] 

Vol.  VIII.  No.  2.    JUNE,  1897.    Net.  5s. 

Contents, 

The  HISTORY  of  SINDBAN  and  the  SEVEN  WISE 
MASTERS  (First  English  Translation  from  the  Syriac 
Version).     Hermann  Gollancz,  M.A. 

DEATH  and  BURIAL  of  the  FIOTE  (French  Congo). 
R.  B.  Dennett. 

The  FETISH  VIEW  of  the  HUMAN  SOUL.  Mary  H. 
Kingsley. 

REVIEWS  :— Prof.  F.  Max  Miiller,  KM,'  Contributions  to 
the  Science  of  Mythology ' — Richard  Andree,  '  Braun- 
schweiger  Volkskunde ' — Paul  Sebillot,  '  Legendes  et 
Curiosites  des  Metiers' — Richard  Schmidt,  '  Der  Textus 
Ornatior  der  (^ukasaptati ' — Richard  Fick,  '  Die  Sociale 
Gliederung  ira  Nordostlichen  Indien  zu  Buddha's  Zeit ' 
— Mary  H.  Kingsley,  'Travels  in  West  Africa' — Kate 
McCobn  Clark,  'Maori  Tales  and  Legends' — Ed.  Hahn, 
'  Demeter  und  Baubo' — W.  F.  Cobb,  '  Origines  Judaica; ' 
— BIford  Higgins,  '  Hebrew  Idolatry  and  Superstition' — 
Henry  Ling  Roth,  '  The  Natives  of  Sarawak  and  British 
North  Borneo.' 

CORRESPONDENCE  :— The  Hood-Game  at  Haxey.  J.  M. 
Mackinlay.— Tommy  on  the  Tub's  Grave.  W.  P.  M. — 
Folk-lore  Firstfruits  from  Lesbos.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse. — 
Water  in  Marriage  Customs.  Louise  Kennedy. — Super- 
natural Change  of  Site.     E.  Sidney  Hartland. 

MISCELLANEA.— Folk-Medicine  in  County  Cork.  Kate 
Lawless  Pyiie. — A  Burial  Superstition  in  County  Cork. 
Kate  Lawless  Pyne  — A  Folk-tale  from  Kumaon.  Pandit 
Bhagwan  Das  Sarma. — Plough  Monday.— Folk-Medicine 
in  Ohio.     Mrs.  George  A.  Stanbery. 

OBITUARY  :— Rev.  Walter  Gregor,  M.A.  LL.D.— BIBLIO- 
GRAPHY. 


TO  BE  PUBLISHED  IMMEDIATELY. 

STUDIES   in    IRISH   EPIGRAPHY. 

A  Collection  of  Revised  Readings  of  the  Ancient  In- 
scriptions of  Ireland.  With  Introduction  and  Notes  by 
R.  A.  STEWART  MACALISTER,  M.A.,  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  Part  I.  Containing  the  Ogham 
Inscriptions  of  the  Barony  of  Corkaguiney,  and  the 
Counties  of  Mayo,  Wicklow,  and  Kildare.  96  pp.  demy 
8vo.  3s.  6d.  net  {3s.  9d.  post  free). 

RICHARD   WAGNER'S   TRISTAN 

and  ISOLDE.  Translated  by  ALFRED  FOUMAN. 
Crown  8vo.  cloth,  2s.  Qd.  net. 

%*   A  reissue  of  the   privately  printed  edition.     Only 
200  copies  are  for  sale. 


N 


OTES    and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 


Tins  WEr^K'S  KUMUER  contains— 

NOTES  ;— Dr.  Paris  and  Dr  Penneck— WauKh  Family  — R.  Oooch— 
Trade  Advertisements— Poetry  — llyrous  ■  Heppo '— liPKinnings  of 
Photography  — Sinai  Palimpsest —  Kev.  A.  I.  Suckling— Solihull 
Register— .''obieski  Stuarts. 

UUERIIvS-'Tareerin"- J  Edwards:  Penlelgh  House— Miss  M.  A. 
Slodart— ■•  Mcde  " :  "  Mead  "— Jiulter  at  Wedding  Feasts— Immuring 
in  Sea-Bank- A.  Smith— St.  Cloud-Sword— Millingchamp-Capt. 
Dunscomb  —  Farls  of  Derby— Middlesex  M  P  s— Waldby  Family— 
ClarksonStanfield— ■■  Angelof Asia"- Cakes— J  Husbands— Twenty- 
four  Hour  Dials— Col.  J  Bowles— Hare  and  Easter  Eggs 

REPLIES — Nelson's  Last  Signal— Cliarterhouse— Proprietary  Chapels 
—Literary  Women— National  Anthem— Pawne— Songs  on  Sports- 
Pharaoh  of  the  Oppression— Tlie  Kreden  Stone— 'The  Giaour'— 
Waddington  — Buttresses  — •■Ruck"  — 'History  of  Pickwick '-De 
Bius— Bi'i'angerand  Morris— Ward  and  Marriage- Steam— Hanwell 
Church— Pinckney  Family— Criminal  Family— Induction  at  Dorking 
— Farl  of  Deverley-'Rummer"— 'Altar  Gates  "—Early  Headstones 
—  "Tcnitication"  —  Reversing  Postage -.'^'tamps  — Threatened  In- 
vasion of  England— Authors  Wanted 

NOrES  on  BOOKS  :—' Dictionary  of  National  Biography,'  Vol.  LI.— 
Hjett  and  Bazeley's  ■  Gloucestershire  Literature  —Warren's  '  Dies 
IrVe  •— Hill  s  Johnsonian  Miscellanies  —Leake's  Historic  Bubbles  ' 
—Clarke's  'Imperial  Defence.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WI:FK'S  number  (June  26 J  conUims— 
NOTES:— John  Cabot— R.   L.  Stevenson  and  Burns— Bibliography  at 
Columbian    Exposition  —  Shamrock    as    Food  —  Decapitation    of 
Voltaire-Rev.  S.  Wesley— Celtic  Grave  Slabs— "The  black  water" 

—  "When  sorrow  sleepeth "  — Misquotation  —  James  Stuart  of 
Tweedmouth. 

QUERIES  —Murillo's  'Woman  eating  Porridge '—"  Care  creature  "— 
Charterhouse  —  G.  Smeeton  —  Cross,  Lloyd,  and  Rose —  "  Chief 
magi"— 'John  Jasper's  Secret '—Machiavelli—B.  Johnston— Sir  J. 
.Saunderson- Monkish  Latin —  Comptroller  of  the  Pipe  —  Precise 
Hour- Fee  Farm  Rents— Christian  Policy —  Author  Wanted— M. 
Hamilton-"  Garrolds"  — R  Woolsey—  Spring  Gardens  — Roman 
Arithmetic—  "'renification  "  —  "  C.  R"  —  Puleston  — Kerry  Topo- 
graphi- Portraitof  the  Queen— Josselyn  Arms— Statue  of  the  Duke 
of  Kent. 

REPLIES  —Prime  Minister— Cornish  Hurling— Gretna  Green  Marriages 
—Religious  Dancing— Royal  Quarferings— Labels  on  Books- "All 
my  eye  and  Peggy  Martin  "—Old  London  Tavern  —  Pinchbeck- 
Cousin— Scottish  Graduates— Gillman  Family— Church  Registers— 
Hatchments— W.  Crawford- Landguard  Fort— J.  Callow— ■  Euormos' 

—  Ha'porth  of  tar"— "  Clavus  griophili  "— Buslet  — First  Ship 
Named— S  and  F— Rebellion  of  171.5-"  Aceldama"— Sneezing- Mis- 
quotation—"  Three  acres  and  a  cow"— McKinley— The  "Barghest" 
— Chapel-Snake-Dacre  Monument— Frozen  Music— Provincial  Pro- 
nunciation. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Baring-Gould's  '  Lives  of  the  Saints.'  Vols.  II. 
and  III— Palmer's  'Cathedral  Church  of  Rochester '— Seamers 
•Cathedral  Church  of  Oxford '-Richardson's  'George  Moilands 
Pictures'— Fiorio's  'Essays  of  MonUigne '—James's  Boethius's 
•tonsolations  of  Philosophy '—Sayles  'In  Praise  of  Music'— Bam- 
pini's  ■  Moray  and  Nairn.' 
Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Price  M  \  by  post,  4J(i. 
Published  by  John  0.  Francis,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 


HE  ATHEN^U 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,-Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


M 


Last  Week's  ATHEN^UM  contains  Articles  on 

MR.  WATTS-DUNTON'S  JUBILEE  POEM. 

A  RIDE  THROUGH  WESTERN  ASIA. 

MR.  MONCURE  CONWAY'S  EDITION  Of  PAINE. 

SKErCHES  oi  NATIVE  LIFE  in  the  MALAY  PENINSULA. 

MEMOIRS  of  PETOFI. 

DR.  GASQUET'S  ECCLESIASTICAL  ESSAYS. 

NEW  NOVELS— The  Silence  Broken;  His  Dead  Past;  Dracula;  A 
Troth  of  Tears  ;  Le  Cur(?  de  Favicre'^. 

GODDARD'S  ALEXANDER  and  DIOGENES. 

ORIENTAL  RELIGIONS- FRENCH  BIOGRAPHY. 

SHORT  STORIES— STORIES  of  ADVENTURE. 

LAW-BOOKS-TR.iNSLATIONS. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

EDUCATION,  TECHNICAL  and  SECONDARY;  An  ALLEGED 
ERROR  of  VENERABLE  BEDES ;  SCRINIA  ;  A  LOST  MANU- 
SCRIPT. 

Also- 
literary  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE— Recent  Entomology;  Astronomical  Notes;  Societies;  Meet- 
ings; Gossip. 
FINE    ARTS— Head's    Catalogue    of    Greek    Coins;    Library   Table; 
Modern    Society;    The    Rojal    Academy;    Romney's    Portrait   of 
Thomas  Paine  ;  The  Citadel  of  Cairo  ;  sales  ;  Gossip. 
MUSIC— The  Week  ;  Sale  ;  Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  AVeek. 
DRAMA— The  Week ;  Library  Table ;  Theocritus  on  tlie  Stage ;  Gossip. 


The  ATHENJEUM for  June  19  contains  Articles  on 
The  FIRST  CROSSING  of  SPITSBERGEN. 
The  EARLY  CELTIC  CHURCH  of  W.4.LES. 
The  SIKHS  and  SIKH  "WARS. 
VAUGHAN'S  POEMS. 
VERNON  LEE'S  ESSAYS. 
NEW  NOVELS— My  Run  Home;   A  Nineteenth  Century  Miracle;  My 

Lord  Duke;  In  Vallombrosa ;  The  Philanderers;  Maurice  Quain  ; 

Daughters  of  Thespis ;  Flerceheart  the  Soldier;  His  Double  Self; 

The  Dreams  of  Dania ;  False  Dawn  ;  Without  Issue  ;  The  Fall  of  a 

Star;  One  Man's  View  ;  A  Fleering  Show. 
The  BYZANTINE  EMPIRE  in  the  TENTH  CENTURY. 
BIBLICAL  LITERATURE. 
LAW-BOOKS. 

The  MILirARY  HISTORY  of  the  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 
OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 
SIR  THOMAS  ROE  ;  An  ALLEGED  ERROR  of  VENERABLE  BEDE'S  ; 

SALES;    MATTHEW    PRIOR    as    a    BOOK-COLLECTOR;     The 

HARLEY  PAPERS. 

Also— 
LirERARY  GOSSIP. 
SCIENCE— Medical  Literature;  Prof.  K.  R.  Fresenius ;  Astronomical 

Notes;  Societies;  Meetings;  Gossip. 
FINE  ARTS— De  Morgan  on  Early  Egypt ;  Elementary  Manuals ;  The 

Salons  at  Paris  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip. 
MUSIC— The   Week;    Jubilee    Music;    Gossip;    Performances   Next 

Week. 
DRAMA— The  Week ;  The  '  Iphigeneia  at  Aulis ';  Gossip. 


T     ON    OMAN'S        MAGAZINE- 

A.  J  No.  177.    JULY,  1897.    8vo.  price  Sixpence. 

The   CHEVALIF.a   DAURIAC.     Chaps.  lG-18.      By  S.  Levett-YeatB, 

Author  of  •  The  Honour  of  Savelli  ' 
BACTERIOLOGY  in  the  QUEEN'S  REIGN.    By  Mrs.  Percy  Frankland. 
An  ANGLER'S  SUMMER  EVE.    By  F  G  Walters. 
The  BUSHMAN'S  FORTUNE.    By  H.  A.  Bryden. 
An  ENGLISH  ENGRAVER  in  PARIS.    By  Austin  Dobson. 
ST.  MARK'S  EVE     By  Mrs.  Alfred  Hunt 
HENRI  D'OBLfiANS,  DUC  D'AUMALE.    By  Mrs.  H.  Reeve. 
AT  the  SIGN  of  the  SHIP.    By  Andrew  Lang. 

London  :  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 


Just  published,  I  vol.  crown  8vo.  price  55. 

THE  CITIE8  of  the  DAWN:  Naples,  Athens, 
Pompeii.  Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Jafia.  Jerusalem,  Alexandria, 
Cairo,  Marseilles.  Avignon,  Lyons.  Dijon.  With  31  Illustrations.  By 
J.  EWING  RITCHIE  ("Christopher  Crayon'). 

"Some  impressive  descriptions  of  a  holiday  tour  in  the  East,  and  a 
useful  guide  to  future  travellers."— I>«i7!/  Mail. 

"Full  of  interest  from  beginning  to  end." — East  Anglian  Daiiy  Tim^f. 
London  :  X.  Fisher  Unwin.  Patemoster-square. 

"A    FASCINATING     PAGE    OF    LITERARY 
Bl^TOViY:'— Illustrated  London  A'ews. 


The  ATHENiEUM,  every  SATURDAY,  price  THREEPENCE,  of 

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I  n  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  24». 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM; 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 

"We  have  put  before  us  a  valuable  collection  of 
materials  for  the  future  history  of  the  Victorian 
era  of  English  literature." — Standard. 

"  No  other  fifty  years  of  English  literature  contain 
60  much  to  interest  an  English  reader."— i^reewaw. 

"  A  mine  of  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  literature  for  the  last  fifty  years." — Echo. 

"  Rich  in  literary  and  social  interest,  and  afEord  a 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  D-dtion."— Leeds  Meroury. 

"  This  literary  chronicle  of  half  a  century  must  at 
once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  refeience." 

Puhlisliers'  Circular. 

"  The  entire  work  affords  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremely  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A  worthy  monument  of  the    development    of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  life  of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." — Western  Daily  Mercury. 

"Our  survey  has  been  unavoidably  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  the  first  volume  ;  indeed,  any- 
thing like  an  adequate  account  of  the  book  is 
impossible,  for  it  may  be  described  as  a  history  in 
notes  of  the  literature  of  the  period  with  which  it 
deals.  We  confess  that  we  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Examiner. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  suspect  that  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

Liverpool  Mercury, 

London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington-street,  W., 
Publiilters  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


N*^  3636,  July  3,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


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THE    INVESTORS'    REVIEW. 

Edited    by    A.    J.    WILSON. 
Contents  of  JULY  Kumbei: 
ABOUT  NOTHING  in  PARriCULAR 

JAlA'S^a^a  BOK^5^R?nVo"LD''''"^  ^^""^  RAILROADS. 
The  EQUITABLE  LIFE  ASSURANCE  SOCIETY 

MORE  ^^'^^^^  LOAN  and  MERCANTILE  AGENCY  CO.  ONCE 
The  MONEY  and  SfOCK  MARKETS 
ALAS!  POOR  "BARNEY"! 
COMPANY  NOTES. 

BALANCE-SHEET  FACTS  and  INFERENPFS 
NEW  INVESTMENTS  of  the  MON'rH,  JUNE    1897 
*c.  &c.  '      &c. 


47 


G 


Just  published,  crown  8vo.  2s.  6d. 

:j.OLD  and  SILVER  :  an  Elementary  Treatise  on 

-"       Hinietallism.      I)y  JAMES    HENRY    HALLARD     MA    ()\on 
sometime  Lecturer  for  the  Bimetallic  League  in  Liverpool.  ' 

«.^^',i?"f'-~..l""'.S''"'^"?!';7^^''""  '*  Bimetallism-The  Story  of  the 
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48 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


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THE  GENTLEMAN'S   MAGAZINE. 

Contents  for  JULY. 
The  TALE  of  a  GRECIAN  BOY.    By  Neil  Wynn  Williams. 
SOME  FAMOUS  MAIDEN  SPEECHES.    By  Alfred  F.  Robbins. 
DUPLICATE  ANECDOTES.    By  George  Byre-Todd,  M.A. 
A  SONG  of  the  PAST.    By  F.  B.  Doveton. 
IN  the  ANGONI  COUNTRY.    By  A.  Werner. 
ENGLISH  CLERGY  in  FICTION.    By  C.  Fortescue  Yonge. 
SALINiE  of  WICH.    By  James  Cassidy. 

NATIONAL  HISTORY  and  a  VILLAGE  LOG.    By  John  Hyde. 
The  STRANGE  HISTORY  of  "KING  RICHARD  the  SECOND."    By  W.  J. 

Lawrence. 
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AUTOGRAPH  LETTER  of  HENRY  of  NAVARRE.    By  Sylvanus  Urban. 

Ill,   St.   Martia's-lane,  W.C.  


Editorial  Communications  should  be   addressed  to  "The  Editor"  — Advertisements  and   Business   Letters   to  "The   Publisher" —at  the  Office,    Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 
Printed  bj  John  Edwakd  Francis,  Athensenm  Press,  Bream'»-buildin?s,  Chancery-lane,  B.C. ;  and  Published  by  Johk  C.  Francis  at  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

Agents  lor  Scotland,  Messrs.  Bell  i.  BradJute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  BdinburRh.— Saturday,  July  3,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

3lo«rM(  of  (Bn^U^f)  antf  dP^orefgn  Hiterature,  Science,  tbt  ;j^im  ^m,  i^tuisk  anb  t]&e  I9rama. 


No.  3637. 


SATURDAY,   JULY 


10,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

REGISTKKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


B 


RITISH    ASSOCIATION    for    the    ADVANCE- 
MENT of  SCIENCE,  BurlinKton  House,  London,  \V. 
The  NEXT  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  the  ASSOCIATION  will  be  held 
at  TORONTO,  CANADA,  commencing  on  WEDNESDAY,  August  18, 
1897. 

Piesident-Elect— 
Sir  JOHN  EVANS,  K  C.B.  D  C  L  .  Treasurer  of  the  Royal  Society. 

The  Office  will  be  closed  from  July  28  until  September  20.  Members 
are  requested  to  take  their  Tickets  before  July  27. 

The  JOURNAL,  PRESIDENT'S  ADDRESS,  and  other  Papers  issued 
by  the  Association  durinythe  Annual  Meeting  will  be  forwarded  Daily. 
by  post,  to  Members  and  others  unable  to  attend  on  prepayment  of 
2.4.  6d.  to  the  Clerk  of  the  Associati<m,  Mr.  H  (;.  Stei\  \RDsoy.  at  the 
London  Office,  until  July  27,  or  after  that  date  at  Toronto  until 
August  18. 

KOYAL    SOCIETY   of   PAINTERS    in  WATER 
COLOURS,  5a,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W.— U'6th  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN.    Admission  Is  ,  10  to  6. 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HERKOMER,Jun.,  Secretary  ('pro  <em  J 

T  AST  DAYS   of   the  EXHIBITION  at  GUILD- 

J.-*  HALL  of  Works  by  British  Painters  of  the 'N'ictorian  Era.— Will 
CLOSE  JULY  18  Open  Daily.  Admission  free.  Weekdays  10  to  7  i 
Sundays,  .3  to  6. 

OPEN  TO  THE  PUBLIC  FREE  10  .\  m.  TO  6  p  M. 

PUBLISHERS'  PERMANENT    HOOK   EXHIBI- 
TION, 10.  Bloomsbury-street,  London.  W  C  , 
Where  the  Latest  Productions  of  the  Chief  Houses  may  be 
inspected,  BUT  NOT  PURCHASED. 


B 


IRMINGHAM 


MUSICAL 

1897. 


FESTIVAL, 


TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  THl^RSDAY',  and  FRIDAY, 
OCTOBER  5,  6,  7,  and  8,  1897. 


OUTLINE    OF   THE    PERFORMANCES. 


TUESDAY  M(>RNING.— 'ELIJAH. 


TUESDAY  EVENING. 

BRAHMSS  'SONG  OF  DESTINY.' 

MR.  EDWARD  GERMAN'S  NEW  ORCHE.STRAL  WORK. 

(Composed  expressly  lor  this  Festival  ) 

BEETHOVEN'S  C  MINOR  SYMPHONY,  No.  5. 

WAGNER'S  'MEISTERSINGER'  OVERTURE. 

SCENE  3,  ACT  III  ,  OF  'DIE  WALKURE.' 

SCHUMANN'S  'MANFRED'  OVERTURE. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING. 

PROFESSOR  STANFORD'S  NEW  'REQUIEM  MASS.' 

(First  time  of  Performance.) 

BACH'S  CANTATA,  'O  LIGHT  EVERLASTING." 

BRAHMSS  SYMPHONY,  No.  1. 


WEDNESDAY  EVENING. 

PURCELL'S  'KING  ARTHUR'  MUSIC. 

(As  specially  Edited  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Fuller  Maiiland  for  this  Festival.) 

CHERUBINIS  'MEDEA'  OVERIURE. 

BEETHOVEN'S  'LEONORA'  OVERTURE,  No.  3. 


THURSDAY  MORNING.— 'MESSIAH.' 


THURSDAY  EVENING. 

GLUCK'S  'IPHIGENIA  IN  AULIS '  OVERTURE. 

ARTHUR  SOMERVELL'S  NEW  CANTATA  'ODB  TO  THE  SEA.' 

(Composed  expressly  for  this  Festival.) 

WAGNERS  'SIEGFRIED  IDYLL.' 

MOZART'S  G  MINOR  SYMPHONY. 

DVORAK'S  'CARNIVAL'  OVERTURE. 


FRIDAY  MORNING. 

SCHUBERT'S  'MASS  IN  E  FLAT.' 

TSCHAIKOWSKI'S  SYMPHONY  (' PArHfiTIQUE '). 

DR    HUBERT  PARRY'S  'JOB.' 


FRIDAY  EVENING.-BERLIOZ  S  '  FAUST.' 


CosDvcTOR DR.  HANS  RICHTER. 


Detailed  Programmes  will  be  ready  on  August  2  next 

„,  „„,  „.  WALTER  CHAliLlON,  Secretary. 

95,  Colmore-row,  Birmingham. 


TTOLIDAY  ENGAGEMENT,  out  of  London,  as 

tiT^iJr^'^^J^F''  ?■■  COMPANION,  WANTED  by  LADY  DURING 
Bureau  9  Strand  lype-writing,  &o -Apply    M.   P,    Secretarial 


yOUNG     FRENCH     PROFESSOR    (Protestant) 

J.      wishes  fora  HOLIDAY  ENGAGEMENT.    Highest  references  to 
Fran""""'  '"  '"'^  '"  E°gland.-M    M.vcnE,:Coll/ge  Epernay 


A    GENTLEMAN,  36,  married,  of  good  family, 

-i*.  well  educated,  author,  travelled,  who  has  had  heavy  losses  is 
anxious  to  OBTAIN  EMPLOYMENT  in  any  capacitv  Literacy  o? 
otherwise.  Fair  Linguist;  first-class  Correspondent  It  s  hoped  this 
advertisement  may  lead  to  some  employment,  as  for  obvious  reasoni 
It  cannot  again  be  inserted.    Good  references  uu»ioui,  reasons 

Striu'd.*''"   ^''   "^^'■^   "'    "•   ^-    "'^«"'   Solicitor,   2,   Lancaster-place, 


fl^O  COLONIAL  PUBLISHERS.— An  Oxonian  of 

-1  much  experience  on  the  Literary  Press  would  he  glad  to  po  abroad 
as  EDITOR.  8UB-EI)ITOR.  PUBLISHERS  ADVISER,  or  the  like. 
Highest  references  as  to  ability.  &e.  — X.  care  ol  Francis  &  Co, 
Athenartim  Press,  Rream's-buildinfjs,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

A  LITERARY  MAN,  living:  in  Vienna,  seeks 
position  as  AU.STRIAN  CORHESl'ONDEN  I'  to  an  ENGLISH 
PAPER  Would  also  undertake  Translation  of  a  German  Book.  Will 
arrive  in  London  in  course  of  July. 

Address  F.  E.  WHECLEtt,  65,  Lordship-park,  N. 

SECRETARYSHIP.— M.A.  Oxon.  desires  SECRE- 

^C*  TARYSHIP  to  M.P.  or  Literary  Man,  or  one  occupying  official 
position.  Liberal  Commission  for  introduction  resulting  in  such  or 
similar  appointment  — B  ,  44,  Chancery-lane. 

LIBRARIAN  or  PRIVATE  SECRETARY.— The 
Advertiser  will  be  at  liberty  to  accept  an  ENGAGEMENT  on 
September  1  or  earlier.  Good  business  experience  and  knowledge  of 
books  Well  connected.  Excellent  references  can  be  given  from  Clergy, 
Gentry,  and  Business  Men  —Address  R.  T.,  Mr.  Clifford  Thomas,  2C2, 
High-street,  Lincoln. 

BOOKSELLERS'  ASSISTANT.— YOUNG  MAN, 
with  knowledge  of  Books.  WANTED  to  act  as  BOOKSELLERS" 
ASSISTANT.  Knowledge  of  French,  German,  and  Shorthand  preferred. 
— Apply,  by  letter  only,  sta'ing  age,  experience,  and  salary  expected, 
to  Messrs.* Jv^Es  MacLehose  &  Sons.  Publishers  and  Booksellers  to 
the  University,  61.  St,  Vincent-street,  Glasgow. 

TMRMINGHAM    and    MIDLAND    INSTITUTE. 

The  Council  of  the  BIP^MTNGHAM  and  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE 
require  the  services  of  a  (LEKK  in  the  SECREI'AIIY'S  OFFICE,  to 
enter  upon  his  duties  on  September  1.  Good  Shorthand  and  a  know- 
ledge of  Book-keeping  are  indispensable.  Preference  will  be  given, 
other  qualifications  being  equal,  to  a  Gentleman  who  has  had  expe- 
rience in  the  Office  of  a  large  Educational  Institution.  Salary  1001. — 
Applications,  stating  age,  experience.  Ac,  accompanied  by  not  more 
than  three  testimonials,  to  be  made  by  17th  instant  by  autograph  letter 
addressed  to  the  Secretvrt,  Midland  institute.  Birmingham 

ALFRED  HAVES,  Secretary 

WANTED,  in  September,  FORM  MISTRESS  to 
take  special  charge  of  French  Teaching.  Drill  and  Needlework 
desirable  ;  training  or  experience  essential.  Good  salary  — Apply,  by 
letter  only,  before  July  20,  to  He^d  Mistress,  Hulme  Grammar  School, 
Oldham. 


u 


NIVERSITY       COLLEGE,       LONDON. 


VATES  LECTURESHIP  IN  ARCHAEOLOGY. 
The  Council  is  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  this  Lectureship. 
The  endowment  is  100^,  and  the  Lecturer  will  be  required  to  give  a 
Course  of  Lectures  on  some  special  subject.  The  appointment  will  be 
for  One  Year.— ('andidates  are  requested  to  send  in  their  applications, 
stating  the  subject  and  time  which  they  propose  for  their  Lectures,  to 
The  SEtREi'ARv  of  the  College  before  September  15. 


^HE 


LEEDS  INSTITUTE  of 

and  LITERATURE. 


SCIENCE,  ART, 


The  Directors  inTite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER  o! 
the  LEEDS  I'ECHNICAL  SCHOOL  and  TEACHER  of  CHEMISTRY 
to  the  BOYS'  and  GIRLS'  MODERN  SCHOOLS  of  the  INSTITUTE, 
now  vacant  by  The  death  of  Mr.  S.  J.  Harris,  M.Sc 

The  Master  appointed  will  be  expected  to  take  Classes  in  Theoretical 
and  Practical  Inorganic  and  Organic  Chemistry,  and  to  exercise  a 
general  supervision  over  the  other  Classes  in  the  Technical  School. 
The  School  Buildings,  erected  in  1888,  are  furnished  with  all  necessary 
materials  and  apparatus  for  Science  Teaching. 

Salary,  partly  fixed  and  partly  dependent  upon  results,  amounts  to 
about  325i— Full  particulars  may  be  had  from  the  SECRirriKY,  to  whom 
applications  must  be  sent  not  later  than  July  20.  1897 

(Canvassing  Directors  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

POTSDAM,  near  BERLIN.— Friiulein  von 
BRIESEN  and  Fraulein  ZAHN  receive  a  limited  number  of 
YOUNG  LADIES  in  their  High-Class  SCHOOL.  They  offer  all  the 
advantages  of  a  Continental  Education  and  a  comfortable  Home.  Terms, 
Fifty  Guineas.  References  and  Prospectus  through  Miss  Kodiee,  1, 
Fairview  Villas,  Mill  Hill,  London.  N.W  ,  who  has  been  for  many  years 
Teacher  at  the  School  and  is  willing  to  give  every  information  and 
take  I'upiU  back  with  her  in  the  first  week  of  .\ugust.— GOVERNESS- 
PUPIL  REQUIRED. 

EPSOM  COLLEGE.— ANNUAL  EXAMINA- 
TION for  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS  EARLY  in 
JULY.  New  Junior  Department  just  opened  for  lUJ  Boys.  Preparation 
for  London  Matric.  and  Prel  Sclent  Exams  .  the  Army.  Navy,  and  Uni- 
versities. Numerous  recent  successes.— NEXT  TERM  REGINS  SEP- 
TEMBER 16.— Apply  to  The  Bursar,  5,  The  College,  Epsom,  Surrey. 

PARIS.— Pasteur    LALOT     and     Mrs.    LALOT 
inform  their  friends    that  they  have    MOVED  to    lliiii,   RUE 
FARADAY,  and  continue  receiving  people  anxious  to  learn  French. 

--I'HE  ALDEBURGH  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS.— Head 

1  Mistress.  Miss  M.  I.  GARDINER,  Nat.  Sc.  Tripos,  Cambridge, 
late  Assistant  Mistress  St.  Leonard's  School,  St.  Andrews  References: 
Mrs.  Garrett  Anderson.  M.D.  ;  the  Rev.  and  Hon.  A.  T.  Lyttelton  ; 
Arthur  Sidgwick,  Esq.,  M.A. ;  Mrs.  Henry  Sidgwick,  &c. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME    SCHOOL  for   limited 

O  number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Heiss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  'Tennis  Lawns— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Peincipai.. 

G^  ERMAN  TUTOR  (University  Man)  is  willing  to 
r  RECEIVE  ONE  or  TWO  PUPILS  in  his  refined  home.  Perfectly 
able  to  undertake  the  whole  education  for  a  Literary  or  Business 
Career.  Fourteen  years'  experience,  and  first-class  English  and  Conti- 
nental references.— Tutor,  care  of  Seyflfardt's  ISuctihandlung,  Amster- 
dam, Holland 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHEN/EUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU- SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER.  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO.  NANTES,  NICE,  PARI.S,  PAU,  .SAINT  RAPHAEL,  'rOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Riyoli.  Paris. 


FT  NIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

yJ      BANGOR  (a  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales). 

Principal— H.  R.  REICHEL,  MA, 
With  Eleven  Professors.  'Three  Lecturers,  and  Seventeen  other  Teachers. 
NEXT  SESSION  BEGINS  OCTOBER  5  The  College  Courses  are 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  Degrees  of  the  University  of  Wales,  and 
include  most  of  the  subjects  for  the  Degrees  of  London  University. 
Students  may  pursue  their  First  Year  of  Medical  .Study  at  the  College. 
'There  are  Special  Departments  for  Agriculture  and  Electrical  Engineer- 
ing, a  Day  'Training  Department  for  Men  and  Women,  and  a  Department 
for  the  'Training  of  Teachers  in  Secondary  Schools- 
Sessional  Fee  for  ordinary  Arts  Student,  111  Is  ;  do.  for  Intermediate 
Science  or  Medical  Student.  15i.  15s.  The  cost  of  living  in  lodgings  in 
Bangor  averages  from  20i  to  30(  for  the  Session.  There  is  a  Hall  of 
Residence  for  Women  Students     Fee,  'Thirty  Guineas  for  the  Session. 

At  the  Entrance  Scholarship  Examination  (beginning  September  21), 
more  than  'Twenty  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions,  ranging  in  value  from 
40/  to  lo;  ,  will  be  open  for  competition.    ONE-H.\LF  the  total  amount 
o(t'.ired  is  reserved  for  Welsh  Candidates. 
For  further  information,  and  copies  of  the  Prospectus,  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWAKD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 


ASSISTANT      SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Misa 

-ii  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  recommend  University  Graduates,  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers,  Foreign  Teachers,  Kindergarten 
Mistresses.  &c— Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

OX  FORD.- The  Secretary,  INFORMATION 
OFFICE,  44.  High-street,  Oxford  (opposite  Examination  Schools), 
answers  inquiries  on  all  points  concerning  Oxford  and  Educatloa 
generally.    Fee,  Five  Shillings,  to  accompany  inquiry. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO..  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  il  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements. — 36,  Sackville-street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Becvok,  M.A. ,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

TO  PROPRIETORS  and  PUBLISHERS  of  MAGA- 
ZINES,  &c  — A  Gentleman,  with  a  First-Class  Advertising  con- 
nexion, London  and  Provincial,  has  an  OPENING  for  a  good  class  old- 
established  PUBLICATION,  Monthly  preferred.  Can  be  highly  recom- 
mended.—For  particulars  and  terms  apply,  by  letter,  Canvasser,  care  of 
Street  Brothers,  5,  Serle-street,  Lincoln's  Inn. 


PUBLISHING.— INVESTMENT  or  ACTIVE 
PARTNERSHIP— Advertiser  desires  to  meet  with  a  Gentleman 
having  about  4.U00;  at  his  command  who  would  be  willing  to  join  him 
in  acquiring  an  old-established  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS— Address, 
in  first  instance,  B.  S.  D.,  care  of  H.  A.  Moncrieft',  19,  Ludgate-hill,  E.C. 

'T^YPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.    per  folio 

-L  of  72  words  References  to  Authors.— Miss  Gladding,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

TYPE-WRITING  by  CLERGYMAN'S 
DAUGHTER  and  ASSIST AN'TS— Authors'  MSS.  Is  per  1.000 
words  Circulars,  &c  ,  by  Copying  Process.  Miss  Sikes,  West  Ken- 
sington Type  writing  Agency,  13,  Wolverton-gardens,  Hammersmith,  \V. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.— Confidential  Secre- 
tary, Miss  PE'THERBRIDGE  (Natural  Science  Tripos),  sends  out 
Daily  a  trained  staff  of  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries,  expert  Steno- 
graphers, and  'Typists.  Special  staff  of  French  and  German  Reporters. 
Literary  and  Commercial  'Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages. 
Speciality— Dutch  'Translations,  French,  German,  and  Medical  Type- 
writing 

INDEXING.— SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand.  London.  Trained 
staff  of  Indexers  Speciality— Medical  Indexing.  Libraries  Catalogued. 
Pupils  trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

n^YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

-L  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire  also  Bonght 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  10<i.  per  1,000  words. — N.  'Taylor, 
74,  Chancery-lane,  London.  Established  1881.  Telephone  6690.  Tele- 
grams. "Glossator.  London." 

'1"'0  the  LITERARY  WORLD,  especially  aspirants. 

A  —A  New  Society  (under  high  patronage)  will  otlcr  exceptional 
advantages  to  Young  Authors.  Facilities  for  Publication.  &c.  Forming 
a  Committee  to  meet  in  London  shortly.  All  invited.— Particulars 
HARRiNoroN.  10.  Beaumont-crescent,  West  Kensington. 

T^O    AUTHORS.— MESSRS.    DIGBY,    LONG    & 

J.  CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  3s.  6./.  net,  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form.— Address  18,  liouverie- 
street.  Fleet-street,  London. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

J.  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free.— 'Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BcBoHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


50 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3637,  July  10,  '97 


9,  Hart-street,  nLOOMSBURV,  LoNDOH. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
street  Coventrirarden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  keran 
Paul  Trench  Triihner&  Co  ,  Wmlted.  begs  to  announce  that  he  >ia8 
RFSUMe")  BUS  NK8S  as  a  I'UHLISHEK  on  his  own  account,  and 
wm  b^K  ad  fo  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
CODBider  proposals  tor  New  Books     Address  as  above. 

ri^O     AUTHORS.  — The^  ROXBURGHE~PRESS, 

I  LiMiTvD  1.5  Victoria-Street,  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECK1\  E 
MANUSrUIPTS  in  bU  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
t'cw  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form  Every  facility  for  hnnpiiK  Works 
before  the  Irade  the  Libraries,  and  the  lleadins!  Public  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 

^'0    AUTHORS.  —  Facilities    ofFeied   for   cheap, 
expeditious,  and  successful  publication     -rhe  MSS  "f, /™;«"^[^' 
Professional   Men,  and  Novelists    Kovised   and    Edite.l    by    '''M'eits. 

Seneral  Literary  advice.      Fees  n>";"-''-«^,<^ -."^'^^^.-W'Swettreet' 
Publishers.  Revisers,  and  Literary  Agerts,  11  and  13,  St.  Biide-street, 

London,  EC. 

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.  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Y^a'"'"'*'"''  '°J 
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of  Terras  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion-conrt,  Fleet-street.  E.G. 


c 


(fEataloQtteg. 
HOICE     and    VALUABLE      BOOKS. 

^ine  Library  Sets-Works  illustrated  by  CruiksbanV,  Roivlandson, 
Ac-First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  a..d  modern)-Early 
English  Literature-Illuminated  and  other  MSS.- Po.traits-Engrayirgs 

—Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  iust  published,  of  Works  on  English  Scotch.  Irish,  and 
■Welsh  Topography,  Heraldry,  and  Family  History  free  on  application. 
MAGGS  BROS  , 
159,  Church-street,  Faddington,  London,  W. 

Now  ready, 

CATALOGUE  of   FRENCH    BOOKS,  at  greatly 

^>  reduced  prices  I  PHILOSOPHY  II.  RELmiONin  HIS- 
TORY IV  POETRY.  DRAMA,  MUSIC.  V.  BEAU.VARIS.  M. 
GEOGRAPHY.    VII    MILITARY. 

DULAU  &  CO.  37,  Soho-square,  London,  'W^ 

I  L  L  I  A  jTs      &      NORGATB, 

IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 


w 


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E 


LLIS  &  ELVE 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books  and  Manuscripts. 

NEW    CATALOGUE    (No    86)   of  RECENT  PURCHASES 

now  ready,  post  free.  Sixpence. 

29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 


y. 


NEW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21  — Drawing.s  by  Hunt, 
Prout  Do  Wint.  and  others— Turners  Liber  Studiorum— Things 
recommended  for  study  by  Prof.  Ruskin-scarce  Ruskm  Etchings, 
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street,  London,  B.C. 

FOR  SALE.— Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  from 
vol  1.  1869  to  1897,  8!.- Blackwood's  Magazine,  complete  set, 
128  vols  bright  half-calf  (cost  50i),7i  15>.-Edinhurgh  Review.  154  vols, 
bright  half-calf  (cost  80M.  71  15s.— Montalemberfs  Monks  of  the  West, 
6  vols  2( —Meyrick's  Ancient  Armsand  Armour,  2  vols  (cnstl2/ )  .■)!  18.s-. 
— Grotes  History  of  Greece,  8  vols.  31.  ISs.-Swift's  Works,  22  vols  SBs. 
-De  Quincey's  Works,  15  vols.  35s  — Lingard  s  History  of  England 
10  vols  ICs -Burke's  Landed  Gentry,  2  vols.  1879.  18s —CATALOGUES 
sent  post  free.— Joseph  Milligan,  13,  Blenheim-place.  Leeds. 

LOWE  (CHARLES)  offers  magnificent  Set  of 
PUNCH,  new,  half-morocco,  very  elegant,  vols.  1  to  1(X).  40; .  cost 
nearly  lOOi  —Shaw's  History  of  Stattordshire.  2  vols,  folio,  capital  copy, 
20;  —unique  Dugdale's  Warwickshire,  extended  to  4  vols  folio,  24/.— 
Nash's  Worcestershire,  2  vols,  folio,  8/.- strand  Magazine,  vols.  I  to  10 
25s.  Largest  and  Best  Stock  in  Midlands. 

Chables  Lowe,  New-Street,  and  Baskerville  Hall,  Birmingham. 

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The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
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ri-'HE    "SUTHERLAND"    BINDING. 

A  NEW  COLOUR  PROCESS  (PATENTED). 
Beautiful  Tooling  in  any  Colour.    Colours  absolutely  permanent. 
Mr   BAGGULEY  will  be  glad  to  supply  particulars  as  to  where  the 
specimens  referred  to  in  the  Athtnarum  of  May  22  (p.  679)  can  be  seen 

in  rown.  ,  ,        j      t 

High-street,  Newcastle-under-Lyme. 

rpHE     AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER-PAD. 

X       (The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  60,  Leadenhall-street, 
London.  EC.) 
Contains   hairless   paper,  over  which   the   pen  slips  with   perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each     5s.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

O    INVALIDS.— A    LIST    of    MEDICAL  MEN 

mall  parts  willing  to  RECEIVE  RESIDENT  PATIENTS,  giving 
Jnll  particulars  and  terms,  sent  gratis.  The  list  includes  Private 
Asylums,  &c. ;  Schools  also  recommended.— Address  Mr.  G.  B.  Stocker, 
8,  lAncaster-place,  Strand,  W  C. 


THE  AUTOTYPE 
FINE -ART    GALLERY. 

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PRODUCERS  AND   PUBLISHERS   OF 

PERMANENT 

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AUTOTYPES  of  MODERN    ENG- 
LISH ART. 

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AUTOTYPES  of  PICTURES  in  the 

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Those  interested  in  Art,  and  in  the  recent  de- 
velopments of  the  Photographic,  Reproducti(>n  of 
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tensive Collection  of  Autotypes  and  Autogravures 
of  all  Schools,  now  on  view  at  their  Gallery.  74, 
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PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

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[Part  IV.  now  ready. 

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^alcs  bj3  Jluction, 

Library  of  Books  on  Horsemanship  formed  by 
Capt.  F.  H.  HUili. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  .^.UCTION.  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester-sqnare  W_C  on 
THURSDAY  July  15  and  Follow ine  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o  clock 
or"ci?e^y  the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  on  HORSEMAN. 'SHIP  formed  by 
canton  FH  HUTH,  and  other  Properties,  amongst  which  will  be 
found  sal  Yin  and  Brodrick's  Falconry-Art  Jnurna  -  Waagen  8  Art 
Treasures  4  vols -Sould's  Freemasonry-Hatchers  Modern  Wiltshire 
S/aDilers'l^tnTng-Chemical  .Society's  Jouri,al-Paradin,Cronique 

7e  Savo5n552-a  long  series  of  Bm.Us  relatins  to  Chess,  *  c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 


Musical  Instruments  and  Music,  including  the  Collection  of 
the  late  V.  PUHRIER.  Esq. 

MESSRS  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C  on 
TiiFSiiAY  July  20  at  half-past  twelve  o'clock  precisely,  MLSICAL, 
iN<ffRrMFNTl  comprising  Grand  and  Cottage  Pianoforte3--Harmo- 
iuims-V 'ol.ns  Vio^s.  Viollncellos,  and  Douhle  Basses  w  th  the  Bows. 
niums-Nioi  ns    vioa,».  guitars.   Mandolines,  and  Zithers-Brass 

Sd  W<md  «  i'"dTnstrumrnts  ;  also  a  fine  Library  of  Vi.mn  Music  con- 
sisting c?f  Duos.  Trios.  Quartets.  Quintets.  &c  i  and  ""e  Co  ectjon  of 
Violfn  and  Violoncello  Music,  the  Property  of  the  late  V.  PUKKIER, 

^"•'  Catalogues  on  application. 


MESSRS  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicener-square.  W^C  on 
FRIDAY  July  23,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  » ';">«'i  '"•.^'^'J;^'^;.?"*^,'!^ 
LANEOUS  PROPEKTY,  including  the  Property  of  J  I-.  .^N  AI  TH.  Esq  , 
late  of  the  Madras  Civil  Service. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


TUESDAY  NEXT. 

Collection  of  Curiosities  from  New  Zealand    Bronzes.  Gods, 
/vorvTusk  Insects,  and  other  Natural  History  Specimens. 

MR    T    C    STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  38  King-street.  Covent-garden.  on  TUES- 

Mrica  &c  ,  and  other  Natural  History  Specimens, 
on  view  day  prior  from  12  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 

had.  " 

FUIDAV  NEXT. 
Photographic  and  Scientific  Apparatus,  S,c. 

MR    J    C    STEVENS  will  SBLL  by  AUCTION, 
at   his   Great   Rooms,   38.  King -street.,  fio^^"* -"''';?"•    "" 

and  otiier  Miscellaneous  Property. 

on  liew  day  prior  from  2  till  5  and  morning  of  .Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 


N''  3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


51 


rpHE    ASHBURNHAM     LIBRAE  T. 

A  List  of  the  PRICES  and  PURCHASERS'  NAMES  at  this  SALE 
will  shortly  be  issued,  aad  may  be  had  »(  (he  Auctiont'ers,  Messrs. 
SoTHEar,  WiuiiNSON  &.  Hodge,  13,  Welllngton-slieet,  Strand,  W.C.,  price 
5s.  each. 

The  valuable  Library  of  CYlilL  DUNN  GAHDNER,  Es^. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  WellinKton- 
street.  Strand,  W.C..  on  SA  lUKDAY,  July  10.  and  Two  Followinjir  Days, 
at  1  oclocit  precisely,  the  valuable  LIBRAKY  of  CYRIL  DUNN 
GARDNER,  E-q  (of  Fordtiam  Abbey,  Cambridgeshire),  comprising 
the  Works  of  Standard  English  Authors,  in  (Jld  and  Modern  Editions 
—rare  early  printed  English  Books— Topographical  Works  of  Baker, 
Blomtield,  Dugdale.  Thoroton  and  others -a  large  Series  of  the  Writings 
of  Daniel  Defoe— early  printed  and  rare  Books— Editiones  I'rincipes  of 
Homer.  Aristotle.  Tefentius  Varro,  Eusebius,  &c.— Aldine  and  Ei/evir 
Editions-a  finely  written  Hebrew  Bible  on  vellum  of  the  Fifteenth 
Century,  and  a  MS  of  Ludolphus  of  Saxony's  Life  of  Christ-line  Edi- 
tions of  French  Writers-Iliustrated  and  Architectural  Works— Tracts 
on  America— Books  in  line  bindings. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had 

The  Collection  of  Engravings  of  the  late  Bev.  A.  W.  G. 
MOOHE,  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUoriON,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  WC,  on  WEDNESDAY,  July  14  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
ENGRAVINGS  (Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio),  including  the  (XJLLEC- 
TION  of  the  late  Rev.  A.  W.  G.  MOORE,  comprising  Fancy  Subjects 
and  Portraits  by  English  Artists,  some  printed  in  colours— Sporting 
Prints— Artist's  Proots  of  Modern  Engravings,  after  Meissonier  and 
others— about  Eight  Hundred  Sets  of  •  The  Race  for  Wealth,'  after 
W.  P.  Frith— and  a  few  Water-Colour  and  other  Drawings. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had, 

THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COINS. 
FOURTH  PORTION. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  July  15,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  FOURTH  PORTION  of  the  very 
valuable  and  extensive  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  (Copper,  &c  ), 
IRISH,  SCOrriSH,  and  ANGLO-GALLIC  COINS. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  had, 
price  One  Shilling  each. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  Dr.  MONCURE  D.  CONWA  Y; 
the  Library  of  the  late  Bev.  J.  BECK,  M.A.;  and  other 
Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W C,  on  MONDAY,  July  19.  and  Two  Following  nays, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  a 
Portion  of  the  LIBRARY  of  Dr.  MONCURE  D.  CONWAY,  consisting 
of  rare  Publications  of  Walt  Whitman,  Poetical  Works.  Biography, 
Archaeology,  Americana,  scarce  Pamphlets,  &c.  ;  the  Property  of  'T.  J. 
SLA'TTER.  Esq.,  F  G  S..  deceased,  comprising  a  Collection  of  Works  on 
Natural  History,  Algje,  Mosses.  Lichens,  &c. ;  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
Rev,  J.  BECK,  M  A.  F  S.A  ,  of  Bildestone  Rectory,  Suffolk,  comprising 
valuable  Arch:eological  Works,  Biography,  'Topography,  History, 
specimens  of  olc*  stamped  and  other  Bindings.  Illustrated  Works,  &c  — 
Original  Drawings  by  C.  Martin  -a  remarkable  Collection  of  Drawings 
and  Portraits  of  the  Royal  Family,  formed  by  Miss  Marianne  Skerrett— 
Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield  2  vols.  First  Edition.  Salisbury,  17C6— 
—George  Meredith's  Poems.  First  Edition.  1851— Sussex  Arch.'cological 
Collections.  25  vols.— Missale  Secundu  usum  instgnis  Ecclesie  Sar  , 
Kouen.  1508— Hor.T  Beata;  Marire  Virginis,  MS.  on  vellum,  Scpc.  XV  — 
and  many  other  scarce  Works. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

•WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING-STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S-SQUARE. 
The  superior  Modern  Furniture- Slate  Bed  Billiard  Table  and  Fittings 
by  Thurston  &  Co  — the  choice  Collection  of  rare  old  Blue  and  White 
Nankin  China— Clocks— fine  Bronzes— Ivories— 1,000  ounces  of  Plate 
—  old  Sheffield  Plated  Articles— a  valuable  Casket  of  Jewels— 
Breech-loading  Guns  and  Fittings— 1  000  Volumes  of  Handsomely 
Bound  Books— the  Collection  of  about  230  Pictures  and  Drawings  by 
Esteemed  Modern  Artists— 100  dozens  of  rare  old  Wines— Cigars  of 
choice  Brands — handsome  Dinner  and  Dessert  Service— Old  English 
Cut  Glass— fine  Table  Linen  and  Effects,  by  direction  of  the  Executors 
of  the  late  NEWTON  B  SMART,  Esq  ,  removed  from  the  Residence, 
Llanover  Lodge,  New  Barnet,  for  convenience  of  Sale. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  will  SELL  at 
their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  TUESD.\lf.  July  20,  and  Three  Follow- 
ing Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  Day.  the  valuable  CONTENTS  of 
the  HESIDENCE,  removed  from  Llanover  Lodge,  New  Barnet,  details 
of  which  will  appear  in  future  Advertisements. 
May  be  viewed  the  Saturday  and  Monday  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTriON,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James's- 
square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely : — 

On  MONDAY,  July  12,  OLD  PICTURES  belong- 
ing to  the  MARQUIS  of  QUEENSBERRY,  the  late  Miss  F.  M.  WELS- 
FORD,  and  Mrs.  C.  WOOLOTON,  deceased. 

On  TUESDAY,   July   13,    and  Following   Day, 

MODERN  ETCHINGS  of  Mrs  EDWARD  FISHER,  deceased. 

On     TUESDAY,    July    13,     COLLECTION     of 

OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the  late  MONTAGU  PARKER,  Esq  ,  the  Property 
of  the  EARL  OF  MORLEY ;  and  Objects  of  Art  and  Decoration  and 
old  Brussels  Tapestry. 

On    WEDNESDAY,    July    14,    ARMOUR    and 

ARMS,  the  Property  of  a  NOBLEMAN ;  EMBROIDERIES  and 
FABRICS,  the  Property  of  Mrs.  GIDEON,  of  Paris. 

On    THURSDAY,  July   15,   the    LIBRARY    of 

R.  M.  BURRELL,  Esq  ,  who  has  given  up  his  residence;  and  other 
Booktf. 

On  THURSDAY,  July  15,  choice  WINES  from 

various  Private  Cellars. 

On  FRIDAY,  July  16,  PORCELAIN  and  DECO- 

RATIVE  OBJECTS  of  the  late  K.  R  MURCHISON,  Esq. :  and  PORCE- 
LAIN MINIATURES  and  OBJECTS  of  VBRIU  of  the  late  Miss  GAGE 


TNCREASE    YOUR    INCOME  considerably  in  a 

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ents or  Neutrals  in  Time  of  War.  By  J.  S.  BISLBY, 
M.A.  B.O.L.     Demy  Svo.  cloth,  12s. 


London :  A.  D.  INNES^A  CO. 
31  and  32,  Bedford-street,  Strand,  W.C. 


N*' 3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


53 


SOME  PRESS  NOTICES  OF  JOHN  C.  NIMMO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


Now  publishing  in  Monthly  Volumes,  extra 
crown  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  5s.  net. 

Vols.  I.,  II.,  III.,  and  IV.  NOW  READY. 

THE 
NEW  ILLUSTRATED  EDITION 

OF  THE 

REV.  S.  BAEING-GOULD'S 

LIVES  OF  THE  SAINTS. 

With  a  Calendar  for  Every  Day  in 
the  Year. 

New  Edition,  Hevised,  with  Introduction 
and  Additional  Lives  of  English  Martyrs, 
Cornish  and  Welsh  Saints,  and  a  full  Index  to 
the  Entire  Work. 

Illustrated  by  over  400  Engravings  drawn 
from  the  most  Ancient  and  Authentic  Sources. 


In  demy  8vo,  410  pages,  clotb,  price  12^.  net. 

THE  OLD  ENGLISH  BIBLE, 

And  other  Essays. 


BY 


THE  REV.  F.O.  MORRIS'S  POPULAR 
WORKS  ON  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

ISSUE    OF    NEW   AND    REVISED    EDITIONS. 


Standard, — "Ihe  earlier  volumes  of  the  new 
edition  are  now  before  us,  and  even  a  cursory 
examination  is  enough  to  show  that  the  wuik  has 
been  thoroughly  revised.  The  book  is  of  real  value, 
since  it  is  written  with  scholarly  care,  imaginative 
vision,  and  a  happy  union  of  charity  and  courage." 

Daily  Chronicle. — "No  student  of  history — to 
go  no  further— can  dispense  with  such  a  valuable 
book  of  reference.  There  is  nothing  like  it  in  our 
language." 

Guardian. — "Whoever  reads  the  more  important 
lives  in  the  sixteen  volumes  of  which  this  new 
edition  is  to  consist  will  be  introduced  to  a  region 
of  which  historians  for  the  most  part  tell  him  little, 
and  yet  one  that  throws  constant  liyht  upon  some 
of  the  obscurest  points  of  ordinary  histories." 

Scotsman.  —  "Mr.  Baring-Gould,  Anglican  priest 
though  he  be,  fulfils  the  promise  of  his  original 
edition,  in  so  far  as  he  does  not  obtrude  either  pre- 
judice or  sectarianism  into  his  record  of  these 
saints.  The  new  edition  is  clearly  and  handsomely 
printed  and  adorned  with  numerous  cuts,  some  of 
them  from  recondite  sources," 

Academy. — "Mr.  Baring-Gould's  general  plan 
has  been  to  give  within  the  limits  imposed  by 
brevity  an  anecdotal  and  humanly  interesting 
sketch  of  each  saint." 

British  lieview  and  National  Ohserver. — "  The 
new  edition  of  Mr.  Baring-Gould's  familiar  work 
may  well  be  called  monumental,  both  on  account 
of  its  size  and  the  variety  and  completeness  of  the 
information  to  be  found  in  it." 

Notes  and  Queries. — "  It  is  impossible  to  mention 
the  various  sources  whence  have  been  drawn  the 
illustrations,  which  will  render  this  work,  to  those 
to  whom  the  subject  appeals,  the  most  acceptable, 
as  it  is  certainly  the  handsomest,  of  existing 
editions." 

Bookman.—"  One  would  have  to  search  high  and 
low  and  in  remote  corners,  and  often  in  vain,  for 
the  information  gathered  here,  which  comprises 
both  authenticated  fact  and  romantic  legend.  No 
English  book  on  the  subject  can  compete  with  it. 
It  should  be  in  every  library,  and  whatever  shelf 
holds  it  will  be  frequently  visited." 

Monitor.— "IWe  author  is  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  but  as  far  as  we  have  been 
able  to    discover    he    has  written    nothing    that 

Catholics  could  object  to  in  this  work He  seems 

to  have  performed  his  task  with  rare  discrimination 
and  perfect  sympathy." 


FRANCIS  AIDAN  GASQUET,  D.D.  O.S.B., 

Author  of  '  Henry  VIII.  and  the  English 
Monasteries.' 

Contents:  —  1.  Notes  on  Mediaeval  Monastic 
Libraries. — 2.  The  Monastic  Scriptorium.  —  3.  A 
Forgotten  English  Preacher. — 4.  The  Pre-Ref orma- 
tion  English  Bible  (1).— 5.  The  Pre-Reformation 
English  Bible  (2).  —  6.  Religious  Instruction  in 
England  during  the  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Cen- 
turies.—  7.  A  Royal  Christmas  in  the  Fifteenth 
Century. — 8.  The  Canterbury  Claustral  School  in 
the  Fifteenth  Century.  —  9.  The  Note-Books  of 
William  Worcester,  A  Fifteenth  Century  Anti- 
quary.— 10.  Hampshire  Recusants.  With  a  Com- 
plete Index. 

Times. — "  Full  of  the  learning  and  research  which 
Dr.  Gasquet  has  made  so  peculiarly  his  own." 

Athenceum. — "  Whatever  Dr.  Gasquet  writes  is  of 
interest,  and  thanks  are  due  to  him  for  these  essays. 
Full  of  rare  information,  and  are  real  contri- 
butions to  history." 

British  Review  and  National  Observer. — "Dr. 
Gasquet  has  started  a  very  curious  controversy, 
which  will  entertain  even  those  whom  it  does  not 
seriously  interest,  and  will  familiarize  them  in- 
cidentally with  many  facts  of  history.  The  re- 
mainitig  essa3s  are  also  rich  in  quaint,  curious 
information." 

Scotsman.  —  "  He  has  thrown  much  light  on 
obscure  passages  and  features  of  later  mediaeval 
history  in  our  country." 

Notes  and  Queries. — "  Dr.  Gasquet  writes  clearly 
and  forcibly,  and  when  touching  on  controversial 
points,  as  he  trequetjtly  has  to  do,  he  manifests  a 
studied  moderation  and  liberality." 

In  2  vola.   extra  crown  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top, 

price  21s.  net ;  or  in  8  Parts,  2s.  Qd.  net. 

Parts  I.-IV.  ready. 

THE  FLORA  OF  THE  ALPS. 

Being  a  Description  of  all  the  Species  of 
Flowering  Plants  indigenous  to  Switzerland ; 
and  of  the  Alpine  Species  of  the  adjacent 
Mountain  Districts  of  France,  Italy,  and 
Austria,  including  the  Pyrenees. 

BY 

ALFRED  W.  BENNETT,  M.A.  B.Sc.  F.L.S., 

Lecturer  on  Botany  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital. 
With  120  Coloured  Plates. 

Times. — "Meets  a  want  which  has  long  been  felt 
by  English  travellers  of  a  complete  illustrated 
guide  to  all  the  flowers  which  are  indigenous  to 

Switzerland The  illustrations  are  numerous  and 

accurate." 

Standard, — "Mr,  Bennett  gives  an  adequate 
description,  and  one  which  is  both  clear  and  exact, 
of  all  the  species  of  flowering  plants  common  to 
Switzerland." 

Spectator. — "These  two  volumes  will  form  com- 
prehensive and  delightful  companions  to  every 
traveller." 

Land  and  Water. — "  These  very  beautifully  illus- 
trated volumes  will  be  welcomed  by  the  numberless 
people  whose  summer  holiday  is  spent  in  Switzer- 
land or  the  Alpine  districts." 

Academy. — "  The  whole  book  forms  a  valuable 
contribution  to  the  intelligent  enjoyment  of  a 
holiday  in  Switzerland." 

Daily  JVews,  — "  The  letterpress  of  these  two 
handsome   volumes    is    excellent,    as,   indeed,    we 

should  have  expected  from  so  high  an  authority 

the  plates  are  likely  to  be  of  great  service  to  the 
Traveller." 


FOURTH  EDITION,  6  vols,  super-royal  8vo.  cloth,  -with 
394  Plates  Coloured  by  Hand,  il.  10s.  net ;  also  in  Thirty- 
six  Monthly  Parts,  2s.  (,d.  net.  Part  XXVIII.  now  ready. 

A  HISTORY  of  BRITISH  BIRDS. 

By  the  Eev.  F.  O.  MORRIS,  B.A. 

The  text  embodies  all  the  author's  latest  additions  and 
corrections ;  and  each  volume  contains,  in  addition  to  the 
letterpress,  from  sixty  to  seventy  plates,  coloured  by  hand. 
The  colouring  of  these  plates  has  been  most  carefully  revised 
for  the  present  issue,  and  will  be  found  superior  even  tothe 
much-sought-after  early  editions  of  the  work.  In  the  sixth 
volume  an  elaborate  and  detailed  Index  will  be  supplied, 
thus  completing  this  standard  work  on  British  Ornithology. 

Times.—"  The  protecting  landowner,  the  village  naturalist, 
the  cockney  '  oologist,'  and  the  schoolboy  all  alike  owe  a  debt 
to  the  Rev,  F.  O.  Morris's  admirable  work,  in  six  volumes^ 
on  British  birds,  with  its  beautiful  hand-painted  plates." 

FOURTH  EDITION,  3  vols,  super-royal  8vo.  cloth,  with 
248  Coloured  Plates,  21.  bs.  net ;  also  in  18  Monthly 
Parts,  2s.  6d.  net.    Part  XVII.  now  ready. 

A    NATURAL    HISTORY    of    the 

NESTS  and  EGGS  of  BRITISH  BIRDS.  By  the  Rev. 
P.  O.  MORRIS,  B.A.  Entirely  Revised  and  brought  up 
to  Date  by  W.  B.  TKGETMEIBR,  F.Z.S.  M.B.O.U. 

Times.—"  These  latter  [illustrations]  are  excellent,  and 
indeed  are  the  strength  of  this  very  handsome  book,  which, 
in  its  new  and  more  accurate  form,  ought  to  find  a  place  in 
many  a  library." 

FOURTH  EDITION,  4  vols,  super-royal  8vo.  with  132 
Plates  (1.938  Figures),  all  Coloured  by  Hand,  Zl.  3*.  net ; 
also  in  2.5  Monthly  Parts,  2s.  6c(.  net.  Part  XV.  now 
ready. 

A  NATURAL  HISTORY  of  BRITISH 

MOTHS.  By  the  Rev.  F.  O.  MORRIS.  B.A.  With  an 
Introduction  by  W,  EGMONT  KIRBY,  M.D. 
"  Speaking  of  entomology,  we  should  place  Mr.  Morris's 
'  History  of  British  Moths  '  at  the  head.  It  gives  a  coloured 
figure  of  every  known  British  Moth,  together  with  dates  of 
appearance,  localities,  description,  and  food  of  caterpillar. 
It  forms  a  handsome  work  for  a  library,  and  will,  we  should 
hope,  lead  many  to  commence  the  fascinating  study  of 
entomology." 

EIGHTH  EDITION,  super-royal  8vo.  cloth,  with  79  Plates 
Coloured  by  Hand,  15s.  n.-t. 

A  HISTORY  of  BRITISH  BUTTER- 

FLIES,    By  the  Rev.  P.  O.  MORRIS,  B.A. 

Spectator. — "We  are  glad  to  see  that  a  work  of  such 
genuine  merit,  the  outcome  of  careful  personal  observation, 
is  duly  appreciated  by  students  of  the  subject." 

Extra  crown  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  with  Portrait  and  Two 
Illustrations,  5s. 

FRANCIS   ORPEN    MORRIS.     A 

Memoir  of  the  Author  of  '  A  History  of  British  Birds," 
&c.  By  his  Son,  the  Rev.  M,  C.  F.  MORRIS,  B.C.L. 
M.A.,  Rector  of  Nunburnholme,  Yorkshire. 

Land  and  Water.—"  This  very  interesting  memoir  of  the 
naturalist,  whose  works  are  perhaps  better  known  among 

the  'rising  generation'  than  thoseof  any  other  authority 

gives  a  remarkably  clear  and  distinct  picture  of  the  late 
Mr.  F.  O.  Morris." 

Times. — "  In  this  brief,  but  attractive  and  adequate  bio- 
graphy  Mr.   M.   C.   P.   Morris    draws    a  very   engaging 

picture  of  his  father's  personality." 

Notes  and  Queries.—"  To  the  naturalist  the  memoir  makes 
most  direct  appeal ;  but  most,  except  the  inflexible  scientist, 
can  read  the  work  with  interest,  and  even  with  advantage." 

Literary  World. — "  From  the  first  page  to  the  last  this 
delightful  volume  has  held  us  willing  captive." 

THE  STANDARD  WORK  ON  BRITISH  BIRDS. 

In  4  vols,  royal  8vo.  cloth,  with  numerous  Wood  Engravings 
and  66  Coloured  Plates,  Hi.  6s.,  now  5Z.  6s.  net. 

A  HISTORY  of  BRITISH  BIRDS, 

with  Coloured  Illustrations  of  their  Eggs,  To  which  is 
added  the  Author's  Notes  on  their  Classification  and 
Geographical  Distribution.  By  HENRY  SEEBOHM, 
Author  of  '  Siberia  in  Europe,'  '  Siberia  in  Asia,'  &c. 

Nature.— "We  unhesitatingly  express  our  opinion  that 

since  the  time  of  Macgillivray  no  such  original  book  as  Mr. 

Seebohm's  has  been  published  on  British  ornithology ;  we 

think  that  the  figures  of  the  eggs  are  by  far  the  best  that 

I  have  yet  been  given." 


London:  JOHN  C.  NIMMO,  14,  King  William-street,  Strand. 


54 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON'S  LIST 


OF 


SOME   STANDARD   WORKS 
FOR  THE   LIBRARY. 


NOTIGE.~The  TWENTIETH  EDITION 
o/The  LIFE  of  LORD  ROBERTS, 

V.C,  (^Forty-one  Years  in  India'), 
is  now  ready,  in  2  vols,  demy  8vo. 
with  Portraits,  &c.,  SGs. 

BY  MADAME  JUNOT. 

The   COURT   and   FAMILY   of 

NAPOLEON.  By  the  DUCHESS  D'ABRANTBS 
(LAUHB  JUNOT).  A  New  and  Revised  Edition.  4  vols. 
crown  8vo.  36s. 

BY  HERB  KUHE. 

MY  MUSICAL  RECOLLECTIONS. 

By  WILHELM  KUHE.  With  Portraits  and  Auto- 
graphs.   Demy  8vo.  14s. 

BY  COLONEL  FLETCHER. 

The  HISTORY  of  the  AMERICAN 

CIVIL  WAR.  By  H.  C.  FLETCHER,  Scots  Fusilier 
Guards.    3  vols.  8vo.  separately,  18s.  each. 

BY  THE  LATE  COLONEL  CORBETT. 

An  OLD  COACHMAN'S  CHATTER. 

By  EDWARD  CORBETT.  With  8  Full-Page  Coaching 
Sketches  on  Stone  by  John  Sturgess.  Second  Edition. 
Demy  8vo.  16s. 

BY  PROFESSOR   CREASY. 

The  FIFTEEN  DECISIVE  BATTLES 

of  the  WORLD.  By  Sir  EDWARD  CREASY,  late 
Chief  Justice  of  Ceylon.  Thirty  -  seventh  Edition. 
With  Plana.  Crown  8vo.  canvas  boards,  Is.  4(i. ;  or  in 
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BY  MISS  PARDOE. 

The  COURT  of  LOUIS  the  Four- 
teenth. By  JULIA  PARDOE.  With  upwards  of  60 
Woodcuts,  and  numerous  Portraits  on  Steel.  3  vols, 
demy  8vo.  42s. 

BY  THE  REV.  RICHARD  HARRIS  BARHAM. 

The   INGOLDSBY   LEGENDS.      A 

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EDITED  BY  THE  TWELFTH  EARL  OF  DUNDONALD. 

The  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  of  a  SEA- 

MAN :  Thomas,  Tenth  Karl  of  Dundonald.  Popular 
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Wood.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 

BY  M.  GUIZOT. 

The  LIFE  of  OLIVER  CROMWELL. 

From  the  French  of  M.  GUIZOT.  By  Sir  ANDREW 
R.  SCOBLE,  Q  C.  Ninth  Edition.  Crown  Svo.  with 
4  Portraits,  6s. 

BY  M.  MIGNET. 

The  LIFE  of  MARY,  QUEEN  of 

SCOTS.  From  the  French  of  M.  MIGNET.  By  Sir 
ANDREW  R.  SCOBLB,  Q.C.  Seventh  Edition.  With 
2  Portraits.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 

BY  PROFESSOR  GINDBLY. 

The  HISTORY   of  the   THIRTY 

YEARS'  WAR.  By  ANTON  GINDELY.  Translated 
by  Professor  ANDREW  TEN  BROOK.  2  vols,  large 
crown  Svo.  with  Maps  and  Illustrations,  24s. 


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OLD  MEMORIES.    By  General   Sir 


HUGH    GOUGH,    G.C.B.    V.C. 

Crown  Svo.  3s.  ed. 


Witn    Illustrations. 


The   ETHICS   of  JOHN    STUART 

MILL.  By  CHARLES  DOUGLAS,  M.A.  D.Sc,  Lec- 
turer in  Moral  Philosophy,  and  Assistant  to  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Moral  Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, Author  of  'John  Stuart  Mill:  a  Study  of  his 
Philosophy.'    Post  Svo.  6s.  net. 


The  WOODLAND  LIFE.   By  Edward 

THOMAS.    With  a  Frontispiece.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 


AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 


An   ELECTRIC  SHOCK,  and  other 

Stories.  By  B.  GERARD  (Madame  de  Luszouska), 
Author  of  'A  Foreigner,' &c.,  Joint-Author  of  'Reata,' 
&c.     Crown  Svo.  6s. 


BLACKWOOD'S   MAGAZINE. 

No.  981.     JULY,  1897.     2s.  Qd. 

CRICKET  and  the  VICTORIAN  ERA.    By  Prince  Eanjit- 

sinhji. 
The  PRESENT  GOVERNMENT  in  TURKEY  :   Its  Crimes 

and  Remedy.    By  Sir  E.  Hamilton  Lang,  K.C.M.G. 
THAKUR  PERTAB  SINGH:  a  Tale  of  an  Indian  Famine. 

By  Sir  C.  H.  T.  Crosthwaite,  K.C.S.I. 
DARIEL  :  a  Romance  of  Surrey.    By  R.  D.  Blackmore. 
The  TRUTH  about  "FISHER'S  GHOST."  By  Andrew  Lang. 
The  PRISONS  of  SIBERIA.    II.  Alexandroffsky  Centrill. 
GOLF  :  its  Present  and  its  Future. 

An  UNNOTED  CORNER  of  SPAIN.    By  Hannah  Lynch 
TROUTING  from  a  CORACLE.    By  A.  G.  Bradley. 
The  DESERTED  INN.    By  Bliss  Carman. 
ST.  BRENDAN  of  CLONFBRT.    By  ^Eneas  J.  G.  Mackay. 
WHAT  HAPPENED  in  THBSSALY.    By  G.  W.  Steevens. 
MRS.  OLIPHANT.  

WM.    BLACKWOOD    &    SONS, 
London  and  Edinburgh. 


N-'Soar,  jiTLY  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


55 


SATURDAY,   JULY  10,  1897, 


CONTENTS. 


57 
58 
59 
60 


-61 
62 
62 
63 
63 
64 


Women  Novelists  of  the  Reign  

Sir  Harry  Johnston's  Bkitish  Central  Africa    ... 

A  Polish  Scholar  on  Pktkr  the  Great       

Medi.sval  Books  and  their  Makers 

Lives  of  St.  Do^rixic  and  his  Followers     

New  Novels  (The  Folly  of  Pen  Harrington  ;  A  Tale  of 
Two  Tunnels;  The  Beautiful  Miss  Brooke;  The 
Kogue's  March;  The  Fault  of  One;  David  Dims- 
dale,  M  D.;  Ivan  Alexaiirtrovitch  ;  Parole  Juree  ; 
Monsieur  le  Nt-veu)  60 

New  Testament  Criticism  

Scandinavian  Novels  

Anthologies       

Short  Stories 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      

A  Letter  of  Thomas  Paivr  to  Or  Franklin;  The 
English  Church  History  Exhibition  at  the 
British  Museum  ;  ciale  of  thk  A^hburnham 
Library;  An  alleged  Error  of  Venerable 
Bkde's  ;  Publishers'  Second  International 
Congress      65—67 

Literary  Gossip  68 

Science— Newton's  Dictionary  of  Birds  ;  Library 
Table;  Societies;  Meetings;  Gossip       ...         69—70 

Fine  Arts  -Akchithctural  Literature  ;  The  Royal 
Academy;  Two  Portraits  of  Swift;  Sales; 
Gossip  70—73 

Music— The  Week;   HiixDEL  and  Canons;  Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week    74—75 

Drama— The  Week;  M.  Meilhac;  Gossip    ...         75—76 


LITERATURE 

Women  Novelists  of  Queen   Victorians  Reign : 
a  Booh   of  Appreciations.     By   Mrs.  Oli- 
phant,    Mrs.    Lynn    Linton,    and   others. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
Books  of  criticism  professing  to  connect  by 
a  generalized  view  some  particular  period  of 
literary  history  with  some  prominent  national 
event  are  rarely  of  much  account.    Whether 
they  be  the  journey-work  of  the  true  literary 
craftsman  or  the  thick  word-joining  of  the 
bookseller's   hack,  they  must   needs  be  in 
most    cases    arbitrary    in    conception    and 
perfunctory  in  execution.     It  is  only  when 
the  national  event  in  question  is  some  pro- 
found  disturbance  of  the  social  structure, 
such   as,    for    instance,    the    great   French 
Revolution,  that  generalizations  upon  litera- 
ture can  be  based  on  a  study  of  any  move- 
ments other  than   movements  of    a   purely 
literary  kind.     As  to  the  accessions  of  kings 
and  queens,  these  have  no  more  to  do  with 
the  far-off  royalties  of  Parnassus  than  have 
the    accessions    of    the    Gipsy   Queens    of 
Yetholm.     In  order  to  show  that  it  is  only 
with   regard   to   the    reigns   of    the    great 
kings    and    queens  of  literature    that  lite- 
rature can  be   classified,  and   in   order    to 
show   the   fallacy  of   any  other   classifica- 
tion, we   need  only   point   to  the    case   of 
seventeenth  century  poetry.     To   designate 
the    poetry    of    the     Shakspearean    period 
"Elizabethan,"  as   is   often   done   for   the 
sake  of    convenience,   is  to  bring  about  a 
grotesque  confusion  of  ideas  which  makes 
the  true  student  of  this  period  smile ;  and 
to  call  it  "Jacobean"  would,  perhaps,  be 
more    grotesque     still,    for    although    the 
shadow  of  the  Stuarts  did,  no  doubt,  from 
the  very  first  begin  to  drive  the  heroic  temper 
of  Tudor  times  from  the  nation  at  large, 
those  among  whom  it  survived  in  James  I.'s 
time  were  the    literary    kings    who  make 
what  is  called  the  "  Jacobean  period  "  im- 
mortal,  the   poets   and   dramatists    of    the 
Falcon,    the     Mermaid,    and     the    Apollo 
Saloon.     If,    however,    we   were   asked   to 
say   whether,  in    classifying   the  literature 
of   the    last   sixty   years    as    "  Victorian," 
the  same  fallacy  could  be  detected  as  that 
which   declares    itself  in   the   classification 


of  Shakspearean  literature  as  Elizabethan 
or  Jacobean,  we  should  have  to  pause  before 
venturing  upon  a  reply. 

Did  it  ever  occur  to  the  reader  that  there 
is     a     certain     indefinable     suggestion    of 
rightness  in  the  old  sexagesimal  system  of 
measuring  time  ?     Did  it  ever  occur  to  him 
that   the   system    which,    invented    by   the 
Babylonians,    spread    nearly   all    over   the 
world,  but  now  only  survives  on  the  dial- 
plates  of  clocks  and  watches,  is  beginning 
to  seem,  in   these   scientific  days   of   ours, 
more  in  harmony  with  the  hidden  workings 
of  Natura   Mystica  than  the   systems   that 
have  superseded  it?     Did  it  ever  occur  to 
him  that,  with  regard  to  the  constitution  of 
man  the   individual.  Nature  herself  in  the 
biological  changes  does  really  seem  to  make 
her   calculations  on  this  venerable  system, 
and   that   therefore    to    expect  to    find   the 
same  principle  at  work  in  what  Bacon  calls 
"  the  body  politic  "  might  not  be  to  indulge 
in  idle  fancies  ?     With  regard  to  the  last 
sixty  years,  for  instance,  is  it  not  true  that 
the   parochial    insularity    of    the    national 
idea  which  set  in  after  the  passing  of  the 
Reform  Act  in  the  reign  of  William  IV., 
but    which   can  scarcely  be   said    to   have 
begun    to    move     until    1837,    has,    after 
acting    on    the   whole   beneficially,    begun 
to  be  pushed  aside  by  its  very  opposite— 
by  that  far-reaching  idea  of  racial  expan- 
sion surnamed  for  convenience  "  Imperial," 
which   for   years   has   had   voice    in   these 
columns,   and   which   has   now  become    so 
generally  vociferous  that  care  must  be  taken 
lest    it    grow    into    a    parrot    cry    and    a 
noisy  nuisance  ?     This,  at  least,  will  not  be 
gainsaid,   that  one   of   the   effects   of   that 
great  social  change  of  sixty  years  ago  was 
to   give    education,  and   therefore  to  give 
voice,  to  a  mass  of  slumbering  intellectual 
force   which    had    previously  been   dumb. 
Whether  this  intellectual  force  was  Celtic, 
as  some  think,  or  the  opposite  of  Celtic,  as 
others  have  found,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  when  it  did  find  voice  it  had  a  great 
modifying  effect  upon  every  expression  of 
the  time. 

Another  result,  though  an  indirect  one, 
of  this  great  social  change  was  to  strengthen 
both  for  accent  and  for  emphasis  the 
feminine  voice  of  the  country ;  and  for  this 
reason  it  may  be  said  that  if  there  is  one 
subject  upon  which  a  generalized  view  can 
be  taken  of  the  literature  of  the  Victorian 
epoch,  it  is  the  subject  of  the  female  poets 
and  the  female  novelists.  With  regard  to 
the  latter,  indeed,  it  is  remarkable  how 
largely  they  figure  in  the  literature  of  the 
last  sixty  years.  It  was,  therefore,  a  happy 
idea  for  the  firm  of  publishers  who  with 
their  predecessors,  during  the  whole  of 
the  Queen's  reign,  have  been  associated 
largely  with  the  novels  of  the  period  to 
bring  out  the  volume  before  us.  In  their 
introductory  note  the  publishers  say  : — 

"Having  been  concerned  for  many  years  in 
the  publication  of  works  of  fiction  by  feminine 
writers,  it  has  occurred  to  us  to  offer,  as  our 
contribution  to  the  celebration  of  the  '  longest 
reign,'  a  volume  having  for  its  subject  leading 
women  novelists  of  the  Victorian  era." 

Accordingly  they  publish  here  among 
other  essays  Mrs.  Oliphant's  views  upon 
the  sisters  Bronte,  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton's 
upon  George  Eliot,  and  Edna  Lyall's  upon 
Mrs.  Gaskell.   A  pathetic  interest  is  imparted 


to  the  volume  by  the  death  of  her  whose 
critique  on  Charlotte  Brontii  is  its  leading 
feature.  This  admirable  essay,  as  full  of 
world-wisdom  as  of  literary  insight,  contains, 
we  believe,  the  very  last  lines  that  were  ever 
written  by  one  of  the  most  highly  endowed 
women  of  our  time. 

If  there  are  two  kinds  of  literary  genius — 
the  genius  which  has  the  power  of  express- 
ing itself  in  quintessential  forms,  and  the 
genius  which,  lacking  this  power,  manifests 
a  true  vitality  in  an  enormous  power  of  pro- 
ducing a  more  diffused  kind  of  literature  of 
a  high  class — there  can  be  no  hesitation  in 
calling  Mrs.  Oliphant  a  woman  of  genius. 
We  are  not  sure,  however,  that  she  would 
not    have    dime    better    to    select    George 
Eliot  for  treatment  than  Charlotte  Bronte. 
Different  as  she  was   in   many  ways  from 
George  Eliot,   and  altogether  below  her  in 
intellectual    strength,    there   were   between 
them  certain  strong  points  of  kinship.     For 
instance,    it    is   in    their   attitude    towards 
the   humorous   side   of    life   that   any   two 
personalities   show  their   deepest   relations 
to  each  other.     If  the  incongruities  of  life 
strike  them  in    exactly  the   same  way,  we 
may  be  sure   that   there   is  between  them 
some  deep  affinity,  for  men  are  to  be  classed 
together    not    by   what    they   find   beauti- 
ful,   but    by    what    they    find    laughable. 
Now  the   likeness  between  the  humour  of 
'  Salem  Chapel'  and  the  humour  to  be  found 
in  George  Eliot's  stories,  though  not  so  great 
as  was  affirmed  when  that  novel  appeared, 
was  yet  great  enough  to  make  the  attribu- 
tion of  that  book  to  the  author  of  '  Scenes 
of  Clerical  Life '  not  ridiculous. 

But  in  every  way  Mrs.  Oliphant  was 
the  opposite  of  the  two  fiery  spirits  of 
whom  she  gives  an  account  in  this  essay. 
As  to  Emily  Bronte,  it  would  have  been 
wonderful  indeed  had  a  writer  so  passion- 
less as  Mrs.  Oliphant  been  able  to  under- 
stand, or  even  to  read  with  patience,  such  a 
story  as  '  Wuthering  Heights.'  Yet,  on  the 
whole,  Mrs.  Oliphant's  remarks  upon  Char- 
lotte Bronte  are  full  not  only  of  good  sense, 
but  of  true  insight.  Speaking,  however,  of 
the  attack  upon  '  Jane  Eyre '  in  the  Quar- 
terly, she  says : — 

"  When  Mrs.  Gaskell  made  her  disastrous 
statements  about  Branwell  Bronte  and  other 
associates  of  Charlotte's  youth,  it  was  with  the 
hope  of  proving  that  the  speech  and  manners  of 
the  men  to  whom  she  had  been  accustomed  were 
of  a  nature  to  justify  her  in  any  such  mis- 
apprehension of  the  usual  manners  of  gentle- 
men. It  was  on  the  contrary,  as  I  think,  only 
the  bold  unfettered  imagination  of  a  woman 
quite  ignorant  on  all  such  subjects  which  could 
have  suggested  this  special  error.  The  mind  of 
such  a  woman,  casting  about  for  something  to 
make  her  wicked  but  delightful  hero  do  by 
way  of  demonstrating  his  wickedness,  yet  pre- 
serving the  fascination  which  she  meant  him  to 
retain,  probably  hit  upon  this  as  the  very 
wickedest  thing  she  could  think  of,  yet  still 
attractive  :  for  is  there  not  a  thrill  of  curiosity 
in  searching  out  what  such  a  strange  being 
might  think  or  say,  which  is  of  itself  a  strong 
sensation  ?  Miss  Bronte  was,  I  think,  the  first 
to  give  utterance  to  that  curiosity  of  the  woman 
in  respect  to  the  man,  and  fascination  of  interest 
in  him— not  the  ideal  man,  not  Sir  Kenneth, 
too  reverent  for  anything  but  silent  worship — 
which  has  since  risen  to  such  heights  of  specu- 
lation, and  imprints  now  a  tone  upon  modern 
fiction  at  wliich  probably  she  would  have  been 
horrified.  ' 


56 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  M 


N%3637,  July  10,  '97 


Like  so  mucli  of  the  criticism  of  imagina- 
tive work,  tliose  remarks  are  too  subtle  to 

be  true. 

It  is  singular  that    so  experienced   and 
accomplished  a  worker  in  the  novelist's  craft 
should    not    have    been    able    to    see  that 
Rochester's  revelations    to    Jane  Eyre    are 
simply   the    result    of     Charlotte    Bronte's 
extraordinary    inability     to    construct    and 
develope  a  plot.     In  order  to  complete  her 
portrait  of  Eochester  as  she  conceived  him 
—a  free-living  man  of  the  world  conquered 
and  curbed  by  the  charms  of  Jane  Eyre — 
Charlotte  Bronte  found  it  necessary  to  put 
on  record  certain  passages  in  his  past  life. 
These    passages,   once    imagined   with    an 
intensity  of  vision  beyond  the  scope  of  any 
novelist    of    her    time    except    her     sister 
Emily,  became  so  real  to  her  that  she  could 
not   stay   to    inquire   what    was    the    best 
method  of  recording  them.     Of  plot  as  a 
mechanism  she  never  had  more  conception 
than  Emily  showed  when,  in  order  to  depict 
the  nature   of  the  marvellous  families   she 
had  conceived,  she  put  into  the  mouth  of 
a  simple  housekeeper   elaborate   analytical 
descriptions   of    rare   characters.     Many   a 
novelist    of   fifty-thousand-copy   power,    of 
whose  work  no  cultivated  person  could,  to 
save  his  life,  read   three  consecutive  pages, 
would  have  found  some  means  more  or  less 
mechanical   of  recording  Rochester's   ante- 
cedents without  being  driven  to  make  the 
hero   chat   easily   of   his   own   peccadilloes 
to  the  pure  -  minded   girl  he    intended    to 
make  his  wife.     Of   course,  to  develope    a 
plot-novel  by  the  autobiographical  method 
of    fiction   far   greater   mechanical   powers 
are   demanded   than    to   develope   a    story 
by  the  historic   method.     But   even    when 
the     two     Brontes     adopted     the    historic 
method  they  fell  down  powerless  before  the 
most  ordinary  laws  of   construction,  as  we 
see   in    *  Shirley.'      Almost   any   tenth-rate 
story-teller  would  have  been  able  to  make 
the    reader    acquainted    with    what    Louis 
Moore  did   and    said    when   fighting    with 
his  passion  for  Shirley  without  being  driven 
to  the  clumsy  device  of  a  schoolroom  diary. 
Mrs.   Lynn   Linton's     essay   on    George 
Eliot,  written  in   her  usual  incisive   style, 
is  a  subtle,  and,  on  the  whole,  just  estimate 
of   another   great   imaginative   writer   who 
would  have  gained  enormously  had  Nature 
endowed  her  with  certain  mechanical  gifts 
which  many  of  the  most  inferior  writers  have 
in  profusion.     Some  of  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton's 
strictures,    however  —  strictures    in   which 
George  Eliot's  powers    as  a  dramatist  are 
challenged — for   instance,  the  depreciating 
remarks  upon  the  delineation  of  Mr.  Bul- 
strode  in   '  Middlemarch ' — seem    to    us   to 
need  revision.     Surely  it  is  in  the  delinea- 
tion of  this  very  character  that  George  Eliot 
enters  most  successfully  into  competition  with 
those  few  masters  of  tragedy  who  have  ven- 
ture! to  use  passive  murder  as  the  tragic 
mischief.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether  Brown- 
ing's  painting  of    Martin  Relph — perhaps 
his  ihasterpiece — is  more  successful  in  this 
line  than  George  Eliot's  Bulstrode.     Again, 
of  Tessa  in  *  Romola  '  Mrs.  Linton  says  : — 
"Hetty   is   in   some    way   repeated  in   that 
idiotic  Tessa,  who  is  neither  English  nor  Italian, 
nor,    indeed,    anything    quite    human    in    her 
molluscous  silliness." 

These  strictures — as  narrow  as  they  are 
trenchant,    reminding     one     of     Charlotte 


Bronte's  onslaught  upon  Eve  in  '  Shirley ' 
and  upon  Cleopatra  in  '  Villette '—afford 
another  exanq^le  of  the  anger  with  which 
women  of  great  energy  and  great  force  of 
character  view  such  sisters  of  theirs  as  suc- 
cumb to  "the  dominant  partner"  without 
the  proper  and  seemly  struggle.  Madame 
Viardot    Garcia's    saying,    "First   I  am    a 

woman then    I   am    an   artist,"    should 

surely   be   the   motto    of   every  lady-critic. 
For   there  is    an  infirmity  of  the   feminine 
temperament      which     will     always     keep 
women    from    taking    a    very    high    rank 
among    critics.      Although    less    generous 
than  men  are  towards  their  own  sex,  they 
are    very   much   more    clannish,    and   they 
deeply  resent  any  weak  side    of  their  sex 
being  brought  too  much  in  evidence.    Tessa 
is,  we  venture  to  affirm,  an  admirable  study 
of  a  flabby  Italian  girl.     D.  G.  Rossetti — 
who  in  his  early  youth  knew  a  good  deal 
of  Italian  women  in  London,  and  later  on 
a  good  deal  of  English  women — considered 
the  portrait  of  Tessa  to  be  a  masterpiece 
in  the  work  of  a  writer  with  whose  stories,  on 
the  whole,  he  was  not  greatly  in  sympathy. 
Perhaps  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton  is  at  times  a 
little    too    severe   upon    the    narrowness    of 
George    Eliot's    range    in    that   instinctive 
apprehension  of  the  structure  of  social  life 
in  its  various  phases  which  is  so  unimportant 
to  the  poet,  but  so  essential  to  the  novelist. 
We  are  not  of  those  who  think  that  there 
was   the   smallest  improbability  in   a   girl 
like  Maggie  Tulliver  falling  in  love  with  a 
man  like  Stephen  Guest,  although  we  very 
greatly  dislike  George  Eliot's  rendering  of 
the   situation.     Such   things   occur  so  fre- 
quently that  the  idea  current  among  men 
about  town,  if  not  among  men  of  the  world, 
that  it  is  the  worst  side  of  the  masculine 
nature   that  most  attracts  women,   though 
not  really  true,  is  not  without  a  superficial 
plausibility.    But  if,  as  has  been  said,  there 
are  few  women  who  can  distinguish  between 
a   gentleman  and  a    gentleman's   opposite, 
may   not   the    same    with   equal    truth   be 
said   in    regard    to   the    masculine   insight 
into  female  characteristics  ? 

George   Eliot   very   wisely   kills  Maggie 
Tulliver,    but   it   would  be   interesting    to 
speculate  as  to  what  she  would  have  done 
with  her  heroine  had  she  painted  her  passing 
through    the    agonies    of    disillusionment. 
How  long  would  it  have  taken  Maggie  to 
discover  how  paltry  and  commonplace  was 
the  goose  that  she  had  taken  for  a  swan  ? 
Would  she  have  produced  such  a  grotesque 
farce  as  Ibsen  gives  us  in  '  A  Doll's  House,' 
where  there  is  a  somewhat  similar  situation 
fully  developed   on   the   drollest    of   Ibsen 
lines?     In  this  truly  bewildering  perform- 
ance a  young  and  beautiful  girl — not  of  the 
bourgeois  Puritan  class  known  all  over  the 
world  as  British,  but  of  the  free-and-easy 
bohemian    class    to     be     found    in    every 
European  capital — falls  in  love  with  a  speci- 
men of  that  peculiarly  offensive  variety  of 
the  philistine  species  which  we  had  always 
been  assured  was  indigenous  to  British  soil — 
a  man  who  cannot  under  any  circumstances 
do    anything    like    a    gentleman    or    a    hon 
gar<;on.      Of    course,    in    real   life   the   dis- 
illusionment  in   the   mind   of   such   a   girl 
would  have  set  in  before  the  passing  of  the 
honeymoon — before  the  passing  of  three  days 
of  it.      At    the    expiration   of   a   year  her 
loathing   of  him  would  have  passed  into 


monomania  ;  but  it  takes  Ibsen's  inscrutable 
Nora  eight  years  to  discover  the  nature  of 
her  goose,  and  then,  when  the  goose  orders 
her  to  keep  out  of  contact  with  her  children 
lest  she  should  taint  them,  she  does  not  (as 
one  would  have  thought  any  pure  and 
virtuous  woman  would  do)  turn  upon  him 
and  tell  him  that  she  would  rather  see  them 
dead  at  her  feet  than  leave  them  for  him  to 
contaminate.  On  the  contrary,  she  meekly 
bows,  puts  on  her  shawls,  and  leaves  her 
beloved  children  to  be  educated  and  moulded 
into  creatures  as  detestable  as  their  father 
himself. 

But  although  George  Eliot  did  not,  as  we 
think,  depart  from  nature  in  making  Maggie 
Tulliver  fall  in  love  with  a  man  like  Stephen 
Guest,    she   did,    we    fear,    show   that   she 
herself  considered  Guest  to  be  a  gentleman. 
It   has   on  more   than   one    occasion   been 
remarked  in  these  columns  that    novelists 
for  the  most  part  can  give  vital  pictures  of 
only  those  forms  of  society  with  which  they 
were  familiar  during  the  plastic  period  of 
their  own  lives.     But  even  this  generaliza- 
tion has  to  be  modified  by  another  of  a  less 
obvious  kind.     Powerful  as  is  the  effect  of 
an  imaginative  writer's  personal  surround- 
ing    during    youth,    his     own    individual 
temperament  is  more  powerful  stiU.     Only 
a  very  few   people   can    receive   with   any 
vividness    the    impressions    of    more   than 
one     of     the    various    aspects     of     social 
life,  and   it  is    only  writers  of    the  rarest 
genius  who  are  able  to  reproduce  more  than 
one  of  these  aspects  with  any  vitality.     It 
would  almost  seem  that   there  are   people 
endowed  by   nature   to  take   a   special  in- 
terest   in    soldiers,  and,  if  they   are   of   a 
literary  turn,  to  paint  them  well ;  others  to 
take  a  special  interest  in  sailors  and  to  paint 
them  well ;  others  to  take  a  special  interest 
in   dukes  and   to  paint   them  well;    others 
to  take  a  special  interest  in  parsons  and  to 
paint  them  well;  others    to  take  a  special 
interest  in  greengrocers  and  to  paint  them 
well ;    others  to  take  a  special   interest   in 
street  arabs  and  to  paint  them  well.     When 
Isaac  D' Israeli  expressed  his  unbelief  in  his 
son's  power  to  paint  a  young  duke  because 
he  had  never  seen  one,  he  was  unaware,  it 
would  seem,  of   this   great   law  governing 
the   soul   of   man  as   a   story-teller.     That 
Benjamin  Disraeli  was  in  some  inscrutable 
way  organized  by  nature  to  take  a  special 
interest  in  young  aristocracy,  especially  in 
young  dukes,  is  made  manifest  by  the  fact 
that  he  was  able  as  a  boy  to  paint  as  good 
an  aristocrat  after  having  seen  a  duke  or 
two  at  the  opera  as  he  afterwards  did  when 
he  had  created  a  little  army  of  peers.     The 
same  remarks  apply  to  Thackeray  and  to 
Charlotte  Bronte  in  regard  to  the  different 
worlds  which  each  of  them  loved  to  paint. 

It  would  have  been  hard  to  find  a  more 
sympathetic  critic  of  Mrs.  Gaskell's  novels 
than  Edna  Lyall.  "For  humour  and  for 
pathos  we  have  nothing,"  she  says,  "like 
'  Cranford'  in  all  the  Victorian  literature." 
Undoubtedly  this  is  very  strong  language, 
and  if  too  strong  it  only  shows  that  Edna 
Lyall  has  an  insight  only  too  thorough  into 
those  less  obvious  beauties  of  the  novelist's 
art  which  in  these  days  do  not  win  much 
applause.  And  we  must  thank  her  for  such 
a  passage  as  the  following : — 

"  In  the  whole  book  there  is  not  a  character 
that  we  cannot  vividly  realise  :  the  Honourable 


N''  3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


57 


(bub  sleepy)  Mrs.  Jamieson  ;  brisk,  cheerful 
Lady  Glenmire,  who  married  the  sensible 
country  doctor  and  sacrificed  her  title  to  become 
plain  Mrs.  Hoggins ;  Miss  Pole,  who  always 
with  withering  scorn  called  ghosts  'indigestion,' 
until  the  night  they  heard  of  the  headless  lady 
who  had  been  seen  wringing  her  hands  in 
Darkness  Lane,  when,  to  avoid  '  the  woebegone 
trunk,'  she,  with  tremulous  dignity,  offered  the 
sedan  chairman  an  extra  shilling  to  go  round 
another  way  ;  Capt.  Brown,  with  his  devotion 
to  the  writings  of  Mr.  Boz  and  his  feud  with 
Miss  Jenkins  as  to  the  superior  merits  of  Dr. 
Johnson  ;  and  Peter,  the  long-lost  brother, 
who  from  first  to  last  remains  an  inveterate 
practical  joker.  One  and  all,  they  become  our 
life-long  friends,  while  the  book  stands  alone  as 
a  perfect  picture  of  English  country  town  society 
fifty  years  ago." 

To  this  list  she  might  well  have  added  Mr. 
MuUiner,  a  flunkey  such  as  Thackeray  him- 
self might  well  have  been  proud  to  paint. 

Edna  Lyall's  appreciation  of  that  almost 
faultless  book  '  My  Lady  Ludlow '  shows 
the  same  delicate  insight.  "  With  all  her 
peculiarities,"  says  the  critic, 
"  my  Lady  Ludlow  was  the  most  courteous  of 
women — a  lady  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word — 
and  when  people  smiled  at  a  shy  and  untaught 
visitor  who  spread  out  her  handkerchief  on  the 
front  of  her  dress  as  the  footman  handed  her 
coffee,  my  Lady  Ludlow  with  infinite  tact  and 
grace  promptly  spread  her  handkerchief  exactly 
in  the  same  fashion  which  the  tradesman's  wife 
had  adopted." 

Edna  Lyall,  speaking  of  '  The  Crooked 
Branch,'  says  :  "  The  scene  at  the  assizes 
has  almost  unrivalled  power."  The  fact  is 
that  this  scene  is  almost  too  powerful  and 
too  painful  for  the  novelist's  art.  Mrs. 
Gaskell,  for  once  as  merciless  as  Balzac 
or  Hugo,  forgot  that  prose  art  brings 
the  spectator  and  the  tragic  scene  so  close 
together  that  it  must  leave  to  the  poet  the 
task  of  rendering  the  most  intensely  painful 
scenes.  The  artistic  medium  in  which  the 
poet  works  lends  a  remoteness  to  his  picture 
which  makes  its  painfulness  tolerable. 

It  is  in  such  sweetly  drawn  portraits  as 
'  My  French  Master '  and  in  Cynthia,  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Gibson's  second  wife,  and 
her  relations  to  Molly,  that  Mrs.  Gaskell 
shows  how  exquisite  is  her  art.  When 
George  Sand  said  to  the  late  Lord  Houghton 
that  '  Wives  and  Daughters '  would  rivet 
the  attention  of  the  most  blase  man  of  the 
world,  she  spoke  the  simple  truth. 

We  have  no  space  to  do  more  than  refer 
to  Miss  Adeline  Sergeant's  views  upon  Mrs. 
Crowe,  Mrs.  Arthur  Clive,  and  Mrs.  Wood  ; 
Miss  Charlotte  M.  Yonge's  views  upon  Lady 
Georgiaua  Fullerton,  Mrs.  Stretton,  and 
Anne  Manning;  Mrs.  Parr's  views  upon 
Dinah  Mulock  ;  Mrs.  Macquoid'a  views  upon 
Julia  Kavanagh  and  Amelia  B.  Edwards ; 
Mrs.  Alexander's  views  upon  Mrs.  Norton  ; 
and  Mrs.  Marshall's  views  upon  A.  L.  0.  E. 
and  Mrs.  Ewing. 

On  the  whole,  this  volume — good  in  plan 
and  good  in  execution — wo  must  pronounce 
to  be  a  book  that  is  likely  to  win  a  perma- 
nent place  among  the  departmental  histories 
of  nineteenth  century  literature. 


British   Central  Africa.      By  Sir  Harry  H. 

Johnston,  K.C.B.     (Methuen  &  Co  ) 
Sir  Harry  Johnston's  book  is  one  both  of 
great  interest   and   of   great  value.     At  a 
moment  when  there  is  much  doubt  as  to  the 
ultimate  success  of  the  new  African  colonies 


of  the  Great  Powers,  the  history  of  the  one 
which  is  undoubtedly  succeeding  is  worth 
our    study ;    and   at  a  moment  when    it  is 
admitted  that  there  is  some  retrogression  as 
regards  the  treatment  of  the  native  races, 
an  account  of  the  methods  of  a  Pro- Consul 
who  is  recognized  as  an  enlightened  friend 
of  the  natives  is  a  story  which  must  be  read. 
The  volume  is  complete   and    thorough, 
including  an  account  of  the  dark  races  by 
which  Nyassaland  has  been  inhabited  up  to 
the  advent  of  the  whites,   a  history  of  the 
plantation,  a  view  of  the  government,   and 
the  necessary  data  for  forming  our  hopes  as 
to  the  future.  Chapters  on  the  vocabularies, 
on    the   diseases,  on   the   zoology  and   the 
botany    of    the    country   follow ;    and    in- 
cidentally   the    book     contains    the    latest 
wisdom  on  the   treatment  of   natives,  and 
a   great    deal    of    sound    philosophy   with 
regard   to  missionary   effort.      Points   that 
are    worthy   of   notice    are,    among    others, 
the  frequent  friendly  references  here  made 
to  the  Portuguese.  There  has  been  a  marked 
tendency   in    this    country   to    criticize   the 
African    proceedings   of    our    ancient   ally, 
and   it   is  pleasant  to  find  a  man  so   well 
informed    and    so   impartial   as    Sir   Harry 
Johnston  able  to  write  of  the  Portuguese  in 
the  manner  in  which  he  does.  The  Chambers 
of  Commerce  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the 
religious  bodies,  and  the  House  of  Commons 
united  to  turn  Portugal  out  of  the  Congo 
Basin   for   the    benefit   of   the  new   Congo 
State.     But  had  they  been  as  well  informed 
as  we  are  now,  and  could  they  have  looked 
into  the  future  of  the  Congo  State  itself,  it 
is  probable  that  they  would  have  directed 
their   efforts   towards    keeping    Portuguese 
dominion  in  countries  in  which  in  a  rudi- 
mentary form  it  already  existed,  but  with 
treaties    which    might     easily    have    been 
obtained,    and    which    would     have    safe- 
guarded   the    interests    of     trade,    of    the 
natives,  and  of  missionary  effort. 

The   author  does   not,  as   might   be   ex- 
pected of  him,  attempt  to  conceal  the  pro- 
ceedings which  had  taken  place  in  Blantyre 
before  British  administration  succeeded  the 
government   of    the    Scotch   mission.     The 
Hoggings  to  death  which  excited  the  House 
of  Commons  and   caused  a  formal  inquiry 
were  the  act  of  some  lay  members  of  the 
missions,  who  were,  in  fact,  adventurers  of 
a  rough  type,  and  who  ultimately  came  to 
a  bad  end.     The  position   he  had    to  face 
was  difficult  at  first.     As  he  explains,  the 
settlers  knew  that   he  was  entrusted   with 
the   task   of   inquiry  into   their   claims,  of 
which  some  were  not  likely  to  be  sustained, 
while  others  were  certain  to  be  cut  down. 
One  missionary  society  had  acquired  in  the 
Shire  Highlands  strong  influence  over  the 
natives.      But,   as    he   points   out,    though 
able  men,  the   missionaries   had   not   been 
appointed  by  the  Government  to  administer 
the  country,  and  it  was  impossible  to  allow 
them  to  take  the  law  into  their  own  hands. 
He  found  himself  in  consequence  at  issue 
with  these  powerful  men,  who,  as  he  says, 
by  local    opposition  and  by  misrepresenta- 
tion in  the  press,  made  his  life  a  burden  to 
him.     But  he  is  naturally  proud  of  the  fact 
that  these  conflicts  are  by  this  time  things 
of  the  past. 

His  account  must  have  been  written 
before  recent  debates  in  Parliament  upon 
the   fugitive   slave   question    as    it    affects  j 


African  protectorates,  and  it  is,  therefore, 
the  more  interesting  to  quote  his  inde- 
pendent position  with  regard  to  slavery. 
He  tells  us  that  his  administration  never 
recognized  the  status  of  slavery,  but  that 
where  slavery  existed  without  being  forced 
on  notice — for  example,  through  unkindness 
to  the  slaves — no  actual  interference  with 
the  practice,  apart  from  the  status,  took 
place.  If,  however,  a  slave  ran  away  into 
settled  portions  of  the  protectorate,  refusal 
to  surrender  was  invariable,  except  in  the 
case  of  wives  or  concubines,  where  there 
was  proof  of  the  absence  of  unkind  treat- 
ment and  security  against  punishment. 
Where  new  territories  were  brought  under 
immediate  administration  the  slaves  were 
informed  that  they  were  free,  but  in  practice 
it  rarely  happened  that  the  slaves  of  a  chief 
who  were  well  treated  chose  to  quit  their 
masters. 

The  drawback  to  British  Central  Africa 
is  very  frankly  stated.   It  is  the  black  water 
fever,  which,  unlike  ordinary  malarial  fevers, 
is  extremely  dangerous  to  life,  and  becomes 
increasingly  dangerous  with  each  attack,  so 
that  few  men  survive  a  third.     The  climate 
of  the  highlands  is  beautiful,  but  the  parts 
which  possess    the   finest    climate,    in    the 
usual    sense    of   the  word,  are  not  exempt 
from  this  frightful  pestilence.    The  country, 
therefore,   according    to    Sir    Harry   John- 
ston, will  never  be  a  white  man's  country 
in  the   sense   in  which   he   thinks  that  all 
Africa  south  of  the  Zambesi,  and  all  Africa 
north  of  the  Sahara,  will  be.     He  concludes 
that    between    the  Zambesi    and    the  Blue 
Nile,  Africa  must  be  governed  in  the  first 
instance  in  the  interest  of  the  black  man, 
and  that  the  black  man  will  always  be  pre- 
dominant in  numbers.    The  white  man  may 
possibly  make  of  tropical  Africa  an  India  j 
he  can  never  hope  to  make  it  an  Australia. 
He    cannot    permanently  colonize,  and   he 
has  to  learn  to  live  side  by  side  with  the 
black  man  in  developing  its  resources,  while 
the  black  men  must  be  largely  made  use  of 
as   officials,  as  they  are  in  the  colonies  of 
the  AVest  Coast.     The  administration,  how- 
ever, has  had  difficulties  with  the  planters, 
some    of    whom   have   contended   that   the 
natives    should   not   be    allowed    to    plant 
coffee  and  to  come    into    competition  with 
them.     Our  author  says  that  the  European 
in  tropical  Africa  expects  the  black  millions 
to  toil    unremittingly  for   his    benefit,  and 
that    he  does    not  wish    to    tolerate  either 
competition  or  free  will  on  the  part  of  the 
black  men  whether  they  will  work  or  not. 
Against    this    view    Sir    Harry    Johnston 
argues,  as    against   it    also    he    has  acted. 
He  holds  that  the  British  administrator  in 
tropical  Africa  is  paid  to  see  fair  play  ;  and 
he  then  goes  on  to  discuss  the  missionary 
attitude    and    missionary    enterprise,    with 
great  fairness,  in  passages    of   remarkable 
interest. 

In  these  pages  he  writes  as  an  admirer 
of  missionary  enterprise,  but  as  a  detester 
of  cant  of  a  class  which  he  thinks  is  dying 
out  among  missionaries,  but  is  not  extinct. 
He  complains  that,  in  order  to  raise  money, 
some  missionary  societies  still  "  humbug  the 
people,"  and  his  chapter  entitled  "Mis- 
sionaries "  ought  to  be  read  by  those  who 
are  specially  interested  in  articles  which 
have  appeared  on  this  subject  in  the  course 
of  controversy  in  various  periodicals.    There 


58 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3687,  Jui.Y  10,  '97 


was  one  such  controversy  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  and  another  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review,  some  nine  or  ten  years  ago.  Sir 
Harry  Johnston  is  a  pleasant  writer,  and 
can  sometimes  rise  into  poetry.  His  account 
— perhaps  drawn  from  actual  observation, 
and  perhaps  in  part  imagined — of  the  re- 
ception of  the  tired  traveller  in  a  missionary 
home  is  really  beautiful. 

He  has  also  obviously  taken  great  pains 
with  the  scientific  portions  of  his  book,  and 
his  publishers  are  to  be  congratulated  on 
the  manner  in  which  they  have  helped  him 
by  their  production  of  the  illustrations.  He 
will  offend  some  by  the  vigour  of  his  asser- 
tions of  the  descent  of  man  from  the  ape,  to 
which  he  is  continually  recurring,  adducing 
scientific  illustrations  drawn  from  observa- 
tion of  various  African  tribes.  In  the  last 
page  of  the  chapter  upon  the  natives  he 
goes  further  than  to  bring  us  down  from 
apes,  for  he  points  out  the  chances  of  the 
retrogression  of  the  negro  to  the  brute. 
He  believes  that  in  some  parts  of  Africa 
there  has  been  a  return  of  man  towards 
the  ape  ;  and  he  deems  it  possible  that, 
had  Africa  been  cut  off,  first  from  the 
immigration  of  the  Arab,  and  then  from 
the  immigration  of  the  European,  the 
purely  negroid  races  might  have  reverted 
to  a  type  no  longer  human,  just  as  the 
great  apes  of  the  forests  of  Western 
Africa,  into  which  they  are  recent  immi- 
grants, have,  in  his  belief,  become  de- 
graded types  which  have  known  better 
days  of  larger  brain,  of  smaller  tusks,  and 
of  stouter  legs.  He  believes,  however,  that 
the  black  man  is  not  too  far  gone  for 
recovery,  and  for  an  upward  turn  upon  the 
evolutionary  path  which  may  bring  him 
upon  a  level  at  some  future  day  with  the 
white  and  with  the  yellow  man. 


Peter  the  Great.  By  K.  Waliszewski. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  Lady  Mary 
Loyd.     2  vols.     (Heinemann.) 

Perhaps  there  was  hardly  need  of  a  new 
life  of  Peter  the  Great  after  the  elaborate 
work  of  the  late  Mr.  Eugene  Schuyler.  But 
the  success  which  M.  Waliszewski  attained 
by  his  books  on  the  Empress  Catherine  was 
so  considerable  that  it  was  only  in  the  nature 
of  things  that  he  should  try  his  hand  upon 
the  Russian  national  hero.  As  a  Pole — and 
a  score  of  passages  in  this  book  proclaim  him 
to  be  one — he  might  be  presupposed  a  severe 
critic.  Still,  on  the  whole  he  preserves  a 
philosophic  impartiality,  and  gives  a  certain 
amount  of  praise  to  Peter.  In  this  book, 
as  in  his  preceding  ones,  M.  Wahszewski 
shows  the  same  fondness  for  anecdotal  bio- 
graphy. Occasionally  he  rejects  a  story, 
but  more  often  adopts  it.  Perhaps  in  the 
ease  of  a  man  who  exhibited  such  startling 
characteristics,  and  had  so  aroused  the 
curiosity  of  the  world,  a  more  than  ordinary 
caution  ought  to  be  adopted.  We  look,  for 
instance,  upon  some  of  the  wonderful  stories 
of  the  Margravine  of  Baireuth  as  absolutely 
inadmissible,  except  when  they  are  cor- 
roborated by  other  evidence.  Even  M. 
Waliszewski,  who  is  willing  to  admit  a 
great  deal,  is  occasionally  staggered  by  the 
anecdotes  of  this  maUcious  and  gossiping 
woman.  For  the  rest,  M.  Waliszewski  is  a 
complete  master  of  his  subject ;  he  is 
familiar  with  all  the  Western  and  Eastern 


literature  which  has  been  written  upon  it. 
At  the  close  of  our  article  we  shall  call 
attention  to  a  few  passages  in  which  he 
seems  to  write  in  error ;  we  shall  now 
attempt  to  find  some  intelligible  basis  upon 
which  the  many-sided  and  apparentlj^  con- 
tradictory character  of  Peter  may  be  ex- 
plained. 

In  the  first  place,  we  must  not  allow 
ourselves  to  forget,  because  the  man 
in  many  of  his  ideas  is  so  Western,  and 
frequently  so  desperately  modern,  if  we  may 
use  the  expression,  that  his  education  and 
early  surroundings  were  Asiatic.  Russia 
had  received  the  Mongolian  virus  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  although  she  had 
shaken  off  the  barbarian  yoke  in  the 
fifteenth,  the  character  of  the  people  had 
received  a  certain  Oriental  leaven.  As 
Orientals  the  early  travellers  regarded  them, 
and  although  many  of  the  tendencies  of 
Boris  Godunov  were  liberal,  and  Alexis  had 
become  a  moderate  reformer,  Peter  was 
born  into  an  Asiatic  Court.  He  was  familiar 
from  his  boyhood  with  scenes  of  cruelty  and 
bloodshed,  and  this  will  help  us  to  under- 
stand his  apparent  recklessness  of  human 
life  and  apathy  to  human  suffering.  As  a 
Turkish  Sultan  he  would  have  been  com- 
pletely en  regie  and  would  have  gained 
the  admiration  of  all  devotees  of  a  strong 
government.  M.  Waliszewski  gives  a 
terrible  picture  of  the  execution  of  the 
Streltsi.  The  massacres  are  certainly  a  great 
stain  upon  the  character  of  Peter ;  but  as 
he  lived  in  daily  fear  of  his  life,  against 
which  plots  were  continually  being  dis- 
covered, he  would,  as  might  be  expected, 
strike  with  an  iron  hand.  He  seems  to 
have  found  in  the  intelligent  foreigners  who 
surrounded  him  plenty  who  were  ready  to 
assist  him  in  his  cruelties.  When  the  first 
outbreak  of  the  Streltsi  took  place  during 
Peter's  absence  in  the  west  of  Europe, 
Gordon  began  the  bloody  drama  with  quite 
as  much  zest  even  before  his  Imperial 
master  had  reached  home.  The  account  of 
the  death  of  Alexis  (of  whose  character  M. 
Waliszewski  appears  to  us  to  write  too 
favourably)  is  absolutely  appalling.  But  the 
crime  had  been  common  enough  in  the 
annals  of  Turkey.  It  was  brutal,  and  only 
shone  with  a  light  especially  lurid  in  con- 
trast to  the  labours  at  Saardam,  the  collec- 
tion of  pictures,  and  the  army  of  Western 
savants  imported  into  the  country.  It  was 
the  complete  Oriental  notion  that  to  the 
absolute  master  belong  the  lives  and  goods 
of  all  his  subjects,  even  including  those  of 
his  children. 

Again,  how  surprising  to  all  Western 
ideas  is  the  marriage  and  raising  to  the 
throne  of  such  a  woman  as  Catherine,  who 
was  nothing  more  than  a  rude  peasant ! 
But  to  the  Oriental  mind  the  autocrat  can 
make  and  unmake.  He  is  alone  the  fountain 
of  honour  and  dishonour.  His  favour  clears 
all  defects  of  blood,  just  as  we  find  Sultans 
of  Turkey  committing  the  command  of  a 
fleet  to  a  favourite  barber  or  other  Court 
menial  who  had  gratified  some  passing  whim. 
Catherine  after  all  was  probably  better  than 
Theodora,  whom  Justinian  had  raised  to  the 
throne,  and  Constantino  the  Great  when  he 
put  his  son  to  death  had  not  received  from 
him  so  much  provocation  as  Alexis  had 
given  Peter.  Of  course,  these  crimes  cannot 
in  any  way  be  justified ;  we  are  only  attempt- 


ing to  explain  how  it  was  possible  that  they 
should  have  been  committed. 

M.  Waliszewski  does  not  forget  to  parade 
before  us  the  buffooneries  and  low  jests  of 
Peter,  his  fondness  for  dwarfs  and  practical 
jokes  and  ridiculous  processions.  We  are 
inclined  to  look  upon  these  pranks  as 
proceeding  from  a  side  of  his  character 
bordering  on  insanity.  As  in  the  case 
of  many  men  of  genius,  there  was  disease 
in  that  ever-vigorous  and  restless  brain. 
Sallies  in  the  same  manner  as  these 
are  often  told  of  men  of  considerable 
mental  calibre.  Lincoln  was  occasionally  a 
buffoon,  and  his  stories  were  sometimes 
hardly  fitted  for  the  ears  of  educated  men ; 
and  many  pieces  of  coarse  humour  are 
assigned  with  more  or  less  probability  to 
Cromwell  by  his  biographers.  It  is  in  these 
ways  that  the  intense  melancholy  of  genius 
relieves  its  tension.  There  were  German 
princes  who  kept  dwarfs  in  the  eighteenth 
century  who  could  not  plead  as  an  excuse 
the  aberrations  of  genius,  as  Peter  might 
have  done.  Perhaps,  as  some  have  sug- 
gested, he  organized  these  ridiculous 
festivities  and  grotesque  processions  partly 
in  derision  of  the  "old  gentility  stage- 
play,"  to  use  Clough's  expression,  which 
he  had  seen  around  him  in  the 
splendid  European  Courts  which  he  had 
visited.  He  must  have  realized  the  bar- 
barism of  his  own,  and  as  we  often 
see  a  "new"  man  attempt  to  ridicule  the 
social  minutiae  of  fashionable  life  which  he 
cannot  assimilate,  so  Peter  tried  to  put  a 
ridiculous  interpretation  upon  the  elaborate 
Court  etiquette  which  made  him  feel  so 
keenly  the  defects  of  his  poor,  semi- 
barbarous  Russia.  There  was  also  in  part 
the  natural  contempt  of  a  broad-minded 
man  for  mere  millinery  and  parade. 

These,  however,  are  only  surmises  in 
our  attempt  to  construct  some  theory  to  ex- 
plain the  character  of  this  man  of  genius. 
For  that  he  was  a  man  of  genius  no  one,  we 
take  it,  will  be  found  to  deny.  We  are 
not  always  satisfied  with  M.  Waliszewski's 
explanations ;  not  from  a  regard  for 
the  dignity  of  things  Russian,  but  as 
being  incompatible  with  a  psychological 
study  of  our  hero.  He  acknowledges 
that  Peter  was  decidedly  kind  to  children 
and  fond  of  Catherine,  to  whom,  when 
absent,  he  is  always  dispatching  affectionate 
letters,  accompanied  with  presents.  "It 
was  genuine  love,"  our  author  says, 
although  he  adds  "of  a  coarse  fibre." 
Moreover,  Peter  was  fond  of  animals,  and 
liked  by  his  personal  attendants.  It  is  difficult 
to  understand  the  theory  of  M.  Waliszewski 
that  the  same  man  could  at  one  time  of  his 
life  have  been  deficient  in  courage,  whereas 
at  Poltava  and  in  other  engagements  he 
displayed  the  most  reckless  intrepidity. 
His  hat,  shot  through  at  Poltava,  is  still 
preserved  at  St.  Petersburg.  There  are  also 
many  stories  of  his  courage  at  sea.  The 
theory  of  M.  Waliszewski  is  that  he 
educated  himself  into  bravery ;  but  this 
view  does  not  recommend  itself  to  us. 

In  conclusion,  we  will  call  attention  to  a 
few  passages  in  these  two  volumes  of 
interesting  anecdotes  which  we  are  inclined 
to  challenge  on  the  score  of  accuracy. 
"  Egra"  (i.  7)  should  be  either  the  German 
Eger  or  the  Chekh  Cheb.  It  was  not  the 
proscriptions  of  the  Lord  Protector  Cromwell 


N°  3637,  July 


10,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


59 


(i.  16)  which  drove  the  Scotch  adventurers 
to   seek   their  fortunes   in    Kussia    among 
other  countries.     It  was  rather  poverty  and 
the  prevalent  opinion  of  the  times  that  the 
military  profession   was    the    only   calling 
worthy     of     a     gentleman.       "  Menesius " 
(i.   33)  is,   of   course,    the  Scotch  Menzies, 
which  should  have  been  added.     The  view 
that  Sophia,  the  sister  of  Peter,  wrote  any 
plays   (i.   44)  has    long   been   discredited ; 
Natalia,   a  younger  sister,   seems    to  have 
written  some.     M.  Waliszewski    takes  the 
Polish  view  that  all  the  real  Eussian  ter- 
ritories were  annexed  by  Poland,  but  he  says 
nothing  about  Novgorod,  which  was  never 
Polish,  and  he  leaves  out  of  sight  altogether 
the    tendency   to    unite  which    must   have 
naturally  existed  in   these  various   princi- 
palities, speaking  the  same  language  and 
having  the  same  form  of  faith.  It  is  curious 
that  when  speaking  of  Azov  (i.  67)  he  says 
nothing  of  the  offer  of  the  Cossacks  to  hold 
it  for  the  Tsar  Alexis.     Again,  it  is  hard  to 
believe  that  Peter  (i.  98)  should  have  felt, 
according  to  M.  Waliszewski,  so  timid  in 
the  presence  of  the  Emperor  Leopold,  who 
was   one   of   the  greatest  poltroons  of  the 
Imperial  house.     "1619  "  (i.  95)  should,  of 
course,  be  1719.     Peter  (i.  130)  must  have 
spoken  Dutch  pretty  fluently,  for  that  was 
the  language  in  which  he  conversed  with 
William  III.,   and  we  know  that  he   had 
many  conversations  with  that  monarch  at 
considerable   length.     M.    Waliszewski    on 
two    or    three    occasions    (i.    206)    quotes 
Bruce's   memoirs,   of    which,    however,    he 
does  once  say  that  they  are  regarded  with 
suspicion.     Oustrialov,    however,     doubted 
whether  the  writer  of  them  had  really  been 
in  Eussia!     It   may  be  true  (i.   224)  that 
Lomonosov  entirely  neglected  the  Eussian 
hilini ;    but  in   doing   so   he   was    only  in 
harmony     with     his      age.      The      study 
of     popular     poetry     throughout     Europe 
only      begins      with     Percy's     'Eeliques' 
in    England.     "Zazykof"    (i.    230)  is,    of 
course,     a     misprint     for     Jazykof.       The 
letters    (i.    241)   of    the   divorced   Empress 
Eudoxia  to  Glebov  only  show  that  she  was 
an  adept  in  this  kind  of  writing,  for  those 
addressed  to  Peter,  as  published  in  the  'Pisma 
Eusskikh  Gosudarei'  (Moscow,  1862),  are  in 
just  the  same  style.  Dorpat,nowJuriev(i.265), 
is  invariably  called  Derpt  in  these  volumes. 
"  Shmielnicki "    (ii.    29)    may    be    reason- 
ably set  down  as  a  misprint  for  Chmielnicki 
(ii.  33).     Our  author  says  nothing  about  the 
subsequent    fate  of   Voinarovski,  who  was 
found  living  near  Lake  Baikal,  in  Siberia,  by 
the  German  savant  Miiller,  in  the  middle  of 
last  century.     It  is  surprising  to  find  a  man 
generally  so   accurate    as  M.  Waliszewski 
falling  into  the  long-exploded  error  (ii.  62) 
that    the   title   Tsar   is   of    Asiatic    origin. 
He     thus      writes :      "  The     word,    which 
was     originally     used     to     describe     the 
Tatar    princes    of    Kazan,    corresponds    to 
the   Persian   sar,  the   English  sir,  and  the 
French  sire'' !     This  is,  indeed,  an  astound- 
ing statement.     It  is   certainly  Ca3sar  and 
nothing  else,  as  Miklosich  and  all  the  lead- 
ing Slavists  have  acknowledged.     The  title 
was   first    assumed    by   Ivan    III.    on   his 
marriage  with  Zoe  Palseologa ;  but  it  was 
not   permanently  attached   to  the   Eussian 
sovereigns  till  the  reign  of  Ivan  IV.     There 
was  an  elaborate  article  on  the  subject  a 
few  years  ago  in  the  Riissische  Revue.     But 


M.  Waliszewski  places  the  assumption  of  it 
in  1741,  and  then  follows  a  sentence 
which,  from  its  ingenious  statement  of  the 
Polish  point  of  view,  could  never  have  been 
written  by  any  one  but  a  Pole : — 

"Thus  the  Russia  of  all  the  Russias,  includ- 
ing the  provinces  tohich  the  Polish  hegemony  had 
carried  over,  Jive  centuries  before,  to  European 
civilization,  made  a  final  and  definite  entrance 
into  history  "  !     (The  italics  are  ours.) 

When  we  read  the  remarks  of  M. 
Waliszewski  on  the  miserable  appearance 
which  the  French  peasants  presented  to 
Peter  when  he  travelled  in  that  country 
(ii.  81),  we  are  reminded  of  the  well-known 
letters  of  Von  Visin  in  the  reign  of  Catherine. 
When  M.  Waliszewski  says  (ii.  92)  that 
Peter  when  at  Eheims  "looked  at  nothing 
but  the  famous  '  shaking  pillar '  "  in  the 
church  of  St.  Nicaise,  he  does  not  seem  to 
know  that  the  Tsar  was  the  first  person  who 
found  that  the  '  Texte  du  Sacre  '  preserved 
there  (used  at  the  coronation  of  the  French 
kings)  was  in  a  Slavonic  language.  Koti- 
shikhin  (ii.  106)  did  not  write  memoirs,  but 
drew  up  an  account  of  his  native  country 
for  the  Swedish  Government.  We  think 
that  M.  Waliszewski  is  in  error  in  stating 
that  there  are  only  twelve  copies  of  Kerb's 
book  in  existence.  We  have  ourselves  seen 
two,  and  a  third,  a  little  while  ago,  was  to 
be  found  mentioned  in  one  of  Mr.  Quaritch's 
catalogues. 

We  could  call  attention  to  a  few  more 
errors,  but  perhaps  these,  most  of  which 
are  trifling,  will  sufiice.  The  book  of  M. 
Waliszewski  will,  no  doubt,  find  many 
readers,  and  their  estimation  of  Peter  will 
not,  perhaps,  be  improved  by  it.  But  after 
all  we  must  judge  a  great  man  by  the  broad 
outlines  of  his  character,  and  not  contem- 
plate too  much  the  petty  and  vulgar  details 
of  every-day  life,  which  can  make  a  ffiant 
appear  little. 


Rooks  and  their  Makers  during  the  Middle 
Ages  :  a  Sttcdg  of  the  Conditions  of  the  Pro- 
duction and  Distribution  of  Literature  from 
the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  to  the  Close  of 
the  Seventeenth  Century.  By  George  Haven 
Putnam.     2  vols.     (Putnam's  Sons.) 

Mr.  Putnam's  book  is  prefaced  by  a  rather 

pathetic  dedication : — 

"To  the  Memory  of  my  Wife,  who  served  me 

for  years  both  as  eyesight  and  as  writing  arm, 

and  by  whose  hand  the  following  pages  were  in 

large  part  transcribed." 

The  dedication  seems  to  show  that  Mr. 
Putnam's  literary  work  is  carried  on  under 
serious  physical  difficulties  which  offer  an 
explanation  of  some  of  its  more  glaring 
defects,  and  demand  from  the  reviewer  every 
courtesy  save  that  of  concealing  its  short- 
comings ;  but  it  is  unfortunately  obvious  that 
from  beginning  to  end  Mr.  Putnam's  work  is 
a  compilation,  the  value  of  which  is  seriously 
diminished  by  the  absence  of  any  knowledge 
at  first  hand  by  which  to  add  to  his  glean- 
ings from  his  English,  French,  and  German 
authorities,  to  check  their  statements,  or  to 
discriminate  their  values.  It  is  also  plain 
that  Mr.  Putnam's  knowledge  of  Latin  is 
extremely  deficient,  while  throughout  his 
pages  there  appear  extraordinary  slips, 
especially  in  dates,  glaring  discrepancies 
of  statement,  and  a  general  absence  of 
revision.  If,  as  Mr.  Putnam's  dedication 
leads  us  to  suppose,  his  eyesight  is  seriously 


affected,  many  of  these  faults  are  explained, 
but  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  should  have 
embarked  on  a  task  so  much  too  great  for 
his  strength. 

However  reluctantly  advanced,  the 
charges  we  have  made  against  the  book 
are  so  serious  that  they  must  be  fully  proved. 
As  specimens  of  Mr.  Putnam's  Latinity  may 
be  quoted  the  following  translations,  all  from 
his  first  volume:  p.  18,  "Nemo  cogitur  ut 
credat  invitus,"  "no  one  can  think  or  can 
believe  against  his  will";  in  the  inscrip- 
tion, 

Sancte  Coluniba,  tibi  Scotto  tuus  incola  Dungal 
Traciidit  hunc  librum,  quo  fratrum  corda  beentur. 
Qui  legis  ergo,  Deus  pretium  sit  muneris,  era, 

the  last  line  is  rendered  "Do  thou  who 
readest  it  pray  that  God  may  be  the  reward 
of  thy  [!]  labour ";  and  the  extract  from 
the  Oxford  colophon, 

Celatos,  Veneti,  nobis  transmittere  libros 
Cedite,  nns  aliis  vendimus,  O  Veneti, 

is  translated,  "  If  you  Venetians  will  send 
over  to  us  the  books  which  have  been  hidden 
(i.  e. ,  difficult  or  rare  books,  or  possibly 
books  unearthed  from  far  -  off  Eastern 
regions)  we  will  find  sale  for  the  same," 
where  the  elaborate  parenthesis  to  which 
the  translator  is  driven  to  explain  Celatos 
should  have  suggested  a  reference  to  some  one 
possessed  of  the  knowledge  that  Cedite  means 
"cease"  and  Celatos  {coelatos)  "printed." 
The  reversal  of  the  sense  of  the  quotation 
on  p.  424  is  equally  complete,  and  minor 
errors  abound.  But  even  a  sentence  of 
ordinary  fifteenth  century  English  can  puzzle 
Mr.  Putnam ;  for  Caxton's  well-known  ad- 
vertisement of  his  "  pye "  is  spoken  of  as 
"  the  advertisement  or  announcement  of  his 
business,"  and  its  opening  words,  "  if  it 
plese  any  man  spirituel  or  temporel  [i.  e., 
priest  or  layman]  to  bye  ony  pyes,"  are 
interpreted,  "he  professes  himself  ready 
to  satisfy  any  man,  whether  spiritually  or 
temporally  inclined"  ! 

Of  discrepancies  and  mistakes  we  will 
take  our  examples  chiefly  from  vol.  ii. 
On  p.  125  Caxton  is  said  (rightly)  to  have 
died  in  1491  ;  on  p.  101  in  1492.  On  p.  5 
Fichet  and  Heynlin  are  spoken  of,  correctly, 
as  "  two  savants  of  the  Sorbonne";  on  p.  Ill 
they  are  called  "  the  German  printers."  It 
is  repeatedly  stated  that  the  first  book 
printed  in  Paris  appeared  in  1469  (an 
error  for  1470),  but  on  p.  373  of  vol.  i.  we 
find  it  remarked,  "In  1453  [_sic^  Fust  made 
a  journey  to  Paris  in  order  to  find  sale 
there  for  his  big  Bible  :  this  was  four  years 
before  the  first  Paris  printing-press  began 
its  work."  On  p.  8  (vol.  ii.)  the  reader  is 
informed  that  "in  1495  Anthony  Verard 
established  a  printing  office,"  Verard  being 
a  publisher,  not  a  printer,  who  had  in  1495 
been  in  business  for  ten  years.  On  p.  396 
(vol.  i.)  Eatdolt's  '  Euclid  '  is  referred  to  as 
printed  at  Augsburg  instead  of  at  Venice. 
On  p.  347  (vol.  ii.)  the  Aldine  italics  are  said 
to  have  been  based  on  the  hand  of  Boccaccio 
instead  of  Petrarch. 

Two  or  three  instances  of  double  and 
treble  misconceptions  must  bring  this  notice 
to  a  close  : — 

1.  "In  1465  they  [Sweynheim  and  Pannartz] 
published  the  first  volume  printed  in  Italy,  an 
edition  of  a  Latin  syntax  for  boys,  edited  by 
Lactantius. " — Vol.  i.  p.  405. 

The    syntax    for    boys    is,    of    course,  the 
'  Donatus '     (elsewhere    assigned     by    Mr. 


60 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


Putnam  to  1464),  to  wliicli  Lactantius, 
■whose  '  Opera  '  was  the  second  publication 
of  the  Subiaco  press,  is  thus  strangely  made 
godfather. 

2.  "The  bookmakers  of  Lyons  gave  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  production  of  high-class 
illustrations.  They  used  for  the  purpose  the 
work  not  only  of  French,  but  of  foreign 
designers  and  engravers.  The  printer  Le  Roys, 
for  instance,  employed  Holbein  to  design  a  new 
'  Dance  of  Death, '  and  also  to  prepare  a  series 
of  illustrations  for  the  New  Testament.  In 
1488,  Jacques  Locher  published  an  edition  of 
the  famous  'Ship  of  Fools,'  accompanied  by 
graphic  illustrations  fro)n  an  unknown  artist. 
Lecher's  edition  was  issued  in  Latin.  The  first 
French  translation,  under  the  title  '  La  Nef  des 
Fouls,'  appeared  in  1497."— Vol.  ii.  p.  10. 

How  many  misconceptions  underlie  this 
paragraph,  or  when  Mr.  Putnam  imagines 
Holbein  to  have  lived,  we  should  be  sorry 
to  say.  The  'Dance  of  Death'  and  the 
'Historiarum  Yeteris  [not  "Novi"]  Tes- 
tament! Icones'  were,  indeed,  published 
at  Lyons,  but  by  the  Trechsels  in  1538, 
whereas  Guillaume  Le  Eoy  was  the  first 
printer  at  Lyons,  and  began  work  in 
1473  or  earlier.  Brandt's  '  Narrenschiff ' 
appeared  at  Basle  in  1494,  and  the 
Latin  version  of  Jakob  Locher,  whom 
Mr.  Putnam  appears  to  turn  into  a 
Lyonnese  publisher,  was  printed  at  the 
same  place  in  1497,  and  again  at  Lyons  the 
next  year,  with  the  well-known  misprint 
"  1488"  for  1498,  which  Mr.  Putnam  repro- 
duces in  defiance  of  the  date  of  the  original. 

Finally  may  be  mentioned  the  statement 
(voLii.  p.  138)  that  "the  business  of 
printing  in  London  took  a  great  develop- 
ment when  De  Worde  associated  with  him 
in  the  management  of  the  Caxton  Press  his 
assistant  Eichard  Pyneon,  who  had  been 
one  of  Caxton's  apprentices."  To  assign 
Pynson  as  an  apprentice  to  Caxton  is 
pardonable,  for  the  mistake  was  made  by 
Blades ;  but  to  make  him  first  the  assistant 
and  afterwards  the  partner  of  his  rival 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  and  to  make  this 
absurdity  the  basis  of  a  "  great  develop- 
ment" of  the  printing  trade,  is  the  work  of 
a  misdirected  imagination. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  point  out  that 
the  errors  we  have  instanced  are  of  a  kind 
which  no  writer  who  possessed  an  elementary 
knowledge  of  his  subject  could  possibly 
make.  They  occur  in  a  work  which  from 
beginning  to  end  is  a  compilation,  and  in 
which,  especially  in  the  part  which  relates 
to  printed  books,  the  compiler  has  plainly 
been  guided  in  his  choice  of  subjects  by  the 
existence  of  works  from  which  he  could 
borrow  his  information  wholesale.  If,  as 
we  have  given  our  reason  for  imagining, 
Mr.  Putnam  entered  on  his  self-imposed 
task  under  any  physical  disabilities,  we  can 
only  regret  that  he  should  have  under- 
taken it,  and  we  are  sincerely  sorry  to  have 
had  to  speak  of  his  book  in  a  way  that  must 
give  him  pain  ;  but  in  such  a  case  it  is 
impossible  to  forget  that  he  has  a  responsi- 
bility both  as  a  publisher  and  as  an  author. 
The  price  of  the  book  is  considerable,  and 
if  it  had  to  be  printed  it  ought  at  least  to 
have  been  subjected  to  a  revision  sufficiently 
searching  to  purge  it  from  the  errors  of 
which  examples  have  been  given. 


N°3637,  July  10,  -97 


Lives  of  the  Brethren  of  the  Order  of  Preachers, 
1206-1259.  By  Fr.  John  Placid  Conway, 
S.T.P.  (Newcastle- on -Tyne,  Mawson, 
Swan  &  Morgan.) 

These  delightful  tales  of  St.  Dominic  and 
his  followers  were  written  by  Gerard  de 
Frachet,  Prior  of  Limoges  and  Provincial 
of  Provence,  who  died  in  1271.  His  chro- 
nicle is  well  known,  but  his  'Lives,'  which 
are  half  history  and  half  legend,  yet  all 
true  pictures  of  life  on  the  Continent  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  are  probably  almost  un- 
known in  England.  Gerard  collected  stories 
of  the  Friars  Preachers  from  all  quarters, 
and  as  he  is  careful  to  give  evidence  of 
name  and  place,  that  his  facts  may  be 
authenticated,  his  work  offers  some  valu- 
able material  for  the  history  of  his  order. 
Frequent  allusion  is  made  to  English 
brethren  :  for  instance,  one  Brother  Seyer, 
a  professor  of  Cambridge  University,  re- 
nowned for  piety  and  learning,  was  witness 
that  globes  of  light  came  down  from  heaven, 
and  rested  upon  the  heads  of  the  brethren 
when  they  sang  the  anthem  "  Salve  Eegina  " 
after  compline,  according  to  the  Dominican 
use.  Friar  Conway's  decision  to  publish 
an  edition  of  Gerard's  '  Lives '  was  a  very 
happy  one,  for  of  the  Latin  versions  pub- 
lished at  Douai  in  1619,  and  at  Valencia  in 
1657,  there  appear  to  be  no  copies  in  the 
British  Museum,  in  the  Bodleian,  or  at 
Cambridge.  Mono  published  a  part  in  his 
'  Quellensammlung,'  Quetif  and  Echard  print 
the  second  book,  the  Bollandists  quote 
largely  from  the  third,  but  otherwise  the 
original  text  is  for  most  students  inaccessible. 
The  rarity  of  the  Latin  editions  rendered  it 
highly  desirable  that  a  standard  text  should 
be  printed,  and  the  present  editor  had 
good  opportunity  to  produce  one,  as  he 
has  consulted  for  his  translation  the  manu- 
scripts of  Ghent,  Toulouse,  and  the  Valicelli 
in  Eome.  In  the  absence  of  the  original 
the  translator's  work  cannot  be  accurately 
tested,  but  judging  from  the  Bollandists' 
version,  the  present  translation  appears  to 
be  rather  readable  than  accurate.  A  number 
of  phrases  are  omitted  or  altered,  and  no  in- 
dication is  vouchsafed  to  show  which  manu- 
scripthas  been  followed.  The  passage  "  undo 
solam  cappam  super  camisiam  induens  et 
cingulo  pra^cingens  "  is  translated  "  throw- 
ing his  cloak  over  his  cassock."  "  Camisia  " 
should  here  be  translated  "shirt,"  and  the 
point  of  the  story  which  follows  turns  on 
the  girdle  and  the  fact  that  the  friar  was 
only  half  dressed. 

"Numquam   infirmatus   fuerat numquam 

nisi  in  Parasceve  jejunerat  [?],  rarissime  a  carni- 
bus,  nisi  in  sextis  feriis  se  abstinuerat :  numquam 
confessus  erat  et  earumquse  in  ecclesia  dicuntur 
nihil  prpeter  Dominicam  orationem  soiebat," 

appears  in  the  translation  : — 

"He  used  to  say  he  had  never  been  in  low 

spirits and  never  dreamt  of   fasting  or  ab- 

sta,ining  outside  of  Lent  ;  he  couldn't  endure 
going  to  confession  more  than  he  was  obliged 
to,  and  the  only  prayer  he  knew  was  the  Our 
Father,  which  he  had  picked  up  from  hearing 
it  recited  in  the  church  "; 

and  similar  discrepancies  might  be  multiplied. 
"  Item  frequenter  obligavit  dictus  Pater 
suam  Bibliam"  is  translated,  "The  holy 
Master  had  even  to  part  with  his  books 
sometimes  ";  and  too  often  some  little  phrase 
which  gives  character  to  the  Latin  is  de- 
stroyed   in     the     English.       The    weasel, 


addressed  by  Master  Jordan  as  "  pulchra 
bestiola,"  allows  him  to  stroke  it ;  addressed 
by  the  translator  "  good  brute,"  it  would 
probably  have  run  away. 

To  the  '  Lives  of  the  Brethren '  are  added 
some  interesting  appendices.  A  legend  of 
St.  Dominic  by  Blessed  Cecily  Cesarini, 
"from  a  very  ancient  parchment"  now  in 
the  public  archives  in  Bologna,  is  trans- 
lated and  printed  here,  we  believe,  for  the 
first  time.  Sister  Cecily  received  her  habit 
from  St.  Dominic's  own  hands,  and  on  the 
vexed  question  of  his  baldness  her  statement 
is  authoritative ;  his  hair  and  beard  were 
auburn,  he  was  never  bald,  but  kept  his 
religious  tonsure  entire,  mingled  here  and 
there  with  a  few  grey  hairs.  The  passages 
from  the  '  Chronicle '  of  Stephen  de  Salanaco 
are,  we  believe,  also  printed  for  the  first 
time.  Unfortunately  the  manner  in  which 
those  bulls  and  letters  which  have  already 
been  printed  are  here  produced  makes  it 
impossible  to  feel  confidence  in  the  accuracy 
of  any  of  the  translations.  The  very  valu- 
able material  to  which  Friar  Conway  has 
had  access  was  deserving  of  more  scholarly 
treatment.  Thanks,  however,  are  due  to 
him  inasmuch  as  he  has  drawn  attention  to 
some  remarkably  interesting  sources,  and 
has  dealt  with  them  adequately  for  the 
purposes  of  the  general  reader. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Folly  of  Pen  Sarrington.      By   Julian 

Sturgis.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
Discriminating  novel  -  readers  know  that 
Mr.  Sturgis  can  be  almost  certainly  de- 
pended on  for  lightness  of  touch  and 
entertaining  views  on  men  and  manners, 
and  the  dialogue  and  the  treatment  of 
character  and  situation  in  '  The  Folly  of 
Pen  Harrington '  are  of  a  nature  to  show 
that  this  confidence  is  not  misplaced.  It  is 
an  amusing  volume,  written  in  the  latest,  yet 
not  in  an  unpleasantly  late  fashion.  The 
heroine — accidentally  rather  than  designedly, 
perhaps — has  points  of  resemblance  with 
a  lady  who  had  at  one  time  a  good  deal 
more  influence  on  the  society  she  moved 
in  than  usually  falls  to  the  lot  of  a 
young  unmarried  woman.  In  Pen  and 
in  Pen's  clique  there  are  features  remi- 
niscent of  recent  enough  days  and  doings, 
only  nothing  is  recent  at  the  pace  we  now 
travel !  Pen,  the  popular  and  pleasant,  is 
generally  attractive,  to  the  women  as  well 
as  to  the  men  around  her.  Even  the  reader 
may  be  numbered  in  the  list  of  admirers. 
The  delight  of  all  the  members  of  the  little 
informal  coterie  in  the  high- spirited,  original 
creature  who  has  half  consciously  made 
herself  a  leader  and  a  ruler  over  them  is 
comprehensible.  Mr.  Sturgis,  better  than 
most  people,  knows  how  to  work  such  a 
temperament,  and  he  does  not  break  the 
spell  by  trying  to  analyze  the  charm.  It  is 
the  effect  he  shows  rather  than  the  cause. 
The  latter-day  manners,  aims,  and  aspira- 
tions that  move  her  have  been  depicted  in 
fiction  before  now,  but  not  so  attractively. 
Some  of  us  have  been  bored  by  the  girl  of 
birth  and  breeding  filled  with  the  sense  of 
social  inequalities,  who  stretches  out  a  hand 
to  her  downtrodden  sisters  and  makes  a 
mission,  and  often  a  mess,  of  uniting  the 
masses  with  the  classes.  She  may  be  single- 
minded,  but  she  is  nearly  always  tactless  and 


N°3637,  JuLYlO, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


61 


usually  humourless.  Mr,  Sturgis's  heroine 
is  neither.  Impulsive,  kind-hearted,  and 
ready  to  help  without  patronizing,  she 
makes  friends  here,  there,  and  everywhere 
in  an  odd,  energetic  kind  of  way.  But  she 
does  not  desert  her  own  sphere,  nor  feel  it 
wrong  to  stick  to  the  pleasant  worldlings 
she  has  been  born  amongst.  She  enjoys 
life  thoroughly,  and  by  so  doing  makes 
people  of  all  sorts  and  conditions  do  like- 
wise— a  knack  surely  to  be  accounted  for 
righteousness  to  its  possessor.  If  in  Pen's 
drawing-room  (where  extremes  meet  and 
good  talk  is  kept  going)  a  workgirl  should 
meet  a  duchess,  the  hostess  makes  no  one 
uncomfortable  by  a  too  insistent  drawing 
together  of  incongruities.  Some  of  the  clique 
know  how  to  turn  a  smart  saying,  and  there 
are  clever  scenes  with  at  least  one  episode 
a  little  out  of  the  beaten  track.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bobby,  their  fashionable  chit-chat, 
and  their  small  yet  ambitious  flights  in  the 
wake  of  "  notabilities,"  are  now  and  then 
amusing,  especially  at  first.  The  book  itself 
has  at  the  outset,  perhaps,  more  vivacity 
and  go  about  it  than  later  on.  On  the  whole, 
it  is  a  good  comedy,  though  as  a  story  it 
may  not  count  for  much. 


A  Tale  of  Two  Tunnels.   By  W.  Clark  Eussell. 

(Chapman  &  Hall.) 
Mr.  Clark  Russell  must  be  very  sure  of 
his  hold  on  his  readers  or  he  would  hardly 
venture,  within  a  few  weeks  of  the  appear- 
ance of  the  extremely  "thin"  story  which 
we  recently  noticed,  to  produce  another  of 
at  least  equal  tenuity.  Anything  cheaper 
than  this  tale  of  a  discharged  merchant 
captain,  who,  after  being  dismissed  for 
losing  a  bag  of  money,  explores  a  dis- 
used smugglers'  cave,  runs  away  with  the 
daughter  of  a  retired  naval  officer,  and 
prepares  to  start  as  smuggler  and  pirate 
on  his  own  account,  cannot  be  imagined. 
The  main  incidents  would  have  lent  them- 
selves to  a  telling  story  of  adventure ;  but 
they  are  so  related  as  to  make  it  impossible 
for  the  reader  to  feel  the  least  interest 
ia  them.  The  story  opens,  indeed,  with  a 
fairly  promising  bit  of  mystery ;  but  nothing 
whatever  comes  of  it,  and  the  reader  never 
learns  who  it  was  that  robbed  Capt.  Jack- 
man,  or  what  (beyond  earning  his  dismissal) 
the  robbery  had  to  do  with  his  subsequent 
adventures.  The  conclusion  is  tame  and 
impotent  to  a  degree.  And  what  precisely 
does  a  brig  look  like  when  she  is  "  sheeting 
through  the  sea  under  tall  leaning  heights"? 


The  Beautiful  Miss  Brooke.     By  Z.  Z.  (Louis 

Zangwill).  (Tuck  &  Sons.) 
This  is  a  distinct  improvement  on  the 
sensational  novel  by  Mr.  Zangwill  that  we 
reviewed  a  week  or  two  ago.  It  is  a  very 
elever  sketch  of  an  American  girl  who 
spends  her  life  in  making  young  men  fall 
in  love  with  her  and  then  throwing  them 
oyer  in  the  end.  Her  methods  are  of  the 
simplest;  she  hooks  a  guileless  and  self- 
conscious  young  man  by  pretending  an 
absorbing  interest  in  him,  until  he  finally 
is  brought  to  the  point  of  proposing  to  her. 
Then,  when  she  has  kissed  him,  her  interest 
in  him  is  over.  It  seems  simple,  but  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  do  it  as  well  as  Miss  Brooke  does.  The 
only  criticism  we  should  make  on  the  book  is 
that  it  would  undoubtedly  have  been  better 


if  it  had  been  treated  as  a  short  story ;  a 
good  deal  of  the  detail  which  is  set  forth  at 
length  might  be  made  shorter,  and  the  idea 
is  eminently  suited  for  that  form  of  fiction. 
There  is  just  one  incident  in  the  life  of  the 
girl  which  typifies  most  of  her  life,  and  with 
the  man  it  is  just  a  passing  moment  of 
excitement  in  his  otherwise  plodding  life ; 
a  short  story  would  have  made  it  crisper 
and  more  striking.  Nevertheless,  we  are 
grateful  to  Mr.  Zangwill. 

The    Boffne^s   Ifarch.     By   E.  W.   Hornung. 

(Cassell  &  Co.) 
With  all  its  vigour  of  narration  and  in- 
genuity of  detail,  *  The  Rogue's  March  ' 
is  not  a  book  which  ought  to  be  com- 
mended. Revolting  cruelty  cannot  be 
allowed  as  a  fitting  element  of  the 
picturesque.  No  doubt  Mr.  Hornung  has 
spent  much  pains  over  his  authorities  for 
particulars  of  convict  life  in  the  earlj'  his- 
tory of  New  South  Wales.  He  is  mistaken 
in  thinking  that  horrible  facts  become  ad- 
missible in  a  novel  if  they  are  culled  from 
Blue-books.  Curreut  fiction  indicates  a 
wholesome  reaction  from  the  fashion  of 
documentar}'  brutalities,  and  it  is  pleasant 
to  know  that  '  The  Rogue's  March '  is  not  a 
good  sample  of  the  best  work  of  a  writer  of 
very  considerable  attainments. 


The     Fault     of     One.     By    Effie     Adelaide 

Rowlands.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
A  YOUNG  man  passes  in  a  day  from  the 
position  of  a  discharged  and  penniless  clerk 
to  the  possession  of  a  well  -  endowed 
baronetcy.  Thereupon  he  marries  a  girl, 
apparently  because  he  saw  no  one  else 
"  who  could  claim  honestly  his  care  and 
help,"  and  because  he  thought  that  "in 
this  girl  a  means  had  been  sent  to  help  him 
to  use  his  wealth  nobly."  However,  her 
"  one  great  and  unconquerable  fault  was  her 
inborn  vulgarity,  her  thorough  commonness, 
and  her  lar.k  of  all  intellectual  qualities"; 
and  she  soon  becomes  "an  exceedingly 
handsome  young  woman  of  a  go  -  ahead 
stamp,"  whatever  that  may  mean.  Such 
are  the  materials  from  which  the  story  is 
largely  constructed,  in  the  writer's  own 
words,  and  it  is  surprising  to  find  that  the 
result  is  readable.  The  moral  is  eminently 
good,  because  the  3'oung  wife  runs  away 
from  her  virtuous  husband,  and  perishes  in 
mid-Channel  when  about  to  join  her  para- 
mour in  Paris.  One  character,  that  of 
Sheila  Thurso,  is  carefully  and  not  unsuc- 
cessfully drawn  ;  she  ultimately  marries  the 
widower.  The  writer  of  the  book  has  had 
some  experience  in  this  form  of  literary 
composition  ;  in  less  practised  hands  the 
story  she  has  chosen  to  tell  would  have  come 
to  hopeless  grief.  As  it  is,  it  suffers  from 
want  of  probability. 


David     Dimsdale,    Af.D.      By    Maurice    H. 
Hervey.     (Red  way.) 

Mr.  Hervey  undertakes  to  write  a  novel  of 
some  quarter  of  a  century  hence.  He  uses 
some  matei'ials  which  are  familiar  to  readers 
of  E.  A.  Poe's  story  of  '  Count  Allamistakeo 
and  Dr.  Ponnonner,'  although  he  makes  no 
reference  to  the  source,  and  seeks  with  this 
aid  to  make  future  history  possible.  The 
story  is  one  which  deals  with  the  loves  of 
David  Dimsdale  for  a  succession  of  ladies 


who  seem  to  be  of  more  interest  to  the 
writer  than  to  the  reader;  and  we  leave  the 
husband  and  his  last  wife  contemplating 
the  grave  of  her  predecessor.  Incidentally 
the  book  contains  a  draft  of  a  constitution 
for  a  Pan-Britannic  Confederation.  The 
document  is  of  some  interest,  though  it  can 
have  little  attraction  for  the  average  novel- 
reader.  It  might  have  been  improved  by 
a  careful  study  of  M.  Charles  Borgeaud's 
work  on  the  establishment  and  revision  of 
constitutions,  and  then  used  for  some  publi- 
cation which  is  not  avowedly  fiction.  The 
author  shows  no  unpractised  hand  in  litera- 
ture, and  should  have  known  better  than  to 
overweight  a  novel  with  such  irrelevant 
material.  In  other  respects  the  book  is 
generally  well  written,  and  has  a  fair 
measure  of  interest.  Mr.  Redway  has  used 
for  tliis  book  a  perforating  stamp  which 
disfigures  review  copies  to  an  unusual 
degree. 


Iran  Alexandrovitch :  a  Siberian  Bomance.  By 

Andree  Hope.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Andrke  Hope  has  before  now  shown  her 
knowledge  of  Russian  society,  and  on  this 
occasion  she  displays  considerable  acquaint- 
ance with  the  official  world  in  Siberia.  On 
the  other  hand,  she  has  not  been  particu- 
larly succes3f  ul  with  the  plot  of  her  tale,  and 
her  characters  are  drawn  in  too  strong 
colours.  Human  nature  is  generally  a 
mixture  of  bad  and  good  qualities,  and  the 
novelist  who  neglects  this  axiom  can  hardly 
produce  an  impression  of  reality. 


Parole  Juree.      Par  Marie  Anne  de  Bovet, 

(Paris,  Lemerre.) 
Mlle.  de  Bovet's  novel,  which  has  been 
appearing  in  La  Bevue  de  Paris,  is  better  in 
the  volume  than  it  seemed  to  be  when  read 
in  parts.  That  there  was  much  observation 
and  much  work  in  it  was  obvious  all  along, 
but  it  seemed  to  drag  in  places,  and  one  or 
two  long  letters  gave  it  an  old-fashioned 
George -Sandish  look,  calculated  to  repel 
the  modern  reader  of  such  ultra-Parisian 
stories.  In  the  volume  it  holds  together 
and  appears  in  all  its  power.  Mlle.  de 
Bovet  advertises  in  it  only  those  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  her  versatile  pen  over  which  her 
admirers  in  this  country  shake  their  heads, 
and  omits  her  contributions  to  politics  and 
travel,  such  as  her  books  on  Ireland  and 
her  new  book  on  Greece,  and  even  that  re- 
markable novel  in  which  she  described  the 
society  of  the  "  Emerald"  Isle. 


Monsieur  le  Keveu.  Par  Jean  Thiery.  (Paris, 

Colin  &  Cie.) 
When  a  book  is  marked  outside  "  for  young 
ladies,"  whether  in  England  or  in  France, 
or  in  the  English  or  the  French  tongue, 
we  fear  that  the  result  is  the  same,  and 
that,  whoever  else  may  peruse  it,  young 
ladies  will  not  willingly  do  so,  except  under 
the  direct  instructions  and  in  the  presence 
of  their  elders.  Such  is  human  nature. 
The  novel  before  us  is  a  fair  example  of 
what  are  called  young  ladies'  books,  and  not 
unsuited  for  class  -  reading,  though  not  so 
good  as  the  books  by  Madame  de  Nanteuil 
and  others,  which,  though  suitable  for  young 
ladies,  are  not  so  obviously  thrust  upon 
them. 


62 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3637,  July  10,  '97 


NEW  TESTAMENT  CRITICISM. 

Some  Thoughts  on  the  Textual  Criticism  of 
the  New  Testament.  By  George  Salmon,  D.D. 
(Murray.) — Dr.  Salmon  has  in  this  little  work 
put  on  paper,  as  he  says  himself,  some  thoughts 
on  the  criticism  of  the  New  Testament  text. 
He  regards  the  defence  of  the  textus  receptus  as 
hopeless.  He  believes  that  Westcott  and  Hort 
have  done  good  service  and  moved  in  the  right 
direction  ;  but  he  is  of  opinion  that  a  word  of 
warning  ought  to  be  uttered  against  putting  too 
much  faith  in  either  the  results  or  the  methods 
of  these  critics.  He  thus  defines  his  own  posi- 
tion : — 

'•I  have  never  been  able  to  feel  that  his  [Dr. 
Hort's]  work  was  final,  and  I  have  disliked  the  ser- 
vility with  which  his  history  of  the  text  has  been 
accepted,  and  even  his  nomenclature  adopteri,  as  if 
now  the  last  word  had  been  said  on  the  subject  of 
New  Testament  criticism." 

He  points  out  again  and  again  that  not  only 
must  Dr.  Hort's  work  not  be  regarded  as  final, 
but  that  at  the  best  and  in  the  end  the  results 
of  all  New  Testament  criticism  must  be  regarded 
as  only  probable  :  — 

"  I  should  have  thought  it  unnecessary  to  state 
anything  so  obvious  as  that  the  problem  which 
Westcott  and  Hort  have  set  themselves  is  one  that 
admits  no  more  than  a  probable  solution,  that  my 
quarrel  with  them  much  more  seldom  arises  from 
unwillingness  to  accept  their  d-^cisions  as  probable, 
than  from  reluctance  to  acknowledge  them  as 
demonstrated  facts." 

He  expresses  the  same  idea  concisely  in  these 
words  : — 

"  It  would  seem  then  that  if  we  desire  a  text 
absolutely  free  from  ambiguity  we  desire  what  God 
has  never  been  pleased  to  give  Hia  Church." 

And  he  objects  to  the  method  in  which  Hort 
has  explained  his  opinions  : — 

"But  there  is  a  second  reason  why  criticism  of 
their  results  is  difficult— namely,  that  their  whole 
tone  and  method  is  that  of  teachers  instructing 
disciples,  not  that  of  addressing  persons  capable  of 
forming  an  independent  judgment." 

Dr.  Salmon  seems  to  us  quite  sound  in  these 
criticisms,  and  his  discussion  of  Westcott  and 
Hort's  nomenclature,  of  their  assumptions  of  a 
history  of  the  text  where  there  is  no  history, 
and  of  their  treating  hypotheses  as  if  they  were 
facts,  will  well  repay  perusal.  But  when  he 
comes  to  propound  opinions  of  his  own,  he  falls 
into  the  very  errors  which  he  condemns  or  pro- 
poses solutions  of  problems  by  imagining  his- 
torical events.  Westcott  and  Hort  in  the  midst 
of  their  difficulties  had  recourse  to  what  we 
may  call  an  almost  blind  faith  in  the  Vatican 
and  Sinaitic  MSS.,  and  the  reasons  which  they 
allege  for  so  doing  are  sometimes  unsound  ;  but 
sometimes  they  show  clear  insight  and  great 
skill,  f»nd  though  it  would  be  absurd  to  regard 
their  methods  as  perfect  or  their  results  as 
final,  yet  they  may  have  done  the  best  that 
could  be  done  in  our  imperfect  state  of  know- 
ledge, and  our  tendency  to  bias  in  the  considera- 
tion of  critical  questions.  Dr.  Salmon's  book 
serves  a  useful  purpose,  and  well  merits  a  care- 
ful consideration. 

The  Apocalypse  of  St.  John  in  a  Syriac  Version 
hitherto  Unhioivn.  Edited  (from  a  MS.  in  the 
Library  of  the  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres), 
with  Critical  Notes  and  an  Annotated  Recon- 
struction of  the  Underlying  Greek  Text,  by 
John  Gwynn,  D.D.  (Dublin,  University  Press.) 
— It  is  well  known  that  four  of  the  Catholic 
Epistles  (2  Peter,  2  and  3  John,  and  Jude)  as 
well  as  the  Apocalypse  were  not  included  in  the 
Peshitto  version  of  the  New  Testament.  The 
Apocalypse  was  first  published  separately 
by  De  Dieu  in  1627,  and  the  four  Epistles  by 
Pococke  in  1630.  They  then  appeared  (in  prac- 
tically the  same  form)  as  part  of  the  Syriac 
New  Testament  in  the  Paris  Polyglot  of  1G33, 
and  have  since  been  reproduced  in  all  later 
editions.  The  great  importance  of  the  MS.  on 
which  the  present  edition  is  based  lies  in  the 
fact  that,  though  the  text  which  it  exhibits  is 
substantially  the  same  as  that  of  the  Pococke 


Epistles,  the  text  of  the  Apocalypse  is  markedly 
different  from  that  of  De  Dieu's  edition.     The 
latter  is  shown  by  Dr.  Gwynn  to  bear  a  very 
close  resemblance  to  the  Harkleian  version  (if 
it  is  not  the  work  of  Thomas  of  Harkel  himself), 
while   the   text   now  published  by  the  Dublin 
University    Press,    like    that    of    the    Pococke 
Epistles,  presents  strong  affinities,  both  in  style 
and  language,  to  the  Peshitto.     At  the  same  time 
the  coincidences  between  the  two  texts  in  point 
of  vocabulary,  as  well  as  the  unmistakable  tex- 
tual affinity  which  they  exhibit,  would  seem  to 
show  that  one  text  must  in  part  be  based  on  the 
other.     That  in  this  case  the  priority  must  be 
assigned  to  the  present  text  is  clearly  pointed 
out  in  the  Introductory  Dissertation,  chap.    v. 
The  Crawford  MS.  (the  only  Eastern  MS.  con- 
taining the  entire  New  Testament),  from  which 
the  present  text  is  derived,  has  been  assigned 
with    considerable   probability   to   the    twelfth 
century  ;    but  the  learned  editor  is  led  by  con- 
verging lines  of  evidence  to  the  conclusion  that 
it    exhibits    a    text    of   a    much   earlier   date, 
viz.,  the  sixth  century.     The   most   important 
evidence  on  this  point  is  furnished  (1)  by  the 
fragment  of  our  MS  (chap.  vii.  1-8)  found  in  a 
Nitrian  MS.   dated  874  a.d.  ;   (2)  by  the  cha- 
racter of  the  Syriac  and  the  nature  of  the  Greek 
text  underlying  it ;    and  (3)  by  the  relation  of 
the  present  text  to  that  of  De  Dieu,  which  was 
presumably  made  early  in  the  seventh  century. 
Dr.  Gwynn  may  fairly  be  held  to  have  demon- 
strated that  the  present  text  of  the  Apocalypse 
belongs   to  the   Philoxenian  version   made   by 
Polycarpus   "the  Chorepiscopus "  in  a.d.   508, 
to  which  the  Pococke  Epistles  belong.     Space 
does  not  permit  us  to  discuss  the  editor's  elabo- 
rate and  exhaustive  examination  of  the  Greek 
text  which  is  presupposed  by  the  Syriac,  but  in 
conclusion  we  may  draw  attention  to  the  excel- 
lent Greek  translation  provided  for  the  use  of 
those  students  who  are  unacquainted  with  Syriac, 
and  to  the  valuable  notes  appended  to  the  Syriac 
text.    The  latter,  we  are  glad  to  see,  reproduces 
the  MS.  in  its  original  form.     The  Dublin  Uni- 
versity  is  to  be  heartily  congratulated  on  the 
excellence,   both  in    matter  and  form,   of  this, 
the  first  Syriac  book  which  has  issued  from  its 
press. 

A  Concordance  to  the  Greek  Testament  accord- 
ing to  the  Texts  of  Westcott  and  Hort,  Tischen- 
dorf,  and  the  English  Utvisers.     Edited  by  the 
Rev.  W.  P.  Moulton,  D.D.,  and  the  Rev.  A.  S. 
Geden,   M.A.  (Edinburgh,   Clark.)— This    con- 
cordance to  the  Greek  Testament  is  unquestion- 
ably the  best  that  has  yet  appeared.   Mr.  Geden 
is    the    responsible   compiler    and    editor,   Dr. 
Moulton   being  unable  through  illness  to  take 
the  part  in  its  preparation  which  he  intended 
to  take.     Evidently  great  care  has  been  spent 
upon  the  book  with  the  desire  to  make  it  more 
useful  and  more  complete    than    its   only  real 
rival,    Bruder's    'Concordance.'      It    possesses 
certain  distinct  advantages  over  that  work,  but 
at  the  same  time  it  labours  under  some  defects. 
The  object  of  a  concordance  to  the  Greek  New 
Testament  is  to  enable  its  readers  to  find  every 
word  that  occurs  in  the  New  Testament.     And 
when  every  word  is  presented  with  its  context, 
then  it  is   expected  that   all  the  passages  that 
contain  it  and  can   throw  light   on  it  are  ex- 
hibited.    But   this  purpose   is  to   some  extent 
defeated    when    a    particular    edition    or    two 
or     three     particular    editions      are     selected, 
and  everything  which  is  absent  from  them   is 
omitted.     Thus,  for  instance,  the  student  of  the 
grammar  of  the  New  Testament  would    never 
know  from  this  book  that  the  form  ^lopvyrfvai 
occurs  in  some  of  the  best  MSS.  of  St.  Matthew, 
among  them  the  Vatican   MS.,  simply  because 
Westcott  and   Hort  and  Tischendorf  have  pre- 
ferred ^lopv^Orivai.     Many  readers  would  like 
to   exercise   their  own  judgment    on  this    and 
similar  questions,    and  Bruder's   work  has  the 
advantage  of  quoting    MSS.   and    not  editors. 
Indeed,  a  concordance  to  the  Greek  New  Testa- 
ment should   take  note  of  all  words  and  pas- 


sages that  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  best  MSS., 
and  certainly  would  be  an  advantage  if  it  con- 
tained even  the  apocryphal  sentences  which 
occur  in  a  few  MSS.,  such  as  the  Codex 
Bezse. 

Texts  and  Studies:  Contributions  to  Biblical 
and  Patristic  Literature.  Edited  by  J.  Armitage 
Robinson,  D.D. — Apocrypha  Anecdota.  Part  II. 
By  M.  R.  James,  Litt.D.  (Cambridge,  Uni- 
versity Press.)  —  This  second  series  of  'Apo- 
crypha Anecdota '  deserves  a  warm  welcome 
from  all  patristic  scholars.  Dr.  James  is 
indefatigable  in  searching  for  new  documents, 
and  he  has  been  remarkably  successful.  The 
present  volume  contains  six  pieces.  Portions 
of  all  of  them  have  appeared  in  some  form  or 
another,  but  Dr.  James  now  presents  them  with 
more  complete  and  better  texts.  The  most 
interesting  of  them  is  the  first,  a  fragment  of 
the  Acts  of  John,  which  he  proves  to  be  the 
work  of  Leucius.  Its  contents  represent  Docet- 
ism  more  exactly  than  any  other  document  in 
existence.  Dr.  James's  introductions  and  notes 
merit  high  praise.  He  has  not  been  able  to 
settle  many  of  the  questions  which  he  has 
raised,  but  he  has  made  valuable  contributions 
towards  their  settlement,  and  in  present  cir- 
cumstances no  one  can  do  more. 


SCANDINAVIAN   NOVELS. 

Norse   Sketches    and    Tales.      By   Alexander 
L.    Kielland.      Translated    by   R.    L.    Cassie. 
(Stock.) — Of  all   the  novelists   of  Scandinavia, 
perhaps   Alexander  Kjelland    most    resembles 
Guy  de  Maupassant.     His  art,  at  any  rate,  is 
much  more  Gallic  than  Norse,  especially  in  his 
shorter  stories.     At  its  best  his  style  possesses 
all  the  elegance,  refinement,  and  pregnant  con- 
ciseness  which    distinguish    the    work   of    the 
author  of  '  Pierre  et  Jean,'  and  he  has  the  same 
skill  in  treating  risky  and  ambiguous  subjects 
with    mingled   piquancy   and    discretion.     But 
the   Norwegian   is   more   humane   and   sympa- 
thetic than  the  Frenchman,  and,  an  aristocrat 
by  nature,  has,  nevertheless,  always  championed 
the  cause   of   the  downtrodden    lower    classes 
with  a   perfervid   indignation  which  wins   our 
respect  despite   its  exaggeration.     Of  the   ten 
stories  which  make   up  this  volume  only  two, 
'Trofast'    and  'Karen,'    are    fairly    represen- 
tative of  the  author's  peculiar  genius  ;  but  these 
two  are  famous  in  their  way.     They  appeared 
together  some  few  years  ago  in  a  tiny  booklet, 
entitled  'To  Novelletter  fra  Danmark,' shortly 
after   Kjelland's   visit    to    Copenhagen.      The 
longer   tale,    '  Trofast,'   in   which   the    Copen- 
hagener's  excessive  fondness  for  dogs  is  almost 
savagely    ridiculed,     grievously    offended     his 
Danish   friends,    who   even  accused   him   of  a 
breach  of  hospitality  in  publishing  what  they 
regarded  as  an  offensive  caricature.     There  can, 
indeed,  be  no  doubt  that  the  satire  sometimes 
goes    too   far.      Thus   the   comparison   of    the 
loyalty    of    Danish    subjects    to    the   cringing 
subserviency  of    the  Danish  boarhound   to  its 
master  might  well   have  been    omitted  ;    but, 
as  a   whole,  the   story  is   a   little   masterpiece 
of  sardonic  humour.     'Karen,' a  pathetic  tale 
of  seduction  and  suicide,  is  a  model  of  artistic 
restraint  and  suggestiveness.      There  is  not  a 
word  too  much  in  it,  and  every  word  tells.    We 
are  glad  to  be  able  to  observe,  in  conclusion, 
that  the  translation  is  far  above  the  average. 

The  Bridal  March.  By  B.  Bjomson.  Trans- 
lated from  the  Norwegian.  (Heinemann.) — 
'  Brude  Slaaten '  is  one  of  the  lightest,  not  to 
say  one  of  the  thinnest,  of  Bjornson's  peasant 
stories  ;  but  it  is  pretty  and  pleasant  and  full 
of  sunlight,  and  the  bracing  atmosphere  of  the 
Fjeld  meets  us  on  every  page  of  it.  Moreover, 
most  of  the  personages  are  interesting  and  pic- 
turesque (though  admirers  of  the  more  realistic 
Jens  Tvedt  might  be  tempted  to  regard  them  as 
a  trifle  too  romantic  to  be  altogether  natural), 
and,  better  still,  not  one  of  them  attempts  to 
preach  or  prophesy,  as  Bjornson's  heroes  too 


N-'Sesr,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


63 


often  do.  The  translation  is  good  on  the  whole, 
but  a  slip  or  two  occur  now  and  then,  and 
there  are  occasional  obscurities,  as,  for  instance, 
on  p.  86,  where  it  is  not  quite  clear  whether  the 
lovers  or  the  "  old  strange  story  "  (it  should,  by 
the  way,  be  stories)  came  out  of  the  wood. 

Magnhild.        By     Bjornstjerne      Bjornson. 
Translated  from  the  Norwegian.    (Heinemanu.) 
— '  Magnhild  '  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of 
Bjornson's  novels  for  many  reasons.     It  marks 
a  transition  in  the  author's  philosophy  of  life — 
a  movement  from   strict  orthodoxy  to  a  more 
independent  standpoint.     It    is    an    ingenious 
and    highly    characteristic    contribution   to    the 
so-called    social    question — a    plea  for    purity, 
but,  at  the  same  time,  an  apology  for  pretty  and 
accomplished    women   who   deceive    or    desert 
objectionable     husbands.      As    literature    also 
it  is  by  no  means  contemptible.     It  contains  a 
few  of  the  author's  finest  descriptive  touches  ; 
and  the  erring  but  irresistible  Mrs.  Bang,  the 
ultra-emotional    Magnhild,    honest,    downright 
Ronnaug  (an  excellent  specimen  of  Bjornson's 
favourite  strong-woman  type),  and,  above   all, 
the  cunning,  low-minded,  but  acute  and  intelli- 
gent Skarlie,  a  sort  of  shabby  Loki  in  human 
form,  must   be  numbered  amongst  Bjornson's 
best  creations.     The  translator  has  been  very 
careful  and  conscientious,  and  is  plainly  well 
acquainted  with  the  language  of  the  original. 
There  are   few  actual  blunders.     An   English- 
man   would,  no    doubt,  have    translated    Pick- 
wickkluhben  'Pickwick  Papers,'  not  "Pickwick 
Club"  (p.  17j  ;  a   "throat"  beautifully  set  on 
a   pair  of   shoulders  (p.  61)  is  a  physiological 
curiosity — it   should,    of  course,   be  nech ;   and 
what,  we  ask,   is   gained    by  giving    to  "Hun 
voksede  Dag  for  Dag  ud  i  en  Knt)ppefylde  af 
Tanker  "  such  a  pedantic  turn  as  "  Day  by  day 
fresh  thoughts  burgeoned  in  her  mind  "  (p.  59)  1 
Blossomed  is  surely  a  simpler  and  more  natural 
word  than  "burgeoned."     These,  however,  are 
but  trifles.     The  more  serious  defects  of   this 
version  as  a  whole  are  its  lack  of  distinction  and 
its  occasional  grandiloquence  and  obscurity. 


ANTHOLOGIES. 

Me.  Churton  Collins's  chief  object  in  com- 
piling   A    Treasury   tj   Minor    British    Poetry 
(Arnold)  has  been,  he  says,  not  to  enter  into 
competition  with  such  well-known  books  as  'The 
Golden    Treasury  '    and    Archbishop    Trench's 
'Household  Book  of  English  Poetry,'  but  "to 
supplement  those  works,  and  to  introduce  the 
general   reader   to   poems  which,   though   well 
worth  his  attention,  are,  as  a  rule,  not  to  be 
found  at  all  in  popular  anthologies,  and  in  no 
case  are  among  the  stock  pieces  in  those  collec- 
tions."     Had    he    carried    out    this   intention 
adequately  the  result  would  have  been  welcome, 
though   scarcely    novel   in    idea.       Mr.    Collins 
describes  his   'Treasury'  as    "an  experiment, 
and,  so  far  as  I  know,  an  experiment  which  has 
not    been    attempted   before."      As    a   matter 
of   fact    such    an   attempt    was    made    by    Mr. 
W.    J.    Linton    in    his     'Rare   Poems   of   the 
Sixteenth    and     Seventeenth     Centuries,'    put 
forward,  a  dozen  years  ago  or  more,  avowedly 
as   "a  supplement    to  the   anthologies."     Mr. 
Linton  had  himself  been  anticipated  in  part  by 
the  late   Dr.   Hannah,    who,    in   his    '  Courtly 
Poets '    (1870),    first    secured     something    like 
popularity  for  certain  lyrics  by  Raleigh,  Wotton, 
Wyatt,  Lord  Vaux,  and  others.     Despite,  how- 
ever,  the  labours   of   these  two  poetry-lovers, 
there  was  still  room  for  an  anthology  of  "  minor 
British  poetry  "  which  should  bring  to  the  light 
of    day  gems    unknown    to    or    neglected    by 
previous  compilers.    Unfortunately,  Mr.  Collins 
has    not  adhered   to   the   lines   laid   down    by 
himself.     His  'Treasury '  undoubtedly  includes 
a  good  many  pieces  unfamiliar  to  "  the  general 
reader,"  and  that  is  its  main  reason  for  exist- 
ing ;   but  it  contains  an  undue    proportion  of 
lyrics  and  passages  quite  familiar  to  the  average 
student  of  English  verse.     One  finds  in  it  some 


fifty  or  sixty  pieces — about  a  sixth  of  the  whole 
— which  certainly  needed    no  introduction,    at 
this  time  of  day,  to  the  "general  "  or  any  other 
reader  :  hackneyed  pieces  such  as  "Forget  not 
yet  the  tried  intent,"  "Pack,    clouds,    away," 
"Love  in   my   bosom,   like  a  bee,"    "Martial, 
the    things    that    do     attain,"     "How     happy 
is    he    born    and    taught,"    "  A    sweet    attrac- 
tive  kind    of   grace,"   "  Go,    Soul,   the   body's 
guest,"  "  Lay  a  garland  on  my  hearse,"  "Ask 
me  why  I  send  you   here,"  "Phyllis  is  my  only 
joy/'  "Fair  Amoret  is  gone  astray,"  "Love  in 
fantastic   triumph    sat,"    "The    merchant,     to 
secure  his  treasure,"  "If    doughty   deeds    my 
lady  please,"  "Tender-handed  stroke  a  nettle," 
and  so  forth,  and  so  forth.    Twelve  of  the  lyrics 
exploited  by  Mr.  Collins  are  in   '  The  Golden 
Treasury,'  sixteen  in   'The  Household  Book,' 
and  five  in  both.     It  would  have  been  better 
then   if    he    had  devoted    himself    to   the  un- 
earthing of  pieces  absolutely  new  to  all  but  the 
experts.     In  any  case,  it  would  have  been  well 
if,  where  he  excised  whole  stanzas,  he  had  indi- 
cated the  fact  in  the  body  of  the  book,  either 
by  asterisks  or  some  other   means  ;  merely  to 
record    it    in  the   "notes"  at  the  end  of    the 
volume  is  not  enough.     In   one  instance   Mr. 
Collins    has    ventured    to    alter,   conjecturally, 
a   word    in    a    poem,  although    the  author  of 
that      poem  —  Mr.     F.     W.     Bourdillon  —  is 
alive     and    accessible    on    the     subject.       Mr. 
Collins    says    that    he     "knows    nothing"    of 
Mr.  Bourdillon,  but  whose  fault  is  that  ?     The 
"  notes  "are,  on  the  whole,  the  least  satisfactory 
portion  of    the  book,   for    Mr.   Collins    allows 
himself  to  be  betrayed  therein  into  a  number  of 
gratuitous  ipse-dixits,  in  which   "the    note    of 
provinciality  "  resounds.  Mr.  Collins,  it  appears, 
thinks    that      the    pathos    of    Dr.  John  Lang- 
horne  is   "often    exquisite";     that    the    Hon. 
W.  R.  Spencer  is  "certainly  one  of  the  most 
graceful  of    modern  lyrical    poets":    that   "in 
subtle  felicity  of  expression  "  C.  S.  Calverley  is 
"superior   to    Praed,"  and    so   on — judgments 
which  may  have  a  relative  interest  and  value, 
but  are  not  altogether  "  of  the  centre." 

In  English  Epithalamies  (Lane)  we  have  the 
first  of  a  series  of  "  Bodley  Head  Anthologies," 
to  be  edited  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Case.  Of  the  present 
work  Mr.  Case  is  also  the  compiler.   His  scheme 
is  modest  enough.     It  is  to  reprint  a  number  of 
"  epithalamies  "  written  between  1580  and  the 
tarly  years  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Of  others 
produced  within  that  period  he  supplies  a  list,  and 
he  furnishes  a  further  list  of  such  pieces  written 
since  1700.     Why   he  has  not  made  his  selec- 
tions cover  the  whole  ground  between  1600  and 
to-day  is   not   clear.      The  really  poetical  epi- 
thalamia  in  our  language  could  easily  have  been 
brought  within  the  limits  of  this  volume.     Mr. 
Case's  introduction  is    unnecessarily  long,  and 
some  of  the  pieces  he  reproduces  could  well  be 
spared.     Had  the  one  been  shortened  and  the 
others  omitted,  space  could  have  been  found  for 
all  the  English  hymeneal  verse  worth  reproduc- 
tion.    As  it  stands,  this  anthology  has  more  of 
historical  than  of   literary  interest.      Spenser, 
Ben  Jonson,  Donne,  Herrick,  and  one  or  two 
others    are   well    represented  ;    but  as  a  whole 
the  collection  does  not  maintain  a  high  standard 
of  poetic  merit.     That  it  is  monotonous  in  eifect 
is  inevitable  in  the  nature  of  the  subject  treated. 
The  ideas  appropriate  to  an  epithalamium  are 
soon  exhausted,  and  the  poets  and  the  versifiers 
are  not  to  be  blamed  if  they  have  repeated  one 
another  to  the  point  of  tedium. 

In  Praise  of  Music  (Stock)  is  a  collection  of 
passages  in  prose  and  verse  on  the  model  of 
'The  Book-Lover's  Enchiridion.'  The  excerpts 
range  from  Confucius  to  Miss  Susan  Wood 
(author  of  '  A  Plea  for  the  Reform  of  Music 
'Teaching,'  1883),  and  are  in  various  languages, 
including  those  of  Greece,  Rome,  France,  and 
Germany  as  well  as  England.  Mr.  Charles 
Sayle,  the  compiler,  has  brought  together  many 
eloquent  celebrations  of  music  as  an  art,  but  he 
has  also  admitted  into  his  book  much  which  is 


merely  trivial,  or  not  "praise"  at  all.  Some 
of  his  extracts  contain  nothing  but  a  bare 
reference  to  music  ;  in  at  least  one  case — that 
of  the  passage  from  Tolstoy's  '  Kreutzer  Sonata  ' 
— music  is  assailed,  not  praised.  All  the  more 
familiar  poetical  allusions  to  the  art  are  quoted 
here  ;  but  the  work,  though  readable  and 
not  without  utility,  is  of  unequal  value,  and 
could  be  curtailed  with  advantage. 

It  has  occurred  to  the  Rev.  Matthew  Russell, 
S.J.,  to  collect  and  reissue  (with  some  other 
verse,  specially  provided)  certain  fugitive 
"poems  in  praise  of  the  Foster-Father,"  to 
which  he  accords  the  title  of  St.  Josepli's 
Anthology  (Dublin,  Gill  &  Son).  Among  the 
contributors  to  the  book  are  Mr.  Aubrey 
de  Vere,  Mrs.  Katharine  Tynan  Hinkson,  John 
Keble,  Cardinal  Newman,  Father  Faber,  and, 
to  go  a  long  way  back,  Robert  Southwell. 
Nevertheless,  the  chief  feature  of  the  anthology 
is  the  sentiment  which  pervades  it  rather  than 
the  poetical  expression  given  to  that  sentiment. 
The  collection  will  no  doubt  have  considerable 
attractions  for  many  devout  persons. 


SHORT   .STORIES. 

distinctive    of    George 


The   most   distinctive    of    George   Egerton's 
Symphonies  (Lane)   is    'At   the   Heart   of    the 
Apple.'     It  is  a  story  with  an  idea  of  its  own 
which   impresses   itself   on   the   reader.     In   it 
George  Egerton  makes  the  attempt  to  trace  the 
growth  of  a  girl's  soul  as  it  developes  itself  in 
almost  absolute  solitude.  It  is  all  done  in  three 
scenes — when  she  is  a  quite  young  child,  when 
as  a  girl  she  meets  her  lover,  and  Idstly  when,  a 
woman  and  a  mother,  she  meets  again  the  father 
of  her  child.     The  first  two  scenes  are  most  con- 
vincing, especially  in  the  second  scene  the  girl's 
mingled  shyness  and  unsophisticated  delight  at 
finding  a  friend  ;  but  the  last,  though  pretty  in 
parts  as  a  picture,  is  anything  but  convincing  : 
the  tall  talk  about  the  woman's  rights  and  the 
man's  shame  suggests  some  London  club  rather 
than  a  solitude  and  a  creature  of  the  soil.     It  is 
almost  disgusting,   as  it  strikes  such  a  jarring 
note  in  an  otherwise  good  story  ;  but  we  sup- 
pose George  Egerton  had  to  have  it  out  some- 
where,  though  it  is  a  pity  she  chose  the  best 
story.     The  other  tales    in    the  book   are    not 
worth   very   much  ;   they  seem   rather  broken- 
backed   and  pointless,  the  least  so  being  '  Sea 
Pinks,'    which   is   the    story   of    a    gentleman, 
a  rare  character  in  writers  of  George  Egerton's 
kidney,  though  it  is  a  pity  he  reflects.     'The 
Captain's  Book  '  would  have  some  pathos  about 
it  if  it  were  not  such  a  very  old  idea. 

Of  course  George  Fleming  writes  well  and  is 
a  subtle  observer  of  the  mind,  both  male  and 
female,  especially  the  latter  :  still  it  is  sad  that 
she   will   write   about    such    futile,    inefl'ective 
people    as    she    does   in    most    of    her   Little 
Stories     about     Women     (Grant     Richards)  — 
people  so  inconclusive  that    they  hardly  form, 
food  for  the  story  they  belong  to.     There  is, 
it    is    true,  a   certain    tragedy   about    an    in- 
effective   life,    and    the    woman    who,    as    in 
the  first  story,  has  hardly  the  courage  to  know 
what  she  wants  is  indeed   pathetic  ;    but    one 
feels  almost  as  futile  as  the  ineffective  people 
when  one  has  mourned    over   them  in    print. 
It     is     curious    that    two    such    distinguished 
American    writers    as     George     Fleming    and 
Henry  James  should  show  so  much  leaning  to 
such  characters,  for  the  American  as  a  rule  is 
of  a  very  difi"erent  nature,  energetic  and  emi- 
nently conclusive.     However  it  may  be,  in  both 
authors  we  sometimes  get  the  idea  that  there 
has   been   a   great   pother    about   nothing — an 
impression  which  suggests  bad  art,  as  the  treat- 
ment should    always    be   proportionate  to   the 
subject.     After  all,   the    truest  and    the    most 
illuminating  way  of    treating  futile  people   in 
art  is  to  laugh  at  them  like  Mr.  George  Mere- 
dith ;    the   tragedy   peeps   out    none   the   less. 
Some  of  these  stories  of  George  Fleming's  are, 
however,  in  a  merrier  mood  ;  those  dealing  with 


64 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°3«37,  July  10,  '97 


Italy,  even  when  they  are  on  tragic  subjects, 
seem  to  have  more  of  life  and  reality  in  them 
than  the  others.  If  one  loves  Venice  as  George 
Fleming  loves  it,  one  cannot  write  about  it  and 
its  people  all  unhappily,  even  of  the  time  of  the 
Austrian. 

An  Electric  Shock,  and  other  Stories.  By  E. 
Gerard  (Madame  de  Laszowska).  (Blackwood 
&  Sons.) — The  Teutonic  model  is  not  the  best 
for  a  writer  of  English  fiction  to  follow.  No 
doubt,  from  some  points  of  view,  Heyse,  from 
whom  Miss  Gerard  seems  to  draw  a  good  deal 
of  her  inspiration,  is  a  better  master  than  what 
she  (by  an  odd  collocation  of  ponderousness  with 
vivacity)  calls  "such  writers  as  Zola  and  Gyp  "  ; 
and  in  his  own  tongue  he  is  often  readable 
enough.  But  it  cannot  be  denied  either  of  him 
or  of  other  German  story-tellers  that  their  march 
is  apt  to  be,  in  their  own  expressive  term,  schicer- 
fcilliij ;  and  this  quality  is  decidedly  apparent  in 
Miss  Gerard's  stories.  The  first  and  longest  of 
the  whole  half-dozen,  though  we  make  no  doubt 
that  it  is  original,  reads  in  many  places  like 
a  translation  from  the  German,  and  the  effect 
is  heightened  by  occasional  mentions  of  "'  the 
island  of  Kreta. "  It  is  not  that  the  English  is 
not  good,  but  the  sententiousness  and  verbosity 
of  every  one  concerned,  including  the  hero  and 
supposed  narrator  of  the  story,  give  the  reader 
that  feeling  of  wanting  to  knock  all  their  heads 
together  of  which  most  students  of  German 
fiction  must  often  be  conscious.  Another  story — 
in  which  a  young  squire,  coming  into  possession 
of  an  ancestral  castle,  falls  in  love  with  an  un- 
known portrait,  has  some  curious  "telepathic" 
experiences  in  connexion  with  it,  and  ultimately 
finds  what  Mr.  Hardy  would  call  "the  well- 
beloved  "  in  the  person  of  an  Italian  girl,  a 
collateral  descendant  of  the  pictured  lady— is 
again  highly  characteristic  of  a  literature  apt  to 
"  throw  back"  to  an  intellectual  stage  at  which 
the  same  old  tale  is  heard  over  and  over  again 
with  undiminished  pleasure  ;  for  '  The  Portrait 

of  Conceta  P '  is  surely  but  another  version 

of  a  very  well-known  theme.  The  half-hearted 
attempt  to  rationalize  it  at  the  end  is  decidedly 
a  mistake,  even  if  it  be  meant  for  humour. 
A  story  called  '  The  Attaman  :  a  Tale  of  the 
Kosaks  ' — we  prefer  "  Hetman  "  and  "Cossacks  " 
— is  touching  in  itself  ;  but  it,  too,  loses  much  of 
its  efTect  by  the  heavy  style  in  which  it  is  nar- 
rated. Two  others  deal  again  with  an  old  theme, 
that  of  lovers  parted  through  want  of  spirit  or 
want  of  temper,  and  meeting  again  in  after 
years  when  the  past  cannot  be  recalled. 
Curiously  enough,  in  both  cases,  as  in  the 
first  story,  the  "  hero  "  of  the  tale  is  a  doctor. 
All  three  are  more  or  less  prigs  ;  but  the  last, 
to  whom  the  story  called  '  The  Price  of  a  Neck- 
lace '  relates,  is  the  only  one  who  suffers  severely 
in  consequence,  and  his  punishment  for  a  small 
act  of  folly  is  terrible  indeed.  This  is,  on  the 
whole,  by  far  the  most  effective  story  in  the 
book. 

The  house  of  Calmann  Levy  publish  a  volume 
of  short  stories  by  one  of  the  ablest  living 
writers  of  these  contributions  to  Paris  news- 
papers, Les  Jcunes,  by  M.  Henri  Lavedan.  The 
stories  are,  though  naturally  extremely  light, 
yet  filled  with  a  considerable  knowledge  of  the 
newest  of  new  generations. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 
The  Age  of  Milton.  By  the  Rev.  J,  H.  B. 
Masterman.  (Bell  &  Sons.) — This  volume 
was  originally  undertaken  by  Mr.  J.  Bass 
Mullinger,  but  other  claims  on  his  time  led 
him  to  hand  it  over  to  Mr.  Masterman, 
whose  work  in  the  main  it  is.  It  is  not 
easy  to  consider  the  change  a  fortunate  one. 
Mr.  Masterman  depends  far  too  much  on  pre- 
vious critics  for  his  judgments.  Almost  every 
page  is  full  of  verdicts  from  Profs.  Masson  and 
Saintsbury,  or  others  who  have  gone  before, 
and  the  pieces  quoted  from  the  authors  suggest 
a    similar   source    rather   than   original    study. 


This  destroys  the  freshness  of  the  book  and 
gives  it  a  scrappy  effect.  With  regard  to  Milton 
the  author  seems  to  show  something  a  little  like 
pruderie  hete  in  the  references  to  the  wits  of  the 
Apollo.  Milton's  poetry  would  not  have  lost 
anything  if  he  had  been  a  little  more  of  a 
pagan  and  less  of  a  Puritan,  and  occasionally, 
as  Crashaw  says,  been 

Dressed  in  the  glorious  madness  of  a  Muse. 
A  little  infusion  of  hutnour,  too,  from  the 
"tribe  of  Ben  "  might  have  lessened  his  domestic 
discomforts.  The  Latin  motto  attached  to 
'Arcades'  "could,"  says  the  writer,  "have 
been  added  by  no  other  hand  than  Milton's." 
This  seems  rather  fanciful  and  speculative,  as 
Virgil's  eclogues,  whence  it  is  taken,  were  well 
known  to  all  scholars  in  those  days,  when  Latin 
was  almost  a  living  language.  If  '  Lycidas '  is 
to  be  traced  back  to  early  sources  of  elegy, 
Bion  rather  than  Theocritus  is  the  model,  and 
among  English  elegies '  Astrophel '  and  Mr.  Swin- 
burne's '  Ave  atque  Vale  '  were  surely  worth 
mentioning  besides  'Adonais'  and  '  Thyrsis.' 
Occasionally  the  author  does  not  seem  much  in 
sympathy  with  his  subject,  as  when  he  speaks 
of  "  the  dulness  of  many  of  Vaughan's  poems  "; 
and  the  morals  of  the  Stuart  Court  have 
possibly  made  him  underrate  the  lyric  excel- 
lence of  Caroline  poetry.  On  the  whole,  however, 
he  writes  clearly  and  cautiously,  though  he 
overstates  the  theatrical  popularity  of  Mas- 
singer's  'A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,'  and 
adds  an  unnecessary  adjective  when  he  talks 
(p.  26)  of  "  the  recurring  refrain "  in  the 
'  Epitaphium  Damonis. ' 

We  have  already  said  on  a  former  occasion 
that  we  are  tired  of  the  George  Sand — Alfred 
de  Musset  controversy,  and  although  a  new 
volume  containing  a  reprint  of  George  Sand's 
Lettres  a  Alfred  de  Musset  et  a  Sainte-Beuve, 
published  by  Calmann  Le'vy,  and  containing, 
we  believe,  a  few  new  letters,  is  selling  freely, 
we  cannot  profess  to  find  much  of  interest  in 
them. 

That  terrible  publishing  house  "La  Societe 
dv  Mercvre  de  France,"  which,  however,  is 
partially  redeemed  by  its  publication  of  the 
last  book  of  Maeterlinck,  issues  Sur  les  Fointes, 
by  M.  Pierre  d'Alheim.  It  is  a  sort  of  comic 
history  of  Russia,  perhaps  intended  to  be 
serious. 

M.  HuGUES  Le  Roux  reprints  from  the 
Figaro,  and  issues  through  the  house  of  Calmann 
Levy,  a  series  of  essays  on  "What  to  do  with 
our  Boys,"  under  the  title  Nos  Fils — Que  feront- 
ils?  M.  Hugues  Le  Roux  is  less  successful 
than  he  was  in  his  book  on  Algerian  colonization 
— he  attacks  the  law,  medicine,  and  other  learned 
professions  as  possible  openings,  praises  English 
public-school  education,  and  decides  in  favour 
of  commercial  education  and  commercial  or 
agricultural  life.  Incidentally  he  discusses  the 
question  why  we  have  been  successful  in 
trade  without  having  any  commercial  education  ; 
and  he  attributes  to  German  superiority  in  this 
respect  the  rapid  advance  of  German  as  com- 
pared with  British  trade. 

Messrs.  Eoutledge  have  sent  us  a  handsome 
reprint  of  Capt.  Marryat's  Olla  Fodrida,  with  an 
introduction  by  Mr.  Courtney  and  illustrations 
by  Mr.  F.  W.  Hayes. — A  cheap  and  convenient 
edition  of  In  Darkest  Africa,  with  a  new  preface 
by  Mr.  Stanley,  has  been  brought  out  by  Messrs. 
Sampson  Low  &  Co. — A  third  volume  of  the 
pretty  reprint  of  Florio's  Montaigne,  which  is 
appearing  in  the  "Temple  Classics,"  has  been 
sent  to  us  by  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co. 

We  have  received  the  Reports  of  the  Free 
Libraries  of  Aston  Manor,  Battersea,  Birming- 
ham, Chelsea,  Preston,  Richmond  (Surrey), 
St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  West  Ham,  and 
Whitechapel.  Aston  Manor  reports  a  diminu- 
tion of  issues  in  both  departments  of  the  library. 
At  Battersea  considerable  improvements  have 
been  made  in  the  Central  Library  as  well  as 
at  Lammas  Hall.     Birmingham  has  established 


yet  another  branch  library.  Chelsea  has  been 
prosperous,  and  the  library  is  now  adorned  with 
a  statuette  of  Sir  Thomas  More.  At  Preston 
the  libraries  have  received  many  useful  acces- 
sions. At  Richmond  music  has  been  added  to 
the  lending  library  with  satisfactory  results. 
From  St.  George's  the  report  is  favourable 
upon  the  whole.  West  Ham  seems  to  be  exceed- 
ingly prosperous.  Whitechapel  lost  by  death 
its  first  librarian,  Mr.  Williams,  and  Mr.  Caw- 
thorne  has  succeeded  him.  No  branch  libraries 
have  yet  been  established. — -We  have  also  on 
our  table  the  Catalogue  of  Books  r)i  the  Reference, 
and  Lending  Deiyartments  at  Putney,  and  several 
numbers  of  the  Fublic  Library  Journal  issued 
at  Cardiff;  and  somewhat  similar  publications 
have  reached  us  from  Newington  and  Notting- 
ham. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  English  Constitu- 
tion, by  J.  Macy  (Macmillan),  —  the  Life  of  Johrh 
Sebastian  Bach,  by  S.  Taylor  (Cambridge,  Mac- 
millan &  Bowes), — The  Pamirs  and  the  Sourct 
of  the  Oxus,  by  G.  N.  Curzon,  M.P.  (Stanford), 
— Glimpses  at  Greece,  by  C.  Janeway  (Kegan 
Paul),  —  Boers  a)id  Little  Englanders,  by  J. 
Procter  (G.  Allen),—.!  Fedaller  Abroad,  by  C.  F: 
Simond  (Causton), — Summer  Tours  in  Scotland- 
by  D.  MacBrayne  (Glasgow,  MacBrayne), — 
St.  Columba,  by  D.  Macgregor  (Edinburgh, 
Hitt), — Church  and  Queen:  Lambeth  Conference., 
by  M.  B.  Phillips  (Church  Newspaper  Com- 
pany), —  Disunion  and  Reunion,  by  W.  J. 
Madden  (Burns  &  Gates), —  The  Raleigh  History 
Reader:  The  Reign  of  Queen  Victoria,  by  J.  H. 
Rose  (Blackie),  —  Psychology  of  the  Moral 
^^Vt  ^y  B.  Bosanquet  (Macmillan),  —  The 
Origin  of  the  Celestud  Lau-s  atid  MotionSy 
by  G.  T.  Carruthers  (Bradbury  &  Agnew), — 
Heart  Disease  and  the  Nauheim  Treatment,  by 
J.  Kidd,  M.D.  (Bodder  &  Stoughton),— T/ie 
Extinction  of  War,  Foverty,  and  Infectious 
Diseases,  by  a  Doctor  of  Medicine  (Forder), — 
Sanitary  and  Social  Questions  of  the  Day,  by 
an  Observer  (The  Cotton  Press), — The  Finch 
Frimer,  by  A.  V.  Finch  (Ginn  &  Co.),— First 
Stage  Souiul,  Light,  and  Heat,  by  J.  Don 
(Clive),  —  Telepathy  and  the  Sublim.inal  Self,  by 
R.  O.  Mason  (Kegan  Paul),  — Xessons  in  Ele- 
mentary Fractical  Fhysics,  by  C.  L.  Barnes, 
Vol.  III.  Part  I.  (Macmillan),— .Ex^enments  on 
Steam  Boilers,  edited  by  B.  Donkin  ('  Engi- 
neering'  Office),— and  Our  Trade  in  the  World 
in  relation  to  Foreign  Competition,  1885  to  1895.^ 
by  W.  S.  H.  Gastrell  (Chapman  &  Hall). 


LIST  OF  NKW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology, 

Barnes's  (W.  B.)  An  Apparatus  Criticus  to  Chronicles  in  the 
Peshitto  Version,  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  a  Study  in  Personal  Eeligion,  by  H.  F. 
Horton,  or.  8vo.  7/6  net. 

Oates's  ( J  )  The  Sorrows  of  God,  and  other  Sermons,  .3/6  cl. 

Oxford  Debate  on  the  Textual  Criticism  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, 8vo.  2/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archccology. 

Armitage's  (E.  S.)  Key  to  English  Antiquities,  cr.  8vo.  7/ el. 

Bradshaw's  (H.)  Statutes  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  edited  by 
Chr.  Wordsworth,  Part  2,  8vo.  30/  el. 

Jackson's  (T.   G.)  The  Church  of    St.  Mary   the  Virgin, 
Oxford,  4to.  36/  net. 

Poetry. 

Cotton's  (J.)  Thoughts  and  Fancies,  Poems,  &c.,  3/6  net. 

Horace's  Odes  in  English  in  the  Original  Metres,  by  Ke\''. 
P.  E.  Phelps,  cr.  8vo.  4,6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 

Bigham's  (C.)  With  the  Turkish  Army  in  Thessaly,  8/6  net. 

Heckethorn's  (C.  W.)  The  Secret  Societies  of  All  Ages  anci 
Countries,  2  vols.  8vo.  31/6  net,  cl. 

■Venn's  (J.)  Biographical  History  of  Gonville  and  Caius  Col- 
lege, 1.349-1897,  Vol.  1,  imp.  8vo.  20/  net. 

Victoria,  Queen  and  Empress,  by  K.  Davey,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cK 
(Historical  Women  Series  ) 

Victoria,  Regina  et  Imperatrix,  by  G.  Wyalville,  3/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Browning's    (H.    E)    A    Girl's   Wanderings    in    Hungary, 

cheaper  edition,  cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
Leith's  (.Mrs.  D.)  Three  Visits  to  Iceland,  cr.  8vo.  5/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Sophoclis  Tragoedia;,  edited  by  E.  Y.  Tyrrell,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net. 
(Parnassus  Library.) 

Science. 
Berry's  (R.  J.  A.)  The  Csecal  Folds  and  Fossa;,  Bvo.  6/  net. 
Curry's    (C.    B)    Theory    of    Electricity   and    Magnetism,, 
cr.  8vo.  8/6  net. 


N°  3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


65 


Dowse's  (T.  S.)  The  Pocket  Therapist,  a  Concise  Manual, 
liJmo.  5/  net. 

He-will's  (J.  D.  R.)  Creation  with  Development  or  Evolu- 
tion, cr.  8vo.  H/  cl. 

Hewill's  (J.  T.)  Organic  Chemical  Manipulation,  7/ti  net. 

Mac  Dermott's  (G.  M.)  Evolution  and  Uevelation,  Irimo.  '21 

Murray's  (D.  A  )  Introduclory  Course  in  Differential  Equa- 
tions, cr.  bvo.  4/6  cl. 

Parish's   (K.)   Hallucinations  and   Illusions,   cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
(Contemporary  Science  Series  ) 

General  Literature. 

Cavalry  Tactics,  by  a  Cavalry  Officer,  32mo.  4/  cl. 

Fowler's  (E.  H.)  The  Professor's  Children,  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Haggard's  (H.  K.)  Joan  Haste,  cheaper  edition,  cr.  Svo.  3,6 

James's  (H.)  The  Other  House,  cr.  bvo.  6/  cl. 

Jane's  (F.  T.)  To  Venus  in  Five  Seconds,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 

Lang's  (A.)  Modern  Mytliolcgy,  Svo.  9/  cl. 

Mor.ey's  (G.)  In  Kusse't  Mantle  Clad,  Scenes  of   Kural  Life, 
Svo.  10/6  cl. 

Muir's    (K.    J.)    Kuskin    IJevised,    and    other    Papers    en 
Education,  Svo.  2/  cl. 

Voynich's  (E.  L.)  The  GadHy,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Williams's  (B.  E.)  Foreigner  in  the  Farmyard,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 

Zola's  (E.)  Stories  for   Ninon,  translated   by  E.   Vizeteliy, 
cheaper  edition,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

tine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Lahor(J.):  William  Morris  et  le  Mouvement  nouveau  de 

I'Art  Decoratif,  3fr. 
Rosenberg  (A.) :  Vauiier,  Sm. 

Fcetry. 
Fuster  (C.) :  L'Annee  des  Pontes,  lOfr. 

History  and  liiographi/. 
Chassin  (Ch.  L.)  :  Le  G6neral  Hocbe  a  Quiberon,  2fr.  50. 
Dartigue-Peyrou  (J.)  :  Marc  Aurfele  dans  ses  Kapports  avec 

le  Cbristianisrae,  5fr. 
Massa  (Marquis  P.  de) :  Souvenirs  et  Impressions,  1840-1S71, 

3fr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Ginisty  (P.)  :  De  Paris  au  Cap  Nord,  Notes  Pittoresques  sur 

la  Scandinavie,  2fr.  50. 
Javelle  (E.)  :  Souvenirs  d'un  Alpiniste,  3fr.  50. 
Kinsky  (Comte  C.  de) :  Le  Continent  Africain,  12fr. 
Zichy  (Comte  B.  de)  :  Voyagts  au  Caucase  et  en  Asie  Cen- 

irale,  2  vols.  20m. 

Science. 
Berthelot  (M  )  :  Thermochimie,  2  vols.  50fr. 
Faye   11.)  :  Nouve  le  Etude  sur  les  Temte  es,  4fr.  50. 
Goldschmidt  (L.) :  Die  Wahrscheinlichkeitsrecbnung,  7m. 
Tigerstedt  (R.)  :  Lehrbuch  der  Pbysiologie  des  Menschen, 

Vol.  1,  12m. 

General  Literature. 
Bazin  (R.)  :  Stephanette,  .'^fr. 
Bertnay  (P.) :  Urphelins  d'Alsace,  2  vols.  Tfr. 
Br^al  (M  )  :  Bssai  de  Semantique,  7fr.  50. 
Damad  (M.)  :  Kebelles  et  Soumises,  3fr.  60. 
Duncan  (H.  O.) :  Vingt  Ans  de  Cyclisme  Pratique,  3fr  50. 
Grenier  (A   S  )  :    Repertoire  des   Kaits   poliiiques,  sociaux, 

economiques  etgfineraux  de  1896.  7fr.  50. 
Lacome  (P.) :  Les  Ktoiles  du  Passfi,  3fr  50. 
Luguet(M.):  Coeurs  Naifs,  3fr. 
Mac§  :  Crimes  Impunis,  3fr.  .50. 

Montesquiou  (Comte  R.  de) :  Roseaux  Pensants,  3fr.  50, 
Saint-Quentin  (A.  de) :  L'Eau  et  le  Ftu,  3fr.  60. 
Vlollis(J.)  :  L'fimoi,  Ifr. 


A  LETTER  OF  THOMAS  PAINE  TO  DR.  FRANKLIN. 

The  subjoined  letter  of  Paine  has  never,  I 
believe,  been  printed.  Paine  sailed  from  Eng- 
land in  September,  1774,  and  landed  at  Phil- 
adelphia, November  30th.  He  was  introduced 
to  Franklin,  then  in  London,  by  Mr.  George 
Lewis  Scott,  Commissioner  of  Excise,  who  is 
alluded  to  in  the  letter.  Franklin  introduced 
him  to  some  of  his  friends  in  Philadelphia, 
and  to  his  son-in-law,  Richard  Bache,  as  "an 
ingenious  worthy  young  man,"  who  would 
be  useful  as  a  clerk,  or  assistant  surveyor,  or 
assistant  tutor  in  a  school.  The  magazine  of 
which  Paine  was  editor  was  The  Fennsylcania 
Magazine,  or  American  Museum.  Parton  sup- 
poses him  to  have  been  the  iarst  paid  editor  in 
America.  An  autobiographical  letter  written 
by  Paine,  and  first  printed  in  vol.  iv.  of  my 
'Writings  of  Paine'  (Appendix),  shows  that 
he  was  not  fairly  paid  by  Robert  Aitkin,  the 
publisher.  This  is  the  only  letter  of  Paine's 
which  I  have  seen  which  is  without  the  final 
"  e  "  in  the  signature.  (Paine's  father  is  entered 
as  a  freeman  of  Thetford  as  "Joseph  Paine.") 
This  letter  to  Franklin  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia. 

MoNCURE  D.  Conway, 

To  Hod.  Benj.  Franklin, 
London,  Eng. 
Honored  Sir  : 
I  am   just  now  itifcrmed   by   Mr.    Bache   of  a 
vessel  preparing  to  sail  for    London,  and    lest    I 
should  not  have  another  opportunity  so  soon  as  I 
wish,  I  have  taken  this  to  acquaint  you  as  laconic- 
ally as  I  can  of  the  service  that  your  good  favors 
have  been  to  me,  and  my  gratitude  on  that  account. 
Even  thanks  may  be  rendered  troublesome,  by  being 
tediou?,  especially  to  a  gentleman  so  variously  en- 
gaged as  yourself. 


I  did  not  sail  in  the  vessel  I  first  intended,  it  not 
having  proper  conveniences,  but  in  the  London 
packet,  Capt.  Coche.  The  exchange  was  made  for 
the  worse.  A  putrid  fever  broke  out  among  the 
steerage  (having  120  on  board)  which,  though  not 
fatal,  was  dismal  and  dangerous.  We  buried  five, 
and  not  above  that  number  escaped  the  disease.  By 
good  providence  we  had  a  doctor  on  board,  who  had 
entered  himself  as  one  of  the  stewards,  otherwise 
we  must  have  been  in  as  deplorable  a  situation  as 
a  passage  of  nine  weeks  could  have  rendered  us. 
The  cabin  passengers  escaped  the  illness,  owing,  I 
believe,  to  their  being  almost  constantly  sea-sick 
the  first  three  weeks.  I  had  no  sea-sickness,  but 
suffered  dreadfully  with  fever.  I  had  very  little 
hopes  that  the  Captain,  or  myself,  would  live  to  see 
America.  Dr.  Heatsley  of  this  place  attended  the 
ship  on  her  arrival,  and  when  he  understood  that  I 
was  on  your  recommendation  he  provided  a  lodging 
for  me  and  sent  two  of  liis  men  with  a  chair  to 
bring  me  on  shore,  for  I  could  not  at  that  time  turn 
in  my  bed  without  help.  I  was  six  weeks  on  shore 
before  I  was  well  enough  to  wait  on  Mr.  Bache  with 
your  favor,  but  am  now,  thank  God,  perfectly  re- 
covered. I  am  the  more  particular  in  mentioning 
this  lest  the  scarcity  of  vessels  which  may  sail  for 
Philadelphia  from  London  at  this  time  might  induce 
you  to  come  in  one  of  them.  I  attribute  the  disease 
to  the  impurity  of  the  air  between  decks,  and 
think  ventilation  would  prevent  it ;  but  I  am  con- 
vinced that  it  cannot  remove  the  disease  after  it  has 
once  taken  place. 

I  observe  in  Dr.  Priestley's  late  experiments  on 
air,  and  your  letter  thereon,  that  ventilation  will 
recover  air  rendered  noxious  by  animal  substances 
decaying  in  it  to  its  former  purity.  Query  :  Whether 
it  will  recover  air  rendered  impure  by  respiration 
only  ?  If  it  does  it  seems  to  indicate  that  air  has 
not  vivifying  spirit,  or  does  not  lose  it  by  passing 
through  the  lungs,  but  acts  only  as  a  cleanser  and 
becomes  pure  by  carrying  off  the  filth  -.—i.e.,  not  by 
what  it  looses,  but  what  it  gains.  I  have  not  the 
treatise  by  me,  and  may  perhaps  have  made  a  useless 
remark. 

Governor  Franklin  has  removed  to  Amboy.  I 
have  not  yet  waited  on  him.  Your  counciling  me 
has  obtained  me  many  friends  and  much  reputa- 
tion, for  which  please  accept  my  sincere  thanks. 

I  have  been  applied  to  by  several  gentlemen  to 
instruct  their  sons  on  very  advantageous  terms  to 
myself  ;  and  a  printer  and  bookselier  here  and  man 
of  reputation  and  property,  Robert  Aitkin,  has  lately 
attempted  a  magazine,  but  having  little  or  no  turn 
that  way  himself  has  applied  to  me  for  assistance. 
He  had  not  above  Six  hundred  subscribers  when 
I  first  assisted  him.  We  now  have  upward  of  Fifteen 
hundred,  and  daily  increasing.  I  have  not  yet 
entered  into  terms  with  him  ;  this  is  only  the 
second  number— the  first  I  was  not  concerned  in. 
I  beg  your  acceptance  of  the  enclosed  and  request 
you  to  present  the  other  to  my  good  friend  Mr. 
Scott,  to  whom  I  intend  to  address  a  letter  when 
I  can  have  time  and  opportunity  to  entertain  him 
with  a  few  amusing  particulars. 

I  have  not  time  to  copy  the  letter  fair  as  I  have 
a  long  one  to  write  to  m)"  father,  wherefore  I  beg 
you  to  accept  it  as  it  is  ;  and  should  he  request  you 
to  take  charge  of  or  forward  a  letter  to  me  from  him 
I  entreat  your  kindness  thereon. 

Please  present  my  duty  to  Mr.  Scott  as  early  as 
you  conveniently  can. 

I  am,  honored  sir, 

Your  much  obliged  humble  servant, 
Thos.  Pain, 

Front  Street, 
Opposite  London 
Coffee  House. 
Philadelphia, 

Mar.  4th,  1775. 

P.S.  I  should  be  greatly  obliged  to  you  for 
anything  you  may  judge  serviceable  to  the  maga- 
zine, when  you  make  your  much  hoped  for  return 
to  America,  or  sooner,  if  you  please.  Should  be 
obliged  to  you  to  purchase  me  Goldsmith's  History 
of  the  Earth  and  Animated  Nature,  when  you 
return.  In  short,  sir,  we  should  be  glad  if  you 
would  think  of  us  before  you  embark,  and  beg 
leave  to  trouble  you  with  an  unlimited  commission. 


THE  ENGLISH   CHURCH  HISTORY  EXHIBITION 
AT  THE   BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

The  British  Museum  authorities  have  just 
arranged  a  special  and  temporary  exhibition  of 
ancient  manuscripts,  papers,  and  printed  books 
relating  to  the  history  of  the  English  Church, 
d  prupos  of  the  thirteen  hundredth  anniver.sary 
of  the  advent  of  St.  Augustine,  in  a  series  of 
cases  set  out  in  the  King's  Library.  The  relics 
of  the  earliest  period  are  necessarily  not 
numerous.     Perhaps  the  earliest  is  the  vener- 


able Psalter,  after  the  version  of  St.  Jerome, 
written     in     England     about     a.d.    700,     and 
replenished  with   miniatures   executed    in   the 
Anglo  -  Hibernian      style.       It     belonged      to 
St.    Augustine's  Abbey,   Canterbury,  and  at   a 
later   period    fell    into    the    possession    of    Sir 
Robert  Cotton,  of  whose  library  it  now  forms 
one  of  the  finest  pieces.    The  Latin  text  and  the 
interlinear  Anglo-Saxon  gloss,  believed  by  some 
to  exhibit  the  dialect  of  the  country  immediately 
south  of  the  Humber,  but  by  others,  with  more 
reason,  to  be  in  the  Kentish  dialect,  have  long 
been  studied,  and  have  formed  the  subject  of 
many  critical  essays.     From  a  remote    period 
this  MS.  obtained  the  name  of  "St.  Augustine's 
Psalter,"  in   the  belief  that  it  was  one  of  the 
texts  sent  to  him  by  Pope  Gregory,  as  related  by 
Beda.  Butitisimpossible  to  accept  this  tradition, 
since  although  the  handwriting  of  the  Latin  part 
by  itself    might    suggest  a    foreign  origin,  the 
ornamentation  throughout    is  distinctly  of    an 
Anglo-Irish  character,  and  in  point  of  date  must 
be  placed  about  a  century  later  than  St.  Augus- 
tine.    Possibly  it  is  a  cojjy  from  the  original 
Psalter  sent  by  Gregory,  written  by  a   foreign 
scribe  domiciled  within  the  abbey  and  illumi- 
nated by  a  native  artist.     Another  fine  MS.  is 
that   of    the   Four    Gospels    of    St.    Jerome's 
version,   better    known    as    the    "  Lindisfarne 
Gospels"  or   "Durham    Book,"  written  about; 
the  year  700   by  Eadfrith,  Bishop  of    Lindis- 
farne, in  honour  of    his  predecessor  St.   Cuth- 
bert,  who   died  in  a.d.   687-     Here,  again,  the 
ornamentation  is  of  the  style  introduced  from; 
Ireland,  consisting  of  intricate,  yet  harmonious 
and  accurate   combination  and  commingling  of 
geometrical    patterns,    interlacem.ents,    spirals, 
birds,  and   lacertiform  animals  with  their  limba 
fantastically  knotted  and  plaited  together  ;  and 
four    portrait     paintings    of     the    Evangelists 
preceding      their      respective      gospels,       evi- 
dently   inspired    by    Byzantine    models.      This 
Latin    MS.    has    interlinear    glosses    through- 
out, written  in  the  Northumbrian  dialect  of  the 
tenth   century  by  Aldred   the  priest,  who  has 
left  a  paragraph  recording  his   labours  in   the 
scriptoritnn  at    the  end    of   the  Gospel  of  St. 
John.     There  is  a  tradition  that  on  the  occasion 
of    the    Danish    invasion    of    Northumbria    in 
A.D.  875,  an  attempt  was  made  to  carry  away 
the  MS.  to  Ireland,  but  it  was  lost  overboard 
during  a  storm,  and  marvellously  recovered  at 
low  tide,  without  mark  of  injury,  by  the   in- 
tervention of  St.   Cuthbert,  whose  body,   pre- 
served in  a  shrine,   v.'as  being  transported  at 
the  same  time  in  company  with  it  to  a  place 
secure  from  the  desecration    of    the  invaders. 
The  MS.  is  unusually  fresh  and  clean,  which 
makes  it  difficult  to  believe  that  such  an  accident 
really   happened    to   it  ;    it   shows    no    injury 
beyond  a  few   stains,   which  may  or  may  not 
have  been    caused    by  its    immersion    in    sea- 
water.     It  remained    at  Lindisfarne    from  the 
close  of  the  eleventh  century  to  the  time  of  the 
dissolution  of  the  monasteries.     The   next  we 
know  of  it  is  that  Sir  Robert  Cotton  purchased 
it,  stripped  of  its  ancient  jewelled  covers,  from 
Robert  Bowyer,   Clerk   of   the  Parliaments  in 
the  reign  of  James  I.     The  text,  the  pictures, 
and    the    glosses   have   furnished    material  for 
many   essays.     A   third   MS.    of   St.   Jerome's 
version     of    the     Scriptures     is     that   of    the 
"  Coronation      Book."      This    comprises     the 
Four    Gospels,    written    in   Germany   in     the 
tenth    century,    and    bearing     the    names    of 
-|-  odda   rex  and   -f    mihtild    mater  regls, 
viz.,  the  Emperor  Otho  the  Great,  a.d.  936-973, 
and   Mechtild,  wife  of  Henry  the  Fowler.     In 
a  d.  929  Otho  married  Eadgyth,  the  half-sister 
of    ^^thelstan,    and    this    MS.    was    probably 
sent   by   Otho   to    his    brother-in-law   on   that 
occasion.     It   afterwards  passed  into  the   pos- 
session of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury.     At  the 
coronation  of   the  sovereigns  of  England  this 
splendid  codex  was  used  by  them  when  taking 
the  oath  which  forms  part  of  the  service. 

An  interesting  relic  of  Archbishop  Crannier  is 


6Q 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''  3637,  July  10,  '97 


theMS.of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Go. 7)els  of  the  twelfth 
century,  now  numbered  I.  A.  XIV.  in  the  Royal 
Collection.     The  Cottonian  MS.   Otho  C.  I.,   a 
copy   of   the   Four   Gospels   written    in    Anglo- 
Saxon  of  the  early  part  of  the  eleventh  century, 
bears  a  translation  of  the  bull  of  Pope  Ser^ius  I. 
to  St.  Aldhelm  of   Malmesbury,  and  fnmi  this 
fact   it    may  be  inferred    that   the   book    itself 
once  formed  part  of  the  extensive  library  which 
existed     in     the     famous     Benedictine     Abbey 
of   Malmesbury,    where  flourished    one    of   the 
most    illustrious    literary    men    of  the    twelfth 
century,    William  of    Malmesbury.     The  MSS. 
Department  of   the    Briti.sh    Museum    also  ex- 
hibits on  this  occasion  one  of  its  latest  acquisi- 
tions, a  rare  and  fortunate  addition  to  the  class 
of   earliest  native   Biblical  remains.     This  is  a 
copy  of  the  Four  Gospels  in  Latin  of  the  Vulgate 
version  of  St.  Jerome,  wherein  is  also  contained 
a  copy  of  the  Epistle  of  Fulco,  Archbishop  of 
Rheims,  addressed  to  King  Alfred  (see   '  Car- 
tularium  Saxonicum, '  No.  556)  in  favour  of  Grim- 
bald,   who,  under  the  royal  favour,  afterwards 
became  the  first  abbot  of  Newminster,  in  Win- 
chester.    The  writing  belongs  to  the  early  part 
of  the  eleventh  century,  and  the   illuminations 
are  executed  in  gold,  silver,  and  colours,  in  the 
finest  style  of  English  art  of  that  distant  period. 
Several   later   Bibles  fill  up  this  compartment 
in   the  showcases  —  among   them  an    elegantly 
written  exemplar,  Royal  MS.  I.  D.  I.,  executed 
by  the    pen  of  Willelmus    Devoniensis,  which 
probably  belonged  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Martin 
in  Dover,  a  cell  to  Christ  Church,  Canterbury. 
The  tragic    death   of    Thomas   a    Becket,    and 
the  popular  legend  of  St.  Martin  dividing  his 
raiment  with  a  naked  beggar,  which  are  beau- 
tifully depicted  in  the  illuminations  of  this  fine 
volume,  help  to  fix  its  origin. 

Many    of    the    later    mediaeval    Bibles    and 
Biblical  MSS.   are  worthy  of  notice.      Among 
them  we  may   especially  draw  attention  to  an 
early  version  of  the   English  New  Testament, 
about    A.D.    1400  ;    a    late    fourteenth    century 
Psalter,   Latin  and    English,    in    the    Arundel 
collection  ;  and  a  Gospels  of  the  earlier  Wycliffite 
version,  dating  from  the  end  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  in  the   Harley  Library.     The  Psalter 
in   Latin,  with    the   English  version  and  com- 
mentary   by    Richard    Rolle,    the    hermit     of 
HampoUe,  about  ad.  1400,  in  the  Royal  Collec- 
tion, belongs  to  this  section.     One  of  the  finest 
manuscripts  shown  in  this   case  is  the   earlier 
English    version    of    the    Bible    in    two    folio 
volumes,    richly   illuminated,    and   embellished 
with    the    armorial   bearings    of    the    ill-fated 
Thomas    Plantagenet,    surnamed    "of   V/ood- 
stock,"  Duke  of    Gloucester,  youngest  son   of 
King  Edward  III.     He  was  put  to  death  by  his 
nephew  King  Richard  II.  in  a.d.  1397.    A  little 
subsequent  in  point  of  time  comes  a  Bible  of  the 
later  English  version,  dating  from  the  early  part 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  with   marginal  notes 
derived  from  the  writings  of  Nicholas  de  Lyra. 
This   is   one    of    the    gems    of   the    Cottonian 
Library,   from   which  also  is  derived    an  early 
Missal,  about  A.D.  1100. 

A  set  of  service  books  of  especial  interest 
naturally  follows  the  Bibles.  Among  them 
are  a  curious  Breviary  for  Exeter  diocesan 
use,  written  late  in  the  eleventh  century, 
and  having  the  singing  parts  accompanied 
over  line  with  the  musical  annotation  called 
pneumata,  or  pneums,  forerunners  of  the 
modern  method  of  writing  music  in  staves  and 
bars  ;  a  Missal  of  Sarum  use  adapted  to  the 
particular  church  for  which  it  was  executed, 
late  in  the  fourteenth  century  ;  and  the 
Breviary  of  Durham  Cathedral  Priory  early  in 
the  same  century,  containing,  inter  alia,  special 
services  for  the  day  of  "deposition"  of 
St.  Cuthbert.  Sarum  use  is  also  illustrated  by 
an  early  fifteenth  century  Missal  for  Norwich, 
with  curious  English  illuminations,  and  an 
Ordinal,  formerly  belonging  to  the  church  of 
Risby,  in  Suffolk,  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
Several  Pontificals  are  shown  ;  one  is  the  early 


MS.  of  English  use  in  the  Cottonian  Library, 
Claudius    A.  III.,    of    the    eleventh    century  ; 
another,  about  a.d.  1100,  from  the  same  library, 
is   opened  at  the   passage  containing  the  exa- 
mination of   a    bishop    elect  ;   and   a  third,    of 
the    church    of    Exeter,    dating    early    in    the 
fifteenth     century,    shows    a    miniature    of    a 
marriage    service  performed    by  a  bishop    and 
his    assistant    priests.     The    Benedictional    of 
the  late    eleventh    century  is  typical  of  an  in- 
teresting    service     book,    the    origin   of   some 
forms  of  benedictions  appearing  to  spring  from 
the  remotest  times.     The  Penitential,  although 
not,  strictly  speaking,  a  service  book,  is  intro- 
duced into  this  series.  One  MS.  here  exhibited, 
written   early  in  the  tenth  century,  is  founded 
on  the  penitences  of  Theodore,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.     It  is  opened    at   an    appropriate 
passage  relating  to  the  observance  of  the  Lord's 
day    by    the   Eastern    and   Western    Churches, 
from  which  it  would  appear    that    sailing  and 
riding    were   permitted,   but   not   bathing,    nor 
driving,  except  to  church.     This  is  a  Cottonian 
MS.,  noted  as  Vespasian  1).  XV.     The  gradual 
introduction  of  the  vernacular  into  Latin  ser- 
vices is  appropriately  illustrated    by  a  manual 
of  the  Sarum  use,  with  slight  modifications  from 
the  normal    type,    written    for    the    church  of 
St.  Aldate  in  Gloucester    in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury.    This  gives  both  the  English  and  Latin 
words  in  the  marriage   service    for  banns,  the 
priest's  address,  and  the  questions  to  the  con- 
tracting parties. 

Another   case  contains  a  well-selected  series 
of  historical  manuscripts  which  throw  light  on 
the  introduction  of  the  Christian  Church  into 
these  parts.     One  of  the  most  interesting  is  a 
fine  copy  of  Henry  of  Huntingdon's  '  Chronicle  ' 
in  the  Cottonian  Library,  Vespasian  A.  XVIII. , 
opened  at  a  passage  which  contains  the  letter 
of  Pope    Gregory    I.   to    Mellitus    the   Abbot, 
A.D.  601  (afterwards Bishop  of  London,  a.d.  604, 
and  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  a.d.  619),  bidding 
him  declare  to  Augustine  that  the  temples  of  idols 
in  England  are  not  to  be  overturned  (although 
the  idols  themselves  are  to  be  destroyed),  but 
to  be  purified  with  holy  water,  altars  erected, 
and  relics  procured,  for  the  populace  will  more 
readily    resort    to    their   accustomed    places   of 
worship.       Animal    sacrifices    are    to    be    dis- 
couraged, but  on  the  day  of  dedication  or  the 
7iatalia  of    the  martyrs  whose    relics  are  pre- 
served there,  feasts  are  to  be  held  instead,  "  nam 
duris  mentibus  simul  omnia  abscindere  impos- 
sible esse  non  dubium  est."     The  modern  mis- 
sionary has  certainly  much   to  learn   from  the 
philosophic  simplicity  of  Roman  wisdom.     The 
beautifully  written  and  well-known  Beda's  '  His- 
tory '  of  the   eighth   century,  Tiberius  E.  II., 
is   set   open    to   show   the    passage   wherein    is 
related  the  incident  of  the  landing  of  Augus- 
tine and  his  little  band  of  companions  in  the 
Isle    of   Thanet.       The    treasures   of    the    Cot- 
tonian Library  are  not  yet  exhausted.     Another 
fine  MS.,  Vespasian  A.  XIV.,  of  the  eleventh 
century,  here  exhibits  the  Acts  of  the  Synod  of 
Hertford  in  a.d.  673,  whereat  were  framed  rules 
for  various  contingencies  of  life,  and,  i^der  alia, 
forbidding  the  marriage  of  a   divorced   person 
as     preventing     possibility    of     future     recon- 
ciliation,     "  nulli     alteri     copuletur,     sed     ita 
permaneat  aut  propria?  reconcilietur   conjugi." 
Of    much    interest   historically  is    the  charter 
Augustus  II.  61,  a  contemporary  record  of  the 
Synod   of  Clovesho  in  a.d.   803,   whereby  the 
paramount    rights    of     the     Archbishopric     of 
Canterbury  are  recognized,  and  the  .short-lived 
Archbishopric  of    Lichfield,     which    had    been 
fraudulently    erected  by     Offn,    King     of     the 
Mercians,  by  a  division  from  Canterbury,  was 
abolished.     The  troubles  which  hung  upon  the 
footsteps  of  the  great  Wilfrid  are  illustrated  by 
a  MS.  of  his  life  by  Eddius  Stephanus,   Ves- 
pasian D.  VI.,  written  in  theeighth  century,  where 
is  contained  the  text  of  the  petition  of  the  arch- 
bishop against  the  uncanonical  invasion  of  his 
province  by  Theodore  of  Canterbury,  who  had 


introduced    three    bi.shops  into  it,  and  praying 
that  if  such  bishops  were  necessary  they  should 
be  selected  from  the  clergy  of  the  province  by 
the  bishops  in  synod.     This  was  read  at  Rome 
before  Pope  Agatho  in  a  d.  679.  The  celebrated 
Synod  of  Baccancelde  is  illustrated  by  a  pas.sage  in 
the  'Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle, 'Domitian  A.  VIII. ; 
in  this  text  the  authorities  of  the  Church  resolve 
that  from  henceforth,  a.d.  803,  none  may  dare 
to    choose    for    themselves    lords    over    God's 
heritage     from     laymen.      The      Cartulary     of 
St.  Swithun   of  Winchester,   Add.   MS.  15,350 
(marvellously  rescued   by  an  accident  from  an 
indecorous  fate,  to  enlighten  the  world  of  lite- 
rature with   hitherto  unknown  texts  of  scores 
of  Anglo-Saxon  charters),  points   to   a  passage 
containing  the  recital  by   King  JEthelwulf    in 
A.D.  854  of  his  grant  of  tenths  of  lands  to  the 
Church,  thus  laying  the  foundation  of  the  tithe 
system  :   "  perfeci  ut  decimam  partem  terrarum 
per  regnum  nostrum  non  solum  Sanctis  ecclesiis 
darem,   verum    etiam,"   &c.      The   authenticity 
of  this  charter  has  been  disputed,  but,  at  any 
rate,    it   stands   in   goodly    company.       An    in- 
teresting memorial  of  St.  Swithun,  the  miracle- 
working     prelate    of    Winchester,    is    that    in 
Cleopatra  E.  I.,  the  text  of  his  "  profession  "  on 
consecration  in  a.d.  852,  setting  forth  his  pro- 
mise of  canonical  obedience  to  his  archbishop 
and  enunciating  the  cardinal  points  of  his  faith. 
The    'Liber  Vitse   de  Hyda,'a   Stowe   MS.  of 
modern  acquisition  from  the  Earl  of  Ashburnham, 
recently  edited  by  Dr.  de  Gray  Birch,  shows  an 
Anglo-Saxon  drawing  of  King  Canute  and  his 
pious  queen  presenting  a  golden  cross  upon  the 
altar  of  the  great  abbey.    Yet  another  Cottonian 
treasure,  Domitian  A.  V.,  is  set  open  to  show 
the  record  of  the  Acts  of  the  Council  of  Windsor 
in  A.D.  1072,  establishing  the  supremacy  of  Can- 
terbury over  York,  attested  by  King  William  I., 
his  queen  Matildis,  the  Papal  legate  Hubert,  and 
many  notables  and  dignitaries  of  the  Church. 

An  adjacent  case  exhibits  some  later  historical 
points  and  landmarks  of  the  Church  in  England. 
One  is  a  finely  illuminated  picture,  about  A.D. 
1200,  of  the  death  of  Becket,  a  theme  which  the 
Church  in  the  Middle  Ages  never  ceased  to  make 
use  of,  from  Harley  MS.  5102  ;  another  is  the 
text  of  the  celebrated  Constitutions  of  Claren- 
don in  A.D.  1164,  settling  the  relations  of  the 
Church  and  State,  with  marginalia  marking 
what  was  allowed  and  what  disallowed  by  Pope 
Alexander  III.  This  MS.,  Claudius  B.  XL, 
formerly  adorned  the  library  of  St.  Alban's 
Abbey  before  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Sir  Robert  Cotton.  Passing  over  several 
other  excellent  MSS.,  we  may  just  linger  to 
notice  the  Taxation  of  Pope  Nicholas  IV.  in 
Tiberius  C.  X  ,  of  a.d.  1291,  a  valuation  of  all 
the  ecclesiastical  property  throughout  England 
and  Wales,  prepared  on  the  occasion  of  grant- 
ing to  Edward  I.  a  tenth  part  of  the  revenues 
of  the  Church  for  six  years  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  the  royal  crusade  about  to  be  undertaken. 
This  valuation  held  good  and  was  in  force  down 
to  the  days  of  the  Reformation. 

In  other  cases  are  exhibited  a  number  of 
later  mediaeval  evidences,  but  mention  can  only 
here  be  made  of  the  more  remarkable.  Such 
are,  for  example,  the  register  of  Christ  Church, 
Canterbury,  in  a.d.  1322,  containing  an  inventory 
of  some  sad  relics  of  the  saints,  Galba  E. 
IV. ;  the  bull  of  Pope  John  XXII.  acquitting 
King  Edward  III.  for  fifteen  hundred  marks,  a 
year  and  a  half's  census  due  to  the  Pope  to 
Easter,  1331,  and  paid  yearly  since  the  time 
of  King  John's  surrender,  the  deed  of  which  is 
exhibited  in  another  part  of  the  Museum  gal- 
leries ;  and  the  precept  of  King  Henry  V.  to 
the  Sheriff  of  Warwick  and  Leicester  ordering 
him  to  make  proclamation  of  a  reward  of  a 
thousand  marks  and  annuity  of  twenty  pounds 
for  life  to  the  captor  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle, 
styled  Lord  Cobham,  the  Lollard  heretic,  dated 
January  23rd,  a.d.  1417.  These  two  last  men- 
tioned come  from  that  rich  repertory  of  eccle- 
siastical originalia  bound  up  in  thick  volumes 


N°3637,  JuLYlO, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


67 


styled  Cleopatra  E.  I. -IV.  To  these  follow  a 
large  variety  of  papers  concerning  matters  of 
the  Church  in  the  troublous  times  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  wherein  Henry  VIII.,  Ed- 
ward VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth ;  Cranmer, 
Parker,  Grindal  (who  excuses  himself  for  dis- 
obeying Elizabeth's  orders  in  1577  to  suppress 
prophesying),  and  others  figure  :  succeeded  by 
Bancroft,  Ken  of  Bath  and  Wells,  George  White- 
field  the  Methodist,  .John  Wesley,  and  Butler, 
Bishop  of  Bristol,  1750.  To  these  have  been  added 
autographs  of  Wolsey  and  Warham  ;  documents 
relating  to  the  visitation  of  monasteries  ;  the 
articles  of  faith  and  ceremony  composed  wholly 
or  mainly  by  Henry  VIII.  ;  Grafton  the 
grocer's  letter  to  Lord  Privy  Seal  Cromwell, 
with  presentation  of  a  Coverdale  Bible,  1537  ; 
Bishop  Latimer's  arguments  against  belief  in 
Purgatory,  circ.  1538  ;  and  a  draft  Act,  partly 
in  the  handwriting  of  Henry  VIII.,  for  con- 
ferring on  the  king  powers  to  create  new 
bishoprics  and  collegiate  and  cathedral  churches, 
circ.  1539. 

Of  printed  books,  broadsides,  and  pro- 
clamations there  are  plenty  to  view,  but 
their  interest  is  only  subsidiary  to  that  of  the 
manuscripts,  for  if  a  printed  Bible  of  the 
fifteenth  century  may  reach  the  value,  to  a 
bookseller,  of  4,000L,  who  will  appraise 
the  Durham  Book,  the  Augustine  Psalter,  or 
the  Coronation  Book  ?  Tyndal's  Pentateuch 
lies  perilously  near  to  the  proclamation  for 
"  darapning  of  erroneous  bokes  and  heresies  and 
prohibiting  the  having  of  holy  scripture  trans- 
lated into  the  vulgar  tongue,"  in  a.d.  1530,  set 
off  by  a  slightly  later  proclamation  "  for  the 
Byble  of  the  largest  and  greatest  volume  to  be 
had  in  every  church,"  in  1541.  Specimens  of 
the  Coverdale  Bible,  1535  ;  the  Matthew  Bible 
in  1537  ;  Cranmer's  Bible,  1539,  and  some  later 
editions  are  exhibited,  as  well  as  a  variety 
of  Church  literature,  such  as  Laud's  dying 
declaration  of  loyalty  to  the  Church,  1644  ;  the 
Act  for  abolishing  all  archbishops,  bishops, 
chancellors,  deans,  deacons,  &c.,  out  of  the 
Church,  1643  ;  the  Act  for  abolishing  deans  and 
selling  chapter  lands  in  order  to  raise  300, 000^.; 
a  licence  to  Sir  Edward  Nicholas  to  eat  meat 
during  Lent  on  condition  of  subscribing  13s.  4cZ. 
to  his  parish  poor  -  box,  1662  ;  a  proclama- 
tion against  killing  and  eating  flesh  in  Lent  or 
on  fish  days  appointed  by  law  in  the  same  year  ; 
and  a  few  coins  and  medals.  The  Corona- 
tion Service  of  Queen  Victoria  aptly  ter- 
minates the  series,  which  it  is  hoped  will  be 
carefully  looked  at  by  the  many  ecclesiastical 
personages  whom  the  Diamond  Jubilee  has 
brought  together  in  London.  Want  of  room 
probably  prevented  any  records  of  the  vexed 
question  of  pre-Augustine  Christianity  in  Eng- 
land being  put  forward,  nor  would  they  have 
been  wholly  appropriate  to  signalize  an  Augus- 
tine centenary.  It  would,  too,  have  been  in- 
teresting to  inspect  some  of  the  early  coins  of 
the  quasi-regal  archbishops  of  Anglo-Saxondom. 
This  exhibition  will  not  remain  long  in  its 
present  place,  and  those  who  take  an  interest  in 
examining  the  priceless  relics  of  the  Church 
should  visit  them  without  loss  of  time,  for  it 
is  not  often  that  so  fine  a  collection  of  MSS. 
bearing  upon  one  point  is  laid  out  in  cases  at 
the  British  Museum. 


SALE  OF  THE  ASHBUKNHAM  LIBRARY. 
In  continuation  of  our  last  week's  notice  of 
the  prices  realized  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  sale  of 
the  first  portion  of  this  library,  we  give  some 
of  the  most  important  items  occurring  in  the 
fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  days'  sale.  Bible, 
Authorized  Version,  William  and  Mary's  copy, 
finely  bound,  1680,  201.  Bidpay,  Directorium 
Humanse  Vitse,  1480,  181.  10s.  Boccaccio  de 
Casibus  Virorum,  editio  princeps,  221.  Boc- 
caccio, Ruine  des  Nobles  Hommes,  Bruges, 
Colard  Mansion,  imperfect,  695L  Fall  of 
Princes,  Pv.  Tottell,  1554,  271.     De  Mulieribus 


Claris,  Ulnue,  1473,  711. ;  another  copy,  731. 
II  Decamerone,  Venet.,  1492  (imperfect),  56^.; 
another  copy  (imperfect),  501. ;  II  Decamerone, 
Vineg ,  151G,  24/. ;  II  Decamerone,  first  Aldine 
edition,  in  a  fictitious  Grolier  binding,  Venet., 
1522,  55L ;  Le  Mason's  translation,  first  edition, 
Paris,  1545,  32L ;  the  first  English  translation, 

1620,  491.  Boece,  Croniklis  of  Scotland,  by 
Bellenden,  first  edition  in  Scotch,  Edin.,  1536, 
581.  Boethius,  printed  by  Caxton,  c.  1479,  some 
linesfacsimile,  510L  S.  Bonaventura,  Meditationi 
sopra  la  Passione,  senza  nota,  ill. ;  another  edi- 
tion, Parma,  1490,  311.  Mrs.  Bowditch,  Fresh- 
water Fishes,  76L  St.  Brandon's  Book  of 
Wonders,  woodcuts,  absque  nota,  102?.  Brant's 
Ship  of  Fools,  Barclay's  first  edition,  Pynson, 
1509,  76^  ;  Cawood's  edition,  1570,  20L  10s. 
R.  Brathwaite,  Ar't  asleepe  Husband  ?  (wanting 
a  plate)  1640,  21^  ;  Barnabae  Itinerarium,  first 
edition  (c.  1648-50),  261.  Breviarium  Camuldu- 
lense,  on  vellum,  Venet.,  1514,  30i.  10s. 
Breviarium  Romanum,  on  vellum,  Venet., 
1490,  271.  Quignon's  Roman  Breviary,  Venet., 
1547,  191.  Deutsch-Rdmisch  Brevier,  Vened., 
1518,  211.  Breviarium  Sarisburiense,  Lond., 
1556,  291.  Breydenbach,  Peregrinationes,  1486, 
46/.  Revelationes  S.  Brigittse,  on  vellum, 
1492,  71?.  Broughton,  Concent  of  Scripture, 
copper-plates  by  Rogers,  on  vellum,  1596,  251. 
Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  first  edition, 

1621,  221.  Julius  Csesar,  Jenson's  edition, 
Venet.,  1471,  34/.  Dr.  John  Kay  on  English 
Dogges,  1576,  39/.  Calandras  de  Arithme- 
thrica,  first  edition,  Firenze,  1491,  27/.  R.  Calef, 
More  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World  (in 
opposition  to  Mather's  New  England  Witch- 
craft), 1700,  22/.  Italian  Canzoni,  1564-70,  basso 
parts  only,  18/.  10s.  Caoursin,  Obsidionis  Rhodise 
Urbis  Descriptio,  Ulma;,  1496,  23/.  10s.  The 
Book  called  Caton,  printed  by  Caxton,  1483, 
imperfect,  295/.  Sal.  de  Caus,  Hortus  Pala- 
tinus,  De  Bry,  1620,  17/.  15s.  Libro  de  la 
Natura  de  Cavalli,  &c.,  Milan,  1517,  16/.  10s. 
Caxton's  Chronicles  of  England  and  Description 
of  Britain,  several  lines  in  facsimile,  1480-82, 
610/. ;  a  fragment  of  Caxton's  Tullius  de 
Senectute,  1481,  102/.  Cecco  d'Ascoli, 
Venet.,  1501,  50/.  Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
by  T.  Shelton,  first  edition  of  both  parts, 
1612-20,  106?.;  first  edition  of  the  two 
parts  as  issued  in  1620,  28/.  and  35/.  Cham- 
pier,  Vie  du  Chevalier  Bayard,  Paris,  s.d., 
35?.  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,  Caxton's 
first  edition,  imperfect,  1478,  720/. ;  Caxton's 
second  edition,  imperfect,  1484,  300/. ;  Pyn- 
son's  edition,  1493,  233/.;  Wynkyn  de  Worde's 
edition,  1488,  Dunn  Gardner's  copy,  perfect, 
1,000/.;  a  fragment  of  the  same  edition,  64/.; 
Pynson 's  edition  of  1526,  with  Troylus,  Boke 
of  Fame,  &c.,  32/. ;  Godfray's  edition,  1532,  45/  ; 
Petit's  edition,  1542,  18/.;  Bonham's  imprint, 
same  date,  20/.  ;  Kyngston's  edition,  1561,  31?.; 
Pickering's  edition,  by  Tyrwhitt,  on  vellum, 
1830,  34?.  ;  Minor  Poems,  &c.,  edited  by 
Nicolas,  1846,  on  vellum,  25/. ;  Troylus  and 
Cresyde,  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1517,  110?. 
Book  of  the  Ordre  of  Chivalry,  printed  by 
Caxton  (1483-5),  imperfect,  345?.  Chronicle  of 
St.  Albans,  1483,  imperfect,  180?.  ;  Notary's 
edition,  1515,  20/.  10s.  Churchyardes  Chippes, 
first  part,  1578  31/.  The  Books  of  Tully's 
Oflices,  translated  by  R.  Whyttinton,  Wynkyn 
de  Worde,  1534,  35/.  John  Gierke,  De  Mor- 
tuorum  Resurrectione,  J.  Herforde,  1545,  25?. 
Cocker's  Arithmetic,  first  edition,  1678,  24/.  10s. 
Columna,  Hypnerotomachia  Poliphili,  first 
edition.  Emperor  Charles  V.'s  copy,  Aldus, 
1499,  151/.  Comines,  Chronique,  Grolieresque 
binding,  with  Thomas  Wotton's  name,  Paris, 
s.d.,  38/.  Floure  of  the  Commaundements, 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1521,  85/.  Cordyale, 
printed  by  Caxton,  1479,  imperfect,  760/. 
A.  Craig,  Poetical  Recreations,  Edinburgh,  1609, 
49/.  Cranmer's  Catechism,  first  edition,  1548, 
36/.  Cunningham's  Cosmographical  Glasse, 
1559,  42/. 


AN  ALLEGED  ERROR  OF  VENERABLE  BEDE'S. 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  June  27,  1897. 

Mr.  Anscombe  says  my  version  ' '  depends  for 
its  intelligibility  upon  an  interpolation  made  in 
support  of  Bede — namely,  of  the  word  'as,'  for 
which  there  is  no  authority."  I  supposed  he 
would  see  that,  though  in  such  a  construction  our 
idiom  requires  "as,"  the  Latin  does  not.  A 
few  examples  must  suffice.  At  top  of  p.  172  of 
Allen  and  Greenough's  Latin  grammar  (1889  ed.) 
he  will  find  three  quotations  from  Cicero,  in  the 
English  rendering  of  which  "as"  is  interpo- 
lated before  a  predicate  nominative  ;  and  at  top 
of  p.  371  of  the  'Public  School  Latin  Grammar' 
(1883  ed.)  he  will  find  the  following  quotation 
from  Cicero,  in  translating  which  I  feel  sure  he 
himself  would  not  hesitate  to  interpolate  "as" 
twice  over:  "  Amicitia  virtutum  adiutrix  a 
natura  data  est,  non  vitiorum  comes." 

It  is  unlikely  that  Gildas  had  read  Ennius, 
Plautus,  Terence,  or  Varro,  or  had  means  of 
knowing  that  qui  was  an  old  instrumental  rela- 
tive. But  Mr.  Anscombe  thinks  a  syntactic  con- 
struction of  which  we  have  no  instance  for  600 
years  previous  might  have  been  used  by  Gildas, 
because  "Nennius  wrote  the  old  deponent  verb 
dimicor."  I  do  not  admit  the  parallel,  even 
had  the  fact  been  as  stated.  But  there  is  no 
"old  deponent  verb  dimicor"  —  unless  it  has 
escaped  Forcellini,  Quicherat,  Lewis  and  Short, 
Paucker,  and  Nettleship.  Mr.  Anscombe  says 
it  "only  survived  in  correct  authors  as  an  im- 
personal— sc.,dimicatur,  dimicabatiir. "  Theseare 
not  impersonal  deponents  to  a  lost  dimicor,  bufe 
impersonal  passives  to  dimico.  He  might  just  as 
well  say  that  pugnatur,  pngnatum,  est,  pugnehir 
are  impersonal  deponents  to  a  lost  pugnor, 
"I  fight."  Nor  does  Nennius  use  dimicentur, 
but  dimiceiit,  according  to  Mommsen's  text 
and  that  of  nine  of  the  ten  MSS.  on  which  it  is 
based.  And  the  note  "antiqua  grammatica " 
in  the  one  MS.  containing  dimicentur  is  doubt- 
less due  either  to  an  earlier  reading  (or  gloss) 
dimicetur  (of  which  it  would  be  quite  correct) 
or  to  the  scribe  confusing  the  false  dimicentur 
with  the  impersonal  passive  use  of  the  verb. 

On  what  day  Gildas's  year  began  is  a  very 
minor  question,  but  by  no  means  a  simple  one. 
I  content  myself  with  saying  that  if  Scots  and 
Britons  calculated  Easter  by  a  luni-solar  cycle 
of  years  which  did  tiot  begin  on  January  1st, 
it  does  not  in  the  least  follow  that  Gildas  may 
not  have  dated  the  civil  events  of  a.d.  516  by 
the  Roman  solar  year.     E.  W.  B.  Nicholson. 


PUBLISHERS'  SECOND   INTERNATIONAL 
CONGRESS. 

The  second  Publishers'  Congress  was  held  at 
Brussels  from  June  23rd  to  the  26th.  It  was 
opened  by  M.  SchoUaert,  Home  Secretary  and 
President  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  was 
presided  over  by  M.  Emile  Bruylant,  President 
of  the  Cercle  Beige  de  la  Librairie,  the  Vice- 
President  being  M.  Jules  Hetzel,  Pi'esident  of 
the  Cercle  de  la  Librairie  (Paris).  The  Con- 
gress divided  its  work  into  three  sections,  under 
the  chairmanship  of  M.  Henri  Belin  (in  the 
absence  of  M.  Georges  Masson),  Mr.  William 
Heinemann,  and  Mr.  Albert  Brockhaus  re- 
spectively. During  the  three  days'  session 
debates  took  place  on  a  considerable  variety 
of  subjects  of  interest  both  to  publishers  and 
authors.  All  local  or  national  questions  were 
excluded,  only  those  concerning  international 
relations  being  admissible. 

The  following  are  those  resolutions  passed 
which  are  of  particular  interest  in  England  :  — 

1.  Resolved  that,  in  order  to  put  down  the 
abuse  of  the  word  "edition"  and  to  avoid  con- 
fusion in  terms,  the  word  "  edition  "  only  be 
used  when  a  change  in  the  text  of  a  work  has 
taken  place  ;  otherwise  that  the  word  tirage  be 
used. 

2  Resolved  that,  as  an  alphabetical  classifi- 
cation of  literature  is  of  the  greatest  importance 
for    publishers    everywhere,   the    bodies    here 


68 


THE   athp:n^um 


N-'-Sesr,  July  10, '97 


represented  approve  and   rtcoinmend   the   fol- 
lowing method  of  classification  :  — 

(a)  An  alphabetical  list  according  to  authors' 
names. 

(b)  A  systematic  list  of  subjects. 

(c)  An  alphabetical  list  of  contents  by  means 
of  catchwords,  with  the  name  of  the  author  and 
title  of  work  repeated. 

3.  Resolved  that  a  publisher  has  the  same 
right  of  protection  with  regard  to  any  special 
form  or  appearance  he  may  give  his  publication 
as  has  any  other  manufacturer,  and  that  he 
should  be  protected  in  the  same  way  as  the  latter 
under  the  patent  laws.  (The  Congress  advises 
that  this  question  be  made  one  of  international 
law,  and,  if  possible,  it  should  be  treated  in  the 
same  way  as  is  literary  and  artistic  property.) 

4.  The  acquisition  of  editions  intended  for 
localized  circulation  in  certain  countries  im- 
poses upon  the  purchaser  the  obligation  of 
printing  on  each  such  localized  edition  a  noti- 
•fication  of  the  region  to  which  its  sale  is  to  be 
confined. 

5.  The  Congress  recommends  all  publishers' 
associations  here  represented  to  study  the 
organization  of  the  Borsenverein  der  deutschen 
Buchhandler  of  Leipzig,  with  a  view  to  estab- 
lishing professional  regulations  for  the  pro- 
hibition of  advertising  any  except  second-hand 
books  at  a  discount  below  the  published  price, 
and  further  to  use  every  means  at  their  disposal 
to  maintain  towards  the  public  the  published 
price  of  every  publication. 

6.  A  publisher  is  not  responsible  for  the  loss 
of  MSS.,  drawings,  prints,  plans,  &c.,  which  he 
has  not  ordered,  and  which  have  been  sent  to 
him  for  examination.  In  every  other  case  the 
responsibility  of  the  publisher  or  printer  is 
limited  to  penalties  under  the  common  law  in 
each  country. 

7.  The  Congress  resolved  that  schools  with  a 
special  course  for  the  education  of  proper  book- 
sellers be  established  under  the  auspices  of  the 
different  publishers'  associations.  (This  resolu- 
tion was  at  once  welcomed  by  the  President  of 
the  Board  of  Education  in  Brussels,  who  offered 
to  contribute  towards  the  cost  of  such  a  school 
in  Belgium.) 

In  addition  to  these,  a  number  of  resolutions 
were  passed,  chiefly  concerning  themselves  with 
postal  arrangements  for  printed  matter. 

The  Congress  came  to  a  close  with  a  general 
meeting,  in  which  a  number  of  French  pub- 
lishers presented  the  members  with  a  document 
concerning  the  relations  between  publishers  and 
authors,  which  resulted  in  the  following  resolu- 
tion : — "The  Brussels  Congress  invites  the 
attention  of  the  publishers'  associations  of  every 
country  to  a  communication  presented  to  the 
Congress  by  a  number  of  French  publishers 
with  rega'-d  to  the  relations  between  authors 
and  publishers,  and  recommends  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  special  commission  to  consider  the 
possibility  of  establishing  a  code  of  usages  to 
regulate  such  relations,  and  eventually  to  appoint 
delegates  to  participate  in  a  mixed  international 
commission,  so  as  to  arrange  all  difliculties  and 
differences  at  present  existing  and  establish  a 
modus  agendi." 

It  was  decided  to  hold  the  next  Congress  in 
London  in  1899.  There  were  the  usual  banquets, 
and  the  Congress  wound  up  with  a  most  elaborate 
fete  artistique  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville. 


Itt-iterarp  Gossip. 

As  the  report  lias  appeared  in  sundry- 
papers  that  Mrs.  Oliphant  died  of  cancer,  it 
may  be  as  well  to  say  that  this  was  not  the 


case. 


Father  Gasquet  discovered  not  long  ago 
in  the  Vatican  a  considerable  fragment  of  a 
work  by  Eoger  Bacon,  which  he  believes  to 
form  part  of  the  introduction  to  the  '  Opus 
Majus.'      He  is  printing  the  text  in  the 


forthcoming  number  of  the  English  Ilistorical 

Review. 

The  same  number  will  include  articles 
by  Prof.  Bury  on  '  The  Turks  in  the  Sixth 
Century,'  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Morris  on  'The 
Archers  at  Crecy,'  by  Miss  Maud  Sellers  on 
'  York  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth 
Centuries,'  and  by  Mr.  Basil  Williams  on 
'  The  Duke  of  Newcastle  and  the  Election 
of  1734.'  This  last  article,  which  is  based 
on  the  Newcastle  Correspondence  in  the 
British  Museum,  gives  a  lively  picture  of 
the  way  an  election  was  "worked"  in  the 
days  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole.  Among  the 
other  contents  of  the  number  we  may  men- 
tion Ligonier's  despatch  to  the  Secretary  of 
State  giving  an  account  of  the  battle  of 
Fontenoy,  printed  for  the  first  time  by 
Lieut.-Col.  E.  M.  Lloyd,  E.E. 

A  BOOK  of  great  interest  to  literary  people 
generally  and  to  Etonians  in  particular  is 
a  volume  of  '  Extracts  from  the  Letters 
and  Journals  of  William  Cory,'  author  of 
'  lonica,'  which  has  just  been  printed  for 
the  subscribers  at  the  Oxford  University 
Press.  The  selection  and  arrangement  of 
the  extracts  have  been  undertaken  by  the 
Eev.  F.  Warre  Cornish. 

The  Council  of  St.  Hugh's  Hall,  Oxford, 
has  accepted  from  Miss  Clara  Evelyn 
Moidan  an  oSer  of  1,000/.  for  the  endow- 
ment of  a  scholarship  which  is  to  bear  her 
name.  The  only  condition  attached  by  the 
donor  is  that  the  scholar  during  her  tenure 
of  the  scholarship  shall  have  nothing  to  do 
with  vivisection.  St.  Hugh's  Hall  was 
founded  in  1886  by  Miss  Wordsworth,  but 
was  not  regularly  constituted  till  1894. 
Like  Lady  Margaret,  it  is  conducted  on  the 
principles  of  the  Church  of  England,  but 
being  intended  primarily  for  poorer  students, 
the  fees  are  lower. 

Mr.  John  C.  Nimmo  will  publish  in  the 
autumn  an  important  work  on  English 
monastic  history  by  the  Kev.  Ethelred  L. 
Taunton,  entitled  'The  English  Black 
Monks  of  St.  Benedict :  a  Sketch  of  their 
History  from  the  Coming  of  St.  Augustine 
to  the  Present  Day.'  The  work  will  be  in 
two  volumes,  and  is  of  especial  interest  in 
view  of  the  approaching  centenary  celebra- 
tion of  the  coming  of  St.  Augustine. 

The  meeting  last  week  of  the  Publishers' 
Association  was  numerously  attended,  and 
was    encouraging,    inasmuch  as    it   showed 
that  the  publishers  have  at  last  awakened 
to  the  danger  to  themselves  involved  in  the 
parlous  state  of  the  retail  bookseller.     Mr. 
C.  J.  Longman,  who  took  the  chair,  seems, 
to  judge  by  his  speech,  to  have  abandoned 
the  strong  objection  to  a  possible  boycott  of 
the  cheapjacks  to  which  he  gave  expression 
last  year.     Mr.  F.  Macmillan,  who  has  all 
along  shown  his  desire  to  aid  the  booksellers, 
proposed  that  the  meeting  should  approve  of 
the  principle  of  the  proposal  that  the  pre- 
sent trade  terms  should  be  refused  to  book- 
sellers   who    give    the    public    more    than 
twopence    discount    in    the    shilling.      An 
active    discussion    followed.      Mr.    Hodder 
i  objected  to  the   proposal   as   coercion,  but 
Mr.  Heinemann  pointed   out  that  coercion 
has  succeeded  in  Germany.     The  success  of 
the  scheme,  Mr.  Murray  rightly  urged,  would 
depend  on  the  loyalty  of  the  publishers  and 
booksellers  ;  and,  of  course,  the  great  diffi- 
culty is  to  secure  their  hearty  adhesion. 


Messes.  Blackie  &  Son  have  arranged  to 
publish  a  series  of  volumes  to  be  issued 
under  the  general  title  of  "  The  Victorian 
Era  Series."  The  idea  of  the  series  is  to 
record  in  permanent  and  authoritative  form 
the  great  movements  of  the  century,  and  it 
will  consequently  contain  a  wide  range  of 
volumes  dealing  with  economic,  social, 
religious,  scientific,  and  literary  subjects. 
The  general  editor  of  the  series  will  be  Mr. 
J.  H.  Pose,  M.A.,  late  Scholar  of  Christ 
College,  Cambridge,  whose  work  '  The 
Pevolutionary  and  Napoleonic  Era  '  will  be 
known  to  many  readers  of  Napoleonic  litera- 
ture. The  editor  will  contribute  to  the 
series  a  volume  on  '  The  Pise  of  the  Demo- 
cracy ';  Canon  J.  H.  Overton,  '  The  Anglican 
Pevival';  Dean  Stubbs,  a  biography  of 
Charles  Kingsley  ;  Mr.  George  Gissing,  a 
biography  of  Dickens ;  Mr.  H.  Holman, 
'National  Education';  Mr.  G.  Armitage- 
Smith,  'Free  Trade  and  its  Results';  Mr. 
Laurence  Gomme,  '  Modern  London,'  &c. 

The  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
will  be  closed  on  July  12th  for  a  fortnight. 

Seven  school  children  of  Golspie  in  Suther- 
land once  wrote  down  for  Mr.  Nicholson, 
Bodley's  Librarian,  all  they  knew  of  the 
superstitions  and  legends  of  the  neighbour- 
hood, the  description  of  their  own  games, 
the  rhymes  sung  in  them,  and  much  else. 
This,  without  altering  a  word,  Mr. 
Nicholson  has  edited,  adding  the  music  of 
the  game-rhymes,  and  an  introduction  to 
the  history  of  the  place,  its  prehistoric 
and  other  antiquities,  and  its  population. 
Mr.  Nutt  is  about  to  publish  the  work, 
which  is  plentifully  illustrated. 

There  seems  to  be  little  or  no  prospect  of 
the  introduction  of  a  Secondary  Education 
Bill  this  session.  At  the  Education  Office 
an  early  realization  of  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire's promise  is  regarded  as  highly  im- 
probable. The  expectation  of  a  statutory 
Commission  for  London  University  and  of 
a  Poman  Catholic  university  for  Ireland  has 
been  practically  abandoned  for  the  present 
year. 

The  Law  Quarterly  Review  for  July  con- 
tains articles  on  '  Collisions  at  Sea,'  by  Mr. 
Leslie  F.  Scott ;  '  On  the  Study  of  Law 
Reports,'  by  Mr.  Showell  Rogers  ;  '  Vacariua 
on  Marriage,'  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Maitland ; 
'  Landowners'  Liability  to  pay  Rent-Charges 
in  Fee,'  by  Mr.  T.  Cyprian  Williams ;  and 
other  subjects. 

The  Master  of  the  Rolls,  who  entertained 
the  Colonial  Premiers,  ex-Governors,  and 
other  distinguished  guests  at  the  Public 
Record  Office  on  the  6th  inst.,  was  able  to 
display  the  riches  of  a  collection  which  must 
have  possessed  a  peculiar  interest  for  those 
who  in  some  cases,  notably  those  of  Canada 
and  New  South  Wales,  have  paid  more 
attention  to  the  arrangement  and  re- 
production of  their  archives  than  some 
of  the  old  monarchies  of  Europe.  An 
illustrative  exhibition  of  colonial  relics 
was  prepared  and  explained  by  the  Deputy 
Keeper,  Sir  H.  Maxwell  Lyte,  and  the 
Secretary,  Mr.  Cartwright,  which  included 
ships'  logs  of  the  early  voyages  to  New 
Zealand  and  Australia,  correspondence  of 
Capt.  Cook,  plans  of  early  settlements, 
treaties  with  Maories  and  Indians,  des- 
patches announcing  colonial  conquests,  and 
a  series  of  treaties  by  which  such  colonies 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


69 


as  the  Cape,   Canada,   and   Newfoundland 
became  part  of  the  British  Empire. 

Mr.  Stock  announces  a  book  called  '  The 
Chairman's  Manual,'  a  volume  of  reference 
for  the  use  of  those  who  have  to  preside 
at  public  meetings  ;  but  is  this  wanted 
while  Sir  Reginald  Palgrave's  excellent 
'  Chairman's  Handbook '  is  on  our  shelves  ? 

Thanks  to  the  indefatigable  efforts  of  the 
Frankfurter  ZeiUmg,  Heine's  grave,  to  the 
neglected  state  of  which  we  referred  some 
time  ago,  is  now  in  a  better  condition  than 
any  other  at  Montmartre,  that  journal  having 
collected  upwards  of  3,000  marks  for  the 
purpose.  It  seems,  however,  that  about 
2,000  marks  more  are  required  in  order 
to  keep  the  tomb  permanently  in  a  proper 
condition. 

The  distinguished  philosophical  writer 
and  educational  reformer  Dr.  Jiirgen 
Bona  Meyer,  born  in  1829  at  Hamburg, 
died  on  the  22nd  ult.  at  Bonn,  where 
he  had  been  active  as  Professor  of  Phi- 
losophy since  1866.  He  first  made  for 
himself  a  name  by  his  learned  work  '  Aris- 
totelische  Tierkunde,'  and  since  then  he 
had  written  several  philosophical  works, 
of  which  his  monograph  '  Kant's  Psycho- 
logie '  and  his  '  Geschichte  der  Philosophie ' 
are  the  most  important.  He  was  the  founder, 
and  for  a  long  time  the  President,  of  the 
"Liberale  Schulverein  Eheinlands  und 
Westfalens." 

On  the  above-mentioned  date  there  also 
died  at  Leipzig  the  prolific  writer  Prof. 
F.  H.  Semmig,  the  author,  among  other 
works,  of  a  '  Geschichte  der  franzcisischen 
Litteratur  im  Mittelalter '  and  of  '  Die  Jung- 
frau  von  Orleans  und  ihre  Zeitgenossen.' 

The  decease  is  announced  of  Mr.  Joyce, 
•who  wrote  a  history  of  the  Post  Office, 
where  he  was  engaged  for  many  years. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Return  showing  the  Population 
and  Number  of  Inhabited  Houses  and 
the  Number  of  Persons  on  the  Local 
Government  Register  for  each  Administra- 
tive County  and  for  each  County  Borough 
and  Municipal  Borough  in  England  and 
"Wales,  and  showing  the  Numbers  of  Men 
and  of  Women,  &c.  (2</.) ;  Education,  Scot- 
land, Return  showing  Rateable  Value, 
Number  of  Children  of  School  Age,  Amount 
of  Accommodation  in  the  Different  Kinds  of 
Schools,  &c.  (Is.  2d.);  Reports  and  Papers 
relating  to  the  Training  Colleges  of  Scot- 
land (bd.) ;  and  a  Circular  of  the  Scotch 
Education  Department  relative  to  the  Minute 
of  June  10th,  1897,  providing  for  the  Dis- 
tribution of  the  Sum  available  for  Secondary 
Education  under  the  Education  and  Local 
Taxation  Account  (Scotland)  Act,  1892. 


SCIENCE 


A  Dictionary  of  Birds.  By  Alfred  Newton, 
assisted  by  Hans  Gadow.  With  Con- 
tributions from  Richard  Lydekker, 
Charles  S.  Roy,  and  Robert  W.  Shufeldt. 
4  parts.     (Black.) 

It  will  be  within  the  recollection  of  our 
readers  that  Prof.  Newton  contributed  to 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica '  a  valuable  series  of  articles 
upon  birds,  in    alphabetical  order ;   while 


under  the  head  of  "Ornithology"  he  fur- 
nished an  admirable  treatise  (consisting  of 
about  fifty  pages)  on  the  origin  and  pro- 
gress of  that  branch  of  science.  Taking 
these  articles  as  a  foundation,  and  supple- 
menting them  by  the  intercalation  of  a  much 
greater  number,  he  produced  in  1893  the 
first  part  of  the  present  dictionary,  and  the 
end  of  1896  saw  the  completion  of  the  last 
part  of  a  work  which  is  truly  monumental. 
Able  assistance  has  undoubtedly  been  ren- 
dered hy  Dr.  Hans  Gadow,  who  undertook 
the  portion  relating  to  anatomy,  and  whose 
articles  on  this  section  of  the  subject,  em- 
bryology, feathers,  digestive  and  vascular  sys- 
tems, &c.,  are  distinguished  by  having  their 
titles  printed  in  italic  type.  Mr.  Lydekker's 
share  was  the  fossil  birds,  respecting  which 
there  was  much  to  be  said,  especially  on 
the  value  of  the  order  Odontornithes,  as 
well  as  the  new  order  Stercornithes,  recently 
discovered  in  the  tertiary  strata  of  Pata- 
gonia. Dr.  Roy  is  responsible  for  an  im- 
portant article  on  flight ;  while  we  are  told 
that  Dr.  Shufeldt,  late  of  the  United  States 
army,  has  written  upon  something;  but 
there  is  no  indication  of  the  subject  of  his 
communications  in  preface,  introduction,  or 
index,  and  life  is  too  short  for  search  through 
more  than  a  thousand  pages.  But  the  bulk 
of  these  parts  is  by  Prof.  Newton,  and  to 
him  is  entirely  due  the  introduction,  of 
120  pages,  based  upon  the  aforesaid  article 
"  Ornithology,"  but  thoroughly  revised, 
expanded,  and  brought  up  to  date.  This 
introduction  —  issued,  of  course,  with  the 
last  part — contains  a  separate  index  of  all 
the  writers  on  ornithology  therein  men- 
tioned :  while  the  index  to  the  main 
work  is  good  and  full  of  cross-references. 
As  an  illustration  of  the  care  that  has 
been  bestowed  upon  the  book,  there 
are  four  pages  of  "  Notanda  et  Cor- 
rigenda," every  item  of  which  requires  col- 
lation before  a  proper  appreciation  of  the 
author's  meaning  can  be  attained.  A  few 
of  these  items  are  due  to  printers'  errors, 
and  so  close  has  been  the  revision  that  we 
have  detected  only  three  slips  which  have 
escaped  the  author's  notice. 

The  adoption  of  the  alphabetical — in  pre- 
ference to  the  taxonomic — order  of  arrange- 
ment has  several  advantages,  one  of  these 
being  that  under  the  former  system  it  is 
easy  to  find  many  local  names  of  the  birds 
mentioned  in  books  of  travel,  which  no 
ordinary  dictionary  would  explain  or  even 
mention.  In  few  respects  is  Prof.  Newton 
stronger  than  in  his  familiarity  with  the 
works  of  the  earlier  voyagers,  and  numer- 
ous as  well  as  valuable  are  the  allusions 
made  to  primitive  descriptions  and  half- 
forgotten  names  of  birds.  His  selection 
from  the  vernacular  is,  as  he  expressly 
states  in  his  introductory  note,  quite 
arbitrary,  though  based  on  a  view  to 
utility ;  and  the  number  of  names  might 
be  increased  indefinitely,  but  for  unduly 
increasing  the  bulk  of  the  work.  In  the 
preface,  however,  a  hope  is  held  out  that 
perhaps  at  some  future  date  these  addi- 
tions may  form  part  of  a  supplementary 
volume,  especially  if  a  favourable  reception 
is  accorded  to  the  present,  and  in  the  full 
expectation  that  the  incentive  will  not  be 
wanting,  we  make  a  few  suggestions.  The 
word  "  cockatoo  "  is  now  in  familiar  use,  but  ' 
Dampier's  description  of  the  •*  crockadore"  . 


from  the  Clove  Islands  seems  to  deserve 
mention:  a  bird  "as  big  as  a  parrot,  and 
shaped  much  like  it,  with  such  a  bill,  but  it 
is  as  white  as  milk,  and  hath  a  bunch  of 
feathers  on  its  head  like  a  crown."  Unavoid- 
ably, many  local  names,  even  of  British 
birds,  have  been  omitted,  though  the  author 
tells  us  that  he  has  preserved  "  most  of  those 
which  found  their  way  into  some  sort  of 
literature,  ranging  from  an  epic  poem  to  an 
Act  of  Parliament."  Upon  this  count  a 
plea  might  be  urged  for  the  insertion 
of  "haysogge"  or  "heysugge,"  a  term 
employed  by  Chaucer  for  the  hedge-sparrow 
in  his  '  Assembly  of  Foules,'  line  612,  where 
the  "emerlyon"  (merlin)  says  to  the 
"  cukkow": — 

Thou  mordrere  of  the  haysogge  on  the  braunche 
That  hroght  thee  forth  !  thou  rewful  glotown. 

There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  as  to  the 
species  intended,  and  to  this  day  the  hedge- 
sparrow  is  known  in  East  Surrey  and  the 
Weald  by  a  corrupted  name  pronounced  as 
"Isaac,"  with  the  prefix  of  "blue"  for  the 
slaty  -  headed  adult.  Again,  a  little  more 
consideration  might  be  shown  at  times  for 
average  ignorance.  Well-informed  people, 
especially  those  who  take  an  interest  in 
hawking,  are  aware  that  "eyas"  or 
"eyess"  is  a  corruption  of  "  nias,"  which 
means  a  falcon  taken  from  the  nest,  as 
distinguished  from  a  "haggard"  or  falcon 
taken  wild ;  but  these  words  have  been 
freely  used  and  so  spelt  since  the  time  of 
Shakspeare,  and  a  cross-reference  in  the 
alphabetical  order  would  not  have  been 
amiss  (although  "eyas"  is  to  be  found  in 
the  index  published  three  years  later), 
especially  as  "tercel,"  "tiercel,"  and 
"tassel"  are  given.  We  should  like  to 
know  what  are  the  "  pawpers  and  such  like 
daily  brought  to  us  from  beyond  the  sea," 
mentioned  with  "egrets"  by  Harrison  in 
his  '  Description  of  England  '  in  Holinshed, 
for  the  context  shows  that  they  are  birds, 
and  not  immigrants  from  Russia  or  Poland. 
It  must  have  been  a  trial  for  Prof.  Newton 
to  have  been  unable  to  refer  to  the  original 
edition  of  Oviedo's  'Sumario  de  la  Natural 
Historia  de  las  Indias '  (1526-1527)  with 
regard  to  the  toucan ;  but,  having  been 
more  fortunate,  we  may  tell  him  that  the 
reference  to  that  bird  is  at  chap.  xliv.  and 
not  chap,  xlii.,  while  for  the  turkey  (Pavo) 
it  is  chap,  xxxviii.  and  not  xxxvi.  The 
passage  in  that  author  indicating  that  prior 
to  1526  there  was  a  j»flra  already  known  in 
Spain,  bigger  and  handsomer  than  the  Mexi- 
can turkey,  and  equally  in  the  habit  of 
spreading  its  tail,  may  point  to  an  early 
introduction  of  the  North  American  bird  by 
Cabot  or  some  of  his  successors  ;  but  Oviedo's 
remark  that  the  Spanish  pavo  was  "  not  so 
good  to  eat  "  suggests  the  possibility  that  the 
allusion  may  be  meant  for  the  great  bustard, 
Otis  tarda,  often  styled  a  pavo  by  the 
schoolmen  of  those  and  later  days,  though 
known  to  sportsmen  and  peasants  as 
abutarda.  Incidentally  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  Oviedo's  rare  work  contains 
a  fund  of  information  upon  many  subjects, 
one  of  these  being  migration,  of  which  he 
seems  to  have  been  the  first  observer  in 
America  (chap.  Iv.).  And  this  brings  us  to 
Prof.  Newton's  own  article  on  that  sub- 
ject, which  must  be  bracketed  with  "  Geo- 
graphical Distribution"  and  "Extermina- 
tion" for  masterly   treatment;    but  these 


70 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3637,  July  10,  '97 


would  require  a  review  to  themselves,  and 
can  merely  be  mentioned  now. 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  introduc- 
tion as  affording  an  unrivalled  insight 
respecting  the  progress  of  the  literature 
associated  with  the  study  of  birds,  as  well 
as,  in  no  small  degree,  the  study  of  self- 
advertisement.  This  introduction  must  be 
read  carefully,  and  not  a  line  can  safely  be 
skipped,  one  of  the  principal  features  of 
the  latter  part  being  the  able  exposition  of 
the  views  of  Prof.  Fiirbringer  respecting  the 
systematic  arrangement  of  birds.  For  the 
rest.  Prof.  Newton's  views  of  earlier  writers 
are  admirably  expressed,  and  his  summing- 
up  of  the  work  of  his  contemporaries  is,  on 
the  whole,  eminently  judicial — a  little  cold, 
perhaps,  except  for  two  cases,  in  which 
there  is  a  compensating  warmth.  A  map 
and  numerous  illustrations  add  to  the  value 
of  this  excellent  work. 


Short  Studies  in  Physical  Science.  By  Vaughan 
Cornish.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.)— Mr.  Cornish 
writes  as  one  much  interested  in  the  philosophy 
of  the  inductive  sciences,  and  well  acquainted 
with  it.  He  gives  us  a  series  of  instructive 
essays  in  mineralogy,  chemistry,  and  physics — 
essays  full  of  information,  but  which  we  fear 
will  not  find  so  great  a  number  of  readers  as 
they  deserve  ;  for  they  are  a  little  too  scientific, 
a  little  too  dry,  perhaps,  for  the  ordinary  reader, 
who  seeks  amusement  and  astonishment  rather 
than  instruction  and  enlightenment  in  his  studies 
in  physical  science— studies  which  are  apt  to  be 
prosecuted  in  an  armchair.  Several  of  these 
studies  have  already  appeared  as  contributions 
to  magazines,  but  many  are  new  ;  and  they 
treat  of  some  of  the  most  interesting,  most  per- 
plexing questions  which  have  received  answers 
more  or  less  conclusive  since  accurate  measure- 
ment has  assumed  its  right  place  in  physical 
investigations.  Mr.  Cornish  tells  us  much  of 
interest  concerning  crystals,  their  nature,  struc- 
ture, and  synthesis  ;  but  we  think  the  second 
division  of  the  work,  that  devoted  to  chemistry 
and  chemical  philosophy,  will  be  found  the 
most  profitable.  The  relations  between  the 
work  of  Dal  ton,  Prout,  and  Stas  are  pointed  out ; 
and  we  are  shown  how  Mendeldeff  classified 
elements  on  the  basis  of  atomic  weights  and 
established  his  periodic  system,  a  great  generali- 
zation which,  Mr.  Cornish  affirms,  is  not  inferior 
in  philosophical  interest  to  that  of  the  discovery 
of  the  laws  of  planetary  motion.  Chemical 
symbolism,  chemical  activity,  chemical  manu- 
facture, food  stuffs,  and  the  like,  form  the 
subjectb  of  successive  well-arranged  chapters. 
In  physics  a  certain  number  of  rather  abstruse 
subjects  are  considered,  but  occasionally  in  a  way 
which  will  hardly  adequately  elucidate  them  to 
the  general  reader,  for  whom  the  essays  appear  to 
be  written.  These  subjects  are  clear  enough  to  the 
author,  but  we  think  he  hardly  realizes  the  diffi- 
culty they  present  to  readers  who  have  not  had  a 
distinctly  scientific  training  ;  and  readers  of  this 
class  will  certainly  find  the  chapter  on  ether 
hard  to  follow.  A  short  chapter  towards  the 
end  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Rontgen 
rays,  and  brings  the  studies  up  to  date,  thus 
completing  a  work  which  merits  careful  and 
thoughtful  reading. 

Ethnographische  BeitrcUje  zur  Kenntnis  des 
Knrolinen  Archipels.  Yon  J.  S.  Kubary,  unter 
Mitwirkung  von  J.  D.  E.  Schmeltz.— Zweites 
Heft,  mit  13  Tafeln.  Die  Industrie  der  Felau- 
insrdaner.  ErsterTheil.  (Leyden,  Trap.)— Herr 
J.  S.  Kubary  has  long  been  known  in  Europe 
as  one  who  has  specially  devoted  himself  to  the 
investigation  of  the  islands  of  Micronesia.  He 
lived  there  for  many  years,  carefully  collecting 
and  recording  everything  of  interest,  biologic- 
ally and  ethnographically,  and  under  the  most 
favourable  circumstances  for  acquiring  accurate 


information.  No  one  is,  therefore,  better  quali- 
fied to  give  us  a  detailed  account  of  the  Caroline 
Islanders.  This  second  fasciculus  of  his  ethno- 
graphical description  of  that  archipelago  Mr. 
Kubary  has  devoted  to  an  account  of  the  indus- 
trial arts  of  the  Pelew  Islanders.  It  is  divided 
into  seven  chapters.  The  first  treats  of  the 
implements  used  by  them  in  hunting,  in  fishing, 
and  in  war  ;  their  spears  and  snares  for  the 
capture  of  birds  and  bats  ;  and  their  hooks, 
nets,  and  traps  for  fish,  of  which  the  various 
food  species  are  enumerated.  A  full  account  is 
given  of  the  curious  charms  and  incantations 
they  employ  to  secure  success  or  ward  off  ill 
luck  ;  for  the  fisher  is  not  only  this  by  trade, 
but  he  is  also  "a  priest  of  the  fishing  religion." 
Their  weapons  of  war  are  less  numerous  and 
less  elaborate  than  their  instruments  of  peace, 
and  are  similar  to  those  found  in  many  parts  of 
the  Pacific.  The  next  chapter  describes  the 
agriculture  of  the  Pelew  Islanders,  the  various 
articles  cultivated  by  them,  their  method  of 
planting,  and  the  ceremonial  with  which  the 
seed  is  committed  to  the  keeping  of  mother 
earth.  Mr.  Kubary  then  treats  of  their  food 
and  its  preparation,  and  gives  a  minute  account 
of  their  ornaments  and  valuables,  of  the  manu- 
facture of  these  decorations,  and  of  the  different 
grades  of  Pelew  society  who  have  the  right  to 
wear  them.  Their  tortoise-shell  industry  occu- 
pies the  next  chapter.  The  shell  is  obtained 
from  two  species  of  turtle,  Chelonia  midas  and 
C.  imbricata.  These  animals  are  considered  by 
the  islanders  as  god-given,  and  the  shell  is  ex- 
changed among  themselves  at  a  price  higher 
than  they  can  obtain  commercially  for  it.  Each 
scale  of  the  turtle  shell  receives  a  difl:erent  name 
and  has  its  particular  use.  The  concluding 
chapters  deal  with  the  household  utensils  of  the 
Pelewers,  with  the  vegetable  fibres  they  make 
and  use,  and  with  their  objects  of  wicker-work. 
Each  of  these  subjects  is  exhaustively  treated 
of,  and  most  of  the  ethnographical  objects  de- 
scribed are  illustrated  in  thirteen  clear  and  care- 
fully drawn  plates.  The  value  of  the  work  is 
further  increased  by  the  editorial  foot  notes, 
referring  the  reader  to  similar  customs  or 
objects  found  in  other  parts  of  the  Archipelago 
and  of  the  Pacific,  so  that  the  industrial  history 
of  the  Pelew  Islanders  is  brought  into  constant 
comparison  with  that  of  the  neighbouring 
peoples.  Full  references  are  also  given  to  those 
collections  in  which  the  ethnological  objects 
spoken  of  may  be  seen,  or  to  the  works  in 
which  those  not  illustrated  in  the  volume  before 
us  are  figured.  The  next  part  of  the  '  Beitrjige  ' 
will  contain  an  account  of  the  house  and 
canoe  architecture  of  the  same  islanders.  When 
completed,  this  work  will  be  a  valuable  contri- 
bution to  the  ethnography  of  Micronesia,  and 
it  will  have  rescued  from  oblivion  many  of  the 
old  customs  and  modes  of  life  among  the 
Caroline  Islanders,  some  of  which  have  already 
disappeared,  while  many  others  are  fast  dying 
out  before  the  spread  of  commerce,  which  is 
not,  however,  always  the  advance  of  civilization. 


SOCIBTIBS. 


Geological.— J^?/we  23.— Dr.  H,  Hick?,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Messrs.  A.  V.  Moore  and  D.  Woolacott 
were  elected  Fellows. — The  following  communica- 
tions were  read  :  '  Notes  on  a  Collf  ction  of  Rocks 
and  Fossils  from  Franz  Josff  Land,  madft  bv  the 
Jackson- Harms  worth  Expedition  during  1894-96.' by 
Messrs.  E.  T.  Newton  and  J.  J.  H.  Teall,-'  Deposits 
of  the  Bajocian  Age  in  the  North  Cotteswolds : 
I.  The  Cleeve  Hill  Plateau,'  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Buckman, 
— '  Pleistocene  Plants  from  Casewick,  Shacklewell. 
and  Grays,'  by  Mr.  C.  Reid.— and  'An  Explana- 
tion of  the  Claxheugh  Section,  co.  Durham,'  by 
Mr.  D.  Woolacott.  —  The  Society  adjourned  till 
November  3rd. 

Royal  Institution.— J^w/y  5.— Sir  J.  Crichton- 
Rrowne,  Trea.o.  and  V.  P.,  in  the  chair.— The  follow- 
ing were  elected  Members  :  Rev.  H.  Wace,  Messrs. 
H.  H.  Baird,  1.  Braby.  J.  M.  Davidson,  A  C.  Hill, 
J.  Y.  Johnson,  L.  Kamm,  M.  E.  Stephens,  J.  Wernher, 
and  H.  Wilde. 


Hellenic.  —July  5.  —Annval  Mieting.  —  Prof. 
Jebb,  M.P.,  President,  in  the  chair.— The  Hon. 
Secretary  read  the  Report  on  behalf  of  the  Council. 
This  showed  the  Society  to  be  iu  a  satisfactory  con- 
dition, financially  and  otherwise.  Two  numbers  of 
the  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studicx  had  been  published 
as  usual.  Allusion  was  made  to  the  retirement  of 
Prof.  P.  Gardner  from  active  editorship,  and  to  the 
great  services  he  had  rendered  to  the  Society  for 
seventeen  years  in  that  capacity.  His  place  was  to 
be  taken  by  Prof.  Ernest  Gardner.  The  annual 
grant  of  KXJZ.  to  the  British  School  at  Athens  had 
been  renewed  for  a  further  period  of  three  years, 
and  grants  had  also  been  made  of  aOl.  to  Mr.  W.  R. 
Raton  for  exploration  in  Asia  Minor,  and  to  Mr.  W.  J. 
Woodhou.se  towards  the  illustration  of  a  work  on 
jEtolia.  It  was  announced  that  in  future  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Society  would  be  held  on  Thursdays 
instead  of  Mondays,  mainly  in  order  to  meet  the 
convenience  of  schoolmasters  who  might  wish  to 
attend.  Reference  was  made  to  eminent  members 
of  the  Society  who  had  died  during  the  year,  in- 
cluding Archbishop  Benson,  Sir  W.  Franks,  Dr.  H. 
Holden,  Mr  J.  B.  Martin,  Mr.  C.  K.  Tuckerman, 
and  Mr.  Theodore  Bent.  In  spite,  however,  of 
losses  by  death  or  resignation,  the  number  of 
members  had  increased  by  six,  and  now  stood  at 
779. — The  adoption  of  the  Report  was  moved  by 
the  Chairman,  who  alluded  to  the  recent  discovery 
of  papyri  in  Egypt,  and  to  that  of  some  MSS.  of 
Bacchylides.  Prof.  Jebb  also  expressed  the  sym- 
pathy of  the  Society  with  the  present  unhappy 
condition  of  Greece.  The  adoption  of  the  Report 
was  seconded  by  Sir  John  Evans,  and  carried  unani- 
mously.—The  former  President  and  Vice-Presidents 
were  re-elected,  the  name  of  Prof.  W.  M.  Ramsay 
being  added  to  the  latter.  Piof.  W.  C.  F.  Ander- 
son, the  Rev.  A.  G.  Bather,  Mr.  B.  P.  Grenfell,  and 
Principal  G.  H.  Rendall  were  elected  to  vacancies 
on  the  Council.— Mr.  Cecil  Smith,  Director  of  the 
British  School  at  Athens,  gave  a  very  interesting 
account  of  recent  archteological  work  in  Greece, 
and  especially  of  the  excavations  carried  on  by  the 
British  School  on  the  site  of  Cynosarges  in  Athens, 
and  at  Phyllakopi  in  the  island  of  Melos,  where 
extensive  remains  had  been  found  of  an  important 
prehistoric  city. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THK  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Thurs.  British  Scliool  at  Athens,  5.— Annual  Meeting. 


Mrs.  Boole  has  been  engaged  since  the  death 
of  her  husband  in  translating  the  results  of  his 
researches  into  language  intelligible  to  all  to 
whom  the  elements  of  arithmetic  and  of  geo- 
metry are  familiar.  She  is  going  to  publish  a 
book  on  these  lines  through  Messrs.  Sonnen- 
schein  &  Co.  early  in  the  autumn. 

The  meeting  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute 
will  be  held  at  Cardiflf  from  August  3rd  to 
August  6th. 

FINE    ARTS 


ARCHITECTURAL   LITERATURE. 

Choir  Stalls  and  their  Carvings.  Sketched  by 
E.  Phipson.  (Batsford.) — Miss  Phipson  hit 
upon  a  good  subject  when  she  chose  to  delineate 
and  describe  the  misereres  which  are  found  in 
English  cathedrals  and  churches  ;  but  it  is  a  pity 
she  did  not  leave  the  matter  to  abler,  if  not 
more  industrious  hands.  Most  of  all  is  it  to  be 
regretted  that  the  pains  she  took  to  examine  and 
compare  these  choice  examples  of  mediaeval  taste, 
satiric  humour,  and  artistic  skill  was  not  assisted 
by  draughtsmanship  worthy  of  the  occasion.  Her 
efforts  at  drawing  are  almost  feeble,  and  her  care 
in  reproducing  the  characteristic  and  varying 
styles  of  the  wood-carvers  is  on  a  par  with  her 
very  limited  attainments ;  of  the  delicate  fore- 
shortening and  intricate  convolutions  of  the 
figures,  the  foliage,  and  the  flowers  she  has 
taken  no  heed,  nor  of  the  finish  of  the  surfaces 
of  the  carvings,  which  varies  as  greatly  as  their 
beauty  and  quaintness.  Her  letterpress,  which 
is  superior  to  her  plates,  is  not  bad,  so  far  as  it 
goes,  but  might  be  very  much  better,  while  the 
shortcomings  of  the  whole  work  are  such  as  to 
make  us  lament  that  Charles  Boutell  or  William 
Burges  did  not  carry  out  their  often  expressed 
intention  of  writing  an  exhaustive  work  on 
misereres.     Burges,    of  whose   studies   in   this 


N"  3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


71 


direction  Miss  Phipson  seems  not  to  have 
heard,  was  the  very  man  to  compile  and  illus- 
trate a  book  on  choir  stalls  and  their  carvings. 
Some  of  the  subjects  not  even  the  most  ad- 
vanced of  women  would,  we  imagine,  venture 
to  tackle.  Miss  Phipson,  who,  though  am- 
bitious, is  by  no  means  advanced,  was  shut 
out  from  this  very  important  and  peculiar  part 
of  the  theme  she  has  chosen  to  treat.  It  is 
true  that  she  called  in  the  aid  of  Mr.  T.  A. 
Martin  for  "  the  greater  part  of  the  descriptions 
of  the  seats  "  (i.e.,  the  carvings  under  the  seats) 
which  are  before  us.  As  to  the  introduction  to 
the  book,  we  hope  Mr.  Martinis  not  responsible 
for  passages  such  as  this  : — 

"These  carvings  were  chiefly  the  work  of  Fleniisli 
artists,  who  came  over  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III., 
and  settled  in  the  eastern  counties.  Bands  of  work- 
men were  often  attached  to  a  church,  and  went 
from  place  to  place  as  occasion  required.  The  same 
workmen,  for  instance,  were  engaged  on  the  wood- 
work of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor  ;  King's  Col- 
lege,Cambridge;  and  Westminster  Abbey  [thisshould 
be  Henry  VII.'s  Chapel,  if  anything  at  all].  These 
were  chiefly  Italians,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Torrigiano,  a  Florentine  artist,  pupil  of  Michael 
Angelo.  He  made  an  attempt  on  his  master's  life, 
which,  fortunately  for  art,  was  not  successful.  ' 
There  are  still  stranger  passages  in  this  in- 
troduction, bub  few  so  questionable  as  the 
following  : — 

"In  a  miserere  representing  the  death  of  John 
the  Baptist,  at  Ely.  the  daughter  of  Herodias  is 
represented  as  tumbling,  not  dancing.  In  aversion 
of  the  Scriptures  in  the  eleventh  century,  it  is  said 
of  Herodias's  daughter,  '  she  tumbled  and  it  pleased 
Herod,'  as  if  the  translators  imagined  that  no 
ordinary  dancing  could  have  earned  so  great  a 
reward." 

Surely  the  writer  ought  to  have  known  that  this 
sort  of  tumbling,  or  rather  dancing  on  the  hands 
instead  of  the  feet,  was  practised  even  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  times  in  this  country,  and  is  very  fre- 
quently represented  in  early  manuscripts  and 
carvings,  even  over  church  doors.     The  author 
seems    to    have  little  or  no   knowledge    of   the 
bestiaries,  which  are  barely  alluded  to,  although, 
as   is  truly  said,   those  quaint  and  wildly  fan- 
tastic compilations  were  the  chief  sources  from 
which  the  subjects  of  these  carvingii  were  de- 
rived.    Of  the  Romanesque  sculptures  in  stone 
in  and  about  church   doors   and   other   places, 
which  were  the  precursors  of  the  miserere  carv- 
ings,   neither   Miss  Phipson   nor  her  assistant 
seems  to  know  anything,  and  yet  it  is  to  these 
and  later  examples  of  the  same  nature  that  the 
student  ought   to   turn.     The   puzzle  why  the 
mediaeval  ecclesiastics  permitted  carvers  of  such 
insolent  mockeries  of  the  clergy,  the  nobles,  the 
ladies,  and  their  patrons  is  not  made  clearer. 
It    is    noteworthy    that    while    quoting,    after 
Thomas  Wright,  a   passage   from   a   letter   ad- 
dressed  by   St.    Bernard   of   Clairvaux   to   the 
Abbot    of    St.    Thierry,    our    author    has   not 
observed   how  the  objurgations  of   the  former 
prove    that,    even     in    the     twelfth    century, 
the   saint  did  not   recognize   in   "the   unclean 
apes,    ferocious    lions,    fighting    soldiers,    and  ! 
hunters  sounding  their  horns,"  to  say  nothing 
of    monstrosities     of     "hideous     beauty     and 
beautiful    deformity,"   any   of  those   recondite 
meanings    which    modern    writers    have     pro- 
fessed   to    find    in    Romanesque     and    Gothic 
sculptures    and   wood-carvings.     The   difficulty 
of  giving   a   complete   interpretation  of    these 
designs  is  not  lessened  by  the  obvious  circum- 
stance that  no  small  proportion  of  their  number 
were,  in  fact,  mere  outbreaks  of  freakish  wills,  ^ 
and  not  to  be  accounted  for  on  any  systematic 
scheme    of    interpretation.      It   is    noticeable, 
even  in  the  unsatisfactory  sketches  before  us, 
how      well      the     carvers     of     the     thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries  were  acquainted  with 
the   forms    and    characters    of  such  outlandish 
creatures  as  elephants,  lions,  and  bears.     There 
is    an    elephant  in  Exeter  Cathedral   which  is 
surprisingly  true  to  nature ;  pictures  of  the  same 
subject  are  generally  beneath  contempt.     This 
relic  dates  from  circa  1240,  and  was  manifestly 
due  to  a  carver  who  knew  his  subject.      The  ' 


fish  held   by  a  mermaid,  under  another  of  the 
same  series  of  misereres,  is  to  the  life  faithful. 
At  Chichester  are  two  lions  with  one  head,  a 
carving    as    good    in    design   as   in    character, 
the    bodies    having    the    best    of    morbidezza. 
There  used  to  be  in  the  church  of  St.  Katherino- 
by-the-Tuwer  a   set  of  misereres   of  unusually 
complex  design,  including  our  old  friend  the  ele- 
phant and  castle,  with  an  angel  in  the  fortress, 
the  meaning  of  which  our  author  and  artist  have 
missed.     There  is  another  fortress  most  quaintly 
represented    in   a   stall   at    Lincoln    Cathedral, 
where  the  misereres,  one  hundred  and  eight  in 
number,   are   most   curious   and  finely   carved. 
In     one     we      have     the      portcullis     of     the 
castle  raised,  and  the  hind  (juarters  of  a  horse 
entering  are  plainly  shown.    In  another  carving 
of     the    same    series    a    knight    in    a    conical 
helmet  is  riding  a  camel ;  near  it  another  fully 
armed   knight    fights    a    gryphon.      At    Great 
Malvern  three  rats  are  hanging  a  cat,  an  illus- 
tration of  significance  in  rebellious  times.     This 
volume  records  several  instances  of  the  ignorance 
and  carelessness  of  the  custodians  of  misereres, 
as  at  St.  Nicholas's,  Lynn,  where  those  worthies, 
being  about  the  "restoration"  of  their  chapel, 
actually   consigned    to   the   contractor   for   the 
works  six  of  the  seats  as  if  they   were  of  no 
value.     He,  being  a  sensible  man,   sold  them, 
and  they  are  now  in  the  Architectural  Museum, 
Westminster.      What   could    the   architect  em- 
ployed  in    "restoration"   have    been    about? 
We  have  examined  the  plates  which  form  the 
staple  of   this    book,  and  admit   the  diligence 
employed    to    bring     hundreds     of     examples 
together  from  all  parts  of  the  realm  ;  but  we 
find  that  the  more  complex  the  carvings  are, 
the   more  delicate  and  careful  their  execution, 
the  less  is  Miss  Phipson 's  drawing  to  be  relied 
upon.     Under  these  circumstances  we   wonder 
why  Mr.  Batsford,  to  whom,  if  to  anybody,  one 
looks  for  good  draughtsmanship  and  clear  illus- 
trations, did  not  advise  Miss  Phipson  to  employ 
photography  for  the  illustrations  of  her  book. 
Dozens   of   good   photographic   representations 
of     misereres     were     published      by     Messrs. 
Cundall    &    Downes  when   they   were  dealing 
with    the    carvings    and    sculptures    of    Wells 
Cathedral,  and  likewise   by    the   Architectural 
Publication  Society. 

The     Architectural    Association    Sketch- Book. 
Series  III.     Vol.  I.    (No.  9,  Conduit  Street.)— 
We  gladly  welcome  this   further  instalment  of 
a  highly  valuable  collection,  which  comprises, 
besides     plans,     sections,     and     elevations,     a 
great     number     of     drawings     of     details     in 
wood      as     well      as      stone,      some      capital 
pieces    of    furniture,    bookcases,    screens,   and 
carvings.      Of    the    seventy-two    large    plates, 
fifty-nine  represent  English  examples,    mainly 
from    Durham,   Ely,   Gloucester,   Lincoln,   and 
London.     Of   the  last  the    whole    are   of   later 
dates   than    the   'Sketch-Book'    has   generally 
affected,  and  include  some  excellent  drawings 
by  Mr.  J.  Stratton  from  Brewers'  Hall,  Addle 
Street,    Cheapside,    a    somewhat     heavy,    but 
characteristic  work  of  circa  1670,  or  we  think 
somewhat  later  date.     The  sheet  of  sections  of 
mouldings  from  this  building,  plate   50,   is  de- 
cidedly well  worth  study — more  so,  perhaps,  than 
imitation.     A  special  interest  attaches   to  Mr. 
J.  Allen's  drawings  (52-54)  of  the  almshouses 
on   Trinity   Ground,    Mile    End,    1695,    which 
serve  to  show  the  very  Dutch  picturesqueness 
of  that  much  debated  building.     The  staircase 
of  the  Talbot  Inn,  Oundle,  which  (plate  57)  is 
given  in    a  plan,  section,   and  details  by  Mr. 
H.    A.    Crouch,    will    be    a    delight    to   those 
who    prize    the    early   and    well  -  proportioned 
Jacobean     carpentry.      We    do    not     know    a 
better  example  ;     the  balusters  and    the  com- 
position of  the  whole  are  first  rate.     We  ques- 
tion the  legend  which  says  that  it  was  brought 
from  Fotheringhay  Castle.     Mr.  H.  V.  Ashley 
contributes  three  carefully  drawn  and  well-chosen 
plates  of  studies  from  Clare  College,  Cambridge, 
which,  though    not  a  masterpiece,  has    many 


choice  elements,  including  the  beautiful  gates 
seen   from   the   Backs,   ironwork  so  good  that 
it  deserves  to  be  drawn  again  on  a  larger  scale 
than  the  present,  and  the  stone  piers  sustaining 
the    gates,    which    are    models   of  their  kind. 
Of  the   bookcases  in  the  library  it  may  be  said 
that  their  entablature  and  its  frieze-lihe  panels 
would  charm  us  more  if  the  mouldings   below 
them  were  less    tortured   and   confusing.     We 
know  nothing  of  its  kind   better  and  finer  in 
taste  than  the  design    of  the  oak   desk  in  the 
chapel  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  circa 
1665.  Turning  to  specimens  of  a  nobler  style,  we 
come  to  Mr.  Spooner's  excellent,  though  too  small 
transcripts  from  the  Chapel  of  the  Nine  Altars, 
Durham,  to  which   the  draughtsman  may  well 
devote  the  utmost  study  and  care.    The  sections 
of  mouldings  and  a  base  in  plate  7  fill  the  student 
with  admiration  for  the  exquisite  skill  of  Richard 
de  Farnham,  the  architect.     As  casts  have  been 
made  of  the  mouldings,  caps,  bases,  and  other 
elements    of    Farnham's    work,    Mr.    Spooner 
stands  excused  for  not  giving  us  more  of  it  and 
on  a  larger  scale.     They  date  from  1242.     One 
of  the  richest  pieces  of  Romanesque  work  known 
is  the  Prior's  Door  at  Ely,  builtunder  the  auspices 
of  (if  not  designed  by)  Abbot  Simeon,  1081.     It 
is  a  complete  type  of  its  class.    Another  master- 
piece   of    ironwork    is    the     gates    of  Bishop 
West's  Chapel,  Ely,  where  the  rigidity  of  some 
parts  and  the  want  of  repose  of  the  central  bar 
remind  us  that  the  best  time  of  toreutic  art  had 
passed  when  this  specimen  was  made.  The  details 
of  a  bar  in  this  gate,  which  are  drawn  by  Mr. 
Greenslade,  show  that  certain  roses  were  actually 
stuck  on(!),  and  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
neighbouring   mouldings.     Original  and  grace- 
ful  is  the  design  of   Prior  Crauden's   Chapel, 
Ely,    the  work   of    Alan  of  Walsingham,  circa 
1324,    which    Mr.    R.    C.    Austin    draws   with 
taste   and  care   in   plates   11-14.     The   severe 
purity  of  the  exterior  as  it  originally  appeared 
is  emphasized  by  Mr.  Austin's  omission  of  the 
modern  windows,  which  are  not  improvements 
to  the  south  front  (plate  11).     Among  carvings 
such  as  ought  to  be  put  before  all  pupils  of  the 
craft,  few  are  so  worthy  of  attention  as  those 
drawn   by   Mr.   Greenslade   from   the   bishop's 
throne  at  Exeter,  which  are  ascribed  to  Robert 
de    Galmeton,    circa    1316,   and    illustrate,    on 
Freeman's    authority,    the    use    of    sea  -  weed 
foliage  in  its  very  best  stage.     The  carvings  of 
this  throne  are  wonders  in  their  \/ay,  though 
rather  more  florid  than  a  fastidious  taste  would 
admit.     Indeed,   they  may  well  be  put  before 
pupils    as    comprising    an     element     of  ultra- 
flexibility.     As   to  the  cusps   of   the  arcade  at 
the  base  of  this  throne,  Beverley  Minster  and 
its  Percy  Shrine  cannot  surpass  them.     What  is 
to  be  said  for  the  taste  and  judgment  of  those 
teachers  of  wood-carving  who,  with  such  models 
as  these,  put  before  their  pupils  florid  examples 
of    Jacobean  —  nay,    Georgian  —  origin  ?     The 
classification   of  subjects  in  this  volume   is   so 
far    comprehensive    as   to    admit   Romanesque 
examples,    such   as    the   very   fine    interior    of 
St.  Nicholas's,  Glatton,  Huntingdonshire,  where 
the  beautiful  round -arched  arcade  of  the  nave, 
with  Norman  mouldings,  rests  upon  piers,  the 
caps  of  which  are  alternately  Early  English  of 
a  severe  type,  and  distinctly  good,  though  rather 
common  Romane.'^que.    A  very  late  Decorated 
choir  -  screen     of    wood,    richly    carved,    goes 
well    with   a    nearly   contemporaneous   pulpit, 
a  noble    series    of   bench-ends  of    oak    of    an 
unusually    florid     kind,     and     the     decidedly 
Perpendicular   aisle    roofs   and    tracery   of  the 
clearstory.     Among  the   best  -  known  examples 
of   the  pure   Perpendicular,  none  is   more    in- 
teresting    than     the     cloisters     of    Gloucester 
Cathedral,    the   roof    being   of    the   most    ela- 
borate  fanwork,    analogous   to   that    at   West- 
minster,   but    inferior.     The    ill  -  proportioned 
lower  arcade,  with  its  decidedly  uncouth  battle- 
mented   string-course,   supported   by  spandrels 
nearly     as     inelegant,    is     a     great     drawback 
to     Gloucester.       These      cloisters      attracted 


72 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3637,  July  10, '97 


Mr.  A.  J.  Dunn,  who  seems  to  like 
late  fourteenth  century  work.  His  plan 
and  sections  on  plate  20 ;  representations 
of  the  groining  at  the  same  place,  plate  21; 
and  sections  on  plate  22  and  plate  23  are  models 
of  architectural  drawing  of  the  elaborate  and 
practical  sort.  Another  example  of  a  finer  sort 
than  the  above  is  presented  in  this  series  by 
Mr.  J.  J.  Joass's  perspectives  of  the  thoroughly 
English  church  of  St.  Andrew  at  Heckington, 
Lincolnshire,  one  of  the  best  proportioned 
specimens  of  the  Decorated  style.  It  has  a 
good  solid  stone  octangular  spire,  with  canopied 
gablets  on  its  alternate  faces,  and  rich  pinnacles  at 
the  angles  of  the  stately  and  lofty  square  tower, 
which  is  double-buttressed  at  its  corners.  The 
whole  is  an  admirable  composition  of  ample 
strength,  fully  adorned  with  canopies  and 
strings,  and  most  harmonious  in  its  elements, 
none  of  which  fails  to  indicate  care  and 
refinement. 


THE    ROYAL   ACADEMY. 


(Seventli  and  Concluding  Notice.) 

There  are  only  a  few  water-colour  drawings 
remaining  to  be  noticed.  The  first  of  these  is 
Mr.  C.  E.  Wilson's  Happy  Days  (No.  1306), 
an  example  of  excellent  drawing,  a  crisp  and 
firm  touch,  and  natural  feeling.  —  There  is 
much  that  is  agreeable  about  the  atmosphere, 
and  there  is,  too,  plenty  of  rich  colour  in 
the  often  -  painted  subject  of  Mr.  S.  H. 
Baldi'ey's  Waiberswick  Pier  and  Harbour  (1309). 
— A  good  and  expansive  panorama  is  depicted 
in  Mi\  E.  E.  Briggs's  View  of  the  Little  Sea, 
Studland  (1310).  —  Mr.  M.  Detmold's  Specimens 
(1315),  a  capital  illustration  of  still  life,  is  crisply 
finished,  bright,  and  solid,  as  such  themes 
should  always  be. — Strong  in  tone  and  excellent 
in  colour,  Wallflowers  (1317),  by  Miss  G.  D, 
Hammond,  represents  with  spirit  a  lady  in  black 
looking  at  a  mirror.— Mr.  A.  Parsons,  who  is 
better  known  as  an  oil  painter,  sends  the 
rather  dry  and  hard,  yet  charmingly  drawn 
Daffodils  at  Warley  Place  (1318).— There  ia  a 
good  deal  that  is  bright  and  truthful  about  Mr. 
C.  W.  Hopper's  Sheep-ivashing  near  Christ- 
church  (1322). — The  Farmer's  Daughter,  watch- 
ing chickens  (1323),  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Wilson, 
is  of  the  same  stamp  as  his  'Happy  Days.' — 
A  choice  representation  of  the  afterglow  will 
be  found  in  Mr.  Duassut's  Evening  at  an  Old 
Farm  (1324),  which  could  not  be  stronger  without 
losing  its  charm  of  tenderness. — In  its  breadth, 
simplicity,  and  sober  and  harmonious  colours 
Mr.  P.  Norman's  Tithe  Barn,  Fastbourne  (1326), 
is  almost  worthy  of  the  late  G.  P.  Boyce,  who 
loved  such  subjects.  Mr.  Norman's  Old  Street, 
Sandu'ich  (1346),  and  At  St.  Ives  (1403) 
should  not  be  overlooked  by  those  who 
like  examples  of  style  in  landscape  paint- 
ing of  this  class. — Antibcs,  South  of  France 
(1330),  by  Mr.  J.  Muirhead,  is  sunny  "and  pure 
in  colour  and  light,  though  the  foreground  is 
too  sVight.— A fterglorv,  Yorkshire  Coast  (1331), 
wears  an  appropriate  air  of  repose,  and 
is  full  ol  light  of  the  right  colour  and 
tonality.  It  is  by  Mr.  W.  A.  A.  Higgins.— 
"Sea,  ever  free  "  (1344},  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Aldridge,  is  a 
sympathetic,  but  somewhat  artificial  picture  of 
the  ocean  when  of  the  deepest  blue  colour  and 
in  the  fullest  light.— Mr.  P.  Dixon's  At  the 
Foot  of  the  Ice-fall  (1349)  is  extremely  careful, 
solidly  drawn  by  an  understanding  hand,  limpid, 
and  true. — La  Vierge  aiix  Lys  (1371),  which 
suggests  Fra  Angelico,  attests  the  skill  and 
pains  of  Miss  S.  Waters,  being  most  delicate  and 
exceptionally  choice  in  its  colour  and  sentiment. 
—No.  1384,  Klingen  Thor,  is,  like  all  Mr. 
R.  P.  Spiers's  drawings  of  such  subjects,  clear 
and  firmly  touched. — The  Queen's  Old  Servants 
(1386),  by  Mr.  J.  Eyre,  a  group  of  Chelsea  pen- 
sioners, is  full  of  character  and  spirit. — Mr.  L. 
Lowenstam's  The  Lost  Chord  (1395),  a  rich  and 
efi"ective  modern  interior,  deserves  much  praise. 
The   artist   is    the  well-known  engraver.     The 


figure  is  too  slight  to  secure  its  proper 
value  in  the  picture. — One  of  the  most  solid 
pieces  of  its  kind  in  the  gallery,  a  choice  ex- 
ample of  representation  of  light  combined  with 
good  colour  and  a  broad  eflect,  is  Mr.  W.  Monk's 
The  Shrine,  Westminster  Abbey  (1397).— Mr.  A. 
Ellis's  vista  of  High  Street,  Berioick-on-Twccd 
(1398),  is  a  careful  and  successful  instance  of 
grading  and  of  sound  architectural  draughtsman- 
ship. 

Of  the  miniatures,  the  collection  of  which  is 
the  best  we  have  seen,  here  or  elsewhere,  for 
many  years,  we  can  give  only  a  few  names.  These 
are  Miss  M.  Clemens  (1409),  by  Miss  M.  Rutley  ; 
N.  G.  Gould  (1413),  by  Miss  F.  E.  Gould  ; 
Mrs.  O'Callaghan  (1421),  by  Miss  O.  Morgan  ; 
Ermyntrude  (1429),  by  Miss  T.  Wylde;  Hon.  L. 
Baring  (1438),  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Hobson  ;  Lady  H. 
Finch  (1455),  by  Miss  M.  Y.  Towgood  ;  A  Ladij 
(1458),  by  Miss  C.  H.  Gumming  ;  Ida  (1463),  by 
Miss  E.  L.  Clink  ;  Mrs.  H.  J.  G.  Hatfidd 
(1485),  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Zink  ;  Mrs.  L.  Phillips 
(1510),  by  Miss  A.  R.  Merrylees  ;  Catherine E.  M. 
Barnes  (1518),  by  Miss  B.  C.  Smalltield  ;  Miss 
M.  D.  McCorrpiodale  (1524),  by  Mr.  H.  Gray  ;  Mrs. 
F.  Cross  (1528),  and  three  other  instances,  by 
Mr.  E.  Tayler  ;  Miss  M.  C.  (1566),  by  Mile.  G. 
Debillemont ;  and  Mrs.  S.  Thomas's  A  Lady 
(1576).  These  are  selected  from  among  several 
charming  examples. 

Compared  with  the  far  more  numerous  col- 
lection in  the  Salon  the  show  in  the  Black 
and  White  Room  is  of  little  account.  Line 
engraving  and  etching  of  the  best  kind  flourish 
in  Paris,  and  offer  lessons  in  research,  love  of 
beautiful  workmanship  for  its  own  sake,  and 
exquisite  taste,  of  which  the  Black  and  White 
Room  is  quite  unconscious.  The  best  things  here 
are  mostly  by  foreign  draughtsmen  or  artists 
trained  abroad.  We  may  notice  some  of  the 
best  examples,  omitting,  however,  a  few 
which  we  have  already  criticized  from  impres- 
sions sent  to  us  for  review.  These  works  are 
"  Where  the  well-used  plough  lies  in  the  furrow" 
(1587),  by  Miss  M.  Bolingbroke  ;  The  Thames 
(1596),  by  Mr.  C.  Bromley  ;  Applcdore  Quay 
(1610),  by  Mr.  F.  V.  Burridge  ;  The  Chariots  of 
the  Hours  (1011),  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Doring  ;  Grief 
(1630),  by  Mr.  E.  Slocombe ;  The  Visitation 
(1639),  by  Herr  P.  J.  Arendzen  ;  Good- Night 
(1648),  by  Miss  M.  Walker  ;  Man  in  a  Fez 
(1695),  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Southall  ;  Viscountess 
Castlereagh  (1721),  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Greenhead  ; 
The  Fortune-Teller  (1722),  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Chap- 
man ;  and  Clytie  (1735),  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Bridg- 
water. As  a  whole,  the  etchings  are  not  good, 
and,  as  might  be  expected,  ignorance  of  learned 
draughtsmanship  leads  to  an  unmistakable  pre- 
ference for  ugliness,  and  a  contempt  for  culture 
and  critical  judgment. 

We  turn  to  the  Sculpture  Galleries  with 
unusual  satisfaction,  and  the  first  thing  we 
encounter  is  Mr.  W.  R.  Colton's  life-size 
statue  of  The  Imageflnder  (1934).  The  figure 
is  somewhat  needlessly  ugly,  and  its  action 
over  demonstrative,  yet  it  is  marked  by 
vigour  and  learned  modelling,  which,  however, 
needs  refining. — Mr.  G.  E.  Wade's  seated  statue 
of  the  late  Chief  Justice  of  Madras  (1937),  lean- 
ing forward  in  his  chair  as  if  to  speak,  is  a 
capital  and  simple  design  ;  the  feet  seem  too 
big. — Elegantly  realistic,  complete,  and  search- 
ing in  its  modelling  is  the  naked  life-size  Swan 
Girl  (1938)  of  Mr.  G.  Simonds.  She  is  seated 
on  a  rock  between  two  most  graceful  swans,  who 
make  with  her  an  admirable  composition.  The 
morbidezza  of  the  torso,  its  virginal  charm,  its 
seeming  suppleness  and  vivacity,  and  the  firm- 
ness and  finish  of  the  lower  limbs,  of  the  thighs 
especially,  are  all  of  them  excellent  points  in  the 
work.— No.  1939,  Miss  E.  R.  Curtois's  Child 
playing  at  Marbles,  is  a  spirited  design,  but 
the  somewhat  attenuated  forms  and  the  too 
large  feet  are  regrettable. — Mr.  Schenck's  large 
decorative  alto-relief  of  Sloth  (1945),  with  a 
pendentive,  and  its  companion  hidustry  (1947), 
both  for  the  Town  Hall,  Oxford,  are  strong  in 


many   ways  and    satisfactory,   architectonically 
speakiiig.- The  Isis  (1950)  of  Mrs.   A.  F.  Gell 
is  a  pictorial    sort   of    figure,   which    does  not 
quite  express  its  meaning,  and    displays  more 
courage  on  the  artist's   part  than   learning  or 
skill. — In  No.  1948  we  have  Mr.  M.  Lawrence's 
Thirteen,   the  bust  of    an    adolescent    girl,  de- 
signed in  that  Florentine  taste  of  the  fifteenth 
century  which  has  been  popular  of  late  ;    the 
face    and    expression    are    extremely    tasteful 
and     pretty.  —  Miss     E.    M.    Moore's     nude 
standing  figure  of  a  damsel  At  the  Gates  of  the 
Past  (1952)  is  passionate,  suited  to   the  poetic 
suggestiveness  of  the  subject,  and  sufficient  for 
decorative  sculpture,    but    more    tasteful    than 
technically  finished,  though  sculptured  female 
nudities    of    a    monumental    character     ought 
never  to  fail  in  that  respect. — A  capital  statue 
of  a   Greyhound   (1961)  comes    from    Miss   L. 
Midwood,  who  has  modelled  it  with  care. — The 
Dawn  of  Thought,  bust  (1970),  by  Mr.  S.  W.  W. 
Willis,  presents  a  fine  and  faithful  expression  of 
growing  wonder  in  the  features  of  the  child. — 
Mr.  A.  Van  Beurden's  Before  the  Bath  (1971), 
a  group  in  ivory  of  a  damsel  holding  a  crying 
child,  is  decidedly  pretty  and  animated. — Mr.  H. 
Thornycroft's  Portrait  (1972)  is  worthy  of  his 
reputation,  but  he  has  been  engaged  upon  larger 
works,  so  that  his  contributions  this  year  are 
comparatively     unimportant.       They     consist, 
besides  the  above,  of  medallions  of  J.  EccleSy 
Esq.  (2050),  and  Miss  J.   Thornycroft  (2062).— 
Mr.  A.  Drury's  bust,  called  The  Age  of  Innocence 
(1974),  is  very  naturalistic  and  characteristic. — 
The  nude  figureof  the  Nymph  of  LochAwe  (1980\ 
sleeping  like  a  water-lily  upon  her  own  lake,  is 
fresh  in  design  and  agreeablj'  modelled.  It  is  by 
Mr.  F.  W.  Pomeroy.— Near  it  is  Mr.  A.  Gilbert's 
somewhat   florid,    yet   picturesque    and    clever 
Gold  Medal  (1979).     This  and  Ewer  and  Rose- 
Water  Dish  (2090)  prove,  what  everybody  knew 
before,  that  the  artist,  if  not  a  great  sculptor,  is 
in  the  first  rank   as  a  decorative    designer  of 
toreutic  works,  which,  indeed,  his  statues  mostly 
resemble. 

No.  1993,  one  of  the  most  impressive  works 
of  the  year,  is  the  bust — the  last  portrait  he 
sat  for— by  Mr.  E.  Onslow  Ford,  of  -Sir  J.  E. 
Millais.  The  deeply  stamped  lines  of  pain  are 
manifest  in  the  great  painter's  once  handsome, 
genial,  and  energetic  features.  The  sculptor 
found  the  President,  while  he  sat  for  this 
bust,  thoughtful  and  weary,  but  noticed  how 
often,  through  the  languors  of  decline  and 
strain  of  almost  constant  pain,  flashes  of  the  old 
kindliness,  the  glow  of  genius  and  energy  which 
suffering  could  not  utterly  subdue,  broke  through 
and  rendered  his  task  almost  a  happy  one.  The 
likeness  is  one  of  the  most  exact  and  animated  ; 
its  very  pathos  attests  thus  much,  while  the 
execution,  being  less  polished  and  finished  than 
usual  with  the  sculptor,  proves  at  once  the  por- 
trait's veracity  and  the  extraordinary  skill  of 
the  hands  to  which  we  owe  this  precious  record 
of  a  great  artist.  A  Portrait  Bust  (1994),  by 
the  same  sculptor,  is  of  a  fine  Florentine 
type.  Admirable  as  a  likeness,  sincere  and 
spirited  in  a  free  and  masculine  style,  is 
Mr.  Ford's  M.  P.  Dagnan-Bouveret  (2040). 
This  bust  of  the  French  master,  like  the  noble 
one  of  Millais,  proves  the  sculptor's  extra- 
ordinary power  of  seizing  and  realizing  individual 
and  transient  expressions  without  descending 
to  caricature.  His  bust  of  G.  Alexander,  Esq^. 
(2054),  is  also  successful.  An  excellent  like- 
ness, excellently  wrought  in  an  unusually  bold 
style,  is  the  bust  of  Herbert  Spencer,  Esq. 
(2057),  which  is  the  man  to  the  life.  No.  2058 
is  Mr.  Ford's  original  design  for  the  Jowetf 
Memorial.  The  actual  work,  now  before  us,  is 
small  :  the  recumbent  statue  of  the  professor 
is  not  more  than  two  feet  long,  and  the  whole 
work— including  the  sarcophagus,  the  brackets 
that  will  support  it  upon  the  wall  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege Chapel,  the  canopy  and  colonnettes  of  green 
Irish  marble,  the  weepers  in  the  niches  at  the 
head   and  feet  of    the   dead— is  in  proportion. 


N°  3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


73 


This  smallness — for  which,  of  course,  there  is 
ample  authority — is  not,  unless  on  account  of  its 
associations  with  bijouterie,  in  the  least  degree 
fibjectionable.  A  life-size  scale  would,  however, 
be  more  impressive,  and  therefore  preferable. 
The  combination  of  a  brilliant  blue  background 
panel  of  mosaic,  the  green  shafts,  the  other  ele- 
ments of  silver  and  bronze,  and  the  white 
marble,  helps  to  constitute  a  charmingly  beau- 
tiful piece  of  colour.  —  Mr.  W.  Goscombe 
John's  Memorial  to  the  late  Canon  Grey  (1996), 
a  work  in  low  relief,  with  fine  weepers  at  the 
head  and  feet,  is  simple  and  modest. — Mr. 
A.  G.  Walker's  Death  of  the  First-born  (1995) 
is  appropriate,  and  skilfully  modelled. — There 
is  a  great  deal  that  is  most  excellent  about  Mr. 
A.  Fisher's  Voices  of  the  Night  (2001),  a  relief  in 
copper,  bronze,  and  enamel. — Miss  E.  Bateson's 
bust  of  the  Bev.  S.  Leathes  (2006)  is  a  capital 
example  of  a  severe  style,  but  lacks  research 
and  finish  — Mr.  B.  Mackennal's  nude  statuette 
in  bronze  of  Daphne  (2039)  is  clever  and  spirited. 
—Mr.  J.  Cassidy's  Sir  G.  Halle  (2047)  is  like 
the  subject,  and  otherwise  commendable. — Mr. 
A.  Toft  sends  a  pretty  statuette  of  Spring  (2072), 
kneeling  to  plant  flowers  :  a  very  clever  work 
indeed. — Mr.  G.  W.  Cowell's  Sketch  of  a  Lady 
(2076)  seated  with  her  hands  joined  is  quite 
natural,  simple,  and  fresh. — In  its  rough  and 
vigorous  way  the  sketch  in  silver  of  a  Young 
Indian  Leopard  and  Tortoise  (2092),  by  Mr. 
J.  M.  Swan,  is  not  to  be  overlooked  by  those  who 
have  an  eye  for  good  things. — Mr.  Armstead's 
young  girl  and  kitten,  or  Playmates  (2100),  is 
searchingly  treated,  and  the  design  full  of  ani- 
mation.— More  quaint  than  firm,  though  finely 
wrought  and  in  that  respect  more  exhaustive 
and  laborious  than  its  Elizabethan  prototypes, 
is  Mr.  G.  F.  Frampton's  life-size  standing 
figure  of  Dame  Alice  Owen  (2101),  the  foundress 
of  a  school  at  Islington,  where  it  is  to  be 
placed.  The  benevolent  lady  is  dressed  in  a 
great  wheel  farthingale  of  bold  brocade,  corselet- 
like stays,  a  voluminous  petticoat  stiflf  with 
embroidery,  with  her  hair  rolled  up  off  her 
forehead.  The  choice  of  the  style  of  Eliza- 
bethan sculpture  is  no  doubt  due  to  the 
fact  of  the  school  itself  having  been  built 
in  that  fashion,  to  which,  indeed,  we  are 
more  accustomed  in  architecture.  Here  we 
have  a  revival  of  a  curious  sort,  which  is  by 
no  means  unacceptable  for  a  change,  and  will 
be  appropriate  enough  in  the  hall  of  Dame 
Alice  Owen's  school. 

The  works  in  architecture  seem  to  us  con- 
siderably below  the  usual  reputation— never 
high — of  the  room  in  which  we  find  them. 
At  any  rate,  the  works  which  we  can  com- 
mend for  their  charm  and  originality  are  fewer 
than  usual.  One  of  the  best  of  them  appears  to  us 
to  be  Mr.  E.  D.  Webb's  Coimty  Hotel,  Salisbury 
(1749),  which  is  at  once  massive,  graceful,  and 
well  proportioned,  the  last-named  qualification 
being,  as  it  seems  nowadays,  the  one  feature  of 
an  architectural  design  which  is  left  to  chance, 
and  so  often  absent.  —  Messrs.  Murray  & 
Mallows  are  to  be  thanked  for  their  Granard 
Presbyterian  Church  (1752),  which  is  grave 
and  elegant. — Mr.  W.  D.  Caroe,  always  a 
clever  designer  of  churches,  is  up  to  his  mark 
in  that  intended  for  Nottingham,  No.  1781. — 
St.  Peter's,  East  Grinstead  (1783),  is  a  good,  and 
not  a  "copybook"  church,  the  design  of  Mr. 
F.  A.  Walters. — Mr.  J.  "NeaWs  Houses  erected  at 
Hampstead  (1786)  and  Mr.  C.  A.  Nicholson's 
Design  for  a  Church  at  Exeter  (1787)  are  both 
excellent. — One  of  the  freshest  designs  here  is 
that  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Mountford  for  St.  MichaeVs, 
Southfields,  Wa^idsworth  (1795) ;  see,  too,  his 
St.  Anne's,  for  the  same  place.  No.  1849,  both  of 
which  are  distinguished  by  their  character  and 
appropriateness.  —  No.  Jj.^,  Prince's  Gate  (1839), 
by  Messrs.  George  &  Yeates,  commends  itself 
for  a  comely  town  house. — Among  Messrs. 
Austin  &  Paley's  best  works  is  the  interior 
of  St.  George's  Church,  Stockport  (1892).-— The 
New  Bonded  Stores,   Vauxhall   (1904),  by   Mr. 


A.  F.  Vigers,  appear  to  us  exactly  right  for 
their  purpose  ;  and,  finally,  Messrs.  Gotch  & 
Saunders  interest  us  with  their  appropriate 
St.  Mary's,  Kettering  (1918). 


TWO    PORTRAITS    OF    SWIFT. 

4,  York  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

In  a  letter  which  the  Earl  of  Oxford  wrote  to 
Swift  under  date  "August  30,  1725"  (Scott, 
vol.  xvi.  pp.  479-80,  and  Roscoe,  vol.  ii.  p.  577), 
occurs  the  following  reference  to  a  portrait  by 
Jervas,  the  original  of  which  I  have  failed  to 
trace  : — 

"The  picture  I  have  of  you  is  the  same  which  Mr. 
Jervis  drew  of  you  in  Ireland,  and  it  is  very  like  you, 
and  is  a  very  good  picture;  and  though  Mr.  Jervis 
is  honoured  with  the  place  of  his  majesty's  painter, 
he  cannot  paint  a  picture  I  shall  so  much  value  as  I 
do  that  of  the  Dean  of  St.  Patrick'?." 

Can  any  reader  of  the  Athenceiiin  inform  me 
of  the  whereabouts  of  this  particular  "picture"? 

I  am  also  in  the  dark  as  to  a  portrait  of  Swift 
by  Bindon,  which  Mr.  Nugent  (afterwards 
Lord  Clare)  commissioned  that  artist  to  paint 
for  him,  and  which  is  referred  to  in  a  letter 
from  Mr.  Nugent  to  Mrs.  Whiteway,  under 
date  "Bath,  April  2,  1740"  (Scott,  vol.  xix. 
p.  231,  and  Roscoe,  vol.  ii.  p.  822).  In  a  post- 
script to  this  letter  he  begs  Mrs.  Whiteway  to 
"let  Mr.  Bindon  know  that  I  would  have  the 
picture  no  more  than  a  head  upon  a  three- 
quarter  cloth,  to  match  one  which  I  now  have 
of  Mr.  Pope."  Sir  Frederick  Falkiner,  the 
Recorder  of  Dublin,  has  taken  some  trouble  to 
find  this  portrait,  and  he  tells  me  that  he  traced 
it  to  the  Stowe  sale,  at  which  (in  1848)  it  was 
sold  with  the  Pope  for  nineteen  guineas  to  a 
Mr.  Robertson,  of  Hoe  Place,  Woking,  Surrey. 
On  further  inquiry  by  Sir  Frederick,  it  tran- 
spired that  Mr.  Robertson's  effects  were  sold  off, 
including,  in  all  probability,  the  two  Bindon 
portraits. 

Having  come  thus  far  in  my  investigations, 
I  find  myself  obliged  to  appeal  to  your  readers 
for  any  information  which  would  set  me  on  the 
track  of  this  Bindon  portrait  as  well  as  the 
Earl  of  Oxford's  Jervas  previously  referred  to. 

Temple  Scott. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  29th  ult.  and  the  1st,  2nd,  and  3rd  inst, 
the  following,  from  various  collections.  En- 
gravings :  After  G.  Morland,  The  Squire's 
Door,  and  The  Farmer's  Door,  by  B.  Duterrau 
(a  pair),  601.;  Morning,  or  the  Benevolent 
Sportsman,  and  Evening,  or  the  Sportsman's 
Return,  by  W.  Ward,  42L ;  A  Party  Angling, 
and  The  Angler's  Repast,  by  W.  Ward  and 
G.  Keating  (a  pair),  54L ;  First  of  September, 
Morning  and  Evening,  by  W.  Ward  (a  pair), 
361. ;  Morning,  or  the  Higglers  preparing  for 
Market,  and  Evening,  or  the  Post-Boy's 
Return,  by  D.  Orme  (a  pair),  30L;  St.  James's 
Park,  and  A  Tea  Garden,  by  T.  Gaugain  (a 
pair),  4:91. ;  Children  Birdsnesting,  and  Juvenile 
Navigators,  by  W.  Ward  (a  pair),  26L  Dulce 
Domum,  and  Black  Monday,  after  W.  Bigg, 
by  J.  Jones  (a  pair),  50L  Public  Amusement, 
after  Ramberg,  by  W.  Ward,  321.  The  Solilo- 
quy, by  and  after  W.  Ward,  311.  Do  you  want 
any  Matches  1  after  F.  Wheatley,  by  A.  Cardon, 
271.  March,  June,  September,  and  November, 
after  Hamilton,  by  Bartolozzi,  39L  Industry, 
and  Idleness  (Mrs.  Morland),  after  Morland,  by 
C.  Knight,  251.  The  following  belonged  to  the 
late  Mr.  G.  P.  Boyce.  Drawings  :  G.  P.  Boyce, 
Streatley  Mill  at  Sunset,  1071.  ;  Streatley  Mill 
from  under  the  Bridge,  691.  ;  Bridewell  Pre- 
cincts, at  Nightfall,  in  1865,  631.  ;  Edward  the 
Confessor's  Chapel,  Westminster  Abbey,  861.  ; 
The  Porte  Neuve  at  Vezelay,  Burgundy,  from 
the  town  side,  631.  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones,  Blind 
Love,  54L  ;  A  Girl  in  an  Orchard,  52L  D.  G. 
Rossetti,  Bonifazio's  Mistress,  168L  ;  "La  Belle 
Dame  sans  Merci,"  7Sl.  ;  Lucrezia  Borgia, 
Pope     Alexander     VI.,     and     her     Brother 


Caesar,  94L  ;  The  Merciless  Lady,  105L  ;  The 
Annunciation  of  the  Virgin,  891.  Pictures  : 
G.  D.  Leslie,  Ten  Minutes  to  Decide,  llOL 
D.  G.  Rossetti,  "Bocca  Baciata,"  315?.;  Bel- 
colore,  1781.  Corot,  A  River  Bank,  trees  and 
cattle,  212?.  Holbein,  Portrait  of  a  Young 
Man,  735?.;  Portrait  of  Sir  William  Paulett, 
115L  J.  Hoppner,  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in  green 
dress,  840?.  Janet,  Portrait  of  Philippe  le 
Bon,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  131?.  Jan  Joest  of 
Calcar,  Portrait  of  a  Man,  in  black  dress  and 
cap  with  fur,  346?.  J.  D.  Mabuse,  A  Mother 
and  Child,  126?.  Beltrafio  (attributed  to),  Por- 
trait of  Eleanor  D'Este,  147?.  Bronzino  School, 
Portrait  of  a  Young  Lady,  152?.  F.  Guardi, 
Piazza  of  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  115?.  A.  Pol- 
laiuolo,  The  Virgin,  seated  in  an  archway,  with 
Infant  Saviour  on  her  lap,  446?. 


Mr.  Watts,  who  is  now  in  London,  is  in 
excellent  health ;  his  gallery  is  open  to  the 
public  on  application  at  the  door  every  Sunday 
afternoon. 

As  we  are  drawing  near  the  end  of  the 
artistic  season,  our  readers  may  like  to  be 
reminded  that  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition 
will  close  on  the  first  Monday  in  August ; 
the  New  Gallery  will  shut  its  doors  a  few 
days  later  in  the  same  week  ;  the  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours  anticipates  them 
by  closing  on  the  evening  of  Thursday  next  ; 
while  the  Guildhall  Gallery  will  be  closed  on  the 
day  previously.  The  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours  Exhibition,  Pall  Mall  East,  will 
be  closed  on  the  31st  inst.  Of  all  these  exhibi- 
tions we  are  sorry  to  understand  that  the  number 
of  examples  sold  during  the  current  season  is 
exceptionally  small. 

An  exhibition  of  drawings  in  black  and  white 
by  Mr.  Linley  Sambourne  and  Mr.  Hugh  Thom- 
son opens  on  Monday  in  the  rooms  of  the  Fine- 
Art  Society. 

Mr.  James  L.  Caw,  Curator  of  the  Scottish 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  Edinburgh,  has  in 
preparation  a  critical  history  of  Scottish  art  to 
the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

It  is  not,  we  understand,  the  intention  of  the 
committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  matter 
to  recommend  the  housing  of  the  Wallace  Gift 
at  Trafalgar  Square,  although  that  seems  by  far 
the  best  plan,  because  the  Old  Masters'  pictures 
of  the  Gift  would  then  supplement  the  national 
collection,  and  go  far  towards  making  good 
its  deficiencies  without  further  cost  to  the 
country.  Nor  would  the  modern  continental 
pictures,  in  which  the  Wallace  Gift  is  extra- 
ordinarily rich,  be  out  of  keeping  with  the  works 
of  the  Old  Masters.  The  bric-d-brac  and  furni- 
ture might,  we  think,  find  room  on  the  ground 
floor  of  the  National  Gallery,  and  be  quite  as 
well  seen  there  as  in  Manchester  Square,  where, 
as  if  the  public  wanted  another  small  museum, 
with  a  separate  staff  (like  Sir  John  Soane's  in 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields),  it  is  proposed  to  house 
the  whole  of  the  Wallace  Collections.  These 
could,  of  course,  as  the  donor  desired,  be  kept 
apart  at  Trafalgar  Square  as  well  as  in  Man- 
chester Square.  It  seems  to  ua  incomprehen- 
sible that  these  considerations  have  not  found 
favour  with  the  committee.  But  it  is  to  be 
hoped  the  Government  may  take  them  into 
consideration.  It  is  an  inducement  that,  at 
a  comparatively  small  expense,  the  needful 
enlargement  of  the  National  Gallery,  should 
the  Wallace  Gift  be  taken  there,  could  be  made 
to  include  complete  isolation  of  the  Gallery 
and  its  contents  from  all  the  neighbouring 
buildings,  and  reduce  to  a  minimum  those  perils 
from  fire  to  which,  being  in  actual  contact  with 
other  buildings,  shops,  and  houses  in  domestic 
occupation,  it  is  now  exposed.  Of  this  danger,  to 
our  amazement,  the  public  has  not  been  warned. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  decease  of  the 
eminent  epigraphist  M.  E.  F.  le  Blant.    He  was 


74 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


in  his  seventy-ninth  year,  having  been  born  in 
Paris  on  August  12th,  1818.  His  reputation 
was  made  by  his  work  on  the  Christian  inscrip- 
tions in  Gaul  anterior  to  the  eighth  century, 
which  appeared  in  1856  and  1801.  He  also 
published  a  'Manuel  d'Epigraphie  Chr^tienne.' 
He  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Inscriptions  in  1867  In  1858  he  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  an  Officer 
in  1881. 

At  Catania,  in  Sicily,  the  discovery  has  been 
made  of  a  small  necropolis,  which  belongs  to 
the  latest  Roman  times,  and  contains  several 
rows  of  tombs,  disposed  in  almost  the  same 
manner  as  the  locnli  in  the  Christian  catacombs. 
The  objects  brought  to  light  resemble  very 
much  those  previously  found  in  the  Syracusan 
necropolis  of  Grotticelli.  Of  peculiar  import- 
ance are  two  inscriptions  :  a  Christian  one, 
written  in  Greek,  and  another  written  in  Latin, 
and  relating  to  a  soldier  from  Gallia  Narbonensis 
belonging  to  the  Legio  Septima  Gemina.  It 
was  known  that  this  legion,  created  by  the 
Emperor  Galba,  was  recruited  chiefly  in  Spain 
and  in  the  province  of  Narbonne,  but  no  memory 
of  it  existed  to  the  present  day  in  Sicilian  in- 
scriptions. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Adolphe 
Binet,  the  well-known  painter  of  moonlight 
scenes.  He  obtained  a  Third-Class  Medal  in 
1885  and  a  Silver  Medal  at  the  1889  Exhibition. 
He  contributed  eight  pictures  to  the  last  ex- 
hibition at  the  Champ  de  Mars. — A  somewhat 
older  and  better-known  French  artist,  M.  J.  E. 
Dantan,  was  killed  by  a  carriage  accident  on  the 
coast  of  Normandy  on  Wednesday.  The  son  of 
a  sculptor,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Pils,  and  first 
exhibited  at  the  Salon  of  1869.  He  gained  a 
Third-Class  Medal  in  1874,  a  Second-Class 
Medal  in  1880,  and  a  Gold  Medal  at  the  Exhi- 
bition of  1889.  He  was  made  a  Knight  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour  in  that  year. 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. — '  Der  Evangelimann.' 
Queen's  Hall.— Ptiilharmoiiic  Concerts. 

Herr  WiLHELii  Kienzl's  tragic  opera 
'  Der  Evangelimann '  was  quite  unknown  in 
this  country  until  its  first  performance  in 
London  on  Friday  last  week.  Very  meagre 
are  tlie  records  of  the  composer's  ante- 
cedents. We  gather  that  he  was  born  in 
1857,  at  Waitzenkirchen,  in  Upper  Austria, 
and  studied  in  several  places,  visited  Wagner 
at  Bayreuth  in  1879,  and  became  Kapell- 
meister in  succession  at  Amsterdam,  Crefeld, 
Graz,  and  Hamburg.  Herr  Kienzl  is  said 
to  have  written  much  light  music  and  two 
operas  previous  to  '  Der  Evangelimann.' 
His  first  success,  however,  was  won  with 
the  work  last  named,  which  was  produced  in 
1895  at  Berlin,  and  quickly  made  its  way  to 
various  German  cities.  That  the  opera  is 
worthy  of  inclusion  in  this  season's  repertory 
at  Covent  Garden  may  be  at  once  frankly 
admitted  ;  but  that  it  will  be  successful  is 
very  questionable.  Dr.  Kienzl,  like  Wagner, 
is  his  own  librettist,  and  he  has  woven  what 
may  be  termed  on  the  whole  a  good  plot, 
the  main  theme  being  founded,  it  is  said, 
on  fact.  Friedrich  Engel  is  the  head  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  Othmar.  There  are  two 
brothers,  Johannes  and  Mathias  Freud- 
hofer,  both  of  whom  love  Engel's  niece 
Martha.  She  favours  the  younger  and 
poorer  one,  and  the  elder,  in  order  to  be 
revenged,  not  only  denounces  his  brother, 
but  sets  fire  to  the  monastery  barn,  fasten- 
ing the  guilt  on  Mathias,  who  is  condemned 


to  twenty  years'  imprisonment.  Martha,  in 
despair,  drowns  herself  in  the  Danube,  and 
the  wretched  man  whose  life  is  wrecked 
becomes  an  Evangelimann,  that  is,  a  mendi- 
cant reader  of  the  Gospel.  Johannes  is  sick 
unto  death,  and  Mathias  comes  to  him,  and 
when  he  has  confessed  the  cruel  wrong  he 
has  done  forgives  him  and  closes  his  eyes, 
the  opera  ending  with  a  quotation  from 
the  Lord's  Prayer  by  Magdalena,  a  young 
woman  in  the  first  act,  but,  of  course, 
matronly  thirty  years  later,  when  she  tends 
Johannes  as  Kurwenal  tended  Tristan. 

The  resemblance  to  Wagner  ends  here, 
but  it  begins  much  earlier  in  the  work.  In 
the  first  act  the  love  duet  between  Mathias 
and  Martha  is  strongly  reminiscent  of  that 
in  the  second  act  of  'Tristan  und Isolde,'  and 
the  long  recital  of  the  unjustly  accused  man 
recalls  Tannhauser's  pilgrimage.  Then 
there  are  phrases  suggestive  of  '  Die  Meister- 
singer,'  and  some  of  the  religious  music 
brings  recollections  of  Donizetti's  best  opera 
'  La  Favorita.'  We  cannot  aver  that  there 
is  anything  in  the  score  of  '  Der  Evangeli- 
mann '  that  breathes  anything  stronger  than 
the  spirit  of  eclecticism  at  its  best ;  but  at 
the  same  time  there  is  so  much  evidence 
of  earnestness  as  to  afford  ground  for  hojje 
that  Dr.  Kienzl  will  continue  to  develope 
his  talents,  though  he  is  forty  years  of  age. 
Much  may  be  said  in  praise  of  the  perform- 
ance at  Covent  Garden.  It  can  readily  be 
believed  that  M.  Van  Dyck  recommended 
the  work  to  the  management,  for  the  part 
suits  him  exactly.  He  is  good  as  the  young 
lover  in  the  first  act,  but  he  is  far  better  in 
the  second  as  the  white-haired  and  care- 
worn Scripture  reader  ;  a  more  picturesque 
figure  has  not  been  seen  for  some  time. 
Mr.  David  Bispham  throws  himself  into  the 
character  of  Johannes,  as  he  throws  himself 
into  everything  he  undertakes,  with  the 
utmost  earnestness,  and  sings  and  acts  very 
finelj^,  especially  in  the  death  scene.  Miss 
Marie  Engle,  who  unfortunately  has  to  dis- 
appear after  the  first  act,  is  very  pleasant 
as  Martha  ;  and  Madame  Schumann-Heink 
display's  her  beautiful  contralto  voice  to  the 
utmost  advantage  as  Magdalena.  Other 
parts  are  safe  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Lempriere 
Pringle,  Herr  Lieban,  and  M.  Bars.  '  Der 
Evangelimann '  was  received  with  as  much 
favour  on  its  first  appearance  as  if  it  was 
likely  to  prove  an  enduring  success,  which 
we  fear  it  will  not  be.  It  should  be  added 
that  the  part  of  Magdalena  was  well  in- 
terpreted, at  the  second  performance  this 
week,  by  Mile.  Meisslinger. 

Ever  on  the  look-out  for  compositions 
new  to  London,  the  executive  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic Society  included  in  the  final 
concert  this  season,  on  Thursday  last 
week,  two  works  which  had  not  been 
previously  heard.  Mr.  Herbert  Bunning's 
overture  '  Spring  and  Youth '  is  appro- 
priately bright  and  genial,  and,  for- 
mally speaking,  leaves  very  little  to  desire. 
The  programme  does  not  furnish  us 
with  any  information  concerning  M.  Alex- 
ander Glazounow,  whose  Symphony  in  b  flat, 
No.  4,  was  performed  for  the  first  time  here. 
It  is  a  curiously  constructed  work,  for  there 
is  no  regular  slow  movement,  although  the 
andante  introductions  to  the  first  and  third 
sections  of  the  symphony  are  sufficiently 
long  for  the  purpose.  The  themes,  speaking 
generally,  are,   of  course,  Slavonic  in  cha- 


racter, especially  in  the  scherzo,  which,  on  a 
first  hearing,  seemed  the  most  agreeable 
movement  of  the  three  with  which  M. 
Glazounow  has  been  content  in  this  instance. 
The  composer,  who  conducted,  was  twice 
recalled.  M.  Siloti  was  at  his  best  in  Beet- 
hoven's Pianoforte  Concerto  in  e  flat,  and 
firmly  as  well  as  wisely  declined  to  grant 
another  solo.  Equal  praise  is  due  to  Mile. 
Landi  for  her  irreproachable  singing.  The 
season  has  been  artistically  and  popularly 
successful,  reflecting  much  credit  on  all  con- 
cerned. 


HANDEL   AND    CANONS. 


Lincoln's  Inn,  July  1,  1897. 

The  dilapidated  condition  of  the  church  at 
Little  Stanmore  which  is  connected  with  the 
memory  of  Handel  has  once  more  drawn  public 
attention  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  that  con- 
nexion. I  will  venture  to  put  before  you  the 
real  state  of  the  case,  which  has  been  the  subject 
of  vigorous  discussion  of  late  years. 

When  the  last  century  was  in  its  teens  the 
Duke  of  Chandos  raised  an  enormous  palace  on 
an  estate  (Canons)  adjoining  the  village  of 
Edgware.  He  had  become  entitled  by  marriage 
to  land  there  ;  and  he  caused  to  be  laid  out  a 
park  and  gardens  which  combined  landscape 
beauty  with  royal  stateliness.  The  parish 
church  of  Little  Stanmore  (otherwise  Whit- 
church) stands  on  the  outskirts  of  the  park,  and 
is  reached  through  a  wood  about  a  third  of  a 
mile  long  from  the  house-door.  The  duke  was 
a  Maecenas  on  a  monster  scale  ;  no  less  a 
person  than  Pope  lived  at  Canons,  and  chanted 
his  master's  praises  in  paid  alexandrines  ;  noted 
French  and  Italian  limners  painted  pictures 
there  to  be  used  on  the  premises  ;  Handel  en 
chair  et  os  was  the  resident  ducal  organist  during 
about  three  years.  To  do  honour  to  the 
eminent  Saxon  his  noble  host  gave  to  the 
parish  church  in  question  an  organ  which,  com- 
pared to  those  in  analogous  places  of  worship, 
was  as  the  instrument  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  to 
a  meeting-house  harmonium  ;  he  erected  an 
orchestra  capable  of  holding  fifty  musicians,  and 
a  gallery  luxuriously  cushioned  sufhcient  to 
accommodate  a  regiment  of  guests  in  addition 
to  the  Canons  household.  We  know  from  con- 
temporaneous records  that  the  duke  was  in 
the  habit  of  going  in  state  to  the  service  at 
Whitchurch  with  a  retinue  of  guards  ;  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Pepusch  conducted  an  orchestra. 
This  was  the  church,  these  the  performances 
ungratefully  satirized  by  Pope  (as  it  is  now 
universally  admitted,  notwithstanding  his  at- 
tempted disclaimer)  in  the  satire  on  false  taste. 

So  far  I  have  travelled  over  ground  common 
to  those  who  support  and  to  those  who  deny 
the  connexion  of  Handel  with  Whitchurch — the 
cases  now  diverge. 

There  has  been  since  the  date  of  the  res  gestce 
a  unanimous  oral  tradition  on  the  spot  that 
Hiindel  played  habitually  on  the  Whitchurch 
organ.  I  can  myself  testify  to  popular  belief 
as  early  as  within  five  or  six  years  of  my  birth 
at  Canons  (1831).  My  grandfather  (Sir  Thomas 
Plumer)  bought  the  estate  and  lived  there  in  1811. 
Longevity  is  common  at  Edgware,  and  he  must 
have  conversed  with  many  "  forefathers  of  the 
hamlet "  almost,  if  not  actually,  able  to  speak 
with  contemporaneous  knowledge.  True  it  is, 
no  written  record  was  kept  by  any  of  us,  for  the 
simple  reason  that  no  doubt  of  the  fact  was  ever 
suggested  till  lovers  of  paradox  started  the  point 
as  a  new  hare  tobe  hunted  some  fifteen  years  back. 
Such  an  oral  tradition  is  of  itself  enough  to 
"shift,"  as  it  is  technically  termed,  "the  bui'den 
of  proof  on  those  who  allege  the  negative,"  and 
would  be,  in  the  absence  of  rebutting  facts, 
taken  as  sufficient  to  decide  the  ownership  of 
estates  to  the  value  of  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  pounds.  Now  in  this  case  the  most  laborious 
eflforts  of  the  objectors  have  been  powerless  to 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


75 


adduce  a  tittle  of  negative  evidence  of  which 
persons  accustomed  to  deal  with  questions  of 
fact  would  take  account  for  a  moment. 

The  first  objection  to  Handel's  habitual  con- 
nexion with  the  Whitchurch  organ  during  three 
years  has  been  stated  as  follows.  The  objectors 
say,  "  We  have  unearthed  for  the  first  time 
the  fact  that  a  small  organ  [now  in  Gosport 
Church]  stood  in  the  chapel  in  Canons  mansion  ; 
Handel  living  there  must  have  played  habitually 
on  this  instrument,  therefore  he  did  not  habitu- 
ally play  on  the  organ  in  the  church,"  This 
nonsense  is  what  has  been  said  in  terms.  If  the 
objectors  will  accept  my  advocacy  ad  hoc,  I  will 
put  their  point  for  them  a  little  better,  and  so  that 
it  would  have  considerable  weight  if  it  rested 
upon  fact.  They  might  say  to  us,  "You  have 
always  supported  the  tradition  in  ignorance  of 
the  fact  that  there  was  another  subject-matter, 
viz.,  the  organ  in  the  house,  to  which  the  tradi- 
tion in  its  inception  may  have  applied  ;  the  eflect 
of  the  general  belief  is  weakened  by  this  ignor- 
ance." The  argument,  however,  has  no  basis  of 
fact  to  support  it.  So  far  from  the  story  of  the 
Gosport  organ  being  new  to  the  natives,  it  has 
always  been  perfectly  familiar  to  them  ;  a  con- 
temporaneous document  contains  an  account  of 
the  sums  paid  to  a  carpenter  named  Jordan  for 
removal  of  the  small  organ  to  Gosport.  I  knew 
personally  the  son  of  this  Jordan,  a  garrulous 
old  man,  fond  of  talking  of  his  father's  share  in 
the  transaction  ;  the  tradition  grew  up  with  the 
fullest  knowledge  of  the  house-organ,  and, 
nevertheless,  distinctly  applied  to  the  organ  in 
the  church  as  opposed  to  the  former. 

Another  point  taken  by  the  objectors  is  that 
there  is  upon  the  organ  a  brass  plate  (placed 
there  by  my  uncle,  the  Rev.  Julius  Plumer,  in 
1847),  which  states  that  Handel  was  organist 
there  from  1718  to  1721,  and  composed  'Esther' 
upon  the  organ.  "Fancy,"  says  the  objector 
triumphantly,  "the  Saxon  giant  accepting 
such  a  situation,  and  fancy  his  being  driven 
to  grope  about  on  the  keys  of  an  instru- 
ment in  order  to  help  out  his  limping  ideas." 
Assume  for  a  moment  that  the  inscription  is 
grotesque  and  absurd,  how  in  the  world  does 
it  brand  as  unworthy  of  credence  independent 
sources  of  information  '>  Here,  again,  I  am 
tempted  to  help  the  objectors  to  put  their  case 
a  little  more  strongly.  They  might  suggest  that 
the  doctrine  of  iMscitnr  a  sociis  applies  ;  they 
might  say,  "See  what  nonsense  can  be  talked  by 
those  who  say  that  Handel  played  here."  Let 
them  take  it  in  this  form,  then  I  say  (with  all 
respect)  that  the  converse  of  the  axiom  that 
"the  wit  of  the  speaker  is  in  the  hearers" 
applies,  and  that  here  the  absurdity  is  sup- 
plied by  the  reader.  Would  any  unprejudiced 
person  assume  that  my  uncle  meant  (what  I 
certainly  know  he  did  not  mean)  that  Handel 
was  hired  at  three  shillings  a  Sunday  to  play 
village  services  ''.  The  plate  was  intended  for 
people  endowed  with  the  usual  allowance  of  com- 
mon sense,  who  know  that  as  a  rider  is  one  who 
rides,  so  an  organist  is  one  who  plays  the  organ, 
and  nothing  more,  unless  the  context  shows  it. 
The  suggestion  that  it  is  absurd  to  attribute 
resort  to  a  keyed  instrument  to  Handel,  as 
implying  weakness  where  all  was  strength,  can 
only  come  from  persons  unfamiliar  with  such 
cases  as  those  of  Meyerbeer,  Gounod,  Balfe,  and 
a  hundred  others,  who  were  continually  playing 
as  they  composed,  and  performing  the  most 
difiicult  part  of  compressing  their  score  into  the 
grasp  of  the  hands. 

One  anonymous  correspondent  to  a  local 
paper  was  so  carried  away  by  iconoclastic  zeal 
that  he  "  saw  at  Canons  what  was  never  there  " 
(as  Pope's  enemies  did  long  before  him),  and, 
after  stating  that  the  plate  attributed  to  Handel 
a  residence  "from  1715"  (sic),  argued  that  he 
could  not  have  been  on  the  spot  in  that  year. 
I  ventured  to  point  out  (with  the  timidity  and 
deference  which  I  believe  are  characteristic  of 
the  profession  to  which  I  belong)  that  the  plate 
said   "  1718,"  and  that  the  argument  of  our 


friend  turned  upon  this  very  mistake.  The 
reply  was  such  a  droll  reproduction  of  a  similar 
one  in  Fitncli  that  it  would  be  un-Christian  in 
me  to  deprive  your  readers  of  it.  "  I  don't 
care  whether  the  date  is  1715  or  1718  ;  all  I  know 
is  that  Handel  never  was  there."  It  is  the  form 
used  by  two  beery  logicians  at  a  meeting  of 
sympathy  with  the  Wapping  butcher  Orton, 
alias  Castro,  who  personated  Sir  Roger  Tich- 
borne:  "I  don't  care  whether  he's  Orton,  or 
Castro,  or  Tichborne,  but  I  won't  see  a  poor  man 
deprived  of  his  rights." 

The  case,  to  sum  up,  rests  upon  oral  and  very 
recent  tradition  which  would  be  good  evidence 
in  law  when  unrebutted  ;  emphatically  so  when 
strengthened  by  context  such  as  the  elaborate 
pomp  of  musical  preparation  made  by  Chandos, 
and  the  strong  improbability  that  Handel  should 
have  abstained  during  three  years'  residence 
from  availing  himself  of  the  best  organ  he  could 
get,  when  it  was  reached  by  ten  minutes'  walk 
through  a  lovely  wood.  "  Why  worn't  there  an 
alibi  1 "  one  is  tempted  to  ask  ;  but  the  very 
case  of  the  objectors  is  that  Handel  was  on  the 
spot  and  not  elsewhere,  for  they  say,  "  He  was 
always  thrumming  the  house  organ,  which  proves 
that  he  never  played  on  another  and  better  one 
close  by" ! 

Such  an  oral  tradition,  based  on  such  a  pro- 
bability, is  acted  upon  daily  by  men  in  the  most 
momentous  occasions  of  their  lives  —  nay  (to 
speak  with  reverence),  the  records  of  the  Jews' 
history,  of  our  holiest  beliefs,  rest  on  a  similar 
foundation.  Edward  Cutler. 


M.  L^ON  Delafosse,  in  his  pianoforte  recital 
at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon,  proved 
himself  a  clever  but  unequal  pianist.  In  piano 
passages  he  plays  with  charming  delicaoy  and 
pure  musical  touch,  but  when  vigour  was  re- 
quired there  was  a  great  deal  too  much  of  it, 
and  the  tone  became  singularly  unpleasant. 
The  programme  contained  the  minimum  of  in- 
formation, but  we  were  able  to  recognize 
Beethoven's  Sonata  in  a  flat,  Op.  2G  ;  Schu- 
mann's '  Nachtstuck  '  in  f.  No.  4,  and  minor 
pieces  by  various  composers.  Madame  Sarah 
Bernhardt  recited  '  Le  Coucher  de  la  Morte,' 
by  Comte  R  de  Montesquiou,  with  musical 
accompaniment  by  M.  Delafosse. 

A  PIANOFORTE  recital  was  given  on  the  same 
afternoon  at  the  Queen's  Small  Hall  by  Miss 
Maud  Hind,  her  programme  including  Beet- 
hoven's early  Sonata  in  a.  Op.  2,  No.  2,  and 
smaller  pieces  by  various  composers.  The  re- 
cital was  in  aid  of  a  children's  holiday  fund, 
and  must  necessarily  pass  without  criticism. 

Yet  a  third  performance  of  the  same  sort  on 
Tuesday  was  that  which  took  place  in  the  evening 
at  the  Salle  Erard,  the  executant  being  Miss 
Edith  O.  Greenhill.  She  displayed  excellent 
technique,  though  apparentlj'  somewhat  nervous, 
for  she  at  times  played  much  too  fast,  a  defect 
that  frequently  arises  from  that  cause.  Her 
programme  included  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  d 
minor.  Op.  31,  No.  2,  and  Brahms's  rarely 
heard  Variations,  Op.  9. 

Dr.  Hubert  Parry  has  written  an  orchestral 
elegy  on  Johannes  Brahms,  which  will  doubtless 
be  heard  in  London  in  due  course. 

Mr.  Hedmondt  will  commence  his  opera 
season  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  as  early  as 
September  4th.  Full  particulars  shall  be  given 
as  soon  as  they  are  announced. 

The  Chester  Triennial  Festival  will  be  held 
on  the  21st,  22nd,  and  23rd  inst.  The  pro- 
gramme is  admirable,  including  Handel's 
Coronation  Anthem  '  Zadok  the  Priest '  ;  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan's  Festival  '  Te  Deum  '  ;  Tschai- 
kowsky's  '  Symphonie  Pathetique  '  ;  Gounod's 
'  Messe  Solennelle,'  a  work  to  be  performed  for 
the  first  time  in  England  ;  '  The  Journey  to 
Emmaus,'  by  Adolf  Jensen;  'Judas  Macca- 
bseus '  ;  Dvorak's  '  Stabat  Mater ' ;    the  '  Lob- 


gesang '  ;  Spohr's  symphony  for  double  or- 
chestra, '  The  Earthly  and  the  Divine  in 
Human  Life  '  ;  Schubert's  Mass  in  e  flat  ;  a 
new  symphonic  overture,  '  Saul,'  by  Mr. 
Granville  Bantock  ;  a  new  cantata,  '  Re- 
surgam,'  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge  ;  a  selection 
from  '  Parsifal  '  ;  '  Elijah  '  ;  and  a  secular 
concert  in  the  Music  Hall,  in  which  there  is 
to  be  a  large  Wagnerian  element. 


MoN. 
Tl'ES 

Weu, 


PKRFORHA.NCES     NEXT   WEEK. 
Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  7  30,  'Siegfried. 
Koyal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  8,  '  Don  Juan.' 
Royal  College  of  Music  Concert,  7.45. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Thurs.  Koyal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Fhi.       Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

S.ir.       Madame  Ellinor's  Concert  in   Aid  of  the  Prince    of    Wales's 
Hospital  Fund.  3,  Steinway  Hall 

—  Tonic  »ol-fa  Choirs'  Commemorative  Concert. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Adelphi. — '  Frou-Frou,'  Pi6ce  en  Cinq  Actes.  Par  Meilhac 
et  Hal6vy.  '  Spiritisme,'  Comfidie  en  Trois  Actes.  Par 
Victorian  Sardou. 

Lyric. — '  Frou-Frou.' 

The  character  of  Gilberte  Sartorys  in 
*  Frou-Frou '  is  less  simple  and  easy  than 
it  appears.  To  a  certain  extent  it  is  all 
simplicity,  since  almost  every  charming 
woman  belonging  to  society  is  more  or  less 
a  Frou-Frou.  Under  these  circumstances  it 
might  have  been  expected  that  the  character 
woidd  be  within  the  reach  of  every  comedian 
of  mark.  The  contrary  is,  however,  the 
case  ;  and  since,  twenty-eight  years  ago,  the 
role  was  first  taken  by  Aimee  Desclee,  for 
whom  it  was  written,  one  actress  alone, 
Madame  Bernhardt,  has  created  in  it  an 
abiding  impression.  Among  those  who 
have,  we  will  not  say  failed,  but  come 
short  of  expectation,  are  Mile.  Delaporte 
(Gymnase,  1875),  Mile.  Marsy  (Comedie 
Frangaise,  1892),  and  now,  lastly,  Madame 
Eejane-Porel.  These,  in  addition  to  Desclee 
and  Madame  Bernhardt,  are  all  the  French 
artists  we  can  recall  in  the  role.  The  source 
of  shortcoming  was  in  the  three  cases  the  same 
— ambition  to  make  of  Frou-Frou  a  showy 
part,  to  endeavour  to  accentuate  the  contrasts 
for  which  it  furnishes  opportunity.  Strange 
and  anomalous  as  it  may  seem,  Frou-Frou 
may  from  the  technical  standpoint  be  acted 
too  weU.  What  is  wanted  is  the  art  to  con- 
ceal art.  At  the  outset  Gilberte  calls 
for  the  highest  comedy  ;  before  the 
close  she  holds  out  temptations  —  to 
which  meaner  artists  succumb — to  melo- 
drama. A  sign  that  the  character  has  not 
been  grasped  is  furnished  when  the  stronger 
scenes  are  selected  for  special  praise.  The 
charm  in  Frou-Frou  is  flowerlike.  She  is  all 
grace,  sauciness,  vivacity,  rebellion  against 
constraint.  Irresponsibility,  which  is,  of 
course,  her  leading  trait,  is  injudiciously 
fostered  in  her  by  all  with  whom  she  has  to 
deal — by  her  father,  who  knows  how  ludicrous 
a  figure  he  cuts  when  he  dares  to  moralize  ; 
by  her  sister,  who  poses  as  a  sage  counsellor, 
and  is  content  to  act  as  her  foil ;  by  the 
Baronne  de  Cambri,  who,  as  an  interested 
observer,  finds  a  sort  of  pleasure  in  gently 
pushing  her  over  the  brink  and  down  the 
slope;  by  her  husband,  who  yields  to  her 
every  whim,  and  earns  for  his  pains  in- 
difference not  far  removed  from  contempt. 
Frou-Frou  is  led  to  her  fall  by  petulancy, 
vanity,  and  unrest,  not  by  passion.  Of  this 
she  has  no  trace.  Not  a  sign  is  afforded  of 
her  possession  of  temperament,  and  scarcely 
a  sign  of  that  of  sentiment.     She  is  uncon- 


76 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


scious  of  the  true  import  of  her  actions,  and 
she  commits  adultery  as  people  before  now 
ha7ecommittedsuicide,toshow  her  annoyance 
with  those  who  have  not  acted  as  she  wished, 
and  whom,  therefore,  she  would  make  suffer. 
Very  trivial  and  frivolous  is  this,  but  Frou- 
Frou  is  trivial  and  frivolous.  When  in  the 
fourth  act  she  learns  that  she  has  gone  too 
far,  and  that  her  childish  indiscretion  must 
be  expiated  in  the  blood  of  those  who  have 
loved  her,  the  horror  of  the  situation  over- 
powers her,  and  she  dies  penitent  as  regards 
results,  not  actions,  and  with  a  warm  out- 
burst of  pity,  not  for  those  she  has  hurt, 
but  for  herself.  In  showing  this  indis- 
pensable aspect  of  Frou  -  Frou  Madame 
Bernhardt  and  Desclee  stand  alone.  Madame 
Re  jane  exhibits  some  fine  acting,  both 
comic  and  emotional.  The  more  finely  she 
acts  the  further  she  departs  from  Frou- 
Frou.  Desclee  was  Frou-Frou,  and  was 
selected  as  such.  England  possessed  at  the 
time  in  Miss  Ellen  Terry  an  artist  in  whom 
the  dramatists,  had  they  known  her,  might 
also  have  found  an  ideal  heroine. 

Almost  the  only  thing  that  can  be  said  in 
favour  of  M.  Sardou's  '  Spiritisme '  is  that 
it  furnishes  Madame  Bernhardt  with  an 
opportunity  to  display  heated  invective  and 
withering  scorn.  A  railway  accident,  in 
which  several  bodies  are  burnt  beyond  re- 
cognition, furnishes  Simone,  M.  Sardou's 
heroine,  with  an  opportunity  of  escaping 
and  devoting  her  life  to  her  lover,  a  Servian. 
As  this  course  involves  her  entire  loss  of 
fortune  the  prudent  Oriental  declines  to  adopt 
it.  After  dismissing  her  mercenary  Lothario, 
Simone  seeks  to  rejoin  her  spouse.  This 
she  carries  out  by  personating  her  own 
ghost  to  her  husband,  who  is  a  believer  in 
spiritualism,  confessing  her  offence,  and 
extorting  a  reluctant  pardon,  which,  when 
the  truth  is  known,  the  wronged  spouse  is 
too  gallant  to  retract.  Poor  stuff  is  this, 
M.  Sardou,  but  it  is  amusing,  and  Madame 
Bernhardt's  performance  is  fine. 


M.    MEILHAC. 


M.  Henei  Meilhac,  who  has  died  at  the  age 
of  sixty-six,  was  a  very  prolific  writer,  better 
known  as  a  composer  of  libretti  than  as  a  dra- 
matist. Educated  at  the  Lyc^e  Louis-le-Grand, 
he  was  at  first  in  the  publishing  house  of  MM. 
Hachette.  From  1852  he  was  a  draughtsman 
and  writer  on  the  Journal  pour  Mire.  In  1855 
he  wrote  two  short  plays  for  the  Palais  Royal 
which  were  failures,  but  obtained  in  1856  at  the 
same  house  a  success  with  '  La  Sarabande  du 
Cardinal.'  With  '  Le  Copiste '  (August  3rd, 
1857)  he  took  possession  of  the  Gymnase,  where 
he  produced  'Retour  d'ltalie,'  '  Le  Petit-Fils  de 
Mascarille,'  &c.  In  1860,  with  'Le  Menuet 
de  Dana^'  began  his  connexion  with  the 
Vari^tes  and  his  long  association  with 
M.  Hale'vy,  and  with  '  La  Vertu  de  C^lim^ne  ' 
(May  1st,  1861)  that  with  the  Gymnase.  '  La 
Belle  Hdlfene,'  '  Barbe  Bleue,' and  'La  Grande 
Duchesse  de  G^rolstein  '  were  the  best  known 
of  his  comic  operas.  '  Fanny  Lear, '  a  five-act 
comedy  at  the  Gymnase,  dates  from  1868,  and 
'Frou-Frou'  from  1869.  'Grosse  Fortune,' a 
four-act  comedy,  was  given  at  the  Theatre 
Frangais  on  February  15th,  1896.  M.  Meilhac 
was  elected  to  the  Academic  in  1888,  and  had 
long  been  an  Ofiicer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour. 
To  La  Vie  Parisienne  he  contributed  a  series 
of  articles  signed  "Ivan  Baskoff,"  and  in  the 
Revue  de  Paris  he  published  a  dramatic  fantasy 
entitled  '  Les  Paiens. ' 


The  performance  by  Madame  Bernhardt  of 
Fedora  on  Saturday  last  revealed  the  old  wealth 
of  expository  ability  on  the  part  of  the  actress, 
who,  however,  was  not  quite  at  her  best,  and 
was  inefficiently  supported.  If  the  attendance 
at  the  performances  of  Madame  Bernhardt  is 
regrettably  small,  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  prices  for  admission — justifiable,  perhaps,  in 
the  case  of  a  great  institution  such  as  the 
Com^die  Fran^aise,  costly  to  remove — are  ex- 
cessive in  the  case  of  a  single  actress  supported 
by  a  company  drawn  from  the  four  winds. 

Madame  RiSjane's  performance  of  the  heroine 
in  '  Madame  Sans-Gene  '  is  no  less  brilliant, 
spirited,  and  original  than  it  previously  ap- 
peared. It  is,  indeed,  a  superb  piece  of  comedy, 
which  now,  alas  !  approaches  caricature  in  the 
scene  with  her  fine  robes  in  the  second  act. 
Extravagance  such  as  Madame  P»,^jane  here  ex- 
hibits is  the  price  the  artist  almost  exacts  for 
the  privilege  of  praising  her  overmuch.  We 
mean,  of  course,  the  artist  generally,  not  the 
bright  star  of  the  Vaudeville  in  question. 

'Die  Goldene  Eva,'  a  three-act  comedy  by 
Franz  von  Schonthan  and  Franz  Koppel-Ellf old, 
first  given  in  the  autumn  in  Berlin,  is  the  second 
novelty  in  which  Madame  Odilon  has  elected  to 
appear  at  Daly's  Theatre.  It  is  a  comedy  of 
mediieval  life  written  in  rhymed  verse,  and  shows 
the  manner  in  which  the  widow,  rich,  young,  and 
fair,  of  an  Augsburg  goldsmith  escapes  the 
snares  of  needy  and  titled  suitors  and  her  own 
aristocratic  leanings,  and  marries  a  young  artist 
and  designer  in  her  own  service.  As  the  viva- 
cious widow  Madame  Odilon  strengthened  the 
favourable  impression  she  had  previously  made. 
She  looked  very  well  in  a  costume  of  the  close 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  acted  with  much 
vivacity.  In  'Renaissance,'  a  three-act  comedy 
by  the  same  authors,  given  at  the  Berliner 
Theater  on  October  27th,  1896,  Madame  Odilon 
took  the  part  of  Vittorino,  first  played  by  Frau 
Prasch-Grevenberg.  The  period  is  once  more 
medifeval,  and  Vittorino,  a  boy,  is  a  species 
of  Cymon,  whom  the  kiss  of  a  somewhat  free- 
and-easy  Iphigenia  warms  into  life  and  love 
of  art.  Madame  Odilon  gave  a  bright  picture 
of  the  impulsive  youth. 

The  season  of  Mr.  Hare  at  the  Court  is  now 
over,  and  he  will  be  seen  no  more  in  London 
until  the  close  of  a  country  tour,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  will  produce  'The  Master,' 
a  play  by  Mr.  J.  Stuart  Ogilvie,  and  '  A 
Bachelor's  Romance,'  a  comedy  by  Miss  Martha 
Morton,  an  American  author. 

Mr.  Burnand's  farce  '  The  Saucy  Sally '  will 
be  revived  on  the  21st  inst.  by  Mr.  Hawtrey  at 
the  Comedy  Theatre. 

'The  Silver  Key,'  Mr.  Grundy's  adaptation 
of  'Mademoiselle  de  Belle-Isle,'  will  be  pro- 
duced this  evening  at  Her  Majesty's.  Mr. 
Tree  will  be  the  Due ;  Mr.  Waller,  the 
Chevalier  d'Aubigny  ;  Mr.  Lionel  Brough,  the 
Chevalier  d'Auvray  ;  Mrs.  Tree,  the  Marquise  ; 
Mile.  Gigia  Filippi,  Mariette  ;  and  Miss  Evelyn 
Millard,  Gabrielle. 

The  cast  of  'The  Tree  of  Knowledge,'  by  Mr. 
Carton,  with  which  in  the  autumn  Mr.  Alex- 
ander will  reopen  the  St.  James's  Theatre,  will 
include  Miss  Julia  Neilson,  Miss  Carlotta  Addi- 
son, Miss  Fay  Davis,  and  Messrs.  Alexander, 
Vernon,  Fred  Terry,  Esmond,  and  H.  B.  Irving. 

The  season,  which  may  be  better  characterized 
as  restless  than  busy,  is  approaching  its  end, 
and  when  the  foreign  actors,  who  have  this  year 
accomplished  an  internecine  feat,  have  gone,  a 
termination  will  quickly  be  reached.  Most  days 
of  the  week  have  been  marked  by  the  produc- 
tion of  one  or  more  novelties. 


To  Correspondents.— C.  L.— F.  W.— P.  K.  F.— W.  B.- 
R.  A,  L.— L.  H.— W.  H.  D.  R.— received. 
H.  C.  P. — The  book  was  received. 
H.  J.  S.  B.  C. — We  cannot  insert  such  questions. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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N°  3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


77 


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ENGLAND. 

AlheHtpum.—" Theae  ballads  are  spirited  and  stirring  ;  such  are 'The 
Fall  of  Harald  Hardrada.' '  Old  Benbow,' '  Marston  Moor,'  and  '  Corporal 
John.'  the  soldier's  name  for  the  famous  Duke  of  Marlborough,  which  is 
a  specially  good  ballad.  '  Queen  Eleanor's  Vengeance  is  a  viyidly  told 
story  Coming  to  more  modern  times,  'The  Deeds  of  Wellington,' 
'  Inkermann.'  and  '  Halaklava '  are  excellently  well  said  and  sung.  As  a 
book  of  ballads,  interesting  to  all  who  have  British  blood  in  their  veins. 
Dr.  Bennett's  contribution  will  be  welcome.  Dr.  Bennett's  ballads  will 
leave  a  strong  impression  on  the  memory  of  those  who  read  them." 

SONGS  for  SAILORS. 

ilfornm$fPo5^—"  Spirited,  melodious,  and  vigorously  graphic." 

Daiiy  Netos.—"  Very  spirited." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.—"  ReMy  admirable." 

Morning  Advertiaer.—"  f^ure.  of  a  wide  popularity." 

John  Bull.—"  Very  successful," 

Metropolita7t.—"  Instinct  with  patriotic  fire." 

Illustrated  Tendon  News.—"  Right  well  done." 

News  of  tfte  World.— '"Vhere  is  real  poetry  in  these  songs." 

Slirror.— "With  admirable  felicity  he  embodies  national  sentiments 
and  emotions  which  stir  the  hearts  of  the  people." 

£cho — "These  songs  are  literally  written  for  sailors,  and  they  are 
precisely  the  kind  of  songs  that  sailors  most  enjoy  " 

Nonconformist  —"These  songs  bear  a  true  literary  mark,  and  give  out 
the  genuine  ring." 

Graphir.~-'\\ti  may  fairly  say  that  Dr.  Bennett  has  taken  up  the 
mantle  of  Dibdin  " 

Ejaminer.—"Tu\\  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment,  and 
having  a  simple,  dashing,  musical  roll  and  movement  that  reminds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailora,  and  the  touches  of 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisely  of  the  kind  that  they  will  relish." 

Scotsma}i. — "Dr    Bennett's  heart  is  thoroughly  in  his  work All 

spirited  and  vigorous.  There  is  a  healthy,  manly,  fresh-air  dash  about 
them  which  ought  to  make  them  popular  with  the  class  for  whose  use 
and  pleasure  they  are  designed." 

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Dr.  Bennett  as  a  popular  song-wiiter.  In  his  volume  of  sea  songs  we 
find  the  qualities  which  must  secure  its  success  " 

Liverpool  Mail.—"  Ur.  Bennett  has  devoted  his  lyrical  powers  to  a  noble 
object  in  this  comprehensive  yet  inexpensive  work  This  gem  deserves 
to  be  patronized  not  only  by  our  entire  Royal  Navy,  but  by  all  our 
Sailors  Homes  and  all  our  Mercantile  Marine  Associations  " 

Literary  World.—"  It  seeks  to  quicken  the  pulses  of  our  national  life. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  those  spirit-stirring  songs  may  be  sung  in  all  parts  of 
the  world  by  our  gallant  tars,  north  and  south,  east  and  west — wheiever, 
in  short,  the  Union  Jack  floats  proudly  over  the  sea  We  heartily  com- 
mend Dr.  Bennett's  '  Songs  for  Sailors '  to  the  public  at  large." 

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GIBBON  8  LIBRARY. 

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The  ATHENMUM for  June  26  mntains  Articles  on 

MR.  WATTS-DUNION'S  JUBILEE  POEM. 

A  RIDE  THROUGH  WESTERN  ASIA. 

MR.  MONCURE  CONWAY'S  EDITION  of  PAINE 

SKErCHES  oi  NATIVE  LIFE  in  the  MALAY  PENINSULA. 

MEMOIRS  of  PETOFI. 

DR.  GASQUETS  ECCLESIASTICAL  ESSAY'S. 

NEW  NOVELS— The  Silence  Broken;  His  Dead  Past;  Dracola;  A 
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ings; Gossip 

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"W'OTES    and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES  :— Thomas  Paine— George  Robins  — Prefix  "Ken"  — Erasmus 
Cope — Plagiarisms— Wanstead  House  Pillars— An  Old  Est  'te — Month 
of  May— Irish  '  Pharmacopoeias  '—Peter  the  Great  and  Astronomy— 
'  Life  of  Prof.  Jowett '—"  Moral  "-Evelyn— Calvary  Clover— •  Bug- 
bears. ' 

QUERIES  :— "To  cha'  fause"— Head  of  Mrs.  Siddons— Pocket  Nntmeg- 
Grater  —  Napoleon  III  —  Glamorganshire  and  Carmarthenshire 
Families— Col  Dormer's  Regiment— Gildhall,  Stoneleigh— Smoking 
before  Tobacco— Nine  Men's  Morris  —  Criminology  —  Passage  in 
Lamb— Proverb  — "  Glaizer  ":"  Venetians"— 8  Petto— Life  of  St. 
Alban— Penny  Hedge— Population— Furley's  '  History  of  Kent.' 

REPLIES :— Hatchments— S  and  F— Line  in  Goldsmith— Holy  Thursday 
Superstition — Unicorn  —  "Cawk  and  corve  "  —  Slavonic  Names- 
Hole  house— "Cadock  "—"  S.  I  "—Virgin  Mary's  Dower— Science  in 
the  Choir— T.  G  — De  Medici — Angels  as  Supporters— Portreeve- 
Cambridgeshire-"  Cocame  "—"  A  cat  may  look  at  a  king"— "Care 
creature  —Heraldic— "  Under  the  weather" — Bishopric  of  Ossory — 
"Harpy"— Milking  Syphon— "  Hand-shoe"— 'Bible  of  Nature'  — 
Fall  of  Angels— Pyrography— J.  Rogers— King  Lear  Historical- 
Layman— Wallls  Family— Hungate  :  Hunstanton— Hay  in  Church 
Aisles — Statue  of  Duke  of  Kent— "Greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number" — Dog-gates— Ship  Constitution- Preservation  of  Bronze — 
Cagots- Shamrock  as  Food — "Dick's  Hatband  "—Claudius  du  Chesne 
—Lord  Byron's  Remains— Anglo-Saxon  Brooch— J.  Hart— Church 
Registers. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—Danett's  '  History  of  Comines'— Vincent's  'Twelve 
Bad  Women  '—The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  KUMBER  (Jnly  3)  contains— 

NOTES:— Dr.  Paris  and  Dr  Penneok— Waugh  Family  — R.  Gooch— 
'I'lade  Advertisements— Poetry— Byron's  '  Beppo '—Beginnings  of 
Photography  —  Sinai  Palimpsest -Rev.  A.  I.  Suckling— Solihull 
Register— bobieski  Stuarts. 

QUERIES:— "Careerin "—J.  Edwards:  Penleigh  House— Miss  M.  A. 
.Stodart- "  Mede  " :  "  Mead  "-Butter  at  Wedding  Feasts— Immuring 
in  Sea-Bank  — A.  Smith  — St.  Cloud— Sword— Millingchamp—Capt. 
Duiiscomb  —  Earls  of  Derby — Middlesex  MP.s— Waldby  Family — 
Clarkson  Stan  field — "  Angel  of  Asia" — Cakes— J.  Husbands— Twenty- 
four  Hour  Dials— Col.  J  Bowles— Hare  and  Easter  Eggs. 

REPLIES;— Nelson's  Last  Signal— Charterhouse— Proprietary  Chapels 
— Literary  Women— National  Anthem — Pawne— Songs  on  Sports — 
Pharaoh  of  the  Oppression— The  Breden  stone—'  The  Giaour  '— 
Waddington  —  Buttresses  —  "Ruck"  —  'History  of  Pickwick '-De 
Brus— B(^ranger  and  Morris— Ward  and  Marriage — Steam— Hanwell 
Church— Pinckney  Family— Criminal  Family — Induction  at  Dorking 
— Earl  of  Beverley — "Rummer"— '  Altar  Gates" — Early  Headstones 
—  "  Tenification  "  —  Reversing  Postage -Stamps  —  Threatened  In- 
vasion of  England— Authors  Wanted 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :—' Dictionary  of  National  Biography,'  Vol.  LI.— 
Hyett  and  Bazeley's  •  Gloucestershire  Literature  '—Warren's  '  Dies 
Ira; '— Hills  'Johnsonian  Miscellanies  '—Leake's '  Historic  Bubbles ' 
—Clarke's  'Imperial  Defence.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Price  id. ;  by  post,  IJrf. 
Published  by  John  C.  Francis,  Bream's-buildings,  Cbancery-Iane,  E.C. 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


79 


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80 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3637,  July  10,  '97 


AT    ALL    BOOKSELLERS'    AND    RAILWAY    BOOKSTALLS. 


BENTLEY'S    FAVOURITE    NOVELS. 

Each  Work  can  he  had  separately,  uniformly  hound,  price  6s. 

LATEST    ADDITION. 

The  SECOND  EDITION  of  DEAR  FAUSTINA,  %  BHODA 

BBOUGHTON,  may  now  he  obtained. 


By  Mary  Linshill. 

Between  the  Heather  and  the 
Northern  Sea. 

The  Haven  under  the  HilL 

In  Exchange  for  a  SouL 

Cleveden. 

Tales  of  the  North  Riding. 

By  Rosa  N.  Carey. 

The  Mistress  of  Brae  Farm. 

Sir  Godfrey's  Grrand-daughters. 

Basil  Lyndhurst. 

Nellie's  Memories, 

Barbara  Heathcote's  Trial. 

Heriot's  Choice. 

Queenie's  Whim. 

Mary  St.  John. 

For  Lilias. 

Not  Like  Other  Girls. 

Only  the  Governess. 

Robert  Ord's  Atonement. 

Uncle  Max.     |    Wee  Wifie. 

Wooed  and  Married. 

Lover  or  Friend  ? 

By  Jessie  Fothergill. 

The  ''  First  Violin." 
Borderland.    |    Kith  and  Kin. 

Probation.  ineprinUng. 

Aldyth.   I    From  Moor  Isles. 


By  Florence  Montgomery. 
Misunderstood. 
Thrown  Together. 
Seaforth. 

By  W.  E.  Norris 

Major  and  Minor. 

Miss    ShaftO.  {Reprinting. 

A  Bachelor's  Blunder.    [RepHnUng. 


By  Maarten  Maartens. 
My  Lady  Nobody. 
An  Old  Maid's  Love. 
The  Sin  of  Joost  Avelingh. 
''  God's  Fool." 
The  Greater  Glory. 

By  J.  Sheridan  Le  Fanu. 
Uncle  Silas. 
In  a  Glass  Darkly. 
The  House  by  the  Churchyard. 

By  Mrs.  RiddelL 

George  Geith  of  Fen  Court. 
Berna  Boyle. 

By  E.  Werner. 
Success. 
Fickle  Fortune. 


By  Mrs.  Annie  Edivardes. 

Leah :  a  Woman  of  Fashion. 
A  Girton  Girl. 
Susan  Fielding. 

By  Haivley  Smart. 

Breezie  Langton. 

By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford. 
Aunt  Anne. 

By  Helen  Mathers. 

Comin'  thro'  the  Rye. 

By  Mrs.  Alexander. 
The  Wooing  o't. 
Her  Dearest  Foe. 

By  Mrs.  Augustus  Craven. 
A  Sister's  Story. 

By  Anthony  Trollope. 
Tlie  Three  Clerks. 


By  Rhoda  Bi^oughton. 

Scylla  or  Charybdis  ? 

Mrs.  Bligh. 

Cometh  Up  as  a  Flower. 

Good-bye,  Sweetheart. 

Joan.  I  Nancy. 

A  Beginner. 

Not  Wisely,  but  Too  Well. 

Red  as  a  Rose  is  She. 

Second  Thoughts. 

Belinda.        |       Alas ! 

''Doctor  Cupid." 


By  Mary  Cholmondeley. 
Diana  Tempest. 
Sir  Charles  Danvers. 

By  Lady  G.  Fullerton. 

Too  Strange  Not  to  be  True. 


By  Baroness  Tautphceus. 
The  Initials. 
Quits  ! 

By  Marcus  Clarke. 

For  the  Term  of  his  Natural 
Life. 

By  Jane  Austen. 

(The  only  Complete  Edition.) 

Emma. 

Mansfield  Park. 

Lady  Susan,  and  The  Watsons. 

Northanger  Abbey,  and    Per- 
suasion. 

Pride  and  Prejudice. 

Sense  and  Sensibility. 

By  Mrs.  Notley. 
Olive  Varcoe. 

By  L.  Dougall. 

The  Madonna  of  a  Day. 


London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


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ASfcnH  tor  Scotland,  Messrs   Bell  &  Bradfute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  EdinbnrKh.— Saturday,  July  10,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


3loiimal  of  (Bn^U^i)  antr  d^orefgn  Eiterature,  Science,  tfie  dfine  ^vt0,  i^luj^tc  antr  tfie  l^rama. 


No.  3638. 


SATURDAY,   JULY    17,    1897. 


piiicn 
THREEPENCE 

REQISTKUKU  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


LAST  WEEKS. 

EOYAL    SOCIETY   of   PAINTERS    in  WATER 
COLOURS,  6a,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W— U'6th  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN.    Admission  l.«..  10  to  6 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HERKOMER,  Jun.,  Secretary  {pro  tcm  ). 

LAST  DAYS  of  the  EXHIBITION  at  GUILD- 
HALL  of  Works  by  British  Painters  of  the  Victorian  Era.— Will 
CLOSE  JULY  18.  Open  Daily.  Admission  fjcc.  Weekdays  10  to  7  ; 
Sundays,  3  to  6. 

ROYAL  ACADEMY  of  ARTS.— NOTICE  IS 
HEREBY  GIVEN,  that  the  President  and  Council  will  proceed 
to  ELECT  on  TUESDAY,  August  3,  ONE  COUSINS  ANNUITANT. 
Applications  for  the  Annuity,  which  is  of  the  value  of  not  more  than 
80( ,  must  be  deserving  Artists,  Painters  in  Oil  and  Water  Colours, 
Sculptors.  Architects,  or  Engravers  in  need  of  aid  through  unavoidable 
foilure  of  professional  employment  or  other  causes  —Forms  of  applica- 
tion can  be  obtained  by  letter,  addressed  to  The  Sfcretary,  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts,  Piccadilly.  W.  They  must  be  filled  in  and  returned 
on  or  before  Saturday,  July  31. 

By  order, 

FRED.  A.  EATON,  Secretary. 

OPEN  TO  THE  PUBLIC  FREE  10  a  m.  TO  6  p  m. 

PUBLISHERS'  PERMANENT   BOOK   EXHIBI- 
TION,  10.  Bloomshury-street.  London,  W  C  , 
Where  the  Latest  Productions  of  the  Chief  Houses  may  be 
inspected,  BUT  NOT  PURCHASED. 

ryO  COLONIAL  PUBLISHERS.— An  Oxonian  of 

JL  mnch  experience  on  the  Literary  Press  would  be  ^lad  lo  po  abroad 
an  EDITOK,  SUB-EDITOR.  PUBLISHER'S  ADVISER,  or  the  like. 
Highest  references  as  to  ability.  &c.  — X.  care  of  Francis  &  Co., 
Atheticcnm  Press,  Bream's-buildinps,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

FRENCH    PROTESTANT    PASTOR,    in- 

capacitated  by  weak  throat  from  preaching,  but  not  otherwise 
out  of  health,  seeks  a  LITERARY  POST  in  Library.  School,  or  other- 
wise. Has  had  foreign  University  education,  and  some  experience  in 
tuition.  Knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin,  and  moderate  Hebrew  ;  also 
Theological  German.  Salary  less  an  object  than  immediate  occupation. 
References.— Address  Pastor,  care  of  Miss  Corn,  Upper  Norwood. 

ASSISTANCE  (LITERARY)  REQUIRED  by 
GENTLEMAN  desirous  of  preparing  his  notes  on  the  Old 
Masters  (Dutch  and  Italian)  for  the  press.  Only  those  thoroughly 
conversant  with  the  subject  need  reply  to  C.  L.  Hastings,  care  of 
Streachan's,  295,  Strand,  W.C. 

GIRLS'  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL,  BRISBANE, 
QUEENSLAND.— A  SECOND  MISTRESS  will  be  REQUIRED 
In  JANUARY  NEXT'.  Salary  'XOl.  per  annum,  with  board  and  resi- 
dence, and  iXil.  passage  money.  Applicants  must  have  had  experience 
in  teaching,  and  hold  a  University  Degree  or  equivalent  qualitication  — 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  fi-om  The  Agent-General  for 
QrEiNSLAND,  1,  Victoria-street,  S.W.,  to  whom  applications  should  be 
seit  not  later  than  July  19. 


H 


EVERSHAM    GRAMMAR    SCHOOL,   WEST- 
MORLAND. 

WANTED,  HEAD  MASTER  after  Summer  Holidays  New  School- 
house  has  accommodation  for  about  Fifty  Boarders.  Near  Heversham 
Station  on  Furness  Railway  ;  about  two  miles  from  Milnthorpe  Station 
on  L.  and  N.  W.  Railway  Right  of  nominating  to  Exhibitions  to  Oxford 
or  Cambridge  ;  Two  of  80i  ;  Two  of  about  40/, ;  also  of  competing  for 
other  Exhibitions  —Candidates  (Graduates  of  some  University  within 
the  British  Empire)  to  send  testimonials  on  or  before  Monday, 
August  2,  to  Mr.  John  Mashitir,  Post  Office,  Milnthorpe,  Secretary 
to  the  Governors,  from  whom  copies  of  the  School  Scheme  can  be 
obtained. 

Milnthorpe,  July  5, 1897. 

TJNIVERSITY      COLLEGE,      LONDON, 

YATES  LECTURESHIP  IN  ARCHEOLOGY. 
The  Council  is  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  this  Lectureship. 
The  endowment  is  100( ,  and  the  Lecturer  will  be  required  to  give  a 
Course  of  Lectures  on  some  special  subject.  The  appointment  will  be 
for  One  Year— Candidates  are  requested  to  send  in  their  applications, 
stating  the  subject  and  time  which  they  propose  for  their  Lectures,  to 
The  Secrei'arv  of  the  Collegb  before  September  15. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES. 
(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales. ) 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONSTRATOR  in  BOTANY.    Salary  120i. 

Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
Wednesday,  September  1,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  July  7, 1897. 

POTSDAM,  near  BERLIN.— Fraulein  von 
BRIESEN  and  Fraulein  ZAHN  receive  a  limited  number  of 
YOUNG  LADIES  in  their  High-Class  SCHOOL.  They  offer  all  the 
advantages  of  a  Continental  Education  and  a  comfortable  Home  Terms 
Fifty  Guineas.  References  and  Prospectus  through  Miss  Rodier  l' 
Fairview  Villas,  Mill  Hill.  London.  N.W.,  who  has  been  for  many  years 
Teacher  at  the  School  and  is  willing  to  give  every  information  and 
tt.ke  Pupils  back  with  her  in  the  first  week  of  August.— GOVERNESS- 
PUPIL  REQUIRED. 


EPSOM  COLLEGE.— ANNUAL  EXAMINA- 
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SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
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Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
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-^  Mistress  Miss  M.  I.  GARDINER,  Nat.  Sc.  Tripos,  Cambridge 
late  Assistant  Mistress  St  Leonard's  School,  St,  Andrews  References ' 
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ArthurSidgwick,  Esq.,  MA  i  Mrs.  Henry  Sidgwick,&c. 


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College.  SYDNEY  CHAFFERS,  Registrar. 

I j^DUCA  TION.— MADAME  AUBEHT'S 
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Testimonials.  Reports.  &c.,  duplicated.  Translations  —E.  GaiHiM, 
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fyHE      EXCEL       TYPE-WRITING      CO., 

49,  BROAD-STREET  HOUSE,  OLD  BROAD-STREET, 

WANTS  YOUR  TYPE-WRITING. 


SPECIAL  TERMS  TO  AUTHORS,  LITTERATEURS,  AND 
PLAYWRIGHTS. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.— Confidential  Secre- 
tary. Miss  PETHERHRIDGE  (Natural  Science  Tripos),  sends  out 
Daily  a  trained  staff  of  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries,  expert  steno- 
graphers, and  Typists.  Special  staff  of  French  and  German  Reporters. 
Literary  and  Commercial  Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages. 
Speciality — Dutch  Translations,  French,  German,  and  Medical  'I'ype- 
writing 

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staff  of  Indexers.  Speciality — Medical  Indexing.  Libraries  Catalogued. 
Pupils  trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

n^YPE-WRITERS    and   CYCI^ES.— The   standard 

-L  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words.— N.  Taylor. 
74.  Chancery-lane.  London.  Established  18S1.  Telephone  6690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator,  London." 


FRANCE, —  The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France :  — 

AMIENS.  ANTIRES.  REAULIEU- SUR  -  MER.  RIARRITZ.  BOR 
DEAUX,  HOULOGNE-SUR  MF,H  CALAIS,  CANNF.S.  IJIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK. HAVllK.  I,II,LF,,  LYONS.  M  AIIREILLES.  MENTONB, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Riyoli,  Paris. 

ACHTINGTRIPS  to  the  HEBRIDES  by  fully 

appointed  100-Ton  SAILING  Y'ACHI.  calling  at  Rothesay.  Oban. 
&c.  Terms,  inclusive  of  board,  from  Six  Guineas  per  Week.— For 
Routes,  Plans,  &c.,  apply  Mic  Nkjoi.l  &  Co.,  6,  Dixon-street,  Glasgow. 


''I^HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

X  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examineil  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transrers  carefully  conducted  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Hook  Producing.  Consultation 
free,— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuROHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
— The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  ottering  to  place  MSS  .  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  ailvertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society      By  order.    G.  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4.  Portugal-Street.  Lincoln's  Inn.  \V.<-. 

N.B.— The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Horace  Cox,  Bream's-buildiugs,  EC. 


''I'^O    AUTHORS.— The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

X  LiMiTKD,  15.  Victoria-Street.  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE 
M.ANUSCUIPTS  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
before  the  I'radc,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public.  Illustrated 
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1  CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  Ss.  C./.  net.  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form  —Address  18,  Bouverie- 
street,  Fleet-street,  London. 


( 


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y»  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
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F 


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promptly  supplied  on  modeiatc  terras. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 

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w 


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14,  Henrietta-Street.  Coven^garden.  London  -,  20,  South  Frederick- 
street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  7,  Broad-street,  Oxford. 
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E 


y, 


LLIS  &  ELVE 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books  and  Manuscripts. 

NEW  CATALOGUE  (No  5)  of  RARE  PORl'RAITS  and  PRINTS, 

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now   ready,   post   free.   Threepence. 

29,  New  Bond-street.  London,  W. 

NEW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21— Drawings  by  Hunt, 
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terrace,  Richmond,  Sui-rey. 

IRST    EDITIONS    of     MODERN    AUTHORS, 

including  Dickens,  Thuckeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G  and  R.  Ciuikshank,  Phiz,  Bowlandson.  Leech,  &c.  'The 
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logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bought  — 
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c 


CHOICE      and    VALUABLE      BOOKS, 


Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  Cruiksbank,  Rowlandson, 
&c— First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  modern)— Early 
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— Autographs. 

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O  'TVRE,  No.  .sue.  just  published,  contains  a  good  Selection  of  Books 
in  General  Literature,  besides  Bibliographical  Works— Mr.  John  Payne 
Collier's  Publications— the  Dramatists  of  the  Restoration,  on  vellum- 
Sir  William  Fraser's  Scottish  Genealogical  Works-and  an  Appreciation 
of  Charles  Dickens 

Post  free  from  H.  Soiheran  &  Co.,  Booksellers,  140,  Strand,  W.C  , 
and  37,  Piccadilly,  W. 


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mainders gratis  and  postage  free —Gilbert  &  Field,  67,  Moorgate- 
street  London,  EC. 


82 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE  HANFSTAENGL 

GALLERIES, 

16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 
(nearly  opposite  the  National  Gallery), 

Inspection  invited. 

REPRODUCTION  IN  CARBON  PRINT 

AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

GALLERY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
in  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLES 
L.  BASTLAKB,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.    Price  to  Subscribers,  Tl.  10s. 

[Part  IV.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.      By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
Reproductions  of  the  Famous  Drawings  at  Windsor 
Castle,  bound  in  Artistic  Cover.    Price  bl.  5s. 


The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
NATIONAL  GALLERY,  LONDON;  AMSTERDAM, 
BERLIN,  BRUSSELS,  CASSEL,  DRESDEN,  HAAG, 
HAARLEM,  MUNICH,  VIENNA. 


LEADING   ARTISTS  of  the  DAY. 

9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BURNB  JONES, 
WATTS,  ROSSBTTI,  ALMA  TADBMA,  SOLOMON, 
HOFFMAN,  BODENHAUSEN,  PLOCKHORST,  THU- 
MANN,  &c. 

CATALOGUES  POST  FBEE. 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 

THE  AUTOTYPE 
FINE -ART    GALLERY. 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  -  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


PRODUCERS  AND  PUBLISHERS   OF 

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PHOTOGRAPHIC  REPRODUCTIONS 

OF  FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART. 


AUTOTYPES  of  the  OLD  MASTERS 

in  the  GREAT  CONTINENTAL  GALLERIES. 

AUTOTYPES  of  MODERN    ENG- 
LISH ART. 

AUTOTYPES  of  PICTURES  in  the 

NATIONAL  GALLERY. 

AUTOTYPES  of  DRAWINGS  by  the 

OLD  MASTERS, 

AUTOTYPES  of  PICTURES  in  the 

FRENCH  SALONS, 


Those  interested  in  Art,  and  in  the  recent  de- 
velopments of  the  Photographic  Reproduction  of 
Pictures,  are  invited  to  inspect  the  Company's  ex- 
tensive Collection  of  Autotypes  and  Autogravures 
of  all  Schools,  now  on  view  at  their  Gallery,  74, 
New  Oxford-street,  where  may  also  be  seen  a  series 
of  framed  examples,  of  specially  designed  patterns, 
made  in  oak,  walnut,  and  other  hard  woods. 


Catalogues  and  Price  Lists  post  free  on  application  to 

THE     AUTOTYPE     COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


MUDIE'S 

SELECT 

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Books  can  be  exchanged  at  the  residences  of  Sub- 
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SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO  GUINEAS 
per  Annum. 


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Branch  Offices: — 

241,  Brompton-road ;  and  48,  Queen  Victoria-street, 

E.C.  (Mansion  House  End). 

Also  10-12,  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


'^PH 


E 


SUTHERLAND"    BINDING. 


A  NEW  COLOUR  PROCESS  (PATENTED). 
Beautiful  Tooling  in  any  Colour.    Colours  absolutely  permanent. 
Mr.  BAGGULEY  will  be  glad  to  supply  particulars  as  to  where  the 
specimens  referred  to  in  the  Atlienaum  of  May  L'2  (p.  679)  can  be  seen 
in  Town. 

High-street,  Newcastle-nnder-Lj  me. 

THE      AUTHOR'S      HAIRLESS      PAPER-PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall-street, 
London.  E.C) 
Contains   hairless   paper,  over   which   the   pen  slips  with   perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each     5s.  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

''FO    INVALIDS.— A   LIST   of    MEDICAL   MEN 

JL  In  all  parts  willing  to  RECEIVE  RESIDENT  PATIENTS,  giring 
full  particulars  and  terms,  sent  gratis.  The  list  includes  Private 
Asylums,  &c  ;  Schools  also  recommended  —Address  Mr.  G^  B.  Stocker, 
8,  Lancaster-place,  Strand,  W.C. 

TH  A  C  K  E  RAY        HOTEL        (Temperance), 
Facing  the  British  Museum, 
GREAT  RUSSELL-STREET,  LONDON. 
This  newly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
the  requirements  of  those  who  desire  all  the  conveniences  and  advan- 
tages of  the  larger  modern  licensed  hotels  at  moderate  charges. 

Passenger  Lift.     Electric  Light  in  all  rooms.    Bath-Rooms  on  every 
floor. 

SPACIOUS  DINING.  DRAWING,  WRITING,  READING, 
AND  SMOKING  ROOMS. 

All  Floors  Fireproof.    Perfect  Sanitation.    Night  Porter. 
Full  Tarifl'and  testimonials  post  free  on  application. 

Proprietor— J.  TRUSLOVE. 
Telegraphic  Address— "Thackeray,  London." 

"PURNISHED    APARTMENTS    in    one    of    the 

L.  most  pleasant  positions  in  TUNBRIDGE  WELLS  South  aspect, 
good  view,  three  minutes'  walk  from  the  town  and  common. — Write 
R.  G.,  18,  Claremont-road,  Tunbridge  Wells. 


S^hs  bB  2^ttction. 

Library  of  a  Gentleman,  deceased  (by  order  of  the  Executrix) : 
Two  Medical  Libraries — Books  on  English  and  Scottish 
Genealogy  and  Antiquities— Engravings,  Prints,  HiC 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SKLL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  ll.'i.  Chancery-lane,  W.C  .  on  TUESDAY,  July  20, 
and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  valuable  MISCELLANEOUS 
BOOKS  as  above,  comprising  Blanco,  Floi-a  de  Pilipinas,  4  vols,  and 
2  portfolios  of  coloured  plates— Catesby's  Natural  History  of  Carolina, 
2  vols. — Richardson's  Monastic  Ruins  of  Yorkshire,  2  vols.— Cuitt's 
Etchings— Stuart  and  Revett's  Athens.  4  vols  — Rosini,  Pittura  Italiana, 
8  vols.— Books  of  Scenery— Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  Ninth  Edition, 
25  vols.— Latham's  Birds,  10  vols —Turner  s  Fuci,  4  vols —Bolton's 
Funguses.  2  vols. — Series  of  Lancet,  British  Medical  .Tournal.  Clinical 
and  Pathological  Transactions— Allen's  Human  Anatomy,  6  vols.,  and 
other  Surgical  and  Medical  Works— Oxford  Historical  society's  Publica- 
tions. 32  vols.— Proceedings  of  Archa'ological  and  Antiquarian  Societies 
— Montgomeryshire  Collections.  26  vols.— Drybuigh  Waverley  Novels, 
25  vols.  Large  Paper— English  and  Scottish  Genealogy  and  Antiquities- 
Morris's  Birds,  &c.,  14  vols  — Yarrell's  Birds  and  Fishes,  5  vols. — Lodge's 
Portraits,  10  vols —Strickland  s  and  Doran's  Queens  8  vols —Green's 
Princesses,  6  vols.— Oak  Library  'I'able— Engravings— Prints,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


Musical  Instruments  and  Music,  including  the  Property  of 
the  late  V.  PUKIUEU,  Esq. 

ESSRS.    PUTTICK   &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 


by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester-sqnare,  W.C.  on 
TUESDAY.  July  20,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MUSICAL 
INSTRUMENTS,  comprising  Grand  and  Cottage  Jianofortes  by  Bech- 
stein,  Kaps,  Broadwood,  &c -Doable-action  Haip  by  Erard— Violins, 
Violas,  Violoncellos,  and  Double  Basses,  with  the  Bows,  Cases,  and 
Fittings— Zithers,  Mandolines,  Guitars,  and  Banjos-Brass  and  Wood- 
Wind  Instruments;  also  a  Library  of  Violin  Minic  and  the  Collection 
of  Violoncello  Music,  cSLc.  formed  by  the  late  V.  PL'RRIER,  Esq. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Valuable  i'ilver  and  Jewellery,  including  the  Property  of  the 
late  S.  MAIDEN,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester-sqnare.  W.C,  on 
FRIDAY,  July  2.3.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  small 
but  choice  COLLECTION  of  JEWELLERY,  comprising  a  superb  Set 
of  Five  Old  Brazilian  Diamond  Star  Brooches,  with  Mount  to  form 
Tiara— a  magnificent  Diamond  Bracelet— a  Seven-stime  .sapphire  ditto 
—a  Diamond  Comet  Brooch,  &c.  EARLY  GEORGIAN  SILVER,  con- 
sisting of  a  very  handsome  Centre  Dessert  Piece,  weighing  110  ounces— 
a  very  fine  Cake  Basket— Four  Corinthian  Column  Candlesticks,  &c. 

Miscellaneous  Propertii,    including  the   Collection  of  the  late 
J.  F.  SNAITH,  Esq.,  late  of  the  Madras  Civil  .VeruVce. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester-square,  W  C  ,  on 
FRIDAY.  July  23,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS PROPERTY,  comprising  Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper  Coins- 
Old  English  and  other  China— Coronation  Glass  being  a  portion  of  the 
Service  used  at  the  Queen's  Coronation— Miniatures,  Carvings,  Bur- 
mese Brass  Ware,  &c.  — and  Furniture,  consisting  of  Chippendale  Book- 
cases, Card  'Tables,  Carved  Oak  Sideboards,  Chests,  &c. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  July  27,  and  Following  Day.  at  5  o'clock  precisely,  r»re 
BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE  STAMPS. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Library  of  the  late  Miss  A  LOIN  A  PICKERING,  and  other 
Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester-square,  W.C.  on 
THURSDAY, Augusts  and  Following  Day, at  ten  minutes  pastlo'elock 
precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Miss  ALDINA  PICKERING,  and 
other  Properties,  comprising  Standard  and  Miscellaneous  Books  in  all 
Branches  of  Literature,  both  English  and  Foreign. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  Dr.  MO  A  CURE  D.  CONWA  Y; 
the  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  BECK,  M.A.;  and  other 
Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  July  19,  and  Two  Following  Days, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  a 
Portion  of  the  LIBRARY  of  Dr.  MONCURE  D  CONWAY,  consisting 
of  rare  Publications  of  Walt  Whitman,  Poetical  Works,  Biography, 
Arch.Tology,  Americana,  scaice  Pamphlets,  &c.  ;  the  Property  of  'T.  J. 
SLA'TTER,  Esq  ,  F  G.S.,  deceased,  compiising  a  Collection  of  Works  on 
Natural  History,  Alg,T,  Mosses,  Lichens.  &c. ;  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
Rev  J.  BECK,  MA  F  S.A..  of  Bildestone  Rectory,  Suft'olk,  comprising 
valuable  Archnpological  Works,  Biography,  'Topography,  History, 
specimens  of  old  stamped  and  other  Bindings,  Illustrated  Works,  &c. — 
Original  Drawings  by  C  Martin -a  remarkable  Collection  of  Drawings 
and  Portraits  of  the  Royal  Family,  formed  by  Miss  Marianne  Skerrett — 
Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield.  2  vols.  Fir>t  Edition,  Salisbury,  1766— 
— George  Meredith's  Poems,  First  Edition,  1851— Sussex  Archieological 
Collections,  25  vols  — Missale  Secundu  usum  Insignis  Ecclesie  Sar., 
Rouen  1508— Hora;  Beata-  Maria;  Virginis,  MS.  on  vellum,  Sa;c.  XV.— 
and  many  otlier  scarce  Works. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUtmoN.  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Sti-and,  W  C,  on  'THUKSDAY,  July  22.  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS  of  various  Periods  and  Schools 
(Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio),  WATER-COLOUR  and  other  DRAW- 
INGS, and  a  few  OIL  PAINTINGS. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  CONDUIT-STREET  AUCTION  GALLERIES. 
For  the  Sale  of  Pictures,  Jewellery,  Silver  Plate,   Furniture,  China, 
Bonks,  Old  Engravings,  Coins,  Medals,  rare  Lace,  Guns,  Harness, 
Bicycles,  and  other  Property  intended  for  Public  Auction  —MESSRS. 

KNIGHT,  FRANK  &  RUTLKY'S  GALLERIES. 
9,  Conduit-Street,  and  23v.  Maddox-street,  W.,  are  OPEN  DAILY 
for  the  receiptof  the  above  A'aluations  prepared.  Sales  held  atPrivate 
Residences  jn  all  parts  of  the  country.  'Trade  Stocks  promptly  Cata- 
logued and  sold. 

By  order  of  LADY  GRENVILLE  TEMPLE,  and  other  Properties- 
Engravings  —  Watei -Colour  Drawings  and  Paintings  —  Modern 
Decorative  Worcester,  Lambeth,  Vienna,  and  other  Porcelain— 
Drawing-Room  Furniture— Carved  Black  Oak  Sideboard— Dining- 
'Table— Rosewood  Escritoire— Overmantels— Bookcases— Lounges— 
Ormolu-mounted  China  Cabinets— Carpets— Oriental  Rugs— rare  Old 
Lace— Plated  Ware— Silver— Glass— Bronzes— Three  Bicycles— and 
Miscellanea.-MESSRS 

KNIGHT,  FRANK    &   RUTLEY  will   SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Galleries,  on  FRIDAY,  July  23,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  above  FUKNITURE,  Silver,  Pictures,  &c. 

On  view  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  free. 
Offices  and  Galleries :  9,  Conduit-street,  W.,  and  23a,  Maddox-street,  W. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  Jamss's- 
sqtiare,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  : — 

On    MONDAY,    July    19,    EARLY    ENGLISH 

ENGRAVINGS  of  the  late  Mr.  F.  J.  HOWARD  and  others. 

On    TUESDAY,  July   20,    fine  old    ENGLISH 

SILVER  and  SILVER-GIL'T  PLATE  and  DIAMOND  ORNAMENTS, 
the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  20,  JEWELS,  the  Property 

of  a  LADY  OF  RANK ;  and  Jewels,  Miniatures,  and  Objects  of  Vertu. 

On  THURSDAY,  July  22,  the  valuable  COLLEC- 
TION of  DECORATIVE  FURNI  TURE,  PORCELAIN,  and  OBJECTS 
of  ART  of  the  late  G.  'T.  ROBINSON,  Esq  ,  F  S  A.,  who  was  for  many 
years  Art  Director  to  Messrs  G.  'TroUope  &  Sons. 

On     SATURDAY,     July     24,     ANCIENT    and 

MODERN  PICTURES  of  G.  T.  ROBINSON,  Esq  ,  F8.A.,  deceased, 
and  others. 


N"3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


83 


FlilDA  y  NEXT. 

Photographic,  Elecirical,  and  Scientific  Instruments  and 
Apparatus  by  leading  London  Makers — Lathes  and  Tools — 
Curiosities— Books— Lanterns  and  Slides— several  first-class 
Bicycles — and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR,  J.  C.   STEVENS  will  SELL   the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Uooms.  38.  King-street,  Covent-garden,    I 
on  FKIDAY  NEXT,  July  23,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  o{  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

N.B. — These  old-established  Auction-Rooms  and  Offices  are  open  daily 
for  the  reception  of  Miscellaneous  Property  of  every  description,  which 
is  included  in  the  above  Sales  held  every  Friday. 

TUESDA  Y,  July  27. 
The  important  and  valuable   Collection  of  Birds'   Eggs  and 
Skins  formed  by  the  late  H.  CHAMPLEi',  Esq.,  and  the 
Cabinet  in  which  it  is  contained ;  also  a  fine  Egg  of  the  Great 
Auk. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will   SELL  the  above  by 
AUCI'ION.at  his  Great  Rooms.  38  King-street,  Covent-garden, 
on  TUESDAY,  July  27,  at  halt-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

TOURNAL        OF        ETHICS 

(INPERNATIONAL). 
JULY  NUMBER.     2s.  6d. 

The  ETHICAL  SIDE  of  the  FREE  SILVER  CAMPAIGN.  F.  J. 
Stimson. 

The  CONCEPTION  of  SOCIETY  as  an  ORGANISM.    J.  E.  McTaggart. 

WHEN  the  '•  HIGHER  CRITICISM  "  HAS  DONE  ITS  M'ORK.  Thos. 
Davidson. 

The  TREATMENT  of  PRISONERS.    W.  Douglas  Morrison 

PHILOSOPHIC  FAI TH.     Mrs.  Gilliland  Husband. 

The  PLACE  of  PLEASURE  in  a  SYSTEM  of  EfHICS.  F.  J.  E.  Wood- 
bridge. 

The  LATE  PROF.  WALLACE.    W.  H.  Fairbrother. 

DISCUSSIONS.-BOOK  REVIEWS. 

Swan  Sonnenschein  &  Co.,  Limited,  London. 


D 


NEW  SERIES,  No.  23.    JULY,  1897. 

MI  N 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Psychology  and  Philosophy. 
Edited  by  G.  F.  STOUT. 
With  the  Co-operation  of  Professor  H.  Sidgwick,  E.  Caird,  Dr.  Venn, 
Dr.  Ward,  and  Professor  E.  B.  Titchener. 
Content.^. 
1.  Types  of  Will.    Alexander  F  Shand. 
2  .On  the  Relations  of  Number  and  Quality.    B  Russell. 

3.  Hegel's  Treatment  of  the  Categories  of  the  Subjective  Notion.    IT. 

J.  E  M  Taggart. 

4.  Aristotle's  Theory  of   Incontinence:   a  Contribution  to  Practical 

Ethics.    W.  H  Fairbrother. 
a.  Discussions  :— Reply  to  Mr.  Muirhead's  Criticism.     Mrs.  Bain. 

6.  Critical    Notices;— G.   F.   Stout,   'Analytic    Psychology,'   Professor 

Josiab  Royce— Dr.  H.  Hoflfding,  'Geschichte  der  neueren  Philo- 
sophie'  (Band  II.),  Professor  J.  I  Beare— Mrs.  K.  C  Moore, 
'The  Mfcc'al  Development  of  a  Child,'  Professor  J  Sully— Albert 
LSvy,  'Psychologic  du  Caractt^re,'  A.  F.  Shand— J.  T.  Merz,  'A 
History  of  European  Thought  in  the  Nineteenth  Century '  (Vol.  I. ), 
G.  Sandeman. 

7.  New  Books. 

8.  Philosophical  Periodicals. 

9.  Notes  and  News  :— On  the  Temperature-Senses.    I.    By  S.  Alrut/. 
Williams  &  Norgate.  14,  Henrietta-street.  Covent-garden.  London; 

20,  South  Frederick-street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  7,  Broad-street,  Oxford. 

"POYAL  STATISTICAL  SOCIETY'S  JOURNAL. 

Now  ready,  Part  II.  VoL  LX.    JUNE,  1897.    Price  5s. 
Contetits. 
AGRICULTURE  in  ESSEX  DURING  the  PAST  FIFl'Y   YEARS,  as 
Exemplified  by  the  Records  of  One  Farm.    By  F.  C.  Danvers.    With 
Discussion. 

SAVINGS  BANKS  at  HOME  and  AllRO.lD.  By  H.  W.  Wolff.  With 
Discussion  and  Appendix.  Being  a  Review  of  the  Savings  Banks 
Systems  of  Different  Countries. 

The  MOVEMENTS  for  the  INCLOSURE  and  PRESERVATION  ol 
OPEN  LANDS.    By  Sir  Robert  Hunter.    With  Discussion. 

MISCELLANEA,  including  :—l  Mr.  John  Biddulph  Martin,  MA.  2. 
Dr.  Frederic  John  Mouat,  M  D.  LL  D.  3.  Changes  of  Prices  of 
Imports  and  Exports  since  1881.  By  A.  L.  Bowley,  M  A.  4.  Mathe- 
matical Contributions  to  the  Theory  of  Evolution.  On  felegony  in 
Man.  &c.  By  Prof.  K.  Pearson,  M  A.  F.R.S.  5.  The  Agricultural 
Returns  of  1896  6.  Number  and  Size  of  Agricultural  Holdings.  7. 
Notes  on  Economical  and  Statistical  Works. 

London  :  E.  Stanford,  20  and  27,  Coekspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 


D 


ERBY  ARCHITECTURE.— See  the  BUILDER 

of  July  17  (id.;  by  post,  ihd.)  for  fully  illustrated  Article  on 
Derby,  being  the  Eighth  of  a  Series,  appearing  at  intervals,  on  the 
Architecture  of  our  large  Provincial  Towns. 

Through  any  Newsagent,  or  direct  from 
The  Pnblisher  of  the  Builder,  46,  Catherine-street,  London,  W.C. 

NEW  EDITION,  price  Two  Shillings, 

pELESTIAL     MOTIONS:     a    Handy    Book    of 

\J    Astronomy.    Ninth  Edition.    With  3  Plates.    By  W.  T.  LYNN 
B.A.  F.B.A.S. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Coekspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.  W. 

FIFTH  EDITION,  price  Sixpence,  cloth, 

REMARKABLE    COMETS  :   a   Brief  Survey  of 
the  most  interesting  Facts  in  the  History  of  Cometary  Astronomy. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B  A  F  R  A.S. 
"  Well  adapted  to  accomplish  their  purpose." 

Dr.  B.  A.  Gould,  Editor  of  the  Astronomical  Journal. 
Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Coekspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 


SECOND  EDITION,  price  Fourpence, 

BRIEF     LESSONS     in     ASTRONOMY. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  ERAS. 
"  Conveys  a  great  deal  of  information  without  being  in  any  way  dry 
or  tecimio&l."— Kentish  Mercury. 

G.  Stoneman,  39,  Warwick-lane,  EC. 


DAVID     NUTT, 


270,  STRAND. 


THE    CLASSICAL   REVIEW. 

Vol.  XI.  No.  6,  JULY,  1897,  Is.  Oaf.  net. 
Contents. 
J.  B.  BURY.    The  European  Expedition  of  Darius. 
C.  C.  J.  WEBB.     Catulus  of  Parma. 
W.    LUTOSLAWSKI.      On    Stylometry.     (Abstract    of    a 

Paper  read  at  the  Oxford  Philological  Society.) 
A.  E.  HOUSMAN.    Critical  Notes  on  Ovid's  '  Heroides." 
C.  M.  MULVANY.    On  '  Od.'  i.  253  seq. 
L.   R.    FARNBLL.     On  JEich.  'Agam.,'  69-71.    (A  Paper 

read  at  the  Oxford  Philological  Society.) 
E.  W.  FAY.    On  the  Etymology  of  the  Words  "  Cortina," 

"  Cortex." 
C.  A.  M.  FBNNELL.    On  the  Etymology  of  "  Ingens." 
R.  C.  SBATON.     On  Aristotle's  '  Poetics,'  c.  25. 
T.  G.  TUCKER.     On  Aristophanes,  '  Frogs,'  1435  seq. 
L.  I.  ROBSON.    Notes  on  Cicero,  '  Pro  Sestio.' 
Shorter  Notes. 

Postgate's  '  Silva  Maniliana.'    B.  J.  WEBB. 
Hogarth's    'Philip   and   Alexander    of    Macedon.'      F.    T. 

RICHARDS. 
Blass's  Edition  of  the  Acts.    T.  E.  PAGE. 
De  Ridder  on  Early  Greek  Bronze  Reliefs. 
Summaries— Bibliography. 


SECOND  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo.  cloth,  price  Sixpence, 

REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES:  a  Sketch  of  the 
most  interesting  Circumstances  connected  with  the  Observation 
of  Solar  and  Lunar  Eclipses,  both  in  Ancient  and  Modern  rimes  Bv 
W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R  AS. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Coekspur-street,  Charing  Cross,  S.Yf. 


FOR   TEA  VELLEBS   ON  THE  CONTINENT. 

JAESCHKE'S    CONVERSATION 

DICTIONARIES.  3  vols,  each  2s.  6rf.  FRENCH. 
GERMAN.    ITALIAN. 

*»*  Admirable  little  Pocket  Dictionaries,  each  of  which 
contains  the  matter  of  a  large-sized  ordinary  Dictionary 
and  of  a  Conversation  Guide  as  well. 

SWAN'S  PHONETIC  TRAVELLER'S 

COMPANIONS.  With  the  Pronunciation  clearly  marked 
on  asimple  and  scientific  Plan.  FRENCH,  Is.  ITALIAN, 
Is.  6a!. 

GREMMLI'S    TOURIST'S    ALPINE 

FLORA.     7s.  6a!.  net. 
*»*  The  most  accurate  and  comprehensive  Handbook  to 
Alpine  Botany  in  existence. 


N 


OTES    and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  conUmis— 


NOTES  :— Escallop-shell  — 'Dictionary  of  National  Biography '  —  Nen- 
nius's  Knowledge  of  Old  English— County  Council  English— First 
Victorian  House  of  tommons— '  Help  to  Discourse '  —  ■•  High  Fife- 
shire  "—Parallel  Passage— "  Man  iage  Lines"  —  "  Belly-can" — 'Mr. 
Gray  and  his  Neighbours  ' — Barron  on  the  Heath— New  Words — 
(iueen  Henrietta  Maria— Walter  Pater's  Autograph— "Of  all  loves  " 
—Sir  H.  Bedinglield— Pre-Relorniation  Uses— Fiction  Antecedent  to 
Fact— Hampton  Court  Guide— "  Tuly" 

QUERIES;— "Hansard  ":  "  Hanse  "— "  Hawcubite"  :  "Hawkabite  "— 
"Mad  as  a  hatter  "  —  "  Camla-like '— Roos,  Meeres,  and  other 
Families— Wildrake  — Charlton  Family—"  Matrimony  "—Robinson 
of  Gwersylt— Nursery  Song— Trials  of  Animals— Reference  Sought 
—Old  Drawing — Cockney  Dialect — Parish  Levy— A  propos—' Adven- 
tures of  Thomas  Pellow'  — Dies  Veneris  — John  Smith— Hussey 
Family— St.  Giles,  Patron  of  Woodmen. 

REPLIES  :— John  Cabot  and  the  Matthew— H.  Cornish—"  Black  water" 
—Precise  Hour— Local  Areas  in  North  of  England— "Eye-rhymes  " 
— Dedications  to  St.  Roquc — "Hansardize" — Itayneham  Family — 
Holy  Week  Ceremonial— Machiavelli—"  Burvil  "— Use  of  Armour— 
Y'iddish  — Pronunciation  of  Evelyn  —  Van  Cortlandt  —  Hogg  and 
Tannahill— Cheney  Gate— Prime  Minister— Alderman  Beckford's 
Speech— 39th  Foot— J.  Nisbet— rhe  Peacock— Best  Ghost  Story- 
Military  Banners— "Three  acres  and  a  cow  "—Alexander  Smith- 
Darvel  Gadarn— Gillman  Family— Cakes— "Parson's  nose  "—Con- 
victs in  England. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  ;  —  Ihering's  '  Evolution  of  the  Arjan '  —  Mae 
Ritchie's  '  four  through  Great  Britain  '— Kitton's  "  Novels  of  Charles 
Dickens'— Thomas's  "  Woodland  Life  — Carlyle's  '  sartor  Resartus' 
—Robinson's  'Connoisseur  —  Mason's  'Chess  Openings  —Witt's 
'  Then  and  Now  '  —  Scott's  '  Morris  Bibliography  '  —  '  Ex-Libris 
Journal.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  (July  \0)  contains— 

NOrBS  :— Thomas  Paine— George  Robins  — Prefix  "  Ken  "  — Erasmus 
Cope— Plagiarisms— Wanstead  House  Pillars— An  Old  Est  te— Month 
of  May— Irish  '  Pharmacopoeias'— Peter  the  Great  and  Astronomy— 
'Life  of  Prof.  Jowett '—"  Moral  "—Evelyn— Calvary  Clover— "Bug- 
bears. ' 

QUERIES  ;— "  To  cha'  fause  "—Head  of  Mrs.  Siddons— Pocket  Nutmeg- 
Grater  —  Napoleon  III  —Glamorganshire  and  Carmarthenshire 
Families— Col  Dormer's  Regiment— Gildhall,  Stoneleigh— Smoking 
before  Tobacco— Nine  Men  s  Morris  —  Criminology  —  Passage  in 
Lamb— Proverb  — "Glaizer":  "  Venetians  "—S  Petto— Life  of  St. 
Alban— Penny  Hedge— Population— Furley's  '  History  of  Kent.' 

REPLIES  ;— Hatchments— S  and  F— Line  in  Goldsmith— Holy  Thursday 
Superstition  — Unicorn- "Cawk  and  corve  "—Slavonic  Names- 
Hole  house— "  Cadock  "—"  S.  I"— Virgin  Mary's  Dower— Science  in 
the  Choir— T.  G  — De  Medici— Angels  as  Supporters— Portreeve- 
Cambridgeshire-"  Cocaine  "—"  A  cat  may  look  at  a  king"— "Care 
creature"—Heraldic— "Under the  weather"— Bishopric  of  Ossory— 
"Harpy"— Milking  Syphon— "  Hand-shoe  "—"  Bible  of  Nature'  — 
Fall  of  Angels— Pyrography— J.  llogeis— King  Lear  Historical- 
Layman— Wallis  Family— Hungate  :  Hunstanton— Hay  in  Church 
Aisles— Statue  of  Duke  of  Kent— "  Greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number"— Dog-gates— Ship  Constitution— Preservation  of  Bronze— 
Cagots- Shamrock  as  Food— "  Dick's  Hatband  "—Claudius  du  Chesne 
—Lord  Byron's  Remains— Anglo-Saxon  Brooch— J.  Hart— Church 
Registers. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS ;— Danett's  '  History  of  Coniines  '-Vincent's  '  Twelve 
Bad  Women  '—The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Price  id. ;  by  post,  i^d. 
Pablished  by  John  C.  Francis,  Breftm's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 


MACMILLAN   &  CO/S 

NEW   BOOKS. 


With  Illustrations  and  Maps,  8vo.  6s.  6i.  net. 

WITH   the   TURKISH  ARMY  in 

THESSALY.  By  CLIVE  BIGHAM,  Special  Corre- 
spondent of  the  Times,  Author  of  '  A  Ride  through 
Western  Asia.' 

MOIINING  POST.—"  His  statistics  have  been  admirably 
kept,  and  the   numbers  and    dispositions   of  the  Turkish 

troops  carefully  and  closely  noted  from  beginning  to  end 

Is  accompanied    by  excellent   illustrations  and  charts 

Deserves  to  be  widely  read." 


FOUR  NOVELS  WORTH  READING. 

BY  F.  MARION  CRAWFORD. 

A  ROSE  of  YESTERDAY. 

DAILY  A' Ely S.—"  Whether  we  agree  or  disagree  with 
Mr.  Crawford's  thesis,  we  cannot  but  admire  this  poignant 
and  beautiful  story." 

NEW  AND  CHEAPER  EDITION. 

TAQUISARA.    By  F.  Marion  Craw- 

FORD. 

SPECTATOll.—"  Another  of  his  brilliantand  enthralling 
studies  of  modern  Italian  manners." 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'ROBBERY  UNDER  ARMS.' 

MY  RUN  HOME.    By  Rolf  Boldre- 

WOOD. 

ATHEN^UM.—"  Rolf  Boldrewood's  last  story  is  a  racy 
volume.  It  has  many  of  the  best  qualities  of  Whyte  Mel- 
ville, the  breezy  freshness  and  vigour  of  Frank  Smedley, 

■vvilh  the  dash  and  something  of  theabandon  of  Lever His 

last  volume  is  one  of  his  best." 

The  CHOIR  INVISIBLE.    By  James 

LANE  ALLEN,  Author  of  'A  Summer  in  Arcady,'  'A 
Kentucky  Cardinal,'  &c. 

ACADEMY.  —  "Mr.  Allen's  gifts  are  many  —  a  style 
pellucid  and  picturesque,  a  vivid  and  disciplined  power  of 
characterization,  and  an  intimate  knowledge  of  a  striking 

epoch  and  an  alluring  country '  The  Choir  Invisible '  is  a 

tine  achievement." 


Globe  8vo.  2s.  Qd. 

FOUR  LECTURES  on  the  LAW  of 

EMPLOYERS'  LIABILITY  at  HOME  and  ABROAD. 
By  AUGUSTINE  BIRRKLL,  M.P.,  one  of  Her  Ma,jesty's 
Counsel  and  Quain  Professor  of  Law  at  University 
College,  London. 

Crown  8vo.  2s.  M. 

NATIONAL  DEFENCES.    By  Major- 


General  MAURICE,  C.B. 


[English  Citizen  Series. 


DAILY  MAIL.—"1he  whole  question  of  the  present 
condition  of  our  navy  and  army  is  here  set  forth  with  most 
effective  clearness,  directness,  and  eloquence.  The  author 
states  his  case  with  admirable  boldness,  and  marshals  his 
arguments  with  consummate  skill." 


Globe  8vo.  3s.  6rf. 

THIRTY    YEARS    of  TEACHING, 

By  L.  C.  MIALL,  F.R.S. ,  Professor  of  Biology  in  the 
Yorkshire  College.  Reprinted,  with  Additions,  from 
the  Journal  of  Education. 

PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— " Prof.  Miall  talks  sound 
and  practical  common  sense  to  all  tutors,  pastors,  and 
masters." 

Globe  8vo.  3s.  6d. 

MACMILLAN'S  COURSE  of  FRENCH 

COMPOSITION.  Second  Course  for  Advanced  Students. 
Parts  I.  and  II.,  PARALLEL  FRENCH-ENGLISH 
PASSAGES.  By  G.  EUGENE  FASNACHT,  late 
Assistant  Master,  Westminster  School. 


Globe  8vo.  5s.  net. 

KEY  to  COCKSHOTT  and  WALTER'S 

GEOMETRICAL  CONICS.  By  O.  EMTAGE,  B.A., 
Assistant  Master  of  Harrison  College,  Barbados,  late 
Scholar  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited,  London. 


84 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


A.    D.    INNES    &    CO/S 

PUBLICATIONS. 


A   PRIMER   of  FRENCH    ETY- 

MOLOGY.  By  B.  DALY  COCKING.  Designed  (l)as 
a  Gui<le  for  Students  who  are  able  to  consult  larger 
works,  (2)  as  a  Note-Book  for  Teacbers,  (3)  as  a  Hand- 
book for  Examinees,  especially  in  the  Cambridge  Higher 
Local  Kxamiiiations.  The  volume  contains  Chapters  on 
the  Formation  of  the  French  Language,  with  annotated 
specimens  selected  from  various  stages  of  its  growth. 
Hoyal  lemo.  Is.  6a!. 

CICERO  and  his  FRIENDS.     By  G. 

BOISSIER  (de  I'Academie  Franfaise).  Translated  by 
A.  D.  JONES.  An  extremely  interesting  and  scholarly 
account  of  Cicero  and  his  Times.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6^. 

DANTE:  Ms  Times  and  his  Work. 

By  A.  J.  BUTLKR.  A  Description  of  the  Literary  and 
Political  Conditions  under  which  Dante  worked.  Crown 
8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6d.  net. 

BRITAIN  and  her  RIVALS,  1713- 

1789.-  By  ARTHUR  D.  INNES,  M.A.  An  Account  of 
the  Strugglefor  Empire  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  with 
a  Sketch  of  the  Whig  Supremacy  and  its  Fall.  With 
numerous  Maps  and  Plans.  Large  crown  8vo.  buckram, 
7s.  6rf. 

The  SIKHS  and  the  SIKH  WARS. 

By  General  Sir  CHARLES  GOUGH,  V.C.  G.C  B.,  and 
ARTHUR  D.  INNES,  M.A.  With  13  Maps  and  Plans. 
Demy  8vo.  cloth.  16s. 

The   SEPOY    REVOLT:    a   Critical 

Narrative,  covering  the  whole  field  of  the  Indian  Mutiny, 
its  causes  and  course,  till  the  final  suppression.  By 
Lieutenant  -  General  McLEOD  INNES,  V.C.  With 
numerous  Maps  and  Plans.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  5s. 

The  LAW  of  WAR:  a  Study  of  the 

Legal  Obligations  and  Conditions  applying  to  Belliger- 
ents or  Neutrals  in  Time  of  War.  By  J.  S.  RISLEY, 
M.A.  B.C.L.     Demy  8vo.  cloth,  12s. 


London:  A.  D,  INNES  &  CO. 
31  and  32,  Bedford-street,  Strand,  W.C. 

Chapman  &  Hall's  Publications. 
— *- — 

"  A  jrreat  contribution  to  international  science." — SalurJay  Renew 

The  DOLMENS  of  IRELAND.    Their  Dis- 

trihution.  Structural  Characteristics,  and  Affinities  in  Foreign 
Countries,  togetlier  witli  tlie  Folk-lore  attaching  to  them  With 
Plans  and  Illustrations,  and  an  Introduction  dealing  with  the  An- 
thropology of  the  Irish  Hace  By  WILLIAM  COl'ELAND  BOK- 
LASE.  M  A..  Vice-President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Lon- 
don With  4  Maps,  800  Illustrations,  and  2  Coloured  Plates.  3  vols, 
royal  8vo.  5/.  S.'i. 
The  Saturday  Reriew  says  :— "  The  three  volumes  form  a  great  contri- 
bution to  international  science Mr.   Borlase  has  reared  a  mighty 

trilithon.  destined  to  survive  through  many  generations  of  scientitie 
work.    This  splendid  worli." 

"  A  magnificent  volume."— riiiic 

The   NATURALIST   in  AUSTRALIA.     By 

W.    SAVILLE-KENT.  F,L  S.  F  Z  S.,  &c.,    Past   President   Roval 
Society  of  Queensland,  Author  of    'The    Great    Harrier    Reef   of 
Australia,'  &c     Illusti-ated  by  50  Full-Page  Collotvpo-s.  9  Coloured 
Plates  by  Keulemans  and  other  Artists,  and  over  lOO  Illustrations  in 
the  Text.    Royal  4to  :!/  :!,«,  net. 
The  Times  days  :— "  It  is  difficult  to  speak  of  the  get-up  of  Mr.  Saville- 
Kent's  new  book  except  in  words  that  might  seem  to  savour  of  extrava- 
gance.   The  paper,  the  type,  and  the  binding  leave  nothing  to  be  desired 
in  handsomeness  and  taste,  while  the  illustrations  are  pei'fect  specimens 

of  the  various  piocesses  employed A  magnificent  volume,  the  result  of 

many  years'  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  land  itself  and  its  surround- 
ing seas." 

SIR  EUWARD  POYNTER'S  ART  LECTURES 

LECTURES   on  ART.     By  Sir  Edward  J. 

POYNTER,  P.R  A.    Fourth  Edition,  containing  New  Lectures  and 
Photogravure  Portrait  of  Author.    Large  cr.  8vo.  9s.      [This  week. 

TWO  NUW  VOLUMES  OF  VERSE. 
LYRICS    of   LOWLY    LIFE.     By   Paul 

LAURENCE  DUNBAR.     With  Photogi-avure  Portrait  of  Author. 

Small  crown  8vo.  5.s-, 
The  Daily  C'/irniiicle  says;— "They  have  fluency,  facility,  a  certain 
initiative  grace,  and  a  pleasant  enthusiasm  for  the  beauties  of  nature. 

His  dialect  poems  are  interesting,  and  some  are  really  admirable  in 

humour  and  tenderness Sincere,  ingenious,  charming." 

The  SONG  BOOK  of  BETHIA  HARDACRE. 

By  ELLA  FULLER  MAITLAND,  Author  of  'Pages  from  the  Day 
Book  of  BcthiaHardaere.'    Large  crown  8vo.  6s. 
The  i'roJ.smo)!  says  :— "  To  read  it  is  like  going  through  an  anthology 
ol  classic  verse The  book  is  never  without  charm." 


TIVO  NEW  NOVELS. 

AT  ALL  LIBRARIES  AND  BOOKSELLERS- 
CAPTAIN    KID'S    MILLIONS.      By   Alan 

OSCAR.    Crown  8vo.  6s  •'      ■'""'" 

The  Daily  Chronicle  says  :— "  Any  pronerly  minded  boy  eonid  not  fail 

to  i-egard  the  book  as  little  less  than  a  classic A  pleasant  book  and 

one  to  be  read." 

The  GIFT  of  LIFE 

CASSIDY.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
The  Daily  Urnphie  says:— "A  somewhat  amazing  story  is  this.    Its 
central    figure    is  a  ecientific    doctor  who,  in  a  garret,  succeeds  in 
wresting  from  Nature  the  secret  of  a  lymph  inoculation  with  which  he 
makes  mortals  immortal." 


a  Romance.    By  James 


CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Limited,  London. 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS   &  CO.'S  LIST. 

NEW    NOVELS    AND    STORIES. 

NEW  NOVEL  BY  S.  LEVETT-YBATS. 

THE  CHEVALIER  D'AURIAC :    a  Historical  Romance. 


By  S.  LEVETT-YEATS,  Author  of '  The  Honour  of  Savelli,'  &c. 

Crown  8vo.  6s. 


[Next  week. 


The  PROFESSOR'S  CHILDREN.   A  Story.    By  Edith  H.  Fowler, 

Author  of  '  The  Young  Pretenders.'    With  24  Illustrations  by  Ethel  Kate  Burgess.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

SKETCHES  in  LAVENDER :    Blue  and  Green.     Short  Stories. 

By  JEROME  K.  JEROME.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  Altogether  a  very  good  book  wherewith  to  beguile  the  time  on  a  railway  journey,  and  thoroughly  unsesthetic,  which 
is  not  its  least  recommendation.     Since  '  Stageland  '  Mr.  Jerome  has  given  us  nothing  better  than  these  stories." — World. 

KALLISTRATUS :    an   Autobiography.     A  Story  of  the  Time 

of    the    Second    Punic   War.     By  A.   H.    GILKES,   M.A.,   Master   of    Dulwich  College.      With  Illustrations  by 
Maurice  Greiffenhagen.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

CROOKED  PATHS.    By  Francis  Allingham.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  To  die  and  discover  that  death  is  not  the  end  of  all ;  to  And  that  there  is  no  death,  but  merely  an  altered  existence  ; 
to  know  that  our  actual  self  continues  to  feel  and  to  think  after  death  ;  this  is  the  theoretical  theme  of  Mr.  Francis  Ailing- 
ham's  novel The  idea  of  the  book  is  well  conceived  and  seriously  carried  out." — Daily  Mail. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  MR.  ANDREW  LANG. 

MODERN  MYTHOLOGY.     By  Andrew  Lang,  M.A.  LL.D.  St. 

Andrews,  Hon.  Fellow  of  Merton  College,  sometime  Gifford  Lecturer  in  the  University  of  St.  Andrews.    8vo.  9s. 

CROQUET :  its  History,  Rules,  and  Secrets.    By  Arthur  LiUie, 

Champion,  Grand  National  Croquet  Club,  1872,  Winner  of  the  "  All  Comers'  Championship,"  Maidstone,  1896.     With 
4  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Lucien  Davies,  15  Illustrations  in  the  Text,  and  27  Diagrams.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

WHAT  GUNPOWDER  PLOT  WAS :  a  Reply  to  Father  Gerard. 

By  SAMUEL  RAWSON  GARDINER,  D.C.L.    With  8  Illustrations  and  Plans.    Crown  8vo.  5s. 

A  GIRL'S  WANDERINGS  in  HUNGARY.  By  H.  Ellen  Browning. 

With  Map  and  19  Illustrations.    New  and  Cheaper  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  3s.  6c(. 
"  Something  quite  unlike  a  guide-book.  The  whole  book  is  a  series  of  anecdotes  and  confessions." — Manchester  Guardian, 

THE   SILVER    LI BRARY.-new  volumes. 

The  MEMOIRS  of  BARON  DE  MARBOT.    Translated  from  the 

French  by  ARTHUR  JOHN  BUTLER.    With  Portrait.    New  Edition.    2  vols,  crown  8vo.  7s. 

JOAN  HASTE.     By  H.  Rider  Haggard.     With  20  Illustrations 

by  F.  S.  Wilson.    New  Edition.    Crown  Svo.  3s.  6rf. 

TEACHING  and  ORGANISATION.    With  Special  Reference  to 

Secondary  Schools.  A  Manual  of  Practice.  Edited  by  P.  A.  BARNETT,  M.A.,  late  Principal  of  the  Isleworth 
Training  College  for  Sclioolmasters,  formerly  Professor  of  English  in  Firth  (University)  College,  Sheffield.  Crown 
Svo.  6s.  6rf.  \_Next  week. 

*y*  The  object  of  this  manual  is  to  collect  and  co  ordinate  for  the  use  of  students  and  teachers  the  experience  of  persons 
of  authority  in  special  branches  of  educational  practice,  and  to  cover  as  nearly  as  possible  the  whole  field  of  the  work  of 
Secondary  Schools  of  both  higher  and  lower  grade. 

A  COURSE  of  PRACTICAL  CHEMISTRY.    By  M.  M.  Pattison 

MUIR,  M.A.,  Fellow  and  Prelector  in  Chemistry  of  Qonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge.  Part  I.  ELEMENTARY- 
Crown  Svo.  4s.  6<i.  [A'eit  week, 

THE     EDINBURGH     REVIEW. 

No.  381,  JULY,  1897.      Svo.  price  6s. 


1.  PROSPERITY  and  POLITICS  in  ITALY. 

2.  MODERN  MOUNTAINEERING. 

3.  TWO  RECENT  ASTRONOMERS. 

4.  CAPTAIN  MAHAN'S  'LIFE  of  NELSON.' 

5.  The  COMMONS  and  COMMON  FIELDS  of  ENGLAND. 

6.  CHARLES     WILLIAM      FERDINAND,     DUKE     of 

BRUNSWICK. 


7.  INSTINCT  in  the  ANIMAL  and  VEGETABLE  KING- 
DOMS. 

S.  The  NATIVE  STATES  of  INDIA. 

9.  ORIGINS  and   INTERPRETATIONS  of    PRIMITIVE 
RELIGIONS. 

10.  PUBLIC  OPINION  and  SOUTH  AFRICA. 


THE     ENGLISH     HISTORICAL     REVIEW. 

No.  47,  JULY.      Royal  Svo.  price  5s. 

Edited  by  S.  H.  GARDINER,  D.C.L.  LL.D.,  and  REGINALD  L.  POOLE,  M.A.  Ph.D. 

The  TURKS  in  the  SIXTH  CENTURY.    By  Professor  Bury,  Litt.D. 
The  ARCHERS  at  CRBCY.    By  T.  E.  Morris. 

YORK  in  the  SIXTEENTH  and  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURIES.    By  Miss  Maud  Sellers. 
The  DUKE  of  NEWCASTLE  and  the  ELECTION  of  1734.     By  Basil  Williams. 
2.  Notes  and  Documents.— 3.  lieviews  of  Books.— i.  Notices  of  Periodicals.— 5.  List  of  Eecent  Historical  Publications. 


LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO.  London,  New  York,  and  Bombay. 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


85 


MESSRS.  METHUEN'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


BRITISH  CENTRAL  AFRICA.    By  Sir  H.  H.  Johnston,  K.C.B. 

With  220  Illustrations  and  6  Maps.     Crown  4to.  30s.  net. 

A    Complete    Survey    of    British    Central    Africa,    its    History,    Geography,    Ethnology, 
Languages,  Fauna,  Flora,  Scenery,  &:c. 

"A  fascinating  book,  written  witli  equal  skill  and  charm — the  work  at  once  of  a  literary  artist  and 
of  a  man  of  action  who  is  singularly  wise,  brave,  and  experienced.  It  abounds  in  admirable  sketches 
from  pencil." — Westminster  Gazette. 

"Admirably  thorough  and  beautifully  illustrated." — Globe. 

"  A  handsome  and  extremely  interesting  volume.     The  six  maps  are  admirable." — Saturday  Review. 

"  The  chapters  on  the  botariy  and  the  zoology  of  the  region  are  of  extreme  value  and  profusely  illus- 
trated.    The  picture  is  full  of  life,  vigour,  and  colour." — Scotsman. 

'■A  delightful  book collecting  within  the  covers  of  a  single  volume  all  that  is  known  of  this  part 

of  our  African  domains.     The  voluminous  appendices  are  of  extreme  value." — Manchester  Guardian. 

"  The  book  takes  front  rank  as  a  standard  work  by  the  one  man  competent  to  write  it." 

Daily  Chronicle. 

"  No  more  fascinating  work  of  its  kind  exists." — Daily  Aden's. 

"A  solidly  valuable  and  absorbing  book  ;  a  marvel  of  variety  and  sound  knowledge,  arranged  with 
remarkable  skill." — Daily  Mail. 

OXFORD  and  ITS  COLLEGES.    By  J.  Wells,  M.A.,  Fellow  and 

Tutor  of  Wadham  College.     Illustrated  by  E.  H.  New.     Fcap.  8vo.  Ss, 

This  is  a  Guide — chiefly  historical — to  the  Colleges  of  Oxford.     It  contains  numerous 

Full-Page  Illustrations. 

"A  pretty  little  volume.     The  illustrations  are  very  good." — Times. 
"A  pretty,  readable,  and  useful  book." — Globe. 
"Delightfully  printed,  bound,  and  illustrated." — Daily  GrajjMc. 
"Just  such  a  volume  as  a  visitor  wishes  for." — Scotsman. 


MR.  GRANT  RICHARDS'S 
NEW    BOOKS. 


SIXTH  THOUSAND. 

An  AFRICAN  MILLIONAIRE.    Epi- 

sodes  in  the  Life  of  the  Illustrious  Colonel  Clay.     By 

GRANT   ALLEN.      With   tJO   Illustrations   by  Gordon 

Browne.     Crown  8vo.  6s.  cloth. 

Daily  Chronicle. — "  We  can  imagine  no  book  of  the  season 

more  suitable  for  an  afternoon  in  a  hammock  or  a  lazy  day 

in  the  woods." 

Aberdeen  Free  Press. — "  Admirably  illustrated  and  well 
appointed  generally— about  the  most  charming  book  of  the 
season." 


Messrs.  METHUEN'S  CATALOGUE  and  BOOK  GAZETTE  sent  to  anj/  address. 


ONE 


M^JSSRS.  METHUEN  have  much  ijleasure  in  announcing  that  they 
ivill  publish  in  a  few  days  Mr.  ROBERT  BARR  ^S  New  Story 
of  a  Great  Strike,  entitled  The  MUTABLE  MANY. 

The  MUTABLE  MANY.     By  Robert  Barr,  Author  of  '  In  the 

Midst  of  Alarms,'  'A  Woman  Intervenes,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

The  SORROWS  of  SATAN.     By  Marie   Corelh.     Thirty-sixth 

Edition.     Large  crown  8vo,  6s. 

Miss  Corelli's  most  famous  book  is  now  issued  uniform  with  her  other  novels  in  the 
Library  Edition. 

The  PLATTNER  STORY.    By  H.  G.  Wells.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  Weird  and  mysterious,  and  one  after  the  other  they  seem  to  hold  the  reader  as  by  a  magic  spell." 

Scotsman. 

"  There  are  seventeen  stories  in  the  volume,  and  though  some  are  better  than  others,  he  will  be 
wrong  who  misses  reading  any  of  them." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  No  lover  of  romance  should  omit  to  read  this  clever  romance." — Yorkshire  Post. 

"  No  more  interesting  volume  of  short  stories  has  appeared  for  a  long  time,  and  none  which  is  so 
likely  to  give  equal  pleasure  to  the  simplest  reader  and  to  the  most  fastidious  critic." — Academy. 

The  WHITE  HECATOMB.    By  W.  C.  Scully,  Author  of  '  Kaffir 

Stories.'     Crown  8yo.  6s. 

"  Impressively  dramatic." — Daily  Mail. 

"Weird,  savage,  mournful,  yet  full  of  tenderness— written  with  a  forceful  sympathy  that  takes  hold 
of  yoxi."—Glasffow  Herald. 

"  Nearly  all  are  well  worth  reading." — Athenceum. 

"Weird,  fascinating,  and  written  in  well-nigh  perfect  style." — Lady. 

An  ODD  EXPERIMENT.  By  Hannah  Lynch.   Crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 

"Her  style  is  incisive  and  correct,  her  character  drawing  is  excellent,  and  her  knowledge  of  the 
world  is  positively  remarkable.     The  book  is  amazingly  clever  and  amazingly  interesting."— Z'ai^y  Mail, 
"  The  portraiture  is  most  convincing  and  the  style  most  attractive."  -Pall  Mall  Gazette. 
"  Novel  and  remarkably  clever.     A  book  to  read  and  rememher."— Academy. 
"  The  theme  is  brilliantly  handled,  "—^^ac/t  and  White. 


LEONARD  MERRICK'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

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N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


87 


SATURDAY,   JULY  17,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

Dr.  Birkbeck  Hill's  Johnsonian  Miscellanies     ... 

Sib  Hugh  Gough's  Memoirs         

The  Complete  Cyclist        

The  Domesday  or  Inclosures      

Early-  Records  of  the  Japanese  Empire     

New  Novels  (A  Trick  of  Fame;  The  Romance  of  the 
Golden  Star;  Our  Wills  and  Fates)     

Three  Scottish  Club  Books        

Short  Stories 

Ecclesiastical  History      

Scandinavian  Literature 

French  History  

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books      ...         96 

Speaker  Lenthall  ;  The  Public  Schools  in  1897 ; 
Bale  of  the  Ashburnham  Library;  Abraham 
Cowley ;  An  Alleged  1604  Edition  of  "Don 
Quixote';  The  .Second  Intbrnational  Library- 
Conference  

Literary  Gossip  

Science— M UN RO  ON  Prrhistoric  Problems  ;  Chemi- 
cal Literature  ;  The  Museums  Association  ; 
Societies;  Gossip  102 

Fine  Arts— Kgy-ptological  Literature;  Two  Por- 
traits OF  Swift;  Sales;  Gossip     loi 

Music— English  Minstrelsie;  The  Week;  Gossip; 
Performances  Next  Week    lO.i 

Drama  — The  Week;  Library  Table;   Documents 

RELATING   TO    ShAKSPEARE  ;   GOSSIP 107 

Miscellanea      


PAGE 

87 

88 
89 
90 
90 

93 
9J 
93 
9t 
95 
9.5 
-97 


97— 


101 
101 


104 

105 

107 

■108 
lOS 


LITERATURE 


Johnsonian  Miscellanies.  Arranged  and 
edited  by  George  Birkbeck  Hill,  D.C.L. 
2  vols.    (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

We  learn  from  tbe  preface  to  these  '  John- 
sonian Miscellanies '  that  their  production 
was  due  to  the  advice  of  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen. 
There  could  certainly  be  no  more  com- 
petent authority  on  the  subject,  but,  in  any 
case,  Dr.  Birkbeck  Hill  was  fully  justified 
in  supplementing  his  edition  of  Boswell's 
'  Life '  with  a  collection  of  anecdotes  and 
extracts  from  works  referring  to  Johnson. 
Several  volumes  of  this  sort  have  already 
appeared,  and  they  have  always  been 
favourably  received.  The  first,  which  was 
published  under  the  title  of  '  Johnsoniana,' 
came  out  in  1776,  during  the  lifetime  of 
Johnson,  who  denounced  it  as  "  a  mighty 
impudent  thing,"  and  was  particularly 
indignant  that  in  one  of  the  Ions  mots  attri- 
buted to  him,  he  was  represented  as  using 
profane  language.  The  little  volume  was 
of  no  great  value,  though  some  of  the 
anecdotes  in  it  were  genuine,  and  were 
afterwards  reproduced  in  Boswell's  '  Life,' 
but  with  chastened  language  and  in  every 
way  much  improved.  By  far  the  best  of 
these  so-called  "  Johnsoniana "  volumes  is 
that  published  by  Croker.  Dr.  Hill's  selec- 
tion of  pieces  is  to  a  great  extent  the  same 
as  his  predecessor's,  but  in  every  case  where 
it  was  possible  the  text  in  these  volumes 
has  been  collated  with  the  original  manu- 
script. The  most  important  difference 
between  the  present  collection  of  John- 
soniana and  Mr.  Croker's  is  that  Dr.  Hill 
has  taken  nothing  from  Madame  d'Arblay's 
'  Diary,'  while,  on  the  other  hand,  he  has 
reprinted  Johnson's  '  Prayers  and  Medita- 
tions,' and  has  reproduced  some  anecdotes 
from  Dr.  Campbell's  'Diary  of  a  Visit  to 
England  in  1775.'  The  two  latter  pieces  were 
not  used  by  Croker,  and  it  is  probable  that 
he  never  saw  the  diary,  which  was  only 
discovered  in  1854,  and  first  printed  in  this 
country  in  Mrs.  Napier's  'Johnsoniana.' 
Dr.  Campbell  was  a  keen  observer,  and  the 
extracts  from  his  diary  are  extremely  in- 
teresting, though  tliey  hardly  make  up  to 
us  for  the    absence    of  Madame  d'Arblay. 


Dr.  Hill's  explanation  of  this  omission  is 
that  he  considers  her  '  Diary  '  as  "  too  good 
a  piece  of  work  to  be  hacked  in  pieces." 
Everybody  will  be  ready  to  join  in  the 
praises  of  Madame  d'Arblay's  '  Diary,'  but 
it  is  assuredly  quite  possible  to  make  ex- 
tracts from  it  which  would  in  no  way  lose 
in  interest  or  excellence  by  their  separation 
from  the  main  body  of  the  work. 

"With  regard  to  the  '  Prayers  and  Medita- 
tions,' there  will  perhaps  be  some  differences 
of  ojnnion  as  to  the  propriety  of  including  that 
autobiographical  record  in  these  volumes. 
To  those  who  wish  to  form  a  correct  estimate 
of  Johnson's  character  it  is  of  singular  value. 
There  is  scarcely  a  page  that  does  not  con- 
tain something  of  deep,  occasionally  of  pain- 
ful interest.  Johnson's  innermost  life,  his 
secret  communings  with  the  Deity,  his  most 
private  thoughts,  his  hopes  and  fears  of 
eternity,  are  here  revealed  with  startling 
candour  and  with  indisputable  sincerity. 
With  these  solemn  subjects,  however,  are 
mixed  up  trivial  and  even  grotesque  pas- 
sages which  it  is  difficult  to  read  with 
gravity.  On  the  first  appearance  of  the 
volume  in  1785  it  gave  rise  tD  a  certain 
amount  of  unfavourable  criticism.  Cowper 
wrote  to  the  Rev,  John  Newton  : — 

"It  is  certain  that  the  publisher  of  it 
['Prayers  and  Meditations']  is  neither  much 
a  friend  to  the  cause  of  religion  nor  to  the 
author's  memory,  for  by  the  specimen  of  it  that 
has  reached  us  it  seems  only  to  contain  such 
stuff  as  has  a  direct  tendency  to  expose  both  to 
ridicule." 

Cowper,  however,  had  at  that  time  seen 
only  extracts  from  the  volume,  and  was  not 
able  to  form  a  fair  opinion  of  its  merits. 
Besides  the  serious  portions  of  the  work, 
it  contains  records,  which  would  otherwise 
have  never  come  to  light,  of  many  interesting 
incidents  in  Johnson's  career.  We  think 
that,  on  the  whole.  Prebendary  Strahan, 
the  original  editor,  was  justified  in  making 
public  these  strange  revelations  of  John- 
son's inner  life.  But  if  Dr.  Hill  wished  to 
reprint  them,  it  would  have  been  wiser  not  to 
mix  them  up  with  the  gossip  of  Mrs.  Piozzi 
and  the  plain-spoken  anecdotes  of  "the 
Irish  Dr.  Campbell."  The  'Prayers  and 
Meditations  '  should  have  been  issued  by 
itself  as  a  separate  publication. 

We  are  glad  that  the  '  Miscellanies  '  con- 
tain some  extracts  from  Hawkins's  '  Life  of 
Johnson,'  which,  whatever  may  be  its  faults 
of  taste,  contains  many  curious  details  of 
what  may  be  called  Johnson's  "Grub  Street" 
experiences.  Dr.  Hill  was  quite  right,  too, 
to  include  in  his  selection  Hoole's  account 
of  Johnson's  last  illness,  by  far  the  best 
description  that  has  been  handed  down. 
The  article  originally  appeared  in  the 
European  Magazine  for  September,  1797. 
Dr.  Hill  gives  the  date  as  September,  1779, 
more  than  five  years  before  Johnson's  death. 
This  is,  of  course,  a  slip  of  the  pen,  but  in 
the  table  of  contents  a  better  title  might 
have  been  found  for  the  piece  than  "  Narra- 
tive by  John  Hoole  of  Johnson's  end." 

It  is  in  these  days  almost  impossible  to 
discover  any  new  material  for  a  collection  of 
"Johnsoniana,"  but  Dr.  Hill  has  managed 
to  find  a  few  unpublished  letters,  and 
a  copy  of  verses  by  Miss  Reynolds  with 
corrections  in  Johnson's  handwriting.  That 
estimable  lady's  ear  for  poetry  seems  to 
have  been  defective.     She  wishes  to  make 


"  averse  " 


prolong,"  "steep"  to 
to     "  redress,"     and 


to  "praise."  Some  of  Johnson's 


rhyme  to 
"  meet,' 
"breathe" 

corrections  are  themselves  not  very  felici- 
tous. "The  springing  grass,  the  circulating 
air,"  a  line  contributed  by  him  to  the  poem, 
does  not  much  add  to  its  beauty,  but  his 
task  was  an  impossible  one. 

These  '  Miscellanies,'  as  might  be  ex- 
pected by  those  acquainted  with  Dr.  Hill's 
methods  of  editing,  are  profusely  annotated, 
and  some  of  the  notes  are  of  unnecessary 
length.  They  are,  it  is  true,  rarely  wanting 
in  interest,  but  in  many  cases  they  are 
taken  up  with  abstract  discussions  which 
are  of  little  value  in  illustrating  the  text. 
In  Mrs.  Piozzi's  '  Anecdotes,'  for  instance, 
the  lady  tells  us  that  Johnson  was  famous 
for  his  indifference  to  public  abuse.  This 
remark  elicits  a  note,  occupying  in  small 
print  nearly  the  whole  of  a  page,  in  which 
the  editor  examines  the  general  question  of 
hostile  criticism,  and  gives  quotations  on 
the  subject  from  Dryden,  Addison,  Vol- 
taire, Scott,  and  Darwin  !  Sometimes  the 
information  supplied  in  a  note  is  repeated 
a  few  pages  further  on,  when  the  same 
subject  recurs  in  the  text.  Yet  notwith- 
standing their  length,  the  annotations  in 
these  volumes  are  not  always  satisfactory. 
In  the  note  on  Woodhouse,  the  shoemaker 
and  poet,  it  should  certainly  have  been  men- 
tioned that  his  long- forgotten  poems  were 
reprinted  in  1896.  In  a  reference  to  John- 
son's being  touched  by  Queen  Anne  for 
the  king's  evil.  Dr.  Hill  supplies  a  detailed 
account  of  the  ceremonies  observed  during 
the  quaint  service  "at  the  healing";  but 
nothing  is  said  of  Johnson's  touchpiece,  now 
at  the  British  Museum,  and  in  excellent 
preservation.  There  are  many  allusions  in 
these  volumes  to  the  Aston  family,  and  in 
a  note  on  p.  413,  vol.  ii.,  we  are  told  that 
"  the  [Aston]  family  in  the  main  line  must 
be  extinct,  for  there  is  no  Aston  in  the  list 
of  Baronets."  If  Dr.  Hill  had  referred  to 
Burke's  'Extinct  Baronetage,'  he  would 
have  found  that  the  title  expired  on  the  death 
of  Sir  Willoughby  Aston  on  the  22nd  of 
March,  1815.  We  should  have  been  glad, 
too,  if  the  editor  had  told  us  what  became 
of  Molly  Aston  after  her  marriage  with 
Capt.  Brodie  of  the  royal  navy.  Inquiries 
at  the  Admiralty  or  a  search  among  the 
wills  at  Somerset  House  would  probably 
have  elicited  some  information  about  this 
lady,  described  by  Johnson  as  "a  beauty, 
a  scholar,  and  a  wit  and  whig,"  and  "the 
loveliest  creature  I  ever  saw." 

The  editor  has  several  notes  referring  to 
Johnson's  reports  of  the  Parliamentary 
debates.  Dr.  Hill  appears  to  share  to 
some  extent  the  common  belief  that  these 
reports  were  fabrications,  and  that  Johnson 
had  nothing  more  communicated  to  him 
than  the  names  of  the  speakers,  the  side 
they  took,  and  the  order  in  which  they 
spoke.  Plausible  evidence  has,  in  fact, 
been  produced  of  Johnson's  own  statement 
that  the  reports  were  "  the  coinage  of  his 
imagination."  We  are,  of  course,  told  of 
Johnson's  boasts  that  he  always  managed 
in  these  reports  "  to  give  the  Whig  dogs  the 
worst  of  it,"  and  of  his  subsequent  remorse 
at  having  practised  these  deceptions  on  the 
public.  But  these  stories,  originated  in 
the  first  instance  by  Hawkins,  and  after- 
wards repeated  by  other  writers  on  the  sub- 


88 


T  H  E     A  T  II  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


ject,  must  be  received  witli  extreme  caution. 
It  must  be  noted,  moreover,  that  these  state- 
ments, though  made  by  different  persons  and 
at  different  epochs,  bear  a  very  suspicious 
resemblance  to  each  other  both  in  style  and 
language.  It  is  quite  possible  that  on  a  few 
occasions  Johnson,  when  pressed  for  time 
and  perhaps  also  for  materials,  may  have 
been  tempted  to  invent  a  certain  portion  of 
the  debate  ;  but  if  this  had  occurred  often 
it  would  have  been  detected  by  Cave. 
Among  the  Birch  MSS.  at  the  British 
Museum  are  several  letters  from  Cave, 
which,  besides  some  interesting  allusions  to 
Johnson,  contain  evidence  of  Cave's  efforts 
to  have  the  debates  reported  in  his  maga- 
zine as  correctly  as  possible.  It  is  even 
said  that  their  speeches  were  sometimes 
sent  to  the  members  for  correction.  There 
exist,  moreover,  direct  proofs  of  the 
accuracy  of  Johnson's  reports.  The  sub- 
ject is  fully  discussed  in  the  prefaces  to 
the  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  volumes 
of  Cobbett's  '  Parliamentary  History.' 
At  the  time  when  Johnson  was  report- 
ing for  the  Gentleman^ s  Magazine,  Arch- 
bishop Seeker,  then  Bishop  of  Oxford, 
was  in  the  habit  of  taking  notes  of  the 
debates  in  the  House  of  Lords.  Cobbett 
collated  Seeker's  manuscript  diary  with 
Johnson's  reports,  and  found  that  these 
were  generally  correct.  After  a  careful 
examination  of  the  whole  question  Cobbett 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  Johnson's 
reports  were  imusually  authentic  for  those 
times,  and  that  not  only  the  general  tenor 
of  the  speeches  was  correctly  given,  but  in 
many  cases  the  language  in  which  they  were 
delivered. 

Eor  a  person  of  his  extensive  literary 
experience  Dr.  Hill  appears  to  be  of  rather 
a  credulous  disposition.  In  a  note  in  vol.  ii. 
p.  336  he  tells  us:  "It  was  confidently 
asserted  that  Henry  Jenkins  was  bom  in 
1501  and  died  in  1670,  and  that  Thomas 
Parr  was  born  in  1483  and  died  in  1635." 
We  had  hoped  that  the  last  had  been  heard 
of  these  veteran  impostors,  whose  preten- 
sions were  long  ago  ruthlessly  exposed  by 
the  late  Mr.  W.  J.  Thoms.  We  should  be 
glad  to  discuss  other  subjects  alluded  to 
by  Dr.  Hill  in  these  *  Miscellanies,'  but  we 
can  find  room  for  only  a  few  concluding 
remarks.  The  notes,  as  we  have  already 
stated,  are  apt  to  be  too  lengthy  and 
discursive,  but  they  are  always  pleasant 
reading,  and  Dr.  Hill  deserves  great  credit 
for  his  diligent  efforts  to  make  his  text  as 
authentic  as  possible.  It  should  be  added 
that  many  of  the  pieces  included  in  these 
'Miscellanies'  were  originally  published 
without  an  index,  and  the  excellent  one 
here  supplied  will  be  found  of  especial 
value  by  students  of  Johnsonian  literature. 


OU  Memories.  By  General  Sir  Hugh  Gough. 

(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
Sir  Hugh  Gotjgh  took  not  only  an  active, 
but  a  distinguished  part  in  the  Mutiny 
campaigns,  and  the  plain,  unaffected  story 
of  his  adventures  furnishes  most  interesting 
reading.  He  was  at  Meerut,  a  young  officer 
of  three  and  a  half  years'  standing,  when 
the  outbreak  of  Sunday,  May  10th,  1857, 
took  place.  On  the  previous  day  the  eighty- 
five  troopers  of  his  regiment,  the  3rd  Light 
Cavalry,  who  had  refused  to  accept  the  new 


cartridges,  had  had  their  sentences  read  out 
to  them,  been  ironed  on  parade,  and  sent 
to  prison.  That  evening  a  native  officer 
of  the  author's  troop  came  and  informed 
him  that  a  mutiny  would  take  place  the 
next  day.  He  very  properly  went  to  his 
colonel,  and  reported  what  had  been  said 
to  him.  The'  colonel  (Carmichael  Smyth) 
reproved  Gough  for  listening  to  "  such  idle 
words."  Meeting  the  brigadier  (Wilson)  a 
little  later,  Gough  told  him  the  same  story ; 
"but  he  also  was  incredulous."  The  next 
afternoon  about  5  p.m.,  while  he  was  dress- 
ing for  duty  as  orderly  officer,  his  servants 
rushed  in  with  the  intelligence  that  there 
were  fires  in  the  native  infantry  lines  and 
that  several  bungalows  were  blazing.  Imme- 
diately afterwards  the  native  officer  who 
had  given  him  the  warning  the  day  before, 
accompanied  by  two  other  men  of  the  regi- 
ment, galloped  up,  shouting  loudly  for  "  the 
Sahib."  The  native  officer  said  that  the 
native  infantry  had  risen  and  were  murder- 
ing their  officers,  and  that  his  own  regiment 
was  arming.  He  excitedly  begged  Gough 
to  mount  his  horse  and  go  away  with  him. 
When  in  the  saddle,  Gough  determined  to 
ascertain  for  himself  what  was  going  on  at 
the  native  infantry  lines.  His  escort  opposed 
the  idea,  but  nevertheless  accompanied  him. 
He  found  that  the  information  was  correct, 
and  was  fired  at.  He  then  rode  to  his  own 
troop,  still  accompanied  by  the  escort.  The 
troop  were  in  a  state  of  wild  excitement, 
and  busy  helping  themselves  to  the  cart- 
ridges which  they  had  declined  as  defiling 
them.     His  authority  was  ignored  : — 

"Still  no  attempts  were  made  on  my  life, 
thanks  to  the  care  taken  of  me  by  the  native 
officers,  and  most  especially  of  my  individual 
friend  and  his  escort.  After  a  time,  however, 
the  disregard  of  my  authority  changed  to  open 
mutiny ;  there  were  loud  shouts  of  '  Mara, 
Maro  !'  ('  Kill  him,  kill  him  ! ')  and  a  few  men, 
chiefly  recruits,  fired  pistol-shots  at  me,  mostly 
at  random,  although  one  shot  so  far  took  effect 
as  to  pierce  the  cantle  of  my  saddle.  The  situa- 
tion became  critical :  I  was  alone,  or  rather  the 
one  Englishman  there,  and  helpless  amongst 
them  ;  when  just  at  this  moment  I  saw  the 
quartermaster-sergeant,  by  name  Cunninghame, 
wildly  galloping  up,  pursued  by  several  troopers 
with  drawn  swords.  Seeing  me  he  flew  to  my 
side  ;  and  now  my  men,  being  joined  by  these 
open  mutineers,  who  were  bent  on  murdering 
him,  also  broke  into  undisguised  mutiny.  Seeing 
all  was  lost,  and  that  my  power  as  their  officer 
was  absolutely  gone,  and  acting  on  the  earnest, 
in  fact  forcible,  solicitation  of  the  better  dis- 
posed (for  they  took  my  horse's  head  and  forced 
me  to  leave),  we  decided  to  make  the  best  of 
our  way  to  the  European  lines.  We  left  at  a 
gallop,  being  for  a  time  pursued  with  shouts 
and  execrations  ;  though  I  do  not  even  now 
believe  that  the  wish  of  the  men  was  to  take  our 
lives  or  prevent  our  escape,  for  had  it  been  so 
we  could  not  have  got  away." 

Eventually  the  little  party  made  a  dash 
through  the  native  bazar,  "  and  got  through 
safely,  though  bruised  and  beaten,''  their 
pace  saving  them  from  more  serious  injury. 
Gough  then  rode  to  the  house  of  his  friend 
the  Commissioner,  Mr.  Greathed,  in  the 
hope  of  rescuing  him  and  his  wife.  Being 
informed,  however,  by  the  native  servants 
that  they  had  escaped,  and  seeing  a  large 
mob  approaching, 

"I  made  my  way,  still  escorted  by  my  loyal 
native  officer  and  his  two  sowars,  to  the  Artil- 
lery lines,  where,  having  brought  me  in  safety, 
they  made  their  final  salute  and  left  me,  not- 


withstanding my  earnest  entreaties  and  per- 
suasions that  they  should  remain  with  me, — 
the  native  ofKcer  averring  that  his  duty  was 
with  his  regimental  comrades,  and  whether  for 
life  or  death  they  must  return  to  the  regiment. 
And  so  we  parted,  after  several  hours  of  the 
most  anxious  and  trying  dangers  ;  and  for  ever 
—for,  notwithstanding  all  my  efforts,  I  never 
heard  again  of  my  friend  the  native  officer.  I 
knew  his  name,  of  course  ;  but  though  I  found 
out  his  house,  in  the  Oude  District,  no  trace  of 
him  was  ever  again  found,  and  I  could  only 
conclude  he  met  his  death  at  Delhi  in  the  muti- 
neers' camp.  A  braver  or  more  loyal  man  I 
have  never  met,  and,  whatever  his  faults  may 
have  subsequently  been,  in  his  mutiny  against 
his  salt  and  his  military  allegiance,  all  will  allow 
his  loyalty  to  me  was  beyond  praise,  and  I  can 
never  forget  him,  or  how  he  risked  his  life  again 
and  again  to  save  mine." 

It  puzzled  many  people  then,  and  it  will 
continue  to  cause  surprise  to  the  end  of 
time,  why  no  effort  was  made  to  coerce  and 
punish  the  mutineers  or  to  foUow  them  up 
to  Delhi.  The  European  troops  consisted  of 
a  troop  of  horse  artillery,  a  battery  of  field 
artillery,  the  Carabineers,  the  1st  Battalion 
00th  Eifles,  and  some  artillery  recruits. 
The  Carabineers,  with  the  exception  of  one 
squadron,  Avas  composed  of  half-trained 
recruits  mounted  on  only  partially  trained 
horses.  The  mutineers  consisted  of  the 
3rd  Light  Cavalry  and  two  regiments  of 
native  infantry,  each  over  1,000  strong. 
When  Brigadier  Wilson,  to  whom  all  autho- 
rity had  been  virtually  handed  over  by 
General  Hewitt,  at  length  advanced  it  was 
too  late,  and  it  became  evident  that  the 
mutineers  had  gone  off  to  Delhi : — 

"It  was  stated  that  Major  Rosser  of  the 
Carabiniers— a  fine,  gallant  soldier,  afterwards 
killed  at  the  assault  of  Delhi— had  earnestly 
implored  the  brigadier  to  allow  him  to  take  his 
squadron  and  a  couple  of  horse-artillery  guns 
and  pursue  the  mutineers— even  to  the  walls  of 
Delhi.  This  gallant  off"er  was  not  accepted.  It 
is  not  for  me  to  criticise  the  reasons  why  ;  but 
I  have  always  felt  firmly  convinced  that,  had  it 
been  carried  out,  Delhi  would  have  been  saved. 
Even  if  the  3rd  Light  Cavalry  mutineers  had 
arrived  before  the  pursuing  force,  I  befieve  the 
moral  effect  of  the  approach  of  the  British 
troopers  would  have  deterred  the  Native  In- 
fantry troops  from  breaking  out,  and  Delhi 
would  have  been  saved.  This  is  still  my  opinion 
after  many  years'  service,  when  time  after  time 
I  have  seen  the  wonderful  effect  of  dash  and 
promptitude,  especially  on  the  native  mind." 
Every  one  who  possesses  any  knowledge 
of  India  and  Indian  warfare  must  concur 
with  Sir  Hugh  Gough.  He,  however,  is 
incorrect  in  stating  that  Major  Eosser  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Delhi.  He  survived 
the  Mutiny  many  years. 

Towards  the  end  of  July  Hugh  Gough 
was  appointed  acting  adjutant  of  Hodson's 
Horse,  and  lost  no  time  in  joining  the  regi- 
ment. He  was  much  impressed  by  his 
commandant,  and,  to  quote  his  own  words, 
was  struck  in  the  course  of  a  reconnaissance 
"with  Hodson's  marvellous  knowledge  of 
the  language,  and  the  quick  way  he  seemed 
to  extract  all  the  information  he  wanted." 
On  August  15th  Hodson  was  sent  in  the 
direction  of  Ehotuk  with  two  troops  of_  the 
Guides  under  Hugh  Cough's  brother,  Lieut. 
Charles  Gough,  and  Hodson's  own  regi- 
ment. On  the  second  day  out  Hodson  came 
to  Khurkowda.  On  nearing  the  town  he 
was  met  by  the  native  officer  belonging  to 
Skinner's  Horse  who  had  gone  on  furlough 


N"  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


89 


before  the  Mutiny,  and  had  not  since  re- 
ported himself  for  duty,  whose  arrest  and 
execution  by  Hodson  have  been  made  the 
subject  of  severe  indictment  by  Hodson' s 
enemies.  The  execution  of  this  native  has 
been  represented  as  an  act  of  personal 
revenge  on  Hodson's  part.  It  is  interesting 
to  find  that  Sir  Hugh  Gough  is  still  of 
opinion  that  Hodson  acted  rightly,  and  that 
the  officer  deserved  his  fate. 

Of  another  much  incriminated  act  of 
Hodson's,  the  famous  execution  with  his 
own  hand  of  the  three  princes  after  the 
capture  of  Delhi,  Sir  Hugh  Gough  speaks 
as  follows : — 

"I  was  not  with  him  on  this  occasion  :  the 
only  other  British  eyewitness  was  his  second 
in  command,  Lieutenant  C.  Macdowell,  who 
was  afterwards  killed  at  Shumshabad.  But  I 
heard  the  whole  story  from  him  (Macdowell) 
directly  afterwards,  and  from  Ressaldar  Man 
Sing  and  other  native  officers ;  and  his  and  their 
undivided  testimony  was,  that  as  Hodson  with 
his  small  escort  of  only  a  hundred  sabres  was 
approaching  Delhi,  the  natives  crowded  round 
in  such  numbers,  and  made  such  unmistakable 
signs  of  attempting  a  rescue,  that  the  only  step 
left  was  their  death.  As  Macdowell  said,  '  Our 
own  lives  were  not  worth  a  moment's  purchase.' 
I  confess  I  have  never  felt  anything  but  regret 
that  Hodson  should  have  taken  on  himself  the 
part  of  executioner, — a  position  unworthy  of  so 
brave  a  man.  The  wretched  princes,  cowards 
and  miscreants  as  they  were,  deserved  their 
fate,  and  I  have  always  held  that  Hodson  was 
right  in  all  he  did,  only  excepting  that  one  false 
step." 

Hodson's  famous  Horse,  brave  and  dashing 
as  they  were,  were,  according  to  the  ideas 
of  regular  officers,  utterly  undisciplined  and 
untaught,  being  either  recruits  or  members 
of  the  old  Khalsa  army  : — 

"  They  were  indifferent  riders,  as  Sikhs 
usually  are  (till  taught),  and  at  least  half  of 
them  used  with  one  hand  to  clutch  hold  of  the 
high  knob  in  front  of  the  Sikh  saddle  as  they 
galloped  along.  They  had  no  knowledge  of 
drill  or  of  our  words  of  command  ;  in  fact,  all 
I  attempted  to  teach  them  were,  '  Threes  right ' 
or  '  Threes  left '  (never  Threes  about  !),  and 
'Form  Line,'  'Charge.'  However,  with  all 
their  want  of  knowledge  and  training,  they  had 
plenty  of  pluck,  and  their  success  lay  in  that, 
combined  with  readiness  and  goodwill  for  any 
amount  of  work." 

The  marching  during  the  Mutiny  appears 
almost  incredible  to  those  who  only  know 
our  present  boy  battalions  at  home.  Sir 
Hugh  Gough  relates  one  instance.  When 
Greathed's  column  was  hastily  summoned  to 
the  relief  of  Agra,  the  whole  of  it,  including 
the  European  infantry,  made  a  forced  march, 
doing  fifty  miles  in  twenty-eight  hours. 

How  Sir  Hugh  Gough  won  his  Victoria 
Cross,  and  the  story  of  the  number  of  actions 
and  hand-to-hand  fights  he  took  part  in,  all 
this  is  told  in  simple  and  modest  language. 
The  following  extracts  will,  with  those 
already  printed,  be  sufficient  to  give  an  idea 
of  the  gallant  author's  matter  and  style  : — 

"Though  their  [the  rebel]  infantry  were  still 
in  position,  the  opposition  was  very  slack,  and 
certainly  not  enough  to  justify  (as  it  seemed  to 
us  all)  the  long  delay  in  the  attack.  The  lead- 
ing regiment  of  our  column  was  the  53rd,  com- 
manded that  day  by  Major  Payn,  afterwards 
General  Sir  William  Payn,  K.C.B.,  a  very  fine 
regiment,  who,  being  mostly  Irishmen,  were 
eager  to  meet  their  enemy.  Meanwhile  I  re- 
ceived orders  to  cross  the  river  by  a  ford  and 
get  round  the  enemy's  right  flank  ;  and  had  left 
for  this  purpose,  and  was  crossing  about  a  quarter 


of  a  mile  lower  down,  when  suddenly  I  heard 
loud  cheering  and  a  heavy  musketry  fire,  and 
there  ['?  then]  T  saw  our  troops  gallantly  ad- 
vancing across  the  bridge  to  the  assault.  It 
turned  out  to  be  the  53rd,  who,  tired  of  the 
delay  under  fire,  and,  it  was  whispered,  hearing 
that  Sir  Colin  had  sent  for  his  pet  Highlanders 
to  take  the  bridge,  took  their  bits  between  their 
teeth,  and  without  any  further  orders  deter- 
mined to  rush  the  bridge  themselves— which 
they  accordingly  did,  and  with  great  success. 
The  enemy,  once  forced  out  of  their  position, 
showed  but  a  poor  desultory  fight,  and,  as  at 
Cawnpore,  fell  an  easy  prey  to  the  cavalry,  who 
having  crossed,  some  by  the  bridge,  and  others, 
including  myself,  by  the  ford,  fell  on  them,  and 
pursued  them  with  such  success  that  we  cap- 
tured every  gun  they  had The  53rd  were  well 

pleased  with  themselves,  and  the  result  of  the 
fight  they  had  so  suddenly  initiated.  But  we 
heard  that  Sir  Colin  was  greatly  annoyed  with 
them,  and  after  the  action  rated  them  soundly 
for  their  insubordination.  But  little  did  these 
wild  Irishmen  care  :  they  had  had  their  fight, 
and  a  real  good  one,  as  far  as  they  were  con- 
cerned ;  and  as  Sir  Colin  concluded  his  speech 
of  rebuke  they  gave  him  three  cheers,  and 
giving  three  cheers  more  for  General  Mans- 
field, Sir  Colin's  chief  of  the  staff  (who  had 
formerly  commanded  their  regiment),  they 
quite  upset  the  Chief's  equanimity,  but  at  the 
same  time  cleared  away  his  wrath." 

Among  the  officers  killed  in  the  fight  was 
Capt.  Younghusband : — 

"A  curious  circumstance  was  connected  with 
Younghusband's  death.  After  the  battle  of 
Cawnpore  he  had  purchased  at  auction  a  very 
smart  helmet,  which  had  been  the  property  of 
Lieutenant  Salmond,  of  the  Gwalior  Cavalry, 
who  had  been  killed  at  Cawnpore.  This  helmet 
a  good  deal  excited  my  envy  and  admiration, 
and  as  I  had  not  possessed  a  decent  headdress 
since  the  Mutiny  began,  I  had  asked  a  friend  to 
buy  it  for  me  at  the  auction  of  Salmond's  effects. 
But  poor  Younghusband  outbid  me.  At  his  sale 
I  was  again  outbid,  and  the  helmet  fell  to  the 
nod  of  Lieutenant  Havelock,  a  nephew  of  the 
General.  He,  too,  was  killed  wearing  it ;  and 
rumour  subsequently  said  a  fourth  officer  had 
bought  it  and  had  been  killed.  It  was  a  strange 
coincidence,  and  as  these  deaths  occurred  quickly 
one  after  the  other,  I  ceased  to  wish  I  had  been 
its  possessor." 

The  book  has  no  index — a  bad  fault. 


TJie  Isthmian  Lihranj. — The  Complete  Cyclist. 
By  A.  C.  Pemberton,  Mrs.  Harcourt 
Williamson,  C.  P.  Sisley,  and  Gilbert 
Floyd.  Edited  by  B.  Fletcher  Eobinson. 
Hlustrated.  (Innes  &  Co.) 
Few  are  the  men,  and  fewer  still  the  women, 
who  do  not  aspire  to  become  complete 
cyclists  in  these  days ;  and  no  doubt  a 
manual  of  the  art  by  so  able  a  professor  as 
Mr.  Pemberton  is  sure  of  a  wide  circulation. 
But  it  may  be  that  Mr.  Pemberton  knows 
too  much  and  his  assistants  too  little  about 
cycling  for  their  joint  production  to  be  of 
much  use  to  the  average  amateur,  or,  again, 
it  may  be  that  it  takes  as  many  authors  to 
make  a  cyclist  as  tailors  to  make  a  man,  for 
the  united  efforts  of  all  these  four  leave 
many  burning  questions  ignored,  and  readers 
may  fail  to  find  light  upon  any  of  the  diffi- 
culties which  vex  their  souls. 

Mr.  Pemberton' 8  share  in  the  great  work 
is  far  and  away  the  most  valuable ;  the 
enthusiast  will  learn  by  heart  his  golden 
words  anent  racing  and  training,  and  the 
male  cyclist  who  knows  a  little  of  mechanics 
and  is  dexterous  will  get  several  hints  about 
the  repair  of  tyres,  spokes,  &c.     To  build 


one's  own  machine  is  a  simple  matter  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Pemberton,  and  there  is  no 
doubt  that  the  putting  together  of  a  cycle 
would  provide  a  wealth  of  knowledge  and 
experience  ;  but  we  are  disposed  to  think 
that  this  mastery  would  be  bought  at  the 
full  price  of  the  machine  in  most  cases,  and 
that  the  average  cyclist  will  do  well  to  get 
his  cycle  from  a  cycle  maker. 

W^riting  of  the  choice  of  a  machine,  Mr. 
Pemberton  has  many  interesting  things  to 
tell  his  readers,  and  any  experienced  cyclist 
would,  till  the  other  day,  have  endorsed  his 
dictum  that 
"the    lowest    price    at    which   a    really  good 

machine  can    be  bought  is  about  Ibl and 

amongst  those  of  well  -  known  make  the  dif- 
ference is  really  small." 

Observation  had  led  us  to  the  same  conclu- 
sion ;  if  you  paid  20^.,  you  got  20Z.  worth 
of  bicycle;  if  you  paid  15/.,  you  got  15/. 
worth,  no  matter  to  which  of  the  great 
firms  you  applied.     But 

"  occasionally  a  cycle  of  quite  exceptional  ex- 
cellence is  turned  out.  Why  this  should  be  so 
I  cannot  explain  ;  but  that  such  is  the  case  all 
riders  of  lengthy  experience  will  admit.  Two 
machines  of  the  same  make,  and  identically  the 
same  construction  in  every  detail,  will  yet  difler 
in  pace  to  the  extent  of  some  miles  an  hour." 

The  buyer's  fate  in  this  matter  is  on  the 
knees  of  the  gods,  and  it  is  more  important 
when  choosing  a  machine  to  remember  that 
"a  very  slight  bending  of  the  frame  when  the 
power  is  applied  will  cause  friction  enough  to 
neutralize  the  gain  obtained  by  reducing  the 
weight  of  a  machine  by  several  pounds"; 

but  at  the  same  time  Mr.  Pemberton  does 
not  disparage  the  light  American  machines, 
and  thinks  that 

"  in  future  years  the  machine  made  in  America 
will  largely  share  the  home  market.  If  this  be 
the  case,  the  English  maker  will  have  no  one  but 

himself   to  thank The  voice  of  the  public, 

who,  as  the  buyers  of  the  goods,  might  well 
have  some  say  in  the  matter,  is  entirely  neg- 
lected. The  Americans  are  entirely  unfettered, 
and  can  and  will  supply  anything  which  may 
be  required The  best  and  latest  labour- 
saving  machinery  is  of  American  design  and 
make  ;  and  it  seems  only  logical  that  the  men 
who  can  make  the  necessary  building  plant 
should  have  no  difficulty  in  using  it  to  turn  out 
a  faultless  machine." 

C.T.O.  members,  whose  creed  has  been 
formed  from  the  teaching  of  Mr.  Brown, 
will  be  surprised  to  find  the  Bantam  recog- 
nized as  "^jflr  excellence  the  machine  for  old 
gentlemen,"  wood-rims  preferred  to  West- 
wood,  and  the  curved  upper  bar  recom- 
mended for  ladies'  mounts.  Mr.  Pember- 
ton holds  that  a  lady's  machine  should  not 
weigh  less  than  twenty-eight  pounds,  and 
counsels  all  riders,  male  or  female,  who 
wish  to  ride  in  all  weathers,  and  to  have 
their  machine  at  home  instead  of  at  the 
repairer's  shop,  to  ride  a  strongly  made 
mount.  On  the  burning  question  of  the 
Simpson  chain  Mr.  Pemberton  preserves  a 
judicial  attitude,  and  he  can  show  no 
royal  road  to  the  discovery  of  a  perfect 
saddle.  Prudent  persons,  whether  cyclists 
or  not,  will  rejoice  that  he  is  a  champion  of 
the  brake,  but  only  riders  will  enter  into 
his 

"inveterate   hatred    of    mud-guards Every 

time  a  machine  is  taken  through  an  awkward 
doorway  or  wheeled  down  steps  one  or  other  of 
these  rattle-traps  generally  receives  a  blow,  soon 


90 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3638,  July  17,  '97 


causing  it  to  be  bent  out  of  shape,  thus  dis- 
figuring the  machine." 

Mr.  Pemberton's  chapters  "  On  the 
Choice  of  a  Machine  "  and  "  How  to  Keep 
a  Machine  in  Good  Order  "  are  so  valuable 
that  the  amateur  expects  to  find  his  chapter 
on  "  How  to  Eide  "  a  mine  of  information, 
but,  far  from  this,  the  veriest  tyro  knows  all 
that  Mr.  Pemberton  deigns  to  teach  ;  fancy 
riding  is  ignored,  and  the  past  master  has 
probably  forgotten  that  there  is  any  art  or 
difficulty  in  such  details  as  turning  the 
machine  in  a  narrow  lane,  or  riding  through 
mud  or  through  traffic. 

On  the  other  hand,  "  Belle  of  the  World  " 
regards  riding  through  traffic  as  a  danger 
faced  **  only  by  reckless  riders,"  and  is 
eloquent  in  admiration  of  a  certain  daring 
lady  who 

"knows  nothing  whatever  of  fear,  and  with 
quite  unruffled  countenance  will  cross  that 
dangerous  wide  space  between  Constitution 
Hill  and  Piccadilly,  and  turn  up  the  hill  of 
Hamilton  Place  as  unconcerned  and  cool  as 
though  she  were  on  one  of  those  beautiful 
broad  level  roads  in  France,  where  vehicles 
are  so  beautifully  few  and  far  between," 

Traffic  must  always  present  an  element  of 
danger :  accidents  occur  to  those  who  drive, 
ride,  or  walk  through  it,  and  also  to  those 
who  "breast  the  traffic  of  the  London 
streets "  on  cycles.  But  only  in  muddy 
weather  does  the  complete  cyclist  run  a  risk 
greater  than  is  inevitable.  Far  otber  is 
it,  however,  with  the  neophyte  humorously 
described  in  the  amusing  chapter  contributed 
by  Mr.  Gilbert  Floyd  : — 

"  He  will  drive  his  twenty-inch  handle-bar 
through  a  twenty  -  eight  -  inch  opening  in  the 
traffic  stream  with  the  utmost  satiafroid,  thus 
allowing  four  inches  on  either  side  between 
himself  and  the  serious  accident  that  sometimes 
overtakes  him." 

Men  who  have  continued  to  lead  active 
lives  since  their  schooldays  find  cycling  as 
simple  a  matter  as  walking,  but  with  women 
it  is  otherwise,  and  as  a  rule  lady  cyclists 
are  very  earnest  in  the  mastery  of  their 
new  art ;  therefore  it  is  a  pity  that  Mrs. 
Harcourt  Williamson's  chapter  on  "The 
Cycle  in  Society "  is  the  only  contribu- 
tion by  and  for  the  gentler  sex,  for  who 
cares  to  know  that  "no  expense  was 
spared  in  finishing  off  General  Stracey's 
machine,  which  is  done  in  the  well-known 
red  and  blue  of  the  Guards  " ;  that 
"  Lady  Archibald  Campbell  is  generally 
dressed  in  drab,  and  her  smart  machine  is 
painted  to  match"  ;  that  "  Lady  Huntingdon 
has  her  machine  painted  green,  with  prim- 
rose lines  on  it"  ;  or  that  "  Princess  Henry 
of  Plesse  has  the  prettiest  white  machine 
that  ever  was  seen"?  If  "Belle  of  the 
World"  were  a  cyclist,  she  would  know 
that  the  hubs,  chains,  gear,  and  saddles  of 
these  aristocratic  mounts  would  be  of  more 
interest  to  her  readers  than  their  colour. 

We  turned  with  interest  to  Mr.  Sisley's 
chapter  on  "  Eides  round  London  "  ;  its 
author  is  well  known  in  the  cycling  world, 
and  must,  we  imagined,  have  much  to  tell, 
but  his  chapter  only  serves  to  show  that 
the  neighbourhood  of  London  has  been  well 
explored,  and  that  the  cyclist  cannot  hope 
for  an  undiscovered  country  within  a  radius 
of  thirty  miles  from  Charing  Cross.  But  in 
truth  it  must  be  confessed  of  the  whole  book 
that,  though  it  teaches  a  good  deal  about 


cycles,  it  teaches  nothing  about  cycling,  and 
that  we  closed  it  without  having  found 
enlightenment  on  any  one  of  the  difficulties 
of  this  great  art. 


The  Domesday  of  Inclosures,  1517-1518.     By 
I.  S.  Leadam.    2  vols.    (Longmans  &  Co.) 

The  Eoyal  Historical  Society  has  done  use- 
ful work  in  enabling  Mr.  Leadam  to  publish 
these  volumes,  even  though  its  funds  did 
not   permit   of   his   marvellously   laborious 
studies   being  printed  in  full.     One  must, 
however,  explain  at  the  outset  that  '  Domes- 
day '  is  merely  a  fanciful,  if  convenient  title, 
derived  from  the  resemblance  of    the  In- 
quisitions here  printed  to  those  on  which 
were  based  the  great  Domesday  returns  of 
1086.     The   agricultural   revolution  in  the 
early   Tudor   period   is   one   of   which   the 
importance  has  long    been    recognized   by 
historians,  and  a  subject  which  Mr.  Leadam 
has  made  specially  his  own.     The  contents 
of  these  volumes  are  rather  materials  for  its 
history  than  such  a  history  itself,  and,  as 
such,  all  but  a  few  special  students  of  the 
period  are  likely  to  find  them  disappointing. 
It  is  certain,  however,  from  the  praiseworthy 
zeal    Mr.  Leadam    has  shown    in    his  re- 
searches, that  when  he  undertakes  a  con- 
nected history  of  this  great  economic  episode, 
he   will    show    a    grasp    of    the    materials 
that  is  likely  to  make  it  final.     How  wise 
he  has  been  in  his  slow  advance  is  shown 
by  the  striking  discoveries  of  fresh  record 
evidence,  even  for  this  late  period,  that  have 
been  made  at  the  Public  Record  Office.  The 
Chancery  Returns  here  published  were  only 
discovered    so    recently     as    1894,    chiefly 
owing   to    the    author's    initiative ;     while 
an   even    later    discovery   bearing   on   the 
subject    has    been   made  in  two  sacks    of 
unsorted  Chancery  records,  "  crammed  with 
various  documents  (as  well  as  with  other 
trifles,   such  as  an    old    boot),   which  had 
remained  as  they  were  filled  prior  to  removal 
from  the  Tower  in  1858."     One  is  reminded 
of  the  remarkable  find  made  a  few  years  ago, 
among  our  national  archives  (as  recorded  at 
the  time  in  our  columns),  of  some  original 
returns    to   the  great    Inquest  of   Sheriffs 
(1170),   although  historians    believed    that 
no  trace  of  them  survived.     It  may  fairly 
be  hoped  that   further  discoveries  will,  in 
due  course,  be  made  under  the  able  super- 
intendence of  the  present  Deputy-Keeper. 

What    Mr.  Leadam   has    done    for    the 
present  is  to  publish  the  extant  returns  of 

1517  for  Berks,  Bucks,  Cheshire,  Essex, 
Leicestershire,  Lincolnshire,  Northants,  Ox- 
fordshire,   and  Warwickshire,  with  that  of 

1518  for  Bedfordshire;  to  these  he  has 
added  from  Dugdale's  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian 
Library  the  notes  they  contain  on  the  War- 
wickshire Inquisitions  of  1517-8  and  1549. 
To  the  list  for  each  county  an  introduction 
is  prefixed,  and  copious  foot-notes  testify  to 
the  author's  minute  research.  The  most 
laborious  portion  of  his  task,  however,  has 
been  the  tabulation  of  the  evidence,  the 
difficulties  being,  as  he  frankly  confesses, 
almost  insurmountable.  Comparing  the 
Acts  passed  in  1489  and  1515,  Mr.  Leadam 
points  out  that  the  movement  he  is  dealing 
with  began  with  that  consolidation  of  hold- 
ings known  at  the  time  as  "ingrossing  "  of 
farms,  which  was  necessary  for  farming  on 
a  large  scale,  and  then  assumed  a  different 


form,  namely,  the  conversion  of  arable  land 
into  pasture.  The  result,  however,  of 
either  change  was  to  diminish  the  number 
of  tenements  and  to  produce  a  depopulation 
of  the  country  districts  which  the  Crown 
set  itself  to  stop.  There  are,  perhaps,  few 
instances  in  which  economic  history  has  so 
strikingly  repeated  itself  as  in  the  decay 
of  "tenements"  in  our  own  times,  first  by 
the  development  of  large  farming,  and  then 
by  the  present  conversion  of  tillage  into 
pasture  owing  to  the  fall  in  the  price  of 
wheat.  The  operative  cause,  however,  of 
the  latter  change  under  Henry  VII.  and  his 
son  was,  as  is  well  known,  the  rise  in  the 
price  of  wool.  One  of  the  points  to  which 
Mr.  Leadam  has  devoted  special  attention 
is  the  relative  attitude  of  the  lay  and  of  the 
ecclesiastical  landowners,  but  here,  again, 
it  is  difficult,  as  yet,  to  obtain  definite 
results.  Another  curious  point  is  raised  by 
comparisons  between  the  price  of  wool  in 
a  given  county  and  the  rentals  obtained. 
In  this  and  other  matters  Mr.  Leadam  has 
to  leave  some  problems  unsolved,  in  spite 
of  the  infinite  pains  he  has  bestowed  on  the 
inquiry.  In  any  case  the  evidence  he  has 
brought  to  light  is,  if  at  times  obscure,  of 
considerable  interest  and  value. 


Nihongi:  Chronicles  of  Japan  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  a.d.  697.  Translated  from  the 
original  Chinese  and  Japanese  by  W.  G. 
Aston,  C.M.G.  2  vols.  (Kegan  Paul 
&  Co.) 
During  the  last  forty  or  fifty  years  the  con- 
sular service  of  the  Far  East  has  been  dis- 
tinguished by  a  numerous  band  of  eminent 
scholars,  of  whom  too  little  is  known  in  this 
country.  In  the  front  rank  of  this  company 
the  late  Japanese  Secretary  to  the  British 
Legation  in  Japan  has  long  since  earned  a 
place  to  which  these  volumes  give  him  a 
new  and  crowning  claim.  The  admirable 
and  learned  translation  and  commentary 
they  present  is  the  third  that  the  last  few 
decades  have  witnessed  of  the  '  Nihongi,' 
but  on  the  present  occasion,  for  the  first 
time,  the  whole  of  that  famous  history  is 
made  accessible  to  Western  readers,  Florenz's 
version  beginning  with  the  twenty-second 
of  the  thirty  books  of  which  the  work 
consists,  and  M.  de  Eosny's  interpreting 
only  the  first  two  books,  dealing  with  the 
age  of  the  gods.  The  last-mentioned  trans- 
lation is  an  example  of  patient  rather  than 
accurate  scholarship,  and  is  not  a  little 
marred  by  hasty  and  untenable  theories. 

The  work  of  the  German  savant  is  of  a 
very  different  order.  It  is  marked  by  all 
the  painstaking  fulness  characteristic  of 
German  research,  but  the  scholarship  it 
displays  is  largely  of  a  futile  character,  the 
data  being  altogether  too  uncertain  and 
incapable  of  verification  in  the  almost  total 
absence  of  monumental  or  documentary 
evidence  relating  to  the  history  itself,  to  its 
authorship,  mode  and  time  of  composition, 
and  to  its  authenticity.  It  is  true  that 
lida  Takesato,  in  his  enormous  'NihonsLoki- 
tsushaku,'  or  '  Perpetual  Commentary  on  the 
Nihongi '  (of  which  only  a  small  portion 
has  yet  appeared),  mentions  a  number  of 
MSS.  of  various  sections  of  the  work,  one  of 
which  (containing  only  the  second  book)  is 
dated  as  far  back  as  the  tenth  century.  But 
we  have  no  faith  whatever  either  in   the 


N-'SeSS,  July  17,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


91 


authenticity  of  these  documents  or  in  Far- 
Eastern  textual  criticism,  a  branch  of  inquiry 
still,  and  likely  longto  remain,  in  its  infancy, 
even  in  progressive  Japan.  To  Mr.  Aston's 
version  we  have  nothing  but  praise  to 
accord.  We  have  compared  a  score  of 
passages  taken  at  random  with  the  sJmge 
text  used  by  the  translator,  and  find  them 
absolutely  correct ;  yet  these  volumes  read 
less  like  a  translation  than  an  original  work, 
not  overburdened,  fortunately,  by  the  com- 
mentary, which  is  yet  full  enough  to  afford 
all  necessary  elucidations,  and  more  than 
sufficient  to  demonstrate  the  ample  stores 
of  learning  from  which  it  is  drawn. 

*  Nihongi '  is  no  more  a  Japanese  ex- 
pression than  Nihon,  Nippon,  or  Japan 
itself.  It  is  a  Chinese  title,  read  japonice, 
and  might  be  literally  translated  '  Japan 
Jottings.'  Nor  would  the  expression  ill 
render  the  nature  of  the  work,  which  is, 
in  truth,  a  compilation  by  various  hands, 
made  at  various  times,  and  not,  we  believe, 
known  to  exist  in  its  present  form  much 
earlier  than  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tur3\  Mr.  Aston  accepts  the  current  tradi- 
tion as  to  the  date  of  its  completion  or 
publication  (a.d.  720),  and  the  motive  and 
method  of  its  composition.  These  questions 
cannot  be  discussed  here,  but,  for  our  part, 
accepting  the  canons  of  Western  historical 
criticism  as  the  only  true  guide  in  matters 
of  the  sort,  we  are  obliged  to  regard  all 
such  traditions  as  ben  trovate  at  the  best, 
destitute  as  they  are,  for  the  most  part,  of 
the  documentary  and  monumentary  con- 
firmation we  are  accustomed  to  look  for  on 
this  side  of  the  world.  It  is  a  significant 
circumstance  in  this  connexion  that  the 
'Kojiki'  or  'Jottings  of  Old  Things,'  of 
which  an  excellent  translation  by  that 
admirable  scholar  Mr.  B.  H.  Chamberlain 
has  been  published  by  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Japan,  is  stated  to  have  been  completed  in 
A.D.  712,  only  eight  years  before  the  appear- 
ance of  the  '  Nihongi.'  Now  the  story  of 
the  compilation  of  the  '  Kojiki '  is  evidently 
a  mere  theory  to  account  for  its  production 
in  the  absence  of  a  pre-existing  body  of 
literature.  That  a  prose  work  of  a  very 
heterogeneous  character  should  be  taken 
down  from  the  lips  of  a  person  blessed  with 
ever  so  remarkable  a  memory  is  incon- 
ceivable. And  the  compiler  who  thus 
"took  down"  the  'Kojiki'  is  one  of  the 
reputed  authors  of  the  '  Nihongi.'  This, 
again,  is  incredible  in  any  event,  for  the 
'  Kojiki '  is  essentially  Japanese  in  style 
and  matter ;  the  '  Nihongi,'  on  the  other 
hand,  is  Chinese  in  spirit,  substance, 
method,  and  language.  We  shall  not, 
perhaps,  be  far  from  the  truth  in  regard- 
ing many  of  the  uta  or  songs,  but  not  all 
(probably  few  of  the  quasi-political  ones), 
scattered  over  the  pages  of  both  works,  as 
extremely  ancient,  dating  back  possibly  to 
the  fourth  or  fifth  century,  and,  likely 
enough,  collected  as  early  as  the  eighth 
from  living  Hps.  The  prose  portions  of  the 
texts  may  have  been  added,  in  part,  as 
early  as  the  eighth  century,  in  part  in  later 
ages  ;  those  of  the  '  Kojiki '  representing 
the  views  of  the  more  conservative  party, 
those  of  the  '  Nihongi '  the  opinions  of  the 
more  progressive  elements  in  the  nation,  as 
eager  in  the  earlier  centuries  of  our  era 
to  adopt  the  civilization  of  China  as  their 
descendants  are  in  the  nineteenth  century 


to  take  to  themselves  the  material  civiliza- 
tion of  the  West. 

In  the  opening  pages  of  his  delightful 
'  Chronicles  '  Holinshed  informs  his  country- 
men that  "  our  Hand  "  was  "  parcell  of  the 
Celtike  kingdom,  whereof  Dis,  otherwise 
called  Samothes,  one  of  the  sons  of  Japhet, 
was  the  Saturne  or  originall  beginner"; 
hence  the  first  name  Samothea,  changed  to 
Albion  by  a  grandson  of  Neptune  of  that 
time  "twenty-nine  years  after  his  grand- 
father's decease,"  and  finally  to  Britain  by 
Brute,  the  great-grandson  of  ^neas,  who 
had  killed  his  father  accidentally,  and,  seek- 
ing safety  in  flight  across  the  seas  with 
a  band  of  Trojans,  found  refuge  on  our 
shores,  and  there  built  Trinovant  or  New 
Troy  (b.c.  1116),  afterwards  London.  Of 
Holinshed's  '  Chronicles '  the  complete 
edition,  containing  John  Hooker's  continua- 
tion, was  published  only  a  decade  (1587) 
before  the  '  Nihongi '  was  printed,  and  a 
comparison  of  the  two  works  is  not  un- 
interesting. Both  are  mainly  compilations; 
both  (if  we  take  the  Japanese  annals  to 
start,  as  probably  thej^  did  originally,  either 
with  the  accession  of  Jimmu  or  with  the 
twenty-second  book)  begin  with  traditions, 
which  are  largely  explanations  of  names ; 
and  both  approach  historical  veracity  more 
and  more  as  they  proceed.  Of  the  ease  and 
charm  of  Holinshed  no  trace,  of  course,  is 
to  be  found  in  the  '  Nihongi,'  but  it  would  not 
be  difficult  nevertheless  to  extract  from  the 
latter,  taken  in  connexion  with  the  '  Kojiki,' 
the  materials  of  a  mythology  and  history 
not  destitute  of  interest  nor  even  of  dignity, 
nor  altogether  unprofitable  to  the  student 
of  early  civilizations.  The  Samothes  of 
Japan,  the  first  Mikado  Jimmu,  is,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  Chinese  ideas  that  underlie  the 
whole  of  the  story  told  by  the  '  Nihongi,' 
bestowed  upon  the  country  by  Heaven 
through  direct  descent  from  the  sun- 
goddess.  He  is  no  foreigner,  he  is  the 
conqueror  of  Yamato,  but  there  is  no  tradi- 
tion bringing  him  or  any  of  the  earlier 
heroes  from  beyond  the  seas  ;  neither  myth 
nor  tradition,  in  fact,  is  extant  connecting 
the  people  or  rulers  of  Japan  with  the 
Asian  continent.  Yet  it  is  almost  certain 
that  at  some  period  Korean  or  other  ad- 
venturers from  the  West  obtained  a  footing 
in  the  country,  all  memory  of  whose  enter- 
prise must  have  died  out  by  the  time  the 
earliest  of  existing  traditions  were  formed, 
and  it  is  not,  therefore,  improbable  that 
the  date  assigned  by  Japanese  historians  to 
the  conquest  of  Yamato  by  Jimmu  (b.c.  660) 
is  founded  upon  some  vague  memory  of  a 
real  settlement  long  before  the  Christian  era. 

The  reigns  of  Jimmu — Kami  Yamato 
Iharebiko,  to  give  him  his  proper  Japanese 
name — and  his  successors  for  a  thousand 
years  occupy  nearly  half  the  thirty  books  of 
the  '  Nihongi,'  the  last  twelve  of  which 
record  the  events  of  the  hundred  years 
immediately  preceding  the  alleged  date  of 
the  completion  of  the  work.  How  far  these 
chronicles  are  history  it  is  difficult  to  say. 
The  earlier  books  seem  to  be,  in  the  main, 
a  rifacimento  of  the  '  Kojiki '  on  Chinese 
lines ;  the  later,  and  especially  the  last 
twelve  books,  are  perhaps  more  trust- 
worthy. But  the  whole  work  is  too  mani- 
festly an  imitation  of  Chinese  history  to  be 
received  save  with  the  utmost  caution,  as  an 
account,  or  rather  a  theory,  not  so  much  of 


the  origins  of  the  Japanese  state  as  of  the 
beginnings  of  the  Mikadoate.  Not  im- 
probably the  personal  details  given  of  the 
reigns  of  successive  emperors,  which  to  the 
compilers  would  appear  the  most  important 
among  the  matters  they  had  to  deal  with, 
are  set  forth  with  a  certain  accuracy  alto- 
gether lacking  to  the  more  serious  portions 
of  the  narration.  The  '  Nihongi '  scarcely 
attempts  to  give  a  history  of  Japan  in  a 
Thucydidean  sense.  The  bare  traditions,  for 
instance,  are  presented  of  the  introduction 
of  Buddhism  and  of  Chinese  civilization 
without  comment  or  explanation,  without 
even  the  slightest  analysis  of  the  traditions 
with  a  view  to  ascertain  what  historical 
truth  they  might  contain.  We  know  that 
between  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era 
and  the  fifth  century  the  letters  and  civiliza- 
tion of  China  became  familiar  to  Japan,  but 
we  know  little  more.  Not  much  is  said  of 
the  political  relations  between  the  two 
countries.  The  ordinary  theory  that  the 
arts  and  learning  of  China  were  introduced 
by  way  of  Korea  can  only  be  partially  true. 
At  all  events,  they  were  not  introduced  by 
Korean  intermediaries,  for  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Chinese  characters  adopted  in 
Japan  is  not  Korean,  but  a  close  imitation 
of  the  dialects  spoken  in  the  two  Chinese 
states  Wu  and  Honan.  Nearly  two-thirds 
of  the  vocabulary  of  modern  Japanese — of 
the  polite  language,  at  least — is  Chinese, 
and  this  fact  indicates  a  prolonged  and 
extended  intercourse  with  the  Middle  King- 
dom in  the  earlier  centuries  of  the  Christian 
era,  of  which  relatively  few  traces  appear  in 
native  histories.  Of  Korean  words  and  ex- 
pressions, on  the  other  hand,  exceedingly  few 
seem  to  have  found  their  way  into  Japanese. 
Yet  during  the  whole  of  the  period  covered 
by  the  later  books  of  the  '  Nihongi  ' 
intercourse  with  Korea  was  considerable  and 
continuous.  But  we  find  no  hint  of  any 
Korean  origin  of  the  Japanese  state  ;  such 
a  theory  is  not  stated  and  scouted,  but  is 
not  stated  at  all,  either  in  the  '  Nihongi '  or 
in  any  other  Japanese  work,  or  even  in  the 
'  Tong-Kam,'  the  principal  Korean  history. 
Nevertheless  in  the  veins  of  the  nobility  of 
Japan  a  very  large  proportion  of  Korean 
(and  Chinese)  blood  must  run.  According  to 
the  '  Seishiroku,'  a  sort  of  peerage  of  Japan, 
said  to  have  been  compiled  in  a.d.  814,  we 
learn  from  one  of  Mr.  Aston's  valuable 
notes,  fully  a  third  of  the  Japanese  nobility 
traced  their  descent  from  Korean  or  Chinese 
ancestors  in  nearly  equal  proportions.  Up 
to  the  eighth  century,  and  indeed  long 
afterwards,  the  whole  foreign  policy  of 
Japan  had  reference  to  Korea,  and  Korea 
alone.  But  it  is  most  difficult  to  say  what 
that  policy  was.  It  was  not  a  policy  of  con- 
quest, nor  was  it  a  dynastic  policy.  There 
were  embassies  described  as  tributary  to 
Japan  in  the  '  Nihongi,'  as  tributary  to  some 
Korean  state  in  the  '  Tong-Kam.'  It  would 
almost  appear  that  what  political  relations 
there  were  existed  less  between  Korea  and 
Japan  as  entities  than  between  Koreano- 
Japanese  clans  or  parties  on  either  side  of 
the  intervening  narrow  seas.  On  the  whole, 
from  an  early  date,  Japan,  though  a  later 
recipient  of  Chinese  civilization,  seems  to 
have  been  the  dominant  and  more  advanced 
state. 

Of  the  extension  of  the  borders  of  Yamato 
no  connected  account  is  given.  In  the  eighth 


92 


THE     ATHEN^UIkl 


N"3G38,  July  17, '97 


century  most  of  tho  north  and  east  of  the 
main  island  (Hondo)  was  still  occupied  by 
Ainu  tribes,  and  frontier  colonies  wore 
established  to  prevent  incursions  of  the 
barbarian  yemishi  into  the  settled  districts. 
Mr.  Aston,  as  long  ago  as  1880,  exhibited 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan 
the  rubbing  of  a  stone  at  Taga  in  Sendai, 
bearing  the  date  sixth  year  Tempei  Hoji 
(a  d.  762),  and  recording,  ijiter  alia,  the  dis- 
tance of  the  Yezo  (Ainu)  frontier  as  120 
(Chinese)  ri — about  fifty  miles — from  the 
castle  of  Taga,  which  had  been  built  some 
thirty- eight  years  previously. 

But  the  'Nihongi,'  whatever  its  scientific 
defects,  together  with  the  '  Kojiki,'  has 
formed,  and  to  no  slight  extent  made,  the  his- 
tory of  Jaj)an.  To  these  two  books,  indeed, 
the  success  of  the  Restoration  movement  in 
1868  may  be,  in  large  measure,  attributed. 
They  declared  the  Shinto  theory  of  the  divine 
and  autochthonous  nature  of  the  Mikadoate, 
and  gave  it  a  concrete  historical  shape  and 
sequence  that  has  contented  the  Japanese 
mind  for  more  than  a  thousand  years,  and 


of  the  triple  problem  of  heaven,  earth,  and 

conceive  than 


man,  it  would  be  difficult  to 


this  eminently  Chinese  answer  to  the  great 
enigma.     2  vols. 


is  still  accepted  as  a  true  presentment  of  the 
origins  of  the  Japanese  state.  The  '  Ni- 
hongi '  added  the  Confucianist  idea  of  the 
mutual  duty  of  ruler  and  people  to  the 
religious  notion  of  a  direct  celestial  ancestry 
of  the  former,  and  thus  satisfied  both  piety 
and  philosophy,  while  it  vindicated  the 
claims  of  Japan  to  a  possession  of  the  only 
civilization  known  in  the  Far  East,  and  put 
the  island- empire  on  an  equality  with  the 
great  Middle  Kingdom.  In  such  a  scheme 
the  military  despotism  of  the  Shogunate 
had  no  place,  and  fell  the  moment  circum- 
stances allowed  the  theoretical  opposition 
it  had  scarcely  sought  to  overcome  to  take 
a  concrete  form. 

It  is  amusing — and  instructive  too — to 
compare  the  recent  declaration  of  war 
against  China  and  Korea  with  many  similar 
documents  set  forth  in  these  volumes.  In 
tone,  and  even  in  phraseology,  the  mani- 
festoes of  the  Japanese  Foreign  Office  in  the 
earlier  centuries  of  our  era  bear  a  marvellous 
resemblance  to  those  of  its  successor  in  the 
nineteenth  century.  Both  give  voice  to  the 
same  lofty  arrogance  and  moral  superiority, 
the  same  expressions  of  the  necessity  to 
put  the  Korean  state  right,  the  same  con- 
viction that  it  is  the  duty  of  Japan  to  do 
this,  and  the  same  sorrowful  perception  of 
the  malignancy  of  an  opposition  that  can 
only  be  met  by  force. 

"With  Mr.  Aston's  admirable  version  of 
the  edict  of  the  Emperor  Kotoku  (Filial 
Virtue) — an  eloquent  summary  of  Chinese 
political  philosophy,  and  a  good  example 
of  the  best  manner  of  the  '  Nihongi ' — we 
may  fitlj'  close  this  review  : — 

"Going  back  to  the  origin  of  things,  we  find 
that  it  is  heaven  and  earth,  with  the  male  and 
female  principles  of  nature,  which  guard  the 
four  seasons  from  mutual  confusion.  We  find, 
moreover,  that  it  is  this  heaven  and  earth  which 
produces  the  ten  thousand  things.  Amongst 
the  ten  thousand  things,  man  is  the  most 
miraculously  gifted.  Among  tlie  most  miracu- 
lously gifted  beings,  the  sage  takes  the  position 
of  ruler.  Therefore  the  sage  rulers,  viz.,  the 
emperors,  take  heaven  as  their  exemplar  in 
ruling  the  world,  and  never  for  a  moment  dis- 
miss from  their  breasts  the  thought  of  how  men 
shall  gain  their  fit  place." 

A  more  complete  and,   in    the    absence  of 
inductive  science,  a  more  satisfying  solution 


NEW  NOVELS. 

A   Trick  of  Fame.     By  H.  Hamilton  Fyfe. 

(Bentley  &  Son.) 
'  A  Trick  of  Fame  '  is — 0  word  of  fear  I — a 
political  novel,   and  nearly  as   dull  as    are 
all   but   first  -  class    novels    of    that   kind. 
It  is  written  with  an  appearance  of  labour 
and  care   rather  than  with  elegance.     It  is 
about    the    Parliamentar}'    tactics    of    the 
Labour  party,  and  it  has  the  fatal  defect — 
the  ruck  of  books  about  Radicals  and  their 
operations  often  have  it — of  being  radically 
uninteresting.      It   is   well   for   those   who 
can   think    otherwise,   and   for  the  author. 
The  career  of  Hewlett,  who  from  a  Socialistic 
millhand  becomes    a  private  member,   and 
then    holds    an    appointment    as     Labour 
Minister,  shows  some  observation  and  know- 
ledge.    The  author's  sympathies  are  not  all 
with  the  "  progress  party."  Neither  Hewlett 
nor  the  rest  of  the  people  in  the  story  seem 
to  develope  consistently  and  on  the  lines  of 
character  at  first  laid  down  for  them.     One 
and  all  appear  inconsistent — not  inconsistent 
in  the  sense  of  common  human  inconsistency 
so  much  as  that  they  have  an  insufficient 
supply   of    tenuity   and    backbone.      They 
either  tail  away  to  nothingness  or,  for  no 
manifest    reason,     become     quite    different 
people.     Nothing  in  the  shape  of  an  over- 
weening interest  in  their  fate  helps  one  to 
forget  their  discrepancies  and  incoherencies. 
The  book  suggests  that  it  might  have  been 
better,  yet  individually  it  does  not  suggest 
much  promise,  though  the  author  is  said  to 
have  written  a  more  successful  storv.     The 


chapters   of  actual  storj-'tclling,  for  it  is  a 
question  of  intrigue,  and  murder,  and  judi- 
cial blundering,  with  the  more  or  less  inade- 
quate motives  which  melodrama  almost  in- 
evitably implies.     But  this    plot  is  merely 
indicated ;  it  is  the  yarn  of  unspun  silk  out 
of  which  the  author  sets  herself  to  draw  her 
strands  for  careful  weaving.  In  other  words, 
Katharine  AVylde  has  posed  a  few  strong 
and  roughly  pictured  incidents  in  order  that 
she  may  show  her  characters,  especially  her 
hero  and  heroine,  acting  under  the  influence 
of  the  facts  which  determined  their  lives.  And 
she  shows  this  well.     On  the  whole,  her  cha- 
racter drawing  is  accurate,  and  her  writing 
natural,  bold  in  conception,  full  of  s^Dirit  and 
delicacy.  One  can  accept  her  story  as  she  tells 
it,  and  praise  it  without  overpraising.     It 
is  not  quite  in  the  grand  style  of  fiction, 
but  it  is  good,  for  the  characters  stand  out, 
the  motives  are  abundantly  clear,  the  con- 
versation   is    often   clever   and    sometimes 
witty.     There  is  much  in   '  Our  Wills  and 
Fates  '  that  will  please  a  discerning  reader. 


study  of  Lady  Beatrice  and  "le  big'  life" 
generally  is  poor,  and  quite  below  the 
average  of  such  things. 


The  Romance  of  the  Golden  Star.     By  George 
Griffith.     (White  &  Co.) 

The  process  of  restoring  a  mummy  to  life  is 
increasingly  popular  with  novelists.  George 
Griffith  relates  a  story  of  revolution  in 
Peru  to-day,  where  the  hero  is  brought  to 
life  after  having  been  embalmed  (without 
the  removal  of  the  intestines)  in  1532.  The 
mummy  is  that  of  an  Inca  prince  who  in 
1897  (if  we  follow  the  author's  chronology) 
restores  to  South  America  a  native — that  is 
a  non-European  —  empire,  which  extends 
from  "north  to  south  and  from  the  great 
rivers  of  the  east  to  the  Sea  of  the  Setting 
Sun,"  now  called  the  Pacific.  It  is  care- 
fully written  and  even  exciting ;  but  we 
feel  bound  to  confess  that  it  is  more  likely 
to  interest  young  readers  than  old  The 
illustrations  are  good,  and  the  love  story 
essential  to  such  compositions  is  adequate. 


Our  Wills  and  Fates.     By  Katharine  Wylde. 

(Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.) 
The  plan  of  Katharine  "Wylde's  story  is  good 
— for  many  purposes  the  best  plan  that  a 
writer  of  fiction  can  adopt.  There  are  two 
plots  :  one  that  is  woven  and  unravelled  in 
the  narrative  itself,  and  another  that  is  (to 
use  a  word  of  Southey's  coinage)  ante-initial. 
The  ante-initial  plot  would  have  been  melo- 
dramatic if  we  had  been  called  upon  to 
watch  its  development  in  a  dozen  or  twenty 


THREE    SCOTTISH    CLUB    BOOKS. 

Miscellany.       (Edinburgh,      Scottish      History 

Society.) 
Scotland  and   the    Commonwealth.     Edited   by 

C.  H.  Firth.     (Same  Society.) 
Wariston's  Diary,  Mar's   Legacy,  dec.      (Same 

Society.) 
In  view  of  its  singular  success  it  were  superfluous 
to  praise  the  Scottish   History  Society,  single 
volumes  of  whose  publications  have  already  at 
public  auctions  brought  twice,  even  thrice  as 
much  as  a  whole  year's  subscription.     Yet  we 
would   suggest  to   its    editors    that   every   old 
manuscript   is   not  necessarily  interesting  and 
valuable.  One  document  may  be  fairly  readable, 
and  yet  possess  little  or  no  value  ;  another  may 
be  valuable,  but  profoundly  dull ;  and  a  third  may 
have  neither  value  nor  interest.  Such  aone  is  the 
Diary  of  the  Rev.  George  TurnbuU  (1657-1704), 
minister  of  Alloa  and  Tyninghame,  which  takes 
up  one   hundred  and  fifty  pages  of  the  '  Mis- 
cellany.'    One   knows  that  in   Scotland    there 
must   have  been  roughly  five  million  sermons 
preached  since  the  Reformation,  but  there  can 
be   no   possible  reason  why  entries  like  these 
should  be  inflicted  on  students  of  history  : — 

Deer.  19th,  1697.— Lect.  on  deut.  2;   preacht  on 
lake  1.5,  20,  etc. 

26th.— Lect.  on  deut.  3  ;  preacht  on  ditto. 

Janry.  2,  1C98.  —  Lect.  on  deut.   4  ;    preacht  on 
ditto. 

9tli.— Lect.  on  deut.  5  ;  preacht  on  ditto. 

16th.— Att  Sterlin  lect.  on  2  cor.  5  to  v.  10,  on 
which  I  preached  all  day. 

At  the  waste  of  a  good   many  hours  we  have 
gone   through    the    diary   carefully ;    there    is 
scarcely  one  item  in  it  that  was  worth  preserving. 
It  is  both  over-edited  and  under-edited — over- 
edited    according    to    a    judicious    dictum    on 
p.  451  of  the  same  volume,  and  under-edited  in 
that  it  leaves  in  obscurity  what  is  meant  by 
"twelve   patagons."     On  the  other  hand,  the 
'  Library  of  James  VI.,  1573-83,  from  a  MS.  in 
the  Hand  of  Peter  Young,  his  Tutor,'  edited  by 
Mr.  George  F.  Warner,  of  the  British  Museum, 
is  a  real  contribution   to   bibliography  and   to 
our  knowledge  of   the   modern  Solomon.     Mr. 
Gardiner  will  have  it  (we  never  could  tell  why) 
that  James  did  not  speak  Scotch  ;  he  certainly 
spoke   it   in   boyhood,  for    here    among   other 
entries  scribbled  by  him  on  a  fly-leaf  is  "They 
gar  me    speik  latin  ar  I  could    speik  Scotis." 
Then   there   is   a   traditional   account,    written 
down  as  late  as  1792,  of  Montrose's  flight  from 
Carbisdale,  according  to  which  he  took  refuge 
with  a  farmer,  John  Milbourne,  and  was  hidden 
by  him  in  a  broken  trough  under  some  litter. 
A  small  party  of  his  enemies  came  in  quest  of 
hira,  and 


N"  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


93 


"one  of  them  in  a  kind  of  frolic  cried,  'Wliat  is 
there  ? '  and  immediately  run  into  the  mud,  and 
jobbed  liis  sword  between  the  Marquis's  legs,  but, 
concluding  he  was  not  in  so  filthy  a  thing,  did  not 
run  in  his  sword  a  second  time  ;  but  proceeded  with 
the  party  to  the  house,  and  examined  every  room 
and  place  about  it,  behaving  with  great  insolence 
and  cruelty  in  running  their  swords  in  the  bed?,  and 
after  eating  and  drinking  what  they  pleased  to 
seize,  they  departed  in  the  morning  from  it,  but  not 
without  violent  threats  to  him  and  his  family,  if 
it  should  ever  appear  he  had  secreted  the  Marquis. 
The  house  was  so  situated  that  they  could  see  any 
passenger  for  near  a  mile  round  it ;  so  that  soon 
after  they  were  gone,  he  placed  a  faithful  person  to 
look  out,  and  give  timely  notice  if  he  should  observe 
anybody  coming  towards  it,  and  then  took  the 
Marquis  out  of  the  trough,  when  he  found  him  all 
over  in  a  violent  perspiration,  who  exclaimed  in 
tears,  '  0  I  my  dear  friend  Milbourne,  I  never  knew 
I  was  a  coward  before  ;  I  endangered  the  lives  of 
3'ou  and  yours,  in  the  manner  I  have  done,  to  save 
my  own.'  And  said  he  was,  however,  determined 
never  to  do  the  like  again  to  avoid  death,  of  which, 
he  thanked  God,  he  was  not  afraid." 

Browning's  '  Olive  '  comes  at  once  to  mind.  In 
the  same  series  of  '  Civil  War  Papers '  the 
punctuation  in  a  French  memorial  on  p.  150, 
lines  13-15,  is  so  faulty  as  to  render  the  passage 
almost  unintelligible ;  on  p.  157,  ie  con- 
serveray  is  mistranslated  "I  have  kept,"  and 
du  tout,  "altogether."  Three  'Papers  about 
the  Rebellions  of  1715  and  1745,'  edited  by  Mr. 
H.  Paton,  offer  a  good  many  curious  jottings. 
We  see  old  Brigadier  Macintosh  "looking  with 
a  grim  countenance "  ;  General  Foster's  god- 
mother "giving  him  two  or  three  boxes  on  the 
eare,  and  calling  him  a  rebel  and  a  popish  toole, 
which  he  tooke  patiently"  ;  the  rebel  "  gentle- 
men soldiers  trimming  themselves  up  in  their  best 
cloathes  for  to  drink  a  dish  of  tea  with  the  laydys 
of  Lancaster  "  ;  and  the  Edinburgh  banker  who. 
Prince  Charles  having  started  for  Derby,  "din'd 
at  home  sohts,  began  to  compose  some  lines, 
paid  a  visit  at  Mr.  Kinloch's,  tinish'd  my  com- 
posure." 

Mr.    Firth's    'Scotland    and    the    Common- 
wealth '  consists  of  nearly  three  hundred  letters 
and  papers  relating  to  the  English  government 
of  Scotland  from  August,  1651,  to  December, 
1653.     An  allowance  of  four  hundred  and  odd 
pages  seems  on  the  face  of  itexcessiveforless  than 
two  years  and  a  half  ;  and  examination  convinces 
us  that  three-fourths  of  these  documents  would 
have  been  much  better  given  in  precis :   not  a 
few   might    have    been    clean  omitted.     When 
letters     from    Lilburne    to     Cromwell    begin, 
"I    have     nott    any    thinge     considerable    to 
acquaint  your   Excellency    with"    or  "  I  have 
little   to   acquaint    your    Lordshippe  withall," 
one  is  apt  to   suspect  the  importance  of  these 
letters  ;  the  suspicion    is  thoroughly   justified. 
Memoires  pour  servir  are  all  very  well,  but  these 
can  serve  only  the  purpose  of  a  narcotic.     Yet 
one  has  to  wade   through  them,  for  Mr.  Firth, 
who  must  have   studied   them  as    no  one  will 
study  them  afterwards,  seems  in  his  introduction 
purposely  to  abstain  from  indicating  what  there 
is  in  them  new  and  curious.     That  Dunnottar 
Castle  had  its  own  breed  of  hawks  is,  we  believe, 
quite  new  ;  and  so,  too,  certainly  is  the  state- 
ment that  in  1651  there  were 

"about  an  hundred  people  of  severall  nations, 
call  d  heere  by  the  name  of  Egyptians,  which  doe 
att  this  day  ramble  uppe  and  downe  the  North 
Mighlands,  the  cheifest  of  which  are  one  Hause  and 
Browne  ;  they  are  of  the  same  nature  with  the  Eng- 
lish Gypsies,  and  doe  after  the  same  manner  cheate 
and  cosen  the  country." 

Then  Mr.  Firth  might  well  have  directed  atten- 
tion  to   three   uses   of   the   word    "Tory"   in 
1651-53  (pp.  240,  243,  337),  all  earlier  than  any 
on  record  in  any  of  the  current  works  of 
ference.     But  Mr.  Firth  has  a  trick  of  Lcvw 
his  readers  to  pick  their  own  plums,  and  the 
selves   to   solve    any  difficulties.      Thus,   wlien 
he   writes   that    "Argyll   retired    to    Carrick  " 
(p.  xlvui),  he  leaves  them  to  infer  that  Carrick 
in  Ayrshire  is  meant,   whereas  surely  it  must 
be  Carrick  Castle  on  Loch  Goil.     Again,  what 
is  one  to  make  of  Lilburne's  writing  to  Cromwell 


re- 

leaving 

jm- 


that  on  Friday  last  he  marched  (apparently  from 
either  Glasgow  or  Dumbarton)  "within  160 
miles  of  the  Marq.  of  Argyll's  house  att 
Inverara "  ?  For  Inveraray  is  only  sixty-two 
miles  from  Glasgow  and  forty-six  from  Dum- 
barton ;  all  that  we  can  feel  sure  of  is  that  some- 
thing is  wrong  here.  Argyll  is  the  one  man 
on  whom  this  volume  sheds  light  ;  it  sheds  it 
chiefly  on  his  dark  duplicity.  It  illustrates  also 
the  witch  hunt  in  Scotland,  and  shows  the 
English  commissioners  to  have  been  years  in 
advance  of  their  Scottish  contemporaries,  who 
had  tortured  four  of  six  witches  to  death  by 
hanging  them  up  by  the  toes  and  making  two 
Highlanders  whip  them. 

"After  which  they  set  lighted  candles  to  the 
soles  of  their  feet,  and  between  their  toes,  then 
they  burnt  them  by  putting  lighted  candles  into 
their  mouthes,  and  then  burning  them  in  the  head. 

The  judges   are   resolved   to  inquire   into    the 

businesse,  and  have  appointed  the  Sheriffes, 
Ministers,  and  Tormentors  to  be  found  out,  and  to 
have  an  account  of  the  ground  of  the  cruelty.  The 
judges  inquired  of  the  neighbours  concerning  these 
women,  who  report  them  to  be  of  a  very  honest 
and  civill  conversation.  Another  woman  that  was 
suspected  (according  to  their  thoughts)  to  be  a 
Witch,  was  kept  20  dayesand  nights  with  bread  and 
water,  being  stript  naked  and  laid  upon  a  cold  stone, 
with  only  an  hair-cloth  over  her.  Others  had  hair- 
shirts  dipt  in  vinegar  put  on  them  to  fetch  off 
their  skins.  It  is  probable  there  will  shortly  be 
more  of  this  kind  of  Amboyna  usage,  but  here  is 
enough  for  reasonable  men  to  comment  upon." 

Mr.   Firth   might  have    commented    on   "this 


kind  of  Amboyna  usage  ";  it  refers,  we  imagine, 
to  the  Dutch  treatment  of  the  English  settlers 
at  Amboyna  in  1623,  for  which  Cromwell  ex- 
acted recompense  a  year  after  the  date  of 
Clarke's  letter.  It  is  difficult  to  think  on  the 
whole  that  Mr.  Firth  has  done  justice  either  to 
himself  or  his  documents. 

The  third  book  on  our  list  contains  two  items 
of    especial    interest.      'Lord    Mar's    Legacy,' 
edited   by  the  Hon.  Stuart  Erskine,  is  a  paper 
addressed  to  his  son  in  1727  by  the  Jacobite 
Earl  of  Mar,  who  was  a  Jacobite  only  by  force 
of  circumstances.     It  consists  partly  of  a  vindi- 
cation of    his    own   past  career,   and  partly  of 
advice  for  his    son's  conduct,  but  is    mainly  a 
scheme  for  the  reconstitution  of   the  northern 
kingdom,  under  which— a  restoration    effected 
and  the  Union  repealed — Scotland  should  have 
a  septennial  Parliament  of  its  own  ;  the  Church 
government  should  be  Episcopal,   in    place    of 
"the    sower   Presbiterian   Church  government 
which  enervates  the  minds  of  the  people  ";  two 
thousand  or  fifteen  hundred  regular  troops  should 
be  kept  on  foot,  and  the  Highlanders  be  '  modled 
into  regiaments,  to  the  number  of  fiftien  or  six- 
tien  thousand  men  ";  five  thousand  Scots  troops 
should  always  serve  in  France,  a  thousand  of 
whom  should  after  the  first  three  years  return 
yearly  to  Scotland  and   be  replaced    by  a  like 
number  ;    Edinburgh  should    be  extended  and 
improved  ;    a  canal  should  be  made  from   the 
Forth  to  the  Clyde,  &c.     Mr.  Erskine  has  done 
his  task  well,  but  on  one  point  he  is  certainly 
wrong.      "Mr.    Campbell  of  Glendarull,"   Mar 
writes,    "had    the    misfortune    to    have    many 
enimies  when  alive,   occasioned  by  his  having 
been   unluckily  engaged  in  that  afi'air  of  Beau- 
fort or  L"  Lovat's   plot";    and   that    plot  Mr. 
Erskine  identifies  in  a    foot-note  with    "Lord 
Lovat's  infamous  outrage  on  the  person  of  the 
mother  of  the  Baroness  of  Lovat. "     The  said 
outrage  was  perpetrated  in  1097 ;  with  it  Glen- 
daruel  had  nothing  whatever  to  do,  but  he  was 
implicated   in  Lovat's  so-called   "  Queensberry 
Plot "  (1703).      Over    another    point    we    own 
ourselves    nonplussed.      "  With  regard    to    the 
Legacy,"  says  Mr.  Erskine,  "it  is  here  printed 
in  its   entirety  for  the  first  time.     Sir  Walter 
Scott,   however,  would  seem  to    have  perused 
it,   since  in    his   '  Tales  of   a  Grandfather  '  he 
remarks  that  the  leader  of  the  Rebellion  of  1715 
was    more   successful    in    his   schemes   for    im- 
proving the  capital  of  Scotland  than  he  was  in 
those  for  the  alteration  of   her   government." 


Now,  what  our  authority  was  we  fail  to  remem- 
ber, but  for  years  we  have  been  familiar  with 
the  fact  that  the  idea  of  the  New  Town  of  Edin- 
burgh originated  with  Mar  ;  in  our  review  of 
Mrs.  Oliphant's  '  Royal  Edinburgh  '  (Athe7i., 
December  27th,  1890)  we  noted  the  omission  of 
"the  Jacobite  Earl  of  Mar,  to  whose  suggestion 
the  New  Town  owes  its  being."  Anyhow,  the 
details  of  his  scheme  first  published  here  are 
decidedly  interesting— the  building  of  the  North 
Bridge  across  the  Norloch,  the  formation  of  a 
long  street  with  gardens  sloping  down  to  the 
Norloch,  the  building  of  houses  not  "so  mon- 
strously high  as  they  are  now  "  (alack  for  the 
threatened  hotel  !),  and  so  forth. 

The  '  Letters  written  by  Mrs.  Grant  of  Laggan 
concerning  Highland  Affairs  and  Persons  con- 
nected with  the  Stuart  Cause  '  are  edited  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  N.  Macphail.  They  would  well  have 
stood  somewhat  fuller  editing.  For  instance, 
we  would  gladly  learn  more  of  that  "MS.  copy 
written  by  Prince  Charles  of  the  History  of  his 
Campaigns  in  Scotland  in  1745,"  which  Sir 
John  IMacpherson  had  access  to  at  Rome  in 
1792  ;  is  it  or  is  it  not  among  the  Stuart  Papers 
at  W'indsor  ?  And  the  very  full  narrative  of  the 
betrayal  of  the  old  Marquis  of  Tullibardine  by 
his  kinswoman's  husband  and  father-in-law,  the 
Buchanans  of  Drummikill,  how  much  that  would 
have  gained  by  a  few  brief  foot-notes  culled 
from  '  The  Lyon  in  Mourning '  (i.  282-3), 
Chambers's  '  History  of  the  Rebellion  ' 
(chap.  XXV.),  and  especially  Mr.  Guthrie 
Smith's  '  Strathendrick  '  (p.  321)!  The  pedi- 
gree in  the  last-named  work  gives  no  hint  of 
the  treachery,  but  it  strangely  corroborates  Mrs. 
Grant's  account  of  the  shameful  extinction  of 
the  race  of  Drummikill — by  the  death  of  the 
young  laird  before  his  father  in  1749,  of  his  son 
unmarried  in  1768,  and  of  the  young  laird's 
brother  in  1780,  leaving  only  a  natural  daughter. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

The  sub-title  of  Mr.  Grant  Allen's  book  An 
African  Millionaire  (Grant  Richards)  explains 
its  contents.     A  dozen  "episodes  in  the  life  of 
the  illustrious  Colonel  Clay  "  practically  consti- 
tute twelve  short  stories  illustrative  of  as  many 
different  methods  employed  by  a  swindler  for 
extracting  money  out  of  the  pockets  of  a  mil- 
lionaire.    The  reader  comes  in  contact  with  the 
same  people  in  each  story,  namely,  the  swindler, 
the  victim,  the  victim's  brother-in-law  and  secre- 
tary, and  various  female  relatives  of  these  per- 
sons ;    but   the   narratives    cannot    be   said   to 
constitute  a  novel.     The  collection  of  stories  is 
interesting  and  ingenious,  and  suffers  only  from 
the  disadvantage  that  the  reader  has  had  enough 
before  he  has  finished  with  the  volume.    All  are 
well   written   and    show    careful    composition. 
The  best  is  that  which  recounts  how  the  mil- 
lionaire after  being  repeatedly  swindled  wrongly 
accuses  an  honest  man  of  endeavouring  to  sell 
him  a  forged  "old  master" — for  the  painting 
is    finally  found    to  be    genuine.       With   some 
allowance  for  literacy  effect,  few  of  the  "epi- 
sodes "  can  be  challenged  as  impossible  events 
in  a  millionaire's  life.    The  book  may  be  recom- 
mended as  congenial  literature  for  the  approach- 
ing holiday  season. 

Blind  Larry :  Irish  Idylls.  By  Lewis  Mac- 
namara.  (Jarrold  &  Sons.)— Some  fifteen  years 
ago,  when  the  Land  League  ruled  Ireland  and 
there  was  but  one  Irish  Parliamentary  party, 
a  German  waiter  in  a  Dublin  hotel  was  asked 
how  he  liked  Ireland.  He  waxed  warm  in 
praise,  but  ended  with  the  qualification,  "  Nur 
muss  mann  in  Acht  nehmen  nicht  geschossen 
zuwerden";  and  the  Ireland  of  Mr.  Macnamara 
is  as  the  Ireland  of  that  waiter,  a  charming  place 
to  live  in  if  you  take  care  not  to  get  shot.  The 
public  have  always  coupled  shooting  with  agrarian 
difficulties ;  but  Mr.  Macnamara 's  characters 
(delightful  in  all  other  ways)  do  not  hesitate  to 
shoot,  or  to  bash  in  the  brains  of,  inconvenient 
neighbours  and  rivals  in  affairs  of  the  heart  : 


94 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


and  in  the  chronicles  of  this  little  village  of 
Gurteen  there  are  three  successful  murders, 
two  attempts  to  murder,  and  a  nocturnal  raid 
with  throat  to  murder,  to  say  nothing  of  death 
by  accident ;  indeed,  to  die  of  old  age  or  of  bodily 
illness  must  be  quite  an  exceptional  fate  in  the 
little  village  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  But  in  spite 
of  this  serious  drawback  Gurteen  wins  the 
reader's  heart,  for  Mr.  Macnamara  tells  its 
story  with  kindly  irony  and  gentle  humour, 
and  by  dint  of  liking  its  inhabitants  himself,  he 
makes  his  reader  like  them.  The  great  charm  of 
the  book  is  an  atmosphere  of  romantic  melancholy 
that  well  suits  the  wild  rocky  scenes  in  which  the 
comedies  and  tragedies  of  Gurteen  are  acted  ; 
the  stories  are  well  conceived  and  skilfully 
told,  but  they  are  handicapped  by  their  un- 
fortunate resemblance  to  other  Irish  idyls 
which,  though  dealing  with  incidents  more 
commonplace  and  more  convincing,  were  as  pic- 
turesque and  pleasing  as  these. 


ECCLE.SIASTICAL   HISTORY, 

The  Christian  Ecdesia :  a  Course  of  Lectures 
on  the  Early  History  and  Early  Conceptions  of 
the  Ecdesia,  and  Four  Sermons.  By  F.  J.  A. 
Hort,  D.D.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— The  title  of 
this  work  indicates  clearly  the  spirit  in  which 
it  has  been  thought  out  and  written.  Dr.  Hort 
uses  the  word  "  Ecclesia  "  in  order  that  he  and 
his  readers  may  be  free  from  the  prepossessions 
which  the  word  "  Church  "  might  bring  with  it. 
The  book  is  pervaded  by  the  earnest  desire  to 
get  at  the  exact  conception  which  the  early 
Christians  had  of  the  Ecclesia,  its  functions 
and  its  officials.  It  is  thoroughly  impartial  and 
independent.  Dr.  Hort  possessed  the  kind  of 
scholarship  that  was  requisite  for  the  task.  He 
quotes  the  passages  from  the  New  Testament 
in  the  form  which  the  best  MSS.  warrant,  and 
he  explains  the  peculiar  Greek  words  that 
occur  in  them  in  harmony  with  the  results  of 
recent  scholarship  and  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  Greek  of  the  period.  The  book  is 
an  admirable  illustration  of  how  inquiries 
into  early  Christian  thought  should  bo  con- 
ducted. Dr.  Hort's  method  is  to  go  over  the 
books  of  the  New  Testament,  selecting,  explain- 
ing, and  bringing  out  the  full  force  of  the 
passages  that  refer  to  the  Ecclesia.  He  has 
done  this  exhaustively  for  most  of  the  books, 
and  the  only  books  which  he  has  not  discussed 
fully  are  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  the  Second 
Epistle  of  St.  Peter,  and  the  Apocalypse.  He 
pleaded  want  of  time  as  his  excuse,  but  pro- 
bably he  felt  that  their  doubtful  position  in  the 
early  canon  rendered  them  less  important.  Dr. 
Hort  believed  that  the  books  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment which  he  examined  are  genuine,  and  that 
the  historical  books  especially  contain  abso- 
lutely authentic  accounts  of  the  transactions 
which  they  record.  A  different  opinion  would 
modify  some  of  the  results  at  which  he  arrived. 
Dr.  Hort's  thirteenth  lecture  is  entitled  '  Brief 
Notes  on  Various  Epistles  and  Recapitulation.' 
From  this  chapter  we  select  two  passages.  The 
first  contains  the  general  conclusions  Avhich  he 
obtained  from  his  inquiry  : — 

"In  the  Apostolic  age  we  have  seen  that  the 
offices  instituted  in  the  Ecclesia  were  the  creation 
of  successive  experiences  and  changes  of  circum- 
stance, involving  at  the  same  time  a  partial  adoption 
first  of  Jewish  i)recedents  by  the  Ecclesia  of  Judea, 
and  then  apparently  of  Judpan  Christian  precedents 
by  the  Ecclesire  of  the  Dispersion  and  the  Gentiles. 
There  is  no  trace  in  the  New  Testament  that  any 
ordinances  on  this  subject  were  prescribed  by  the 
Lord,  or  that  any  such  ordinances  were  set  up  as 
permanently  binding  by  the  Twelve  or  by  St.  Paul 
or  by  the  Ecclesia  at  large.  Their  faith  in  the  Holy 
Spirit  and  His  perpetual  guidance  was  too  much  of 
a  reality  to  make  that  possible." 

The  second  extract  contains  the  practical  appli- 
cation to  be  made  from  his  conclusions  : — 

"In  this  as  in  many  other  things  is  seen  the 
futility  of  endeavouring  to  make  the  Apostolic  his- 
tory into  a  set  of  authoritative  precedents,  to  he 
rigorously  copied  without  regard  to  time  and  place, 
thusturningthe  Gospel  into  a  second  Leviticid  Code. 


The  Apostolic  age  is  full  of  embodiments  of  pur- 
I)oses  and  principles  of  the  most  instructive  kind  : 
but  the  responsibility  of  choosing  the  means  was 
left  ever  to  the  Ecclesia  itself,  and  to  each  Ecclesia, 
guided  by  ancient  precedent  on  the  one  hand  and 
adaptation  to  present  and  future  needs  on  the  other. 
The  lesson-book  of  the  Ecclesia,  and  of  every 
Ecclesia,  is  not  a  law  but  a  history." 

The  editor  has  printed  four  sermons  in  addition 
to  the  lectures.  We  think  that  these,  though 
good  and  not  entirely  inappropriate,  had  better 
have  been  omitted.  The  lectures  form  a  complete 
subject  in  themselves  and  illustrate  a  method, 
and  should  be  kept  quite  distinct  from  sermons, 
which  do  not  partake  of  the  nature  of  investiga- 
tions, but  are  mere  expositions.  The  book  can 
be  strongly  recommended  to  all  students  of 
early  Church  history. 

The  Church  of  the    Sixth    Century,    by  Mr. 
William  Holden    Hutton    (Longmans  &   Co.), 
consists  of  six  lectures  which  the  author    de- 
livered last  year  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  the  capacity  of  Birkbeck  Lecturer  in  Eccle- 
siastical History.     We  congratulate  Mr.  Hutton 
on  his  choice  of  a  subject  which  is  highly  im- 
portant and  still  offers  a  considerable  field  for 
research.  The  ecclesiastical  activity  of  Justinian 
may  be  regarded   from   two  distinct  points  of 
view.     It  may  be  considered  in  connexion  with 
his    secular   policy,  or    it  may   be    studied  in 
relation   to  the   previous    and  subsequent  his- 
tory   of  the  Church   and  judged   by   a   purely 
theological    standard.     Mr.    Hutton    naturally 
treats  the  subject  from  the  latter  point  of  view. 
He  is  animated  by  an  ardent    admiration  for 
.Justinian,  and  the  key-note  of  his  lectures  is  the 
ecclesiastical  importance  of    Constantinople  in 
the  sixth  century.     He  shows  clearly  and  dis- 
creetly how  ill  the  Papacy  came  out  of  the  con- 
troversies of  the   time,   and  is  able    to  justify 
his  polite  strictures  by  the  admissions  of    the 
Abbd    Duchesne.     He    relates    succinctly    and 
lucidly   the    story  of    the    tergiversations    and 
shufflings  of  Vigilius.    He  devotes  much  space  to 
an  indictment  of  the  generally  received  view  that 
Justinian  fell  into  the  Aphthartodocetic  heresy 
in  the  last  years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Hutton's  stylo  is 
throughout  bright  and  pleasant  ;  he  says  hard 
words  of  no  one.     But  we  like  him  better  in 
his  chapters  on  the  "  Art  of  the  Sixth  Century  " 
and   the  missionary  work  of  Justinian  than  in 
his  exposition  of  the  Church  controversies.     For 
this    exposition    seems   to   be  too  popular  and 
superficial  for  those  to  whom  it  is  addressed. 
The  lectures,  originally  delivered  to  a  univer- 
sity audience,  assume  a  considerable  knowledge 
of    the    Nestorian    and   Monophysitio   contro- 
versies  of  the  fifth  century  and  the  rulings  of 
the  Council  of  Chalcedon.     The  '  Henotikon  '  of 
Zeno  is  referred  to   without  any  explanation. 
But  readers  who  can  be  assumed  to  possess  this 
knowledge  are  entitled   to  look  for  some  fuller 
and  deeper  instruction  on  the  intricate  debates 
of  the  sixth  century  than  the  sketch  which  Mr. 
Hutton  supplies — excellent  so  far    as  it  goes. 
Some  of  the  most  prominent  theologians  of  the 
century   do    not   appear    in    the    index.     Mr. 
Hutton  was  hardly  justified  in  dispensing  him- 
self from  estimating  the  Church  policies  of  Zeno 
and  Anastasius,  apart  from  which  that  of  Jus- 
tinian is  not  fully  intelligible.  When  we  opened 
the  volume,  we  hoped  to  find  a  detailed  survey 
of  the  Christological  controversies  of  Justinian's 
age  ;  and  we  have  been  seriously  disappointed. 
It  strikes  us  that  Mr.  Hutton  is  more  successful 
in  recording  his  impressions  of  St.  Sophia  than 
in  discussing  the  Three  Chapters.  The  following 
description  is  admirable.     St.  Sophia 

"  is  impressive  far  beyond  expectation  at  the  first 
entrance,  and  the  impression  deepens  everj'  hour. 
'I'wo  points  must  strike  every  beholder.  First,  its 
fitness  for  the  Divine  liturgy.  No  building  of  the 
size  has,  perhaps,  ever  been  so  well  designed  for 
the  participation  of  all  the  worshippers  in  the  great 
act  of  thanksgiving.  The  galleries  and  the  aisles 
alike  permit  the  sight  of  the  apse — the  bema.  The 
eye  would  be  carried  towards  the  ciborium,  and  fixed 
upon  the  ikonostasis  and  the  ambo,  which  the  sixth 
century  writers    describe    with    such    enthusiasm. 


Connected  with  this  result,  I   think,  is  the  perfect 

symmetry   of    the   whole    building The    second 

feature  is  the  marvellous  richness  of  decoration. 
Even  now  the  immemorial  jiillors,  which  had  stood  in 
the  temple  of  Baalbek  before  Christ  lived  on  earth, 
are  glorious  in  their  beauty.  Porphyry  and  verdc 
antiqne,  of  colossal  size,  surmounted  by  elaborately 
carved  capitals,  with  the  monograms,  undefaced,  of 
Justinian  and  Theodora,  they  stand,  to  all  appearance, 
as  they  have  stood  for  thirteen  hundred  years.  And 
if  the  dignity  of  the  great  columns  impresses,  the 
beauty  of  the  varied  work  on  the  capitals  attracts 
and  interests.  There  may  be  traced  the  growth 
of  Byzantine  art,  foreign  influence,  and  ancient 
survival  Emblem  and  monogram  and  device 
enrich  the  new  impost  -  capital,  which,  in  its  four 
main  varieties,  is  found  in  the  great  church." 

It  is  not  quite  to  the  point  to  compare  Messrs. 
Lethaby  and  Swainson's  '  S.  Sophia  '  with  Sal- 
zenberg's  '  Altchristliche  Baudenkmale,'  as  if 
they  were  rival  books  (p.  273).  It  should 
rather  be  said  that  the  English  book  is  now 
the  chief  work  on  the  subject,  but  must  be 
studied  in  connexion  with  the  indispensable 
plates  of  Salzenberg,  We  do  not  like  to  see 
Mr,  Grosvenor's  'Constantinople,'  a  preten- 
tious work  and  not  abreast  of  the  most  recent 
research,  described  as  "the  latest  authority," 
On  p.  9  it  is  observed  that  Constantinople  had  the 
same  crmstitution  as  old  Rome,  and  in  support 
of  this  statement  it  is  mentioned  that  "  we  meet 
in  the  pages  of  Procopius  with  the  prefect,  the 
senate  and  the  people,  the  quoestor."  This  is  a 
little  misleading.  The  quaestor  was  connected 
with  the  emperor,  not  with  the  city  ;  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  reign  of  Honorius  the  quaestor 
resided  at  Ravenna,  not  at  Rome.  An  unwary 
reader  might  be  led  to  imagine  that  the  quaestor 
of  this  period  was  historically  descended  from 
the  qupestors  of  the  republic  and  early  empire. 
Mr.  Hutton  (p.  61)  equates  Biclaro  with  Val- 
clara,  without  any  hint  of  uncertainty.  We 
doubt  the  identification.  It  would  have  been 
well  if  he  had  made  use  of  the  studies  of  the 
Abb^  Duchesne  for  his  account  of  the  conver- 
sion of  the  Sudan  and  Ethiopia,  We  have 
noticed  some  trifling  misprints  :  p.  35,  n,  2, 
"  des  Germanen  ";  53,  n,  1,  "  Achimandrite  "; 
150,  "othodoxy";  274,  n.  1,  " der  byzantin- 
ischer  Litteratur";  c,  y'l.  passim,  *' Strygovski," 

The  Ahbe  de  Lametmais  and  the  Liberal 
Catholic  Movement  in  France.  By  the  Hon. 
W.  Gibson,  (Longmans  &  Co.) — Mr.  Gibson's 
intentions  are  excellent,  and  he  has  tried  to 
give  a  clear  account  of  Lamennais's  career  ; 
but  his  book  shows  signs  of  inexperience,  and 
he  cannot  be  said  to  have  added  anything  to 
our  knowledge  of  its  subject.  He  seems  to 
exaggerate  the  importance  of  the  intercourse 
between  his  hero  and  Auguste  Comte, 

Spanish  Protestants  in  the  Sixteenth  Century. 
Compiled  from  the  German  of  C,  A,  Wilkens 
by  Rachel  Challice,  (Heinemann.)  —  Miss 
Challice  has  translated  a  'Geschichte  des 
spanischen  Protestantismus  '  by  Dr.  0.  A. 
Wilkens,  and,  finding  the  book  "  too  ponderous 
for  general  readers,"  she  has  published  an 
abridgment  of  it  reduced  to  half  its  original 
size,  and  produced  "in  a  form  more  adapted 
to  the  general  reader."  As  we  have  not  seen 
Dr.  Wilkens's  book  we  can  pronounce  no 
opinion  on  it  ;  but  Miss  Challice's  volume  is 
of  little  value.  In  abridging  the  book  she  ha» 
often  left  out  facts  essential  to  the  compre- 
hension of  the  narrative ;  her  knowledge  of 
German  is  obviouslj'  imperfect,  and  she  makes 
so  many  errors  in  Spanish  that  her  acquaint- 
ance with  that  language  cannot  be  great. 
Some  of  her  mistakes,  too,  seem  to  show  that 
lier  knowledge  of  history  is  not  large.  What 
can  be  said  of  the  following  sentence  ? — 

"To  the  noble-hearted  Duchess  Guilia  de  Gon- 
zaga,  widow  of  Vespasian  Colonnn,  Juan  Valdes  was 
also  able  to  afford  greater  s|)iritual  helj)  with  his 
evangelical  ojiinions  than  were  Sales,  St.  Cyran,  the 
duchesse  de  Grammont,  the  Princess  de  Guise,  or 
Fenelon." 

Strange  forms  abound  in  the  book  :  "  Jaena  " 
for  Jaen,  "  Oekolampad  "  for  (Ecdampadius, 
and  "Melancthon"  occur,  each  of  them  more 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


95 


than  once  ;  so  they  can  hardly  be  attributed  to 
the  printer.        

SCANDINAVIAN   LITERATURE. 

Handbook  of  the  History  of  Finnish  Literature. 
By  B.  F.  Godenhjelm.  Translated  from  the 
Finnish,  with  Notes,  by  E.  D.  Butler.  (Butler.) 
— This  little  book  is  an  exceedingly  careful  and 
accurate  translation  by  the  accomplished  linguist 
Mr.  Dundas  Butler  of  Prof.  Godenhj elm's 
'  Oppikirja  Suomalaisen  Kirjallisuuden  His- 
toriassa,'  the  standard  text-book  of  the  native 
literature  used  in  the  Finnish  girls'  school  at 
Helsingfors.  It  is  an  excellent  introductory 
manual,  which  might  well  serve  as  a  stepping- 
stone  to  more  elaborate  works,  like  Krohn's 
'Suomalaisen  Kirjallisuuden  Historia,'  for  in- 
stance, though,  of  course,  it  suffers  from  want 
of  proportion,  that  almost  inevitable  defect  of 
all  such  handbooks.  Thus  the  description  of 
the  rich  and  varied  modern  literature  is 
crowded  into  eight  pages,  whereas  no  fewer 
than  thirty-four  pages  are  allotted  to  the 
comparatively  barren  and  unimportant  period 
between  1542  and  1835.  It  was  a  mistake, 
too,  to  rank  purely  Swedish  poets,  like  Frese, 
Creutz,  Runeberg,  and  Cygnteus,  among 
Finnish  writers.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
analysis  of  the  '  Kalevala  '  is  eminently  satisfac- 
tory. Mr.  Butler  has  enriched  the  book  with 
a  series  of  illustrative  foot-notes  indicative  of 
no  mean  scholarship.  Sometimes,  indeed,  he 
is  not  quite  up  to  date,  as  when  in  his  pen- 
ultimate foot-note  he  mentions  the  already 
antiquated  '  Biografinen  Nimikirja  '  among  his 
"serviceable  aids  to  students  of  Finnish  litera- 
ture," without  a  word  of  the  more  recent  and 
much  superior  '  Finsk  Biografisk  Handbok,' 
which  promises  to  supersede  it ;  and  one  cannot 
but  smile  to  see  the  Swedish  Chancellor,  Count 
Creutz,  described  by  him  as  "President  of  the 
Swedish  Court  of  Chancery."  These,  however, 
are  the  sole  important  errors  of  omission  and 
commission  we  have  been  able  to  discover. 
But  why,  oh,  why  did  Mr.  Butler,  himself  a 
librarian  of  many  years'  standing,  neglect  to 
■equip  his  volume  with  a  suitable  index  ? 

Sveriges  Periodiska  Litteratur.  Bibliografi 
utarbetad  af  Bernhardt  Lundstedt.  Vol.  II. 
I645-I894..  (Stockholm,  Bonnier.) -Dr.  Lund- 
stedt, of  the  Royal  Library  of  Stockholm,  has 
just  published  the  second  and  final  volume  of 
his  work  on  Swedish  periodical  literature,  and 
we  are  glad  to  receive  such  a  useful  and 
thorough  bibliographical  guide.  It  is  a  valu- 
able addition  to  our  works  of  reference,  though 
naturally  there  will  not  be  many  in  this  country 
who  will  often  consult  it.  Dr.  Lundstedt  gives 
an  accurate  account  and  description  of  each 
periodical,  detailing  the  various  phases  through 
which  it  has  passed,  and  mentioning  any  item 
of  interest  connected  with  its  publication. 
Tegner's  first  attempts  and  many  of  his 
smaller  pieces  were  printed  in  Lunds  Wecko- 
blad,  and  we  are  reminded  that  the  poet  Kell- 
gren  not  only  contributed  to,  but  was  also  the 
editor  of  Stockholms  Posten.  Dr.  Lundstedt 
givesGustavus  II.  the  credit  of  being  the  originator 
of  periodical  publications  in  Sweden.  Shortly 
before  the  king  started  for  Prussia,  in  June, 
1626,  he  gave  orders  that  the  Secretary  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Records  should  extract 
any  interesting  items  of  news  from  the  letters 
received  from  the  king's  various  correspondents, 
and  print  them  once  a  week,  and  out  of  this 
practice  the  Swedish  periodical  was  gradually 
developed.  Dr.  Lundstedt  has  also  many 
interesting  notes  about  the  indiscretions  of 
editors  and  the  censorship  which  the  kings  and 
Government  exercised  on  the  papers.  Censors 
seem  to  have  been  appointed  in  1676,  and 
Charles  XI.  iu  1682  was  so  concerned  about  the 
matter  of  certain  articles  that  had  been  pub- 
lished that  he  wrote  to  Oxenstjerna,  telling 
him  to  take  care  that  nothing  was  printed 
without  previous  examination.     The  Sofrosyne, 


a  paper  for  women,  was  suppressed  in  1815, 
after  eighteen  months'  existence,  owing  to  the 
insertion  of  a  letter  in  which  mention  was 
made  of  the  wonderful  change  that  had 
been  wrought  in  a  certain  prince  (the  Emperor 
A-lexander)  by  Madame  Krudener.  The  editor 
was  fined  800  rix  dollars.  The  Hermes  Gothicus, 
printed  in  Strengnas  in  1624,  is  the  oldest 
known  newspaper  of  Sweden.  A  very  imperfect, 
though  unique  copy  exists  in  the  royal  library 
at  Stockholm.  The  index,  we  are  sorry  to  say, 
leaves  much  to  be  desired. 


FRENCH   HISTORY. 

By  the  "Convocation  des  Etats  Gene'raux  " 
M.  A.  Brette  understands,  not,  as  M.  Thiers 
has  implied,  "  leur  reunion  effective,"  but  the 
electoral  operationsconnected  with  thatassembly: 
"  Actes  relatifs  h  la  convocation,  listes  des  agents 
du  pouvoir  royal,  listes  des  ^lus  de  la  nation, 
ces  trois  ^Mments  formeront  en  quelque  sort  la 
base  de  notre  Edifice."  His  ponderous  volume 
entitled  Eecueil  de  Documents  relatifs  a  la 
Convocation  des  Etats  Generanx  de  1789 
(Paris,  Imprimerie  Nationale)  gives  only  the 
first  two  of  the  above-named  elements.  The 
"  edifice,"  when  finished,  is  to  form  the  preface 
to  a  work  on  the  proces  verhaux  and  the  cahiers 
of  1789.  The  labour  here  suggested  sounds 
appalling,  and  involves  the  elucidation,  or  at  all 
events  the  publication,  of  obsolete  statutes  and 
laws  referring  to  defunct  institutions  and  offices 
which  when  they  existed  defied  comprehension. 
Thus  M.  Brette  records  the  difficulties  officials 
in  1789  encountered  when  dealing  with  topo- 
graphical details  ;  how,  for  instance,  the  royal 
letter  of  convocation  for  the  Comte'  de  Com- 
minges  was  addressed  to  "  M.  le  lieutenant 
gdndral  du  bailliage  de  Comminges  h  Com- 
minges,"  though  in  that  comte  there  was  no 
royal  bailiwick  nor  lieutenant-general,  nor  even 
any  town  of  the  name  of  Comminges.  Never- 
theless our  author  declares  that  "  chaque 
nom  de  ville,  paroisse,  ou  communautd  cite  dans 
les  proces  verbaux  des  assemblies  bailliageres, 
ou  dans  les  'Etats  desparoisses'  adress^skNecker 
par  les  lieutenants  gdneraux,  a  ete  par  nous 
relev^,  points,  control^  et  fix^  sur  la  carte,"  and 
this  in  spite  of  the  destruction  by  the  Revolu- 
tion of  the  old  territorial  distinctions  and  of 
innumerable  archives.  Even  the  exact  number 
of  the  deputies  is  a  matter  of  doubt  ;  yet  M. 
Brette  promises  an  alphabetical  list  of  those  who 
actually  sat  in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  another 
of  those  who,  though  elected,  did  not  take  their 
seat,  and  a  third  of  all  the  deputies  arranged 
according  to  their  bailiwick,  town,  or  district. 
Loyseau  had  said  :  "  En  France  la  confusion  des 
justices  n'est  guere  moindre  que  celle  des  langues 
lors  de  la  tour  de  Babel."  A  century  later 
Calonne  asserted  that  from  the  confusion  caused 
in  the  realm  by  the  "Pays  d'Etats  "  and  the 
"  Pays  d' Administrations  mixtes,"  the  different 
modes  of  taxation,  and  the  system  of  privileges, 
"c'est  necessairement  un  royaume  tres  im- 
parfait,  tres  rempli  d'abus,  et  tel  qu'il  est 
impossible  de  le  bien  gouverner."  These 
statements  M.  Brette  abundantly  illustrates. 
Hence  we  think  him  somewhat  prejudiced  in 
blaming  the  Crown  for  its  failure  to  perform 
the  impossible  task  of  reconciling  so  many 
antagonistic  claims.  He  tells  us  that  if  the 
Convocation  has  never  before  been  rightly 
studied,  the  fault  can  be  traced  back  "  to  the 
incredible  ignorance  of  the  Crown,  which  first 
led  historians  and  commentators  into  error," 
Thus  the  reglement  of  January  24th,  1789, 
"  the  basis  of  the  whole  history  of  the  Con- 
vocation," was  not  understood  by  the  royal 
power  that  issued  it.  It  was  not  a  '■'reglement  at 
all,  but  only  an  instruction."  Necker's  famous 
resxdtat  of  December  27th,  1788,  had,  as 
Duquesnoy  observes,  a  false  foundation  when 
its  second  article  provided  "que  ce  nombre 
(de  mille  de'putds)  sera  forme  autant  qu'il  sera 
possible  en  raison  composee  de  la  ^population  et 


des  contributions  de  chaque  bailliage,"  for  what 
proportion  could  be  established  between  a  popu- 
lation of  10,000  paying  100,000  francs,  and  a 
population  of  30,000  contributing  400,000 
francs  ('Journal  de  Duquesnoy,'  vol.  i.  p.  159)? 
But  M.  Brette  shows  further  that  the  Crown 
knew  neither  the  population  of  the  kingdom 
nor  the  contributions  of  each  bailiwick.  The 
gross  produce  of  the  taxation  could  not  be 
estimated  because  so  large  a  portion  remained 
in  the  hands  of  the  farmer  -  generals,  whilst 
Necker  himself  had  declared  the  census  of  such 
a  large  country  impossible.  A  guess  at  the 
population  of  a  district  was  sometimes  arrived 
at  by  multiplying  the  births  by  twenty-six. 
A  calculation  thus  made  by  the  Intendant 
gave  the  Comte  d'Eu  little  more  than  half 
the  actual  number  of  its  inhabitants.  The 
necessity  of  tracing  who  were  the  agents 
of  the  royal  power  whose  functions  brought 
them  into  any  sort  of  connexion  with  the  Con- 
vocation results  in  elaborate  expositions  of 
the  origin,  duties,  and  emoluments  of  ministers 
and  secretaries  of  state,  governor-generals, 
Prevots  g^n^raux  de  la  marechaussee,  intend- 
ants,  archbishops,  bishops,  &c.,  with  lists  and 
often  biographical  notices  of  the  persons  holding 
those  positions  in  1789.  We  are  shown  a 
"lieutenant  g^n^ral  d'epee "  contesting  the 
right  of  directing  the  acts  of  Convocation  with 
a  "lieutenant  ge'neral  de  robe  longue,"  whilst 
the  Abbe  de  Bardonnet  claims  the  right  of 
taking  part  in  the  States  General  on  the  ground 
of  being  the  military  governor  of  Souvigny,  an 
anomaly  which  M  Brette  compares  with  the 
position  of  Madame  des  Essarts,  who  in  1621 
figured  as  "commandant  de  la  ville  de  Romo- 
rantin."  An  interesting  chapter  on  military 
governor  -  generals  of  provinces  demonstrates 
the  uselessness  and  expense  of  an  office  to 
which  no  power  was  attached,  and  of  which  the 
abolition  was  constantly  demanded  by  the 
cahiers  of  1789.  These  personages  were  forbidden 
to  meddle  in  the  affairs  of  their  respective  pro- 
vinces, or  even  to  go  thither  unless  specially 
authorized.  Comte  de  Peyre  was  governor  of 
the  Bourbonnais  and  also  its  grand  military 
seneschal.  In  the  latter  capacity  he  should 
have  presided  over  the  assemblies  of  the  three 
orders,  but  as  governor  he  could  not  even  appear 
there.  Amongst  the  indemnities  granted  to 
such  governors  in  1791  was  one  to  the  Duke  of 
Orleans  of  350,000  francs. 

In  the  same  monotonous  form  in  which  M. 
Victor  Pierre  in  his  '  18  Fructidor '  dealt 
with  the  summary  treatment  by  military  com- 
missions of  returned  emigres  does  he  now,  in 
La  Deportation  Ecclesiastvpie  sous  le  Directoire, 
give  the  text  of  hundreds  of  arretes  de  deporta- 
tion affecting  some  two  thousand  French  and 
Belgian  clergy.  Both  volumes,  we  suspect, 
should  be  considered  as  merely  the  pieces  justi- 
ficatives  to  a  work  he  published  ten  years  ago 
entitled  '  La  Terreur  sous  le  Directoire.'  "11 
n'a  pas  ^t^  lanc^  un  seul  mandat  d'arret  apr^s 
le  19  fructidor  contre  qui  que  ce  soit "  is  the 
assertion  of  M.  Jules  Simon's  "grand  homme 
de  bien,"  Revelliere  Lepeaux.  M.  Victor 
Pierre,  however,  proves  that  Director  to  have 
signed  no  fewer  than  231  sentences  of  transpor- 
tation after  that  date.  The  innumerable  charges 
against  priests  of  "  fanaticizing  the  people  "  by 
performing  marriages  and  baptisms,  of  retracting 
or  qualifying  the  various  oaths  required  of  them, 
and  of  refusing  absolution  to  holders  of  national 
property  are  varied  on  one  occasion  by  the 
accusation  made  against  some  of  the  clerical 
members  of  the  University  of  Louvain  of  having 
exorcised  a  girl  reputed  to  be  possessed  of  the 
devil. 

The  firm  of  Calmann  Levy  publish  M.  Anatole 
Leroy-Beaulieu's  newstudies  on  diplomacy  under 
the  title  of  Etudes  Ii^(,sses  et  Europeennes.  They 
chiefly  concern  the  position  of  France  in  these 
last  years,  and  they  are  virtually  as  much 
directed  against  the  Russian  alliance  as  is  pos- 
sible in  the  case  of  one  who  is  a  patriotic  French- 


96 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


man,  and  who  has  done  more  than  any  other 
Frenchman  to  make  Russia  known  to  France. 
M.  Anatole  Leroy-Beaulieu  does  not  advise 
France  to  break  away  from  that  Russian  alliance 
which,  like  other  far-sighted  observers,  he  had 
seen  to  be  inevitable  since  1870  ;  but  he  warns 
his  countrymen  against  exaggei'ation.  The  most 
interesting  jJortion  of  the  work  (because  the 
newest,  and  the  matters  dealt  with  change  from 
time  to  time)  is  a  preface,  dated  May  of  this 
year,  in  whicli  the  present  position  of  the  Euro- 
pean Concert  is  discussed.  The  author  shows 
that  the  grouping  of  continental  Europe  now 
forms  a  reconstitution  of  the  Balance  of  Power, 
and  maintains  peace  better  than  did  that  former 
understanding,  but  that  it  involves  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  hopes  of  the  nationalities  and  of 
liberty,  and  the  abandonment  by  all  the  Great 
Powers  of  all  iinselhsh  care  and  generous  treat- 
ment of  the  weaker  peoples,  and  concentration 
of  their  energies  upon  the  maintenance  of  peace 
among  themselves.  The  nine  pages  of  the  pre- 
face are  thoroughly  worthy  to  be  studied  and 
remembered. 

The  same  great  publishing  firm  of  Paris  also 
issue  Trois  Annees  de  la  Qncstion  d' Orient, 
1850  -  1850,  d'aprcs  Ics  Pitpiers  inedits  de 
M.  Thourenel,  by  M.  L.  Thouvenel.  This  pub- 
lication from  M.  Thouvenel 's  papers  is  less 
interesting  and  less  important  than  the  previous 
ones  which  have  been  noticed  by  us.  The  period 
has  not  the  importance  which  the  present 
M.  Thouvenel  attributes  to  it  in  his  preface, 
and  even  the  portions  of  the  book  which 
directly  concern  this  country  do  not  seem 
of  much  interest  now.  The  quarrels  of  Lord 
Stratford  and  of  Sir  Henry  Bulwer  have  ceased 
to  charm. 

MM.  Armand  Colin  &  Cie  publish  Bistoire 
Politique  deV Europe  Contemporaine :  Evolution 
des  Fartis  et  des  Forines  Folitiqius,  1814-1896, 
by  Ch.  Seignobos,  which  is  an  accurate  account 
of  the  present  politics  (with  introductions 
covering  the  period  since  1815)  of  England, 
France,  Holland,  Switzerland,  the  Iberian  and 
Italian  peninsulas,  Germany,  Scandinavia, 
Russia,  Turkey,  and  the  Balkan  states.  The 
author  is  perfectly  fair,  and  his  book  is  so  sound 
that  it  might  become  a  text-book  for  teaching  ; 
but  the  claim  made  for  it  that  it  is  indispen- 
sable is  hardly  well  founded.  There  is  nothing 
new  in  it,  and  nothing  that  cannot  be  found 
elsewhere.  No  doubt  it  would  be  difficult  to 
find  a  single  volume  in  which  everything  that 
is  to  be  found  in  this  one  could  be  discovered, 
but  this  claim  may  be  made  for  almost  every 
learned  compilation.  It  is  curious  to  find  in  a 
work  published  in  Paris  that  it  is  fully  admitted 
that  the  period  of  French  preponderance  in 
Europe  has  been  replaced  by  a  period  of  German 
preponderance.  It  is  interesting  to  see  that 
the  author  classes  Great  Britain,  Norway,  and 
Switzerland  by  themselves  as  the  three  Euro- 
pean countries  which  have  had  a  regular  political 
evolution  produced  by  internal  development. 
We  are  disposed  to  agree  with  him  in  this  classi- 
fication, although  the  peculiar  circumstances  of 
the  personal  connexion  between  Norway  and 
first  Denmark,  and  now  Sweden,  perhaps  cause 
some  doubt  as  to  how  far  the  democratic  de- 
velopment of  Norway  has  been  hastened  or 
retarded  by  the  opinions  of  the  King  of  Sweden 
and  of  Sweden  generally. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

There  is  published  by  Messrs.  Macmillan 
&  Co.  in  "  The  English  Citizen  "  series  National 
Defences,  from  the  pen  of  Major-General  Maurice. 
This  most  able  soldier  fails  in  his  preface  to 
pay  sufficient  regard  to  the  position  of  Capt. 
Sir  J.  Colomb  and  others  as  the  true  founders 
of  that  school,  mainly  naval,  to  which  General 
Maurice,  though  a  soldier,  belongs  ;  for  it  was 
Sir  J.  Colomb  more  than  any  other  man  who 
taught  the  nation  the  lesson  that  it  has  now 
learnt.     There  is  some  exaggeration,  too,  in  the 


present   account   of    what   has    been    done    by 
the    colonies    towards    Imperial   defence.      The 
Canadian  militia  is  insufficient  and  is  declining 
in   numbers,    and    Canada   has   never   supplied 
arms  on  a  scale  to  show  that  she  means  business 
in  defence.     When  the  author  attacks  the  Con- 
servative Government  of  the  day  for  meanness 
to  the  colonies  at  the  time  of  the  Colonial  Con- 
ference his  views  are,  we  think,  unfair  on  this 
question.  The  sacrifices  which  the  colonists  were 
asked  to  make  for  defence  were  small,  and  the 
compromise  which  was  arrived  at,  for  example, 
with  regard  to  Esquimalt,  was  one  in  which  the 
British  Treasury  gave  way  far  more  completely 
than  a  rigid  consideration  of  justice  would  have 
made  necessary.      General  Maurice  also  seems 
to  think  that  Singapore  has  been  treated  with 
meanness.      But  Singapore,   which  is  a  colony 
of   great   wealth,    probably    the   richest  in   the 
world,  does  not  pay  for  her  defence  upon  any- 
thing like  the  scale  upon  which  India  is  made 
to  pay,  though  India  is  perhaps  the  poorest  civi- 
lized country  in  the  world.     Neither  docs  he 
do  justice  to  the  House  of  Commons  upon  the 
question  of  high  explosives.      It  is  a   mistake 
on  his  part  to  suppose  that  attention  has  not 
been  directed  to  the    matter   in    recent  years. 
The   question   was  raised  in   1893,  1894,   1895, 
and  189G  ;  and  in  1890  the  Admiralty  announced 
that  high- explosive  shells  were  to  be  carried  by 
the  Channel  fleet.      It  is,   however,    no   doubt 
the  case   that   they  are  carried  to  please  public 
opinion,    and    not   for    use.      General    Maurice 
calls  this  a   technical   question,  and   says    that 
"therefore    it   did  not  interest   the    House   of 
Commons."      Surely,   however,    the  Admiralty, 
rather  than  the   House  of  Commons,  must  be 
trusted  upon  such  a  question,  and  the  most  that 
the  House  of  Commons  could  do  was  to  question 
the  Admiralty  as  to  their  readiness  to  do  their 
best  to  cope  with  other  powers  in  this  respect. 
The  Admiralty,  moreover,  repeatedly  pleaded  the 
need  for  secrecy  upon  this  point,  which  further  ab- 
solves the  House  of  Commons.    General  Maurice 
gives  some   most  interesting  details  as  to    the 
extent  to  which  high  explosives  are  being  used 
by  France  and  Germany  upon  land,  and,  coming 
from  him,  these  allusions  are  most  valuable,  as 
they  confirm  stories  which  have  hitherto  been 
confined  to  official  circles.     He  does  not,  how- 
ever, show  that  there  is  at  present  the  same 
danger  at  sea.     Undoubtedly  French  ships  are 
carrying  high-explosive  shells  in  small  numbers 
in   cold  chambers.     But  it  is  very  doubtful,  to 
say    the   least   of   it,   whether  they  are   not  at 
present  being  carried  only  experimentally.    The 
reporter  of   the   French    naval  budget,    M.    de 
Kerjdgu,  discussed  the  matter  with  some  frank- 
ness  last   winter,    and    he    explained    that    the 
French  Admiralty  and  the  French  War  Office 
take  different  views  as  to  the  value  of  the  in- 
vention.    We  believe  that  the  difficulties  attend- 
ing the  piercing  even  of  thin  armour  by  high- 
exi)losive  shells    have  not  been  overcome,  and 
that  the  position  of  the  fuse  gives  more  trouble 
in  the  matter,  as  far  as  sea  work  is  concerned, 
than  is  allowed  for  by  a  land-artilleryman  such 
as  General  Maurice.     Our  author  quotes,  with 
regard  to  the  diminution  of  the  sailors  of  the 
merchant     navy,     calculations     of     Sir    Vesey 
Hamilton  which  are  the  subject  of  much  dispute, 
and  believes  that  there  are  115,000  foreigners 
serving  in  the  British  merchant  navy.     This  is 
an   exaggeration.      There  is  great  difiiculty  in 
discovering    the   actual    facts.       The    evidence 
before  Sir  Edward  Reed's  committee   and  the 
tables  placed  before  it  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
are  far  from  satisfactory.     It  is  admitted  that 
the   number   of   foreigners   is  large  and  is   in- 
creasing.    But  there  is  no  reason  Avhatever  to 
suppose   that  it  is  so  large,   either  actually  or 
))roportionately,    as    General    Maurice    thinks. 
It  is   almost  impossible,  however,  to  clear  up 
the  matter.    Many  Norwegians  engage  as  though 
they  were  British,  and  have  names  not  unlike 
English  and  Scotch   names,  which,  by  a  slight 
alteration,  become  their  names  in  the  British 


merchant  navy.  These  anglicized  Norwegians, 
however,  are  not  a  dangerous  foreign  element. 
The  matter  deserves  attention,  but  when  ex- 
aggerated statements  are  made  on  the  one  side 
they  are  met  by  exaggerated  statements  on  the 
other,  and  one  Conservative  member  has  recently 
assured  the  House  of  Conmions  that  the  returns 
of  British  seamen  fail  to  show  what  he  considers 
the  best  element  in  our  marine  population, 
namely  the  boatmen,  the  majority  of  the  fisher- 
men, and  the  majority  of  the  yachtsmen.  This 
present  book  is  on  the  whole  suggestive,  but  far 
less  excellent  than  the  same  able  author's  '  War  ' 
or  article  in  the  '  Encyclojja^dia  Britannica.' 
There  is  one  curious  literary  note  to  be  made  on 
a  comment  by  General  Maurice  on*  Mr.  Labou- 
chere.  He  quotes,  as  though  it  were  Mr. 
Labouchere's,  the  famous  speech  of  the  king  in 
'Gulliver's  Travels,'  which  has  always  been 
supposed  to  be  a  joke  at  the  expense  of  royal 
speeches  to  Parliament.  No  doubt  General 
Maurice  has  literature  enough  to  be  aware  where 
the  quotation  as  to  two  blades  of  grass  came 
from  ;  but  his  readers  will  ascribe  the  whole 
invention  to  Mr.  Labouchere. 

The  North- Western  Provinces  of  India :  their 
History,  Ethnology,  and  Administration,  by 
W.  Crooke  (Methuen  &  Co.),  is  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  that  class  of  books  which  may  with 
advantage  form  part  of  the  official  library  of 
every  local  civil  servant.  It  tells  the  story  of 
these  provinces  from  the  social  point  of  view, 
and  discusses  with  much  sound  judgment  the 
principal  problems  which  present  themselves 
for  solution.  Regarding  the  country  the  author 
says  : — 

'•It  is  the  veritable  garden  of  India,  with  a  soirl 
of  unrivalled  fertilit)',  for  the  most  part  protected 
from  the  dangers  of  famine  by  a  magnificent  series 
of  irrigation  works  :  occupied  by  some  of  the  finest 
and  most  industrious  of  the  native  races  :  possessing 
in  its  roads  and  railways  an  unusually  perfect  system 
of  internal  communications." 

This  is  quite  true,  and  accounts  for  its  popu- 
larity with  young  members  of  the  Civil  Ser- 
vice, who  can  within  its  limits  get  service  by 
turn  in  such  favoured  localities  as  Mussooree, 
Nynee  Tal,  Almorah,  and  the  Doon ;  or  in 
sporting  quarters,  such  as  the  districts  near 
the  foot  of  the  hills  ;  or  if  less  fortunate  in 
climate  and  scenery,  they  may  still  serve  in 
places  renowned  for  sanctity,  such  as  Muttra  or 
Benares,  or  famous  in  history,  as  Agra,  Luck- 
now,  and  Allahabad.  The  history  of  these 
provinces  under  Hindu  and  Musalman  rule  is 
traced  in  an  interesting  chapter,  wherein  are 
found  glimpses  of  the  chief  actors  and  events, 
usefully  connected  with  contemporary  persons 
and  occurrences  in  Europe  ;  whilst  in  the  fol- 
lowing chapter  the  effects  of  British  government 
are  considered.  One  of  these  is  that  the  evils 
and  danger  of  periodical  famine  have  been  greatly 
mitigated  ;  in  part  by  the  provision  of  roads  and 
railways,  by  which  food  may  be  brought  from  » 
place  where  it  is  plentiful  to  another  where  it 
is  scarce,  but  mainly  by  the  construction  of  a 
vast  system  of  canals  whence  the  land  may  be 
watered  when  the  rain  fails.  That  these  works 
should  precede  railways  is  manifest,  or  rather 
should  be  to  a  person  of  ordinary  intelligence, 
for  the  grain  must  be  grown  before  it  can  be 
carried ;  nevertheless  there  has  been  of  late 
years  a  strong  tendency  to  overlook  this  simple 
fact,  and  to  postpone  irrigation  works  in  favour 
of  railways.  The  services  of  irrigation  officers 
are  deservedly  commended  : — 

"But  here  Government  has  been  well  served  by 
its  officers,  and  there  is  no  more  striking  instance 
of  the  unselfish  devotion  to  duty,  often  irksome, 
always  tedious  and  monotonous,  than  is  seen  in  this 
branch  of  the  public  service.  From  its  ranks  has 
been  drawn  a  select  staff  which  has  applied  the 
fruits  of  experience  gained  in  India  to  the  recon- 
struction and  development  of  Egyptian  irrigation." 

But  the  immunity  from  famine  gained  by  irri- 
gation is  in  a  measure  counterbalanced  by  dis- 
ease caused  by  excessive  saturation  of  the  soil, 
an  evil  which  may  be  prevented  or  remedied. 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


97 


This  is  typical  of  the  larger  problem  with  -which 
we  are  daily  being  more  closely  confronted  : 
What  is  to  be  the  limit  of  a  steadily  increasing 
population  ?  How  is  it  to  be  regulated  1  Famine 
and  pestilence  have  hitherto  reduced  numbers, 
and  if  these  are  checked  another  solution 
must  be  found,  for  e(iuilibrium  must  be  main- 
tained. All  this  is  considered,  and  it  is  well 
that  it  should  be,  for  we  cannot  add  one 
square  yard  to  the  earth's  surface.  It  is  pleasant 
to  read  that  though  there  is  a  very  large  class 
but  one  degree  removed  from  destitution,  there 
is  evidence  of  improvement  in  the  condition 
of  the  tenant  class,  who  live  better  than  their 
fathers  did.  The  mistakes  in  the  book  are  few 
and  unimportant,  whilst  many  of  the  remarks, 
such  as  those  on  the  modes  of  cultivation,  are 
eminently  sensible.  There  is  an  excellent  map, 
and  the  illustrations  from  photographs  are  well 
chosen  and  well  rcjjroduced. 

A  YOUNG  lady's  diary  written  in  short  detached 
sentences,  and  accompanied  by  conversations 
which  involve  the  presence  of  a  stenographer, 
furnishes  very  slight  materials  for  a  novel. 
Bie's  Diary,  by  Anne  Coates  (Chatto  &  Windus), 
is  hardly  successful  as  a  volume  for  adults, 
though  it  might  constitute  a  readable  book  for 
girls.  It  is  wholesome  in  tone,  and  towards 
its  conclusion  becomes  pathetic.  Nevertheless, 
the  story  is  one  which  might  have  been  better 
and  more  easily  narrated  in  the  third  person. 
The  first  person  singular  seems  to  have  endless 
attractions  for  the  unpractised  pen. 

Mb.  J.  F.  Meehan,  of  Bath,  has  compiled  a 
useful  list  of  The  Famous  Houses  of  Bath  and 
their  Occupants  (Bath,  Meehan). 

VicoMTE  DE  Spoelberch  de  Lovenjoul  has 
written  another  book  on  Balzac,  in  connexion 
with  whom,  as  well  as  with  George  Sand,  he  was 
already  known.  There  is  some  literary  interest 
in  his  account  of  the  closeness  of  the  connexion 
between  Balzac  and  Theophile  Gautier  ;  but  an 
attempt  to  plunge  into  the  not  very  important 
secrets  of  Balzac's  life  is  hardly  to  be  commended, 
and  is  not  altogether  successful.  The  volume  is 
entitled  Autour  de  Honore  de  Balzac,  and  the 
publishers  are  Calmann  L^vy. 

Fratelli  Treves,  of  Milan,  publish  Pro  e 
contro  it  Socialismo,  by  Saverio  Merlino,  a  work 
which  we  are  unable  to  praise,  as  it  has  no 
novelty,  and  as  there  exist  already  in  English 
and  French,  if  not  in  Italian,  enough  books 
which  merely  set  out  the  varieties  of  Socialism. 
Neither  can  the  execution  of  the  volume  be 
commended  when  we  find,  for  example,  that 
the  weightiest  opinion,  next  to  that  of  Mr. 
Herbert  Spencer,  which  is  quoted  is  that  of 
M.  Melchior  de  Vogiie,  who  is  styled  "  De 
Vogiie,  a  Catholico  -  Darwinian  -  philosopher 
viscount  and  member  of  the  Academy." 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  have  sent  us 
another  instalment,  containing  Domhey  and 
Son,  of  their  handsome  "  Gadshill "  edition  of 
Dickens's  novels.  In  his  introduction  Mr. 
Lang  criticizes  '  Dombey  '  judiciously.  It  is 
not  one  of  Dickens's  best  novels,  and  the  signs 
of  weariness  Mr.  Lang  discovered  in  '  Martin 
Chuzzlewit '  are  certainly  to  be  found  in  '  Dom- 
bey.' In  his  scanty  notes  he  remarks  that 
in  '  Dombey '  the  coaching  days  are  ending. 
He  might  have  remarked  that  in  '  Chuzzlewit ' 
Dickens  introduced  the  curious  compromise  of 
allowing  Americans  to  travel  by  railroad,  but 
making  Mr.  Pecksniff  and  his  countrymen 
cling  to  the  mail  coach.  No  wonder  Dickens 
was  unwilling  to  abandon  the  road  and  its 
humours :  his  treatment  of  the  railway  in 
chap.  XX.  of  '  Dombey  '  cannot  be  called  par- 
ticularly successful.  Mr.  Lang  has  not  noted 
this,  nor  that  a  remarkable  change  in  edu- 
cational fashions  has  taken  place  since  at  Dr. 
Blimber's  school  "nothing  happened  so  vulgar 
as  play. 

Col.  Lean  has  published  a  Jubilee  number  of 
the  Royal  Naval  List  (Witherby). 


Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  have  sent  us  an 
edition  in  one  volume  of  Mr.  Marion  Crawford's 
Taqiiisara.  The  same  firm  have  added  to  their 
excellent  series  of  "Illustrated  Standard  Novels" 
Frank  Mildmay,  by  Capt.  Marryat.  Mr.  Millar's 
drawings  are  decidedly  clever,  and  Mr.  Ilannay's 
brief  introduction  is  worth  perusing. — Mr.  John 
Lane  liasputhisnameon  the  title-page  of  areprint 
of  the  I'oems  of  the  new  American  Ambassador, 
Col.  Hay,  and  his  Castilian  Days,  sketches  of 
Madrid  painted  with  a  broad  brush  {Allien. 
No.  2313). 

We  have  on  our  table  21ie  Klerksdorp  Gold 
Fields,  by  G.  A.  Denny  (Macmillan),  — iieroMies 
of  Travel,  by  F.  Mundell  (S.S.U.),— Z)ara6's 
Wine-cup,  and  other  Tales,  by  B.  Kennedy 
(OWii),— Tales  of  the  Old  Ba/ime,  by  P.  Warung 
(Routledge),  —  'The  Dream  of  Pilate's  Wife,  by 
Mrs.  H.  Day  (Roxburghe  Press), — Lazarus,  by 
Lucas  Cleeve(Hutchinson), — The  Port  of  Missing 
k>hips,  by  J.  R.  Spears  (Macmillan),  —  A  Farrago 
of  Folly,  by  G.  Gamble  (Fisher  Unwin), — A 
Book  of  Humbug,  by  C.  J.  Willdey  (Skeffington), 
— Holly,  by  Mrs.  Richmond  (Skeffington),  —  The 
Good  Ship  Matthew,  a  Poem,  by  A.  C.  Mac- 
pherson  (Simpkin),  —  Fancy's  Guerdon,  by 
Anodos  (Mathews), — Lyrics  of  Lowly  Life,  by 
P.  L.  Dunbar  (Chapman  &  Hall), — Sophonisha, 
or  the  Prisoner  of  Alba,  and  other  Poems,  by 
E.  Derry(Digby  &  Long), — Tlie  God-Idea  of  the 
Ancients,  by  E.  B.  Gamble  (Putnam), — A  Study 
of  St.  Paul,  by  S.  Baring-Gould  (Isbister), — 
The  Ambitions  of  St.  Paul,  by  W.  G.  Horder 
(Alexander  &  Shepheard),  —  On  the  Use  of  Science 
to  Christians,  by  E.  M.  Caillard  (Nisbet),  — Y'Ae 
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of  Plain  Speech,  by  M.  E.  (Headley  Brothers), 
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SPEAKER  LBNTHALL. 

7,  South  Park,  Bevenoaks,  July  12,  1897. 

Mr.  Firth  has  pointed  out  a  mistake  in  my 
'What  Gunpowder  Plot  Was,'  pp.  11,  12,  which 
I  shall  be  glad  to  correct  before  the  critics  dis- 
cover it.  It  was  not  Speaker  Lcnthall,  but  his 
son,  who  died  in  1G81,  and  to  whom  Wood's 
opprobrious  remark  relates.  Consequently  the 
date  of  the  paper  containing  the  story  of  the 
confession  by  the  second  Earl  of  Salisbury  that 
the  plot  was  his  father's  contrivance  is  not 
earlier  than  1662 — the  true  date  of  Speaker 
Lenthall's  death — instead  of  being  not  earlier 
than  1681.  As,  however,  the  corrected  date 
is  fifty-seven  years  after  that  of  the  plot,  the 
argument  I  founded  on  the  length  of  time  which 
elapsed  between  the  event  and  the  evidence 
alleged  is  not  much  imp  lired. 

Samuel  R.  Gardiner. 


THE   PUBLIC   SCHOOLS   IN   1807. 

During  the  school  year  now  drawing  to  its 
close  the  minds  of  men  have  been  fixed  more  on 
national  than  on  educational  topics.  Less  than 
the  usual  interest,  we  think,  was  felt  in  the 
Head  Masters'  Conference,  held  at  Rugby,  under 
the  presidency  of  Dr.  James,  in  December  last. 
We  entertain  some  doubt  if  the  rising  genera- 
tion of  head  masters  is  acting  wisely  in  desiring 
annual  instead  of  biennial  meetings.  We  feel 
the  force  of  Dr.  Gray's  arguments  ;  we  admit 
that  to  discuss  for  a  day  and  a  half  once  in  two 
years  "questions  complex  and  numerous  "  tends 
to  haste  and  superficial  treatment,  and  gives  to 
the  debate  an  air  of  unreality  ;  and,  if  the  Con- 
ference could  legislate,  annual  meetings  might 
be  an  uncomfortable  necessity.  But  if  legisla- 
tion is  to  be  the  aim,  the  head  masters  must 
face  one  or  two  larger  problems,  and  discard 
some  cherished  limitations.  They  will  have  to 
organize  the  profession,  they  will  have  to  lead 
and  not  to  dictate  ;  the  hierarchical  idea  of  their 
position  will  suffer  some  changes.  If  they 
are  prepared  for  all  this,  the  spectacle  will  be 
interesting  ;  but  the  tendency  of  head  masters 
is  to  cultivate  a  kind  of  equilibrium.    We  doubt 


98 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^^:  U  M 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


neither  tlieir  aljility  nor  their  good  will,  but  a 
desire  to  orgiinize  the  ranks  of  their  subordinates 
does  not  come  naturally  to  them. 

The  i-ecord  of  changes  during  the  year  con- 
tains one  remarkable  fact.  For  the  third  time 
in  succession  one  who  had  been  a  master  at 
Rugby  has  become  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
Three  times,  after  an  interval  of  other  work, 
the  organizing  and  guiding  faculty,  which  seems 
to  find  its  natural  abode  in  the  home  of  Arnold, 
has  raised  its  possessor  to  the  Primacy.  It  may 
not  be  amiss  for  those  who  wish  the  public 
schools  to  hark  back  to  a  reactionary  theology 
to  reflect  how  much  it  means  that  an  Essayist 
and  Reviewer  has  become  Primate.  Of  the  late 
Archbishop  Benson  it  is  perhaps  superfluous  to 
say  that  by  abundant  testimony  at  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  shown  to  have  won  the  afl"ec- 
tionof  his  pupils  and  colleagues  as  a  head  master 
no  less  thoroughly  than  in  after  years  that  of 
the  clergy. 

The   sound  and  effective  work  done  for   his 
college  and  university  by  the  late  Warden  of 
Keble  should  not    be   allowed  to   obscure   his 
record  as  Warden  of   Radley.     We    regret   to 
learn  that  Mr.  St.  John  Gray,  head  master  of 
Malvern,  has  been  forced  by  ill  health  to  resign 
his   post  in  the  very  hour  of  the  success  and 
notable    expansion    of     the    school.       By    the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Dunn,  a  vacancy  has  occurred 
in  the  head-mastership  of  Bath  College.     Mr. 
Dunn    has    been  in    some  respects    a    unique 
figure  among  head  masters.     The  foible  of  head 
masters    is,    as    a    rule,  conventionality  ;    Mr. 
Dunn  supplied  an    antidote,   especially  at  the 
meetings  of  the  Conference,  by  a  bold  adherence 
to  ideas  often  paradoxical,  but  seldom  without 
a  touch  of  genius  and  insight.  He  will  be  missed, 
not  only  in  virtue  of  this  quality,  but  as  one  of 
the  somewhat  scanty  band  of  lay  head  masters 
who  were  prepared  to  speak  with  their  friendly 
enemies  in  the  gate.     The  desire,  for  instance, 
widely  felt  by  head  masters,  that  the  number 
of  subjects  taught  at  prej^aratory  schools  should 
be    severely  limited,  found   no  sympathy  from 
Mr.   Dunn.     He  held  that  the  maxim  of  pre- 
paratory  schools   should    be    non   mnlhwi    sed 
multa ;   a  slight,   diffuse,   varied    acquaintance 
with  things  in  general  seemed  to  him  the  best 
preparation  of  the  youthful  soil.     We  incline  on 
the  whole  to  believe  that  his  antagonists  were 
in  the  right.     But  there  is  truth  in  Mr.  Dunn's 
contention  that  too  much  methodizing  and  con- 
centration discourages  the  young  mind.     It  is, 
after   all,   more  important,  at  any  part  of  our 
career,  that  we  should  like  acquiring  knowledge 
than  that  we  should  have  acquired  it  and  learnt 
to  dislike  it  or  to  view  it  with  apathy. 

A  tragical  occurrence  at  one  of    our  public 
schools  has  revived    in    a  most  acute  form  an 
eternal  topic—the  bullying  and  teasing  among 
boys  at  school,  and  the  best  method  of    pre- 
venting it.     On    the    incident    itself,   and  the 
various  legal  and  administrative  questions  that 
arose  in  connexion  with  it,  we  shall  not  touch 
here.      The    natural    journalistic    instinct    for 
dragging    out    details,    exposing     names,    and 
trouncing  an  individual  head  master ;  the  natural 
public  school  instinct  for  saying  that  such  things 
may  happen    there,    but  never    happen    here  : 
these  are  inevitable,  but  they  give  smoke  rather 
than  light.     The  difficulty  is  not  local,  but  uni- 
versal ;  there  is  not  a  school  in  England  where 
the    circumstances    which    have    in    this    case 
caused     an     almost      unique      tragedy     might 
not    occur    without    notice    or    visible    result. 
There    is   no    doubt    whatever   that  there   has 
been,  in  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  a  very 
great  diminution  at  schools  in  the  rougher  and 
more  brutal  forms  of  physical  bullying,  such, 
e.g.,  as  those  narrated  in  'Tom  Brown.'     That 
they  are  extinct  no  wary  master  will  be  ready  to 
affirm  :    schoolboys   themselves,    or   those  who 
have  just  left  school,  if  you  can  get  behind  their 
screen  of  optimism,  will  undeceive  you.     Still, 
mere  brutality  has  diminished :  Flashman,  unless 
he  were  really  distinguished  in  athletics,  would 


now  be  thought  bad  form,  a  kind  of  public  eye- 
sore.     And    in   our  satisfaction  that  this  is  so 
we  pass  into  a  new  danger.     A  little  reflection 
will   show   us  that  sensitive  boys   and  boys  of 
unpopular  tastes  or  unfashionable  opinions  may 
well  be  more  disheartened  by  perpetual  teasing 
than  by  casual  violence.     There  is,  in  the  nature 
of  the  case,  an  end  to  the  latter,  but  to  the 
former  there  seems  to  be   none  ;    it  is,  too,  a 
pain  of  the  mind,  which  much  outlasts  any  pain 
of  the  body.     Now  the  difficulty  is  that,  while 
physical  bullying  is  more  or  less  out  of  fashion, 
the  art  of  teasing  flourishes  and  abounds,  and 
perhaps,  dazzled  by  their  satisfaction  at  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  one,  masters  are  apt  to  ignore 
the  survival  and  possible  increase  of  the  other. 
It  is,  of   course,  the  temptation  and  foible  of 
schoolmasters  to  assume  that  what  cannot  be 
prevented  without    difficulty  and  unpopularity 
represents  an  indelible  tendency  of   boys  and 
cannot  be  prevented  at  all.  But  it  is  remarkable 
how   tenaciously  boys,   who   seem   to   be   born 
theologians,    stick   to   the    right    and   duty   of 
persecuting    opinions.      Molestation,  incivility, 
delight  in  the  misery  of  another,  represent  in 
any  sphere  the  extreme  forms  of  human  selfish- 
ness, and  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  a  good 
deal  of  the  metaphysics  imbibed  at  school  may 
be  of  less  pressing  importance  than  this  common- 
place and  comprehensible  doctrine.      What  is 
wanted,    of    course,  is   that    boys   should    feel 
the    same   reprobation,   as  a  point   of   honour, 
for  bullying  or  teasing  the  weak  as  they  feel, 
e.g.,  for  stealing.  It  is  as  absurd  to  say  that  this 
is  impossible  as  it  would  be  to  affirm  that  it  is 
easy.       But   that    portion    of    the    public    that 
demands  the  suppression  of  all  teasing  by  in- 
creased supervision  is  misleading  itself.     Life  at 
an  ordinary  public  school  is  gregarious,  in  our 
opinion,  to  an  unwholesome  extent  ;  it  is  lived 
by    the   standard   of    a   rather    dull    majority, 
much    preoccupied    with    things    of    the    body 
and  hampered  by  very  obtuse  traditions.     But 
its   faults   are    the    very   last    to    be   amenable 
to  espionage  :  you  might  as  well  try  to  cure  a 
drought  with  a  telescope.     Only  let  it  never  be 
forgotten  that  every  boy,  of  any  age,  who  has 
acquired  the  mere  rudiments  of  a  taste  in  which 
to   spend    fragments   of   leisure,   is   already   to 
some  extent  redeemed  from  this  particular  vice. 
In  our  view,   sheer  boredom   often    made  the 
bully,  and  often  now  makes   the   teasing  and 
oppressive  member  of  the  dull  majority.     We 
sometimes  wonder  if  the  powerful   party  that 
dislikes  intellectual  pressure  for   boys,  on  the 
ground    that    it   makes    them    prigs,    has    ever 
watched  or  reflected  on  the  worse  mischiefs  to 
which  unoccupied  brains  are  prompted. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  the  growing  sense 
of  the  importance  of  the  volunteer  question  at 
public  schools.  Mr.  Lyttelton's  speech  at  the 
Conference,  and  the  letters  of  Lord  Wolseley  and 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  put  the  matter  cogently  and 
well,  and  certainly  the  spectacle  of  the  public 
schools  volunteer  review  at  Windsor  would  lead 
one  to  suppose  that  the  schools  are  feeling  the 
impulse  strongly.  The  apprehensions  of  Mr. 
Dunn  that  they  will  become  mere  drill-grounds 
seem  to  us  fanciful  to  the  verge  of  absurdity. 
Apart  from  all  other  considerations,  it  is  emi- 
nently advantageous  to  widen  the  narrow  local 
patriotism  of  a  public  school  on  something  like 
a  national  basis. 

A  veteran  teacher  and  organizer,  the  head 
master  of  Marlborough,  has  taken  up  his  pen 
on  a  topic  of  perennial  interest,  the  religious 
teaching  in  secondary  schools.  He  is  conscious 
— how  could  he  be  otherwise  ? — of  certain  diver- 
gencies and  defects  in  our  teaching  of  the  Bible, 
and  particularly  of  the  Old  Testament,  and  he 
aims  at  a  kind  of  eirenicon,  conceding  points 
which  would  have  seemed  vital,  sixty  years  ago, 
to  any  head  master  but  Arnold,  and,  where  he 
insists  on  dogmatic  and  authoritative  doctrine, 
insisting  in  so  equitable  and  friendly  a  manner 
that  even  those  who  diflfer  from  him  will  read 
his  book  with  pleasure  and  profit.   His  criticism 


(pp.   82-4)   of  the   usual   papers   on   the   New 
Testament  set  in  schools  is,  we  have  no  doubt, 
sound.     We  are  not   quite  sure  that  he  fully 
discerns    the    reason    of    their    sameness   and 
frequent    futility.     By    tradition    rather    than 
rule,    an    invisible    fence    divides    these    sub- 
jects   from    those    with    which     other   school 
examinations    are  concerned.     A    certain  type 
of  question  is  expected,  and  appears  ;  the  real 
difficulties  are  tabooed.     We  do  not  say  that 
this  is  wrong,  but  merely  that  it  is  not  the  way 
to  stimulate  thought  on  theological  topics.    Even 
so  candid  and  liberal-minded  a  man  as  Mr.  Bell 
seems  to  have  got  fixed  in  the  idea  that  the 
one  thing  to  be  discouraged  is  scepticism   or 
negation.     If   there  were    really  an  imminent 
danger  that  secondary  schools  would  be  adminis- 
tered by  a  set  of  dissipated  scoffers,  it  would  be 
natural  to  take  this  view.     But  we  see  no  suf- 
ficient consciousness  in  Mr.  Bell's  book  of  the 
opposite  danger,  that  of  superstitious  credulity, 
to  which  boys  are    really  much   more    prone, 
coming  as  they  do — the  warning,  we  think,  was 
Mr.    Lyttelton's  —  to    school    fresh    from    the 
nursery  meal  of  Calvinism,  very  much  disposed 
to  believe  on  authority,  and  very  reluctant  to 
translate    belief    into    self-control.     We    have 
never    been    able    to    understand    why    head 
masters  show  such    a  disparity  between  their 
treatment  of  these  rival  tendencies.     It  seems 
to  be  thought  that  credulity  drops  away  of  itself 
in  time,  while  the  critical  spirit  clings.     That 
may  often   happen,   but   the  converse  is  com- 
moner.    The  moderate  and  thoughtful  freedom 
with  which  Mr.   Bell    himself    treats   Biblical 
questions  has  been  won,  bit  by  bit,  from  the 
dogmatists  by  the  critical  spirit ;  does  he  see 
any  reason  for  concluding  that  its  work  is  done  ? 
or  because  we  might  conceivably  have  too  much 
of  it,  need  we  be  thankful  when  we  have  too 
little  ? 

Apart  from  this,  we  have  nothing  but  praise  for 
Mr.  Bell's  treatment  of  his  undeniably  thorny 
subject.  Without  a  touch  of  the  pompous  or 
the  dictatorial,  he  explains  not  only  the  faith, 
but  the  method  that  is  in  him,  whereby  a  liberal 
Anglicanism  can  permeate  the  religious  teaching 
of  a  public  school.  Whether  his  limits  are 
altogether  wide  enough,  time  will  show  ;  we 
are  convinced  that  nothing  narrower  will  avail. 


SALE  OF  THE  ASHBURNHAM   LIBKARY. 
Messrs.  Sotheby  concluded  the  sale  of  the 
first  portion  of   this  celebrated   library  on  the 
3rd  inst.     The   prices   realized  for   the    rarest 
books  were  remarkable,  and  were  sustained  to 
the  end,  the  total  for  the  eight  days'   sale  of 
1,683  lots   amounting  to    30,151J.   10s.     There 
will  be  two  more  portions  of  six  days'  sale  each 
next  season.     The  following  are  the  chief  prices 
realized  in  the  last  two  days  :    Sam.   Daniel's 
Works,  first  complete  edition,  1601,  28L  Dante, 
the  most  ancient  edition  with  a  date,  Fulginei, 
Numeister,  1472,  146L ;  the  edition  of  Vind.  de 
Spira,    with    Benvenuto's    Commentary,    1477, 
301. ;  the  edition  with  Nidobeato's  Commentary, 
Milan,    1478,     46i.  ;     the     first    edition    with 
Landino's  Commentary,  with  two  of  the  Botti- 
celli   plates,    Florence,    1481,    32L  ;    Bonino's 
edition,     Brescia,     1487,     26L  ;      the     edition 
of     Venice     by     P.    Cremonese,     1491,     with 
woodcuts,  39L  ;    that  of  B.   Benali  at  Venice, 
1491,     281.  ;      the     Sessa     edition,     1564,     m 
fine    contemporary   Italian   binding,    26L      De 
Bry,  Grands  et  Petits  Voyages,   Parts  I.-XI. 
and     Parts     I.-IX.    only,    55L  ;     Emblemata 
Scecularia,  Francof.,  1596,  281.  10s.    T.  Decker's 
The  Wonderfull   Yeare    1603,    ISl.  ;    ViUanies 
discovered  by  Lanthorne  and  Candlelight,  1620, 
24L     Defoe's  Moll  Flanders,  first  edition,  1721, 
221.  10s.     Gilles    Dewes's   Introduction    for   to 
lerne  to  rede,  pronounce,  and  speake  Frenche 
Trewly,    J.   Reynes,   n.d.,  301.  10s.      Dialogus 
Creaturarum    Moralizatus,    Gouda,    G.    Leeu'W, 
1480   251.  lO.s.     Dictes  or  Sayings  of  the  Philo- 
sophers, Caxton's  first  edition,   1477,  perfect, 


^'  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


99 


1,320L  E.  Digby,  De  Arte  Natandi,  1587,  151. 
Dio  Cassius,  in  Italian  Grolieresque  binding, 
Venice,  1533,  ill.  Diodorus  Siculus  in  French, 
Francois  de  Bourbon's  copy,  on  vellum,  G. 
Tory,  1536,  151^.  Passio  Jesu  Christi,  Hans 
Schaufelein's  plates,  Frankfort,  1542,  181.  Doc- 
trinal of  Sapyence,  printed  by  Caxton,  1489, 
two  leaves  in  facsimile,  660L  Dodoens's  Her- 
ball  by  Lyte,  1578,  171.  Morall  Philosophic  of 
Doni,  Englished  by  Sir  T.  North,  1641,  26L 
Gawin  Douglas's  Palis  of  Honoure,  Copland, 
1553,  811.  Du  Pont,  Contro verses  des  Sexes 
Masculin  et  Foeminin,  1541;  Triumphes  de 
Petrarque,  Paris,  1538  ;  and  another,  in  1  vol., 
501.  10s.  Durandus,  Rationale  Divinorum 
Officiorum,  on  vellum,  third  book  printed  with 
a  date,  Fust  &  Schoeffer,  1459,  3201.  Albert 
Diirer's  Engravings,  62  various  subjects,  1497- 
1519,  original  impressions,  margins  cut 
off,  350i!.  ;  another  collection,  61L  Du 
Saix,  Lesperon  de  Discipline,  on  vellum, 
Geneve,  1532,  190L  Erasmus,  Exposition 
of  the  Crede,  first  edition,  R.  Redman, 
1533,  24:1.  10s.  ;  Enchiridion  Militis  Christiani, 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1534,  311.  ;  Proverbes, 
Englished  by  R.  Taverner,  R.  Bankes,  1539, 
151.  15s.  Esquemeling's  Bucaniers  of  America, 
4  parts,  large  paper,  1684,  17/.  10s.  Fabian's 
Chronicle,  first  edition,  imperfect,  Pynson, 
1516,  18L  15s.  Fanti,  Triompho  di  Fortuna, 
woodcuts,  Venice,  1527,  301.  Fior  di  Virtu 
Hystoriato,  Firenze,  1519,  Sil.  Fletcher,  The 
Purple  Island,  first  edition,  large  paper,  1633, 
201.  10s.  Flores  Musice  Omnis  Cantus  Gre- 
goriani.  Argent.,  Prysz,  1488,  221.  5s.  Florio's 
First  and  Second  Fruites,  1578-91,  201.  5s. 
Jacques  du  Fouilloux,  La  Venerie,  Poitiers, 
1561,  161.  10s.  Foules,  a  satirical  tract  of  four 
leaves  on  the  immense  Elizabethan  ruffs,  1586, 
Idl.  10s.  First  edition  of  Foxe's  Martyrs, 
complete  copy,  1562-3,  1501.  Froissart  in 
French,  first  three  volumes  on  vellum  of  the 
first  edition,  Verard,  s.d.,  1901.  ;  first  edition  of 
Lord  Berners's  translation,  imperfect,  Pynson, 
1523-5,  30/. 


ABRAHAM  COWLEY. 

Dublin. 

I  ASK  to  be  permitted  through  the  Athenctum 

to  call  the  attention  of  students  of  our  poetic 

literature  to  a  hitherto  (apparently)  undetected 

forgery  (wieo    judicio)  of    so-called    "Familiar 

Letters  "  of  Abraham  Cowley.     These  appeared 

in    two    considerable     anonymous     papers     in 

Fraser's    Magazine    of    1836,    viz.,    vol.     xiii. 

pp.  395-409,  vol.  xiv.  pp.  234-241.      They  are 

thus  headed  :   "  The  Familiar  Letters  of  Cowley, 

with  Notices  of  his  Life  and  Sketches  of  some 

of  his  Friends.     Novc  first  printed.^'     After  a 

good    deal    of    beating    about    the   bush,    the 

recovered  letters  are  thus  heralded  ;— 

"The  biography  of  Cowley  as  it  stands  in  John- 
son is    peculiarly  barren  of    incidents For  this 

deficiency  of  interest  Johnson  is  not  to  be  blamed. 
The  folly  of  Sprat,  in  keeping  back  all  those  letters 
in  which  the  poet  poured  out  his  heart  to  his 
friends,  effectually  lopped  off  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful branches  of  biography.  '  What  literary  man,' 
says  Coleridge,  '  has  not  regretted  the  prudery  of 
Sprat  in  refusing  to  let  Cowley  appear  in  his 
shppers  and  dressing-gown  ? '  The  question  has 
naturally  been  asked.  What  has  become  of  these 
letters  1  Did  the  Dean  destroy  the  correspondence 
he  thought  it  right  to  suppress.'  Six  months  ago 
this  inquiry  would  have  been  unanswered.  We  are 
now,  by  a  most  fortunate  circumstance,  enabled  to 
state,  that  a  large  portion  of  these  letters  is  pre- 
served, and  has  been  placed  in  our  hands  for 
arrangement  and  publication  by  a  descendant  of  Dr. 
Sprat.  Of  their  authenticity,  proofs  can  be  afforded, 
which  will  satisfy  even  the  incredulity  of  Mr.  Dis- 
raeli, by  whom,  we  are  certain,  the  discovery  will  be 
hailed  with  great  delight,  in  his  forthcoming  History 
of  Literature.  Our  first  proposition  was  to  print  the 
correspondence  with  a  few  explanatory  notes  ;  but 
a  little  reflection  suggested  that  a  series  of  letter.-, 
throwing  so  much  light  on  the  personal  history  and 
feelings  of  the  poet,  would  be  perused  with  greater 
interest  in  connexion  with  a  running  notice  of  his 
life,  and  sketches  of  some  of  his  friends  and  con- 
temporaries. No  labour  has  been  spared  to  fill  up 
what  we  have  always  viewed  as  a  blank  in  our 


jjoetical  biography.  The  letters  are  printed  from 
the  original  MSS. ;  but  it  has  been  deemed  advisable 
to  accommodate  the  orthography  to  our  present 
system.  In  a  few  places,  perhaps,  the  diction  may 
appear  more  florid  and  ornate  than  Cowley's  '  Prose 
Remains'  would  lead  us  to  expect  ;  but  even  from 
those  essays  we  can  easily  perceive  that  his  style 
abounded  in  imagery,  and  that  his  letters  were  all 
prose  by  a  jioet."—^.  397. 

With    reference   to    these    most    audacious 
statements,  I  note  preliminarily  three  things  : 

1.  That  whereas  "  a  descendant  of  Dr.  Sprat  " 
is  given  as  the  possessor  of  the  letters,  no  one, 
save  the  writer  of  these  papers,  appears  ever  to 
have  known  or    heard    of   such  a  descendant. 

2.  That  whereas  it  is  alleged  that  "  a  large  por- 
tion of  these  letters"  was  "still  preserved," 
only  three  were  actually  published.  3.  That 
the  departure  from  the  original  orthography  on 
the  first  printing  of  these  letters  was  alike 
unpardonable  and  suspicious. 

But  now  turning  to  the  letters  themselves,  I 
dare  not  expect  space  in  the  Athenteum  for 
reproduction  of  them.  I  am  appealing  to  fellow 
lovers  of  our  elder  singers,  who  will  not  grudge 
the  needed  pains  to  get  at  and  study  the  "  human 
document "  by  critically  reading  the  several  letters 
in  their  places  ;  and  perhaps  I  may  be  excused 
suggesting  a  like  study  of  the  admittedly 
genuine  letters  of  Cowley  to  be  found  in  vol.  ii. 
of  his  '  Works  in  Verse  and  Prose '  in  the 
"Chertsey  Worthies'  Library,"  pp.  343-53,  and 
"  Memorial-Introduction  "  in  vol.  i.  Here  and 
now  I  must  content  myself  with  affirming  that 
the  first  of  the  letters  of  these  two  papers,  "  To 
his  Mother,  after  her  sickness,  with  Consolations 
for  Mourners,"  is  so  manifestly  modelled  on 
George  Herbert's  "To  his  Mother  on  her 
Sickness  "  (May  29th,  1622,  when  Cowley  was 
in  his  fifth  year)  as  to  bewray  fraud — none  the 
less  that  it  is  prefaced  with  an  allusion  to 
Herbert's  letter.  That  letter  can  be  readily 
consulted  in  Walton's  life  of  Herbert,  and,  of 
course,  in  our  collective  edition  of  his  works, 
prose,  vol.  iii.  pp.  491-4.  The  next  letter  is 
"to  Mr.  William  Hervey,  with  an  account  of 
a  visit  to  Ben  Jonson,  a  sketch  of  Cartwright, 
and  a  notice  of  the  'Sad  Shepherd.'  "  This  is 
a  kind  of  mosaic,  fetched  from  Drummond  of 
Hawthornden's  notes  of  conversations  with  Ben 
Jonson,  and  familiar  data  about  Daniel,  Cart- 
wright,  &c.  Had  such  an  account  of  such  a 
"  visit  "  been  authentic,  it  must  have  been  pro- 
nounced priceless,  and  second  only  to  what  a 
similar  glimpse  of  Shakspeare  would  have  been. 
But  the  '  Sad  Shepherd '  bit  is  too  obviously 
manufactured.  Appended  to  this  letter  is  a 
kind  of  essay,  which  is  thus  described  : — 

"Attached  by  a  small  seal  to  this  letter  is  the 
following  fragment,  which,  although  evidently 
composed  at  a  later  period  of  life,  may  not 
unaiivantageously  be  given  here.  It  is  written  in 
a  different  hand,  and  wants  both  signature  and 
superscription.  A  doubt  may  therefore  arise,  how 
far  we  are  justified  in  attributing  it  to  Cowley.  Our 
own  feelings  on  a  first  perusal  inclined  to  the 
contrary  decision ;  but  the  reader  will  decide. 
'To  a  Young  Friend,  with  Hints  for  a  Course  of 
Study,  and  Directions  for  Reading.'  "—Pp.  406-8. 

This  tacked-on  paper  is  so  plainly  modern 
throughout  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  have 
come  from  Cowley.  These  are  all  in  the  first 
article.  In  the  second  a  letter  addressed  "  To  my 
beloved  friend  C.  E."  (May  8th,  1637)  is  again 
so  modern,  and  so  much  a  mere  rechauffe  of  recog- 
nized works  of  the  poet,  as  to  write  "spurious  " 
across  every  line  of  it.  The  P.S.  is  sufficiently 
foolhardy:  "Tell  Carew  that  I  drank  to  his 
muse  yesternight  in  a  cup  of  Canary.  If  you  see 
Suckling,  my  love  to  Aglaura  "—the  play  of  the 
name  not  having  been  printed  until  long  after 
1637,  and  the  annotator's  suggested  explanation 
not  at  all  satisfactory. 

This  third  letter  (as  before  explained)  ends 
the  drafts  on  the  "  large  portion  of  the  letters  still 
preserved  " ;  and  yet  the  second  paper  thus  con- 
cludes :  ""The  next  letters  of  Cowley  contain 
some  interesting  notices  of  his  reappearance  in 
London "   (p.   241).     These  words   surely  gave 


reason,  along  with  the  earlier  statement  {ut 
supra),  to  expect  a  continuation  of  the  letters. 
But  not  another  syllable  followed  ;  nor  was  any 
explanation  vouchsafed  of  the  abrupt  stoppage. 
Had  the  forgery  been  "found  out"?  In  such 
case  silence  certes  was  not  golden. 

Can  any  one  inform  us  who  was  editor  of 
Fraser's  Magazine  in  1836  ?  and  has  any  avowal 
been  made  anywhere  of  the  authorship  of  these 
two  papers  ?  Further,  Is  it  known  whether 
Mr.  J.  Payne  Collier  and  Mr.  Peter  Cunning- 
ham were  contributors  to  Fraser  in  1836 1 

I  may  be  allowed  to  add  that  when  I  made 
my  collection  of  Cowley's  entire  works  in  the 
"Chertsey  Worthies' Library  "(2  vols.  4to.  1881), 
I  was  unaware  of  these  two  arraigned  papers, 
else  I  should  most  certainly  have  gone  into  the 
matter.  It  is  only  recently  that  my  attention 
was  called  to  them  by  a  young  American  literary 
man  and  lover  of  Cowley  in  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  Baltimore,  who  is  engaged  on  a 
critical  work  on  Cowley's  'Life  and  Writings.' 
The  same  perhaps  pardonable  ignorance  of 
these  papers  and  these  letters  belongs  to  Mr. 
Gosse  in  his  study  of  Cowley  (CornhiU,  Decem- 
ber, 1876),  to  Prof.  Lumby  (Introductory  Notice 
to  Cowley's  'Essays,'  Cambridge  University 
Press,  1887),  to  the  editor  of  Miss  M.  Russell 
Mitford's  '  Recollections  of  a  Literary  Life ' 
(2  vols.  1857),  and  to  recent  editors  and  critics 
of  Ben  Jonson. 

I  don't  know  that  I  can  better  round  off  this 
little  communication  than  by  quoting  from  Miss 
Mitford's  brilliant  essay  on  Cowley,  albeit  I 
indulge  still  the  pleasures  of  hope  that  it  will 
be  found  Sprat  did  not  destroy  the  correspond- 
ence :  "I  cannot  conclude  without  a  word  of 
detestation  towards  Sprat,  who,  Goth  and 
Vandal  that  he  was,  destroyed  Cowley's  familiar 
letters  "  (i.  65).        Alexander  B.  Grosart. 


AN  ALLEGED  1604  EDITION  OF  'DON  QtJIXOTE. 
In  his  new  and,  in  some  respects,  valuable 
volume  entitled  '  Documentos  Cervantinos  hasta 
ahora  In^ditos,'  Sefior  D.  Crist6bal  P^rez  Pastor 
raises  a  point  of  uncommon  interest  for  all 
readers  of  Cervantes.  If  Seiior  Pe'rez  Pastor 
be  right,  there  exists  a  1604  edition  of  '  Don 
Quixote,'  and  the  earlier  of  the  two  Madrid 
editions  dated  1605  takes  its  place  as  the 
earliest  reprint  of  the  princeps.  The  idea  is 
new  and  rather  startling,  and,  as  myths  about 
Cervantes  are  easily  believed  by  enthusiasts,  it 
may  be  as  well  to  examine  the  reasons  that 
Sefior  P^rez  Pastor  gives  for  the  faith  that  is  in 
him. 

Put  shortly,  these  are  the  facts  as  set  out  by 
the  discoverer.  There  existed  at  Madrid  in 
1604  a  certain  "  Hermandad  de  San  Juan 
Evangelista  a  la  Porta-Latina  y  de  los  Impresores 
de  Madrid,"  and  it  was  the  rule  that  all  Madrid 
printers  should  send  to  the  Hermandad  two 
copies  of  each  work  printed  by  them,  the  same 
copies  to  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  con- 
fraternity. Sefior  Perez  Pastor  (Documento  38, 
p.  138)  prints  an  extract  from  the  day-book  of 
the  Hermandad  with  this  heading  :— 

"  Francisco  de  Robles.  fundidor  de  letras  de 
imprenta,  Mayordomode  dicha  Hermandad,  debe  en 
26  de  Mayo  de  1604  por  cuenta  de  capillas  los  libros 
siguientes." 

And  at  the  end  of  the  list  there  appears  theentry : 
"  2  Don  Quixotes,  a  83  pliegos."  On  p.  286  Senor 
Perez  Pastor  contends  that  this  entry  reveals  to 
us  "an  earlier  edition  than  any  yet  known,  if 
the  date  be  right  and  the  copy  [of  the  book]  was 
complete."  He  argues  against  the  idea  that  an 
incomplete  copy  was  handed  in,  on  the  ground 
that  the  secretary  was  careful  to  note  the  recep- 
tion of  incomplete  copies  ;  and,  as  no  note  was 
made  in  the  case  of  'Don  Quixote,' he  infers 
that  the  Hermandad  copies  were  perfect.  That 
contention  is  so  intrinsically  reasonable  that 
there  need  be  no  hesitation  in  admitting  it. 
Sefior  Pdrez  Pastor  further  pleads  (p.  287)  that 
there  can  be  no  mistake  in  the  date,  since  the 


100 


T  II  E     A  T  II  E  N  iE  U  M 


N%3638,  July  17,  -97 


book  was  entered  up  from  day  to  day,  and 
the  accuracy  of  each  date  is  backed  up  and 
strengthened  by  those  before  and  after  it.  Other 
smaller  pieces  of  evidence  are  offered  as  confirm- 
ing the  writer's  view  that  beyond  all  doubt  the 
Hermandad  had  received  two  copies  of  '  Don 
Quixote '  at  some  date  previous  to  May  2Gth, 
1604  ;  but  his  case  really  rests  on  the  presence 
of  the  entry  quoted. 

Thefirstpointthat  suggestsitself  is  Seilor  Pe'rez 
Pastor's  assertion  that  the  day-book  was  regularly 
entered  up  day  by  day.  How  can  he  or  any 
one  tell  what  were  the  business  habits  of  an 
obscure  man  of  affairs  in  Madrid  nearly  three 
centuries  ago  1  The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that 
he  refers  to  1604  what  actually  belongs  to  1605. 
And  the  simplest  way  of  proving  this  is  to 
follow  up  the  writer's  declaration  that  "each 
and  all  of  the  books  received  up  to  May  26th 
£1604]  were  printed  in  the  years  1603  or  1604, 
as  can  be  shown  by  examining  the  respective 
editions." 

Examine  the  respective  editions  is  easily  said  ; 
it  is  not  quite  easy  to  do  in  the  case  of  such 
works  as  the  following  : — 

2  Fieles  Desengauo?,  cada  uuo  80  i)liegos. 

2  Contemptus  mundi,  (i  20  pliegos. 

2  A  B  C  virginales,  a  80  pliegos. 

2  Agnus  tipicus,  &  2'2h  pliegos. 

2  Liimparas  encendidas,  <i  47  pliegos. 

These  are  taken  at  random  from  Senor  Pe'rez 
Pastor's  list  of  twenty-four  volumes  ;  and  they 
doubtless  edified  their  readers  in  their  day. 
But  these  books  of  devotion  get  thumbed  out 
of  existence,  or,  at  all  events,  are  not  easily 
found  in  most  libraries.  It  fortunately  happens 
that,  besides  'Don  Quixote,'  there  are  in  the 
printed  list  three  other  works  which  rank  as 
literature.     These  are  :  — 

2  Obvas  del  P.  Rivadeneira.  u  .362  i)liegos. 
2  Romanceros  geneiale?,  &  125  pliegos. 
2  Arcadias  de  Lope,  a  44  pliegos. 

If  it  can  be  shown  that  Sefior  Perez  Pastor  is  mis- 
taken as  regards  any  of  these  works — all  received 
by  the  Hermandad,  as  he  will  have  it,  before 
May  2Gth,  1604 — it  follows  that  his  contention 
concerning  '  Don  Quixote '  is  gravely  dis- 
credited. 

Take    the    case 
Salva  ('  Catalogo,' 


of  Rivadeneira. 
vol.  ii.  p.   055, 


No  doubt 
No.  3,501) 
mentions    an    edition,    the    second    volume   of 
which,  according  to  the  title-page,  appeared  in 
1604.     Assuming  for  the  moment  that  the  date 
be  right,  there  is  no  proof  that  it  was  issued  as 
early  as  May.     There  is  good  reason  for  think- 
ing quite  the  reverse.     To  start  with,  the  first 
volume    is    dated    1605.     Senor  Perez    Pastor 
cannot  maintain  that  he  referred  to  the  second 
volume  only.     In  that  case  we  should  be  dealing 
with  an  incomplete  copy  of  which  the  secretary 
made  no   note  ;    and,  next,    if  one  volume    be 
omitted,  it    becomes    impossible    to  make  the 
pliegos    amount    to    362.     Thirdly,     this    very 
second  volume,  though  it  has  1604  on  its  title- 
page,   is  dated    1605  at  the   end.     Lastly,   the 
privilege  was  given  in  Valladolid   on  July  16th, 
1604.       Obviouslj',   the    '  Obras  '   cannot    have 
reached   the   Hermandad  in  the  previous  May. 
Senor  Perez  Pastor's  only  chance  of  escape  from 
the  difficulty   would    be    the    appearance    of   a 
1603  edition  of  Rivadeneira.     No  such  thing  is 
known  either    at    the    Biblioteca  Nacional  or 
the    Biblioteca    de    San  Isidro,   and,  great   as 
Rivadeneira's  popularity  deservedly  was,  it  is 
vastly  improbable  that  editions  of  his  works, 
extending  to  over  1,400  pages,  were  printed  every 
year  or  two. 

Take  the  case  of  the  '  Romancero  General.' 
It  is  not  possible  that  the  copies  in  the  list  can 
be  of  the  Medina  del  Campo  edition  of  1602. 
If  they  were,  the  fact  would  overthrow  the 
assertion  that  "each  and  all  of  the  books 
received  up  to  May  2Gth  [1604]  were  printed  in 
the  years  1603  or  1604."  But  that  by  the  way. 
The  Medina  del  Campo  edition  (1602)  consists 
of  some  90  pliegos;  the  copies  received  by  the  Her- 
mandad contained  125,     Nobody  pretends  that 


there  are  two  editions  of  the  '  Romancero 
General '  dated  1604.  The  enlarged  reprint  of 
that  year  has  an  errata  list  signed  by  Francisco 
Murcia  de  la  Liana  at  Alcala  de  Henarcs  on 
August  25th,  1604  ;  the  tasi  is  dated  Sep- 
tember Hth,  and  the  address  to  the  reader  was 
written  by  Francisco  Lopez  on  September  30l:h. 
Plainly  the  125  jjliegos  of  the  book  cannot  have 
reached  the  Hermandad  four  months  before 
they  left  tlie  printers'  hands. 

Lope's    bibliography  is    so    intricate    that  it 
would  be  rash  to  stake  one's  fate  on  it.     But  in 
any  event  Senor  Pe'rez  Pastor  is  mistaken.     He 
must  refer  to  Pedro  Madrigal's  edition  of  the 
'  Arcadia '   dated  1603.     If    so,    what    becomes 
of  his  statement — capital  as  regards  his  case  for 
a   1604    '  Don  Quixote  ' — that    the    ledger   was 
daily  entered  up,  and  that  the  works  received 
were  registered  in  the  order  of  their  reception 
("se  registraban  sus  partidas  por  el  orden  de 
su  entrada  ")  ?     On  his  own  showing  the  1603 
'  Arcadia  '   was   received   after  the   1605  Riva- 
deneira.      Is    there   the   least   reason  for  sup- 
posing that   Madrigal  took  a  year   in  sending 
his    two    copies    of    the    'Arcadia'    from     one 
Madrid    street    to   another  ?      If    not,    it    fol- 
lows   that    the    volumes    were    iivt    registered 
"por  el  orden  de  su  entrada. "     What   seems 
likeliest  is  that,   as  with  Rivadeneira  and  the 
'Romancero  General,'  there    is  an  error,   and 
that  the  edition  of  the  '  Arcadia  '  received  by 
the  Hermandad   was   Cuesta's  reprint  of  1605, 
which  has  exactly  the  same  number  of  pliegos  as 
Madrigal's.     Seiior  Perez  Pastor  is  just  a  year 
out  of  his  reckoning. 

Did  space  allow  it  were   tempting  to  follow 
him     in   detail.       Thus    he    lays    stress    upon 
the   fact    that    the    edition    of    'Don    Quixote' 
in    his    list   (of    1604,    as    he    avers)   has   the 
same    number   of  pliegos  as   the   two    Madrid 
editions   of  1605.     It    does    not   occur   to  him 
that  there  may  be  some    mistake  in  his  date, 
and  that  the  Hermandad  copies  may  be  identical 
with  one  of  the  1605  editions.    On  the  contrary, 
he  infers  "que  no  se  hicieran  modificaciones  en 
el    texto."     Surely  an  unwarranted   inference  ! 
The  two  Madrid  editions  of  1605  have  each  pre- 
cisely the  same  number  of  pliegos  ;  yet  Senor 
Pe'rez  Pastor  must  know,  like  all  the  rest  of  the 
world,  that  the  textual  diflerences  between  the 
two  are  important.     To  argue,  as  he  does,  that 
because  two  editions  of  a  book  contain  the  same 
number  of  sheets,  their  contents  must  be  iden- 
tical, gives  a  curious  glimpse  of  his  ideas  on  bib- 
liography.    Nor  is  he  happier  when  he  puts  on 
the  prophet's  robe.     He  foretells  that  when  (if 
ever)  the   1604  '  Don  Quixote '  comes  to  light, 
the  errata  list  will  be  found  with  Juan  Vazquez 
del  Marmol's  name  appended,  for  the  reason  that 
Vazquez    del    Marmol    was   official    "corrector 
general  "    as   late   as    May    21st,    1604.       As    a 
matter  of   fact,  the  fe  de  erratas  of  ISLadrigal's 
'Arcadia'  (1603)  is  signed  by  the  same  Francisco 
Murcia  de  la  Liana  who   put  his  name  to  both 
the  Madrid  '  Quixotes  '  of  1605. 

One  last  point.  If  Cervantes's  book  were  in 
pi'int  as  early  as  May,  1604,  he  must  have  had 
leave  to  print  it.  It  is  singular  enough  that  no 
later  edition  ever  reprints  this  privilege.  Still 
more  curious  is  the  fact  that  Cervantes,  being 
already  authorized  to  print  in  May  or  earlier, 
should  go  to  the  trouble  and  expense  of  taking 
out  a  fresh  licence  on  September  20th.  It  would 
be  absurd  to  pledge  oneself  in  advance  to  any 
such  sweeping  negative  as  that  there  never  was, 
and  never  could  have  been,  any  1604  edition  of 
'Don  Quixote  ';  but  it  is  perfectly  justifiable  to 
say  that  it  will  need  a  great  deal  of  evidence  to 
prove  its  existence,  and  that  the  evidence  will 
have  to  be  of  a  very  di'Forent  character  from  any 
brought  forward  by  Seilor  Pe'rez  Pastor.  What- 
ever else  he  may  have  proved,  he  has  success- 
fully shown  himself  to  be  a  dangerous  guide,  a 
poor  judge  of  testimony  ;  and,  further,  he  has 
made  plain  the  exceeding  weakness  of  the  case 
against  the  earlier  Madrid  edition  of  1605, 

Jamks  Fitzmaurice-Kelly, 


THE   SECOND 


INTKKNATIOXAL 
COM'"EUEN'CK. 


LIBKAUY 


In  1877  there  was  held  in  London  the  first 
International  Conference  of  Librarians,  a  highly 
successful  gathering,  at  which  was  founded  the 
Library  Association  of  the  United  Kingdom,  a 
body  which  has  since  done  so  much  for  the 
library  cause.  It  was  thought  to  be  a  fitting 
manner  in  which  to  celebrate  the  twentieth 
anniversary  of  the  Association  by  arranging  for 
a  second  International  Conference,  and  accord- 
ingly invitations  were  issued  to  the  great  libraries 
of  the  world  to  send  representatives.  The  Cor- 
poration of  the  City  of  London  kindly  found  a 
meeting-place  in  their  Council  Chamber  at  Guild- 
hall. Over  six  hundred  members  joined  the 
Conference,  including  the  chief  officials  of  nearly 
every  large  library  in  the  country,  as  well  as 
distinguished  scholars  from  Germany,  Hungary, 
Italy,  France,  Belgium,  Sweden,  and  Japan. 
Many  of  the  British  colonies  sent  delegates,  and 
there  were  about  eighty  visitors  from  the  United 
States, 

Sir  John  Lubbock  accepted  the  position  of 
President,    and     on     Tuesday     last,     after     a 
welcome  from  the  Lord  Mayor,  he  opened  the 
proceedings.     In  his  address  he  dwelt  upon  the 
great  work  done  in  spreading  the  free  library 
movement  since  1850.      The    Public  Libraries 
Acts   had   now  been   adopted   by  about   three 
hundred  and    fifty  places.      The    progress  had 
been  slow  at    first.      Between    1857  and  1866 
there  were   only  fifteen   free   public   libraries. 
The  Acts  were  adopted  in  45  places  between 
1867  and  1876,  in  62  places  between  1877  and 
1886,  and  by  no  fewer  than  190  from  1887  to 
1896.  For  a  long  time  London  was  in  possession 
of  only  one  rate-supported  library.     From  1876 
to  1886  there  were  but  two  such  libraries,  while 
between    1887    and    1896    the    number    grew 
to    32.       These   libraries   now    contained    over 
5,000,000  volumes,  the  annual  issues  amounted 
to  27,000,000,  and  the  attendances  to  60,000,000. 
The  British  colonies  were   now  well  equipped 
with  public  libraries.     Australia  possessed  844, 
New  Zealand  298,  and  South  Africa  about  100. 
There  were  about  a  million  and  a  half  of  volumes 
in  the  public  libraries  of  Canada.  Some  of  those 
who  doubted  the  advantage  of  public  libraries 
based    their   argument   on    the   assertion    that 
a    large    number    of     the    books     read    were 
novels.      It    must    be    remembered,   however, 
that  a  book  of  poems,  and  more  particularly  a 
work  of  science,  would  take  much  longer  to  read 
than  a  novel.    Moreover,  many  novels  were  not 
only  amusing,  but  also  instructive.     The  choice 
of  books  was  becoming  more  and  more  difficult, 
and  the  National   Home    Reading   Union   had 
done    much    good    in    this    direction.      Many 
authors  buried  their  own  creations  by  mislead- 
ing titles.     An  American  writer  had  said  that 
' '  perhap.s  no  nation    had    been    more    careful 
than    England     in    the     preservation    of     her 
archives."      The    United    States    Government 
now    issued    excellent    monthly    catalogues    of 
their  Government  publications.     India  also  had 
for  some  time  been  careful  to  make  her  publica- 
tions available.     The  Royal  Colonial   Institute 
had  lately  forwarded  to  every  colonial  Govern- 
ment an  invitation  to  publish  registers  contain- 
ing the  titles  of    all   locally  published    books. 
The  great  '  Catalogue  of   Scientific  Papers '  of 
the  Royal  Society  should  not  be  forgotten.  The 
Society  was  now  considering  a  catalogue  which 
aimed  at  further  completeness  and  was  intended 
to  contain  the  titles  of   scientific  publications, 
whether  appearing    in    periodicals  or  indepen- 
dently.    The  titles  would  be  arranged  not  only 
under  names  of  authors,  but  also  according  to 
the  subject-matter.     It  was  hoped  that  national 
co-operation  might  be  called  upon  to  assist  in 
the  compilation  of    the    catalogue.       Sir  John 
Lubbock  referred   to  the  useful   index  to    the 
Catalogue  of    the    London    Library,  and    con- 
cluded   by    saying    that    every    true    lover   of 
books  was  sorry  to  see  the  neglect  of  the  great 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  ]\I 


101 


masterpieces  of  science  and  literature  and  the 
waste  of  time  over  "  books  that  were  no  books," 
merely  because  they  were  new — in  many  cases, 
to  use  Raskin's  words,  "  fresh  from  the  fount 
of  folly." 

A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  J.  Y.  W.  MacAlister 
'On  some  Tendencies  of  Modern  Librarianship.' 
The  present  state  of    things  was  an  enormous 
advance    upon    the    state  which    existed    sixty 
years  ago.    A  higher  standard  was  now  required 
for  the  librarian.     Wholesome    literature    had 
been  provided  for  the  young  and  a  wide  choice 
of    books    for   their    elders.     Many    time    and 
labour    saving    appliances    had    increased    the 
facilities  for  access,  but  it  was  to  be  feared  that 
the  librarian    had    not   done   so   much    as    was 
desirable  to  become  the  adviser  of  the    reader 
and     to    increase    his    own    knowledge.      The 
librarian  who  devoted  much  of  his  thought  to 
mechanical  contrivances  was  in  danger  of  for- 
getting his  higher  functions.     It  was  difficult  to 
assign    comparative    values   to    the   reading    of 
fiction  and  of  instructive  books,   but    all  sane 
persons  loved  good  fiction,  and  a  narrow  spirit 
of  exclusion  of  novels  in  favour  of  books  which 
were  thought  to  be  more  informing  in  character 
was  to   be   deprecated.     Dr.   R.   Garnett,   Mr. 
Crunden  (St.  Louis),  Mr.  F.  T.  Barrett  (Glasgow), 
Sir  W.  H.  Bailey  (Salford),  Mr.  Lane  (Boston), 
and  others  took   part  in  the  discussion,  which 
was  chiefly  devoted  to  the  well-worn  subject  of 
novel-reading. 

In  a  paper  '  On  the  Evolution  of  the  Public 
Library,'  Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder  traced  the  develop- 
ment of  the  institution  as  part  of  the  general 
history  of   sociology.     The    first  libraries  were 
temples   and  the    first   librarians  were   priests. 
The  records  of  the  earliest  civilizations  told  us 
of  ancient  libraries  and  of  their  catalogues.  There 
were  great  public  libraries  at  Athens  and    at 
Rome,    and     those    of    Alexandria    were     the 
most  famous  as  they  were  the  most  extensive 
of   the   ancient  world.     Concurrently  with  the 
spread  of  Christianity  the  formation  of  libraries 
became  a  part  of  the  organization  of  the  Church. 
Most  of  these  collections  were  housed  within 
the  walls  of   the   sacred   edifice.     There   were 
passing  allusions  to  libraries  in  the  writings  of 
the  Fathers,  but  the  real  origin  of  the  modern 
public  library  was  shadowed  forth  in  the  rule 
of  St.  Benedict  early  in  the  sixth  century.     As 
the  religious  houses  multiplied  there  came  an 
ever-increasing   care   for    the   safe    keeping  of 
books.     The  Cluniacs  had  a  special  officer  for 
their  custody.    The  Carthusians  and  the  Cister- 
cians  allowed  persons  outside  the  convent  to 
borrow.     At   first    the    books   were   stored   in 
chests  in  the  cloister,  then  in   recesses  in  the 
wall,  then  in  a  small  windowless  chamber.     By 
the   end   of  the   fifteenth    century   books   had 
accumulated  to  such  an  extent    in    the  larger 
monasteries  that  special  apartments  of  definite 
form  began  to  be  generally  constructed.     The 
early  collegiate    libraries    borrowed  their  plan 
from  the  monastic  type.     At    the    end  of  the 
seventeenth  century   we  find  the  form  of  the 
public    library   fixed,    as   it    were,    throughout 
Europe.     That  century  .saw  the  foundation  of 
many  famous  institutions  which  still  flourish. 
The  universities  prided  themselves  on  possessing 
large  and  well-ordered   public   libraries.     The 
modern  type  of  the  free  library  cannot  be  traced 
to    a    date    earlier    than    the    middle    of    the 
eighteenth  century.    The  free  library  movement 
in  England  had  an  educational  origin,  and  arose 
from  the  exertions  on   behalf  of    primary  and 
secondary  education   which   have    achieved   so 
much  in  the  present  century,  and  more  especially 
within   the    last    fifty  years.     The    remarkable 
growth  of  rate-supported  libraries    in  London 
withm  the  last  ten  years  has  followed  the  work 
of   the  School    Board.     In  the  future  we  may 
expect  that  the  facilities  for  borrowing  books 
may  be   still   further  increased,   and    that  the 
public  library  will  be  universally  recognized  as 
the  university  of  the  unattached  student. 
Mr.  Melvil  Dewey  (Director  of    the    State 


Library,  Albany,  U.S.)  delivered  an  address 
'  On  the  Relation  of  the  State  to  the  Public 
Library,'  in  which  he  urged  an  extension  of 
legislation  in  favour  of  libraries.  It  was  time 
that  the  State  should  recognize  that  libraries 
were  not  merely  desirable  things,  but  an  indis- 
pensable element  in  education. 

'  Public  Library  Autliorities,  their  Constitu- 
tion and  Powers,'  was  the  title  of  a  paper  by 
Mr.  Herbert  Jones  (Kensington  Public  Library). 
There  were  all  sorts  of  confiicting  modes  of 
forming  and  carrying  on  the  authority,  and 
greater  uniformity  was  very  desirable. 

'The  Duties  of  Library  Committees'  were 
dealt  with  by  Mr.  Alderman  Harry  Ravvson 
(President  of  the  Library  Association).  Mr. 
Charles  Welch  followed  \ritli  a  paper  '  On  the 
Training  of  Librarians,'  in  which  he  urged  the 
importance  of  a  wide  and  liberal  education, 
to  be  followed  by  special  bibliographical  and 
library  training.  Miss  Hannah  P.  James 
(Osterhout  Free  Library,  U.S.)  gave  an  account 
of  the  library  training  schools  and  classes  of 
the  United  States,  and  Mr.  E.  R.  N.  Mathews 
(Bristol)  described  the  system  of  employ- 
ing female  library  assistants  at  Manchester, 
Bristol,  and  elsewhere.  Mr.  J.  J.  Ogle  (Bootle) 
discussed  'Hindrances  to  the  Training  of  Efficient 
Librarians.' 

On  Wednesday,  July  14th,  Mr.  F.  M.  Crunden 
(St.  Louis  Public  Library)  read  a  paper  '  On 
Books  and  Text-Books  :  the  Function  of  the 
Library  in  Education.' 

Mr.  Sidney  Lee  (editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography  ')  pointed  out  the  relations 
between  '  National  Biography  and  National 
Bibliography.'  The  'Dictionary'  might  be 
regarded  as  a  contribution  to  national  biblio- 
graphy, and  as  an  index  to  what  was  memorable 
in  national  literature.  In  the  course  of  the 
discussion  several  speakers  referred  to  the  value 
of  the  '  Dictionary  '  as  the  foundation  of  any 
future  general  catalogue  of  English  literature, 
and  remark  was  made  as  to  Mr.  Lee's  own  life 
of  Shakspeare.  The  meeting  was  also  ad- 
dressed by  Mr.  George  Smith,  and  the  special 
thanks  of  the  Conference  were  voted  to  Mr. 
Smith  as  publisher  and  to  Mr.  Lee  as  the  editor 
of  that  great  national  undertaking. 

'  The  Relations  of  Bibliography  and  Cata- 
loguing '  were  shown  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Pollard 
(British  Museum).  The  aim  of  the  cataloguer 
was  to  identify  a  book  for  the  visitor,  while 
the  bibliographer  desired  to  show  the  relation 
of  one  book  to  other  books.  '  The  Alphabetical 
and  Classified  Forms  of  Catalogue '  were  com- 
pared by  Mr.  F.  T.  Barrett  (Mitchell  Library, 
Glasgow)  ;  and  Prof.  C.  Dziatzko  (University 
Library,  Gottingen)  presented  a  learned  review 
'  Of  the  Aid  lent  by  Public  Bodies  to  the  Art 
of  Printing  in  the  Early  Days  of  Typography. ' 
Mr.  C.  A.  Cutler  (Northampton,  U.S.)  gave  a 
description  of  the  '  Expansive  Classification  of 
Books  on  the  Shelves';  Mr.  A.  W.  Robertson 
(Aberdeen  Public  Library)  dealt  with  shelf- 
classification  generally  ;  Mr.  H.  C.  L.  Anderson 
(Public  Library  of  New  South  W'ales)  told  of 
'  Library  Work  in  New  South  Wales  ';  and  Mr. 
W.  H.  .fames  Weale  (National  Art  Library, 
South  Kensington  Museum)  furnished  an 
account  of  the  history  and  cataloguing  of  the 
institution  over  which  he  presides. 


HiterarLi  gossip. 

Lord  Ribblesdale,  wlio  was  Master  of 
the  Buckhounds  in  the  last  administration, 
is  preparing  a  volume  of  recollections  of 
'  The  Queen's  Hounds  and  Stag-Hunting.' 
It  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Longman, 
and  will  be  illustrated  by  prints  and 
drawings  from  Her  Majesty's  collections  at 
Windsor  Castle  and  at  Cumberland  Lodge. 

The  Syndics  of  the  University  Press, 
Cambridge,   have    asked  Mr.   G.   Forrest, 


Director  of  Records,  Government  of  India, 
to  write  '  A  History  of  British  India  ' 
for  the  "Cambridge  Historical  Series." 
The  forthcoming  number  of  the  Pall  Mall 
Ifarjazine  will  contain  an  article  on  '  Bombay 
Past  and  Present,'  by  Mr.  Forrest.  Writing 
about  the  Queen's  statue  at  Bombay,  Mr. 
Forrest  states : — 

"The  private  and  personal  virtues  of  the 
Queen  have  also  become  known,  and  enthroned 
Her  Majesty  in  the  hearts  of  many  millions  of 
her  distant  subjects.  In  a  remote  village  in  the 
north  of  India  a  peasant  had  a  grievance,  and  he 
called  the  village  schoolmaster  to  his  aid,  and 
they  wrote  a  letter  stating  the  case,  and  they 
addressed  it  'To  the  Good  Lady  in  England,' 
and  the  letter  reached  Balmoral.  To  be  known 
to  distant  subject  races  as  'the  Good  Lady  in 
England '  is  an  achievement  of  which  any 
monarch  may  well  be  proud." 

TnE  lona  cross  of  Cornish  granite,  32  ft. 
in  height,  which  has  been  erected  on  the 
summit  of  Freshwater  Down  in  memory  of 
the  late  Poet  Laureate,  and  which  is  hence- 
forth to  be  known  as  the  Tennyson  Beacon, 
will  be  handed  over  on  behalf  of  the  com- 
mittee of  subscribers  to  the  Corporation  of 
the  Trinity  House  on  August  6th  next,  when 
the  inscription  will  be  unveiled  by  Lady 
Tennj'son.  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
will  be  present,  and  take  part  in  the  cere- 
mony, which  is  fixed  for  3  p.m. 

Madame  Saeaii  Grand,  who  has  returned 
to  London  after  some  months'  stay  abroad, 
has  brought  with  her  the  MS.  of  the  new 
novel  upon  which  she  has  been  long  occupied, 
and  has  placed  it  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Heinemanu  for  publication. 

Prof.  LAuonxoisr  is  working  at  '  The  Life 
and  Letters  of  Henry  Peeve.'  Naturally 
enough  the  book  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Longman. 

Mr.  Kingston,  the  author  of  '  Hertford- 
shire during  the  Civil  War,'  is  engaged 
upon  a  work  on  'East  Anglia  and  the 
Great  Civil  War.'  It  will  give  a  history 
of  the  rising  in  the  counties  of  Cambridge, 
Huntingdon,  Lincoln,  Norfolk,  Suffolk, 
Essex,  and  Hertford.  The  work  will  be 
published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  in  the  early 
autumn. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  of  which  he  was  an  early  member, 
if  not  one  of  the  founders,  is  co-operating 
with  the  National  Literary  Society  of  Ire- 
land to  celebrate  the  centenary  of  Burke's 
death.  This  month  not  being  opjDortune, 
it  is  proposed  to  hold  a  public  meeting 
next  November.  His  Honour  Judge  Webb 
has  promised  to  read  a  paper,  and  efforts 
are  being  made  by  the  promoters  to  make 
the  meeting  representative.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  erect  a  tablet  on  the  house  in  which 
Burke  was  born ;  and  it  is  hoped  that 
the  revived  interest  may  induce  some  pub- 
lisher to  issue  a  much  needed  complete 
edition  of  his  works.  Communications 
may  be  addressed  to  Mr.  E.  E.  McC.  Dix, 
17,  Ivildare  Street,  Dublin. 

Dr.  Nutcombe  Oxenham  is  going  to  take 
the  field  with  a  work  on  '  The  Validity  of 
the  Papal  Claims,'  to  which  the  Archbishop 
of  York  will  write  a  preface  and  which 
Messrs.  Longman  will  publish.  The  same 
firm  promises  a  biograjDhy  of  Dr.  Maples, 
Bishop  of  Likoma,  in  Central  Africa,  by 
his  sister. 


102 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3638,  July  17  '97 


Mk.  Paget  Toynbee,  who  is  responsible 
for  the  index  of  proper  names  appended 
to  the  Oxford  edition  of  tlie  complete  works 
of  Dante,  has  at  length  completed  and  sent 
to  press  the  first  part  of  his  '  Dante  Dic- 
tionary '  (comprising  the  proper  names). 
The  volume  will  be  published  by  the 
Clarendon  Press.  In  the  second  part  Mr. 
Toynbee  proposes  to  deal  with  the  voca- 
bulary of  the  '  Divina  Commedia '  and 
'  Canzoniere.' 

The  death  is  announced  of  Dr.  Althaus, 
long  Professor  of  German  at  University 
College,  Gower  Street,  and  author  of 
'  Brief  wechsel  und  Gespriiche  mit  Alexander 
von  Humboldt,'  and  of  two  volumes  of 
'  Englische  Charakterbilder.'  He  edited 
the  '  Romische  Tagebiicher '  of  F.  Gregoro- 
vius. 

The  decease  is  announced  of  Capt.  the 
Hon.  D.  Bingham,  who  wrote  works  on 
*  The  Marriages  of  the  Bonapartes '  and 
'  The  Marriages  of  the  Bourbons,'  and 
printed  a  '  Selection  from  the  Letters  of 
Napoleon  I.,'  also  a  monograph  on  '  The 
Bastille.'  He  was  in  Paris  during  the 
siege,  and  published  '  A  Journal  of  the 
Siege  of  Paris'  in  1871.  He  acted  as 
Paris  correspondent  of  several  London 
journals  as  well  as  of  the  Scotsman. 

The  box  of  flowers  which,  thanks  to 
the  Frankfurter  Zeitung,  was  put  on 
Heine's  grave,  has  had  to  be  removed, 
as  it  was  placed  there  "  sans  I'autorisa- 
tion  de  la  famille,"  and  so  that  journal 
has  been  obliged  to  trouble  Frau  Char- 
lotte von  Embden,  the  poet's  sister,  who 
is  now  in  her  ninety  -  seventh  year,  for 
legal  authority  to  decorate  her  brother's 
grave. 

Mr.  Petherick  is  exhibiting  the  MS.  (in 
twenty-six  quarto  volumes)  of  his  biblio- 
graphy of  Australasia  at  the  Library  Ex- 
hibition at  the  Guildhall. 

The  chief  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the 
week  are  Education,  Scotland  —  Annual 
Eeport  by  the  Accountant  (6rf.),  and  List 
of  School  Boards  and  Particulars  of  Esti- 
mated Grants  under  the  New  Scotch  Edu- 
cation Act  (2rf.) ;  List  of  all  Pensions  granted 
during  the  Year  ended  20th  June,  1897, 
and  charged  upon  the  Civil  List  (1^.) ;  and 
two  further  Reports  on  the  Charities  of 
Anglesey  Parishes  {Qd.  and  3i.). 

SCIENCE 


Prehistoric  Problems.  By  Robert  Munro,  M.D. 

(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
The  title  of  this  book  is  pretentious,  and 
yet  it  refers  to  very  few  really  pre- 
historic problems,  and  not  one  of  them 
is  treated  exhaustively.  The  manner  of 
reproducing  old  work  is  disadvantageous 
to  the  matter.  In  his  preface  the  author 
frankly  states  that  one  chapter  (ii.) 
concerning  "  the  relation  between  the 
erect  posture  and  the  physical  or  intel- 
lectual development  of  man"  remains  un- 
changed since  it  formed  his  Presidential 
Address  to  Section  H,  British  Association, 
at  Nottingham  (1893).  The  rest  of  the  book 
is  largely  made  up  from  various  articles 
already  published  or  from  addresses  to 
different  societies.      The  revision   of   these 


papers  has  been  so  careless  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult at  times  to  determine  what  audience  is 
being  addressed,  and  the  meaning  is  thereby 
unnecessarily  involved  or  obscured,  whilst 
needless  repetitions  also  occur. 

The  book  has  two  main  divisions — anthro- 
pological and  ai'cha3ological.    Of  the  two  the 
first  is  by  far  the  better  half.     Dr.  Munro 
accepts  the   development  theory  as  correct, 
and  makes  an  important  distinction  between 
man  and  his  predecessors  in  the  erect  pos- 
ture; but  it  is  surprising  to  find  some  of  the 
necessities  of  the  case  ignored,  and  others 
too   faintheartedly   adopted    to    carry   con- 
viction to  a  mind  disposed  to  believe.     It  is 
not  rational  to  subscribe  to  the  development 
theory  and  rej  ect  Pliocene  man ;   nor  is  it 
quite  wise,  even  from  a  physiological  stand- 
point, to  disregard  so  largely  the  positive 
and  cumulative  effects  of  the  use  of  tools, 
especially  upon  brain   development.      The 
preface   leads   to   the   expectation   that   an 
attempt  would  be  made   "to  correlate  the 
phenomena  of  man's  environments  with  the 
corporeal  changes  necessitated  by  his  higher 
intelligence."     Yet  exceedingly  little  is  said 
concerning  the  preliminary  steps,  other  than 
the  able  and  suggestive  comments  upon  the 
probable   influences    attributable   to   man's 
becoming  a  biped.     The  primary  evidence 
of  the  Quaternary  gravels  is   almost  com- 
pletely ignored,  and  the  significance  of  re- 
worked  derivatives  in    some   of   the  oldest 
of   these   gravels   is   not  even  so  much  as 
referred  to.     Nor  is  any  reference  made  to 
that  long   period  in  early  man's  existence 
when  he  used  tools  before  he  had  acquired 
the  art  of  making  them,  or  to  the  still  longer 
time  in  which,  up  to  the  present,  no  evi- 
dence has  been  produced  of  his  knowledge 
of   any   use   of   fire.      The  hiatus  between 
paleolithic   and   neolithic   man   is  vaguely 
discussed,  and  it  is  difficult  to  say  from  this 
book  if  any  such  break  exists  or  not.     To 
"  dispel  the  mists  hovering  around  the  fate 
of  palaeolithic  man  in  Europe,  what  is  now 
required  is  practical  research  under  skilled 
observers."      This   is   quite   true   provided 
those  observers  are   free   from   prejudices, 
both  personal  and  general.    The  harm  done 
to  science  to-day  and  the  hindrance  of  true 
progress  by  the  stubborn  scepticism  of  some 
of  the  leaders   of  anthropological  research 
will   stand   out   hereafter  as   a   grave  blot 
upon  the  splendid  record  of  science  at  the 
latter  end  of  our  century.     With  a  writer 
like  Dr.  Munro,  who  breathes  out  faith  in 
evolution    from    nearly   every   page,    it    is 
greatly   to   be   regretted   that    undue   pro- 
minence  is  so  often   given  to  doubts  that 
are  direful  and  fears  that  befog.     But  Dr. 
Munro  says : — 

"To  prevent  error  and  safeguard  the  in- 
terests of  scienti6c  research,  too  much  caution 
cannot  be  displayed  in  the  selection  of  materials 
in  support  of  such  controverted  problems  as  the 
origin  and  antiquity  of  man.  It  is  better  to 
reject,  temporarily  at  least,  discoveries  to  which 
any  reasonable  objection  can  be  raised,  than  to 
expose  the  whole  evidence  to  the  attacks  of 
unbelievers." 

It  is  precisely  this  spirit  that  caused  so 
long  an  interval  to  elapse  before  the  acknow- 
ledgment of  stone  man's  existence,  after 
the  recognition  of  the  beautiful  stone  imple- 
ment found  in  the  gravels  of  Gray's  Inn  at 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  figured 
and  described  by  Hearne  in  his  preface  to 


Leland's  '  Collectanea,' published  in  1715. 
This  same  spirit  leads  our  own  scientific 
men  to  lag  far  behind  their  continental  and 
American  brethren  in  recognition  of  Ter- 
tiary man,  and  still  more  unhappily  leads 
to  the  needless  destruction  of  much  priceless 
evidence.  It  is  now  more  than  forty  years 
since  the  Neanderthal  skull  was  discovered, 
yet  the  discussion  is  carried  very  little 
further  than  it  then  stood,  even  since  the 
discovery  of  Pithecanthropus  erectus. 

The  second  half  of  Dr.  Munro's  book, 
devoted  to  the  archaeological  side,  is  weaker 
than  the  first  (or  anthropological).  The 
chapter  referring  to  prehistoric  trepanning 
is  interesting,  and  dwells  upon  a  truly 
curious  problem.  So  also  does  the  final 
chapter,  which  deals  with  stone  saws  and 
sickles.  But  the  uses  of  otter  traps  and 
bone  skates  do  not  complete  the  list  of 
problems  meriting  attention.  Wooden  or 
bone  contrivances,  hinged  with  iron,  and 
used  for  sport,  are  worthy  of  notice  in  a 
comprehensive  review  of  human  progress ; 
but  we  do  not  expect  them  to  occupy  such 
disproportionate  space  in  a  book  devoted  to 
prehistoric  problems  when  so  many  more 
important  questions  await  discussion.  The 
material  necessary  is  to  hand  in  such 
profuse  abundance  there  remains  no  excuse 
for  the  production  of  volumes  of  so  imper- 
fect or  misleading  a  type  as  this  last  effort 
of  Dr.  Munro.  The  addition  of  other  points, 
if  treated  in  the  able  and  lucid  style  the 
author  possesses,  would,  with  his  practical 
experience  and  thorough  knowledge,  make 
a  book  of  real  value  to  students  and  of 
considerable  interest  to  general  readers. 


CHEMICAL   LITERATURE. 


An  hdroduction  to  the  Study  of  Chemistry. 
By  W.H.Perkin,  jun.,  F.R.S.,  and  BevanLean. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — This  is  not  an  ordinary 
manual  of  elementary  chemistry  :  it  is  truly  an 
introduction  to  the  study  of  chemistry.  "Whilst 
the  authors  have  been  actuated  by  the  modern 
feeling  that  science  in  a  school  curriculum  is 
chiefly  valuable  as  a  means  of  culture,  and  not 
principally  for  its  facts — that  the  learner  should 
be  taught  to  learn  how  to  learn — yet  they  have 
succeeded,  probably  unwittingly,  in  giving  an 
old-fashioned  flavour  to  their  little  book,  re- 
minding one  of  the  time  when  laboratories  and 
teachers  were  few  and  far  between,  and  exami- 
nations in  chemistry  were  unknown.  This  to 
our  mind  considerably  enhances  its  value.  The 
guiding  principle  in  the  selection  and  treatment 
of  the  subject-matter  has  been  that  of  evolution. 
As  the  authors  point  out,  quoting  from  Prof. 
H.  A.  Miers  :— 

"  The  order  in  which  a  subject  can  best  be  un- 
folded before  a  student's  mind  is  very  satisfactorily 
marked  out  by  the  historical  development  of  the 
subject ;  a  profitable  course  of  teaching  is  suggested 
by  the  history  of  a  science,  and  the  order  in  which 
problems  have  presented  themselves  to  successive 
generations  is  the  order  in  which  they  may  be  most 
naturally  presented  to  the  individual." 

Of  course,  in  an  introduction  to  the  subject 
only  the  main  roads  can  be  followed,  and  not 
the  various  by-paths  and  blind  alleys.  After 
a  few  words  on  alchemy  and  the  birth  of 
chemistry,  which  tend  to  show  the  necessity  of 
exact  measurements,  about  sixty  pages  are 
devoted  to  measurements  of  length,  of  mass,  of 
the  volume  of  liquids,  of  temperature,  of  rela- 
tive densities,  and  of  the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  each  chapter  being  followed  by 
some  examples  and  well-devised  exercises.  Then 
follow  chapters  on  change  of  state  and  on 
important  chemical  operations  such  as  solution, 
crystallization,  the  preparation  of  common  acids, 
alkalis,  and  salts.     After    this,   the  student  is 


N^SeSS,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


103 


seb  to  work  on  a  series  of  short  researches,  c.  g., 
the  discovery  of  fixed  air  by  the  action  of  acids 
on  chalk  ;  the  study  of  fire  and  air,  including 
the  discovery  of  "fire-air"  (hydrogen)  and 
"  vitiated  air  "  (nitrogen)  ;  the  rusting  of  iron  ; 
the  discovery  of  oxygen  ;  the  action  of  acids 
upon  metals  ;  water,  its  synthesis  and  analysis  ; 
and  the  properties  of  gases.  In  all  these 
cases  the  lines  of  the  original  investigators, 
Black,  Priestley,  Scheele,  Lavoisier,  Caven- 
dish, &c.,  are  fairly  closely  followed.  Later  on 
the  student,  following  the  methods  of  Black, 
makes  a  complete  research  on  chalk,  the  fullest 
of  the  exercises  in  the  book.  Other  chapters, 
with  exercises  bearing  on  the  law  of  definite 
proportions,  follow,  and  an  appendix  on  labora- 
tory fittings  and  apparatus.  It  is  insisted  that 
experiments  should  be  for  the  most  part  quanti- 
tative in  character,  and  it  is  recommended  that 
in  school  laboratories  the  boys  should  work  in 
pairs  ;  thereby  time,  labour,  and  material  are 
saved,  and  the  boys  generally  learn  more  than 
when  working  singly.  One  paragraph  from  the 
preface  we  most  strongly  recommend  to  the 
attention  of  all  elementary  teachers  : — 

"  If  .any  would-be  chemists  have  not  yet  mastered 
the  elements  of  arithmetic,  decimals,  the  unitary 
system,  percentages,  and  proportional  parts,  we 
recommend  them  to  close  this  book  and  go  back  to 
their  ciphering.  There  can  be  no  sound  knowledge 
of  physics  or  of  chemistry  without  mathematical 
backbone.  There  is  nothing  more  distracting  to 
teacher  and  to  student  than  to  find  that  laboratory 
results  cannot  be  worked  out  for  want  of  adequate 
mathematical  knowledge." 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  this  book 
includes  nearly  all  the  recommendations 
contained  in  the  syllabus  of  a  course 
in  elementary  science,  including  physics 
and  chemistry,  issued  by  the  Incorporated 
Association  of  Head  Masters,  although  it  was 
drawn  up  quite  independently  of  their  Com- 
mittee on  Science  Teaching.  Moreover,  most 
of  the  chapters  had  been  worked  out,  previous 
to  publication,  by  the  authors'  own  elementary 
students  at  Owens  College,  and  in  the  labora- 
tories of  various  schools  where  elementary  science 
is  well  taught,  so  that  they  have  been  properly 
tested.  In  some  few  cases  the  lessons  suggested 
appear  to  be  rather  too  long  to  be  satisfactorily 
carried  out  in  the  time  mentioned  as  the  maxi- 
mum desirable,  one  and  a  half  hours  ;  but  the 
individual  teacher  can  modify  them  to  allow  for 
the  time  at  his  disposal.  The  authors  are  to 
be  most  sincerely  congratulated  both  on  their 
efibrt  to  produce  a  good  introduction  to  the 
study  of  natural  philosophy  and  on  their  accom- 
plishment ;  the  method  and  the  matter  are  alike 
excellent,  and  the  historical  notes  and  anecdotes 
occasionally  quoted  add  a  living  and  human 
interest  to  the  subject  which  will  serve  to 
attract  many  a  young  student.  We  can  most 
cordially  recommend  this  little  book  and 
wish  it  every  success.  It  is  well  printed  and 
got  up,  there  are  136  useful  figures,  and  mis- 
prints are  very  few  ;  but  on  p.  274  washing 
soda  should  be  described  as  mild  alkali  rather 
than  "  milk  "  alkali,  and  on  p.  63  the  figure  of 
the  cistern  of  a  barometer  would  be  better  if  it 
were  not  upside  down. 

The  Detection  and  Measurement  of  Injiam,- 
mable  Gas  and  Vapour  in  the  Air.  By  Frank 
Clowes.  With  a  Chapter  on  the  Detection  and 
Measurement  of  Petroleum  Vapour,  by  Bover- 
ton  Redwood.  (Crosby  Lock  wood  &  Son.) — 
Prof.  Clowes  has  summed  up  in  this  book  the 
results  of  the  investigations  which  he  has  been 
pursuing  for  several  years,  primarily  on  the 
detection  and  estimation  of  small  quantities  of 
firedamp  in  the  air  of  coal  mines.  Most  of  the 
volume  has  been  published  before  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Journal  of 
the  Society  of  Arts,  or  in  Transactions  of 
different  Institutes  of  Mining  Engineers.  Some 
fresh  matter,  however,  is  added.  A  summary 
of  the  work  of  Dr.  Haldane  on  the  poisonous 
properties  and  detection  of  carbonic  oxide  (from 
the  Journal  of  Physiologxj)  is  given  ;  and  there 


is  a  chapter  on  atmospheres  which  extinguish 
flame  and  which  are    irrespirable,   with  special 
reference    to    carbon   dioxide.       The    historical 
summary  of  methods  of  gas-testing  used  in  coal 
mines  is  interesting,  and  leads  up  to  a  descrip- 
tion of  Dr.  Clowes's  well-known  improvements 
in   the  flame-cap  test,  which  consist  mainly  in 
substituting  a  standard  hydrogen  flame,  under 
control,    for  the   oil,    alcohol,   or   other    flame, 
formerly  used.     At  the  end  of  various  chapters 
Dr.  Clowes  reprints  some  of  his  original  papers 
on   the   subject   dealt   with   in   the   chapter,  a 
custom  not  to  be  commended  as  it  leads  to  need- 
less repetition  and  is  apt  to  be  tedious.     Not 
the  least  interesting  and  important  part  of  the 
book  is  that  by  Mr.  Redwood,  on  the  detection 
and  measurement  of  petroleum  vapour  in  air. 
This  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  testing  the 
air  in  the  holds  of  vessels  or  in  other  enclosed 
spaces    where  petroleum  has  been  stored,   and 
Mr.  Redwood,  in  consultation  with  Dr.  Clowes 
and  with  the  assistance  of  Messrs.  W.  J.  Fraser 
&  Co.,  has   devised  a  modification  of  Clowes's 
hydrogen   lamp  which    renders   it   possible    to 
detect  with  certainty   very  small  quantities  of 
petroleum  vapour  in  air,  and  so  to  take   pre- 
cautions which  will  prevent  explosions  such   as 
that  which  occurred  on  the  steamship  Tancar- 
ville  in  1891,  when  five  men  were  killed.    Board 
of  Trade  regulations  now  require  such  examina- 
tions  to  be  made,  and  also  require  a    regular 
inspection  of  street  boxes  and  other  receptacles 
for  electric  lines  in  order  to  detect  any  accumu- 
lation of  coal  gas  which  may  have  occurred  there ; 
for   these    tests   the   Clowes -Red  wood    testing 
apparatus  seems  to  be  admirably  adapted.     We 
are  sorry  that   both  Dr.  Clowes  and  Mr.  Red- 
wood call  the  mineral  mica  by  the  name   talc ; 
we  are  aware  that  this  is  a  rather  common  trade 
custom,    but    it   should    not    be  encouraged  in 
a   wor'ic   pretending   to  scientific   accuracy.      A 
coloured  frontispiece  shows  the  appearance  of 
the  standard   hydrogen   flame   with  flame-caps 
caused   by  varying    percentages    of    marsh   gas 
and  of  light  petroleum  vapour  ;  less  than  one- 
quarter  per  cent,  of   marsh  gas  in  the  air  can 
readily  be  detected,  and  one-twentieth  per  cent, 
of  light  petroleum  vapour.     Dr.   Clowes  states 
that  the  danger  of  an  explosion  from  a  mixture 
of  other  gases  with  air  is  greatest  in  the  case  of 
hydrogen  and  least  in  the  case  of  marsh  gas, 
because   in  the  latter  case  explosive  mixtures 
are    only   formed   when   between   5    per   cent, 
and     13    per    cent,     of     the     hydrocarbon     is 
present   in   the  air,    but   with   hydrogen   from 
5   per   cent,  to  72  per  cent,   forms   an  explo- 
sive   mixture.       But    from    the    figures    given 
by  Clowes,  acetylene  is  even  more  dangerous, 
as   from  3  to  82  per  cent,  in  the  air  forms  an 
explosive  mixture.     This  is  partly  due   to  the 
explosive  decomposition  of  acetylene  itself  into 
its  elements  under  certain  conditions,  and  is  of 
some  importance  now  that  calcium  carbide  has 
become  a  commercial  article  for  the  production 
of  acetylene.     A  useful  bibliography  concludes 
the  volume. 


THE    MUSEUMS    ASSOCIATION. 

The  annual  meeting  of  this  Association, 
which  aims  at  rendering  to  the  museums  of  our 
country  a  similar  service  to  that  which  the 
Library  Association  renders  to  its  libraries,  was 
held  last  week  at  Oxford,  under  the  presidency 
of  Prof.  Ray  Lankester.  The  President  received 
the  members  at  Exeter  College  on  Tuesday 
evening,  and  the  business  of  the  session  was 
opened  the  following  morning  by  a  presidential 
address  on  museums,  with  special  reference  to 
those  of  Oxford.  Many  of  the  communications 
which  followed  were  appropriately  descriptive 
of  the  local  collections  :  thus  Prof.  Miers  de- 
scribed the  mode  in  which  he  has  recently 
arranged  the  mineral  collections  ;  Mr.  Henry 
Balfour  explained  the  system  on  which  the  Pitt- 
Rivers  Museum  is  arranged ;  Mr.  Goodrich 
entered  into  details  respecting  the  methods 
adopted   for   mounting   specimens  in   the   zoo- 


logical museum  ;  and  Prof.  Poulton  enlarged  on 
the  various  modes  of  mounting  Lepidoptera. 
Among  communications  of  a  more  general 
nature  were  those  of  Prof.  Flinders  Petrie,  in 
which  he  advocated  the  formation  of  a  staff  of 
travelling  specialists  to  visit  museums  and  aid 
the  curators  ;  and  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Rudler,  dealing 
with  the  principles  adopted  in  the  arrangement 
of  ethnographical  collections.  Mr.  Howarth, 
one  of  the  secretaries,  discussed  the  circulation 
system  of  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art. 
Prof.  Talmage,  from  Utah,  described  the  occur- 
rence of  the  gigantic  crystals  of  selenite  which 
he  has  presented  to  Oxford  and  to  many  other 
museums  in  this  country.  Most  of  the  papers 
led  to  discussions  which  were  well  sustained 
and  m.arked  by  a  very  practical  character. 
Visits  were  made  to  all  the  Oxford  museums, 
under  the  guidance  of  the  professors  and 
curators.  On  Thursday  evening  a  brilliant 
reception  was  held  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Evans  and  Prof.  Percy  Gardner. 
Sir  John  Evans  also  took  an  active  part  at  the 
conversazione.  On  this  occasion  Dr.  Drury 
Fortnum's  Jubilee  gift  to  the  University  was 
for  the  first  time  exhibited.  It  consists  of  his 
valuable  collection  of  finger  rings,  numbering 
more  than  eight  hundred  specimens,  and  illus- 
trating the  history  of  rings  from  the  earliest 
types.  The  Association,  in  bringing  a  very  suc- 
cessful meeting  to  a  close  on  the  Friday,  warmly 
acknowledged  the  services  of  Mr.  Balfour,  who, 
in  Prof.  Lankester's  absence,  presided  with 
admirable  tact  at  many  of  the  meetings. 


SOCIETIBS. 


AechyEOLOGICAL  Institute.— July  7th.— Judge 
Baylis,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  F.  G.  Hilton  Price 
exhibited  a  water-bailiff's  silver  mace,  6  in.  long, 
consisting  of  a  tube  or  barrel  surmounted  with  the 
royal  crown.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  tube  is  a 
small  seal-shaped  cap  which  unscrews.  This  tube 
or  barrel  is  the  receptacle  for  a  silver  oar  4{^  in.  in 
length.  When  the  water-bailiff,  or  constable,  was 
ordered  to  board  a  ship  to  arrest  some  offender  he 
would  proceed  to  unscrew  the  end,  withdraw  the 
little  oar,  refix  the  cap,  and  screw  the  oar  into  a 
hole  in  the  cap,  thus  forming  an  instrument  lOg  in. 
iu  length.  When  closed  it  formed  a  constable's  staff 
for  service  on  shore.  The  hall-mark  on  the  mace  is 
nearly  obliterated,  but  the  shaft  of  the  oar  bears  a 
hall-mark,  with  date-letter  P  for  the  year  1830,  and 
the  maker's  mark  F.  H.— Chancellor  Ferguson  exhi- 
bited a  hippo-sandal,  in  which  he  had  placed  a 
horse's  hoof,  showing  it  to  be  undoubtedly  a  horse- 
shoe, and  probably  used  to  protect  a  broken  or  injured 
hoof.  It  was  discovered  in  a  Romano  -  British 
village  near  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  in  Westmoreland.  He 
also  exhibited  two  hippo-sandals  of  neo-archaic 
date,  one  from  Poulton-in-the-Fylde,  in  Lancashire, 
the  other  from  the  banks  of  the  Sol  way,  and  both 
formed  to  enlarge  the  surface  of  the  tread  so  as  to 
prevent  the  horse  sinking  in  the  soft  mosses  once 
peculiar  to  the  distiicts.  Chancellor  Ferguson  also 
exhibited  three  photogiaphs  of  an  iron  chest  which 
was  recently  brought  to  light  in  the  Post  OfiSce  at  Car- 
lisle, being  very  similar  to  one  in  the  Iron  Room  at 
South  Kensington,  and  labelled  "Coffer  or  Deed 
Chest,  wrought  iron  painted — German  16th  Century." 
— Mr.  Somers  Clarke  read  a  paper  '  On  some  Social 
Customs  of  the  Copts.'  The  paper,  written  in  Eng- 
lish by  a  Coptic  gent'.aman  in  Cairo,  Simaika  Bey, 
was  a  brief  account  of  the  customs  observed  at 
weddings,  christenings,  and  on  the  death  of  a  rela- 
tive, most  of  these  usages  being  of  the  highest  anti- 
quity, some  dating  unquestionably  from  pre-Christian 
times.  Many  of  these  are  fast  disappearing.  The 
writer  explained  that  in  the  matter  of  the  choice  of 
a  wife  the  parents  acted  entirely  as  they  thought  fit, 
the  young  people  having  no  voice  in  the  matter. 
The  "ceremony  of  betrothal  was  described,  and  the 
celebration  of  the  wedding,  with  the  illumination 
of  the  house,  feasting,  &c.,  and,  finally,  the  actual 
wedding  or  "  crowning  "  ceremony,  celebrated  either 
at  the  bridegroom's  house  or  in  the  church.  The 
customary  ceremonies  at  the  birth  and  christening 
of  a  child  were  also  described.  The  child  receives 
its  name  on  the  seventh  day  after  birth,  but  is  not 
usually  christened  until  the  lapse  of,  in  the  case  of 
a  male  child,  forty  days,  or  of  a  female,  eighty  days, 
this  ceremony  always  taking  place  in  church.  The 
retention  of  senseless  customs  at  the  occurrence  of 
death  was  regretted  —  frightful  lamentations  and 
cries  on  the  part  of  the  women,  hired  singers  to 
proclaim  the  virtues  of  the  deceased,  virtues 
perhaps  undiscovered  until  the  last  moment.    For 


104 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3638,  July  17,  '97 


forty  (Jays  after  the  deatli  the  women  of  the  house 
cry  and  wail  two  or  three  times  a  day,  and  the 
mourning  continues  a  whole  year.  An  intense  con- 
servatism retains  these  customs  among  the  women, 
whilst  they  are  viewed  with  regret  by  the  men.— 
Prof.  B.  Lewis  read  a  paper  'On  the  Gallo-Roman 
Museum  at  Sens.'  It  consists  of  stones  discovered 
by  excavating  the  walls  of  this  city  ;  they  bad  been 
taken  from  sepulchral  monuments  and  other  struc- 
tures, and  used  as  building  materials  to  fortify  the 
place  against  attacks  of  barbarians.  The  stones 
may  be  divided  into  two  classes  — those  that  are 
inscribed,  and  those  that  are  sculptured.  Amongst 
the  former  the  most  remarkable  inscriptions,  seven 
in  number,  relate  to  the  family  of  Magiliua  Hono- 
ratus,  which  held  a  high  position  at  Lyons  also. 
Another  epigraph  is  short,  but  interesting  ;  it  re- 
cords the  erection  of  a  colonnade  and  covered  walk 
{porticiis  et  amhdatorivm),  and  a  distribution  of 
wine  and  oil  by  magistrates,  probably  yEdiles,  at 
their  own  expense  {propriis  impensis).  The  reliefs 
include  a  great  variety  of  subjects— mythological, 
domestic,  and  funereal.  Most  important  among 
them  is  the  one  that  represents  a  scene  from  the 
legend  of  Iphigenia  in  Tauris.  Orestes  appears  as 
a  prisoner  with  his  hands  tied  behind  his  back,  but 
the  priestess  desires  them  to  be  loosed,  because  he 
is  a  victim  devoted  to  the  goddess  Diana  (Artemis). 
In  this  series  we  find  many  persons  engaged  in  the 
trades  and  occupations  of  daily  life,  e.  g.,  a  bird- 
catcher,  a  fuller,  a  tailor,  a  musician  holding 
cymbals,  and  painters  decorating  the  wall  of  a  house 
al  fresco.  Architectural  fragments  are  very  numer- 
ous— cornices,  capitals  of  columns,  and  friezes— in- 
dicating the  great  prosperity  of  the  city  under  the 
Roman  empire. 


A  NEW  scientific  series  will  make  its  appear- 
ance during  the  course  of  the  autumn.  Mr. 
Beddard,  F.R.S.,  is  the  editor,  and  Messrs. 
Bliss,  Sands  &  Co.  are  the  publishers.  It  will 
be  entitled  "The  Progressive  Science  Series," 
a  title  which  is  intended  to  be  indicative  of  the 
character  and  scope  of  the  volumes  as  opposed 
to  a  series  whose  object  is  merely  historical 
or  expository.  In  other  words,  the  volumes 
will  endeavour  to  point  towards  the  line  of 
future  discoveries  in  each  particular  branch, 
and  save  investigators  the  trouble  of  going  over 
ground  that  has  recently  been  trodden  without 
result.  Prof.  Cope  will  write  on  '  Vertebrate 
Palfeontology,'Mr.  Geikie  on  'Earth  Structure,' 
Mr.  St.  George  Mivart  on  '  The  Groundwork 
of  Science,'  and  Mr.  Bonney  on  'Volcanoes.' 
Other  volumes  are  in  contemplation  on  heredity 
in  relation  to  crime,  in  both  its  legal  and  scien- 
tific aspects  ;  on  the  relation  between  science 
and  religion  ;  upon  the  animal  ovum  ;  and  pos- 
sibly a  volume  upon  marriage  and  divorce.  The 
series  in  its  entirety  will  comprise  volumes  on 
every  branch  of  science,  some  half  dozen  or 
more  being  published  in  each  year  at  first. 
Only  editions  of  moderate  numbers  will  be  pub- 
lished, to  enable  the  various  works  to  be  altered 
at  short  intervals  should  their  authors  deem  it 
necessary,  thereby  keeping  them  thoroughly  up 
to  date.  The  first  volume  may  be  expected 
early  in  October. 

Messrs.  Archibald  Constable  &  Co.  pro- 
pose to  publish  shortly  a  '  Life  of  Sir  Charles 
Tilston  Bright,'  the  distinguished  engineer  and 
pioneer  of  electric  telegraphy,  who  was  knighted 
when  but  twenty-six  years  of  age  for  laying  the 
first  Atlantic  cable.  The  work,  compiled  by  a 
brother  and  son,  is  based  largely  on  the  diaries 
kept  by  Sir  Charles  Bright,  and  reads  like  an 
autobiographical  narrative  of  truly  stirring 
events.  It  will  be  issued  by  subscription  in 
two  volumes,  and  the  number  printed  will  be 
strictly  limited. 

On  July  6th  Dr.  Albert  von  Kolliker  cele- 
brated a  double  festival — his  eightieth  birthday, 
and  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  appointment 
as  Professor  of  Physiology  and  Comparative 
Anatomy  at  the  University  of  Wiirzburg.  The 
venerable  biologist,  who  received  greetings  from 
learned  societies  in  all  parts  of  the  globe,  is  a 
native  of  Ziirich,  where  he  was  born  in  1817. 
After  studying  in  the  university  of  his  native 
town,  and  afterwards  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  he 


was  appointed  in  1845  to  the  Chair  of  Physiology 
in  Ziirich.  Two  years  later  he  was  invited  to 
Wiirzburg,  where  he  has  laboured  for  the  last 
half  century.  He  visited  his  native  city  last 
year  at  the  celebration  of  the  150th  anniversary 
of  the  Naturforschende  Gesellschaft,  of  which 
he  has  been  a  member  for  fifty  years,  and  sur- 
prised all  his  colleagues  by  his  freshness  and 
vigour  in  the  discussions.  The  second  quarterly 
"  Heft  "  of  the  Jahrschrift  of  the  Society,  which 
was  published  on  July  6th,  contains  an  excellent 
portrait  of  Prof.  Kolliker. 

D'Arrest's  periodical  comet  was  detected  by 
Mr.  Perrine  at  the  Lick  Observatory  on  the 
morning  of  the  29th  ult.,  its  place  at  the  time 
being  approximately  R.A.  2  1"',  N.P.D.  83°  46', 
in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  constellation 
Cetus.  According  to  M.  Leveau's  ephemeris  it 
is  moving  in  a  nearly  easterly  direction,  and  is 
now  on  the  border  line  of  Taurus  and  Eridanus ; 
but  it  is  not  likely  that  any  more  observations 
will  be  possible  at  the  present  return.  This 
comet  was  first  discovered  by  D'Arrest  at  Leipzig 
on  June  27th,  1851.  It  has  always  been  a  very 
faint  object  ;  the  period  is  about  six  and  a  half 
years,  and  it  was  observed  in  1857,  1870,  1877, 
and  1890,  but  not  at  the  returns  of  1864  and 
1884,  on  which  occasions  it  was  unfavourably 
placed.  The  next  return,  in  the  autumn  of  1903, 
will  probably  take  place  under  somewhat  better 
conditions  for  observation.  It  is  the  first  comet 
of  the  present  year. 


FINE    ARTS 


EGYPTOLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  Land  of  the  Monuments.     By  J.  Pollard. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — This  book  is  a   care- 
fully written  account  of  a  trip  which  Mr.  Pollard 
made  to  Egypt  in  recent  years,  and  is  illustrated 
by  fifteen  plates  and  a  map.     It  is  addressed 
neither   to    the    expert    nor    to    the    ignorant, 
and  it  appears  to  be  an  honest  record  of  the 
impressions    which    Mr.    Pollard's    travels    in 
Egypt  have  made  upon  his  mind  ;  many  people 
write  such  in  letters  to  friends  or  in  diaries,  but 
few  print  them.     He  accepts  unhesitatingly  all 
the  recent  identifications  of  Biblical  sites   made 
by  explorers  in  the  Delta,  and  he  is  untroubled 
by  the  many  difficulties  and  doubts  which  beset 
the  path  of  the  historical  student.     He  knows 
his    Bible    well— a    rare  qualification   in    these 
days — and  his  references  to  Biblical    parallels 
are    tolerably  complete.      His    authorities    are 
often  antiquated,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  he 
has  used  the  various  guide-books  to  Egypt  with 
great  diligence,  and  that  he  has  reproduced  with 
fair  correctness  the  greater  part  of  the   infor- 
mation which  he  has  derived  from  them.     Mr. 
Pollard  has  nothing  new  to  say,  and  his  theo- 
rizings  are  few  ;    here  and  there,   however,  he 
makes    slips.     Thus  on  p.  191  he  confuses  the 
god  Ap-uat  with  Anpu  ;  they  are  distinct  gods, 
although  each   is    depicted    in    the  form  of    a 
jackal.     The  word  db  ('to    pour  out  water") 
has    nothing  whatever  to    do  with  the    Greek 
PaiTTix)  (p.    201) ;    the  Coptic  word  for  king  is 
derived    not    from  the    old  Egyptian  word  for 
uraens,    but  from   the    old  Egyptian   word  i(r, 
"prince,  governor,  great  man,"  and  the  like  ; 
the  word  "  Pharaoh  "  has  nothing  whatever  to 
do  with  the  Coptic  words  for  "the  king,"  but 
is  derived  from  the  two  ancient  Egyptian  words 
per  a,   which  mean  "great    house,"  i.e.,    the 
house  in   which  all  men  live  (p.  229)  ;  in  the 
Egyptian  word    printed  on   p.  393   there   is   a 
misprint    ("pa"    for     tcha)  ;    and   the     name 
of  the  village  Balydna   is    spelt    "Bellianeh" 
(p.    197).     Mr.    Pollard's    book   has    an    index, 
but    it    omits    important    names    like  Girgeh, 
Nefert,  Ra-hotep,  Aah-hotep,  and  many  others. 
Die   Entstehumj   des    idtesten    Schriftsysteins, 
oder  der  TJrsprutKj  der  Keilschriftzeichen.     Dar- 
gelegt  von  F.   Delitzsch.     (Leipzig,   Hinrichs.) 
— This  essay  on   the   origin   of   the   cuneiform 


character,    though   closely  reasoned   and    care- 
fully   written,    will    not   carry   conviction   into 
the  mind  of  the  general  reader,  for  theory  and 
fact  are  so  mixed  in    it  that  it   is  difficult   to 
see  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins. 
Besides  this,  the  book  is  lithographed,  and  is 
therefore  not  easy  to  read.     Having  stated  that 
the  cuneiform  character  was  used  all  over  Western 
Asia,  from  Elam  on  the  east  to  the  Mediterranean 
on  the  west,  and  from  Armenia  on  the  north  to 
the  Persian  Gulf   on  the  south.  Dr.  Delitzsch 
goes  on  to  describe  the  attempts  which  others 
and  himself  have  made  to  explain  the  system  of 
the  cuneiform  characters,  and  decides,  rightly 
we  think,  that  they  are  of  pictorial  origin.     But, 
according  to  him,  their  inventors  were  masters 
both  of  sign  combinations  and  of  wedge  combi- 
nations ;  thus  the  compound  sign  for  "  slave  " 
is  composed  of  the  signs  for  "  man  -\-  captive," 
and  the  sign  for  "  moon  "  or  "month  "  can,  by 
the  mere  mechanical  addition  of  signs,  be  made 
to  indicate  "new  moon  "  or  "beginning  of  the 
month"  and  "full  moon"  or  "middle  of  the 
month."     A  curious  theory  worked  out  partially 
in  the  book  is  that  the  inventors — who,  by  the 
way.  Dr.  Delitzsch  thinks  were  priests — modified 
the  meaning  of  signs  systematically  by  the  addi- 
tion of  three  or  four  wedges.     Thus  the  sign  6it 
means  "long,"  but  with  three  wedges  inserted 
"  very  long  ";  and  the  sign  si  "  full,"  with  three 
wedges  inserted  "  very  full,  overflowing."    This 
may  be  so,  for  the  old  Egyptians  added  three 
strokes   after   a    word   to   express   plurality   or 
majesty,  and  so  far  as  we  can  see  the  ancient 
scribes  of  Babylonia  and  of  Egypt  followed  the 
same  plan  in  such  matters.     The  addition  to  a 
simple  sign  of  a  number  of  wedges  to  modify  the 
meaning  was  called  by  the  Sumerians  "  gunu," 
i.e.,  "load,"  and  Dr.  Delitzsch  shows  that  the 
"Gunierung"  or  "loading"  of  signs  was  very 
common.     We  think  that  he  presses  his  theory 
overmuch  in  the  chapters  which  relate  to   it. 
He  distinguishes  45  Urbildern  and  signs  which 
have  a    "motive,"   and  thinks  that  about  400 
ingenious  combinations  were  made  from  them  ; 
G.    Smith,    however,    tabulated   180    "  original 
signs."      Some   of   Dr.   Delitzsch's  conclusions 
are    interesting,    especially   one    in    which    he 
proves  that  (p.  194)  the  sign  for  "  man  "  is  a 
picture  of  a  man  kneeling  or  lying  flat  on  the 
ground  in  adoration  before  a  god,   thus   indi- 
cating that  man  is  par  excellence  the  "praying 
animal."     The  chapter  on  the  civilization  of  the 
inventors  of  the  cuneiform  writing  is  good,  but 
there  is  nothing  new  in  it,  and  the  facts  are 
"evidential."     We  are  glad  to  note  that   Dr. 
Delitzsch   has   profited   by   the    extracts    from 
cuneiform  texts,  giving  proofs  of  the  existence 
of  the  languages  of  Sumer  and  Accad,   which 
Dr.   Bezold  has  published    in   his  '  Catalogue ' 
on  pp.  1200,   1354,  1469,  and  1805  ;    to  doubt 
after  this  would  be  folly.     During  the  past  few 
years  attempts  have  been  made  to  show  that  the 
Phoenician  alphabet  was  derived  from  the  cunei- 
form signs  of  Babylonia,  and  that  the  values  of 
the  letters  were  obtained  by  akrophony,  in  the 
same  way  as  the  Persian  cuneiform  alphabet  was 
derived  from  the  later  Assyrian  or  Babylonian 
signs.      Among  those  who  hold  this  view  Dr. 
Delitzsch  has  ranged  himself,  and  he  is  quite 
certain  (p.  226)  that  fifteen  Phoenician  letters 
have    their    origin    in   Babylonian  "primitive 
signs  "  of  the  first  or  second  grade.     He  states 
quite  definitely,  too,  tiiat  all  attempts  to  derive 
the   Phoenician    alphabet    from    the    Egyptian 
hieratic     or      hieroglyphics      have     ended     in 
an     absolute    fiasco,    which,    in    his    opinion, 
cannot     be     denied     (p.     223).       Now      here 
we  think  that  Dr.  Delitzsch  is   getting  out  of 
his  depth,  and    by  making  statements   of  this 
nature  on  points  of  which  he  knows  nothing  he 
courts   hostile  criticism.     The   great   defect   of 
his  present  work  is  the  absence  of  any  general 
archeeological  knowledge  displayed  therein.     A 
good  example  of  this  is  his  omission  to  show  that 
the  chief  factor  in  the  modification  of  cuneiform 
signs  was  the  material  upon  which  they  were 


N^SeSS,  July  17,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


105 


written.  Further,  if  lie  examines  the  signs 
which  M.  Amiaud  gave  in  his  list,  he  will  see 
that  a  number  of  his  general  statements  are 
untenable  ;  and  we  cannot  help  wondering  what 
Dr.  Delitzsch  will  say  when  he  examines  the 
terribly  complex  signs  in  the  early  Babylonian 
texts  which  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum 
have  just  published.  Dr.  Delitzsch 's  book  is 
one  to  be  trusted  where  his  knowledge  is  ade- 
quate ;  but  he  is  not  an  archieologist,  and  he 
has  made  no  special  study  of  his  own  subject 
from  the  general  standpoint  of  anthropology 
and  comparative  ethnology. 


TWO   PORTRAITS    OF   SWIFT. 

Klea  Avenue,  Clapham,  S.W. 

The  portrait,  a  half-length,  to  which  the  Earl 
of  Oxford  refers  in  the  letter  quoted  by  your 
correspondent  Mr.  Temple  Scott,  was  sold  at 
the  earl's  sale  in  1741/2  (March  10th,  lot  37)  for 
ten  guineas  to  Lord  Chesterfield.  It  was  not 
in  Lord  Chesterfield's  sale  by  Mr.  Christie  in 
April,  1782,  and  may  have  been  bequeathed 
to  some  one,  or  it  may  still  be  in  possession  of 
the  present  representative  of  the  family.  The 
Bodleian  possesses  a  good  portrait— a  bust, 
attributed  to  Jervas.  This  was  at  the  South 
Kensington  Exhibition  in  1867.  Bindon's  por- 
trait of  Swift,  also  a  bust,  was  lent  to  the  same 
exhibition  by  Judge  Berwick.  It  is  No.  143  in 
the  Catalogue,  and  its  present  whereabouts  can 
doubtless  be  easily  ascertained. 

W.  Roberts. 

SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  10th  inst.  the  following  pictures,  from  various 
collections  :  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  Portrait  of  Eliza- 
beth Gott,  8921.;    Portrait  of  Benjamin  Gott, 
Esq.,   1,732L;   Portraits  of   the  Misses    Fanny 
and    Jane  Hamond,    1,470/.;    Portraits   of   the 
Misses   Fullarton,    2,310/.     G.   Romney,   Lady 
Hamilton  as  a  Bacchante,  1,995/.;  Portrait  of  a 
Lady,  seated   under   a  tree,   756/.;    Head   of  a 
Young  Lady,  325/.;    Head  of   a  Lady,   turned 
to   the   right,  220/.;    Portrait  of  John   Walter 
Tempest,    1,260/.  ;   Portrait    of    Diana  (Whit- 
taker),    Lady   Hamlyn   Williams,    115/.;    Lady 
Hamilton     as     Meditation,    1,029/.       Sir     H. 
Raeburn,    Edward   S.    Eraser,    346/.  ;   William 
Eraser,    jun.,    of    Reelig,    420/.  ;     Edward    S. 
Eraser,  483/.  ;   Alexander  Charles  Eraser,  jun., 
of    Reelig,    630/.  ;    James    Baillie    Eraser,    of 
Reehg,  399/.;  George  John  Eraser,  of  Reelig, 
672/. ;  Jane  Anne  Catherine  Eraser,  of  Reelig, 
882/.;  Alexander   Eraser   Tytler,    Lord    Wood- 
houselee,   225/.;  Jane  Eraser  Tytler,   daughter 
of  Lord  Woodhouselee,  1,312/. ;  Portrait  of  Miss 
Story,    of   Silkstone    Hall,  Durham,  168/.     D. 
Teniers,  The   Prodigal   Son,   a   farmyard    with 
figures  and   animals,  194/.;   An   Interior,  with 
nine    monkeys,    199/.;    An   Alchemist,    in    his 
laboratory,   504/.     Weenix,   Sculptured   Vases, 
105/,     Marieschi,  A  Canal  Scene,  with  figures, 
252/.;   A   Scene  on   the  Grand  Canal,  Venice, 
252/.;  A  Canal,  with  bridge  and  figures,  236/.; 
The  Rialto,  Venice,  220/.     Murillo,  The  Mag- 
dalen, 813/.     P.  Nasmyth,  A  Woody  Landscape, 
with   a   horseman  under  some  trees,  189/.     J 
Russell,  The  Eavourite  Rabbit,  383/.  J.  Lotens, 
A  Grand  Landscape,  with  a  forest  on  the  left, 
189/.     J.  Crome,  A  Landscape  in  Norfolk,  with 
two  donkeys  under  a  tree,  147/.     Rubens,  Por- 
trait of  the  Archduke  Albert  of  Austria,  and 
Portrait  of  Isabella  Clara  Eugenia,  Infanta  of 
Spain     714/.     J.    Stark,    A   Road    through    a 
Wood  with  sheep,  136/.     G.  Stuart,  The  Duke 
(Hie  Union  Duke)  and  Duchess  of  Queensberry 
^itty  Hyde),  and  their  two  sons,  399/.     Sir  J. 
Reynolds,    Portrait   of  George   Selwyn,    420/  • 
Portrait  of  a  Lady,  336/.     E.  Cotes,  Portrait  of 
a  Young  Lady,  105/. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  12th  inst. 
the  following  pictures  :  Anonymous,  Portrait  of 

^A^?^^^  ^^^'  ^"  ^^'^^^  ^^®^^'  ^ith  black  cloak, 
141/.  r.  Gainsborough,  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in 
red  dress,  105/.  ^ 


In  the  gallery  of  the  Eine-Art  Society  may  be 
seen  three  collections  of  drawings:  some  works, 
mainly  with  a  pen  in  ink,  by  Mr.  Linley  Sam- 
bourne,  and  some  fine  and  delicate  achievements 
with  the  same  materials  by  Mr.  Hugh  Thomson, 
and  also  a  series  of  silver-point  drawings  by  Mr. 
C.  Sainton,  which  he  calls  "Eancies."  The  first 
are  nearly  a  hundred  in  number,  and  include  a 
considerable  proportion  which  have  been  cut  in 
wood  and  published  in  Punch,  where  they  are 
so  well  known  that  to  speak  of  Mr.  Sambourne's 
bold  and  effective  method  of  drawing,  his 
somewhat  heavy  touch,  and  characteristic 
style  is  needless.  The  satirist's  subjects  are 
chiefly,  as  everybody  knows,  Mr.  Gladstone 
and  the  Emperor  of  Germany.  Tlie  best  of  the 
examples  before  us,  all  of  which  are,  artistically 
speaking,  superior  to  the  woodcuts  which  re- 
produced them,  seem  to  be  No.  10,  the  late 
Premier  examining  "the  Liberal  majority" 
with  a  serviceable  microscope  ;  No.  14,  '  Mr. 
Gladstone  reading  Lord  Rosebery's  Speech '  ; 
No.  29,  Mr.  Gladstone  counselling  Prince 
Bismarck  to  "  Do  as  I  do,  and  stick  to  post- 
cards!" and  No.  07,  the  "Imperial  Artist" 
regretting  that  he  has  not  been  able  to 
finish  his  picture  in  time  for  the  Academy, 
where  it  was  "sure  to  be  accepted."  Of  Mr. 
Thomson's  drawings  it  may  be  said  that 
they  suffer  in  translation  even  more— or,  rather, 
much  more— than  Mr.  Sambourne's.  They  are 
illustrations  — ninety  in  all— to  Miss  Austen's 
'Emma,'  of  which  the  best  is  "Who  should 
come  in  but  Elizabeth  and  her  brother,"  "He 
stopt  to  look  in,"  "I  am  very  sorry  to  hear.  Miss 
Fairfax  "  ;  to  '  Sense  and  Sensibility,'  of  which  we 
prefer  "They  sang  together" ;  and  to  Mr.  Austin 
Dobson's  '  Rosina,'  of  which  "  I  'ni  the  tallest  " 
is  the  most  charming.  Mr.  Sainton's  silver- 
points,  as  usual  with  him,  show  an  exquisite 
sense  of  beauty  of  a  certain  sort,  his  extremely 
delicate  touch  (without  which  silver-point  is  a 
terrible  snare),  and  the  grace  and  animation  of 
the  figures  he  affects.  Some  of  these  designs 
are  more  than  commonly  choice  :  for  instance, 
'  An  Idyll,'  a  very  pretty  group  indeed,  '  A  Eire- 
fly,'  -La  Belle  du  Village,'  and  'Spring.'  The 
Fine-Art  Society  intends  to  reproduce  in  fac- 
simile ten  of  the  fourteen  drawings  by  Mr. 
Sainton,  and  publish  them  in  a  portfolio. 

At  Messrs.  Obach  &  Co.'s,  Cockspur  Street, 
may  now  be  seen,  amongst  other  works,  M. 
Harpignies's  landscape  'Solitude,'  praised  in 
these  columns  by  M.  Michel  (Athen.  No.  3631)  ; 
to  it  the  M^daille  d'Honneur  of  this  year's 
Salon  was  awarded. 

MESSR.S.  Bliss,  Sands  &  Co.  have  in  pre- 
paration, and  will  publish  not  later  than 
October  15th,  a  large  work  on  '  Christ  and  His 
Mother  in  Italian  Art,'  edited  by  Canon  Eyton 
and  Julia  Cartwright  (Mrs.  Ady).  It  con- 
sists of  fifty  examples  of  the  most  famous 
Madonnas,  Holy  Families,  Nativities,  Cruci- 
fixions, and  other  subjects  portraying  the 
various  incidents  in  the  life  of  Jesus  Christ. 
A  portfolio  of  india  proofs  of  these  plates  for 
the  purpose  of  framing  will  accompany  the 
volume. 

A  MONOGRAPH  On  'The  Church  Towers  of 
Somersetshire,'  containing  fifty-one  etchings 
by  Mr.  E.  Piper,  Member  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers,  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Frost  &  Reed,  of  Bristol.  The  work  will  con- 
tain a  general  introduction  and  a  descriptive 
article  upon  each  church  by  Mr.  J.  L.  W. 
Page. 

The  collections  of  china,  curios,  and  old 
furniture  of  the  late  Mr.  G.  T.  Robinson  are 
to  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Christie  &  Manson  on 
Thursday  and  Friday  next. 

A  GRANT  from  the  Treasury  has  enabled  the 
British  Museum  authorities  to  add  a  large 
number  of  coins,  secured  chiefly  at  the  Montagu 
and  Bunbury  sales,  to  the  collection  during  the 


year  1896.  The  new  acquisitions,  many  of  which 
are  of  considerable  beauty  and  rarity,  include 
an  Italian  jes  signatum,  belonging  probably  to 
the  latter  half  of  tlie  fourth  century  ;  a  gold 
quarter-stater  of  Tarentum  ;  brazen  coins  of 
Heraclea  and  Laus  (Lucania),  Caulonia  and 
Terina  (Bruttii)  ;  several  Sicilian  specimens  ; 
tetradrachms  of  Amphipolis  and  Chalcidice,  with 
two  types  of  Apollo  ;  a  drachm  of  Magnetes 
with  a  very  fine  and  carefully  executed  head  of 
Zeus  ;  a  remarkable  tetradrachm  of  Nabis, 
ruler  of  Lacedsemon,  of  extreme  rarity,  whose 
genuineness  is  jjroved  by  the  unusual  form  of 
the  tyrant's  name  which  it  bears  ;  two  fine 
specimens  of  the  electrum  coinage  of  Lesbos  ; 
a  very  rare  stater  of  Alexander  II.  Zebina  ;  and 
a  tetradrachm  of  Parthia  with  a  fine  bust  of 
Mithradates  I. 

M.  Albert  Maignan  is  to  paint  the  ceiling 
of  the  salle  of  the  new  Opera  Comique,  Paris, 
and  for  the  grand  foyer  MM.  Mercie  and 
Falguiere  are  to  execute  statues,  that  by  the 
former  representing  L'Opera  Comique,  that  of 
the  latter  Le  Drame  Lyrique. 


MUSIC 


English  Minstrelsie :  a  National  Monument 
of  English  Song.  Collated  and  edited, 
with.  Notes  and  Historical  Introductions, 
by  S.  Baring-Gould,  M.A.  Vol.  VII. 
(Edinburgh,  Jack.) 

The  editor,  of  whom  an  excellent  portrait 
appears   at  the   head   of   this  volume,  has 
written,  by  way  of  introduction,  an  '  Essay- 
on    English    Folk  -  Music,'    in    which    he 
tells  some  of  the  difficulties  of   the  under- 
taking to  which  he  has    devoted   so  much 
time   and    attention.     Many  a   weary   and 
often    unsuccessful    tramp    has    he    taken 
up  hill  and  down  dale  to   collect  material 
— material  which,  when  found,  had  to  be 
carefully    noted    down     and    sifted.      "A 
collector,"   says  our  editor,   "must  be  fur- 
nished  with   infinite  patience  and   put   up 
with  much   disappointment."      Patience   is 
undoubtedly   necessary,   but   the  task  also 
demands  infinite  tact.     If,  in  search  of  some 
rare  book  or  manuscript,  a  scholar  addresses 
himself  to  the  curator  of  some  great  library 
or  to  some  eminent  savant,  he  will,  as  a  rule, 
find  either  ready  and  most  willing  to  render 
him  all  assistance  in  his  researches.     But 
the  aged  poor,  the  blind,  the  lame,  are — to 
use  a  favourite  expression  of  Mr.  Gould's — 
difficult  to  "  draw."    Most  are  shy,  and,  just 
as  counsel  have  often  to  go  to  work  in  a  very 
roundabout  way  to  extort  from  a  nervous 
witness    some   statement   or   admission,    so 
the  earnest  collector  has  to   humour  these 
humble  country  folk,  to  listen  patiently  to 
their  talk,   and  seize  the  lucky  moment  in 
which,  forgetting  they  are  being  interviewed, 
they  sing  one  or  more  quaint  old  melodies, 
which  are  at   once  noted  down  and  thus 
rescued  from  oblivion. 

With  regard  to  this  noting  down  of 
melodies  the  reverend  gentleman  is  quite 
frank.     This  is  what  he  says : — 

"Now  I  myself  can  note  a  melody  if  I  can 
bring  my  singer  to  a  piano  ;  but  I  cannot  write 
— or,  as  he  would  say,  prick  down— the  air 
without  this  assistance.  I  might,  perhaps,  induce 
an  old  minstrel  to  come  to  my  house,  but  the 
majority  of  singers  were  not  to  be  lured  from 
their  own  houses  further  than  the  tavern,  and 
in  neither  was  there  a  piano." 

So  he  called  to  his  aid  "  skilled  musicians," 
the    Eev.    H,    Fleetwood     Sheppard,    the 


106 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"3638,  July  17,  '97 


Eev.  r.  W.  Bussell,  and  Mr.  W.  II.  Hopkin- 
son,  A.R.O.O.,  to  help  him  in  his  task. 
This  noting  or  pricking  down  of  melodies 
is  a  matter  of  immense  importance.  The 
singing  of  uncultured  peasants,  of  aged 
village  folk,  is  often  very  uncertain,  and  the 
most  careful  transci-iber  may  easily  be  mis- 
led. Mr.  Gould  and  his  associates,  however, 
seem  to  have  taken  every  precaution.  Ver- 
sions of  the  same  melody,  noted  down  in 
various  places,  often  widely  removed,  were 
compared.  Nay,  even  more  was  done.  But 
we  had  best  quote  Mr.  Gould's  own  words  : 
"After  a  while,  we  came  to  see  that  when  a 
singer  had  been  singing  for  some  time  he  lost 

his  power  of  individualising  a  melody' When 

we  were  thus  in  doubt  about  a  melody we 

laid  it  aside,  waited  a  few  days,  and  then  asked 
the  man  to  begin  with  that  song,  whereupon  we 
were  able  to  correct  the  errors  on  the  previous 


occasion. 


Our  editor  utters  a  note  of  warning.  "  It 
is,"  he  says,  "  a  most  unfortunate  thing  that 
no  one  has  thought  of  gathering  together  the 
folk-airs  till  quite  recentl}'-,  when  they  are 
trembling  on  the  verge  of  oblivion."  And 
he  also  makes  a  useful  suggestion.  "  Much," 
he  says,  "  might  be  done  by  ladies."  He 
means,  of  course,  much  more,  for  already 
Miss  LucyBroadwood,  Miss  Bidder,  and  one 
or  two  other  ladies  have  devoted  themselves 
to  the  work.  Certain  counties — Northum- 
berland, Sussex,  Devon,  and  Cornwall — 
have  been  explored,  yet  nothing  has  been 
done  for  the  other  counties.  The  fields  are 
overripe,  but  the  labourers  as  yet  are  few. 


THE  WEEK. 


Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. — '  Le  Nozze  di  Figaro ' ; 
'  Inez  Mendo  ' ;  '  Don  Juan.' 
Queen's  Hall. — Festival  Concert. 

It  was  a  happy  thought  of  the  present 
Covent  Garden  management  to  restore 
Mozart's  original  harpsichord  accompani- 
ments to  the  recitativo  secco  in  '  Le  Nozze 
di  Figaro '  and  '  Don  Juan.'  The  late  Sir 
Michael  Costa  and  other  conductors  had  a 
singular  fondness  for  the  ugly  scrape  of  a 
violoncello  and  a  double-bass,  and  latterly 
the  full  force  of  strings  has  been  employed. 
Of  course,  neither  method  is  according  to 
the  intentions  of  the  composer,  and  the 
reversion  to  the  style  of  a  century  ago  may 
therefore  be  highly  commended.  Mr.  Arnold 
Dolmetsch  is  a  master  on  the  harpsichord, 
and  did  his  work  right  well.  The  general 
performance  was  very  even  and,  if  the  term 
may  be  pardoned,  thoroughly  Mozartean, 
Madame  Eames  as  the  Countess,  Madame 
Clementine  de  Vere  (a  youthful  and  charm- 
ing debutante)  as  Suzanne,  Mile.  Zelie  de 
Lussan  as  Cherubino,  M.  Edouard  de 
Eeszke  as  the  Count,  and  Signer  Ancona  as 
Figaro,  fulfilling  their  respective  tasks  in  a 
manner  worthy  of  unqualified  praise. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  pass  to  the  con- 
sideration of  '  Inez  Mendo,'  an  opera  pro- 
duced for  the  first  time  on  any  stage 
on  Saturday  last,  and  though  the  ver- 
dict of  the  audience  may  be  distrusted, 
the  initial  reception  was  highly  favour- 
able. The  composer  is  M.  F.  d'Erlanger, 
who,  in  order  that  he  may  not  be  con- 
founded with  some  one  else  of  the  same 
name,  has  adopted  that  of  Frederic  Regnal. 
He  has  chosen  for  his  musical  inspiration 
in  this  instance  an  early  play  by  Prosper 
Merimee,  in  which  there  is  an  unpleasant 


odour,  though  a  pulsation  of  humanity. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  Galicia,  the  period 
being  1640,  and  the  story  is  quite  as 
Spanish  as  that  of  'Carmen.'  Don  Sal- 
vador de  Mendoza,  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Mendoza,  is  in  love  with  Inez  Mendo,  the 
daughter  of  Juan  Mendo,  a  farmer,  who 
is  also,  by  Galician  law,  public  executioner 
by  heredity,  though  he  has  never  been 
called  upon  to  perform  his  detestable  duty. 
Quite  contrary  to  preconceived  ideas  of 
Spanish  etiquette,  the  Duke  comes  to  the 
farmer,  and  in  a  smiling  manner  asks  for 
the  hand  of  Inez  for  his  son.  Knowing  his 
dreadful  secret,  Mendo  gives  his  consent 
with  reluctance;  and  then  joy  begins  to  turn 
into  grief.  A  frivolous  dragoon  officer, 
Carlos  Sandoval,  serenades  Inez,  and,  being 
challenged  by  the  genuine  lover,  is  dis- 
patched. The  penalty  for  fatal  duelling 
is  death,  and  after  concealing  himself  for 
a  while  in  the  rooms  of  Inez,  Salvador  gives 
himself  up  to  justice,  and  is  duly  condemned 
to  execution.  On  the  morning  of  the  fateful 
day,  however,  he  is  permitted  to  wed  Inez, 
and  we  witness  a  little  of  this  mournful 
marriage  ceremony.  Juan  Mendo  declares 
that,  as  he  has  the  choice  between  two 
weapons,  an  axe  and  a  dagger,  he  throws 
the  axe  away  and  stabs  himself  with  the 
poignard,  just  as  the  Duke  arrives  hurriedly 
with  a  royal  pardon.  In  this  state  of  un- 
certainty as  to  what  ensues  the  opera  comes 
to  an  end. 

With  respect  to  the  music,  it  may  be  said 
at  once  that  if  M.  Eegnal  is  an  amateur, 
he  understands  how  to  compose  as  few 
amateurs  have  done  in  the  history  of  the 
art.  The  score  is  perhaps  a  trifle  thin  in 
places  as  regards  orchestration,  and  of 
evidence  of  individuality  we  have  as 
little  as  '  Der  Evangelimann '  shows.  The 
latter  is  typically  German,  and  '  Inez 
Mendo '  is  equally  French  with  a  few 
touches  of  Spanish  colouring.  Leading 
themes  are  freely  employed  with  effect,  and 
it  may  be  said,  to  M.  Regnal's  credit,  that 
his  concerted  music  is  admirably  written 
throughout,  displaying  evidence  of  a  well- 
trained  hand.  Further,  there  is  evidence  of 
sincerity  in  feeling,  both  in  the  light  and  in 
the  serious  and  tragic  portions  of  the  opera  ; 
and  if  it  would  be  idle  to  expect  permanent 
success  for  '  Inez  Mendo,'  it  is  a  work  that 
entitles  us  to  hope  for  much  more  original 
work  from  the  same  source.  As  regards 
the  Covent  Garden  performance,  we  have 
little  but  praise  to  offer.  In  the  titular 
role  Madame  Saville  sings  and  acts  plea- 
santly, and  M.  Alvarez,  though  he  was  not 
in  his  best  voice  last  Saturday,  is  eminently 
qualified  for  the  character  of  Don  Salvador. 
M.  Renaud  as  Juan  Mendo  is  a  very  pathetic 
figure,  and  M.  Journet,  M.  Dufrane,  M. 
Bonnard,  M.  Jacques  Bars,  and  Mile.  Bauer- 
meister  did  well. 

Turning  to  the  consideration  of  *  Don 
Giovanni '  on  Tuesday  this  week,  good 
opinions  may  be  freely  expressed,  though  it 
is  certainly  rather  amusing  that  an  opera 
written  in  Italian  on  a  Spanish  subject  by 
a  German  composer  should  be  performed  in 
French  in  an  English  opera-house.  Such, 
however,  was  the  case  on  this  occasion,  and 
it  is  only  justice  to  say  that  Mozart's  score 
did  not  suffer  very  much  by  this  curious 
polyglot  arrangement.  M.  Renaud  was 
gallant   in   bearing,   handsome   in   appear- 


ance, and  vocally  commendable  as  the 
Don  ;  and  a  new-comer,  M.  Fugere,  created 
a  very  favourable  impression  as  Leporello, 
as  he  not  only  looked  the  character  well,  but 
acted  with  all  needful  force  and  humour. 
M.  Bonnard  as  Don  Ottavio,  M.  Journet  as 
the  Commendatore,  Mile.  Zelie  de  Lussan 
as  Zerlina,  and  Miss  Macintyre  as  Elvira, 
earned  warm  applause  ;  but  Madame  Adiny 
was  not  altogether  satisfactory  as  Donna 
Anna,  as  her  voice  seemed  rather  harsh  and 
unsympathetic.  Mr.  Arnold  Dolmetsch  was 
again  highly  satisfactory  in  his  harpsichord 
accompaniments  to  the  so-called  "dry" 
recitatives. 

The  orchestral  and  choral  concert  at  the 
Queen's  Hall  on  Thursday  last  week  in 
favour  of  the  Naval  and  Marine  Engineers' 
International  Congress,  which  was  given  in 
honour  of  the  foreign  delegates,  could 
scarcely  have  passed  off  more  successfully, 
a  measure  of  eclat  being  given  to  the  occa- 
sion by  the  fact  that  over  two  hundred 
choristers  from  Leeds  and  neighbouring 
towns  came  to  the  metropolis  for  the  per- 
formance. It  was  somewhat  misleading 
to  state  that  they  were  members  of  the 
Leeds  Festival  Choir,  for  the  chorus  em- 
ployed at  the  triennial  gatherings  on  each 
occasion  is  a  specially  selected  body,  dis- 
banded as  soon  as  the  celebration  is 
at  an  end.  This  fact,  however,  need  not 
interfere  with  cordial  appreciation  of  the 
Yorkshire  singers,  for  the  performance 
may  be  recorded  as  successful  to  a  great 
degree.  The  principal  choral  efforts  were 
Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  ode  '  Blest  Pair  of 
Sirens,'  a  superb  work  which  always  grows 
on  acquaintance ;  the  Prologue  to  '  The 
Golden  Legend,'  a  work  which  it  may 
be  remembered  was  first  produced  at  the 
Leeds  Festival  in  1886  ;  and  those  splendid 
choruses  "The  people  shall  hear"  and 
"The  horse  and  his  rider"  from  'Israel 
in  Egypt.'  All  these  were  grandly  rendered, 
the  sonority  of  the  voices  being  almost 
amazing.  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie's  bright 
and  clever  overture  '  Britannia,'  Brahms's 
equally  brilliant  '  Academic '  Overture,  and 
Tschaikowsky's  fantasia  for  orchestra  on 
the  subject  of  Francesca  da  Rimini,  were 
admirably  played  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  Villiers  Stanford  by  an  orchestra  of 
nearly  one  hundred  and  twenty  performers, 
mainly  past  and  present  pupils  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Music.  Madame  Albani  and 
Mr.  Andrew  Black  were  entirely  successful 
in  their  solo  efforts. 


Afternoon  concerts  during  the  fashionable 
season  at  private  residences  have  rarely  any 
artistic  importance,  but  that  for  which  Mile. 
Pauline  Joran  was  responsible  at  No.  4, 
Grosvenor  Gardens,  the  residence  of  the  Vis- 
count and  Viscountess  Wolseley,  on  Thursday 
last  week  was  above  the  average  of  this  class 
of  entertainment,  for  in  addition  to  Mile.  Joran, 
who  was  equally  acceptable  as  a  vocalist  and  a 
violinist,  Miss  Elise  Joran  displayed  consider- 
able taste  as  a  pianist,  and  Miss  Rosa  Green, 
Signor  Ancona,  Seiior  Guetary,  Mr.  Alfred 
Gallrein,  and  Mr.  Joseph  O'Mara  took  part  in 
the  concert,  which  concluded  with  Ferdinando 
Paer's  pretty  one-act  opera  'II  Maestro  di 
Cappella,'  which,  it  may  be  remembered,  was 
revived  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre  last 
year. 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


107 


Six  so-called  Wagner  Concerts  are  announced 
to  be  given  by  Mr.  Schulz-Curtius  in  the 
Queen's  Hall  during  the  next  season.  The  con- 
ductors will  be  Herr  Mottl,  Herr  Richard 
Strauss,  Herr  Weingartner,  and  Herr  Levi. 
The  concerts  cannot  fail  to  prove  of  the  highest 
interest,  though,  of  course,  full  particulars  are 
not  yet  to  hand. 

The  Committee  of  the  Halle  Memorial  Fund 
have  presented  a  scholarship  in  the  pianoforte 
department  of  the  value  of  30L  per  annum  to  the 
Royal  Manchester  College  of  Music,  the  same 
to  be  called  the  ' '  Sir  Charles  Halle  Scholarship. " 
The  trustee  of  the  late  Elizabeth  Read  has  also 
presented  a  scholarship  of  the  value  of  301.  per 
annum  to  the  College  for  young  women  of  proved 
musical  ability  whose  means  are  insufficient  to 
pay  the  College  fees. 

Herr  Siegfried  Wagner's  comic  opera  based 
on  one  of  Grimm's  fairy  stories  may  be  heard  in 
London  during  the  autumn. 

An  arrangement  has  been  made  for  an  Italian 
version  of  '  Der  Evangelimann  '  to  be  produced 
in  the  principal  towns  in  the  peninsula. 


Mom. 


PBRFORHA.NCES     NEXT   WEEK. 
Madame  Norcrosse's  Maiin(?e  Musicale,  3,  No.  38,  Hyde  Park 


Gardens. 

Royal  Academy  of  Music  Excelsior  Society's  Concert,  8,  Royal 
Academy  of  Music 

Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Concert  of  Prizewinners  at  the  Music  Trades  Exhibition, 
8,  Agricultural  Hall. 

Operatic  Performance,  Selections  from  'Don  Giovanni, '8, Royal 
Academy  of  Music. 

Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Mr  Arnold  Dolmetschs  Concert  of  Antiquarian  Music,  8,  Stein- 
way  Hall 

—  Dramatic  Performance,   'The  Merchant  of  Venice,'  8,   Royal 

Academy  of  Music 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Thurs.  Royal  Academy  of  Music  Students'  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

FBI.      Royal  College  of  Music  Orchestral  Concert,  7  45 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Sat.       Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


TUES. 


Wed. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Her  Majesty's.— 'The  Silver  Key,'  a  Comedy  in  Four 
Acts.  By  Sydney  Grundy.  Adapted  from  Alexandre 
Dumas. 

Matineh  Theatre  —Elizabethan  Stage  Society  :  '  Arden 
of  Feversham ';  'The  King  and  the  Countess,'  an  Episode 
m  the  Play  of  '  Edward  III.'  ^ 

In  dealing  with  the  defects  of  theatrical 
criticism,  Alexandre  Dumas  (the  younger, 
not  the  elder)  says  in  one  or  other  of  his 
prefaces  that  the  critic  forgets  that  the 
dramatist  knows  beforehand,  and  has  said 
to  himself,  all  that  the  critic  can  tell  him. 
This  may  well  be  true.  It  does  not,  how- 
ever, dispense  with  the  obligation  on  the 
critic — if  he  would  vindicate,  perhaps  super- 
fluously, his  own  existence— of  facing  the 
risk  and  writing  what  he  thinks.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  Mr.  Grundy  knows  as  well  as  we 
can  tell  him  that  the  processes  which  proved 
effective  in  dealing  with  'Les  Petits 
Oiseaux '  of  Labiche  and  Delacour  are  less 
satisfactory  when  applied  to  a  comic  master- 
piece such  as  is  '  Mademoiselle  de  Belle- 
Isle.'  '  A  Pair  of  Spectacles '  was  a  bril- 
liant specimen  of  adaptation.  '  The  Silver 
Key '  is  to  the  comedy  of  Dumas  what  a 
pancake  is  to  an  omelette  soufflee.  A  pancake 
has  its  place  in  gastronomy,  and  '  The 
Silver  Key '  may  be  seen  by  those  who  do 
not  know  '  Mademoiselle  de  Belle-Isle.'  We 
are  at  a  loss,  however,  to  understand  to 
what  motive  to  assign  the  changes  Mr. 
Grundy  has  made,  as  it  seems,  in  a  pure 
spirit  of  wantonness.  What  is  more  natural 
than  that  Gabrielle,  upon  hearing  of  the 
monstrous  and  dishonouring  accusations  to 
wbi^  she  is  subject,  should  demand  from 
the  Duke  of  Richelieu  an  explanation  which 
she  naturally  believes  will  result  in  her 
complete  exculpation  ?    Such  a  demand  is 


made  in  good  faith,  and  is  answered  by  the 
Duke  with  a  little  embarrassment,  but  in 
what  is  practically  a  similar  spirit.     It  is 
overheard  by  the  lover,  who  naturally  finds 
his  worst  suspicions  confirmed.  Mr.  Grundy 
keeps  the  Chevalier  on  the  stage  during  the 
interview,  a  position  intolerable  for  him,  and 
destructive  of  the  value  of  the  experiment. 
Richelieu  has  demanded,  and  probably  by 
this    time    obtained,    from    his    rival    the 
thousand  crowns  which  constitute  the  wager ; 
to  say  that  he    had   not  won  them  would 
be  to  charge  himself  with  cheating.     It  is 
quite   obvious   that  the  Duke,  under  such 
conditions,  must  hold  his  tongue.     If  it  is 
supposed  that  some  dishonour  attends  the 
overhearing  of  a  conversation,  the  supposi- 
tion is  foreign  to  the  spirit  of  the  age  and  to 
that  of  comedy.     Does  not  Sir  Peter  Teazle 
listen  to  the  explanations  of  Charles  Surface, 
and  does  any  one  blame  him  for  so  doing  ? 
This    one    illustration    must   suffice,    since 
it  is  characteristic.     Wherever  Mr.  Grundy 
has  departed  from  his  original  he  has  gone 
astray  ;  where  he  has  stuck  to  it  his  work  is 
at  its  best.     The  performance  lacks  distinc- 
tion in  nearly  all  cases  and  lightness  in  most. 
Mr.  Lewis  Waller  goes  furthest  astray  in 
making   the   Chevalier   a   grave,  dignified, 
and  somewhat  saturnine  man.     Mrs.  Tree 
presents  us  with  a  gracious  and  coquettish 
type  of  womanhood,  and  charges  it  with  an 
individuality  which   is  acceptable   enough, 
but  is  not  that  of   the  Marquise  de   Prie. 
Neither  in  appearance  nor  in  bearing  did 
Mr.  Charles  Allan,  the  Due  d'Auincnt,  and 
Mr.  Lionel  Brough,  the  Chevalier  d'Auvray, 
belong   to  the  period   of  the  play.      They 
might  rather  have  stepped  out  of  the  comedy 
of  Moliere.     The  Richelieu  of  Mr.  Tree  was 
decidedly  the  best  performance.     It  lacked 
neither  distinction  nor  impertinence,  which 
are    the    chief    attributes    assigned    it    by 
Dumas.      It    might,    perhaps,    be    a   little 
more    devil-may-care,    though    it    may   be 
remembered  that  at  this  period  Richelieu 
had  begun  to  regard  gallantry  rather  as  a 
means  to  further  his  ambition  than  as  in 
itself    an    absorbing    entertainment.      The 
performance  was  received  with  favour.     It 
will  merit  warmer  praise  when  some  change 
is  made  in  the  disposition  of  the  business. 
The  scene  of  dice-throwing  went  for  nothing. 
With  a  view  to  its  production  at  the  so- 
styled  Matinee   Theatre,  'Arden  of  Fever- 
sham'  has  been  rather  ruthlessly  mangled 
and  abridged.     It  cannot  be  said  that  any 
strong  illumination  is  cast  upon  it  by  the 
stage  presentation  which,  under  these  con- 
ditions,^ it  has  received.     The  entire  action 
passes  in  the  house  of  Arden,  in  which  the 
murder  is  ultimately  accomplished,  and  here 
the   details   of   the  crime  are  studied   and 
arranged    almost    under    the    nose  of  the 
victim.     This  plan  and  the  excision  of  all 
the  outdoor  scenes,  in  which  the  escapes  of 
Arden  are  so  frequent  as  to  appear  almost 
miraculous,  deprive  the  whole   of  vraisem- 
Uance.     One  is    singularly  impressed  with 
the  easy  and  cheerful  manner  in  which  the 
death  of  Arden  is  contemplated  by  all  the 
numerous   people  to  whom  it   is   confided. 
In  a  fine  passage  in  Mr.  Swinburne's  '  Both- 
well,'    Hay  of    Talla  says,    concerning   the 
queen, 

I  have  trod  deep  in  the  red  wash  o'  the  war 
As  who  walks  reddest,  yet  I  could  not  sleep, 
I  doubt,  with  next  night's  dead  man  overhead. 


No  scruples  of  this  kind  beset  any  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Arden' s  house,  even  to  Susan 
Mosbie.  The  performance  was  amateurish. 
The  episode  concerning  Edward  III.  and 
the  Countess  of  Salisbury  in  Roxburgh  Castle 
is  told  inaccurately  and  at  some  length  in 
Froissart,  and  is  borrowed  by  Bandello. 
In  'The  Palace  of  Pleasure,'  whence  the  story 
was  taken,  conceivably,  by  Shakspeare  and 
inserted  in  '  Edward  III.,'  the  errors  are 
corrected,  and  it  is  shown  that  it  was  the 
Black  Prince,  and  not  Edward  III.,  who 
married  the  Countess.  The  dramatist  adheres, 
however,  to  the  Froissart  version.  Without 
being  good  enough,  the  performance  of  this 
short  and  noble  fragment  was  much  better 
than  that  of  'Arden  of  Feversham.'  In  both 
cases  the  dresses  were  good,  and  the  whole 
from  an  educational  standpoint  had  some 
charm.  Those  who  are  interested  in  the 
authorship  of  the  play  will  find  in  the 
Athenceum  of  the  28th  of  March,  1874,  an 
important  letter  from  Payne  Collier  which 
is  well  worth  reconsideration. 


The  Case  of  Rebellious  Susan:  a  Comedy  in 
Three  Acts.  By  Henry  Arthur  Jones.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) — Mr.  Jones  has  ushered  in  with 
a  satirical  dedication  to  MrS.  Grundy  his  saucy 
and  sparkling  comedy  '  The  Case  of  Rebellious 
Susan.'  In  this  he  declines  to  advance 
any  moral  except  that  "as  women  cannot 
retaliate  openly,  they  may  retaliate  secretly — 
and  lie."  He  says,  moreover,  in  a  postscript, 
what  in  a  sense  is  true,  "My  comedy  isn't  a 
comedy  at  all.  It 's  a  tragedy  dressed  up  as  a 
comedy  " — a  phrase  that  would  be  more  signi- 
ficant if  its  application  did  not  extend  beyond 
a  three-act  play  to  a  good  deal  of  life,  which  is, 
said  a  predecessor  of  Mr.  Jones,  "a  comedy  to 
those  who  think,  a  tragedy  to  those  who  feel." 
Upon  theproduction  of  this  play  at  the  Criterion 
we  hailed  it  as  among  the  best  of  Mr.  Jones's 
works.  This  impression  is  fortified  in  perusal. 
Lady  Susan,  avowedly  here  "the  woman  who 
did,"  is  a  fresh,  human,  and  sparkling  creature, 
and  her  victory  over  her  husband — who  is 
typical  in  his  way— is  complete.  All  that  is 
connected  with  the  main  plot  is,  indeed,  excel- 
lent ;  the  characters  are  well  drawn,  and  the 
display  of  human  nature,  under  existing  social 
conditions,  is  good  in  all  respects.  We  like  less 
in  perusal  the  underplot  concerning  the  loves 
of  Fergusson  Pybus  and  Elaine  Shrimpton. 
Characters  corresponding  to  these  may  exist,  but 
we  have  not  met  them.  Lady  Susan  Harabin 
we  can  trace  among  our  acquaintance,  and  the 
prototype  of  James  Harabin  may  be  found  in 
every  club  smoking-room. 

Shakespeare :  The  Tempest.  Edited  by  F.  S. 
Boas.  (Blackie  &  Son.) — This  is  one  of  the 
"Warwick  Shakespeare"  series,  which  professes 
to  make  a  special  feature  of  literary  criticism. 
It  is,  therefore,  disappointing  to  find  that  the 
critical  appreciation  of  the  characters  of  the  play 
is  far  from  adequate.  The  section  on  Ariel  is 
poor  ;  his  hint  of  fellow-feeling  for  humanity, 
which  distinguishes  him  from  Puck  and  which 
Tennyson  has  reproduced  in  his  Titania,  is 
entirely  unnoticed.  If  the  editor  could  not  find 
room  for  more  jesthetic  criticism,  he  should  at 
any  rate  have  referred  to  sources  where  it  is  to  be 
found.  The  notes,  however,  and  glossary  are 
very  good,  though  they  have  obviously  gained 
much  from  the  work  of  predecessors.  Mr.  Boas 
might  have  added  that  Shakspeare's  use  of 
"  genius  "  for  the  personified  self  is  good  Latin, 
and  that  Tennyson  has  ventured  to  use  "pathos" 
for  strong  feeling,  just  as  "  passion  "  is  used  in 
this  play.  The  derivation  and  use  of  "  nimble  " 
also  deserved  notice.  The  force  of  the  allusion 
to  Dido  as  widow  is,  perhaps,  that  she  lost  a 
husband  by  sea.     This  is  naturally  suggested 


108 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


by  the  shipwreck  and  its  supposed  fatal  con- 
sequences, of  which  Sebastian  says  in  the  same 
scene ; — 

Milan  and  Naples  have 

More  widows  in  them  of  tliis  business'  making. 

Nothing  known  as  "  broom  "  to-day  (Cytisus  or 
Genista)  is  of  sufficient  dimensions  to  make 
"  broom-groves "  (IV.  i.  66),  but  rather  than 
read  "brown  groves"  we  would  suggest  that 
groves  of  birch  trees,  which  were  used  to  make 
brooms  or  besoms,  may  be  meant.  The 
"  pioned  "  of  the  same  passage  can  hardly  refer 
to  peonies,  which,  though  they  are  not  neces- 
sarily the  flowers  used  for  the  crowns  of  the 
nymphs  in  the  passage,  are  not  in  blossom 
before  or  in  April. 


DOCUMENTS   RELATING   TO   SHAKSPEARE, 

In  looking  over  some  suits  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  the  other  day,  I  came  across  the 
following,  which  seems  to  have  been  unnoticed 
by  the  biographers  of  Shakspeare.  I  think  it  is 
of  value.  Additional  light  is  thus  thrown  on 
"the  eastern  tenement,"  which  Mr.  Sidney  Lee 
says  "was  let  out  to  strangers  for  more  than 
two  centuries,  and  by  them  converted  into  an 
inn."  The  "one  Shakespeare  "  first  mentioned 
was  the  dramatist's  father. 

"The  severall  answeare  of  Thomas  Willis.  Defend' 
to  the  bill  of  Compl't  of  Allen  Wastell  Compl't. 

"  The  said  Defend'  havinge  saved  to  himselfe  nowe 
and  att  all  tymes  hereafter  the  benefitt  of  excepc'on 
to  thuncerte3'nties  and  insufficiencies  of  the  said  bill 
of  Compl't  for  answeare  thereunto  sayeth  that  hee 
thinketh  and  hopeth  to  prove  that  Edward  Willis  of 
Kingsnorton  in  the  Countj^  of  Wigorn'  iu  the  said 
bill  of  Compl't  named  was  in  his  life  tyme  lawfully 
seised  in  his  demeasne  as  of  fee  of  and  m  twoe  small 
burgages  or  tenementes  with  thapp'ten'ces  in  Strat- 
ford upon  Avon  in  the  Countie  of  Warr'  And  beinge 
desirous  to  make  the  same  one  convenient  dwelling 
And  wantinge  roome  for  that  purpose  Thereupon 
the  said  Edward  Willis  as  this  Defend'  hopeth  to 
make  it  appeare  did  about  fortie  yeares  since 
purchase  to  him  and  his  heires  of  and  from 
one  Shakespeare  one  parcell  of  land  conteyninge 
aboute  seaventeene  foote  square  (as  hee  taketh  it) 
next  adjoyninge  to  one  of  the  said  burgages  or  tene- 
mentes, &  which  parcell  of  ground  and  backside  this 
Def  coDceiveth  to  be  the  parcell  of  ground  or  back- 
side intended  by  the  said  bill  And  the  said  Edward 
Willis  beinge  seised  in  his  demeasne  as  of  fee  of  & 
in  the  said  twoe  burgages  or  tenementes  &  parcell 
of  ground  Hee  the  said  Edward  Willis  aboute  fortie 
yeares  since  did  make  and  erect  one  intire  tenement 
upon  a  greate  parte  of  the  same  And  havinge  soe 
made  erected  and  converted  the  same  into  one 
tenement  Thereupon  and  after  the  same  was  soe 
made  into  one  tenement  And  had  bene  soe  enjo)'ed 
for  diverse  yeares  hee  the  said  Edward  Willis  by 
the  name  of  Edward  Willis  of  Kingsnorton  in  the 
Countie  of  Worcester  yoman  by  Deed  indented 
bearinge  date  the  twentith  daye  of  July  in  the 
seaventh  yeare  of  the  raigne  of  our  late  Soveraigne 
lord  Kinge  James  of  England  aswell  for  theuaturall 
love  and  affeco'on  which  hee  did  beare  unto  Edward 
Willeyesof  Honnesworth  in  the  Countie  of  Staff  Nay- 
lor  his  kinsman  (beinge  this  Def"  brother)  And  for 
other  good  causes  and  reasonable  considerac'ons  him 
movinge  did  by  the  said  Deed  indented  geve  grante 
infeoffe  convey  assure  and  confirme  to  Thomas 
Osborne  and  Bartholomewe  Austeyne  and  their 
heires  All  the  said  twoe  burgages  or  tenementes 
and  parcell  of  ground  and  backside  (as  this  Def 
conceiveth)  by  these  or  the  like  names  videl't 
All  that  messuage  or  tenement  and  burgage  with 
thapp'ten'ces  called  the  Bell  otherwise  the  signe  of 
the  Bell  heretofore  used  or  occupied  in  twoe  tene- 
mentes scituate  and  beinge  in  Stratford  upon  Avon 
in  the  Countie  of  Warr'  in  a  streete  there  com'only 
called  Henley  Streete  and  nowe  or  late  in  the  tenure 
or  occupac'on  of  Robert  Brookes  or  of  his  assignes 
or  undertenantes  betweene  the  tenement  of  Thomas 
Horneby  on  the  east  parte  and  the  tenement  late  of 
William  Shakespeare  on  the  West  parte  and  the 
streete  aforesaid  on  the  south  parte  and  the  king's 
highe  way  called  Gilpittes  on  the  north  parte  To- 
geather  with  all  gardens  edifices  howses  barnes 
stables  and  buyldings  easementes  proffittes  com'ons 
and  com'odities  whatsoever  to  the  said  messuage 
tenement  or  burgage  and  premisses  or  to  any  parte 
or  parcell  thereof  belonginge,"  &c. 

This  answer  was  sworn  by  the  defendant, 
Thomas  Willis,  at  Walsall,  co.  Stafford,  on  the 
9th  of  October,  14  Car.  I.  (i.e.,  1638).  The 
other  documents  in  the  suit  are  unhappily  miss- 


ing.    Nor   does  the  deed  of  July  20th,   1609, 
appear  on  the  Close  Roll  of  the  period. 

Ernest  6.  Atkinson. 


Madame  Bernhardt's  farewell  performance 
took  place  on  Wednesday  at  the  Adelphi  in 
Marguerite  Gautier,  and  on  the  following  day 
she  began  at  Portsmouth  a  short  country  tour, 
in  the  course  of  which  she  will  also  be  seen  in 
Birmingham,  Manchester,  Liverpool,  Glasgow, 
Edinburgh,  Newcastle,  Bradford,  and  Leeds. 
Her  performance  on  Tuesday  of  Mrs.  Clarkson 
in  '  L'Etrangere'  attracted  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  audiences  of  the  season. 

With  the  departure  of  the  foreign  artists  the 
season  may  be  held  to  have  finished.  Madame 
Bernhardt  cut  '  Adrienne  Lecouvreur '  out  of 
her  programme,  and  contented  herself  with 
giving  a  few  representations  of  'L'Etrangere.' 
Madame  R^jane  has  definitely  abandoned  the 
idea  of  producing  '  La  Maison  de  Poupe'e,'  which 
was  to  be  a  special  feature  in  her  programme, 
and  finished  her  engagement  at  the  Lyric  in 
'Madame  Sans-Gene.' 

Miss  Marion  Terry  will  reappear  at  the 
Adelphi  in  the  forthcoming  Waterloo  drama  of 
Mr.  Comyns  Carr  and  Mr.  Haddon  Chambers, 
for  which  Mr.  Cartwright  and  Mr.  H.  Nicholls 
have  also  been  engaged. 

The  termination  of  the  Haymarket  season  is 
fixed  for  the  24th  inst.  The  run  of  '  A  Marriage 
of  Convenience  '  will  be  resumed  on  September 
4th,  when  the  house  will  reopen. 

A  new  comedy  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones 
will  be  produced  by  Mr.  Wyndham  at  the 
Criterion  in  September. 

Sir  Henry  Irving  reappeared  as  Shylock 
and  Miss  Terry  as  Portia  in  a  performance  of 
'  The  Merchant  of  Venice '  given  on  Thursday 
at  the  Lyceum  for  the  International  Congress 
of  Librarians. 

MISCELLANEA 


A  Couple  of  Scott  Queries. — In  a  letter  now  in 
my  possession,  addressed  by  Joanna  Baillie  to 
George  Thomson,  the  correspondent  of  Burns, 
in  January,  1838,  there  is  the  following  passage  : 

"We  have,  like  yourself,  been  very  much  occupied 
with  the  sixth  volume  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  '  Life  '  ; 
particularly  the  very  interesting  Diary  has  touched 
us  pleasingly  and  painfully.  I  cannot  answer  your 
question  as  to  who  was  the  munificent  friend  who 
offered  the  30,000Z.  on  the  failure  of  his  affairs,  but 
it  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  late  Lord  Dudley,  and 
it  probably  was  him." 

Lord  Dudley's  name  has,  I  believe,  been  talked 
of  in  connexion  with  the  generous  offer.  Has 
it  ever  been  definitely  ascertained  that  he  was 
the  "  munificent  friend  "  ?  Lockhart,  of  course, 
knew  the  name,  but,  so  far  at  least  as  the  '  Life  ' 
is  concerned,  left  it  a  secret.— In  a  letter  written 
to  George  Thomson  on  July  23rd,  1806,  Scott 
says  :  "In  case  you  have  not  seen  the  enclosed 
squib,  I  beg  your  acceptance  of  a  copy.  It  has 
made  much  noise  in  London."  What  was  the 
squib  ■?  That  it  was  from  Scott's  own  pen  seems 
to  me  almost  certain  from  the  words  used  by 
Thomson  in  acknowledging  it.  "I  had  seen 
your  squib  before,"  he  says,  "and  am  glad  to 
possess  a  copy. "  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  suggests  to 
me  in  a  courteous  note  that  "your  squib  "  might 
mean  simply  "the  squib  you  send."  That  is 
possible,  of  course,  but  I  do  not  think  it  pro- 
bable. Mr.  Lang's  alternative  suggestion  that 
Scott  refers  to  '  The  Miseries  of  Human  Life  ' 
(Lockhart,  iii.  2)  is  more  likely  to  be  correct.  I 
shall  be  glad  of  any  further  light  on  both  points. 
J.  Cuthbert  Hadden. 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 
NEW   BOOKS. 


To  Correspondents— C.  S.  O.— J.  L.— A.  A.  M.— B.  B.  N. 
-N.  P.— E.  E.  S.— received. 
A.  H.  Gr.— We  cannot  undertake  to  answer  such  questions. 


Erratum.— No.  3637,  p.  68,  col.  2,  line  31,  for  "  Moidan ' 
read  Mordan. 


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N°3638,J.LV17,'97  THE     ATHEN^UM 

MR.  MIJRRAY^   RECENtT^PTIBIJCATIC^ 

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THE     ATHEN^UM  N° 36i^8,  July  17, '97 


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N°  3638,  July  17,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


I^HE    DISCOVERY    of    NORTH    AMERICA   bv 

V,  _  [•'«■<'  published. 
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of  the  Greek    Sn    «n^  Ji       ?r   *^^  Hebrew  and  Greek  Texts,  and 
Z  ^^^^^:  f-atm,  and  other  Versions  of  the  Bible  ^both 
Manuscript  and  Printed)  prior  to  the  Reformation 

With  Twenty.eight  Illustrations. 

one  iarg;:r;:;:k':rrr;"?^r^^  ""^^^ 

Press,  f.r^n.%ZVF^ilt^^^^^^  the  Oxford  University 

Facsimiles  from  the  most  important  MS   Cod  ceT «nH    i?       ^^'Z  ^''^  i'l^strated  with  28  fine  Collotype 
limited  to  220  copies,  of  whifh  only  150%?iS"cL\t  oSdTor'^^ar'  '^''^""^-      ''^"  "'°^^  ^^^"- 
Pnce,  l^ndsomely  bound  in  half  whi.  ----.  unc^^^^^^^^^^^        ,nt,  Five  Guineas  net. 

is  k«ownVbttTot\''m'L"uscrip^^^^^^^  contains  a  fair  summary  of  what 

eight  photographic  facsimiles  o1  variousCftLn  ani  prTnted  text" '   ''  "^''^"^  '"""^'^'^  ^^  the  twenty- 

"  Dr.  Copinger  the  learned  r3i?f  ^^^^f  ^^'^^^'  June  30,  1897. 
done  a.signa'l  sfrvice' to'trelitSr^^to  y^^T  iL't'^'f""^  ^T^^^^^^^'  ^^  -  ^^-  ^'-borate  book 
volume  IS  ,n  outward  appearance  worthy  of  K  Hieme."     ^    ""'•      ^^"'^  ^'°^  '^'  scholastic  value  the 

"No  pains  has  been  srared  in  th!r  ^^i^-^^^^,  July  7,  1897. 
--^,s  in  facsimile   -S^"S-rSS-r-?h2l^^ 


THE  ATHENiEUM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 

£as<  Week's  ATHENJEUM  contains  Articles  on 
WOMEN  NOVELISTS  of  the  REIGN 

SIR  HARRY  JOHNSTONS  BRITISH  CENTRAL  AFRICA 
A  POLISH  SCHOLAR  on  PETER  the  GREAT 
MEDIEVAL  BOOKS  and  their  MAKERS 
LIVES  of  ST.  DOMINIC  and  HIS  FOLLOWERS 

^^^  ^1^'''  ^^-  ■  '-°  A,raUro"v^[ct ;  P'a-'r^o.f r.e°f 

NEW  TESTAMENT  CRITICISM. 

SCANDINAVIAN  NOVELS. 

ANTHOLOGIES. 

SHORT  STORIES. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS 

A  LETTER  Of  THOMAS  PAINE  to  DR.  FRANKLIN;  The  ENGLISH 
sflTT^.^'flSr  EXHIBITION  at  the  BRITISH  MUSEUM 
SALE  of  the  ASHBURNHAM  LIBRARY  ;  An  ALLEGED  ERROR 
NAT^oS^rcZGR^Lr'^^     PUBLISHERS.    SECOND  ^iS 

LITERARY  GOSSIP.  '*^"° 

®^'M'^?t!nlsfGoTslp  "'"""""''  °'  "''""■  ^""^^y  Table;  Societies; 

'■'^#ort^So/s'^'lln'=raftl;^ci'oYsU""^   '"«  ^o^'^'  ^-<-^>   TWO 

""^Wer™*  "^""^  ■'  """"'*'  ^•"'  ^'"""'^-  """'PI  Performances  Next 

DRAMA-The  Week  ;  M.  Meilhac ;  Gossip. 


The  ATHEtrjEmtfor  July  3  contains  Articles  on 

The  LONGMAN  MSS.  of  WORDSWORTH. 

BOOKS  of  TRAVEL. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS 

The  SAILOR^S  BRIDE  ;  The  FAMILY  of  SAY  ;  A  LOST  MANUSCRIPT  ■ 
SALE  of  the  ASHBURNHAM  LIBRARY;  Mrs  OLIPHANT- 
GIBBONS  LIBRARY.  wi^irilAJNl  , 

LITERARY  GOSSIP.  ^''^°~ 

^"fueS^S-Tolip."'''"''''    ^™'-    ^-    Schut.enberger;    Societies; 

^^^\^d^lf,T  Meli.'fif  ^c';p';:^sf  li?L'!^su^r '^  ^'^"'^ '  "^^  ^""^ 

MUSIC-The  Week  ;  Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week 
DRAMA-The  Week  ;  Gossip. 


TBE  ATHEiVJEUM,  EVERY  SATURDAY, 

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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 

The  VOLUME,    JANUARY   to  JUNE,    1897, 

Wilh  the  Index,  price  10...  6A,   IS  NEARLY  READY. 
.•  The  ,.ae,  separate,.,  pHce  U. ;  b,  posl,  e,..    Also  Ca..  f„.  BMi„,,  pHce  1. ;  b.  post.  U.  U. 


J^PPS'S  COCOA. 

'j^HE  MOST  NUTRITIOUS. 

■gPPS'S  COCOA. 

QRATEFUL  and  COMFORTING. 
jgPPS'S  COCOA. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's-buildings.  Chancery-lane.  E.C. 


w 

M. 
C 

&            G    E 

0    F    F    E    E— 
S    U    G 

0. 

A    R_ 

T 

L 

E 

A 
A. 

W. 

104 

NEW  OXFORD-STREET, 

W.C 

r)INNEFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 

■^  . , The  best  remedy  for 

t^FMJ.  •"  *''«  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN, 

HEADACHE,  GOUT 

and  INDIGESTION,  ' 

And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 
Children,  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD'S         MAGNESIA. 


112 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


N-'SGSS,  July  17,  '97 


HURST    &    BLACKETT'S    PUBLICATIONS. 


NOW  READY,  in  1  vol.  small  4to.  extra  cloth,  gilt  top,  price  Half-a-Guinea, 

WOMEN  NOVELISTS  OF 
QUEEN      VICTORIA'S      REIGN. 

A  BOOK  OF  APPRECIATIONS. 

The  SISTERS  BRONTE,  by  Mrs.  Oiiphant.  GEORGE  ELIOT,  by  Mks.  Lynn 
Linton.  MRS.  GASKELL,  by  Edna  Lyall.  MRS.  CRAIK,  by  Mrs.  Parr;  and  other 
Essays  by  Charlotte  M.  Yonge,  Adeline  Sergeant,  Mrs.  Macquoid,  Mrs.  Alexander, 
and  Mrs.  Marshall. 

Opinions  of  the  Press. 

"  Mrs.  Oliphant's  article  on  the  Bronte  sisters  is  a  piece  of  serious  ciiticism  worthy  of 
the  writer's  reputation." — limes. 

"  This  very  readable  book  contains  some  criticism  that  deserves  attention  for  its  insif<ht 
and  lucidity." — Morning  Fast. 

"This  volume  stands  high  above  the  general  level  of  books  about  books Miss  Edna 

Lyall's  paper  on  Mrs.  Gaskell  is  one  of  the  most  pleasing  in  the  book Miss  Sergeant's 

estimate  of  '  Bast  Lynne  '  is  excellent  reading." — Daili/  News. 

"  A  handsome  and  opportune  volume." — Daily  Mail. 

"  The  book  proves  to  admiration  that  we  have  amongst  us  a  few  women  authors  who 
are  not  only  novelists  of  established  reputation,  but  also  writers  qualified  to  make  a  mark  in 
the  ranks  of  criticism." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"A  handsome  and  very  readable  volume Mrs.  Oliphant  has  never  written  more 

wisely,  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton  never  more  vigorously Miss   Yonge  contributes  interesting 

little  memoirs  and  appreciations The  book  will  have  permanent  value  as  an  'expert' 

review  of  a  notable  phase  of  Victorian  literature."— G/o6e. 

"  Of  the  many  books,  notable  or  otherwise,  for  which  this  splendid  date  in  our  national 
history  is  responsible,  very  few,  if  any.  are  more  valuable,  fascinating,  and  instructive  than 
■Women  Novelists  of  Queen  Victoria's  Reign."  The  essays  are  characterized  by  very  trenchant 

and  judicious  criticism Nothing  could  be  more  thoughtful  and  open-minded  than  Mrs. 

Oliphant's  contribution  on  the  Brontes Not  less  striking  is  Mrs.  Lynn  Linton's  essay  on 

George  Eliot Charming  is  Miss  Edna  Lyall's  paper  on  Mrs.  Gaskell,  and  the  trefoil  of 

portraits  by  Miss  Sergeant  is  well  done." — l-'all  Mall  Gazette. 

"A  book  that  should  find  favour." — Academy. 

"  Certainly  one  of  the  most  n  propos  contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  Diamond 
Jubilee." — World. 

"A  book  of  extremely  readable  and  instructive  essays,  every  one  of  which  is  worth 
reading,  thought,  and  praise." — Graphic. 

"  All  the  appreciations  are  interesting  and  readable." — Black  and  White. 


NEW  WORK  BY  CAPTAIN  S.  H.  JONES-PARRY. 
NOW  READY,  in  1  vol.  demy  8vo.  with  Portrait  of  the  Author,  12s. 

An  OLD  SOLDIER'S  MEMORIES.     By  S.  H. 

JONES-PARRY,  J. P.,  D.L.,  late  Captain  Royal   Dublin   Fusiliers,  Author  of  'My 
Journey  round  the  World,'  &c. 

"  The  author  is  to  be  thanked  for  a  budget  of  stories,  told  with  soldierly  frankness, 
humour,  and  kindliness." — Academy. 

NEW   EDITION,   CONDENSED,   REVISED,   AND   WITH    MUCH   NEW    MATERIAL. 
NOW  READY,  in  1  vol.  large  crown  8vo.  with  Portrait  of  Lady  Hamilton,  gilt  top,  6s. 

LADY  HAMILTON  and  LORD  NELSON.    An 

Historical  Biography,  based  on  Letters  and  other  Documents  in  the  Morrison  Collec- 
tion.   By  JOHN  CORDY  JEAFFRBSON,  Author  of  '  The  Real  Lord  Byron,'  &c. 

NEW  SPORTING  SKETCHES  BY  FINCH  MASON. 

NOW  READY,  in  1  vol.  large  crown  8vo.  with  6  Coloured  Plates  and  Illustrated  Title-Page 

drawn  especially  for  this  Work  by  the  Author,  extra  cloth,  7s.  ed. 


The  TAME  FOX,  and  other  Sketches.    By  Finch 

MASON,  Author  of  '  Flowers  of  the  Hunt,'  &c. 

"  Mr.  Finch  Mason  wields  with  equal  facility  and  effect  the  pen  and  the  pencil:  his 
ratives  are  full  of  '  go'  and  spirit." — Globe. 

"  As  pnjoyable  a  book  of  horsey  stories  as  has  been  written  for  many  a  d&y. "Scotsynan. 
"  To  all  with  a  turn  for  sport  I  say  emphatically  procure  *  The  Tame  Fox.'" 


narratives  i 


Whitehall  Review. 


NOW 


,     /  NEW    WORK   BY   WALTER    WOOD. 

V..1.ADY  at  all  Booksellers'  and  Libraries,  in  1  vol.  large  crown  8vo. 
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FAMOUS   BRITISH   WAR   SHIPS   and  their 

COMMANDERS.    By  WALTER  WOOD,  Author  of  '  Barrack  and  Battlefield,'  &c. 
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hundred  pages  are  crammed  with  facts  to  which  any  one  may  refer  with  confidence.     The 
book  is  a  capital  and  stirring  one,  and  reflection  upon  it  fills  us  with  hope  in  our  naval 
future." — Admiral  Colomb  in  the  Saturday  Review. 

BARRACK  and  BATTLEFIELD :  Tales  of  the 

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WOMAN  UNDER  the   ENGLISH  LAW,  from 

the  Landing  of  the  Saxons  to  the  Present  Time.  By  ARTHUR  RACKHAM 
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LODGE'S  PEERAGE    and  BARONETAGE   for 

1897.  Under  the  Especial  Patronage  of  Her  Majesty,  and  Corrected  by  the  Nobility. 
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Awakening  of  Mary  Fenwick.    By 

BEATRICE  WHITBY. 


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HART. 


By    Mabel 


His  Little  Mother.    By  Mrs.  Craik- 


Mistress  Beatrice  Cope. 

LE  CLERC. 


By  M.  E. 
By  Jessie 


A  March  in  the  Eanks 

FOTHERGILL. 

Ninette.      By  the  Author  of  'Vera,' 
&c. 

A  Crooked  Path.    By  Mrs.  Alexan- 
der. 

By   Beatrice 


One   Reason  Why. 

WHITBY. 

Mahme  Nousie 

FKNN. 

The   Ides   of  March 

ROBINS. 

Part  of  the  Property.   By  Beatrice 

WHITBY. 


By  G.  Manville 
By   G.    M. 


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Brother  Gabriel 

EDWARDS. 

A  Matter  of  Skill.     By  Beatrice 

WHITBY. 

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CRAIK. 

A  Life  for  a  Life.    By  Mrs.  Craik. 
Christian's  Mistake.  By  Mrs.  Craik. 
A  Noble  Life.    By  Mrs.  Craik. 
The  Woman's  Kingdom.     By  Mrs. 

CRAIK. 


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Caspar    Brooke's    Daughter.     By 

ADELINE  SERQEANT. 

Janet.    By  Mrs.  Oliphant. 

By   M.    E. 


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Miss  Bouverie.     By  Mrs.  Moles- 

WORTH. 

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MABEL  HART. 

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geant. 

Thunderbolt.    By  Rev.  J.  M.  Mac- 
donald. 

Mary   Fenwick' s    Daughter.      By 

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Robert  Carroll.  By  M.  E.  Le  Clerc. 
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Young    Mrs.    Jardine.     By    Mrs. 

CRAlK. 

Hannah,    By  Mrs.  Craik. 
Nothing  New.    By  Mrs,  Craik. 
The  Unkind  Word.   By  Mrs.  Craik, 
Studies  from  Life.   By  Mrs.  Craik. 
A     Woman's     Thoughts      about 

WOMEN.     By  Mrs.  CRAIK. 

Dale  Folk,    By  Alice  Rea. 

In  Time  to  Come.     By  Eleanor 

HOLMES. 


WORKS   BY  THE   LATE   MRS.   OLIPHANT. 

NEW  AND  CHEAPER  EDITION,  uniformly  bound  in  1  vol.  crown  8vo.  cloth. 

Price     HALF- A- CROWN. 

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AGNES. 


LIFE  of  IRVING. 
A  ROSE  in  JUNE. 
PH(EBE  JUNIOR. 


IT  WAS  a  LOVER  and  HIS  LASS. 


THE  PEOPLE'S  EDITION. 

Price  SIXPENCE. 
In  medium  8vo.  paper  cover,  with  New  Prefatory  Note. 

JOHN    HALIFAX,    GENTLEMAN.      By   Mrs. 

CRAIK. 


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Now  ready  at  all  Booksellers'  throughout  the  United  Kingdom. 

JOHN   HALIFAX,    GENTLEMAN.      By   Mrs. 

CRAIK.    Fully  illustrated  by  Hugh  Riviere.     1  vol.  large  crown  8vo.  handsomely 
bound,  gilt  top,  Gs. 

EDNA   LYALL'S   NOVELS. 

Each  in  1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 


DONOVAN. 

WE  TWO. 

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A  HARDY  NORSEMAN. 


TO  RIGHT  the  WRONG. 
KNIGHT  ERRANT. 
WON  by  WAITING. 


London:    HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limited,   13,  Great  Marlborough-street,   W. 

Editorial  Commnnications   shoald  be   addressed  to   "The   Editor "  — AdTertisemcnts  and   Knsiness   Letters   to   "The   Publisher" —at  the  Office,   Bream's-buildmgs,   Chancery-lane,  E.C. 
Printed  by  John  EowiRD  Francis,  Athena>nm  Press,  Bream's-buildinsB,  Chancery-lane.  E.G.;  and  Published  by  John  C.  FRiNtis  at  Breams-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

Asenn  Jor  Scotland,  Messrs   Bell  *  BradJnte  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  July  17,  1897. 


4iJKp- 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


3>duma(  of  (Bnv^U&f)  antr  d^ovti^n  literature,  defence,  tj^e  £im  ^rt^,  i^lugfic  antr  tfie  Brama* 


No.  3639. 


SATURDAY,   JULY 


24,    1897. 


PUICB 

THREEPENCE 

REQISTKKBD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


ROYAL  ACADEMY  of  ARTS.— LAST  WEEK  — 
The  EXHIBITION  wUl  CLOSE  on  the  EVENING  of  MONDAY, 
An^st  2. 

OYAL    ACADEMY    of    ARTS.— EVENING 

EXHIBITION  —The  EXHIlilTION  will  be  OPEN  in  the 
EVENING  from  MONDAY,  July  :'«.  to  MONDAY,  August  2  (Bank 
Holiday),  from  7.30  to  10  .SO  Admission,  6d.  Catalogues,  M  On  Bank 
Holiday  the  admission  throughout  the  day  will  be  6d. ;  on  other  days  it 
will  be  as  usual. 

LAST  TWO  WEEKS. 

"ROYAL    SOCIETY   of   PAINTERS    in  WATER 

J-V    COLOURS,  5a,  Pall  Mall  East,  SAV.— 126th  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN.    Admission  l.s  ,  10  to  6 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HERKOMER,  Jun.,  Secretary  (pro  ten. J. 

OPEN  TO  THE  PUBLIC  FREE  10  A  M.  TO  6  p.m. 

PUBLISHERS'  PERMANENT    BOOK   EXHIBI- 
TION, 10,  Bloomshury-street,  London,  W.C  , 
Where  the  Latest  Productions  of  the  Chief  Houses  may  be 
inspected,  BUT  NOT  PURCHASED. 

IRMINGHAM      MUSICAL      FESTIVAL, 

1897. 


B 


TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY,  and  FRIDAY, 
OCrOBER  5,  6,  7,  and  8, 1897. 


OUTLINE    OF   THE    PERFORMANCES. 


TUESDAY  MORNING.— 'ELIJAH.' 


TUESDAY  EVENING. 

BRAHMS'  'SONG  OF  DESTINY.' 

MR.  EDWARD  GERMAN'S  NEW  ORCHESfRAL  WORK. 

(Composed  expressly  for  this  Festival.) 

BEETHOVEN'S  C  MINOR  SYMPHONY,  No.  5. 

WAGNER'S  'MEISTERSINGER'  OVERTURE. 

SCENE  3,  ACT  III.,  OF  'DIE  WALKURE.' 

SCHUMANN'S  'MANFRED'  OVERTURE. 


WEDNESDAY  MORNING. 

PROFESSOR  STANFORD'S  NEW  ' REQUIEM  MASS." 

(First  time  of  Performance.) 

BACH'S  CANTATA,  'O  LIGHT  EVERLASTING.' 

BRAHMS'  SYMPHONY,  No.  1. 


WEDNESDAY  EVENING. 

PURCELL'S  'KING  ARTHUR'  MUSIC. 

(As  Bpecially  Edited  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland  for  this  Festival.) 

CHERUBINI'S  'MEDEA'  OVERTURE. 

BEETHOVEN'S  '  LEONORA  '  OVERTURE,  No.  3. 


THURSDAY  MORNING.— 'MESSIAH.' 


THURSDAY  EVENING. 

GLUCK'S  'IPHIGENIA  IN  AULIS'  OVERTURE. 

ARTHUR  SOMERVELL'S  NEW  CANTATA  '  ODE  TO  THE  SEA.' 

(Composed  expressly  for  this  Festival.) 

WAGNER'S  'SIEGFRIED  IDYLL.' 

MOZART'S  G  MINOR  SYMPHONY. 

DVORAK'S  'CARNIVAL'  OVERTURE. 


FRIDAY  MORNING. 

SCHUBERT'S  '  MASS  IN  E  FLAT." 

TSCHAIKOWSKI'S  SYMPHONY  ('PATHfiTIQUE'). 

DR.  HUBERT  PARRY'S  '  JOB.' 


FRIDAY  EVENING.-BEBLIOZ'  '  FAUST.' 


CoNDrCTOB DR.  HANS  RIC'HTER. 


Detailed  Programmes  will  be  ready  on  August  2  next. 

WALTER  CHARLTON,  Secretary. 
95,  Colmore-row,  Birmingham. 

OYAL       STATISTICAL       SOCIETY. 


R 


HOWARD  MEDAL. 

The  subject  of  the  ESSAYS  for  the  HOWARD  MEDAL,  which  wUl 
be  awarded,  with  20;.,  in  November,  1898,  is  as  follows  :— 

'  The  Treatment  of  Habitual  Offenders,  with  special  reference  to  their 
Increase  or  Decrease  in  various  Countries.' 

Essays  must  be  sent  in  on  or  before  June  30, 1898.— For  further  parti- 
culars apply  at  the  Offices  of  the  Society,  9,  Adelphi-terrace,  Strand,  W.C. 

ANTED,    LITERARY  WORK.      Would   help 

Author  and  write  up  Detail  Work,  or  Correct  Work  for  Pub- 
lishers.   Specimens  shown— Vincent,  6,  Almaroad,  Wandsworth,  S.W. 

UBLISHERS.— M.A.  Oxen.,   well  connected, 

desires  POST  with  PUBLISHING  FIRM,  Secretary,  Representa- 
tive, &c.  Would  travel ;  would  invest  Liberal  commission  resulting 
in  such  or  similar  position— Box  136,  Willing's.  125,  Strand. 

A  GENTLEMAN,  for  many  years  Master  of  a 
Grammar  School,  seeks  position  as  SECRETARY,  COMPANION 
Ac.  Would  travel.— Address,  by  letter,  to  W.  F.  N.,  44,  Chancery-lane 
London. 

OUNG     ENGLISHMAN    (24),    with     good 

knowledge  of  French,  German,  and  Italian,  and  with  a'  year's 
study  of  Russian  in  the  country,  seeks  EMPLOYMENT  as  SECRETARY 
or  Assistant  to  Firm  of  Publishers.— Apply  K.  C,  Post  OfiBce,  Albury, 
Guildford.  ' 


SWITZERLAND.— M.A.,  First  -  Class  Honours 
Classics.  Vans  Dunlop  Pcholarsliip,  English  (Edin.  University), 
long  experience,  DESIKES  TUroilSHIP  References  to  Professor 
Lawrie,  Professor  Butclicr.  Emeritus -I'rofessor  Masson.  — No.  87-, 
KobinsoD  &  Soott.  Edinburgh. 

YOUNG  MAN,  well  educated,  good  Italian 
(acquired  abroad),  some  French.  WANTS  SITUATION  with 
BOOKSELLER  Genei-al  artistic  and  literary  knowledge.  Would  pay 
premium.  Good  references  —Address  M.,  care  of  Anderson's  Advertis- 
ing Agency,  I'l,  CocUspur-street,  S.W. 

A  FRENCH  PROTKSTANT  PASTOR,  in- 
capacitated  by  weak  throat  from  preaching,  but  not  otherwise 
out  of  health,  seeks  a  LI  TERARY  Posr  in  Library.  School,  or  other- 
wise. Has  had  foreign  University  education,  and  some  experience  in 
tuition.  Knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin,  and  moderate  Hebrew  ;  also 
'I'heological  German.  Salary  less  an  object  than  immediate  occupation. 
References.— Address  Pastor,  care  of  Miss  Corn,  49,  I'alace  road,  Upper 
Norwood. 

WANTED,  capable  SALESMAN,  about  25  to  30, 
to  TAKE  CHARGE  of  JAPAN RSE  CURTO  and  ART  DEPARI'- 
MENT  of  WHOLESALE  HOUSE  in  MANCHESrER- Address,  stating 
qualifications,  to  .Svlesm.^n,  eare  of  Athena-um  Press,  13,  llream's-build- 
ings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

THE  PRESS.— WANTED,  a  DRAMATIC  CRITIC 
and  good  SUBEDITOR  for  a  Firs^Class  AVEEKLY  NEWSPAPER. 
—Address  Urvshvicus.  49,  Wellington-street,  Strand,  London. 

QCHOLASTIC— ASST.     MASTERS    WANTED, 

kj  SEPT. 

(1)  Maths.,  French,  Freehand  Drawing.  &c.,  for  good  Preparatory 
School     Exp.  necessary,  and  Hon.  I)eg     150(  Res. 

(2)  Mod.  Langs,  and  Gymnastic  Classes,  lor  Grammar  School.  Exp. 
Disc.    80!  — lOOi  Res. 

For  these  and  other  Vacancies  apply  promptlv  to  W.  H.  Fhickeu, 
M.A.,  Teachers'  Guild  Registry,  74,  Gower-street,  W.C. 

pHESTER  SCHOOL  of  SCIENCE  and  ART  and 

\j  TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS. 

The  Governors  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PRINCIPAL  of  the 
above  Schools 

The  Principal  will  be  Head  Master  of  the  School  of  Peicnce  (Technical 
Day  School)  of  Fifty  Boys,  and  responsible  for  all  the  educational  work 
carried  on  under  the  Governing  Body.  He  may  also  be  required  to 
teach  one  subject  in  the  Evening  Classes. 

The  Principal  should  be  a  Graduate  of  some  University,  and  should 
have  some  distinction  or  special  knowledge  of  some  subject  or  subjects, 
such  as  Chemistry  or  Physics,  and  should  have  had  experience  of  similar 
work. 

Salary  300r  per  annum. 

Candidates  are  requested  to  state  their  age,  and  to  send  not  more  than 
four  recent  testimonials 

Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom 
applications  must  be  sent  not  later  than  Tuesday,  August  3,  1897. 

C    R.  ENOCK.  Clerk  to  the  Governing  Body. 

16,  Corn  Exchange  Chambers,  Chester. 


COLLEGE     of     SHEFFIELD. 


TJNIVERSITr 

LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHY  AND  ECONOMICS. 

The  Council  will  proceed  to  the  ELECTION  of  a  LECTURER  in 
PHILOSOPHY  and  ECONOMICS  in  SEPTEMBER  Duties  to  com- 
mence in  October  next.  Salary  200Z.  at  least,  together  with  half  the 
fees  of  the  Lecturer's  Classes —For  particulars  apply  to  The  Registrar. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of   NORTH  WALES. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONSTRATOR  in  BOTANY.     .Salary  120(. 

Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
Wednesday,  September  1.  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

Bangor,  July  7, 1897. 

QUEEN'S  COLLEGES,  IRELAND.— The  Pro- 
fessorship of  MEDICINE  in  the  QUEEN'S  COLLEGE,  CORK, 
being  NOW  VACANT,  Candidates  for  that  Office  are  requested  to  for- 
ward their  testimonials  to  the  UNDER-SECREr.iRY.  Dublin  Castle,  on  or 
before  August  7,  in  order  that  the  same  may  be  submitted  to  His 
Excellency  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 
DublinCastle,  July  18. 


M 


ASON      COLLEGE,      BIRMINGHAM. 


I.  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  MENTAL  AND  MORAL  PHILOSOPHY, 

AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 

II.  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  METALLURGY. 

The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  above  Professorships. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  thirty-five  copies  of  testimonials, 
should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  Saturday,  Sep- 
tember 18 

The  Candidates  elected  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  their  duties  as 
soon  after  October  1  as  possible 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

EPSOM  COLLEGE.— ANNUAL  EXAMINA- 
TION for  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS  EARLY  in 
JULY.  New  Junior  Department  just  opened  for  luo  Hoys.  Prepai-ation 
for  London  Matric.  and  Prel,  Sclent.  Exams  ,  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Uni- 
versities. Numerous  recent  successes.— NEXT  TER.M  BEGINS  SEP- 
TEMBER 16.— Apply  to  'rHE  BuRs.vR,  5,  The  College,  Epsom,  .Surrey. 

q'"HE  ALDEBURGH  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS.— Head 

1  Mistress.  Miss  M.  I.  GARDINER,  Nat.  Sc  Tripos,  Cambridge, 
late  Assistant  Mistress  St.  Leonard's  School,  St.  Andrews  References: 
Mrs.  Garrett  Anderson.  M.D.  ;  the  Rev.  and  Hon.  A.  T.  Lyttelton ; 
Arthur  Sidgwiek,  Esq  .  MA  ;  Mrs.  Henry  Sidgwicls,  &c. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME  SCHOOL  for  limited 
number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors  -,  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate ;  beautiful  situation  ■,  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Uir^iss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 


CCHOOL    for   the    DAUGHTERS   of    GENTLE- 

O  MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 

''FREBOVIR       HOUSE       SCHOOL, 

JL  1,  Trebovir-road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 

Principal— Mrs.  W.  R.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectuses  and  references  on  application. 


OWENS  COLLEGE,  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
MANCHESTER. 
PROSPECTUSES   for   the    SESSION   1897-8  will  be   forwarded  on 
application. 

1.  DEPARTMENT   of  ARTS,    SCIENCE,    and  LAW;  and   DEP.\RT- 

MEN'l'  for  WOMEN. 

2.  DEPARTMENT  of  MEDICINE. 

3.  EVENING  and  POPULAR  COURSES. 

Special  Prospectuses  can  also  be  obtained  of 

4.  DEPARTMENT  of  ENGINEERING. 

5.  DEPARTMENT  of  LAW. 

6.  DFPAIIT.MENT  of  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
7    DE.NTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

8.  PHARMACKUTICAL  DEP.iRTMENT;  and 

9.  FELLOWSHIPS,  SCHOLARSHIPS,  EXHIBITIONS,  and  PRIZES. 
Apply  to  Mr.  Cornish,  10,  St.  Anns-square,  Manchester;  or  at  the 

College.  SYDNEY  CHAFFERS,  Registrar. 

pOVERNESSES    for    PRIVATE    FAMILIES.- 

VT  Miss  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSES  for  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements.  —  Central  Registry  for  'Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO  ,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  ol 
the  nest  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements  —36,  SackviUe-street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  withont  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bexvor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

GREEK.MODERN.TAUGHT  by  the  DAUGHTER 
of  a  GREEK   AUTHOR —Address  A.   X.   M.,  care  of  Messrs. 
Reynell  &  Son,  Advertisement  Offices,  44,  Chancery-lane,  W.C. 

ARTIST,  Gentleman,  young,  highest  royal 
awards,  wishes  to  meet  Lady  or  Gentleman  travelling.  Selection 
of  Paintings.  &c  .  during  tour  given  for  expenses.— G.  W.,  Ludgores, 
Danbury,  Chelmsford. 

TO  LECTURE  SOCIETIES.— ENGAGEMENTS 
CAN  NOW  BE  MADE  for  the  ILLUSTRATED  LECTURES  upon 
'  Egypt  of  To-day  '  and  '  Russia's  I'sars  and  their  Coronation  Pageants,' 
given  so  successfully  to  large  audiences  in  London,  Aberdeen,  Liver- 
pool. Newcastle.  &c.,  by  JAMES  BAKER,  F  R  G.S  F  R.Hist.S.— For 
terms  apply  to  The  Leciure  Age.ncy,  38,  Outer  Temple,  W.C. 

'■pYPE- WRITING.— Terms,    Id.    per    folio    (72 

-I  words) ;  or  5.000  words  and  over,  10<Z.  per  thousand ;  in  two 
colours.  Is.  per  thousand.— Miss  Nighting.vll,  Walkern-road,  Stevenage. 

(^^CHOLARLY    TYPE-WRITING.  —  Foreign   and 

O  Greek,  Latin  MSS  ,  and  others  requiring  special  care,  undertaken 
by  a  Giaduate.  English  at  usual  rates.— TYrooRAFHic  Agexct,  Dan, 
Beeches-road,  West  Bromwich. 

q^YPE-WRITING    by    CLERGYMAN'S 

J.  DAUGHTER  and  ASSISTANTS.- Author"'  SS.  Is  per  1,000 
words.      Circulars,  &c. ,  by  Copying  Process.  jr's  references. — 

Miss  Sikes,  West  Kensington  Type  writing  ^^'--''-'y,  13,  Wolverton 
gardens.  Hammersmith,  W. 

''rYPE-WRlTING,    in    best    style,    \d.   per  folio 

-L  of  72  words  References  to  Authors.— Miss  Oladdino,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

-inTE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,    Plays,    Re- 

J.  views.  Literary  Articles,  &c.,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Manifold  or  Du|>licate  Copies— Address  Miss  E  Tig*b,  23,  Maitland 
Park-villas,  Haverstock-hill,  N.  W.    Established  1884. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.— Confidential  Secre- 
tary, miss  PETHERBUIDGE  (Natural  Science  Tripos),  sends  out 
Daily  a  trained  staff  ol  English  and  Foreign  .Secretaries,  expert  Steno- 
graphers, and  Typists.  Special  staff  of  French  and  German  Reporters. 
Literary  and  Commercial  Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages. 
Speciality— Dutch  Translations,  French,  German,  and  Medical  'Type- 
writing 

INDEXING.— SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.  Trained 
staff  of  Indexers  Speciality— Medical  Indei-ing.  Libraries  Catalogued. 
Pupils  trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

riiyPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

-L  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words.— N.  Taylor, 
74.  Chancery-lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  6690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator.  London." 

q^HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

JL  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  'Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free  —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuBOHES,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 


114 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3639,  July  24,  '97 


nfO     AUTHOKS.  — The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS. 

JL  LiMTTFi),  15,  Victona-street,  We'-tniinster.  are  OL'EN  to  RKCKIVI^. 
MANVSCKII'TS  in  pII  Mranchea  of  Liteiuture  for  consideration  with  a 
view  to  PublishinK  in  Volume  Form  Every  facility  forbrinf^inf?  Works 
before  the  Trade,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Keading  Tublic.  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 

T^O  AUTHORS.— MESSRS.  DIGBY,  LONG  & 
CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  n.s-.  6'/.  net.  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consitior  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form.— Address  18,  Ilouverie- 
Btreet,  Fleet-street,  London. 

9,  Hart-street,  BLooMsnunY,  London. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York- 
Street,  Covent-g^arden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHEH  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  Rlad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  pablication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

E     ANDERSON    &    CO.,    Advertising  Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUK-STREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S,W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,   Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 

Sossible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,    Schools,  Publishers, 
[anufacturers,  &c.,  on  application. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terras  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion-court,  Fleet-street,  E.C. 

Gtntnl05ttC0, 

yiow  ready, 

pATALOGUE  of   FRENCH    BOOKS,  at  greatly 

V7  rednced  prices.  I.  PHILOSOPHY.  II.  KELIGION.  III.  HI.S- 
TORY.  IV.  POETRY,  DRAMA,  MUSIC.  V.  BEAUX-ABTS.  VI. 
GEOGRAPHY.    VII.  MILIT.Uli;. 

DtlLAU  &  CO.  37,  Solio-square,  London,  W. 


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FINE -ART    GALLERY. 

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PERMANENT 

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IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 
14,  Henrietta-Street.  CoTen^garden.  London;  20,  Sonth  Frederick- 
street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  7,  Broad-street,  Oxlord. 
CATALOGUES  on  application. 


E 


Y, 


LLIS  &  ELVE 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books  and  Manuscripts. 

NEW  CATALOGUE  (No  5)  of  BARE  PORTRAITS  and  PRINTS, 

including  a  choice  SELECTION  of  MEZZOTINTS, 

now    ready,    post   free,    Threepence. 

29,  New  Bond-street.  London,  W. 


NEW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21.— Drawings  by  Hunt, 
Prout,  Dc  Wint.  and  others— Turner's  Liber  Studiornm— Things 
recommended  for  study   by  Prof.   Kuskin— scarce    Kuskin    Etchings, 

Eng^ravings,  and  Rooks.    Post  free,  Sixpence.— Wm.  Waud,  2,  Church- 
terrace,  Kichmond,  Surrey. 


c 


HOICE     and    VALUABLE     BOOKS. 


Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  CruikshanJi,  Rowlandson, 
&c. — First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  modern)— Early 
English  Literature— Illuminated  and  other  MSS.-  Portraits— Engravings 
— Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Works  on  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and 
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CHEAP  BOOKS.— THREEPENCE  DISCOUNT 
in  the  SHILLING  allowed  from  the  published  price  of  nearly 
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street  London,  E.C. 

HO^M,  MS.  on  vellum,  early  fifteenth  centur}' — 
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Froissart  —  Astrological  Manuscript,  illuminated  — Worlidge's  Gems, 
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America— First  Six  Editions  of  Hawkins's  Complete  Angler— Specimens 
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matic Books,  &c.— CATALOGUE  post  free— A.  Ri-ssell  Smith,  24 
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LONDON         LIBRARY, 
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of  Llandaff,  Herbert  Spencer.  Esq  ,  Sir  Henry  Barkly,  K  C  B. 

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The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volnmes  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
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LOST,  a  few  months  back,  The  ART  and  CRAFT 
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cor.  suillo.  Witeberga>  MDLXVIII  -MDLXX. 

HACKERAY       HOTEL        (Temperance), 

Facing  the  British  Museum, 
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This  newly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
the  requirements  of  those  who  desire  all  the  conveniences  and  advan- 
tages o(  the  larger  modern  licensed  hotels  at  moderate  charges. 

Passenger  Lift.     Electric  Light  in  all  rooms.    Bath-Rooms  on  every 
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AND  SMOKING  ROOMS. 

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velopments of  the  Photographic  Reproduction  of 
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tensive Collection  of  Autotypes  and  Autogravures 
of  all  Schools,  now  on  view  at  their  Gallery,  74, 
New  Oxford-street,  where  may  also  be  seen  a  series 
of  framed  examples,  of  specially  designed  patterns, 
made  in  oak,  walnut,  and  other  hard  woods. 


Catalogues  and  Price  Lists  post  free  on  application  to 

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(nearly  opposite  the  National  Gallery). 

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REPRODUCTION  IN  CARBON  PRINT 

AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in   the    NATIONAL 

GALLERY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
in  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLES 
L.  BASTLAKB,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.    Price  to  Subscribers,  11.  10s. 

{Part  IV.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.     By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
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The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
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MUDIE'S   SELECT   LIBRARY,  LIMITED, 

30-34,   NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. ; 

241,  BROMPTON-ROAD,  S.W.  ; 

48,  QUEEN  VICTORIA-STREET,  E.C.  ;  and  at 

BARTON  ARCADE,  MANCHESTER. 


TUESDAY  NEXT. 

A  Collection  of  Birds'  Eggs  forined  by  the  late  ROBERT 
CHAMPLEV,  Efq.,  Three  Cabinets,  an  Egg  of  the  Great 
Auk,  Collection  of  Birds  set  up  in  cases,  SiC 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will   SELL  the   above   by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38  King-street,  Covent-garden, 
on  TUESDAY  NEXT,  July  27,  at  half-past  IL'  o'clock  precisely. 

On  \iew  the  day  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had.  .  

FRIDA  ¥  NEXT. 

An  immense  quantity  of  Electrical  Instruments  and  Apparatus, 
being  surplus  Stock  from  a  well-known  Firm,  Photographic 
find  Scientific  Apparatus,  Bicycles,  Lanterns,  Curiosities, 
and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL   the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  .38.  King-street,  Covent-garden, 
on  FKIBAY  NEX  I',  July  30,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had^ 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  -will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King-street,  St.  James'B- 
sqnare,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On    MONDAY,  July  26,  the   LIBRARY  of  the 

late  G.  P.  BOYCE,  Esq  ,  R.W.S. 

On  MONDAY,  July  26,  old  ENGLISH  SILVER 

PLATE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ;  English  Gold  and  Silver 
Coins  and  Medals  Plate,  Watches,  Boxes,  Miniatures,  Sc,  from 
numerous  sources. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  27,  and  Following  Day,  the 

COLLECTION  of  old  CHINESE  and  JAPANESE  PORCELAIN  ol 
Captain  F   BRINKLEY,  of  Tokio,  Japan. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  28,  PORCELAIN  and 

OBJECrS  of  ART,  old  BRUSSELS  TAPESTRY,  &C. 

HENGRA  VE  HALL,  BURY  ST.  EDM UNDS,  SUFFOLK. 
Valuable  Library  of  Books  formed  by  Sir  THOMAS  GAGE. 

HAMPTON  &  SONS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
on  the  PREMISES,  on  WEDNESDAY,  August  11,  the  above 
important  COLLECTION,  which  includes  Works  on  Genealogy, 
Heraldry,  County  History,  Topography,  Fine  Arts,  Voyages  and  rravels. 
&c.,  comprising,  amongst  others.  Hoare's  Wiltshire  — Blomeflcld's 
Norfolk— Church  Notes— Vetusta  Monumenta  — Poulson's  Holderness 
(Large  Paper)- Meyrick's  Arms  and  Armour— Shaw's  Dresses  and 
Decorations— Camden  Society  Publications— Chronicles  and  Memorials 
— Pepys'  Memoirs,  extra  illustrated— Granger's  Biographical  History- 
Chronicles  and  Memorials— La  Fontaine,  Fables,  4  vols.  —  Voragine 
Legenda.\urea  (numerous  woodcuts,  and  many  illustrated  in  gold  and 
colours)— Noble  British  Families— Famiglie  Celcbri  Italiani.  6  vols.— 
First  Editions  ol  Dickens,  Scott,  Jesse,  &c..  as  issued— Early  Printed 
Books— Old  Engravings,  &c.,  all  in  fine  conditions. 
Catalogues  of  the  Avctioneers. 
N.n.— The  EIGHF  DAYS'  SALE  of  the  interesting  and  historical 
FURNITURE- valuable  Gallery  of  Paintings  — old  China  — Curios- 
Armour,  COMMENCES  on  THURSDAY,  August  5  —Full  Descriptive 
and  Illustrated  Catalogues  (price  Is.)  of  Hampoon  &  Sons,  1,  Cockspur- 
street,  S.W. 


N'^  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


115 


ne  Collection  nf  Coins  of  the  late  LORD  AIRLIE;  that  of 
the  late  WILLIAM  OWEN,  Esq.;  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  \V C,  on  S.^TUKDAY,  July  24,  and  on  MONDAY,  July 
26,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  COINS,  the  Propei  ty  of  the 
late  LOUD  AIKLIE  ;  also  a  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  GOLD 
andSILVEK  COIN.S,  &c  .  the  Property  ot  the  late  WILLIA.M  OWEN. 
Esq.  1  a  small  SELECTION  of  WAR  MEDALS,  the  Property  of  a 
DIKECTOH  of  the  HONOUKABLE  EAST'  INDIA  COMPANY,  lately 
deceased  ;  and  other  Properties;  comprising  a  Northumbrian  Silver 
Soeatta  of  Eadberht,  and  various  Early  English  Pieces— milled  English 
Gold— Mint  Proof  .«cts.  including  a  few  I'atterns  and  Proofs  of  Crom- 
well, George  III  ,  Georiie  IV.,  William  IV  ,  and  Victoria— English  Com- 
memorative and  War  Medals,  including  a  Gold  C.B  Badge— North- West 
Canada,  with  clasp  "  .•Saskatchewan  "—(.iold  Proof  Medal  for  Second 
Burmese  War,  and  various  other  Silver-gilt  Proofs— Otticer's  Peninsular 
War  Medal  with  seven  clasps,  &c.— Gold  Medal  on  the  Installation  of  the 
Elector  John  George  of  Saxony  as  a  Knight  of  the  Garter.  1671— rare 
Silver  Medal  of  the  Carmarthenshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry— lare  Parlia- 
mentary Badge  of  the  Earl  <>f  Manchester  l(U.*3— two  rare  Medals  of  the 
Charleston  Social  (  lub.  South  Carolina.  ir6<.  and  the  Tuesday  Club  in 
Annapolis,  1740— a  few  Pieces  of  Plate,  &c.— Coin  Cabinets,  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Libraru  of  T.  G.  J  A  CK,  Esq.  ;  the  Library  of 
the  late  HAROLD  HALLWAY,  Esq.;  and  other  Pro- 
perties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington- 
street,  Strand,  W.C.  on  TUESD.\^Y.  July  27,  and  Two  Following  Days, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  including  a 
PORrlON  of  the  LIBRARY  of  T.  G  JACK,  Esq.,  consisting  of  History 
and  Biography,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  including  Ormerod's 
History  of  Cheshire,  3  vols.  Large  Paper,  the  Arms  emblazoned— Pen- 
nant's Account  of  Loudon,  extra  illustrated.  2  vols — Polwheles  History 
of  Devonshire,  3  vols  in  1— Rudder's  New  History  of  Gloucestershire — 
Atkyns's  Glostershire,  best  edition — Cussans's  History  of  Hertfor  'shire, 
3  vols.  Large  Paper.  &c. ;  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  HAROLD  HALLI- 
DAY,  Esq..  comprising  First  Editions  of  the  Writings  of  Surtees, 
Dickens.  Ruskin.  R  L,  Stevenson,  Thackeray,  Rogers,  Andrew  Lang, 
&c.— Works  illustrated  by  Geo  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson,  and  Blake— 
Pierc-*  Egan's  Life  in  London— Defoe's  Works,  20  vols  Talboys— Mrs 
Bowdich'8  Fresh-Water  Fishes  of  Great  Britain- Heath's  Caricaturist'. 
Scrap-Book,  &c.-Rommant  de  la  Rose.  15:J8 -Biblia  Latina,  lit  Goth.. 
1478— Nuremberg  Chronicle.  149.'i— original  Pen-and-ink  Drawings  by  R. 
Caldecott— Shakespeare's  Comedies.  Histories,  and  Ti-agedies.  Second 
Impression,  1632— Thackeray  :  Anti-Corn  Law  Circular.  Woodcuts  bv 
W.  M.  Thackeray,  1839-41  —  Curtis's  Botanical  Magazine,  1700-1848  — 
Sowerby's  English  Botany,  3S  vols.— La  Fontaine,  Contes,  2  vols.  176-'— 
Bowerby's  English  Fungi— British  Museum  Publications,  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  M.  C.  SCOTT.  Es.f.  ;  a  Portion 
of  the  Library  of  JAMES  J.  FARQUH ARSON,  Esq.,  and 
other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGl: 
will  SELL  by  AlCriON,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington- 
etreet.  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  July  30.  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely.  BOOKS  and  M.\NUSCRIPrS.  comprising  a  further 
PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  M  C  SCO  IT,  Esq  .  consisting  of  Early 
and  rare  Almanacks,  printed  in  Hobart  Town,  Van  Diemen's  Land — 
scarce  Newspapers.  Pamphlets,  and  Scientific  Reports.  &c  ;  a  PORTION 
of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  JAMES  JOHN  FARQUHARSON,  Esq  ,  of 
Langton  House,  Blandford,  Dorset  (sold  by  order  of  the  Executors), 
consisting  cliiefly  of  Topographical  and  Architectural  Works,  Poetry, 
Botany,  and  Arciii^ology,  and  other  Properties,  including  First  Editions 
of  the  Writings  of  Leigh  Hunt,  Dickens,  Kuskin,  'Thackeray,  Lever, 
George  Eliot,  &C- — Books  illnstrated  by  George  Cruikshank— scarce 
Works  relating  to  Welsh  History— George  Meredith's  Poems,  First 
Edition  (1851)— Morrison's  Chinese  Dictionary,  6  vols,  1815-23— Mont- 
fancon.  L'Antiquiti!  Expliquce,  15  vols  ,  1719-24— Longus,  Daphnis  et 
Chlo<^,  1718— Heures  ft  Lusaige  de  Romme,  Paris,  s.d  — and  other  rare 
Horse— Shelley's  Adonais,  First  Edition,  1821— the  Byble,  Cranmer's 
Version,  1549,  &c  —extra  Illustrated  Works,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W C,  on 
'TUESDAY,  July  27,  and  Following  Day.  at  5  o'clock  precisely  rare 
BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE  STAlll'S. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester -square  WC  at 
the  END  of  JULY,  MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY'  and  ENGRA^'- 
INGS. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Library  of  the  late  Miss  ALDINA  PICKERING,  and  other 
Properties. 

ESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester-square,  W  C  on 
THURSDAY',  August  5,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock,  the  LIBRARY"  of  the  late  Miss  ALDINA  PICKERING  and 
other  Properties,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Walton  and  Cotton's 
Angler,  by  Nicolas,  2  vols.  1836— Quarterly  Review,  132  vols  —Hogarth's 
Works  —  Zoological  Society's  Proceedings  and  Transactions  —  Itoval 
Geographical  Society's  Proceedings— Parchment  Library,  Large  Paper 
—Gillray's  Works  — Palestine  Exploration  Fund— Dickens's  Pic-Nic 
Papers— Scott's  Border  Antiquities— Costume  of  China  and  Russia- 
Smith's  Select  Views  in  Italy,  2  vols  —Miscellaneous  Books  in  all 
Branches  ol  Literature,  both  English  and  Foreign. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


M 


Miscellaneous   Books,   including    an    old   Country    Library 

Selection  from  an  Editor's  Library,  Sjc. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery-lane,  W.C  .  on  WEDNESDAY' 
July  28,  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o'clock.  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKs' 
comprising  Illustrated  News,  1842  to  1872,  61  vols  -L'Art  26  vols  — 
Encyclopa'dia  Britannica,  7th  and  8th  Editions  —  Houghton's  Fresh- 
Water  Fishes— Poynting's  Eggs  of  British  Birds— Butt  head's  Statutes 
53  vols.- 'Topography  of  Cambridge,  Hampshire,  &c.,  extra  illustrated— 
Ruskin's  Stones  of  Venice,  3  vols  —Freeman's  Norman  Conquest  6  vols 
— Merivale's  Romans.  8  vols  — Kaye  and  Malieson's  Sepoy  War  &e 
8  vols  —  Bunsen's  Christianity  and  Mankind,  7  vols.- Richardson's 
Works,  19  vols.— Shakespeare's  Works,  21  vols.— Selection  from  an 
Editor's  Library,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Law  Books,  including  Portions  of  Two  Professional  Libraries- 
Books  on  Foreign  Jurisprudence,  Sfc. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
on  FRIDAY,  July  30,  at  I  o'clock,  LAW  BOOKS,  comprising 
Howell's  State  Trials,  .14  vols  — Selden  Society's  Publications  10  vols  — 
Law  Quarterly  Review,  U  vols  — Du  Cange's  Glossary,  10  vols  —New 
Law  Reports,  78  vols  —a  small  but  select  Library  of  Books  on  Foreign 
Jurisprudence,  chieHy  in  German  —  Reports  in  Common  Law  and 
Equity— rext-Books-Neat  Bookcase— Framed  Etchings,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS   &  CO.'S  LIST. 
WORKS  Itj  the  LATE  MISS  JEAN  INGELOW. 

POETICAL      WORKS. 

2  vols.  fcap.  8vo.  12s. 


LYRICAL     AND      OTHER      POEMS. 

Selected  from  the  Writings  of  Jean  Ingelow. 

Fcap.  8vo.  cloth  plain,  2s.  M.;  cloth  gilt,  3s. 

VERY  YOUNG;   and  QUITE  ANOTHER  STORY. 

Two  Stories  for  Girls. 

Crown  8vo.  2s.  6d. 


MODERN   MYTHOLOGY:    a  Reply  to  Professor  Max  MuUer. 

By  ANDREW  LANG,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  St.  Andrews,  Hon.  Fellow  of  Merton  College,  sometime  Gifford  Lecturer  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews.     8vo.  ys. 

WHAT  GUNPOWDER  PLOT  WAS :  a  Reply  to  Father  Gerard. 

By  SAMUEL  RAWSON  GARDINER,  D.C.L.    With  8  Illustrations  and  Plans.    Crown  8vo.  5s. 
"  Father  Gerard's  theory  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot,  as  set  forth  in  his  recently  published  book,  is  demolished  once  and  for 
all  by  Dr.  Gardiner.     Never  has  the  story  of  that  famous  plot  been  so  thoroughly  examined  in  the  light  of  historical  evi- 
dence as  in  this  new  work." — Daily  Aeu;s. 

The  OXFORD  HOUSE  PAPERS :  a  Series  of  Papers  written  by 

Members  of  the  University  of  Oxford.     Third  Series.     Crown  8vo.  2».  6a!.  [Next  week. 

Contents.— The  ATHANASIAN  CREED.  Charles  Gore,  M.A.  D.D.  (Edin.),  of  the  Community  of  the  Resurrection, 
Canon  of  Westminster— CHURCH  and  STATE.  Mandell  Creighton,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  London— WHAT  DO  WK 
MEAN  by  the  NATIONAL  CHURCH?  H.  O.  Wakeman,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford— SUICIDE.  H. 
Hensley  Henson,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford.  The  OLD  TESTAMENT  an  ESSENTIAL  PART  of  the 
REVELATION  of  GOD.  Walter  Lock,  D.D.,  Sub-Warden  of  Keble  College.  Oxford— The  CANON  of  the  NEW  TESTA- 
MENT. W.  Sanday,  D.D.  LL.D.,  Lady  Margaret  Professor  of  Divinity  and  Canon  of  Christ  Church— UNDENOMINA- 
TIONAL RELIGIOUS  INSTRUCTION.    G.  W.  Gent,  M.A.,  Principal  of  St.  Mark's  College,  Chelsea. 


NEW    NOVELS    AND    STORIES. 
The  CHEVALIER  D'AURIAC:   a  Historical  Romance.    By  S. 

LBVETT-YEATS,  Author  of  '  The  Honour  of  Savelli,"  &.C.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

The  PROFESSOR'S  CHILDREN.    A  Story  of  Child  Life.    By 

EDITH  H.  FOWLER,  Author  of  '  The  Young  Pretenders.'    With  24  Illustrations  by  Ethel  Kate  Burgess.    Crown 
8vo.  6s. 
"A  delightful  children's  story.    The  author  seems  to  have  caught  the  daring  inconsequence  and  persistency  in 
hammering  out  an  idea  which  characterize  untrammelled  conversation  in  the  nursery  very  cleverly.     For  its  dialogue  alone 
the  amusing  little  book  is  better  reading  than  a  good  many  more  pretentious  works  of  fiction." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

KALLISTRATUS :    an   Autobiography.     A  Story  of  the  Time 

GILKES,   M.A.,    Master    of    Dulwich  College.    With  3  Illustrations  by 

lA'ext  week. 


of    the    Second    Punic   War.    By  A.   H. 
Maurice  Greiffenhagen.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 


CROOKED  PATHS.    By  Francis  Allingham.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  To  die  and  discover  that  death  is  not  the  end  of  all ;  to  And  that  there  is  no  death,  but  merely  an  altered  existence  ; 
to  know  that  our  actual  self  continues  to  feel  and  to  think  after  death  ;  this  is  the  theoretical  theme  of  Mr.  Francis 
AUingham's  novel The  idea  of  the  book  is  well  conceived  and  seriously  carried  out." — Daily  Mail. 


THE   SILVER   LI BRARY.-new  volumes. 

The  MEMOIRS  of  BARON  DE  MARBOT.    Translated  from  the 

French  by  ARTHUR  JOHN  BUTLER.    With  Portrait.    New  Edition.    2  vols,  crown  8vo.  7s. 

JOAN  HASTE.     By  H.  Rider  Haggard.     With  20  Illustrations 

by  P.  S.  Wilson.    New  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  3s.  M. 

HISTORY  of  the  INDIAN  MUTINY,  1857-1858.     By  Sir  John 

W.  KAYE  and  Colonel  J.  B.  MALLESON.     With  Analytical  Index  and  Maps  and  Plans.    New  Edition.    6  vols, 
crown  8vo.  3s.  6d.    (Vols.  I. -III.  next  week.    Vols.  IV.-VI.  in  the  Autumn.) 


THE     EDINBURGH     REVIEW. 


No.  381,  JULY,  1897.     8vo.  price  6s. 


1.  PROSPERITY  and  POLITICS  in  ITALY. 

2.  MODERN  MOUNTAINEERING. 

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SATURDAY.  JULY  24,  1897. 


CONTBNTS. 

The  Dictionary  of  National  Biography      

Sir  Charles  Windham's  Diary  and  Letters 

An  Egyptian  Keading-Book         

A  Great  Agricultural  Estate 

A  New  Life  of  Anselm       

New  Novels  (The  Girls  at  the  Grange;  Audrey 
Craven;  Two  Sinners)      

M.  Verhakren's  Poems        

Scottish  Fiction— Some  Australian  Versk 

Books  of  Travel         

African  and  Oceanian  Philology       

Local  History— Eeprints 

school-books     

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      127- 

A  Last  Appeal;  Miss  Jean  Ingelow;  The  New 
Logia  ;  '  A  Tale  of  Two  Tunnels  ';  The 
Earliest  Mention  of  Chess  in  Sanskrit  Lite- 
rature ;  Some  International  Press  Cour- 
tesies; An  Alleged  Error  of  Venerable 
Bedk's  ;  The  Library  Conference;  Sale; 
Magazine  Erudition  ;  Cowley's  Letters        129- 

Literary  Gossip  

Science— M.  Berthelot's  Science  et  Morale  ;  The 
Elements  of  Klectro-Chemistry  ;  Library 
Table;  Prof.  Nkwtgn's  '  Dictionary  of  Birds'; 
Astronomical  Notes      133—135 

Fine  Arts  —  Classical  Archaeology;  Illustrated 
Books  ;  New  Prints  ;  British  School  at  Athens  ; 
Sales;  Gossip        135—137 

Music- The   Week  ;    Chester  Musical   Festival  ; 

Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week         ...      138—139 

Drama  —  The  English  Stage  ;  Library  Table  ; 
Gossip  139-140 


PAGE 

117 
119 
120 
121 
121 

122 
122 
123 
124 

125 
12(5 
127 

-128 


-132 
132 


LITERATURE 


Dictionary  of  National  Biography.  Edited  by 
Sidney  Lee.  —  Vol.  LI.  Scoffin-Sheares. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

The  new  volume  of  this  important  and 
essentially  national  undertaking  is  mainly 
notable  for  the  editor's  elaborate  monograph 
on  Shakspeare,  and  for  Mr.  Stephen's 
finished  article  on  Sir  Walter  Scott.  The 
rest  of  its  contents  do  not  call  for  much 
remark.  There  are,  of  course,  a  great  many 
Scotts,  among  them  the  celebrated  wizard  of 
Southern  Scotland,  Michael  Scott,  for  in- 
stance, and  the  two  great  lawyers  who 
became  Lord  Eldon  and  Lord  Stowell. 
Duns  Scotus  is  the  subject  of  an  article  by 
Mr.  Reginald  Poole,  which  is  quite  a  model 
biography  of  its  kind. 

The  article  on  Shakspeare  is  the  longest 
that  has  appeared  in  the  'Dictionary,'  yet 
it  is  not  too  long,  for  the  works  written  by 
and  about  the  poet  are  much  more  numer- 
ous than  those  connected  with  any  other 
name.  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  takes  the  cream  of 
these,  and  compiles  from  them  a  full  and 
interesting  biography ;  an  account  of  the 
genesis  of  the  poems,  of  the  spread  of  the 
poet's  reputation,  of  the  doubted  and 
undoubted  portraits,  and  of  the  general 
bibliography — a  great  piece  of  work,  on  the 
•whole,  finely  done,  and  suflB.cient  for  the 
multitudes  who  pin  their  literary  faith 
on  dictionary  data.  The  only  criticism, 
indeed,  that  might  be  made  in  the  interest 
of  general  readers  is  that,  if  the  life  and  the 
account  of  literary  developments  had  been 
taken  up  separately,  it  might  have  saved 
occasional  overlapping  of  dates,  confusion 
of  ideas,  and  flagging  of  biographical 
interest.  Specialists,  however,  will  easily 
understand  Mr.  Lee's  difiiculty  in  separating 
these.  One  cannot  and  ought  not  to  expect 
much  original  research  in  such  articles,  and 
any  criticism  on  our  part  must  chiefly 
consist  in  noting  the  attitude  of  the  writer 
to  contested  questions  and  to  facts  gleaned 
by  others.  Mr.  Lee  accepts  the  descent  of 
the  poet,  through  his  mother's  side,  from 
the  old  family  of  the  Ardens  of  Park  Hall, 
therein  following  French,  as  against  HaUi- 


well-Phillipps  ;  but  he  is  rather  hazy  about 
the  supposed  transference  of  Richard  Shak- 
speare from  Wroxhall  to  Snitterfield,     In 
reality,  the  one  Richard  is  clearly  proved 
by   Court   Rolls   and    the    '  Valor   Ecclesi- 
asticus '    to    have    been    at    Wroxhall    in 
25  Henry  VIII. ;  while  the  Court  Rolls  of 
Snitterfield  show  a  Richard  Shakspeare  pre- 
sented there  in  20  and  in  22  Henry  VIII. 
The  latter  is  generally,  but  not  universally, 
accepted   as   the   poet's   grandfather.     Mr. 
Lee    allows    him    two     sons,    Henry    and 
John,     and     perhaps     a     third,    Thomas ; 
but     he     adds     that     "  the      son      Henry 
remained  all   his    life    at  Snitterfield,  and 
died,     a     prosperous     farmer,     in     1596." 
This    is    doubly    misleading.      When    the 
Webbes  bought  up  the  Arden  property  at 
Snitterfield,  Henry  seems  to  have  left  the 
farm  (though  not  the  parish),  and  the  records 
both  of  Snitterfield  and  Stratford  show  him 
to   have   been   constantly   in   trouble,    into 
which  more  than  once  he  drew  his  brother 
John.   It  would  have  been  more  satisfactory 
if  the  financial  difficulties  of  John  had  been 
more  exactly  explained  by  Mr.  Lee,  and  if 
due  allowance  had  been  made  for  the  fact 
that  there  were  three  other  local  and  con- 
temporary John  Shakspeares — John  of  In- 
gon,  John  of  Clifford  Chambers,  and  John 
of  Stratford- on- Avon — one  of  whom  might 
have  been   the   debtor   described   in   some 
of  the  records.     It  certainly  seems  strange 
that  if  the  poet's  father  had  "no  goods  to 
distrain,"  he  should  have  been  allowed  to 
keep  two  freehold  tenements  untrammelled 
till  his  death.     Mr.  Lee  notes  that  his  dis- 
appearance   from    the    debtors'     court     is 
coincident  with  his  son's  return  to  Stratford, 
but   he   ignores   another   coincidence — that 
John    Shakspeare,    shoemaker,    appears   to 
have  left  Stratford  about  the  same  date.   The 
application  for  the  coat  of  arms  is  supposed 
not  to  have  been    persisted   in ;  but  if  so, 
it  would  be  difiicult  indeed  to  account  for 
many  evident  allusions  of  Ben  Jonson  and 
other  contemporaries,  or  for  the  fact  that 
the  arms  appear  on  Shakspeare's  tomb,  and 
are  impaled  by  Hall  and  quartered  by  Nash. 
Mr.  Lee's  account  of  Shakspeare's  mar- 
riage is  unsatisfactory.     There  is  no  proof 
that  he  was  driven  into  it,  and  none  that  he 
was  unhappy,  and  a  study  of  other  marriage 
bonds  at  Worcester  would  have  explained 
the    difficulty   in    the    double   entry.     The 
youth  might  have  applied  for  a  licence,  and 
the  clerical  demand  for  a  guarantee  might 
have   been   satisfied   by  Anne  Hathaway's 
friends   as   more    convenient.     One   should 
not  twist  words  a  dramatic  author  puts  into 
the   mouths  of    his  characters  into  an  ex- 
pression of  his  private  feelings,  unless  the 
same  use   may  be   made   of   other   contra- 
dictory phrases.    Shakspeare's  general  view 
of  women  implies    a  happy  domestic    life. 
But  many  facts  point  to  Anne  Hathaway's 
delicacy    of     constitution,     and    to    Shak- 
speare's difficulty  in  earning  money  in  the 
way  he   would   have   preferred.     This,    at 
least,  is   ma^e   clear   in   the   Sonnets,   and 
poverty  prevents  a  man's  life  presenting  a 
true  picture  of  his  wishes.      When  Shak- 
speare was   free  to   follow  his  inclinations 
he  made  a  home  for  his  wife  and  himself 
in  the  place  of  his   birth  and  among  his 
own  people.     Mr.  Lee,  we  may  add,  is  too 
friendly  to  the  traditions  of  Shakspeare's 
wildness  and  the  consequences  of  his  deer- 


stealing.     He  states  that  it  is  beyond  doubt 
that  Justice  Shallow  is  a  reminiscence   of 
Sir  Thomas   Lucy,   leaning   apparently  on 
the  after-date  gossip  of  Davies  of  Saperton, 
who  is  so  hazy  on  the  subject  that  he  reaUy 
names  "  Clodpate  "  as  the  justice,  a  different 
character,  in  a  different  dramatist's   play. 
But  on  studying  the  part,  evidently  created 
as  a  new  contrast  to  Sir  John  Falstaff,  we 
find    that   there   is    little    resemblance    in 
character    and    condition    between    Justice 
Shallow   and    Justice    Lucy.      An    elderly 
bachelor,    lean,    underbred,    and    mean,    a 
younger    son    of    somebody,    lately    come 
to  estate,  whose  hunger  for  social  advance- 
ment   and    for    knighthood   led    him   into 
the     toils     of     Sir     John     Falstaff,     and 
through  his  disgrace   to  a  short  acquaint- 
ance  with    the    inside    of    a    prison  —  is 
there  anything  in  all  this  fitted  to  suggest 
even   a   caricature   of   a   man   born   of   an 
old   family,    to   wealth  and   assured   social 
status,  married  almost  in  infancy,  knighted 
in   his  youth,   and   enjoying  Court   favour 
all  his  life  ?     Lucy  had  no   deer  -  park,  as 
Shallow  had.    It  remained  for  his  grandson 
of  the  same  name  to  purchase  and  enclose 
the  deer-park  at  Charlecote,  and  to  make 
a  Star  Chamber  case  out  of  a  deer-stealing 
affair  in    his  Worcester    park.     The   only 
argument     for    identity    is     furnished    by 
Shallow's  coat   of  arms  ;    but  that,  on  the 
one  hand,  gave  an  opening  to  a  pun  such 
as  the  groundlings  loved,  and,  on  the  other, 
an  opportunity  of  illustrating  the  meaning 
of  a  "  patible  difference,"  which  the  heralds 
had  insisted  on  in  their  discussion  over  Shak- 
speare's father's  coat  of  arms.     The  penalty 
for  deer-stealing  (5  Eliz.  21)  was  only  ap- 
plicable when  the  deer  was  taken  from  an 
enclosed   park ;   and  the  further  limitation 
that  the  case  must  be  heard  within  the  county 
where  the  offence  was  committed  adds  humour 
to  the  chaff  at  Justice  Shallow's  pursuit  of 
Sir  John  Falstaff  and  his  thousand  pounds 
to  Windsor.       There   is   no  record   of  any 
prosecution  of  Shakspeare  by  Lucy. 

Mr.  Lee  regards  as  fanciful  Mr.  Blades's 
opinion  that  Field  found  work  for  Shak- 
speare in  VautroUier's  printing  office.  Per- 
haps it  is ;  but  there  is  a  nucleus  of  truth 
lying  under  Mr.  Blades's  conjecture.  The 
poet's  acquaintance  with  Richard  Field  must 
be  reckoned  among  the  possible  opportunities 
of  his  securing  book  learning.  Has  Mr. 
Lee  taken  down,  volume  by  volume,  the 
publications  of  VautroUier  and  Field,  and 
followed  their  effects  in  the  poet's  work? 
One  learns  much  by  doing  so.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  his  friendship  with  Field  was 
sufficient  to  iL-ecure  Shakspeare  money  re- 
turns for  his  poems.  But  there  seems  to 
have  been  some  break  in  that  friendship. 
In  1594  Field  transferred  the  copy  of 
*  Venus  and  Adonis '  to  Harrison,  who 
entered  for  himself  the  original  copy  of 
'  Lucrece  '  in  the  same  year.  Field's  name 
appears  in  the  petition  against  the  players 
at  Blackfriars  in  1596.  Mr.  Lee  considers 
that  Shakspeare  began  in  a  low  position  in 
the  playhouse,  yet  that  by  1594  he  had  not 
only  made  his  name  as  an  actor,  but  had 
written  both  of  his  poems,  many  plays,  and 
nearly  all  his  sonnets.  This  date  he  sup- 
ports from  internal  evidence,  from  the  allu- 
sions in  Willobie's  'Avisa,'  and  from  the 
dedications  to  the  poems.  Meres  applauds 
the  Sonnets  in  1598,   and   pirate  Jaggard 


118 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


printed   two  of   them   in    'The   Passionate 
Pilgrim'  in  1599. 

In  his  account  of  the  Sonnets  Mr.  Lee 
lays  himself  open  to  attack.  In  1887, 
following  Mr.  Furnivall  and  Mr.  Tyler,  he 
considered  William  Herbert,  third  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  not  only  to  be  the  person  ad- 
dressed, but  also  the  Mr.  W.  H.  of  the 
dedication,  and  Mary  Pitton  to  be  the  dark 
lady.  In  1897  he  alters  the  date  of  produc- 
tion, accepts  the  Southampton  theory,  equi- 
vocates about  Mr.  W.  H.,  and  rules  Mary 
Fitton  out  of  court.  It  is  quite  natural 
and  proper  to  live  and  learn,  but  self- 
contradiction  by  the  same  writer  in  the 
same  dictionary  oiight  to  be  at  least  ac- 
knowledged and  the  proofs  that  have  led 
to  his  change  of  opinion  explained.  In  the 
article  on  Herbert  he  says,  "  Shakspeare's 
young  friend  was  doubtless  Herbert  him- 
self," while  in  the  present  article  he 
states  "  there  is  no  evidence  that  in  his 
youth  he  was  acquainted  with  the  poet." 
But  just  as  in  the  account  of  Herbert  he 
did  not  bring  forward  all  the  arguments 
possible,  so  in  the  case  for  Southampton  he 
passes  unnoted  many  strong  pieces  of  evi- 
dence, and  leaves  Mr.  W.  H.  in  a  worse 
plight  than  ever.  As  the  Sonnets  may  be 
considered  the  chief  battle-ground  in  Shak- 
spearean  biography,  every  item  is  of  import- 
ance. 

In  1594  Shakspeare  acted  before  the 
queen  on  St.  Stephen's  Day  and  Innocents' 
Day,  but  Mr.  Lee  does  not  notice  that 
this  is  the  same  date  as  the  performance  of 
*  The  Comedy  of  Errors '  at  Gray's  Inn  at 
night,  nor  does  he  follow  all  the  ideas  this 
curious  coincidence  suggests.  There  is  no 
reason  to  believe  that  the  play  bore  the 
slightest  resemblance  to  the  1576  Hampton 
Court  '  Historic  of  Error.'  Though  it  is 
quite  possible  that  Shakspeare  borrowed 
the  plot  from  Plautus  in  the  original,  Mr. 
Lee  is  rather  too  sure  there  was  not  an 
English  translation  accessible.  Manuscript 
copies  of  works  were  often  studied  at  that 
time,  and  a  translation  is  entered  on  the 
Stationers'  Registers  to  Thomas  Creede  on 
June  10th,  1594,  mot-e  than  six  months 
before  the  performance  at  Gray's  Inu.  Mr. 
Lee  doubts  that  Shakspeare  visited  Scot- 
land. But  apart  from  what  is  brought  for- 
ward in  Dibdiu's  '  Annals  of  the  Edinburgh 
Stage,'  there  is  a  certain  degree  of  corro- 
boration in  the  play  of  '  Macbeth,'  and  in 
the  fact  that  James  I.  chose  Shakspeare  as 
second  in  his  Royal  Company  of  Players 
(which  he  meant  to  be  a  royal  one)  in  May, 
1603. 

An  interesting  account  is  included  of 
Shakspeare's  relations  to  Marlowe,  Peele, 
Lodge,  Greene,  Jonson,  and  other  dramatists 
and  poets  of  his  time.  Greene's  allusion 
to  him  is  undoubted,  but  Chettle's  is  not 
quite  so  certain;  Spenser's  "Aetion"  clearly 
represents  Shakspeare,  but  not  "  our  plea- 
sant Willy."  Mr.  Lee  thinks  that  Spenser 
therein  referred  to  the  comic  actor  Tarleton. 
But  many  contemporary  allusions  point 
to  the  author  of  the  '  Arcadia,'  especially 
the  '  Epitaph  on  Sir  Philip  Sidney,'  pub- 
lished later  in  Davison's  '  Poetic  Rhapsody,' 
which  repeats, 

Willy  is  dead 
That  wont  to  leade 
Oar  flocks  and  us  in  mirth  and  shepherd's  glee,  &c. 


Mr.  Lee  states  that  no  other  contemporary 
than  Jonson  or  Chettle  left  on  record  any 
impression  of  Shakspeare's  personal  cha- 
racter ;  but  he  surely  forgets  the  remarks 
of  the  Willobie  he  had  himself  quoted  ; 
of  Thomas  Edwardes  in  *  L'Envoi  to 
Cephalus  and  Procris,'  as  to  his  being  an 
Adonis  deafly  passing  by  his  admirers  ;  of 
Davies  of  Hereford  in  '  Microcosmus,'  &c., 
that  he  was  generous  in  mind  and  mood, 
handsome,  witty,  brave,  courageous,  honest, 
and  true ;  while  Webster,  in  the  preface  to 
'  Vittoria  Corambona,'  adds  testimony  to 
his  "right  happy  and  copious  industry." 
The  letters  of  Abraham  S  turley  and  of  Thomas 
Greene  of  Stratford-on-Avon  might  also  be 
included.  Mr.  Lee  insists  that  it  is  "  only 
by  unjustifiable  torture  of  Greene's  un- 
grammatical  Diary "  that  the  ordinarily 
accepted  view  of  Shakspeare's  relations  to 
the  enclosures  at  Welcombe  can  be  attained. 
But,  surely,  whether  we  treat  the  phrase 
as  a  direct  or  an  indirect  quotation,  whether 
we  read  "  I  "  or  "  he,"  the  meaning  comes 
out  the  same,  that  "Shakspeare  could  not 
bear  the  enclosures  at  Welcombe."  His 
affectionate  family  relations  are  shown  in 
many  incidents.  We  can  only  express  sur- 
prise that  Mr.  Lee  should  gravely  assume 
that  Gilbert  so  long  survived  his  poet- 
brother.  It  is  true  that  the  parish  clerk 
added  the  word  "  adolescens  "  to  his  burial 
entry  in  February,  1611/12.  But  it  is  much 
easier  to  believe  that  the  clerk  misunder- 
stood the  exact  meaning  of  the  word  than 
to  account  for  the  absence  of  any  records  of 
his  continued  existence.  No  record  of  his 
marriage  or  of  the  birth  of  a  child  exists, 
of  the  death  of  his  wife,  or  of  his  own  death,  if 
this  be  the  burial  entry  of  his  child  and  not  of 
himself.  Nor  can  we  account  for  the  absence 
of  his  name  from  any  will  or  any  other  record 
after  the  death  of  the  notable  "adolescens." 
The  tradition  arose  from  the  survival  of 
Humphrey,  son  of  the  other  John  Shak- 
speare. Mr,  Lee  believes  Shakspeare  him- 
self to  have  been  in  later  years  a  dealer  in 
malt,  on  the  strength  of  Philip  Rogers's 
prosecution.  But  a  study  of  the  declaration 
would  have  shown  that  it  was  not  drawn  up 
by  Shakspeare's  attorney,  and  that  it  did 
not  give  the  plaintiff  the  designation  proper 
to  the  poet  at  that  date.  The  doubt 
initiated  by  this  distinction  becomes  nearly 
a  certainty  when  we  find  there  was  really 
one  other  (among  the  many  William  Shak- 
speares  of  Warwickshire)  who  did  deal  in 
malt  and  grain,  and  whose  bills  still  exist 
in  Warwick  Castle;  only  they  continue  down 
to  1625!  The  history  of  his  family  and 
himself  has  been  strangely  obscured  by 
contemporaries  bearing  the  same  name. 

The  adequate  accounts  of  the  inlays  and 
their  editions  cannot  be  all  discussed  in  the 
narrow  limits  of  one  review.  We  should 
have  liked  to  have  a  friendly  tilt  with  Mr. 
Lee  over  many  questions,  such  as  his 
considering  '  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor ' 
as  composed  earlier  than  '  Henry  V.,'  as 
if  to  round  the  career  of  Falstaff,  instead 
of  after  it,  as  it  evidently  was,  intended 
to  fulfil  a  broken  or  postponed  promise 
regarding  the  "  fat  knight,"  which  gives 
support  to  the  tradition  of  the  queen's  com- 
mand. In  the  short  note  on  the  Bacon- 
Shakspeare  controversy  Mr.  Lee  mentions 
the  writers  who  support  the  heresy,  but  not 
those  who   might  have   given  guidance  in 


exposing  its  fallacies.  The  only  point 
alluded  to  is  Toby  Matthews's  letter  from 
abroad,  in  which  he  speaks  of  the  pro- 
digious wit  on  this  side  the  sea,  of  Bacon's 
name,  though  known  by  another.  This 
evidently  referred  to  Bacon's  affectionate 
brother  Anthony,  who  always  used  another 
name  when  performing  his  secret  missions 
of  State,  But  there  is  no  antidote  to  the 
Bacon  craze  so  sure  as  extended  knowledge, 
and  in  this  aspect  Mr,  Lee's  biography 
becomes  itself  an  argument  against  Bacon 
and  in  favour  of  Shakspeare, 

The  next  most  important  article  is  Mr. 
Stephen's  memoir  of  Scott,  put  together  with 
the  skill  that  characterizes  the  author,  and 
extremely  agreeable  reading.  Mr.  Stephen 
contrives  to  make  the  complicated  financial 
transactions  of  Scott,  Constable,  and  the 
Ballantynes  intelligible  to  the  reader  with- 
out inflicting  much  dry  detail  upon  him. 
Yet  we  think  that  Mr.  Stephen  has  not  got 
quite  to  the  bottom  of  the  matter,  for  we 
suspect  that  from  the  time  of  his  marriage 
Scott  lived  beyond  his  income.  It  is  im- 
possible to  read  his  own  account  of  his 
forming  a  business  connexion  with  James 
Ballantyne  and  find  it  satisfactory.  Scott's 
income  at  the  time  he  embarked  on  this 
venture  was,  Lockhart  reckons,  a  clear 
1,000?.,  and  in  those  days,  when  Edin- 
burgh had  not  become  the  residence  of 
Glasgow  merchants  and  retired  colonists, 
living  was  cheap,  the  habits  of  the  best 
society  were  simple  in  the  extreme,  and 
1,000^.  a  year  was  a  competence;  probably 
but  few  young  men  of  Scott's  standing  were 
so  well  off.  It  is  difiicuit  to  avoid  thinking 
that  Scott  found  himself  living  beyond  his 
means,  and  imagined,  as  many  professional 
men  have  imagined,  that  lai-ge  profits  could 
easily  be  made  in  trade.  He  had  to  learn 
that  it  is  otherwise,  and  his  experiences 
with  John  Ballantyne  &  Co.  must  have 
convinced  him  of  the  falsity  of  a  later  Sir 
Walter's  idea  that  there  is  no  risk  about 
publishing.  One  point  Mr.  Stephen  has 
apparently  missed  is  one  that  Mr.  Lang  has 
rightly  insisted  on,  that  Scott  had  ever-pre- 
sent apprehensions  of  a  jacquerie;  and  when 
the  weavers  at  Hawick  cried,  "  Burke  Sir 
Walter,"  a  cry  that  haunted  him  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  his  fears  must  have 
seemed  to  him  well  founded. 

Admirable  as  the  biography  is,  Mr, 
Stejphen's  criticism  of  Scott's  writings  is, 
as  always,  depreciatory.  He  admires  the 
novels  only  in  a  half-hearted  way,  and  he 
thinks  that  "  the  essence  [of  the  poems'] 
could  be  better  given  in  prose,"  We  should 
like  to  see  a  prose  version  of  the  second 
canto  of  *  The  Lay '  or  the  sixth  canto  of 
'  Marmion  '  from  Mr.  Stephen's  hand.  No 
doubt  the  precis  would  be  done  with  infinite 
skill;  but  we  fear  we  should  prefer  the 
original. 

Miss  Lee  has  written  an  excellent  account 
of  Miss  Seward  ;  Mr,  Boase  has  furnished  a 
good  sketch  of  William  Sewell ;  Samuel 
Sharpe's  Egyptological  speculations  are 
leniently  treated  by  the  Rev,  A.  Gordon  ; 
the  heroism  of  Col.  Seton,  who  perished  in 
the  Birkenhead,  is  commemorated  by  Mr, 
Irving  Carlyle  ;  Mr.  Henderson  writes  well 
on  Archbishop  Sharp  of  St.  Andrews ;  the 
biographies  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  and 
Lord  Eldon  are  excellent  reading,  but  the 
account  of   the  fight  at  Sedgemoor  would 


N"  3639,  July  24,  '97 

have  been  improved  by  a  study  of  Lord 
Wolseley's  narrative  in  his  life  of  Marl- 
borough ;  and  Lord  Eldon's  famous  remark 
on  Lord  Stowell's  mode  of  taking  exercise 
has  escaped  his  biographer.  Mr.  Lang 
might  have  given  a  more  detailed  ac- 
count of  Prof.  Sellar,  and  in  his  notice 
of  Patrick  Sellar  he  glozes  the  oppression 
involved  in  the  Sutherland  evictions  ;  while 
Mr.  Pollard  omits  to  say  that  W.  D.  Selby's 
death  was  caused  by  the  bad  drainage  of 
the  Record  Office,  which  the  Office  of 
Works  neglected  to  amend  till  too  late. 

Bibliography  has  been  occasionally  for- 
gotten, especially  in  the  notice  of  Michael 
Scott,  the  author  of  '  Tom  Cringle's  Log  '  ; 
and  the  importance  of  the  late  Mr.  lieynolds's 
edition  of  Selden's  'Table  Talk'  should  have 
been  emphasized. 

Sundry  slips  may  be  mentioned.  It  is 
difficult  to  see  how,  when  the  Protector 
Somerset  invaded  Scotland,  "passing  Dum- 
barton without  waiting  to  attack  it,  he  camo 
in  sight  of  Musselburgh  "  ;  Mr.  Pollard  no 
doubtmeans  Dunbar.  His  article  is  decidedly 
good.  One  or  two  misprints  occur  in 
Mr.  Stephen's  admirable  account  of  Scott  : 
"  rether  "  on  p.  83  is  a  literal  for  "  rather," 
and  Scott's  eldest  son  died  in  1847,  not  1817. 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


119 


The  Crimean  Diary  and  Letters  of  Lieut.- 
General  Sir  Charles  Ash  Wiyidham,  K.  C.B. 
Edited  by  Major  Hugh  Pearse,  East 
Surrey  Regiment.     (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 

The  two  most  important  incidents  in  Sir 
Charles  Windham's  career  were  the  un- 
successful assault  of  the  Redan  on  Sep- 
tember 8th,  1855,  and  his  defence  of 
Cawnpore  a  little  more  than  two  years 
later.  He  was  wont  to  say  in  after  years 
to  his  intimates  that  he  was  overpraised  for 
the  former  and  unjustly  blamed  for  the 
latter. 

In  respect  to  the  assault  of  the  Redan, 
though  the  public  were  of  one  mind  as  to 
his  personal  gallantry,  there  was  a  division  of 
opinion  as  to  the  judgment  which  Windham 
displayed.  The  army  was  somewhat  inclined 
to  blame  him,  and  the  action  of  the  authorities 
was,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  reflex  of  the 
difference  of  opinion,  for  while  he  was  made 
a  major-general  for  his  distinguished  con- 
duct, he  was  not  created  a  K.C.B.  till 
some  years  later,  although,  as  decorations 
were  somewhat  profusely  given  at  the  fall 
of  Sebastopol,  he  might  reasonably  have 
expected  that  distinction.  A  French 
officer  of  rank  is  said  to  have  expressed 
an  opinion  in  conversation  that  had  Wind- 
ham been  a  Frenchman  he  would  have 
been  shot  for  quitting  the  Redan  before 
bis  men  were  driven  out  of  it.  This  shows 
the  excitement  that  prevailed  at  the  time ; 
but  it  is  easy  nowadays  to  examine  the  facts 
of  the  case  with  the  calmness  begotten  of 
lapse  of  time. 

At  the  beginning  of  August,  1855,  Col. 
Windham  was  given  the  command  of  the 
2nd  Brigade  of  the  2nd  Division,  and  on 
September  7th  he  was  told  that  he  was  to 
lead  the  storming  party  on  the  following 
day.  In  his  diary,  written  on  the  7th,  occurs 
the  following  passage  : — 

"I  look  upon  the  attack  as  certain  to  fail, 
unless  the  Russians  give  way  as  soon  as  the 
French  have  got  the  Malakoff.  We  know 
nothing  of  the  obstacles  we  have  to  meet  with, 


and  all  we  do  know  is  that  there  is  a  very  deep 
ditch,  over  which  we  must  get  somehow  or 
other." 

The  editor  remarks  : — 

"Foreseeing  a  probable  disaster,  Windham 
protested  strongly  against  the  narrow  front 
(20  files  only)  on  which  the  storming- party  was 
to  advance." 

His  protest  was  unheeded ;  indeed,  he  was 
not  informed  that  he  was  to  lead  the  storm- 
ing   party    of   his    division    until    all   the 
arrangements  had  been  made,  and  that  they 
were   bad  is  beyond  doubt.      In  the    first 
place,  the  storming   party — 1,000  strong — 
was  divided  into  two  bodies,  one  furnished 
by  the  Light  Division,  the  other  by  Wind- 
ham's brigade,  and  each  was   composed  of 
parties  from  different  regiments,  an  evil  cus- 
tom which  has  long  existed  in  the  British 
army,  apparently  because  it  was  the  practice 
in  the  Peninsula.    It  was  the  system  adopted 
by  General   Pollock  at  the   forcing  of   the 
Khyber   Pass,   and  again    with   most    dis- 
astrous consequences  it  was    employed    at 
Majuba  Hill.     When  entire  battalions  are 
employed  in   an  enterprise,  esprit    de  corps 
has  full  play,  the   officers  and  men   know 
each  other,  and  casualties  among  the  former 
become   of   less    importance,    for    there    is 
always  an  officer  of  the  regiment  to  replace 
the    one  who    has   fallen.      Moreover,    the 
glory  of  victory  or  the  shame  of  defeat  is 
unshared  by  other  corps,  and  there  is  no 
excuse   for  putting  blame  on  others.       In 
the  second   place,  there  were  no    arrange- 
ments for  enabling  the  storming  party  to 
pass  easily  and  without  delay  out  of    the 
trenches.     In   the   third   place,   instead    of 
a  long  thin  line  acting  simultaneously,  the 
assault  was  made    in    column.    Windham 
asserts  that  for  the  front — only  one  of  20 
files — he    had  been   promised  a  banquette 
or  step  of  planks  on  casks ;   but  it  is  not 
stated  whether  or  not  that  precaution  was 
taken.     At  any  rate  the  expedient  proposed 
was  a  poor    one,    even  if   it  was    adopted, 
and    a    disorderly    scramble     out    of    the 
trenches   ensued.     Windham  says   that  he 
' '  went  over  the  parallel  at  the  head  of  the 
41st.     The  Grenadiers  followed   me  pretty 
well,  but  not  in  the  best  order.     When  the 
stormers  reached  the  advanced  sap,  some  of 
them  showed  an  inclination  to  take    cover 
there."  Windham  in  some  measure  checked 
the  tendency,  the  troops  not  being  particu- 
larly quick  in  following  him,  and  as  soon 
as    he  had  crossed   the  ditch   he    collected 
a   dozen    or    fifteen    men,    and    led    them 
into    the    work    through    the     second     or 
third     embrasure     from     the     salient     on 
the  proper  left  face.     He  was  followed  by 
three  privates  of    the   41st   and  an   officer 
of  the  90th,  all  of  whom  were  immediately 
killed  or  wounded.     He  then,   waving  his 
sword,  rushed  forward  into  the  interior  of 
the  work,  but  "  was  followed  by  no  one,  to 
the  best  of  my  belief."    He  on  this  crossed 
over  to  the  proper  right  face  of  the  Redan, 
and  found  the  soldiers  hanging  to  the  salient 
— some    of    them    in    "  the  chambers,"  he 
says  (casemates  ?),  and  some  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  parapet.     He  patted  them  on  the 
back  and  encouraged  them,  and  tried  to  in- 
duce them  to  charge,  but  in  vain.  Meanwhile, 
the  Russians,  sheltered  by  an  entrenchment 
across  the  gorge — behind  which  the  ground 
fell,  giving  cover  to   the   defenders — were 
pouring    in    a   deadly  fire    of    grape   and 


musketry.     Windham  says,   "I  was  never 
followed  but  by  one  man  of  the  88th  and 
two  men  of  the  Rifles."     The  soldiers  on  the 
proper  right  of  the  salient  belonged  to  the 
Light  Division,   and,  as    he  observes,  not 
one  man  in  fifty  knew  him.     There  were,  in 
fact — taking  all  who  were  in  the  Redan — men 
of  thirteen  regiments  present,  so  that  the 
example  of  strange  men    and  officers  had 
little  effect  on  the  mass.     Seeing  that  he 
and  his  three  comrades  were  not  followed, 
he  went  back,  and  his  mounting  the  parapet 
nearly  caused  a  panic.  He  begged  the  soldiers 
to  stand  firm,  succeeded  in  steadying  them, 
and   sent   his  aide-de-camp  back  for   rein- 
forcements; but  soon  another  panic  set  in, 
and  again  Windham  kept  them  from  giving 
way.     A  bugler  of  the  62nd  sounded  "  the 
advance,"  and  the  men  cheered,  but  except 
by  a  dozen  or  so,  he  was  not  followed.  He  on 
this  dispatched  another  officer  back  to  ask  for 
supports,  and  yet  another  to  desire  that  our 
batteries  would  keep  up  a  heavy  fire  on  the 
Redan,  no  matter  whether  they  killed  our 
people    or   not.     A  few  supports   in   small 
parties  came  up,  but  they  were  soon  killed, 
disabled,  or  dispersed.     He  yet  again  sent 
to  beg  that  supports  might  be  sent  up  iu 
mass  and  in  order.     After  a  short  interval 
he  dispatched  Col.  Eman  for  supports,  but 
none  came  : — 

''  I  at  last  turned  round  to  a  young  officer, 
standing  close  to  me,  and  asked  him  his  name. 
He  replied,  as  I  understood,  Graylock  (it  was 
Crealock).  I  then  said  to  him,  '  I  have  sent 
five  times  for  support  ;  the  last  man  I  sent  was 
Eman.  Now,  bear  witness  that  I  am  not  in  a 
funk  (at  which  he  smiled),  but  I  will  now  go 
back  myself,  and  try  what  I  can  do.'  " 

He  went  back,  stood  on  the  top  of  the 
parapet  talking  to  General  Codrington,  who 
was  in  the  trench,  and  asked  for  supports. 
Codrington  replied,  "  Why,  my  good  fellow, 
they  won't  go,  and  I  have  no  number  to 
send."  He  then  went  further  back  to 
Markham,  his  own  divisional  commander, 
telling  Markham  that  a  battalion  would  be 
sufficient.  He  was  given  the  Royals,  but  he 
had  scarcely  reached  the  first  parallel, 
when  the  scattered  survivors  of  the 
stormers  rushed  back  into  the  trenches, 
and  the  last  hope  disappeared.  Windham, 
while  doing  justice  to  the  gallantry  of  the 
officers  and  the  courage  of  individual  men, 
plainly  states  that  as  a  body  the  rank  and 
file  behaved  badly.  In  a  semi-official  letter 
to  General  Simpson,  written  more  than  a 
month  later,  is  the  following  passage  : — 

"  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the  men 
I  came  across  did  hang  back,  but  I  do  not  say 
it  was  altogether  from  want  of  courage  :  want 
of  mutual  support  was  the  great  thing." 

When  questioned  at  dinner  at  head- 
quarters on  the  evening  after  the  repulse  by 
General  Simpson  as  to  why  we  had  failed, 
he  replied  bluntly,  "From  want  of  pluck 
and  method."  As  to  the  wisdom  of  his  going 
back  for  reinforcements  there  may  be  a 
difference  of  opinion,  but,  on  the  whole,  the 
balance  of  the  argument  is  in  his  favour. 
As  Sir  William  H.  RusseU  in  the  preface 
says : — 

"At  the  moment  Windham  left  the  Redan 
his  presence  had  ceased  to  exercise  any  influence 
over  the  shrinking  and  discomfited  men,  who 
were  sheltering  themselves  behind  the  traverses 
near  the  salient.  Nothing  could  save  them  but 
immediate  support  of  '  troops  in  formation,'  the 


120 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


support  Windham  sought  to  obtain.  His  ex- 
ample had  had  no  effect  upon  these  men  in  any 
way. " 

At  Cawnpore  Windham  was  set  an  almost 
desperate  task,  and  he  performed  it  under 
extreme  difficulties.  When  Sir  Colin  Camp- 
bell marched  to  the  relief  of  the  Residency 
at  Lucknow,  he  left  Windham  in  command 
at  Cawnpore  with  a  very  small  garrison 
(about  500  Europeans  and  a  few  Sikhs) 
and  very  restrictive  orders.  The  memo- 
randum of  instructions  sent  by  the  Chief 
of  the  Staff  displays  a  certain  amount 
of  anxiety  about  the  Gwalior  Contingent, 
which  "  it  is  supposed  will  arrive  at  Calpee 
on  Monday,  the  9th  inst."  Should  it 
advance  on  Cawnpore, 

' '  General  Windham  will  make  as  great  show  aa 
he  can  of  what  troops  he  may  have  at  Cawnpore, 
leaving  a  sufficient  guard  in  the  entrenchment, 
by  encamping  them  conspicuously  and  in  some- 
what extended  order,  looking,  however,  well  to 
his  line  of  retreat.  He  will  not  move  out  to 
attack  unless  compelled  to  do  so  by  the  force  of 
circumstances,  to  save  the  bombardment  of  the 

entrenchment The   British   infantry,  which 

will  be  arriving  from  day  to  day,  will  be  sent 
forward  into  Oude  by  wings  of  Regiments,  un- 
less General  Windham  should  be  seriously  threat- 
ened. But,  of  course,  in  such  case  he  will  have 
been  able  to  take  the  orders  of  the  Commander- 
in-Chief.  General  Windham  may  retain  the 
small  Madras  Brigade  under  Brigadier  Carthew 
for  a  few  days,  until  the  intentions  of  the 
Gwalior  Contingent  are  developed.  This  force 
will  arrive,  with  convoy,  on  the  10th." 

Calpee,  it  should  be  explained,  is  some- 
what nearer  Cawnpore  than  is  Lucknow,  and 
it  was  more  than  probable  that  the  Gwalior 
Contingent  would  be  on  Windham  before 
Sir  Colin  Campbell  could  return  from  re- 
lieving Outram  and  Havelock.  Indeed,  the 
possibility  of  such  an  event  is  shown  by 
the  oflB.cial  memorandum  above  referred  to. 
It  was  also  possible  that  communication 
with  the  Commander- in-Chief  would  be  tem- 
porarily interrupted.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it 
was.  The  maintenance  of  Cawnpore  was  of 
the  utmost  importance,  yet  Windham  had 
a  mere  handful  of  men,  and  feeble  defensive 
works  which,  as  the  event  proved,  did  not 
enable  him  to  protect  the  bridge  over  the 
Ganges.  The  fullest  discretion  should 
therefore  have  been  left  him.  What  hap- 
pened was  briefly  as  follows.  He  did  his 
best  to  strengthen  the  entrenchments,  he 
loyally  pushed  on  the  troops  that  arrived, 
and  he  endeavoured  to  obtain  information 
and  prepare  for  an  attack.  In  reply  to  his 
representations,  the  Chief  of  the  Staff  on 
November  14th  authorized  him  to  retain 
certain  troops,  so  that  when  on  the  26th  his 
first  engagement  took  place  he  had  about 
300  bayonets  in  the  entrenchments  and  1,400 
in  the  field,  besides  a  handful  of  artillerymen 
and  cavalry.  On  the  19th  all  communica- 
tion with  Lucknow  ceased,  and  on  the  22nd 
he  learned  that  a  police  force  at  Banni,  on 
the  road  to  that  city,  had  been  sui-prised  and 
defeated.  On  the  23rd  he  sent  out  a  wing  of 
a  regiment  to  re-establish  the  post.  Having 
done  all  he  could  directly  for  the  force  at 
Lucknow,  Windham  had  to  see  what  he  could 
do  for  the  vitally  important  post  entrusted  to 
his  charge.  He  knew  not  when  he  should 
be  attacked,  but  was  certain  that  there 
would  be  but  little  delay.  When  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief would  return  to  his  assist- 
ance he  had  no  means  of  even  surmising. 


The  enemy  were  in  overwhelming  strength, 
the    Gwalior  Contingent,   a  highly  trained 
body,  numbering  about  10,000  men,  while 
there    were    with    it    more   than   as    many 
Sepoys  from  mutinous  regular  Sepoy  corps 
besides    irregular    troops,    seven    or    eight 
batteries,    and    a    large    siege    train.      In 
order    to    carry   out   the    spirit   of   his    in- 
structions Windham  encami")ed  a  few  miles 
from   the    entrenchments    on    an    extensive 
front.       Finding    that     this    arrangement, 
meant  to  impose  upon   the  enemy,  had  no 
effect,  and  that  he  was  threatened  on  both 
flanks  and  in  the  centre,  and  feeling  that  his 
only  chance   lay  in  the  assumption  of  the 
offensive,  he  struck  at  the  leading  division 
of  one  of  the  enemy's  columns  on  the  26th, 
and  defeated  it,  capturing  three  guns.     As, 
however,    the    main    body   of    the    hostile 
column  was  coming  up,  Windham  fell  back 
on  his  old  encampment.     On  the  27th  he 
was    seriously   attacked    on   his   front   and 
right,  besides  being  threatened  on  his  left. 
The    enemy,  profiting    by   their    numerical 
strength  and  great  superiority  in  artillery, 
pressed  him  so  severely  that  he  was  obliged 
to  fall  back  hastily  to  the  entrenchments, 
losing    some   of    his    baggage    and    camp 
equipage.      On    the    next    day    there    was 
heavy  fighting   outside  the  entrenchments, 
and  on  the  29  th   the  advanced   portion  of 
the  main  army  crossed  the  river. 

When  Sir  Colin  Campbell  got  back  to  Cawn- 
pore he  found  the  garrison  in  a  state  of  confu- 
sion and  somewhat  demoralized,  while  the 
enemy  were  within  an  ace  of  overwhelm- 
ing the  entrenchments  and  destroying  the 
bridge.  Looking  only  at  the  facts  which 
were  obvious,  and  regardless  of  the  circum- 
stances which  had  led  to  them,  Sir  Colin 
conceived  that  Windham  had  by  rashness 
endangered  the  safety  of  the  force  marching 
from  Lucknow,  and  brought  discredit  on 
the  British  army.  Hence  he  omitted  in  his 
first  despatch  all  praise  of  Windham  and 
of  the  officers  mentioned  in  Windham's 
report ;  but  a  month  later  he  found  out  as  the 
result  of  a  court  of  inquiry  that  the  chief 
blame  was  due  to  a  notoriously  incompetent 
colonel,  who  actually,  in  the  heat  of  the 
fight,  after  having  needlessly  ordered  his 
regiment  to  retire,  got  under  a  waggon, 
exclaiming,  "  Oh,  my  poor  regiment!  "  In 
a  private  letter  to  the  Duke  of  Cambridge 
Sir  Colin  withdrew  his  implied  condemna- 
tion, while  in  an  official  despatch  to  the 
Governor- General  he  regretted  "an  omis- 
sion" in  his  previous  despatch,  and  did 
justice  to  Windham.  Sir  Colin,  however, 
was  not  apt  to  go  back  on  his  first  impres- 
sions ;  he  was  not  fond  of  the  branch  of  the 
service  from  which  Windham  sprang — the 
Guards  ;  and  he  never  gave  his  unlucky 
subordinate  a  command  in  the  field.  Wind- 
ham was  not  made  a  K.C.B.  till  1865,  yet 
the  outcry  against  him  was  unjust ;  his 
conduct  assuredly  merited  praise,  not  im- 
plied censure. 


An  Egyptian  Re  acting -Boole  for  Beginners.  By 
E.  A.  WaUis  Budge.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
De.  Wallis  Budge's  power  of  work  seems 
inexhaustible.  It  is  true  that  the  Egyptian 
texts  printed  in  the  large  and  handsome 
volume  which  he  has  lately  produced  had 
been  already  published  by  him  eight  years 
ago  in  his  *  Egyptian  Eeading-Book,'  but 


they  have  been  re-edited,  and  provided 
with  transliterations  and  an  exhaustive 
vocabulary,  every  word  being  catalogued 
along  with  its  signification  and  a  reference 
to  the  passage  in  which  it  occurs.  Trans- 
lations of  some  of  the  texts — '  The  Tale  of 
the  Two  Brothers,'  '  The  Possessed  Princess 
of  Bekhten,'  '  The  Litanies  of  Seker,'  'The 
Stela)  of  Nekht-Amsu,'  'The  Battle  of 
Kadesh,'  '  The  Annals  of  Eameses  III.,' 
and  '  The  Hj'mn  to  Amen-Ea  ' — are  also 
added,  as  well  as  a  list  of  the  principal 
works  in  which  copies  or  translations  of  the 
texts  may  be  found.  In  the  latter  there 
are  one  or  two  omissions  which  should  be 
supplied  in  a  future  edition  of  the  book  ; 
no  reference  is  given  to  Prof.  Maspero's 
revised  translation  of  '  The  Inscription  of 
Uni '  in  the  '  Records  of  the  Past,'  new 
series,  vol.  ii.,  or  to  M.  Virey's  translation 
of  the  '  Proverbs  of  Ptah-hotep '  in  the 
same  series,  vol.  iii. 

Dr.  Budge  has  done  well  in  adhering  to 
the  older  system  of  hieroglyphic  trans- 
literation, which,  in  spite  of  its  deficiencies, 
is  nevertheless  infinitely  superior,  at  all 
events  for  practical  purposes,  to  the  hypo- 
thetical system  of  Prof.  Erman.  But  it  is 
difficult  to  see  why  he  should  assume  that 
the  characters  represented  by  the  conven- 
tional t'  had  the  sound  of  tch — by  which,  it 
may  be  supposed,  ch  is  meant.  For  such  a 
value  there  is  no  evidence  whatever,  while 
we  know  that  in  the  classical  period  of 
Egyptian  literature  the  three  characters 
were  used  to  represent  the  Semitic  z  and  ts, 
and  there  is  good  reason  for  believing  that 
originally  they  denoted  three  varieties,  not 
of  the  palatal,  but  of  the  sibilant. 

The  transliterated  text  is  printed  at  the 
foot  of  each  page.  This  is  a  great  improve- 
ment on  the  old  system  of  interlinear  trans- 
literation, where  it  was  difficult  for  the 
learner  to  avoid  seeing  the  transliteration 
at  the  same  time  as  the  hieroglyphic 
character  for  which  it  stood,  and  so  to  feel 
sure  that  he  had  really  remembered  the 
phonetic  power  of  the  character  in  question. 
The  vocabulary  will  be  found  invaluable. 
Dr.  Budge,  however,  is  evidently  stronger 
in  philology  than  in  what  the  Germans  call 
Realien,  and  his  treatment  of  the  proper 
names  is  not  always  sufficient.  Thus  Baru, 
or  "  Baal,"  is  merely  described  as  the 
"name  of  a  god";  under  "  Batha-thu- 
paire"  no  notice  is  taken  of  the  fact  that  it  is 
the  Biblical  Kirjath  Sepher,  more  correctly 
Beth-Sopher,  or  that  Dr.  W.  Max  Miiller 
has  shown  that  the  determinative  of  the 
second  element  in  the  name  is  really  that  of 
"writing"  ;  Neter-ta  or  Ta-neter  is  stated 
broadly  to  be  "Arabia,"  which  begs  an 
important  geographical  question;  "Ikama" 
(p.  280),  as  has  been  pointed  out  by  Dr.  W. 
Max  Miiller,  should  be  read  Shakama  or 
Shechem ;  and  no  allusion  is  made  to  Prof. 
Maspero's  view  that  Qazirni,  not  "Qat'air^i," 
belonged  to  Alsa,  or  Alashiyja.  At  all 
events,  Qazirni  could  not  have  been  "an 
Assyrian  prince."  If  we  are  to  adhere  to 
the  reading  of  the  papyrus,  the  Asar  meant 
will  be  that  of  Gen.  xxv.  3,  18. 

Dr.  Budge's  book,  however,  is  primarily 
intended  to  teach  the  old  Egyptian  language 
and  not  geography  or  history,  and  for  this 
purpose  it  is  admirably  adapted.  The 
selection  of  texts  has  been  made  with  care 
and  skill,  and  nearly  all  branches  of  ancient 


N''  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


121 


Egyptian  literature  are  represented  in  them. 
The  printing  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired, 
and  the  student  who  has  conscientiously 
worked  through  the  volume  wiU  be  well  on 
the  road  towards  becoming  a  good  Egyptian 
scholar. 


A  Great  Agriculhiral  Estate  :  being  the  Story 
of  the  Origin  and  Administration  of  Wohurn 
and  Thorney.     By  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 
(Murray.) 
This  story  of  a  great   agricultural  estate, 
from  the  pen  of  its  noble  owner  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  ought  to  come  as  a  revelation 
to  land  revolutionists  generally.   A  sentence 
from   the    opening     page     of     chap,    iii., 
dealing  with  "  financial  results,"   may  be 
quoted    as    summarizing   the   position  de- 
scribed : — 

"After  spending  nearly  four  and  a  quarter 
millions  sterling  since  1816  on  some  51,643 
acres  of  land,  a  large  proportion  of  which  is 
some  of  the  best  wheat  land  in  England,  and 
after  excluding  all  expenditure  on  Woburn 
Abbey,  its  park  and  farm,  it  will  be  seen  that 
at  the  present  time  an  annual  loss  of  more  than 
7,000i.  a  year  is  entailed  on  their  owner." 
The  story  is  not  only  convincing,  owing  to 
the  trustworthy  data  upon  which  it  is  based 
— the  systematically  kept  accounts  of  a 
liberally  managed  estate — but  it  cannot  fail 
to  attract  the  attention  and  command  the 
respect  of  all  authorities  on  the  subject, 
owing  to  the  practical  knowledge  and  sound 
common  sense  displayed  by  the  author  in 
discussing  the  various  debatable  questions 
of  English  farm  practice  and  rural  econo- 
mics. In  addition  to  the  subject  of  the 
management  of  the  estate  on  the  good  old 
plan  under  which  the  great  owners  have 
felt  themselves  bound  in  honour  and  through 
hereditary  custom  to  undertake  for  the 
benefit  of  all  who  live  under  them  duties 
and  responsibilities  not  imposed  by  law, 
such  recent  questions  are  discussed  as 
"allotments  and  small  holdings,"  "fruit 
farming,"  and  the  "  laying  out  of  intract- 
able clay  to  permanent  pasture."  With 
the  following  remarks,  which  are  only 
instances  of  many  sensible  pronounce- 
ments with  which  the  book  bristles,  we 
thoroughly  agree:  "My  own  experience 
leads  me  to  think  that  one  quarter  of  an 
acre  as  a  cottage  garden  will  tax  to  the 
utmost  the  energies  of  a  labourer  in  full 
work."  And  again:  "It  is  folly  to  lay 
down  the  proposition  that  allotments  or 
small  holdings  are  universally  desirable, 
but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  in  certain  localities 
and  on  certain  soils  they  are  most  desirable, 
and  in  every  way  to  be  encouraged."  Pro- 
bably the  following  remark,  which  appears 
in  the  chapter  on  "  Laying  down  of  Land 
to  Grass,"  deserves  special  praise,  as  it  is 
freely  made,  in  defiance  of  what  has  been 
so  widely  accepted  as  the  proper  course  to 
follow  : — 

"  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is 
unwise  to  go  to  great  expenditure  on  these 
lands  [arable  clays  deficient  in  '  humus  '],  either 
as  to  expensive  seeds  or  elaborate  cultivation 
and  cleaning,  as  an  outlay  of  30s.  an  acre  will 
probably  produce  as  good  a  result  as  if  lOZ.  were 
spent." 

The  lesson  taught  by  the  results  of  the 
management  of  "farms  in  hand"  is  what 
most  practical  men  would  expect  under  the 
circumstances,  and  it  ought  to  prove  a  warn- 


ing to  those  proprietors  who,  departing  from 
the  time-worn  usages  of  the  Bedford  and 
many  other  well-managed  British  estates, 
think  too  lightly  of  parting  with  good  old 
tenants  who  are  willing  to  remain  during 
periods  of  depression  even  at  a  considerably 
reduced  rent.  Brief  reference  is  made  to 
the  experimental  farm  at  Woburn,  the 
maintenance  of  which  at  the  sole  expense 
of  successive  Dukes  of  Bedford  has  been 
an  act  of  public  generosity  which  is  becom- 
ing more  and  more  appreciated  as  the 
results  increase  in  value  with  the  passage 
of  years. 

The  only  defect  the  book  has  is  realized 
when  the  last  of  its  247  pages  is  reached ; 
it  is  all  too  short  considering  the  interest 
and  magnitude  of  the  subject  with  which  it 
deals. 


St.  Anselm  of  Canterlury.     By  J.  M.  Eigg. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
There  is  no  better  testimony  to  the  many- 
sidedness  of  Anselm's  character,  and  to  the 
undying  interest  of  his  life  and  writings, 
than  the  fact  that  Mr.  Rigg  has  been  able 
to  prove  that  there  is  room  for  yet  another 
good  biography.  At  first  sight  it  might 
appear  that  Dean  Church's  delightful  essay 
and  Mr.  Rule's  two  volumes  are  adequate 
to  satisfy  the  purposes  of  the  general  reader, 
and  yet  the  new  life  is  justified  inasmuch  as 
it  is  the  first  English  biography  which  assigns 
due  prominence  to  Anselm's  minor  works. 
It  is  too  late  now  to  wish  that  all  the  time 
and  care  that  have  gone  to  the  making  of 
this  book  had  been  bestowed  on  some  less 
hackneyed  theme.  It  only  remains  to  say 
that  the  work  is,  within  its  limits,  thorough 
and  satisfactory.  It  should  be  read  by 
those  who  care  to  know  Anselm  rather  as 
a  literary  man,  a  thinker,  and  a  theologian 
than  as  a  statesman  ;  by  those  to  whom  the 
Latin  of  his  letters  may  offer  some  diffi- 
culties ;  and,  it  should  be  added,  by  those 
who  prefer  fine  writing  to  a  simple  style. 
As  an  account  of  Anselm  the  statesman 
the  book  cannot  be  considered  adequate. 
Anselm's  latest  biographer  has,  or  ought  to 
have,  Liebermann's  masterly  essay  before 
him,  and  from  that  source  alone  it  would 
be  easy  to  introduce  Anselm  in  a  new  light 
to  English  readers.  But  to  Liebermann  we 
must  still  turn  for  an  account  of  the  men 
who  profoundly  influenced  Anselm,  for  an 
explanation  of  the  causes  that  drove  him  to 
take  up  impossible  positions,  for  a  viviil  pic- 
ture of  his  character  and  of  the  nature  of  the 
kings  with  whom  he  contended ;  we  look 
for  these  things  in  vain  in  the  English 
biography.  Here  the  doubtful  statements 
of  Eadmer  are  accepted  without  inquiry. 
Freeman  is  taken  to  task  for  assuming  that 
Anselm  received  the  see  "  by  the  gift  of  the 
king  only,"  but  the  formal  act  of  choice 
was  certainly  the  king's.  "The  oppressed 
people,"  Mr.  Rigg  says,  "yearned  for  a 
deliverer,  and,  instinctively,  their  thoughts 
turned  towards  Lanfranc's  pupil."  But  the 
evidence  that  many  persons  were  interested, 
and  at  an  early  date,  in  advocating  the 
choice  of  Anselm  is  not  abundant.  The 
first  movement  seems  to  have  come  from 
Lanfranc's  monks,  from  Gundulf,  and  from 
the  Earl  of  Chester,  and  Anselm  judged 
from  Kent  what  were  the  feelings  of  Eng- 
land. "Investiture,"  Mr.  Rigg  observes, 
"he,  of   course,  did   not  receive  from  the 


king"  (William  II.).  But  Anselm  did  not 
deny  that  he  received  investiture  of  Rufus, 
and  when  charged  with  receiving  it  from  a 
schismatic  king  his  answer  was  that  he  did 
not  know  him  to  be  schismatic.  And  just 
as  in  his  own  investiture  he  disregarded  the 
Papal  decrees  of  1075  and  1078,  so  in  1096 
he  disregarded  the  decree  of  Urban  II. 
when  he  consecrated  two  bishops  whom  the 
king  had  invested. 

We  are  told  that  a  lord's  liege  man  "  was 
bound  to  aid  him  on  all  occasions,  in  aU 
quarrels,  just  or  unjust";  but  the  'Leges 
Henrici '  inform  us  that  what  is  against  God 
and  the  Catholic  faith  is  to  be  commanded 
to  none  and  done  by  none.  "  Homage  of 
this  sort,"  Mr.  Rigg  observes, 
"  was  radically  incompatible  with  the  character, 
the  duties  of  a  man  of  religion,  whose  undi- 
vided liege  fealty  was  due  to  Christ  and  His 
Vicar.  If  the  Church  was  ever  to  regain  the 
independence  needful  for  the  fulfilment  of  her 
spiritual  mission,  liege  homage  by  the  clergy 
must  clearly  go  the  way  of  lay  investiture  ;  and 
in  so  decreeing  Urban  did  not  act  an  hour  too 
soon." 

Surely  it  was  desirable  that  before  the 
thorny  question  of  the  legal  doctrines  of 
homage  and  fealty  in  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  centuries  was  approached,  Im- 
bart  de  la  Tour's  brilliant  work,  which 
has  revolutionized  opinion  on  this  and  on 
the  investiture  controversy,  should  have 
been  studied. 

Liebermann  has  shown  the  improbability 
of  Eadmer' s  supposition  that  William  II., 
if  he  could  but  get  the  pallium  into  his 
own  hands,  intended  to  give  it  to  another 
man.  The  story,  too,  of  the  scene  in  which 
Anselm  is  pictured  as  throwing  himself  at 
the  feet  of  the  Pope,  imploring  him  not  to 
excommunicate  William  II.,  the  object  for 
which  Anselm  had  been  energetically  striving, 
can  scarcely  be  trusted.  More  worthy  of 
credence  is  the  bishops'  story  of  the  Pope's 
promised  compromise — promised  verbally 
that  the  rulers  of  other  states  might  not  be 
prompted  to  make  similar  demands.  But 
.the  admirers  of  Anselm's  political  position 
have  not  a  good  word  to  say  for  any  of  the 
bishops,  because  they  opposed  him.  An 
impartial  observer,  however,  must  perceive 
clearly  enough  that  Anselm's  position  was- 
utterly  impracticable  when  and  where  he 
lived.  He  never  made  a  party,  but  fought 
single-handed  for  ideas  which  scarcely  any 
one  in  England  shared  with  him.  He  spent 
years  of  his  primacy  on  the  Continent,  in 
fruitless  efforts  to  push  the  Pope  to  extremes- 
for  which  he  was  disinclined.  The  Pope 
knew  his  own  necessities  best,  and  the  posi- 
tion of  a  man  who  would  fain  be  a  martyr 
for  an  unwilling  Papacy  comes  dangerously 
near  the  ludicrous.  The  true  grandeur  of 
Anselm  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  his  moral 
strength  entirely  eclipses  the  weakness  of  his 
political  conceptions.  He  did  not  strengthen 
the  Church  as  Lanfranc  strengthened  it; 
he  carried  on  a  controversy  in  itself  unin- 
teresting because  it  was  a  fight  for  impos- 
sible objects,  but  he  carried  it  on  with  such 
dignity,  honesty,  and  single  -  mindedness 
that  his  career  as  a  statesman  must  always 
form  the  truest  measure  of  his  genius.  _Mr. 
Rigg  gives  some  pleasing  verse-translations 
of  Anselm's  hymns  and  of  the  Mariale 
edited  not  long  ago  by  Pere  Ragey. 


122 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  3689,  July  24,  '97 


NEW   NOVELS. 
TJie    Girls    at    the    Grange.      By    Florence 

Warden.  (White  &  Co.) 
*  The  Girls  at  the  Grange  '  -will  not  quite 
do.  Readers  who  love  sensation,  and  espe- 
cially those  who  cherish  fond  remem- 
brances of  'The  House  on  the  Marsh,'  will 
not  cry  aloud  for  more  material  of  this  sort. 
Miss  Warden  has  done  better  things  ;  she 
may  have  done  worse,  for  she  has  done  much, 
and  is  an  unequal  writer  at  best,  and  after 
all  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  ingenuity 
of  plotting  novelists  is  limited.  This  time 
the  genial  scoundrel  is  nobody  more  exciting 
than  a  money  -  lending  Jew  who  runs  a 
"gambling  hell"  in  the  country.  From 
mixed  motives  of  real  kindliness  and  self- 
interest  this  gentleman  lures  to  a  notorious, 
rather  than  a  noted,  grange  four  fine  girls 
and  their  widowed  mother.  The  mother 
had,  it  seems,  known  something  of  the 
world  in  her  more  prosperous  days.  Her 
guilelessness  is  the  more  remarkable.  Her 
manners  do  not  strike  one  as  being  those  of 
the  well-bred,  well-born  woman  ;  but  it  does 
not  matter.  The  grammar  of  the  author 
is  also  a  little  faulty ;  but  it  is  of  no  con- 
sequence, perhaps.  The  story  is  not  good  for 
much,  either  as  one  of  incident  or  of  charac- 
ter. The  mystery  is  not  the  least  blood- 
curdling, and  the  dialogue  is  poor.  Yet, 
such  as  it  is,  it  runs  on  for  nearly  three 
hundred  pages,  and  it  is  not  everybody  who 
could  have  kept  it  going  at  all. 

Audrey  Craven.     By  May  Sinclair.     (Black- 
wood &  Sons.) 
The  name  of  May  Sinclair,  on  the  title-page 
of  '  Audrey  Craven,'  is,  so  far  as  we  are  aware, 
unknown.      Judging  from   this  volume,    it 
seems  possible  that  it  may  not  always  be 
so.     The  story  is  not  without  fulfilment  as 
well  as  promise.      If  it  were  followed   by 
something  stronger  we  should  not  feel  sur- 
prised.    It  is  free  from  pretentious  and  am- 
bitious airs.     The  interest  does  not  merely 
depend     on     the     material     being     "very 
modern."      The   workmanship   is    good   of 
its  kind,  the  handling  light  and  agreeable. 
Some  quality  in  it  points  to  a  good  deal  of 
original  observation  and   experience   fused 
into  fictional  form.     An  understanding   of 
some  phases  of  life  and  character  carefully, 
but  not  descriptively  developed,  touches  of 
unforced  humour,  and  a  good  deal  of  feeling 
are  no  bad  equipment.     The  heroine  is  not 
built  upon  the  too,  too  familiar  and  weari- 
some lines  of  many  of  the  genus.     She  is 
distinctly  individual,  yet  with  much  of  the 
stufi   latent   in   many  natures.     Audrey   is 
commonplace,  with  an  appearance  of  being 
quite  the  reverse  and  a  very  great  wish  to 
seem  a  combination  of  aU  that  is  most  re- 
markable and  delightful.     The  girl's   lack 
of  intelligence  under  her  brilliant  appear- 
ance is  what  is  best  and  most  cleverly  con- 
veyed.    The  author  seems  to  have  clearly 
apprehended,   and   therefore   clearly  repre- 
sented, the  creature.     Her  essential  incom- 
pleteness,  intense   artificiality,    and   innate 
self-consciousness  are  well  suggested.     The 
poverty  of  her  nature,   and    especially  the 
utter  lack  of  humour  that  lies  at  the  bottom 
of  most  of  her  folly  and  wrongdoing,  are 
not  overdone.  It  is  a  portrait,  not  the  slavish 
photograph,  of  a  woman.     Many  who  are 
not  self-deceivers  wiU  recognize    some  of 


Audrey  in  themselves.  It  is  not  a  beautiful, 
but  it  is  still  less  an  entirely  uninteresting 
nature.  The  artist  brother  and  sister  are 
pleasantly  drawn,  so  are  their  relations 
with  a  good  commercial  uncle.  One  or  two 
other  characters  are  less  successful,  but 
there  is  more  to  praise  than  to  blame. 

Two  Sinners.   By  Lily  Thicknesse.  (Downey 

&  Co.) 

In  spite  of  many  conspicuous  drawbacks 
there  are  signs  of  ability  and  promise  in 
this  story,  which  lead  one  to  hope  its  author 
may  some  day  produce  a  good  novel,  built 
on  the  only  sure  foundation — close  obser- 
vation of  life  as  it  is  actually  lived  by 
human  beings  in  their  every-day  moods. 
The  hand  of  a  young  amateur  is  probably 
responsible  for  such  crude  conventionalities 
as  enshroud  the  doctor  who  is  the  hero  of 
this  story,  and  the  totally  unconvincing 
"past"  of  Mary  Power.  The  day  when 
a  reputation  for  immorality  enhanced  the 
value  of  the  strong  black  man  who  played 
the  part  of  hero  under  the  Rochester  dis- 
pensation has  passed  away ;  our  men  in 
fiction  must  nowadays  be  cleanly  and  de- 
cently conducted  if  we  are  to  like  them. 
A  similar  reaction  is  even  setting  in  with 
regard  to  the  heroines.  Mary  Power  and 
her  past  are  several  seasons  behind  the 
fashion.  The  false  step  she  is  said  to  have 
taken  is  rendered  ludicrously  improbable 
by  the  character  with  which  her  author  has 
endowed  her.  She  is  so  well  drawn  and 
lifelike  that  an  anachronism  of  this  kind 
is  unpardonable.  A  few  years  ago  it  was 
thought  fair  to  take  away  the  reputation 
of  any  heroine,  however  clumsily ;  to-day 
such  a  proceeding  is  not  permissible.  Mary 
Power  is  a  pure,  self- controlled,  sensible 
girl,  innocent  of  all  temptation  to  sensuality 
— the  thing  is  a  scandal.  She  and  the 
doctor's  sister  share  the  honours  as  regards 
character  drawing  ;  the  rest  are  for  the  most 
part  conventional  figures,  and  the  stereo- 
typed head  of  an  Oxford  college  belongs, 
like  Roger,  to  the  past.  The  present  func- 
tionary is  of  a  very  different  order. 


Poemes.      Par    Kmile    Yerhaeren.     2    vols. 

(Paris,  Mercure  de  France.) 
The  poetry  of  Emile  Yerhaeren  more  than 
that  of  any  other  modern  poet  is  made  directly 
out  of  the  complaining  voices  of  the  nerves. 
Other  writers,  certainly,  have  been  indirectly 
indebted  to  the  effect  of  nerves  on  tempera- 
ment, but  M.  Yerhaeren  seems  to  express 
only  so  much  of  a  temperament  as  finds  its 
expression  through  their  immediate  medium. 
In  his  early  books  '  Les  Flamandes,'  '  Les 
Moines  '  (reprinted,  with  '  Les  Bords  de  la 
Route,'  containing  earlier  and  later  work, 
in  the  first  of  these  two  volumes  of  collected 
poems),  he  began  by  a  solid,  heavily  coloured, 
exterior  manner  of  painting  genre  pictures 
in  the  Flemish  style.  Such  poems  as 
'  Les  Paysans,'  with  its  fury  of  description, 
are  like  a  Teniers  in  verse  ;  not  Breughel 
has  painted  a  kermesse  with  hotter  colours, 
a  more  complete  abandonment  to  the  sun- 
light, wine,  and  gross  passions  of  those 
Flemish  feasts.  This  first  book,  '  Les  Fla- 
mandes,' belongs  to  the  Naturalistic  move- 
ment ;  but  it  has  already  (as  in  the  similar 
commencements  of  Huysmans)  so  ardent  a 
love  of    colour  for    its   own   sake,    colour 


becoming  lyrical,  that  one  realizes  how  soon 
this  absorption  in  the  daily  life  of  farms, 
kitchens,  stables,  will  give  place  to  another 
kind  of  interest.  And  in  'Les  Moines,' 
while  there  is  still  for  the  most  part  the 
painting  of  exteriorities,  a  new  sentiment — 
by  no  means  the  religious  sentiment,  but  an 
artistic  interest  in  what  is  less  material,  less 
assertive  in  things — finds  for  itself  an  en- 
tirely new  scheme  of  colour.  Here,  for 
instance,  was  '  Cuisson  de  Pain,'  in  the  first 
book  : — 

Dehors,    les    grands     fournils     chauffaient     leurs 

braises  rouges, 
Et  deux    par  deux,   du  bout   d'une    planche,  les 

gouges 
Dans  le  ventre  des  fours  engoufEraient  les  pains 

moiis. 

Et  les  flammes,  par  les  gueules  s'ouvrant  passage, 
Comme  une  meute  enorme  et  chaude   de  alliens 

roux, 
Sautaient  en  rugissant  leur  mordre  le  visage. 

Now  in  the  second  we  have  '  Soir  Reli- 
gieux': — 

Et  void  I'angelus,  dont  la  voix  tranquillise 
La  douleur  qui  s'^pand  sur  ce  mourant  decor, 
Tandis  que    les  grands  bras  des    vieux   clochers 

d'eglise 
Tendent  leurs  croix  de  fer  par-dessus  les  champs 

d'or. 

But  it  is  not  until  '  Les  Soirs '  (the  first  of 
the  three  books  reprinted  in  the  second 
volume  of  the  collected  edition)  that  we  find 
what  was  to  be  the  really  individual  style 
developing  itself.  It  developes  itself  at 
first  with  a  certain  heaviness.  Here  is  a 
poet  who  writes  in  images — good ;  but  the 
images  are  larger  than  the  ideas.  Wishing 
to  say  that  the  hour  was  struck,  he  says  : — 

Seul  un  beffroi, 
Immens^ment  vetu  de  nuit,  cassait  les  heures. 

And,  indeed,  everything  must  be  done 
"  immensement."  The  word  is  repeated  on 
every  page,  sometimes  twice  in  a  stanza. 
The  effect  of  monotony  in  rhythm,  the 
significant,  chiming  recurrence  of  words, 
the  recoil  of  a  line  upon  itself,  the  dwindling 
away  or  the  heaping  up  of  sound  in  line 
after  line,  the  shock  of  an  unexpected 
coesura,  the  delay  and  the  hastened  speed 
of  syllables — all  these  arts  of  a  very  con- 
scious technique  are  elaborated  with  some- 
what too  obvious  an  intention.  There  is 
splendour,  opulence,  and,  for  the  first  time, 
"  such  stuff  as  dreams  are  made  of."  De- 
scription is  no  longer  made  for  its  own  sake; 
it  becomes  metaphor.  And  this  metaphor 
is  entirely  new.  It  may  be  called  exag- 
gerated, affected  even ;  but  it  is  new,  and 
it  is  expressive  : — 

Les    chiens   du    d^sespoir,    les    chiens    du    vent 

d'automne, 
Mordent  de  leurs  abois  les  ^chos  noirs  des  soirs, 
Et  I'ombre,  immensement,  dans  le  vide,  tatonne 
Vers  la  lune,  mirde  au  clair  des  abreuvoirs. 

In  '  Les  Debacles,'  a  year  later,  this  art 
of  writing  in  coloured  and  audible  metaphor, 
and  on  increasingly  abstract  and  psycho- 
logical subjects,  the  sensations  externalized, 
has  become  more  master  of  itself,  and  at 
the  same  time  more  immediately  the  servant 
of  a  more  and  more  feverish  nervous 
organization. 

Tu  seras  le  fidvreux  ployd,  sur  les  fenetres, 

D'ou  Ton  peut  voir  bondir  la  vie  et  ses  chars  d'or. 

And  the  contemplation  of  this  "fievreux" 
is  turned  more  and  more  in  uj)on  itself, 
finding  in  its  vision  of  the  outer  world  only 
a  mirrored  image  of  its  own  disasters.  The 
sick  man,  looking  down  on  his  thin  fingers, 


N°  3089,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


123 


can  think  of  them  only  in  this  morbid,  this 
monastic  way : — 

Mes  doigts,  touchez  mon  front  et  cberchez,  1;\, 
Les  vers  qui  rongeront,  un  jour,  de  leur  morsure, 
Mes  chairs  ;  touchez  mon  front,  mesmaigres  doigts, 

voild, 
Que  mes  veines  d^j;\,  comme  une  raeurtrissure 
Bleuiltre,  ^trangement,  en  font  la  tour,  mes  las 
Bt    pauvres    doigts  —  et     que    vos    longs    ongles 

malades 
Battent,  sinistrement,  sur  mes  tempos,  un  glas, 
Un  pauvre  glas,  mes  lents  et  mornes  doigts  ! 

Two  years  later,  with  '  Les  Flambeaux 
Noirs,'  what  was  nervous  has  become  almost 
a  sort  of  very  conscious  madness  :  the  hand 
on  its  own  pulse,  the  eyes  watching  them- 
selves in  the  glass  with  an  unswerving 
fixity,  but  a  breaking  and  twisting  of  the 
links  of  things,  a  doubling  and  division  of 
the  mind's  sight,  which  might  be  met  with, 
less  picturesquely,  in  actual  madness.  There 
are  two  poems,  '  Le  Eoc  '  and  '  Les  Livres,' 
which  give,  in  a  really  terrifying  way,  the 
very  movement  of  idea  falling  apart  from 
idea,  sensation  dragging  after  it  sensation 
down  the  crumbling  staircase  of  the  brain, 
which  are  the  symptoms  of  the  brain's  loss 
of  self-control : — 

C'est  la.  que  j'ai  bati  mon  ame, 
— Dites,  serai-je  seul  avec  mon  ame  7 — 
Mon  ame  helas  !  maison  d'ebene, 
Oii  s'est  fendu,  sans  bruit,  un  soir, 
Le  grand  miroir  de  mon  espoir. 

Dites,  serai-je  seul  avec  mon  ame, 
En  ce  nocturne  et  angoissant  domaine  ? 
Serai  je  seul  avec  mon  orgueil  noir, 
Assis  en  un  fauteuil  de  haine  ? 
Serai-je  seul,  avec  ma  pale  hyperdulie, 
Pour  Notre-Dame,  la  Folic  ? 

In  these  poems  of  self-analysis,  which  is 
self-torture,  there  is  something  lacerat- 
ing, and  at  the  same  time  bewildering, 
which  conveys  to  one  the  sense  of  all  that  is 
most  solitary,  picturesque,  and  poignant  in 
the  transformation  of  an  intensely  active 
and  keen-sighted  reason  into  a  thing  of 
conflicting  visionary  moods.  At  times,  as 
in  the  remarkable  study  of  London  called 
'  Les  Villes,'  this  fever  of  the  brain  looks 
around  it,  and  resembles  a  flame  of  angry 
and  tumultuous  epithet,  licking  up  and 
devouring  what  is  most  solid  in  exterior 
space.  Again,  as  in  '  Les  Lois  '  and  '  Les 
Nombres,'  it  becomes  metaphysical,  abstract, 
and  law  towers  up  into  a  visible  palace, 
number  flowers  into  a  forest : — 

Je  suis  rhallucin^  de  la  foret  des  Nombres. 
That  art   of   presenting  a  thought   like   a 
picture,  of  which  M.  Verhaeren  is  so  accom- 
plished a  master,  has  become  more  subtle 
than  ever ;  and 

ces  tours  de  ronde  de  I'infini,  le  soir, 

Et  ces  courbes,  et  ces  spirales, 

of  for  the  most  part  menacing  speculations 
in  the  void,  take  visible  form  before  us, 
with  a  kind  of  hallucination,  communicated 
to  us  from  that  (how  far  deliberate  ?)  hal- 
lucination which  has  created  them.  The 
verse  in  this  book  has  abandoned  tra- 
ditional form,  and  become  a  kind  of  vers 
libre,  without,  however,  losing  the  firmness 
of  rhythm,  the  clang,  of  a  hitherto  regular 
metre.  And  it  is  here,  with  these  discon- 
certing '  Flambeaux  Noirs,'  a  darker  shadow 
upon  the  darkness,  that  the  reprint  of  M. 
Verhaeren's  poems,  for  the  present,  breaks 
off.  The  other  books,  with  their  not  less 
strange  titles,  '  Les  Apparus  dans  mes  Che- 
mins,'  'Les  Campagnes  Hallucinees,'  'Les 
Villages   Ulusoires,'   'Les  Yilles   Tentacu- 


laires,'  are  no  doubt  to  follow.  They  trace 
the  course  of  what  we  are  given  to  under- 
stand was  really  a  sort  of  mental  malady, 
an  over-possession  of  the  bodily  senses  by 
the  tyranny  of  the  nerves,  and  they  lead, 
through  darkness,  many  visions,  and  a 
desperate  enough  philosophy,  into  some- 
what clearer  regions.  Morbid,  and  with 
all  their  exaggerations,  their  over- emphasis, 
their  too  deliberate  attack  upon  our  sensa- 
tions, and  especially  on  the  sensation  of 
terror,  M.  Verhaeren's  poems  are  certainly 
the  most  original  poetic  work  in  verse  of 
any  of  the  younger  French  writers.  Else- 
where (in  M.  Henri  de  Regnier,  for  example) 
we  shall  find  charm,  a  melancholy  grace,  a 
clear  and  delicate  form ;  but  nowhere  else 
that  compelling  power,  for  good  and  evil, 
which  is  poetic  energy,  and  which  at  its 
highest  we  call  genius. 


SCOTTISH   FICTION. 


The  title  of  Mr.  Charles  Hannan's  story  The 
Wooing  of  Avis  Grayle  (Macqueen)  is  so  far  con- 
nected with  the  plot  that  the  two  friends  whose 
tragedy  is  here  related  are  both  wooers  of  the 
lady  who  gives  it  name.  But  the  real  interest 
centres  in  Meggie  Cree,  the  rough  girl  of  the 
people,  with  whom  Iredale,  one  of  Avis's  lovers, 
is  involved  in  a  most  commonplace  intrigue. 
This  interest  is  hardly  in  her  character,  for 
Meggie  makes  most  of  the  advances,  and  is  only 
respectable  in  her  fierce  resolve  to  retain  her 
hold  upon  her  lover  or  be  revenged  upon  him  ; 
but  the  murder  by  the  lochside,  itself  well  de- 
scribed, leads  to  the  terrible  conflict  in  Iredale 's 
conscience  which  it  is  the  real  purpose  of  the 
writer  to  accentuate.  He  has  fair  power  of 
enforcing  his  point  of  view,  but  should  avoid  the 
staccato  "  headline  "  sort  of  emphasis,  e.g  : — 

"  It  was  passion. 

"  It  was  not  love. 

"  His  flesh  alone  desired  her. 

"  He  had  si)oken  to  her  for  the  last  time. 

"Thus  he  stumbled  home." 

The  weakness  of  the  plot  is  that  no  man  of  the 
world  would  ever  have  managed  the  aflair  so 
badly,  and  no  man  of  honour  or  feeling  could 
have  let  his  friend  sufl'er,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
woman  he  loved,  when  that  cup  of  cold  poison 
could  have  been  taken  as  well  "soon  as  syne." 
Although  the  story  is  laid  in  Scotland,  there 
is  hardly  any  dialect  in  it,  and  that  not 
idiomatic.  Indeed,  from  several  indications, 
notably  in  the  treatment  of  legal  matters,  it 
would  seem  that  the  author  knows  little  of 
Scotland.  Yet  he  is  bold  enough  to  make  his 
villain  a  Scottish  judge. 

Leslie  Keith's  tale  My  Bonnie  Lady  (Jarrold 
&  Sons)  is  remarkable,  on  the  other  hand,  for 
the  persevering  care  with  which  the  narrative  is 
saturated  with  Scotch  phrases  and  expressions : 

"  To  hear  the  clavers  when  the  tidings  were  spread 
abroad  you  would  have  thought  the  lift  had  fallen 
in  the  night  and  smothered  us.  The  women  were 
in  and  out  of  each  other's  houses,  their  tongues 
going  like  pen-guus.  and  before  dark  it  was  piper's 
news  that  the  captain  had  humbly  begged  the  laird's 
pardon  for  the  wrongs  of  his  line,  and  had  been 
spurned  in  his  efforts  at  reconciliation.  So  little  to 
be  lippened  to  is  that  false  jade  rumour.  Even  I, 
who  had  no  art  nor  part  in  the  matter,  and  am  but 
the  chronicler  of  Carmylie's  story,  was  forced  to 
hear  more  blethers  and  answer  more  questions  than 
was  at  all  to  my  taste." 

We,  too,  are  compelled  to  hear  more  "  blethers  " 
than  we  would  about  the  feud  between  two 
families  in  the  same  village,  of  which  we  yet 
learn  no  particulars,  except  that  it  has  de- 
generated to  a  quarrel  over  a  right  of  way.  To 
maintain  this  right  the  stout  Lady  Inglis  sends 
her  footman  and  pug-dog  in  the  day,  while  at 
night  the  ruined  laird,  Mr.  Minto,  is  compelled 
by  his  fiery  old  wife  to  do  sentry-go  on  the 
disputed  path,  clad  in  an  old  cloak,  and  desti- 


tute as  ever  a  Macdonnell  or  O'Brien  of  nether 
integuments.  Before  the  old  man  dies  of  ex- 
posure, the  good  offices  of  "the  bonny  lady" 
and  the  captain  (young  kinsfolk  of  both  the 
houses),  of  a  minister  who  interests  us  with  a 
hump  back  and  a  gift  of  passion,  and  of  a 
"pawky"  old  pair — the  doctor  and  his  sister — 
succeed  in  reconciling  him,  and  afterwards  fierce 
old  Mrs.  Minto,  with  their  foe  of  forty  years. 
On  the  whole,  this  is  much  ado  about  nothing, 
but  the  dialect  is  undoubtedly  good,  not  strained 
nor  vulgar,  as  is  the  current  mode.  The  best 
that  can  be  said  of  the  writer  (and  it  is  much) 
is  that  he  has  got  nearer  to  Gait  than  most  of 
his  imitators. 


SOME   AUSTRALIAN   VERSE, 

The  Man  from  Snotoy  River,  and  other   Verses. 
By   A.   B.  Paterson.      (London,    Macmillan  ; 
Sydney,  Angus  &  Robertson.) 
iSonqs  of  tlie  South.     Second  Series.      By  John 

Bernard  O'Hara.     (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 
The  Song  of  Brotherhood.     By  J.  Le  Gay  Brere- 

ton.  (George  Allen.) 
Songs  of  a  Season.  By  Francis  Kenna.  (Mel- 
bourne, Melville,  Mullen  &  Slade.) 
It  is  curious  how  difficult  it  seems  to  be  for 
colonial  verse  to  escape  a  certain  provinciality, 
which  comes  out  in  various  shapes,  but  with  the 
persistence  of  a  fatality.  The  provinciality  is 
sometimes  seen  in  a  too  defiant  contempt  of 
admitted  models,  a  revolt  against  taste;  at  other 
times  in  a  too  slavish  imitation  of,  perhaps,  the 
best  models.  We  get  verse  which  is  simply 
wild  doggerel,  and  verse  which  is  merely  tame 
conventionality,  sentiments  which  are  too 
obviously  the  correct  sentiments,  or  too  obvi- 
ously extravagant— the  extremes,  in  short,  of 
every  bad  manner.  But  it  is  rarely  indeed 
that  colonial  verse  comes  to  us  with  anything 
like  a  sincere  poetry,  or  a  sincerity  which  has 
anything  poetic  about  it.  Take,  fur  instance, 
the  last  book  on  our  list,  and  the  worst.  Mr. 
Kenna  is  not  without  a  faint  touch  of  sensibility, 
but  not  merely  does  he  rhyme  "wrath"  and 
"north,"  he  is  utterly  at  a  loss  where  to  look 
for  his  subjects,  and  twice  in  his  tiny  book  finds 
them  in  the  telegraph,  which  he  thus  addresses  : 

Patteiing  and  pattering  and  tirelessly  clattering. 
Swifter  tban  ever  the  swift  winds  blow. 

Clattering  and  clattering,  and  tirelessly  chattering, 
Ever  my  burdens  of  weal  and  woe. 

He  has  another  set  of  verses  to  the  memory 
of  a  telegraph  -  operator,  whose  virtues  he 
"  records  in  sorrow  deep."  Here  provinciality 
is  perhaps  a  little  obvious  ;  even  more  obvious 
than  when  Mr.  Brereton  writes  a  dirge  which 
begins  : — 

Oh,  visionary  form  ! 
Euterpe,  maid  divine  1 
Who  lovest  on  the  sunlit  sea  to  shine. 

Or  revel  in  the  shouting  storm — 
How  pitiful  our  Kendall's  cry  to  thee ! 

Mr.  Brereton  is  much  better  than  Mr.  Kenna, 

but  he  is  totally  without  style,  without  any  fine 

taste.     He    writes   a    somewhat   excited    poem 

addressed  to  Miss  Olive  Schreiner,  in  which  this 

is  all,  really,  thpt  he  has  to  say  : — 

Daughter  of  the  lonely  desert,  daughter  of  the  lurid  waste, 
Dout)ts  as  dread  as  thine,  in  gullies  green  with  fronds  of 

fern  and  graced 
With  the  film  of  falling  waters,  have  been  met  and  fairly 

faced. 

That  is,  at  all  events,  not  an  important  fact, 

nor  is  it  expressed  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it 

interesting  as  a  statement.     He  wishes  to  paint 

a  mental  picture,  and  this  is  how  he  does  it : — 

I  'd  sought  in  a  Cimmerian  waste 
Of  misty  gorges  for  the  glorious  sun. 

What  emphasis  !  and  how  far  from  the  delicacy 
of  nature  or  of  art !  He  has  a  loud  voice,  a  loud 
and  trampling  step — some  of  the  vigour  of  those 
indifferent  writers  whom  one  conceives  to  be 
manly  and  not  unintelligent  people.  He  is 
conscious  of  at  least  some  of  his  shortcomings, 
and  in  a  poem  which  is  rather  touching,  called 
'The  Presence  of  the  Bush,'  laments  his 
inability  to  render  in  words  those  rare  and 
captivating  sensations  of  the  open  air  which  the 


124 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


"  spirits  of  the  sweet  bush  murmur  "  to  him.  It 
is  something  that  he  has  at  least  been  able  to 
feel,  something  that  he  has  at  least  been  able  to 
realize  that  he  cannot  render,  sensations  which 
are  in  themselves  part  of  the  stuff  of  poetry. 

Mr.  Paterson,  who  also  writes  about  the 
bush,  and  in  a  certain  sense  writes  better, 
cannot  be  said  to  have  found  much  really  poetic 
suggestion  in  his  Conroy's  Gap,  Dandaloo, 
Riley's  Run,  and  the  other  Bret  Hartian  locali- 
ties about  which  he  has  written  his  swinging, 
rattling  ballads  of  ready  humour,  ready  pathos, 
and  crowding  adventure.  In  a  brief  and  badly 
written  preface,  Rolf  Boldrewood  claims  that 
Mr.  Paterson's  are  "the  best  bush  ballads 
written  since  the  death  of  Lindsay  Gordon." 
"Very  probably  ;  but  is  that,  after  all,  saying 
that  they  are  jjoetry  ?  And  if  these  good  popular 
verses  are  no  more  than  good  popular  verses, 
can  they  be  expected  to  appeal  to  more  than 
that  rough-and-ready  audience  which,  whether 
sitting  round  a  camp  fire  or  by  the  fire  of  a 
drawing-room,  is  equally  the  audience  to 
which  good  poetry  does  not  appeal?  It  is 
sometimes  forgotten  that  an  obvious  sentiment 
does  not  become  less  obvious  because  you  attri- 
bute it  to  a  bushranger  ;  or  that  a  copy  of  verses 
about  some  horses  on  a  ranch  is  not  necessarily 
any  better,  any  nearer  to  poetry,  than  a  copy 
of  verses  about  the  last  Derby.  It  is  not  often, 
indeed,  in  Mr.  Paterson's  book,  that  one  comes 
across  a  piece  of  false  sentiment,  like  '  Only  a 
Jockey ': — 

Only  a  jockey-boy  !  foul-moul  bed  and  bad  you  see, 
Ignorant,  heathenish,  gone  to  his  rest. 

Parson  or  Presbyter,  Pharisee,  Sadducee, 
What  did  you  do  for  him  ?— bad  was  the  best. 

For  the  most  part  we  have  stirring  and  enter- 
taining ballads  about  great  rides,  in  which  the 
lines  gallop  like  the  very  hoofs  of  the  horses  : 
distinctly  amusing,  distinctly  readable  things, 
but,  of  course,  not  poetry. 

Mr.  O'Hara  aims  higher,  and,  to  judge  by  the 
opinions  of  the  Australian  press  quoted  at 
the  end  of  his  book,  he  is  already  supposed  in 
Australia  to  have  attained  his  aim.  Does  not 
one  of  these  press  notices  tell  us  : — 

_  "  Mr.  O'Hara's  wealth  of  language  is  apparent 
m  all  his  poetrj',  which  is  fast  gaining  for  him  a 
seat  in  the  English  Parnassus,  where  an  author  is 
judged  by  his  work,  and  not  by  personal  considera- 
tions, as  is  often  the  case  in  small  communities." 

Now  we  are  afraid  that  this  kindly  reviewer  is 
(shall  we  say  1)  a  little  premature.  Mr.  O'Hara 
is  still  evidently  very  much  under  the  influence 
of  Mr.  Swinburne,  and  of  that  earliest  manner 
of  Mr.  Swinburne  which  has  already  been 
fatal  to  so  many.  This  is  how  he  begins  his 
'Prelude':—  ^ 

Sweet  songs  of  dead  singers  still  scatheless  of  time, 

Our  lips  your  wild  honey 
Have  touched  ;  lo  !  the  musical  murmur  of  rhyme 

The  Southland  makes  sunny. 

Stray  notes  of  strange  echoes,  that  glide  through  weird 
change. 

From  woodlands  that  cover 
The  dingo  afar  on  the  wind-ringing  range, 

On  the  lowlands  the  plover  1 

This  is  ringing,  but  it  is  also  rattling  ;  and  it  is 
the  kind  of  thing  which  most  men  write  and 
then  destroy.  So  is  the  cheap  classicism  of 
*  The  Return  of  Persephone,'  for  instance,  with 
its 

Lo  !  rises  from  out  illusion. 

Like  plants  from  the  clamorous  weeds. 
Humanity's  golden  fusion 

From  babel  of  jarring  Creeds, 
Or  flowers  when  the  spring  infuses 

New  life  Into  lawn  and  lea, 
As  rose  o'er  the  land  of  Kleusis 
Beloved  Persephone. 

Mr.    O'Hara   is  much  better   when  he  is  con- 
tented with  saying  simple  (and,  to  us,  novel) 
things  simply.  Here  are  two  lines,  for  instance 
which  paint  a  picture  : —  ' 

When  the  herds  are  slowly  winding  over  leagues  of  waving 

And  the  wild  cranes  seek  the  sedges,  and  the  wild  swans 
nomeward  pass. 

And  there  are  passages  in  the  long  and  rather 
tedious  poem  called  '  The  Wild  White  Man  '— 
the  savage  dance,  for  instance— which  possess 


a  certain  pictorial  quality,  and  interest  us  in 
spite  of  their  rhetoric.  But  Mr.  O'Hara,  with 
all  his  good  intentions,  his  facility  in  writing 
tolerable  verse,  his  touch  of  sensibility,  has  not 
yet  realized  that  good  feeling  for  one's  own 
country  and  an  appreciation  of  its  natural  aspects 
are  matters  of  small  moment  in  regard  to  the 
writing  of  verse  ;  above  all,  he  has  not  yet 
realized  the  difference  between  poetizing  and 
writing  poetry. 


BOOKS    OF   TRAVEL. 


Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  have  sent   us 
Siam  on  the  Meinam  from  the  Gulf  to  Axjuthia, 
together   vnth    Three    Romances    illustrative    of 
Siamese  Life  and  Customs,  by  Maxwell  Sommer- 
ville,   a  professor  belonging    to  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.     There    are  fifty  illustrations 
in   this    book,    all   of   them   interesting  except 
two,    which    ought    never    to   have    been    pub- 
lished in  a  work  designed  for  general  perusal. 
The    '  Siamese   Girl '   who    faces   p.    94   would 
have   looked    prettier    if    she   had    not    shown 
so    much    of    her    teeth  ;    and    the     '  Siamese 
Beauty,'  a  few  pages  further  on,  has  evidently 
been  posed  by  some  one  who  thought  that  size 
of  hands  and  feet  is  artistically  immaterial.     Of 
the  letterpress  which  accompanies  this  collection 
of  pictures  it  is  impossible  to  speak  so  favour- 
ably.    The  author  vouch.safes  no  dates,  but,  as 
far  as  can  be  judged    from    his   narrative,    he 
spent  about  three  or  four  weeks  in  Siam,  went 
the  round  of  the  ordinary  sights  of  Bangkok, 
and  visited  Ayuthia,  where  he  saw  the  ruins  of 
the  old  city,  looked  in  at  the  elephant  kraal, 
and  inspected  one  or  two  modern  temples.     He 
does  not  speak  the  language,  and  had  not  pre- 
pared   himself    for   his    trip    by    any  previous 
reading,    for   he   says    in    his   preface    that   on 
arriving   in  Bangkok   he   asked    for  a  book  on 
Siam  (the  italics  are  ours),  and   was  told  that 
what  he  required  did  not  exist.   He  was  thus  left 
to  gather  his  information  chiefly  from  captains  of 
merchant  steamers,  natives  who  could  speak  a 
little  broken  English,  longshoremen,  visitors  to 
the  Oriental  Hotel,  or  servants  belonging  to  that 
establishment.     The  result  is  not  brilliant.     As 
to  the  alleged  lack  of  books  about  Siam,  we  could 
easily  mention  to  Prof.  Sommerville  fifteen  or 
sixteen   easily    obtainable    works,     some   good, 
some    bad,   by    French,    German,  English,    or 
American  authors.     There  is  really  nothing  new 
in  this  book,  and  only  one  good  point,  which 
shall  at  once  be  put  down  to  the  author's  credit. 
In  the  romance  called  '  Phya-Rama-Ma-Dua  '  a 
side-light   is   thrown   on   the  difliculties  which 
hamper  the  Asiatic  who  as  governor  of  an  out- 
lying province  may  be  anxious  to  do  his  duty. 
The  better  he  rules,  the  more  the  people  become 
attached    to  him,  and  he  knows  that  this  will 
lead   to  his  ruin   through  exciting  jealousy  at 
headquarters  ;  but  the  story  in  other   respects 
is  full  of  absurdities.     It  relates  to  the  earfy 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  its  hero, 
a  Siamese,  is  represented  as  having  been  edu- 
cated by  Buddhist  priests  to  understand  "the 
cuneiform  of  the  Persians,  especially  the  earlier 
text."     We  now   therefore  discover  at  last  to 
what  sources  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson  must  have 
gone  for  his  information  !  On  the  same  authority 
it  also  transpires  that  before  1650  dealers  in  anti- 
quities accompanied    caravans    from    Persia  to 
sell  gems  and  cylinders  in  Hong-Kong,  on  which 
barren  rock  there  may  in  those  days  have  dwelt 
a  few   fishermen  or  pirates,   but  nobody  else. 
This  extraordinary  Siamese  oflicial  was  at  last 
exiled  to  Singapore,  a  place  that  was  not  created 
till  1824.     The  third  story,  '  The  Fable  of  the 
Crippled  Hare,'  is  not  really  a  creation  by  the 
author,   and  it  would    be  interesting  to  learn 
what  it  has  to  do  with  Siam.     The  narrative  is 
rather  incoherent,   but  the  main    feature  is  a 
reproduction  of  the  well-known  race  between 
the  tortoise  and  the  hare,  in  which  the  former 
wins  by  a  trick.     But  to  revert  for  a  moment  to 
the  earlier  chapters  in  this  book.     The  great 


tide  and  powerful  stream  do  not  render  Bang- 
kok "very  healthy."  The  city  is  quite  the 
reverse,  and  will  remain  so  as  long  as  the 
inhabitants  have  to  depend  on  a  tidal  river  for 
their  drinking  water.  The  same  incident  about 
the  cockroaches  is  twice  told  (pp.  136  and  27)  ; 
as  for  humming-birds,  they  are  entirely  confined 
to  the  American  continent  and  the  West  Indies  ; 
it  is  therefore  untrue  to  state  (see  p.  68)  that 
they  "abound  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Meinam." 
When  the  author  describes  an  officer  as  a  "  Vice- 
Consul  -  General  "  he  has  discovered  a  rank 
unknown  to  the  consular  service.  Nirvana  is 
not  "the  paradise"  of  the  Buddhist  creed. 
Nirvana — to  put  the  matter  compendiously — 
is  the  extinction  which  even  a  Thevada,  or 
inhabitant  of  paradise,  hopes  may  finally  be  his 
end.  The  anecdote  of  the  strolling  story-teller 
wonderfully  recalls  the  tale  of  the  third  dervish 
in  the  adventures  of  Hajji  Baba.  Travellers 
must  be  rather  hard  up  for  material  when  they 
fill  their  diaries  with  such  sentences  as  this  : — 

"Near  by,  in  one  of  the  private  houses,  sat  an  old 
woman,  and  in  the  next  room  a  young  girl,  each  of 
them  slowly  passing  the  shuttle  in  a  loom,  and  fre- 
quently changing  the  colour  of  the  thread,  according 
to  the  pattern  they  were  weaving." 

It  seems  that  the  reigning  monarch  of  Siam  has 
written  a  book  in  thirty-nine  volumes ;  the 
author  tells  us  that  he  has  read  it,  and  that  his 
university  possesses  a  presentation  copy.  Now 
it  might  be  thought  that  we  should  all  of  us  like 
to  know  what  this  big  work  treats  of,  and  in 
what  language  it  is  composed.  Prof.  Sommer- 
ville, however,  has  not  gratified  our  curiosity. 
He  translates  Wat  P'hra  Keau  as  meaning  "  the 
Wat  of  the  Palace,"  whereas  the  real  significa- 
tion is  "  the  Temple  of  the  Sacred  Crystal."  He 
treats  Buddha  as  still  existent,  and  says  man 
can  by  holiness  advance  to  the  companionship  of 
Buddha,  whereas  Buddha  entered  Nirvana  ages 
ago.     On  p.  84  he  has  the  following  passage  : — 

"  In  the  United  States,  within  the  recollection  of 
many,  the  dead  bodies  of  prisoners,  unless  claimed 
by  friends  or  relatives,  were  given  over  to  anatomical 
scientists,  whose  investigations  of  the  human  frame 
are  believed  to  benefit  the  human  race  "  ; 

but  on  p.  140  he  tells  the  reader  that  in  Phila- 
delphia dissection  is  legalized,  and  that  the 
bodies  of  unclaimed  convicts  are  thus  disposed 
of,  and  goes  on  to  regret  that  in  Siam  science 
suffers  because  the  same  system  is  not  adopted. 
It  must  be  left  to  the  author  to  reconcile 
these  apparently  conflicting  statements.  Prof. 
Sommerville  alleges  that  the  Buddhist  code 
of  morals,  "  if  strictly  observed  in  Christian 
countries,  would  elevate  society  to  a  higher 
standard  than  has  been  reached  under 
all  our  boasted  religious  culture";  then  he 
selects  a  few  examples  from  this  code  of 
morals,  e.g.,  "work  not  for  money,"  "eat  no 
rice  after  mid-day,"  "  to  eat  and  talk  at  the  same 
time  is  a  sin,"  "destroy  no  tree,"  "  mount  no 
tree,"  "  to  wear  shoes  which  conceal  the  toes  is 
a  sin,"  "to  look  fiercely  at  other  people  is  a 
sin."  The  efficacy  of  such  maxims  in  elevating 
society  to  a  higher  standard  may  be  questioned. 
The  book  is  marred  by  many  misprints  ;  Ame- 
ricanisms, such  as  "of  evenings"  for  "of  an 
evening,"  frequently  jar  on  an  English  reader's 
ear  ;  there  are  some  queer  grammatical  usages 
here  and  there ;  and  though  care  has  been  taken 
to  explain  that  the  mint  is  a  "  money-mill,"  and 
that  "tiffin  "  means  lunch,  we  are  not  told  what 
kind  of  insect  a  "  tumble-bug  "  or  a  "  katydid  " 
represents.  It  is  hardly  worth  while  to  recom- 
mend that  these  faults  and  shortcomings  should 
be  corrected  in  a  second  edition,  for  the  knife 
requires  a  new  handle  as  well  as  a  new  blade. 

Wanderings  in  Burma.  By  G.  W.  Bird 
(Educational  Department,  Burma).  With  Illus- 
trations and  Maps.  (Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.) 
— A  practical  guide-book  for  Europeans  desirous 
of  visiting  all  those  sights  in  Burma  which  may 
be  within  convenient  reach  from  their  proposed 
line  of  route  has  been  for  some  time  past  a 
desideratum.  This  want  has  now  been  supplied, 


N*'  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UIVI 


125 


Mr.  Bird,  as  he  tells  the  reader  in  his  preface, 
having  made  it  his  endeavour  to  present,  in  an 
interesting  form,  all  available  information  con- 
cerning the  country,  its  old  cities,  and  its  cele- 
brated shrines.  The  work  is  for  the  most  part 
a  compilation — a  careful  compilation — from  the 
best  available  sources ;  but  the  compiler  has  had 
the  personal  experience  of  twenty  years'  resi- 
dence in  the  land  to  aid  him  in  his  task.  He 
trusts  that  his  book  may  prove  useful  to  English 
people  settled  in  Burma  as  well  as  to  the 
traveller  and  the  tourist ;  and  he  is  justified  in 
this  hope  so  far  as  the  character  of  the  volume 
is  concerned,  for  instruction  is  to  be  gleaned 
from  between  its  covers ;  but  we  much  fear 
that  in  Burma,  as  elsewhere  in  the  tropics, 
the  European  resident  too  often  postpones  the 
perusal  of  text-books  until  he  is  about  to  re- 
turn home  ;  turn  demnm,  he  realizes  that  his 
friends  in  Europe  will  ask  him  questions,  and 
that  he  would  do  well  to  acquire  a  little  know- 
ledge of  the  people  among  whom  he  has  lived  so 
Jong  and  of  the  places  which  he  has  visited.  The 
work,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  foregoing 
description,  has  been  compiled  in  a  systematic 
manner.  In  the  tirst  part  will  be  found  one  or 
two  chapters  containing  a  geographical  account  of 
the  country  and  of  the  neighbouring  Shan  states ; 
also  notices  of  the  languages  spoken,  of  the 
Buddhist  religion,  of  the  chief  towns,  and  of 
the  local  administration  ;  besides  several  tables 
and  lists  which  aftbrd  information  on  matters 
proper  to  the  subject  in  hand.  The  writer  then 
goes  on  in  a  series  of  twenty-four  chapters, 
accompanied  wherever  necessary  by  photo- 
graphic illustrations  and  outline  maps,  to  con- 
duct his  reader  along  selected  routes  all  over 
each  province,  explaining  how  each  journey  is 
to  be  made,  and  pointing  out  all  that  is  worthy 
of  remark.  Pains  have  evidently  been  taken  to 
avoid  misprints,  and  to  make  the  information 
-supplied  as  accurate  as  possible  in  all  respects. 
It  is,  indeed,  a  refreshing  change  to  get,  as  we 
do  at  rare  intervals,  a  volume  descriptive  of  a 
distant  Asiatic  country  which  is  neither  dis- 
figured by  hasty  writing  nor  marred  by  the 
blunders  of  ignorance.  In  describing  Keng 
Tung,  a  considerable  town  in  one  of  the  Shan 
states,  Mr.  Bird  (or  rather  Col.  Woodthorpe, 
whose  paper  he  quotes)  says  : — 

"Gambling   is  universal and  on  market  days 

Tespectable-lookiDg  men  may  be  seen  seated  iu  a 
booth,  or  some  other  shelter,  selling  tickets  from 
little  books  for  the  lottery  of  the  'thirty-six 
animals,'  a  diagram  of  which  hangs  behind  him  to 
assist  the  invester[*(>]  in  making  his  choice.  In  a 
central  spot  is  a  tall  bamboo,  from  the  top  of  which 
dangles  a  small  box  containing  the  name  of  the 
winning  animal  for  the  day.  This  is  hauled  down  at 
a  certain  hour,  and  the  winners  declared." 

The  reference  in  the  above  passage  is  to  the 
famous  Wha-Wha  lottery,  the  despair  of  the 
police  in  settled  English  possessions,  such  as 
Hong-Kong  or  Singapore,  where  the  law  forbids 
it,  but  openly  and  daily  carried  on  (wherever 
a  town  large  enough  for  the  purpose  exists) 
in  self-governing  Asiatic  territories  by  Chinese 
syndicates,  who  pay  a  heavy  royalty  to  the  local 
authorities  for  the  monopoly.  The  evil  is  familiar 
enough,  but,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  up  to  this 
time  no  writer  has  ever  described  the  way  the 
lottery  is  worked,  so,  as  we  doubt  whether  Col. 
Woodthorpe  accurately  hit  the  mark  and  whether 
the  name  of  the  winning  animal  could  without 
risk  of  disclosure  be  allowed  to  dangle  in  a  small 
box  before  the  appointed  hour,  we  may  as  well 
put  on  record  what  we  believe  is  the  real 
modus  operandi.  Suppose  a  large  city.  The 
syndicate  have  their  headquarters  in  the 
centre  of  it,  and  everywhere  at  fixed  spots 
there  are  local  agencies  conveniently  situated 
for  the  gambling  community.  Suppose  you 
wish  to  stake  a  dollar  on  one  of  the  thirty- 
six  animals— say  the  cock.  You  go  to  the 
nearest  local  agent,  who  receives  your  stake,  and 
gives  you  in  exchange  a  ticket.  All  the  local 
agents  close  for  the  day  at  a  uniform  fixed  hour 
— say  3  P.M. — and  instantly  each  agent  casts  up 


his  account,  showing  how  much  that  day  he  has 
received  in  stakes  on  each  of  the  thirty-six 
animals  separately  ;  with  these  accounts 
messengers  hurry  to  headquarters,  where  the 
whole  are  brought  together  and  totalled.  The 
winning  animal  for  the  day  will  be  declared, 
say,  by  4  p.m  ,  and  will  be  the  animal  on  which 
it  is  found  from  the  accounts  that  the  smallest 
amount  has  that  day  been  staked.  This  kind  of 
gambling  affords  a  certain  flutter  of  excitement 
every  day  in  the  populous  cities  to  considerable 
numbers  of  people  ;  they  pay  their  dollar  each  in 
the  morning,  and  their  labours  for  the  day  are 
cheered  by  the  reflection  that  at  5  p.m  they  may 
be  entitled  to  exchange  their  ticket  for  thirty 
dollars.  We  are  glad  that  Mr.  Bird  has  been 
able  to  show  that  the  common  story  about 
the  big  bell  from  the  Rangoon  Pagoda  having 
been  dropped  into  the  river,  and  afterwards 
recovered  by  the  Burmese,  is  not  correct.  The 
bell  which  was  the  subject  of  this  adventure 
was  a  much  smaller  bell,  "  which  hung  on  the 
north  -  west  corner  of  the  platform "  of  the 
pagoda  ;  the  enormous  bell  to  which  the  account 
has  been  since  transferred  did  not  reach  Rangoon 
till  many  years  later.  The  Kalyani  inscriptions 
are  recorded  on  ten  stones,  and  date  from 
A.n.  1476.  Three  stones  contain  the  Pali  text, 
the  remaining  seven  a  version  in  Talaing.  The 
inscription  has  been  recovered  and  translated, 
but  the  stones  lie  at  the  present  time  chipped, 
broken,  and  unsheltered.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  local  authorities  may  yet  see  their  way  to 
placing  these  relics  in  some  spot  where  they 
may  be  properly  cared  for.  There  is  an  index 
to  this  volume,  for  whicii  readers  ought  to  be 
grateful,  and  there  is  a  clear  map  of  the  country 
in  a  separate  pocket.  This  map  has  been  drawn 
with  sufficient  accuracy  for  practical  purposes, 
but  will  tumble  to  pieces  in  the  traveller's  hands 
on  the  first  wet  day,  if  not  sooner,  unless  he  is 
wise  enough  to  get  it  backed  with  linen  before 
he  starts  on  his  journey.  This  useful  book  is 
certain  to  reach  a  second  edition,  and  we  will, 
therefore,  conclude  this  notice  by  pointing  out 
that  on  p.  20  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
lines  have  been  interchanged  in  the  press. 

Beauties  and  Antiquities  of  Ireland.  By 
T.  O.  Russell.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.)— Tourists 
who  are  interested  in  history  and  archajology 
will  welcome  this  guide  to  the  most  beautiful 
scenery  and  most  interesting  historical  remains 
of  Ireland.  The  book  is  not  for  the  library, 
nor  does  it  take  the  place  of  the  ordinary  guide- 
book, but  is  rather  a  guide-book  supplement  for 
the  use  of  the  better  class  of  travellers.  We 
are  glad  to  see  by  newspaper  advertisements 
that  Mr.  Russell's  ardent  wish  for  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  line  of  steamers  on  Loch 
Ree  and  the  Lower  Shannon  has  been  fulfilled, 
and  we  wish  success  to  an  enterprise  that  should 
do  much  to  attract  tourists  to  one  of  the  most 
charming  districts  in  our  islands. 

Mr.  E.  Smith's  Handy  Guide-Book  to  Eng- 
land and  Wales  (George  Allen)  is  largely  in- 
tended for  the  use  of  Americans,  and  is  arranged 
alphabetically,  like  Mr.  Murray's  well-known 
'  Handbook  for  England  and  Wales. '  It  seems 
that  Mr.  John  Sherman  when  he  was  over  here 
wished  to  visit  Dedham,  the  home  of  his 
ancestors  ;  but  he  could  not  discover  where  it 
was.  So  Dedham  is  inserted  here,  and  other 
notes  are  interspersed  which  will  be  of  interest 
to  our  cousins.  Besides,  some  useful  hints  are 
given  them.  The  British  tourist,  on  the  other 
hand,  will  find  more  information  in  'Murray,' 
which  is  a  larger  and  heavier  volume. 

Messrs.  Ward  &  Lock  have  sent  us  two  of 
their  cheap  and  popular  guides  :  a  Guide  to 
Plymouth  and  a  Guide  to  Matlock,  Derby,  and 
Neighbourhood,  one  of  the  best  of  the  series. 
Both  are  abundantly  illustrated. 


AFRICAN    AND    OCEANIAN    PHILOLOGY. 

The  S.P.C.K.  has  published  A  Dictionary  of 
the  Language  of  Molu  {8 ugarloaf  Island,  Banks' 
Islauds),  by  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Codrington  (late 
of  the  Melanesian  Mission)  and  Archdeacon 
Palmer,  of  Southern  Melanesia.  Dr.  Codring- 
ton as  an  authority  on  the  Melanesians  is 
already  known  to  and  valued  by  ethnologists, 
and  this  dictionary  is  an  important  piece  of 
work  from  several  points  of  view.  It  is  true  that 
the  Motu  language  is  only  "spoken  as  their 
native  tongue  by  some  eight  hundred  people, 
and  has  never  probably  been  spoken  in  a  past 
generation  by  more  than  a  thouvsand."  But 
circumstances  have  made  this  idiom  of  a  small 
island,  lying  about  12'  S.  and  170°  E.,  and 
some  way  north  of  Malicolo  in  the  New 
Hebrides,  "a  common  medium  of  communica- 
tion in  the  Melanesian  Mission,"  and,  next 
to  Fijian,  the  most  generally  known  of  the 
Melanesian  languages.  Recent  researches, 
especially  those  of  Mr.  Sidney  H.  Ray,  seem 
to  show  that  the  languages  of  Oceania  belong 
to  one  family,  of  which  the  Malay  and  Malagasy 
are  members,  and  fall  naturally  into  four  groups 
— the  Indonesian,  Micronesian,  Melanesian,  and 
Polynesian.  This  classification  includes  the 
Maoris  (who  come  under  the  Polynesian  group), 
but  not  the  aborigines  of  Australia,  and  falls  in 
with  the  hypothesis  that  the  Hova  of  Madagascar 
and  most  of  the  people  inhabiting  the  Pacific 
islands  are  of  Malay  origin.  A  short  grammar 
of  the  Motu  language  is  prefixed  to  the  diction- 
ary, and  presents  many  points  of  interest.  There 
is  a  curious  analogy  with  the  Zulu  custom  of 
hlonipa.  "Those  who  are  connected  by  mar- 
riage cannot  use  words  or  parts  of  words  which 
are  the  names  or  parts  of  names  of  those  so  con- 
nected with  them.  There  are,  therefore,  certain 
words  which  take  the  place  of  those  which  in 
most  common  usage  have  to  be  avoided.  To 
use  these  words  is  to  vava  viro,  qaliga,  or  un." 

Ekitabo  Ekyokusaba  Kwabantu  Bona  is  the 
Luganda  version  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
(with  a  few  unimportant  omissions),  published 
by  the  S.P.C.K.  The  Luganda  language  is 
one  of  the  most  archaic  and  typical  of  the 
Bantu  tongues  ;  it  reminds  one  in  many  re- 
spects of  Zulu,  having  preserved  prefixes  which 
have  been  worn  down  or  dropped  out  in  lan- 
guages geographically  intermediate  b3tween  the 
two,  e.g.,  the  Baganda,  like  the  Zulus,  use  the 
full  form  abantu,  which  has  elsewhere  become 
by  attrition  antu,  wandu,  ivantu,  watn,  &c.  Com- 
pare also  the  Luganda  omukazi,  a  woman,  with 
Mang'anja  mkazi  (Herero,  we  believe,  also 
keeps  the  full  prefix  omti,  even  Zulu  some- 
times shortening  it  into  um),  otmuoyo  (spirit, 
life,  &c.)  with  tnoyo,  &c.  Both  in  itself  and 
in  view  of  the  importance  of  Buganda  as  a 
British  possession,  this  interesting  language  is 
well  worthy  of  detailed  study. 

From  the  S.P.C.K.  comes  also  Mihayo  ya 
Kwadia  mu  Kisukuma,  being  a  Kisukuma 
primer  containing  the  alphabet,  syllables, 
numbers,  the  Patornoster,  Creed,  Command- 
ments, texts  of  Scripture,  &c.  The  country  of 
Usukuma  lies  to  the  north-east  of  Unyamwezi 
(East  Africa),  and  reaches  to  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Victoria,  being  bounded  on  the 
west  by  Uzinja.  The  language  belongs  to  the 
"  Bantu  "  family,  but  appears  to  be  in  some 
respects  peculiar.  The  aspirate,  for  instance, 
seems  to  be  interchangeable  with  t  (banhu= 
bantu)  in  a  way  we  do  not  remember  to  have 
previously  met  with,  though  h  and  s  are  often 
interchangeable,  and  people  who  find  a  difficulty 
in  pronouncing  the  aspirate  often  substitute  sfor 
it — like  the  Yaos,  who  render  the  well-known 
Scottish  name  Hetherwick  as  Salawichi.  The 
Makua,  again,  who  turn  s  and  /  into  h  (the 
late  Bishop  Maples  thought,  on  account  of 
their  filed  teeth),  have  no  difficulty,  so  far  as 
the  present  writer  could  judge,  with  t.  On 
the  whole,  this  language  awaits  further  eluci- 
dation. 


126 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


LOCAL  HISTORY. 

Tlie  Cliarters  and  Manuscripts  of  Coventry  : 
their  Story  and  Purport.  By  T.  W.  Whitley. 
("Warwick,  Spennell.) — The  author's  object  is  to 
publish  translations  of  the  charters  relating  to 
Coventry,  with  elucidatory  notes.  The  treatise 
before  us  deals  with  those  of  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury— two  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  two  of  the 
Conqueror,  one  of  Earl  Leofric,  and  a  Papal 
Bull.  It  is  useful  to  know  where  are  to  be 
found  the  texts  of  these  documents  ;  but  this  is 
the  most  that  can  be  said  in  praise  of  Mr. 
Whitley's  work.  His  intention  to  rouse  interest 
in  these  charters  is  most  praiseworthy  ;  we 
cannot,  however,  encourage  him  to  pursue  his 
researches. 

TJie  Court  Bolls  of  the  Honor  of  Clitheroe,  in 
the  County  of  Lancaster.     ByW.  Farrer.    Vol.1. 
(Manchester,  Emmott  &  Co.) — Thisvolume,  from 
its  appearance,  would  certainly  be  taken  at  first 
sight  for  a  publication  of  the  Record  Society  of 
Lancashire    and    Cheshire.     We    gather,    how- 
ever,  from  the  title-page,  that  this  is  not  so, 
and  that  Mr.  Farrer,  who  is  a  member  of  the 
Council   of    that   Society,    has   issued   it   inde- 
pendently.     It   is   he,    therefore,    who    is    re- 
sponsible for  spelling  "Honor"  throughout  as 
printed   above.     The  work   of   Prof.    Maitland 
has  drawn  some  attention  to  the  existence  of 
feudal  courts  in  England  and  the  character  of 
their  jurisdiction.    Clitheroe  was  a  good  instance 
of  a  feudal  castle  with  appurtenant  Honour,  the 
ancient  keep  remaining  to  this  day.     The  Lacys, 
Lords  of  Pontefract,  obtained  it  not  long  after 
the  Conquest,  and  from  them  it  eventually  came 
to  the  Crown.     Hence  its  records  are  partly  pre- 
served among  those  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster 
at  the  Public  Record  Office,  and  partly  at  Clitheroe 
Castle.     Although  no  fewer  than  fourteen  courts 
are  enumerated  by  Mr.  Farrer  as  connected  with 
the  Honour,  their  character  is  somewhat  disap- 
pointing, being  that  of  the  ordinary  local  courts 
rather  than  of  those  we  associate  with  a  feudal 
regime.      Probably    the    most    interesting    are 
the  Halmotes,  held   for   the   demesne  manors, 
of   which   the   court   rolls   are   printed   in   the 
present   volume.     In  the   absence   of    a    table 
of  contents,  we  may  mention  that  the  earliest 
court    of    which     the    rolls    record     the     pro- 
ceedings is  of  1377.     There  is,  however,  a  gap 
afterwards,  for,  except  a  court  of  1425,  we  have 
no  more  till  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
After  that  period  they  are  tolerably  complete 
down  to  1567,  at  which  date  this  volume  ends. 
The  term  ' '  Halmote  "  itself  is  of  no  small  interest, 
for,  although  the  origin  of  the  name  has  been 
disputed,  we  have  found  Halmotes  in  the  south 
of  England  almost  exclusively  confined  to  eccle- 
siastical manors.     In  the  case  of  the  Honour  of 
Clitheroe  they  were,  as  we  have  said,  the  courts 
of  the  manors  retained  in  demesne,  and  their 
proceedings  show,  when  analyzed  by  their  editor, 
that  they  combined  the  character  of  a  court  leet 
with  that  of  a  court  baron.     The  business  before 
them  seems  from  these  records  to  have  been  of 
the  ordinary  township  character,  and  was  largely 
concerned  with  the  maintenance  of  the   rules 
about  the  common  pasture.     It  cannot,  there- 
fore, be  said  that  this  volume  adds  much  to  our 
knowledge  of   social  or   economic    history,  but 
it  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  the  highest  value 
to  the  student  of  local  genealogy.     Mr.  Farrer 
has  discharged  with  great  care  a  task  of  difficulty 
and  labour  in  deciphering  and  annotating  these 
rolls,    and    has    received    valuable     assistance 
from  Mr.  A.  J.  Robinson,  of  Clitheroe  Castle. 
He  proposes  to  deal  in  a  future  volume  with  a 
still  earlier  Halmote  roll  (1325),  together  with 
extracts  from  that  of  the  Three  Weeks  Court 
temp.  Henry  VIII.  and  the  Great  Leet  Courts  of 
the  sixteenth   century.     It  is  remarkable  that 
the  latter  courts  were  held  for  electing  constables 
down  to  1842,  while  the  Three  Weeks  Court,  of 
immemorial  antiquity,  was  actually  not  abolished 
till  1868. 


Old  Colchester.  By  C.  E.  Benham.  (Col- 
chester, Benham.) — "The  object  of  this  modest 
little  compilation  is  to  tell  the  history  of  Col- 
chester in  words  suitable  to  the  young,  and  thus 
lead  children  in  the  ancient  borough  to  take  an 
interest  in  its  past.  Mr.  Benham's  object  is 
admirable  ;  but  something  more  than  simplicity 
of  language  is  required  to  interest  children. 
Facts  that  appeal  to  an  antiquary  have  little 
meaning  for  a  child.  The  magic  touch  is  needed 
that  can  impart  a  glamour  to  the  past  and  seize 
on  those  striking  and  picturesque  incidents 
which  impress  the  youthful  imagination. 

The  Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon  Archceoloqical 
Journal,  October,  1896-January,  1897.  Edited 
by  the  Rev.  P.  H.  Ditchfield.  (Reading, 
Slaughter.) — Mr.  Percy  Manning  has  contri- 
buted a  part  of  a  list  of  the  manuscript  mate- 
rials illustrating  the  topography  of  Oxfordshire 
which  are  preserved  in  the  library  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries.  So  far  as  it  extends 
it  is  a  well-compiled  catalogue  of  the  drawings 
in  the  Society's  portfolios,  many  of  which  will 
be  of  service  to  future  writers  on  the  history  of 
that  county.  A  Berkshire  ballad  is  printed 
called  'The  Newbury  Archers.'  It  relates  to 
their  prowess  at  Flodden,  but  is  much  later 
than  the  time  of  that  conflict.  The  last  lines 
are  worth  quoting  :  — 

The  Chester  lads  were  brisk  and  brave, 

And  Kendall  lads  were  free  ; 
Yet  none  surpassed,  or  I  'm  a  knave. 

The  lads  of  Newbury. 

The  resume  of  Domesday  "holders  and  hold- 
ings "  is  continued.  It  will  prove  useful  to 
those  who  have  not  a  copy  of  the  work.  The 
notes  are  some  of  them  of  much  service,  and 
testify  to  no  little  research  on  the  part  of  the 
compiler. 

The  Becords  of  Buckinghamshire  (Aylesbury, 
Du  Fraine)  are  never  without  interest.  The 
present  number— the  fifth  of  vol.  vii.  —  con- 
tains two  papers  well  worth  reading.  The 
Rev.  T.  Williams  contributes  an  article  on  '  The 
Origin  and  First  Growth  of  Christianity  in 
Bucks.'  It  yields  very  little  that  is  new  ;  such 
a  result  was  hardly  to  be  hoped  for  in  any 
modern  inquiry  into  the  beginnings  and  growth 
of  the  Church  in  this  country;  but  Mr.  Williams 
has  gathered  together  and  arranged  in  an 
orderly  manner  nearly  everything  which  con- 
cerns the  earlier  religious  history  of  the  shire, 
and  he  is,  we  think,  particularly  successful  in 
his  identification  of  places.  All  students  of  pre- 
Norman  history  are  painfully  conscious  that  it 
is  often  exceedingly  difficult  and  sometimes  im- 
possible to  render  into  their  modern  equivalents 
the  place-names  which  occur  in  Beda,  the  'Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle,'  and  some  of  the  land  grants. 
There  are  a  few  which  it  is  almost  certain 
will  always  remain  obscure,  but  there  are  others 
which  only  require  time,  patience,  and,  above 
all,  local  knowledge  to  explain  their  where- 
abouts. It  would  be  rash  were  we  to  accept 
unreservedly  the  deductions  of  Mr.  Williams  ; 
but  he  never  inflicts  on  his  readers  wild  guesses 
such  as  those  in  which  earlier  antiquaries 
seemed  to  take  much  delight.  Even  when  in 
error,  should  he  be  proved  to  be  so,  there  is 
little  doubt  that  he  would  have  something  not  un- 
reasonable to  say  for  himself.  Indeed,  the  only 
fault  that  is  to  be  found  with  Mr.  Williams 
is  that  once  or  twice  we  come  on  passages  which 
are  out  of  place  here,  though  they  would  do 
admirably  for  the  columns  of  a  religious  news- 
paper. An  archaeological  journal  is  neutral 
ground,  within  whose  pale  even  the  faintest 
vibrations  of  theological  controversy  should 
be  unfelt.  It  may  or  may  not  be  true 
that  St.  Aidan,  as  belonging  to  what  Mr. 
Williams  calls  "the  Scottish  or  British  rite," 
"in  no  sense  acknowledged  obedience  to  Rome." 
This,  however,  Mr.  Williams  must  know  is  a 
subject  of  somewhat  fierce  controversy,  which 
shows  little  chance  of  being  settled  by  mutual 
agreement.  Pedigree  -  forging  is  an  art  not 
by   any   means   unknown    in   these   days,    but 


it  is  by  no  means  a  new  form  of  deceit.     The 
maker  of  false  genealogies  flourished  luxuriantly 
in  the  Tudor  times.     Much  of  his  work  has  no 
doubt  perished,  but  sufficient  has  come  down  to 
us  to  make  every  careful  genealogist  look  with 
grave  suspicion  on  those  elaborately  decorated 
rolls  whose  armorial  glitter  is  so  attractive  to 
their  less  wary  possessors.     Mr.  E.  J.  Payne  has 
done  good  service  by  exposing  a  case  of  this  kind. 
A  more  daring  example  of  imposture  has  never 
come  to  our  knowledge.     If  there  be  any  race 
whose  genealogy  is  well  known,  it  is  that  of  the 
De   Montforts,  Earls   of    Leicester.     A   family 
which  has  so  many  claims,  good  and  bad,  to  a 
place  in  the  popular  memory  would,  one  might 
have  thought,  have  been  free  from  having  tricks 
played  on  it  even  by  the  most  daring  and  un- 
scrupulous of  pedigree-mongers.  It  has  not  been 
so,  however,  as  Mr.  Payne  has  proved  to  demon- 
stration.    The  late  Mr.  Norris,  of  Hughenden, 
possessed,  or  had  access  to,  a  parchment  roll  of 
three  skins,   on  which  were  painted   the  arms 
of   Montfort  and  others,  some  genuine,  others 
spurious.     Mr.    Payne   regards   it   as   a   rough 
draft  for  a  completed  pedigree.     Mr.   Norris, 
whose  judgment  as  to  its  date  may  be  trusted, 
thought  it  had  been  produced  in  the  first  half 
of  the  sixteenth  century.     In  this  document  we 
encounter  a  Wellysbourne  de  Monti fortis,  who 
we  need  not  say  does  not  occur  in  history.    The 
Christian  name  is  a  well-nigh  impossible  one. 
This  mythological  person  is  the  assumed  ancestor 
of    the   Wellesbourne    family.     These   Welles- 
bournes  were  highly  respectable  Buckingham- 
shire folk  as  regards  lineage,  but  had  no  claim 
to  a  Montfort  origin.     They  were,  Mr.  Payne 
suggests,  connected  with  the  cloth  manufacture, 
and  had  gathered  riches  thereby.      "They  do 
not  appear  anywhere,"  he  adds, 

"in  Buckinghamshire,  before  the  fifteenth  century. 
It  is  important  to  remember  this,  because  the  view 
of  the  alleged  connexion  with  the  Montforts,  which 
ultimately  commended  itself  to  the  fabricators,  is 
that  a  son  of  Simon  de  Montfort  married  a  Welles- 
bourne took  her  name  and  arms,  and  lived  in 

retirement  at  Hughenden." 

This  comparatively  late  connexion  of  the  family 
with  Buckinghamshire  is  noteworthy,  for,  not 
content  with  compiling  a  false  pedigree,  they 
caused  an  effigy  of  an  imaginary  ancestor  to  be 
put  in  the  church  ;  it  is  in  the  style  of  the  thir- 
teenth century — probably  a  copy  of  some  genuine 
work  now  destroyed.  On  shield  and  surcoat 
this  imaginary  ancestor  bears  the  arms  of  Mont- 
fort and  Wellesbourne  with  modifications.  They 
also  provided  themselves  with  two  seals,  each 
with  its  counter-seal,  and  manufactured  ancient 
deeds  to  which  impressions  of  these  forged  seals 
were  appended.  Mr.  Payne  must  have  taken 
great  trouble  in  getting  up  his  case.  It  is  to  his 
credit  that  he  never  presses  his  argument  further 
than  the  materials  at  his  disposal  warrant.  We 
are  grateful  to  him,  for  it  is  to  be  remembered 
that  it  is  but  one  degree  less  important  to  purify 
local  history  from  falsehood  than  it  is  to  clear 
the  annals  of  our  country  from  those  miscon- 
ceptions which  have  in  many  instances  rendered 
them  misleading  rather  than  helpful. 


REPRINTS. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  have  done  a  thing 
for  which  many  readers  will  thank  them — they 
havecommenced  the  publication  of  a  cheaper  edi- 
tion of  Mr.  Addington  Symonds's  most  consider- 
able work,  The  Renaissance  in  Italy.  Two  volumes 
are  before  us — '  The  Age  of  the  Despots  '  and 
'  The  Revival  of  Learning ' — and  a  third,  '  The 
Fine  Arts,'  will,  we  suppose,  reach  us  shortly. 
The  volumes  are  large  crown  octavos,  handsome 
and  not  too  thick,  the  type  is  excellent,  and 
altogether  the  i-eprint  will  be  found  most 
acceptable.  We  wish,  however,  that  some 
friend  of  Mr.  Symonds's  had  brought  the  foot- 
notes up  to  date.  For  example,  nothing  has 
been  added  about  the  controversy  regarding  the 
genuineness  of  Dino  Compagni's  chronicle  to 
what  Mr.   Symonds  wrote  some  twenty  years 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


127 


ago.  Again,  Mr.  Symonds  says  that  the 
'  Cortegiano  '  was  written  in  1514  ;  but  Siguor 
Marcello  proved  quite  clearly  a  couple  of  years 
back  that  the  first  three  books  were  composed 
between  April,  1508,  and  May,  1509,  and  the 
fourth  not  earlier  than  September,  1513,  and 
not  later  than  December,  1515. 

Messrs.  Service  &  Paton  have  commenced 
a  new  edition  of  Hawthorne's  romances  with 
introductions  by  Mr.  Moncure  Conway.  The 
first  instalment  of  The  Scarlet  Letter  is  ushered 
in  by  some  interesting  remarks  from  Mr.  Con- 
way, and  a  frontispiece  by  Mr.  Townsend.  The 
type  is  clear,  the  size  of  the  volume  convenient, 
and  the  paper  respectable. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.  a  new  edition  (the  seventh)  of  Sir  W.  W. 
Hunter's  clever  work  Annals  of  Bvral  Bengal, 
which  made  the  writer's  reputation. — Messrs. 
Dent  &  Co.  have  sent  us  two  more  specimens 
of  their  pretty  "Temple  Classics":  the  third 
volume  of  their  edition  of  Carlyle's  French 
devolution,  of  which  the  biographical  index  is 
a  useful  feature,  and  the  first  instalment  of  a 
charming  edition  of  Bos^oclVs  Life  of  Johnson,  a 
reprint  of  the  sixth  edition,  the  last  supervised 
by  Malone.  Mr.  Glover's  notes  at  the  end  of 
the  volume  are  brief  and  to  the  point. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Demosthenes  :  the  First  Fhilippicand  theOhjn- 
thiacs.  Edited  by  J.  E.  Sandys.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.)— This  is  a  well-equipped  edition.  The 
introduction,  notes,  and  index  are  all  that  one 
expects  from  so  finished  and  thorough  a  scholar 
as  Dr.  Sandys.  Some  of  the  volumes  of  this 
classical  series  are  rather  elementary.  This 
present  one  is  a  much  more  complete  affair, 
fortified  with  a  critical  apparatus  and  many 
references  to  German  authorities.  Although 
fjLrj  Xiav  vLKpov  ftVfiv  ij,  '  01.'  i.  26,  is  un- 
doubtedly a  cautious  assertion,  we  think  it  is  an 
error  to   suppose  that  such  constructions  arise 

out  of  sentences  of  the  (ftofSoviiai.  ixrj type. 

The  use  of  /.u")  =  possibly  or  perhaps,  is  surely 
prior  in  development  to  its  use  in  dependent 
clauses  of  fear.  Two  admirable  notes  are  those 
on  d4)op;j.i]  (p.  150)  and  the  dative  of  the  agent 
(p.  155),  but  there  are  many  others  as  good. 

The  Fourth  Verrine  of  Cicero.  Edited  by 
F.  W.  Hall.  (Same  publishers.) — Cicero's 
exposure  of  the  summary  methods  of  Verres  as 
art-fancier,  which  remind  one  somewhat  of  Napo- 
leon's, is  a  good  deal  more  interesting  than  many 
of  the  cases  he  took  up.  Mr.  Hall  has  edited  the 
speech  for  schools  in  a  satisfactory  way,  with 
a  useful  appendix  of  archaeological  matters. 
The  notes  are  free  from  the  common  fault  of 
overloading,  and  the  pieces  of  translation  given 
are  in  good  style.  We  have  only  noted  two 
or  three  slips,  which,  however,  will  not  interfere 
with  the  success  of  a  sound  edition.  Ions 
(p.  xvii)  is  a  strange  form.  In  the  note  on 
"  lacus  lucique  "  (p.  140)  aXcrr]  Kal  Aee/xwvas 
should  not  be  cited  as  a  similar  alliteration.  On 
the  next  page  the  quotation  from  Servius  suggests 
that  "  verbenre  "  is  incorrectly  used  for  sacred 
grass,  &c.  There  is  little  doubt,  however,  that  the 
word  was  so  used,  as  Donatus  says,  in  classical 
times.  "  Graiculus"  (note,  p.  151)  is  a  scornful 
diminutive,  as  in  the  well-known  passage  of 
Juvenal,  and  hardly  to  be  equated  with  FpaiKos, 
which  is  merely  "Grsecus."  Cicero's  attitude 
towards  art  as  un-Roraan  is  well  brought  out 
in  the  introduction. 

Arnold's  School  Shakespeare.  —  CorioloMus. 
Edited  by  R.  F.  Cholmeley.  —  King  John. 
Edited  by  F.  P.  Barnard.— The  two  volumes 
before  us  will  add  to  the  credit  of  one  of  the 
most  useful  series  of  annotated  plays  for  junior 
classes.  Both  editors  have  worked  with  care 
and  with  accurate  perception  of  the  needs 
of  schoolboys.  The  notes  are  not  overloaded 
with  illustrative  matter,  and  they  explain  all 


real  difficulties  without  evoking  imaginary  ones. 
Mr.  Cholmeley's  brief  introduction  to  '  Corio- 
lanus  '  excels  in  its  helpful  treatment  of  the 
tone  and  aesthetics  of  the  play,  a  point  too  often 
disregarded  or  perfunctorily  treated  in  school 
editions.  His  remarks  on  scansion  seem  to 
call  for  some  revision.  It  is  a  desperate  re- 
source, for  instance,  to  scan  "fears"  as  a  dis- 
syllable; and  the  statement  that  "the  ranting 
couplet  put  into  Volumnia's  mouth  (II.  i.  150) 
is  probably  spurious  "  strikes  us  as  a  gratuitous 
assumption.  Mr.  Barnard's  introduction  to 
'  King  John  '  is  planned  on  a  larger  scale,  and 
is  more  ambitious  in  design— so  much  so  that 
the  volume  scarcely  falls  into  line  with  the 
rest  of  the  series.  The  notes  on  the  dramatis 
persome  are  very  full,  and  some  of  them,  notably 
that  on  the  Bastard  Falconbridge,  may  profitably 
be  consulted  by  the  most  advanced  students  of 
the  play. 

Cornelius  Nepos,  by  J.  E.  Melhuish,  and 
Selections  from  Nepos,  by  A.  W.  Carver,  are 
both  published  by  Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son,  and 
contain  some  of  the  well-known  biographies. 
Mr.  Melhuish's  edition  is  the  more  interesting 
of  the  two,  but  both  are  well  supplied  with 
vocabulary  and  notes,  while  the  exercises  will 
save  the  master  some  trouble.  If  we  have  any 
complaint  to  make,  it  is  that  too  little  is  left  for 
a  boy  to  do  for  himself  nowadays  in  these  anno- 
tated editions. 

Messrs.  Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.  have  pub- 
lished in  their  ingenious  "Single  Term 
Readers"  The  History  of  Arminius  and  Selec- 
tions from  Coisar,  by  W.  Greenstock  (Fifth 
Term,  Book  II.).  The  former  is  a  translation 
based  on  Creasy 's  'Decisive  Battles.'  We  should 
prefer  to  have  Caesar  only  or  some  original 
Latin. 

A  Second  French  Co^irse.  By  J.  J.  Beuze- 
maker.  (Blackie  &  Son.)— This  is  a  full  and 
well- written  volume,  and  the  pieces  for  transla- 
tion in  the  Reader  at  the  end  seem  less  fatuous 
than  usual.  The  system  of  phonetic  transcrip- 
tion is  a  little  surprising;  e.g.,  "  moyen  "  is 
represented  by  "mioayfe,"  and  "  houille  "  by 
"ooy8."  All  such  attempts  are  of  but  little 
value  compared  with  oral  teaching. 

Achille  et  Patrocle,  by  Le'on  Cladel,  has  been 
edited  by  Emile  B.  Le  FranQois  (Blackie  &  Son), 
whose  classical  knowledge  seems  a  little  weak. 
It  is  a  bright  little  story,  and  in  this  very  cheap 
issue  should  be  popular. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.  pub- 
lish a  volume  which,  in  spite  of  obvious  short- 
comings, is  of  great  interest  and  value,  under 
the  title  Naval  Administrations,  IS 37  to  189.2, 
by  the  late  Sir  John  Henry  Briggs,  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  Admiralty,  edited  by  Lady  Briggs.  It 
is  indeed  a  remarkable  fact  that  one  who  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  Hardy,  the  friend  of 
Nelson,  and  the  commencement  of  whose  service 
in  the  Admiralty,  under  the  Duke  of  Clarence, 
at  the  beginning  of  1827,  may  be  looked  upon 
as  prehistoric,  should  have  lived  to  criticize 
the  Spencer  programme  and  to  adopt  the  most 
modern  views  upon  Imperial  defence.  It  is 
possible  that  Sir  John  Briggs  held  throughout 
life  what  we  have  described  as  the  most  modern 
views  ;  but,  if  so,  the  marvel  is  even  greater. 
That  a  clerk  who  no  doubt  was  regarded  as 
fossilized  by  many  in  his  ofliice  should  have 
been  murmuring  in  an  undertone  to  himself  the 
opinions  of  Mr.  Spenser  Wilkinson  and  Mr. 
Arnold-Forster  long  before  they  were  born  is 
a  miracle  as  great  as  the  adoption  by  such  a 
man  of  their  views  when  he  was  nearly  ninety. 
Yet  the  coincidences  of  opinion  are  extraordinary. 
Mr.  Spenser  Wilkinson,  for  example,  is  not 
named  throughout  the  book,  but  every  view 
which  he  has  expressed  upon  naval  administra- 
tion in  his  many  admirable  books  is  here  con- 


firmed and  illustrated.  Mr.  Arnold-Forster  is 
only  once  named,  and  that  in  reference  to  an 
unimportant  matter,  but  his  speech  in  moving 
for  the  substitution  of  the  individual  and 
public  responsibility  of  the  First  Sea  Lord  for 
that  of  a  Board  is  in  the  same  way  a  kind 
of  text  with  Sir  John  Briggs  throughout  his 
writings.  The  work  of  Sir  John  Briggs  will 
form  a  perfect  armoury  for  Mr.  Steevens  and 
Mr.  H.  W.Wilson  and  the  most  advanced  critics 
of  the  Admiralty.  He  tells  us  in  so  many 
words  that  in  the  case  of  a  Tory  Board  of 
Admiralty  and  also  in  the  case  of  Lord 
Palmerston  Prime  Ministers  were  purposely 
furnished  with  returns,  in  matters  of  the  greatest 
moment,  which  were  known  by  all  those  who 
made  them  to  be  inaccurate  and  misleading. 
Sir  John  Briggs  states  that  by  our  system  of 
administration  "we  do  not  tell  the  truth  to 
the  English  people  ;  the  Prime  Minister  himself 
cannot  get  at  it,  however  anxious  he  may  be  to 

ascertain  it Foreign  Powers  are   kept  well 

informed the  English  people  only  being  kept 

in  ignorance."  Until  the  country  is  made 
acquainted  year  by  year  with  the  proposals  of 
the  naval  members  of  the  Board  of  Admiralty, 
and  the  grounds  on  which  they  are  put  forward, 
there  cannot  fail  to  be  from  time  to  time,  on 
the  one  hand  spasmodic  panic  with  hasty  and 
injudicious  expenditure,  and  on  the  other  cold 
fits  following  the  hot.  This  is  the  doctrine  of 
the  most  modern  school,  and  it  is  the  doctrine 
stated,  almost  in  these  words,  by  Sir  John  Briggs 
as  though  he  had  put  it  down  in  his  diary  in 
1866.  On  the  relations  between  the  Treasury 
and  the  services  the  writer's  testimony  is 
eciually  important.  Mr.  Disraeli  appears  in  this 
book  not  as  an  Imperial  statesman,  but  as  a 
Prime  Minister  who  in  two  administrations  in- 
sisted on  economy  at  the  expense  of  efliciency, 
cut  down  the  estimates  proposed  first  by  Mr. 
Corry  and  then  by  Mr.  Ward  Hunt,  and  even, 
according  to  Sir  John  Briggs,  forced  Mr.  Ward 
Hunt  publicly  to  devour  his  own  words.  The 
author  declares,  in  so  many  words,  that  the 
First  Sea  Lord  should  be  held  solely  respon- 
sible, like  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army, 
and  should  have  the  same  rank  and  position, 
and  tells  us,  with  his  enormous  knowledge  of 
the  Board  of  Admiralty,  which  he  had  closely 
watched  for  sixty-five  years,  that  it  is  "im- 
possible for  a  Board  of  half-a-dozen  gentlemen 
to  arrange  for  a  na\al  campaign."  These  are 
almost  the  very  words  in  which,  without  the 
smallest  intercommunication  or  knowledge  of 
the  views  here  stated,  Mr.  Arnold  -  Forster 
recently  proposed  a  motion  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  sentences  in  which  Sir  John 
Briggs  points  out  that  the  stronger  our  navy,  the 
less  probability  there  is  of  war  in  the  world,  are 
almost  word  for  word  the  same  as  the  phrases 
which  Capt.  Mahan  has  used  upon  the  selfsame 
point.  But  here  again  there  is  every  reason 
to  suppose  that  there  has  been  no  intercom- 
munication of  opinion.  Sir  John  Briggs  thanks 
God  for  the  luck  and  the  prestige  through  which, 
when  he  looks  back  from  his  eighty-fourth  year, 
and  again  when  he  had  nearly  reached  his 
ninetieth  year,  he  perceives  that  the  country 
has  escaped  tremendous  perils,  and  he  does  his 
best,  indeed,  to  warn  his  countrymen  against 
the  repetition  of  their  folly.  There  is  every 
ground  to  think,  however,  that  most  of  what  he 
says  about  the  navy  is  true  of  the  army  in  the 
present  day.  When  he  pointed  out,  at  the 
time  of  our  greatest  dangers— for  instance,  twice 
when  we  were  on  the  brink  of  war  with  the 
monarchy  of  July  in  France— the  position  in 
which  we  stood,  he  notes  that  such  information, 
obviously  and  always,  instead  of  being  wel- 
comed, is  "  received  with  disfavour  and  regarded 
as  inopportune,"  the  last  word  being  one  which 
is  repeatedly  quoted  by  him  as  the  official  view 
of  all  statements,  however  true,  which  were 
regarded  as  alarmist.  Successive  governments, 
he  tells  us,  of  both  parties  always  availed  them- 
selves of  every  plausible  excuse  for  postponing 


128 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


N-'SeSQ,  July  24,  '97 


the  plainest  obligations  of  national  duty,  with 
the  view  of  throwing  odium  for  additional 
outlay  upon  their  political  opponents  ;  and  he 
goes  out  of  his  way  to  apply  his  principles  to 
the  army  when  he  discusses,  in  some  valuable 
pages,  the  reasons  given  by  Mr.  Stanhope  for 
not  acting  upon  the  Hartington  report.  We 
have  spoken  of  the  drawbacks  to  the  volume. 
The  latter  part  of  it  was  written  when  Sir  John 
Briggs  was  very  old,  as  he  frankly  tells  us,  and 
under  infirmities  which  he  relates.  Its  English 
is  feeble,  and  a  good  many  names  have  been 
misspelt  and  have  failed  to  receive  correction 
from  tlie  editor  or  the  priutei's.  But  these 
little  blemishes  do  not  affect  the  extraordinary 
interest  of  a  volume  which,  however  much  it 
may  be  disapproved  of  in  high  official  quarters, 
will  be  welcomed  by  the  public. 

Essays    and    Speeches,   by    Mr.    W.    S.    Lilly 
(Chapman  &  Hall),  though  on  such  various  sub- 
jects   as    Alexander  Pope,    Prof.   Green,  John 
Henry  Newman,  '  The  Temporal  Power  of  the 
Pope,'  'The  Making  of  Germany,'  'Literature 
and  National  Life,'  and   'The    New   Spirit   in 
History,'  are  all  animated   with  a  single  spirit 
which  gives  them  a  kind  of  unity  and  justifies 
their  juxtaposition    in    a  single  volume.     Mr. 
Lilly  is  throughout  concerned  in    emphasizing 
the  ideal  element  in  human  life,  and  in  showing 
that  men  and  nations  live  and  grow  strong  on 
noble  aspirations  and  lofty  thoughts  rather  than 
on  material  prosperity.     He   traces  in  an    in- 
teresting way,  for  example,  how  Germany  has 
become  a  great  nation,  not  really  by  her  armies, 
but  by  the  great  thinkers  who  have  fought  for 
her  independence  of  thought  and  have  nurtured 
and    cherished  her  dreams  of  intellectual  and 
moral  unity.     Again,  in  his  defence  of  Pope  he 
insists  on  the  point  that,  in  spite  of  his  weak- 
nesses   and  his    undeniably  shady  actions,   he 
always  in  his  somewhat  limited  and  conventional 
fashion  held  fast  to  the  central  truths  of  right 
and  wrong,  and  as  far  as  he  went  had  an  ele- 
vating influence  ;  and  one  of  the  papers  most 
worth  reading  is    the    sympathetic    sketch    of 
Prof.  Green's  life  and  teaching,  in  which  Mr. 
Lilly  shows  a  full  appreciation    of    the  moral 
fervour  in  the  Professor's  ethical  doctrine  and 
of  its  importance  to   him,  and  he  can  even  do 
justice  to  his  religious  belief,  though  naturally 
dissenting  from  his  views  on  historical    Chris- 
tianity.    The  most  obvious  charge   which  can 
be  brought  against  Mr.  Lilly's  views  on  idealism 
is  that  they  are  rather  vague  ;  but  the    belief 
which  he  holds  that  the  spirit  of  man  must  be 
taken  into  greater  account  in  history,  biography, 
and    life    is    a    point  well   worth    developing. 
Curiously,  the    weakest    papers   in    the    book 
seem  to  us  to  be  those  dealing  with  the  religion 
which    the    author    has    most    at  heart.     The 
paper     on     John     Henry      Newman,      though 
animated     by     an     evidently     deep    reverence 
and      aflfection      for     the     subject,     is     hardly 
more    than  a    sketch    of    the    Cardinal    in    his 
relations  with  Mr.  Lilly.      It  is  true  that  the 
paper  does    not    profess    to  do  anything  more 
than  to  present  him  as  he  was  known  to  Mr. 
Lilly  ;  but  there  is  scarcely  enough  absorption 
in    the    subject   as    apart    from    the    narrator. 
Too    many  letters    are    quoted    which    deal    in 
very  little    else  than    criticisms    on  or  compli- 
ments to  the  writer's  own  works  ;  and  though 
it  is  true  the  charm  invariably  associated  with 
the  Cardinal  is  in  no  way  diminished,  one  feels 
that    nothing    new  has    been    said    to  make  it 
more    real,  while    some    things    have    that  are 
unnecessary.     As  to  the  two  papers  (the  second 
in  rejoinder  to  an  article  by  Signor  Crispi)  on 
the  temporal  power  of  the  Pope,  they  appear  to 
us  singularly  ineffective.     Briefly  put,  the  argu- 
ments on  which  the  author  rests  his  claims  for 
the  temporal  power  are  derived  from  its  origin, 
its   history,   and   its   practical   necessity.      The 
argument   from   its   origin,  which   is    that    the 
power  was  thrust  on  the  Popes  by  the  afflicted 
people  of  Rome,  is  really  worthless  as  an  argu- 
ment for  its  restoration  at  the  present  day,  when 


the  people  of  Rome  can  hardly  be  said  to  be 
clamouring  for  it.  The  argument  from  history, 
that  it  has  on  the  whole  worked  well,  even  if 
admitted,  is  not  conclusive  to  an  opponent  who 
considers  that  the  present  system  works  better  : 
moreover,  Mr.  Lilly  rather  impairs  the  validity, 
such  as  it  is,  of  this  argument  by  admitting  that 
from  the  beginning  of  this  century  the  influence  of 
the  temporal  power  was  almost  disastrously  bad, 
though  he  seems  to  think  that  by  attributing 
this  in  some  way  to  the  influence  of  the  French 
Revolution  and  of  Napoleon  he  disposes  of  that 
difhculty.  As  for  the  third  argument,  its  prac- 
tical necessity — the  only  one  which  appears  to  be 
now  of  any  importance — Mr.  Lilly  is  singularly 
elusive.  We  have  read  over  his  remarks  with 
some  care,  and  we  really  cannot  discover  any 
serious  attempt  to  show  that  the  Pope's  posi- 
tion would  be  made  stronger  for  his  spiritual 
work,  which  Mr.  Lilly  would  admit  is  the  only 
object  really  worth  considering,  if  he  had  a  few 
miles  of  territory  and  a  city  to  govern.  Mr. 
Lilly  quotes  plenty  of  opinions  to  this  effect, 
but  no  adequate  reasons. 

Way  Doivn  East  (Ward  &  Downey)  is  a  collec- 
tion, made  by  Mr  J.  R.  Hutchinson,  of  sketches 
of  life  in  the  woods  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  manner 
of  the  book  resembles  that  of  '  Quabbin,'  in 
which  the  late  Mr.  Underwood  depicted  life  in 
an  out-of-the-way  New  England  village.  Mr. 
Hutchinson  enters  less  into  detail,  and  his 
chapters  are  not  properly  linked  together. 
Some  of  the  details  may  either  be  auto- 
biographical or  founded  upon  what  the  author 
has  heard  or  imagined ;  yet  there  is  verisimilitude 
in  his  pictures  of  homely  life  in  a  lonely  land. 
Let  us  hope,  however,  that  his  mother  was  an 
exception  rather  than  a  type.  She  was  wont  to 
say  that  "like  cures  like;  a  knotty  stick  for  a 
naughty  boy,"  and  she  insisted  upon  the  boy 
getting  the  stick  or  bundle  of  juniper  switches 
with  which  she  administered  the  "licking." 
The  story  of  Paddy  Pool,  the  village  school- 
master, and  how  he  was  compelled  by  his  pupils 
to  abandon  corporal  punishment  is  well  told. 
Courtship  and  marriage  are  described ;  the 
Baptist  minister  who  officiates  at  the  wedding 
is  a  man  "  who  knows  no  literature  but  the 
'inspired  Word,' classes  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  and  the  Westminster  Confession  with 
the  works  of  Paine  and  Voltaire,  and  denounces 
'sprinklin'  as  an  invention  of  the  Devil  in  the 
guise  of  the  Pope  of  Rome,"  and,  when  out 
of  the  pulpit,  "is  a  small  farmer  and  level- 
headed man  of  the  world,  who  can  drive  as  hard 
a  bargain  or  '  swop  '  horses  with  as  keen  an  eye 
to  his  advantage  as  the  'cutest  layman  in  the 
district."  There  is  much  humour  in  some  of 
the  stories,  and  great  pathos  in  the  last. 

We  owe  to  the  courtesy  of  Messrs.  Sotheby, 
Wilkinson  &  Hodge  a  list  of  the  prices  obtained 
at  the  recent  sale  of  the  first  portion  of  the 
library  of  the  Earl  of  Ashburnham  and  the 
names  of  the  purchasers. 

We  have  received  catalogues  from  Mr.  Baker 
(two,  theology),  Mr.  Daniell  (topography), 
Pflr.  Dobell,  Mr.  Glaisher  (good).  Miss 
Grose,  Mr.  Hartley,  Mr.  Higham  (theology), 
Messrs.  Maurice  &  Co.,  Mr.  Menken  (two, 
g(iod),  Messrs.  Myers  &  Co,,  Mr.  Nichols 
(rare  books,  interesting),  Mr.  Nutt,  Messrs. 
Ilimell  &  Son  (art  and  illustrated  books),  Mr. 
Sinmions,  Mr.  Smith,  Messrs.  Sotheran  &  Co. 
(autogi'aphs,  good),  and  Mr.  Spencer  (in- 
teresting). We  have  also  catalogues  from  Mr. 
Downing  and  Mr.  Hitchman  of  Birmingham, 
Mr.  George's  Sons  of  Bristol  (two,  good),  Mr. 
Baxendine,  Messrs.  Douglas  <&  Foulis,  Mr. 
Grant,  and  Mr.  Macphail,  all  of  Edinburgh, 
Mr.  Carver  of  Hereford,  Mr.  Gf)ldie  pnd  Mr. 
Miles  of  Leeds  (good),  Mr.  Howell  and  Messrs. 
Young  &  Sons  (books  from  tlie  Bessborough 
Library)  of  Liverpool,  and  Mr.  Murray  of 
Nottingham.  Messrs.  Baer  &  Co.  have  sent  us 
two  catalogues  from  Frankfort  (Englisli  books 
on   political   econoiny,  and   German   mediseval 


history),  and   Mr. 
(Egyptology). 


Spirgati  one  from  Leipzig 


We  have  on  our  table  Where  to  Find  your 
Law,  by  E.  A.  Jelf  (Cox),— TAe  Eoyal  Hollo- 
way  College  Calendar,  1896-7  (Spottiswoode), — 
Ann  Jane  Carlile,  by  F.  Sherlock  (30,  New- 
Bridge  Street,  E.G.), — Her  Majesty  the  Queen, 
by  W.  T.  Stead  ('Review  of  Reviews'  Office), 
—  The  Land  o'  Cakes  and  Brither  Scots,  by  T.  B. 
Johnstone  (A.  Gardner), — The  Web  of  an  Old 
Weaver,  by  J.  K.  Snowden  (Low), — Behind  the 
Boiv  Windoxv,  by  K.  M.  Fitzgerald  (S.P.C.K.), 
— A  Pearl  of  the  Realm,  by  A.  L.  Glyn 
(Hutchinson), — Khig  Noanett,  by  F.  J.  Stim- 
son  (Lane), — A  Manual  of  the  Means  of  Ghace^ 
by  T.  P.  Gamier  {8.P.C.K.),— Foundations 
of  Faith,  by  Fr.  L.  von  Hammerstein  (Burns  & 
Gates),— T/ie  Books  of  the  Bible:  The  Book  of 
Enth  and  the  First  Book  of  Samuel,  edited  by 
the  Rev.  P.  W.  H.  Kettlewell  (Rivington  & 
Percival),  —  Goethe's  ^ Faust,'  edited  by  R. 
McLintock  (Nutt),  —  Souvenirs  du  Baron  de 
Barante,  178si-186G,  by  Claude  de  Barante, 
Vol.  VI.  (Paris,  Ij6vy),—Crepuscules,  by  A.  Fon- 
tainas  (Paris,  Society  du  Mercure  de  France), — 
Le  Mariaqe  de  Gabrielle,  by  D.  Lesueur  (Paris, 
Levy), — Le  Journal  de  Liliane,  by  Comte  A. 
Wodzinski  (Paris,  Ldvy), — and  Histoire  Parle- 
mentaire  des  Finances  de  la  Monarchic  de  Juillet, 
by  A.  Calmon,  Vol.  HI.  (Paris,  L^vy). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theologj/, 

Church  Historical  Society's  Lectures,  3rd  Series,  12mo.  2/ 
Maish's  (Pastor  P.  K.)  501)  lilble  Keadings,  8vo.  6/cl. 
Oxford  House  Papers,  3rd  Series,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Pierson's  (A.  T.)  Shall  We  Continue  iu  Sin  ?  the  Substance 

of  an  Address,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Weaver's  (Kichard)  Life  Story,  edited  by  Rev.  J.  Faterson, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Law. 
Birrell's  (A.)  Four  Lectures  on   the  Law  of   Employers 

Liability  at  Home  and  Abroad,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Willis's  (W.  A  )  The  Roraan  Law  Examination  Test  for  Bar 

and  University,  Questions  and  Answers,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archnology. 
Davenport's  (C.)  The  English   Regalia,  Twelve    Coloured 

Plates,  4to.  21/  net. 
Hazlitt's  ( W.  C.)  Supplement  to  the  Coinage  of  the  European 
Continent,  8vo.  6/  net. 

Poetry. 
Low's  (C.  R  )  Epic  of  Olympus,  a  Narrative  Poem,  5/  net. 

History  and  Biography , 
Sturmer's  (H.  H.)  The  Counsels  of  William  de  Britaine,  3/6 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Cromwell's  (Prof.  G.  R.)  A  Tour  through  the  New  World, 
4to.  12/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Sharp's  (G.)  L'Aide-de-Carap  Mirbot,  Selections  from  the 
Memoires,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 

Science, 
Braithwaite's  Retrospect  of  Medicine,  Vol.  115,  12mo.  6/6  cl. 
Skinner's  Mining  Manual,  1897,  8vo.  1.5/  cl. 
System  of   Medicine    by   Many  Writers,   edited  by  T.   C. 

AUbutt.  Vol.  3,  8vo.  25/  net. 
Wallace's  (J.  R.)  The  Constitution  of  Man,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Wilson's  (VV.)  Physical  Exercises  for  Boys  and  Girls,  2/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Barr's  (R.)  The  Mutable  Many,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Carlyle's  Past  and  Present,  Centenary  Edition,  8vo.  8/6  cl. 
Dickens's  (C.)  David  Copperfield,  Gadshill  Edition,  2  vol*. 

8vo.  12/ cl 
Gilkes's  (A.  H.)  Kallistratus,  an  Autobiography,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Ouida's  An  Altruist,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

FOKEIQN. 

Theology. 

'kvaXiKTa  '\tpo<ToXvftiTiKi)c  ^raxvoXoyiag,  Vols.  3  and 

4,  20m. 
Dreves  (G.  M.) :  Liturgiscbe  Reimofficien  des   Mittelalters, 
Part  6,  9m.  ;  Godescalcus  Lintpurgensis,  7m. 

ArchrEOlogy. 
Lepsius  (C.  R.) :  Denkmiiler  aus  Aegypten  u.  Aetbiopien, 
nach  den  Zeichnga.  der  1842-1846  Expedition,  Part  1, 
40m. 

Philosophy. 
Rubin    (S.) :    Die    Brkenntnistheorie    Maimons    in    ihrem 
Verhaltnis  zu  Cartesius,  Leibnitz,  Hume  u.  Kant,  Im.  75. 

History  and  Biography. 
Fleuriot-Kerinou  (F.):  Z^naiide-Fleuriot,  4fr, 

Geography  and  Travel. 
CompiSgne  et  Pierrefonds,  Ifr. 

Menassade  (E.  A  )  :  A  travers  le  Guipuzcoa,  3fr,  60. 
Noblemaire  (G.) :  En  Cong§,  3fr.  60. 

Science. 
Ehrenreich    (P.) :    Anthropologische     Studien     iiber     die 
Urbewohner  Brasiliens,  25m. 


N"  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


129 


A  LAST  APPEAL. 

All  summertime  you  said, 
"  Love  has  no  need  of  shelter  or  of  kindness, 
For  all  the  flowers  take  pity  on  his  blindness 

And  lead  him  to  his  scented  ros3-soft  bed." 

"  Love  is  a  king,"  you  said  ; 
"  That  I  bow  not  the  knee  can  never  grieve  him, 
For  all  the  Summer  Palaces  receive  him." 

But  now  Love  has  not  where  to  lay  his  head, 

"  He  is  a  god,"  you  said  ; 
"  His  altars  are  wherever  roses  blossom." 
And  Summer   laughed,  and  warmed    him   in  her 
bosom, 

But  now  the  rose's  petals  all  are  shed. 

Take  back  the  words  you  said  ; 
Out  in  the  rain  he  shivers  broken-hearted  ; 
Summer,  who  bore  him,  has  with  tears  departed, 

And  o'er  her  grave  he  weeps  uncomforted. 

You,  too,  for  all  you  said, 
Would  weep  if,  when  dawn  stills  the  wild  wind's 

riot. 
You  found  him  on  your  threshold  cold  and  quiet, 
Clasped  him  at  last,  and  found  the  child  was 
dead  !  E.  Nesbit. 


MISS  JEAN   INGELOW. 


The  death  of  Miss  Jean  Ingelow  will  be 
keenly  felt  by  a  very  large  circle  of  friends, 
who  were  drawn  to  her  not  only  by  her  high 
literary  gifts,  but  by  her  warm  heart  and  never- 
failing  sympathy.  Until  the  last  few  years,  when 
increasing  age  and  failing  health  compelled  her 
to  live  in  seclusion,  her  home  was  the  resort 
of  nearly  every  writer  of  note  in  this  country, 
and  she  was  even  more  popular  in  America. 
That  country,  besides  giving  a  material  guarantee 
of  its  admiration  by  purchasing  some  200,000 
copies  of  her  various  works,  rarely  failed  to  pro- 
vide its  noteworthy  sons  and  daughters  with 
letters  of  introduction  to  her,  and  for  many 
years  few  distinguished  Americans  came  to  this 
country  without  finding  their  way  to  the  (ex- 
ternally) somewhat  dingy --looking  house  in 
Holland  Street  in  which  the  genial  lady  was 
living  when  her  first  collection  of  poems  was 
published. 

It  is,  we  believe,  not  generally  known  that 
although  this  book  was  highly  spoken  of  and 
admired,  and  the  first  edition  was  exhausted 
with  reasonable  promptitude,  its  publishers 
(Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.)  were  not  prepared  to 
follow  it  up  by  a  second  ;  and  when  Miss  Ingelow, 
accompanied  by  her  mother,  went  to  propose 
that  they  should  do  so,  they  said  that  they  did 
not  consider  it  would  be  prudent  to  incur  the 
risk.  As  Miss  Ingelow,  who  was  much  dis- 
appointed, was  leaving  their  establishment,  she 
passed  in  the  doorway  a  man  with  a  slip  of 
paper  in  his  hand,  and  two  or  three  minutes 
afterwards  was  overtaken  by  a  clerk,  who  came 
to  say  that  Mr.  Longman  would  be  much  obliged 
if  she  would  return  to  his  office.  She  went 
back,  and  was  told  that  the  man  whom  she  had 
met  had  come  with  an  order  for  five  hundred 
copies  of  her  book.  This,  of  course,  necessitated 
the  publication  of  a  new  edition,  to  be  followed 
by  many  more  editions,  and  henceforth  Miss 
Ingelow  had  no  more  difficulties  with  publishers. 
This  book  was  brought  out  in  1863,  '  The  Story 
of  Doom  '  (another  volume  of  poems  which  were 
much  less  popular)  in  1867,  '  Mopsa  the  Fairy  ' 
in  1869.  Several  novels  followed  :  '  Off  the 
Skelligs  '  in  1872,  '  Fated  to  be  Free  '  in  1875, 
'  Sarah  de  Berenger  '  in  1880,  and  '  Don  John  ' 
in  1881. 

In  addition  to  these  Miss  Ingelow  wrote 
'Stories  told  to  a  Child,'  which  no  child  could 
hear  without  delight,  and  '  Studies  for  Stories  '; 
but  though  all  these  books  contain  much  that 
is  beautiful  and  poetical,  the  fame  of  their  author 
chiefly  rests  on  one  or  two  poems  in  her  first 
published  volume,  the  excellence  of  which  the 
Athenieum  lost  no  time  in  pointing  out.  For  all 
her  works  she  received  comparatively  large 
sums,  and  many  a  poor  person  found  his  or  her 
life  the  happier  in   consequence,  for   she  was 


largely  generous.  For  several  years  she 
gave  what  she  was  in  the  habit  of  calling 
her  "copyright  dinners,"  and  twice  every  week 
entertained  twelve  poor  persons  who  had  just 
left  a  London  hospital. 

The  life  which  ended  on  Tuesday  last  was 
begun  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1820. 
Miss  Ingelow's  father  was  a  banker  in  that 
town,  and  her  mother  a  Scotch  lady  with  some 
slight  pretensions  to  authorship.  Traces  of  the 
influence  of  the  scenery  to  which  she  was  accus- 
tomed in  early  life  can  be  found,  not  only  in 
the  obvious  instance  of  'The  High  Tide  in 
Lincolnshire,'  but  in  'Divided  'and  other  poems, 
and  also  in  her  novels  and  stories  ;  and  she 
never  forgot  the  dialect.  It  is  a  pity  no  re- 
porter was  present  on  a  certain  memorable 
occasion  when  she  and  Lord  Tennyson  com- 
pared notes  and  tried  to  outvie  each  other  in 
recalling  picturesque  and  possibly  now  obsolete 
forms  of  local  speech. 


THE  NEW  LOGIA. 

Malvern  Link,  July  14,  1897. 

Messrs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt  have  given  us 
an  editio  princeps  of  their  Logia  fragment 
admirable  in  every  way.  But  perhaps  the  most 
admirable  feature  of  their  work  is  its  perfect 
sobriety  and  freedom  from  all  sensationalism. 
I  sincerely  hope  that  in  this  they  will  be  fol- 
lowed by  all  who  may  write  on  the  subject,  from 
the  very  first.  Such  shall  certainly  be  my  own 
aim. 

The  condition  of  all  fruitful  speculation  in 
the  matter  is  that  it  be  thoroughly  historical  in 
method.  By  this  I  mean  that,  instead  of  any 
vague  guessing,  according  as  the  sayings  happen 
to  strike  a  modern  mind  familiar  v.ith  our 
Gospels,  all  should  copy  the  editors,  who  in  their 
modest  "  General  Remarks  "  start  with  the  pro- 
venance of  the  papyrus  and  all  that  can  be 
related  thereto.  Accepting,  then,  their  main 
results,  such  as  its  independence  of  the  Gospel 
according  to  the  Egyptians  or  any  other  known 
Gospel,  its  un-Gnostic  character,  and  their 
general  exegesis  of  its  parts,  I  venture  to  con- 
tribute two  hints  towards  the  elucidation  of  this 
collection  of  sayings. 

And  (1)  one  may  call  attention  to  the  close 
analogy  afforded  by  the  '  Two  Ways '  incor- 
porated in  the  'Didach^,'  and  that  at  several 
points.  Thus  both  appear  to  be  Egyptian  in 
origin,  and  both  must  have  arisen  on  soil 
saturated  with  Jewish  traditions,  especially 
those  of  the  Wisdom  literature.  Further, 
granting  that  the  form  of  the  fragment  {e.g., 
the  use  of  the  present  tense,  Aeyet  'hjcrov'i) 
is  against  its  having  formed  part  of  a  narrative 
Gospel,  we  have  in  the  '  Two  Ways  '  a  hint  of 
the  sort  of  manual  it  may  have  been.  For  the 
'Two  Ways  '  purports  to  be  "Teaching  of  the 
Lord  through  the  XII.  Apostles  "  as  arranged  for 
a  practical  end,  namely,  the  instruction  of  cate- 
chumens prior  to  baptism.  If  some  such  prac 
tical  end  be  thought  of  as  determining  the 
selection  and  arrangement  of  these  Logia,  we 
have  the  needed  hint  as  to  "the  principle  of 
the  compilation,"  which  the  editors  find  to  be 
"not  obvious."  In  order,  then,  to  break 
ground  for  discussion  on  some  such  lines, 
one  may  put  forward  the  following  as  a 
working  hypothesis  as  to  the  rationale  of  the 
collection. 

(2)  To  judge  from  the  apparent  pagination, 
our  fragment  (p.  11)  represents  the  close  of 
the  series  of  Logia  to  which  it  belongs.  The 
earlier  pages  have  presumably  set  forth 
the  nature  of  the  kingdom  of  God  by  means  of 
representative  precepts,  such  as  those  in  chap.  i. 
of  our  present  'Didachtj.'  Then  come  the  con- 
ditions of  true  receptivity  ;  and  the  thought 
proceeds  thus  : — - 

"To  judge  aright  one  must  purge  one's  own  eye. 
Only  he  who  cultivates  an  unworldly  spirit  can  find 
God's  Kingdom  :  to  see  the  Father,  one  must  not 
neglect  to  observe  the  Sabbath  in  spirit  and  in 
truth  [this  probably  to  those  who  held  to  the  form 


of  the  Jewish  Sabbath  ;  cf.  Matt.  v.  17  ff.,  especially 
verse  20,  for  the  principle].  Incarnate  Wisdom  tes- 
tifies sadly  to  the  unreceptiveness  of  the  mass  :  but 
speaks  cheer  to  the  solitary  soul  amid  the  faithless 
many— ever  near,  though  hidden  from  the  careless, 
superficial  eye  (cf.  Luke  xvii.  21).  That  His  own  in 
Judasa  have  not  believed,  should  be  no  stumbling- 
block  :  it  is  according  to  rule.  Yet  in  spite  of 
present  fewness,  believers  are  bound  to  hold  out  and 
make  themselves  felt  at  last,  because  firm-built  on 
the  very  Mount  of  God." 

As  to  the  probable  sources  of  the  sayings 
themselves,  it  seems  that  those  parallel  to  our 
Gospels  represent  the  apostolic  Logia-cycle  (in- 
corporated in  our  Matthew  and  Luke,  for  the 
most  part  in  the  Matthtean  form  referred  to  by 
Papias)  as  they  reached  Egypt  by  oral  catechesis 
or  in  written  form.  Those  not  parallel  to  our 
Gospels  at  all  may  most  easily  be  referred  to 
unconscious  glossing  and  amplification  under 
the  influence  of  proverbial  expressions  (like 
"raise  the  stone  and  there  thou  shalt  find," 
&c.),  and  of  Old  Testament  adumbrations  of 
Messiah's  speech  ("I  stood  in  the  midst  of  the 
world,"  &c. — language  seemingly  prompted  by 
that  of  Wisdom  in  the  Sapiential  Books ; 
cf.  the  great  use  made  of  Proverbs  in  '  Apost. 
Const.,'  bk.  i.). 

On  the  whole,  then,  we  may  perhaps  view 
the  entire  original  collection  as  a  "Manual  for 
Inquirers  and  Catechumens,"  compiled  among 
Jewish  Christians  in  Egypt,  in  the  second  or 
third  generation  of  the  Church's  life.  Its  tone 
recalls  features  in  the  Epistle  of  St.  James  (e.g., 
iv.  4),  and  even  the  Apocalypse  (ii.  9,  iii.  9, 
xxi.  6,  xxii.  17).  But,  as  at  present  advised,  I 
cannot  satisfy  myself  that  our  fragment  pre- 
serves any  saying  entitled  to  rank  as  a  fresh 
Logion  of  Jesus  the  Christ. 

Vernon  Bartlet. 


'A  tale  of  two  tunnels.' 

9,  Sydney  Place,  Bath. 

The  all-too-obliging  critic  who  wrote  the  re- 
view of  the  airy  nothing  which  goes  under  the 
above  name,  published  in  your  issue  of  July  10th, 
asks  this  question  :  "  What  precisely  does  a  brig 
look  like  when  she  is  '  sheeting  through  the  sea 
under  tall  leaning  heights  '  ?  " 

He  is  right  to  enlarge  his  vocabulary.     Every 
critic  should  know  the  meaning  of  the  subject 
he  deals  with.       "Sheeting  through  the  sea," 
not    "shooting"   and    not    "skooting,"    is   a 
phrase     of     the    forecastle    very    much    older 
than      I     am.       Your     critic     has     probably 
heard  of  a   "sheet-calm."     He  may  also  have 
heard  the  expression,  the  "sea  sheeting  to  the 
horizon."     A  ship  "sheets  through  the  ocean" 
when  her  yards  are  square  or  braced  a  little 
forward  and  a  brisk  breeze  follows  her,  though 
the  water  be  smooth  ;  she  pours  the  white  brine 
from  her  bows,  and  leaves  a  wide  tract  of  it 
astern,     and     so     she    "sheets     through    it." 
"Under     tall      leaning      heights":      by      the 
"heights"   of    a    ship    is    meant    the    whole 
fabric     of     her     masts,    yards,    sails     to    the 
trucks.     Heights    can    be    tall  ;    at    sea    they 
will   also   lean.     But   surely   your  critic   must 
know  that  if  he  has  ever  watched  a  little  sailing- 
boat  upon  the  old  Round  Pond.     I  must  state 
that    I    have    no  control  over  the    publishing 
departments    of     Messrs.    Chapman    &     Hall, 
Messrs.    Chatto    &    Windus,  and    Mr.  Fisher 
Unwin  ;  otherwise,  could  I  have  gathered  "pre- 
cisely "  the  views  of  your  critic  on  the  subject 
of  issues,  I  should  have  been  very  pleased  to 
consider   them.     He  endeavours   to   make   out 
that  within  a  few  weeks   I   have  written  two 
stories.   By  the  same  token  I  have  written  three, 
and  one,  which  consisted  of  about  15,000  words, 
was  written  four  years  ago,  and  the  second  three 
years  ago,  and  the  third  rather  more  than  two 
years  ago.     Since  your  critic  makes  a   special 
grievance  of  this  matter,  let  him  satisfy  himself 
as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  periods  I  have  named 
by   applying   to   Messrs.  A.   P.   Watt   &   Son, 
Hastings  House,  Norfolk  Street,  who,  not  being 


130 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3639,  July  24,  '97 


critical,  arc  full  of  courtesy,  and  will,  I  am  sure, 
give  him  the  exact  dates. 

One  word  more.  This  critic  is  clearly  so 
interested  in  my  book  that  he  rushes  through 
it  in  order  to  see  how  it  ends,  and  finds  some- 
thing unsatisfactory  in  the  plot  because  he  has 
forgotten  that  he  has  skipped.  He  says  :  "The 
reader  never  learns  who  it  was  that  robbed 
Capt.  Jack  man."  It  is  clear  that  he  missed 
p.  200,  nor  could  he  have  read  the  work  with 
the  slightest  attention,  or  he  must  certainly 
have  seen  that  Jackman  robbed  his  owners  in 
order  to  equij^  his  brig,  so  that,  as  your  critic 
would  observe,  the  robbery  had  a  very  great 
deal  to  do  with  his  "subsequent  adventures." 

W.  Clark  Russell. 


poetical  romance  'Kadambarl'  ("Bombay  San- 
skrit Series,"  p.  88,  1.  15)  Biiua  perhaps  also 
refers  to  chess  with  the  compound  astupada- 
vydpdra,  "practice  at  the  chessboard,"  though 
it  is  interpreted  as  "game  at  dice"  in  the 
smaller  St.  Petersburg  dictionary. 

A.  A.  Macdonell. 


THE   EARLIEST   MENTION   OF   CHESS 
SANSKRIT  LITERATURE. 


IN 


Oxford,  July.  1897. 

In  vol.  1.  (1896),  pp.  227-33,  of  the  Journal 
of  the  German  Oriental  Society,  Prof.  Jacobi, 
of  Bonn,  deals  with  the  two  earliest  passages 
known    to    him    in    Sanskrit  literature   which 
refer  to  the  game  of   chess.     They  are   to  be 
found  in  stanzas  occurring  in  the  works  of  the 
Kashmirian   authors    Ratnakara   and    Rudraia, 
who  lived  in  the  first  and  the  second  half  of  the 
ninth  century   a.d.    respectively.      The   chess- 
board,   with    its    64   squares,    originally    repre- 
sented a  battle-field,  on  which   took   place  the 
operations  of  two  contending  hosts,  consisting 
of  the  four  arms,    viz.,    infantry,  cavalry,   ele- 
phants, and  chariots,  the  constituent  parts  of 
a  complete  Indian  army.     The  board,  with  its 
8x8  divisions,  is  commonly  called  astcqxida, 
"  eight  square,"  and  the  game  itself  cnhiranga, 
"the     four-membered "     (army).        Ratnakara 
specifies  the  four    "members"  and    punningly 
alludes  to  the  board  with  the  word  rtnastryjada??!. 
This   is  meant  to  be  understood  either  as  an- 
antdpadam,  "not  a  chessboard,"  or  as  a-nasta- 
upadam,    "him   whom   defeat    never    leaves." 
Rudrafa  calls  it  cahiranga-pltha,  "chessboard," 
at  the  same  time   speaking  of    "the  chariots, 
horses,   elephants,   &c."      That   the   game  was 
generally  known  in  the  latter  half  of  the  ninth 
century  results  from  the  fact  that  the  moves  of 
the  various  figures  were  at  that   time  utilized 
in   the   construction   of  metrical  puzzles.     For 
Rudraia  speaks  of  stanzas  composed  in  such  a 
way  that,  by  writing  their  syllables  on  the  32 
squares  of  half  a  chessboard  and  reading  them 
according  to  the  move  of  the  knight,  the  ele- 
phant, or  the  chariot,  exactly  the  same  verses 
are  produced  as  by  reading  the  syllables  regu- 
larly in  lines  from  left  to  right.     The  game  is 
here  evidently  the  same  as  that  described  nearly 
two  centuries  later  by  AlberunT  in  his  '  India  ' 
(written  about  1030  a.d.),  the  horse  moving  like 
our  knight,  the  chariot  like  our  castle,  and  the 
elephant  nearly  in  the  same  way  as  our  king. 
It  is  certain   from   Alben'mi's  statements   that 
chess  was  known  all  over  the  west  and  north- 
west  of    India    in   the   eleventh   century,    and 
Rudraia's  stanza  makes  it  clear  that  it  was  well 
known  in  Kashmir  in  the  ninth. 

We  can,  however,  now  point  out  a  direct 
reference  to  chess  in  Sanskrit  literature  which 
is  two  centuries  earlier  than  either  of  those  dis- 
cussed by  Prof.  Jacobi.  It  occurs  in  a  work 
which  is  known  with  certainty  to  date  from  the 
first  half  of  the  seventh  century  a.d.  This  is 
the  'Hari-acarita,'  the  earliest  attempt  at  his- 
torical romance  in  Indian  literature,  being  an 
account  of  the  adventures  of  King  ^rlharsa  by 
his  contemporary  Ba»i,a.  The  passage,  which 
is  found  on  p.  55  of  Vidyasagara's  edition 
(Calcutta,  1876),  and  which  contains  a  series  of 
puns,  is  thus  rendered  by  Prof.  Cowell  in  his 
recently  published  translation   of  the    '  Harsa- 

carita'  (p.  65):   "Under  this  monarch only 

bees  (satpada)  quarrel  in  collecting  dews  (dues)  ; 
the  only  feet  {pdda)  cut  off  are  those  in  metre  ; 
only  chessboards  {astaimda)  teach  the  positions 
of    the    four   members    {caturaxifja)."      In   his 


SOME  INTERNATIONAL  PRESS  COURTESIES. 
In  the  blaze  of  the  Jubilee  the  English  public 
has  this  year  almost  overlooked  the  fact  that 
the  Fourth  International  Congress  of  the  Press 
was  holding  its  sitting  at  Stockholm  during  the 
very  week  of  our  royal  celebration.  No  re- 
presentation of  the  press  of  Great  Britain  by 
delegation  was  possible  at  such  a  time,  when 
journalists,  of  all  men,  were  specially  occupied 
with  home  affairs.  Consequently  the  doings  of 
the  Congress  have  been  relegated  to  a  few  tele- 
grams and  to  the  most  meagre  reports,  necessarily 
shelved  by  the  vast  mass  of  Jubilee  material 
which  had  to  be  dealt  with  immediately. 

Now  that  we  have  leisure  to  think  of  other 
things  it  may  be  worth  while  to  consider  how 
we  stand  with  respect  to  this  important  inter- 
national movement,  and  to  inquire  what  progress 
it  has  made  since  I  reviewed  its  work  at  Buda- 
pest a  year  ago  ;  and  this  may  be  a  favourable 
opportunity  for  touching  as  well  on  two  associa- 
tions— the  British  International  Association  of 
Journalists  and  the  Entente  Cordiale — which 
both  have  a  bearing  on  the  subject  of  inter- 
national press  federation. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  eighteen  months 
ago  the  Institute  of  Journalists  resolved  to  with- 
draw from  that  position  of  tacit  co-operation 
with  the  international  movement  into  which  it 
had  i^ermitted  itself  to  slide  at  the  London  Con- 
ference and  the  Antwerp  and  Bordeaux  Con- 
gresses. Its  resolution  was  conveyed  to  the 
Council  of  the  Central  Bureau  at  the  Budapest 
Congress.  This  determination  left  the  field 
open  for  other  combinations,  and  resulted  in 
the  formation  of  the  British  International  Asso- 
ciation of  Journalists,  a  body  of  British  press 
men  and  women  which  desires  to  form  a  link  of 
sympathy  between  its  members  and  the  members 
of  those  foreign  associations  united  under  the 
Central  Bureau,  whose  aim  is  the  mutual  advance 
of  their  moral  and  material  interests. 

It  may  be  as  well  to  explain  that  when  I 
speak  of  the  Central  Bureau  I  mean  the  whole 
body  of  federated  associations  all  over  the  world, 
whose  Council,  a  representative  body  of  all 
nationalities,  meets  from  time  to  time  in  Paris 
and  arranges  for  the  annual  congresses. 

The  formation  of  a  British  association  to  take 
up  the  friendly  work  which  the  Institute  of 
Journalists  found  itself  unable  to  support  is 
necessitated  by  a  statute  of  the  Central  Bureau, 
which  recognizes  adherence  by  established  press 
associations  only,  and  precludes  that  of  in- 
dividuals, however  distinguished  or  representa- 
tive ;  the  British  International  Association  is 
affiliated  by  the  payment  of  a  poll-tax  on  each 
member,  and  is  steadily  increasing  to  numbers 
which  will  admit  of  its  sending  a  British  repre- 
sentative to  the  Paris  Council  and  a  strong 
delegation  to  the  intended  Congress  at  Lisbon. 
I  may  add  that  it  is  under  the  presidency  of 
Mr.  P.  W.  Clayden,  and  that  intending  mem- 
bers must  either  belong  to  one  of  the  existing 
British  press  associations,  or  must  be  prepared 
to  prove  qualification  for  membership  under 
their  established  rules. 

So  much  for  the  "link";  let  us  now  look  at 
the  work  of  the  Congress  itself.  Three  subjects 
of  international  interest  were  under  discussion 
— the  introduction  of  reduced  telegraphic  rates 
for  press  use  ;  the  protection  of  literary  pro- 
perty ;  and  the  establishment  of  an  international 
emph)yment  and  inquiry  bureau  for  the  use  of 
members  in  foreign  countries. 

These  widely  diflferent  topics — all  of  immediate 
and  practical  importance  such  as  appeals  to  the 
common  sense  of  British  pressmen— were  in  the 


hands  of  M.  do  Berazza,  MM.  Osterrieth  and 
Bataille,  and  M.  Torolli-VioUier  respectively, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  at  the  Lisbon  Congress 
next  year  an  English  delegation  may  have  the 
opportunity  of  speaking  and  voting  on  measures 
of  such  signal  interest  and  advantage  to  their 
national  jiress. 

Of  the  moral  advantages  of  these  Congress 
gatherings,  of  the  mutual  understanding,  the 
personal  acquaintance  which  they  render  pos- 
sible, I  need  not  speak  afresh  :  in  London,  in 
Belgium,  in  France,  in  Hungary,  I  have  noted 
this  new  force,  stronger  in  its  action  than  all 
the  statutes  of  all  the  associations  in  the  world, 
and  have  greeted  it  as  the  living  power  in  this 
federation  of  the  press.  A  quotation  from  the 
prologue  spoken  at  Stockholm  before  the  con- 
gressists  on  the  occasion  of  the  gala  night  at  the 
opera  shows  that  Sweden  was  not  behindhand 
in  seizing  this  idea  as  the  key-note  of  the  press 


meeting 

Heureuse  et  fiferede  vous  voir, 
La  Siifide  vous  dit  ce  soir, 
Qu'au  jour  de  travail  et  de  fete — 
Jour  qui  vieiit  d'un  pas  sur  et  prompt 
Ou  les  hommes  se  connaitront, 
La  paix  du  moude  sera  faite  ! 

From  the  consideration  of  press  associations, 
home  and  foreign,  I  turn  to  I'Entente  Cordiale, 
an  association  recently  founded  simultaneously 
in  France  and  in  England  for  the  development 
of    more    cordial    relations    between   the    two 
nations.     Of   the  social  or  commercial  aims  of 
this  body  I  have  not  occasion  to   speak  here, 
but  in   connexion   with   what  I    have   already 
written  of  press  organizations  I  may  mention 
the  very  sensible  suggestion  made  at  a  recent 
meeting  in  St.  Martin's  Town  Hall,  under  the 
presidency  of  Sir  Arthur  Arnold.     To  assist  in 
making  the  two  nations  better  acquainted  with 
the  respective  feelings  and  opinions  of  each  other, 
a  very  stirring  appeal  was  made  to  the   press 
on  both   sides  to  modify  their  often  unneces- 
sarily critical  spirit.     It  was  pointed  out  that  in 
crises  of  deeply-felt  national  joy  or  sorrow  the 
two  great  nations  felt  and  acted  as  one — witness 
the  warm  interest  of  France  in  the  Jubilee,  the 
keen  sympathy  of  England  for  the  calamity  of 
the    Charity   Bazaar.     Personal    and    practical 
relations    rather    than    political    fencing   were 
grounds    for   the    entente    cordiale   which    this 
society  had  in  view,  and  a  more  intimate  know- 
ledge of  each  other's  manners  and  habits,  con- 
tributed  in   a  friendly  spirit  by  the   press  on 
either  side  of  the  Channel,  would  be  the  best  of 
all  possible  ways  for  achieving  this  end. 

The  Entente  Cordiale  is  young  and  ambitious, 
but  I  blame  nobody  for  pitching  his  aim  too 
high  ;  by  such  aims  alone  "la  paix  du  monde 
sera  faite,"  as  the  Swedish  poet  has  it. 

G.  S. 


AN  ALLEGED  ERROR  OF  VENERABLE  BEDB'S. 

Tottenham,  July  10,  1897. 

Mr.  Nicholson  may  rest  assured  that  no  one 
will  question  the  propriety  of  interpolating  "as" 
when  rendering  a  certain  Latin  construction 
into  idiomatic  English.  It  was  not  the  exist- 
ence of  a  general  rule,  however,  that  he  had  to 
establish,  but  the  correctness  of  his  own  appli- 
cation of  it :  the  references  to  the  Public  School 
and  other  grammars,  and  the  citation  of  the 
lucid  sentences  of  a  correct  writer,  have  not 
established  anything  that  was  in  dispute.  Mr. 
Nicholson's  rendering  of  the  clause  "quique 
annus"  requires  the  support  of  the  expla- 
nation appended  to  it ;  this  in  its  turn  must 
be  taken  for  granted  before  the  rendering  itself 
can  be  accepted.  Consequently,  as  I  disagree, 
for  computistic  reasons,  with  the  explanation 
offered,  I  am  compelled  to  disagree  with  the 
rendering  also.  In  dwelling  upon  my  inability 
to  recognize  the  signs  of  the  hypothetical  appo- 
sition upon  which  he  relies,  Mr.  Nicholson 
ignores  the  fact  that  numerous  scholars  who 
have  applied  correct  rules  to  the  consideration 
of  the  clause,  and  whose  versions  (where  known 
to  me^  I  have  made  a  list  of,  have,  like  myself, 


N°3639, 


July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


131 


failed  to  perceive  that  "  annus  "  is  in  apposition 
to  "qui,"  which  is  presumed  to  relate  to 
"annus."  Moreover,  Prof.  Mommsen  has 
asserted,  and  I  have  quoted  his  words,  that  the 
clause  admits  of  no  proper  rendering — that  is, 
of  no  rendering  that  depends  upon  correct  rules 
of  construction.*  This,  by  implication,  rejected 
Mr.  Nicholson's  rendering  beforehand,  and 
should  not,  I  think,  have  been  passed  over 
in  silence.  I  agree  with  Prof.  Mommsen's 
dictum,  and  in  order  to  get  at  the  meaning  I 
assume  that  the  author  of  the  'Excidium,'  who 
is  frequently  incorrect  in  style,  used  qui 
(="with  which,"  "wherewith")  adverbially 
and  connected  it  with  the  preceding  substantive 
strages.  This  position  is  certainly  not  an 
abstruse  one,  and  it  might  have  been  expected 
to  escape  misrepresentation  ;  hence  I  was 
surprised  to  read  the  misstatement  and  the 
misquotation  that  follow  : — 

"But  Mr.  Anscombe  thinks  a  syntactic  construc- 
tion of  which  we  have  no  instances  in  GOO  years 
previous  might  have  beeu  used  by  Gildas  because 
'Nennius  wrote  the  oki  deponent  verb  dimicor.'  " 

Mr.  Nicholson  must  have  read  hastily  to  mis- 
quote me  so  strangely,  and  he  appears  to  forget 
what  it  was  that  caused  me  to  advert  to  the 
survival  of  archaic  forms  in  Celtic  authors.  I 
did  not  so  advert  in  order  to  support  my  original 
contention  directly,  but  to  expose  the  fallacy 
of  the  reasoning  advanced  to  overthrow  it.  1 
thought  that  I  had  succeeded  in  doing  so  ;  but 
as  Mr.  Nicholson  is  not  content,  I  will  try 
again.  Centuries  before  Gildas  wrote,  the  old 
form  quis  became  obsolete,  and  gave  place  in 
correct  prose  to  quibns,  consequently  (so  Mr. 
Nicholson's  criteria  and  method  of  reasoning 
embolden  me  to  say)  Gildas  did  not  use  the 
archaic  form  quis.  This,  of  course,  is  quite 
wrong,  and  I  may  dismiss  the  argument  ad- 
vanced in  Mr.  Nicholson's  first  letter.  With 
regard  to  the  later  argument  requiring  Gildas 
to  have  acquaintance  with  Ennius,  Plautus,  and 
the  rest,  it  is  really  quite  unnecessary  to  con- 
sider what  authors  Gildas  may  have  read  in 
order  to  determine  for  ourselves  whether  he 
knew  that  q^ii  was  an  ablative,  equivalent  to 
quo  and  qua.  It  would,  I  think,  be  unreason- 
able to  assert  that  the  form  qiiinim  was  unknown 
to  Gildas.  If  Mr.  Nicholson  will  admit  this, 
then  I  may  dismiss  his  second  argument  also. 

I  need  not  traverse  the  petitio  principii  under- 
lying the  remarks  made  about  dimicentur.f 
Even  if  Prof.  Mommsen  were  proved  to  be 
wrong,  that  would  not  rehabilitate  the  method 
of  reasoning  adopted  by  Mr.  Nicholson  in  order 
to  show  that  the  old  qui  could  not  have  been 
used  by  a  late  prose  writer. 

In  concluding  my  remarks  for  the  present 
upon  a  subject  to  which  I  also  hope  to  return, 
I  venture  to  predict  that  when  Mr.  Nicholson 
finds  "the  time  to  thrash  out  this  matter"  he 
will  discover  that  the  siege  of  Mons  Badonicus 
and  the  birth  of  St.  Gildas  of  Rhuys  occurred  in 
the  month  of  September,  a.d.  470. 

A,  Anscombe. 

*^*  We  cannot  insert  any  more  letters  on  this 
subject. 


THE  SECOND   INTERNATIONAX  LIBRARY 
CONFERENCE. 
II. 

On  Thursday,  July  15th,  when  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Conference  were  resumed,  the 
chair  was  successively  occupied  by  the  Earl  of 
Crawford,  Sir  John  Lubbock  (President),  and 
Mr.  Melvil  Dewey.  Mr.  P.  Cowell  (Liverpool 
Free  Public  Library)  recounted  his  experiences 
of   'Public    Library   Work   Forty   Years  Ago.' 

*  Cp.  W.  W.  Bradley's  '  Latin  Prose  Exercises,'  Rules  144a 
and  150. 

t  I  have  Mr.  Jenkinson's  authority  to  say  that  some  one 
must  have  made  a  mistake  in  transcribing  his  note  into 
Mommsen's  apparatus:  dimicentur  and  the  note  "  antiqua 
grammatiea "  occur  in  the  Royal  MS.  13  D.  V.,  and  not  in 
Harley  3859.  So  on  Mommsen's  p  125,  line  5  from  the 
bottom  :  it  is  the  tabuUi  written  in  the  fifteenth  century 
which  Bradshaw  noticed  to  be  in  the  same  handwriting  as 
C  and  L,  not  the  text  of  those  MSB. 


Comparing  the  reading  now  with  that  of 
his  earlier  experience  at  Liverpool,  Mr.  Cowell 
thought  that  while  elementary  and  other  schools 
had  certainly  raised  the  general  level  of  educa- 
tion, public  library  statistics  did  not  indicate 
much  improvement  in  the  character  of  the 
books  read.  Lectures  on  scientific  and  other 
subjects  had  been  found  useful  at  Liverpool. 

The  important  subject  of  '  Public  Library 
Architecture '  was  discussed  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Bur- 
goyne  (Lambeth  Public  Libraries)  from  the 
librarian's  point  of  view.  To  him  utility,  rather 
than  artistic  appearance,  was  the  chief  considera- 
tion. First,  the  site  should  be  easily  accessible 
and  in  a  main  thoroughfare  ;  then  the  general 
plan  should  admit  of  extension,  as  books 
increased  very  rapidly.  The  rooms  should  not 
be  too  large,  the  cases  not  too  high,  the  lighting 
should  be  well  distributed.  Special  attention 
should  be  devoted  to  heating  and  ventilation. 
In  the  discussion  these  last  two  points  were 
mainly  dwelt  upon.  The  Chairman  (Lord  Craw- 
ford) explained  the  system  in  use  at  the  Houses 
of  Parliament. 

Mr.  Beresford  Pite,  F.R.I.B.A.,  then  took 
up  the  question  of  '  Library  Architecture  from 
the  Architect's  Standpoint.'  Just  as  a  good 
book  deserved  a  good  binding,  so  did  a  good 
collection  of  books  deserve  a  good  building. 
The  many  public  libraries  recently  erected  in 
England  had  evolved  an  interesting  type  of 
plan  for  buildings  of  moderate  size,  varying 
with  the  requirements  of  site  and  locality,  but 
always  economical,  manageable,  and  useful.  Sir 
Henry  Howorth  observed  that  the  question 
was.  Are  the  books  meant  for  the  library  or 
the  library  for  the  books  1  In  the  opinion  of 
Mr.  Dewey  the  most  conspicuous  failures  of 
recent  times  had  been  the  libraries  of  Boston 
and  Chicago,  upon  which  much  money  had  been 
spent.  To  Dr.  Garnett  the  sight  of  empty 
shelves  at  the  British  Museum  had  been  more 
beautiful  than  full  ones,  for  he  had  no  space 
for  the  ever-accumulating  masses  of  new  books. 
Miss  Caroline  M.  Hewins  (Hartford  Public 
Library,  Conn.)  read  a  paper  'On  Books  that 
Children  Like,'  based  upon  letters  and  notes 
she  had  received  from  many  young  children. 
'  Our  Youngest  Readers  '  was  the  title  of  a  com- 
munication from  Mr.  J.  C.  Dana  (Denver  Public 
Library,  Colorado).  In  summing  up  the  dis- 
cussion the  Chairman  (Sir  John  Lubbock) 
remarked  that  over  twenty- five  years  before  he 
had  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  Board  school 
education  should  not  be  confined  to  reading, 
writing,  and  arithmetic.  It  was  found  that 
children  were  very  receptive  of  scientific  ideas. 

'  Organization  of  Co-operative  Work  among 
Public  Libraries  '  was  urged  by  Mr.  J.  N.  Larned 
(late  of  the  Buffalo  Library,  N.Y.)  ;  and  Mr. 
H.  H.  Langton  (University  Librarian,  Toronto) 
addressed  himself  to  the  necessity  of  '  Co-opera- 
tion in  the  Compilation  of  a  Catalogue  of 
Periodicals,'  which  should  consist  of  an  inter- 
national repertory  of  technical  periodicals  and 
of  the  serials  issued  by  learned  societies,  exclu- 
sive of  newspapers  and  literary  magazines.  In 
connexion  with  this  subject  Mr.  Tedder  pre- 
sented to  the  Conference  in  the  name  of  the 
author,  who  was  present  as  the  delegate  of  the 
Swedish  Government,  the  two  volumes  of 
Dr.  B.  Lundstedt's  recently  published  exhaus- 
tive bibliography  of  Swedish  periodical  litera- 
ture, a  work  reviewed  in  our  columns  last 
week.  M.  Paul  Otlet,  Secretary  -  General  of 
the  International  Institute  of  Bibliography 
at  Brussels,  explained  the  work  now  being 
undertaken  by  the  Institute  and  presented  a 
number  of  publications.  A  noteworthy  incident 
was  the  presentation  to  the  meeting  by  M. 
Leopold  Delisle,  through  M.  Omont,  of  the 
first  volume  of  the  great  printed  catalogue  of 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  just  published, 
which  will  extend  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
volumes  when  completed.  'Printed  Card  Cata- 
logues '  was  the  subject  of  a  paper  by  Mr.  C.  W. 
Andrews   (John    Crerar   Library,  Chicago),  in 


which  the  growth  of  the  card-catalogue  system 
in  the  United  States  was  discussed.  Mr.  Herbert 
Putnam  (Public  Library,  Boston,  Mass.)  gave 
an  account  of  the  formation  of  '  Local  Library 
Associations  in  the  United  States  '  during  the 
past  twelve  years. 

At    the    sittings    on   the   last    day,   Friday, 
July   16th,   the    chair  was    taken   by  the   Earl 
of  Crawford,  Mr.  Alderman  Harry  Rawson,  and 
by  the  President  (Sir  John  Lubbock).     After 
the  reading  of  an  historical  paper  by  Dr.  A.  S. 
Steenberg(Horsens,  Denmark)  on  '  The  Libraries 
of   the  Northern  States  of  Europe '  and  a  de- 
scription of   '  An  Indicator-Catalogue  Charging 
System  '  by  Mr.  Jacob  Schwartz  (Free  Library 
of  the  General  Society  of  Mechanics,  New  York), 
a   communication   from   the   President   of   the 
American  Library  Association,  Mr.  W.  H.  Brett 
(Cleveland  Public  Library,  U.S.A.),  on  'Free- 
dom in  Public  Libraries,'  was  submitted  to  the 
Conference.     The  writer  said  that  there  were 
libraries  composed  of  special  collections  which 
could  only  be  opened  to  the  public  under  special 
conditions.     But  were  such   precautions  desir- 
able or  necessary  in  general  public   libraries  ? 
The  arrangements  of  the  whole  building  and  a 
modification   of   the   duties   of   the   staff  were 
involved  in  any  alteration.     One  objection  to 
the  open-access  system  was  that  more  room  was 
necessary.      The   cost   of   service   was   a  most 
important  consideration.  The  assistants  had  not 
the  trouble  of  issuing  and  receiving  books,  but 
they  had  to  rectify   displacements  by   careless 
readers    when    allowed    to   wander    round    the 
shelves.    In  his  opinion  the  balance  of  economy 
of    time    was    in    favour    of     the    open-shelf 
plan.      The  most    serious   dangers  were    those 
of     theft,    mutilation,    and    careless    handling 
of    books.       Open     access     did     not     exclude 
the    use    of     the    catalogue    or    the    help    of 
the  librarian.     It  had  the  eflfect   of  improving 
tlie    average    quality    of    the    reading.       The 
opposition   to   the   system    chiefly    came    from 
persons  who  had  never  tried  it,  and  any  library 
which  introduced  freedom  of  access  to  the  books 
found  its  opportunities  for  usefulness    greatly 
increased.     'The  paper  gave  rise  to  a  lively  and 
interesting  debate.     Sir  W,  H.  Bailey  (Salford) 
thought  the  proposal  was    simply    a    plea  for 
anarchy,     Mr.  Darnell  Davis  (British  Guiana) 
said  that  the  chief  difficulty  was  the  professional 
book-thief.     Mr.   F.   H.  Jones  (Dr.  Williams's 
Library)  referred  to  the  practice  in  the  reading- 
room  of  the  British  Museum,  and  the  Chairman 
(Lord  Crawford)  mentioned  some  of  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  Trustees  in  having  sometimes  to 
exclude  undesirable  readers.     Mr.  Putnam  ob- 
served that  open  shelves  had  met  with  success  in 
America.     Mr.  Madeley  (Warrington  Museum), 
Mr.    Alderman    Southern    (Manchester),    Mr. 
Schwartz,   and  others    followed.     Opinion  was 
divided  on  the  benefits  of  the  system,  and  it  was 
pointed  out  that  in  certain  free-access  libraries 
there  had  been  an  increase  in  the  number  of 
the  books  stolen.      The   success  attending  the 
adoption    of    the   system    at   Clerkenwell    was 
mentioned. 

In  'A  Hint  on  Cataloguing  '  Mr.  F.  Blake 
Crofton  (Legislative  Library,  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia)  gave  some  amusing  examples  of  mis- 
takes ;  Mr.  E.  A.  Petherick  (London)  discussed 
'Theoretical  and  Practical  Bibliography ';  Mr. 
R.  R.  Bowker  (editor  of  the  Library  Jour- 
nal) described  '  Bibliographical  Endeavours  in 
America';  Mr.  C.  H.  Gould  (McGill  Uni- 
versity Library,  Montreal)  supplied  a  'De- 
scription of  the  more  important  Libraries  in 
Montreal';  Dr.  E.  C.  Richardson  (Princeton 
University  Library,  New  Jersey)  pointed 
out  how  libraries  were  the  prime  factor 
in  human  evolution  ;  and  under  the  style  of 
'  Expert  Appraisal  of  Literature  '  Mr.  George 
lies  showed  how  the  American  Library  Asso- 
ciation had  obtained  from  capable  authorities  of 
all  kinds  brief  notes  and  criticisms  on  selected 
books  for  publication  on  card  catalogues  and 
elsewhere.     The    last   paper  was    one   by  Mr. 


132 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


Frank  Cundall  (Institute  of  Jamaica,  King- 
ston) 'On  Library  Work  in  Jamaica,'  which 
included  some  practical  remarks  on  the  manage- 
ment of  libraries  in  tropical  climates. 

The  business  came  to  an  end  with  votes  of 
thanks  to  the  President  (Sir  John  Lubbock)  as 
■well  as  to  the  Vice-Presidents  who  had  also 
occupied  the  chair,  to  the  Lord  Mayor  and 
Corporation  for  allowing  the  use  of  the  Council 
Chamber  for  the  meetings  and  the  Guildhall 
for  the  exhibition  of  library  appliances,  to  the 
ladies  and  gentlemen  who  had  entertained  the 
Conference,  to  the  colonial,  American,  and 
foreign  delegates,  and  to  the  reception  com- 
mittee. 

Thus  ended  the  Second  International  Con- 
ference of  Librarians,  which,  whether  as  regards 
the  number  and  distinction  of  the  members  and 
delegates,  the  wide  range  of  the  libraries  repre- 
sented, the  high  level  and  practical  usefulness 
of  the  papers  and  discussions,  may  be  con- 
sidered as  thoroughly  successful  as  it  was 
pleasant  to  all  those  who  took  part  in  its  pro- 
ceedings. A  volume  containing  the  papers  and 
discussions  will  be  presented  to  each  member 
as  a  permanent  record.  Librarians  and  book- 
lovers  sometimes  allow  themselves  mundane 
delights,  and  the  business  programme  was 
alternated  with  a  brilliant  series  of  entertain- 
ments. On  Monday,  July  12th,  there  was  a 
reception  at  the  Guildhall  ;  the  next  day  Sion 
College,  and  afterwards  the  Lord  Mayor,  enter- 
tained the  Conference.  On  July  14th  the 
Marchioness  of  Bute  received  the  members  at  a 
garden  party,  and  in  the  evening  Lady  Lubbock 
had  a  reception.  On  the  Thursday  visits  were 
arranged  to  Brook  House,  Apsley  House,  and 
Grosvenor  House,  and  the  same  night  Sir  Henry 
Irving  gave  a  special  performance  at  the 
Lyceum.  On  Friday  the  Conference  visited 
Lambeth  Palace  and  Stafford  House  ;  and  in 
the  evening  there  was  a  dinner  at  the  Hotel 
Cecil,  attended  by  nearly  three  hundred  ladies 
and  gentlemen. 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
sold  on  the  10th  inst.  and  two  following  days 
the  library  of  Mr.  Cyril  Dunn  Gardner.  The 
chief  prices  realized  were  the  following  :  Picker- 
ing's Aldine  Poets,  52  vols.,  17^.  5s.  Dibdin's 
Decameron  and  Bibliographical  Tour,  191.  5s. 
Lodge's  Portraits,  large  paper,  jndia  proofs, 
quarto,  1823-4,  151.  Philosophical  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Society  to  1859,  1231.  Aris- 
toteles,  Opera,  editio  princeps,  Venet., 
Aldus,  1495-8,  17^.  Bible  en  Francoys, 
Anvers,  1534,  101.  5s.  BlomeBeld's  History  of 
Norfolk,  181.  Dugdale's  Monasticon,  1817-30, 
29/.  Ruskin's  Modern  Painters,  5  vols.,  201.  10s. 
Waller's  Poems,  first  edition,  1645,  101.  10s. 
Homeri  Opera  Grsece,  editio  princeps,  Florent., 
1488,  80/.  Oriental  Translation  Fund,  large- 
paper  series,  88  vols.,  38/.  10s.  Defoe,  Various 
Works,  in  79  vols.,  40/.  Biblia  Hebraica,  MS. 
on  vellum,  circa  1477,  20/.  A  Sermon  preached 
in  Plimoth,  in  New  England,  Dec.  9th,  1621, 
Lond.,  Bellamie,  1622,  &c.,  in  1  vol.,  87/. 
Early  Portraits  of  Queen  Victoria,  Japanese 
paper  set,  20/.  10s.  Boydell's  Shakespeare 
Gallery,  14/.  Indian  Antiquary,  Vols.  I.-XXIV, 
Bombay,  1872-95,  12/.  15s.  Aiken's  National 
Sports,  1821,  30/. 


of  Bran,'  the  poem  of  Lucian  called  '  The  True 
Story  of  a  Traveller,'  and  the  '  Piicenix  '  of 
Venusius  Fortunatus,  which  was  translated  into 
Anglo-Saxon  by  the  writer  of  the  poem  of  Mael- 
dun."  This  passage  is  a  curiosity  :  it  contains, 
probably,  more  errors  to  the  square  inch  than 
any  passage  which  could  be  quoted  even  in 
English  magazine  articles  dealing  in  literary  his- 
tory. It  is  worthily  followed  by  the  enigmatic 
statement  that  "  the  facts  of  St.  Brendan's  life 

preclude  the  success  of  the  attempt  of  Mr. 

Nutt  to  dissolve  the  whole  story  into  a  folk- 
myth."  It  is  highly  gratifying  to  find  myself 
referred  to  in  this  casual  way,  as  if  readers  of 
Blackwood  must  necessarily  be  familiar  with  my 
"attempt  " ;  but  it  might  have  been  as  advisable 
to  give  chapter  and  verse  for  this  statement 
as,  let  us  say,  for  the  discoveries  that 
Lucian  was  a  poet,  that  Fortunatus  wrote 
the  'Phoenix,'  or  that  Aed  the  Fair  was  an 
Anglo-Saxon  scholar.  As  a  simple  matter  of 
fact  I  had  no  occasion,  in  my  essay  upon  the 
'  Happy  Otherworld  '  affixed  to  Prof.  K.  Meyer's 
edition  of  'The  Voyage  of  Bran,'  to  discuss  the 
Brendan  legend  as  such.  That  had  been  done, 
searchingly  and  exhaustively,  by  Prof.  H. 
Zimmer,  who  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
Latin  '  Navigatio  S.  Brendani '  was  a  Christian 
adaptation  of  tales  which  we  possess  in  Irish, 
and  in  a  form  comparatively  little  influenced 
by  Christianity.  Holding  Prof.  Zimmer  to  be 
right,  and  concerned  as  I  was  with  the  oldest 
stage  of  the  legend,  I  had  no  need  to  attempt 
any  dissolution  of  the  Brendan  story  into  a 
"folk-myth,"  whatever  that  may  be.  I  can 
only  recommend  Sheriff  Mackay  to  study  Prof. 
Zimmer's  elaborate  essays,  and  he  will  find  that 
four-tiftlis  of  his  own  article  go  by  the  board. 
In  especial  he  will  find  that  the  realistic  basis, 
such  as  it  is,  of  the  imrama,  whether  pre-  or 
post-Christian,  is  furnished  by  journeys  to  the 
east  and  north-east  of  Ireland. 

In  conclusion,  all  students  of  romantic  litera- 
ture would  be  grateful  to  Sheriff  Mackay  for 
some  evidence  in  support  of  the  statement 
"  that  one  of  its  [the  Brendan  legend's]  marvels, 
the  landing  on  the  whale,  was  borrowed  in  the 
tale  of  Sinbad."  Alfred  Nutt. 


MAGAZINE  EEtJDITION. 
In  the  July  number  of  Blackwood's  Magazine 
is  an  article  entitled  '  St.  Brendan  of  Clonfert,' 
and  written  by  Sheriff  ^neas  Mackay.  The 
writer,  after  setting  forth  the  traditional  account 
(which,  with  all  its  chronological  and  other  diffi- 
culties, he  seems  to  accept  entirely),  passes  on  to 
consider  the  source  of  the  legend.  "  We  are," 
he  says,  "in  the  region  of  fantastic  romance. 
Much  of  the  colouring  closely  resembles  the 
early  and  in  part  heathen  tale  of   '  The  Voyage 


COWLEY'S  LETTERS. 

British  Museum,  July  17,  1897. 

My  attention  was  some  time  ago  directed  to 
the  alleged  letters  of  Cowley  published  in 
Fraser's  Magazine  for  1836,  by  the  American 
gentleman  alluded  to  in  Dr.  Grosart's  letter. 
I  entirely  concur  with  Dr.  Grosart's  opinion 
concerning  them.  I  should  be  surprised  if  one 
of  the  two  clever  Irishmen  connected  with 
Eraser  at  the  time — William  Maginn  and  Francis 
Mahony— could  not  have  told  us  something 
respecting  their  origin.  R.  Garnett. 


ia,it£rarp  ©ossip. 

Blaclcivood^s  Magazine  for  August  will  con- 
tain two  articles  on  the  recent  war  :  one  by 
Mr.  Walter  B.  Harris,  whose  brother — a 
volunteer  in  the  Greek  army — was  killed  in 
the  campaign,  and  the  other  by  Major  0.  E. 
Callwell,  E.A.,  who,  like  Mr.  Harris,  has 
just  returned  from  Greece.  Prof.  Knight 
will  contribute  some  reminiscences  of  Tenny- 
son. 

In  the  August  Cornhill  Magazine  the  Rev. 
W.  H.  Fitchett,  author  of  '  Deeds  that  Won 
the  Empire,'  a  work  which  has  achieved 
great  popularity  iu  Australia,  appeals  to 
a  wider  English-speaking  public  with  an 
anniversary  study  on  the  battle  of  Min- 
den.  Mr.  A.  I.  Shand,  in  an  essay  on  Lord 
Alvanley,  draws  attention  to  the  more  solid 
qualities  of  the  famous  wit  of  the  Regency ; 
while  Mr,  J.  B.  Atlay,  continuing  his  series 


of  *  Famous  Trials,'  writes  on  the  Burke 
and  Hare  case.  The  Rev.  John  Vaughan 
contributes  a  paper  on  the  French  prisoners 
at  Porchester  ;  "George  Paston"  discusses 
the  development  of  the  art  of  'Portrait- 
Painting  in  Words,'  from  Chaucer  to  George 
Meredith ;  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Cornish's  article 
on  '  The  London  Game  Shops '  will  appeal 
both  to  naturalists  and  epicures.  The 
mystery  attaching  to  the  foreign  travels  of 
John  Dowlande,  the  famous  Elizabethan 
musician,  is  solved  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Ragland- 
Phillips  by  the  aid  of  the  recently  published 
'  Hatfield  Papers '  ;  and  Mr.  Eden  PhiU- 
potts's  appreciation  of  the  humours  of 
schoolboy  life  is  illustrated  in  a  short  story 
called  '  Nubby  Tomkins.' 

In  1854  Mr.  Cosmo  Innes  prepared  for 
the  Maitland  Club  a  chronological  list  of 
graduates  of  the  University  of  Glasgow,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  University  in  1450 
down  to  1727,  which  was  published  in  the 
'Munimenta  Alme  Universitatis  Glasguensis.' 
The  University  will  shortly  issue  through 
their  publishers,  Messrs.  James  MacLehose 
&  Sons,  an  alphabetical  roll  of  the  graduates 
from  1727  to  1896,  with  biographical  notes 
indicating  in  a  few  words  the  subsequent 
career  of  each.  This  new  compilation  is 
the  result  of  nine  years'  indefatigable  exer- 
tion on  the  part  of  Mr.  W.  Innes  Addison, 
one  of  the  assistant  clerks  of  Senate,  and  it 
is  pleasant  to  hear  of  busy  officials  spend- 
ing their  leisure  time  in  such  labours  of 
love.  The  names  (which  include  honorary 
graduates)  number  over  ten  thousand. 

Some  time  ago  we  mentioned  that  the 
Vice-Chancellor  of  Dublin  University  (the 
Right  Hon.  D.  H.  Madden)  was  going  to 
bring  out  a  volume  on  Shakspeare  and  Eliza- 
bethan sport.  Messrs.  Longman  are  to 
publish  it  in  September,  under  the  title  of 
'  The  Diary  of  Master  William  Silence.'  It 
is  founded  on  Mr.  Madden's  experience  of 
hunting  on  Exmoor,  which  he  believes 
adheres  to  Elizabethan  custom,  and  will 
contain  a  chapter  on  "  The  Horse  in  Shak- 
speare." Further,  Mr.  Madden  hopes  to  be 
able  to  throw  light  on  sundry  passages  in 
the  plays  hy  aid  of  the  phraseology  of  the 
manage.  Mr.  Madden  is  bent  on  re- 
habilitating the  First  Folio,  a  task  he  will 
find  somewhat  arduous. 

The  Royal  Holloway  College  has  increased 
during  the  year  its  number  of  students,  and 
it  can  boast  of  achieving  a  First  Class  in 
the  new  English  School  at  Oxford,  and  two 
Firsts  in  Mathematical  Moderations ;  a  First 
Class  in  Classical  Honours  at  London,  and 
four  good  places  in  the  London  M.A.  list, 
as  well  as  the  Gilchrist  Medal  and  Prize, 
annually  awarded  to  the  first  woman  on 
the  B.A.  list  provided  she  obtains  two-thirds 
of  the  possible  marks.  The  scheme  of 
English  lectures  in  the  College  has  been 
considerably  enlarged,  in  order  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  new  Oxford  Honour 
School,  and  Miss  Bishop  proposes  to 
organize  an  Honour  course  in  history,  in 
preparation  for  the  Oxford  History  School. 
Nor  is  the  College  entirely  confined  to 
literature  and  science.  A  short  course  of 
lessons  in  dressmaking  has  been  given 
recently  by  Miss  E.  James,  and  was  attended 
by  five  students.  The  first  College  Calendar 
has  been  issued. 


N^SeSO,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


133 


Lady  Dilke's  article  '  The  Idealist  Move- 
ment and  Positive  Science,  an  Experience,' 
■will  appear  shortly  in  Cosmopoiis. 

Mr.  James  Fitzmatjrice- Kelly,  the  editor 
of  '  Don  Quixote,'  of  the  '  Celestina,'  and  of 
Shelton's  translation  of  Cervantes,  is  editing 
the  poems  of  Richard  Verstegan,  and  hopes 
to  publish  them  with  Mr.  Nutt. 

The  forthcoming  number  of  Macmillan's 
Magazine  will  contain  a  short  poem  to  the 
memory  of  Mrs.  Oliphant  by  the  Rev.  J.  H. 
Skrine,  author  of  '  Joan  the  Maid.'  It  will 
also  include  a  description  of  a  famine-camp 
in  Burma  by  a  writer  well  known  in  the 
East  by  the  name  of  "  H.  Fielding";  an 
article  on  '  The  Guards  under  Queen  Anne,' 
by  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue ;  and  one  by 
Mr.  Kebbel  on  Burke  and  Scott  as  the  two 
champions  of  '  The  Sentiment  of  Chivalry,' 
a  propos  of  the  placing  of  Scott's  bust  in 
Westminster  Abbey  and  the  speeches  made 
on  that  occasion  by  Mr.  Arthur  Balfour  and 
the  American  Ambassador. 

Mb.  D.  J.  O'DoNOGHUE,  author  of  the 
*  Life  of  Carleton '  and  other  works,  is  now 
seeing  through  the  press  *  The  Life  and 
Writings  of  James  Clarence  Mangan,'  the 
Irish  poet,  which  will  be  issued  in  November 
by  subscription.  The  work  will  be  illus- 
trated, and  will  contain  a  great  deal  of 
original  matter,  many  unpublished  remi- 
niscences, and  a  number  of  poems  by 
Mangan  which  have  never  been  collected. 
Intending  subscribers  should  write  to  the 
author,  whose  address  is  Drogheda  Lodge, 
Finglas,  co  Dublin.  There  will  be  a  large- 
paper  edition,  limited  to  fifty  copies. 

'  Capt.  Cuellar's  Adventures  in  Ire- 
land IN  1588'  is  the  title  of  a  new  work 
on  the  Spanish  Armada,  to  be  published 
by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  The  first  part  is 
by  Mr.  Hugh  AUingham,  who  gives  a 
history,  from  contemporary  sources,  of  the 
destruction  of  part  of  the  Armada  on  the 
Irish  coast,  and  of  Capt.  Cuellar's  adven- 
tures after  being  cast  ashore.  The  second 
part  contains  a  translation  from  the 
Spanish  by  Mr.  Eobert  Crawford  of  Cuel- 
lar's narrative.  A  rather  indifferent  trans- 
lation appeared  in  the  United  States  a  few 
months  back  {Athen.  No.  3620). 

In  June  Blackwood  lost  Mrs.  Oliphant, 
and  now  it  has  to  deplore  the  loss  of  Sir 
John  Skelton,  who,  however,  made  his 
reputation  as  "Shirley"  in  the  columns  of 
Fraser.  He  had  been  a  contributor  to 
periodical  literature  for  over  forty  years, 
one  of  his  earliest  articles  appearing  in 
Edinburgh  Essays  in  1856.  His  first  book 
was  'Nugpe  Criticse,'  published  in  1862,  a 
collection  of  his  magazine  contributions. 
He  was  a  devoted  Marian,  and  in  1876  he 
brought  out  '  The  Impeachment  of  Mary 
Stuart.'  His  most  valuable  contribution  to 
historical  research  was  his  '  Maitland  of 
Lethington  and  the  Scotland  of  Mary 
Stuart'  (1887-89). 

It  is  to  be  hoped  the  verdict  of  the  jury 
in  the  action  brought  by  Miss  Lottie  Collins 
against  Society  will  not  be  allowed  to  stand, 
for  it  practically  amounts  to  silencing  all 
criticism  that  is  not  laudatory.  The  writer 
in  Society  ventured  to  express  an  unfavour- 
able opinion  of  Miss  Collins's  performance 


at  the  Palace  Theatre,  and  for  this  expres- 
sion of  opinion,  which  was  confined  solely 
to  Miss  Collins's  public  performances,  the 
paper  has  been  fined  25/,  There  was  no 
violent  language  in  the  paragraph,  and 
nothing  that  seemed  to  exceed  the  limits  of 
fair  comment. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Digest  of  Endowed  Charities  in 
the  County  of  Merioneth  (3i.) ;  a  Eeturn 
of  Endowed  Charities  in  the  Parish  of 
Pentraeth,  Anglesey  (3^.) ;  Queen's  Col- 
leges, Galway,  Eeport  for  1896-7  {2d.)\ 
and  an  Ordinance  made  by  the  Scottish 
Universities  Commissioners  with  regard  to 
Regulations  for  Degrees  in  Arts,  Supple- 
mentary to  Ordinances  Nos.  11,  44,  and 
148  {Id.). 


SCIENCE 


Science  et  Morale.   ParM.  Berthelot.    (Paris, 

Calmann  Levy.) 
M.  Berthelot  is  well  known  to  all  Europe 
as  a  very  eminent  chemist,  who  has  not  only 
embodied  a  practical  knowledge  of  his  special 
science  in  works  of  considerable  value,  but 
has  also  written  largely  on  its  history  and 
development.  A  brief  tenure  of  office  at  the 
Quai  d'Orsay  made  him  known  to  English- 
men as  a  politician  ;  but  the  character  of  his 
policy,  which  was  unfavourable,  and  even 
hostile,  to  this  country,  in  no  way  detracts 
from  the  reputation  which  he  has  won  here 
as  a  vigorous  exponent  of  scientific  prin- 
ciples. The  present  volume  is  not  his  first 
incursion  into  fields  of  thought  which  lie 
beyond  his  own  province.  In  1886  he  pub- 
lished a  treatise  entitled  '  Science  et  Philo- 
sophie,'  in  which  he  drew  a  very  sharp 
distinction  between  the  two,  much  to  the 
detriment  of  philosophy.  It  was,  and 
apparently  still  is,  his  particular  contention 
that  all  that  is  solid  or  valuable  in  any 
philosophy  is  borrowed  from  the  scientific 
knowledge  prevailing  at  the  moment.  In 
the  present  volume  he  urges,  similarly,  that 
all  that  is  solid  or  valuable  in  morality 
rests  upon  facts  which  have  been  brought 
to  light,  developed,  and  systematized  by 
science. 

It  is  a  curious  contention,  but  not  more 
curious  than  the  argument  which  is  used  to 
support  it.  From  M.  Berthelot's  remarks 
it  might  be  supposed  that  religion  and 
morality  had  never  of  themselves  conferred 
any  benefit  on  the  human  race,  or  served 
any  useful  purpose  but  that  of  recording 
and  enforcing  the  lessons  of  science ;  and 
that  science,  on  the  other  hand,  had  never 
been  guilty  of  arbitrary  and  quite  erroneous 
hypotheses,  retarding  the  advance  of  know- 
ledge and  causing  great  mischief,  and  had 
no  aim  but  to  promote  virtue  and  contribute 
to  the  equality  and  solidarity  of  mankind. 
Morality  with  him  is  a  bundle  of  instincts 
noted  and  approved  by  science.  All  know- 
ledge, M.  Berthelot  says,  is  acquired  by 
one  method  only — the  observation  of  facts. 
The  modern  man  finds  himself  endowed 
with  a  conscience,  embracing  the  ideas  of 
good  and  evil,  and  that  ineffaceable  senti- 
ment of  duty  which  Kant  has  described  as 
a  categorical  imperative.  These  facts  of 
conscience  may  be  traced  to  their  origin 
in  animals  lower  than  man.      Psychology, 


anthropology,  and  zoology  are  the  special 
sciences  which  demonstrate,  inter  alia,  that 
morality  is  a  constraining  force  in  no 
way  peculiar  to  humanity.  Parental  love, 
solidarity,  the  devotion  of  the  individual 
to  society,  are  all  features  of  morality  which 
exist  in  the  same  sense  in  the  lower  animals 
as  they  exist  in  man,  though  in  a  less  con- 
spicuous degree.  They  are  inherent  in  the 
cerebral  and  physiological  constitution  of 
man,  which  is  similar  to  that  of  the  lower 
animals.  It  is  the  work  of  science,  urges 
M.  Berthelot,  to  discover  these  facts  ;  and  it 
is  the  business  of  morality  to  recognize  that 
science  discovers  them. 

That  this  is  a  very  crude  and  incorrect 
statement  of  the  relation  between  morality 
and  science  need  hardly  be  shown  in  detail. 
M.  Berthelot  speaks  of  psychology,  but  he 
seems  to  be  unaware  of  the  problems  which 
confront  the  psychologist.     He  speaks  of  a 
moral  ideal,  but  he  attempts  no  account  of 
its  origin,  possibly  because  he  is  at  a  loss  to 
discover  any  fact  revealed  by  zoology  which 
will  explain  it.     Even  if  it  were  true  that 
all  the  virtues  are  ultimately  the  outcome 
of  the  social  instincts  of  certain  of  the  lower 
animals,  M.  Berthelot  would  find  it  difficult 
to  discover  a  sanction  for  morality  in  that 
fact,  nor  would  there  be  much  justification 
for  his  statement  that  in  all  things  it  is  by 
a  knowledge  of  origins  that  we   arrive  at  a 
better  understanding  of  late  developments. 
The  knowledge  that  an  oak  grows  from  an 
acorn  does  not  help  us  to  fathom  the  secret 
of  vegetable   life ;    nor  if   a  man  were  to 
establish    beyond    question    that    his    dog 
possessed   rudimentary  ideas  of    obligation 
similar  to  his  own  would  the  proof  afford 
him  any  insight  into  the  mystery  of  duty. 
Further,  M.  Berthelot,  in  trying  to  exclude 
the  word  "  mystery"  from  the  language  of 
intelligent  men,  speaks  as  if  there  were  no 
mysteries  in  science.     Where,  he  says,  we 
have  succeeded  in  understanding  phenomena 
we  have   established  that  they  are  always 
the  product  of  a  determinate  relation  between 
effect  and  cause — as  if  this  relation  were  not 
in  itself  a  standing  mystery.     Then,  again, 
he    complains  that   men  are    impelled    by 
some  spontaneous  tendency  of  their  nature 
to  objectify  the  products  of  their  thought, 
and  create  forces  and  symbols  to  which  they 
assign  an  absolute  or  divine  character,  for- 
getting,   apparently,    that    science,    too,    is 
often  guilty  of  the  same  or  a  similar  pro- 
cedure.   Finally,  he  speaks  as  if  it  were  due 
to  some  scientific  doctrine  or  discovery  that 
the  sentiment  of  the  solidarity  of  the  human 
race   had   emerged   into   consciousness.     If 
it  be  true  that  that  sentiment  is  a  funda- 
mental instinct,  it   is  an   instinct   that  has 
been  developed  and  conspicuously  enforced 
by     religious     rather     than     by    scientific 
teachers,  and  notably  by  Christ. 

When  M.  Berthelot  goes  so  far  as  to  say 
that  he  looks  to  science  to  bring  about 
human  equality  and  fraternity,  it  is  obvious 
that  he  holds  himself  justified  in  dismissing 
the  relations  between  science  and  morality 
in  his  first  chapter,  and  in  proceeding  forth- 
with to  treat  of  science  alone.  His  dis- 
courses on  science  as  the  chief  agent  in  the 
emancipation  of  the  mind  from  ignorance 
and  superstition  are  interesting  expositions 
of  his  point  of  view,  and  he  follows  them  up 
by  dilating  on  the  application  of  scientific 
principles  in  agriculture,  in  advanced  educa- 


134 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3639,  July  21,  '97 


tion,  and  in  military  law.  To  these  essays 
he  adds  obituary  notices  of  Pasteur  and  Paid 
Bert,  and  observations  on  Claude  Bernard 
and  Rousseau,  as  well  as  brief  notes  on 
political  topics.  Not  the  least  entertaining 
of  his  chapters  are  those  on  "  Papin  et  la 
Machine  a  Vapem-,"  "La  Chimio  chez  les 
Arabes,"  and  "  Les  Perles."  He  closes 
the  volume  with  a  forecast — not,  perhaps, 
altogether  serious — of  the  state  of  the  world 
in  the  year  2000,  when  chemistry  will  supply 
the  material  needs  of  the  human  race  ;  when 
liberty  and  equality  will  make  an  end  of 
wars  and  commercial  rivalry ;  when  heat  will 
be  obtained  for  all  purposes  from  the  centre 
of  the  earth  by  means  of  shafts  three  or  four 
miles  long,  which  the  engineers  of  the  future 
will  be  able  to  construct  with  ease  ;  when  all 
nourishment  will  take  the  form  of  tabloids, 
and  human  nature  be  compounded  wholly 
of  sweetness  and  light. 

As  an  exponent  of  purely  scientific  prin- 
ciples and  as  a  writer  on  the  history  of 
science,  M.  Berthelot  is  a  model  of  elegance 
and  lucidity,  and  his  pages,  plentifully 
sprinkled  with  apposite  allusions  to  the 
literature  of  the  ancient  as  of  the  modern 
world,  are  very  good  reading.  But  he  takes 
an  exaggerated  view  of  the  part  which  is 
played  by  science  in  the  march  of  civiliza- 
tion and  culture,  and  he  absurdly  under- 
estimates the  great  part  which  moral  and 
religious  elements  have  played,  and  will 
continue  to  play,  in  the  life  of  mankind. 


The  Elements  of  Electro- Chemistry.  By  Max 
Le  Blanc.  Translated  into  English  by 
W.  E.  Whitney.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

This  little  volume  is  one  of  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan's  celebrated  manuals  for  students, 
and  is  composed  of  some  two  hundred  and 
seventy  pages,  with  a  fair  subject  index 
and  a  list  of  authors'  names,  the  object  of 
the  latter  not  being  very  clear.  As  is 
so  often  the  case  with  text  -  books,  this 
work  was  prepared  in  connexion  with  a 
course  of  lectures.  It  would  seem  as  though 
just  some  such  incentive  or  raison  d'etre  were 
necessary  to  induce  any  one  to  undertake  the 
task,  and  this  type  of  book,  intended  for 
the  class-room  student,  is  perhaps  better 
written  by  the  class-room  professor  than 
any  one.  With  practical  applications 
another  story  has  to  be  told ;  but,  un- 
fortunately, it  is  often  these  very  same 
writers  who  alone  can,  or  will,  realize  the 
notion  of  writing  a  complete  book  on  the 
subject  in  question.  The  man  engaged  in 
practical  work  seldom  has  the  time  for  any 
measure  of  continuous  literary  labour,  and  if 
he  has,  he  does  not  usually  possess  the  gift 
of  presenting  in  a  sufficiently  clear  light  to 
the  general  reader  a  sufficiently  limited 
quantity  of  data  on  the  entire  subject  in  hand, 
not  to  mention  the  fact  that  he  has  not  very 
often  the  required  facility  of  penmanship. 

With  these  preliminary  observations  we 
will  turn  to  the  volume  before  us  in  further 
detail.  The  first  chapter,  on  the  "  Funda- 
mental Principles  of  Electricity,"  is  excel- 
lent, and  contains  capital  graphic  drawings 
illustrating  the  fall  of  electric  potential, 
besides  dealing  generally  with  the  electric 
current  in  its  analogy  to  a  stream  of  water. 
But  why,  oh  !  why,  will  the  author  insist 
on  introducing  fresh  nomenclature  for  Ohm's 


law  ?     This  time  it  is  to  be  C=  -.     Surely 

■pi 
the  now  almost  classic  C=-  is  good  enough 

for  purposes  of  conveying  the  idea  intended. 

Chap.  ii.  dilates  on  "The  Development  of 
Electro- Chemistry  up  to  the  Present  Time," 
with  the  same  old  story  of  Thales  of 
Miletus,  the  person  who  was  good  enough 
to  furnish  professors  with  an  explanation  of 
our  word  electricity  without  telling  anybody 
what  electricity  actually  is.  Then  AVilliam 
Gilbert  and  his  rubbing  experiments  are 
unearthed  once  more ;  also  Du  Fay  and 
his  wicked  two  -  fluid  theory  (so  called). 
The  whole  story  has  been  told  times  out  of 
number  in  different  words.  Some  favour 
Galvani  and  his  frog,  and  others  Volta  as 
mainly  responsible  for  the  invention  of  the 
electro-chemical  pile.  But  there,  the  author 
tells  it  very  well ;  and  especially  when  he 
comes  to  the  work  of  Humphry  Davy  and 
Faraday  respectively. 

Chap.  iii.  has  to  do  with  the  Arrhenius 
theory  of  dissociation.  Then  follows  a 
capital  discourse  on  "  The  Migration  of 
the  Ions."  "The  Conductivity  of  Elec- 
trolytes "  is  the  title  of  chap.  v.  M. 
Le  Blanc  here  speaks  of  "  the  mercury,  or 
so-called  Siemens  unit."  Why  so-called? 
Surely  there  is  no  doubt  about  the  late  Sir 
William  Siemens  having  been  responsible 
for  the  introduction  of  the  mercury  unit, 
though  we  declare  our  preference  for  the 
latter  name. 

The  next  chapter  is  on  electro -motive 
force,  and,  whilst  it  is  the  longest,  it  is  also 
one  of  the  best  (being  evidently  very  care- 
fully prepared);  but  here  again  the  fresh 
introductions  in  the  way  of  nomenclature 
are  most  ill-advised  and  irritating.  Then 
we  have  a  very  good  chapter  on  polariza- 
tion. Here,  on  the  other  hand,  we  think 
any  author  would  be  thoroughly  justified 
in  perpetrating  a  new  word  by  way  of 
describing  the  effect  alluded  to  with 
reference  to  a  voltaic  cell,  for  the  very  same 
expression  is  also  in  common  use,  and  best 
describes  the  effect  of  passing  a  current 
through  a  good  or  bad  agent  for  electric 
conduction,  where  it  gradually  takes  up  an 
electric  potential  throughout  its  length, 
thus  being  said  to  be  gradually  polarized. 
Chap.  viii.  —  the  last — mainly  deals  with 
accumulators,  and  is  good  so  far  as  it  goes. 

Altogether  we  can  thoroughly  recommend 
this  book  to  the  student  of  the  first  elements 
involved  in  electro-chemistry,  and  the  trans- 
lator, Mr.  W.  R.  Whitney,  has  done  good 
work  in  conferring  on  us  so  excellent  a 
version  in  English,  though  he  himself, 
apparently,  hails  from  the  United  States 
of  America. 


Report  on  the  Work  of  the  Horn  Scientific  Ex- 
pedition to  Central  Australia. — Part  I.  Narra- 
tive.— Part  III.  Geology  and  Botany. — Part  IV. 
Anthropology.  Edited  by  Prof.  Baldwin  Spencer. 
(London,  Dulau  &  Co.  ;  Melbourne,  Melville, 
Mullen  &  Slade.) — We  have  already  called  atten- 
tion {Athen.  No.  3593)  to  the  second  part  of 
this  report,  which  dealt  with  the  zoological  re- 
sults of  the  Horn  Expedition,  and  was  published 
earlier  tlian  the  parts  now  before  us.  Mr.  W.  A. 
Horn  has  most  certainly  rendered  a  very  con- 
siderable service  to  our  knowledge  of  the  central 
parts  of  Australia.  He  wisely  determined  to 
give  a  semi-national  air  to  his  undertaking,  and 
his  invitations  to  the  Premiers  of  the  principal 


colonies  resulted  in  their  nominating  scientific 
representatives  of  the  highest  available  order. 
The  idea  of  the  public  at  large  was  that  the 
expedition  was  going  out  in  search  of  gold. 

"They  could  not  understand  a  body  of  scientific 
gentlemen  going  into  a  desert  country,  giving  up 
their  time  and  services,  and  submitting  to  all  the 
dangers,  discomforts,  and  hardships  attendant  upon 
the  life,  for  any  other  reason." 

If  in  any  one  point  more  than  another  Mr.  Horn 
showed  particular  wisdom,  it  was  in  his  sense  of 

"the  duty  of  some  to  obtain  accurate  information 
as  to  the  manners,  customs,  superstitions,  &c  ,  of 
the  i)rimitive  races  which  inhabited  the  continent 
of  Australia  before  the  advent  of  Europeans,  and 
also  to  obtain  by  photography  some  faithful  re- 
productions of  their  ceremonial  dresses  and  general 
ajipearance  before  they  had  come  under  the  debas- 
ing influences  of  the  white  man." 

From  the  anthropological  point  of  view,  as  from 
others,  the  expedition  has  been  a  great  success, 
and  every  student  of  natural  history  owes  a 
deep  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Horn  for  his 
generosity,  and  to  Prof.  Baldwin  Spencer  for 
the  way  in  which  he  has  given  the  results  to 
the  world.  Prof.  Ralph  Tate  is  respon- 
sible for  the  greater  part  of  the  report 
on  physical  geography  and  geology  and  the 
palaeontology,  while  the  same  gentleman  is 
the  chief  reporter  of  the  botanical  results 
of  the  expedition.  The  physical  geography  of 
Central  Australia  is  briefly  dealt  with,  as  the 
space  allowed  to  the  author  did  not  permit 
anything  like  a  complete  account.  One  feature 
of  importance  appears  to  be  the  sandhills, 
which  rise  to  heights  varying  from  thirty  or  forty 
to  seventy  or  even  a  hundred  feet.  The  notice  of 
the  economic  aspect  of  the  geology  deals  shortly 
with  gold,  mica,  and  garnets.  The  fossils  col- 
lected appear  to  have  been  mostly  moUuscan. 
The  Larapintine  flora  appears  to  consist  of  614 
species,  of  which  125  are  exotic  and  chiefly 
Oriental,  219  endemic  species  of  exotic  genera, 
and  270  endemic  species  of  Australian  genera. 
The  number  of  species  which  bear  edible  fruits 
was  found  to  be  absolutely  few.  The  most 
ancient  species  of  the  living  generation  of 
Australian  plants  is  Callitris  robusta,  which 
inhabited  Central  Australia  with  the  large 
extinct  Marsupialia. 

Smithsonian  Report  to  July,  lS9If.  (Washing- 
ton, Government  Printing  Office.) — It  would, 
we  are  sure,  be  to  the  advantage  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  if  the  annual  Report  were  to 
appear  a  good  deal  more  speedily  than  it  does. 
At  a  date  so  distant  as  this  we  feel  that  we  run 
the  risk  of  referring  to  accomplished  facts  as 
proposed  changes,  or  of  telling  as  new  what  is 
known  to  every  biologist.  We  are  fairly  con- 
fident, however,  that  the  officers  of  the  National 
Museum  have  not  yet  got  all  the  accommodation 
they  need,  notwithstanding  the  powerful  plea 
of  the  secretary  contained  in  the  Report  before 
us.  The  United  States  has  certainly  acquired 
a  most  valuable  collection  of  objects  in  every 
branch  of  natural  history,  and  it  is  greatly  to  be 
deplored  that  many  of  them  stand  in  almost 
imminent  risk  of  destruction. — The  Report  for 
1894  was  shortly  followed  by  that  for  1895. 
Among  the  many  points  of  interest  there  is 
one  that  seems  of  exceptional  importance  :  the 
Superintendent  of  the  National  Zoological  Park 
reports  a  "spontaneous  outbreak  of  rabies"  in 
one  of  the  enclosures  for  foxes.  This  is  the 
most  valuable  piece  of  evidence  on  this  difficult 
question  which  we  have  ever  heard. 

Sixteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  U.S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  1894-5.  (Washington,  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office.) — This  is  the  first  Report 
of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Charles  D.  Walcott,  who  had  already 
been  a  member  of  the  Survey  for  some  fifteen 
years.  The  changes  introduced  by  the  new 
director  have  not  been  many,  and  have,  as  he 
says,  been  in  the  nature  of  readjustments 
intended  to  meet  new  conditions  ;  we  may  call 
attention    to    the    improvement   in   the    topo- 


I 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


135 


graphical  maps,  and  the  resurvey  of  areas  the 
maps  of  wliich  are  defective  or  inadequate. 
Prof.  Marsh  has  an  elaborate  and  lavishly 
illustrated  memoir  on  the  dinosaurs  of  North 
America,  the  most  remarkable,  perhaps,  of  all 
the  mesozoic  forms,  exhibiting  the  utmost 
diversity,  and  evidently  finding  a  congenial 
home  in  that  region.  Among  the  other  essays, 
we  should  like  to  call  attention  to  Mr.  Lester  F. 
Ward's  memoir  on  '  Some  Analogies  in  the 
Lower  Cretaceous  of  Europe  and  America.' 

Bulletin  of  the  Fliilosophical  Society  of 
Washington.  Vol.  XII.  1892-4.— We  'have 
lately  received  this  volume,  which  bears  the 
date-mark  of  1895.  It  contains  three  presi- 
dential addresses,  dealing  with  widely  difierent 
subjects  in  the  ordinarily  discursive  way  which 
most  presidents  affect.  '  Some  Peculiarities 
in  the  Rainfall  of  Texas '  and  a  paper  on  '  Texan 
Monsoons'  strike  us  as  finding  the  most  appro- 
priate place  in  this  volume. 


PROF.    NEWTOn's    '  DICTIONARY   OF    BIRDS  ' 

Findon,  July  10,  1S97. 

In  this  day's  Athenceum,  p.  G9,  the  reviewer 
of  Prof.  Newton's  '  Dictionary  of  Birds '  sur- 
mises that  the  pavo,  mentioned  by  Oviedo  as 
being  known  in  Spain  prior  to  the  year  1526, 
may  possibly  point  to  an  early  introduction  of 
the  North  American  turkey  by  Cabot  or  some 
of  his  successors.  I  would,  however,  venture 
to  make  another  suggestion,  and  that  is  that  this 
so-called  pavo  may,  with  greater  probability, 
have  been  one  of  the  curassows  from  Central 
America,  where  the  various  sub-families  of  the 
Cracidse — Cracinre  and  Penelopinse — are  still 
known  to  the  natives  as  pavos  and  pavones 
respectively.  Columbus  had  entered  ports  and 
rivers  along  the  Mosquito  and  Costa  Rican  coasts, 
where  these  birds  abounded,  during  his  fourth 
voyage  ;  and  on  return  to  Seville  in  1504  his 
men  may  very  likely  have  brought  with  them 
the  easily  domesticated  curassows  as  pavos. 

After  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  crossed  the 
isthmus  of  Darien  from  Agla,  a  settlement  was 
fortified  at  the  starting-point  in  1514,  and  held 
until  the  formation  of  the  post  at  Nombre  de 
Dios  in  1532  ;  so  the  various  species  of  Crax 
must  have  been  well  known  to  the  Spaniards  for 
many  years  prior  to  1526.  I  may  add  that  I 
have  shot  and  eaten  many  pavos  and  pavones,  all 
of  which  are  good  game  birds,  but  hardly  as 
delicate  as  turkey,  and  therefore  I  can  fully 
endorse  Oviedo's  gastronomical  judgment,  sup- 
posing he  intended  to  indicate  Crax  globicera 
and  its  congeners.  S.  Pasfield  Oliver. 

'P.S.—Vide  'The  Naturalist  in  Nicaragua,' 
p.  121,  for  the  late  Thomas  Belt's  remarks  on 
the  curassows  and  their  native  names,  or  rather 
Spanish-Indian  names,  which  are  not  quoted  in 
the  'Dictionary  of  Birds.' 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson,  of  Edinburgh,  has 
discovered  a  new  variable  star  in  the  constella- 
tion Coma,  the  approximate  place  of  which  is 
R.A.  12''23"\  N.P.D.  57"  43'.  He  noticed  it 
first  on  May  29th,  and  found  that  it  was  not 
included  in  the  Bonn  'Durchmusterung,'  though 
it  was  of  exactly  the  same  brightness  (magni- 
tude 8 '8)  as  that  of  a  star  there  catalogued 
which  was  near  it.  About  ten  days  later  he 
saw  it  again,  apparently  unchanged,  but  on  the 
9th  and  10th  inst.  it  was  no  longer  visible,  and 
must  have  been  fainter  than  9*5  magnitude.  At 
the  latter  dates  two  stars  contained  in  the 
'Durchmusterung,'  near  the  place,  were  clearly 
seen,  which  had  been  greatly  surpassed  in  bright- 
ness by  the  stranger  when  it  was  noticed  on 
May  29th. 

We  have  received  the  fourth  number  for  the 
present  year  of  the  Memorie  delta  Societd  degli 
Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  containing  a  paper  by 
Prof.  Mascari  on  the  frequency  and  distribution 


in  latitude  of  the  solar  spots  as  observed  at 
Catania  during  1896,  and  a  note  by  D.  Petra 
on  the  appearances  of  Mars  after  the  last 
opposition,  which  occurred  in  December  of  that 
year. 

Dr.  Arthur  A.  Rambaut,  Andrews  Professor 
of  Astronomy  at  Dublin  and  Royal  Astronomer 
of  Ireland,  has  been  nominated  Radclifle  Ob- 
server at  Oxford,  in  succession  to  the  late  Mr. 
E.  J.  Stone. 


FINE    ARTS 


CLASSICAL  ARCHEOLOGY. 

IVhite  Athenian  Vases  in  the  British  Musenm. 
By  A.   S.   Murray,  LL.D.,  and  A.  H.  Smith, 
M.A.     (Printed    by  Order  of  the  Trustees.)  — 
Pictures  from  Greek  Vases:  the  White  Athenian 
Lekythi.     Drawn  in  Colour  from  the  Originals 
by  Henry  Wallis.     (Dent   &   Co.) — We   group 
these    two    books    together    because    of    their 
identity  of   subject.     Their  aims   and,  in  con- 
sequence,  methods  are  widely  dissimilar  :    the 
one  is  the  work  of  two  highly  trained  archaeo- 
logists, and  addresses  itself  mainly  to  a  public 
of  specialists  and  scholars  ;  the  other  is  by  an 
artist,  and  appeals  to  artists  and  to  the  wider 
public    interested    in   art.      This   difference   is 
emphasized   in    the    methods   adopted   for  the 
reproduction  of  the  plates.     The  plates  of  the 
British  Museum  possess  a  special  interest.    They 
are  reproduced  (in  one  tint  only)  from  negatives 
taken  by  means  of  an  ingenious  apparatus  in- 
vented by  one  of  the  authors,  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith, 
i.e.,  a  cyclograph,  by  which  absolutely  correct 
photographic  copies,  free  of  distortion,  can  be 
obtained  of  the  designs  on  vases  of  cylindrical 
shape.     This  process,  ensuring  as  it  does  fault- 
less accuracy,  must  oust  all  methods  in  which 
the  hand    of    the    artist,    even   one   so   skilful 
as      Mr.      Wallis,      intervenes.        What      the 
archaeologist   wants   in   the   case   of   the   work 
of  an  ancient  artist  is  simply  a  facsimile  of   his 
work,  not  an  interpretation,  however  skilful  and 
loving,  by  another  artist.     Mr.  A.   H.  Smith's 
invention  had  been  previously  tested  in  certain 
illustrations  for  the  Hellenic  Journal.     The  pre- 
sent  book   is,    however,  we   believe,    the   first 
entirely  illustrated  by  its  means.     The  result  is 
an  unqualified  success.    Photography,  of  course, 
cannot   as   yet   reproduce  colour.      It   may  be 
questioned,  however,  whether  the  colour  of  these 
lekythi  is  worth  reproducing,  for  this  reason  : 
it  is  sometimes  accidentally  beautiful,  but  the 
effect  is  often  not  that  intended  by  tlie  Greek 
artist.     It  is  the    "unconscious    work  of  that 
other   artist   Time,"  and  its  gradations  are  so 
difficult  as  to  be  in  a  mechanical  reproduction, 
even  if  the  work  of  a  first-rate  copyist,  all  but 
impossible.  In  all  probability  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith's 
invention  was  not  accessible  to  Mr.  Wallis.     It 
would   be   unfair,    therefore,   to  complain  that 
he    has    not    attained    to   an   accuracy  practi- 
cally   beyond    his    means.      Perhaps    to     the 
artist     the     presence     of     colour    atones    for 
occasional    deviation   in  line;    to   the   archaeo- 
logist   it    does    not.      We    may    take    as     an 
instance  plate  vii.      The  drawing  of  the  boat 
may  be  better  than  in  the  original,  but  it  is 
distinctly  "touched  up";  so  is  the  profile  of 
the  woman's  face  and  Charon's  right  hand.    The 
small  outlined  object  on  the  prow  of  Charon's 
boat,     probably    the     "prophylactic     eye,"    is 
omitted  in  Mr.  Wallis's  drawing  ;  his  eye  and 
mind  did  not  expect  it,  so  he  passed  it  over ; 
the  camera  is  too  insensate  for  such  lapses.  The 
twelve   coloured   plates   will,    however,    be    of 
value  to  artists.     It  is  a  pity  that,  considering 
their  standard  of  excellence,  Mr.  Wallis  allowed 
his   book   to   be    disfigured   by   such  a   repro- 
duction— not,     we     are    sure,    from    his    own 
drawing  —  of    the     beautiful     '  Aphrodite     on 
the   Swan '   (fig.    3).     The  author   has  omitted 
as    ' '  unnecessary    any     separate     and     formal 


description  of  the  plates."  In  this  pro- 
bably he  makes  a  mistake.  In  the  British 
Museum  publication  each  illustration  is  faced 
by  a  brief  description,  stating  the  provenance 
of  the  vase,  its  dimensions,  subject,  state  of 
preservation  ;  besides  references  are  appended 
to  more  detailed  discussion.  For  artists  espe- 
cially, who  are  little  prone  to  the  hunting  up 
of  information  concealed  in  prefaces,  this  is  a 
manifest  gain.  Still  more  important  is  the  small 
photograph  of  the  vase  itself  which  heads  each 
description.  From  this  the  artist  can  see  how 
the  composition  is  disposed  on  the  surface  of 
the  vase — an  important  matter.  We  mention 
this  in  the  hope  that  if  Mr.  Wallis  favours 
us  with  further  instalments  of  his  repro- 
ductions of  Greek  vases  he  will  not  omit 
this  aid  to  their  appreciation.  On  the  preface 
we  need  not  dwell  ;  it  gives  much  useful  in- 
formation ;  but  in  a  future  edition  "  Brigos " 
should  be  corrected  to  Brygos,  "  Priamides  "  to 
Priamidie  ;  as  Priam  is  himself  included  in  the 
"massacre,"  the  title  chosen  for  the  vase  (p.  8), 
and  not  current  among  archaeologists,  is  inapt. 
—  Dr.  Murray's  preface,  as  a  supplement,  not  a 
surrogate  for  the  separate  descriptions,  is  most 
welcome.  There  is  nothing  precisely  novel  to 
archaeologists — indeed,  nowadays  it  is  not  easy 
to  say  anything  new  about  the  white  Athenian 
vases.  Mr.  Wallis's  plan  obliged  him  to  restrict 
himself  to  the  lekythi ;  Dr.  Murray  includes 
the  beautiful  kylikes,  alabastra,  &c.  This 
enables  him  to  publish  for  the  first  time 
adequately,  e.g.,  the  Bale  Pandora  cylix  and 
the  very  curious  and  interesting  kj'likes  from 
the  Van  Branteghem  collection  recently 
acquired  by  the  British  Museum.  In  his 
excellent  scholarly  summary  of  the  facts  as 
regards  subject  and  technique  Dr.  Murray 
lays  special  stress  on  the  relation  between  the 
lekythi  and  contemporary  fresco  painting  and 
sculpture.  Much  of  the  monotony  of  subject 
in  the  lekythi  is  due,  Dr.  Murray  holds,  to  the 
limited  and  traditional  repertoire  of  the  Attic 
"grave  "  stela'.  The  brilliancy  of  colouring  is  due, 
on  the  other  hand,  to  a  pictorial  observation  of 
real  life,  e.g.,  in  the  bright  red  tcenioi  which 
relatives  were  wont  to  bind  about  the 
sepulchral  monuments.  Some  motives,  e.  g  , 
Charon  and  his  boat,  may  be  traceable  to 
Polygnotus  ;  the  motive  of  Death  and  Sleep — 
which,  as  Dr.  Murray  acutely  observes,  was 
modified  by  the  traditional  tyjje  of  Boreas  and 
Zephyros — is  essentially  pictorial.  Some  of  the 
lekythi  are  here  published  for  the  first  time — 
many  more  with  such  superior  accuracy  that  the 
present  publication  must  supersede  all  pre- 
decessors. If  Dr.  Murray  will  issue  more 
books  of  this  kind,  dealing  with  compact  classes 
of  monuments,  he  will  do  good  service  to  the 
national  collection. 

Vases  Antiques  du  Louvre.  Par  E.  Pottier. 
Salles  A-E.  (Librairie  Hachette.) — Up  to  the 
present  time  the  Louvre  has  been  sadly  behind- 
hand in  the  matter  of  scientific  catalogues  to  its 
antiquities,  and  especially  in  the  Department  of 
Greek  Ceramography.  The  classical  archaeo- 
logist who  went  there  for  purposes  of  study  met 
always  with  the  utmost  courtesy  and  attention, 
and  every  available  facility  was  afforded  him  ; 
but  of  the  splendid  Campana  collection,  so  rich 
in  signed  vases,  the  only  existing  catalogue  was 
a  manuscript  work  at  once  cumbersome  and 
inadequate,  and  so  hopelessly  out  of  date  as  to 
be  useless  as  an  aid  to  modern  research.  In  the 
volume  before  us  M.  Pottier  issues  the  first 
instalment  of  a  work  that  is  not  merely  a  cata- 
logue, but  to  a  large  extent  a  publication  of  the 
treasures  in  his  charge.  If  the  Louvre  came 
late  on  the  field,  it  has  not  neglected  to  profit  by 
the  experience  of  its  predecessors.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  during  the  last  decade  the 
whole  conception  of  what  a  catalogue  should  be 
has  undergone  complete  change.  This  is  due 
not  only  or  chiefly  to  the  advance  of  science, 
but  first  and  foremost  to  the  discovery  of  new 
and   cheaper   methods  for   exact  reproduction. 


136 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3639,  July  24, '97 


Photography  in  one  form  or  another  has  worked 
the  revolution.  Tiie  essential  portion  of  a  cata- 
lo£?ue  nowadays  is  a  reproduction  of  the  object. 
The  printed  description  only  comes  in  to  com- 
plete the  details  omitted  or  obscured  in  the  pic- 
ture, e.g.,  colour,  restorations,  dimensions,  and 
the  like.     As  M.  Pottier  well  says, 

'•on  remarquera  d'ailleurs  que  la  methode  des 
catalogues  descriptifs  accompagnes  de  nombreuses 
ilhif-tratioDS  est  adoptee  aujourd'hui  par  la  plupart 
des  grands  musees  :  c'est  le  meilleur  moyen  de  con- 
slituer  peu  h  peu  ce  Corpus  Rerum  dont  I'achfeve- 
nieut  tant  desirfi  sera,  avec  le  Corpus  Inscriptionum, 
le  grand  ceuvre  de  la  science  archeologique  moderne." 

To  publish  all  the  vases  of  a  large  museum 
would  be  impossible,  and  indeed,  considering 
the  number  that,  for  scientific  purposes,  are 
duplicates,  superfluous.  Moreover,  many  of  the 
most  important  of  the  Louvre  collection  are 
already  adequately  published  in  various  archaeo- 
logical journals.  M.  Pottier  has  wisely  decided 
to  supplement  previous  publications.  Where  these 
did  not  exist  or  were  inaccurate,  we  have  a  photo- 
graph of  the  vase,  and  where  details  could  not 
be  satisfactorily  reproduced  a  zincotype  plate 
from  excellent  drawings  by  M.  Devillard.  As  it 
is,  the  volume,  illustrated  by  340  reproductions, 
could  not  have  appeared  but  for  generous 
subsidies  granted  by  the  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  and  by  the  Academie  des  Inscrip- 
tions et  Belles  -  Lettres.  This  first  volume 
includes  all  the  specimens  of  the  earliest 
ceramography  of  Greece  and  Italy  down  to 
about  the  sixth  century  B.C.,  and  a  feiv  primitive 
specimens  from  Egypt,  Chaldrea,  Persia, 
and  Phoenicia.  M.  Pottier  has  v/ritten  so  much 
that  is  valuable  on  the  subject  of  Greek  vases 
that  it  is  matter  of  regret  he  has  not  seen  his 
way  to  supply  an  introductory  chapter  on 
technique  and  chronology;  his  book  might  then 
have  appealed  to  a  wider  public.  As  it  is,  every 
specialist  will  be  grateful  to  him  for  his 
admirably  accurate  presentment  of  facts.  His 
catalogue,  coming  last  in  the  field,  stands  first  in 
point  of  completeness  ;  we  only  hope  the  suc- 
ceeding volumes  may  follow  with  no  long  delay. 


ILLUSTRATED    BOOKS. 


Early  Portraits  of  Queen  Victoria  (Karslake  & 
Co.)  is  a  portfolio  containing  twenty-five  credit- 
able reproductions.  Westall's  child-portrait  is 
childishly  Westallish  ;  very  good,  simple,  and 
sincere  is  J.  D.  Francis's  whole-length  sketch 
in  spoon-bonnet ;  Chalon's  pretty  whole-length 
in  coronation  robes  is  artificially  stately,  but 
not  unlike,  and  Cousins's  print  of  it  is  a  noble 
specimen  of  the  engraver's  powers.  Landseer  was 
happy  as  Her  Majesty's  likeness- taker  in  the 
sketch  the  Prince  Consort  gave  to  his  bride, 
and  in  the  beautiful  picture  in  a  circle  grouping 
the  young  royal  matron  and  her  two  elder 
children.  Cousins's  plate  of  this  last  is  badly 
reproduced.  On  the  whole,  Ross's  miniatures 
are  the  best  of  these  likenesses,  while  E.  T. 
Paris's  three-quarters-length  figure  of  the  Queen 
at  the  opera  is,  despite  its  extreme  prettiness, 
very  graceful.  We  should  like  to  see  these 
pictures  reproduced  in  a  better  fashion  than 
Mr.  Karslake  has  adopted,  and  supplemented  by 
later  portraits  of  the  Queen,  including  sculp- 
tures, of  which  Woolner's  life-size  standing 
statue  is  one  of  the  most  dignified,  modest, 
and  faithful. 

Naval  and  Military  Trophies  and  Personal 
Relics  of  British  Heroes.  Illustrated.  (Nimmo.) 
— An  excellent  idea  occurred  to  Mr.  Nimmo 
when  he  decided  to  collect  (mainly  from  the 
royal  collections  in  Windsor  Castle  and  else- 
where) a  number  of  drawings  of  trophies  and 
relics,  to  reproduce  those  drawings  in  full 
colours,  and  to  add  historical  and  anecdotical 
notes,  not  too  learned  for  the  general  public, 
and  yet  short  and  authentic.  iVIr.  Gibb,  who 
made  the  drawings  which  were  copied  for  Mr. 
Hipkins's  large  book  on  musical  instruments, 
was  employed,  and  he  has  done  his  work  well  ; 


but,  few  of  the  examples  having  any  beauty  in 
them,  the  transcripts  are  far  from  possessing  the 
artistic  cliarm    of  the  violas  and  harpsichords, 
while  the  coloured  plates  are  far  from  being  as 
attractive.     Mr.   R.    Holmes  has   supplied  the 
notes,  and    Lord    Wolseley   has    added  a   pre- 
liminary  chapter   of  greater   value   and    fresh- 
ness   than    the    introduction.      The    whole    is 
a  handsome  book  of  a  most  uncommon  kind. 
A  very  large    proportion  of  the    examples  are 
martial,  and  even  the  personal  relics  are  chiefly 
those  of  soldiers  and  sailors  of  renown,  such  as 
the  walking    staff'    of    Sir    Francis  Drake,    the 
Georges   of  Marlborough    and   Wellington,  the 
scarf  with   which  Sir  John   Moore's   body  was 
lowered    into    his    grave    at    Corunna,    to   say 
nothing  of  the  bullet   that  killed  Nelson,  and  ' 
General  Gordon's  Bible.     Dr.   Beatty  extracted 
the   ball  when  Nelson's   body  arrived  at   Spit- 
head,     and    it    was    given    by    Sir    T.     Hardy 
to     the     surgeon,     who,     in      turn,     gave     it 
to    William    IV.        It    is    now     at     Windsor. 
In  addition  to  these  relics,   the  folio  contains 
Gordon's  scarf,  the  Ashantee  sword,  axe,    and 
gold   mask,   the  crown  of  the  King  of   Delhi, 
Nelson's  dirk  and  hat  (not  the  only  one  exist- 
ing,    there     being     another     in     Westminster 
Abbey),     Napoleon's     cloak,     Tippoo      Sahib's 
sword,     the     cap     of     the     Chinese     emperor, 
Marlborough's    sword,     Wellington's    telescope 
used   at    Waterloo,   the   swords    of    Wolfe    and 
Cook,  the    mainmast  head  of  L'Orient,  now  at 
rest  after  its  flight  in  the  air  at  the  Nile,  and 
a  number  of  similar,  but  not  equally  interesting 
mementoes.     Such  articles  as  the  Kohinoor  do 
not  seem  to  have  attracted  the  compilers  of  the 
book,    yet    it    is    an    historical    relic   of   pro- 
digious   importance.     It     is   a   great   pity    the 
collection  was  not  enlarged,  as  it  might  well  have 
been.     The  British  Museum,  Sir  John  Soane's 
Museum,  South  Kensington  Museum,  and  that 
at  Woolwich,  the  Bank  and  the  Mansion  House, 
and  a  dozen  of  the   City  companies'  halls  and 
Guildhall,  to  say  nothing  of  Blenheim,  Chats- 
worth,    Castle    Howard,    Lambeth   Palace,    and 
the     like     treasure  -  houses,     are    stored    with 
mementoes  of  equal  attraction  to  those  belonging 
to  Her  Majesty.     The  restriction  of  the  scheme 
of  the  work  is  unfortunately  suggestive  of  book- 
making  on  somewhat  easy  terms,  and  is  a  short- 
coming which  it  is  to  be   hoped    the  publisher 
may  find  his  reward  in  removing  so  that  a  larger 
work  than  this  may  see  the  light  before  long.  No 
doubt  can  exist  that  those  in  charge  of  such 
relics  will  willingly  allow  them  to  be  engraved, 
especially   if    conscientious    draughtsmen    like 
Mr.  Gibb  were  employed  for  the  purpose,  and 
writers  more  sympathetic  and  brilliant  than  the 
present  Queen's  Librarian,  who  has  compiled  the 
notes  before  us,  took  up  the  task  of  setting  forth 
the  provenance  and  anecdotic  histories  of  the 
objects  which  were  illustrated.     In  this  respect 
Mr.  Holmes  has  done  his  work  fairly  well,  as, 
indeed,  it  was  very  easy  to  do  it,  but  he  has  not 
cared  to  take  himself  or  his  duties  very  seriously. 
We  can  conceive,  moreover,  that  it  would  be  pos- 
sible for  Mr.  Gibb  or  some  equally  careful  and 
faithful    draughtsman    to    produce  coloured    or 
outlined  delineations  of  the  trophies  and  relics 
which,  if  less  laboured,  would  be  more  artistic 
and  truer  in  colour  and  general  treatment  than 
those  now  before  us,  over  which  the  draughts- 
man and  his  printers  have  very  frequently  toiled 
with  some  lack  of  success  and  artistic  charm. 
Many,  not  to  say  most,  of  the  prints  in  the  later 
part  of  this  book  would  be  better,  besides  being 
truer,  if  they  were  less  dull  and  more  faithful  to 
the  colours  and  lights  and  shadows  of  nature, 
the  Russian  bugle  taken  at  Sebastopol  being,  for 
instance,  not  so  like  brass  as  it  should  be.     On 
the  whole,  however,  the  appearance  and  typo- 
graphy of  the  book  are  excellent  in  their  way, 
which  for  the  purpose  is  a  good  one. 

Ein  crientalischer  Teppich  vom  Jahre  1202 
N.  Chr.  nnd  die  orientalischen  Teppich  e.  Von 
A.  Riegl.  (Berlin,  G.  Siemens.) — This  thin 
folio  contains  two  fine  plates  in  colours  of  certain 


superb    specimens    of   Persian   weaving.      One 
comprises  in  its  pattern  a  triple  arcade  of  stilted 
arches   supported    by   double   columns,    shown 
upon  a  deep  and  rich  red  ground,  and  enclosed 
by     two    borders    of    the     conventional    floral 
patterns  which  are  so  rife  in   Persian  design  of 
all  sorts  and  ages.     It  is,  of  course,  a  prayer  rug 
of  unusually  fine  design  and   exceptional  anti- 
quity ;  an  inscription  in  Armenian  letters  above 
the  head  of  the  arcade  gives  the  date  651  in 
the  Armenian    era  =  A.D.   1202-3.     Herr  Riegl 
enters  most  elaborately  upon  the  age,  character, 
and    peculiarities    of     the    inscription,     which 
includes  the  name  and  signature  of  the  artist,  and 
he  considers  the  influence  of  Byzantine  design, 
shown  in  the  columns,  their  stilting,  capitals,  and 
bases,  as  well  as  in  the  painted  decorations  on 
the  wall  supported  (according  to  the  design)  by 
the  arches.  The  last-named  elements  are  shaped 
in  accordance  with  Persian  architecture  of  the 
twelfth  century,  and  they  confirm  the  date  which 
the  inscription  contains.     So,  likewise,   do  the 
floral    patterns    in     the     borders,     concerning 
which  Herr   Riegl   is   at   once  comprehensive, 
learned,  and    discursive  beyond  our  power   to 
follow  him.     His  reader  will  do    well  to   con- 
sult the   monumental  work  of  Fischbach  upon 
Oriental  woven  fabrics,  and  compare  the  capital 
plate  before   him  with  the  chromo-lithographs 
of  that  author,   as    well   as  Herr  Riegl's    book 
on      ancient      Oriental      carpets.      An      essay 
follows    upon  a  highly  curious  dish   of   silver, 
engraved     with      that      frequent     subject     in 
ancient      Persian      art     a      monarch      of     the 
Sassanian       dynasty      seated      cross  -    legged 
upon  a   carpet,   holding  a   tazza-shaped  vessel, 
and    attended  by  a    man  who    fans    him  with 
a   flabellum,  as  well  as  by  another  man,   who 
holds  a  long  vase  as  of  drink.     In  front  of  this 
group  on  one  side  is  a  lute-player,  on  the  other 
a   player  on  a  flute  ;    they  are  both  eunuchs  ; 
two  lions — those  frequent  elements  of  Persian 
decorative  design  of  the  Sassanian  period — are 
gambolling      in      front.       This      dish      is      in 
the     Strogonoff     collection,     and     our    author 
compares — without  identifying,  at  least  to  our 
satisfaction  —  the     monarch,     if     monarch     it 
be,    who    is    thus    characteristically  attended, 
'  with    other     portraits.     We    agree     with    him 
I  as    to   the    extreme   antiquity   to    which    this 
i  curious     engraving      may     be     referred.      We 
I  recognize   distinct  traces    of    the    influence   of 
:  Indian  art   upon  its  design,   motive,  and  tech- 
nical treatment,   and  it  doubtless  represents  a 
scene  in  a  harem  ;    but  we  hesitate  to  date  the 
work    so  far  back   as    the  reign  of  Varanes  II. 
(a.d.    273-277).     The    comparison   our    author 
enters   on    between     the    decorations    of    this 
remarkable    dish     and    those    engraved    upon 
a   similar  utensil   now   in  the  Hermitage,  and 
undoubtedly  older  than  the  Strogonoff  specimen, 
is  highly  curious.     The  Russian  example  repre- 
sents a   Sassanian  monarch   at  issue  with  two 
furious  lions.     A  third  essay  is  concerned  with 
'  a   singularly  fine   and   ancient    Persian   carpet 
'  decorated    in     six     squares,     each    containing 
flowers,  two  of  them  being  enriched  with  lentil- 
shaped   compartments    enclosing    forest   scenes 
and  stags.    Of  course,  there  is  nothing  Sassanian 
in  this  piece.     

NEW   PRINTS. 

We  have  from  Messrs.  P.  &  D.  Colnaghi  an 
artist's  proof  of  a  plate  mezzotinted  in  a  very 
choice  and  delicate  manner  by  Mr.  Scott  Bridg- 
water, after  Greuze's  picture  '  Le  Baiser 
Envoy^,'  and  representing  a  charming  damsel 
of  the  fairest  Greuzean  type,  standing  at  a 
window,  holding  a  letter  and  signalling  to  the 
lover  who  has  just  left  her.  The  work  is  admir- 
ably engraved,  thoroughly  finished,  and  full  of 
beauty  and  spirit. 

Mr.  Lefevre  has  sent  us  an  artist's  proof  of 
an  engraving  in  a  mixed-line  manner  by  M.  J. 
Jacquet  after  Mr.  H.  Schmalz's  large  picture 
called  '  Her  First  Ofl'ering,'  a  Greek  virgin  offer- 


N^'SeSO,  July  24,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


137 


ing  flowers  to  Cupid  at  his  marble  altar.  Of 
the  picture  itself  we  expressed  an  unfavourable 
opinion  while  it  was  at  the  New  Gallery  in 
1895.  Of  the  print  it  is  right  that  we  should 
say  that  it  does  more  than  justice  to  its  original, 
being  extremely  well  drawn,  brilliant,  solid 
(except  the  background),  and  refined.  All  the 
good  points  of  the  work  are  preserved,  while, 
fortunately,  no  engraver,  least  of  all  M.  Jacquet, 
could  reproduce  its  defective  colour  and  showi- 
ness.  It  is  therefore,  in  spite  of  Herr  Schmalz, 
a  really  fine  example  of  the  art,  and  quite 
worthy  of  the  "cabinets  of  the  curious,"  as 
the  old-fashioned  critics  were  wont  to  say. 

From  Messrs.  Obach  &  Co.,  as  representing 
MM.  Buffa  &  Fils  of  Amsterdam,  we  have  the 
first  three  parts  of  Masterpieces  of  Dutch  Art 
in  English  Collections,  a  series  of  etchings 
by  Heer  P.  J.  Arendzen,  accompanied 
by  an  historical,  descriptive,  and  critical 
note  on  each  picture  by  Dr.  C.  Hofstede 
de  Croot,  who  wisely  reminds  his  country- 
men how  poor  the  public  collections  in  Holland 
are  in  Rembrandt's  historical,  and,  above  all, 
his  religious  pictures.  He  mentions  the  wealth 
of  England  in  this  respect,  despite  the  decline 
of  the  incomes  of  those  classes  to  whom 
we  owed  our  pre-eminence  as  a  picture-col- 
lecting people.  The  doctor's  remarks  are 
learned,  careful,  and  sympathetic,  and  most  of 
his  notices  include  the  provenance  of  the  master- 
pieces the  distinguished  engraver  has  reproduced 
with  care  and  completeness.  One  of  the 
choicest  plates  is  a  transcript  of  De  Hooghe's 
'Card  Players,'  now  at  Buckingham  Palace  in 
the  Queen's  private  collection.  It  bears  the 
remarque  grapes  in  a  dish.  Hobbema's  '  Avenue 
of  Middelharnais,'  now  in  the  National  Gallery, 
is  the  subject  of  another  choice  plate,  which  is, 
however,  a  little  dark.  Capt.  Holford's  '  View 
of  Dordrecht '  is  a  highly  characteristic  example. 
Still  better  is  Lord  Northbrook's  '  A  Breeze  on 
the  Y,'  of  which  the  sky  is  so  true  that  we 
think  it  could  not  be  bettered.  Even  more 
commendable  as  an  etching  of  its  original  is  the 
'Landscape  in  a  Snowstorm,' by  Aert  van  der 
Neer,  now  the  property  of  the  nation,  being  part 
of  the  Wallace  Gift. 

Messrs.  Landeker,  Lee  &  Brown  have  given 
us  a  proof — one  of  250  only  which  have  been 
taken — of  a  photo-engraving  after  Mr.  Haynes- 
Williams's  'Unannounced,'  which  shows  how, 
after  a  lovers'  tiff,  a  fair  friend  of  the  lady 
assuages  the  anger  of  the  latter  with  the  offend- 
ing gentleman,  who,  at  the  moment  his  mistress 
is  melting,  enters  the  room  unannounced.  We 
have  seen  the  happy  pair  before  in  Mr.  Wil- 
liams's pictures,  but  cannot  fail  to  sympathize 
with  them,  and  may  say  that  '  Unannounced  '  is 
among  the  best  of  his  genre  subjects,  while 
the  print,  though  somewhat  spotty  and  less 
clear  in  the  shadows  than  the  original,  is  a 
tolerable  version  that  is  likely  to  be  popular. 

The  Arundel  Society's  annual  publication  for 
1897,  the  last  of  a  numerous  and  unequal  series, 
represents  '  The  Vision  of  St.  Augustine '  as  it 
was  painted  in  the  church  of  S.  Agostino  at 
S.  Gimignano  by  Benozzo  Gozzoli  in  1465-7. 
Another  fresco  of  the  same  series  was  copied  by 
the  Society's  draughtsman,  and  published  in 
1863.  The  present  copy  by  Signor  Marian- 
necci,  whose  drawing  was  chromo-lithographed 
by  Herr  W.  Greve  of  Berlin,  is  equally  inter- 
esting as  treating  a  picture  which  has  never 
been  adequately  copied  and  fortunate  in  having 
for  its  original  a  work  which,  owing  to  its  posi- 
tion, is  more  than  usually  well  preserved,  and  is 
neither  better  nor  worse  than  the  majority  of 
the  Society's  versions  of  ancient  frescoes.  How- 
ever, the  copyist's  attempts  to  render  the  in- 
tensity of  the  expressions  of  the  monks'  faces 
have  been  more  than  ordinarily  energetic  and 
successful. 

We   have  little  but    praise  to  give    Historic 
Bristol,  a  series  of    six  original   etchings,  by 


Charles  Bird,  R.  P.E.,  with  letterpress  descrip- 
tion    by     the     City     Librarian,     Mr.    E.    R. 
Norris   Mathews,    though    some   of    them    are 
a   little    too    black    for   our    taste.     It    must, 
of    course,     be    understood   that    they   are    in 
great    part  works    of    imagination,   not    repre- 
sentations of  what  may  be  seen  at  the  present 
day  ;    but   Mr.  Bird   has   seldom   violated   the 
probabilities.      'A   Concert    at    Norton    Man- 
sion,  A.D.    1610,'  is,   in  our  opinion,   the  best 
of    the    six,    as    it    is    not    too   crowded   with 
figures,    and   those   represented    are   decidedly 
lifelike.  The  room,  with  its  magnificent  Renais- 
sance chimney-piece,  we  believe  still  exists  as 
the  artist  has  represented  it.     The  building  in 
which  it  is  to  be  found  now  goes  by  the  name 
of  St.   Peter's  Hospital.     It  is  part  of,  or,  at 
least,  stands  on  the  site  of  the  once  magnificent 
dwelling-place    of   the  Nortons,   a    noteworthy 
Bristol   family,   of  whom  Thomas  Norton,  the 
alchemist,   is   said   to   have   been   a   scion.     It 
passed  out  of  the  possession  of  the  old  race  late 
in   the    reign    of   Queen   Elizabeth,   and,   after 
having  changed  hands  more  than  once,  became 
for  a  time  a  royal  mint  ;    for  Bristol  was  one 
of   the  five   cities   chosen    by  the   ministers  of 
William  III.  for  the  great  new  coinage  of  1696. 
When  no  longer  required  for  this  purpose  the 
building  was    bought   by  the   city  and   turned 
into  a   workhouse.     The  poor  have  long  since 
been  removed,  but   the  building  is   still    used 
for  offices  for  the  guardians.     The  etching  of 
'  St.  James's  Fair,  1780,'  is  a  striking  picture, 
by  no  means  exaggerated,  of  a  sight  which  was 
to  be  seen  yearly  until  1837.     We  do  not  imply 
any  censure  when  we  say  that  Mr.  Bird  in  this 
etching  has  been  influenced  by  Hogarth  ;  there 
is     no     servile     copying.      St.     James's     Fair 
was    an    ancient  institution.     Mr.  Mathews  is 
of    opinion    that     it    took     its     rise     from     a 
feast  which  was  established   at    the    priory  of 
St.  James   in  1238,  when   certain   indulgences 
were  to  be  gained.     Whether  it  was  a  religious 
observance  in  early  days  we  have  no  means  of 
knowing,  but  in  later  times  it  must  have  been 
a  sore  offence  to  all  decent  people.     It  began 
with    September    and    lasted    a   fortnight.     A 
description    of  it    by  a    lady  who   was  an  un- 
willing spectator  of  the  festivity  is  quoted  by 
Mr.  Mathews.     We  may  be  sure  that  both  she 
and  Mr.  Bird  have  left  the  darkest  shadows  out 
of  the  picture.     "  How,"  says  the  lady, 

"shall  I  express  the  effect  of  the  scene  as  it 
appeared  from  our  windows  ?  Tombs  covered  with 
cloths,  toys,  and  gingerbread,  children  and  servants 
admiring  the  follies  of  a  great  city,  theatrical  stages 
supporting  puppets,  ridiculous,  yet  innocent,  inter- 
mingled with  painted  hideous  males  and  females, 
their  drummers,  fiddlers,  and  trumpeters,  when  the 
constant  roar  of  sounds  was  at  intervals  interrupted 
by  the  tolling  of  a  church  bell  for  a  funeral." 

The  '  Proclamation  of  the  Armada  at  the  High 
Cross '  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  companion 
etching  to  the  foregoing.  In  the  one  all  is  jest 
and  folly,  or  something  worse,  in  the  other 
there  is  a  grave  seriousness  befitting  a  time  of 
acute  mental  tension.  The  architecture  of  the 
houses  is  well  rendered,  not  too  elaborate.  We 
think,  however,  that  the  High  Cross  might 
have  been  made  more  conspicuous,  and  we 
are  sure  that  the  arms  of  France  in  the  royal 
standard  ought  to  have  had  but  three  fleurs- 
de-lis,  not  eight,  as  here  given. 


THE    BRITISH   SCHOOL    AT   ATHENS. 

The  annual  meeting  of  subscribers  was  held 
on  July  15th,  Sir  Edward  Poynter,  P.R.  A.,  in 
the  chair.  The  Hon.  Secretary  (Mr.  George  Mac- 
millan)  read  the  report  of  the  managing  com- 
mittee, which  showed  that,  in  spite  of  untoward 
circumstances  in  Greece,  the  School  had  had  a 
satisfactory  session.  Thirteen  students  had 
been  admitted,  and  good  work  had  been  done. 
The  students'  hostel,  referred  to  in  last  year's 
report,  had  been  practically  completed,  though 
400L  to  500L  were  still  required  to  cover  the 
entire  cost.     Excavations  had  been  continued 


on  the  site  of  Kynosarges,  in  Athens,  with 
satisfactory  results,  and  also  at  Phylakopi,  in 
the  island  of  Melos,  where  a  most  important 
prehistoric  city  had  been  discovered,  with 
many  indications  of  Mycenean,  and  even  pre- 
Mycenean  occupation.  In  particular,  a  bronze 
statuette  had  been  found  which  was  the  finest 
example  yet  known  of  Mycenean  work  in 
bronze.  Reference  was  made  to  the  last  number 
of  the  School  annual,  which  contained  articles 
of  more  permanent  value  than  those  given  in 
the  tentative  issue  of  last  year.  It  was  thought 
that  so  long  as  the  School  had  excavations  in 
hand  there  would  be  enough  niaterial  to  fill 
such  an  annual  with  short  preliminary  records 
of  school  work,  and  also  to  provide  the  Journal 
of  Hellenic  Studies  with  more  elaborate  papers, 
finely  illustrated.  Mr.  Cecil  Smith's  term  of 
office  having  expired  to  the  great  regret  of  all 
friends  of  the  School,  the  Committee  had 
appointed  as  his  successor  Mr.  D.  G.  Hogarth, 
an  old  student  of  the  School  and  a  distinguished 
traveller  and  explorer.  Mr.  Macmillan  was 
resigning  the  post  of  honorary  secretary,  and 
would  be  succeeded  by  Mr.  William  Loring. 
The  financial  position  of  the  School  still  left 
something  to  be  desired,  and  further  subscrip- 
tions were  invited  both  to  the  building  fund  for 
the  hostel  and  for  the  general  work  of  the 
School. 

The  adoption  of  the  report  was  moved  by 
the  Chairman,  who  spoke  in  high  commenda- 
tion of  the  work  of  the  School,  and  especially 
dwelt  on  the  importance  of  excavations  as  the 
very  life  -  blood  of  archaeology.  Prof.  Percy 
Gardner  seconded  the  motion,  which  was  carried 
unanimously.  A  cordial  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr. 
Macmillan  for  his  services  to  the  School  was 
put  from  the  chair,  supported  by  Mr.  Walter 
Leaf,  and  carried  unanimously.  Mr.  Cecil  Smith, 
Director  of  the  School,  gave  a  detailed  account 
of  the  work  of  the  session,  and  showed  photo- 
graphs and  drawings  illustrating  the  discoveries 
made  at  Kynosarges  and  Phylakopi.  Prof. 
Ernest  Gardner,  Mr.  George  Macmillan,  and 
Mr.  Cecil  Smith  were  elected  to  vacancies  on 
the  committee,  Mr.  Walter  Leaf  was  re-elected 
Treasurer,  and  Mr.  Loring  elected  Secre- 
tary of  the  School  for  the  ensuing  session. 
The  proceedings  closed  with  the  usual  votes  of 
thanks  to  the  auditors  and  to  the  Chairman, 
proposed  respectively  by  Mr.  Penrose  and  Prof. 
Jebb. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  I7th  inst.  the  following  pictures  :  Daubigny, 
A  Landscape,  Twilight,  1261.  Monticelli,  The 
Caravanserai,  with  a  sunset  on  the  reverse,  105L 
Sir  T.  Lawrence,  Miss  Stewart,  in  white  dress 
and  cap,  with  blue  sash,  in  a  landscape  with  a 
spaniel,  430L  Tintoretto,  Portrait  of  General 
Duodo,  189L  G.  Terburg,  The  Music  Lesson, 
30il.  Sir  E.  Landseer,  Good  Doggie,  Lady 
Murchison's  favourite  dog  Ulick,  2831. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  19th  inst. 
the  following  engravings  :  Lady  Louisa  Manners, 
after  J.  Hoppner,  by  C.  Turner,  321.  The 
Countess  of  Derby,  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  by 
Bartolozzi,  34L  The  Duchess  of  Rutland,  after 
Sir  J.  Reynolds,  by  V.  Green,  49L  Lady  Eliza- 
beth Compton,  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  by  V. 
Green,  361.  "The  Ladies  Waldegrave  (Lady 
Elizabeth  Laura,  Lady  Charlotte  Maria,  and 
Lady  Anna  Horatia),  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  by 
V.  Green,  1361.  Miss  Mary  Palmer,  after  Sir 
J.  Reynolds,  by  W.  Doughty,  261.  Lady  Anne 
Lambton  and  Family,  after  J.  Hoppner,  by  J. 
Young,  95?.        

The  British  Archseological  Association  meets 
at  Conway  for  the  week  from  the  19th  to  the  25th 
of  August.  Visits  will  be  paid  to  St.  Asaph, 
Carnarvon,  Bangor,  Beaumaris,  Gwydir,  Llan- 


138 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3639,  Jt  LY  24,  '97 


dudno,  and  Gloddaeth,  the  residence  of  Lady 
Augusta  Mostyn.  Tlie  Lord  Mostyn  will  be 
the  President  of  the  meeting.  Lady  Paget,  Mr. 
de  Gray  Birch,  Mr.  C.  H.  Compton,  Mr. 
Lynam,  and  Mr.  Meredith  Hughes  will  con- 
tribute papers. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Cambrian  Archjuo- 
logical  Association  will  take  place  at  Haverford- 
west, Pembrokeshire,  on  the  16th  of  August  and 
four  following  days.  The  programme  of  the 
excursions  is  an  attractive  one,  and  includes  a 
visit  to  St.  David's.  The  district  is  particularly 
rich  in  early  inscribed  stones,  several  of  which 
have  been  recently  discovered  by  Mr.  Williams, 
of  Solva,  whilst  carrying  out  the  arch;eo- 
logical  survey  of  the  county  for  the  Asso- 
ciation. The  most  important  of  these  is 
at  Castell  Dwyran,  and  in  all  probability  is 
the  actual  tombstone  of  the  Vortipore,  Prince 
of  Demetia,  mentioned  by  Gildas.  The  Latin 
inscription  gives  the  name  in  the  genitive  case 
as  Voteporigis,  and  the  Ogam  inscription 
renders  it  Votecorigas.  The  question  that  the 
epigraphists  will  have  to  decide  (when  all  the 
"chunks  of  old  red  sandstone"  have  been 
removed  to  a  safe  distance)  is  whether  the  name 
in  the  nominative  case  is  Voteporix  or  Vote- 
porivs,  and  whether  his  title  "  Protector,"  men- 
tioned in  the  inscription,  could  properly  be 
applied  to  a  Prince  of  Demetia. 

No  technical  point  of  greater  importance  has 
been  presented  to  the  connoisseur  during  the 
season  now  expiring  than  the  fact  that  several  pic- 
tures byMillaiswhich  have  been  exhibited  during 
this  period  retain  their  pristine  splendour  of 
colour,  the  purity  of  their  tones,  and  the  fresh- 
ness of  their  surfaces.  At  the  Boyce  sale  every- 
body noticed  that  a  study  for  '  Autumn  Leaves,' 
which  is  a  portrait  of  one  of  Lady  Millais's 
sisters,  although  it  was  painted  in  1854,  was  as 
perfect  as  when  it  was  first  taken  from  the  easel. 
In  the  same  way  '  Ferdinand,'  painted  in  1851, 
showed  not  the  least  change  when  it  was  lately 
at  Guildhall.  Other  pictures  by  the  late  Pre- 
sident, of  the  same  or  nearly  the  same  period, 
are  equally  well  preserved.  In  '  A  Huguenot ' 
(1852)  we  were  sorry  to  notice  in  the  purple 
plush  coat  of  the  hero  certain  cracks  showing 
the  white  priming  of  the  canvas  beneath.  This 
is,  however,  all  the  damage.  As  Millais's 
technical  processes,  the  natures  of  his  vehicles 
and  pigments,  and  the  names  of  those  who 
supplied  them  to  him  are  well  known,  it  cannot 
but  be  of  value  to  painters  and  buyers  of  pictures 
to  see  how  well  his  works  have  stood  the  test 
of  time. 

On  Wednesday  last  the  magnificent  gift  of 
Mr.  Tate,  his  pictures  and  the  building  which 
contains  them,  were  officially  opened  to  all  the 
world.  As  every  painting — including  those 
which  alike  from  Trafalgar  Square  and  South 
Kensington  had  been  added  to  the  Tate  Gal- 
lery— has  been  described  and  criticized  in  these 
columns,  we  need  do  no  more  than  record  the 
opening  of  this  new  palace  of  art.  Of  the  outside 
of  the  building  there  is  not  very  much  that  is 
favourable,  or  unfavourable,  to  be  said  from  an 
architectural  point  of  view.  Of  its  plan  time  and 
service  will  be  the  best  tests  ;  at  present  much 
seems  to  be  due  in  praise  of  a  comprehensive 
and  simple  disposition  of  the  galleries,  large  as 
well  as  small,  and  their  lighting,  which  is  good. 

The  authorities  have  acted  with  judg- 
ment in  maintaining  the  established  practice 
of  appointing  an  artist  to  the  curatorship  of 
the  new  Tate  Gallery.  Mr.  C.  Holroyd  has 
been  an  exhibitor  at  the  Academy  and  elsewhere 
since  1883,  and  is  better  known  as  an  etcher 
of  ability,  and  as  a  painter  in  water  colours, 
than  by  his  works  in  oil. 

Miss  Frances  Low  has  undertaken  a  book 
which  will  appear  (though  not  for  some  time, 
owing  to  the  writer's  very  delicate  health) 
under  the  title  of  'Stories  for  Children  of  the 
National  Gallery  Pictures   and  of   the  Artists 


who  Painted  Them.'  Some  forty  pictures, 
which  will  be  rejjroduced,  have  been  chosen, 
each  illustrative  of  a  beautiful  Christian  legend 
or  myth,  or  classical  or  historical  incident. 

The  destructionof  architectural  and  historical 
monuments  in  Belgium  having  been  almost  as 
great  as  in  France  and  England,  and  effect-ed 
under  the  same  plea,  M.  J.  de  Vriendt  pro- 
tested recently  before  the  Chamber  of  Repre- 
sentatives against  the  continuance  of  such 
outrages  upon  art  and  antiquity.  A  committee 
of  some  of  the  leading  artists  of  Ghent 
support  M.  J.  de  Vriendt  in  this  matter, 
especially  as  concerns  the  operations  performed 
upon  the  famous  Oudeburg  in  their  city. 

The  Select  Committee  on  Government  Offices 
(Appropriation  of  Sites)  has  reported  as  sug- 
gested by  the  Government,  having  rejected  the 
counter  proposal  for  the  picturesque  view  of  the 
Abbey  from  opposite  the  Home  Office,  which 
was  condemned  by  the  architectural  witnesses. 
The  CommitteerecommendsthatNo.  10,  Downing 
Street,  the  historic  residence  of  the  First  Lord 
of  the  Treasury,  should  be  retained,  but  pro- 
poses that  the  Downing  Street  front  should  be 
masked  by  the  erection  of  a  new  building  in 
keeping  with  the  Treasury  buildings,  and  the 
Park  front  also  suitably  treated. 

During  the  excavations  at  the  Limescastell 
"  Alteburg,"  near  Holzhausen  in  the  Wiesbaden 
district,  an  inscription  is  reported  to  have  been 
unearthed  at  one  of  the  gates,  consisting  of  gilt 
bronze  letters  fixed  to  a  slab  of  limestone  by 
means  of  silver  rivets.  The  inscription,  dating 
from  213  a.d.,  contains  five  lines,  and  seems  to 
be  dedicated  to  the  Emperor  Caracalla  in  honour 
of  his  victory  over  the  Alemanni,  a  victory  in 
consequence  of  which  he  assumed  the  surname 
of  "  Alemannicus." 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

Crystal  Palace. — Tonic  Sol-fa  Annual  Festival. 

The  annual  festival  of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa 
Association  is  generally  a  late  summer  musi- 
cal event  at  Sydenham,  and  the  celebration 
last  Saturday  afternoon  and  evening  was  one 
of  the  most  successful  of  the  series.  There 
is  no  longer  any  occasion  to  hold  up  to 
public  notice  the  advantages  of  the  sol-fa 
method  for  learning  how  to  sing  choral 
music,  for  it  has  been  amply  proved, 
after  a  period  of  opposition  and  obloquy, 
that  its  simplicities  are  admirably  adapted 
to  the  requirements  of  very  many  thousands, 
chiefly  of  humble  folk,  who  have  not  time 
to  master  the  intricacies  of  the  old 
system.  Tonic  sol-fa  will  never  supersede 
the  staff,  but  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  valu- 
able handmaid  by  all  earnest  musicians  and 
amateurs.  There  were  three  concerts  on  a 
colossal  scale  at  Saturday's  festival,  the  first 
of  which  was  a  performance  by  five  thou- 
sand juvenile  certificated  singers,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  S.  Filmer  Rook.  It  is  on 
record  that  Joseph  Haydn,  when  he  heard 
the  charity  children  at  the  annual  festival 
at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  which  has  been 
abolished  many  years  for  good  and  sufficient 
reasons,  was  moved  to  tears ;  and  the  vocal 
instruction  of  the  young  has  made  prodi- 
gious strides  since  that  time.  Consequently 
the  effects  made  by  the  well  -  disciplined 
little  singers  last  Saturday  were  very  moving, 
the  simple  but  well -written  ditties  being 
accurately  and  earnestly  sung.  Less  can 
be  said  in  favour  of  the  next  performance, 
styled  a  "  great  Welsh  concert,"  which  fol- 
lowed later  in  the  afternoon.     The  whole  of 


the  programme  was  devoted  to  music  by 
Dr.  Joseph  Parry,  who  is  undoubtedly  a 
clever  musician,  though  certainly  not  a 
great  master.  The  effect  became  weari- 
some, and  we  could  find  but  little  to  admire 
in  a  tone  poem  entitled  '  The  Dream.'  After 
a  nocturne  follow  "Dream  Visions  of 
Hell,"  in  which  four  brass  bands  are  em- 
ployed, and  a  chorus,  the  latter  to  express 
"  the  moans  of  lost  souls."  Some  relief  is 
found  when  "Dream  Visions  of  Heaven" 
are  reached,  but  the  whole  is  pretentious 
without  being  powerful.  The  chorus  were  not 
altogether  well  up  in  their  duties,  and  Welsh 
singers  are  capable  of  much  better  work. 
More  successful  results  were  obtained  at 
the  evening  concert  of  certificated  adult 
singers,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  L.  C 
Venables,  the  usual  tonic  sol-fa  firmness 
and  accuracy  being  especially  noticeable  in 
Handel's  chorus  "  He  saw  the  lovely  youth," 
from  '  Theodora,'  and  Mendelssohn's  favour- 
ite psalm  "Judge  me,  0  God." 


CHESTER   MUSICAL   FESTIVAL. 

The  seventh  of  the  present  series  of  musical 
festivals — resumed  in  Chester  in  1879,  after  a 
lapse  of  just  half  a  century — was  formally  in- 
augurated on  Sunday  last.  It  has  been  for 
some  time  the  custom  to  open  the  work  of  these 
gatherings  with  a  performance  of  Mendelssohn's 
'  Hymn  of  Praise  '  in  the  Cathedral  on  the  first 
day  of  the  week,  and  there  is  much  to  commend 
in  this.  For  it  brings  together  a  crowd  of 
people  whose  means  and  avocations  would  pro- 
bably debar  them  from  attending  the  succeeding 
concerts,  and  further  it  may  be  regarded  as  a 
kind  of  "trial  trip"  for  the  machinery  of  thegood 
ships  which  Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge  has  successfully 
launched  on  each  recurring  triennial  occasion 
since  the  date  given  above.  Musically,  of  course, 
it  can  only  be  considered  as  such,  and  lays 
claim  to  no  serious  measure  of  criticism,  the 
real  task  of  the  festival  commencing  on  the 
Wednesday  following,  after  a  couple  of  days 
spent  in  rehearsals.  The  programme  of  the 
first  series  of  performances,  which  alone  can  be 
noticed  this  week,  proved  a  fairly  compendious 
one,  including  as  it  did  the  following  composi- 
tions and  chief  vocal  executants  :  In  the  morn- 
ing, after  the  National  Anthem,  Handel's 
'  Zadok  the  Priest,'  Sullivan's  '  Te  Deum,'  with 
Miss  Anna  Williams  as  soloist,  and  Part  I.  of 
Haydn's  'Creation,'  with  Miss  Anna  Williams, 
Mr.  Hirwen  Jones,  and  Mr.  Daniel  Price.  In 
the  afternoon  Tschaikowsky's  '  Pathetic  '  Sym- 
phony and  Gounod's  '  St.  Cecilia  '  Mass,  with 
the  same  principals  as  in  the  Haydn  excerpt.  In 
the  evening  Jensen's  '  Journey  to  Emmaus  *  and 
Handel's  '  Judas,' with  Miss  Esther  Palliser,  Miss 
Giulia  Ravogli,  Miss  Hilda  Foster,  Mr.  Edward 
Lloyd,  and  Mr.  Watkin  Mills.  All  the  works 
named,  with  one  exception,  are  too  familiar  to 
need  more  than  such  passing  reference  as  is 
included  in  their  bare  catalogue.  This  excep- 
tion is  Jensen's  orchestral  scene  '  The  Journey 
to  Emmaus,'  a  work  which  opens  up  a  new 
departure  at  festivals,  where  things  that  do  not 
savour  in  some  sense  or  other  of  the  sacred  side 
of  art  may  not  receive  recognition.  The  com- 
position is  clever,  and  to  a  certain  extent 
interesting,  but  it  seems  just  to  fall  short  of  that 
intensity  of  expression  which  might  claim  for  it 
general  acceptance.  No  story  is  tacked  on  to 
its  music  by  the  composer,  and  there  is  no 
eflfort  at  meaningful  Leitmotif,  but  the  whole 
work  seems  to  fill  with  not  inappropriate  tone- 
colour  such  a  period  of  reflection  as  might 
ensue  upon  a  reverent  reading  of  the  story  told 
by  the  Evangelist  Luke  of  the  wayside  incidents 
of  the  journey  of  Cleopas.  Thanks  are  due  to 
Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge  for  an  excellent  performance 
of  the  work  in  question.  W.  A. 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


139 


It  is  said  that  Dr.  E.  J.  Hopkins  is  preparing 
a  new  edition  of  Hopkins  and  Rinibault's  '  The 
Organ  :  its  History  and  Construction,'  bringing 
the  work  up  to  the  present  time. 

The  Milanese  must  feel  much  regret  that 
the  Town  Council  of  the  city  has  refused 
to  grant  the  usual  annual  subvention  to  the 
famous  theatre  La  Scala,  and  that  the  establish- 
ment will  therefore  probably  be  closed  during 
the  coming  winter.  Opera  in  Italy  has  been  on 
the  downward  road  for  a  considerable  period, 
but  this  news,  if  correct,  is  an  exceptionally 
severe  blow. 

The  second  Handel  Festival  at  Mainz  was 
held  on  Sunday  and  RIonday  this  week,  the 
works  selected  being  'Esther'  and  'Deborah,' 
both  of  which,  to  our  shame  be  it  said,  for  we 
profess  to  be  the  greatest  admirers  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  master,  are  very  rarely  heard  in  England. 

A  MONUMENT  has  just  been  erected  to  tlie 
esteemed  Danish  composer  Niels  Gade  on  the 
St.  Anne's  Plad,  Copenhagen.  It  represents 
the  musician  conducting  his  pretty  cantata  '  The 
Erl  King's  Daughter.' 

Musicians  will  be  sorry  to  learn  that 
M.  Lamoureux  has  decided  to  disband  his 
famous  Parisian  orchestra,  the  reason  for  this 
step  being  probably  that  the  French  capital  is 
so  badly  of!"  for  concert-rooms  of  a  suitable  size 
for  symphony  concerts,  in  this  respect  comparing 
very  unfavourably  with  London,  where  orchestral 
performances  do  not  need  to  be  given  in  theatres 
or  circuses.  It  is  much  to  be  wished  that  M. 
Lamoureux  will  see  his  way  to  reconsider  his 
determination,  and  that  if  his  splendid  concerts 
do  not  meet  with  sufficient  appreciation  in  Paris 
he  will  maintain  his  force  and  at  any  rate  give 
a  series  of  performances  from  time  to  time  in 
England,  where  symphonic  music  is  far  more 
appreciated. 

A  SUGGESTION  is  afloat,  initiated  by  Herr  Anton 
Seidl,  that  the  opera  season  at  Covent  Garden 
next  year  might  include  a  series  of  cycles  of 
'Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen,'  but  only  two  acts 
on  each  evening,  so  as  to  permit  commencement 
and  termination  at  a  reasonable  hour,  tlse  acts 
to  be  played  without  any  abominable  cuts. 
How  this  is  to  be  carried  out  is  not  very 
clear,  but  the  proposal  is  certainly  worthy  of 
consideration. 

The  following  has  been  received  from  the 
Crystal  Palace  :  — 

"  The  Directors  of  the  Crystal  Palace  have  resolved 
to  alter  the  aiTangements  for  their  orchestral  band. 
Hitherto  they  have  not  had  the  advantage  of  its 
services  after  G.30  iu  the  evening  except  by  ext-a 
payment.  This  arrangement  was  made  many  years 
ago  when  it  was  the  custom  to  close  the  Palace  at 
6  or  6.30  at  the  latest.  Now,  however,  the  Pahice 
is  open  as  a  rule  till  10  o'clock,  and  it  is  felt  that 
the  Directors  should  have  the  entire  services  of  the 
band,  so  as  to  enable  them  to  give  concerts  at  more 
convenient  hours  than  formerly.  The  12.30  concerts 
will  therefore  be  abolished,  and  early  in  September 
both  afternoon  and  evening  concerts  will  be  given. 
Mr.  Manns  will  maintain  the  high  reputation  of  the 
band  by  engaging  only  first-class  musicians  for  any 
vacancies  ;  and  it  is  felt  that  the  change  will  be 
appreciated  by  a  large  number  of  musical  amateurs, 
whose  professional  engagements  render  it  impos- 
sible for  them  to  attend  morning  concerts. 

"  The  forty  -  second  annual  series  of  Saturday 
Concerts  will  commence  on  October  9th.  There 
will  be  eight  concerts  before  Christmas,  on  October 
9th,  16tb,  23rd,  and  30th,  November  6th,  13tb,  20ti), 
and  27th."  ' 

The  August  number  of  the  Fortnightly  Review 
will  contain  an  article  by  Mr.  Heathcote 
Statham  on  '  Handel  and  the  Handel  Festivals.' 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Music  has  been  very 
much  in  evidence  during  the  past  week.  On 
Monday  evening  the  concert-room  in  Tenterden 
Street  was  occupied  by  the  Excelsior  Society, 
a  small  but  highly  efficient  body  of  vocalists 
and  instrumentalists  formed  from  past  or  present 
pupils  of  the  Academy.     As  it  was  an  invitation 


performance,  criticisin  in  detail,  of  course, 
cannot  be  given  ;  but  let  us  hasten  to  say  that 
all  the  items  in  a  well-selected  programme  in 
what  was  virtually  a  high-class  chamber  con- 
cert were  exceedingly  well  rendered,  and  the 
Excelsior  Society  deserves  to  prosper. 

On  Tuesday  evening  the  terminal  performance 
of  the  operatic  class,  under  Mr.  G.  H.  Betje- 
mann,  was  held  in  the  same  place,  the  selection 
being  the  first  portion  of  'Don  Giovanni,' 
terminating  with  the  ball-room  scene.  If  the 
music  lost  much  of  its  eflfect  by  being  given  with- 
out orchestra,  hearty  praise  may  be  bestowed 
on  some  of  the  young  aspirants,  notably 
Miss  Gertrude  Drinkwater  as  Donna  Anna, 
Miss  Emma  Davidson  as  Donna  Elvira,  Miss 
Lizzie  Austin  as  Zerlina,  Mr.  T.  Haigh  Jackson 
as  Leporello,  and  Mr.  Ford  Waltham  as 
Masetto.  All  these  showed  dramatic  intel- 
ligence as  well  as  vocal  ability,  and  Mr.  G.  H. 
Betjemann  conducted  with  the  utmost  care. 

The  most  important  item  in  the  programme 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  students' 
chamber  concert  on  Wednesday  afternoon  at 
St.  James's  Hall  was  Madame  Liza  Lehmann's 
charming  song  cycle  'In  a  Persian  Garden,' 
well  rendered  by  Miss  Gertrude  Drinkwater, 
Miss  Gertrude  Booth,  ]Mr.  R.  Whitworth 
Mitton,  and  Mr.  Ford  AValtham.  The  mis- 
cellaneous items  were  all  fairly  well  interpreted, 
but  nothing  of  an  exceptional  nature  was  done. 

Announcement  was  made  some  time  since 
that  Miss  Anna  Williams,  an  ever  painstaking 
and  most  useful  artist,  contemplated  retire- 
ment, and  her  farewell  concert  will  take  place 
at  the  Albert  Hall  on  October  13th,  with  the 
assistance  of  a  number  of  eminent  artists.  Par- 
ticulars of  the  programme  will  doubtless  be 
published  in  due  course. 


PERFORMANCES     NEXT   WEEK. 
MoN.      Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  7  30,  'Tristan  und  Isolde.' 
'ri'ES.      Koyal  Opera,  Covent  G;irden,  8,  '  Aida  ' 
AVld.      Koyal  O]  era,  Covent  Garden,  (probably)  8,  'Lohengrin,' 


DRAMA 


TJie  English  Stage :  being  an  Account  of  the 
Tictorian  Drama.  By  Augustin  Filon. 
Translated  by  Frederic  White.  (Milne  ) 
Fortified  by  a  long  residence  in  England, 
more  knowledge  of  our  language  than  is 
often  possessed  by  his  countrymen,  some 
observation  of  our  stage,  and  familiarity 
with  the  writings  of  Mr.  William  Archer 
and  Mr.  Clement  Scott,  M.  Filon  essayed, 
through  the  medium  of  the  Revue  des  Beux 
Maudes,  to  convey  to  the  reading  French 
public  an  idea  of  our  drama  and  our  stage. 
In  this  benevolent  effort  he  has  met  with 
much  encouragement.  He  has  been  patted 
on  the  back  by  those  whose  praise  he  has 
sounded  or  whose  defender  he  has  con- 
stituted himself,  and  has  been  favoured  by- 
Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  with  an  introduc- 
tion which  is  as  much  an  apology  for  the 
dramatist  as  a  recommendation  of  the  ci-itic. 
M.  Filon's  equipment  for  the  task  he  essays 
is  respectable  for  a  foreigner,  but  scarcely 
adequate.  He  takes,  pardonably  and  neces- 
sarily, much  of  his  information  at  second 
hand,  and  has  not  knowledge  enough  of 
his  own  to  endow  him  with  any  sense  of 
proportion  in  the  things  with  which  he 
deals.  While,  accordingly,  we  find  no 
mention  whatever  of  an  actor  such  as 
Webster,  in  some  respects  perhaps  the 
foremost  man  in  his  profession,  wo  find 
Eyder,  who  never  rose  even  to  a  secondary 
position,  treated  with  a  consideration  which, 
had  he  been  alive  and  anything  except  an 


actor,  would  have  astonished  him  ;  and  wo 
read  amusedly  that 

"an  actor  named  Brooke  made  things  still 
worse  ;  with  him  it  was  a  case  of  Shakespeare 
made  ridiculous.  He  was  laughed  at  up  till  the 
day  which  brought  the  news  of  his  '  Hero  '-like 
end  on  a  ship  which  was  taking  him  to  America, 
and  which  was  wrecked  ;  the  poor  tragedian  had 
come  upon  real  tragedy  for  the  first  time  in  the 
hour  of  his  death." 

Here  is  indeed  smart  writing.  Brooke  was 
not  going  to  America  when  he  died;  he 
did  not  make  Shakspeare  "  ridiculous";  and 
there  are  those  still  alive  who  know  his 
Othello  to  have  been  better  than  Macready's, 
and,  with  a  full  acquaintance  with  Salvini, 
think  it  the  best  since  Kean.  This  brings 
us  to  the  point  of  errors,  with  which  the 
book  abounds.  Of  Tom  Taylor  it  is  said 
that  he  "  belonged  to  both  the  world  of  law 
and  the  world  of  letters.  Briefs  gave  him 
his  dinner,  the  drama  gave  him  his  suj^per ; 
his  supper  got  to  be  the  more  substantial  of 
the  two."  Now  Taylor  was  called  to  the 
bar  of  the  Inner  Temple  in  November,  1845, 
and  was  in  March,  1850,  appointed  assistant 
secretary  to  the  Board  of  Health.  A  junior 
of  four  years'  standing  is  not  likely  to  have 
eaten  many  dinners  of  his  own  earning,  still 
less  to  have  got  so  saturated  with  legal 
methods  that  they  should,  as  is  hinted, 
have  coloured  his  subsequent  writing.  Con- 
cerning the  '  Colleen  Bawn,'  it  is  said  of 
Boucicault  that  "  a  compatriot  of  his. 
Edmund  Falconer,  like  himself  an  actor  as 
well  as  an  author,  had  opened  the  way  far 
him."  Falconer  played  Danny  Mann  at  the 
production  of  the  '  Colleen  Bawn '  at  tlie  Adel- 
phi  on  Sej^tember  12th,  1860,  and  for  over 
two  hundred  nights  afterwards.  His  '  Peep 
o'  Day,'  his  first  essay  in  the  same  line, 
came  out  at  the  Lyceum  November  9th, 
1861.  Poor  H.  J.  I3yron  is  charged  with, 
helping  "  to  depreciate  the  moral  tone  of 
the  theatre  by  lowering  the  standard  of 
decency  in  regard  to  female  costume  upon 
the  stage,  and  by  bringing  on  to  it  those 
pseudo-actresses  whom,  in  the  slang  of  the 
green-room,  we  call  gnies" — a  libel  if 
there  ever  was  one.  A  story  narrated  con- 
cerning Delane  and  Oxenford  (p.  82)  is  so 
mistold  as  to  be  absolutely  inaccurate. 
What  is  said  (p.  121)  concerning  the 
performance     of     Mrs.     (Lady)     Bancroft 


m 


Ours 


IS 


not     true     of     the     early 


assumption.  No  less  erroneous  is  the 
information  supplied  (p.  134)  concerning  the 
"  Cup  and  Saucer  "  school  of  comedy.  Mrs. 
Stirling  did  not  "create"  the  r6le  of  the 
Marchioness  in  '  Caste '  at  the  Prince  of 
Wales's.  It  was  "created"  by  Miss 
Larkin.  Tlie  influence  exercised  over  the 
English  stage  by  Fechter  is  not  understood. 
AVe  will  not  impute  to  M.  Filon  the  state- 
ment that  Madame  Eoche  was  Fechter's 
associate  in  '  La  Dame  aux  Camelias,'  nor 
will  we  ask  him  who  is  Joseph  Mackayers 
or  what  is  Perrichan.  When,  however,  he 
says  that  Tennyson's  'Falcon 'is"  like  a  tale 
by  Boccaccio,  but  by  a  Boccaccio  who  is 
ingenuous  and  pure,"  does  he  not  know 
that  the  plot  is  a  dramatization  of  the  ninth 
novel  of  the  fifth  day  of  the  '  Decameron'? 
and  whence  on  earth  did  he  derive  the 
notion  of  ascribing  to  Plutarch  the  author- 
ship of  Boccaccio's  '  De  Mulieribus  Claris'? 
Tennyson's  '  Cup '  is  founded  not  on  that 
work,   but    on  Plutarch's    'De    Mulierum 


140 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N**  3639,  July  24,  '97 


Virtutibus,'  We  have  not  exhausted  the 
errors  we  have  detected  in  M.  Filon's 
volume.  In  the  estimates  of  plays  and 
authors  that  have  come  under  his  own 
observation  his  words  deserve  attention. 
We  cannot  acquit  him  of  carelessness  in 
consulting  authorities  (?)  for  a  task  beyond 
his  knowledge  and  strength. 


Moliire  and  his  Medical  Associations,  by  Dr. 
A.  M.  Brown  (The  Cotton  Press),  originates 
from  the  author's  discovery  that  Moli^re's 
"  studious  admirers  out  of  France "  have 
omitted  "treating  of  him  in  his  relations  to 
medicine,"   though    the   subject   has   attracted 

"his    numerous     compatriot     biographers 

Raynaud,  Dufresne  -  Favconneaut  [sic],  Che- 
reau  [sic},  and  Magnin,  for  example."  The  names 
of  these  writers  appear  again  with  nearly  twenty 
others  under  the  heading  of  "Bibliography"  at 
the  end  of  the  book.  But  of  these  authorities 
the  only  one  with  which  we  shall  trouble  our 
readers  is  Raynaud,  who,  says  Dr.  Brown,  "  by 
his  '  M^decins  au  Temps  de  Molifere '  must 
render  any  one  his  debtor  who  follows  in  his 
wake."  Still,  a  debtor  need  not  be  a  plagiarist. 
The  following  are  but  a  few  out  of  the  very 
numerous  specimens  we  have  noted  illustrative 
of  Dr.  Brown's  method.  Neither  foot-notes 
nor  inverted  commas  indicate  the  debts  : — 

"La  bonne  Marquise    [de  "This  truly  gifted  lady  is 

S^vigne]  aime  laeaucoup    la  much    given    to    medicine, 

medicine,      quoiqu'elle      ne  Although  she  has  little  faith 

croie   gu6re   aux    medecins ;  in  doctors,  few  have  oftener 

et    peu    de    personnes    ont  need  of  them,  and  fewer  still 

demand^   tant    de  consulta-  are    less    guided    by    their 

tions,  et  les  ont  si  mal  suivies.  counsel.    How  pleasing  it  is 

C'est   plaisir    de     I'entendre  to   find  her   prating  of  her 

raisonner  sur  sa  sante,  sur  sa  health,  the    spleen,  the  bile 

rate,  sursa  bile,  sur  sea  esprits  and  state  of  the  spirits  and 

et  ses  humeurs.     Quoiqu'elle  humours.        Without       any 

ne  se  pique  pas  de  science,  serious  scientific  pretension, 

elle  aime  pourtant  a  savoir  she  is  none  the  less  curious 

la  raison  des  choses,  et  pour-  to  know  something    of    the 

quoi  on    la   traite   de    telle  medical  rationale    and  why 

fagon,  et  non  de  telle  autre,"  she  should  be  treated  in  one 

&c. — Raynaud,  pp.  127-31.  way  rather  than    another," 

&c. — Brown,  pp.  56-59. 

In    this    fashion  Dr.  Brown  fills  nearly  three 

and  a  half  consecutive  pages.     Again  : — 

"  Bn  fait  de  pronostic,  ce        "  He  [Valot]  plumed  him- 

qu'on  ne  permet  pas  k   un  self   on  his   prognosis.     Now 

mSdecin,  cest  d'annoncer  la  to  pronounce  a  case  incurable 

mort    d'un    malade  :     grosse  is  alwaysawkward,  but  forced 

difiSculte,   lorsqu'il  ne    pent  to  have  to  foretell  a  decease  is 

annoncer  non  plus  la  gueri-  still  more  serious,  especially 

son.     Anne  d'Autriche  sue-  when  the  patient  is  of  royal 

comba,  comme  on  salt,  a  un  blood.     As    all     the    world 

cancer  du  seln.     Valot  avait  knows,  Anne  d'Autriche,  the 

etS  charg6  de  lui  donner  des  Queen    Mother,    died    from 

solns.    La  bonne  Madame  de  cancer  of  the  breast ;    Valot 

Motteville  s'est  chargee   de  had  her  in  his  charge,  and 

nous  raconter  son  embarras  the  good  Madame  de  Motte- 

et  ses  perplexites  dans  cette  ville,  who  records  his  efforts 

cruelle     circonstance.      Elle  and  perplexities   under   the 

raccusem8raecharitablement  painful    circumstances,    un- 

de  la  mort  de  la  reine ;    en  charitably  charges  him  with 

par'int  d'un    medecin,   cela  killing  her.    In  speaking  of 

n'a  pas  de  consequence ;  elle  a   doctor   this  was   of  little 

lui  fait  partager  cet  honneur  consequence.  She  makes  him 

avecsesconfrgres,"  &c. — Ray-  share  that  honour  with  his 

naud,  pp.  149-60.  fellows,"  &c.— Brown,  p.  66. 

The  following  is  not  so  successfully  trans- 
lated : — 

"  How  little  the  portrait, 
really  graphic,  and  which  is 
nothing  less  than  pleasing, 
of  this  young  student,  spruce 
and  elegant,  reminds  us  of 
the  Thomas  Diafoirus  of  his 
class  we  know  so  well."  — 
Brown,  p.  155. 

Great  part  of  pp.  62-3  is  translated  from 
Raynaud,  p.  127.  Some  remarks  on  Guy  Patin 
(p.  40)  are  from  Raynaud,  p.  169  ;  p.  156  is  but 
an  adaptation  of  Raynaud,  p.  429 ;  and  the 
description  of  J.  A.  Mauvillain  (pp.  154-5)  is 
from  Raynaud,  pp.  427-8.  We  abstain  from 
further  wearying  our  readers.  Still,  the  book  is 
not  destitute  of  originality.  We  learn  that  in 
1647  Louis  XIV.  was  not  only  king,  but  also 
"the  Prince  Royal  "  (p.  65)  ;  that  Molifere  was 
still  a  denizen  of  this  world  in  1764  (p.  46)  ; 
that  he  termed  certain  men  "  mMecins  du  [sic~ 
tgte  au  pied  "  (p.  226)  ;  that  "  the  Marshall  [sic 

de    Vivienne lived    with    him     like    Lilias 

[Lselius  ?]  with  Terence "  (p.  194) ;  and  that 
St.  Evremond  dubbed  Bernier  the  "  jolie  [sic] 


"  Voiia,  certes,  un  portrait 
qui  n'a  rien  que  de  fort 
attrayant,  et  il  y  a  loin  du 
Thomas  Diafoirus  que  nous 
connaissons  i.  ce  jeune 
etudiant  si  elegant  et  si  bien 
pare." — Raynaud,  p.  428. 


philosophe "  (p.  148).  Louis  is  alluded  to  as 
the  "  grande  [sic]  malade  "  (p.  79),  and  Riolan 
invariably  appears  as  "Riolin."  Moliere  is 
usually  styled  "  our  comic  "  or  "  our  comique," 
a  designation  harmonizing  with  such  phrases  as 
"  Le  Medecin  Amoureux  comicality  was  given," 
&c.  (p.  45).  Gallicisms  abound,  especially  that 
of  placing  the  adjective  after  the  substantive. 
Other  grammatical  peculiarities  are  not  so  easily 
accounted  for,  as  :  "  This  last  fact,  and  certain 
eccentricities  of  manner,  does  not  escape 
Geronte  "  (p.  114)  ;  "Their  philosophic  master 
still  maintained  an  intellectual  activity,  and 
even  to  exercise, "  &c.  Sometimes  the  diction 
is  so  confused  that  we  can  only  guess  at  Dr. 
Brown's  meaning.  Orthographical  mistakes  are 
numerous. 


By  an  arrangement  with  Mr.  Gatti,  Mr.  Charles 
Frohman  will  produce  at  the  Vaudeville  some 
farcical  comedies  of  American  origin,  the  first 
of  which  will  be  a  piece  named  'Never  Again.' 
Mr.  Frohman  has  also  ready  for  the  Adelphi  a 
drama  that  will  not  be  performed  until  next 
year.  At  the  Garrick,  meanwhile,  he  will  pre- 
sent a  farce  called  'Too  Much  Johnson,' con- 
cerning which  much  has  been  heard  of  late. 

'  Four  Little  Girls  '  is  the  title  of  a  three- 
act  farce  by  Mr.  Walter  Stokes  Craven,  imported 
from  America,  and  produced  for  an  intercalary 
season  at  the  Criterion.  A  very  amusing  inter- 
pretation by  Mr.  James  Welch,  Mr.  Barnes, 
Mr.  Blakeley,  Miss  Sydney  Fairbrother,  and 
other  actors  commended  it  warmly  to  the 
public.  It  is,  however,  mechanical  in  con- 
struction and  extravagant  in  incident,  and  has 
little  claim  on  attention  from  any  standpoint, 
dramatic  or  literary. 

'Before  the  Dawn,'  a  one-act  comedy  by 
Mr.  Henry  Byatt,  given  at  the  Ope'ra  Comique 
on  April  15th,  1895,  and  transferred  on  the 
22nd  to  the  Strand,  is  now  the  lever  de  rideau 
at  the  Criterion.  Miss  Sydney  Fairbrother 
plays  with  much  archness  and  spirit  as  the 
London  waif,  and  Miss  Mabel  Beardsley  and 
Mr.  Henry  Arncliffe  are  acceptable  in  other 
characters. 

On  her  return  journey  to  Paris  Madame 
Bernhardt  gives  to  -  day  an  afternoon  per- 
formance of  '  La  Dame  aux  Camillas  '  at  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre. 

Before  closing — which  it  does  this  evening 
— the  Haymarket  witnessed  a  performance  for 
copyright  purposes  of  Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie's 
adaptation  of  his  own  novel  '  The  Little 
Minister,'  which  is  destined  to  be  the  next 
novelty  at  that  theatre. 

The  Lyceum  closed  last  night  with  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  first  three  acts  of  '  Madame 
Sans-Gene  '  and  'A  Story  of  Waterloo.'  On 
Thursday  '  The  Merchant  of  Venice '  was 
revived. 

The  close  of  the  season  at  the  Lyceum  having 
been  reached,  Miss  Gertrude  Kingston  quits  the 
company.  Miss  Beatrice  Lamb,  who  has  not 
been  seen  on  the  stage  for  some  months,  will 
take  part  in  the  forthcoming  melodrama  at 
Drury  Lane. 

Mr.  Wyndham's  season  at  the  Criterion  closed 
on  Friday  in  last  week  with  a  representation  of 
'David  Garrick.'  The  next  season  will  open 
in  September  with  Mr.  Jones's  new  play,  the 
title  of  which  is  now  fixed  as  '  The  Trifler.' 

Madame  Bernhardt  has  accepted  a  four-act 
play  by  Mr.  Julian  Field,  and  will  produce  it  at 
the  Renaissance.  Particulars  concerning  it  are 
purposely  withheld  by  the  author. 

To  CoRBKSPOXDENTS.— T.  J.  H.— H.  D.  M.— A.  C— J.  J.T. 
— received. 
A.  H.  D.— Forwarded. 
W.  G.  H.— We  cannot  undertake  to  answer  your  question. 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'  S 

NEW   BOOKS. 

— ♦ — 
fourth  edition  now  ready  at  all  libraries. 

OUIDA'S  New  Novel. 

THE    MASSARENES. 

SIX  SHILLINGS. 
"  Extremely  popular." — St.  James's  Gazette. 
"  Clever."— Pall  Mall  Gazette.        "  Excellent."— PuncA. 
"  Brilliant,  if  daring." — ."Scotsman. 
"  Incomparably  her  best." — Aational  Observer. 
"Extremely  interesting.    A  brilliant  picture  of  a  con- 
temporary mania." — Daily  Telegraph. 

TWO   NEW  6s.  NOVELS. 

The    TRACK   of  MIDNIGHT. 

By  G.  FIHTH  SCOTT. 

"  A  very  rousing  narrative." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Strikingly  original  and  ingenious,  animating,  interesting, 

and  puzzling Deserves  grateful  recognition  by  lovers  of 

tales  well  told." — World. 

The  MISTRESS  of  the  RANCH. 

By  FRED.  T.  CLARK,  Author  of  '  On  Cloud  Mountain.' 
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Scotsman. 

NAVAL  ADMINISTRATIONS,  ( 

1827-1892.  The  Experiences  of  Sixty-five  Years  from 
the  Accession  of  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Clarence  as  Lord 
High  Admiral  to  the  End  of  the  Naval  Administration 
of  Lord  George  Hamilton.  By  the  late  Sir  JOHN 
HENRY  BRIGGS,  Reader  to  the  Lords  and  Chief  Clerk 
to  the  Admiralty.  Edited  by  Lady  BRIGGS.  Illus- 
trated with  10  Photogravure  Portraits.  Demy  Svo. 
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the  most  valuable  of  recent  contributions  to  the  subject, 
and  deserves  to  find  a  place  in  every  library  in  the  Empire." 

Sritish  Review,  July  17. 

The  LIFE    of  NELSON:    the 

Embodiment  of  the  Sea  Power  of  Great  Britain.  By 
Captain  A.  T.  MAHAN,  U.S.N. ,  Author  of  'The  Influ- 
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"  Must  henceforth  become  one  of  the  greatest  of  naval 

classics By  far  the  best  'Life  of  Nelson'  that  has  ever 

been  written." — Times. 

JOURNEYS   AMONG   the 

GENTLE  JAPS   in   the  SUMMER   of  1895.     By  the 

Rev.  J.  Ll.  THOMAS,  MA.  F.R.G.S.     With  a  Special 

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more  than  ordinary  descriptive  power.    Mr.  Thomas  writes 

with  judgment  and  self-restraint,  and  is  neither  too  lavish 

with  praise  or  with  censure." — Leeds  Mercury. 

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IN  DARKEST  AFRICA;   or, 

the  Quest,  Rescue,  and  Retreat  of  Emin,  Governor  of 
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LL.D.,  &c..  Author  of  '  How  I  Found  Livingstone,'  &c. 
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SPECIAL    FICTION    NUMBER 

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CONTAINING 

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RAILWAY  STORY,  entitled  "007.", 

London : 

SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  COMPANY,  Ltd., 

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N° 3639,  July  24, '97  THE     ATHEN^UM  141 


AT    ALL    BOOKSELLERS'    AND    RAILWAY    BOOKSTALLS. 

BENTLEY'S    FAVOURITE    NOVELS. 

Each  Work  can  be  had  separately,  price  6s. 
THE   NEW   ADDITIONS    TO    THE    SERIES. 

DEAR  FAUSTINA.    By  Rhoda  Broughton.  [_Sea>nd  Edition. 

The  MISTRESS  of  BRAE  FARM.    By  Rosa  N.  Carey. 
MY  LADY  NOBODY.    By  Maarten  Maartens. 
DIANA  TEMPEST.    By  Mary  Cholmondeley. 
The  MADONNA  of  a  DAY.    By  L.  Dougall. 

By  ROSA  N.  CAREY. — Sir  Godfrey's  Grand-daughters. — Nellie's  Memories. — Barbara  Heathcote's  Trial. — 
Heriot's  Choice. — Mary  St.  John. — Not  Like  Other  Girls. — Only  the  Governess  — Queenie's  Whim. — 
Robert  Ord's  Atonement. — Uncle  Max. — Wee  Wifie. — Wooed  and  Married. — For  Lilias. — Lover  or 
Friend  ? — Basil  Lyndhurst. — The  Mistress  of  Brae  Farm. 

By  RHODA  BROUGHTON —Dear  Faustina.— Scylla  or  Charybdis  ?— A  Beginner.— Mrs.  Bligh.— Cometh 
up  as  a  Flower. — Good-bye,  Sweetheart ! — Joan. — Nancy. — Not  Wisely^  but  Too  Well. — Red  as  a 
Rose  is  She. — Second  Thoughts. — Belinda. — Alas! — "  Doctor  Cupid." 

By  MAARTEN  MAARTENS.— My  Lady  Nobody.— The  Sin  of  Joost  Avelingh.— An  Old  Maid's  Love.— 
"  God's  Fool."— The  Greater  Glory. 

By  JESSIE  FOTHERGILL.— The  ''First  Violin."— Aldyth.—Probatlon.— Borderland.— Kith  and  Kin. 
— From  Moor  Isles. 

By  MARY  CHOLMONDELEY.— Sir  Charles  Danvers.— Diana  Tempest. 

By  ANTHONY  TROLLOPE.— The  Three  Clerks. 

By  MARY  LINSKILL.— Between  the  Heather  and  the  Northern  Sea.— The  Haven  under  the  Hill.— In 

Exchange  for  a  Soul. — Cleveden. — Tales  of  the  North  Riding. 

By  W.  E.  NORRIS.— Major  and  Minor. 

By  Mrs.  W.  K.  CLIFFORD.— Aunt  Anne. 

By  HELEN  MATHERS.— Comin'  thro'  the  Rye. 

By  FLORENCE  MONTGOMERY.— Misunderstood.— Thrown  Together.— Seaforth. 

By  J.  SHERIDAN  LE  FANU.— Uncle  Silas.— The  House  by  the  Churchyard— In  a  Glass  Darkly. 

By  Mrs.  ANNIE  EDWARDES.— Leah  :  a  Woman  of  Fashion.— A  Girton  Girl.— Susan  Fielding. 

By  HAWLEY  SMART.— Breezie  Langton. 

By  Mrs.  ALEXANDER.— The  Wooing  o't.— Her  Dearest  Foe. 

By  MARCUS  CLARKE.— For  the  Term  of  His  Natural  Life. 

By  LADY  G.  FULLERTON.— Too  Strange  Not  to  be  True. 

By  Mrs.  NOTLEY.— Olive  Varcoe. 

By  Mrs.  RIDDELL.— George  Geith  of  Fen  Court.— Berna  Boyle. 

By  BARONESS  TAUTPHCEUS.— The  Initials.— Quits. 

By  E.  WERNER.— Fickle  Fortune.— Success :   and  How  He  Won  It. 

By  JANE  AUSTEN. — Emma.— Lady  Susan  and  The  Watsons. — Mansfield  Park. — Northanger  Abbey  and 
Persuasion.— Pride  and  Prejudice.— Sense  and  Sensibility. 

London:  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


142 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE  ENLARGED  SUMMER  (AUGUST)  NUMBER 

OF  THK 

PALL   MALL    MAGAZINE 

IS  NOW  READY. 
Price  ONE  SHILLING  net. 

Among  the  Contents  of  the  Enlarged  Summer  Aumber 
are  included — 

CLIVEDEN. 

A  most  interesting  Account  of  this  Historic  House  by 
the  MAKQUESd  (JF  hORNE,  K.T  ,  picturesquely 
illustrated  iroru  Photographs  specially  taken  lor  this 
Article. 

The  LAND  of  a  THOUSAND  LAKES 

Is  a  Tourist  Article  by  Mrs.  ST.  CLAIU  STOBAHT, 
giving  an  interesting  account  of  the  Sports  and  Travel 
in  the  little-know  n  Interior  Parts  of  Finland. 

A  QUEEN'S  VISIT  to  ST.  PAUL'S, 

By  Sir  FRANCIS  MONTEFIORE,  describes  a  former 
historic  Royal  Visit  to  the  Metropolitan  Cathedral,  and 
forms  an  appropriate  comparison  with  the  Diamond 
Jubilee  Celebration  of  June  22,  1897. 

CRICKET, 

By  LORD  HARRIS,  illustrated  by  Mr.  George  Roller, 
will  be  one  of  the  most  uidely  read  of  the  Articles 
dealing  with  the  Sports  of  each  Mouth. 

A  TRIBUTE  of  SOULS 

la  a  fascinating  Psychical  Study,  written  by  LORD 
FREDERIC  HAMiLTO:^  and  Mr.  ROBKBT  S. 
KITCHENS. 

BOMBAY, 

From  the  pen  of  Mr.  GEORGE  W.  FORREST,  describes 
one  of  the  Capitals  of  Greater  Britain,  around  which 
sympathetic  interest  has  centred  this  year. 

The  RAID  of  CARLISLE, 

By  LORD  ERNEST  HAMILTON,  is  a  humorous  pseudo- 
Ingoldsby  lay  of  a  Border  foray,  quaintly  illustrated  by 
M.  Zangwill. 

An  EXQUISITE  PHOTOGRAVURE, 

Entitled  'Good  Luck.'  by  JULES  DENNEULIER, 
printed  in  tone,  forms  the  Frontispiece  of  this  enter- 
taining Summer  Number. 


Offices:  18,  CHARING  CROSS-ROAD,  LONDON,  W.C. 
Three  Shillings  and  Sixpence  net. 

HOW   TO   WRITE   FICTION, 

ESPECIALLY  THE  ART  OF  SHORT 
STORY  WRITING. 

A  Practical  Study  of  Technique. 

Contents :  — IntTodaction.  PART  Fmsr—Skort 
Story  Writing.  Chap.  1.  The  Different  Kinds  of 
Short  Stories.  2.  General  Outline  of  Method  of 
Writing.  3.  Material  for  Short  Stories.  4.  The 
Central  Idea.  5.  The  Soul  of  the  Story.  C.  Cha- 
racter Study.  7.  The  Setting  of  a  Story.  Pap.t 
Second— T/<e  General  Principles  of  Fiction.  Chap.  1. 
The  Difference  between  the  Short  Story  and  the 
Novel.  2.  How  to  obtain  a  Good  Command  of 
Language.  3.  Narrative,  Description,  and  Dialogue. 
4.  Harmony  of  Style.  5.  Plot  Construction.  6. 
Imagination  and  Reality.  7.  The  Use  of  Models  in 
Writing  Fiction.  8.  Contrast.  9.  Motive.  10. 
What  Makes  a  Story  Worth  Telling.  11.  How  to 
Observe  Men  and  Women.  12.  The  Test  of  Ability. 
13.  Conclusion.  Appendices — Examples.  The 
Necklace.  A  Story  Rewritten.  A  Short  History 
of  Modern  English  Fiction. 

"  You  seem  to  me  to  work  with  a  power  of 
vigorous  analysis  and  a  method  clearly  thought  out. 
You  both  teach  and  suggest." 

Prof.  Edward  Dowden  to  the  Author. 

From  an  Author. — "Dear  Sir, — Allow  me  to 
thank  you  for  the  valuable  work  you  have  pub- 
lished, 'How  to  Write  Fiction.'  It  is  my  constant 
study,  and  I  am  in  hopes  it  will  enable  me  to  do 
great  things.  Had  I  possessed  it  when  I  first  begun 
to  write  what  a  deal  of  trouble  it  would  have  saved 
me.  As  it  is,  I  have  surmounted  many  difficulties 
and  attained  a  slight  degree  of  success.  My  short 
stories  and  social  subjects  are  paid  for  at  the  rate 
of  a  guinea  a  column." 


GEOEGE  REDWAY,  Hart-street,  Bloomsbury. 


TOURNAL  of  the  INSTITUTE  of  ACTUARIES. 

t)  No.  CLXXXVI.    JULY,  1807.    Price  2,s.  6J. 

Contents. 
Mr.  .\Ifrcil  E    Sprague  on  the  Hates  of  Mortality  in  Certain  Parts  of 

Africa;  with  J>iscussi<>n, 
llr  J.  K    Hart  on  the  Mortality  among  Government  Ollicials  on  the 

West  Coast  of  Africa. 
Mr,  Italp.li  Todhuuler  on  the  Approximate  Evaluation  of  the  Integral 

for  the  Compound  Survivorship  Annuity 
Mr.  Sheppard  Homans  on  Governmental  hesulatiiin  of  Life  Insurance 

in  the  L'nited  Slates  of  America  i  with  Discussion. 
'Ihe  late  Professor  Sylvester. 
Actuarial  Notes. 
Correspondence. 
The  Institute  of  Actuaries. 

London  :  C.  &  E.  Layton.  Farringdon-street. 

ULECTRIC  TRACTION ;    Itifluence   of   Material 

JLj      on     Architecture;     New    Church,    Southtields.    Wandsworth; 

Sketches  in  Worcestershire  ami  Warwickshire;  Quantities  and  Quantity 

Taking  (Student's  Column) ;  Church  of  St.  I'eter's,  East  Grinstead,  &q. 

The  BUILDEK  of  July  21,  post  free,  4^rf. 

The  Publisher  of  the  Builder,  46,  Catherine-street,  London,  W.C. 

Just  published,  64  pp.  demy  8vo  in  paper  covers,  l:f. 

'•PHE  ORIGIN  of  the   CELESTIAL   LAWS  and 

X  MOTIONS. 

By  G.  T.  CARRUTHERS,  M  A. 
Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.,  Limited,  The  Whitefriars  Press,  Tonbridge. 

Just  published, 

q^HE    FAMOUS    HOUSES    of    BATH  and   their 

J-     OCCUPANTS.    By  J  F.  MEEH.VN.    24  pp.  8vo.  price  6d.  post  free. 
"  A  glance  over  its  contents  shows  how  rich  the  old  watering-place  is 
in  liteiary  interest." — Publishers'  Circular. 

B.  &  J.  F.  Meehan,  32,  Gay-street,  Bath. 

NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 

THIS  WEEK'S  NU3IBER  contains— 

NOTES  :— Obscure  Parish  Register— First  Folio  Shakspeare— Invasion 
of  Fishguard— The  Jubilee  and  the  Pan-.^nglican  Synod— "Jesu, 
Lover  of  my  soul  "—Abraham  Sharp— Mig  Merrilies— Beanfeast : 
Beano— Ancestors— Lady  Katherine  Grey— "  Tally-ho  "—Epitaph— 
IJiamond  Jubilee  Service  — Curfew— Wonderful  Word  — Cald wall 
Hall— Macaulay  and  R.  Montgomery. 

QUERIES:— E  R  Saunders  —  Enid —  "  Lachrymatory  "  — Arthurian 
Legends— "Chief  Rent":  "Head  Rent  '—"Capharnaum  "—■  Topo- 
graphical Description  of  Surrey '—"  Not  a  patch  upon  it  "—Sir  K. 
Oreiie  :  Sir  R.  Ree— "Crowing  hen  "—J  Cromwell— F.  Prior— P. 
Stuart— Shakspeare  and  Burbage-Portrait  of  Sir  T.  Roe—"  The  fly 
on  the  chaiidt  wheel  "—Scorphur- Women's  Pockets—"  Conspicuous 
by  their  absence  "—"  Worst  man  best  candidate  "—Avignon— 'Rip 
Van  Winkle '—(iuotations— Fourth  Folio  Shakspeare —  East  Win- 
dows—I'osthumuus  Biography. 

REPLIES  :— Decapitation  of  Voltaire— Pocket  Nutmeg-giater— "  Harry- 
carry  "  —  "  Tindcring  Time  "  —  Holy  Stones—"  tndeilands"— Ben 
Jonson  — Jacobite  Societies —  Egg-berry— St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln- 
Church  Registers— •  Puss  in  Boots'— "  Stand  the  racket  "—AU- 
hallows-Poetry—Waldliy  Family— Fee  Farm  Rents— Sir  J.  Sander- 
son—Stag-horn-' "N'icar  of  W^akefield '— I'eppercorn  Itcnt— Penin- 
sula Medal— Hand  of  Glory— Butter  at  Wedding  Feasts—"  Teetotal  " 
— Steam- Belief-Highland  Sheep— T.  Paine -Eyre— Parish  Councils 
—Sand  F—Ktching— Proprietary  Chapels— "Disannul  "—Precedence 
— Wait-curing- "Let  sleeping  dogs  lie"— Col.  Dormers  Regiment 
—Competitor  for  Longest  Keign— Amphillis— Fall  of  Angels— The 
Vyne  in  Hampshire — "  To  cha'  lause." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Oxford  English  Dictionary '—Evans's  'Ancient 
Stone  Implements'— Farmer's  'National  Ballad  and  Song.' 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUilBER  (Juli/ V )  contains— 

NOTES  : -Escallop-shell —  ' Dictionary  of  National  Biography '  —  Nen- 
nius's  Knowledge  of  Old  English— County  Council  English- First 
Victorian  House  of  t  ommons— '  Help  to  Discourse  —"High  Fife- 
shire  "—Parallel  Passage—"  Marriage  Lines  "  —  "  Belly-can  "— '  Mr. 
Gray  and  his  Neighbours'— Barton  on  the  Heath— New  Words— 
Uueen  Henrietta  Maria— Walter  Pater's  Autograph—"  Of  all  loves  " 
—  SirH  BedingHeM-PreReformation  Uses— Fiction  Antecedent  to 
Fact— Hampton  Court  Guide—"  Tuly." 

QUERIES:— "Hansard":  "  Hanse  "— "  Hawcubite  "  :  "  Hawkabite  "— 
"Mad  as  a  hatter  "  —  "  Camla-like  "  — Roos,  Meeres,  and  other 
Families— Wildrake  — Charlton  Family— "  Matrimony  "—Robinson 
of  Gwersylt— Nursery  Song— 'I'rials  of  Animals— Reference  Sought 
—Old  Drawing— Cockney  Dialect— Parish  Levy— .\  propos—' Adven- 
tures of  rhomas  Fellow'  —  Dies  Veneris  — John  Smith— Hussey 
Family— St  Giles,  Patron  of  Woodmen. 

REPLIES  :— John  Cabot  and  the  Matthew— H.  Cornish—"  Black  water" 
-Precise  Hour— Local  Areas  in  North  of  England— "Eye-rhymes" 
—Dedications  to  St.  Roque— "Hansardize"— Bayneham  Family- 
Holy  Week  Ceremonial— Machiavelli—"  Burvil"— Use  of  Armour- 
Yiddish- Pronunciation  of  Evelyn  — Van  Cortlandt  —  Hogg  and 
'I'annahill- Cheney  Gate— Prime  Minister— Alderman  Beckford's 
Speech— .39th  Foot— J.  Nisbet— The  Peacock— Best  Ghost  Story- 
Military  Banners— " 'I'hree  acres  and  a  cow"— Alexander  Smilh- 
Darvel  Gadarn— Gillman  Family— Cakes— " Parson's  nose"— Con- 
victs in  England. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Ihering's  'Evolution  of  the  Arjan  '  —  Mac 
Ritchie's  '  'Tour  through  Great  Britain  '-Kitten's  '  Novels  of  Charles 
Dickens  '—'Thomas's  '  Woodland  Life  '— Carlyle's  '  Jsartor  Resartus ' 
—Robinson's  '  Connoisseur '- Mason's  'Chess  Openings '—Witt's 
'Then  and  Now'  — Scott's  'Morris  Bibliography '  —  ' Ex-Li  bris 
Journal.'  

THE  NUMBER  FOR  JULY  10  contains— 
NOTES — Thomas  Paine— George  Robins  — Prefix  "Ken  "  — Erasmus 
Cope— Plagiarisms— Wanstead  House  Pillars— An  Old  Est  te— Month 
of  May— Irish  '  Pharmacopoeias '—Peter  the  Great  and  Astronomy— 
'Life  of  Prof.  Jowett '—"  Moral' —Evelyn— Calvary  Clover—  Bug- 
bears.' 
QUERIES  :— "  To  cha'  fause  "—Head  of  Mrs.  Siddons— Pocket  Nutmeg- 
Gi-ater  — Napoleon  III  —  Glamorganshire  and  Carmarthenshire 
Families— Col  Dormer's  Regiment— Gildhall,  Stoneleigh— Smoking 
before  Tobacco— Nine  Men's  Morris  —  Criminology  —  Passage  in 
Lamb— Proverb  — "  Glaizer":  "  Venetians  "—S.  Petto— Lite  of  St. 
Alban— Penny  Hedge— Population— Furley's  '  History  of  Kent.' 
REPLIES  — Hatchments- S  and  F— Line  in  Goldsmith— Holy  Thursday 
Superstition  — Unicom  — "Cawk  and  corve  "  —  Slavonic  Names- 
Hole  house— "Cadock"—"S.  I"— Virgin  Mary's  Dower— Science  in 
the  C'hnir- T.  G  -De  Medici— Angels  as  Supporters— Portreeve- 
Cambridgeshire— "  Cocaine  "—"  A  cat  may  look  at  a  king"— "Care 
creature  "—Heraldic— "  Under  the  weather"— Bishopric  of  Ossory— 
"Harpv"— Milking  Syphon— "  Hand-shoe"— 'Bible  of  Nature'  — 
Fall  of  Angels— Pyrography— J.  Rogers— King  Lear  Historical- 
Layman— Wallis  Family— Hungate  :  Hunstanton— Hay  in  Church 
Aisles— Statue  of  Duke  of  Kent— "  Greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number"- Dog-gates- Ship  Constitution— Preservation  of  Bronze— 
Cagots— "Shamrock  as  Food—"  Dick's  Hatband  "—Claudius  du  Chesne 
—Lord  Byron's  Remains -Anglo-Saxon  Brooch— J.  Hart— Church 
Registers.  

Price  id.  each  ;  by  post,  i^d.  each. 

Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
Bream's  -  buildings,  Chancery,  lane,   E.O, 


B 


Y  PROFESSOR  CAMPBELL  BLACK,  F.R.S.E. 


The  MEDICAL  ENVIRONMENT.     Is.  net. 

Hugh  Hopkins,  17,  West  Regent-street,  Glasgow. 

The  URINE  in  HEALTH  and  DISEASE.     7».  Qd. 

Baillidre,  Xiadall  &  Cox,  20,  King  William-street,  liOndon. 

LECTURES  on  BRIGHT'S  DLSEASE.     2s.  6d. 
The  FUNCTIONAL  DISEASES  of  the  URINARY 

and  REPRODUCTIVE  ORGANS.     5,5. 

J.  &  A.  Churchill,  7,  Great  Marlborough-street,  London. 

''I'' HE     "SUTHERLAND"     BINDING. 


J 


A  NEW  COLOUR  PKOCESS  fPATENTED). 

Beautiful  Tooling  in  any  Colour.    Colours  absolutely  permanent. 
Mr.  liAGGULEY  will  be  glad  to  supply  particulars  as  to  where  the 
ppecimens  referred  to  in  the  Athenaum  of  May  'J2  {p.  679j  can  be  seen 


ill  'lowu. 


High-street,  Newcastle-under-Eymc 


THE  ATHENAUM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


An 
The   SECOND 


Last  Week's  ATIIENJEVM  contains  Articles  on 
DR.  BIRKBECK  HILL'S  JOHNSONIAN  MISCELLANIES. 
SIR  HUGH  COUGH'S  ME.MOIRS. 
The  COMPLETE  CYCLIST. 
The  DOMESDAY  of  INCLOSURES. 
EARLY  RECORDS  of  the  JAPANESE  EMPIRE. 
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N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


143 


MESSRS.  sotheean;s_new  books. 

MR.  MILLAIS'S    NEW   WORK. 

BRITISH    DEER   AND    THEIR    HORNS. 

By  JOHN  GUILLE  MILLAIS,   F.Z.S., 
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INNBFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 

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HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

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And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 

Children,  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


144 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°  3639,  July  24,  '97 


MESSRS.    HUTCHINSON    &   CO.' S   LIST. 

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The   BANISHMENT   of  JESSOP   BLYTHE.     By  Joseph 

HATTON. 

The  MISTRESS  of  QUEST.    By  Adeline  Sergeant. 

The  VENGEANCE  of  JAMES   VANSITTART.    By  Mrs. 

J.  H.  NEEDBLL. 

The  STORY  of  an  AFRICAN  FARM.    By  Olive  Schreiner. 

IHSth  Thousand. 

The  CUCKOO  in  the  NEST.    By  Mrs.  Oliphant. 

A  HOUSE  in  BLOOMSBURY.    By  Mrs,  Oliphant. 

A  MARRIAGE  CEREMONY.    By  Ada  Cambridge. 

FIDELIS.    By  Ada  Cambridge. 

The  TRAGEDY  of  IDA  NOBLE.    By  W.  Clark  Russell. 

The  HERITAGE  of  LANGDALE.    By  Mrs.  Alexander. 

A  SECOND  LIFE.    By  Mrs.  Alexander. 

WHEN  GREEK  MEETS  GREEK.    By  Joseph  Hatton. 

[Next  week. 


London:  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster-row. 


Editorial  Commanications  should  be   addressed  to  "The  Editor "  — AaTertisemenis  and  Business  Leners  to  "The   Publisher "— at  the  Office,   Bream's-bnildings,  Chancery-lane,  EC. 
Printed  by  John  EDWiao  Frakcis,  Athenseum  Press,  Bream's-boildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.G. ;  and  Published  by  John  C.  Francis  at  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.G. 

Agents  lor  SgoTLiNo,  Messrs.  Bell  4  Bradlute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  EdinbuPBh,— Saturday,  July  24,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

Sowrnal  of  oBngligfi  antr  i^oreign  literature,  ^citme,  tf>e  d^ine  ^rtjJ,  iWu^ic  antr  tfie  lirama. 


No.  3640. 


SATURDAY,    JULY    31,    1897. 


PRICK 

THREEPENCE 

HBQISTKKBD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


LAST  WEEK. 

ROYAL    SOCIETY   of   PAINTERS    in  WATER 
eOLOURS,  5i.  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W.— 126th  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN.    Admission  Is  .  10  to  C 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HERKOMER,  Jan.,  Secretary  (pro  lent  ). 

OPEN  TO  THE  PUliLIC  FREE  10  i  m.  TO  6  p.m. 

PUBLISHERS'  PERMANENT   BOOK   EXHIBI- 
TION, 10,  Bloomsliury-street,  London.  W  C  , 
Where  the  Latest  Productions  of  the  Chief  Houses  may  be 
Inspected,  BUT  NOT  PURCHASED. 

BRITISH    INSTITUTION    SCHOLARSHIP 
FUND  —At  a  Meetinpof  the  Trustees,  held  on  July28  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS of  50/.  a  year,  tenable  for  Th-o  Years,  were  AWARDHD  ;  — 
In  PAIN  riNG. 
Fred  Apple.vard,  Royal  College  ot  Art. 
Maurice  Bernstein,  Ro.val  Academy  Schools. 
Sydney  Carter.  Royal  College  of  Art. 
Philip  C'onnard,  Royal  CoUeKe  of  Art 

In  SCULPTURE. 
Stanley  Nicholson  Bahb,  Royal  College  ol  Art. 
Alfred  Turner,  Royal  Academy  Schools. 

In  ENGRAVING 
Gertrude  Ellen  Hayes,  Royal  College  ol  Art. 

The  Competition  Works  can  be  seen  in  the  main  building  of  the 
Imperial  Institute,  Imperial  Institute-road,  Sourh  Kensington,  on 
Saturday,  Monday,  and  Tuesday,  July  .31,  and  August  2.  3,  from  10  \  m. 
to  6  pm.  By  order  of  the  Trustees. 

TRAVELLING  TUTORSH  IP.— Mr.  G.  H. 
MARTEN,  of  King's  College,  Cambriflge,  desires  an  ENGAGE- 
MENT as  abOTe  till  Christmas.— Address  Conduit  Lodge,  Blackheath 
■Park,  SB. 

SCOTCHMAN,    knowing    French,    German,   and 
Spanish,  wishes  TRANSLATION  WORK  (Novels,  Correspondence, 
*C  ).— R.  M.  Leis,  153,  Hill-street,  Garnethill,  Glasgow. 

YOUNG  GENTLEMAN  (Cantab.).  Literary 
Archxological  knowledge,  desires  PAKTNERSHIP  in  PUBLISH- 
ING FIRM.  Immediate.— Address  A.  B.,  care  of  W.  Whiteley,  L'G, 
Westbourne-grove. 

HITCHIN  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL.— The  HEAU- 
MASTERSHIP  of  the  above  School  will  be  VACANT  at 
CHRISTMAS.  The  Head  Master,  who  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom,  receives  under  the  Scheme  a  fixed 
yearly  stipend  of  1501 ,  with  a  Capitation  Payment  at  the  rate  ot  21.  for 
each  Boy  in  the  School.  There  is  no  House,  but  the  Head  Master  is 
entitled  to  take  Boarders  at  the  rate  of  not  more  than  45i  for  any  Boy. 
The  Governors  desire  to  meet  the  need  that  is  felt  for  a  thoroughly 
sound  education  in  commercial  and  modern  as  well  as  classical  subjects. 
The  School  premises  include  an  excellent  Laboratory. 

Copies  of  the  Scheme,  and  other  information,  can  be  obtained  from 
Mh.  Fr.vncis  SHii.i.noE,  of  Hitchin,  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors,  to 
whom  applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  &c.,  must  be  sent 
before  September  20. 


''PHE  ALDEBURGH  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS. 


COLLEGE     of     SHEFFIELD. 


"JJNIVERSITY 

LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHV  AND  ECONOMICS. 
The  Council  will  proceed    to  the  ELECTION  of  a  LECTURER  in 
PHILOSOPHY  and  ECONOMICS   in  SEPTEMBER      Duties  to    com- 
mence in  October  nejt.    Salary  2001.  at  least,  together  with  half  the 
fees  of  the  Lecturer's  Classes.  —For  particulars  apply  to  The  Recistrau. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 
(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  and 
DEMONSTRATOR  in  BOTANY.     Salary  120i. 

Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  received  not  later  than 
Wednesday,  September  1.  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar 
Bangor,  July  7, 1897. 

AJASON      COLLEGE,      BIRMINGHAM. 

I.  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  MENTAL  AND  MORAL  PHILOSOPHY, 
AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 
II.  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  METALLURGY. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  above  Professorships. 
Applications,    accompanied    by  thirty-flve    copies    of    testimonials, 
should  be  sent   to   the    undersigned   not  later   than  Saturday,  Sep- 
tember 18. 

The  Candidates  elected  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  their  duties  as 
soon  after  October  I  as  possible. 
Farther  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


S' 


T.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

Albert  Embankment,  London,  S  E. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  of  1897-98  will  OPEN  on  SATURDAY'. 
October  2,  when  the  Pri/es  will  be  distributed,  a»  3  p  m.,  in  the 
Governors'  Hall. 

Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
September,  viz  ,  One  of  1501  and  One  of  60i.  in  Chemistry  and  Physics, 
with  either  Physiology,  Botany,  or  Zoology,  for  First  Year's  Students  ; 
One  of  50/.  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Chemistry,  for  Third  Year's 
Students,  from  the  Universities. 

Scholarships  and  Money  Pri.-:e8  of  the  value  of  .300!.  are  awarded  at 
the  Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  medals. 

Special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  year  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  Intermediate  MB.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London. 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge. 

Club-Rooms  and  an  Athletic  Ground  are  provided  for  Students 

The  School  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  seen  on  application  to 
the  Medical  SEcREriRY. 

The  fees  may  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  bv  instalments  Entries  may  be 
made  separately  to  Lecture  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special  arrange- 
ments are  made  for  Students  entering  from  the  Universities  and  lor 
Qualified  Practitioners. 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  is  kept  by  the  Medical  Secretary 
who  also  has  a  list  of  local  Medical  Practitioterj,  Clergymen  and  others 
who  receive  Students  into  their  houses. 

For  Prospectus  and  all  particulars  apply  to  Mn.  Rendle  the  Medical 
.Secretary.  H.  P.  HAWKINS,  MA.  M  D.  Oxon  ,  Dean, 


■Head 

Mistress,  Mi-'S  M.  I  GARDINER,  Nat.  Sc  Tripos,  Cambridge, 
late  Assistant  Mistress  St  Leonard's  School,  St.  Andrews  References: 
Mrs.  Garrett  Anderson,  M.D.  ;  the  Rev  and  Hon.  A.  T.  Lyttellon  i 
Arthur  Sidgwick,  Esq.,  MA  ;  Mrs.  Henry  Sidgwick,  &c. 

TREBOVIK      HOUSE       SCHOOL, 
1,  Trebovir-road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
Principal— Mrs    W.  R.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectuses  and  references  on  application. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN.  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns —For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Prtncip-il. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME   SCHOOL  for  limited 

O  number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  lan- 
guages. Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise. — Mlle.  Heiss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal— Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.     Stu- 
dents are  expected  to  enter  their  names  on  Wednesday,  October  6, 
between  2  and  4  pm. 
Further  information  on  application 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

THE    MARIA    GREY     TRAINING    COLLEGE 
(late  5,  Fitzrov-street,  W.), 
SALUSBURY-ROAD,  BRONDESBURY,  LONDON,  N.W. 
A  FULL  COURSEof  TRAINING  in  preparation  for  the  CAMBRIDGE 
TEACHERS'  CERriFICVTE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Teaching  Is 
offered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  Teachers. 

Kindergarten  'Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate  of 
the  National  Froebel  Union 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAR 
BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  15. 

Address  Principal,  Miss  Alice  Woods.  The  Maria  Grey  Training 
College.  Salusbury-road,  Brondesbury,  N.W. 

OWENS  COLLEGE,  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY, 
MANCHESTER. 
PROSPECTUSES    for   the    SESSION    1897-8  will   be    forwarded  on 
application. 

1.  DEPARTMENT  of  ARTS,    SCIENCE,    and  LAW;   and    DEP.ART- 

MENT  for  WOMEN. 

2.  DEPARTMENT  of  MEDICINE. 

3.  EVENING  and  POPULAR  COURSES. 

Special  Prospectuses  can  also  be  obtained  of 

4.  DEPARTMENT  of  ENGINEERING. 

5.  DEPARTMENT  of  LAW. 

6.  DEPARTMENT  of  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

7.  DENTAL  DEPARTMENT. 

8.  PHARMACEUTICAL  DEPARTMENT;  and 

9.  FELLOWSHIPS,  SCHOLARSHIPS,  EXHIBITIONS,  and  PRIZES. 
Apply  to  Ma.  Counish,  16,  St.  Ann's-square,  Manchester;  or  at  the 

College.  SYDNEY  CHAFFERS,  Registrar. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevob,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO.,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements. — 36,  SackviUe-street,  W. 

PARTNERSHIP.  —  Excellent  opportunity 
of  ACQUIRING  old-established  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS. 
3,00Oi  required.— Write  to  A.  L.  C,  care  of  H.  A.  Monorieff,  19,  Ludgate- 
hill,  EC. 

TO  the  LEADING  NOVELISTS.— Messrs.  ASH 
PARTNERS,  LisirrED,  Publishers,  36,  St.  Martin's-lane,  London 
(opposite  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windnsl,  wish  to  PURCHASE  the  COPY- 
RIGHT of  an  UNPUBLISHED  NOVEL— Write  as  above. 

GREEK.MODERN.TAUGHT  by  the  DAUGHTER 
of  a  GREEK  AUTHOR —Address  A,   X.   M.,  care  of  Messrs. 
Reynell  &  Son,  Advertisement  Offices,  44,  Chancery-lane,  W.C. 

TO  LECTURE  SOCIETIES.— ENGAGEMENTS 
CAN  NOW  BE  MADE  for  the  ILLUSTRATED  LECTURES  upon 
'  Egypt  of  To-day  '  and  '  Russia's  Tsars  and  their  Coronation  Pageants,' 
given  so  successfully  to  large  audiences  in  London,  Aberdeen,  Liver- 
pool, Newcastle,  &c.,  by  JAMES  BAKER,  F.R  G.S.  F  R  Hist.S.— For 
terms  apply  to  The  Lecture  Agency,  38,  Outer  Temple,  W.C. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.— Confidential  Secre- 
tary, Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Natural  Science  Tripos),  sends  out 
Daily  a  trained  staff  of  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries,  expert  Steno- 
graphers, and  Typists.  Special  staff  of  French  and  German  Reporters. 
Literary  and  Commercial  'Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages. 
Speciality— Dutch  Translations,  French,  German,  and  Medical  Type- 
writing. 

INDEXING.— SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.  Trained 
staff  of  Indexers  Speciality— Medical  Indexing.  Libraries  Catalogued. 
Pupils  trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

ri^YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

JL  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words.- N.  Tayloe, 
74,  Chancery-lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  6690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator,  London," 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France :— 

AMIENS.  ANTIBE8.  BEAULIEU- SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-.MKR.  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK, HAVRE,  LILLE.  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MENTONB. 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoll,  Paris. 

T  OST,  a  few  months  back.  The  ART  and  CRAFT 

A  J  to  LIVE  WELL,  printed  by  Wvnkyn  de  Worde ;  also  OUR 
LADY'S  MIRROR,  printed  by  Richard  Fakes  Information  regarding 
the  same  will  be  rewarded.— Address  Lost,  Athmattm  Press,  Bream's- 
l)uildings,  London,  E.C. 

SCHOLARLY  TYPE-WRITING.  —  Foreign  and 
Greek,  Latin  MSS  ,  and  others  requiring  special  care,  undertaken 
by  a  Graduate.  English  at  usual  rates -T^pookaphic  Aoenci,  Dan, 
Beeches-road,  West  Brorawich. 

TYPE-WRITING.— Terms,    \d.    per    folio    (72 
words);  or  5,000  words  and  over,  lOd    per  thousand;    in  two 
colours.  Is.  per  thousand —Miss  Nightingale.  Walkern-road,  Stevenage. 

'T''HE      EXCEL       TYPE-WRITING      CO., 

49,  BROAD-STREET  HOUSE,  OLD  BROAD-STREET, 

WANTS  YOUR  TYPE-WRITING. 


SPECIAL  TERMS  TO  AUTHORS,  LITTfiR  VTEURS,  AND 
PLAYWRIGHTS. 

'T'O    AUTHORS.— The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

JL  Limited,  15,  Victoria-street,  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE 
MANUSCRIPTS  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
before  the  Trade,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Readin'?  Public.  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 

T^O  AUTHORS.— MESSRS,  DIGBY,  LONG  & 
CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  3.«  6t».  net.  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form.— Address  18,  Bouverie- 
street.  Fleet-street,  London. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  offering  to  place  MSS  ,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.     By  order.    G.  HERBERT  THRLNG,  Secretary. 
4.  Portugal-street.  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C 

N.B.— 'The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthlf, 
price  6d.,  by  HoaACE  Cox,  Bream's-buildings,  B.C. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.     Established  1879. 

J.  Proprietor.  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  'Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years' practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free  —'Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A  M.  BoROUES,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
«  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  *o.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion-court,  Fleet-street,  E.C. 

E     ANDERSON   &   CO.,   Advertising  Agents, 
•       14,  C0CK8PUR-8TREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,  Magazines,  &e.,  at  the  lowest 

Sossible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,    Schools,  Publisher*, 
lanufacturers,  &c.,  on  application. 


Catalofittes!. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Bowlandson,  Leech,  &c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bought.— 
Walteb  T.  Spencer,  27,  New  Oxford-street,  London,  W.C. 

ILLIAMS      &      NORGATB, 

IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 
14,  Henrietta-Street,  Covent-garden,  London ;  20,  South  Frederick- 
street,  Edinburgh ;  and  7,  Broad-street,  Oxford. 
CATALOGUES  on  application. 


w 


E 


LLIS  &  ELVBY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books  and  Manuscripts. 

NEW  CATALOGUE  (No.  5)  of  RARE  PORTRAITS  and  PRINTS, 

including  a  choice  SELECTION  of  MEZZOTINTS, 

now   ready,   post  free,   Threepence. 

29,  New  Bond-street,  London,  W. 


C 


HOICE     and    VALUABLE     BOOKS. 


Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson, 
&c— First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  aud  modern)— Early 
English  Literature— Illuminated  and  other  MSS.-  Poitraits— Engravings 
—Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Works  on  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and 
Welsh  Topography,  Heraldry,  and  Family  History  free  on  application. 
MAGGS  BROS., 
159,  Church-Street,  Paddington,  London,  W. 


146 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N%3640,  July  31, '97 


NEW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21  — Drawinfjs  by  Hunt, 
Prout.  l)c  Wint.  and  others— Turner's  Liber  BtUfJiorum— Things 
recommended  tor  siudy  hy  I'rof.  Kuskin— scarce  liuskin  Etrhinps, 
EnjfravinRK.  and  Hooks.  I'ost  Irec,  Sixpence.— Wm.  Ward,  2,  Cliurcli- 
terrace,  Kiclimond,  Surrey. 


F 


OREIGN     BOOKS    and     PERIODICALS 

promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 

DULAU    &    CO.    37,    SOHO- SQUARE. 


OLD  and  RARE  BOOKS,  FIRST  EDITIONS, 
&c.,  FOR  SALE,  an  ]LT,USTIIATED  CATALOGUE  of -Vart  I  , 
containing  59  reproductions  of  Plates.  Portraits,  Title-Pages,  and  Hind- 
inps —liooks  relating  to  America,  Africa.  Ancling.  Astrology,  .^ustra- 
lasia.  Krewing.  Cambridge,  I  harlcs  I  and  11  ,  Hnd  the  Civil  War — 
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REVIEW. 


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The  Agricultural  Labourer :  his  Position  and  Prospects  in  Scotland. 
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HEINE'S  TRANSLATORS.    Ernest  Radford. 
PROGRESSIVE     UNITY     and     RAILWAY      NATIONALIZATION. 

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THE  ATHEN^UM 

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Last  Week's  ATUENJEUM  contains  Articles  on  — 

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N"3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


SATURDAY,   JULY  31,  1S97. 


CONTENTS. 

Mr.  Gardinkr  on  Gunpowder  Plot 

Mr.  Horace  Smith's  Poems  

A  New  Translation  of  Tacitus 

Mr.  Lang  on  Modern  Mythology         

The  Early  History  of  the  Navy         

Memorials  of  Hawthorne  

The  Register  of  a  Northern  Pwory 

na^ahf""^  Z,^*'^^^.  ^'■^'^  Fire;  A  Rich'Man's 
?rtarJa'mv?°''T^  ^l^^'-'  *"  Odd  Experiment; 
ine  Larramys ;   The  Rejuvenation  of  Miss  Sema- 

A  ot^^sk^l^T'"'''^^^^-'  I'''Camarade)'%5^4 

AfTcSL^™"'??~'^^*'^'«IOI-0«ICAL  LilERiTURE 

Australian  Fiction-Old  Norse  Poetry       .. 
American  History  

^^^J^'^^''^'^  Tablk-List  of  NkW  Books     .■."     i.Vi 

%Rm^/»°'''A''^'''°"=^^«-    Stopford    Brooke's 

.  oJ?^      '•   Another  Greek  Word  in   Hebrew  ■ 

J&THOLorv''T^.H^''^="=^,«/''  ^«-  CollinI's 
\^I^^^^W^^^  London   University  Compro- 

MisE;  The  Derivation  of  "Fylfot"  leo 

Literary  Gossip         ...  i^-rui  ...      itu- 

Sciencb-Chemical  Literature  ;  "zoological"  Lite- 
rature;  Astronomical  Notes;  Gossip  164- 

Lwer/turf  M?i'"'=''^^"^J  •  Arch^ological 
SwT^  '^^^'o'*^*'-*^'''^^;  Thb:  Portraits  of 
Swift;  Two  Portraits ;  Gossip  ir^ 

Music -The    Week;    LraRARYTABi^E-    Chester 

SlP^"-    ^.^"^^^:    MR.    ALEXANDER    ThayER^ 

Drama-Rkcent'books';  Gossip   .■.".'       .■.".■       Z     }n 


PAGE 

149 
l.iO 
160 
151 
152 
153 
154 


-155 
155 
157 
168 
159 

-160 


-163 
163 

-165 


—169 


'—170 
—172 


LITERATURE 

What    Gunpowder  Plot    Was.      By   Samuel 

Eawson  Gardiner.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 
If  Father  Gerard's  sceptical  essay  '  What 
was  the  Gunpowder  Plot  ? '  had  done  nothing 
more  than  elicit  Mr.  Gardiner's  exhaustive 
and  lucid  reply,  he  would  have  done  much  to 
deserve  the  gratitude  of  historical  students, 
-bather  Gerard's  aim  was  to  throw  doubt  on 
every   essential  feature   of  the   traditional 
plot— tu  suggest  that  the  confessions  of  the 
plotters  were  systematically  falsified,  if  not 
invented  by  Lord  Salisbury,  and  that  the 
plot  Itself,  such   as  it  was— and  what  it 
was  we  are  not  told-had  been  originally 
fomented  and  elaborated  by  that  statesman, 
partly   for    his   own   personal   aggrandize- 
ment and  partly  to  goad  King  James  into 
taking^  more    vigorous    measures    against 
Oathoucs.    In  this  almost  incredible  villainy 
Salisbury  is   said  to  have   been  aided  by 
Percy,  who  acted  as  his  spy  and  as  a  traitor 
to  his  feUow  conspirators.     Whatever  the 

Zff  rV"^'',^^*^^^  ^^^^^^  ^«  convinced 
that  Salisbury  knew  of  it  and  had  a  hand  in 

It  long  before  Monteagle's  receipt  of  the 
mysterious  anonymous  letter 

o^^^tt^.  ^^""^l^  ??"^''^^'  '  ^^«  debatable 
case  with  considerable  skill.     He  has  put 

together  every  discrepancy  in  the  original 
«f?wf  ''  ^^f  y  ^PPa^ent  improbability  of 
statement,  and  has   made   elaborate  topo- 

Sw^l'^'-^'^ii^f^^''  P^^^^^§-'  indeed, 
that  Whynmard's  house,  rented  by  Percy 

tin "  K  ^^^'  '*"°^  ^^«^«  it  has  trldi: 
X5T-  ?  supposed  to  have  stood,  and 
attempting  to  prove  that  there  was  no  iine 

The'auIVr*  'Jt-  ^^"y  ^^^^^^'«  l^^tern 
ihe  audacity  of  his  destructiveness  and  the 

recklessness  of  his  insinuations  took  critics 
by  surprise,  and  found  evident  favour  with  a 
ovT  aThTl?'.'^^  ^^^^^^^  public  More! 
ot  Mr.   Gardiner,   that    Father  Gerard  is 

our;?A^^.  '^'  ^^*^°^«  «f  hiJtorTc  in! 
quiry  which  have  guided  recent  scholars  " 

detail,  he  gives  the  supporters  of  the  tradi- 
tional story  -some  ha?d  nuts  to  cracOc '' 
and  accordingly,  not  entirely  satisfied  with 
various  replies  which  have  appeared,  Mr 


Gardiner  resolved  to  examine  the  whole 
evidence  de  novo.  In  'What  Gunpowder 
Plot  Was  '  Father  Gerard  has  his  answer— 
a  model  of  patient  research  and  a  triumph 
of  common  sense. 

Mr.  Gardiner  begins  with  a  careful  ex- 
amination of  the    several    confessions  ex- 
tracted from  Fawkes.     He  compares  these 
declarations  with  the  declarations  and  pro- 
ceedings of   the  Government  day  by  day, 
bringing  out  in  a  most  interesting  and  con- 
vincing manner  the  fact  that  the  knowledge 
of  the  Government  developed  j»«n>«ssM  with 
^e   development   of   Fawkes's   disclosures. 
This   result  strikes   at  the    root  of  Father 
Gerard's  contention.      The    same    point    is 
brought   out  in  the  circumstances    of    the 
discovery.     "  It  was  an  investigation  made 
by  men  who  were  afraid  of  being  blown  up, 
but  almost  as  much  afraid  of  being  made 
fools  of  by  searching  for  gunpowder  which 
had  no  existence,  upon  the  authority  of  aletter 
notoriously  ambiguous."  Up  to  the  morning 
of  the  Gth  Salisbury  and  the  officials  were 
as  men  groping  in    the  dark.     They  only 
knew  of  Fawkes  by  his  assumed  name  of 
Johnson.      They   knew   of    no    other  con- 
spirators.    On  the  5th,  indeed,  a  proclama- 
tion was  issued   for  the  capture  of  Percy 
for  Fawkes's  lodging  was  found  to   have 
been  taken  in  Percy's  name.     Fawkes  up 
to  the  8th  hoped  to  take  the  whole  burden 
on  his    own  shoulders.      While,  therefore 
he  boldly  proclaimed  that  he  was  on  the 
point  of  blowing  up  the  House,  with  king, 
bishops,  and  lords,  he  was  silent  about  the 
mine,  and  lied  lest  it  should  be  discovered 
that  he  had  confederates.     On  the  8th  with 
torture  in  prospect,  he  revealed  the  'mine 
and  the  whole  plot  with    the    number  of 
persons  involved,  but  refused  to  give  their 
names.  After  torture  on  the  9th  he  supplied 
the  names,  and  confirmed  his  declaration  of 
the  previous  day  which    had    been   taken 
belore  the  royal    commissioners.      Thomas 
Winter's  ample  declaration    of    the    23rd 
"pervaded    throughout    with    an     air     of 
spontaneity  "  and  genuineness,  bears  witness 
to_  the  mine  and  the  cellar.     Father  Gerard, 
misreading  or  misinterpreting  a  date  upon 
the  document,  suggests  that  this  also  was 
a  fabrication   of  Salisbury    which  Winter 
was  induced  by  torture  to  attest.     The  proof 
of  torture  fails.     In  the  copy  in  the  Eecord 
Utface  the  names  of  commissioners  attesting- 
It  are,  indeed,  added  in  Salisbury's  hand 
-But  as  to  these  commissioners,  or  the  com- 
missioners  in  general,  Mr.    Gardiner   per- 
tinently remarks    that  two    of   them  were 
Catholics  by  profession  or  repute,  and  two 
others    at   least,  friendly  to  Catholics,  and 
he  adds  : —  ' 


149 


ih\.    t^}^t\r''u^^  ^^^'■^^  ^«««'^^«  itself  into 
this  .  that  Salisbury  not  only  deceived  the  public 
at  large,  but  his  brother-commissioners  as  well 
Has  he  seriously  thought  out  all  that  is  involved 
in  this  theory  ?     ...How  could  Salisbury  count 
on  the  lifelong  silence  of  all  these  'i     Salisbury 
as  the  event  proved,  was  not  exactly  loved  by 
his  colleagues   and  if  his  brother-commis.sioner"s 
-every  one  of  them  men  of  no  slight  influence 
at  Court-had  discovered  that  their  names  had 
been  taken  in  vain,  it  would  not  have  been  left 
Lf  "^"rT"'  ^1  the  streets  to  spread  the  news 
that  Salisbury  had    been  the  inventor  of   the 
plot.     I^ay,  more  than  this,  Father  Gerard  dis- 
tinctly sets  down  the  story  of  the  mine  as  an 
impossible  one,  and   therefore  one    that  must 
have  been  fabricated  by  Salisbury  for  his  own 


purposes.  The  allegation  that  there  had  been 
a  mine  was  not  subsequently  kept  in  the  dark. 
It  was  proclaimed  on  the  housetops  in  every 
account  of  the  plot  published  to  the  world. 
And  all  the  whde,  it  seems,  six  out  of  these 
seven  commissioners,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
Attorney-General,  knew  that  it  was  all  a  lie— 
that  J^  awkes,  when  they  had  examined  him  on 
the  8th,  had  really  said  nothing  about  it  ;  and 
yet,  neither  in  public,  nor,  as  far  as  we  know,  in 
private- either  in  Salisbury's  lifetime  or  after 
Ins  death -did  they  breathe  a  word  of  the  wrong 
that  had  been  done  to  them  as  well  as  to  the 
conspirators  !  " 

Father  Gerard,  however,  persists  that  the 
mining  operations  were  physically  impos- 
sible, or  impossible  without  discovery  ;  and 
he  defies  the  topographer  to  locate  mine  or 
cellar  in  consistency  with  known  facts  or  the 
traditional  account.  Mr.  Gardiner  takes  up 
this  challenge.  Brushing  aside  the  con- 
jectural view  of  the  neighbourhood  founded 
"on  the  best  authorities"  by  Father  Gerard's 
artist,  and  re-examining  the  plans  of  1685, 
1739,  and  1761  in  the  Grace  collection  of 
the  British  Museum,  he  indicates  with  con- 
siderable probability  the  exact  locality  of 
the  tenements  rented  by  Percy,  with  the 
little  garden  at  the  back  close  to  the  water's 
edge.  The  difficulties  raised  vanish  one  by 
one  ;  and  the  result,  which  can  hardly  be 
summarized  here,  is  a  distinct  acquisition  to 
our  knowledge,  enabling  the  student  for  the 
first  time  to  form  a  true  "  composition  of 
place." 

Some,  indeed,  of  Father  Gerard's  main 
difficulties  solvuntur  rim.  He  lays,  for  in- 
stance, great  stress  upon  the  impossibility 
of  removing  with  safety  the  mass  of  rubbish 
which  would  have  had  to  be  extracted  from 
the  mine.    Mr.  Gardiner  simply  remarks  :— 

"Some  of  the  earth  may  have  been,  as 
J^awkes  said,  strewn  over  the  garden,  but  the 
greater  part  must  have  been  disposed  of  in  some 
other  way.  Is  it  so  very  difficult  to  surmise 
what  that  was  ?  The  nights  were  long  and  dark 
and  the  river  was  very  close."  ' 


An  amusing  mistake  is  made  by  Father 
Gerard   m   his    eagerness   to    asperse    the 
character  of  Percy.  This  pretended  "  zealous 
convert"    is     declared    to    have     been    a 
bigamist,  having   one    wife   living   in   the 
capital  and  another  in  the  provinces.    "  The 
magistrates  of  London  arrested  the  one  " 
says  Father  Gerard,   "and  those  of  War- 
wickshire the  other,  alike  reporting  to  the 
secretary  what  they  had  done,  as  may  be 
seen  _  in    the    State     Paper     Office."     Mr. 
Gardiner  replies  that  the  papers  in  question 
prove  nothing  of   the  sort.     Percy's   wife, 
arrested  in  Holborn  on  November  5th,  had 
not  seen  her  husband  since  midsummer,  and 
she   hved   very  quietly,  teaching   children, 
bhe     was     probably    at     once     set    free 
having     nothing    to     teU.       She     would 
naturally  in  her  distress  seek  refuge  in  the 
house  of  her  own  brother,  John  Wright,  in 
Warwickshire,  where  she  was  again  arrested 
on  the  12th.     "  It  is  adding  a  new  terror  to 
matrimony,"  adds  Mr.  Gardiner,  "  to  suggest 
that  a  man  is  liable  to  be  charged  with 
bigamy  because  his  wife  is  seen  in  London 
one  day  and  in  Warwickshire  a  week  after." 
The  graver  charge  against  Lord  Salisbury 
as  signally  fails.     There  is  not  a  particle  of 
evidence  that  he  was  a  party  to  the  plot, 
and  there  is  the  greatest  probability  that 
he  had  no  suspicion  of   its  existence  be- 
fore he  saw  the  Monteagle  letter.     Nor  is 


150 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''3640,  July  31,  '97 


any  adequate  motive  suggested  for  the 
monstrous  crime  imputed  to  him.  There  is 
nothing  to  show  he  was  manoeuvring  for 
place  or  power.  He  was  created  Earl  of 
Salisbury  six  months  before  the  discovery, 
and  there  was  no  need  to  frighten  the  Icing 
into  acts  of  persecution,  for  even  before  that 
date  James  had  accepted  Salisbury's  views 
on  this  matter,  and  had  rigorously  enforced 
the  penal  laws. 

If  Father  Gerard  had  established  his 
thesis,  the  much  debated  question  of  the 
compliance  or  complicity  of  the  Jesuits 
might  have  been  conveniently  set  aside. 
There  would  be  little  interest  in  discussing, 
for  instance,  the  amount  of  Garnet's  guilt 
in  concealing  a  plot  which  either  did  not 
exist  or  was  already  well  known  to  the  chief 
minister  of  State.  The  question,  however, 
now  forces  itself  again  to  the  front,  and  it 
is  one  which  has  never  been  adequately 
threshed  out.  Mr.  Gardiner  in  his  last 
chapter,  on  "  The  Government  and  the 
Priests,"  touches  it  with  moderation  and 
reserve,  and  on  one  point,  perhaps,  with  an 
excess  of  caution.  Bates  declared  that  he 
had  confessed  his  scruples  to  Father  Green- 
way,  and  that  the  Jesuit  had  given  him 
absolution  and  encouragement  to  proceed. 
Greenway  solemnly  protested  that  he  had 
never  heard  of  the  plot  from  Bates.  Mr. 
Gardiner,  loth  to  suspect  the  Jesuit  of 
"telling  a  deliberate  lie,"  suggests  that 
Bates  may  have  spoken  vaguely  of  his 
master's  desire  to  engage  him  in  a  design 
against  the  Government  without  reference 
to  the  gunpowder.  But  surely  this  sup- 
position is  unnecessary.  Greenway  would 
consider  it  not  only  lawful,  but  his 
sacred  obligation,  to  deny  on  oath  such 
knowledge  imparted  in  sacramental  con- 
fession. The  case  against  Greenway  re- 
mains a  very  strong  one.  Catesby,  at 
least,  seems  to  have  believed  that  the 
Jesuit  ajjproved  his  plot,  for,  in  his  despair 
at  the  desertion  of  his  other  friends  at 
Coughton,  the  conspirator  cried  out  on 
seeing  Greenway,  "  Here  at  least  was  a 
gentleman  that  would  live  and  die  with 
them." 

Greenway's  disclosure  to  Garnet  is  another 
point  which  needs  re -examination.  The 
difficulty  of  accepting  as  a  sacramental  con- 
fession the  communication  described  bj' 
Garnet  himself  (in  the  letters  printed  by 
Mr.  Gardiner  in  the  English  Historical  Review, 
1888)  is  very  great.  Greenway  scarcely 
pretends  that  his  information  derived  from 
Catesby  was  more  than  a  natural  secret. 
Yielding  to  Garnet's  curiosity,  he  satisfies 
his  own  scruples  in  revealing  such  a  secret 
by  feigning  to  make  it  part  of  a  confession — 
a  common  enough  trick.  He  unnecessarily 
introduces  the  names  of  half  a  dozen  ac- 
complices, and  thereby  commits  mortal  sin. 
He  enters  into  details  as  to  what  Percy  was 
to  do  "after  the  action";  how  the  Duke 
(Charles)  was  to  be  carried  off  ;  or  if  he  were 
in  the  Parliament  (that  is,  blown  up  by 
the  powder)  they  would  surprise  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  and  proclaim  her.  Can  all  these 
confidences  have  been  matter  for  confession 
or  strictly  subject  to  the  "seal,"  or  were 
these  men  vainly  attempting  to  save  their 
consciences  by  a  pious  fraud  ? 

In  any  case,  quite  apart  from  the  alleged 
"  seal,"  Garnet's  general  knowledge,  as  he 
admitted,  was  enough  to  condemn  him.  His 


excuse  was  that  he  had  hoped  to  meet 
Catesby  in  November,  and  then  effectively  to 
dissuade  him  from  his  project.  "  If,"  writes 
Mr.  Gardiner,  "he  had  for  many  months 
before  known  enough,  otherwise  than  in 
confession,  to  enable  him  to  remonstrate 
with  Catesby  in  November,  why  could  he 
not  have  remonstrated  with  him  four  months 
before  with  much  more  hope  of  success?" 
The  attempt  to  make  Garnet  a  martyr  for 
the  seal  of  confession  is  preposterous.  The 
hostility  of  the  secular  priests  against  the 
Society  of  Jesus  was  not  so  bitter  as  to  lead 
them  to  grudge  the  honour  of  martyrdom 
to  a  Jesuit  brother.  Yet  so  strong  was  the 
judgment  of  Eand,  the  agent  of  the  clergy, 
on  this  point,  that  when  in  the  summer  of 
1624,  in  company  with  some  friends  in 
Eome,  he  saw  Garnet's  picture  in  the  Gesu 
Gallery  with  the  inscription  "Propter  fidem 
Catholicam,"  he  took  occasion  to  protest, 
complaining  that  Garnet  "  died  for  treason." 
"  Mr.  Clayton  and  I,"  writes  Eand  in  his 
diary,  "  went  thither  in  April,  1625.  It  was 
changed,  and  only  '  Ab  hsereticis  occisus.' 
Yet  the  straw  is  there,  and  transposed  to  the 
right  hand,  which  is  the  less  conspicuous 
part  of  the  alley."  The  recent  process  for 
Garnet's  beatification  has  been  at  least  so 
barred  or  deferred  at  Eome  as  to  suggest 
that  the  Holy  See  is  upon  this  point  at  one 
with  Mr.  Eand. 


Poems.      By  Horace  Smith.     (Macmillau  & 

Co.) 
The  latest  verses  of  Mr.  Horace  Smith,  now 
published  along  with  selections  from  his 
1860  and  1889  volumes,  do  not  betray  any 
very  marked  advance  uj)on  his  former  work. 
He  still  writes  spontaneously  on  themes 
drawn  from  the  changing  seasons,  with  an 
occasional  poem  of  episode  or  of  personal 
and  moral  reflection.  The  influence  of 
Wordsworth  remains  strong  upon  him;  one 
traces  echoes,  too,  of  Matthew  Arnold  ;  and, 
once,  of  that  Latin  namesake  whose  '  Ode  to 
Thaliarchus '  he  adaj)ted  with  so  consider- 
able a  measure  of  success  in  earlier  days. 
In  previous  volumes  his  narrative  poems 
went  somewhat  on  the  simple  lines  of  Tenny- 
son's 'Dora'  or  Clough's  'Bothie';  here, 
in  'Naples,  1828,'  and  'Too  Late,'  it  is 
rather  Browning  whom,  consciously  or  not, 
he  follows  afar.  But  the  now  feature  of 
his  freshly  published  verse  is  to  be  found 
in  the  "Hymns  and  Psalms"  for  which  he 
modestly  asks  attention  in  the  preface.  Dr. 
Johnson's  question  there  cited — "  In  sacred 
poetry  who  has  succeeded?" — must  still 
await  a  satisfactory  answer  as  far  as  Mr. 
Smith  is  concerned.  This  is  not  to  say  that 
his  religious  poems  do  not  easily  pass  the 
average  of  hymns,  or  that  his  verse-render- 
ing of  the  Psalms  is  not  infinitely  superior 
to  those  literal  and  ingenious  paraphrases — 
or  dare  we  say  parodies  ? — so  dear  to  all 
right-minded  Scots.  The  feeling,  again,  of 
these  hymns  reveals  a  true  fervour  and 
sincerity,  as  they  are  also  marked,  indi- 
vidually, by  a  unity  of  purpose  unknown 
to  most  of  the  wandering,  rhyme -racked 
compositions  which  apparently  suffice  for 
congregational  worship.  But  still  they  are 
little  more  than  meritorious  exercises ;  they 
neither  inspire  nor  are  inspired. 

Of  Mr.  Horace  Smith's  poems  one  can- 
not honestly  say  that  they  are  all  works  of 


finished  art;  but  at  least  they  are  free 
from  artifice  ;  they  have  a  sort  of  unstudied 
charm.  They  attempt  little  that  is  not  well- 
worn  and  familiar  ;  the  blank  verse,  though 
it  contains  here  and  there  a  line  of  real 
distinction,  is  mainly  pedestrian  ;  but  when 
the  occasion  calls  for  these  qualities  the 
author's  work  shows  an  earnestness  and 
virility  which,  in  these  da3-s,  should  serve 
as  sufficient  reason,  if  others  were  wanting, 
for  its  welcome.  Perhaps  the  best  things 
among  his  new  poems  are  three  sonnets, 
though  not  one  of  them  fulfils  the  require- 
ments of  right  construction,  nor  has  the 
true  ebb-and-flow  on  which  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton  insists  for  the  "contemporary" 
sonnet.  Two  of  them,  entitled  'The 
Mystery,'  are  noticeable  for  a  sonorous- 
ness and  dignity  of  language  that  are  rare 
in  these  poems.  The  third,  an  unrhymed 
sonnet  on  the  Eight  Hon.  George  Denman, 
if  worst  of  all  in  its  construction  as  a  sonnet, 
and  sadly  marred  by  the  infelicity  of  its 
pauses,  has  yet  a  certain  satisfying  conclu- 
siveness that  gives  it  a  place  apart : — 

"Not  a  great  lawyer ";— Well,  that  may  be  so  : 

I  care  not  greatly  for  that  parrot-cry; 

Here  is  his  portrait  oa  my  study  wall. 

Integrity  and  Dignity  sit  there, 

A  wise  Experience  and  Thoughtfulness, — 

Firm  to  rebuke  the  Wrong,  uphold  the  Right. 

Perhaps  I  trace  a  wearied,  far-off  look 

About  the  eyes.     Nay,  you  are  wrong,  my  friend, 

I  am  not  much  imposed  upon  by  robes. 

Forget  the  office— think  but  of  the  man. 

Kindly  and  cultured,  stately,  gracious,  true, 

Robed  or  unrobed,  a  man  to  be  beloved. 

Come  now,  I  '11   cap   your  sneer  with   one  plain 

word — 
"There  sits  a  truly  noble  Englishman." 

The  difficult  ways  of  the  perfect  sonnet  have 
not  been  sought  out  by  Mr.  Horace  Smith  ; 
but  there  is  perhaps  less  excuse  for  his 
rather  elementary  notions  of  the  character 
of  early  lyrics.  In  what  he  calls  '  An  Olde 
Lyric '  he  seems  to  imagine  that  an  ex- 
crescent final  e,  or  the  substitution  of  y  for 
/,  is  sufficient  token  of  antiquity.  But  then 
he  does  not  pretend  to  be  other  than  an 
amateur.  These  poems  are  simply  the  genial 
by-play  of  a  magistrate's  busy  life,  that 
generous  outcome  of  a  restricted  leisure  of 
which  Browning  so  uncouthly  sings  the 
praises  in  his  'Shop.'  And  as  such,  and 
something  more,  this  volume  must  needs 
touch  the  critic  with  the  impress  of  its  own 
good  nature.  

The  History  of  P.  Cornelius  Tacitus.  Trans- 
lated into  English  by  A.  T.  Quill.  2  vols. 
(Murray.) 
It  is  impossible  to  say  that  there  is  not 
room  for  a  new  English  translation  of 
Tacitus.  The  portion  of  the  task  which  is 
attempted  in  these  volumes  is  easier,  indeed, 
than  that  comprised  in  the  '  Annals  ';  but 
otherwise  it  would  be  hard  to  find  another 
prose  work  in  any  language  which  would 
tax  more  severely  than  the  '  History '  the 
powers  of  an  English  translator.  We  may 
say  at  once  that  the  measure  of  success 
achieved  by  Mr.  Quill  is  sufficient  to 
justify  him  for  having  entered  upon  a 
difficult  undertaking,  and  to  encourage  him 
to  attempt  the  still  more  arduous  one  of 
Englishing  the  '  Annals.'  He  has  thought 
out  patiently  the  meaning  of  the  Latin ; 
he  has  sought  the  best  guidance  which  he 
could  procure ;  and  he  has  exercised  a  com- 
petent judgment  whenever  his  guides  were 


N°  3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


at    variance.       He    possesses    considerable 
command  of  language.     Such  faults  as  the 
translation  exhibits  are   traceable  to  what 
we  cannot  but  think  a  mistaken  idea,  that 
Carlyle  is  the  best  model  for  the  translator 
of  Tacitus  to  follow.     In  reality  the  resem- 
blance in  style  between  Tacitus  and  Carlyle 
IS   only  superficial.      It  lies  mainly  in  the 
omission  of  particles  and  connecting  links 
which  most  other  writers  regard  as   indis- 
pensable.    Only  rarely  is  a  bit  of  narrative 
or  characterization  to  be  found  in  Carlyle 
which  by  its  condensed  vividness  recalls  a 
picture  drawn  in  few  words  by  Tacitus.     As 
a  rule  the  craggy  and  precipitous  utterance 
of  Carlyle  (when  he  is  most  Carlylean)  is  at 
the   opposite  pole   to  the   exquisite  artistic 
finish  of  the  Eoman  writer,  in  whom  almost 
every  word   seems   to   be   the   outcome   of 
fastidious  reflection.     It  cannot  be  denied 
that  the  desire  to   follow  Carlyle   has    led 
Mr.  Quill  into  a  good  many  extravagances, 
particularly  in  his  first  volume.  For  example, 
the   rendering   of    the    chapter   (i.    21)   in 
which  the   historian   sketches   the   motives 
that  impelled  Otho  to  seek  the  throne  has 
the  blight  of  Carlylism  upon  it,  and  it  is 
pleasant   to   turn   from    it   to    the   version 
of  the  passage   in  which  the  story  of  the 
last   days   of   Vitellius  is  told  (iii.  68  sq.), 
where  the  translator's  English  is  far  more 
pure  and  just  as  pithy.     Indeed,  in  the  first 
volume  there  are  many  sentences  which  can 
scarcely  claim  to  be  English  in  any  strict 
sense.     In  not  a  fe\v  places  the  straining 
after  brevity  has  crushed  out  ideas  which 
are  pointedly  represented  in  the  Latin ;  so 
mi.  1,  where  "  libidine  assentandi  "  is  con- 
veyed by  the  one  word  "  flattery."     Again, 
the    unnecessary    introduction    of    figures 
which  are  alien,  sometimes  to  the  substance 
sometimes  to  the  spirit,  of  the  Latin,  gives 
not  unfrequently  a  fantastic  appearance  to 
the  translation.      Thus  in   Otho's  famous 
last  speech  (li.  47)  the  words,  "difficilius  est 
temperare  felicitati  qua  te  non   putes  diu 
usurum,"  are  not  well  turned  by  "  'tis  harder 
to  hold  the  lip  from  pleasure's  fleeting  cup  "• 
nor  IS /'feather-bed  soldier"  an  attractive 
rendering  for  "  nullis  stipendiis"  in  ii.  76 
On  the  other  hand,  the  force  of  the  Latin, 
even  where  not  adequately  conveyed,  has 
seldom  been  entirely  mistaken,  and  where 
tailure  occurs  it  is   not   of  serious  extent. 
bpecimens  are  found  in  i.  5,  where  "mane- 
bat  plerisque  militum  conscientia "  is  cer- 
tainly   misrepresented    by   ''most    of    the 
soldiers  remained  callous  "  ;  in  ii.  76,  where 
non  arduum"  is  rendered  as   though  it 
were  arduum;  and  in  i.  71,  where  "  cuncta 
ad  decorem  imperii  composita  "  does  not 
mean    "wearing    the    becoming    garb    of 
emperor    throughout."      But    the   general 
impression    left    by  Mr.   Quill's    work    is 
creditable   both   to  his   ingenuity  and  his 
accuracy     The  phantom  of  Carlyle,  as  we 
nave  said,  makes  fewer  appearances  in  the 
second  volume  than  in  the  first;  if  it  were 
laid  entirely,  the  translator  might  produce 
a  rendering  of  the  'Annals'  even  more  in- 
teresting than  the  present  work. 

In  the  introduction  and  notes  Mr.  Quill 
talks  pleasantly  and  on  the  whole  profit- 
ably If  somewhat  discursively,  about  many 
matters.  The  attempts  which  scholars  have 
made  to  solve  the  difficulties  of  the  text 
meet  with  generous  recognition.  There  is 
only  one  unjust  remark  in  the  two  volumes 


Mr.  Spooner  is  severely  condemned   for  a 
mere  misprint,  "si  fractus  illabitur  orbis  " 
for  iUabatur ;  whereas  Mr.  Quill's  pages  are 
not  free  from  similar  errors,  such  as  "  Sue- 
tonious"  and  "  mittelstuse."     There  are,  of 
course,    in   Mr.    Quill's    comments   matters 
which  will  provoke  dissent.     Few  can  study 
Tacitus  long  from  the  historical  side  without 
disbelieving  in  the  two  virtues  for  which  he 
is  here  most  enthusiastically  praised,  viz., 
his  philosophic  depth  and  his  impartiality! 
He  was  too  imaginative  to  be  either  emi- 
nently philosophical  or  eminently  impartial. 
His  interest  in  the  past  was  of  a  nature  to 
confine   him   in   the   main    to    tracing   the 
motives   of   a   few  principal   actors,    or   to 
depicting    scenes    which     lent     themselves 
readily  to  his  vivid  style.     For  the  larger 
issues  which   have   been   tried   out  in    the 
field  of  history  he  seems  to  have  had  little 
perception.     His  qualities  would  have  en- 
abled him  to  achieve  transcendent  success 
as   an  historical  novelist  had  he  lived   in 
modern   times.     Among  minor   pronounce- 
ments by  Mr.  Quill  with  which  readers  will 
be  inclined  to  quarrel  are  the  description  of 
Cicero  as  a  Stoic;  the  perilous  assumption  that 
Cicero,  Cato,  Brutus,  Thrasea,  and  Helvidius 
Priscus  had  Aristotle's   '  Politics  '   at  their 
fingers'  ends  ;  the  treatment  of  the  theory 
that  "  all  things  tend  to  the  centre  "  as  an 
anticipation  of  Newton  ;    and  the  supposi- 
tion that  that  theory  was  an  invention  of 
the  Stoics.     One  very  smaU  point  which  we 
will  mention  is  the  application  of  the  aphorism 
"Le  style  c'est  I'homme  "  to  Tacitus.     The 
saying  would  apply  still  more  forcibly  if  it 
were  restored  to  the  form  which  its  author 
(Buffon)  gave  it:   "Le  style  c'est  I'homme 
memo" — "is  the  venj  man." 

Mr.    Quill   has   carefully  considered  dif- 
ficulties of  reading.  While  following  Meiser 
in  the  main  (and  he  could  hardly  do  better) 
he  has  judged  for  himself,  and  well  on  the 
whole.     In   some  few  places   where  he  is 
very  confident  we  hold  him  to  be  demon- 
strably wrong.     In   ii.  76    (the  address  of 
Mucianus  to  Vespasian)  the  reading  of  the 
MSS.,  "  abiit  iam  et  transvectum  est  tempus 
quo    posses    videri    concupisse,"    is    really 
nonsense.     Mr.    Quill   reads    sense   into   it 
by  making  videri  imply  semblance  without 
performance;   but  that  does  not  lie  in  the 
Latin.     The  simple  change  non  cupisse  sets 
the  passage  right.     The  translator  is  not 
always  quite  consistent  in   the  application 
of  his  critical  principles.     Again  and  again 
he  lays  down  the  rule  that   the  Medicean 
MS.  is  not  to  be  departed  from  if  it  will 
yield  tolerable  sense.     But  he  does  depart 
from  it  sometimes  without  necessity,  as  in 
11.  77,  "si  vincimus,  honorem  quem  dederis 
habebo;    discrimen   ac    pericula    ex  eequo 
partiemur"  {Med.  patiemur).     We  will  con- 
clude by  drawing  attention  to  two  admir- 
able corrections  communicated  to  Mr.  Quill 
by  Dr.  L.  C.  Purser.     In  iii.  53  the  MSS. 
give    "neque    officere    glorise    eorum    qui 
Asiam  interim  composuerint :    illis  Moesia; 
pacem,  sibi  salutem  securitatemque  Italise 
cordi  fuisse."     Here  "  Asiam  "  is  admittedly 
corrupt,     and     Dr.    Purser's     emendation 
Mosstam  is  far  more  probable  than  "Daciam," 
accepted  by  most  recent  editors.     Again,  in 
iv.  4  we  have  "  ubi  ad  Helvidium  Prisc'um 
preetorem    designatum     ventum,     prompsit 
sententiam  ut  honorificam   in  novum  prin- 
cipem,    falsa    aberant    et    studiis    senatus  ' 


151 


attollebatur."  Halm's  honum  for  "  novum  " 
is  generally  accepted,  and  most  scholars, 
with  Agricola,  put  ita  before  falsa;  but 
Dr.  Purser  excellently  places  ut  after  hono- 
rificam, and  a  full  stop  atprincipem. 


Modern  Mythology.  By  Andrew  Lang.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.)  ^    ^        ^ 

Prof.  Max  Muller  and  Mr.  Andrew  Lang 
are  old  opponents.     For  many  years  their 
disputes  have  ranged    through  the  maga- 
zines  and   added    something    to   the   mild 
gaiety  of  the  nation.     The  combat  has  been 
rather  of  the  nature  of  a  whale  and  swordfish 
fight.     There  is  no  doubt  that  Prof.  Max 
Miiller  carried  the  method  of  Kuhn  to  ex- 
tremes, and  Mr.  Lang  did  good  service  by 
pricking  some  of  the  etymological  bubbles 
set  afloat  by  the  venerable  philologist.     It 
was  natural  that  Prof.  Max  Miiller  should 
attempt   to   carry   the   war   back   into   the 
enemy's   camp    as    he    did   in    his   recent 
'  Contributions   to   the   Science   of   Mytho- 
logy,' in  which  he  offered  criticisms  more 
or  less  acute  of  the  anthropological  method 
of  explaining  myths.    In  the  present  volume 
Mr.  Lang  brings  his  rejoinder  to  Prof.  Max 
MiiUer's  demurrer.   It  is  somewhat  of  a  feat, 
even  for  Mr.  Lang's  facile  pen,  to  have  pro- 
duced this  volume  of  200  pages  within  the 
short   period    that    has   elapsed    since   the 
appearance   of    Mr.   Max    Miiller' s    book 
though    it    is    fair    to    add   that  the  last 
quarter   of   the   book,  containing   its  more 
valuable  and  positive  contributions  to  folk- 
lore, had  previously  appeared  in  magazine 
literature.      It  is    difficult    to    make   con- 
troversial writing  of  this  kind  easy  reading. 
Scientific  opponents  usually  misunderstand 
each  other's  meaning,  put  a  wrong  emphasis 
on  part   of   the    arguments,  forget   qualifi- 
cations, and   in   general  appear   to  be   in- 
capable of  putting  themselves  entirely  into 
the  position  against  which  they  argue.    Con- 
sequently a  rejoinder  must  largely  consist 
of  unravelling  these  complicated  misunder- 
standings, which  have  often  little  more  than 
a  personal  interest. 

The  first  quarter  of  this  book  consists  of 
corrections    by    Mr.    Lang    of  Prof.  Max 
Miiller's  misunderstandings  of  Mr.  Lang's 
statements  with  regard  to  the     story    of 
Daphne,  with  regard  to  Prof.  Tiele's  views 
about  Mr.  Lang,  and  with  regard  to  Mann- 
hardt's  vacillation  of  opinion  on  the  relative 
merits  of  the  philological  and  the  anthro- 
pological schools  of  mythology.     Not  even 
Mr.  Lang's  lightness  of  touch  can   arouse 
much    interest    in    these    disputes    of    the 
pundits.     Mr.  Lang  comes    more  to   grips 
with  Prof.  Max  Miiller,  to  use  his  own  term, 
in  his  chapters  on  totemism  and  fetishism! 
As  a  rule  Mr.  Lang  shows  intense  scientific 
caution    in    committing    himself     to     any 
definite  attitude  about  origins;    but    after 
all  he  is  human,    and  has  not  altogether 
escaped    the    tendency  of  investigators   of 
these  obscure  problems  to  push  a  pet  theory. 
The  particular  key  with  which  he  tries  to 
unlock  most  of  the  closed  doors  of  mytho- 
logy is  _  totemism.      Wherever    an   animal 
is  mentioned  in  connexion  with  a  god  Mr. 
Lang    is   inclined   to  see   the   survival    of 
totemism.      He    carefully    guards    himself 
against  being  caught  in  too  positive  a  state- 
ment, but  one  can  see  that  in  any  matter 
of   doubt    he  would,  in  sporting  parlance 


152 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3640,  July  31,  -97 


declare  to  win  with  Totem.  Consequently 
he  is  at  his  best  and  clearest  when  dealing 
with  Prof.  Max  Miiller's  suggestion  that 
totemism  is  derived  from  savage  clan 
marks.  There  is  no  doubt  that  here,  as 
elsewhere,  the  Oxford  professor  has  been 
led  away  by  his  etymological  tendencies. 
Mr.  Lang  has  also  some  highly  pertinent 
criticism  on  Mr.  Frazer's  suggestion  of  sex 
totems,  which  he  rightly  regards  as  con- 
fusing the  issues. 

His  scientific  caution  enables  the  author 
to  repel  without  much  trouble  the  some- 
what vague  accusations  brought  by  Prof. 
Max  Miiller  against  the  anthropolo- 
gical school  for  not  testing  their  evi- 
dence with  sufficient  thoroughness.  Mr. 
Lang  explains,  as  he  has  done  before,  that 
anthropologists  use  what  Dr.  Tylor  has 
termed  the  "test  of  recurrence"  to  check 
their  facts.  And  he  is  no  less  effective 
when  he  carries  the  war  into  the 
enemy's  country  by  showing  the  shifty 
basis  upon  which  philologists  found  their 
explanation  of  the  names  of  deities.  He 
has  some  interesting  lists  of  the  many  vary- 
ing interpretations  offered  by  philologists  of 
repute  for  some  of  the  best-known  names 
in  Greek  mythology. 

That  mention  of  Dr.  Tjlor  may  serve  to 
remind  us  that  Mr.  Lang  has  not  been 
alone  or  without  predecessors  in  his 
protests  against  the  purely  philological 
method  in  explaining  myths.  As  far  back 
as  1871  that  eminent  authority  traced  the 
mythopoeic  tendency  to  the  animism  of  the 
lower  races  rather  than  to  the  explanation 
of  verbal  metaphor  favoured  by  Prof.  Max 
Miiller.  He  even  anticipated  Mr.  Lang 
in  the  use  of  parody  as  a  protest  against 
the  extremes  to  which  the  philological 
.school  were  led,  and  interpreted  the  nursery 
rhyme  about  the  'Song  of  Sixpence'  as  a 
solar  myth.  At  the  same  time,  however, 
Dr.  Tylor  was  ready  to  allow  the  large  part 
which  the  great  celestial  and  meteorological 
phenomena  play  in  the  formation  of  myths. 
On  the  whole,  the  truth  would  seem  to  lie 
with  Dr.  Tylor  rather  than  with  either  of 
the  antagonists  in  the  present  duel.  But 
Mr.  Lang  must  be  credited  with  having 
brought  to  a  definite  issue  the  question  of 
ihe  validity  of  the  philological  method  as 
applied  to  the  greater  Aryan  gods.  Even 
a  professed  philologist  like  Schrader  is  now 
ready  to  own  that  the  etymological  equations 
between  Greek  and  Vedic  deities  which 
were  so  profusely  put  forth  by  Kuhn  and 
ills  followers  do  not  hold  good  except  in  the 
single  case  of  Zeus-Dyaus  ;  and  this  result 
has  been  reached  by  Dr.  Schrader  on  purely 
philological  grounds. 

Mr.  Lang  adds  to  his  controversial 
matter,  as  has  already  been  mentioned, 
some  more  positive  contributions  to  the 
science  of  mythology.  The  first  of  them 
is  an  admirable  bit  of  work  on  the  curious 
custom  for  which  he  has  supplied  the 
name  of  the  Fire  Walk.  This  is  a  rite  in 
which  savages  walk  over  red-hot  stones  or 
on  burning  ashes,  without,  it  would  seem, 
suffering  any  ill  effects.  The  author  has 
collected  examples  of  this  curious  rite  with 
great  industry.  He  gives  detailed  descrip- 
tionsfromFiji,  among  the  Klings  in  Southern 
India,  in  Trinidad  and  Bulgaria,  and  uses 
these  examples  to  explain  a  similar  rite 
which,   according    to    the   scholiasts,   took 


place  on  Mount  Soracte.  He  adduces  a 
further  parallel  from  the  experiences  of 
D.  D.  Home,  the  well-known  spiritualist, 
who  claimed  to  handle  fire  with  impunity. 
Such  an  illustration  shows  courage  in 
making  use  of  evidence  the  source  of 
which  is  discredited  by  any  amount  of 
chicanery.  Provided  due  caution  is  used, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  many  of  the  pheno- 
mena noted  among  spiritualists  may  tend 
to  throw  light  upon  the  psychopathic  basis 
of  magic  and  other  folk-lore  phenomena. 
Mr.  Lang  does  not  make  any  very  definite 
suggestion  as  to  the  cause  of  the  immunity 
of  the  fire  walkers,  but  it  seems  clear  that 
their  feet  in  every  case  are  prepared  with 
some  sort  of  non-conducting  fluid. 

The  last  chapter  of  the  book  contains  a 
short  treatment  of  the  myths  of  the  origin  of 
death  and  of  fire,  which  was  promised  by  Mr. 
Lang  in  his  '  Myth,  Ritual,  and  Religion.' 
They  are  only  sketches,  but  are  interesting 
applications  of  the  anthropological  method, 
while  incidentally  he  disposes  of  the  etymo- 
logical explanation  of  the  myth  of  Pro- 
metheus suggested  by  Kuhn,  which  was 
the  starting-point  of  the  philological  school 
who  used  Sanskrit  etymologies  to  explain 
the  true  meaning  of  Greek  myths. 

These  positive  contributions  enhance  the 
value  of  a  work  which  would  other- 
wise appear  somewhat  supererogatory. 
The  slaughter  of  the  slain  is  scarcely  an 
exhilarating  process  to  engage  in  or  to 
observe,  and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  if 
Mr.  Lang  is  not  at  his  brightest  in  dealing 
with  minute  differences  of  mainly  personal 
interest.  Nothing,  however,  can  be  better 
than  the  tone  in  which  he  treats  his 
veteran  opponent.  From  that  point  of 
view  this  book  is  a  model  of  the  courtesies 
of  controversy. 


A  History  of  the  Administration  of  the  Royal 

Navy  and  of  Merchant  Shipping  in  Relation 

to   the    Navy.— Yol.l.    1509-1660.      By 

M.  Oppenheim.     (Lane.) 
Naval  Accounts  and  Inventories  of  the  Reign 

of   Henry     VII.,    U85-8    and  U95-7. 

Edited  by  M.  Oppenheim.   (Navy  Records 

Society.) 
Two  Discourses  of  the   Navy,  1638  and  1659, 

by  John  Hollond.    Edited  by  J.  R.  Tanner, 

M.A.     (Same  Society.) 

It  is  probably  not  altogether  a  mere  coinci- 
dence that  these  three  volumes  have  been 
published  almost  simultaneously.  The  naval 
accounts  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  and 
Hollond' s  discourses  of  the  state  of  the  navy 
under  Charles  I.  and  the  Commonwealth, 
now  carefully  edited,  with  much  elucidatory 
matter,  for  the  Navy  Records  Society,  are 
part  of  the  drj--  bones  which,  in  his  '  History 
of  the  Administration  of  the  Navy,'  Mr. 
Oppenheim  has  clothed  with  flesh  and  j)re- 
sented  in  a  more  readable  form.  They  are, 
however,  only  a  small  part;  for  perhaps 
the  first  thing  that  will  strike  the  reader 
of  the  '  History '  is  the  extreme  amount  of 
original  research  which  is  embodied  in  it. 
The  numerous  references  are  almost  exclu- 
sively to  unpublished  records,  in  which  the 
history  of  our  navy,  as  distinct  from  our 
naval  history,  has  been  so  long  buried. 
Since  the  publication  of  the  initial  frag- 
ment of  Sir  Harris  Nicolas' s  '  History 
of  the  Royal  Navy,'  just  fifty  years   ago, 


no  attempt  to  follow  out  the  interest- 
ing subject  has  been  made.  Mr.  Oppen- 
heim's  present  volume,  though  in  great 
measure  a  successor  to  those  of  Nicolas,  is 
"built"  on  somewhat  "different  lines." 
The  greater  liberality  of  recent  Governments 
and  the  remodelling  of  the  Record  Office 
have  opened  out  facilities  of  research  which 
were  unknown  fifty  years  ago,  and  have 
thus  put  at  Mr.  Oppenheim's  disposal  a 
wealth  of  material  which  was  altogether  out 
of  Nicolas's  reach.  Partly  on  account  of 
this  abundance  of  other  matter,  partly,  it 
may  be,  from  free  choice,  naval  history, 
ordinarily  so  called,  is  excluded  from  Mr. 
Oppenheim's  work.  In  it  the  glories  of  the 
past  are  but  barely  mentioned,  and  then 
only  in  connexion  with  administrative 
problems.  Howard,  Drake,  Hawkyns, 
Blake  appear,  not  as  the  victors  of  Grave- 
lines  or  Santa  Cruz,  but  solely  in  relation  to 
questions  of  finance  or  administration.  As 
shown  on  the  title-page,  the  work  professes 
to  begin  with  the  accession  of  Henry  YIII. 
in  1509;  but  an  introductory  chapter  of 
forty -four  closely  printed  pages,  together 
with  the  introduction  to  the  '  Naval 
Accounts,'  forms  the  connecting  link  be- 
tween that  date  and  1423,  when  Nicolas's 
work  abruptly  stops. 

It  has  been  so  often  stated  that  the 
English  navy  was  founded  by  Henry  VII., 
by  Henry  VIII. ,  or  by  Elizabeth,  that  it  is 
well  to  refer  at  once  to  Nicolas's  work,  to 
show  that  from  the  earliest  age  there  was  a 
navy  of  some  sort,  more  or  less  efficient  or 
the  contrary.  According  to  Mr.  Oppenheim, 
the  statement,  as  applied  to  any  of  these 
monarchs, 

"really  means  that  modification  of  medi;eval 
conditions,  and  adoption  of  improvements  in 
construction  and  administration,  which  brought 
the  navy  into  the  form  familiar  to  us  until  the 
introduction  of  steam  and  iron.  And  in  that 
sense  no  one  sovereign  can  be  accredited  with 
its  formation.  The  introduction  of  port-holes 
in,  or  perhaps  before  the  reign  of  Henry  YIL, 
differentiated  the  raan-of-war,  involved  radical 
alterations  in  build  and  armament,  and  made  the 
future  line-of- battle  ship  possible  ;  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Navy  Board  by  Henry  VIII.  made 
the  organization  of  fleets  feasible,  and  ensured  a 
certain  if  slow  progress,  because  henceforward 
cumulative,  and,  in  the  long  run,  independent 
of  the  energy  and  foresight  of  any  one  man 
under  whom,  as  under  Henry  V.,  the  navy 
might  largely  advance,  to  sink  back  at  his  death 
into  decay.  Under  Elizabeth,  the  improve- 
ments in  building  and  rigging  constituted  a  step 
longer  than  had  yet  been  taken  towards  the 
modern  type,  the  Navy  Board  became  an 
eftectively  working  and  flourishing  institution, 
and  the  wars  and  voyages  of  her  reign  founded 
the  school  of  successful  seamanship  of  which 
was  born  the  confidence,  daring,  and  self- 
reliance  still  prescriptive  in  the  royal  and  mer- 
chant services." 

All  which  amounts  to  saying  that  the 
originating  of  the  navy  can  no  more  be 
attributed  to  the  Tudor  sovereigns  than  to 
William  IV.,  under  whom  the  Navy  Board 
was  abolished  and  the  Admiralty  adminis- 
tration remodelled;  or  to  Victoria,  under 
whom  the  construction  and  armament  of 
our  ships  have  been  entirely  changed,  so 
that  the  ships  of  the  present  day  are  as 
different  from  those  which  fought  at  Tra- 
falgar as  were  those  which  defeated  the 
Spaniards  at  Gravelines  from  those  which 
crushed  the  French  at  Sluys.     But  it  is  not 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


153 


our  latest  sovereigns,  any  more  than  the 
Tudors,  or  John,  or  Alfred,  that  we  can 
rightly  call  the  founders  of  the  royal  navy. 
"In  the  widest  sense,"  says  Mr.  Oppenheim, 
"  the  first  Saxon  king  who  possessed  galleys 
of  his  own  may  be  said  to  have  been  the 
founder  of  the  royal  navy."  It  is,  in  fact, 
coeval  with  the  arrival  of  the  Saxons  and 
Angles  in  this  country,  if  we  ought  not  to 
carry  it  back  to  a  still  earlier  date.  The 
early  organization  was,  of  course,  extremely 
rude.     It  is  not  till  the  reign  of  John  that 

"  we  meet  the  first  sign  of  a  naval  adminis- 
tration in  the  official  action  of  William  of 
Wrotham,  like  many  of  his  successors  a  cleric, 
and  the  first  known  'keeper of  the  king's  ships.' 
This  office,  possibly  in  its  original  form  of  very 
much  earlier  date,  and  only  reconstituted  or 
enlarged  in  function  by  .John,  and  now  repre- 
sented in  descent  by  the  Secretaryship  of  the 
Admiralty,  is  the  oldest  administrative  employ- 
ment in  connexion  with  the  Navy.  At  first 
called  '  Keeper  and  Governor  of  the  King's 
Ships,'  later  'Clerk  of  the  King's  Ships,'  this 
official  held,  sometimes  really  and  sometimes 
nominally,  the  control  of  naval  organization 
until  the  formation  of  the  Navy  Board  in  1546. 

In  the  course  of  centuries  the  title  changed 

its  form.  In  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies the  officer  is  called  '  Clerk  of  Marine 
Causes '  and  '  Clerk  of  the  Navy  '  ;  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  'Clerk  of  the  Acts.'  Although 
Pepys  was  not  the  last  Clerk  of  the  Acts,  the 
functions  associated  with  the  office,  which  were 
the  remains  of  the  larger  powers  once  belonging 
to  the  'Keeper  and  Governor,'  were  carried  up 
by  him  to  the  higher  post  of  Secretary  of  the 
Admiralty." 

This  iS;  perhaps,  venturing  on  debatable 
ground.  In  his  next  volume  Mr.  Oppen- 
heim may  show  the  evidence  on  which  the 
statement  is  made ;  but  at  present  we  are 
unwilling  to  admit  that  the  Clerk  of  the 
Acts,  called  also  Clerk  of  the  Records, 
was  the  official  descendant  of  the  Keeper 
or  Clerk  of  the  King's  Ships ;  that  Pepys, 
while  Clerk  of  the  Acts,  exercised  the 
functions  of  the  "Keeper";  or  that  the 
Secretary  of  the  Admiralty  then  or  now  ex- 
ercised those  functions  ;  and — until  further 
cause  is  shown — we  hold  to  the  opinion  that 
in  the  time  of  Queen  Anne,  while  Burchett 
was  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  Sergison, 
as  Clerk  of  the  Acts,  held  the  same  office 
and  had  the  same  powers  as  Pepys  had 
held  and  had  in  the  time  of  Charles  II. 

During  the  later  years  of  Edward  IV. 
and  the  short  reign  of  Richard  III.,  the 
Keeper  of  the  King's  Ships  was  one  Thomas 
Eoger,  who  was  again  appointed  by  patent 
a  few  months  after  the  accession  of 
Henry  VII.  He  died  in  1488,  and  it  is 
the  detailed  statement  of  his  accounts,  as 
presented  by  his  widow  and  executrix, 
which  Mr.  Oppenheim  has  now  edited. 
Roger  was  succeeded  by  William  Comersale, 
who  appears  to  have  been  dismissed,  for 
misconduct  or  incompetence,  in  1495,  when 
Robert  Brygandyne  was  appointed.  He 
remained  in  office  until  at  least  1523,  and 
the  intervening  years  of  the  two  Henries 
cover  a  transitional  period  of  the  change 
from  the  mediaeval  to  the  beginnings  of  the 
modern  navy,  in  which  he  played  a  part,  and 
possibly  an  important  one.  His  accounts 
for  the  years  1495-7,  now  printed  by  the 
Navy  Records  Society,  include  the  charges 
for  keeping,  fitting,  and  repairing  the  two 
large  and  newly  built  ships  Sovereign 
and  Regent,  and  for  building  the  dock  at 


Portsmouth,  apparently  the  first  in  this 
country. 

"  It  can  be  positively  asserted,"  says  Mr. 
Oppenheim, 

"  that  as  late  as  1434  no  such  dock  as  that  built 
by  Henry  VII.  was  used  here,  at  any  rate  by 
the  Government.  From  an  account  of  that  year 
for  the  docking  of  the  Grace  Dieu,  we  find  that 
the  vessel  was  got  as  high  up  on  the  mud  as 
possible,  at  high  tide,  allowed  to  bed  herself  in 
the  mud,  and  then  surrounded  by  a  fence  of 
brushwood.  It  was  this  process  that  was  always 
called  'docking,'  and  the  enclosed  ground  was 
termed  a   'dok'even  in  documents  written  in 

Latin Between  14.34  and  1486   there  is   no 

allusion  in  the  existing  accounts  to  any  sort  of 
dock,  and  it  is  an  interesting  question,  but  one 
to  which  no  dogmatic  answer  is  at  present  pos- 
sible, whence  Henry  obtained  the  model  or 
information  which  led  up  to  the  one  at  Ports- 
mouth  The    supposition  that    Spain,   being 

further  advanced  than  England  in  the  appli- 
cation of  scientific  mechanics  to  naval  require- 
ments, was  the  place  of  invention  is  negatived 
by  the  information  given  to  me  by  Don  Cesareo 
Fernandez  Duro,  that  dry  docks  were  not  built 
in  that  country  until  late  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  There  is  no  evidence  that  they  were 
known  in  France.  There  remains  Holland  or 
Italy,  or  the  possibility  that,  after  all,  they  were 

an  English  invention But  it  is  curious  that 

the  dock  of  1496  seems  to  have  been  undertaken 
as  a  matter  of  routine,  without  any  difficulties 
having  been  experienced,  so  far  as  we  can  tell, 
just  as  though  such  works  were  familiar  to  those 
in  charge.  It  was  carried  out  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Brygandyne,  apparently  without 
a  hitch,  although  there  is  no  probability  that  he 
had  had  any  training  as  an  engineer,  or,  if  it 
was  new  in  England  and  merely  adapted  from 
some  dock  already  built  abroad,  had  ever  seen 
one  before." 

The  establishment  of  the  Navy  Board  by 
Henry  VIII.  has  been  already  mentioned. 
Mr.  Oppenheim  considers  that  the  revolu- 
tion in  the  armament  of  ships  which  took 
place  in  that  king's  reign  was  due,  if  not  to 
his  direct  initiative,  at  least  to  his  speedy 
recognition  of  its  importance.  At  the 
beginning  of  his  reign  the  armament  of  the 
larger  ships  consisted  of  "  innumei'able 
serpentines  " — or  more  exactly  about  200 — 
guns  throwing  a  shot  of  one-third  of  a 
pound  in  weight.  Such  shot  were  clearly 
of  little  avail  against  an  enemy's  ship,  and 
could  only  be  of  use  against  the  men  on 
deck  and  as  a  preliminary  to  boarding.  By 
the  end  of  the  reign  a  complete  change 
had  been  effected,  and  even  small  ships 
carried  guns  throwing  shot  of  eighteen 
or  thirty  -  two  pounds,  such  as  con- 
tinued the  effective  armament  of  our 
line  -  of  -  battle  ships  till  well  into  the 
present  century.  The  innovation,  says  Mr. 
Oppenheim,  "  was  one  in  which  England 
took  and  kept  the  lead,  and  which  gave 
the  country  an  incalculable  advantage  in  the 
contest  with  Spain  during  the  close  of  the 
century." 

Of  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
navy  under  Elizabeth  Mr.  Oppenheim  has 
much  to  say.  It  was  one  of  its  culminating 
periods  of  glory,  because  it  was  also  a  period 
of  careful  and  economical  administration. 
Henry  VIII.  had  bequeathed  to  his  suc- 
cessors a  strong  fleet,  a  novel  armament,  an 
improved  organization,  and  a  desire  for 
maritime  adventure  which,  springing  up 
everywhere,  grew  and  blossomed  and  bore 
fruit  under  Elizabeth. 


"James  commenced  his  reign  with  a  fleet 
'fit  to  go  anywhere  and  do  anything';  he 
allowed  it  to  crumble  away  while  spending  on 
it  more  money  during  peace  than  Elizabeth  did 
during  war  ;  he  chose  the  most  unfit  men  to 
manage  it  at  home  and  command  it  abioad,  and 
the   results  of  his  weak   and  purposeless   rule 

were   seen  in  the  shameful  fiasco  of  1625 

The  naval  records  of  his  reign  are  but  a  sorry 
collection  of  relations  of  frauds,  embezzlements, 
commissions  of  inquiry  and  feeble  palliatives." 

In  the  first  place  on  the  roll  of  iniquity 
Mr.  Oppenheim  places  Sir  Robert  Mansell, 
for  many  years  Treasurer  of  the  Navy,  "  an 
indifferent  seaman  and  an  incapable  and 
dishonest  administrator."  No  one  would 
attempt  to  say  that  Mansell  was  of  a  higher 
morality  than  his  age  ;  if  he  appears  some- 
times of  a  lower,  it  was,  perhaps,  that  he 
had  opportunities  which  did  not  fall  to  his 
Elizabethan  predecessor,  who  seems  to  have 
had  as  keen  an  eye  to  his  own  advantage 
when  the  time  served.  But,  in  fact,  for 
the  three  centuries  of  the  life  of  the  Navy 
Board,  it  embraced,  or  permitted,  as  much 
villainy,  peculation,  and  malversation  of 
public  money  as  would  have  glutted  even 
imperial  Rome.  Possibly  it  was  at  the 
worst  during  the  reigu  of  Charles  I. ;  Hol- 
lond,  whose  discourses  are  now  before  us, 
alleged  that  it  was  even  worse  in  the  time 
of  the  Commonwealth ;  but  Hollond  was 
making  a  bid  for  service  under  Charles  II., 
and  there  is  always  a  suspicion  that  his 
"facts"  are  exaggerations;  some  of  them 
are  downright  lies.  AVhat  it  was  under 
Charles  II.  we  have  some  idea  from  the 
naive  confessions  of  Mr.  Pepys  and  our 
knowledge  of  the  results.  For  fuller  in- 
formation we  must  wait,  with  such  patience 
as  the  gods  give  us,  for  Mr.  Oppenheim's 
second  volume. 


Memorials   of  Hawthorne.     By    Rose    Haw- 
thorne Lathrop.     (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 

TowAKDS  genius  one's  private  feelings  and 
expressions  may  always  be  extravagant, 
and  certainly  the  wife  of  a  great  man  may 
usually  idolize  her  husband.  The  wisdom 
of  printing  her  rhapsodies  is  another  ques- 
tion ;  and  we  confess  to  some  hesitation  in 
this  particular  case. 

This  volume,  as  its  author  Mrs.  Lathrop 
modestly  but  truthfully  remarks,  is  really 
written  by  her  mother,  Sophia  Hawthorne, 
the  wife  of  America's  greatest  prose  writer ; 
and  the  innermost  secrets  of  the  heart  of 
one  nearly  our  contemporary  seem  to  belong 
more  fitly  to  holy,  untrodden  ground.  The 
perpetual  fragrance  of  incense,  moreover, 
is  apt  to  stifle,  and  we  grow  irreverent  at 
the  constant  references  to  "  my  master," 
"Hyperion,"  "Apollo,"  "  the  magician," 
or  the  "  Gabriel's  harp  within  his  breast." 

But,  as  a  whole,  the  reader  is  affected 
by  the  pervading  atmosphere  of  sunny,  in- 
telligent enthusiasm  for  a  great  and  gentle 
nature.  Mrs.  Hawthorne  herself  was  not 
an  ordinary  woman.  She  was  a  bit  of  a 
sciilptor,  a  good  talker  and  a  social  power, 
a  descriptive  writer  of  no  mean  ability.  But 
her  soul  was  wrapt  up  in  the  "immortal" 
home  relations,  without  which  "  heaven 
would  be  no  heaven,"  and  all  her  life  long 
she  could  say  :  "This  is  well,  and  to-morrow 
it  wiU  be  better ;  and  God  knows  when  to 
bring  that  morrow."  She 'was  no  Martha; 
for  it  seemed  to  her  the  highest   wisdom 


154 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


sometimes  to  do  nothing  "but  only  keep 
still,  and  reverently  be  happy,  and  receptive 
of  the  great  omnipresence."  She  was  most 
happy  when  Hawthorne  would  read  to  her 
something  he  had  written ;  but,  in  other 
moods,  she  would  run  races  with  him  down 
the  avenue,  or  dance  before  him  to  the 
measures  of  the  great  music-box,  or  join  in 
his  frolicking  fun  with  their  children,  when 
he  himself  was  "the  youngest  and  merriest 
person  in  the  room."  Her  nature  was 
fresh  and  ardent  in  the  joy  of  friendship 
with  great  and  small  alike.  It  once 
happened  that  they  saw  Tennyson  and  his 
family  at  the  Manchester  Exhibition  of 
1857:— 

"His  youngest  son  stopped  with  the  maid  to 
buy  a  catalogue,  while  Tennyson  and  his  wife 
went  on  and  downstairs.  So  then  I  seized  the 
youngest  darling  with  gold  hair,  and  kissed 
him  to  my  heart's  content ;  and  he  smiled  and 
seemed  well  pleased  ;  and  I  was  well  pleased  to 
have  had  in  my  arms  Tennyson's  child." 

The  impression  given  of  Hawthorne  is 
less  distinct,  but  very  intimate.  The 
fantastic  melancholy  dominant  in  his 
writings  seems  hidden  at  first  sight  beneath 
a  nature  of  healthy  cheerfulness  among  his 
family  and  chosen  friends.  In  the  conduct 
of  affairs  he  was  also  hopeful  and  open- 
hearted.  But  the  sensitive  artistic  tempera- 
ment is  not  far  to  seek.  He  required  that 
all  and  everything  around  him  should  be 
perfect  and  in  tune  with  his  thoughts ;  he 
could  not  tolerate  dull  people  ;  and  even 
when  "throwing  himself  into  the  scrimmage 
of  laughter,  he  was  never  far  removed  from 
his  companion — a  sort  of  Virgil — his  know- 
ledge of  sin  and  tragedy  at  our  very 
hearthstones." 

His  burning  imagination  and  stern  con- 
scientiousness, the  Puritan  heritage,  com- 
bined to  wear  him  out  before  his  time. 
Honour  and  prosperity  came  to  meet  him  in 
later  days,  but  he  could  not  stay  to  share 
them  with  those  he  loved.  His  last  short 
fight  for  life,  when  he  had  returned  home 
anticipating  so  much  happiness  after  the 
strenuous  months  in  Europe,  is  one  of  the 
most  pathetic  pictures  in  biography. 

No  one  else  could  have  given  us  just  this 
material,  and,  when  all  is  admitted,  we 
thank  Mrs.  Lathrop  for  it.  We  lay  it  down 
with  feelings  of  renewed  affection  and  ad- 
miration for  the  author  of  'The  Scarlet 
Letter.' 


The  Register  of  the  Priory  of  Wetherhal.     By 

J.  E.  Prescott,  D.D.  (Stock.) 
The  appearance  of  this  work  as  the  first 
volume  of  a  "  Ohartulary  Series  "  undertaken 
by  the  Archaeological  Society  of  Cumber- 
land and  Westmoreland  leads  us  to  say  a 
few  words  on  the  value  of  such  registers. 
Now  that  the  authorities  responsible  for  the 
issue  of  the  "Polls  Series"  have  ceased  to 
publish  cartularies,  it  is  greatly  to  be  wished 
that  private  enterprise  would  step  in  and 
take  their  place.  For  there  cannot  be  a 
question  that  there  lurk  in  cartularies  many 
facts  not  merely  of  genealogical  and  topo- 
graphical interest,  but  of  importance  for 
chronology  and  for  legal  and  institutional 
history.  Something  has  been  done  by  local 
societies,  especially  the  Surtees,  the  Salt, 
and  the  Somerset  Record  Society ;  but  the 
funds  at  the  disposal  of  such  bodies  are 
small,   and    a    large    proportion    of    their 


members  are  not  interested  in  such  records. 
The  very  fine  cartulary  of  St.  John's  Abbey, 
Colchester,  has  lately  been  printed  by  Lord 
Cowper  at  his  own  expense,  but  only  for 
the  lloxburghe  Club.  We  desire,  therefore, 
to  offer  the  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland 
Society  our  congratulations  on  their  praise- 
worthy enterprise,  of  which  the  firstfruits 
are  before  us  in  Dr.  Prescott's  learned  and 
valuable  book. 

Archdeacon  of  Carlisle  and  a  canon  of 
its  cathedral,  to  which  the  endowments  of 
Wetherhal  Priory  passed  at  the  Reforma- 
tion, Dr.  Prescott  possesses  that  interest  in 
his  subject  and  that  close  local  knowledge 
which  add  so  much  to  the  value  of  such  a 
work  when,  as  here,  the  reader  is  given 
their  full  benefit.  He  seems  to  have  taken 
for  his  model  the  elaborately  edited  Northern 
cartularies  issued  by  the  Surtees  Society,  of 
which  the  notes  often  teem  with  information 
on  places  and  persons.  But  we  have  not 
only  foot-notes :  an  historical  introduction, 
illustrative  documents  from  other  sources, 
special  appendices  on  points  of  difficulty, 
and  an  elaborate  index  are  all  deserving  of 
commendation.  So  also  is  the  careful  de- 
scription of  the  MSS.  employed,  a  matter  to 
which  insufficient  attention  is  often  paid. 
In  this  case  the  original  register  is  no  longer 
forthcoming  ;  but  as  it  was  in  the  custody  of 
the  Dean  and  Chapter  so  late  as  1812  its 
recovery  may  be  hoped  for.  Dr.  Prescott 
has  collated  for  this  volume  two  transcripts 
which  they  fortunately  possess  and  one  at 
the  British  Museum  (Harl.  MS.  1881),  which 
contains  additional  but  suspicious  docu- 
ments purposely  omitted,  perhaps,  from  the 
Carlisle  transcripts. 

Dr.  Prescott  holds  that  the  Priory  of 
Wetherhal,  dependent  on  the  great  Bene- 
dictine abbey  of  St.  Mary's,  York,  was  the 
first  religious  house  planted  by  the  Normans 
in  the  district,  its  founder  being  Eanulf 
Meschin,  afterwards  Earl  of  Chester.  It 
was  certainly  founded  between  1093  and 
1112,  but  whether,  as  the  editor  thinks 
probable,  under  William  Pufus,  is  not 
quite  certain.  One  of  the  chief  points  he 
makes  is  that  the  great  house  of  Austin 
canons  at  Carlisle  was  founded  not,  as  has 
been  held,  in  1102,  but  in  1122-3.  His 
argument  is  ingenious,  and  proves  at  least 
that  the  true  date  was  years  later  than 
1102.  It  is  impossible  to  deal  with  Panulf 
Meschin,  whose  career  is  here  carefully 
traced,  without  approaching  the  difficult 
question  of  his  wife  Lucy.  Dr.  Prescott 
states  too  positively  that  there  were  two 
Lucys,  mother  and  daughter.  Writing 
with  entire  knowledge  of  the  subject,  we 
assert  the  question  to  be  still  suh  judice. 
It  is  possible  that  the  editor  relies  too  much 
on  the  so  -  called  Peter  of  Blois  (Peter 
"  Blessensis,"  as  he  oddly  terms  him),  a 
most  untrustworthy  authority. 

On  the  first  two  bishops  of  Carlisle  we 
have  here  some  really  excellent  work.  A 
special  interest  attaches  to  -^fehelwulf  (or 
Athelwoldus),  bishop  from  1133  to  1156,  as 
having  been  confessor  to  Henry  I.,  and 
as  holding  a  diocese  in  the  province  of 
York  while  subject,  temporally,  to  the 
Scottish  king.  We  may  supplement  Dr. 
Prescott's  information  by  mentioning  that 
he  was  in  Normandy  with  Henry  I.  towards 
the  close  of  the  reign,  and  again  with 
Stephen  in  1137.     But  it  is  on  the  second 


bishop,  Bernard,  that  we  obtain  the  most 
novel  information.  It  is  clearly  shown  that 
the  see  remained  vacant  from  1156  to  1204, 
when  it  was  made  to  afford  a  refuge  for 
Bernard,  Archbishop  of  Eagusa,  "a poverty- 
stricken  foreigner,  foisted  upon  the  district 
by  the  Pope  of  Rome." 

We  are  glad  to  see  the  mischievously 
misleading  '  Distributio  Cumberlandite,' 
which  is  found  in  the  Wetherhal  Register, 
denounced  as  a  fertile  source  of  error  ;  but 
it  will  not  be  easy  to  get  rid  of  all  the 
erroneous  statements  for  which  it  is  respon- 
sible. On  the  other  hand,  Dr.  Prescott 
trusts  with  somewhat  too  absolute  confi- 
dence the  '  Testa  de  Nevill '  Inquisition, 
which,  valuable  though  it  be,  was  a  century 
later  than  the  events  for  which  he  relies  on 
it.  This  is  probably  the  explanation  of  his 
difficulty  about  Turgis  Brundis  and  the 
barony  of  Lyddale. 

The  well- written  and  instructive  intro- 
duction brings  out  most  of  the  interesting 
points  in  the  history  and  associations  of  the 
priory,  including  its  right  of  sanctuary,  as 
at  St.  John's,  Beverley.  The  "  grithmen  " 
of  this  priory  are  mentioned  by  Edward  III., 
and  are  those  who  had  availed  themselves 
of  its  right  of  sanctuary.  We  can  only,  in 
conclusion,  express  the  hope  that  other 
cartularies  may  find  editors  as  well  qualified 
as  Dr.  Prescott  to  present  them  to  the 
world.  Such  works  are  the  backbone  of 
sound  local  history,  and,  though  they 
involve  great  labour,  are  of  lasting  value 
to  the  student. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Salted  with  Fire.     By  George  Mac  Donald, 
LL.D.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Dr.  Mac  Donald  is  a  great  sinner  on  the 
subject  of  morals.  He  will  introduce  a 
moral  into  every  novel  he  writes.  In  fact, 
he  belongs  to  the  prescientific  age  which 
applauded  melody  in  music,  and  loved  a 
picture  which  told  a  story.  In  that  infantile 
period  no  apology  would  have  been  neces- 
sary, even  if  the  moral  purpose  assumed 
Miltonic  proportions,  and  the  writer  set 
no  less  a  task  before  him  than  to  justify 
the  ways  of  God  to  man.  As  no  less  than 
this  is  the  motive  of  the  present  study,  it 
will  be  seen  that  purely  literary  criticism 
touches  but  the  fringe  of  the  matter.  Yet 
the  story  of  the  fall  and  spiritual  rehabili- 
tation of  the  Philistine"  minister  "is  an  effec- 
tive piece  of  moral  analysis.  James  Blather- 
wick,  the  cleverish  and  ambitious  son  of 
pious  farmer-folk  in  the  far  North  (Dr.  Mac 
Donald  still  retains  his  mastery  of  the  peasant 
tongue  of  that  region),  early  sets  before  him- 
self the  social  advantages  of  orders,  and  is 
determined  "  to  distinguish  himself  in  the 
pulpit."  Being  but  a  vulgar  fellow,  he  is 
led  by  his  aspirations  to  undervalue  his 
rustic  parents,  to  practise  an  economy  of 
truth  with  regard  to  doctrine,  to  drift  into 
such  passion  as  he  is  capable  of,  while 
intending  to  gratify  his  vanity  in  a  girl's 
affections  without  committing  himself  to  a 
promise  or  doing  her  physical  wrong.  This 
last  process  ends  as  it  is  bound  to  end,  and 
Isy  the  handmaid,  in  every  way  his  moral 
superior,  takes  flight  to  avoid  questions  or 
revelations  that  might  blight  his  prospects, 
and  is  lost  to  his  sight,  and  soon  to 
his  memory.     When,  by  a  not  unnatural 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


155 


blending  of  coincidence,  Isy  is  again  dis- 
covered, it  is  in  the  parish  in  which  James 
now  "  tents  the  gospel  fauld,"  and  under 
the  roof  of  the  religious  cobbler  whose 
unconventional  piety  has  long  been  a  thorn 
in  his  side.  Partly  through  the  utter- 
ances of  the  soutar,  partly  by  the  dis- 
covery of  Isy  and  of  his  child,  the 
existence  of  whom  he  had  never  learnt, 
yet  more  by  the  revelation  of  his 
secret  to  others,  and  the  consequent  dis- 
persion of  the  film  of  self-deceit  (he  lay 
hid  "  like  a  certain  insect  in  its  own 
gowk-spittle"  says  his  biographer),  James 
comes  to  estimate  himself  aright,  and 
as  a  first  step  renounces  the  function  of 
official  example  to  others. 


A   Rich   MarCs   Daughter.     By  Mrs.   J.    H. 
Eiddell.     (White  &  Co.) 

Singular  alternations  of  vigour  and  dul- 
ness  characterize  several  of  Mrs.  Eiddell's 
numerous  novels,  and  no  one  of  them  more 
strongly  than  'A  Eich  Man's  Daughter.' 
Though  her  latest  story  is  not  equal  to  her 
best  and  best-known  one  (first  published  in 
1 864),  we  regard  it  as  being  among  her  more 
noteworthy  efforts.  It  is  practically  a  story 
of  to  -  day,  and  the  two  main  characters 
are  represented  by  Amabel  Osberton,  the 
daughter  of  a  rich  City  man,  and  Dr.  Claud 
Dagley,  a  medical  practitioner  in  London. 
He  is  depicted  as  clever  and  unscrupulous, 
and  the  key-note  of  the  story  may  be  given 
in  the  writer's  own  words  : — 

"  More  than  happily  she  received  and  an- 
swered the  love  letters  of  a  man  who  never 
really  cared  for  her,  but  thought  as  she  was 
fond  of  him  he  would  seize  the  chance  which 
offered." 

These  two  characters  are  clearly  defined, 
and  give  the  reader  considerable  interest 
whenever  they  are  dealt  with.  But  it  is 
difficult  to  speak  as  confidently  of  numerous 
subsidiary  parts  in  the  drama.  Several  of 
them  suggest  artificial  and  uninteresting 
qualities,  and  it  requires  an  effort  to  keep 
the  attention  on  their  sayings  and  doings. 
Nevertheless,  the  plot  as  a  whole  is  simple 
and  good.  It  is  eminently  moral,  inas- 
much as  the  heroine  pays  severely  for  a 
clandestine  marriage,  while  the  man  dies 
of  cholera  in  India.  Happily  her  mistake 
is  not  irretrievable,  and  she  is  ultimately 
blessed  with  a  less  selfish  lover.  There  is 
not  a  word  in  the  book  that  renders  it 
unsuitable  to  the  most  fastidious  taste. 


Croohed    Paths.      By    Francis    Allingham. 
(Longmans  &  Co.) 

It  should  be  said  at  once  that  this  book 
contains  some  clever  passages,  and  is  on 
that  ground  alone  worth  reading.  But  it 
is  to  be  feared  that  very  little  else  to  the 
advantage  of  the  volume  can  be  urged 
even  by  an  indulgent  reader.  The  fanciful 
setting  which  presupposes  consciousness 
after  death,  and  even  influence  (by  no 
means  advantageous)  on  surviving  persons, 
is  too  great  a  tax  on  the  reader's  interest. 
We  watch  the  Ego  of  the  story  die  ;  we  read 
his  account  of  his  own  life,  which  bears  a  sus- 
picious resemblance  to  DeMusset's  '  L'Enfant 
du  Siecle,'  and  we  are  then  asked  to  trace 
that  life's  influence  on  others,  only  to  find 
that  it  leads  to  murder  and  suicide.  Details 
are  even  less  admirable.     We  find  the  Ego 


in  the  room  of  a  Paris  cocotte ;  and  there  is 
a  very  unedifying  scene  in  a  wood  between 
the  person  who  is  "  influenced  "  by  the  Ego 
and  his  mistress.  Nor  is  the  fact  that  we 
are  reading  the  post  mortem  autobiography 
of  a  human  being  adequately  explained  by 
saying,  "That  I  am  in  the  extraordinary 
position  of  being  able  to  write  this  short 
history,  is  my  apology  for  doing  so."  The 
scene  which  leads  up  to  the  "  rapturous  kiss 
of  passion's  intense  reality  "  had  better  have 
been  omitted.  The  book  is  apparently  the 
work  of  a  young  writer  of  more  energy  than 
skill.  Its  faults  are  hardly  redeemed  by 
passages  of  some  interest  and  by  frequent 
quotations  from  the  Bible. 


An    Odd  Experiment.     By  Hannah   Lynch. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
This  is  the  sort  of  book  we  are  becoming 
more  and  more  accustomed  to  get  from  the 
women  novelists  of  the  present  day.  Mrs. 
Eaymond  learns  from  her  husband  that  he 
has  seduced  a  young  girl  of  good  social 
standing ;  that  he  loves  her  passionately  ; 
and  that,  on  account  of  what  he  has  done 
and  of  what  he  feels,  he  is  as  miserable  as 
a  man  can  be.  Mrs.  Eaymond,  who  is  a 
wonderful  sort  of  person,  does  not  make  a 
scene,  but  asks  time  to  find  out  some  means 
of  helping  her  husband  and  the  girl  whom 
he  has  wronged.  She  calls  on  the  girl,  and 
tells  her  the  best  thing  she  can  do  is  to  come 
and  live  with  her  and  her  husband,  both  of 
them  being  on  parole  d'honneur.  The  girl 
does  so,  the  result  being  that  she  and  her 
lover  are  put  to  some  exquisite  tortures, 
while  the  wonderful  Mrs.  Eaymond  looks 
on  like  some  majestic  philosopher  of  an 
elder  world.  The  experiment  is  certainly 
an  odd  one.  As  to  its  success  or  failure  we 
pronounce  no  opinion  whatever. 

TJie  Larramys.  By  George  Ford.  (Hutchin- 
son &  Co.) 
If  '  The  Larramys '  is  the  first  book  which 
Mr.  Ford  has  published,  then  we  can  con- 
gratulate him,  and  expect  much  from  him 
in  the  future.  It  is  not  an  altogether 
pleasant  story — indeed,  there  is  something 
positively  repulsive  in  the  history  of  William 
Larramy ;  but  it  is  told  with  so  much  grip, 
and  with  such  admirable  representation  of 
character,  that  the  brutality  of  the  hero 
must  be  accepted  as  a  fact  which  there  was 
no  possibility  of  modifying.  The  book  is 
full  of  energy.  It  portrays  men  and 
women  of  passionate  blood  in  a  manner 
almost  passionate.  It  is  full  of  dramatic 
force,  and  the  dialogue,  in  dialect  or  other- 
wise, is  always  admirably  managed.  The 
book  is  bound  to  make  a  strong,  though 
perhaps  not  a  pleasant  impression  on  every 
one  who  reads  it. 


The  Rejuvenation  of  Miss  Semaphore.    By  Hal 

Godfrey.  (Jarrold  «&  Sons.) 
The  publication  of  this  story,  which  the 
author  describes  as  a  farcical  novel,  might 
almost  be  thought  to  mark  the  approach 
of  the  silly  season.  Difficulties  arise  from 
an  overdose  of  some  liquid,  which  has  the 
effect  of  reducing  the  heroine's  age  ten 
years  for  every  table  -  spoonful  consumed. 
We  cannot  agree  with  the  writer  that  the 
story  is  suggested  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne's 
'  Dr.  Heidegger's  Experiment,'  for  the  resem- 


blance is  very  faint.  There  is  not  much 
wit  in  saying  "  Some  people  is  so  mys- 
tearyous,"  and  there  is  an  obvious  mistake 
in  the  sentence,  "  You  leave  this  court 
without  the  smallest  suspicion  on  your 
bond  fides  ^^  (sic).  The  reader  who  derives 
pleasure  from  this  volume  will  be  very 
easily  pleased. 

The  Light  of  the  Eye.     By  H.  J.  Chaytor. 

(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Chaytor  has  written  an  interesting 
tale  containing  a  love  episode,  a  detective 
of  the  Sherlock  Holmes  type,  disciples  of  the 
Mahatmas,  and  a  vampire.  The  only  fault 
to  be  found  with  the  story  is  that  these 
different  elements  are  not  sufficiently  fused. 
The  reader  is  no  sooner  interested  in  one 
of  the  different  sets  of  characters  than  he  is 
called  upon  to  turn  his  attention  to  another. 
If  Mr.  Chaytor  had  stuck  to  the  Lanchester 
element  right  through  and  allowed  nothing 
to  divert  the  interest  of  the  reader  from  it, 
he  would  have  done  better.  But,  as  it  is,  'The 
Light  of  the  Eye'  is  a  decidedly  readable 
story.  We  should  like  Mr.  Chaytor,  how- 
ever, to  deliberate  in  future  before  he  makes 
use  of  the  word  "  intempestuous,"  for  which 
he  seems  to  have  a  strange  affection,  as 
thus:  "She  stammered  her  apologies  for 
intruding  at  so  intempestuous  an  hour." 


La   Camarade.     Par  Camille   Pert.     (Paris, 

Empis.) 
The  idea  of  this  novel  is  that  a  man  of 
average  morals  and  bad  surroundings  tries 
to  make  of  his  wife  a  comrade,  believing 
all  he  believes — which  is  little,  disbelieving 
in  all  he  disbelieves  in — which  is  much, 
shocked  at  nothing.  Such  an  attempt  is 
often  made,  and,  as  in  this  volume,  results 
in' failure.  But  we  cannot  acquit  the  author 
of  this  particular  description  of  it  (though 
he  is  clever)  of  catering  for  a  special  public, 
and  that  the  worst. 


A   Cornish  Parish.     By  Joseph  Hammond, 

LL.B.     (Skeffington  &  Son.) 
Canon   Hammond  is   fairly  well  known  in 
theological  circles  as  a  controversial  writer 
on  the  ever  verdant  subject  of  the  difference 
between    Church    and    Dissent.      In    this 
volume  he  has,  we  believe,  for  the  first  time 
come  forward  in  general  literature.     These 
well -printed    and    pleasant -looking  pages 
give  an  account  of  St.  Austell,  the  town, 
church,   district,   and    people.     The    book 
itself   is   easy  to  read,   and   put   together 
after    a    jaunty,  gossiping  fashion,   but  it 
is  too  sketchy  and  inaccurate  to  commend 
itself    to   the    antiquary   or    ecclesiologist. 
Nor  can  the  claim  put  forth  by  its  author, 
that  its  pages  are  intended  to  photograph 
the  local  idioms,  idiosyncrasies,  and  customs 
peculiar  to  this  corner  of  Cornwall,  be  sus- 
tained, for  those  who  have  a  keen  know- 
ledge of  the  extreme  west  of  England,  or 
who  are  interested  in  folk-lore,  will  certainly 
be  disappointed  at  the  very  small  amount 
of    peculiarities  that  Mr.  Hammond,   with 
aU  his  fifteen  years'  residence  at  St.  Austell, 
has  managed  to  detect  or  chronicle. 

For  those  then  who  want  anything  more 
than  a  high-priced  handbook,  interspersed 
with  a  considerable  amount  of  padding, 
there  will,  it  is  to  be  feared,  be  nothing 
but    disappointment    in   these  pages.       A 


156 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3640,  July  31,  '97 


reviewer  of  thirtj^  years'  experience  dislikes 
bringing  a  charge  of  "padding,"  but  never 
has  a  book  come  into  our  bands  in  which 
an  author  has  so  frankly  and  naively  pleaded 
guilty  to   such   an   impeachment.     He  de- 
clares in  the  preface  that,  lest  any  should 
think  he  had  overweighted  his  book  with 
accessories,    his    candid   reply   is   that   the 
materials  for  a  history  of  St.  Austell  were 
so  meagre  that  "only  by  diligently  collect- 
ing and  expounding  every  scrap  of  informa- 
tion can  we  construct  a  respectable  history 
of  the  place  at  all."     This  being  the  case,  it 
is   only  reasonable   to   ask,   Why  did   Mr. 
Hammond  undertake  this  history  ?     Or,  if 
he  felt  bound,  after  fifteen  3'ears'  residence 
in  a  most  interesting  old  market  town,  with 
an  exceptionally  interesting  church,  and  with 
a  variety  of  valuable  parochial  documents, 
to  write  something,  why  did  he  not  content 
himself  with  a  pamphlet  or  a  booklet  instead 
of  letting  his  pen  run  away  with  him  tiU 
he  had  produced  about  four  hundred  large 
pages  ?      In   competent   hands    the   parish 
archives,   telling  of   the  markets  and  fairs 
of  a  town  where  the  chief  Stannary  court 
was   held  and  of   the  rule  of   the   Twelve 
Men,  with  a  detailed  tithing-book  of  Eliza- 
bethan  date,    would   have   made   excellent 
material  in  themselves  for  a  fair- sized  volume 
at  once  readable  and  of  sterling  value.    In- 
stead  of   this,  we   have   very  meagre    ex- 
tracts from  these  records  with  crude  com- 
ments of  little  comparative  importance.    But 
if  there  is  some  trifling  entry  in  the  parish 
registers    of     a     fairly    usual    character, 
we   are    treated   to   long  notes    and  com- 
ments culled  from   Chester  Waters's  book 
on  registers  or  other  equally  well-known 
publications.  For  instance,  on  the  unsavoury 
theme    of    illegitimate    births,    which    are 
treated  decently  and   succinctly  in   the   St. 
Austell  registers.   Canon   Hammond   takes 
the   opportunity  to   parade  a  long   list   of 
what  he  terms  "very  forcible  entries"  on 
the   like   subject   from    parishes    all    over 
England.     Page  after  page  might  be  cited 
which  has  practically  no  concern  with  the 
parish  of  St.  Austell,  and  yet  many  a  source 
from   which    information   might    probably 
have  been  gleaned  has  been  left  alone.    For 
instance,    mention   is   made   of    the    eccle- 
siastical connexion  of  the  parish  with  the 
priory   of    Daventry,    but    apparently    the 
extant  chartularies  of  that  religious  house 
have  not  been  searched.     So  little,  indeed, 
does    Mr.   Hammond    know   of    Daventry 
that  he  writes  of  it  as  a  town  of  Oxford- 
shire, whereas   the  usual  supposition   that 
Daventry  is  one  of   the  ancient  corporate 
towns  of  Northamptonshire  is  surely  correct. 
The  rectory  of  St.  Austell  was  at  an  early 
date  appropriated  to  the  adjacent  priory  of 
Tywardreath,  and  if  St.  AusteU  could  not 
itself  furnish  sufficient  material  for  a  book 
it   would   have   been   of  much   interest   to 
give  something  of  the    history,  and    some 
details  as   to  the   remnants,   of  this  little- 
known  Cornish  priory,  but  Mr.  Hammond 
must  go  further  afield  into  other  parts  of 
the  country  to  fill  up  his  pages.     Yet  the 
fact  becomes  obvious  to  any  one  experienced 
in   local   histories   and    their   writing    and 
sources  that    the  historian  of   St.  Austell, 
though  clever  at  assimilating  printed  mate- 
rial, does  not  possess  the  faculties  nor  the 
powers  of  research  that  are  necessary  for 
the  working  up  of  fresh  ground.     It  is  not 


the  least  discredit  to  a  hardworking  parish 
priest,  and  one  in  the  tliick  of  modern  theo- 
logical strife,  to  have  little  architectural  taste 
and  to  be  ignorant  of  much  that  pertains  to 
archajology  or  antiquarian  research.  But 
then  why  should  such  a  man  sit  down  to 
write  a  book  which  requires  considerable 
knowledge  of,  at  all  events,  the  elements  of 
such  things  before  a  trustworthy  page  can 
be  produced  ?  We  put  it  to  Mr.  Hammond 
whether  he  would  not  be  somewhat  fiercely 
contemptuous  over  a  writer  who  brought 
forth  a  treatise  of  400  pages,  say  on 
'  Church  and  Chapel,'  and  yet  had  never 
studied  at  a  theological  college,  and  who 
started  by  saying  that  he  was  sure  he  could 
produce  straightforward  common  -  sense 
matter,  although  he  was  no  Biblical  student 
nor  liturgical  scholar.  And  this  is  not  only 
exactly  what  Mr.  Hammond  has  done,  but  he 
positively  dwells  upon  his  shortcomings  in 
his  preface.  He  boasts  in  set  terms  that  he 
knows  nothing  of  architecture  and  arch«30- 
logy,  adding,  "  That  is  no  doubt  a  sad  defect, 
but  it  does  not  dismay  me,  for  I  can  still 
give  a  plain,  straightforward  account  of  the 
church  and  town,  and  of  the  surrounding 
country."  And  so,  in  a  happy-go-lucky 
fashion,  he  prances  gaily  on  through 
chapter  after  chapter,  apparently  heedless 
of  accuracy. 

Possibly  there  are  those  who  like  smart 
writing  in  a  local  history ;  if  so  they  will  be 
easily  pleased,  for  there  is  an  abundance  of 
this  style  (we  quote  from  the  third  page) : 

"We  have  a  refuge  for  the  destitute  in  the 
shape  of  a  really  elegant  Workhouse,  it  is  of  the 
Gothic  order  ;  we  have  a  Liberal  and  a  Constitu- 
tional Club  and  a  Gas  Works — I  class  these  in- 
stitutions together  as  all  engaged  in  the  same 
sort  of  manufacture." 

It  is  a  pity  that  the  description  of  the  fine 
old  church  of  St.  Austell,  so  rich  in  sym- 
bolical carving,  should  have  fallen  into 
such  unsympathetic  hands.  The  writer 
sets  himself  to  work  to  try  to  prove  that 
St.  Austell  never  existed,  and  in  all 
seriousness  argues  that  the  name  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  "  hostel  or  hotel."  A  very  slight 
knowledge  of  etymology  and  its  usual  cor- 
ruptions would  have  saved  him  from  this 
blunder,  particularly  as  the  church  was 
written  of  as  dedicated  to  "  Sanctus  Aus- 
tolus "  on  several  occasions  in  the  twelfth 
century.  We  prefer  to  think  that  Leland 
was  right,  three  and  a  half  centuries  ago, 
when  he  wrote  of  St.  Austell  as  a  hermit,  and 
certainly  Canon  Hammond  is  quite  wrong 
when  he  attempts  to  make  out  that  the 
figure  in  the  central  niche  on  the  west  front 
of  the  tower,  below  the  Holy  Trinity,  is  a 
representation  of  the  risen  Lord. 

The  interesting  old  clock-face,  showing 
twenty-four  hours,  our  author  attempt  to 
explain  away  by  the  conjecture  that  the 
circles  roimd  the  dial,  though  of  equal  size, 
marked  the  hours  and  half-hours.  In  the 
church  of  Raunds  there  is  a  twenty-four- 
hour  clock-face  at  the  west  end  of  the  nave 
on  which  some  of  the  numerals  still  remain, 
thus  completely  disproving  the  half-hour 
theory.  A  good  many  instances  of  church 
clocks  earlier  than  those  cited  by  Mr.  Ham- 
mond might  have  readily  been  gleaned. 
AVe  are  assured  that  the  church  of  St.  Austell 
has  not  been  "  grimthorped "  (we  are  glad 
to  meet  with  that  expressive  term,  first 
used  in  the  Athenceum,  July  23rd,  1892),  but 


details     have,    unhappily,    been    renewed. 
Several  of   the  full  and    interesting  series 
of    shields    on    the    exterior    bearing    the 
symbols  of  the  Passion  have  been  replaced 
by  new  ones  cut  in  imitation  of   the  old. 
It  is  stated — "to  reassure  the  Society  for 
the  Protection  of  Ancient  Monuments  "  (we 
suppose  "Monuments"  is    a    mistake    for 
Buildings) — that  the   old    carving   has   not 
been   destroyed,  and   that  some    of  it  has 
been   placed   in  a  museum !     This   is   not, 
however,  a  statement  calculated  to  reassure 
any  one  interested   in  the  protection  of  old 
buildings    from   the   rash    restorer.     Why 
could    they    not     have    left     these     old 
stones  in  peace?  and  if  "Mr.  Doney,  the 
sculptor  of  our  town,"  wanted  to  show  his 
imitative  skill,  by  all  means  let  him  carve 
nineteenth   century  copies,   and    then    put 
them  in  the  museum,  leaving  the  old  stones 
in  their  proper  place  to  tell  their  tale  of  age. 
It  will  not  surprise  any  one  noting  the  rest 
of  the  description  of  the  church  to  find  that 
Canon  Hammond  considers  the  "obliquity 
between  nave  and  chancel"    (though  they 
are  of  different  dates,  and  therefore  cannot 
be   part   of   one   design)   symbolizes    "  the 
droop  of  our  Lord's  head  as  He  hung  upon 
the  cross." 

The  book  is  certainly  lightened  by  a 
variety  of  good  stories.  A  few  of  them 
are  new  to  us,  and  very  possibly  may  be 
indigenous  to  the  place;  but  several,  though 
assigned  to  the  locality,  are  among  the  most 
ancient  of  Joe  Millers.  For  instance,  the 
somewhat  broad  story  about  Solomon's 
wives  and  "porcupines,"  though  here  said 
to  have  been  told  to  a  "visiting  lady"  at 
St.  Austell,  appeared  in  print  as  long  ago 
as  1758,  and  is  probably  much  older.  The 
"caterpillar"  story  on  p.  68  used  to  be 
currently  assigned,  thirty  or  more  years 
ago,  to  Archdeacon  Moore,  of  Lichfield,  and 
it  is  spoilt  in  retelling.  It  is,  however,  only 
fair  to  cite  others  that  have  not  the  stamp 
of  a  venerable  antiquity. 

The  St.  Austell  firemen  boast  of  a  most 
imposing  uniform. 

'■  A  story  is  told— no  doubt  it  is  hen  trovato — 
of  one  of  our  firemen,  who  was  summoned  by 
the  fire  bell  to  a  burning.  He  is  said  to  have 
viewed  it  with  a  critical  air,  and  to  have 
remarked,  '  'Tes  a  proper  fire,  sure  'nuflf ;  I  must 
go  home  and  put  on  my  uniform  !  '  " 

A  Jubilee  tale  may  seem  quite  worth  citing : 

"In  1887,  some  ladies  in  the  parish  of 
Gwennap  were  collecting  the  pennies  of  poor 
people  towards  the  Women's  Offering.  One  old 
democrat  flatly  declined  to  give  a  farthing  or  to 
let  his  wife  give.  He  said  the  Queen  had  too 
many  overfed,  overpaid  servants.  *  There's  the 
Lord  Chamberlain,'  said  he,  ''ee  do  draw  5,000i. 
a  year,  'ee  do  !  And  what  do  'ee  do  for  it  ? 
Only  makes  the  beds,  emts  a  few  slops,  and 
that  sourt  of  thing  !  '  " 

Though  dealing  with  an  extraordinary 
variety  of  subjects,  this  book  does  not  pos- 
sess the  scantiest  of  indexes,  nor  even  a 
table  of  contents.  It  opens  with  a  very  long 
list  of  books,  printed  in  full  and  in  big 
type,  which  the  author  either  read  or  con- 
sulted before  he  made  this  unhappy  venture. 
Many  of  these  books  have  little  or  no  bear- 
ing on  the  subjects  in  hand.  As  he  evidently 
does  not  know  quite  where  to  look  for  infor- 
mation, our  advice  is  that  he  should  procure 
and  study  those  two  manuals  '  How  to 
Write  the  History  of  a  Parish '  and  *  How 
to  Write  the  History  of  a  Family.'     He  will 


N''3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


157 


not  then  make  the  unfortunate  mistake  of 
imagining  that  oven  a  local  history  is  a 
light  task  to  be  undertaken  without  due 
atudy  or  preparation. 


SHORT    STORIES. 

In  a  Dozen  Ways  of  Love  (Black)  Miss  L. 
Dougall  has  written  twelve  short  stories  more  or 
less  about  the  tender  passion.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  deHghtful  volumes  of  short  stories  that  we 
have  read  for  many  a  long  day,  full  of  romance 
and  charm,  with  everything  seen  in  that  just 
perspective  which  makes  for  art,  and  is  the  con- 
fusion of  the  realist.  The  stories  show  fertile 
invention  and  admirable  skill  in  the  delineation 
of  character.  They  are  full  of  suggestiveness, 
too,  like  a  landscape  viewed  as  a  whole,  and 
with  only  the  few  essential  details  worked  in. 
Miss  Dougall  has  style,  and  one  may  read  these 
short  stories  more  than  once  without  any  diminu- 
tion of  pleasure. 

The  new  "Ethics  of  the  Surface"  Series 
(Grant  Richards),  which  Mr.  Gordon  Seymour 
has  opened  with  two  little  books,  entitled 
respectively  T?ie  Rudeness  of  the  Honourable 
Mr.  Leatherhead  and  A  Homburg  Story,  is 
handicapped  by  a  portentous  introduction  of 
some  twenty  pages.  It  seems  that  our  novels 
are  narrow  conceptions  of  life  and  too  full  of 
vapid  dialogue—"  colourless  and  empty  talk  " — 
but  is  this  talk  so  generally  empty  as  the  author 
would  have  us  believe?  Conversation,  at  any 
rate  in  novels,  according  to  the  author's  view, 
sliould  be  more  improving,  more  Aristotelian,  as 
the  motto  on  the  cover  of  these  pretty  little 
volumes  suggests,  so  Mr.  Gordon  Seymour  has  set 
out  to  write  something  half-way  between  an  essay 
and  a  story.  In  '  The  Rudeness  of  Mr.  Leather- 
head  '  the  story  consists  of  a  single  incident  and 
its  results,  and  the  predominant  essay  is  managed 
by  a  master  of  monologue  who  lectures  a 
friend  on  social  ethics  at  some  length,  being 
encouraged  now  and  again  by  a  word  of  assent 
or  approval  to  go  on.  The  result  may  bo  worthy 
oif  a  (iZov  ttoXltikov,  but  cannot  be  called  ex- 
hilarating. '  A  Homburg  Story  '  is  a  study  in 
Anti-Semitism,  relieved  by  the  mending  of  a 
bicycle  tyre  and  the  marriage  of  its  owner — 
after  a  course  of  listening — to  the  conversational 
essayist,  who  "had  studied  and  followed  the 
Anti-Semitic  movements,  those  abortions  of 
internal  Chauvinism,  of  Anti-Capitalist  parties 
too  cowardly  to  show  their  true  face,  and  of 
religious  fanaticism  squirting  its  attenuated 
venom  at  the  Aveakest  part  of  the  national 
organism — a  fight  which  is  not  fair,  open,  or 
evenly  matched."  But  it  is  well  to  note  that 
the  Jews  generally  have  money  on  their  side, 
and  money  can  do  a  good  deal— a  "yellow  slave  " 
which  "will  knit  and  break  religions."  The 
author's  style  seems  to  us  rather  like  George 
Eliot's  in  her  heavier  and  less  happy  moods,  and 
we  can  hardly  imagine  that  his  theories  of  social 
responsibility  are  nearer  to  the  real  talk  of  men 
than  the  vapid  dialogue  he  despises,  or  would 
meet  in  real  life  with  such  encouragement  as 
they  get  from  the  persons  of  these  stories. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  sense  in  his  social 
"Ethics  of  the  Surface,"  but,  speaking  for 
ourselves,  we  prefer  our  stories  without  obtru- 
sive ethics  of  any  sort. 


ASSYRIOLOGICAL   LITERATURE. 

The  Tell  el-Amarna  Tablets.  By  H.  Winckler. 
English  Translation  by  J.  M.  P.  Metcalf.  (Luzac 
&  Co.) — Though  ten  years  have  not  yet  passed 
since  the  discovery  of  the  Tell  el-Amarna  tablets, 
a  large  literature  concerning  them  has  already 
come  into  being,  and  it  seems  as  if  the  last 
word  on  the  subject  has  still  to  be  written. 
The  volume  before  us  is  a  translation  of  '  Die 
Thontafeln  von  Tell  el-Amarna,'  which  forms 
the  fifth  volume  of  the  "  Keilinschriftliche 
Bibliothek,"  edited  under  the  able  direction  of 
the  veteran  Assyriologist  Schrader,  who  has 
wisely  decided  to  include  it  in  his  series.     Both 


the  German  work  and  Mr.  Metcalf 's  translation 
of  it  will  be  decidedly  welcome  to  a  large  number 
of  readers,  especially  as  the  time  has  now  come 
when  people  are  expecting  Assyriologists  to  lay 
before  them  the  general  results  which  are  to  be 
obtained  from  a  systematic  study  of  the  tables 
as  a  whole.  Prof.  Winckler's  book  contains 
transliterations  into  Roman  letters  of  the  texts 
preserved  in  London  and  Berlin  and  the  Ghizeh 
Museum,  and  of  some  which  are  in  the  pos- 
session of  private  collectors  ;  to  these  have  been 
added  translations,  together  with  a  vocabulary, 
lists  of  proper  names  and  numbers,  &c.  The 
tablets  dealt  with  are  296,  but  it  seems  that 
the  number  found  was  larger,  and  we  had  hoped 
that  the  text  of  every  tablet  known  would  have 
been  included.  The  letters  fall  into  two  groups, 
viz.,  those  coming  from  kings  of  Western  Asia, 
i.e.,  from  Babylonia,  Assyria,  Egypt,  and 
Cyprus,  and  those  from  princes  in  Canaan  and 
Phoenicia.  The  former  group  is  most  useful 
as  showing  the  relations  which  existed  between 
the  kings  of  Egypt  and  those  of  foreign  nations, 
and  the  latter  indicates  the  conditions  upon 
which  the  rulers  of  cities  in  Canaan  and  Phoinicia 
held  their  authority.  Linguistically  the  texts 
are  of  the  highest  importance,  and  when  they 
have  been  sufficiently  studied  many  points  of 
difficulty  in  Semitic  grammar  will  probably  be 
cleared  up.  The  use  of  the  cuneiform  character 
in  these  despatches  suggests  many  problems 
which  can  hardly  be  solved  yet,  and,  palseo- 
graphically,  the  handwritings  of  the  scribes  in 
the  different  countries  and  districts  are  of  con- 
siderable value.  The  fact  that  cuneiform  cha- 
racters were  used  in  Canaan  to  write  the  official 
language  of  diplomacy  has  confirmed  more  than 
one  scholar  in  the  belief  that  the  Phoenician 
alphabet  was  derived  from  certain  forms  of 
Babylonian  characters,  and  not  from  Egyptian 
hieroglyphics  through  the  medium  cf  their 
forms  in  hieratic.  Be  this  as  it  may,  this  unique 
collection  of  letters  adds  much  to  our  know- 
ledge, and  the  thanks  of  all  are  due  to  Messrs. 
Winckler  and  Metcalf  for  putting  them  before 
the  world  in  a  handy  form.  In  the  limited 
space  at  our  disposal  we  cannot  touch  upon  all 
the  points  which  deserve  notice  in  the  book, 
but  it  may  be  mentioned  that  Dr.  Winckler  has 
taken  the  right  view  about  the  letters  of  Abdi- 
khiba.  Governor  of  Jerusalem,  and  that  he 
confirms  the  translations  of  them  already  put 
forward  by  Zimmern  in  Bezold's  Zeitschrift 
(Bdd.  V.  and  vi.).  On  the  other  hand,  we  observe 
with  regret  that  Dr.  Winckler  has  taken  no 
pains  to  say  anything  about  the  conditions 
of  the  respective  countries  where  these  letters 
were  written,  and  our  old  friend  the  general 
reader  will  often  be  puzzled  to  know  why 
certain  sentences  were  ever  penned.  A  number 
of  geographical  notes  might  have  been  added 
with  advantage  to  all  concerned.  Passing  from 
the  subject  of  the  book  to  the  preface,  we  find 
the  words,  "  Of  previous  work,  that  of  Zimmern 
has  been  of  great  use  to  me. "  Now  if  these  words 
mean  anything,  they  mean  that  all  the  other 
work  on  the  subject  has  been  of  little  or  no  use 
to  Dr.  Winckler,  and  if  this  be  so  he  is  to  be 
pitied.  Passing  over  the  official  editions  of  the 
texts  published  by  the  British  and  German 
Governments  as  no  man's  land,  there  is  still 
Dr.  Bezold's  '  Oriental  Diplomacy '  to  be 
considered.  That  laook  contains  a  complete 
transliteration  of  all  the  Tell  el-Amarna  texts 
in  the  British  Museum,  a  full  vocabulary,  and 
summaries  of  the  contents  of  each  tablet ; 
besides  these  there  are  a  number  of  grammatical 
remarks.  Any  person  who  will  take  the  trouble 
to  compare  Dr.  Winckler's  transliterations  with 
those  of  Dr.  Bezold  will  find  them  to  be  almost 
identical,  and  as  Dr.  Winckler  has  never  studied 
the  London  tablets  except  through  the  official 
edition  of  the  texts  and  Dr.  Bezold's  book,  it 
is  quite  clear  whence  he  has  obtained  them. 
Several  other  discoveries  have  been  silently 
appropriated  in  the  same  way.  Such  things  do 
not,  of  course,  affect  the  value  of  Dr.  Winckler's 


book  to  the  reader,  but  it  is  hard  not  to  be 
suspicious  of  the  scholarship  which  cannot  award 
to  others  due  acknowledgment  of  their  work, 
and  one  is  inclined  to  lament  the  loss  not  only 
of  the  learning,  but  also  of  the  courtesy  of 
the  men  of  the  old  school  of  Semitic  studies  in 
Germany. 

Assyrian  and  Babylonian  Letters  belonging  to 
the  Kouyunjik  Collections  of  the  British  Museum. 
Edited  by  R.  F.  Harper.  Parts  III.  and  IV. 
(Luzac  &  Co.) — The  reader  who  takes  up  these 
volumes  expecting  to  find  some  light,  interesting 
Oriental  matter  for  his  delectation  will  be  dis- 
appointed, for  he  will  discover  nothing  therein 
except  cuneiform  texts  for  about  two  hundred 
and  fifty  pages,  to  which  are  added  lists  of  the 
names  of  the  writers  of  the  letters,  also  in 
cuneiform  !  The  Assyriologist,  however,  will 
welcome  them  with  gratitude,  for  they  oflfer  him 
a  mass  of  new  material  which  has  been  carefully 
copied  and  well  printed,  and  which  cannot  fail 
to  yield  important  results,  especially  in  the 
domain  of  Assyrian  grammar.  The  first  two 
parts  of  Prof.  Harper's  work  appeared  in  1892 
and  1893  respectively,  and  contained  copies  of 
about  223  letters  and  fragments  ;  the  parts 
now  before  us  contain  rather  fewer  letters,  but 
to  our  mind  they  are  of  greater  interest,  and 
the  texts  are  certainly  more  complete.  Origin- 
ally Prof.  Harper  intended  to  edit  the  letters 
which  are  found  among  the  first  8,000  tablets 
of  the  Kouyunjik  collection,  but  the  appearance 
of  Dr.  Bezold's  '  Catalogue '  induced  him  to 
extend  his  lines  of  work,  and  now  it  would 
appear  that  he  proposes  to  print  a  complete 
'  Corpus '  of  Assyrian  letters  in  eight  parts, 
which  are  to  be  followed  by  summaries  of  the 
contents  of  the  letters  and  by  a  vocabulary,  and 
by  the  other  necessary  adjuncts  of  such  a  book. 
The  plan  of  the  work  is  good,  and  every  one 
interested  in  the  advance  of  cuneiform  study 
will  earnestly  hope  that  the  workman  may  be 
enabled  to  bring  it  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion. 
A  brief  study  of  the  texts  before  us  is  sufficient 
to  show  that  we  are  dealing  with  a  mass  of 
official  letters,  the  greater  number  of  which  are 
addressed  "  to  the  king  ";  sometimes  it  is  clear 
that  the  "  king  "  is  Ashur-bani-pal,  but  often 
one  of  his  ancestors  must  have  been  the  recipient 
of  the  correspondence.  We  may  say  roundly 
that  all  the  letters  were  written  between 
B.C.  721  and  b.c.  620,  and  that  they  were  con- 
sidered of  importance  is  clear  from  the  fact 
that  they  were  all  preserved  in  the  Royal 
Library  at  Nineveh.  Though  the  letter-tablets 
are  small  in  comparison  with  those  found  at  Tell 
el-Amarna,  the  writing  is  extremely  minute,  and 
the  scribe  succeeded  in  saying  much  in  a  little 
space  ;  sometimes,  however,  his  brevity  is  so 
great  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  out  clearly 
what  he  intended  to  say,  especially  as  we  often 
have  no  knowledge  of  the  other  letters  on  the 
subject  which  must  have  passed  between  him 
and  his  correspondent.  It  is  curious  to  note 
that  under  the  rule  of  the  Assyrians  the  mode 
of  addressing  the  king  was  much  simpler  than 
in  the  days  when  the  Tell  el-Amarna  corre- 
spondence was  penned,  though  in  the  latter  the 
form  of  address  is  more  like  that  found  upon 
the  tablets  which  date  from  the  reign  of 
Khammurabi,  about  B.C.  2200.  Thus  Abi-milki, 
Governor  of  Tyre,  says  to  the  King  of  Egypt, 
"To  the  king,  my  lord,  my  god,  my  sun,  I 
prostrate  myself,  O  my  lord,  seven  times  and 
seven  times,  I  am  the  dust  under  the  feet  of 
the  king,  my  lord,  the  Sun-god,"  &c.  ;  but  the 
sterner  Assyrian  simply  writes,  "To  the  king 
of  countries,  my  lord,  thy  servant  saith  thus," 
and  then  comes  the  letter  proper.  As  may  be 
imagined,  the  subjects  treated  of  in  the  letters 
are  many  and  various,  and  they  incidentally 
throw  much  light  upon  matters  about  which  the 
ordinary  texts  are  silent.  Thus  K.  646  is  a 
note  "to  the  king"  from  Irashi-ilu,  stating  that 
the  images  of  the  gods  and  the  crown  which  the 
king  had  ordered  for  the  god  Anu  were  com- 
pleted, and  we  may  fairly  assume  that  somebody 


158 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"3640,  July  31, '97 


was  waiting  for  his  money.  Again,  K.  183  is 
a  letter  congratulating  the  king  upon  his  acces- 
sion to  the  throne,  and  the  writer,  with  charac- 
teristic Oriental  adroitness,  recommends  his  son 
to  the  favourable  notice  of  the  king  for  an 
appointment  in  the  royal  household.  Again, 
K.  69  reports  to  the  king  that  a  certain  gold 
object  which  had  been  stolen  from  the  Temple 
of  Ashur  by  a  workman  had  been  recovered  by 
one  Akkullanu,  who  promptly  claims  "bak- 
shish." In  K.  81  Kudurru  thanks  the  king  for 
having  sent  to  him  a  physician,  and  apologizes 
humbly  for  not  tendering  his  thanks  in 
person.  In  K.  502  a  certain  officer  reports 
the  success  of  his  military  operations  in 
Babylonia,  but  laments  that  he  has  lost  a 
gold  ring  which  the  king  gave  him.  Again, 
K.  824,  a  letter  by  Ashur-bani-pal,  mentions 
Ummanigash,  who  afterwards  became  King  of 
Elam  ;  and  K.  1620  is  a  letter  by  Sennacherib, 
the  "great  king,"  which  refers  to  certain  pro- 
perty which  he  bequeaths  to  his  son  Esarhaddon. 
Again,  K.  95  shows  that  Assyrian  kings  took  a 
very  lively  interest  in  the  affairs  of  their  empire, 
for  one  of  them  writes  to  Bel-ibni,  asking  for 
further  details  of  a  revolt  which  had  taken  place 
at  Pekod  ;  and  we  can  well  believe  that  Sargon  II. 
was  thankful  to  have  the  information  about  his 
foe  Merodach-Baladan  I[.  (b.c.  721)  which  we 
find  in  K.  114.  It  would  seem  that  the  king, 
like  ordinary  mortals,  at  times  consulted  an 
astrologer  about  his  private  affairs,  for  a  tablet 
(see  part  iv.  p.  377)  states  that  "the  king  "  con- 
sulted Ramman-shum-utsur  about  a  lucky  day 
for  the  crown  prince  to  enter  into  his  presence, 
and  this  astrologer  solemnly  replies  that  he  has 
made  observations  duly  and  is  convinced  that 
Shebat  is  a  favourable  month,  and  that  the  fif- 
teenth day  is  a  lucky  day  for  the  purpose. 
Another  letter  (see  part  iv.  p.  460)  is  most  in- 
teresting on  account  of  its  curious  opening,  "  an- 
nu-u  ri-ikh-ti  da-ba-a-bi  sha  e-gir-ti,"  &c.  But 
the  reader  will,  no  doubt,  prefer  to  puzzle 
out  for  himself  the  scores  of  valuable  facts 
with  which  Prof.  Harper's  book  is  filled. 
We  cannot  refrain,  however,  from  calling 
attention  to  a  pretty  little  letter  (see  part  iv. 
p.  396)  from  one  Ashur-ri-tsi-u-a,  which  was 
enclosed  in  a  clay  envelope  inscribed  with 
the  names  of  the  sender  and  addressee,  and 
sealed  with  the  seal  of  the  former,  even  as  a 
letter  written  upon  paper  is  enclosed  in  an 
envelope  and  addressed  and  sealed  in  our  own 
days.  Prof.  Harper's  volumes  are  to  be  wel- 
comed from  another  point  of  view,  that  is  to 
say,  as  the  firstfruits  of  the  independent 
research  of  the  growing  American  school  of 
Assyriology. 

AUSTRALIAN   FICTION. 

Stories  of  Australia  in  the  Early  Days.  By 
Marcus  Clarke.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)— Those 
who  have  read  our  author's  most  celebrated 
work,  '  For  the  Term  of  his  Natural  Life,'  need 
not  to  be  told  that  Mr.  Marcus  Clarke  is  as 
unquestionably  the  chief  of  Australian  prose 
writers  as  Lindsay  Gordon  is  the  leader  in 
poetry.  They  both  had  their  failings  which 
marred  what,  with  their  talents,  should  have 
proved  successful  careers.  The  anonymous 
memoir  of  Marcus  Clarke  prefixed  to  this 
volume,  although  interesting,  is  not  calculated 
to  raise  him  in  the  reader's  estimation.  He 
died — too  soon— at  the  early  age  of  thirty- 
five.  These  stories  do  not  profess  to  be 
new  ;  they  are  chiefly  histories  of  events 
in  Van  Diemen's  Land,  as  Tasmania  was 
at  that  date  termed,  in  the  early  days  of  the 
convict  settlements,  and  are  drawn  with  all 
the  vigour  which  might  have  been  expected 
from  the  author's  pen,  who  describes  Port  Arthur 
and  Port  Macquarie  in  all  their  gruesome  re- 
pulsiveness.  We  have  always  doubted  the 
utility  and  the  taste  of  raking  up  bygone 
horrors.  The  island  was  really  a  gaol,  and"  the 
scene  of  punishment  for  doubly  and  trebly  con- 


victed felons,  many  of  whom  had  graduated  in 
crime  in  the  schools  of  the  chain  gangs  and  of 
Norfolk  Island.  Prisoners  usually  boasted  of 
having  been  patriots  or  poachers,  with  both 
of  whom  our  author  appears  to  sympathize. 
These  were  the  fashionable  crimes.  We  remem- 
ber an  old  "lag  "who  used  to  boast  that  he 
was  not  ashamed  to  own  that  he  was  "sent  out 
for  a  breach  of  the  game  laws."  The  fact  was 
he  had  shot  a  gamekeeper.  Those  who  do  not 
delight  in  horrors  will  find  very  amusing  accounts 
of  several  characters,  notably  that  of  Jorgensen, 
who  was 

"  seaman,  explorer,  traveller,  adventurer,  gambler, 
spy,  man  of  letters,  man  of  fortune,  political  pri- 
soner, dispensing  chemist,  and  King  of  Iceland,  and 
was  transported  for  illegally  pawning  the  property 
of  a  lodging-house  keeper  in  Tottenham  Court  Road. 

All  the  raven-haired,  hot-headed,  supple-wristed 

soldiers  of  fortune  that  ever  diced,  drank,  duelled, 
kissed,  and  escaladed  through  three  volumes  octavo, 
never  had  such  an  experience.  Think  over  his  story 
from  his  birth  in  Denmark  to  his  death  in  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  and  imagine  from  what  he  has  told  us 
how  much  more  he  has  been  compelled  to  leave 
unrelated." 

Barrington's  career  is  also  worth  mentioning. 
We  never  before  heard  a  doubt  expressed  that 
he  was  the  author  of  the  prologue  to  the  first 
play  acted  at  the  Antipodes,  one  of  the  wittiest 
productions  of  its  time.  The  escape  of  Irish 
rebels,  who,  Mr.  Clarke  admits,  broke  their 
parole  in  spirit  if  not  in  the  letter,  is  also 
interesting. 

They  that  Sit  in  Darkness.  By  John  Mackie. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.)— When  we  read  in  our 
author's  preface, 

'•  I  was  the  first  man  to  build  a  house  and  settle  on 
the  Van  Alphen  river  in  the  far  northern  territory, 
and  it  was  there  I  supported  life  for  weeks  together 
on  crows,  hawks,  snakes,  and  curraong  roots.  That 
was  before  I  became,  amongst  other  things,  a  gold 
digger  in  Queensland,  and  a  mounted  policeman  on 
the  frontier  of  North  America," 

we  at  once  concluded  that  he  must  have  plenty 
of  material  for  his  readers  if  he  also  possessed 
the  faculty  of  writing,  and  a  perusal  of  his  pages 
soon  proved  that  he  was  able  to  convey  his 
experiences  in  an  agreeable  form.  He  has  pro- 
duced a  vivid  and  original  description  of  the 
"Never  Never"  country,  which  he  colloquially 
terms  "  the  Gulf,"  i.  e.,  of  Carpentaria,  a  country, 
by  his  account,  unsuitable  for  European  settle- 
ment from  its  extreme  heat,  illustrating  this  by 
an  old  anecdote  comparing  it  with  Sheol,  Hades, 
orwhateverthe  new  name  is  for  the  lowerregions. 
This,  we  may  observe,  appeared  thirty  years  ago 
in  Sir  Charles  Dilke's  '  Greater  Britain.'  At  the 
time  of  Mr.  Mackie's  tale  the  country  seems  to 
have  been  chiefly  occupied  by  men  "on  the 
cross,"  horse-stealers  and  scoundrels  of  every 
sort,  whose  habits  and  modes  of  life  are  well 
brought  out.  Collisions  with  the  blacks  of 
course  occur,  about  which  he  indulges  in  no 
cant.  Even  here,  on  such  an  unpromising  field, 
we  meet  with  several  characters  which  it  is 
impossible  not  to  admire,  and  woman's  romantic 
love  is  tested,  and  proves  triumphant  over 
apparently  hopeless  obstacles.  We  can  commend 
this  as  a  good  work,  written  in  a  good  spirit 
and  in  an  agreeable  style. 


OLD   NORSE   POETRY. 

The  Saga  of  King  Olaf  Tryggwason.  Trans- 
lated by  J.  Sephton.  (Nutt.)— It  is  odd  that 
we  should  have  had  to  wait  two  centuries  for  a 
complete  English  translation  of  this  noble  saga. 
The  first  edition  was  published  at  Skalholt  in 
1689,  and  Latin,  Swedish,  and  Danish  versions 
of  it  have  been  made  more  than  once,  but,  so 
far  as  we  are  aware,  it  has  never  been  Eng- 
lished till  now.  "  The  Great  Olaf  Tryggvason 
Saga,"  as  it  is  generally  called  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  Oddr's  saga  of  the  same  king,  is  a  docu- 
ment of  the  first  importance.  Nowhere  else 
are  such  striking  historical  events  as  the  Chris- 
tianizing of  Norway,  the  discovery  and  coloniza- 
tion of  Iceland  and  Greenland,  and  the  Homeric 


contest  at  Svolj^r,  which  established  the  supre- 
macy of  the  Danish  rule  in  Northern  Europe, 
set  forth  so  fully  and  with  so  much  decorative 
detail.      And   the  human   interest   of  the  saga 
is  still    greater.      The  imposing  figure  of  Olaf 
Tryggvason    shines    through  the  mists  of   the 
ages  with  a  sharpness  and  clearness  of  outline 
which  enables  a  cunning  eye  to  trace  every  per- 
sonal   trait,  and   divine   what    manner  of  man 
he   really  was.      The  very  myths   and  legends 
which      have      gathered      round      this      great 
enemy  of   the  powers    of    evil   have   a   mean- 
ing and  a  beauty  of  their  own,  and  we  would 
not  miss  one   of    them.     Equally  distinct   and 
vivid    are     the    lesser    heroes,    the     satellites 
encompassing  "Olaf,  mightiest  of  the  kings  of 
men,"  as  one  of  his  skalds  called  him,  such  as 
the  wise,  noble,  and  magnanimous  Kiartan,  the 
proudly  modest  and  ironically  self-depreciating 
Einridi,  the  fanatical  proselytizer  Thangbrand, 
and,   most   fascinating   of  all,    Hallfred,   "the 
troublesome     poet."     This    Hallfred,    the     in- 
carnation    of     craft,    brutality,    and     gnomish 
humour,  is  a  familiar  figure  in  Norse  literature, 
from     the   Edda    where    he     makes    his    first 
appearance   in    the    character  of  Loki    to  the 
peasant  stories  of  Bjornson,  where  we  recognize 
him    in    the    persons    of    the   clever  and  dis- 
reputable   village      fiddlers,     e.  g.,     Aslak     in 
'  Synnove  Solbakken.'     The  adventures  of  this 
Icelandic  Thersites  furnish  the  saga  with   its 
chief  comic  element,  and  pleasantly  season  the 
somewhat   sombre  dignity  which  is   its  preva- 
lent tone.    The  saga  terminates  with  the  famous 
description  of  King  Olaf 's  voyage  to  Wendland, 
and  the  foretold  and  foreseen  destruction  of  his 
fleet  and  host  at  the  great  battle  of  Svoll^r,  an 
event  narrated  with  epic  breadth  and  vigour. 
The   description   of   the   last  stand  of  the  ex- 
hausted bodyguard  round  the  Avounded  king  on 
the  deck  of  the  Great  Serpent  against  tenfold 
odds  is  magnificent,  though,  by  the  way,  the 
story   is    told  much    better    by  Oddr  than  by 
the    anonymous    author  of    the    greater  saga. 
Well  might   the  skald,  Thord  Kolbeinson,  ex- 
claim,     "The     heavenly     dome     above     high 
hills  will  fail  before  that  deed  is   forgotten." 
Mr.  Sephton  has  well  accomplished  his  difficult^ 
task.     It    is   true   that  his    style    is  somewhat 
too     modern      for      his     subject,     and     occa- 
sionally,   bold    man  !    he    mutilates    his    text, 
as    in    the    episode   of  Hallfred  and  Kolfinna, 
where  twelve  strophes  are  omitted.     Both  the 
incident  and  the  verses  are  somewhat  free,  no 
doubt,    yet    it    would    have     been    better    to 
tell    the    v.'hole   story   faithfully.     As    it    now 
stands    in    the   English    text,    Hallfred's    con- 
duct is    obscure,  and   there   is   no   intelligible 
motive  for  the  vengeance  of  Kolfinna's  husband. 
Occasionally,  too,  Mr.  Sephton 's  version  is  too 
prosaic    and    jejune,    but,  at   any   rate,  he   is 
always  accurate,  and  his  rendering  of  the  very 
difticult   verses  intercalated  in  the  text  is  fre- 
quently admirable.     The  book  is  prefaced  by  a 
scholarly  introduction  which    greatly  increases 
its  value.     We  note  on  the  first  page,  however, 
a  slight  error  of  fact.    Speaking  of  Oddr's  life  of 
Olaf,  the  editor  remarks  :  "  This  work,  written 
originally  in  Latin,  is  lost,  but  two  free  trans- 
lations of  it  exist."     Now  there  are  three,  not 
two,  Icelandic    versions    of    Oddr's  work,  i.  e. 
(1)  the  Arnamagnean  MS.  310,  4to. ;  (2)  a  parch- 
ment codex  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Stockholm, 
No.  20,  4to. ;   and  (3)  a  fragmentary  codex  in 
the  University  Library  of  Upsala.     Moreover, 
later   investigations  go  to  prove  that  the  best 
of  these  MSS.,  i.  e.,  No.  1,   is  by  no  means  a 
free,   but  a  direct   and   close  translation  from 
the  Latin  original. 

Forelcesninger  over  Oldnordiske  Skjaldekvad  of 
KonraH  Gislason.  Udgivne  af  Kommissionen  for 
det  Arnamagnieanske  Legat.  (Copenhagen, 
Gyldendalske  Boghandel.) — This  is  the  first 
instalment  of  the  posthumous  works  left  by 
Prof.  Gislason,  whose  lamented  death  has  made 
such  a  gap  in  the  by  no  means  serried  ranks 
of  Icelandic   scholars.      It  contains  his   draft 


N''3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


159 


lectures,  or  rather  the  skeletons  of  lectures, 
subsequently  delivered  before  the  University  of 
Copenhagen,  on  the  subject  of  old  Norse  poetry, 
the  present  volume  embracing  the  'Hdttatal,' 
the  '  Hrynhenda,'  the  '  Hrafnsmal,'  the 
*Vellekla,'  and  the  '  Rekstefja '  Tn  our 
review  of  Gislason's  '  Udvalg  af  Oldnordiske 
Skjaldekvad,'  September  5th,  1896,  we  briefly 
alluded  to  the  special  merits  and  methods  of 
the  deceased  scholar.  We  need  only  add  now 
that  we  find  here  the  same  scrupulous,  minute 
care,  the  same  cautious  avoidance  of  hasty  judg- 
ments, and  the  same  profound  learning  coupled 
with  a  modesty  as  engaging  as  it  is  rare.  As 
the  present  editor.  Dr.  Bjorn  Olsen,  well  re- 
marks : — 

"These  lectures,  to  my  mind,  are  of  great  interest 
not  only  because  they  show  us  the  attitude  of  Gis- 
lason  towards  difficult  questions  on  which  be  had 
not  previously  pronounced  an  opinion,  but  also 
because  they  serve  to  characterize  the  author's 
personality.  Critical  difficulties  are  always  in- 
dicated with  acuteness  and  precision,  and  often  the 
result  is  a  non  liqvet.  But  sometimes  the  author, 
with  amiable  modesty,  offers  a  suggestion,  in  a 
groping  and  hesitating  manner,  which  in  an  instant 
eeems  to  remove  all  difficulties." 
A  portion  of  these  lectures  covers  much  the 
same  ground  as  the  notes  to  the  'Udralg  af 
Oldnordiske  Skjaldekvad  '  already  alluded  to. 
There,  however,  Gislason  only  briefly  took  into 
consideration  verses  or  strophes  which  he  re- 
garded as  absolutely  authentic,  while  here  the 
very  nature  of  the  subject  constrained  him,  to 
the  no  small  benefit  of  his  audience,  to  be  fuller 
in  his  treatment,  and  pronounce  an  opinion 
upon  more  corrupt  and  doubtful  passages. 
Moreover,  these  lectures  are  of  a  somewhat 
more  elementary  nature  than  the  preceding 
work,  and  therefore  better  adapted  for 
students.  For  the  editing  of  Dr.  Olsen  we 
have  nothing  but  the  most  unqualified  praise. 


AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

Soine  Correspondence  between  the  Governors  of 
the  New  England  Company  in  London  and  the 
Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  in  America 
{Spottiswoode  &  Co.)  is  the  abridged  title  of  a 
small  book  which  will  surprise  many  students  of 
American  history.     They  may  know  that  a  com- 
pany was  chartered  in  1662  for  "  gospelizing  " 
the  Indians  in  New  England,  but  they  may  be 
unaware  that  the  London  Company,  of  which 
the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  was  the  first  Governor, 
has  survived  the  Indians.    Its  present  Governor 
is  Mr.  J.  W.  Ford.     The  present  duties  of  him- 
self and  his  colleagues  cannot  now  be  classed 
among  things  generally  known  ;  but  he  and  the 
company  over  which  he  presides  deserve  credit 
for  publishing  this  work.     The  most  interesting 
documents   contained   in  it  are   the   letters  of 
John   Eliot,  the  Apostle  to  the  Indians.     He 
laboured  with   untiring  devotion  to  make  the 
Indians  acquainted  with  the  Holy  Scriptures, 
and  he  translated  the  Bible  for  their  instruction. 
This  version  of  the  Scriptures  is  very  rare  ;  a 
copy  fetched  5801.  in  1888.     Forty  copies  are 
believed  to  be  extant,  yet  no  man  now  living 
speaks  the   language  of   the   translation.     Ex- 
perience   Mayhew,    who    followed    in    Eliot's 
steps,  had  to  face  difficulties   as  a  missionary 
similar  to   those   of    Bishop    Colenso   in   later 
years.      He   wrote    in   1713    that    Ninnicraft, 
a    "Sachim"     in     the     Narraganset    country, 
"demanded   of   me  why  I  did   not  make   the 
English  good  in  the  first  place  :  for  he  said  many 
of  them  were  still  very  bad."    We  hope  that  the 
publication  of  this  interesting  volume  may  lead 
to  the  recovery  of  the  company's  old  minute-book, 
which    has    unaccountably   disappeared.      The 
present    possessor,    should    it   not   have    been 
destroyed,   may    be   unaware   of   its    historical 
value. 

The  Historij  of  Proprietary  Government  in 
Pennsylvania  is  the  sixth  volume  of  the  studies 
in  history,  economics,  and  public  law  edited  by 
the  Faculty  of  Political  Science  of  Columbia 
University,  New  York,  by  which  the  work  is 


published.  Dr.  William  Robert  Shepherd,  the 
author,  is  also  "Prize  Lecturer  in  History." 
The  work  is  based  nearly  altogether  on  unpub- 
lished documents,  chief  among  them  being  the 
Penn  papers.  These  papers  were  sold  by  one 
of  the  Penn  family  at  the  price  of  waste  paper. 
He  might  have  presented  them  to  the  British 
Museum,  or,  if  desirous  of  money,  he  would 
certainly  have  obtained  from  the  Trustees  a 
sufficient  price.  However,  the  use  which  Dr. 
Shepherd  has  made  of  his  new  material  renders 
his  work  indispensable  to  all  students  of 
American  history.  The  story  enhances  our 
admiration  for  Penn,  while  it  serves  to  prove 
that  his  position  as  feudal  lord  over  a  country 
larger  than  his  own  was  false  at  the  outset 
and  a  failure  long  before  the  end.  Franklin's 
remarks  in  disparagement  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  colony  in  which  he  chose  to  dwell  are 
shown  in  this  work  to  have  been  grievously 
unfair.  Dr.  Shepherd  shrewdly  states  that,  as 
Penn  died  in  comparative  poverty,  it  was 
unjust  for  Franklin  to  write  that  "Penn 
united  the  subtlety  of  the  serpent  with  the 
innocence  of  the  dove."  The  Quakers,  though 
in  a  minority  in  the  colony,  succeeded  in  be- 
coming a  majority  of  the  governing  body,  and 
their  conduct,  when  danger  impended,  was  not 
creditable.  When  hostilities  were  imminent 
in  1739,  the  Quaker  majority  in  the  Assembly 
refused  to  vote  money  for  defence,  recording 
that  they  put  their  trust  in  the  "Mother 
country  and  in  God."  They  did  not  object 
so  much  to  employing  soldiers  as  to  paying 
for  them.  In  1745  the  Assembly  was  asked  to 
help  New  England  in  attacking  Louisburg  by 
voting  4,000L  for  buying  gunpowder,  and  the 
Governor  met  with  a  refusal  ;  but  a  measure 
was  passed  for  the  expenditure  by  him  of  the 
sum  named  in  buying  "  bread,  beef,  pork,  flour, 
or  other  grain."  The  Governor  bought  gun- 
powder, and  no  one  protested  against  expending 
the  money  on  this  kind  of  "  grain."  The  work, 
which  is  full  of  new  matter,  is  written  in  a 
sober  strain,  and  is  most  creditable  to  the 
author. 

The  Ancestry  of  John  Whitney,  by  Henry 
Melville  (New  York,  De  Vinne  Press),  is  a 
work  of  which  the  circulation  may  not  be  wide, 
but  of  which  the  execution  is  creditable  to  all 
concerned.  In  America  the  Whitney  family 
is,  we  believe,  deservedly  respected,  and  an 
endeavour  to  trace  its  ancestral  descent  deserves 
praise  when,  as  in  the  present  work,  it  is  done 
with  historical  accuracy,  and  the  result  is  set 
forth  by  the  printer,  paper-maker,  and  book- 
binder in  so  praiseworthy  and  artistic  a  style. 
Few  of  our  families  of  equal  note  and  antiquity 
would  care  to  bear  the  cost  of  such  a  sumptuous 
memorial.  It  is  a  compliment  to  this  country 
when  the  descendants  of  families  who  now  in- 
habit the  great  republic  of  the  West  exhibit  a 
desire  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  land  of  their 
ancestors.  In  New  England  the  original  stock 
was  of  a  sturdier  quality  than  in  Virginia.  In 
both  parts  of  the  continent  the  descendants  of  the 
original  settlers  have  exhibited  characteristics 
which  now  difi"erentiate  them  from  their  English 
ancestors.  In  truth,  the  Whitneys  in  this 
country  ought  to  be  decidedly  proud  of  those 
who  in  the  United  States  claim  kindred  with 
them.  The  dedication,  which  is  in  very  good  taste, 
runs:  "To  the  descendants  of  John  Whitney, 
who  honour  their  forefathers  as  they  hope  to  be 
honoured  in  turn  by  posterity."  The  work 
ought  to  be  on  the  shelf  of  every  historical 
library.  It  is  so  carefully  compiled  that  we 
have  but  one  slip  to  record.  At  p.  205  the 
name  of  the  accomplished  author  of  the  last  and 
best  'Life  of  Ralegh'  is  spelt  "  Stebbins " 
instead  of  Stehhing. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Grains  of  Sense,  by  Lady  Welby  (Dent  & 
Co.),  is  one  of  those  books  which  it  must  be 
confessed  are  very  difficult  to  read.  It  is  divided 


into  apparently  disconnected  sections,  and  the 
temptation  is  to  dip  here  and  there  to  see 
what  good  things  one  will  find.  But  such  a 
system  will  not  do  here,  as  it  is  difficult  to  find 
any  individual  interest  in  any  one  section.  On 
reading  the  book  through  more  consecutively 
its  object  is  indeed  apparent,  though  not  attrac- 
tive. '  Grains  of  Sense  '  is  a  long  protest,  in 
a  series  of  ejaculatory  fragments,  against  the 
misuse  of  language  and  the  poverty  of  thought 
which  result  from  carelessness  of  diction  or 
jejuneness  of  style.  There  is  a  great  deal  of 
truth  in  the  protest,  but  at  the  same  time  it 
seems  hardly  called  for  in  such  a  serious  form. 
The  author  is  not  likely  to  deter  anybody  from 
using  mixed  metaphors,  exaggerations  of  phrase, 
or  misplaced  words  by  her  arid  lectures  on  the 
subject.  The  book  also  contains  a  few  allegories 
which  are  unluckily  dull. 

Diary  of  a  Tour   tlirough   Great   Biitain   in 
1795.       By    the     Rev.     William     MacRitchie. 
(Stock.)  —  Gait's    Dr.    Pringle    went    on    tour 
from  Scotland  to  London,  and   the  author  of 
this   diary,    another   Scotch    minister,   did    the 
same.    But  fact  in  this  case  is  unfortunately  not 
at  all  equal  to  fiction,  and  the  diary  he  kept  of 
his  tour  is  distinctly  disappointing.     Some  por- 
tions of  it  have  already  been  published  in  anti- 
quarian  papers,   and  we  doubt  if  it   deserved 
printing  in  its  present  form.     The  worthy  man 
was  a  botanist,  and  his  record  of  plants,  noted 
in  Latin  polysyllables,  is  tedious.     We  hardly 
think  Mr.  D.  MacRitchie,  who  has  edited  the 
volume,  would  have  considered  a  common  rush, 
a   piece   of   broom,   or  some   knapweed   worth 
noting  if  they  had  been  mentioned  in  English. 
Such  records  are  of  but  slight  interest.     On  the 
other  hand,  the  author's  account  of  his  loveaflair 
is  omitted,  though  it  would  probably  have  been 
sedate  and  precise  enough  to  be  entertaining. 
There  are  really  very  few  plums  in  these  pages. 
Mr.    MacRitchie    moralizes    overmuch,    which 
spoils  the  effect  of  his  quiet,  eighteenth  century 
charm.     He  meets  with  no  robbers  or  coach- 
ing    accidents,    and     his     reflections    suggest 
but  few  picturesque  diflerences    between    then 
and  now.     Much  of  the  space  is  occupied  by  a 
bare    mention    of    "nice    gentlemen's   places" 
on  the  route.     Black  stockings,    whose    vogue 
with  the  feminine  sex  is  popularly  supposed  to 
be  quite  recent  and  due    to  the    success  of  a 
dancer  who  adopted  them  on    the    stage  as  a 
novelty,  were,  it    appears,  in    use    a    hundred 
years  ago  in  Lancashire,  where  "  many  of  the 
first  looking  country  girls  wear  black  stockings 
on  the  week  days,  which  is  by  no   means  an 
improvement  to  their  charms."     As  the  general 
study  of  the  daily  press  is  often  accounted  a 
modern  vice,   we  may  note  that  even  in  1795 
Mr.  MacRitchie  was  scandalized  by  the  sight  of 
a  shepherd  on  the  Pentlands  reclining  on  a  green 
hill  and    busily   engaged — not  with  a   pastoral 
pipe  or  other  Arcadian  employment,   but  with 
a  newspaper.     The  author's  critical  appreciation 
of  architecture  is  rather  curious  ;  the  shops  of 
Kendal    are    "  very    magnificent,"    and     a    big 
London  bookshop  is  "  like  a  palace."    It  is  easy 
to  see  that  he  was  more  at  home  with  potatoes 
and    kindred   subjects,   so  that   there    can   be 
no   reason  to    doubt  that   his  union   with    the 
daughter  of  a  specialist  in  turnip-growing  was 
a  successful  aflfair. 

Mr.  F.  S.  Lowndes  has  compiled  a  useful  and 
accurate  little  biographical  manual  called  Bishojjs 
of  the  Day  (Grant  Richards),  a  collection  of  short 
memoirs  of  all  the  archbishops  and  bishops  of 
the  Anglican  communion.  The  only  disputable 
assertion  we  have  found  in  his  book  is  his  state- 
ment that  when  the  agitation  against  '  Essays  and 
Reviews  '  was  got  up  by  Bishop  Wilberforce  and 

his    friends,    "Convocation did   its   best   to 

appease  the  public  wrath."  As  a  fact.  Convoca- 
tion was  foolish  enough  to  join  in  the  hue  and 
cry  ;  but  perhaps  Mr.  Lowndes  means  this. 
There  is  a  trifling  misprint  on  p.  264.  The 
clubs  of  the  English  bishops  are  sometimes 
stated  and  sometimes  omitted. 


160 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3640,  July  31,  '97 


There  reaches  us  from  Allahabad,  where  it 
has  been  printed  at  the  Pioneer  Press,  a  little 
book  on  The  Lines  of  Imperial  Union,  by  Mr. 
F.  J.  Stevenson,  assistant  editor  of  the  Pioneer. 
Mr.  Stevenson  has  not  much  difficulty  in  dis- 
posing of  the  ordinary  crude  suggestions  as  to 
Imperial  Federation,  and  he  ably  states  some  of 
the  reasons  which  make  it  unlikely  that  com- 
mercial union  can  be  adopted.  Curiously 
enough,  writing  as  he  does  in  India,  he  does 
not  make  so  much  as  we  should  of  the  Indian 
difficulty  ;  and  he  wrote  at  a  moment  when  Aus- 
tralian Confederation  seemed  to  be  at  hand, 
while  the  difficulties  of  the  creation  of  a  Zoll- 
verein  have  been  increased  during  the  last  few 
days  by  the  breakdown  of  Australian  union. 
Mr.  Stevenson's  suggestions  point  to  that  kind 
of  defensive  alliance  which  is  popular  in  Aus- 
tralia among  those  who  reject  Imperial  Federa- 
tion as  impossible  of  attainment,  and  it  is  an 
interesting  fact  that  a  gentleman  who  has 
written  at  a  great  distance  from  Australia,  and 
apparently  without  any  special  knowledge  of 
Australian  feeling,  should  have  arrived  at  con- 
clusions similar  to  those  which  are  held  by  Mr. 
Deakin  and  other  leading  statesmen  of  Aus- 
tralia. 

MM.  Arbiand  Colin  &  Cie.  publish  in- 
terviews by  M.  Adolphe  Brisson,  under  the 
title  Portraits  Intimes :  Troisibme  Serie.  The 
interviews  are  modestly  done,  and  are  all 
the  more  accurate  in  the  impression  they 
convey  because  there  is  no  forcing  of  the  note. 
The  present  series  includes  MM.  Maeterlinck, 
Claretie,  Jean  Richepin,  Hector  Malot,  and 
Bourget.  M.  Claretie  and  M.  Hector  Malot 
are  mentioned  as  examples  of  that  small  class — 
literary  men  who,  by  sound  and  excellent  work, 
have  made  a  competency  for  themselves. 

The  same  firm  have  brought  out  a  volume 
entitled  Gens  de  Mer :  Stir  la  Cote,  by  M.  C.  Le 
Goffic,  which  consists  of  a  number  of  sketches 
of  Breton  and  Norman  fishermen  and  sailors, 
and  incidentally  gives  a  frightful  picture  of 
the  hardships  undergone  by  the  boys  em- 
ployed on  the  Newfoundland  French  Shore  and 
Great  Banks  fisheries. 

In  his  Souvenirs  et  Impressions,  1840-1871 
(Calmann  L^vy),  the  Marquis  Philippe  de 
Massa,  who  was  a  cavalry  officer  attached  to 
the  person  of  Napoleon  III.,  has  written  a 
kindly,  but  not  particularly  interesting  set  of 
sketches  of  war  in  Africa,  in  Mexico,  and  in 
France,  and  of  the  Imperial  Court. 

Messrs.  Armand  Colin  &  Cie.  issue  M. 
Thiers,  le  Comte  de  Saint-Vallier,  le  General 
de  Manteuffel:  Liberation  du  Territoire,  1871- 
1873,  by  M.  Henri  Doniol,  a  volume  which  is 
not  without  its  interest,  even  to  readers  outside 
France  and  Germany.  The  documents  which 
are  new  bear  upon  the  Arnim  trial,  and  prove 
once  more  the  importance  of  the  part  taken 
by  Germany  in  the  foundation  of  the  French 
Republic. 

The  Government  Printer  of  South  Australia 
publishes  at  Adelaide  the  Official  Report  of  the 
National  Australasian  Convention  Debates, 
which  took  place  this  year  between  March  22nd 
and  May  5th.  This  "  Hansard,"  as  it  is  called 
in  the  colonies,  is  of  great  interest  to  all 
Federalists,  but  unfortunately  the  interest  is 
again  likely  on  this  occasion  to  be  only  specula- 
tive, as  the  agreed  -  on  scheme  appears  to  be 
breaking  down  owing  to  the  resistance  of  some 
colonies. 

Mrs.  E.  T.  Cook's  guide-book  London  and 
its  Environs  (Llangollen,  Darlington  &  Co.)  is 
useful  and  intelligent.  The  accounts  (contri- 
buted by  Mr.  Cook)  of  the  National  Gallery 
and  the  principal  museums  are  better  than 
those  in  similar  works,  and  the  volume  has 
more  of  a  literary  flavour  than  is  common  in 
them.  There  are  some  slips,  of  course.  For 
instance,  to  say  that  in  1807  the  streets  were 
first  lighted  with  gas  is  to  misstate  matters  some- 
what.    Again,  Columbia  Market  was  originally 


intended  by  Lady  Burdett-Coutts  to  bo  a  fish 
and  not  a  meat  market.  It  is  incorrect  to  say 
that  Arnold  Toynbee  spent  "his  life  in  amelio- 
rating the  lives  of  the  working  classes  in  the 
East-End  of  London."  He  hardly  ever  visited 
the  East-End.  It  is  also  incorrect  to  say 
that  the  expenditure  of  Charles  I.  was  "enor- 
mous."— To  the  "  Manuali  Hoepli  "  has  been 
added  a  handy  little  guide  to  the  Topografia  di 
Roma  Antica,  by  Signor  Borsari,  a  capital  aid 
to  the  tourist  who  dabbles  in  archpeology. 

Bon-Mots  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  (Dent)  is 
an  amusing  collection  supplementary  to  '  Bon- 
Mots  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,'  and,  like  it, 
edited  by  Mr.  Walter  Jerrold. — Paying  Pleasures 
of  Country  Life  (Routledge  &  Sons),  a  small 
volume  by  various  writers,  may  be  recommended 
to  those  who  have  a  little  money  to  throw  away. 
— Victoria,  the  Good  Queen  and  Empress  (Gardner, 
Darton  &  Co.)  is  a  tiny  volume  for  children. 
Its  title  indicates  that  it  is  an  outcome  of  the 
Jubilee. — We  have  also  received  the  first  part 
of  Vol.  XXI.  of  St.  Nicholas  (Macmillan  &  Co.), 
that  excellent  journal  for  children. 

The  new  part  of  the  eighteenth  volume  of  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature 
contains  papers  on  Hudibras  and  on  Thomas 
Nashe. 

The  Modern  Language  Quarterly  (Simpkin  & 
Marshall),  edited  by  Dr.  Heath,  suflfers  some- 
what from  having  incorporated  The  Modern 
Language  Teacher's  Guide:  that  is  to  say,  it  is 
partly  an  organ  of  the  scientific  study  of  modern 
languages,  partly  a  journal  for  the  teacher  of 
the  rudiments  of  French  and  German.  The 
list  of  recent  publications  consists  mainly  of 
school-books  of  an  elementary  kind,  and  Mr. 
Siepmann's  article  will  interest  only  teachers,  or 
shall  we  say  crammers  ?  On  the  other  hand, 
Mr.  Toynbee's  review  of  *  Some  Italian  Dante 
Books  '  appeals  to  scholars. 

We  have  on  our  table  Cicero  and  his  Friends, 
by  G,  Boissier,  translated  by  A.  D.  Jones 
(Innes), — 'Twixt  Mersey  and  Dee,  by  Mrs.  H. 
Gamlin  (Liverpool,  Marples  &  Co. ), — New  Latin 
Composition,  by  M.  G.  Daniell  (Boston,  U.S., 
Leach  &  Co.), — School  Board  Chronicle  Manual 
of  the  Code  1897-8  (Grant  &  Co.),— Studies  in 
Historical  Method,  by  Mary  S.  Barnes  (Isbister), 
— The  Narrative  of  my  Experience  as  a  Volunteer 
Nurse  in  the  Franco-German  War  of  1870-1,  by 
Anne  Thacker  (Abbott,  Jones  &  Co.), —  Wasted 
Records  of  Disease,  by  C.  E.  Paget  (Arnold), — 
Hockey  and  Lacrosse,  by  S.  Christopherson, 
E.  L.  Clapham,  and  E.  T.  Sachs  (Routledge),— 
The  Indian  Political  Estimate  of  Mr.  Bhavnagri, 
M.P.  ;  or,  the  Bhavnagri  Boom  Exposed  (Bom- 
bay, privately  printed),  —  Marriage  Questions 
in  Modern  Fiction,  and  other  Essays  on  Kin- 
dred Subjects,  by  E.  R.  Chapman  (Lane), 
—  The  Evolution  of  Daphne,  by  Mrs.  Alec 
McMillan  (F.  V.  White),  —  Patience  Spar- 
hawk  and  her  Times,  by  G.  Atherton  (Lane), — 
Contemporary  Theology  and  Theism,  by  R.  M. 
Wenley  (Edinburgh;  *  T.  &  T.  Clark),  —  The 
Books  of  the  Bible:  The  Gospel  according  to 
St.  Mark,  edited  by  the  Rev.  A.  E.  Hillard 
(Rivington), — Traite  sur  le  Calcul  dans  les  Reins 
et  dans  la  Vessie,  by  Abu  Bekr  Muhammed 
Ibn  Zakarlya  Al-RazI,  translated  by  P.  de 
Koning  (Leyden,  Brill), — and  Reformation  und 
Tiiufertum  in  ihrem,  Verhdltnis  zum  christlichen 
Princip,  by  D.  H.  Llidemann  (Berne,  Kaiser). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  Kingsley's  West- 
ward i/o.'  (Macmillan), — The  Ethics  of  Diet, 
by  H.  Williams  (Sonnenschein), — Little  Women, 
by  Louisa  M.  Alcott  (Abbott,  Jones  &  Co.), — 
The  Theory  of  International  Trade,  by  C.  F. 
Bastable,  LL.D.  (Macmillan), — and  Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  the  Constitution,  by 
A.  V.  Dicey  (Macmillan). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
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Hittory  and  Biograpky. 
American  History,  told  by  Contemporaries,  edited  by  A.  B. 

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Green's  (J.  E.)  The  Making  of  England,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  10/ 

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JOHN   MILTON,   SENIOR.. 

Public  Record  Office,  July  19,  1897. 

Twenty-three  years  ago  (vide  the  Standard 
of  November  12th,  1874)  a  discovery  was  made 
by  Mr.  R.  F.  Isaacson,  of  the  Public  Record 
Office,  of  certain  documents  in  the  proceedings 
of  the  Court  of  Requests  relating  to  John 
Milton,  the  father  of  the  poet.  I  have  recently 
discovered  in  the  same  series  of  legal  records  a 
bill  of  complaint  and  an  answer  thereto  relating 


N*'3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


161 


to  the  same  man.  How  the  poet's  father  was 
accused  of  devilling  for  a  money-lender,  and 
how  he  rebutted  the  accusation,  may  be  seen 
from  the  following  summary  of  the  documents 
in  question.  They  are  twelve  years  earlier  in 
date  than  those  formerly  discovered. 

On  May  10th,  2  Car.  I.  (162G),  Samuel 
Burton,  Archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  complains 
to  the  king  that  three  years  before  one  Robert 
Willoughby,  citizen  and  grocer  of  London, 
together  with  Thomas  Willoughby  the  elder, 
of  Sutton  Colefield,  co.  Warwick,  gentle- 
man, and  Thomas  Willoughby  the  younger, 
citizen  and  linendraper  of  London,  became 
bound  to  one  William  Smith,  "  by  his 
addition  styled  to  be  citizen  and  mercer  of 
London,"  in  the  sum  of  2001.,  for  the  payment 
of  1001.  with  the  interest  thereupon,  due  at  a 
day  now  past,  and  unknown  to  the  complainant ; 
"the  said  William  Smith  being  a  common 
usurer,  and  one  thatemploys  great  sums  of  money 
in  that  usurious  course  and  practice."  Upon  the 
bond  aforesaid  Robert  Willoughby  and  Thomas 
AVilloughby  the  elder  were  arrested  about  a 
year  after  at  the  suit  of  the  said  Smith,  who 
thereupon  told  them  that  if  they  could  procure 
any  other  security  they  should  not  only  be 
enlarged,  but  also  absolutely  released  from  the 
debt.  Then  Robert  Willoughby  asked  Arch- 
deacon Burton  if  he  would  join  with  Sir  George 
Peckham,  Knt.,  of  Shipley,  co.  Derby,  as 
sureties  to  Smith  for  lOOL,  affirming  that  him- 
self and  Sir  George  Peckham  would  satisfy  the 
debt,  and  that  the  Archdeacon  should  only  enter 
into  the  bond  "  to  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  the 
said  Smith,  which  seemed  the  more  probable," 
and  that  Smith  conceived  the  lOOf.  sufficiently 
secured  by  Robert  Willoughby  and  Peckham, 
for  he  had  before  accepted  their  security.  This 
induced  the  Archdeacon  to  comply,  and  at 
length,  about  May,  22  James  I.  [1624],  he 

"entered  into  a  boni  of  the  penal  sum  of  two 
hundred  pounds  unto  the  said  Smith,  conditioned 
for  the  payment  of  one  huniired  and  ten  pounds  at 
the  now  dwelling-house  of  John  Milton,  scrivener, 
situate  in  Bread  Street,  London," 

on  the  twentieth  day  of  April,  1625.  The  bond 
bore  date  April  18th,  1624.  The  Archdeacon 
further  states  that  Smith  and  Peckham  do  com- 
bine and  confederate,  "  together  with  one  John 
Milton,  a  scrivener  in  London,  and  a  broker  for 
the  letting  out  of  the  monies  of  the  said  Smith," 
to  lay  the  whole  penalty  of  the  bond  upon  him, 
or  at  least  the  1001.  with  interest ;  whereas  he 
hopes  to  prove  that  the  said  Smith  "  never  lent 
one  penny  of  the  said  sum  of  one  hundred 
pounds,"  and  so  in  all  equity  ought  not  to 
benefit  by  the  bond.  The  Archdeacon  further 
hopes  to  prove  that  Smith,  well  knowing  that 
he  "  departeth  with"  no  money  on  the  said 
bond,  does  not  bear  the  charges  of  the  suit  at 
common  law,  nor  disburses  money  in  the  same  ; 
but  the  suit  is  prosecuted  merely  by  Sir  George 
Peckham  and  the  said  John  Milton,  or  one  of 
them,  hoping  thereby  to  gain  some  advantage 
to  themselves  from  the  Archdeacon.  The 
latter 

"  coDceiveth  also  that  the  said  Smith  is  dead,  and 
that  the  same  is  known  unto  the  said  Milton  ;  other- 
wise, that  he,  the  said  Smith,  by  the  advice  of  the 
said  Milton,  concealeth  the  place  of  his  lodging  or 
dwelling  from  your  subject,  so  that  he  cannot  pos- 
sibly enquire  out  where  the  said  Smith  lodgeth  or 
dwelleth,  to  the  intent  he  might  serve  him  with  the 
process  of  this  Court ;  albeit  the  said  Milton  hath, 
every  day  almost,  recourse  to  the  said  Smith,  if 
he  be  living,  and  knoweth  where  he  dwelleth  or 
lodgeth  ;  and,  by  messengers  sent  by  your  subject 
to  him  for  that  purpose,  hath  been  earnestly  en- 
treated to  shew  and  declare  unto  your  subject,  when 
and  where  your  subject  might  have  conference 
with  the  said  Smith.  Yet  doth  he,  for  the  reasons 
aforesaid,  utterly  refuse  to  acquaint  your  subject 
with  his  said  dwelling,  endeavouring  by  all  means 
to  strip  and  deprive  your  subject  of  all  means  for 
his  relief  herein,  and  indeed  minding  nothing  else 
but  with  all  speed  possible  to  obtain  a  judgment 
against  your  subject  at  the  common  law  for  the  said 
penalty  of  two  hundred  pounds.  And  your  subject 
further  sheweth  that  the  said  Sir  George  Peckham, 
by  the  combination  aforesaid,  hath  practised  with 


the  said  Smith  and  John  Milton  to  forbear  all  pro- 
secution of  law  upon  the  said  bonds  against  him, 
the  said  Sir  George  ;  who  thereupon  resteth  so  secure 
that  he  utterly  neglecteth  the  payment  of  the  said 
pretended  debt." 

The  Archdeacon  states  that  Sir  George  Peck- 
ham is  a  man  of  great  ability  and  sufficiency, 
having  lands  worth  at  least  1,OOOL  per  annum, 
and  no  charge  of  children  ;  besides  that  Sir 
George  had  married  Robert  Willoughby's  sister  ; 
and  therefore,  that  Smith  should  be  ordered  to 
take  his  remedy  against  the  said  Sir  George. 
The  Archdeacon  therefore  prays  that  a  writ  of 
Privy  Seal  may  be  directed  to  the  said  William 
Smith,  Sir  George  Peckham,  and  John  Milton, 
commanding  them  to  appear  and  to  answer  the 
premises,  and  to  do  as  they  shall  be  ordered  by 
the  Court.  He  also  prays  for  a  writ  of  injunc- 
tion against  Smith,  to  stay  all  further  proceed- 
ings in  this  suit. 

On  November  15th,  2  Car.  I.  (1626),  William 
Smith  and  John  Milton  present  their  answer  to 
the  Archdeacon's  bill  of  complaint.  Smith  dis- 
claims all  knowledge  of  Robert  Willoughby  and 
Thomas  Willoughby,  and  of  any  bonds  entered 
into  by  them,  upon  which  arrest  followed.  He 
denies  the  statement  alleged  to  have  been  made 
by  him  to  them  as  to  further  security.  He  says 
that  he  never  had  any  conference  with  Sir 
George  Peckham  or  with  Archdeacon  Burton, 
and  denies  that  he  is  a  common  usurer.  Both 
Smith  and  Milton  deny  that  they  or  Sir  George 
Peckham  got  the  Archdeacon,  under  the  alleged 
pretences,  to  stand  bound  as  surety  for  the 
said  moneys,  nor  did  they  combine  to  lay  the 
penalty  upon  him.  "And  yet  these  defendants 
know  no  reason,"  if  any  such  bond  were  made, 
why  the  same  should  not  be  sued  against  the 
complainant  as  well  as  against  the  other  defend- 
ants, and  the  complainant  take  his  remedy 
against  the  one  of  them  from  whom  he  may 
soonest  recover  his  debt :  — 

"And  this  defendant,  John  Milton,  for  his  part 
saith,  that  he  putteth  out  no  money,  or  ever  did,  for 
the  said  Smith,  neither  ever  knew  any  such  man 
till  they  now  met  together  to  put  in  this  their 
answer,  or  of  the  said  bond  of  two  hundred  pounds, 
for  the  payment  of  one  hundred  pounds,  made  as 
aforesaid.  Howbeit,  this  defendant  Milton  con- 
fesseth  that  he  hath  heard  that  one  Thomas  Para- 
dyne, citizen  and  haberdasher  of  London,  did  use 
the  said  William  Smith's  name  in  trust  in  such  a 
bond,  for  such  a  sum  of  one  hundred  pounds  ;  and 
this  defendant  verily  believeth  the  said  complainant 
hath  been  long  ere  this  told  so  much  ;  and,  as  this 
defendant  believeth,  he  well  knoweth  the  same  to 
be  true." 

Milton  states  that,  although  the  Archdeacon 
knows  the  debt  to  be  a  true  one,  yet  now  he 
will  not  seem  to  notice  it,  but  unjustly  molests 
him  and  Smith  about  the  same,  thinking 
thereby  to  hinder  some  lawful  course  which 
Thomas  Paradyne,  in  the  name  of  the  said 
Smith,  has  taken  against  the  Archdeacon  and 
Sir  George  Peckham  for  the  recovery  of  his  just 
debt,  with  costs  and  damages.  Milton  denies 
the  alleged  confederacy  between  him  and  Smith 
and  Sir  George  Peckham  to  lay  the  said  debt 
on  the  Archdeacon,  and  states  that,  on  the  con- 
trary, Paradyne  has  sued  both  Sir  George  and 
the  Archdeacon  for  the  money,  and  that  Sir 
George  "  hath  been  so  stirred  thereby  "  that  he 
has  paid  50L  of  the  1001.  Milton  further  denies 
that  he  has  prosecuted,  or  has  had  any  hand  in 
prosecuting,  any  suit  whatsoever  against  the 
Archdeacon,  except  this  one,  in  which  he  is 
constrained  to  make  his  defence.  He  states 
that  he  believes  Smith  to  be  alive,  nor  did  the 
latter,  by  Milton's  advice,  conceal  his  dwelling 
from  the  Archdeacon.  The  Archdeacon  had 
often  been  told  where  Paradyne  lives,  and  sent 
some  one  to  Paradyne,  and  conferred  with  him 
about  the  bond.  Milton  denies  having  daily 
recourse,  or  any  recourse  at  all,  to  the  said 
Smith,  whom  he  has  not  known,  except  as 
aforesaid.  Smith  and  Milton  have  not  com- 
bined to  forbear  prosecuting  Sir  George  Peck- 
ham, and  to  prosecute  only  the  Archdeacon,  for 
they   have   nothing   to   do  with   either,     "They 


pray  that  they  may  be  dismissed  from  this  suit 
with  their  reasonable  costs. 

Ernest  G.  Atkinson. 


MR.   STOPFOED   BUOOKE'S  'PRIMER.' 

FoK  twenty  years  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke's 
'  Primer  of  English  Literature  '  has  held  a  fore- 
most place  as  a  text-book  ;  and  its  success  has 
been  fully  deserved.  There  is  nothing  else  like 
it  ;  both  its  history  and  its  criticism  show 
directness  and  individuality  of  touch.  The 
student  is  not  simply  furnished  with  opinions 
gathered  from  the  disquisitions  of  specialist* 
and  the  summaries  in  encyclopaedias,  but  he  is 
told  a  fascinating  story,  with  fresh,  running 
comment,  by  one  who  has  been  all  over  the 
ground  for  himself.  It  is  because  of  the  excel- 
lence of  the  little  treatise  that  one  regrets  ta 
find  in  it  even  trivial  flaws.  A  few  points  in 
the  latest  edition  may  be  noted  here  in  the 
interests  of  those  who  use  the  text-book,  and 
for  the  sake  of  the  next  issue,  which  will  almost 
certainly  be  made  in  the  near  future. 

Speaking  of  Chapman's  'Homer,' p.  79,  Mr. 
Stopford  Brooke  praises  "  the  rushing  gallop  of 
the  long  fourteensyllable  stanza  in  which  it  is 
written,"  thinking,  no  doubt,  clearly  enough  of 
the  fourteen  -  syllable  line  when  he  began  his 
sentence,  but  being  misled  by  the  vagaries  of  a 
headlong  pen  before  he  finished  it.  Probably 
the  mechanical  movement  of  the  pen  has  more 
to  answer  for  in  literary  eccentricities  than  has 
yet  been  fully  detected.  On  p.  115  there  is  an 
interesting  example  of  imperfect  recollection. 
"It  is  absurd,"  says  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke,  "to 
place  the  '  creaking  lyre '  of  Boileau  side  by 
side  with  Dryden's  'long  resounding  march 
and  energy  divine.'  "  Here  the  writer  was 
thinking  of  Pope's  '  First  Epistle  of  the  Second 
Book  of  Horace,'  where  this  just  and  resonant 
tribute  is  paid  by  the  one  great  satirist  to  the 
other  : — 

Dryden  taught  to  join 
The  varying  verse,  the  full-resounding  line. 
The  long  majestic  march,  and  energy  divine  ; 

and,  without  verifying  his  quotation,  he  gave  a 
splendid  pentameter,  using  no  words  but  those 
of  Pope,  but  still  misquoting  him.  A  smaller 
matter,  but  one  deserving  attention  in  the 
interests  of  accuracy,  is  the  quotation  on  p.  144 
from  Wordsworth's  '  Resolution  and  Inde- 
pendence.'    Wordsworth  wrote  : — 

I  thought  of  Chatterton,  the  marvellous  Boy, 
The  sleepless  Soul  that  perished  in  his  pride. 

Mr.  Stopford  Brooke  gives  the  second  line  as 
That  sleepless  soul  who  perished  in  his  pride. 

The  paragraph  devoted  to  Scottish  poetry  on 
p.  147  is  too  meagre  to  admit  of  the  possibility 
of  a  full  and  just  statement  and  estimate.  The 
Sempills  and  the  Hamiltons,  and  those  mar- 
vellously dexterous  but  anonymous  song-writers 
represented  in  the  collections  by  David  Herd 
and  others,  have  to  be  passed  over  altogether. 
Allan  Ramsay's  songs  receive  but  scant  atten- 
tion, and  Robert  Fergusson  (not  "Ferguson,'* 
as  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke  calls  him)  is  very  imper- 
fectly characterized.  Michael  Bruce  is  men- 
tioned, not  only  in  this  particular  paragraph, 
but  also  in  that  which  precedes  ;  but  no  hint  is 
given  of  his  lyric  quality,  nor  is  his  editor  and 
rival,  John  Logan,  accorded  a  place.  Hogg  has 
entirely  disappeared  from  the  position  he  held 
in  former  editions,  and  is  not  introduced  else- 
where, while  the  title  '  Lament  for  Flodden ' 
has  been  substituted  for  the  popular  '  Flowers 
o'  the  Forest.' 

Mr.  Stopford  Brooke  opens  section  147  of  his 
history  with  the  sentence,  "Of  all  the  poets 
misnamed  Lake  Poets,  William  Wordsworth 
was  the  greatest."  There  is  not  much  amiss  in 
the  expression  "Lake  Poets,"  even  if  it  does 
suggest  watery  and  unsubstantial  work.  The 
thing  to  be  feared  is  that  a  fashion  of  calling 
Wordsworth,  &c.,  the  "Lake  school  of  poets'* 
should  be  continued.  This  is  altogether  mis- 
leading, of  course,  but  "  Lake  Poets  "  is  com- 
paratively   harmless.     On     p.    157    Byron    is 


162 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


described  as  having  "begun  a  new  style  in 
'  Beppo,' which  he  developed  fully  in  the  suc- 
cessive issues  of  '  Don  Juan.'  "  Frere's  '  Whistle- 
craft  '  is  here  overlooked,  and  the  earlier 
'  Anster  Fair '  of  William  Tennant,  which  not 
only  gives  the  Fairfax  stanza  in  an  original  and 
probably  improved  form,  but  is  in  itself  a  poem 
of  a  very  high  order,  Thomas  Bayne. 


presumption  that  a  reference  to  the  '  Leges 
Henrici '  is  a  reference  to  the  so-called  '  Leges 
Henrici  Primi.'  "In  the  'Leges  Henrici '  we 
may  find  passages  which  are  the  high  -  water 
marks  of  English  vassalism  "  (Pollock  and 
Maitland,  'History  of  English  Law,'  i.  280). 
We  gave  the  quotation  to  mark  high  water  a 
point  lower  than  Mr.  Rigg  marks  it. 


ANOTHER  GREEK  WORD  IN  HEBREW. 

British  Museum. 
The  English  rendering  of  Ecclesiasticus  xl.  16, 
as  reluctantly  proposed  by  the  editors  of  the 
newly  discovered  Hebrew  text  of  the  "  apocry- 
phon,"  reads  as  follows  :   "Like  axes  upon  the 
bank  of  a  stream,  before  all  rain  they  are  ex- 
tinguished."    But  as  this  yields  no  satisfactory 
sense,  it  has  been  proposed  to  read    nVDnpZ) 
(like  stalks   of  reed)  instead  of  JllDTlp^   (like 
axes).      The    Talmudical   word    nVDHp     does 
not,  however,  properly  denote  a  plant  which  is 
still  fixed  to  the  earth  by  the  root,  but  a  port- 
able fragment  of  cane  of  one  sort  or  another. 
The  reading  of  the  text  is,  moreover,  clear  and 
undoubted,  and  one  is,  therefore,  led  to  suppose 
that  the  word   "  fcardum "  is  here  not  used  in 
the  Biblical  sense  of  "ax,"  but  is  identical  with 
the   Greek    word     KapSa/xov    (Sanskrit     "kar- 
dama,"    Persian    and     Arabic     "  A-ardaman "). 
In   this   way  we   obtain   the   intelligible    line: 
"  Like  cress  upon  the  bank  of  a  stream,  laid 
low  by  every  downpour  of  rain."  An  interesting 
confirmation  of  this  view  is  found  in  a  famous 
passage  contained  in  the  '  Sayings  of  the  Jewish 
Fathers,'  cli.  iv.  §  9.      It  is  there  said  that  the 
words  of  the  Law  should  neither  be  treated  "as 
a  crown  wherewith  to  glory,  nor  as  kardum  to 
eat  therefrom."     There  is  an  alternative  reading 
which  has  to  be  translated:  "nor  as  an  ax  to 
dig  therewith."  But  Dr.  Charles  Taylor  ('Aboth,' 
Cambridge    University    Press,     1877)    was    no 

doubt  right  when  he  decided  in  favour  of  73S<?, 
"to  eat."     British  Museum  codices  as  diverse 
in  origin  as  a  Spanish  MS.  of   a.d.   1273,  an 
Italian  copy  of  a  d.  1466,  and  a  Yemenite  one  of 
about  the  same  date,  support  the  same  reading. 
The   translation    "neither  an   ax  to  live  by," 
adopted  by  Dr.  Taylor,  is,  however,  forced  and 
unnatural.     If,  on  the  other  hand,  "  fcardum  " 
is  taken  to  be  identical  with  KOLpSa/Mov,  excellent 
sense  is  obtained.     The  use  of  cress  as  a  relish 
is   very  ancient,   as   is   testified   by  Xenophon 
('Cyropaedia,'  i.  2,  8),  where  we  are  told  that 
Persian  boys  were  in  the  habit  of  bringing  cress 
to  school  as  a  tasty  addition  to  their  bread  (otpov 
6e   KapSa/xov).       The  passage    in    '  Aboth '   was 
clearly  meant  to  warn  students  not  to  use  their 
sacred  learning  either  as  an  instrument  of  per- 
sonal pride  or  as  a  mere  relish,  but  to  look  upon 
it  as  the  sumnuim  bonum,  as  the  all  in  all  of  life. 
In  the  course  of  time,  however,  the  identity  of 
"fcardum  "  with  Kap^ajxov  was  lost,  and  various 
shifts  were  as  a  consequence  made  in  order  to 
extract  some  sort  of  sense  out  of  the  passage. 
But  the  presence  of  the  same  word  in  the  newly 
recovered  Hebrew  original  of  Ecclesiasticus  sup- 
plies the  lost  clue  to  the  true  meaning  of  the 
phrase,  and  we  have  thus  another  Greek  word 
to  place  by  the  side  of  the  many  others  that  are 
to   be   found  in  the   Hebrew  of   post-classical 
times.  G.  Margoliouth. 


general  merit  or  demerit  of  Mr.  CoUins's  volume 
we  cannot  return.  Our  opinion  was  suflBciently 
indicated. 


MR.  COLLINS'S  ANTHOLOGY. 

I  TRUST  that  you  will  allow  me  to  enter  a  word 
of  protest  against  the  way  in  which  your  reviewer 
has  been  pleased  to  deal  with  my  '  Treasury  of 
Minor  British  Poetry.'     He  begins  by  affecting 
to  expose  my  ignorance  in  assuming  that  the 
plan  of  my  anthology  was  original,  pointing  out 
that  I  had  been  anticipated  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Linton 
and  by  Dr.  Hannah.    There  is  no  analogy  what- 
ever between  my  book  and  their  books.     Mr. 
Linton,  in  a  work  so  rare  that  only  five  copies 
of  it  were  printed,  confines  his  selections,  with 
a  few  exceptions,  to  the  "rare  poems"  of  the 
sixteenth     and     seventeenth     centuries.      Dr. 
Hannah's  work   is  confined   to   the    poems    of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  and  a 
few  other  "  Courtly  poets  "  between  1540  and 
1650.  My  work  ranges  from  about  1250  to  about 
1880  (a  fact  which  the  reviewer  entirely  ignores), 
and  contains  pieces  from  some  two  hundred  dif- 
ferent  poets   arranged    on    an    elaborate    and 
entirely  original  principle.     So  much   for    the 
plan  having  been  anticipated.     Next   your  re- 
viewer states  that,  "despite  the  labours  of  these 
two  poetry-lovers,  there  was  still  room  for  an 
anthology  which  should  bring  to  the  light  of 
day  gems  unknown  to  and  neglected  by  previous 
compilers,"  which  is  exactly  what  my  poor  work 
professes  to  do.     But  this,  according  to  your 
reviewer,  is  just  what  I  have  not  done  ;  and  he 
supports  his  statement  by  simply  showing  that 
twelve  of  the  lyrics  selected  by  me  are  in  the 
'Golden    Treasury,'  sixteen  in    Dean  Trench's 
'Household  Book,'  and  five  in  both.     But  he 
omits  to  notice  that  my  volume  contains  three 
hundred  and  seventeen  pieces,  that  is,  upwards 
of  three  hundred  pieces  which  are  in  neither  of 
those  collections,  and  that  I  have  explained  my 
reason  for  including  the  particular  poems  com- 
prised in  those  compilations.     He  then  goes  on 
to  enumerate  fifteen  pieces  which  he  says  are 
perfectly  familiar  to  the  "general  reader."     I 
cannot   pronounce  what  the  general    reader  is 
likely  to  know  or  not  to  know,  nor  can  I  follow 
your   reviewer   into   his  vague   and   intangible 
assertions  that  in  my  notes  I  indulge  "  in  ipse- 
dixits    in    which     the     note     of    provinciality 
resounds,"  and  which  are  not  "of  the  centre." 
What  I  do  know  is  this,  that  such  charges  are  a 
cheaper  way  of  attempting  to  injure  a  book  than 
pointing  out  blunders,  convicting  of  dishonest 
work,   exposing   pretentious   assumptions,    bad 
taste,    and    palpably   erroneous   judgments,     I 
am  ashamed  to  take   up   your  valuable   space 
with  such  a  paltry  matter,   but  considerations 
very  different  from  those  of  any  sensitiveness  to 
criticism  make  it  imperative  for  me  to  do  so. 

J.  Churton  Collins. 


•ST.   ANSELM  OF  CANTERBURY.' 

Mr.  J.  M.  RiGG  writes  :  — 

"May  I  be  permitted  to  point  out  that  the  com- 
pilation to  which,  I  presume,  your  critic  of  my  work 
'St.  Auselm  of  Canterbury'  refers  as  the  'Leges 
Henrici,'  L  e,  the  so-called  '  Leges  Henrici  Primi,'  is 
inauthentic  ?  '  It  would  appear  to  give  probable  but 
not  authoritative  illustrations  of  the  amount  of 
national  custom  existing  in  the  country  in  the  first 
half  of  the  eleventh  century,  but  cannot  be  ap- 
pealed to  with  any  coufidence  except  where  it  is 
borne  out  by  other  testimony'  (Stubbs,  'Select 
Charters,'  100)." 

For    "eleventh"    in    Mr.    Rigg's    quotation 
twelfth  should    be   read.     He   is   right    in   his 


* 
Linton's 


It 


is  true  that  only  five  copies  of  Mr. 

Rare  Poems  '  were  printed  privately 
by  the  compiler  in  America,  but  the  book  was 
published  in  the  ordinary  way  in  London  by 
Messrs.  Kegan  Paul.  It  is  true  that  the  '  Rare 
Poems  '  cover  mainly  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  but  it  is  true  also  that  Mr. 
Linton's  *  Golden  Apples  of  Hesperus ' — on 
which  he  based  his  '  Rare  Poems ' — included 
also  poetry  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  of 
the  '  Golden  Apples  '  225  copies  were  printed. 
We  are  aware  that  Mr.  Collins's  volume  ranges 
from  "  Sumer  is  icumen  in"  to  the  late  W, 
Cory,  and  that  it  includes  317  pieces.  Our  com- 
plaint was,  and  is,  that  it  is  so  far  from  being 
"supplementary  "  to  the  anthologies  that  some 
fifty  or  sixty  of  the  pieces  (we  named  a  few  only 
as  examples)  are  familiar  to  the  ordinary  reader. 
So  much  by  way  of  fact.     To  the  subject  of  the 


THE  LONDON  UNIVERSITY  COMPROMISE. 
Ten  or  a  dozen  years  have  passed  since  the 
demand   for  a   teaching   University  of   London 
became  really  urgent.     Even  the  Report  of  the 
Cowper  Commission,   which  was   appointed   to 
consider   the    draft    charter    of    the    proposed 
Gresham    University,  is   by  this   time   ancient 
history.     This  document  appeared  nearly  three 
years  and  a  half  ago,  in  February,  1894  ;  and  it 
will  be  remembered  that  the  Commissioners  did 
not  recommend  a  separate  foundation,  but  put 
forward   an   elaborate   scheme  for   the  grafting 
of  a  number  of  metropolitan  colleges  upon  the 
existing  University.     That  scheme  has  been  dis- 
cussed with  peculiar  animation  ;  two  Bills  have 
been  based  upon  it  and  withdrawn  ;  the  Senate 
and   Convocation   in  Burlington   Gardens   have 
canvassed  it,  and  taken  sides  for  or  against  it  ; 
and  now  once  more  we  have  a  Bill  introduced 
by  the  Government  of  the  day,   expressly  in- 
tended to  carry  it  into  effect.     When  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire  withdrew  the  Bill  of  1896,  and 
again  at  the  beginning  of  the  session  which  is 
now  drawing  to  a  close,   he  plainly  intimated 
that  legislation  ought  not  to  be  counted  on  with- 
out the  practical  agreement  of  all  the  parties 
concerned  ;  and  it  has  been  no  secret  during  the 
past  few  months  that  negotiations  for  a  com- 
promise  have   been    actively  proceeding.     The 
measure  which  has   been   carried    through  the 
House  of  Lords  this  week  embodies  the  agree- 
ment  thus   arrived   at,   and    its    acceptance   is 
strongly  urged  in  three  simultaneous  notes  from 
the  chairman  of  Convocation,  the  chairman  of 
the  Gresham  Amendment  Committee,  and  the 
chairman  of  a  Committee  of  Graduates  who  have 
generally  supported  the  Cowper  scheme.    There 
has  hitherto  been  little  or  no  declared  opposition 
to  the  Bill  ;  and  we  may  certainly  hope,  in  the 
best    interests    of  higher   education,    that    the 
Commons  may  follow  the  example  of  the  Lords. 
A    comparison    of    the   new   Bill    with    the 
scheme,   and  with    the   measures   of   1895  and 
1896,  goes  to  show  that  the  recommendations 
of  the  Gresham  Commission  still  hold  the  field. 
The   Statutory    Commission,    the    predominant 
Senate,   the  Academic  Council,  the  distinction 
between   internal   and    external    students,    the 
independent  sets  of  examinations  for  identical 
degrees,  the  inclusion  of  University  and  King's 
Colleges,  the  medical  schools,  the  Inns  of  Court, 
Bedford  College,  and  such  other  institutions  as 
the  Commissioners  may  decide,  are  all  amongst 
the  characteristic  features  of  the  Bill.     But  the 
marks  of  compromise  are  patent  enough  to  any 
one  who  has  been  familiar  with  the  controversies 
of  the  past  few  years.     They  are  more  or  less 
insignificant  in  detail,  but  they  have  a  cumula- 
tive effect,  and  those  who  have  accepted  them 
as  generally  satisfactory  in  all  the  circumstances 
of  the  case  will  doubtless  abide  by  their  agree- 
ment, and  loyally  co-operate  with  the  Statutory 
Commission.    It  is  in  the  character  and  influence 
of  the  Commissioners,  who  are  all  practical  and 
judicious  men,  that  the  best  hope  of  their  succesa 
must  be  held  to  exist.     It  would  not  be  easy 
to  nominate  a  stronger  Commission  for  the  con- 
stitution of  a  new  University  than  that  which  is 
named  in  the  Bill — Lord  Davey,  Bishop  Creigh- 
ton.    Lord    Lister,    Sir   V/illiam    Roberts,    Sir 
Owen   Roberts,    Prof.    Jebb,    and   Mr.   E.    H. 
Busk. 

The  opposition  to  the  Cowper  scheme  has 
come  mainly  from  the  graduates  in  Convocation, 
and,  amongst  them,  mainly  from  the  proxy- 
voters  who  do  not  reside  in  London.  The  very 
natural  anxiety  of  these  graduates  has  been 
lest  the  value  of  the  London  degree  in  the 
educational  world  should  be  depreciated,  whether 
by  the  relaxation  of  examination  tests  or  by 
the  granting  of  ad  eundem  and  honorary  degrees. 
Now  the  compromise  sets  up  a  Council  for  Ex- 
ternal Students,  a  majority  of  which  body  will 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


163 


be  elected  by  Convocation;  and,  "unless  the 
Senate  otherwise  determine,"  they  will  be  able 
to  maintain  examinations  on  the  present  lines, 
differing  from  those  ordained  (or  recommended) 
by  the  Academic  Council,  which  will  virtually 
be  a  committee  of  the  Faculties.  In  addition, 
Convocation  secures  under  the  new  Bill  the 
nomination  of  nearly  one-third  of  the  Senate, 
instead  of  one-fourth  as  at  present,  and  one- 
seventh  under  the  Cowper  scheme.  Moreover, 
there  are  to  be  no  ad  eundem  or  honorary 
degrees  in  the  University  of  London,  "unless 
the  Senate,  in  exceptional  cases,  think  fit  to 
confer  such  a  degree  on  a  teacher  in  the  Uni- 
versity." A  further  provision  which  has  tended 
to  produce  the  present  amicable  frame  of  mind, 
and  on  which  the  negotiators  have  laid  con- 
siderable stress,  is  to  the  effect  that  the 
Commissioners,  whilst  they  are  enjoined  to 
act  in  general  accordance  with  the  afore- 
said scheme,  are  to  admit  any  modifications 
which  may  appear  to  them  expedient  "after 
considering  the  changes  which  have  taken  place 
in  London  education  of  a  University  type " 
since  the  date  of  the  Cowper  Report,  as  well 
as  representations  made  to  them  by  any  fifty 
graduates,  or  by  any  body  or  person  affected. 
This  reads  vaguely  ;  but  with  the  seven  Com- 
missioners above  named  such  an  instruction  will 
undoubtedly  have  its  due  and  proper  weight. 

The  weak  spot  of  the  whole  arrangement  is 
the  dual  system  of  examination  for  degrees, 
concerning  which  the  Bill  declares,  in  a  sanguine 
spirit,  that  "the  degrees  conferred  shall  re- 
present the  same  standard  of  knowledge  and 
attainments."  This  is  a  lion  in  the  path  which 
will  have  to  be  grappled  with  by-and-by.  For 
the  rest,  it  is  worthy  of  mention  that  there  is  to 
be  no  disability  on  the  ground  of  sex  ;  "no 
religious  test  shall  be  adopted  ;  and  no  applicant 
for  a  University  appointment  shall  be  at  any  dis- 
advantage en  the  ground  of  religious  opinions." 
The  compromise  in  this  last  respect  appears  to 
be  that  King's  College,  for  instance,  can  enter 
the  University  as  a  Church  of  England  institu- 
tion, but  cannot  apply  a  religious  test  to  any 
professor  or  lecturer  paid  wholly  or  in  part  out 
of  University  funds. 

It  is,  we  regret  to  hear,  improbable  that  the 
Bill  will  pass  this  session. 


the  word  fylfot  is  on  the  leaf  numbered  190.  It 
consists  of  instructions,  accompanied  by  draw- 
ings, for  the  execution  of  a  stained  window  in 
memory  of  the  writer  and  his  wife,  and  appears 
from  the  handwriting  and  language  to  belong  to 
the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  In  the 
description  of  the  compartment  containing  his 
own  effigy  the  writer  says  : — 

"Let  me  stand  in  the  medyll  pane a    rolle 

abo[ve  my  heed]  in  the  hyest  [pane]  vpward,  the 
fylfot  in  the  nedermaste  pane  vnder  ther  I  knele." 

The  MS.  is  torn  and  defaced  in  places,  the 
words  in  brackets  being  my  own  conjectural 
supplements.  In  the  drawing,  under  the 
kneeling  effigy,  is  a  cross  cramponnee  com- 
posed of  broad  fillets,  tricked  apparently  for 
"ermine." 

It  seems  to  me  very  likely  that  fylfot  in  this 
passage  (which  it  must  be  remembered  is  the 
sole  authority  for  the  word)  is  nothing  more  or 
less  than  "fill -foot,"  and  means  simply  a 
pattern  for  filling  up  the  foot  of  a  compartment 
of  a  window.  There  is  no  reason  to  suppose 
that  fylfot  was  the  name  of  this  particular 
device  or  pattern  as  distinguished  from  any 
other  that  might  be  used  for  the  same  purpose  ; 
for  all  we  know,  the  word  may  even  have  been 
invented  for  the  occasion,  though  the  pro- 
bability is  rather  that  it  was  already  a  current 
term  among  the  artists  in  stained  glass. 

I  am  afraid  this  ludicrously  simple  explana- 
tion will  not  be  altogether  welcome  to  some 
archffiologists,  who  have  been  accustomed  to 
regard  the  word  as  a  venerable  relic  of  Teutonic 
antiquity.  But  if  my  interpretation  be  correct, 
it  only  adds  one  more  to  the  large  number  of 
instances  in  which  technical  terms  of  modern 
archiBology  have  been  evolved  out  of  misunder- 
standings. Henry  Bradley. 


THE  DERIVATION   OP   "FYLFOT." 

Clarendon  Press,  Oxford. 

During  the  past  fifty  years  the  word  fylfot 
has  been  commonly  used  by  English  archseo- 
logists  as  a  name  for  the  device  otherwise  known 
as  the  cross  cramponnee,  gammadion,  or  svastika, 
which  has  been  employed  as  a  symbol  or  a 
decoration  in  most  of  the  countries  of  the  world 
from  prehistoric  times.  With  regard  to  the 
etymology  of  the  term  two  or  three  conjectures 
have  been  offered,  but  they  are  all  obviously 
unsatisfactory,  the  least  objectionable  being 
that  it  is  a  corruption  of  the  Old  English  fi^er- 
fote,  four-footed.  Now  the  first  thing  to  be  done 
in  attempting  to  discover  the  etymology  of  a 
word  is  to  trace  its  history,  and  it  does  not 
appear  that  any  of  those  who  have  speculated 
on  the  derivation  of  fylfot  have  seriously  en- 
deavoured to  ascertain  the  process  by  which  it 
actually  came  to  be  introduced  into  the  modern 
archueological  vocabulary.  A  search  of  a  few 
hours  in  the  Library  of  the  British  Museum  has 
enabled  me  to  discover  the  proximate  source  of 
the  word,  and  to  arrive  at  a  solution  of  the  ety- 
mological puzzle  which,  if  not  certainly  correct, 
is,  at  any  rate,  free  from  the  difficulties  attend- 
ing the  conjectures  hitherto  proposed.  In  several 
books  published  shortly  after  1840  it  is  stated 
that  the  name  "fylfot  "  had  recently  been  given 
to  the  cross  cramponnee  on  the  authority  of  a 
single  passage  in  a  MS.  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  in  Waller's  '  Monumental  Brasses '  (1842) 
this  MS.  is  identified  as  Lansdowne  874,  which 
is  a  volume  of  heraldic  and  genealogical  scraps 
of  various  dates.     The  document  which  contains 


ILiterarn  ^Gossip. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Haxl  wish  it  to  be 
known  that  they  have  not  made,  and  do  not 
intend  to  make,  any  arrangement  with  any 
publisher  for  the  right  to  issue  the  remaining 
copyright  volumes  of  the  works  of  Charles 
Dickens,  which  copyrights  do  not  expire 
till  the  year  1912. 

'  Poems  of  the  Love  and  Pride  of  Eng- 
land,' edited  by  Mr.  Frederick  Wedmore 
and  his  daughter,  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Co.  at  the  beginning 
of  the  autumn  season.  Among  living 
writers  who  will  be  represented  in  it  are 
Mr.  Swinburne,  Mr.  Austin  Dobson,  Mr. 
Watts  -  Dunton,  the  Poet  Laureate,  Sir 
Lewis  Morris,  Mr.  William  Watson,  Mr. 
Eobert  Bridges,  and  Mr.  Conan  Doyle.  A 
hundred  patriotic  poems,  old  and  new,  have 
been  found  worthy  of  inclusion  in  a  volume 
in  which  it  has  been  sought  to  maintain  a 
high  standard  of  technical  merit ;  though 
Mr.  Wedmore  remarks  in  his  preface  that 
"whatever  may  be  the  wealth  of  English 
literature  in  patriotic  poetry,  the  poetry  of 
love  and  of  religion  exist  in  more  astonish- 
ing opulence,"  and  adds,  as  an  explanation, 
that  "  while  the  worship  of  Heaven  and  the 
admiration  of  the  opposite  sex  have  been 
from  all  recorded  time,  a  passionate  love  of 
England  and  a  pride  in  her  performances 
is  an  affair  of  at  most  two  or  three  cen- 
turies." 

The  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Press  have  invited  Mr.  Stanley  Lane-Poole 
to  prepare  for  the  "  Cambridge  Historical 
Series"  a  volume  treating  of  the  'Eastern 
Question,'  or  the  relations  of  Kussia  and 
Turkey  from  the  first  aggressions  to  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin.  We  understand  the  work 
will  not  be  ready  till  next  summer. 


The  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh,  will 
be  closed  during  the  month  of  August. 

Mr.  George  Eedway  hopes  to  have  Mr. 
P.  Farquharson  Sharp's  '  Concise  Dictionary 
of  English  Literature '  ready  for  publication 
in  the  autumn.  The  scope  of  the  work  has 
considerably  widened  since  its  inception,  and 
the  book  will  now  contain  articles  dealing 
with  the  lives  and  works  of  700  British 
writers,  from  1400  to  1897. 

We  regret  to  hear  that  the  state  of  Prof. 
Arthur  Palmer's  health  is  such  as  to  cause 
grave  anxiety  to  his  many  friends. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Powell  writes  : — 

^'Apropos  of  the  curious  fraud  practised  on 
a  French  publisher  by  a  French  translator  of 
Stevenson,  I  was  much  struck  some  years  ago 
by  the  following  curious  coincidence.  Having 
purchased  what  appeared  to  be  a  standard  col- 
lection of  modern  Dutch  poetry  ('Neerland's 
Dichterschat,'  ed.  F.  H.  van  Leent,  third  ed., 
Amsterdam,  n.d.  187-  ?),  I  found  on  p,  48,  under 
the  heading  'Dora,  door  C.  P.  Tiele  (geb.  te 
Leiden,  IG  Dec.  1830),'  a  poem  thus  entitled, 
and  beginning  : — 

Met  pachter  Thomas  woonden  op  de  hoef 
Willem  en  Dora,  Willem  was  zijii  zoon 
Ea  zij  zi.jn  breeder's  kind,  &c. 

Substitute  '  Farmer  Allan '  for  '  Farmer 
Thomas,'  and  the  poem  bears  an  astonishingly 
close  resemblance  to  a  well-known  work  of  the 
late  Lord  Tennyson.  But  there  is  nothing  to 
indicate  that  more  than  one  '  great  mind  '  was 
concerned  in  the  production  of  it." 

The  third  number  of  the  Archivist  Journal 
will  be  published  during  August,  and  will 
contain  an  illustrated  letter  from  Kichard 
Doyle  to  his  father. 

Messrs.  Meehan,  of  Bath,  have  unearthed 
another  copy  of  Walter  Savage  Landor's 
volume  of  poems  entitled  '  Simonidea,' 
printed  at  Bath  in  1806.  This  makes  the 
second  copy  this  firm  has  had  in  its  pos- 
session. Prior  to  the  discovery  of  these 
two  copies  there  were  only  three  other 
copies  known. 

Mr.  Hall  Caine's  new  novel  *  The  Chris- 
tian '  is  coming  out  simultaneously  in  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States,  and  the  first 
editions  wiU  amount  to  not  much  short  of 
100,000  copies.  Translations  into  German, 
Polish,  and  Danish  or  Swedish — we  forget 
which — are  in  preparation. 

The  Eev.  George  Eyre  Evans,  the  com- 
piler of  the  recently  issued  quarto  '  Eecord 
of  the  Provincial  Assembly  of  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire,'  and  author  of  'Vestiges  of 
Protestant  Dissent,'  is  engaged  upon  a  his- 
tory of  George's  Meeting,  the  oldest  Non- 
conforming congregation  in  his  native  parish 
of  Colyton,  De^on.  He  would  much  like 
the  loan  of  any  portrait  or  original  letters 
of  the  Eev.  John  B.  Smith,  the  author  of 
'Seaton  Beach'  (1835)  and  other  poems, 
and  to  know  if  his  only  son  (a  lad  of  eight 
or  ten  years  in  1837)  is  still  living.  Mr. 
Eyre  Evans  would  also  be  grateful  for  the 
loan  of  any  letters  of  the  Eev.  Joseph 
Cornish,  minister  from  1772  to  1823.  Any- 
thing sent  to  Mr.  Eyre  Evans  (care  of 
Messrs.  F.  &  E.  Gibbons,  publishers,  Eane- 
lagh  Street,  Liverpool)  will  be  promptly 
returned. 

An  eminent  German  jurist  has  passed 
away  in  the  person  of  Dr.  Levin  Gold- 
schmidt,  who,  born  in  1829,  died  on  the 
16th  inst.  Dr.  Goldschmidt,  who  was  a 
great  authority  on  commercial   law,  acted 


164 


THE     ATlIENiEUM 


N°3640,  July31,  '97 


for  some  years  as  professor  at  tlie  univer- 
sities of  Heidelberg  and  Berlin  and  as  a 
member  of  the  Iieichs-Oberliandelsgerich.t 
at  Leipzig,  whicb  town  be  represented  in 
the  Eeichstag.  In  1858  he  founded  the 
Zeitschrift  fur  das  gesammte  HandelsrecJd, 
and  he  was  besides  the  author  of  several 
highly  valuable  works  on  commercial  law. 

TuE  Verein  fiir  Geschichte  des  Bodensees 
held  its  twenty-eighth  yearly  assembly  on 
July  18th  and  19th  at  St.  Gall,  under  the 
presidency  of  Count  Zeppelin.  ISI^early  fifty 
foreign  guests  were  invited.  Prof.  Miller, 
of  Stuttgart,  gave  an  elucidatory  address 
upon  the  famous  maps  of  the  world  of  the 
eighth  and  ninth  centuries  in  the  library  at 
St.  GaU. 

Some  tourists  may  like  to  know  that 
the  Swiss  Allgemeine  Geschichtsforschende 
Gesellschaft  will  hold  its  fifty-second  yearly 
meeting  on  September  6th  and  7th  at 
Trogen,  in  Canton  Appenzell.  The  lectures 
and  papers  will  deal  chiefly  with  the  history 
of  the  canton. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week  are 
Quarterly  Returns  of  Public  Elementary 
Schools  warned  by  the  Education  Depart- 
ment {Id.);  and  two  papers  which  we  notice 
under  "  Science  Gossip." 


SCIENCE 


CHEMICAL  LITERATURE. 

Elementary  Practical  Chemistry  :  a  Laboratory 
Manual  for   Use  in   Organized  Science  Schools. 
By  G.  S.  Newth.   (Longmans  &  Co.) — A  Course 
of  Elementary  Experiments  for  Students  of  Prac- 
tical Inorganic  Chemistry.     By  Chapman  .Jones. 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.) — The  new  crop  of  text- 
books  written    to   meet    the    requirements   of 
the  amended  syllabus   of  the  Science  and  Art 
Department  in  the  subject  of   chemistry  pro- 
mises to   be  much   superior   in   quality   to   its 
predecessors,  and  we  heartily  trust    that  this 
improvement  in  quality  will  be  coincident  with 
a   diminution   in   quantity   on   that   of   former 
harvests.     The  two  books  before  us  are  written 
by  men  whose  training  and  positions  give  them 
a  good  knowledge  of  the  requirements  of  the 
students    for  whom   they    specially  cater,   and 
eminently  fit  them  for  the  task  of  providing  for 
their   wants.     Both   the   authors   are   assistant 
examiners  in  chemistry  to  the  Science  and  Art 
Department,  both  are  demonstrators  in  theRoyal 
College  of  Science,  and  both  are  known  as  able 
and  conscientious  teachers.     Mr.  Jones's  book 
is  the  less  ambitious  ;  it  consists  of  a  descrip- 
tion of  a  course  of  simple  experiments  suited 
to  the  elementary  stage  of  practical  inorganic 
chemistry  required  by  the  Department,  and  can 
be  worked  through  by  a  moderately  intelligent 
student  in  about  thirty  lessons.     Minute  direc- 
tions as  to  fittingupapparatus  are  not  attempted, 
as  the  book  is  intended  to  be  used  with  help 
from  a  demonstrator.     The  examples   are  well 
selected,  and  as  a  rule  sufficiently  described  and 
explained  for    the  purpose,   though    exception 
might  be  taken  to  the  wording  in  some  places. 
The  beginner  who  carefully  works  through  these 
exercises  will  learn  a  good  deal    that   will  be 
useful  to  him. 

Mr.  Newth's  book  has  a  larger  aim,  and 
is  intended  to  meet  the  views  of  many 
modern  scientific  educationalists,  whose  aim  is 
to  make  the  student  an  investigator  from  the 
beginning  of  his  study  of  a  science,  to  make  him 
observe  facts  for  himself,  and  think  out  for  him- 
self the  legitimate  inferences  to  be  drawn  from 

them.     As  Mr.  Newth  properly  points  out,  the 


purely  inductive  method  of  instruction  is  im- 
possible in  practice.  Life  is  too  short,  and 
student  life  far  too  short,  to  learn  everything 
by  this  process.  Some  facts — perhaps  most 
facts — must  be  taken  on  trust,  and  the  task  of 
the  judicious  teacher  is  to  determine  which  facts 
the  student  shall  find  out  for  himself,  and  to 
select  those  which  he  shall  be  taught  and  accept 
from  authority.  More  than  two  hundred  and 
fifty  well -selected  experiments  are  described, 
besides  an  outline  of  simple  qualitative  analysis, 
and  there  are  more  than  one  hundred  excel- 
lent woodcuts,  in  accuracy  and  neatness  much 
above  the  average  of  those  found  in  elementary 
works.  Chapters  are  given  to  simple  manipu- 
lations, fitting  up  apparatus,  and  simple  glass- 
blowing,  in  which  the  illustrations  will  be 
found  particularly  useful.  There  are  also  in- 
structions on  weighing  and  measuring,  on  the 
general  properties  of  gases,  and  on  some 
simple  quantitative  manipulations ;  and  some 
on  matters  of  more  purely  theoretical  im- 
portance, such  as  the  atomic  theory,  chemical 
notation,  and  the  like.  The  elements  and 
compounds  dealt  with  are  only  those  met  with 
in  the  elementary  stages  of  the  syllabus  of 
the  Department.  On  the  whole,  Mr.  Newth 
may  be  congratulated  on  the  way  in  which  he 
has  performed  the  task  he  set  before  himself, 
and  especially  on  his  simple  quantitative 
manipulations;  and  since  he  has  also  introduced 
a  good  deal  of  matter  which  is  essential  to  a 
knowledge  of  chemistry,  but  is  not  usually 
given  in  "a  laboratory  manual,"  this  little 
book  will  be  found  a  capital  introduction  to 
the  study  of  chemistry,  and  the  student  who 
works  conscientiously  through  it  will  have 
acquired  a  proper  grounding  in  the  elements 
of  the  subject. 

Nitro  -  Explosives  :  a    Practical   Treatise  con- 
cerning the  Properties,  Manufacture,  and  Analysis 
of    Nitrated     Substances,    inclnding     the     Ful- 
minates, Smokeless  Powders,  and  Cellidoid.     By 
P.   Gerald    Sandford.     (Crosby     Lockwood    & 
Son.)  —  Mr.    Sandford  has   collected    together 
a    good    deal     of    information  —  much     of    it 
useful     information  —  on     the     nitrated     sub- 
stances now  used   as   explosive  agents,   which 
have    so    rapidly  displaced    black    powder  for 
nearly  all  purposes.      He  deals  specially  with 
nitroglycerine     and     its     products,     including 
dynamites  and  the  so-called  gelatine  compounds 
like  blasting-gelatine  and  cordite,  with  nitrocellu- 
loses,  the  nitrated  compounds  of  benzene  and 
its  derivatives,  fulminates,  smokeless  powders, 
the  analysis  of  explosives,  the  firing  points,  and 
the  determination  of  the  relative  strength    of 
explosives.     There    are    forty-three    woodcuts, 
most  of  them  of  a  simjjle  nature.     We  cannot 
commend  the  literary  method  or  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  material  in  the  book  ;  it  too  often 
consists     of     extracts      or     abstracts     of     the 
writings     of     others     which     have    not    been 
sufficiently    digested    by    the    present  author. 
Several  of  the  facts  given  in  the  first  chapters 
are  repeated  quite  unnecessarily  and  verbatim 
on  later  pages.     The  formulae  and  the  nomen- 
clature   of    the    bodies    named    lack    system  ; 
thus   to  cellulose   is  first  ascribed  the  formula 
CgHioOg,    but   afterwards    nearly   always   it    is 
given     as     CjoHjoOjo,     though     sometimes     as 
C._,4H4flOo(,.     On    adjoining    pages  we    find    the 
names     nitrobenzene,     dinitrobenzene,     nitro- 
benzol,    and   dinitrobenzole,    with    nothing    to 
show  the  amateur   that  benzene,  benzol,    and 
benzole  are  used  to  denote  the  same  substance. 
Again,  the  same  substance  is  called  chlorinated 
dinitrobenzol  and  chlorodinitrobenzole.     These 
are  only  examples  of  carelessness  or  slovenliness 
in  the  nomenclature  ;  instances  of  similar  care- 
lessness  in   punctuation    and    arrangement    of 
sentences  occur.     Nobel's  patent   for   convert- 
ing nitrocellulose   into  a   substitute   for   india- 
rubber    is    referred    to    in   a   very   vague   and 
unsatisfactory  way,   and  some  of  the  remarks 
about    fulminates    are    very   misleading.     The 
chapters   on  nitroglycerine  and  the  explosives 


prepared  from  it  are  the  best  in  the  book  ;  that 
on  the  analysis  of  explosives  gives  some  useful 
hints,  but  is  in  parts  too  much  abbreviated.  We 
pity  the  person  who  attempts  for  the  first  time 
the  Kjeldahl  method  of  determining  nitrogen 
as  described  here.  Mr.  Sandford  quotes  the 
results  of  calorimetric  determinations,  or  of  cal- 
culations of  the  heat  of  combustion  or  heat  of 
decomposition,  of  nitroglycerine,  gun  -  cotton, 
and  one  or  two  other  explosives  ;  but,  unfor- 
tunately, he  makes  no  distinction  between 
small  calories  and  large  Calories  (1  Calorie  = 
1,000  calories),  and  in  the  case  of  nitro- 
glycerine gives  three  different  numbers  in  three 
ditferent  places,  without  any  attempt  to 
reconcile  them  ;  for  gun-cotton  two  different 
numbers  are  given  on  different  pages.  A  table 
showing  the  composition  of  some  of  the  more 
common  explosives  is  useful,  and  the  whole 
book  might  have  been  made  much  more  so  with 
a  little  more  care. 

Fuel  and  Refractory  Materials.     By  A.  Hum- 
boldt Sexton.     (Blackie  &  Son.)— Mr.  Sexton, 
the  Professor  of  Metallurgy  in  the  Glasgow  and 
West  of  Scotland  Technical  College,  has  pro- 
duced a  little  book  on  the  subject  of  fuel  which 
will  be  of  use  to  students,  especially  as  an  in- 
troduction to  larger  works  like  that  of  Mills  and 
Rowan.     Only  twenty-six  pages  of  the  book  are 
devoted  to  refractory  materials.     The  work  is 
somewhat  uneven  in    quality,  and  one  of   the 
gravest   defects   is    the   scanty  notice  of  liquid 
fuels,  only  five  and  a   half  pages    being  given 
to   this   subject.     This   is    a    serious   omission, 
as  even  in   this  country  petroleum  and  other 
liquid  fuels  have  gained  a  firm  footing,  and  their 
use  is  likely  to  extend  considerably.     The  heat- 
ing  power  of    fuels,  gaseous  fuel,  recovery  of 
by-products,    furnaces,  pyrometry,   and   calori- 
metry  are  well  dealt  with.     In  discussing  the 
composition  of  coal  the  author  points  out  that 
chlorine  is  almost  invariably  present,  and  helps 
very  materially  to  corrode  the  interior  of  brass 
or  copper  boiler  tubes  ;  he  has  found  from  0'07 
to  022  per  cent,  of  chlorine  in  different  samples 
of  coal.     In  the  tables  showing  the  analyses  of 
coals  and  of  the  gas  evolved  from  various  coals 
too  much  use  has  been  made  of  the  figures  in 
Percy's  firstvolumeon  metallurgy,  the  last  edition 
of  which  was  published  more  than  twenty  years 
ago  ;  some  more  recent  analyses  would  have  been 
more  valuable.  The  researches  of  Fremy  on  the 
proximate  composition  of  coal  and  its  breaking 
up  under  the  action  of   acids  and  alkalis    are 
alluded  to,  but  not  the  more  recent  results  of 
Friswell  on  bituminous  coal,  or  those  of  Bedson. 
The  production  of  charcoal  by  the  distillation 
of  wood  has  nine  lines  allotted  to  it.     In  the 
analyses  of  coke  which  are  first  quoted  no  men- 
tion is  made  of  sulphur,  though  subsequently 
it   is   shown   that   all   cokes    contain    sulphur. 
About  fifty  pages  are  given   to   gaseous   fuels 
with  small  woodcuts  of  all  the  important  gas- 
producers  ;    there   are   more    than    a  hundred 
woodcuts  in  the  volume,  most  of  them  too  small 
to  be  of  use  to  the  engineer,  but  generally  suffi- 
ciently plain  to  indicate  the  principle  of    the 
apparatus  figured.     These  woodcuts  are  for  the 
most  part  figures  of  coke  ovens,  gas-producers, 
furnaces,    and    pyrometers.     In    figures    given 
concerning  the   recovery    of    by-products   the 
price  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  is  estimated   at 
considerably  over  its  present  value  ;  indeed,  the 
low  price  of  this  product  must  tend  to  check 
the  extension  of  recovery  processes.     Pyrometry 
and  calorimetry  occupy  about  fifty  pages.     The 
author  might  have  been  clearer  in  his  definition 
of  heat  units  (pp.  35-36),  and  have  distinguished 
between  a  calorie  and  a  Calorie;  the  value  of  the 
latter  is  correctly  given  in  a  note  at  the  end  of 
the  book.     A  list  of  some  of  the  most  important 
books  and  papers  on  the  subject  is  appended. 
Notwithstanding  some  blemishes,  this  will  prove 
a  useful  introduction  to  the  subject  of  fuel  for 
students  and  engineers. 


N''3640,  July  3],  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


1C5 


ZOOLOGICAL   LITERATURE. 

The  Concise  Knowledge  Natural  History. 
Edited  by  A.  H.  Miles.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)— 
It  is  really  difficult  to  be  patient  with  such  a 
work  as  this  ;  but  when  writers  allow  themselves 
to  be  spoken  of  as  "specialists,  all  of  whom 
are  distinguished  as  authorities  and  as  original 
investigators,"  the  public  must  not  be  sur- 
prised at  what  it  gets.  Concise  the  work  as  a 
whole  most  certainly  is  not ;  abominably  illus- 
trated the  work  as  a  whole  most  certainly  is. 
The  statement  that  the  common  pea-crab  is 
foreign  (i.  e.  non -British)  argues  an  ignorance 
of  the  elements  of  carcinology  ;  the  account  of 
the  gastrulation  of  the  mollusca  would  disgrace 
a  first  year's  student ;  the  assertion  that  a  tape- 
worm has  five  hooks  and  four  suckers  may  be  a 
misprint,  but  "  fine  "  is  not  the  term  for  a  tape- 
worm's hooks.  The  figure  of  the  polypide  of 
Flustra  is  doubtless  one  of  the  "  original  illus- 
trations," though  most  of  the  530  are  not  so  ; 
in  the  interests  of  accuracy  some  other  parts  of 
the  body  beside  the  digestive  tract  should  have 
been  figured,  or  some  good  illustration  (say  one 
of  Prof.  Allman's)  copied.  The  aberrant  nature 
of  the  organization  of  sponges  is  lost  sight  of 
when,  as  here,  they  are  put  in  the  same  division 
with  jellyfishes  and  sea-anemones.  The  student 
who  wants  a  good  work  of  reference  in  zoology 
must  apply  elsewhere  than  here. 

The    Vertebrate    Skeleton.       By    Sidney    H. 
Reynolds.     (Cambridge,    University   Press.)  — 
As  a  text-book  of  the  hard  parts  of  vertebrates 
and   their  chordate  allies,  in  which  what  it  is 
essential  for  a  student  to  know  has  not  been 
s  crificed  to  a  display  of  the  author's  originality 
or  erudition,  Mr.  Reynolds's  work  appears  to  be, 
on  the  whole,  satisfactory.     An  author  who  will 
avoid  the  pitfalls  we  have  pointed  out  has  gone 
far  towards  producing  a  satisfactory  text-book  ; 
an  author  who  will  satisfy  every  student  of  some 
special  division  of  his  subject  is  yet  to  be  found. 
The  figures  are  fairly  numerous  and  most  satis- 
factory.    That   opportunities  for  philosophical 
generalization  are  not  taken,  and  that  no  attempt 
is  made  to  treat  the  subject  historically,  will  by 
some  be  regarded  as  merits  ;  they  are,  at  any 
rate,  notes  of  many  of  the  Cambridge  school  of 
morphologists.     In  speaking  of  a  certain  type 
of   tooth  as  brachydont  Mr.  Reynolds  follows 
numerous    anatomists ;     we    hope    no    Oxford 
student  would  show  himself  equally  ignorant  of 
the  elements  of  Greek. 


ASTKONOMICAL  NOTES. 


The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest 
eastern  elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  26th 
prox.,  and  be  visible  in  the  evening  during  the 
second  half  of  the  month,  moving  from  the 
constellation  Leo  into  Virgo.  Venus  is  a  morn- 
ing star,  situated  in  Gemini ;  she  will  be  very 
near  the  star  8  in  that  constellation  on  the  20th 
prox. ,  and  afterwards  pass  to  the  south  of  Castor 
and  Pollux.  Mars  is  in  Leo,  and  sets  through- 
out August  about  an  hour  after  the  sun  ;  he  will 
be  in  conjunction  with  the  moon  (then  a  crescent 
of  three  days  old)  on  the  1st.  Jupiter  is  also  in 
Leo,  a  little  to  the  west  of  Mars,  and  will  soon 
set  too  short  a  time  after  the  sun  to  be  visible. 
Saturn  is  in  Libra,  and  sets  now  about  half  an 
hour  before  midnight  ;  by  the  end  of  August 
he  will  do  so  at  half-past  9  in  the  evening,  after 
which  no  planet  will  be  visible  until  Venus 
rises  at  half-past  1  in  the  morning. 

After  the  rediscovery  of  D'Arrest's  periodical 
comet  (a,  1897)  by  Mr.  Perrine  at  the  Lick 
Observatory  on  the  morning  of  June  29th, 
it  was  observed  by  MM.  Rambaud  and  Sy 
at  Algiers  on  the  3rd  and  4th  inst.,  and  by 
M.  Rossard  at  Toulouse  on  the  5th  and  6th. 
The  observations  were  difficult,  on  account  of 
the  early  twilight,  and  the  comet  is  described 
as  extremely  faint,  but  with  a  condensation 
occasionally  perceptible  and  a  nebulosity  of  about 
a  minute  of  arc  in  diameter. 


The  Annual  Report  of  the  Savilian  Professor 
at  Oxford  (the  twenty-second  since  the  founda- 
tion of  the  University  Observatory)  has  been 
issued,  and  relates  chiefly  to  the  portion  under- 
taken of  the  Astrographic  Catalogue.  A  grant 
from  the  Royal  Society  has  enabled  Prof. 
Turner  to  employ  several  computers  on  the 
measurement  of  the  plates  already  produced, 
and  satisfactory  progress  has  been  effected, 
which,  it  is  suggested,  the  University  would  do 
well  to  provide  funds  for  continuing.  A  scheme 
is  under  proposal  for  the  construction  of  a 
photographic  transit-circle,  of  which  the  12-inch 
mirror  presented  by  Dr.  Common  will  form  an 
essential  part,  and  the  intention  is  to  employ 
the  instrument  in  the  determination  of  the 
places  of  the  fundamental  stars  to  be  used  in 
tlie  reduction  of  the  Astrographic  Catalogue. 

In  the  Report  of  the  Cambridge  Observatory 
Sir  Robert  Ball  records  the  completion  and  pub- 
lication of  the  zone  25"  to  30\  which  is  to  form 
part  of  the  Catalogue  of  the  Astronomische 
Gesellschaft.  A  detailed  comparison  of  some 
of  the  places  with  those  in  the  Berlin  Catalogue 
appears  to  yield  very  satisfactory  results.  The 
designs  for  the  new  photographic  telescope  have 
been  completed,  and  its  construction  is  being 
pushed  forward  ;  the  new  building  to  contain  it 
will  probably  be  shortly  completed.  It  is  satis- 
factory to  learn  that  Mr.  H.  F.  Newall  proposes 
to  continue  his  work  for  another  term  of  five 
years,  and  an  account  of  his  spectroscopic  ob- 
servations, particularly  with  reference  to  the 
motions  of  various  stars  in  the  line  of  sight, 
is  given  in  the  Report. 


Sicxtnct  (ijjssig'. 

Karl  Vogel,  the  well-known  cartographer, 
and  a  frequent  contributor  to  Petermann's 
Gtographische  Mitteilnngen,  died  a  few  days  ago 
at  Gotha,  in  his  seventieth  year.  He  was  a 
native  of  Hersfeld,  and  was  employed  for  many 
years  upon  the  topographical  survey  of  the 
Grand  Duchy  of  Hesse.  In  1852  he  removed 
to  Gotha,  where  he  resided  until  his  death,  first 
as  a  draughtsman  and  afterwards  as  the  president 
of  the  topographical  bureau  of  the  Perthes  Geo- 
graphische  Anstalt. 

The  annual  assembly  of  the  Swiss  Alpine 
Club  will  be  held  this  year  at  Chaux  de  Fonds 
on  September  4th,  5th,  and  6th. 

The  Government  have,  we  are  glad  to  say, 
printed  four  valuable  appendixes  to  the  British 
Nevj  Guinea  Ammal  Report  for  1894-5 
(C.  7944 — 20).  AVe  have  often  drawn  atten- 
tion to  the  loss  of  valuable  information  caused 
by  not  printing  special  reports  on  ethnographical 
and  other  scientific  data,  and  the  subject  has 
also  been  discussed  at  the  British  Asso- 
ciation, so  that  we  gladly  record  a  case  where 
the  Government  have  met  the  reasonable 
demands  of  science.  There  are,  however, 
several  ominous  foot-notes  "Not  printed," 
which  apparently  relate  to  appendixes  A  to  P, 
and  deal  with  trading  and  political  matters. 
The  first  printed  appendix  is  by  the  Rev.  Cop- 
land King  on  "  Native  Tenure  and  other  Cus- 
toms of  the  Bartle  Bay  District."  The  tribal 
planting  grounds  were  originally  allotted  to  the 
diflferent  families  (?  clans)  of  the  tribe,  the 
families  being  exogamous,  and  tracing  descent 
through  the  female.  In  each  tribe,  as  a 
rule,  the  members  of  one  family  live  in 
one  division  of  the  village,  and  "those  who 
are  married  may  either  be  living  with  their 
spouses  in  their  division  or  may  have  brought 
their  spouses  to  live  with  them."  Here  we  have 
the  familiar  rules  of  tribal  society,  but  they  are 
described  in  certain  details  not  generally  added, 
as,  for  instance,  the  application  of  the  tribal 
system  to  the  allotment  of  work,  there  being 
tribal  work,  family  work,  and  individual  work. 
The  next  appendix  relates  to  the  natives  of 
Taupota  and  neighbourhood,  and  is  by  Mr. 
C,  E.  Kennedy.     It  is  not  so  full  as  Mr.  King's, 


but  practically  supplies  the  same  kind  of  in- 
formation. The  third  appendix  is  by  Dr. 
Lamberto  Loria,  and  is  on  the  "  Ancient  War 
Customs  of  the  Natives  of  Logea  and  the  Neigh- 
bourhood." Dr.  Loria  is  spending  all  his  time 
in  anthropometrical  and  anthropological  work, 
and  we  trust  the  Government  will  aid  this 
work  in  every  possible  way,  and  publish 
the  results  in  full.  The  two  great  causes 
of  intertribal  war  are  homicide  and  "  the 
naming  of  the  dead  relations  of  others." 
Homicide  is  the  result  of  various  savage 
ideas,  most  of  them  familiar  to  the  student, 
but  none  the  less  welcome  in  the  cate- 
gorical description  given  by  Dr.  Loria. 
After  a  death  "all  the  gardens  and  plantations 
of  cocoanuts  and  betel  nuts,  &c.,  belonging  to 
the  murdered  person  are  destroyed,  to  allow 
the  relatives  and  friends  to  forget  quickly  the 
departed  person."  Revenge  is  then  decided 
upon,  and  Dr.  Loria  gives  a  most  interesting 
description  of  the  method  in  which  the  attack 
is  made  upon  the  tribe  of  the  murderer. 
The  prayer  to  the  man  living  in  the  moon 
before  the  attack,  the  song  sung  after 
the  capture  of  an  enemy  who  is  taken  to  be 
eaten,  and  the  song  of  welcome  to  the  victors 
when  they  reach  home  are  remarkable  details 
of  a  rite  which  has  had  an  enormous  influence 
on  savage  life.  The  last  appendix  is  by  Mr. 
B.  A.  Hely,  and  is  a  most  welcome  addition  to 
our  knowledge  of  the  law  of  tabu,  called  by  the 
western  tribes  "  sabi."  The  report  is  also  stated 
to  deal  with  totemism,  but  there  is  not  much 
information  on  this  head,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  Mr.  Hely  will  continue  his  researches  and 
report  very  thoroughly  upon  this  institution. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week  include 
the  Twenty-first  Annual  Report  of  H.M.'s 
Inspectors  of  Explosives,  1896  (Is.  6cL);  and 
the  Report  of  the  Board  of  Superintendence 
of  the  Dublin  Hospitals  (3(/.). 


FINE    ARTS 


Studies  in  the  Art- Anatomy  of  Animals.  By 
E.  E.  Thompson.  Illustrated.  (Macmillan 
&Co.) 

"  Ir  you  can  draw  that  dog  better  than  I 
have  done  you  may,"  said  Eossetti,  when 
he  gave  a  fellow  painter,  who  was  also  an 
intimate  friend,  a  now  famous  design  in 
which  a  very  queerly  shaped  dog  figured 
conspicuously.  There  is  no  doubt  about 
the  anatomical  shortcomings  of  Eosaetti's 
dog,  and  it  is  manifest  that  if,  instead 
of  the  P-E.B.  to  whom  he  gave  permission 
to  revise  it,  he  had  consulted  Mr.  Thompson, 
it  might  have  been  an  excellent  step ;  but 
whether  Eossetti  wouldin  anycasehave  taken 
the  trouble  to  do  so,  and  whether  it  would 
have  been,  under  the  circumstances,  worth 
his  while  to  do  so,  are  questions  that 
may  be  answered  in  the  negative.  Others 
than  Eossetti  might  gain  much  accurate 
knowledge  of  animal  forms  from  this  book. 
His  genius  did  not  lie  in  the  direction 
of  scientific  draughtsmanship,  and  he  could 
dispense  with  exact  studies  ;  for  it  was  suf- 
ficient for  him  that  he  took  enough  pains 
to  make  his  meaning  plain. 

Still,  Mr.  Thompson's  plea  that  artists 
would  do  well  to  study  the  structure  as  well 
as  the  exterior  forms  of  the  creatures  they 
paint  is  more  than  reasonable,  and  is  j  usti- 
fied  by  the  history  of  modern  art.  Land- 
seer's  knowledge  of  animal  structure  has  not 
been  surpassed,  and  he  owed  the  beginnings  of 
that  knowledge  toHaydon's  advice.  Haydon, 
who  had  himself  dissected  a  lion,  says :  "I 


166 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"3640,  July  31,  '97 


advised  him  [Landseer]  to  dissect  animals 
— the  only  mode  of  acquiring  their  con- 
struction— as  I  had  dissected  men."  Accord- 
ingly we  hear  of  Landseer,  when  still  a  boy, 
being  deeply  engaged  with  the  corpse  of 
the  lion  which  reached  him  in  that  rough 
anatomical  theatre  at  Blenheim  Steps  ;  and 
when  he  was  approaching  old  age  his  guests 
were  astonished  by  his  servant  entering  the 
dining-room  in  St.  John's  Wood  and  ask- 
ing :  "  Did  you  order  a  lion,  sir?"  Barye, 
one  of  the  greatest  artists  in  his  way  who 
ever  studied  animal  anatomy,  showed  extra- 
ordinary diligence  and  care  in  mastering  it, 
and  we  have  a  fine  instance  of  similar  devo- 
tion in  Mr.  Briton  Riviere,  whose  models  in 
bronze  of  lions  have  been  conspicuous  in 
recent  Academy  exhibitions. 

Although  Mr.  Thompson  writes  from  the 
other  side  of  the  Atlantic,  it  is  surpris- 
ing that  he  does  not  give  more  than  a 
single  line,  so  far  as  we  can  find,  to  the 
achievements  of  Stubbs,  who  was  one  of  the 
greatest  painters  of  animals,  especially  of 
horses  (Mr.  Thompson's  favourite  theme), 
that  ever  lived  —  one  of  the  few,  too 
(in  the  superb  picture  of  Whistlejacket 
at  Wentworth  Woodhouse),  who  ventured 
upon  a  life-size  portrait  of  a  horse.  Stubbs's 
book  '  On  the  Anatomy  of  the  Horse,'  with 
its  laborious  "18  Tables  all  done  from 
Nature,"  1766,  is  a  monumental  pro- 
duction. Hardly  less  worthy  of  mention 
is  his  monograph  on  the  '  Anatomy  of 
the  Human  Body,  with  Comparative  Ana- 
tomical Exposition  of  the  Tiger  and  the 
Fowl,'  1817.  Nor  has  our  author  a  word 
about  James  Ward,  who  frequently  dis- 
sected. It  is  right  to  add  that  Mr.  Thomp- 
son has  not  forgotten  to  mention  in  supi")ort 
of  his  contention  the  famous  names  of 
M.  Cain,  Prof.  Cuyer,  and  Mr.  Joseph 
Wolf.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  manifest 
that  he  does  not  know  to  what  a  pitch  the 
anatomical  studies  of  modern  artists  have 
been  carried.  He  seems  not  to  have  heard 
of  a  painter  in  this  country  dissecting  the 
human  subject  since  Landseer's  time,  but 
he  makes  up  for  this  by  mentioning  several 
French  masters,  and  he  remarks  that  while 
you  can  put  your  human  model  into  any 
required  attitude  (or  something  like  it),  the 
animal  model  will  not  be  posed  nor  remain 
long  in  its  own  position,  whatever  it  may  be. 
Therefore  an  animal  painter  must  always 
work  from  knowledge  of  structure  and 
forms. 

To  tell  the  truth,  Mr.  Thompson  is  more 
successful  with  regard  to  the  details  of  his 
subject  than  with  its  history.  He  points 
out  that  in  animal  painting  the  interior 
anatomy  of  birds  is  of  less  importance  than 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  their  feather- 
ing, and  the  fact  is  that  not  one  painter 
in  five  is  faithful  to  nature  in  depicting  the 
arrangement  of  the  feathers  of  birds.  Some 
of  their  blunders,  indeed,  are  unaccountably 
careless  and  betray  a  lack  of  common  sense 
only  surpassed  by  those  who  delineate 
clouds  without  the  least  attempt  at  repre- 
senting their  forms,  masses,  lights,  shadows, 
and  the  reflections  upon  them.  In  regard 
to  feathers,  this  book  contains  not  only  a 
complete  nomenclature,  and  an  explanation 
of  each  term,  of  the  various  classes  or  groups 
of  birds'  feathers,  but  notes  upon  the 
functions  of  every  group,  their  relative  pro- 
portions and  anatomy.  Mr.  Thompson  points 


out,  as  he  was  bound  to  do,  the  extra- 
ordinary skill  and  insight  which  the  best 
Japanese  j)ainters  and  sculptors  evince  in 
representing  plumage  in  a  scientific  manner, 
and  he  is  right  in  saying  that,  when  a 
drawing  is  made  with  due  regard  to  these 
details,  "it  wears  an  air  of  truthfulness 
which  all  recognize,  though  they  do  not 
know  the  reason  for  it."  He  also  rightly 
praises  the  extreme  fidelity  and  charm  of 
Mr.  Wolf's  beautiful  figures  of  birds  of 
prey,  in  which  it  is  easy  for  studious  eyes 
to  understand  the  structure,  qualities,  and 
functions  of  each  group  of  feathers  in 
the  plumage  of  the  bird.  Of  Mr.  Wolf 
it  is  truly  said  here  that  he  may  be 
called  the  founder  of  the  London  school. 
As  early  as  1840  he  made  a  series  of  falcon 
studies,  lately  referred  to  in  our  review  of 
Mr.  H.  Palmer's  valuable  biography,  "  which 
are  among  the  classics  of  the  subject." 

As  classical  as  the  artistic  exercises  of 
Mr.  Wolf  are  the  anatomical  definitions  of 
Sundevall,  who  so  long  ago  as  1847  (years 
before  Mr.  Euskin  dilated  on  the  same 
theme)  published  his  remarks  upon  the 
mechanics  and  functions  of  '  The  Wings 
of  Birds  ' — an  extremely  valuable  and  inge- 
nious essay.  The  mechanics  of  the  wing 
are  in  the  highest  degree  curious  and  in- 
structive ;  and  a  series  of  plates  of  bird 
structure  in  general,  illustrating  the  group- 
ing and  uses  of  wing  feathers,  adds  signally 
to  the  clearness  of  this  book.  There  is,  too, 
an  important  and  interesting  plan  of  a  pea- 
cock's train,  showing  the  arrangement  of 
each  feather  when  the  whole  is  displayed. 

Considerable  portions  of  this  book  are 
appropriated  to  the  anatomy  of  the  grey- 
hound as  a  sort  of  typical  dog,  much 
studied  and  often  painted  by  artists. 
Plates  V.  to  xxiv.  are  devoted  to  it.  Next 
in  importance  and  elaboration  are  the 
chapters  and  plates  which  treat  of  the 
horse.  In  these,  of  course,  due  advantage 
is  taken  of  Mr.  Muybridge's  interesting 
instantaneous  photographs,  and  they  are 
ably  discussed.  The  bones  are  illus- 
trated in  plate  xxviii.,  the  outer  layers 
of  the  horse's  muscles  are  exhaustively 
analyzed  and  described  in  succeeding 
plates,  and  the  paragraphs  showing  the 
structure  of  the  horse  are  well  calculated 
to  serve  the  needs  of  artists.  The  move- 
ments of  each  limb  in  the  horse  and  dog, 
which  Mr.  Muybridge's  photographs  de- 
tected and  illustrated,  bringing  them  for 
the  first  time  within  human  observation, 
are  explained  in  a  comprehensive  and  con- 
cise manner,  but  they  deserved  still  more 
attention.  Artists,  too,  have,  we  very  de- 
cidedly think,  paid  anything  but  sufficient 
attention  to  this  portion  of  the  study 
of  the  anatomy  of  the  animals  which  are 
more  frequently  painted  than  any  others. 
Photography  has  at  last  enabled  us  to  see, 
and  seeing,  understand,  how  the  limbs  of 
animals,  the  swift  motion  of  which  defies 
the  human  eye,  follow  or  accompany  each 
other  in  walking,  running,  leaping,  and 
galloping.  The  result  was  so  much  of  a  dis- 
covery that  the  artistic  mind  has,  if  the  truth 
must  be  said,  not  even  in  ten  years  quite 
assimilated  it— prefers,  indeed,  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say,  to  remain  outside  the  pale  of 
knowledge  and  understanding  rather  than 
grapple  with  a  problem  of  such  extreme  diffi- 
culty and  complexity.  Mr.  Thompson's  plates 


and  the  letterpress  associated  with  them 
do  not  fully  enable  the  would  -  be  perfect 
draughtsman  to  master  the  movements  of 
horses  and  dogs.  The  student  can  learn 
for  himself  more  from  Mr.  Muybridge's 
book  than  from  the  plates  and  explanations 
before  us.  But  we  have  here  at  least 
the  key  to  a  most  curious  subject.  Mr. 
Thompson  is  right  in  what  he  says  of  the 
"conventional  attitudes"  of  dogs  at  full 
speed  in  painting  being  moi-e  true  to  nature 
than  those  which  have  been,  in  an  utterly 
unreasonable  way,  used  to  represent  all 
animals  when  galloping.  "The  gallop  of 
the  dog  differs  from  that  of  the  horse  in 
that  the  sequence  of  foot-fallings  is  rotary 
instead  of  diagonal."  The  order  is  the  left 
fore,  the  right  fore,  the  right  hind,  the  left 
hind,  and  then  again  the  left  fore  foot, 
and  so  on ;  but  sometimes  this  sequence  is 
reversed. 

In  concluding  our  notice  of  an  interesting 
book  it  is  just  to  congratulate  the  writer 
upon  having  retained  the  anatomical  nomen- 
clature of  the  human  structure.  A  new 
nomenclature  would  have  been  terrible.  In 
general  we  think  Mr.  Thompson  is  not 
sufficiently  attentive  to  the  character  and 
functions  of  the  tendons,  or  to  the  greater 
ligaments  of  the  quadrupeds,  e.g.,  as  regards 
that  important  item  the  ligamentum  nucha. 


The  Connoisseur.  By  F.  S.  Robinson. 
(Redway.) — A  nicely  printed  volume  contains 
'Essays  on  the  Romantic  and  Picturesque  Asso- 
ciations of  Art  and  Artists,'  written  by  a  son 
of  Her  Majesty's  Surveyor  of  Pictures.  He  is 
sympathetic  and  evidently  well  read.  To  his 
father,  who  brought  together  the  more  valuable 
part  of  the  South  Kensington  collections,  he 
could  not  but  look  for  abundance  of  such 
materials  as  have  gone  to  the  making  of  this 
book,  which  consists  of  notes  on  the  character- 
istics, value,  merits,  and  provenance  of  art  trea- 
sures of  all  sorts.  These  details  are  such  that,  in 
the  nature  of  things,  it  is  impossible  they  should 
be  invariably,  or  even  generally,  fresh  and  new. 
Most  of  them  could  not  be  here  at  all  unless  they 
had  been  told  repeatedly,  and,  of  course,  they  are 
not  seldom  much  improved  in  the  telling,  corners 
being  rounded  off  and  touches  of  colour  and 
gilding  deftly  applied,  till  the  original  "con- 
noisseur "  hardly  knows  his  own  tale.  So  much 
the  better  for  his  story,  as  a  work  of  art,  pro- 
vided it  is  in  harmony  with  itself  as  a  finished 
structure  and  not  quite  incredible,  as  is  the 
case  with  what  a  "well-known  connoisseur" 
found  in  a  convent  in  Spain  :  those  convents 
in  Spain  have  surely  taken  the  places  of 
the  "chateaux  d'Espagne"  we  read  of  in  our 
youth.  Some  one,  it  seems,  had  mistaken  a 
copy  of  an  Alonso  Cano  by  Philip  IV.  for  a 
Velaz(pez  !  The  best  part  of  the  story  is  the 
description  of  the  convent  and  the  nuns,  who 
were  only  to  be  seen  by  the  village  carpenter, 
who  was  both  deaf  and  dumb.  Surely  we  have 
read  something  of  this  in  Boccaccio  !  It  is 
none  the  less  good  reading.  Sometimes  we 
could  wish  Mr.  Robinson  had  ventured  to 
tell  the  whole  of  a  story — as,  for  instance,  the 
history  and  description  of  Anne  Boleyn's  clock. 
Sir  Charles  knows  all  about  that  clock — what  its 
weights  were,  and  so  forth  ;  but  we  hardly 
expect  to  find  the  complete  account  here,  any 
more  than  the  whole  of  the  history  of 
Gainsborough's  "  lost  duchess."  We  should  like 
to  have  a  note  on  the  wonderful  history  of  the 
'  Graces  '  by  Raphael,  which  was  sold  with  the 
Dudley  Collection  for  25,000Z.  It  is  only  a  slight 
sketch  in  monochrome  of  brown,  and  its 
fame  is  largely  due  to  connoisseurship,  to  say 
nothing  of  Desnoyer's  line  engraving  which  is 
founded  on  it.    The  true  history  of  '  L'Angelus ' 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


167 


by  Millet,  its  various  versions  and  what  not, 
has  yet  to  be  told.  As  to  official  blundering, 
Mr.  Robinson  tells  the  shameful  history  of  the 
Lawrence  drawings,  but  he  has  failed  to  repeat 
the  story  of  the  Cesnola  Collection.  We  could 
not  better  illustrate  the  character  of  this  book 
than  with  the  following  extract : — 

"A   man    of   this    stamp,  and    a  great  treasure 
hunter,  was  Ralph  Bernal,  whose  fine  collection  was 
sold  in  1855.  He  was  one  of  those  who  have  a  genius 
for    finding    out    what    is   artistically  valuable   in 
unlikely    places.     He    was,   in    fact,  a    born    con- 
noisseur,  and    many    curious    things    came    into 
Lis    hands.     In    the    British    Museum    now    lies 
what     is     known     as      '  King    Lothair's     Magic 
Crystal.'     It    is    a    circle,    four    inches    in    dia- 
meter,   engraved    with    a    representation    of  the 
story  of  Susannah  and  the  Elders,  and  the  words 
'Lotharius  Rex  Franc,  fieri  jussit.'    The  degrees  of 
knowledge  which  exist  amongst   dealers  and  col- 
lectors are  exemplified  by  the  successive  prices  paid 
for  this  curious  relic.      It  was  found   in    an    old 
curiosity  shop    in   Brussels,  the    owner    of  which 
valued  the  crystal  at  ten  francs.     He  sold  it  to  a 
well-known  Bond  Street  dealer,  who  thought  it  was 
not  worth  more  to  him  than  \0s.     Ralph    Bernal 
bought  it  at  this  price,  and  when  his  collection  was 
dispersed   the   talisman  of    Lothaire  went  to  the 
British  Museum  for  the  round  sum  of  267^,    Bernal 
was  never  more  pleased  than  when  he  obtained  a 
bargain  from  a  dealer  who  bad  knowledge  of  his 
subject.    The  late  Mr.  Redford  tells  us  how  one  day 
Bernal  entered  Colnaghi's  shop  in  Pall  Mall,  and 
found  the  late  Dominic  Colnaghi,  who  was  one  of 
the  best  experts  iu  his  line,  engaged  in  turning  over 
a  heap  of  prints  bought  at  a  sale.    Glancing  over  his 
shoulder,  Bernal  espied  a  proof  of  Hogarth's  '  Mid- 
night Modern  Conversation,'  and    said,  carelessly, 
'You  seem  to  have  got  a  good  impression  there  ; 
what  will  you  take  for  it  ? '    Colnaghi,  busy  search- 
ing for  better  things,  said,  without  looking  at  the 
print,  'Three  guineas;    shall  I  send  it  home  for 
you  ? '     '  No,  1  '11   take  it  with  me,'  said    Bernal, 
who    quickly    rolled    up    the    print   and    walked 
out    of    the     shop    chuckling    at    the    idea    of 
having  got   the   rare    early   impression    on    which 
the  word    '  Modern  '  is    spelt    '  Moddern.'    When 
this  proof  was  purchased  for  the  British  Museum 
Sll.  was  the  price.     Such  exploits  made  the  dealers 
wary  in  their  negotiations  with  Bernal.    He  came 
to  think  at  last,  probably  with  some  truth,  that  they 
concealed  their  best  things  from  him.    Calling  one 
day  at  the  shop   of    Messrs.  Town  &  Emmanuel, 
he  caught  sight  of  Mrs.  Town  hastily  shuffling  some- 
thing out  of  view  into  a  drawer.    Bernal  was  imme- 
diately alive  with  the  keen  instinct  of  the  collector. 
'What  have  you  got  there,  Mrs,  Town  ?' he  said; 
•let  me  see  it,   let  me  see  it.'    'Oh,  no,  sir,  it  is 
nothing  you  would  care  about,'  she  replied.     '  Come, 
come,'  said  Bernal,  'I  know  it  is  something  good.' 
Whereupon  the  bashful  lady  displayed  to  the  eager 
eyes  of  the  virtuoso  a  pair  of  her  husband's  old 
socks,   which   she   had    been    assiduously  darning 
when  their  inquisitive  client  entered." 

The  print  Bernal  bought  of  Colnaghi  is, 
of  course,  not  a  proof  in  the  proper  sense  of 
that  term  ;  and  we  doubt  extremely  if  the 
British  Museum  impression  (see  Satirical  Print 
No.  2122)  with  the  misspelt  word  ever  belonged 
to  Bernal.  The  same  error  occurs  in  the  title 
of  the  print  as  it  is  engraved  on  the  subscrip- 
tion ticket  for  the  work,  first  state  ;  in  later 
states  of  the  latter,  which  is  the  well-known 
'  Chorus  of  Singers '  (see  S.  P.  No.  1969),  the 
error  was  corrected,  as  in  the  later  impressions 
of  No.  2122.  Of  the  '  Conversation,'  the  earliest 
impressions  of  all  are  printed  in  red,  and  were 
taken  with  Hogarth's  own  hands. 


HERALDIC    LITERATURE. 


A  Treatise  on  Heraldry,  British  and  Foreign, 
with  English  and  French  Glossaries.  New  and 
Enlarged  Edition.  By  John  Woodward,  LL.D. 
2  vols.  (W.  &A.  K.  Johnston.)— Alittle  over  five 
years  ago  we  noticed  the  first  edition  of  this  im- 
portant contribution  to  the  heraldic  literature  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  and  we  have  now  to  con- 
gratulate the  author  on  so  speedy  an  issue  of  a 
new  and  enlarged  edition.  We  also  welcome 
its  appearance  in  a  simple  and  pleasant-looking 
green  cloth  binding  instead  of  the  hideous  blue 
covers  of  the  former  issue.  This  new  edition 
differs  materially  from  its  predecessor  in  that  it 
is  entirely  the  work  of  Dr.  Woodward,  and  not 
in  part  written  by  the  late  Dr.  Burnett.     The 


chapters  by  that  gentleman  have  been  replaced 
by  new  matter,  and  the  whole  work  has  under- 
gone revision  and  rearrangement.    The  coloured 
plates,  which  were  so  marked   and  valuable  a 
feature  of  the  book,  have  been  reproduced,  but 
with  large   additions  and    alterations.     By  the 
new  arrangement  the  total  number  of  pages  is 
about  250  less  than  before  ;  but  nothing  of  im- 
portance has  apparently  been  cut  out.    The  first 
volume  treats  of   the  origin    and  development 
of   heraldry,    and   of   what   may  be   called   the 
"grammar"  of  the  subject.     The  English  and 
French  glossaries  of  heraldic  terms,  which  in 
the  earlier  edition  formed  part  of  the  second 
volume,  have  now  more  properly  been  appended 
to  the  first  volume.     The  accompanying  thirty- 
five  plates  depict  the  various  modes  of  partition 
of  shields,  and  typical  examples  of  the  numerous 
ordinaries  and  combinations,  both  British  and 
foreign.    The  second  volume,  which  will  be  read 
with  more  interest  than  the  first  by  those  who 
are   already   familiar   with    the    rudiments    of 
heraldry,  treats  of  the  mysteries  of  cadency  or 
difierencing,  the  various  modes  of  marshalling, 
augmentations,  heraldic  marks  of   illegitimacy, 
and  badges.     This  last  chapter  might  with  ad- 
vantage have  been  extended  to  greater  length. 
Three  more  chapters  deal  with  external  orna- 
ments,   such   as    helms    and    crests,    wreaths, 
mantlings,  crowns  and  coronets,  and  supporters. 
The  next  chapter,  that  on  flags  and  banners,  &c., 
is  somewhat  scanty,  and  only  half  a  page  is  de- 
voted to  an  inadequate  description  of  the  Union 
Jack,   while  nearly  four  pages  are  awarded  to 
the  history  of  the  Oriflamme  of  France.      The 
remaining     sections    treat     of    national    arms, 
orders  of  knighthood,  &c.   A  series  of  appendixes 
is    also   added.      A   section    that    might    with 
advantage  have  been  included,  on  the  arms  of 
cities  and  towns,  is  conspicuous  by  its  absence. 
The  main  features  of  the    work   were   so  fully 
described    in    our    former    notice    that    it     is 
not  necessary  again  to  call  attention  to  them. 
We  cannot,  however,  refrain  from  pointing  out 
that  in  not  a  single  instance  has  Dr.  Woodward 
adopted  the  suggestions  then  made.     The  new- 
edition,  like  the  old  one,  is  greatly  marred  by 
the  printing  of  all  proper  names  in  capitals,  and 
the  plates  would  have  been  improved  vastly  in 
appearance  had  care  been  taken  to  fill  more  uni- 
formly the  areas  of  the  shields  with  the  charges 
upon  them.     Despite  these  defects.  Dr.  Wood- 
ward   has    produced   a   treatise   for   which   his 
readers  cannot  be  too  grateful,  and  he  is  not 
unmindful   of    the    importance    of   a   full  and 
copious  index. 

The  Courfenay  Family  Armorial,  containing 
over  Two  Hundred  Coats  of  Arms  taken  from 
those  at  Powderham  Castle,  tvith  Explaiuitory 
Notes.  Edited  by  the  Lady  Courtenay. 
(Quaritch.) — This  book,  although  no  doubt  of 
interest  to  the  members  of  the  family  to  whom 
it  relates,  can  hardly  be  considered  a  serious 
production,  either  for  the  heraldic  art  displayed 
therein  or  the  genealogical  research  that  seems 
to  have  been  spent  in  its  compilation.  It 
consists  chiefly  of  a  series  of  double-page  coloured 
plates,  which  are  described  in  the  introduction 
as  "copies  of  the  shields  represented  in  the 
Dining  Hall  of  Powderham  Castle,  and  are 
intended  to  serve  both  as  a  key  to  their  arrange- 
ment, and  also  as  a  brief  record  of  the  family. " 
These  shields  are  depicted  in  gold  and  colours 
on  twelve  successive  plates  in  triple  rows,  with 
the  names  below  of  those  whom  they  are  sup- 
posed to  represent.  We  are  not  told  upon  what 
principle  they  are  selected,  except  that  part 
belong  to  the  French  line  of  the  family  and  the 
rest  to  the  English  ;  nor  is  there  anything  to 
show  how  they  are  arranged  in  the  hall,  or 
whether  on  its  walls  or  ceiling,  the  only  in- 
formation vouchsafed  on  these  points  being  that 
"  the  plan  adopted  has  been  to  start  from  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  room,  from  which  the 
English  and  French  lines  diverge  in  opposite 
directions."  Lady  Courtenay  disclaims  in  a 
note  all  responsibility  for  the  arrangement  of 


the  shields,  or  the  introduction  of  insignia  in 
some  cases  or  omission  of  them  in  others.  These 
seem  to  have  been  the  work  to  a  large  extent 
of  the  late  Sir  Henry  Ponsonby  and  the  late 
Mr.  Edmund  Boyle,  who  is  claimed  to  have 
been  "one  of  the  best  amateur  heralds  of  the 
present  generation."  Probably  to  this  fact  are 
due  such  heraldic  anomalies  as  the  assignment 
of  arms  to  individuals  who  lived  in  the  eleventh 
and  twelfth  centuries,  with  impaled  arms  of 
husbands  and  wives,  and  even  escutcheons 
of  pretence  !  Edward  I.  impales  the  arms  of 
Eleanor  of  Castile  ;  and  Archbishop  Courtenay, 
who  never  bore  other  than  his  paternal  arms, 
here  quarters  them  with  those  of  De  Redvers. 
In  several  cases  a  blue  ring  charged  with  the 
motto  of  the  Order  does  duty  for  the  Garter  ; 
while  elsewhere  two  cartouches  placed  side  by 
side  and  encircled  each  with  the  Garter,  the 
husband's  with  the  motto,  the  lady's  without  it, 
represent  the  arms  of  a  Knight  of  the  Order 
who  died  in  1377.  Upon  the  style  of  art  de- 
picted in  the  plates  it  is  not  necessary  to  com- 
ment. The  genealogical  portion  of  the  work 
has  apparently  been  taken  from  the  usual  stock 
authorities,  and  the  English  line  especially 
difl'ers  widely  in  its  early  sections  from  the 
descent  of  the  Earls  of  Devon  so  carefully 
elucidated  in  the  admirable  'Complete  Peerage 
of  England,'  &c.,  edited  by  "G.  E.  C." 

Vocaholario  Araldico  ad  Uso  degli  Italiani. 
Compilato  dal  Conte  Guelfo  Guelfi.  Con  350 
Incisioni.  (Milan,  Hoepli.) — This  is  a  useful 
and  compact  little  dictionary  of  288  pages  of  the 
terms  and  usages  of  Italian  heraldry,  many  of 
which  are  quite  unknown  in  this  country.  It  is 
clearly  printed,  and  the  explanations  are  made 
more  lucid  by  the  aid  of  numerous  little  cuts 
which  are  interspersed  throughout  the  text. 
These  are  not  drawn  in  the  best  style  of  heraldic 
art,  and  their  appearance  is  not  improved  by 
the  hatching  added  to  indicate  the  tinctures  ; 
but  in  the  absence  of  colouring  we  suppose  it 
must  be  allowed  that  this  disfigurement  has  a 
useful  side.  A  short  appendix  is  added  on  the 
ensigns  denoting  the  various  ecclesiastical, 
civil,  and  military  dignities,  and  an  alphabetical 
index  is  inserted  of  all  the  families  whose  arms 
are  mentioned  in  the  volume. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

Archceological  Survey  of  India :  The  Moghul 
Architecture  of  Fathpilr-Sikri.  Described  and 
illustrated  by  Edmund  W.  Smith.  Part  II. 
(Allahabad,  Government  Press.)— We  noticed 
the  first  part  of  Mr.  Edmund  Smith's  monu- 
mental work  on  the  Mogul  architecture  of 
Fathpur  Sikri  with  much  appreciation  {Allien. 
No.  3548,  October  26th,  1895),  and  it  may  justly 
be  said  of  part  ii.  that  it  maintains  the  same 
high  standard  of  draughtsmanship  and  technical 
description,  and  is  at  least  as  painstaking  and 
elaborate  as  its  forerunner.  The  buildings  de- 
scribed in  detail  are  Bir  Bal's  house  and  Jodh 
Bai's  Mahal.  The  former  is  illustrated  by  fifty- 
seven  plates,  the  latter  by  forty-six.  Probably 
no  Indian  palace  has  ever  been  treated  in  such 
detail  or  with  such  luxury  of  illustration,  and  it 
may  safely  be  predicted  that  Mr.  Smith's  work 
as  an  architectural  study  is  never  likely  to 
require  revision.  The  beautiful  house  which  is 
the  subject  of  the  first  half  of  this  volume  was 
built  in  1571  by  a  Brahman  minstrel  whose  wit 
and  verses  so  delighted  Akbdr  that  he  made 
him  poet  laureate  for  Hindu,  and  gave  him  the 
title  of  Rajah  Bir  Bal.  He  combined  war  with 
letters,  and  finally  fell  in  a  disastrous  campaign 
against  the  Yusufzais.  That  old  bigot  Badaoni 
tells  the  popular  legend 

"  that  Bir  Bal,  the  accursed,  was  still  alive,  though 
in  reality  he  had  then  for  some  time  been  burning 
in  the  seventh  hell.  The  Hindiis,  by  whom  his 
Majesty  is  surrounded,  saw  how  sad  and  sorry  he 
was  for  Bir  Bal's  loss,  and  invented  the  stoiy  that 
he  had  been  seen  in  the  hills  of  Nagarkot,  walking 
about  with  Jogis  and  Sannasis." 


168 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


Akbar    apparently    was     completely    imposed 
upon     by     the      story.      The     poet    minstrel, 
however,     needed     not    to      appear      in     the 
flesh    to   claim    immortality  :    his    memory    is 
kept  green  by  his  exquisite  house,  of  which  Mr. 
Keene  has  appositely  quoted  the  phrase  of  Victor 
Hugo  :  "If  it  was  not  the  most  diminutive  of 
palaces,  it  was  the  most  gigantic  of  jewel  cases." 
The  extraordinary  delicacy  of  the  carving  sug- 
gests a  comparison  with  Chinese  ivory  work,  and 
Fergusson  says  of  this  and  the  Turkish  Sultana's 
house  that   "it  is  impossible  to  conceive  any- 
thing so  picturesque  in  outline  or  any  building 
carved  and  ornamented  to  such  an  extent  with- 
out the  smallest  approach  to  being  overdone  or 
in  bad  taste."     The  ornament  is  always  strictly 
subordinate  to  the  architecture,  and  the  designers 
never  forgot  the  golden  rule  to  "decorate  the 
construction,  not  construct  the  decoration."     In 
this  the  builder  of  Bir  Bal's  house  followed  the 
example   of   his   Saracenic   masters,  whose   in- 
fluence is  conspicuous  in  the  numerous  arabesque, 
floral,  and  geometrical  designs  which  enrich  every 
part  of  the  walls  and  pilasters  within  and  with- 
out.   In  this  interesting  mixed  style  we  find  the 
Hindu  bracket  combined  with  the  Mohammedan 
arch,  and  Mr.  Smith  discovers  resemblances  to 
Chinese  and  Japanese  ornament  which  lead  him 
to  conjecture  that  some  of  the  workmen  must 
have  been  imported  from   the  Far  East.     For 
our  part  we  do  not  see  the  necessity  for  a  more 
remote  derivation  than  Persia  and  Egypt,  and 
Mr,  Smith    himself   is   half   inclined  to  admit 
this  ;    but  when  he  speaks  of    "Arabia"  as  a 
source  of  decorative  ideas,  he  must  be  reminded 
that  there  was   practically  no   art   in   Arabia, 
and  even  among  the  so-called  Arab  buildings  of 
Egypt  and  Syria  very  few  appear  to  have  been 
designed    by  genuine  Arabs.      Copts,  Greeks, 
and  Persians  were  the  architects  of  the  Sara- 
cenic style.     It  is  curious  that  while  the  Hindu 
Bir  Bal's  house  shows  in  its  decoration,  though 
not  in  construction,  a  close  affinity  to  Moham- 
medan art,  the  palace  of  Jodh  Bai,  whom  the 
late  Dr.  Blochmann  (on  insufficient  evidence) 
believed  to  be  the  daughter  of  Rajah  Bihari  Mai 
and  mother  of  Jahangir,  is  distinctly  Hindu  in 
feeling.     Sculptures  of  Hindu  deities  have  been 
found  here,  the  characteristic  Hind  A  "  bell  and 
chain  "  ornament  prevails,  and  the  whole  design, 
despite  a  certain  Mohammedan  severity  about 
the    fagade,    is    strongly    Indian.     Mr.    Smith 
believes  Jodh    Bai's   Mahal    to  be  the  oldest 
building   in   Fathpur    Sikri,  and   as    it   is  the 
largest  and  most  commodious  of  the  palaces  he 
concludes  that  it  must  have  been  Akbar's  prin- 
cipal residence,  whence,  without  going  outside 
the    zenana  walls,    he    could    visit   the   Panch 
Mahal,  Khwabgah,  and  Turkish  Sultana's  house 
by  means  of  a  closed  viaduct,  supported  on  piers, 
which  has  in  recent  years  unfortunately  been 
removed.      It    is     not     impossible    that    even 
European  influences  were  brought  to  bear  upon 
the  building  of  this  noble  palace.     Mr.  Smith 
says  justly  of  the  banqueting  hall  that 
"the  walls  are  panelled,  and,  strange  to  sa}',  after  a 
style  prevalent  in  England  about  the  same  epoch  in 
which  the  palace  was  built,  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
li      1       appearance  the  panelling  resembles  the 
old  oak  wainscoting  so  much  in  vogue  during  that 
period,  and  passing  through  the  chamber  one  can 
almost  imagine  himself  in  an  old  Elizabethan  hall 
and  surmises  whether  Akbar  was  not  influenced  by 
Jiuropean  ideas   when  designing   the  room.     The 
wall  space  between   the  floor  and  the  top  of  the 
doorways  IS  divided  into  three  rows  of  panels,  and 
between  the  tops  of  the  doorways  and  the  ceiling 
is  a  fourth  row.    The  edges  of  the  rails  and  stylel 
of  the  panels  are  quirked,  and  here  and  there  the 
panelling  is  pierced  by  deep  recesses.    Some  of  tbe 
upper  panels  are   arched,  and    the   under  side   of 
the  arch  is  ornamented  with  a  fringe  of  convention- 
ally carved  oranges  looped  together  by  cuspings 
starting  from  moulded  brackets  upon  the  sides  of 
the    reveals    by  the  springing    of    the  arch.    The 
spandnls  above  the  arches  are  set  back  and  carved 
with  rosettes.    The  ceiling  is  panelled  in   keeping 
with   the  walls,  and   the   beams    rest   upon    plain 
consols  with  chamfered  sides  and  a  horizontal  roll 
across  the  front." 

There  is   nothing  inconceivable  in  the  theory 


N°  3640,  July  31,  '97 


that  a  ruler  of  Akbar's  eclectic  taste  should 
have  employed  European  workmen,  or  at  least 
borrowed  European  drawings.  He  had  pro- 
bably materials  at  hand  in  the  Jesuit  mission 
at  Agra,  which  (as  we  saw  in  Mr.  Smith's  first 
volume)  appears  to  have  suggested  Biblical 
subjects  for  the  wall  paintings  of  Fathpur  Sikri. 
But  our  knowledge  of  the  sources  and  develop- 
ment of  Indian  art  is  still  too  fragmentary  to 
justify  a  dogmatic  statement.  Thorough  con- 
scientious work  like  Mr.  Smith's  will  do  much 
to  elucidate  the  problem,  and  if  it  is  supple- 
mented by  equally  thorough  historical  research 
we  may  hope  at  last  to  arrive  at  a  trustworthy 
solution 

We  have  received  the  twenty-first  volume  of 
the  Arclmoloqical  Survey  of  India  (New  Im- 
perial Series),  which  illustrates  a  group  of 
Hindii  temples,  erected  for  the  most  part 
during  the  twelfth  century  of  our  era  by  the 
Chalukyas.  The  remains  of  these  temples  are 
scattered  over  a  small  portion  of  the  Ballari 
district,  between  Haidarabad  territory  and 
Maisfir.  The  greater  part  of  the  volume  is 
made  up  of  114  plans  and  scale-drawings,  pre- 
pared in  the  Survey  Office,  Madras,  which 
furnish  the  reader  in  great  detail  with  ex- 
amples of  the  structure  and  ornamentation  of 
a  dozen  different  temples  ;  but  there  are  also 
thirty -six  pages  of  descriptive  letterpress, 
besides  a  glossary  of  Indian  names.  Inscribed 
stones  are  found  among  these  ruins  ;  whether 
they  have  been  deciphered  is  not  stated  ;  at 
any  rate,  no  translations  are  given.  The  pre- 
sent volume  will,  to  our  thinking,  awaken  a 
greater  interest  in  the  architect  and  the  artist 
than  in  the  antiquary.  If  these  photo-prints 
correctly  reproduce  the  figures  of  gods,  animals, 
and  men,  there  is  here  the  same  lack  of  pro- 
portion, the  same  cramped  conventionalism, 
the  same  immobility  of  feature  and  outline, 
which  render  the  efibrts  of  Asiatic  sculptors 
everywhere  so  uninteresting  :  only  when  ele- 
phants are  portrayed  does  the  artist  succeed  to 
some  extent  in  reproducing  at  once  the  dignity 
and  the  suppleness  of  those  stately  creatures. 
But  very  difierent  is  the  estimate  which  will  be 
formed  of  the  skill  of  these  temple-builders  in 
other  directions.  It  may  be  that  the  style  was, 
on  the  whole,  too  florid,  the  ornamentation  too 
lavish  ;  but  the  richness  and  variety  of  pattern 
and  design  have,  perhaps,  never  been  sur- 
passed ;  an  extraordinarily  keen  sense  of 
geometrical  symmetry  characterizes  every 
temple  ;  and  the  exquisiteness  of  the  carving  of 
the  foliated  work,  the  variety  and  exuberance 
of  design  in  the  pillars,  the  beauty  of  the  ceil- 
ings, form  the  peculiar  glories  of  the  Chalu- 
kyan  architecture.  The  patterns  produced  on 
these  ceilings  and  elsewhere  are  copied  by 
goldsmiths  at  the  present  day,  who  take  casts 
and  moulds  from  them,  but,  it  is  stated,  fail  to 
reproduce  in  their  own  more  ductile  material 
the  sharpness  and  finish  of  the  original.  A  good 
example  of  such  a  ceiling  is  given  on  plate  lii. 
tig.  3  of  the  present  volume.  The  columns  in 
these  temples  have  been  actually  turned  in  a 
rude  lathe  revolved  by  bullock-power  ;  the 
material  used  is  a  species  of  black  hornblende  ; 
but  of  the  tools  employed  by  the  carvers,  which 
must  have  been  perfectly  adapted  to  their  pur- 
pose and  exquisitely  pointed,  no  information  is 
obtainable.  We  are  glad  to  notice  the  care  and 
accuracy  with  Avhich  this  work  has  been  got  up  ; 
we  have  detected  only  two  misprints — unim- 
portant ones  which  it  would  be  invidious  to 
point  out. 

The  Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens, 
1895-1896  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— Although  no 
particularly  notable  discoveries  have  been  made 
of  late,  the  British  School  at  Athens  continues 
to  do  very  good  work,  and  its  '  Annual,'  which  is 
well  got-up,  with  many  admirable  plates,  is  an 
interesting  volume.  At  Athens  no  fewer  than 
forty  marble  statuettes  of  Aphrodite  have  been 
found,   and   a   great   deal   of   useful  work   has 


been  done  in  connexion  with  antiquities  already 
existing.  Of  the  excavations  in  Melos  our 
columns  have  already  spoken.  The  curious 
inscription  on  a  panel  there  found,  /movov  jiri 
v8(i)p,  is  taken  to  mean  a  commendation  by  the 
artist  of  his  work  representing  fishes  swimming, 
to  the  eff"ect  that  it  only  requires  water  to  make 
it  lifelike.  The  Greek,  however,  seems  to 
suggest  a  reproof  to  early  water-drinkers,  and 
the  former  rendering  ignores  the  classical  use 
of  fj.1^.  Prof.  Bury,  who  enjoys  the  privileges 
of  membership  of  the  School  honoris  catisa, 
contributes  an  able  exposition  of  the  campaign 
of  Artemisium  and  Thermopylfe.  The  notes 
on  Lesbos  by  Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse  are  rather 
thin.  British  archaeology  still  seems  to  lean  a 
good  deal  on  German  authorities  ;  but  if  the 
School  continues  to  prosper  as  it  now  does,  it 
will  soon  have  more  confidence  to  move  by 
itself. 

Ohroniques  d' Orient.—Beax.ihme  S^rie.  Docu- 
ments sur  les  Fouilles  et  De'couvertes  dans  V Orient 
Hellenique  de  1891-1895.  Par  S.  Reinach. 
(Paris,  Leroux.)  — This  reprint  of  the  'Ohro- 
niques d'Orient '  from  the  pages  of  the  Revue 
Archeologique,  with  the  addition  of  index  and 
appendices,  will  form  a  most  useful  and  con- 
venient book  of  reference.  The  extraordinary 
conipleteness  and  detail  of  M.  Reinach 's  archseo- 
logical  records  are  well  known  to  scholars  ;  they 
would  excite  admiration  as  the  work  of  a  large 
staff  of  collaborators  ;  as  the  work  of  one  man 
they  are  truly  marvellous,  and  M.  Reinach 
adds  to  their  value  by  stating  his  own  impres- 
sion or  opinion  as  to  almost  every  fact  or  theory 
recorded.  There  are  nearly  600  pages  of  small 
print,  and  many  of  these  pages  contain 
some  half  dozen  different  paragraphs  dealing 
with  separate  discoveries,  though  here  and 
there  the  work  is  varied  by  a  longer  criticism  or 
a  resume  of  a  more  connected  discussion.  M. 
Reinach  practically  gives  us  a  bibliography  as 
well  as  a  chronicle,  and  there  is  little  of  archjeo- 
logical  interest,  whether  contained  in  a  ponderous 
and  8cienti6c  volume  or  in  a  daily  paper,  that 
escapes  his  compilation  and  comment.  Indeed^ 
some  things  are  included  which  hardly  deserve 
rescue  from  their  ephemeral  obscurity,  unless 
it  be  for  the  sake  of  comic  relief.  However, 
there  is  no  need  to  complain,  as  the  book  is  not 
one  to  read  through,  and  the  index  facilitates 
search  for  information.  In  the  appendices 
M.  Reinach  gives  a  valuable  criticism  of  'Le 
Mirage  Oriental,'  reprinted  from  L' Anthro- 
pologic. He  refutes  the  old  theories  which 
derive  the  religion,  art,  and  civilization  of 
Greece  from  the  East,  and  accepts  the  view 
now  prevalent  in  England  that  the  Mycenaean 
and  .(Egean  civilization  is  essentially  of  Euro- 
pean origin.  In  another  paper,  reprinted 
from  the  Revue  Archeologique,  he  maintains 
the  more  doubtful  theory  that  the  well- 
known  type  of  a  female  nude  goddess  was  bor- 
rowed by  Asia  from  the  -^gean,  not  vice  versa. 
These  two  appendices  emphasize  the  fact  to 
which  M.  Reinach  many  times  calls  attention, 
that  there  is  no  need  to  look  outside  Europe  for 
the  origin  of  the  essential  types  of  Mycenaean 
art.  It  is  satisfactory  to  notice  that  M.  Reinach, 
in  his  preface,  couples  the  discovery  of  the 
Cretan  syllabary  by  Mr.  Arthur  Evans  with 
the  French  excavations  of  Delphi  as  the  most 
important  archaeological  events  of  the  past  five 
years. 


MAGAZINES. 

The  Magazine  of  Art,  Vol,  XX.  (Cassell 
&  Co.),  having  been  lately  enlarged,  is  to 
appear  in  future  in  half-yearly  instead  of  annual 
volumes.  This  is  the  first  of  the  new  series. 
In  abundance  and  merit  its  illustrations  sur- 
pass those  of  its  predecessors.  Few  things 
of  the  kind  are  better  than  Mr.  Johnstone's 
cuts  after  Rossetti's  '  La  Bella  Mano '  and 
Mr.  Leader's  'Departing  Day,'  the  photo- 
gravure of  J.  F.  Lewis's  '  Lilium  Auratum,' 
and   Mr.   Biscombe-Gardner's  reproduction   of 


N^SeiO,  July  31,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


169 


Mr.  Watts's  portrait  of  Tennyson.  Many  of  the 
smaller  page  cuts  also  are  first  rate.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  exigencies  of  printing  have 
damaged  many  a  commendable  plate  and  cut. 
As  for  the  letterpress,  Mr.  Spielmann  writes  a 
bright  "sketch"  of  Mr.  Alma  Tadema  ;  Mr. 
Walter  Crane  supplies  a  valuable  account  of 
the  late  W.  Morris  ;  Herr  P.  Schultze-Naum- 
burg  gives  a  good  analysis  of  the  aims  and  pic- 
tures of  Herr  ¥.  Stuck,  of  Munich,  a  powerful 
and  original  artist.  This  article  is  one  of  a 
desirable  series,  the  value  of  which  will,  of 
course,  depend  a  good  deal  upon  the  subjects 
chosen.  Mr.  A.  Vallance's  plea  on  behalf  of 
the  Royal  School  of  Art  Needlework  more 
than  justifies  itself,  and  puts  an  important 
matter  in  a  true  light.  An  account  of  "Mr. 
Ricketts  as  a  Book-Builder,"  afTectedly  named 
'At  the  Sign  of  the  Dial,'  speaks  of  him  as,  in 
one  respect,  akin  to  Rossetti,  an  assertion  which 
is  so  far  incorrect  that  he  is,  to  judge  by  the 
cuts,  an  imitator  of  the  'Hypnerotomachia. ' 
Its  absurdities  were  not  out  of  keeping  with 
Venetian  book-illustration  in  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries,  but  it  ought  to  have  been 
possible  to  eliminate  them  and  retain  the  nobler 
elements  they  degrade.  Of  neurotic  and  spas- 
modic art,  both  real  and  sham,  the  feverish 
outcome  of  an  unwholesome  condition,  there  is 
enough  in  this  volume  to  leaven  its  sounder 
and  more  healthful  staple  ;  but  it  had  better 
have  been  let  alone. 

L'CEuvre  d'Art,  the  French  art  fortnightly, 
has  just  started  afresh  under  the  direction  of 
M.  Eugene  Miintz,  with  M.  Boyer-d'Agen  as 
•editor.  In  the  two  numbers  of  the  new  series 
which  have  reached  us  this  journal  justifies 
its  claim  to  be  regarded  as  touching  a  high  point 
of  excellence,  both  as  regards  the  text  and 
the  illustrations.  Reproductions  of  the  famous 
windows  from  Ecouen,  in  which  is  depicted  the 
■story  of  Psyche,  accompany  the  first  article,  in 
which  M.  Boyer-d'Agen  gossips  pleasantly  of 
the  collections  at  Chantilly  ;  and  the  programme 
of  the  new  issue,  signed  by  M.  Miintz,  is  of  a 
widely  comprehensive  character.  Every  depart- 
ment of  art,  the  minor  crafts,  even  "le  femi- 
oisme,"  are  claimed  as  within  the  province  of 
L'CEuvre. 


THE   PORTRAITS   OF   SWIFT. 

Oxford,  July  26,  1897. 

Your  correspondent  Mr.  VV.  Roberts,  in 
writing  of  "a  bust"  of  Dean  Swift  in  the 
Bodleian,  "attributed  to  Jervas "  (Athencexim, 
July  17th),  evidently  refers  to  the  well-known 
half-length  portrait  by  Jervas,  painted  in  1708, 
which  was  presented  to  the  Bodleian  by  Alder- 
man Barber  in  1739,  and  has  been  engraved 
repeatedly.    The  inscription  on  the  frame  runs  : 

JONATH  :   SWIFT.  S.T.P. 
DECAN.  S   PATH.  DUEL. 

Effigiem  Viri  Musis  Amicissimi, 

Ingenio  prorsus  sibi  Proprio  Celeberrimi, 

Ut  Ipsum  suis  Oxonientibus  aliquatenus  redooaret, 

ParJetem  habere  Voluit  Bodleianum 

1739. 

Johannes  Barber  Armiger,  Aldermannus 

Nee  ita  pridem  Prajtor  Londiniensis. 

Stanley  Lane-Poole. 


TWO  portraits. 

On  being  employed  some  few  months  since 
to  examine  and  report  on  some  old  family  por- 
traits of  the  Wakeman  family,  I  discovered 
amongst  them  a  pair  of  unusually  fine  works  by 
Lucas  de  Heere,  reputed  by  the  family  to  be 
portraits  of  Richard  Wakeman  of  Beckford,  co. 
Gloucester,  nephew  of  John  Wakeman,  the  first 
Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  last  Abbot  of  Tewkes- 
bury, and  of  his  wife  Joan,  daughter  of  William 
Thornbury,  Esq. 

The  Wakeman  family  is  of  very  early  date  ; 
these  two  portraits  are  both  dated  in  the  same 
year — 1566.  They  are  three  -  quarter  -  lengths, 
painted  on  oak  panels,  36  in.  high,  28  in.  wide. 
The  costume  of  the  male  portrait  is  a  pierced 


white  leather  jerkin  or  doublet,  with  black 
surtout  lined  with  sable  fur,  sable  fur  collar, 
white  linen  ruffs  to  neck  and  wrists,  four  rows 
of  heavy  gold  chain  round  neck,  black  sword 
and  sword-belt  with  gold  mounts,  and  black 
velvet  cap  ;  that  of  the  lady's  portrait  is  a  black 
silk  dress,  trimmed  with  velvet  and  sable  fur, 
sable  fur  collar,  under  which  is  seen  a 
white  vest  richly  embroidered  in  gold,  high 
to  neck,  above  this  a  white  linen  ruff  edged 
with  gold,  similar  ruffs  at  wrists,  doubled  gold 
chain  round  neck  twisted  up  into  a  knot  in 
front,  hands  clasped  together,  rings  on  fingers, 
black  velvet  hood.  Both  portraits  are  inscribed 
with  ages  and  dates  in  Roman  capitals,  together 
with  a  quaint  poetical  inscription  by  De  Heere 
on  each.  The  lady's  portrait  has,  in  addition  to 
these,  De  Heere's  mark  (HE) ;  the  inscription 
reads  as  follows  : — 

MY    CHYLDHODDE     PAST      THAT      BE  WTIFIID     MY 

FLESSH 
AND     GONNE    MY    YOVTH    THAT    GAVE     ME   COLOR 

FRESSn 
YAM   NOWE  CVM  TO  THOSE   RYPE  YERIS  AT   LAST 
THAT    TELLES    ME    HOWE    MY    WANTON   DAYS    BE 

PAST 
AND    THEEFORE     FEINDE    SO    TORNES    THE    TYME 

ME 
Y  ONS  WAS  YOVNG  AND  NOWE   AM   AS  YOV  SEE. 
AETATIS  XXXVI. 

M.D.   LXVI. 

These  portraits  may  be  examined  at  47, 
Leicester  Square,  on  presentation  of  card,  and 
I  shall  be  pleased  to  give  any  information  I 
possess  to  those  of  your  readers  interested  in 
fine  portraits  by  artists  of  the  early  Flemish 
school.  Walter  S.  Green. 


The  National  Gallery  has  been  fortunate 
enough  to  obtain  by  bequest  a  new  Morland, 
which  will  shortly  be  hung,  when  we  shall  say 
something  more  upon  it.  The  staff  of  the  Gallery 
has  been  fully  occupied  of  late  in  arranging 
pictures  on  the  walls  left  vacant  by  the  removal 
of  examples  of  the  British  School  to  Millbank. 
Of  the  British  works  which  remain  in  Trafalgar 
Square,  the  whole  are  now  placed  in  the  west 
wing  of  the  building  ;  the  Spanish  pictures  are 
arranged  in  the  old  French  room,  where  they 
are  much  better  lit  and  there  is  more  space  ; 
the  French  pictures  are  in  the  old  English 
room  ;  and  the  early  Flemish  examples  and 
similar  instances  are  divided  between  two  rooms, 
instead  of  being  crowded  into  one  room. 

The  portrait  of  Sir  John  Stanley  byRomney, 
which  has  recently  been  bought  for  the  Louvre, 
is  a  moderately  good  specimen  of  the  artist's 
powers. 

We  regret  to  learn  from  Berlin  that  Dr. 
Bode  is  again,  and  has  been  for  some  time  past, 
much  out  of  health. 

The  fine  portrait  of  a  man  lately  in  the  pos- 
session of  Sir  John  Millais,  and  by  him  at- 
tributed to  Holbein,  though  many  critics  doubt 
the  ascription,  has  just  been  hung  in  the 
gallery  at  Berlin,  for  which  it  was  purchased  at 
the  Millais  sale. 

The  Prince  d'Arenberg  has  been  elected  to 
the  Acade'mie  des  Beaux-Arts  in  the  place  of 
the  Due  d'Aumale. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

The  End  of  the  Opera  Season. 
The  Roval  College  of  Music. 

The  opera  season  of  1897  came  to  an 
end  on  Wednesday  with,  a  performance  in 
German  of  '  Lohengrin,'  in  which,  more 
particularly  as  no  special  prudence  was  now 
necessary  in  the  husbanding  of  his  resources, 
M.  Jean  de  Eeszke  fairly  let  himself  go, 
and  gave  a  rendering  of  the  music  full  of 


dramatic  force  and  fire.  A  strong  cast  like- 
wise included  his  brother  Edouard  as  King 
Henry  and  Madame  Eames  as  Elsa.  During 
the.  past  season,  without  counting  the 
opening  concert  and  the  State  representa- 
tion in  connexion  with  the  Diamond 
Jubilee,  there  have  been  sixty-seven  per- 
formances of  eighteen  operas  by  ten  com- 
posers, two  of  them,  namely  Kienzl's  '  Der 
Evangelimann '  and  M.  d'Erlanger's  'Inez 
Mendo,'  being  absolutely  new  to  this  country. 
Despite,  therefore,  the  distractions  of  the 
Jubilee  and  a  certain  amount  of  managerial 
anxiety  caused  by  the  illness  of  some  of 
the  principal  singers,  the  first  season  of 
the  Royal  Opera  Syndicate  may  fairly  be 
considered  an  artistic  success.  With  the 
financial  side  of  the  matter  we,  of  course, 
have  nothing  to  do,  although  it  is  obvious 
that,  in  the  absence  of  a  subvention,  if  we 
are  to  expect  opera  at  all,  the  enterprise 
must  be  carried  on  upon  a  sound  com- 
mercial basis.  It  therefore  is  satisfactory 
to  learn  that  the  past  season  has  rendered 
a  handsome  profit.  Furthermore,  arrange- 
ments have  been  made  by  the  Syndicate  to 
carry  on  the  opera  season  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Maurice  Grau  till  1901. 

A  special  feature  of  the  past  season  has 
been  the  continued  and  apparently  stiU 
growing  popularity  of  the  all-conquering 
Wagner.  Large  audiences  have,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  been  attracted  to  those  of  his 
advanced  works  in  which  M.  Jean  de 
Eeszke  has  played  a  leading  part ;  but 
it  is  even  still  more  satisfactory  to  note 
that  the  public  favour  has  likewise  been 
ungrudgingly  bestowed  upon  such  operas 
as  '  Tannhiiuser '  and  '  Die  Walkiire,' 
when  the  fashionable  tenor  was  not  a 
member  of  the  cast.  The  sixty-seven  re- 
presentations were  made  up  as  follows : 
'  Lohengrin  '  and  '  Faust '  were  performed 
seven  times;  'Romeo'  and  'Tannhiiuser' 
six;  'Les Huguenots' five;  'Carmen,'  'Aida,' 
and  '  Siegfried '  four ;  *  Manon,'  '  Die  Wal- 
kiire,' 'Tristan  und  Isolde,'  'Inez  Mendo,' 
and  '  Die  Meistersinger  '  three  times ;  '  Der 
Evangelimann,'  'L'Attaque  du  Moulin,' 
'  Don  Giovanni,'  and  *  Figaro '  twice  each  ; 
and  '  La  Traviata '  once.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  Italian  school,  which  at  one  time 
was  supreme  at  Covent  Garden,  is  for  the 
moment  under  a  cloud.  The  only  works 
given  in  Italian  this  year  were  '  Figaro,' 
'Aida,'  and  'La  Traviata';  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  eight  operas  were  performed  in 
French  and  seven  in  German.  Among  the 
artists  new  to  England  Frau  Sedlmair  and 
Herr  Dippel,  of  the  Vienna  Opera,  M. 
Renaud,  and  M.  Fugere  were  perhaps  the 
most  successful ;  while  we  have  also  heard 
for  the  first  time  at  Covent  Garden  Madame 
Saville,  Madame  Pacary,  MM.  Scaramberg, 
Ceppi,  Dupuyron,  Journet,  Note,  and  others. 
The  reappearance  of  those  two  admirable 
artists  Herr  Lieban  and  Frau  Schumann- 
Heinck  was  also  most  welcome.  Madame 
Calve,  after  an  arduous  season,  followed  by 
a  lengthy  concert  tour  in  the  United  States, 
was  unable  to  fulfil  her  London  engagement, 
and  accordingly  the  services  of  Madame 
Melba  were  retained  for  three  representa- 
tions instead.  M.  Alvarez  appeared  only 
seven  times,  three  of  them  in  the  new  opera 
*  Inez  Mendo ';  but  M.  Van  Dyck  sang 
thirteen,  M.  Jean  de  Reszke  sixteen,  and 
Madame  Eames  twenty-one  times. 


170 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


The  students  of  tlie  Kojal  College  of  Music, 
at  their  summer  orchestral  concert  in  their 
own  hall  on  Friday  evening  last  week, 
carried  out  a  most  ambitious  programme 
admirably.  The  Fifth  Symphony  in  b  flat 
of  the  Russian  composer  Glouzounow  was 
originally  produced  in  London  last  January 
by  Mr.  Wood  at  Qaeen's  Hall.  The  work, 
particularly  in  its  slow  movement,  grows 
upon  acquaintance,  and  the  performance 
under  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford  did  very  great 
credit  to  an  orchestra  of  students.  The 
programme,  besides  the  '  Oberon '  Overture 
and  Grieg's  second  *  Peer  Gynt '  Suite, 
comprised  a  duet  from  '  Otello,'  sung  by 
Miss  Agnes  Nicholls  and  Mr.  Tom  Thomas, 
and  Dr.  Saint-Saiins's  Violoncello  Concerto 
in  A  minor,  skilfully  played  by  Mr.  Robert 
Grimson. 


Hichard    Wagnei-'s   Prose     Wo^ks.     Vol.     V. 
Translated  by  William  Ashton   Ellis.     (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.)— Mr.  Ashton  Ellis  has  entitled  the 
fifth    volume    of    his   translations   of   Wagner's 
writings  '  Actors  and    Singers  '  ;    but  although 
this  is  useful  to  distinguish  the  volume  from  the 
others,   and    also    is   applicable   inasmuch  as  a 
considerable  jjortion  of  the  matter   is  devoted 
to  the  art  of  the  "ideal  mime,"  tlie  book   con- 
tains articles  which   probably  will  more  widely 
recommend   it   to  the  majority  of  musicians — 
notably   the     treatises   on   Beethoven   and   his 
Ninth   Symphony,    and    tlie    history   of    what 
might  aptly   be   termed  the   evolution   of   the 
Bayreuth  playhouse.     Wagner's  tribute  to  the 
genius   of  Beethoven   has    been   made  familiar 
to  English  readers   by   the   translation  of   Mr. 
Edward  Dannreuther  ;  but  those  who  have  read 
this  will,  none  the  less,  prize  the  volume  which 
contains  Mr.  Ashton  Ellis's  version  of  an  article 
that  is  one  of   the  most  remarkable  criticisms 
ever  penned  by  one  great  master  on  the  works 
of  another.     No   less   interesting    reading   are 
Wagner's  suggestive  remarks  on  *  The  Render- 
ing of  the  Choral  Symphony,'  although  the  pro- 
posed improvements   in   the   orchestration   are 
calculated  to  arouse  the  ire  of  not  a  few  lovers 
of  Beethoven.     There  is  much  food  for  thought 
in  the  essays  on  the  'Destiny  of  Opera  '  and  on 
the  'German  Operatic  Stage  of  To-day';    and 
Wagner's  objections  to  the  application  of   the 
term    "  music  -  drama  "    to   his   later   dramatic 
works  are  somewhat  curious  reading,  now  that 
the  title  has  been  accepted  as  a  convenient  one 
for  expressing  a  different  conception  of  the  music 
allied  with  dramatic  action  from  that  which  pre- 
vailed  in   the   long-established  form  of   opera. 
The   article   on  '  Actors   and   Singers  '  may  be 
read  with  advantage  by  all  who  take  an  interest, 
active  or  otherwise,  in  histrionic  art.     Since  the 
essay  was  penned  great  jjrogress  has  been  made 
in  the  directions  indicated  by  Wagner  ;  but  the 
remarks  on   the  importance  of  distinctness  of 
articulation,  and  on  actors  addressing  their  col- 
leagues rather  than  the  audience,  are  still  salutary 
and  necessary.     A  notable  tribute  is  paid  to  the 
talent  of  Wilhelmine  Schroder- Devrient,   "by 
whose    example,"    Wagner    writes,    "I    might 
illustrate   my  every  view  on   noble   mimicry." 
Later  on,  referring  to  this  celebrated  artist,  he 
says  :    "All  my  knowledge  of  mimetic  art  {des 
mimischen  Wesens)  I  owe  to  this  grand  woman  ; 
and  through  that  teaching  can  I  point  to  truth- 
fulness as  that  art's  foundation."     The  volume 
includes    a   thoughtful    'Letter    to   an   Actor,' 
dated  Bayreuth,  November  9th,  1872  ;  another 
epistle  "to    an  Italian   friend    on  the  produc- 
tion of  'Lohengrin'  at  Bologna";  and  one  to 
Friedrich    Nietzsche,    which    contains    several 
interesting    passages.       Mr.    Ashton   Ellis    has 
written  an   admirable  and   instructive   preface, 
and  also  furnished  an  excellent  summary  and 
an  exhaustive  index.    The  next  volume,  which  is 
promised  this  year,  will  include  Wagner's  essay 
on  'Religion  and  Art.' 


CHESTER  MUSICAL   FESTIVAL. 

The  house  is  still  shown  at  Parkgate,  on  the 
Dee,  where  Handel  is  said  to  have  tried  over 
the  vocal  parts  of  his  '  Messiah  '  with  the 
choristers  from  Chester  Cathedral  ;  and,  if  only 
for  the  sake  of  auld  lang  syne,  it  might  have 
been  supposed  that  from  the  present  generation 
of  Cestrian  singers  some  better  account  might 
have  been  expected  of  '  Judas  Maccabreus  '  than 
that  given  on  Wednesday  last  week.  Nor  was  it 
far  otherwise  with  the  music  of  Mendelssohn,  for 
both  the  '  Hymn  of  Praise  '  on  Thursday  and 
'  Elijah  '  on  Friday  developed  several  new  read- 
ings, upon  which  none  of  those  concerned  can 
be  congratulated.  Possibly  the  prospect  of  the 
picnic  at  Eaton  Hall,  which  immediately  fol- 
lowed the  'Lobgesang,'  may  have  had  some- 
thing to  do  with  the  hurry  in  which  much 
of  it  was  got  through  ;  but  there  could 
be  no  similar  reason  for  the  treatment  of 
'Elijah,'  for  even  if  taken  at  its  proper  pace 
there  would  have  been  a  good  half  hour  in 
which  to  catch  the  special  trains  to  all  parts. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  pleasant  to  note  the 
very  excellent  performance  of  Dvorak's  '  Stabat 
Mater  '  on  Thursday,  and  of  Schubert's  e  flat 
Mass  on  Friday,  both  works  receiving  a  worthy 
interpretation.  With  Wagner's  '  Parsifal '  music 
it  was  not  so  well,  and  the  whole  savoured  of 
roughness.  Further,  chances  were  lost,  which 
might  have  been  made  much  of,  by  retaining 
the  various  sections  of  the  chorus  in  their 
ordinary  seats,  instead  of  placing  them  in  the 
spacious  triforium  of  the  cathedral.  Had  the 
latter  been  made  use  of,  Wagner's  idea  of 
the  individual  choirs,  which  sing  in  the  music 
of  "The  Love-Feast  "  under  the  mighty  dome  of 
the  Temple  of  the  Grail,  would  have  been  amply 
realized. 

Two  new  compositions  were  produced  on  the 
third  day  of  the  festival,  and  these  are  entitled 
to  special  notice.  Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge's  cantata 
'  Resurgam '  contains  much  good  writing,  but 
its  duration  is  brief,  extending  to  only  about 
twenty  minutes,  while  its  melodic  ideas  are  so 
plentiful  that  anything  like  ampliBcation  of 
them  at  once  becomes  impossible.  And  as  one 
result  of  this  the  work  leaves  at  its  close  but 
little  definite  impression  upon  the  mind.  That 
Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge  can  write  better  music  has  been 
before  nowplaced  in  evidence.  There  is,  however, 
one  very  fine  chorus  in  the  cantata,  and  a  pleasing 
and  symmetrical  contralto  solo,  and  these  two 
numbers  to  a  great  extent  atone  for  its  weak 
points.  Mr.  Bantock's  overture  '  Saul '  is 
clearly  mapped  out  on  symphonic  lines  and 
leaves  a  distinct  mark  on  one's  memory.  The 
leading  theme  in  c  minor  with  its  restless 
movement,  the  contrasting  second  subject  in 
E  flat  major,  the  episode  for  organ  solo  in  f,  and 
the  dance  tune  in  g  minor  form  four  important 
factors  in  the  homogeneity  of  the  whole,  and  the 
working  up  of  the  material  is  clear  as  noonday, 
though  decidedly  ingenious  and  clever.  The  story 
told  is  that  of  the  journey  of  King  Saul  to  Gilgal, 
his  coronation,  the  making  of  peace  oflferings, 
and  the  rejoicings  of  the  people.  There  is 
naturally  thus  a  strong  indication  of  "  pro- 
gramme "  work,  but  the  music  never  descends 
to  the  commonplace  or  vulgar,  and  even  without 
the  suggestions  quoted  from  the  book  of  Samuel 
the  composition  would  be  a  distinctly  worthy 
addition  to  the  repertoire  of  legitimate  abstract 
music.     It  was  conducted  by  the  composer. 

All  the  performances  took  place  in  the  cathe- 
dral except  that  of  Thursday  night,  when  the 
unfortunately  small  area  of  the  music-hall  was 
utilized  for  a  concert  of  secular  character.  LTpon 
the  festival  as  a  whole  Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge  and  his 
coadjutors  are  to  be  congratulated.  If  the  per- 
formances have  not  been  faultless,  they  have  at 
least  been  generally  creditable,  while  some  have 
risen  to  a  high  pitch  of  excellence.  The  pic- 
turesque, if  somewhat  sleepy  city  of  Chester  is, 
in  fact,  fortunate  in  the  possession  of  the  handful 
of  citizens  who  triennially  keep  its  artistic  light 


burning  among  the  other  festival  centres  of  the 
land.  W.  I.  A. 

MR.    ALEXANDER   THAYER. 

Although  Mr.  Alexander  Wheelock  Thayer 
had  nearly  attained  the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty 
years,  his  death  on  the  15th  inst.,  announced 
from  Trieste,  where  for  upwards  of  thirty  years 
he  was  United  States  Consul,  will  be  regretted, 
the  more  especially  as  he  has  left  his  monu- 
mental biography  of  Beethoven  still  unfinished. 
Mr.  Thayer,  who  was  a  native  of  South  Natick, 
near  Boston,  was  as  a  young  man  assistant  at 
the  Cambridge  (Mass.)  University  Library,  when 
he  resolved  to  write  a  biography  of  Beethoven. 
To  this  task  he  accordingly  devoted  nearly  fifty 
years  of  his  life.  It  was  in  1849  that  he  first 
went  to  Germany  in  order  to  collect  materials  ; 
and  although,  owing  to  want  of  means,  he  was 
twice  driven  back  to  his  own  country,  yet  since 
1860,  when  he  received  a  diplomatic  appoint- 
ment at  the  American  Embassy  in  Vienna,  he 
had  resided  in  Europe.  At  the  outset  he  re- 
solved that  his  book  should  appear  first  in 
German,  in  order  to  afi'ord  an  opportunity 
for  corrections  and  additions  before  the  work 
appeared  in  its  original  English  form.  Dr.  Otto 
Jahn,  author  of  the  'Life  of  Mozart,' at  one 
time  contemplated  a  biography  of  Beethoven, 
but  he  placed  at  Thayer's  service  the  whole  of 
his  researches  and  preliminary  work,  while  Dr. 
Hermann  Deiters,  the  author  of  the  biography  of 
Johannes  Brahms,  translated  Thayer's  '  Beet- 
hoven '  into  German.  Thayer  derived  much  of 
his  information  from  personal  inquiries  in 
Berlin,  Vienna,  and  elsewhere,  and  at  first 
hand  from  Schindler,  Wegeler,  and  other  con- 
temporaries of  Beethoven,  and  also  in  London 
from  Cipriani  Potter,  George  Hogarth,  and 
Neate,  so  that  the  volumes  contain  a  vast  amount 
of  matter  unavailable  elsewhere.  The  first  volume, 
bringing  Beethoven's  life  down  to  1796,  was  pub- 
lished at  Bonn  in  1866 ;  the  second  volume,  which 
deals  with  the  master's  career  down  to  1806,  was 
published  in  1872 ;  while  the  third  volume,  which 
closed  with  the  year  1816,  was  issued  in  1879. 
The  fourth  volume  is  understood  to  be  nearly 
complete,  but  whether  this  would  have  finished 
the  work  is  problematical.  Mr.  Thayer,  who 
amongst  other  things  catalogued  the  musical 
library  of  Lowell  Mason,  was  a  prolific  con- 
tributor to  the  Neio  York  Tribune  and  other 
American  papers,  and  likewise  wrote  a  treatise 
upon  'The  Hebrews  and  the  Red  Sea,'  besides 
nearly  twenty  articles — some  short,  others  of 
fuller  length— in  Grove's  '  Dictionary.' 


\mml  (§a%%x^. 


Although  it  is  too  early  to  forecast  the 
operatic  prospects  of  next  season,  it  is  under- 
stood that  Dr.  Saint-Saens's  recent  visit  to  this 
country  was  with  a  view  to  arrange  for  the  pro- 
duction of  one  of  his  operas  at  Covent  Garden 
in  May.  As  'Samson  et  Dalila '  is  out  of  the 
question,  the  choice  may  possibly  fall  upon 
'Proserpine'  or  'Ascanio.'  Madame  H^glon, 
of  the  Paris  Grand  Op^ra,  will  be  specially 
engaged,  and  other  parts  have,  we  learn,  been 
accepted  by  Madame  Eames  and  M.  Renaud. 

M.  Jean  de  Reszk]^  leaves  London  at  the  end 
of  this  week  for  Mount  Dore,  and  thence  he 
goes  to  Bayreuth  for  the  third  cycle  of  'Der 
Ring  des  Nibelungen,'  which,  according  to 
report,  may  also  be  attended  by  the  Princess 
of  Wales.  Thence  the  popular  tenor  goes  to 
his  Polish  home,  and  he  has  been  commanded 
in  October  to  sing  at  Warsaw  before  the  Czar. 
In  the  winter  he  proceeds  again  to  the  United 
States,  and  he  hopes  to  reappear  in  London 
next  season.  This,  however,  will  greatly  depend 
upon  his  health,  and  still  more,  as  we  learn  from 
an  "  interview  "  reported  in  the  foreign  impers, 
whether  he  accepts  a  suggestion  to  sing  Tristan 
and  Parsifal  at  Bayreuth. 

The  Bayreuth  Festival  began  last  week  with 
'Parsifal,'  with   M.   Van   Dyck   and    Madame 


N°3640,  July  31,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


171 


I 


Brema,  and  Herr  Seidl  as  conductor.  The  first 
cycle  of  '  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen '  closed  on 
Saturday  last  week.  The  second  cycle  will 
commence  on  Monday,  and  the  third  on 
August  14th. 

The  foundation  stone  of  the  extension  of  the 
Guildhall  School  of  Music  was  laid  by  Mr. 
Pearse  Morrison,  chairman  of  the  School  Com- 
mittee, on  Wednesday  last  week,  when  a  select 
choir  and  orchestra  of  students  performed  a 
short  ode,  written  expressly  for  the  occasion  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Cummings.  The  School  at  present 
has  about  4,000  students  ;  but  the  extension 
will  provide  thirty  new  class-rooms,  so  that  the 
School,  already  by  far  the  largest  in  the  world, 
will  accommodate  nearly  7,000  pupils.  A  por- 
tion of  the  new  building  will  be  devoted  to  a 
concert-room  holding  650  people,  and  likewise 
furnished  with  a  fully  equipped  stage  for  the 
practice  of  opera. 

As  the  London  Symphony  Concerts  have  now 
finally  been  abandoned,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henschel 
will  be  able  to  carry  out  a  long-cherished  scheme 
of  spending  the  winter  in  the  United  States.  They 
have  arranged  for  a  song  recital  tour,  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  Wolfsohn,  commencing  on 
October  13th  at  Brooklyn  and  extending  to  San 
Francisco,  where  six  recitals  will  be  given,  the 
party  likewise  visiting  Canada.  The  tour  will 
end  in  December,  and  until  they  return  to 
London  for  the  fashionable  season  Mr.  Henschel 
will  give  singing  lessons  in  Boston,  while  his 
wife  will  accept  concert  engagements  in  various 
parts  of  the  United  States. 

Madamk  Christine  Nilsson  is  now  visiting 
her  native  Sweden.  She  has  not,  of  course, 
reappeared  in  public,  but  she  sang  Swedish 
national  melodies  to  the  Upsala  University 
students  who  serenaded  her. 

The  final  Sunday  afternoon  performance  for 
the  present  of  the  string  band  of  the  Royal 
Artillery  took  place  at  the  Albert  Hall  on 
Sunday  last.  Organ  recitals  will  be  given  during 
the  holiday  months,  and  the  Sunday  concerts 
will  be  resumed  in  October,  when  also  the 
Sunday  afternoon  symphony  concerts  under  Mr. 
Randegger  will  recommence  at  Queen's  Hall. 

The  Princess  of  Wales  distributed  the  prizes 
to  the  successful  students  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Thursday  in  last 
week.  Sir  A.  C.  Mackenzie  was  able  to  announce 
that  there  were  504  students  in  the  institution, 
which  also  has  been  endowed  with  two  new 
scholarships  and  several  new  prizes.  The  Prince 
of  Wales  returned  thanks  for  the  Princess, 
stating  that  Her  Royal  Highness  had  always 
taken  the  greatest  interest  in  everything  con- 
nected with  the  science  and  art  of  music  in  all 
its  branches.  He  reminded  them  that  he  was 
in  a  peculiar  position,  because  he  was  also  Pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  College  of  Music  ;  but  he 
nevertheless  looked  upon  that  institution  as  a 
sister  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  felt  sure  that 
the  competition  between  them  would  be  merely 
friendly  rivalry,  for  it  was  the  desire  and  wish 
of  both  to  merit  the  approbation  of  the  country 
and  to  promote  the  art  of  music. 

Mr.  Kruse,  second  violinist  of  the  Joachim 
Quartet,  also  during  the  past  season  gave  some 
concerts  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  his  own  account. 
He  will,  we  learn,  lead  the  quartet  at  some  of 
the  earlier  Monday  Popular  Concerts  this  winter. 
The  Meyerbeer  Prize  of  5,000  marks  has  just 
been  allotted  to  a  young  composer,  Bernhard 
Kohler,  of  the  Cologne  Conservatorium.  Meyer- 
beer stipulated  in  his  will  that  the  prize  should 
be  given  to  German  students  of  exceptional 
talent  under  twenty-eight  years  of  age,  to  enable 
them  to  study  for  six  months  in  Italy,  Paris, 
and  three  German  cities — "Vienna,  Munich,  and 
Dresden.  Amongst  the  best  known  of  the 
"  Meyerbeer-Stipendiaten  "  is  Engelbert  Hum- 
perdinck. 

Mr.  George  Redway  will  add  to  his  series 
of  books  for  collectors  a  book  on  '  Old  Violins, ' 
by  the  Rev.  H,  R.  Haweis. 


DRAMA 


RECENT    BOOKS. 

Ibsen    on   his    Merits.      By    Sir    Edward    R. 
Russell  and  Percy  Cross  Standing.     (Chapman 
&  Hall.)— Of  the  latest  two  disciples  of  Ibsen 
who   have   undertaken    to    preach    his    gospel 
before  a  sceptical  and  trivial  age,  Mr.  Stand- 
ing is  far  the  more  fervent.  Against  the  defence 
undertaken    by  Sir   Edward   Russell  we    have 
little  to  urge.     The  position  assigned  Ibsen  is 
in  this  case  scarcely  higher  than  that  we  have 
ourselves  recognized  as  his  due.     In  his  short 
essay,  which   is  an  expansion  of  a  lecture  de- 
livered before  the  Senate  of  University  College, 
Liverpool,  Sir  Edward  concedes  that  Ibsen  is 
infantile   and   parochial,  which   are   the    worst 
faults  the  more  judicious  of  his  enemies  have 
urged  against  him.     When  in  a  supplemental 
chapter   on  Ibsen's  latest  play,   '  John  Gabriel 
Borkman,'  Sir  Edward  declares  that  "  there  are 
two  passages  which  may  fairly  excite  disgust," 
we  wonder  his  associate  does  not  flatly  refuse  to 
walk  through  Coventry  with  him.     Of  one  of 
these    passages    it    is    declared   that    it   is   an 
"outrage     on     feeling"     and     "contrary     to 
art  because  offensively  departing  from  truth"; 
the     second     is     decried     as    "terribly    foul, 
and   surely   not   less    foolish."     No  such  half- 
hearted  advocacy   as    Sir   Edward    exhibits  is 
discoverable    in    Mr.    Standing,    whose    praise 
of    his    hero    is    just   a   little    irritating.     We 
are    exercised  when  wo  find    applied    to    the 
temperament    of     the    heroine    of    '  A    Doll's 
House'  by  Sir   Edward   the    term    "noble" — 
surely  the  very  last  to  be  used  in    connexion 
with  that  very  charming,  but  undisciplined  and 
passably  mendacious  creature.      Mr.   Standing 
passes,    however,    from     rapture     to    rapture. 
Certain  of  the  personages  are  "gems  of  charac- 
terization."     In  imitation  of    words    used    by 
Friedrich    Nietzsche  concerning    Wagner,  Mr. 
Standing  asks,  may  it  not  be  "said  of  Ibsen 
that  he  has  immeasurably  increased  the  speaking- 
power  of  the  drama  "  1    Nowhere  else  in  con- 
temporary literature,  we  are  told,  "  is  the  very 
heart  and  core  of  parenthood  probed  with  such 
earnestness,   fearlessness,    intensity,   or    extra- 
ordinary power  as  is  the  case  in  '  Little  Eyolf,' 
by  our  maligned  Norwegian."      Of  Borkman, 
again,   Mr.  Standing  says,  "  If  Brand  be  meet 
type  of  the  Archangel,  Borkman  might  almost 
as  suitably  sit  for  the  portrait  of  the  Archfiend. 
How     typical      is     each  ! "       We      will      not 
deal  further  with  Mr.  Standing's  worship.    We 
find  ourselves  in  accord  with  what  Sir  Edward 
says  concerning  more  than  one  of  Ibsen's  plays, 
notably  '  Hedda  Gabler,'  which  we  have  always 
placed  high  in  Ibsen's  work.     Sir  Edward  has, 
however,  seen  but  three  of  Ibsen's  dramas  on 
the  stage— 'A  Doll's  House,'  'Hedda  Gabler,' 
and    '  Rosmersholm.'     Our  own   experience  of 
Ibsen's  acted  drama  is  considerably  larger,  but 
we  are  inclined  to  rank  '  A  Doll's  House  '  and 
'  Hedda    Gabler '    higher    than    most    others. 
These  are,  at  least,  more  effective  in  presenta- 
tion than  are  'Ghosts'  and  'The  Wild  Duck.' 
'  Peer  Gynt '  moves  in  Sir  Edward  something 
like  wrath.     It   needs  a   position  of   influence 
in    the    Ibsenite    ranks    to    say   unchallenged 
"  there      are      absolutely      inane      colloquies, 
designed     to     bring     out     Peer     Gynt's     self- 
sufficient,  empty  character,  but  sinking  for  the 
purpose  to  a  very  poor  literary  level.     There 
is   a   coarse   and    frolicsome    comparison   of    a 
philosopher  to  a  tom-cat,"  &c.,  and  there  are, 
besides,  "a  series  of  ill-conducted  repetitions 
of  a  feeble  spiritual  conundrum,"  and  "a  piece 
of  curiously  meaningless  sentiment."     The  best 
proof  of  vitality  in  Ibsen  is  furnished  by  his 
surviving,  not  the  unreasonable  and  implacable 
hostility  of  the  opponents  of  everything  new, 
but  the   indiscreet   ecstasies  of    thick-and-thin 
admirers  and  idolaters,  among  whom  evidently 
Sir  Edward  Russell  is  not  to  be  counted. 


In  The  Movse-trap  (Edinburgh,  Douglas)  Mr. 
W,  D.  Howells  makes  good-humoured  fun  of 
women  who  demand  the  suflVage.  The  little 
piece  is  in  the  form  of  a  play.  A  young  widow 
is  rating  the  man  to  whom  she  is  engaged  for 
the  views  he  has  expressed  on  the  great  ques- 
tion. To  change  the  subject  he  pretends  to 
see  a  mouse.  The  lady  instantly  jumps  on  to 
a  chair.  Other  ladies  enter.  All  climb  upon 
chairs,  sofas,  and  tables,  and  all  scream.  At 
last  all  but  the  widow,  with  a  concerted  rush 
and  scream,  leave  the  room.  A  lovers'  quarrel 
and  explanation  bring  down  the  curtain. 

The  Theatrical  World  of  189G.  By  William 
Archer.  (Scott.) — The  successive  volumes  of 
Mr.  Archer's  '  Theatrical  World '  render  it 
unique  in  its  class.  The  only  works  that  can 
compare  with  it  in  English  literature  are  Henry 
Morley's  'Journal  of  a  Playgoer,'  Dutton 
Cook's  'Nights  at  the  Play,'  and  a  series  of 
'Theatrical  Notes'  reprinted  from  the  Athe- 
nccum,  of  which  a  first  and  apparently  final 
volume  appeared  in  1893.  The  last  named  may, 
of  course,  be  dismissed  from  the  calculation. 
Prof.  Morley  dealt  with  a  few  performances 
only,  omitting  those  of  most  importance  and 
occupying  himself  at  least  as  much  with  opera 
as  drama ;  and  Cook,  though  fairly  ambitious  in 
scheme,  omitted  so  much  that  reference  con- 
stantly ends  in  disappointment.  Mr.  Archer 
meanwhile,  whose  collected  writings  cover  the 
last  four  years,  practically  omits  nothing. 
Everything  English  produced  on  the  stage 
comes  within  his  ken.  Personally  we  could 
wish  matters  were  slightly  different.  What  he  has 
to  say  concerning  musical  farce  is  written  with  a 
species  of  constraint,  and  is  less  interesting  as  well 
as  less  valuable  than  the  companion  matter.  His 
dramatic  criticisms,  meanwhile,  have  established 
his  reputation,  and  while  to  most  lovers  of  the 
stage  a  reperusal  of  his  expressed  opinions  is  a 
pleasure,  to  some  few  his  book  is  becoming  in- 
dispensable. Mr.  Archer's  views  are  now  familiar. 
Long  known  as  the  most  stalwart  upholder  of 
the  work  of  Ibsen,  he  joins  in  the  condemna- 
tion of  Scribe  which  distinguishes  the  latest 
school  of  French  criticism.  M.  Sardou  is  also 
a  pet  aversion.  For  the  anti-Hugo  sentiment 
which  is  almost  bound  to  follow  we  wait. 
Robertson  is,  of  course,  in  disfavour,  and  West- 
land  Marston  is  dismissed  with  contemptuous 
reference.  Of  modern  work— that  even  which  can 
least  easily  appeal  to  him— he  is  more  tolerant, 
and  it  requires  the  assertive  vulgarity  of  '  The 
Sign  of  the  Cross'  to  rouse  him  to  forcible 
utterance.  He  has  much  to  say  on  the  manner 
in  which  Shakspeare  should  be  produced,  and  an 
open  letter  to  Mr  Tree  upon  the  project  of  that 
manager — subsequently  carried  out— of  mount- 
ing 'King  Henry  IV.,'  is  a  part  of  the  volume 
to  which  most  readers  will  recur,  connecting 
it  with  what  is  said  in  the  introduction.  Curious 
sidelights  are  thrown  upon  Mr.  Archer's  intel- 
lectual growth,  and  it  is  with  some  astonish- 
ment we  learn  that  he  was  never  able  to  get 
through  the  'Pilgrim's  Progress.'  In  defence 
of  his  views  as  to  Shakspeare,  he  enters  the 
lists  against  his  whilom  associate  Mr.  Bernard 
Shaw,  whose  "machine-gun  style  of  criticism" 
of  the  performance  at  the  Haymarket  of  '  King 
Henry  IV.'  is  said  to  be  "only  paralyzing  "  in 
eflfect,  by  the  critic's  own  showing  "wildly 
overstated  "  and  "grossly  inopportune."  This 
unexpected,  albeit  friendly  arraignment  of  a 
fellow  worker  brings  us  again  to  Mr.  Shaw's 
introduction,  which  insists  on  "the  need  for 
an  endowed  theatre."  In  Mr.  Archer's  view  a 
theatre  of  the  kind  is  not  only  possible,  but 
desirable  and  necessary,  and  some  pains  are 
taken  to  show  the  plans  on  which  it  should  be 
constructed  and  the  functions  to  be  assigned  to 
it.  What  he  regards  as  the  new  factor  is  that  the 
English  drama  "  has  outgrown  the  great  public, 
and  must,  on  pain  of  dwindling  away  for  lack 
of  sustenance,  find  a  medium  through  which  it 
can  appeal  to  a  lesser,  but  still  very  considerable 
public,  which  is  ready  and  eager  to  respond  to 


172 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3640,  July  31, '97 


the  appeal."  The  blight  which  during  the 
past  (and  so  far  during  the  present)  year  has 
fallen  on  the  higher  drama  he  does  not  regard 
as  specially  ominous.  So  long,  however,  as  a 
general  public  is  to  be  pleased  the  art  offered 
to  it  must  necessarily  be  mediocre.  He  would 
have,  accordingly,  a  handsome  theatresufficiently 
endowed  to  despise  long  runs  and  to  provide 
for  the  intellectual  few  a  literary,  dramatic, 
and  artistic  entertainment.  This  is  not  the 
place  in  which  to  discuss  the  feasibility  of 
such  a  scheme.  Mr.  Archer  is  not  the  first 
by  very  many  years  to  advocate  a  theatre 
of  the  kind,  nor  is  the  present  his  first 
eflFort  in  this  direction.  His  dreams,  to  use 
his  own  words  concerning  his  forecasts,  "  smack 
of  the  fairy  tale,"  and  much  further  advocacy 
will  be  needed  before  the  smallest  step  in  the 
direction  at  which  he  points  will  be  taken. 
The  indices  are  once  more  a  commendable 
feature  in  the  volume,  to  which  also  Mr.  Henry 
George  Hibbert  contributes  a  synopsis  of  play- 
bills of  the  year. 

Adexirs  et  Advices  d' Autrefois.     Par  Arthur 
Pougin.     (Paris,  Juven    &  Cie.) — M.  Pougin's 
work    is    disappointing,    telling     the     student 
nothing  he   does   not  know.     So  little  is  said 
concerning  early  actors  in  proportion  to  those 
of  to-day,  that  a  more  satisfactory  title  would 
almost  have  been  '  Acteurs  et  Actrices  d'Aujour- 
d'hui.'      Practically,    the    point   at    which   the 
record  begins  coincides  with   that   in  England 
of  the  Restoration,  Raymond  Poisson,  the  first 
actor  concerning  whom  M.  Pougin  has  anything 
to  tell  us,  having  joined  the  company  of  the 
Hotel  de  Bourgogne  in  1653,   and  Dominique 
(Biancolelli),  who  follows,  having  been  brought 
to  Paris  by  Mazarin  in  1657.      Of  the  former 
M.  Pougin  speaks  as  the  creator  of  the  ro/e  of 
Crispin.     This  is  assuming  too  much.     Poisson 
invented  the  black  costume  of  Crispin  in  which 
he  was  painted    by  (Caspar)    Netscher,  whose 
portrait     is     reproduced,   and    was     succeeded 
in    the    character    by   his    son    Paul    and     his 
grandson     Francois.       That     he     created     the 
part     is     mere     conjecture,      Dominique     was 
the     great    Arlequin,    from    whose     traditions 
probably    our    own    Rich    (Lun)    derived    his 
conception    of   the    part,    in    which,    however, 
he  seems    to  have   gone    beyond   his  original. 
Concerning  other  actors  on  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury stage  M.  Pougin  has   very    little  to  say, 
and  the   descriptions  of    the  establishment  of 
the  Com^die  Frangaise,  the  Comedie  Italienne, 
the  Op^ra,  and  the  Op^ra  Comique  occupy  less 
space  than  any  one  of  those  institutions  might 
exact.      What  interest  M.  Pougin's  work  pos- 
sesses is  almost  confined    to  the   illustrations, 
which  reproduce  many  portraits,  from  those  of 
the  actors  mentioned  to  those  of  Madame  Sarah 
Bernhardt  and  Madame  Re'jane-Porel.      A  few 
views  of  theatres,  a  caricature  or  two,  a  repre- 
sentation of   the  Comedie  Frangaise  crowning 
the  bust  of  Voltaire,  and  other  designs  are  also 
given.     The    notion    of    the    task  he    has  in- 
differently executed  was  suggested  to  the  author 
by  recent  exhibitions,  including  the  Exposition 
Th^atrale      et     Musicale     at      the     Palais     de 
rindustrie.     We   wish   the    scheme    had   been 
more  ambitious.    Innumerable  as  are  the  works 
on  the  French  stage   from  the  days  of  Loret, 
author  of  the  '  Muze   Historique,'  to  our  own 
times,   we   possess   no  work   such  as   the  first 
glimpse  of  M.  Pougin's  volume  led  us  to  expect. 


In  his  speech  at  the  conclusion  of  the  Lyceum 
season  Sir  Henry  Irving  announced  that  he 
would  reopen  in  December,  and  promised  new 
plays  by  his  son  Mr.  Lawrence  Irving  (on  the 
subject  of  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia)  and  by 
Messrs.  H.  D.  Traill  and  R.  S.  Hichens. 
He  spoke  of  the'^  complaints  that  have  been 
made  against  the  Lyceum  management  as 
hardened  and  reactionary.    This,  if  not  intended 


as  humour,  shows  super-sensitiveness,  since 
such  complaints  have  never  spread  beyond  the 
narrowest  circle.  Under  existing  theatrical 
conditions  it  would  be  more  than  cruel  to 
blame  a  manager  for  seizing  on  a  success 
wherever  he  can  catch  it. 

That  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  would  be  the  occu- 
pant of  the  Lyceum  during  Sir  Henry's  absence, 
which  also  was  announced,  had  leaked  out  before. 
Mr.  Robertson  has  been  long  urged  to  appear  as 
Hamlet,  and  it  will  be  good  news  to  the  majority 
of  playgoers  that  in  that  character  his  opening 
experiment  will  be  made. 

Among  the  company  engaged  for  Drury  Lane 
in  addition  to  those  already  mentioned  are  Mrs. 
John  Wood,  Miss  Kate  Rorke,  MissPattie  Brown, 
and  Mr.  Henry  Neville.  The  play  will  jjresent, 
among  other  scenes,  a  panic  on  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, the  Jubilee  ball  at  Devonshire  House, 
and  a  Thames  lock  with  its  Sunday  croAvd. 

The  autumn  season  at  Her  Majesty's  will 
begin  with  'The  Silver  Key,'  which  is  still 
running,  and  a  shortened  form  of  '  The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew.'  The  latter  will,  we  suppose,  be 
based  on  Garrick's  '  Catharine  and  Petruchio. ' 
Mr.  Tree  will  play  Petruchio.  A  production  of 
'Julius  C.-esar'  and  a  revival  of  'Hamlet,'  with 
Mrs.  Tree  as  Ophelia,  are  promised. 

On  August  5th  the  '  Secret  Service  '  company 
will  sail  for  America,  and  their  places  at  the 
Adelphi  will  be  filled  by  a  set  of  English 
interpreters. 

A  LARGE  audience  flocked  to  Her  Majesty's 
on  the  afternoon  of  Saturday  last  to  witness 
the  farewell  of  Madame  Bernhardt,  but  were 
disappointed  of  the  valedictory  speech  which 
they  had  hoped  to  hear. 

Some  doubt  has  been  cast  upon  the  more  than 
half-promised  appearance  at  the  Shaftesbury  of 
Mrs.  Brown  Potter  and  Mr.  Kyrle  Bellew. 

In  consequence  of  the  transference  to  the 
Adelphi  of  the  American  drama  of  '  Secret 
Service,'  room  has  been  made  at  the  Comedy 
for  the  revival  of  '  Saucy  Sally,'  Mr.  Burnand's 
rendering  of  'La  Flamboyante.'  In  this  piece, 
first  seen  at  the  same  house  on  March  10th, 
Mr.  Hawtrey  repeats  his  performance  of  Herbert 
Jocelyn,  one  of  the  best  of  his  comic  creations. 
Miss  Lottie  Venne  replaces  Miss  Maud  Abbott 
as  Cecile ;  and  Mr.  Frederick  Thorne,  Mr. 
Ernest  Hendrie  as  Jack  Buncombe. 

'  A  Labour  of  Love,'  a  one-act  play  by  Mr. 
Horace  W.  C.  Newte,  constitutes  the  lever  de 
rideau  at  the  Comedy.  It  is  a  fairly  pretty 
and  pathetic  story  of  a  supposed  episode  in  the 
Indian  Mutiny,  and  would,  but  for  some  super- 
fluous and  conventional  comic  scenes,  be  entitled 
to  a  measure  of  consideration.  Mr.  Cosmo 
Stuart  and  Miss  Maud  Abbott  played  the  prin- 
cipal parts  with  earnestness  and  effect. 

Madame  Bernhardt  has  announced  her  in- 
tention to  reopen  the  Renaissance  Theatre  in 
September  with  an  adaptation  by  M.  Pierre 
Decourcelle  of  the  '  Secret  Service '  of  Mr. 
Gillette. 

The  Lyric  will  be  opened  on  August  14th 
with  a  revival  of  'The  Sign  of  the  Cross.'  A 
resuscitation  of  '  The  Silver  King  '  will  follow. 

Mr.  Alexander  has  acquired  the  English 
rights  of  '  Lorenzaccio '  as  amended,  and  is 
credited  with  the  intention  of  himself  playing 
the  hero— a  rather  hazardous  experiment.  He 
has  also  a  play  by  Mr.  Louis  Parker  on  the 
South  Sea  Bubble,  the  title  of  which  is 
'Change  Alley.' 


To  Correspondents.— E.  D.— W.  H.— A.  C— M.  A.  R.  T. 
-received. 
A.  S.  H. — Received,  but  too  teclinical  for  us. 


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survey  of  the  manysided  activities  of  English  life." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  *  Social  England ' .  .  .  .may  fairly  be  called  one  of  the  most  useful 
and  brilliant  works  of  our  time." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"  Mr.  H.  D.  Traill  is  to  be  heartily  congratulated  on  the  completion 
of  the  great  work  on  '  Social  England.' ....  The  work  is  not  only  a 
host  in  itself,  but  it  is  a  great  collection  of  clues  to  knowledge." 

Academy. 

NOW  READY,  cloth,  9s.  ;  or  half  persian,  15s.  net. 

PICTORIAL   ENGLAND   AND  WALES. 

With  upwards  of  320  beautiful  Illustrations,  prepared 
from  Copyright  Photographs. 

"  Here  are  some  320  beautiful  pictures  costing  each  of  them  only 
the  fraction  of  a  farthing.  Scenes  of  historic  interest  and  picturesque 
spots  (some  of  them  still  virgin  of  the  tourist)  are  included,  and  the 
blocks  in  almost  every  case  are  creditable  to  both  photographers  and 
engravers." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 


NOTICE.— The  FIRST  and  SECOND  VOLUMES  of  the  POPULAR 

EDITION  of 

FAMILIAR    WILD    FLOWERS, 

By  F.  E.  HULME,  F.L.S.  F.S.A., 

Are  now  ready,  and  will  be  followed  at  intervals  of  about  a  fortnight 
by  the  other  Volumes.  The  Work  will  be  completed  in  Five  Volumes 
at  3s.  Qd.  each,  and  will  contain  200  beautiful  Coloured  Plates. 


Uniform  with  the  Popular  Edition  of '  Familiar  Wild 

Flowers.' 

CHEAP  EDITION  in  WEEKLY  PARTS,  price  6d,  of 

FAMILIAR    GARDEN    FLOWERS. 

By  SHIRLEY   HIBBERD. 

With  200  beautiful  Coloured  Plates  by  F.  E.  Hulme,  F.L.S.  F.S.A. 

PART  1  NOW  READY,  price  Qd. 

[To  he  completed  in  21  Parts. 

"  The  pictures  in  *  Familiar  Garden  Flowers '  are  beautifully 
drawn  and  coloured,  and  the  part  of  Mr.  Hibberd  has  been  performed 
in  a  most  commendable  style.  It  is  got  up  in  quite  an  elegant  form, 
and  is  really  handsome." — Queen. 


CASSELL  &  COMPANY,  Limited,  London,  Paris,  and  Melbourne. 


Editorial  CommnnicationB  shonld  be   addressed  to  "The  Editor "  — AdTertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "The  Publisher "— at  the  Office,   Bream's-bulldings,  Chancery-lane,  B.C. 
Printed  by  Johm  Edwabd  Famcra,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C.  j  and  Published  by  Jobn  C.  Fiiaxcis  at  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  EC. 

Agents  lorScoTLiND,  Messrs    Bell  &  Bradtute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  July  .31,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


journal  of  (Bn^U^f)  mx^  d^orefgit  literature,  Science,  tfie  :^im  ^rt^,  M\Wit  anb  t&e  i^rarna* 


No.  3641. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    7,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

REQISTKKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


OPEN  TO  THE  PUliUC  rUEE  10  A  M.  TO  6  p  M. 

PUBLISHERS'  PERMANENT   BOOK   EXHIBI- 
TION.  10,  Jiloonisliury-street,  London,  W  C  . 
Where  the  Latest  Proiluetions  of  the  Chief  Houses  may  be 
inspected,  liUT  NOT  I'UliCHASBU, 

SCOTCHMAN,    knowirio:    French,    German,   and 
Spanish,  wishes  TRANSLATION  WORK  (Novels.  Correspondence, 
&c  ).— K.  iM.  Leis,  153,  Hill-street.  Garnethill.  Glasgow. 

''ro  PUBLISHERS  and  BOOKSELLERS.— Adver- 

-I  tiser.  :J0,  with  man  v  years'  firstclass  experience  in  England  and 
Trance,  desires  KE-ENG\(;kmkNT  with  I'UHLISHEll  or  important 
KOOKSELLER.— H.  Enw  vui.s,  101,  Ebury-street.  S.W. 


u 


NIVERSITiT     COLLEGE     of     SHEFFIELD. 


LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHY  AND  ECONOMICS. 
The  eouncil  will  proceed    to  the  ELECITUN   of  a  LECTURER  in 
PHILOSOPHY  and  ECONOMICS   in  SEPTEMHER      Duties   to    com- 
mence in  October  neit.    Salary  2yo(.  at  least,  td^ether  with  half  the 
fees  of  the  Lecturer's  Classes  —For  particulars  apply  to  The  HEiiisi  k.ui. 

jyjASON      COLLEGE,      BIRMINGHAM. 

I.  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  MENTAL  AND  MORAL  PHILOSOPHY, 
AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 
II.  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  ME'l'ALLURGY. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  above  Professorships. 
Applications,    accompanied    hy  thirty-live    copies    of    testimonials, 
should  be  sent   to   the    undersigned    not    later    than   Saturday,  Sep- 
tember 18. 

The  Candidates  elected  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  their  duties  as 
Boon  after  October  1  as  i)Ossibie 
Partner  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

T    O  N  DO  N       COUNTY       COUNCIL. 


TECHNICAL  EDUCATION  BOARD. 

The  Technical  Education  Hoard  of  tlie  London  County  Council  is 
prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of  HKA1> 
MASrKR  of  the  new  CAMKERWELL  SCHOOL  of  ARTS  and 
CR.\Frs,  erected  by  Mr.  Passmore  ildwards  in  memory  of  the  late 
Lord  Leijthton.  The  salary  will  be  at  the  rate  of  4U0(  a  year,  and  the 
Head  Master,  wliose  services  will  be  required  in  October,  will  be 
expected  to  devote  his  whole  time  to  the  duties  of  the  office  unless  he 
is  also  appointed  bv  the  Vestry  of  the  Parish  of  Camberwell  to  be 
Director  of  the  South  London  Art  Gallery.- Forms  of  application, 
together  with  full  particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  ol  the 
aj>poiiifment,  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  during  August, 
and  must  be  returned  to  this  Office  on  or  before  Wednesday, 
September  15.  WM.  G 4 RNEIT,  Secretary  ol  the  Board. 

a.i,  St  Martin's- place,  W.C,  July  30,  18!)7. 

ADNORSHIRE     COUNTY     INTERMEDIATE 

DUAL  DAY  SCHOOL 

LLANDRINDOD  WELLS. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 

The  Radnorshire  County  Governing  Body  are  prepared  to  receive 
applications  for  the  above  appointment.  The  salary  is  1.50/.  per  annum, 
together  with  a  Capitation  Fee  of  30s.  per  Scholar  in  attendance.  No 
residence  is  provided. 

The  School,  for  Forty  Boys  and  Fifty  Girls  (in  separate  departments), 
will  be  opened  about  the  end  of  September  next,  and,  besides  being 
complete  in  every  modern  requirement  of  the  ordinary  curriculum, 
has  been  specially  planned  and  furnished  for  the  thoroughly  efficient 
technical  instiuction  of  both  Boys  and  Girls, 

Candidates  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
need  not  be  in  Holy  Orders. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  County  Scheme 
(price  6d. ). 

Applications,  with  full  particulars  and  copies  of  testimonials,  to  be 
sent  to  me.  the  undersigned,  on  or  before  Friday,  August  20  next. 

Written  communications  are  allowed,  but  personal  canvassing  of  the 
Governors  will  disqualify  any  applicant. 

K.  E    MOSiiLKY,  Clerk  to  County  Goyerninir  Body. 

Llandrindod  Wells,  July  31,  1897. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN.  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns  —For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Prikciml. 

REBO  V  I  R       HOUSE      SCHOOL, 

1,  Trebovir-road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
Principal— Mrs.  W.  K.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectnses  and  references  on  application. 

n^HB   FROEBEL  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTE, 

-*-  Talgarth-road,  West  Kensington,  London,  W. 

Chairman  of  the  Committee-Mr.  W.  MATHER. 
Treasurer— Mr.  C.  G.  MONTEFIORE. 
Secretary-Mr.  ARTHUR  G.  SYMONDS,  M.A. 

TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS. 

Principal— Madame  MICHAELIS. 

Who  is  assisted  by  a  Staft'  of  competent  'Trainers  and  Teachers. 

KINDERGARTEN    AND   SCHOOL. 

Head  Mistress-Miss  LAWRENCE. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Princip.il. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal-Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 

The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.  Stu- 
dents are  expected  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  r  m.  on 
Wednesday.  October  6  Mrs.  FAVVCETT  will  deliver  the  Inaugural 
Address  at  4  30  p  m.  on  Thursday.  October  7. 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  branches  of  general  and  higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically  they  form  a  connected  and  progressive  course,  but 
«  Single  Course  of  Lectures  in  any  subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  for  all  the  University  of  London  Examinations  in 
Arts  and  Science,  for  the  'Teachers  Diploma  (London),  and  for  the 
Teachers  Certilicate  (Cambridge). 

Six  Laboraties  are  open  to  students  for  Practical  Work. 

'he  Art  School  is  open  from  10  to  4.  Students  can  reside  in  the 
College.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


QWITZERLAND.— HOME    SCHOOL  for   limited 

O  number  of  GIUL8.  Ppeoial  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
fjuaijes,  Music  and  Art.  Visitinf?  I'rolessors  ;  I'liiversity  Lectures. 
Hi-Hcint:  climate:  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Hkiss,  Waldheini,  Uerne. 

rjNIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 

The  SE.^SION  of  the  FACULTIES  of  ARTS  and  LAWS  and  of 
SCIENCE  (including  the  Indian  and  Orienial  Schools  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Fine  Arts)  will  BEGIN  on  0"'T01ilCR  5th  The  Introductory 
Lecture  will  be  given,  at  3  p.m.,  by  Professor  J.  SULLY',  MA    LL.D. 

Subjects.  Pi-D/e^Aoi-.'i  nr  Teachers. 

Latin         A.  E.  Housman.  :\1  A. 

Greek        J.  A.  Piatt.  M  A 

Hebrew  (Goldsmid  Professorship)  The  Rev   I)r  1).  W.  Marks. 

Comparative  Philology        1.  P  Postgate.  M  A.  Liit.D. 

.■iicbicology  (Yates  Professorship)  E.  A.  Gardner,  M..\. 

Egyptian     Arch-.fology    (Edwards 

Professorship)  W.M.  Flinders Petrie,  D.C.L.  LL  1). 

English  (Quain  Professorship)     . .  W.  P.  Ker,  M  A. 

History F.  0.  Montague,  MA. 

I'hilosophy    of     Mind   and    Logic 

(C rote  Professorship)        ..         ..  J.  Sully.  M  A   LL  D. 

Political  Economy       H.  S.  Koxwell,  M.A. 

Statistics  (Newmarch  Lectureship)  Vacant 

Architecture       'T.  Roger  Smith,  F.R  I  B..\.. 

Fine  .\rts  (Slade  Professorship)   ..  Fredk   Brown 

French H.  Lallemand,  B -Cs-Se. 

German Vacant. 

Italian       F.  de  .Asarfa. 

Mathematics M.  J  M  Hill.  M  A  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 

Chemistry  W.  Ramsay.  Ph  D.  P  K.S. 

Pathological  Chemistry        ..        ..  Vaughan  Harley,  Ml). 

Ph>sics  (Uuain  Professorship)      ..  O  Carey  Foster.  B. A  F  R  S. 

/oology  (Jodrell  Professorship)    . .  W.  F.  R.  Weldon.  M  ,\.  F.R  S. 

Botany  (Quain  Professorship)      ..  F  W.  Oliver.  M  A.  1)  Sc. 

Geology  ( Yates  Goldsmid  Profes- \ 'The    Rev.    'T.    G.    lionuey,    D.Sc. 
sorship)  J      LL.D.  F  G.S.  F  R  S. 

Physiology  (Jodrell  Professorship)  E.  A.  Schiifer.  F  R  S. 

Hygiene  and  Public  Health. .        . .  AV   H.  Corlield.  MA.  M  D. 

Pathology  and  Morbid  Anatomy  . .  Sidney  Martin,  M.D.  F.R.S. 

Applied     Mathematics     and     Me- 
chanics    Karl  Pearson,  M  A  LL.R.  F.R.S. 

Mechanical  Engineering      . .        . .  'T.     Hudson     Beaie,     B  A.    B.Sc. 

M.Inst  CE. 

Electrical  Engineering         ..        ..  J.  .\.  Fleming.  M.A.  DSc.  F.R.S. 

Civil  Engineering       L.     F.    \'eruon  -  Harcourt,     M.A. 

M  Inst.C  E. 

Roman  Law       A.  F  Murison.  M  .V  LL  D. 

Jurisprudence J.  Pawley  Bate.  M.A  LL.D. 

Law  ((iuain  Chair) Augustine  Birrell,  Q  C,  M. P. 

Indian  Law        J.  W.  Neill. 

Sanskrit C.  Bendall,  M..\. 

Pali  T.  W.  Rhys  Davids,  Ph.D. 

Arabic S.  A   Strong,  M  .A 

Persian E,  Denison  Ross,  I'll  D. 

Hindustani         J   F.  Ulunihardt,  MA. 

Marathi J.  W.  Neill. 

Tamil         R.  W.  Frazer,  B  A.  LL  B. 

Burmese R.  F.  St  A,  St.  John,  Jl.A. 

Students  of  both  sexes  are  admitted  to  all  Classes,  provided  there  is 
room,  without  previous  examination. 

Scholarships,  &e  ,  of  the  value  of  2.000/  are  offered  for  competition 
annually.  'The  regulations  as  to  these,  and  further  information  as  to 
Classes,  Prizes,  &c.,  may  be  obtained  from 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  .M.A  ,  Secretary. 


8 


i\ 


BARTHOLOMEWS 

COLLEGE. 


HOSPITAL    and 


PIlELIMINAllY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 


Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientitic  and  Intermediate  B.Sc  Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  commence  on  OCTOBER  1,  and  continue 
tillJULY,  1898 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  21i.,  or  18(.  18s.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  single  subjects  may  be  taken. 

'There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  Wiuui-s  or  rue  Colleoe,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London.  EC. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 


LIT. 


BARTHOLOMEW'S 

COLLEGE. 


HOSPITAL    and 


The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  FRIDAY,  October  1.  1807. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  collegiate  regulations. 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  beds-  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  90*)/.  are  awarded  annually. 

The  Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  and  well-appointed 
Laboratories  for  Practical  Teaching,  as  well  as  JJisseeting  Rooms, 
Museum.  Library.  &c. 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  is  open 
to  members  of  the  Students'  Clubs. 

For  further  particulars  apply,  personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Warden 
OF  THE  College,  St.  Rartholome^v's  Hospital,  E.C". 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 


s 


T.    BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 

COLLEGE. 
OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  worth  150?.,  "5!  .  "5(  ,  50/.,  and 
20;.  each,  tenable  for  one  year,  will  be  competed  for  on  September  :.'7, 
18U7— viz..  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  ol  the  value  of  I'U.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sulhcient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  i:A.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  surticient  merit)  in  liiology  and 
Physiology.  Candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  twenty- 
five  years  of  age.  and  must  not  have  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Practice  of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  150/..  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition,  value  50/.,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  twenty  years  of  age  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics, 
Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology. 

'The  Jeaflreson  Exhibition  (value  -0(.)  will  be  competed  for  at  the 
same  time.  'The  subjects  of  examination  are  Latin,  Mathematics,  and 
any  one  of  the  three  following  Languages— Greek.  French,  and  German. 
'The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matriculation 
Examination  of  July,  1897. 

'The  successful  Candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination. 

For  particulars,  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  W.411DES  OF  THE  CoLuEoE,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES.  BEAULIEU- SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER  CALAIS.  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK.  HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  M  KNTONl". 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris. 

JTNIVERSITY     COLLEGE     of    WALES, 

^  ABERYSrWYIH 

(One  of  the  Constituent  Colleges  of  the  University  of  Wales  ) 

'TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECOND.UtY  TEACHERS, 

MEN  AND  WOMEN 

Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Teachers'  Ti'aining  Syndicate. 

Piofessor  of  the  Theory,  Pi-actice,  and  History  of  Education— FOSTEK 
WATSON,  M  A.  Lond. 

Assistant  Lecturer-Miss  ANNA  ROWLANDS.  B.A.  Lond. 

Preparation  for  («/)  the  Degrees  in  Arts  and  Science  of  the  University 
of  Wales,  the  curriculum  for  which  includes  the  'Theory  and  History  of 
Education  as  an  optional  subject  in  the  'Third  Year;  (.V)  Cambridge 
'Teachers'  Certificate.  'Theory  and  Practice;  (.■)  London  University 
'Teachers'  Diploma;  id)  College  of  Preceptors'  Diplomas. 

Composition  Fee  for  the  Session  (intduding  Lectures  and  Practice),  10/. 

Men  Students  reside  in  registered  lodgings  in  the  town.  Some  of  the 
Men  Students  are  able,  with  economy,  to  limit  the  cost  of  board  and 
residence  to -5/  iierannum. 

Women  Students  reside  in  the  Hall  of  Residence  for  ^Vomen Students. 
Terms  from  31  to  40  Guineas. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to 

T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar. 

ASSISTANT  SCHOOLMISTRESSES.—  Miss 
LOUISA  liUOUOH  can  recommend  University  Graduates.  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers.  Foreign  Teachers,  Kindergarten 
Mistresses,  &e.— Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven-street, 
Charing  Cross.  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  ffrce  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS. 
TURING  &  tM>..  who,  from  tlieir  e.vtensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Hoys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements.— 36,  Sackville-street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  'Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad— A  statement  of  rcquirementa 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  B££V0B,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

PARTNERSHIP.  —  Excellent  opportunity 
of  ACQUIRING  old-established  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS 
3.000;  required.— Write  to  A.  L.  C,  care  of  H.  A.  Moncrieff,  19,  Ludgate- 
hill,  EC. 

q^HE   MANAGING    DIRECTORSHIP   of  a 

-L  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS  is  ollered  to  a  Gentleman  who  is 
prepared  to  invest  on  equal  terms  with  present  Proprietor,  who  is  a 
Sleeping  Partner.  Must  have  litei-ary  tastes  and  some  technical  know- 
ledge Fullest  particulars  will  be  supplied  —.Apply,  in  first  instance,  to 
PuiiiisHKa.  care  of  Haddon's  Advertising  Agency.  Salisbury-square,  E  C. 

''FYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.    per  folio 

-L  of  72  words.  References  to  Authors.— Miss  Gladding,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

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178 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7, '97 


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N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


179 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  CO.'S 
LIST. 


MR.   MURRAY'S   LIST. 


SECOND  EDITION. 

CROMWELLS  PLACE  in  HISTORY. 

Founded    on    Six    Lectures    delivered    at    Oxford.     By 
SAMUEL  RAWSON  GAKDINEK,  D.C.L.LL  D.,  Fords 
Lecturer,  189d.     Crown  8vo.  3s.  ed. 
"  It  would  be  difficult  to  speak  too  highly  of  the  tone  and 
temper  of  Dr.  Gardiner's  study  of  Cromwell's  place  in  history. 
ihe  book  has  but  one  hundred  and  sixteen  pages,  yet  in  it  is 
■contained  an  extraordinarily  perfect  appreciation  of  Crom- 
well as  a  statesman  and  ruler." — Spectator. 

WHAT  GUNPOWDER  PLOT  WAS: 

a  Reply  to   Father   Gerard.      By  SAMUKL   RAWSON 

GARDINER,  D.C.L.     With  8  Illustrations  and  Plans. 

Crown  8vo.  5s. 

"Father  Gerard's  theory  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot,  as  set 

forth  in  his  recently  published  book,  is  demolished  once  and 

for  all  by  Dr.  Gardiner.     Never  has  the  story  of  that  famous 

plot  been  so  thoroughly  examined  in  the  light  of  historical 

•evidence  as  iu  this  new  work." — Daili/  A'ews. 

CHILDREN'S  WAYS :    being  Selec- 

tions  from  the  Author's   'Studies  of  Childhood,'  with 

some   Additional   Matter.      By  JAMES    SULLY.  M.A. 

LL.D.,    Grcte    Professor    of    Philosophy  of   Mind   and 

Logic,  University  College,  London.     Cruwn  8vo.  4s.  6rf. 

"  A  picture  of  child  life  w  hich  will  delight  as  much  as  it 

informs.     Never  before  has   the  subject  been   so  fully  and 

philosophically  dealt  with,  and  lovers  of  the  little  ones  will 

thank  Mr.  Sully  for  putting  '  Children's  Ways '  within  their 

reach." — Globe. 

The    ELEMENTS    of    COTTON 

SPINNING.  By  JOHN  MORRIS  and  F.  WILKINSON. 
With  a  Preface  by  Sir  B.  A.  DOBSON,  Chevalier  de  la 
Legion  d'Honneur,  C.B.  M.I.M.B.  With  169  Illustra- 
tions and  Diagrams.    Crown  8vo.  7s.  6d.  net. 

SOME  HELPS  for  SCHOOL  LIFE : 

Sermons  preached  at  Clifton  College,  1862-1879.  By  J. 
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New  and  Cheaper  Edition,  with  a  New  Preface.  Crown 
6vo.  3s.  6a!.  

NOVELS    AND    STORIES. 
The    CHEVALIER    DAURIAC :     a 

Historical  Romance.      By  S.  LEVETT-YEATS,  Author 
of  '  The  Honour  of  Savelli,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 
"  This  is  unquestionably  the  best  cloak-and-sword  story 
that  the  past  few  months  have  produced." — Bookman. 

"  As  a  story  it  bustles  along  nobly.  The  clash  of  steel 
sounds  from  start  to  finish." — Academy. 

NEW  BOOK  BY  MR.  J.  K.  JEROME. 

SKETCHES  in  LAVENDER:   Blue 

and  Green.    A  Collection  of  Short  Stories.    By  JEROME 

K.  JEROME.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

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which  is  not  its  least  recommendation.     Since  '  Stageland  ' 

Mr.  Jerome  has  given  us  nothing  better  than  these  stories." 

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THE     ATHEN^UM 


181 


SATUItDAY,   AUGUST  7,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

The  Supposed  Logia 

The  Maltese  Corps  in  the  British  Army 

A  French  Adventuress  under  the  Hoi  Soleil    ... 

Sutton  in  Holderness        

France  and  the  Western  Schism        

Wakeman's  History  of  the  Church  of  England  ... 

New  Novels  (Tlie  Mutable  Many;  Did  He  Deserve 
It?  A  Bride's  Madness;  Les  Trois  Filles  de  Pieter 
Waldorp)        185 

Two  Books  on  Spain 

Recext  Verse .'"        .'_'_"        |" 

South  African  Tales— Classical'philology"       '.'.! 

Recent  Biography— Orientalia 

American  History      

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     '.'.'.      190 

Old  Age  ;  •  A  Tale  of  Two  Tunnels  ' ;  Early  Allu- 
sions TO  Chess  ;  The  New  Logia  ;  The  Clerk 
OF  THE  Ships  ;  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke's  '  Primer'; 
A  Poetic  Trio       19:i 

Literary  Gossip         .'.'.'       \\\       ".. 

Science— The  Ancient  Volcanoes  of  Great  Britain- 
Library  Table;  Zoological  Literature;  The 
Literature  of  Engineeri.vg;  Botanical  Lite- 
rature ;  Atlases  ;  Mathematical  Literature  ; 
Astronomical  Notes  ;  Anthropological  Notes  ; 
Gossip  194 

Fink  Arts— The  Churches  of  Cheshire  ;  Library 
Table;  Numismatic  Literature;  The  Koyal 
Akch.eological  Institute  ;  Gossip  ...      199 

Music— Recent  Publications  ;  Bayreuth  Festival 
Gossip  20 

Drama— Gossip ' 


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LITERATURE 


AOriA  IH20Y  :  Sayings  of  our  Lord.  Dis- 
covered and  edited  by  Bernard  P.  Gren- 
fell,  M.A.,  and  Arthur  S.  Hunt,  M.A. 
With  Collotypes.  (Published  for  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund  by  Henry 
Erowde.) 

The  object  of  the  speedy  publication  of  this 
interesting  pamphlet  is  to  draw  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public  to  the  character  of  the  dis- 
coveries which  have  been  recently  made  in 
Egypt.  It  is  intended  that  the  present  work 
should  bo  a  specimen  and  a  forerunner  of 
whatmay  be  expected.  The  editors  thus 
describe  the  town  where  the  discoveries  were 
made  : — 

"On  the  edge  of  the  Libyan  desert,  120  miles 
south  of  Cairo,  a  series  of  low  mounds,  covered 
■with  Roman  and  early  Arab  pottery,  marks  the 
spot  where  stood  the  capital  of  the  Oxyrhynchite 
nome.  The  wide  area  of  the  site  and  the  scale 
of  the  buildings  and  city  walls,  where  traceable, 
testify  to  its  past  size  and  importance  ;  but  it 
declined  rapidly  after  the  Arab  conquest,  and 
Its  modern  representative,  Behnesa,  is  a  mere 
hamlet.  A  flourishing  city  in  Roman  times  and 
one  of  the  chief  centres  of  early  Christianity  in 
Egypt,  Oxyrhynchus  offered  a  peculiarly  attrac- 
tive field  for  explorers  who,  like  ourselves,  make 
the  recovery  of  Greek  papyri,  with  all  the  mani- 
fold treasures  they  may  bring,  their  principal 
aim."  ^ 

It  was  in  rubbish  heaps  of  this  town  that 
they  found  large  quantities  of  papyri,  chiefly 
Greek,  among  them  the  fragment  now  pre- 
sented to  the  public.  They  describe  the 
fragment  thus : — 

"The  document  in  question  is  a  leaf  from  a 
papyrus  book  containing  a  collection  of  Logia 
or  Sayings  of  our  Lord,  of  which  some,  though 
presenting  several  novel  features,  are  familiar  • 
others  are  wholly  new.  It  was  found  at  the  verv 
beginning  of  our  work  upon  the  town,  in  a 
mound  which  produced  a  great  number  of  papvri 
belonging  to  the  first  three  centuries  of  our  era 
those  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  our  fragment 
belonging  to  the  second  and  third  centliries. 
ihis  fact,  together  with  the  evidence  of  the 
handwriting,  which  has  a  characteristicallv 
Roman  aspect,  fixes  with  certainty  300  a  d  as 
the  lowest  limit  for  the  date  at  which  the 
papyrus  was  written.  The  general  probabilities 
ot  the  case,  the  presence  of  the  usual  contrac- 


tions found  in  Biblical  MSS.,  and  the  fact  that 
the  papyrus  was  in  book,  not  roll,  form,  put  the 
first  century  out  of  the- question,  and  make  the 
first  half  of  the  second  unlikely.  The  date, 
therefore,  probably  falls  within  the  period 
150-300  A. D," 

The  title  which  the  editors  place  at  the 
head  of  the  document  is  not  in  the  papyrus, 
and  is  duo  to  themselves.  It  is  not  strictly 
accurate.  The  exact  title  would  be  the 
'  Sayings  of  Jesus.'  The  word  Xoyiov 
implies  that  the  saying  is  oracular  or  in- 
spired. There  is  nothing  in  the  sayings 
which  makes  it  certain  that  the  collector  of 
them  was  of  this  opinion.  The  English 
title,  '  Sayings  of  our  Lord,'  also  says  more 
than  is  necessarily  inferred  from  the  frag- 
ments. It  is  possible  that  the  collector  may 
have  regarded  Jesus  in  some  other  light 
than  that  in  which  the  orthodox  Church 
regarded  Him. 

The  sayings  are  put  down  as  eight  in 
number;  but  two  are  so  imperfect  that 
nothing  can  be  made  out  of  them.  Of  the 
remaining  sis,  two  are  entirely  new,  and  a 
portion  of  a  third,  which  is  imperfect,  con- 
tains a  sentence  which  has  no  parallel  in 
extant  Christian  writings.  One  of  the  other 
three  has  its  parallel  in  all  the  Gospels,  a 
second  has  parallels  in  St.  Luke  and  St. 
Matthew,  and  the  third  has  its  parallel 
only  in  St.  Matthew. 

The  fragments  are  too  few  and  too  im- 
perfect to  render  it  possible  to  draw  any 
certain  conclusions.  Pecourse  can  be  had 
only  to  conjectures  of  a  more  or  less  pro- 
bable character.  The  editors  point  out  that 
in  calling  them  logia  they  do  not  wish  to 
imply  that  the  fragment  "  has  any  actual 
connexion  with  the  Hebrew  logia  of  St. 
Matthew  or  the  Aoyta  KvpiaKo.  of  Papias." 
Nor  can  they  make  more  than  vague  sug- 
gestions in  regard  to  the  relationship  of  the 
fragments  to  our  present  Gospels.  They 
point  out  that  the  first,  containing  the  pas- 
sage about  casting  out  the  mote  that  is  in 
thy  brother's  eye,  coincides  with  Luke  vi.  42, 
and  not  with  Matt.  vii.  5.  But  they  ought 
to  have  noted  that  the  reading  of  Codex  D 
in  Luke  coincides  with  that  in  Matthew, 
and  that  the  order  of  the  words  is  different 
in  Codex  B,  so  that  the  reading  of  the  frag- 
ment does  not  agree  with  that  of  one  or 
two  of  the  best  uncials. 

The  editors  suggest  various  modes  of 
accounting  for  the  fragments.  Naturally, 
they  looked  first  of  all  to  see  if  they  could 
find  a  place  for  them  in  the  Gospel  accord- 
ing to  the  Egyptians  ;  but  we  know  so  little 
of  that  Gospel  that  any  inference  is  neces- 
sarily precarious.  If  they  had  turned  next 
to  nearly  the  only  other  peculiar  document 
which  throws  light  on  the  religious  state  of 
Egypt  in  the  early  centuries  of  Christianity, 
the  'DeVitaContemplativa,'  ascribed  to Philo, 
and  bearing  in  the  opinion  of  many  scholars 
traces  of  the  influence  of  Christianity,  they 
would  have  come  upon  much  that  is  in 
common  with  the  fragments. 

The  second  fragment  states  that  unless 
you  fast  you  will  not  find  the  kingdom  of 
God,  and  unless  you  keep  the  Sabbath  you 
will  not  see  the  Father.  The  Therapeutte 
fasted  every  day  and  the  whole  day,  and 
they  were  rigid  in  the  observance  of  the 
Sabbath.  They  believed  fasting  essential 
to  salvation.  They  were  bound  to  carry  on 
their  contemplation  of  God  during  the  day- 


light, doing  nothing  else,  thinking  that  all 
the  deeds  of  the  body,  such  as  eating  and 
drinking,  should  not  be  begun  till  darkness 
came  on.  The  fragment  has  the  words  tov 
Koo-^ov  added  to  vijrrTev(ri]Te,  which  make  no 
sense.  The  editors  try  to  force  a  sense  into 
them.  The  reading  originally  may  have 
been  ax/^t  or  fws  twv  Sva-fiMv.  If  the  tran- 
scriber read  koo-/xov  for  Bva-fjLMv,  he  would 
naturally  omit  the  d'x/Jt  or  ew?.  If  our  con- 
jecture were  correct,  then  the  saying  would 
embody  exactly  the  rule  of  the  Therapeutae. 
The  great  object  of  the  Therapeutfo  was  to 
see  the  Father,  to  attain  to  the  vision  of 
God. 

The  third  sa.ylng  describes  the  impression 
which  the  sight  of  the  world  produced  on 
Jesus.  He  finds  all  men  drunk  and  no  one 
thirsty,  and  He  is  vexed  that  the  sons  of 
men  are  blind  in  heart.  The  treatise 
'  De  Vita  Contemplativa '  contains  similar 
impressions  of  the  way  of  life  among  the 
sons  of  men.  The  writer  practically  repre- 
sents them  as  drunken.  The  word  occurs 
several  times.  The  only  persons  who  have 
real  thirst  are  those  who  lead  a  rational 
life.  And  He  uses  the  words  "blind  in 
their  minds,"  Tot?  ras  Suu'otas  rvcjiXioTTovcnv. 
He  also  employs  "  drunken"  and  "  thirst" 
with  spiritual  meanings. 

The  fifth  saying  is  incomplete.  It  must 
have  been  something  like  Matt,  xviii.  20. 
But  applied  to  the  Therapeutae  it  would 
mean  that  when  they  met  on  the  Sabbath 
Jesus  would  be  with  them,  and  during  the- 
weekdays,  when  each  man  lived  a  solitary 
life.  He  would  be  also  with  him  in  his  lone- 
liness. Then  the  fragment  adds,  "  Lift  the 
stone  and  there  you  will  find  Me,  cleave 
the  wood  and  I  am  there."  This  can  be- 
explained  by  supposing  that  Jesus  was 
regarded  as  the  Logos.  The  Stoic  doctrine 
of  tho  Logos  as  pervading  all  nature  is 
ascribed  to  the  Therapeutte,  and  it  was 
easy  to  pass  from  this  to  the  identification 
of  Jesus  with  the  Logos.  Possibly  if  there 
were  practical  Therapeutoo,  like  the  Essenes, 
as  seems  to  bo  hinted  in  the  commencement 
of  the  treatise  '  Do  Vita  Contemplativa,'  the 
words  might  refer  to  the  assertion  of 
Josephus  that  roots  and  stones  were  em- 
ployed to  cure  diseases.  But  this  is  doubt- 
ful, and  some  Jewish  critics  have  questioned 
the  accuracy  of  Josephus  on  this  point. 

The  sixth  saying,  the  first  part  of  which 
corresponds  to  Luke  iv.  24,  adds  to  this  that 
the  physician  does  not  effect  cures  on  those 
who  know  him.  The  addition  is  simply  an 
embodiment  of  the  statements  contained  in 
the  context  of  some  of  the  Evangelists.  But 
the  whole  saying  might  be  adduced  as  a 
reason  for  retiring  from  the  world. 

The  seventh  saying,  following  Matt.  v.  14^ 
states  that  a  city  built  on  the  top  of  a 
high  hill  and  firmly  fixed  cannot  either  fall 
or  be  hid.  The  saying  is  in  most  respects 
applicable  to  the  colony  which  the  Thera- 
peutte  established  in  Egypt.  It  was  on  an 
elevated  place.  The  two  special  excel- 
lences of  this  place  were  that  it  afforded- 
security  (acr^aAeta,  corresponding  to  ia- 
rrjpLyixkvt])  and  that  it  had  fine  air,  aepos 
iVKpacTia,  to  which  KpvfSrjvai  might  be  sup- 
posed to  have  a  reference. 

If  this  conjecture  in  regard  to  the  con- 
nexion of  the  fragments  with  the  Thera- 
peutae were  found  to  have  anything  in  it, 
the  question  of  the  authorship  and  the  date 


182 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


of  the  treatise  would  have  to  be  discussed 
again.  And  the  question  would  have  to  be 
raised  how  these  sayings  of  Jesus  had  their 
origin.  The  Therajiouta)  fasted  three  days 
or  more  on  end.  Men  in  a  state  of  body 
induced  by  such  fastings  would  be  sure  to 
have  personal  revelations  from  Jesus,  if  they 
believed  in  Him. 

The  fragments  will  give  rise  to  endless 
conjectures.  It  may  be  hoped  that  some 
further  light  may  be  thrown  on  them  from 
the  papyri  not  yet  deciphered.  And  we 
trust  that  the  publication  of  the  fragment 
will  induce  many  to  subscribe  to  the  new 
department  of  Egyptian  exploration,  the 
Graeco- Roman  Research  Account  of  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund. 


Historical  Records  of  the  Maltese  Corps  of  the 
British  Arnnj.  Compiled  by  Major  A.  G. 
Chesney.  (Clowes  &  Sons.) 
Few  people  are  aware  that  Malta  has  any 
military  history  in  addition  to  that  of  its 
famous  siege  by  the  Turks,  and  the  blockade 
of  Valetta  (1798-1800)  by  a  force  largely 
consisting  of  Maltese.  Major  Chesney  shows 
that  there  have  been  various  Maltese 
corps,  and  that  many  Maltese  have  served 
in  the  royal  navy.  Some  years  before  the 
British  captured  the  island  several  com- 
panies of  Maltese  artillery  had  been  raised 
for  service  in  Corsica,  and  about  the  same 
period  some  1,600  Maltese  were  serving  in 
the  royal  navy.  When  Napoleon  sailed  from 
Malta  for  Egypt  in  June,  1798,  he  left  be- 
hind him  General  Vaubois  with  a  force  of 
4,500  men;  but  early  in  September  the 
Maltese,  infuriated  by  the  plunder  of  their 
churches  and  other  outrages,  rose  in  re- 
bellion, and  the  French  were  obliged  to 
concentrate  at  Valetta,  with  the  excej^tion  of 
two detachmentsplaced  at  St.  Thomas's  Tower 
and  Fort  Chambray  in  Gozo.  All  three 
places  were  closely  invested,  and  the  Maltese 
riflemen  greatly  harassed  the  French.  Early 
in  October  Capt.  Ball,  R.N.,  arrived  with  arms, 
and  by  his  advice  and  co-operation  the  insur- 
gents were  greatly  aided.  He  made  himself 
popular,  and  in  October,  1799,  he  became 
leader  of  the  Maltese  and  chief  of  their  Pro- 
vincial Council ;  but  not  till  December  did 
any  British  troops  arrive — two  weak  regi- 
ments under  the  command  of  Brigadier- 
General  Graham,  afterwards  Lord  Lyne- 
doch.  In  Januarj',  1800,  a  company  of 
Neapolitan  artillery,  and  in  April  a  further 
Neapolitan  force  came.  Mean  time.  General 
Graham  proceeded  to  raise  a  paid  battalion, 
on  the  British  establishment,  of  Maltese  Light 
Infantry.  The  new  corps  consisted  of  eight 
companies,  each  one  hundred  strong,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Weir,  Royal  Marines, 
while  officers  were  lent  to  them  by  the  30th 
and  89th  regiments.  The  engagement  was  for 
two  years.  This  Maltese  Light  Infantry  took 
an  active  part  in  the  siege  of  the  town. 
The  garrison  sufiered  greatly  from  famine, 
and  surrendered  on  September  4th,  1800. 
Not  one  British  soldier  had  been  killed,  but 
"the  loss  of  the  Maltese  during  the  siege, 
including  the  mortality  of  those  imprisoned 
in  Valetta,  was  estimated  at  from  1,500  to 
2,000."  In  connexion  with  this  blockade 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  late  Sir  John 
Burgoyne  took  part  in  it  as  a  young  En- 
gineer officer,  and  the  writer  of  this  notice 
heard  him  describe  in  the  Royal  Engineers' 


mess  in  the  Crimea  one  feature  of  the 
operations.  He  related  tliat,  it  being  im- 
possible to  get  enough  of  the  thin  soil  to 
protect  the  approaches  from  fire,  the  be- 
siegers screened  them  from  view  by  means 
of  blankets. 

In  1800  the  Ist  Maltese  Regiment  fur- 
nished 300  volunteers  as  part  of  the  ex- 
pedition of  1,000  men  to  relieve  the  small 
British  garrison  of  Porto  Ferrajo  in  Elba 
and  expel  the  French  from  the  island.  The 
French  had  thrown  up  an  entrenchment, 
which  was  stormed  and  captured  by  De 
Bersey's  corps  of  Swiss  Pioneers  supported 
by  the  Maltese.  Of  the  defenders  sixty  or 
seventy  were  killed  or  wounded,  while  on 
our  side  the  casualties  numbered  twenty- 
four,  among  the  wounded  being  two  subal- 
terns of  the  Maltese  Regiment.  In  1802 
the  regiment  was  disbanded. 

At  the  end  of  1800  a  corps  of  500  Maltese 
Pioneers  was  raised  to  accompany  Sir  Ralph 
Abercrombie  to  Egypt,  the  period  of  service 
being  for  one  yeai",  and  they  seem  to  have 
done  good  service.  A  company'  of  Maltese 
Artificers  also  proved  themselves  useful  in 
the  same  campaign.  In  1801  a  militia 
infantry  regiment  was  raised,  and  about  the 
same  time  two  companies  of  Maltese  Artillery 
Militia. 

In  1802-3  two  provincialinfantry  battalions 
of  700  each,  a  battalion  of  artillery  300 
strong,  and  a  battalion  of  veterans  300  strong 
were  formed.  All  the  officers  were  Maltese 
except  the  adjutants.  In  1805  a  regiment 
styled  the  Royal  Malta  Regiment  was 
raised  for  general  service.  In  November, 
1807,  it  proceeded  to  Sicily,  and  in  Septem- 
ber in  the  following  year  was  sent  to  reinforce 
the  troops  under  Col.  Hudson  Lowe  at  Capri. 
Soon  after  reaching  the  island  a  picket  of 
the  regiment  saw  a  boat  approaching  and 
placing  a  ladder.  The  officer  commanding 
fired,  and  reported  that  the  intruders  were 
soldiers ;  but  Hudson  Lowe  believed  that 
the  men  were  fishermen.  Furthermore,  instead 
of  watching  with  small  posts  the  available 
landing  points  and  keeping  his  troops  con- 
centrated, he  scattered  his  forces,  so  that 
he  was  weak  evei'y where.  On  October  4th 
General  Lamarque,  with  a  flotilla  escorting 
a  strong  force  of  troops,  contrived  by  a  simple 
stratagem  to  outwit  the  British  commander. 
Three  companies  were  detached.  "  The  re- 
maining seven  companies  were  distributed 
on  the  heights  crowning  a  steep  declivity 
towards  the  sea,  terminating  in  a  narrow 
creek,  across  which  a  strong  wall,  about 
16  ft.  high,  had  been  built."  Two  com- 
panies of  the  Corsican  Rangers  and  one 
small  gun  were  sent  to  reinforce  the 
Maltese  when  the  French  appeared.  A  stout 
resistance  was  made,  but  the  battalion  was 
not  handled  with  tactical  skill.  At  length 
the  French,  having  completed  their  dis- 
embarkation between  8  and  9  r.jr.,  charged 
up  the  ravine,  slew  many,  and  captured 
others.  The  regiment  having  lost  its 
commanding  officer  and  exhausted  the 
ammunition,  only  some  three  companies, 
together  with  the  Corsican  Rangers,  escaped 
to  a  ruined  redoubt  a  short  distance  in  the 
rear  ;  but  being  without  water  or  food,  they 
had  to  sui'render.  In  this  action  the  regiment 
lost  2  officers  and  75  men  killed,  and  2  officers 
and  120  men  wounded.  The  colours  were 
taken  ofi  the  staffs  and  concealed  about  the 
persons  of  two  officers,  but  were  ultimately 


burnt,  there  being  a  rumour  that  every  one 
was  to  be  searched.  That  new  colours  were 
shortly  afterwards  presented  to  the  regi- 
ment proves  that  it  was  considered  to  have 
behaved  well.  Sir  Richard  Church  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner  when  the 
French  captured  Capri.  Church  was  after- 
wards sent  to  the  Ionian  Islands,  where  he 
raised,  on  the  model  of  the  Maltese  Fencibles, 
a  Greek  regiment,  of  which  he  was  very 
proud ;  but  it  left  him  disabled  in  the 
breach  at  Santa  Maura,  and  had  it  not  been 
for  a  company  of  British  soldiers  he  would 
have  been  again  made  prisoner  by  the 
French. 

In  1 806  the  Royal  Maltese  Military  Arti- 
ficers was  raised,  and  portions  of  the  corps 
served  in  various  parts  of  the  Mediterranean. 
The  title  was  changed  in  1813  to  Royal 
Maltese  Sappers  and  Miners.  In  1815  two 
companies  were  disbanded,  and  the  same 
fate  befell  the  third  company  two  years  later. 

In  1811,  the  population  of  Malta  having 
become  so  well  -  to  -  do  that  a  sufficient 
number  of  recruits  was  not  forthcoming, 
the  Royal  Malta  Regiment  was  disbanded. 
In  1815  all  the  other  Maltese  corps  were  dis- 
banded, their  place  being  taken  by  a  corps 
called  the  Royal  Malta  Fencibles.  This 
corps  lasted  till  1861,  when  it  was  con- 
verted into  an  artillery  regiment,  called 
the  Royal  Malta  Fencible  Artillery.  In 
1889  the  word  "  Fencible  "  was  eliminated. 

Between  1852  and  1857,  by  what  was 
virtually  conscription,  some  companies  of 
militia  were  raised,  receiving  no  pay.  The 
force  was  unpopular,  the  conscription  was 
not  put  into  execution,  the  companies 
dwindled,  and  in  1857  disappeared.  In 
1853  the  Malta  Dockyard  Battalion  of 
Artillery,  another  militia  force,  came  into 
being,  but  it  only  lived  four  years.  In  1889 
the  Royal  Malta  Regiment  of  Militia  was 
raised,  and  this  regiment  together  with  the 
Royal  Malta  Regiment  of  Artillery  and  the 
Maltese  Militia  Division  Submarine  Miners 
now  represent  the  local  forces  of  Malta.  In 
conclusion,  we  may  remark  that  during  the 
last  hundred  years  a  considerable  number  of 
Maltese  gentlemen  have  from  time  to  time 
held  commissions  in  the  British  army. 


Zcs  31ille  et  une  Kuits  d^nne  Amlassadrice  de 
Louis  XIV.  ParR.  de  Maulde-La  Claviere. 
(Paris,  Hachette  &  Cie.) 
Compiled  from  official  records,  this  memoir 
of  a  remarkable  adventuress  is  doubly  wel- 
come for  the  incidental  light  it  throws  on 
the  system  by  which  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century  the  French,  profiting  by  the  reli- 
gious toleration  then  prevailing  in  Persia, 
prosecuted  their  interests  in  the  East  by  com- 
bining commercial  with  missionary  zeal. 
We  are  shown  the  scandals  caused  when 
members  of  their  own  community  occasion- 
ally became  tainted  with  Islamism  ;  we  are 
introduced  to  political  cut-throats  of  various 
nationalities  workinginunison  with  Reverend 
Fathers  who  were  often  invested  with  con- 
sular as  well  as  episcopal  power,  whilst  we 
are  informed  that  the  delightful  case  with 
which  ne'er-do-weels  were  wont  to  be  de- 
ported eastward  to  rule  affairs  of  state  and 
to  graduate  in  blackguardism  was  due  to 
the  fact  that, 

"comma  le  regne  de  Louis  XIV.  manquait  de 
r(^volutions,   le    midi    de   la   France   se  voyait 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


183 


rt^duit  h  deverser  ses  Elements  incandescents  sur 
rOrient,  qui,  bien  heureusement,  lui  oflrait  un 
enorme  debouch^." 

Thus  wlien  M.  Fabre,  a  Marseillais,  having 
failed  as  a  banker  at  Constantinople,  fled 
from  his  creditors  and  family  to  Paris,  he 
not  only  persuaded  the  Government  that 
French  interests  demanded  the  despatch  of 
an  embassy  to  Persia,  but  also  that  he  was 
the  very  man.  to  conduct  it.  In  January, 
1703,  he  was  accordingly  nominated 
Ambassador  to  the  Shah,  with  the  Bishop 
of  Babylon,  as  his  auxiliary.  Trading  on 
his  expectations,  he  had  already  obtained 
from  Mile.  Petit,  the  wealthy  proprietress 
of  a  Parisian  gambling  hell,  the  following 
pledge : — 

"Je,  soussign^,  m'oblige  envers  M.  J.-B. 
Fabre  de  le  suivre  dans  ses  voyages  de  Con- 
stantinople et  ailleurs  ou  il  devra  aller,  soit  pour 
le  service  du  roi  que  pour  ses  propres  aflaires, 
et  de  I'assister  de  mes  soins,  sans  que  je  puisse 
prefcendre  h  aucune  retribution  ni  m'en  dis- 
penser en  aucune  maniere  de  raccompagner. — 
Makie  Petit." 

The  next  two  years  Fabre  spent  in  Paris 
utilizing  the  lady's  purse,  preparing  for  his 
mission,  and  combating  the  obstacles  raised 
thereto  by  M.  de  Ferriol,  Ambassador  to  the 
Porte,  a  man  who  in  earlier  days  had  been 
Fabre's  partner  in  political  intrigue,  but 
was  now  the  protector  of  that  worthy's 
wife  and  his  inveterate  enemy.  When  at 
last,  in  1705,  Fabre  sailed  for  the  East,  the 
male  attire  in  which  Mile.  Petit  accompanied 
him  was  but  a  presage  of  her  subsequent 
defiance  of  Oriental  and  European  decorum. 
At  Aleppo  the  Turkish  authorities,  insti- 
gated by  Ferriol,  detained  Fabre  for  several 
months.  During  that  period  he  and  his 
companion,  whom  he  represented  as  the 
wife  of  his  maitre  d^hotel  Hamel,  lived  at 
the  French  Consulate,  which  the  lady  made 
the  scene  of  the  wildest  orgies,  gathering 
round  her  both  Turks  and  Christians.  A 
scandalized  mob  attempted  to  stone  her.  The 
Superior  of  the  Jesuits  and  the  heads  of  the 
various  Catholic  orders  stationed  at  Aleppo 
menaced  her  with  excommunication ;  but 
she  threatened  to  turn  Mohammedan.  They 
appealed  to  M.  Fabre;  he  retorted  by 
threatening  them  with  the  bastinado  and 
by  assuring  them  that  he  had  been  com- 
missioned to  inquire  into  their  own  morals. 
At  last,  in  sore  distress  for  funds,  and  seeing 
his  only  haven,  Persia,  closed  against  him 
by  Ferriol's  machinations,  Fabre  and  his 
"demoiselle"  secretly  quitted  Aleppo.  They 
left  the  presents  destined  by  Louis  XIV.  for 
the  Shah,  together  with  a  great  part  of  their 
baggage  and  suite,  at  Samos ;  thence,  by 
dint  of  begging,  boasting,  and  hectoring, 
they  made  their  way  to  Constantinople,  the 
headquarters  of  the  enemy.  For  a  while  they 
obtained  shelter  from  the  importimities  of 
relatives  and  creditors  in  the  seraglio  of  the 
Persian  embassy,  and  presently,  thanks  to 
Mile.  Petit's  blandishments,  they  crossed 
the  Persian  frontier  in  the  train  of  the 
Shah's  homeward-bound  ambassador.  On 
arrival  at  Erivan,  the  aspect  of  the  French 
embassy  was  far  from  imposing.  Never- 
theless, the  expedition  had  been  joined  by 
Fabre's  son,  a  lad  of  fifteen;  the  Jesuit 
Father Mosnier  had  been  appointed  almoner; 
Mile.  Petit  had,  according  to  her  custom, 
already  enslaved  the  old  Khan  of  Erivan ; 
and  Fabre  was  demanding  from  the  Persian 


Government  600  francs  a  day  for  himself, 
and  100  for  his  companion,  "the  delegate 
of  the  princesses  of  the  house  of  France," 
when  poison  ended  his  adventures. 

Nothing  could  have  been  more  forlorn, 
more  hazardous,  than  was  now  the  position 
of  Mile.  Petit.  But,  undaunted,  she  kept 
two  objects  in  view  :  the  recovery  of  the 
moneys  she  had  given  to  Fabre,  and  the 
accomplishment  of  her  mission  "  to  teach  in 
the  name  of  the  princesses  of  France  the 
courtly  French  manners  to  the  Queen  of 
Persia"  —  a  mission  reminding  us  of  a 
popular  character  in  *  Utopia.'  Proclaim- 
ing herself  Fabre's  successor,  MUe.  Petit  was 
enthusiastically  supported  by  the  bewitched 
Khan,  who  gave  her  as  a  dragoman  a 
Parisianized  Armenian  possessed  of  the 
demon  of  adventure,  Comte  Zagly,  alias 
Iman-Qouly-beg,  Tavernier's  son-in-law  and 
the  Duke  of  Orleans'  godson.  Having  made 
a  trade  of  apostasy,  he  was  at  that  moment 
a  Mohammedan  and  filled  with  zeal  against 
the  Catholics — a  convenient  counterpoise  to 
Mosnier,  Mile.  Petit's  less  loyal  protector. 
Hamel,  her  pseudo-husband,  she  threw  into 
gaol.  The  arrival  at  Erivan  of  the  suite 
and  baggage  which  she  had  ordered  up 
from  Samos  was  the  signal  for  a  mutiny 
against  her.  There  followed  a  serious  col- 
lision between  the  French  and  Persians,  in 
which  we  hear  of  the  rescue  of  Hamel,  his 
re-imprisonment  and  death,  the  temporary 
incarceration  of  Mosnier,  young  Fabre,  and 
others,  and  the  execution,  by  order  of  the 
Khan,  of  two  Armenians  belonging  to  the 
embassy.  The  difficulty  settled,  MUe.  Petit, 
travelling  in  a  wicker  cage  slung  upon  a 
camel  and  attended  by  her  suite,  advanced 
towards  Ispahan. 

But  she  was  not  to  be  allowed  to  walk 
over  the  course.  It  is  true  that  young 
Fabre  (whose  claim  to  fill  his  father's  office 
had  been  urged  by  the  few  French  attached 
to  the  expedition)  was  now  a  puppet  in  the 
hands  of  MUe.  Petit  as  later  he  became  in 
those  of  her  enemies,  whilst,  out  of  holy 
horror  of  the  sorceress,  the  Bishop  of 
Babylon,  whose  right  to  head  the 
embassy  was  indisputable,  kept  aloof. 
Nevertheless,  on  hearing  of  Fabre's  death, 
Ferriol,  on  his  own  responsibility,  at  once 
dispatched  his  secretary  Michel  from  Con- 
stantinople to  overtake  the  mission  and 
to  present  himself  at  Ispahan  in  place 
of  the  deceased.  So  when  our  heroine 
reached  Tabriz  she  found  her  new  enemy 
lodged  in  the  Capuchin  monastery,  wait- 
ing to  wrest  from  her  the  royal  presents. 
The  hostilities,  which  lasted  many  a  year, 
began  with  a  free  fight,  in  which  the  poor 
woman  was  hunted  from  room  to  room 
by  the  Superior  of  the  Capuchins  and  by 
Michel,  till,  brought  to  bay,  she  levelled  her 
pistol  at  them.  Having  worsted,  injured, 
and  despoiled  her,  the  young  man  hurried 
onwards.  But  at  Kasbin  he  was  overtaken 
by  the  lady.  Then,  whilst  she  was  duped 
and  rebuffed  by  the  Persian  authorities, 
she,  though  unable  to  oifer  either  creden- 
tials or  gifts,  "  fut  appelee  a  la  cour  !  EUe 
y  alia,  eUe  y  fut  presentee  avec  hon- 
neur,  elle  y  resta  deux  jours,  puis  elle 
repartit  lentement."  A  disappointing 
record  of  the  climax,  for,  notwithstanding 
the  variety  of  documents  at  the  command 
of  M.  La  Claviere,  he  does  not  mention  the 
date  of  MUe.  Petit's  triumph  ;  he  leaves  us 


in  doubt  whether  it  occurred  at  Ispahan 
(p.  139)  or  near  Teheran  (p.  134),  whether 
her  desire  to  be  received  into  the  faith  of 
Islam  was  actually  granted,  and  how  far 
Mosnier's  duties  of  chaperon  carried  him. 

Equal  to  those  we  have  already  described 
were  the  vicissitudes  of  the  return  journey 
of  this  heathen  ambassadress 
out  on  a  spree, 


Damned  from  here  to  Eternity, 

Her  triumphs — and  she  soon  counted  the 
Prince  of  Georgia  among  her  admirers — 
justified  Ferriol's  report:  "  Les  Khans  des 
frontieres  perdaient  I'apputit  par  amour  pour 
eUe."  Perhaps  the  strangest  view  we  have 
of  her  is  as  the  guest  at  Constantinople  of 
Ferriol  himself,  whose  animosity  soon  suc- 
cumbed to  her  charms.  For  many  months 
she  shared  his  table  and  the  shelter  of  his 
roof  with  Madame  de  Ferriol,  Madame  Fabre, 
and  a  Circassian  girl  whom  Ferriol  had 
bought,  and  who,  in  later  years,  was  to  turn 
the  heads  of  the  Parisians  as  MUe.  A'lsse. 
But  in  France  M.  de  Torcy  was  discovering 
that  "la  justice  commandait  de  punir " 
Mile.  Petit  "pour  ses  desordres  et  pour 
1' imposture  de  ses  discours."  Ferriol  was 
ordered  to  ship  her  off  to  Marseilles. 
Arriving  there  February,  1709,  she  was  at 
once  consigned  to  the  Eefuge.  A  few 
months  later  Michel  appeared  in  the  same 
city.  Though,  after  many  mortifications, 
he  had  obtained  the  shadow  of  a  treaty 
with  the  Shah  and  the  head  of  Iman- 
Qouly-beg  from  the  Khan  of  Erivan, 
Michel's  hatred  of  MUe.  Petit  was  still 
unappeased.  At  his  instigation  she  was 
accused  before  the  Admiralty  Court  of 
Marseilles  of  being  an  immoral  woman,  a  per- 
secutor of  missionaries,  a  convert  to  Islam, 
and  a  murderer  of  Frenchmen  {i.  e.,  the 
two  Armenians  executed  at  Erivan).  Thanks 
to  the  fact  that  the  missionaries  of  Aleppo, 
MUe.  Petit's  chief  enemies,  were  fully  occu- 
pied in  excommunicating  each  othe-^,  thanks 
also  to  the  intervention  of  no  less  curious 
an  advocate  than  the  widow  Fabre,  the 
proceedings  coUapsed,  and  the  adventuress 
regained  her  liberty  in  1713.  During  her 
detention  she  had  memorialized  M.  de 
Pontchartrain  and  sent  him  her  record  of 
her  experiences.  This  he  passed  on  to 
Lesage  as  useful  material  for  a  writer  of 
romance  ;  but  the  author  of  *  Gil  Bias,'  on 
comparing  MUe.  Petit's  version  of  her 
labours  for  the  good  of  the  State  with 
the  official  letters  of  M.  Michel,  wrote : 
"  Je  ne  vois  plus  qu'une  aventuriere  dont 
la  vie  me  semble  moins  digne  d'etre  offerte 
a  la  curiosite  des  hommes  que  derobee  u 
leur  connaissance."  Purposely  or  not,  he 
acted  up  to  his  opinions  and  lost  the  journal. 
It  has  never  been  recovered.  As  to  the 
book  before  us,  it  is  full  of  amusement  and 
contains  no  word  that  can  possibly  offend. 


SuUon-in-Holderness :  the  Manor,  the  Berewic, 
and  the    Village   Community .     By  Thomas 
BlashiU,    F.K.I.B.A.       (HuU,    Andrews 
&Co.) 
Mr.  Blashill  has  done  a  work  which  pro- 
bably could  not  have  been  accomplished  in 
its  entirety  by  any  one  else.     Others  could 
have  read,  and  in  a  great  degree  mastered, 
the  medieval  documents  as  well  as  he  ;  but 
there    are    few,    if   any,    who    could   have 
united  this  knowledge  with  such  a  thorough 


184 


T  II  E     A  T  II  E  N  iE  U  M 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


acquaintance  with  the  local  features  of  the 
neiglibourliood  as  they  arc  to  be  seen  now  or 
as  they  existed  before  the  enclosure  of  the 
parish  in  the  last  century.  These  minute 
facts  relating  to  more  recent  times  have 
been  in  part  gathered  from  the  lips  of  men 
■wlio  were  old  fif  fcj'  years  ago  and  are  in  part 
due  to  a  personal  knowledge  of  the  locality. 

Holderness  was,  it  is  pretty  certain,  once 
an  island,  cut  off  from  the  Yorkshire  wolds 
by  a  great  hollow.  At  the  time  when  the 
Domesday  survey  was  made  it  would  seem 
that  the  parish  of  Sutton  was  almost 
surrounded  by  water  ;  but  during  the  first 
century  after  the  Norman  Conc^uest  the 
Humber  had  been  so  far  embanked  as  to 
confine  it  within  something  like  its  existing 
limits,  and  drains  had  been  provided  so  as, 
at  least  in  part,  to  carry  the  upland  waters 
into  the  great  river.  These  drains  would 
have  banks  to  keep  their  waters  in  the 
channel,  but  at  times  of  excessive  rainfall  they 
■would,  we  may  be  sure,  have  a  tendency  to 
break,  so  that  the  lower  pastures  would 
from  time  to  time  be  subject  to  heavy  floods, 
which  would  carry  away  or  drown  the  sheep 
which  might  be  depastured  upon  them.  At 
about  the  same  time  drains  were  cut  and 
embankments  raised  for  a  like  purpose  on 
the  lower  reaches  of  the  Ouse  and  the  Ti-ent. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  we  have  no  know- 
ledge by  whom  these  works  were  planned. 
A  similar  ignorance,  we  believe,  exists  as  to 
■who  they  were  who  first  began  to  reclaim 
the  marshes  of  Holland.  Whoever  they 
were,  they  must  have  been  persons  of 
greater  skill  than  we  are  in  the  habit  of 
attributing  to  the  men  of  the  twelfth  and 
earlier  centuries.  When  we  call  to  mind 
with  what  inferior  appliances  these  works 
must  have  been  carried  on,  we  cannot  but 
wonder  at  the  energy  and  perseverance  of 
which  they  are  memorials. 

Who  the  first  lord  of  the  manor  of  Sutton 
was  is  not  quite  clear.     He  may  have  been, 
and  probably  was,  the  ancestor  of  a  long 
line  of  De  Suttons,  who  held  it  till  the  time 
of    Eichard   II.,    when   it   ended   in   three 
heiresses.      In  after  days   the   manor    was 
broken  up  into  so  many  fragments  that  the 
author — who,  we  believe,  has  done  his  best — 
has  not  been  able  to  trace  the  whole  of  them 
down  to  the  present  time.      Much  of   the 
information  which   Mr.  Blashill   has   been 
able  to  collect  regarding  the  old  lords  of 
Sutton  has  been  preserved  in  the  chronicle 
of  the  Abbey  of  Meaux  or  Melsa,  which  was 
issued  some  years  ago  in  the  Kolls  Series. 
The  monks  were  the  chief  tenants  of   the 
manor,  and  did  what  they  could  to  enlarge 
their  domains.     In  this  they  were  in  a  great 
degree  successful.      They  were   always  on 
the  spot  while  the  lay  lords  were  engaged 
in  warfare,  and  even  when  there  was  peace 
had  many  employments  which  called  them 
away   fi'om    their   Yorkshire   home.      Not- 
withstanding most   commendable  diligence 
on  the  author's  part,  the  several  members 
of  the  long  line  of  Sutton  are  little  better 
than   shadows.      We   should   have   known 
even  less  of   them  than  we  do  had  it  not 
been  for  their  gifts  to  Meaux  in  the  earlier 
time  and  their  quarrels  about  the  same  at  a 
later  date.     Some  of  these  disputes  were  of 
a  trivial  nature.     For  example,  in  11341  a 
certain  John  do  Falconbridge  raised  a  ques- 
tion as  to  the  value  of  the  clothing  of  a 
poor  man.     About  a   century  before  this 


time  certain  pasturage  in  the  Salts  had  been 
bestowed  on  the  abbey  on  the  understanding 
that  they  should  clothe  a  poor  man.  Falcon- 
bridge  questioned  whether  the  arrangement 
was  carried  out.  There  was  also  a  diif  erence 
as  to  the  place  and  time  where  and  when 
the  clothing  ought  to  be  delivered.  It  was 
at  length  decided  that  the  monks  should 
give  the  poor  man  one  old  tunic  worth 
eighteenpence,  or  its  equivalent  in  money, 
at  the  gate  of  the  abbey  between  the  feast 
of  St.  Andrew  and  Christmas.  If  this  were 
done,  Falconbridge  promised  that  neither 
he  nor  his  heirs  would  for  the  future  seize 
any  of  the  sheep  or  cattle  of  the  monks. 

Waghen  or  Waune  was  the  mother  church 
of  Sutton.  The  church  of  Sutton  was  in  early 
days  a  chapel  belonging  to  a  college  of 
St.  James  in  that  place,  which  derived  a 
considerable  revenue  from  tithes.  As  hap- 
pened in  so  many  other  places,  when  a  new 
church  or  chapel  came  into  being  disputes 
arose  between  the  ecclesiastics.  The  in- 
habitants of  Sutton,  though  they  might 
attend  their  own  church  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions, were  required  to  repair  to  the  mother 
church  on  the  great  festivals  and  there  offer 
their  oblations.  These  oblations  were  in 
theory  free  gifts,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact 
the  peoi^le  felt  compelled  to  pay  them 
whether  they  desired  to  do  so  or  not.  We 
do  not  suppose  that  the  payment  itself  was 
often  seriously  objected  to  in  unreformed 
days,  but  it  -was  a  great  grievance  to  have 
to  hand  over  the  money  to  what  the  people 
felt  to  be  the  wrong  man.  The  Eeformation 
removed  many  of  these  difficulties,  but  some 
such  payments  lingered  long.  Mortuaries 
have  been  claimed  by  rectors  and  vicars 
within  the  memory  of  the  present  generation. 
Mr.  Blashill  has  put  together  a  careful 
account  of  this  dispute.  The  sympathies  of 
the  modern  reader  will  be  almost  entirely 
with  the  people  of  Sutton,  though  it  is  pro- 
bable that  legal  right  may  have  lain  in  a  great 
measure  with  the  vicar  of  Waghen.  Some 
of  the  evidence  taken  is  most  curious.  It 
shows  that  there  were  idle  and  careless  clergy 
in  what  have  been  called  "  the  ages  of  faith  " 
as  well  as  in  more  recent  days  : — 

"John  Warde,  the  parish  clerk  of  Waghen, 
could  account  for  the  recent  neglect  of  the 
mother  church.  He  said  that  the  inhabitants 
of  Sutton  and  the  hamlets  therein  used  to  bring 
their  dead  to  Waghen  to  be  buried,  but  Robert 
Tyas,  the  vicar,  used  to  lie  in  bed  until  ten 
o'clock  in  the  day,  and  not  until  that  hour  could 
they  get  mass  celebrated  ;  so  they  had,  as  they 
said,  to  bury  their  dead  without  any  mass." 

For  this  neglect  of  duty  the  Vicar-General 
of  the  Archbishop  of  York  reprimanded 
the  clergyman,  ordering  him  to  be 
ready  to  say  mass  when  the  dead  were 
expected  to  be  brought.  Tho  Waghen 
witnesses  naturally  took  the  side  of  their 
vicar,  "  seriously  demanding  that  all  the 
bodies  wrongfully  buried  at  Sutton  should 
be  exhumed  and  reburied  by  the  vicar  of 
Waghen,  to  -R-hom  all  the  mortuary  fees 
should  be  handed  over."  The  decision  of 
Eichard  Arnold,  sub-dean  and  official  of  the 
archbishop,  was  that  all  persons  who  had 
been  wrongfully  buried  at  Sutton  must  be 
exhumed  and  reburied  at  Waghen.  It  was 
not  to  be  thought  of  that  the  Sutton  folk 
should  obey  this  monstrous  order,  violating 
as  it  did  the  instinct  of  familj'  affection  in 
so  gross  a  manner.     The  warden  and  chap- 


lains of  the  college  carried  an  appeal  to 
Eome.  It  was  a  long  business,  but  at 
length  the  parties  were  induced  to  leave 
all  the  matters  in  dispute  to  John  Kempe, 
the  cardinal  archbishop.  The  decision 
seems  to  have  been  a  just  one.  Certain 
payments  were  to  be  made  by  the  people 
of  Sutton  to  the  mother  church,  but  the 
cardinal  ordered  that  so  long  as  the  warden 
and  chaplains  obeyed  his  decree  the  bodies 
of  the  dead  were  not  to  be  disturbed. 

The  latter  chapters  of  this  interesting 
work  contain  much  relating  to  modern  times. 
From  what  the  author  tells  his  readers  of 
the  state  of  the  roads  in  our  great-grand- 
fathers' days  we  imagine  they  were  then  as 
bad  in  Holderness  as  they  had  been  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  if  not  worse.  As  a  con- 
sequence of  this  we  may  be  sure  the 
people  seldom  went  from  home  except  at 
the  call  of  urgent  business.  Even  down 
to  the  establishment  of  the  penny  post 
letters  only  reached  Sutton  twice  a  week, 
when  they  were  brought  by  the  carrier 
from  the  post  office  at  Hull.  The  corre- 
spondence was,  of  course,  exceedingly  small, 
and  the  people  were  so  accustomed  to  the 
old  system  that  there  was  little  desire  for 
change.  Umbrellas  were  not  introduced 
till  about  1810,  when  a  middle-aged  lady 
bought  one  for  the  protection  of  her  silk 
gown.  She  directed  one  of  her  boys  to 
carry  it  for  her  on  her  way  to  church  the 
first  Sunday  on  which  the  sky  looked  lower- 
ing ;  both  boys  refused,  so  she  had  to  carry  it 
herself,  but  she  hid  it  in  a  fold  of  her  dress 
to  escape  observation. 


La  France  et  le    Grand    Schisme  d'  Occident. 

Par  Noel  Yalois.     2  vols.    (Paris,  Picard 

&  Fils.) 
The  learned  medioovalist  M.  Noel  Yalois 
has  produced  a  work  in  two  volumes  on  the 
great  schism  in  the  time  of  the  first  anti- 
Pope,  Clement  YII.,  1378-1394,  which  will 
hold  an  important  jjlace  among  the  writings 
treating  of  that  extraordinary  episode  in  the 
history  of  the  Papacy.  M.  Yalois  has  given 
searching  study  to  a  vast  quantity  of  the 
manuscript  material  now  accessible  to  show 
how  and  why  Europe  was  first  divided  on 
the  question  of  the  rival  claims  of  the 
Italian  and  French  candidates ;  and  although 
no  very  revolutionary  theories  can  be  based 
upon  the  new  material,  on  questions  of 
detail  there  is  much  to  say  by  way  of  cor- 
rection and  amplification.  For  this  reason 
it  is  to  students,  and  principally  to  those 
minutely  learned  in  the  period,  that  the 
work  will  make  appeal.  Denifle's  '  Chartu- 
larium '  is  far  the  most  important  publica- 
tion that  has  appeared  within  recent  years 
to  assist  the  historian  of  the  schism,  and  of 
this  work  abundant  use  has  been  made  to 
explain  the  share  taken  by  the  University  of 
Paris  in  shaping  its  course.  But  the  whole 
of  M.  Yalois's  documentary  evidence  was 
not  to  be  found  in  such  a  convenient  form. 
The  greater  part  of  his  attention  has  been 
devoted  to  tho  Avignonese  registers  at  Eome 
and  to  an  examination  of  the  series  of  the 
"Introitu«  et  Exitus,"  or  Clementine  ac- 
counts—sources hitherto  almost  untouched, 
and  so  vast  that  the  work  of  summarizing 
their  contents  before  they  have  been  pro- 
perly catalogued  must  of  necessity  be  imper- 
fect, and  can  only  be  imperfectly  tested. 


N^Seil,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE    A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  M 


185 


Among  the  minor  collections  a  remark- 
able Barberini  MS.,  containing  a  number  of 
Louis  of  Anjou's  letters,  lias  proved  valuable 
to  clear  up  some  of  the  obscure  passages  in 
the  story  of  his  negotiations  with  Joanna  of 
Naples.  The  difficult  narrative  of  the  Nea- 
politan campaigns  is  reconstructed  after 
detailed  research ;  the  struggle  of  the 
English  Urbanists  in  Guienne  against  the 
surrounding  forces  of  the  French  Clementines 
is  told  in  detail  which  has  not  before  been 
attempted ;  reasons  are  adduced  for  a  new 
view  of  Ferdinand  of  Portugal's  attitude 
to  Clement ;  the  French  poetical  utterances 
on  the  question  of  the  schism  are  discussed 
and  in  part  published ;  but  it  is  chiefly 
in  detail  too  minute  to  be  noticed  in  a 
short  review  that  the  work  is  strong.  It 
is  arranged,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  series 
of  chapters  on  the  relations  of  each  Euro- 
pean state  to  the  rival  Popes,  and  is  not 
limited,  as  the  title  would  suggest,  to  an 
account  of  France  alone. 

The  story  is  told  from  the  Clementine,  and 
not  from  the  Urbanist  point  of  view.  It 
was  not  to  be  expected  that  the  same  care 
that  has  been  lavished  on  the  Clementine 
documents  could  be  given  also  to  those 
which  are  Urbanist.  But  the  manuscripts 
which  tell  the  story  of  thePope's  election  have 
been  closely  investigated.  Concerning  that 
story  it  seems  that  we  shall  never  know  the 
exact  truth,  for  minute  examination  of  the 
depositions  of  the  cardinals  leaves  the  ver- 
dict as  indecisive  as  ever.  It  is  certain  that 
the  electors  were  frightened,  but  it  is  uncer- 
tain whether  fear  had  any  influence  in  deter- 
mining their  choice.  Only  when  they  dis- 
covered that  they  had  made  an  unfortu- 
nate choice  did  they  remember  that  they 
had  been  terrorized.  As  a  Frenchman 
and,  of  course,  a  patriot,  M.  Valois  makes 
it  a  part  of  his  thesis  to  prove  that  Charles  V. 
did  not  create  the  schism.  The  warmest 
admirer  of  Charles  V.  cannot  deny  that  he 
was  the  source  of  its  strength.  On  the 
■whole,  M.  Valois  inclines  to  see,  and  this  not 
only  in  French  quarters,  more  good  faith 
and  more  of  genuine  conscientious  scruple 
working  in  the  minds  of  the  supporters  of 
Clement  than  has  in  the  past  been  credited 
to  them.  But  although  his  sympathies  are 
Clementine,  he  is  not  a  special  pleader  ;  and 
it  must  be  confessed  that  when  he  is  merely 
narrating,  the  story  of  complicated  intrigue 
that  is  revealed  does  not  lend  much  support 
to  this  view. 

The  points  on  which  he  lays  stress  as 
affecting  our  judgment  of  Charles  V.'s 
conduct  are  somewhat  minute — for  example, 
the  late  date  at  which  Charles  received  the 
Papal  communications,  and  the  conduct  of 
Urban's  two  ambassadors,  on  whose  history 
he  throws  a  new  light.  But  it  is  scarcely 
by  arguments  based  on  detail  that  he  can 
succeed  in  freeing  his  king  from  responsi- 
bility for  the  hopeless  impasse  to  which 
he  reduced  the  whole  ecclesiastical  world. 
However  hopeful  Charles  might  feel  of  an 
ultimate  Clementine  victory,  however  earnest 
he  might  be  in  his  attempts  to  bring  his 
Pope  to  Eome,  posterity,  to  whom  his  failure 
is  known,  must  judge  his  action  unfavoui-- 
ably. 

M.  Valois's  book  is  a  great  effort  of 
research,  and  yet  it  can  hardly  be  called 
interesting.  It  is  one  of  those  works  which 
go  to  show  that  manuscript  research   and 


liistorical  summary  cannot  always  be  happily 
combined,  for  it  is  the  business  of  the  student 
of  manuscripts  to  produce  fuel,  and  that  of 
the  historian  to  consume  it  with  the  least 
possible  smoke.  The  student  of  manuscripts 
is  inclined  to  lay  chief  stress  on  matter  that 
has  not  already  seen  the  light.  The  his- 
torian discovers,  as  a  rule,  that  the  most 
important  facts  are  known,  and  have  only 
to  be  re-interpreted.  It  is  due  entirely  to 
the  difficulties  arising  from  its  method  that 
the  work  falls  short  of  the  highest  excellence. 


Jn  Introduction  to  the  History  of  the  Church 
of  Encjland  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Present  Bay.  By  Henry  Offley  Wakeman, 
M.A.  (Rivington,  Percival  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Wakeman's  excellent  manual  of 
English  Church  history  is,  unfortunately, 
one  of  those  books  which  touch  at  many 
points  questions  of  controversy  into  which 
the  AthencBum  cannot  follow  the  author.  His 
position,  we  need  hardly  say,  is  that  of  a 
strict  Anglican ;  and  those  who  are  unwilling 
to  cari-y  back  the  history  and  traditions  of 
the  English  Church  beyond  the  Reforma- 
tion have  not  been  slow  to  detect  the  dan- 
gerous elements — all  the  more  dangerous 
because  of  the  quiet  assurance  and  the 
literary  finish  with  which  they  are  put  forth 
— contained  in  Mr.  Wakeman's  book.  We 
are  not  sure  that  from  an  opposite  side  the 
work  is  not  equally  assailable,  for  the 
author  never  forgets  that  the  "  ecclesia 
Anglicana  "  of  Magna  Charta  was  a 
national  Church  as  well  as  a  branch  of  the 
Church  Catholic.  If  there  is  safety  in  the 
avoidance  of  extremes,  Mr.  Wakeman  has 
chosen  the  safe  course";  and,  indeed,  his 
temper  and  moderation  are  everywhere  con- 
spicuous. Speaking  of  St.  Anselm,  he  says  : 
"Future  generations  might  come  to  recognize 
that  the  national  law  of  a  civilized  state  was, 
with  all  its  imperfections,  a  surer  guarantee  of 
justice  than  the  elaborate  code  of  a  foreign 
power  which  was  always  open  to  political  and 
often  to  pecuniary  bribes.  In  the  days  of  Anselm 
it  was  not  so.  I'robably,  amid  all  the  govern- 
ments of  Europe,  the  Papacy  at  that  time  was 
the  most  pure.  Certainly  it  was  purity  itself 
when  compared  to  the  Court  of  Rufus." 

Not  less  enlightened  and  free  from  pre- 
judice is  the  discussion  of  the  motives  and 
aims  which  gave  enduring  importance  to 
the  disputes  between  Henry  II.  and  Thomas 
Becket,  though  Mr.  Wakeman  does  not  state 
quite  clearly  the  precise  issue  affecting  the 
trial  of  criminal  clerks  which  was  established 
a  few  years  ago  by  Prof.  Maitland.  To  say 
that  "  a  clerk  accused  of  crime  was  to  be 
tried  in  the  ecclesiastical  court,  but  on  con- 
viction was  to  be  brought  into  the  king's 
court  to  receive  sentence,"  is  not  incorrect 
as  it  stands,  but  it  does  not  explain  the 
whole  matter.  No  doubt  Mr.  Wakeman 
was  unwilling  to  load  a  popular  book  with 
technicalities.  But  we  should  be  doing  the 
author  grave  injustice  if  we  seemed  to  imply 
that  he  had  no  design  beyond  producing  a 
popular  book.  That  he  has  produced  such 
a  book  is  undoubted  ;  but  it  is  also  a  learned 
book,  that  is  to  say,  it  is  the  result  of  long 
and  scholarly  studies.  Its  great  merit  is 
that  its  learning  is  kept  in  the  background 
and  the  narrative  made  as  plain  as  possible. 
The  scholar  will  profit  much  by  it,  while 
any  educated  person  will  be  able  to  under- 
stand it.      Mr.  Wakeman  is  no  thorough- 


going defender  of  the  mediaeval  Church  of 
England.  Ho  knows  her  weak  points  and 
criticizes  them  without  reserve.  Indeed, 
we  think  he  has  hardly  done  justice  to  the 
immense  development  of  religious  life  and 
activity,  of  church  building  and  monastery 
founding,  which  reached  its  zenith  at  an 
unexpected  epoch  in  the  reign  of  King 
Stephen. 

Passing  on  to  the  period  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, Mr.  Wakeman  puts  in  the  clearest  pos- 
sible form  what  may  be  called  the  High 
Church  doctrine  of  the  continuity  of  the 
Anglican  Church,  which  is  not,  we  think, 
disputed  by  serious  students  of  that  period. 
It  has,  however,  as  wo  have  said,  to  bear 
the  opposition  of  a  considerable  force  of 
religious  opinion  which  takes  the  essence 
of  the  modern  English  Church  to  lie  in  its 
Protestantism,  and  understands  the  word 
to  involve  a  protest  not  merely  against 
the  Papal  authority,  but  also  against  the 
Catholic  tradition.  Into  this  dispute  the 
Athenccum  cannot  enter.  Still  less  can  it 
approach  the  question,  which  of  late  has 
led  to  momentous  results  in  the  Roman 
Church,  with  respect  to  the  validity  of 
Anglican  orders.  But  Mr.  Wakeman  has 
much  to  say  on  both  these  points,  and  even 
those  who  are  committed  to  opposite  views 
will  be  grateful  for  the  lucidity  and  modera- 
tion with  which  he  has  stated  his  case. 

The  account  of  the  more  recent  history  of 
the  English  Church  is  written  with  fresh- 
ness and  a  large-minded  sympathy.  The 
Nonjurors  and  Wesley  are  alike  treated 
with  discriminating  fairness,  though  some- 
thing more  might  have  been  said  of  the 
immense  services  of  the  former  to  learning. 
Towards  Whitefield  Mr.  Wakeman  is  less 
tolerant,  but  he  admits  fully  the  value  of 
the  Evangelical  movement  in  one  side  at 
least  of  the  Church's  mission.  The  book 
as  a  whole  is  certainly  the  most  scholarly 
text -book  of  its  subject  written  within 
moderate  limits,  and  addressed  to  a  wide 
audience.  We  believe  it  has  already  been 
accepted  as  such,  and  it  will  be  some  time 
before  it  is  dislodged  from  its  position. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The     Mutalle     Many.       By    Robert     Barr. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Barr's  latest  novel,  though  it  is  of 
considerable  length ;  can  be  read  throughout 
with  little  cessation  of  interest.  Much  pains 
has  been  bestowed  on  it,  an  effort  is  made 
to  avoid  the  elaboration  of  the  obvious  and 
commonplace  incidents  of  the  story;  and  it  is 
difficult  to  describe  any  portion  of  the  book 
as  being  below  the  average  level  of  the 
whole.  In  form  it  consists  of  an  account 
of  the  affairs  of  a  large  factory  in  London, 
with  the  inevitable  strikes  and  contests 
between  the  manager  of  the  concern  and  the 
workpeople.  The  manager's  only  daughter 
is  the  heroine,  who  is,  it  must  be  confessed, 
a  somewhat  conventional  tyjie  of  the  young 
lady  of  the  day ;  but  she  is  the  only  one 
of  tlie  dramatis  personca  to  whom  the  epithet 
can  bo  applied.  The  workmen  and  their 
leaders  are  all  carefully  studied  characters, 
and  they  are  well  presented  to  the  reader. 
The  novel  rarely  approaches  to  anything 
that  is  very  great  in  art,  though  there  are 
indications  that  the  writer  is  capable  of 
very  successful   efforts.     It  is  pleasant  to 


186 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


notice  that  the  novel  is  devoid  of  the  element 
of  "padding"  which  so  frequently  marks 
the  fiction  of  the  time,  especially  where  the 
author  is  under  a  contract  to  write  so  manj' 
thousand  words  by  a  particular  date,  and 
it  would  be  hard  to  point  to  any  portion 
of  Mr.  Barr's  '  The  Mutable  Many '  which 
is  slij^shod  or  hasty  in  composition.  With 
regard  to  the  class  of  readers  who  are  likely 
to  be  attracted  by  the  volume,  it  may  be 
said  that  the  book  is  as  well  suited  to  the 
drawing-room  as  it  is  to  the  club  table. 
The  so-called  art  critic  of  the  day  will 
hardly  appreciate  the  uses  to  which  Mr. 
Barr  puts  him  with  a  view  to  '*  booming" 
an  incapable  and  ignorant  painter  into 
notoriety  and  eventually  into  success. 


Bid    m    Deserve    It?      By   Mrs.    Eiddell. 

(Downey  &  Co.) 
Morally  Mr.  Moucell  was  not  a  great  cha- 
racter, but  he  was  very  clever  and  enor- 
mously energetic,  with  admirable  manners. 
He  was  a  good  father,  and  the  only  really 
discreditable  thing  that  can  be  laid  to  his 
charge  is  that  he  wrote  a  scathing  review 
of  a  book  that  he  admired,  which  had  been 
written  by  a  young  man  who  had  been  his 
guest,  and  who  trusted  in  his  friendship. 
Why,  precisely,  Mr.  Moucell  did  this  we  do 
not  quite  know.  He  was  not  the  man  to 
indulge  in  spite  for  self-satisfaction  alone. 
But  as  his  action  could  in  no  way  further 
his  plans  for  his  own  good,  we  may  assume 
that  on  this  occasion  Mr.  Moucell  did  a  low 
thing  to  retaliate  on  a  youth  who  had  deeply 
disappointed  him.  Mrs.  Eiddell  tells  her 
story  pleasantly  and  brightly,  and  in  Paul, 
Mr.  Moucell's  youngest  son,  nicknamed  the 
"  Apostle  "  because  of  his  unholy  language, 
she  has  made  a  distinct  success.  Altogether 
it  is  a  particularly  agreeable  story,  and  the 
reader  is  not  much  perplexed  as  to  whether 
Mr.  Moucell  deserved  his  ultimate  good  for- 
tune or  not. 

A    Bride^s   Madness.      By    Allen    Upward. 

(Bristol,  Arrowsmith.) 
It  must  go  hard  with  the  writer  of  a 
detective's  story  if  he  cannot  at  least  make 
it  interesting  to  read.  With  a  good 
mystery  and  a  gradual  unravelling  of  the 
plot  there  is  every  facility  for  an  author  to 
excite  his  reader's  curiosity,  always  pro- 
vided that  he  does  not  confine  himself  to 
a  mere  repetition  of  stale  tricks  and  inci- 
dents. Mr.  Upward  has  been  fairly  suc- 
cessful, because  he  has  displayed  a  certain 
amount  of  ingenuity  and  invention,  but  a 
critical  reader  will  not  altogether  acquit 
him  of  clumsiness  in  construction.  His 
coroner,  for  instance,  is  more  stupid  than 
any  real  coroner  could  be.  His  lunatic  has 
nothing  like  an  adequate  motive  for  going 
mad.  His  mad  doctor  is  readier  for  ghastly 
crime  than  the  late  Charles  Eeade  would 
have  admitted  to  be  possible.  His  earl  sins 
against  all  probability  in  appointing  an 
incumbent  to  a  living  j  ust  outside  the  gates 
of  a  duke's  castle.  His  heir  to  an  earldom 
ought  to  have  known  better  than  to  want 
to  marry  his  daughter  to  a  baronet  who  has 
a  wife  still  living,  and  at  the  same  moment 
to  use  the  said  baronet  as  an  instrument  for 
the  murder  of  somebody  else.  The  list  of 
startling  incidents  which  we  jotted  down  as 
we  read  this  book  of  less  than  three  hundred 


pages  is  not  exhausted,  but  the  instances 
already  given  will  suffice  to  show  that  Mr. 
Upward' 8  inventiveness  is  more  prolifi.c  than 
convincing. 

Les    Trots   Filles   de   Picter    Waldorp.      Par 

Jean  Bertheroy.  (Paris,  Colin  &  Cie.) 
This  novel  is  another  item  in  the  well- 
written  series  "pour  les  jeunes  fi.lles,"  of 
which  we  have  recently  mentioned  several. 
It  is  a  prettily  told  story  of  happy  and  of 
unhappy  love. 


Sketches  Awheel  in  Fin  de  Siccle  Iberia.     By 

Fanny   B.   Workman    and    William    H. 

Workman.   With  Illustrations  and  a  Map. 

(Fisher  Unwin.) 
On  the  Trail  of  Bon    Quixote,      By    C.  A. 

Jaccaci.     Illustrated   by   Daniel   Yierge. 

(Lawrence  &  Bullen.) 
TnEse  two  books  by  American  travellers 
have  more  merit  than  most  of  the  volumes 
that  yearly  appear  about  Spain ;  but  that, 
unfortunately,  is  not  to  pay  them  a  high 
compliment. 

Dr.  Workman  and  his  wife  made  a  tour 
on  bicycles  along  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean from  the  French  frontier  to 
Cadiz,  and  thence  by  Seville  and  Merida 
to  Madrid.  Thej'  got  as  far  in  the  north-west 
as  Zamora,  and  thence  through  Valladolid 
and  Burgos  they  went  to  Zaragossa,  and 
finally  passed  through  Pampeluna  to  Irun. 
Apparently,  though  they  rode  long  distances, 
they  were  not  fanatical  bicyclists,  taking 
the  railway  occasionally  when  it  suited 
their  convenience ;  and  they  seldom  incurred 
a  comment  like  that  of  the  peasant 
who,  when  they  were  pushing  their 
bicycles  up  the  steep  hills  of  Navarre,  told 
them  that  he  was  better  off  than  they,  as 
his  mule  did  his  work.  They  were  the  sub- 
ject of  many  newspaper  paragraphs,  being 
usually  described  as  a  "  matrimonio  ingles  " 
(an  English  married  couple)  "  con  bicicletas 
magnificas,"  a  description  which  did  not 
offend  their  patriotism ;  and  they  were 
everywhere  received  with  true  Spanish 
courtesy,  the  only  exceptions  being  a  few 
muleteers  in  Murcia  whose  animals  took 
fright  at  the  bicycles.  On  one  occasion, 
indeed,  they  had  a  narrow  escape  from  an 
Albacete  knife : — 

"On  a  lonely  stretch  between  AUcante  and 
Elche  we  espied  ahead  a  caravan  of  some  twenty 
teams  coming  towards  us.  The  front  waggon, 
drawn  by  four  mules,  was  minus  its  driver,  who 
was  riding  in  the  second  waggon.  As  we  came 
abreast  of  it  the  mules  made  a  dash  for  the  side, 
dragging  the  waggon  over  the  edge  of  the  road- 
bed, which  was  raised  about  three  feet.  The 
driver,  a  huge,  bull-headed,  ruffianly  fellow, 
with  a  bloated,  sunburned  face,  jumped  down, 
and,  instead  of  looking  after  his  mules,  made  a 
spring  for  the  male  member  of  our  party,  who 
had  dismounted,  and  seized  his  wheel  with 
threatening  manner  and  words.  Involuntarily 
one  hand  was  carried  to  the  revolver  pocket, 
but  instantly  withdrawn,  as  the  uselessness  of 
making  any  resistance  in  the  presence  of  a  score 
of  teamsters  was  evident.  Seeing  this  move- 
ment, and  thinking  probably  a  knife  was  about 
to  be  drawn,  the  man  let  go  his  hold  of  the 
wheel  and,  beside  himself  with  anger,  sprang  to 
the  back  of  his  waggon  and  excitedly  sought 
something  there.  We  then  started  to  walk  on, 
but  had  not  advanced  many  steps  when,  turning, 
we  beheld  him  only  a  few  feet  distant,  rushing 
upon  us  with  a  knife  twelve  to  eighteen  inches 
long  in   his  hand,  his  fiendish  face  livid  with 


I'age.  There  was  no  time  now  for  drawing  a 
revolver,  the  assailant  was  too  near  for  that. 
He  crouched  down  and  drew  back  his 
arm  to  strike.  There  seemed  to  be  no 
chance  of  escape.  The  stab  of  the  gleaming 
blade  could  almost  be  felt,  the  exact  spot  where 
it  would  enter  be  judged.  It  was  one  of  those 
moments  when  one  feels  absolutely  defenceless 
in  the  face  of  almost  certain  death.  Fortunately, 
one  of  his  companions,  who  saw  what  he  was 
about,  sprang  upon  him  and  caught  his  arm  just 
at  the  critical  moment,  and  two  others  coming 
up  held  him,  telling  us  to  go  on.  This  sort  of 
adventure  was  becoming  a  trifle  too  frequent  to 
suit  our  fancy.  We  had  not  come  to  Spain  to 
measure  our  prowess  with  that  of  intoxicated 
teamsters  ;  we  neither  aspired  to  the  glory  of 
shooting  them,  nor  did  we  court  the  notoriety 
of  falling  a  sacrifice  to  their  brutal  passions. 
The  stupid  mule,  the  cause  of  the  trouble,  was 
in  use  everywhere,  and  up  to  this  point  his 
stupidity  had  steadily  increased.  While  it 
seemed  almost  foolhardy  to  continue  the  journey 
with  bicycles  if  this  state  of  afi'airs  was  to  last, 
as  we  had  now  nearly  finished  with  the  coast 
provinces,  we  determined  to  push  on,  hoping 
for  better  things  in  other  parts.  In  this  we 
were  not  mistaken.  After  leaving  Murcia  the 
people  were  entirely  different  and  never  gave 
us  occasion  to  complain." 

Dr.  Workman  found  the  roads  of  variable 
quality  :  in  Old  Castile,  Leon,  and  Navarre 
they  were  excellent ;  in  Catalonia,  Valencia, 
Murcia,  and  the  southern  half  of  New 
Castile,  they  were  bad,  and  also  in  Aragon. 
In  these  provinces 

"  our  route  lay  over  long  reaches  of  road,  with 
wide  welldaid-out  roadway  of  sand  or  clay, 
entirely  innocent  of  the  macadamising  or  other 
constructive  process.  Through  the  centre  of 
this  ran  a  single  track,  formed  by  three  ruts 
from  six  inches  to  a  foot  deep  ;  the  side  ruts 
made  by  the  narrow  tyres  of  the  high- wheeled 
carts  used  in  that  section,  and  the  centre  one 
by  the  animals  harnessed  one  before  the  other. 
The  sides  of  the  roadway  were  occupied  either 
by  heaps  of  stones  or  by  large  stones  placed 
at  short  intervals,  so  as  to  prevent  the  use  of 
any  part  except  the  centre.  The  only  available 
path  for  us  was  the  central  mule  track,  which, 
always  narrow  and  never  smooth,  demanded 
the  greatest  skill  and  attention  in  riding.  Often 
riding  was  impossible,  and  we  were  obliged  to 
perform  the  arduous  task  of  pushing  our  loaded 
machines  over  the  soft  and  uneven  mule  track, 
walking  ourselves  along  the  ridges  on  either 
side.  On  meeting  with  teams,  which  never 
moved  out  of  their  course  for  us,  the  incon- 
venience of  getting  out  of  the  track  and  getting 
into  it  again  after  they  had  passed  can  be 
imagined.  Still  worse  was  it  when  we  were 
obliged  to  pass  them,  as  we  had  to  hurry  by  on 
the  heavy,  obstructed  roadside  in  order  to  mount 
again  ahead." 

"  In  most  countries  it  is  usually  considered, 
and  is  probably  true,  that  roads  under  Govern- 
ment control  are  the  best  ;  hence  one  might 
expect  the  '  caminos  reales '  to  be  better  than 
the  'caminos  communales.'  This  is  not  by  any 
means  always  the  case,  many  of  the  latter  being 
greatly  superior  to  many  of  the  former,  and 
more  than  once  we  left  the  Government  for  the 
communal  road  with  the  greatest  sense  of  relief. 
Ford,  relying  perhaps  a  little  too  much  on  the 
general  principle,  says  :  '  Whenever  a  traveller 
hears  a  road  spoken  of  as  "arrecife,  camino 
real,"  he  may  be  sure  that  it  is  good.'  Had 
Ford  in  1895  ridden  a  bicyclette  over  some 
stretches  of  camino  real,  the  acquaintance  of 
which  we  made,  he  might  have  modified  his 
statement.  So  far,  then,  as  the  character  of 
these  two  classes  of  roads  is  concerned,  they 
may  be  treated  as  one  and  the  same.  Spain  is 
a  large  country,  and  no  one  term  is  descriptive 
of  its  roads  as  a  whole.  It  has  some  that  may 
be  called  excellent,  and  many  that  are  good, 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


187 


being  macadamised  and  well  constructed,  with  a 
hard,  fairly  smooth  surface.  Many  more,  thougli 
rideable,  are  rough,  badly  made,  and  poorly  kept 
up.  Still,  others— and  these  a  not  inconsider- 
able portion  in  some  sections  — can  only  be 
spoken  of  as  abominable,  being  now,  if  they 
ever  were  tolerable,  thoroughly  worn  out,  or 
merely  tracks  in  the  sand  or  clay  soil." 

We  liave  quoted  freely  from  Dr.  Work- 
man's account  of  the  roads  because  it  is  the 
most  valuable  part  of  his  book.  He  uisely 
refrains  from  borrowing  much,  padding 
from  the  guide-books,  and  he  does  not  bore 
his  readers  with  many  details  of  personal 
discomforts.  The  consequence  is,  he  has 
not  a  great  deal  to  tell  us.  He  has  no 
special  knowledge  of  architectiire  or  Spanish 
history,  and  his  book  contains  little  that 
is  not  familiar  to  most  tourists  in  Spain. 
There  is,  to  be  sure,  an  amusing  description 
of  a  French  travelling  quack  who  had 
settled  himself  at  Tarancon,  a  small  place 
near  Aranjuez,  and  taught  the  hostess  of  the 
posada  to  cook  ;  but  the  following  account 
of  the  inconveniences  caused  to  bicycle 
riders  in  out-of-the-way  places  by  Spanish 
curiosity  is  better  worth  quoting  : — 

"  With  decided  misgivings  we  alighted  before 
the  primitive  '  fonda '  of  Tarancon,  the  only 
town  of  even  slight  importance  between  Aran- 
juez and  Cuenca.  We  asked  for  the  patron, 
who,  with  his  wife,  came  into  the  court  to  meet 
us.  They  expressed  their  regret  at  not  being 
able  to  accommodate  us,  as  the  house  was  full, 
and  then  proceeded  to  ask  where  we  were  from, 
how  far  we  had  come,  where  we  were  going,  and, 
above  all,  how  many  kilometres  we  could  make 
an  hour.  As  nothing  is  gained  by  abruptness  in 
Spain,  we  satisfied  their  curiosity  and  then 
appealed  to  the  man. 

"  'Can  you  not  get  us  a  room  somewhere  in 
the  town  ? ' 

"'Yes,' he  replied  vaguely,  his  eyes  riveted 
on  the  cyclometer  of  the  woman's  machine,  '  I 
think  so.'  Then  with  a  look  of  delight  at  the 
bright  thought  that  occurred  to  him,  '  That 
measures  the  distance,  does  it  not  1 ' 

"  We  nodded,  and  asked  again,  '  Will  you  get 
us  a  room  ? ' 

"  'Oh,  yes,  I  will  soon  see  about  it.  How 
many  kilometres  an  hour  did  you  say  ?  ' 

"'Fifteen  to  eighteen,  as  the  road  is,'  we 
answered,  inwardly  enraged  ;  '  but  your  honour 
will  get  us  a  room  soon,  we  are  tired.' 

"  'Yes,  yes,'  and  then  he  added,  his  estimate 
of  our  powers  being  evidently  influenced  by  the 
enormous  stories  circulated  among'  the  people 
since  the  introduction  of  the  bicycle,  '  eighteen 
kilometres  is  nothing ;  we  have  a  man  in  Taran- 
con who  rides  fifty  an  hour.' 

"  We  came  near  telling  him  the  man  was  a 
liar,  but  refrained,  only  remarking  he  must  be 
exceptionally  strong  and  carry  no  luggage.  Un- 
lucky word  luggage  ;  that  struck  him,  and  he 
was  aflame  to  know  how  many  pounds  '  equip- 
age' we  each  carried.  We  promptly  told  him, 
and,  looking  at  the  time,  found  we  had  been 
twenty  minutes  before  the  door  of  the  fonda. 

"  His  wife,  who  had  disappeared,  now  re- 
turned with  her  list  of  questions.  '  Is  the 
Seiiora  tired  ? ' 

" '  Yes,  dead  tired, '  hoping  to  expedite  matters 
in  regard  to  the  room. 

"  'Does  the  Senora  always  wear  thin  blouses 
on  the  road  1 ' 

"  '  Yes,  when  it  is  warm.' 

"We  were  preparing  to  leave  in  despair  when 
a  tall,  slender  man,  with  a  beard,  wearing  a 
threadbare,  shiny,  black  frock-coat,  joined  the 
group.  He  spoke  to  us  in  French,  asking  if  he 
could  be  of  service  to  us.  We  replied  wefeared 
not,  as  the  patron  knew  very  well  what  we 
wanted,  but  either  could  not  or  would  not 
accommodate  us." 


The  title  of  Mr.  Jaccaci's  volume  reminds 
us  of  luglis's  '  Rambles  in  the  Footsteps  of 
Don  Quixote  ';  but  it  is  free  from  the  affec- 
tations and  cumbersome  machinery  of  the 
older  writer,  and  as  an  illustrator  of  Spanish 
life  Daniel  Vierge  is  very  different  from 
Cruikshank.  It  is  a  real  misfortune  that 
artist  and  author,  instead  of  making  the 
tour  together,  made  it  in  successive 
years,  and  consequently  the  connexion 
between  the  masterly  sketches  of  Vierge 
and  Mr.  Jaccaci's  letterpress  is  frequently 
slight — the  cuts  belonging  to  one  tour 
and  the  printed  text  to  another !  Mr. 
Jacoaci,  for  some  unexplained  reason,  ap- 
pears to  have  visited  La  Mancha  in  the 
hottest  season  of  the  year,  and,  instead  of 
riding,  he  seems  for  the  most  part  to  have 
gone  about  in  a  cart  drawn  by  a  mule. 
He  must  have  endured  a  shocking  amount 
of  discomfort  ;  but  he  wisely  says  little 
about  it.  He  has  the  advantage  of  having 
been  often  in  Spain,  and  he  seems  to 
speak  the  language  well,  but  he  has  im- 
bibed, apparentl}^,  from  Mr.  Watts  the  un- 
founded idea  that  Cervantes  had  a  dislike 
to  the  Inquisition  and  the  Church.  This 
is  a  vain  Protestant  delusion.  Cervantes 
speaks  of  the  Inquisition  as  other  Spanish 
writers  of  the  time  did.  They  by  no  means 
scrupled  to  have  a  fling  at  its  expense,  but 
they  never  questioned  its  value  or  its  bene- 
ficent effect.  There  is,  in  fact,  no  reason 
to  suppose  that  Cervantes  looked  on  the 
Inquisition  with  the  eyes  of  his  nineteenth 
century  commentators. 

Mr.  Jaccaci  is  not  a  writer  of  distinction, 
and  his  opening  pages  are  disappointing ; 
but  his  hearty  sympathy  with  the  Spanish 
peasantry  and  his  knowledge  of  their  ways 
are  attractive,  and  every  now  and  again  a 
little  passage  on  their  peculiarities  or  a  frag- 
ment descriptive  of  scenery  arrests  the  atten- 
tion. The  following  passage  regarding  the 
household  of  the  innkeeper  at  Argamasilla, 
a  Spanish  peasant-farmer  enriched  beyond 
his  fellows  by  a  legacy,  is  excellent : — 

"  Gregorio's  was  a  well-to-do  farming  family, 
having  meat  once  a  day  during  the  harvest  time. 
In  ordinary  times,  of  course,  they  had  it  but 
once  a  week.  The  meat  was  always  served  in 
a  sort  of  soup.  The  girls,  with  flowered  kerchiefs 
around  their  necks,  the  men  in  shirt-sleeves,  with 
red  turban-like  rags  on  their  heads,  barefooted 
all,  dipped  their  wooden  spoons  democratically 
into  the  same  bowl.  There  was  no  attempt  at 
conversation,  only  at  times  the  sharp  voice  of 
the  amo  would  tell  some  labourer  to  go  slow, 
warning  him  that  he  was  eating  more  than  his 
portion.  The  hanger-on  before  mentioned  would 
sit  against  a  pillar,  his  old  frame  bent  over  his 
staff,  and,  keeping  his  keen,  knowing  eyes 
looking  steadfastly  away  from  the  table,  appear 

perfectly  indiflerent  as  to  what  was  going  on 

Toward  the  middle  of  the  dinner  the  ama  would 
ask  him  to  join  the  circle,  whereupon  Gregorio, 
venting  his  displeasure,  would  make  chilling 
remarks,  such  as  '  The  door  of  the  posada  was 
as  wide  open  as  the  gates  of  the  city,'  to  which 
the  gentlemanly  fellow  would  answer  mildly, 
'  Yes,  Seiior,  and  I  hope  many  good  things  may 
come  in  through  it  besides  dust.'  " 

The  following  account  of  the  Sierra 
Morena  throws  light  on  Don  Quixote's 
sojourn  in  that  region  : — 

"  We  went  up  a  slope,  which,  ending  abruptly 
a  short  distance  above,  seemed  to  be  sur- 
mounted by  a  sober  mass  of  deep  purple,  the 
chain  of  summits  forming  the  dorsal  fin  of  the 
Sierras.     After  that  first   impression  we  found 


ourselves  going  down  and  across  desert  ridges 
and  spurs  whose  monotonous,  tawny  hide  made 
the  most  effective  of  foregrounds  to  the  great 
serrated  mountains  unveiled  now  from  base  to 
summit,  their  shapes  and  scars  blended  into  an 
harmonious  medley  of  luminous  colours — step- 
ping-stones to  the  inexpressible  radiance  of  the 
unbroken,  deep  azure  above.  Our  path  went 
meandering  downvi'ard  over  the  sharp  live  rock 
which  cut  into  one's  shoes,  and  as  we  advanced 
the  rugged  desolation  of  our  surroundings  made 
the  airy  and  transparent  curtain  of  the  Sierras, 

growing  in  height  before  us,  seem  a  mirage 

One  loses  all  sense  of  direction  in  these  chaotic 
wastes,  peopled  only  by  flocks  of  hills,  pressing 
around  and  filling  the  horizon  on  three  sides 
with  strange  and  varied  forms.  The  heat  is 
stifling  in  these  close  guUeys,  and  it  was  only 
when  our  descent  suddenly  ceased  and  we  began 
to  ascend  that  one  could  breathe  comfortably." 

Both  writers  dwell  on  the  extreme  poverty 
of  the  mass  of  the  country  people  and  their 
honesty  and  self  -  respect.  When  Mr. 
Jaccaci  parted  with  his  guide  he  gave  him 
a  small  sum  beyond  the  stipulated  price  : — 

"I  asked  him  to  accept  the  little  gift  as  a 
small  acknowledgment  of  his  loyal  services.  He 
continued  to  look  embarrassed,  but  finally 
thanked  me  and  went  away.  An  hour  after  he 
returned  with  the  extra  compensation.  '  No, 
Senor,'  he  said  ;  'I  can't  take  this.  We  made 
our  price.  It  was  more  than  I  usually  get,  and 
this  job  was  an  easy  one  ;  I  am  the  gainer.  We 
stand  quits,  and  I  could  not  think  well  of  myself, 
nor  would  you  think  as  kindly  of  me,  if  I  were 
to  take  your  gift.' 

"'But,  man,  I  consider  you  have  earned 
it  by  the  money  you  saved  me  in  your  purchases 
at  the  posadas.' 

"  '  That  was  a  bargain,  Sefior.  No  ;  you  must 
take  this  back.  Let  me  shake  hands  with  you 
as  with  a  friend,  and  God  be  with  you  and 
yours.'  " 

Dr.  Workman  has  a  story  to  tell  of  the 
honesty  of  a  Madrid  beggar  : — 

"  Another  incident  shows  a  bright  side  even 
to  Spanish  beggar  life.  A  traveller  stopping 
in  Madrid  had  been  in  the  habit  of  giving  a 
few  centimos  daily  to  a  little  girl  on  the  street. 
One  morning  as  he  passed  the  corner  where 
she  stood,  he  gave  her  as  he  supposed  the 
usual  sum.  Presently  he  heard  some  one  call- 
ing him,  and  looking  around  saw  her  running 
after  him.  On  overtaking  him  she  held  up  a 
tfio-peseta  piece  and  said,  '  Your  honour  has 
always  given  me  centimos,  but  to-day  by  mis- 
take this  was  among  them,'  " 

The  cuts  of  Daniel  Vierge  deserve  high 
praise.  Their  sjjirit,  variety,  and  fidelity 
are  admirable.  Nobody  catches  the  true 
spirit  of  Spanish  every-day  life  as  cer- 
tainly as  this  admirable  artist,  and  the  book 
is  worth  buying  for  the  illustrations.  The 
printing  is  fairly  handsome,  but  the  spelling 
eccentric,  some  of  it  being  neither  English 
nor  American ;  and  M.  Jusserand,  we  may 
add,  figures  as  M.  Tusserand. 


RECENT   VERSE. 


It  is  not  easy  to  assign  to  Miss  Nora 
Hopper  her  due  position  among  poets.  Neither 
by  matter  nor  by  form  can  she  claim  recognition 
among  the  great  names,  and  there  can  be  no 
question  of  placing  her  among  the  crowded 
ranks  of  minor  moderns,  empty,  musical,  deri- 
vative. If  Miss  Hopper  strikes  a  distinctive 
note  she  strikes  it  firmlj'^,  and  it  echoes  in  more 
than  our  mere  cars.  Perhaps  the  difficulty  of 
classification  arises  from  our  habit  of  confusing 
two  very  difl'erent  types  of  work  —  the  in- 
clusion of  mere  verse-writers  among  "minor 
poets."  There  should  be  at  least  three  classes 
— the  great  poets,  the   lesser    poets,   and    the 


188 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


writers  of  mere  verse,  good,  bad,  and  intoler- 
able. It  is  to  the  second  of  those  classes  that 
Miss  Hopper  belongs  by  right  of  imagination, 
insight,  fancy,  of  a  real  power  over  words,  a 
real  grasp  of  ideals.  Blany  of  the  qualities 
that  make  Christina  Rossetti  dear  to  us  are 
found  in  Miss  Hopper's  work— notably  the  in- 
describable charm  that  invests  old  tales  with 
the  true  glamour,  and  makes  Miss  Hopper's 
Celtic  tales  so  ditierent  from  and  so  superior 
to  those  even  of  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats.  Amid  the 
pleasure  that  Under  Quicken  Bonghs  (Lane) 
affords,  we  are,  however,  conscious  of  a  poig- 
nant resentment  of  Miss  Hopper's  Irish  lore. 
There  are  too  many  folk- names  and  too  many 
place-names  —  Tir-na-n'Og,  Maureen,  Eireag, 
Ma  Bouchaleen  Bwee,  and  other  uncouth  foreign 
sounds  trip  up  continually  the  run  of  the 
rhymes.  This  introduction  of  Irish  words 
into  English  verse  is  to  the  full  as  irritating  as 
the  lady  novelist's  detestable  habit  of  inter- 
larding her  narrative  with  French  phrases. 
We  beg  Miss  Hopper  to  cease  from  this  in- 
justice to  her  pretty  muse.  The  stumblhig- 
block  of  these  same  Irish  names  bars  quotation 
from  the  more  original  and  charming  of  her 
poems.  But  as  an  example  of  Miss  Hopper's 
other  verse  '  Helen  of  Troy  '  may  well  be  noted. 
The  rhyme  of  "Helen"  to  "dwell  in"  is  no 
doubt  perfect  to  an  ear  used  to  the  one- vo welled 
Irish  speech  : — 

I  am  that  ITelen,  that  very  Helen 

Of  Leda  born  in  the  days  of  old  ; 
Men's  hearts  were  as  inns  that  1  might  dwell  in; 

Houseless  I  wander  to-night  and  cold. 

Because  man  loved  me,  no  god  takes  pity, 
My  ghost  giies  wailing  where  I  was  Qiieen  ! 

Alas,  my  chamber  in  Troy's  tall  city, 

JJy  golden  couches,  my  hangings  green  ! 

■\Vasted  with  fire  are  the  halls  tiiey  built  me. 
And  sown  with  salt  are  the  streets  I  trod, 

■yVliere  flowers  tliey  scattered,  and  spices  spilt  me— 
Alas,  that  Zeus  is  a  jealous  god  ! 

Softly  I  went  on  my  sandals  golden ; 
Of  love  and  pleasure  I  took  my  till ; 

With  Paris'  kisses  my  lids  were  holden. 
Nor  guessed  I,  when  life  went  at  my  will. 
That  the  Fates,  beliind  me,  went  softlier  still. 

If  Miss  Hopper's  place  is  hard  to  fix,  that  of 
the  gentleman  who  desires  to  be  known  as 
"Q"  is  still  harder  to  assign.  Miss  Hopper 
maintains,  generally,  a  high  level,  whereas 
"Q"  often  llounders  helpless  in  sloughs  of 
awkwardness— often  ambles  a  very  long  way  by 
the  road  of  commonplace.  But,  on  the  other 
hand,  "Q"  has,  here  and  there  and  now  and 
then,  a  fire  and  a  force  far  stronger  than  any- 
thing Miss  Hopper  has  as  yet  put  forth.  '  Doom 
Ferry '  in  Poems  and  Ballads  (Methuen  &  Co.)  is 
an  excellent  example  of  this  grim  power — an 
example,  unfortunately,  too  long  for  quotation. 
But  '  Shadows  '  shall  presently  speak  for  itself. 
The  perfect  presentment  of  a  whole  tragedy  in 
three  short  verses  is  a  feat  of  which  any  poet 
might  well  bo  proud.  And  for  all  the  book's 
weaknesses  this  achievement,  to  our  mind, 
would  pay,  even  were  it  unsupported  by  other 
poems  of  like  strength  and  colour.  As  it  is, 
"  Q  "  should  take  courage.  The  question  in  his 
delightful  'Envoi'  is  answered.  Two  such 
poems  as  '  Doom  Ferry  '  and  '  Shadows '  are 
more  than  the  critic  dares  to  hope  for  in  one 
book  of  modern  verse  : — 

SHADOWS. 

As  I  walked  out  on  Hallows'  E'en 

I  saw  the  moon  sway  tliin  and  green  ; 

I  saw  beside,  in  Fiddler's  Wyiid, 

Two  hands  that  moved  upon  a  blind. 

As  I  walked  out  on  Maitin's  Feast 

I  heard  a  woman  say  to  a  priest — 

"  His  grave  is  digged,  his  shroud  is  sewn  ; 

And  the  child  shall  pass  for  his  very  own." 

But  wliilesthey  stood  beside  his  tomb 

I  heard  the  babe  laugh  out,  in  her  womb— 

"  My  hair  will  be  black  as  his  was  red. 

And  1  have  a  mole  where  his  heart  bled." 

Mr.  Victor  Plarr  is  entitled  to  a  very  respect- 
able place  among  minor  versifiers,  and  so  great 
is  the  charm  of  the  personality  visible  through 
his  work  that  we  heartily  wish  the  fates  had 
dowered  him  a  little  more  generously,  and  thus 
placed  him  among  the  minor  poets.     Through- 


out his  book  entitled  In  the  Dorian  Mood 
(Lane)  breathes  a  spirit  of  kindliness.  The 
love  of  high  ideals,  the  constant  company  of 
noble  dreams,  are  plain  to  see.  But  a  weary 
classicism  often  mars  the  expression  of  a  fine 
thought,  and  an  equally  tiresome  carelessness 
spoils  the  telling  of  more  than  one  good  ballad 
tale.  Mr.  Plarr  has  not  yet  learnt  to  condense ; 
worse,  we  fear  that  he  has  not  even  learnt  the 
need  for  condensation.  His  best  poem  is,  of 
course,  one  of  the  shortest,  and  is  a  happy 
example  of  what  he  might  do  could  he  only  be 
persuaded  that  the  lyrics  of  the  ordinary  verse- 
writer  are  usually  valuable  in  direct  proportion 
to  their  brevity.  The  little  poem  has  charm, 
grace,  felicity,  and  a  pathetic  note  underlying 
all.  If  Mr.  Plarr  would  only  give  us  more  like 
it  we  could  forgive  him  the  tedium  of  his  hundred 
and  eleven  pages  : — 

EPITAPHIUM   CITHARISTR^. 

Stand  not  uttering  sedately 

Trite  obhvious  praise  above  her  ! 
Rather  say  you  saw  her  lately 

Lightly  kissing  her  last  lover. 
■Whisper  not,  "  There  is  a  reason 

Why  we  bring  her  no  white  blossom  "  : 
Since  the  snowy  bloom 's  in  season 

Strow  it  on  her  sleeping  bosom  : 
Oh.  for  it  would  be  a  pity 

To  o'erpraise  her,  or  to  fiout  her  : 
She  was  wild  and  sweet,  and  w  itty — 

Let's  not  say  dull  things  about  her. 

By  means  of  a  nicely  printed  and  nicely 
bound  little  book,  Songs  of  Love  and  Death 
(Dent  &  Co.),  containing  the  metrical  expres- 
sion of  gloomy  commonplace.  Miss  Margaret 
Armour  has  doubtless  been  able  to  present  to 
her  friends  an  agreeable  keepsake,  and  we 
should  be  the  last  to  grudge  that  simple  pleasure 
either  to  her  or  to  them.  Let  such  books  be 
printed  privately,  by  all  means  ;  but  why  they 
should  bo  published  and  offered  for  sale  to  a 
public  that  buys  little  poetry  except  for  presents, 
and  that  little  only  the  hall-marked,  is  a  pro- 
blem that  passes  understanding.  Mr.  W.  B. 
MacDougall  announces  on  the  title-page  that 
he  has  "illustrated  and  decorated  "  the  work. 
Tastes  difior;  these  "illustrations  and  decora- 
tions "  may  please  Miss  Armour  and  her  friends. 
All  things  are  possible. 

In  llie  Song-Book  of  Bethia  Hardncre  (Chap- 
man &  Hall)  Mrs.  Fuller  Maitland  has  brought 
together,  apparently,  most,  if  not  all,  of  the 
occasional  verse  which  figured  in  her  two  pre- 
ceding volumes  —  '  The  Day-Book  of  Bethia 
Hardacre  '  and  '  The  Saltonstall  Gazette.'  She 
makes  a  pretty  pretence  that  these  lyrics, 
quatrains,  couplets,  and  what  not,  have  been 
selected  by  "Bethia  Hardacre"  from  certain 
books  of  verse  written  and  published  by 
members  of  the  Hardacre  family  between  1598 
and  1897.  That  the  verse  supposed  to  be  issued 
between  1598  and  1682  should  exhibit,  more  or 
less,  the  characteristics  of  seventeenth  century 
work  is  not  surprising  ;  but  it  would  seem  from 
that  which  Mrs.  Maitland  assigns  to  the  period 
between  1889  and  1897  that  the  later  Hard- 
acres  have  aped  in  their  poesy  the  manner  of 
their  progenitors.  This  'Song-Book,'  in  fact, 
is  in  the  seventeenth  century  style  throughout  ; 
nor  is  the  general  efl['ect  at  all  unpleasing.  The 
mimicry  of  the  old  method,  alike  of  feeling, 
thought,  and  expression,  is  very  neatly  done. 
Mrs.  Fuller  Maitland  evidently  has  a  natural 
affinity  to  the  writers  whose  voice  she  so  agree- 
ably echoes  in  these  pages.  It  is  easy  to  see, 
for  example,  under  whose  influence  she  wrote 
the  following  stanzas  '  To  Cynthia  ': — 

Think  not  that  with  your  gay  Apparel 
I  fain  would  quarrel. 
'Tis  but  a  Niggard  who  denies 
To  Beauty  her  Accessories. 
As  well  condemn  the  Violetts  blue 
For  sparkling  in  the  Morning's  Dew, 
Or  Meadows  when  enriched  they  be 
With  Spring  time's  sweet  Kmbr'oidery. 
But,  w  hen  the  cunning  of  the  Dress 
Provokes  a  proud  Self-consciousness, 
When  Girdle's  clasp  and  Hiband's  tie 
Permit  the  Thrills  of  Vanity ; 
When  flowing  Silks  and  Lace  I  see 
Eclipsing  sweet  Simplicity — 
Then,  of  a  surely,  I  confess 
I  love  not  Art  but  Artlessiiess. 


SOUTH   AFKICAN   TALES. 

Mr  p.  Fitzpatrick's  little  volume,  called  The 
OuAspan  (Heinemann),  after  the  first  of  its  six 
stories,  is  quite  one  of  the  most  worthy  contri- 
butions to  South  African  light  literature  o£ 
recent  years.  The  stories,  though  indepen- 
dent of  sport,  are  chiefly  concerned  with  the 
ruder  and  picturesque  aspects  of  the  life  lived 
by  English  adventurers,  either  in  the  open  veldt 
or  far  away  from  the  well  -  established  towns. 
Nearly  all  of  them  are  very  good  reading,  but 
as  in  most  groups,  whether  of  tales  or  anything 
else,  one  figure  stands  out  as  superior  in  interest 
to  its  neighbours.  Soltkd,  the  hero  of  the  second 
story,  is  a  character  sketch  of  strongly  marked 
originality,  and  the  episode  of  his  association 
with  certain  transport  riders  of  Delagoa  Bay 
forms  the  subject-matter  of  a  humorous  yet 
tragic  narrative,  that  is  the  more  moving  for  the 
complete  restraint  of  its  closing  scene.  This 
story  attains  so  high  a  level  of  excellence  that 
we  grudge  the  place  given  in  its  company  to 
'The  Pool,'  a  camp-fire  yarn  of  mere  grim 
ugliness,  which  is  happily  the  only  exception 
that  appears  to  the  honest  human  interest  and 
general  correct  taste  of  the  work. 

Hans  van  Donder,  by  Mr.  Charles  Montague 
(Constable  &  Co.),  is  a  romantic  short  novel 
with  a  good  though  simple  plot,  compounded  of 
old-fashioned  ingredients,  such  as  love  at  first 
sight,  rivalry,  treachery,  gratitude,  and  mar- 
vellous coincidence.  Hunting  exploits  figure 
so  largely  in  its  action  that  we  had  almost 
described  it  as  a  boys'  book  ;  but  the  timely 
recollection  that  hardly  any  kind  of  sport  is 
now  the  exclusive  privilege  of  the  rougher  sex 
induces  a  general  recommendation  to  all  youth- 
ful readers  without  reservation.  It  is  to  the 
youthful  or  unsophisticated  mind  that  the 
(]uasi  -  supernatural  passages  in  Hans  van 
Donder's  adventures  will  most  successfully  ap- 
peal. To  minds  of  this  stamp  "  Kleinboy  " — the 
little  Bushman  who  is  saved  by  the  hero,  at  the 
bidding  of  a  mysterious  impulse,  from  a  battue 
in  which  his  wretched  tribe  are  slaughtered  by 
a  Dutch  commando  to  avenge  some  cattle  thefts, 
and  acts  the  grateful  mouse's  part  towards 
his  benefactor  when  the  right  moment  comes 
— will  be  both  a  real  and  a  lovable  personage. 
But  why  cannot  Mr.  Montague  dispense  with 
an  introductory  scene  bringing  his  hero  to 
the  front  in  a  monologue  ?  This  form  of 
presentation  would  seem  to  have  an  irre- 
sistible charm  for  his  pen,  and  it  has  un- 
questionable advantages  under  certain  condi- 
tions ;  but  where  an  elaborate  story,  containing 
many  scenes  and  spreading  over  much  time,  is 
to  be  told,  it  is  unconvincing,  and  in  this  par- 
ticular instance  results  in  discrepancies  that 
damage  the  artistic  value  of  the  book.  For  the 
Hans  van  Donder  who  6gures  throughout  twenty 
pages  as  Mr.  Montague's  slow-witted  host,  how- 
ever likely  to  have  borne  himself  during  his 
"April  years  of  blood  "  in  the  manner  described 
further  on,  loses  his  identity  as  the  monologue 
merges  disproportionately  minute  exposition  of 
Boer  manners  in  real  history,  and  could  no 
more  have  recounted  his  strange  experiences, 
whether  psychical  or  merely  mundane,  as  they 
are  here  circumstantially  set  forth,  than  he 
could  have  played  the  "  Wanderer  Fantasia  " 
with  his  pipe-stem  on  his  square  gin-bottle. 


CLASSICAL    I'HILOLOGY. 


Les  Fabulistes  Latins.  Par  L.  Hervieux. — 
Vol.  IV.  Endes  de  Cheriton  et  ses  Derives. 
(Paris,  Firmin-Didot.)— In  the  first  edition  of 
his  '  Fabulistes  Latins  '  M.  Hervieux  placed 
Odoof  Cheriton  among  the  imitators  of  Phsedrus. 
But  the  dependence  of  Odo  upon  Phtedrus  being 
slight,  he  has  now  been  assigned  an  indepen- 
dent position.  In  this  new  edition  the  material 
has  been  entirely  recast  and  much  new  informa- 
tion incorporated.  Thanks  chiefly  to  some  re- 
searches made  by  English  scholars,  the  birth- 


N°36-tl,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  M 


189 


pJace  of  Odo  has  been  definitely  fixed  as  Cheri- 
ton,  near  Folkestone,  and  some  facts  concerning 
him  (including  the  date  of  his  death)  have  been 
ascertained.  This  volume  of  M.  Hervieux, 
which  atlbrds  the  same  evidence  of  devoted  love 
for  scholarship  as  its  predecessors,  is  of  interest 
as  supplying  a  missing  chapter  in  the  history  of 
mediajval  literature.  Odo  seems  to  have  de- 
signed his  apologues  for  moral  and  homiletic 
uses,  and  M.  Hervieux  has  done  well  to  place 
side  by  side  with  the  book  of  fables  a  collection 
of  similar  stories  drawn  from  the  sermons  of  the 
same  writer.  The  tales,  or  rather  the  morals 
drawn  from  them  or  involved  in  them,  often 
have  considerable  intrinsic  interest.  Odo,  a 
cleric  himself,  is  a  severe  critic  of  the  failings 
of  Churchmen,  and  particularly  of  Churchmen 
in  high  station.  The  incongruity  between  the 
luxury,  cruelty,  and  rapacity  of  some  bishops, 
and  the  humility  which  was  their  Christian  duty, 
is  often  quaintly  enforced.  Thus  (p.  268)  a 
certain  "  magister  Parisiensis  "  was  pressed  to 
give  an  address  in  presence  of  a  king  and  several 
bishops.  For  some  time  he  could  not  be  induced 
to  go  beyond  the  utterance:  "  Stulti  fuerunt 
Petrus  et  Paulus."  On  being  compelled  to 
explain  himself  he  said  : — 

"Tlie  bishops  believe  that  they  are  going  to  scale 
heaven  in  company  with  their  bedecked  horses, 
their  dainty  viands,  their  costly  garments,  their 
vices,  and  their  luxuries.  Well  then,  Peter  and 
Paul,  who  endured  poverty,  tribulations,  hunger, 
and  cold,  were  great  fools,  if  they  might  have  attained 
to  God's  glory  on  such  easy  terms  as  these  prelates 
of  ours." 

In  an  interesting  passage  (p.  270)  the  devil 
prompts  an  abbot  who  ruled  his  monks 
"secundum  evangelicam  legem  "  to  add  "  pr;T3- 
cepta  "  also.  This  the  devil  did  to  the  end 
that  he  might  catch  more  in  his  net  ;  "  for  these 
*  praecepta  '  are  a  net  of  his,  and  a  snare  spread 
between  us  and  God."  A  curious  figure  (p.  184) 
is  the  English  soldier  who,  when  drunk,  pro- 
ciaims  it  an  easy  task  for  him  to  beat  three 
Frenchmen,  but,  when  in  want,  is  a  coward. 
Incidentally  M.  Hervieux  protests  against  the 
statements  made  by  two  continental  scholars 
that  manuscripts  in  England  are  inaccessible, 
aad  eulogizes  the  courtesy  with  which  he  has 
been  met  by  the  keepers  of  our  collections. 

Tjnllingi  Halbertsmce  Adversaria  Critica.  E 
Schedis  Defuncti  selegit,  disposuit,  edidit  Hen- 
ricus  van  Herwerden.  (Leyden,  Brill  ) — The 
tempation  to  say  "nil  nisi  bonum "  of  Van 
Herwerden's  pious  memorial  of  a  worthy  friend 
is  great,  but  must  be  resisted.  Halbertsma's 
la"bours  in  the  sphere  of  textual  criticism  seem 
to  have  been  mostly  wasted  in  crude  and  cap- 
tious strictures  on  passages  which  are  faultless. 
For  instance,  II.,  i.  401,  aAAa  cri^  toi/  y' 
eXdovcra,  Oed,  vireXva-ao  Secr/xcoi',  is  condemned 
because  Zeus  was  not  actually  bound,  the  poet 
being  expected  to  speak  by  the  card  most  pro- 
saically ;  11.,  i.  434,  lOToi'  8'  IcttoSokij  TreXacrav 
TvpoTovoLfTLv  iK^tiTcs,  Tecclves  the  change  Trporo- 
voLcri  KadevTes,  because,  forsooth,  Kade/iev  laria 
is  found  Od.,  ix.  72  ;  II.,  i.  474,  fj.eXTT0VT€S  is 
altered  to  deXyovre^  to  avoid  an  efiective  "tauto- 
logy "  (Aristarchus),  and  because  "  Activum 
fjLeX-jreiv  nusquam  nisi  hoc  loco  invenitur,"  an 
objection  invalidated  by  the  fact  that  /xsAreo-^at 
only  occurs  twice  in  the  Iliad  and  once  in  the 
Odyssey  ;  II.,  ii.  356,  'EXevrjs  op/j.rjiJLaTa  is 
changed  to  'E.  wpviiara  with  a  redeeming 
"  lortasse, "  to  which  tasteless  coinage,  at  any 
rate,  9privr]fxaTa  is  preferable,  ^sch.,  '  Agam.,' 
244,  Trarpos  K'ar'  aropojvas  evTpa7re(ov<;  \ 
efitXipeu,  is  transformed  into  tt.  k.  avSpiZva 
<TvvTpa.T€(ovs  eOeX^ev.  Soph.,  '  CEd.  Col.,' 1156, 
<rot  fiev  (fiTToXiv,  altered  by  Nauck,  is  pro- 
nounced corrupt.  Soph.,  'Electra,'  697,  la-xvwv 
becomes  ds  8vi]v.  Horace,  Od.,  III.  iv.  76, 
"inpositam  celer  ignis  ^'Etnam  "  is  distorted 
into_  "i.  Enceladi  i.  A."  Many  of  the  sug- 
gestions are  harmless  in  themselves,  and  prove 
their  author  to  have  been  a  man  of  great 
learning,  industry,  and  ingenuity. 


Aristophanis  Eanae.  Cum  Prolegomenis  et 
Commentariis.  Edidit  J.  van  Loeuwen,  J.f. 
(Leyden,  Sijthoff.)— Prof,  van  Leeuwen'a  con- 
tributions to  MiLcmosyiie  on  the  '  Jlan;e  '  have 
led  scholars  to  expect  that  this  edition  would 
prove  of  high  value,  and  it  undoubtedly  satisfies 
such  anticipations.  The  Latin  apparatus  criticus 
and  commentary  are  full,  and  evince  a  large 
acquaintance  with  the  voluminous  literature  of 
the  subject  ;  and  the  text  is  carefully  treated, 
though  not  always  with  due  conservatism.  For 
instance,  v.  117,  4'P'^C^  ''■'^''  o'^^i'  I  '^^Ti  to-xi-o-t' 
d(ln^6jj.e9\  K.T  X.,  is  far  better  than  Fritache's 

4>pd(e     I'wf    uSov.       The     source    of    et-ei 

€tAtcrcr£T£  SaKTuAots,  V.  1314,  should  have  been 
indicated,  viz.,  Euripides's  'Orestes,'  14.32, 
Sa/cTi'Aots  ei'Atcro-e  (vulg.  4'Atcrtre).  In  the 
prolegomena  it  is  argued  that  Aristophanes 
turned  to  literature  and  the  under-world  in 
disgust  with  politics  and  the  condition  of  his 
country.  

EECENT  BIOGRAPHY. 
Gahriele  von  Biilow,  DaiujJder  of  JVilhelm 
von  HnmhohU :  a  Memoir,  translated  by  Clara 
Nordlinger  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.),  is  disappoint- 
ing. It  was  to  be  expected  that  the  letters  of 
William  von  Humboldt's  daughter,  the  wife 
of  a  Prussian  statesman  who  represented  his 
country  in  London  for  fourteen  years,  and  was 
subsequently  Minister  of  Foreign  A  flairs  at 
Berlin,  would  afi'ord  a  good  deal  of  information 
about  the  history,  or,  at  any  rate,  the  society 
of  the  period  in  which  her  husband  played  a 
prominent  part.  But  the  Baroness  Biilow, 
although  a  highly  -  educated  woman,  seems  to 
have  been  almost  entirely  absorbed  in  family 
and  domestic  matters,  and  she  appears  to  have 
avoided  social  engagements  as  much  as  she 
could,  and  to  have  felt  little  aft'ection  for  any 
one,  unless  it  be  Queen  Adelaide,  outside  the 
circle  of  her  own  relations.  Nor  are  her  hus- 
band's letters  as  here  printed  of  much  more 
general  interest.  Only  a  few  notes  on  public 
events  occur,  and,  like  his  description  of  Queen 
Victoria's  dissolving  Parliament  in  1837,  they 
are  rather  tame.  Perhaps  the  best  passage  in 
the  book  is  an  account  of  a  visit  of  his  to 
Windsor  in  October,  1838,  when  he  wrote  :  — 

"When  I  alighted  the  housekeeper,  whom  you 
know,  received  me  and  conducted  me  down  some 
loig  passages  to  three  beautiful  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor.  I  at  once  recognized  the  suite  of  apartments 
which  used  to  belong  to  Prince  George  of  Cambridge. 

The  Queen  was  exceedingly  kind  and   friendly 

towards  me  all  the  time.  At  table,  when  I  sat 
between  them,  I  tried  to  amuse  her  and  her  mother 
as  much  as  possible,  and  I  often  succeeded  in  making 
them  laugh  heartil)'.  As  you  very  correctly  remark, 
laughing  is  beneficial  to  the  health,  and  therefore 
generally  inculcates  gratitude  towards  the  laughing- 
doctor,  so  I  hope  the  Queen  will  graciously  continue 
to  be  well  disposed  towards  me.  At  dinner  she 
always  honoured  me  by  taking  wine  with  me.  We 
discussed  the  reading  of  novels  among  other  things  ; 
she  said  that  as  Princess  Victoria  she  had  not  read 
a  single  one.  Since  her  accession  she  has  read 
three,  one  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  one  by  Cooper,  and 
one  by  Bulwer The  late  King's  rooms  are  un- 
used; the  Queen  hasciiosen  those  formerly  inhabited 
by  Queen  Adelaide,  which  are  exactly  above  the 
apartments  of  Prince  George  of  Cambridge.  This 
gave  me  an  opportunity  of  hearing  the  Queen  play 
the  piano  and  sing.  It  was  at  about  six  o'clock  on 
the  second  day  of  my  visit,  and  Her  Majesty  had 
just  returned  from  visiting  the  Duchess  of  Glou- 
cester. When  I  told  her  at  dinner  of  the  pleasure 
I  had  enjoyed,  she  was  quite  concerned,  because,  as 
Lord  Melbourne  afterwards  confided  to  me,  she  had 
confessed  to  him  that  she  had  been  dancing  about 
the  room  with  her  ladies-in-wailing,  and  had  been 
quite  extravagantly  merry." 

The  translation  is  fairly  good  ;  but  Miss  (?)  Nord- 
linger, we  should  say,  knows  German  better 
than  she  does  English.  She  has,  it  seems, 
omitted  "some  details  of  purely  domestic 
character  and  mere  expressions  of  emotional 
feeling  "  ;  still  there  is  a  good  deal  more  of  both 
than  the  British  public  will  care  for.  There  are 
many  trifling  misprints,  such  as  "Paul  Peg" 
for  Paul  Pry.     The  well-known  Lac  de  Gaube 


is  twice  calloxl  on  p.  5  the  "  Lac  de  Goule,"  and 
some  of  the  lei'^ers  are  misdated, 

Marie  Hilton,  her  Life  and  Work,  by 
J.  Deane  Hilton  (Isbister),  contains,  on  the 
whole,  a  worthy  record  of  a  most  noble  life. 
A  member  by  adoption  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  Mrs.  Hilton  made  a  name  for  her- 
self among  the  passing  generation  of  philan- 
thropists by  her  labours  among  the  East-End 
poor.  Many  good  people  remember  the  en- 
thusiasm with  which  the  creche  founded  by 
her  on  the  Belgian  model  was  received,  and 
these  pages  show  that  few  charita\)le  institu- 
tions have  been  less  abused.  Mr.  Hilton  sets 
forth  his  mother's  organizing  capacity,  her 
large-heartedness,  and  her  splendid  courage, 
with  a  filial  piety  that  is  not  in  the  least 
aggressive.  He  has,  however,  thrown  his 
materials  together  rather  loosely,  and  indulges 
in  some  irrelevant  flings  at  rival  East-End 
specialists.  There  is  much  sense  in  what  he 
says,  but  it  would  have  been  more  to  the 
point  in  a  signed  review  of,  say,  '  The  Child 
of  the  Jago.' 

The  third  volume  of  Prof.  W.  M.  Sloane's 
Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  is  published  by  the 
Century  Company  of  New  York,  and  in  London 
by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  The  illustrations, 
although  not  all  of  equal  merit,  keep  up  to  a 
high  level  ;  the  coloured  reproductions  of 
large  pictures  are  as  a  rule  admirable,  and  a 
good  deal  of  the  black  and  white  is  also  excel- 
lent. While  we  have  no  fault  to  find  with  the 
text,  we  do  not  know  that  we  can  praise  it  so 
unreservedly  as  we  did  that  of  the  first  volume. 
There  are,  perhaps,  some  slight  signs  of  haste 
about  it.  If  the  delicate  subject  of  the  divorce 
from  Josephine  is  handled  with  admirable  truth, 
though  very  briefly,  we  can  hardly  say  the  same 
of  the  episodes  connected  with  the  Queen  of 
Prussia.  We  are  by  no  means  convinced  that 
Napoleon's  insinuations  with  regard  to  relations 
between  her  and  Alexander,  which,  if  they 
existed,  were  of  political  moment,  are  accurately 
described  as  "lying  abuse."  Abuse  there  was, 
but  whether  the  statements  were  untrue  is 
a  matter  on  which  recent  publications  have 
caused  a  good  deal  of  doubt  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  have  followed  them.  Haste  is  per- 
haps responsible  for  some  peculiarities  of  style  ; 
for  example,  the  sentence  following  the  state- 
ment that  Napoleon  withdrew  from  the  capital 
and  held  his  court  at  Fontainebleau,  and  pre- 
ceding a  passage  from  the  memoirs  of  the  Due  de 
Broglie,  "The  air  was  all  surcharged."  We  do 
not  quite  know  why  the  French  aquarelle 
should  be  used  for  "  water-colour  "  throughout 
the  book,  or  why  Jose[)hine  should  be  invariably 
denied  her  accent  while  her  son  is  invariably 
accorded  hia. 

ORIENTALIA. 

The  account  of  Herr  Leo  Hirsch's  visit  to 
the  Hadramautin  1892,  Ktisen  in  Siid-Arahien, 
Mahra-Land,  nnd  RadrmiU  (Leyden,  Brill),  will 
be  welcome  to  Arabic  scholars  as  well  as  to 
geographers  and  botanists.  Adolph  von  Wrede, 
who  visited  this  country  in  1843,  was  not,  says 
our  author,  an  exact  Arabic  scholar,  but  neither 
was  he  a  liar,  as  Alexander  von  Humboldt 
declared.  Herr  Ilirsch  seems  to  be  a  pro- 
fessional Arabist,  and  gives  the  exact  pro- 
nunciation of  names  of  districts,  localities,  and 
persons.  Historical  data  regarding  the  Hadra- 
maut  are  scanty  and  uncertain.  Our  author 
has  collected  notes  from  the  mouths  of  natives, 
whom  he  could  understand  better  than  his  pre- 
decessor, and  he  is  therefore  more  trustworthy. 
It  is  a  pity  that  he  devotes  too  much  space  to 
the  description  of  personal  details.  We  do  not 
believe  that  we  shall  be  better  informed  about 
theHadramautwhen  we  are  told  in  what  kind  of 
cups  the  coffee  was  served  by  such  and  such  a 
Sheikh,  and  similar  details.  Some  explanations 
from  Hebrew  are  not  plausible.  Our  author 
says  :   "The  name  of  money  in  general  is  here 


190 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


bugesch,  a  word  which  I  cannot  ^erive,  unless 
it  comes  from  the  Hebrew  WP^,  to  seek  or 
demand."  It  seems  to  us  that  bksli  is  an 
abbreviation  from  lia]:s!iJsJi-  Our  author's  ex- 
planation of  the  name  H;tdramaut  is  forced.  Ho 
regards  the  m  as  a  forwative,  and  compares  the 
relative  noun  hadrawi.  Tlie  tradition  in  the  Bible 
(Gen.  X.  26)  is  Hazarmaveth,  "  court  of  death  "; 
but  this  cannot  be  meant  literally,  for  the  dis- 
trict of  the  Hadramaut  is  fertile  and  healthy. 
The  LXX.  retranscribes  tov 'A(rap/uod.  Herr 
Hirsch's  interesting  diary  comprises  some  Arabic 
model  pieces,  a  catalogue  of  plants  acquired 
during  his  travels,  which  is  followed  by  an 
alphabetical  index  of  names  mentioned  in  the 
book,  a  table  of  the  current  money,  a  facsimile 
of  a  letter  in  Arabic,  and  a  detailed  map  of  the 
country,  which  is  much  more  scientific  than 
that  of  Von  Wrede.  There  is  no  mention  of 
inscriptions. 

The  twelfth  fasciculus  of  Prof.  Jahn's  transla- 
tion with  copious  notes  of  Sirafi's  Arabic  com- 
mentary on  Sibawahi's  grammatical  work  has 
just  been  published  (Berlin,  Reuther).  We 
can  only  repeat  that  the  translator  continues 
his  task  with  great  painstaking,  and  we  hope 
that  he  will  accomplish  his  work  begun  years 
ago.  Arabic  professors,  whose  speciality  is 
Arabic  grammar  —  for  common  students  can 
scarcely  grasp  this  technical  work — will  welcome 
the  whole  book  with  thanks. 

We  are  glad  to  announce  the  appearance  of 
the  first  volume  of  the  great  Syriac  lexicon 
which  Monseigneur  Thomas  Audo,  the  Chaldean 
Archbishop  of  Urmi  in  Persia,  has  been  pre- 
paring for  several  years  past.  It  forms  a  thickish 
small  folio  volume  of  492  pages,  double  columns, 
and  is  printed  at  the  press  of  th  e  Dominican  Fathers 
at  Mossoul.  The  explanations  of  the  words  are 
given  in  Syriac,  but  they  are  short  and  to  the 
point.  In  a  long  preface  the  compiler  discusses 
the  subject  of  Syrian  writing,  authorship,  and 
lexicography  in  general,  and  it  is  pleasing  to  find 
that  he  pays  a  well- merited  tribute  of  respect 
to  the  labours  of  the  late  Dr.  Payne  Smith. 


AMKRICAN   HISTORY. 


Beport  on  the  Canadian  Archives,  by  Dr. 
Douglas  Brymner  (Ottawa,  Dawson),  is  the  title 
of  a  publication  which  the  Canadian  Government 
issue  yearly  and  which  the  Government  Archivist 
compiles.  We  have  had  nothing  but  praise  for 
reports  from  the  same  pen,  and  the  last  deserves 
as  high  praise  as  any  other.  It  is,  indeed,  of 
more  general  interest  than  several  of  them.  Some 
very  curious  particulars  are  furnished  of  the  con- 
ferences between  the  official  authorities  and  the 
Indian  representatives  of  the  Six  Nations.  Still 
more  interesting  are  the  documents  which 
appear  in  full  relative  to  the  position  of  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  from  1807, 
when  war  was  dreaded,  till  1812,  when  war  was 
declared.  The  letters  of  an  adventurer  named 
John  Henry  are  printed  here.  He  was  em- 
ployed, somewhat  rashly,  by  Sir  James  Craig, 
the  Governor  of  Canada,  to  sound  the  people  of 
New  England  as  to  their  course  in  the  event  of 
a  war  between  the  two  countries.  He  gave  little 
information  of  value,  and  he  offered  to  sell  his 
letters  for  125,000  dollars  to  the  American  Pre- 
sident. They  were  bought  for  50,000  dollars 
through  the  intermediary  of  a  so-called  Count 
Crillon,  who  was  a  French  police  spy.  Both 
Crillon  and  Henry  disappeared  after  the  money 
was  received  ;  the  letters,  however,  were  placed 
before  Congress,  and  caused  as  great  and  absurd 
a  sensation  as  those  of  Hutchinson,  which 
Franklin  obtained  surreptitiously  and  forwarded 
to  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  All 
the  papers  which  Dr.  Brymner  has  printed  at 
length  are  worth  reading,  while  those  of  which 
he  has  given  the  titles  will  aid  the  historical 
student  of  Canada. 

The  True  George  Washington  (Lippincott  Com- 
pany) is  a  picture  of  the  Father  of  his  Country 
drawn  by  Mr.  Paul  Leicester  Ford,  which  differs 


in  some  details  from  any  other.  From  the  fiction 
written  by  the  Rev.  M.  L.  Weems  to  the  facts 
set  forth  by  Mr.  Ford,  many  lives  of  Washington 
have  been  written  to  little  purpose.  His  cha- 
racter is  no  riddle  ;  his  life  was  very  simple  ; 
his  public  services  are  known  to  all  men.  Yet 
many  persons  appear  to  labour  under  the  de- 
lusion that  Washington  was  a  veiled  prophet. 
Mr.  Ford  has  drawn  the  veil  aside,  and 
tells  us  at  p.  57  that  Washington  was  so 
deaf  in  1789  as  to  hear  little  of  the  con- 
versation at  a  dinner-table  ;  that  his  teeth  had 
troubled  him  even  more  than  his  ears  ;  that  as 
early  as  1754  "  one  of  his  teeth  was  extracted  "; 
that  in  1760,  when  his  mouth  was  open,  "some 
defective  teeth  "  were  visible  ;  that  toothache 
was  a  frequent  malady  ;  that  in  1780  "he  was 
using  false  teeth";  and  that  "he  lost  his  last 
tooth  in  1795."  We  learn  also  that  "to  the 
end  of  his  life  Washington  wrote  lie,  lye  ;  liar, 
lyar";  that  he  declined  to  advise  "  the  widow 
of  Jack  Curtis  "  to  marry  again,  "  first,  because 
I  never  could  advise  any  one  to  marry  without 
her  own  consent  ;  and,  secondly,  because  I 
know  it  is  to  no  purpose  to  advise  her  to  refrain, 
when  she  has  obtained  it."  Mr.  Ford  quotes 
some  of  the  harsh  phrases  used  by  Thomas 
Paine  about  Washington  ;  these  had  not  the 
desired  efl'ect,  as  Washington  treated  them  with 
the  contempt  they  deserved.  On  the  last  page 
but  four  Mr.  Ford  states  that  in  "his  mature 
years  "  Washington  outgrew  his  disability  about 
telling  a  lie.  The  American  publishers  have 
thought  fit  to  print  this  rubbish.  We  cannot 
advise  the  English  public  to  read  it. 

Life  of  Abby  Hopper  Gibbons,  told  chiefly 
through  Iter  Correspondence,  is  edited  by  her 
daughter  Sarah  Hopper  Emerson,  and  the  two 
small  volumes  of  letters  cont-ain  a  pleasing 
picture  of  a  very  estimable  "little  Quaker 
lady. "  She  was  born  in  1 801,  and  lived  till  early 
in  the  year  1893,  her  long  life  being  passed  in 
doing  good  to  her  less  fortunate  fellow  creatures. 
During  the  war  between  North  and  South  she 
was  an  energetic  nurse.  Her  husband  was  the 
author  of  the  song  "  We  are  coming,  Father 
Abraham,  three  hundred  thousand  more," 
which  was  both  popular  and  effective.  By  a 
strange  irony  of  fate  the  house  in  New  York 
where  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gibbons  had  gathered 
together  their  treasures  was  gutted  by  the  mob 
in  1863.  Not  less  strange  is  the  fact  that  this 
lady,  her  husband,  and  her  father  were  "dis- 
owned by  "—  that  is  excommunicated  from — the 
Society  of  Friends  for  espousing  abolition  prin- 
ciples. There  is  nothing  remarkable  in  the 
letters  which  fill  these  two  volumes,  yet  their 
simplicity  has  a  charm,  and  the  reader  becomes 
most  interested  in  the  persons  described.  Some- 
times Mrs.  Gibbons  expresses  her  thoughts  in 
rhyme,  and  not  always  unsuccessfully,  as  the 
following  couplet  proves  : — 

Who  bears  the  greatest  ills  with  least  complaint, 
Unites  in  one  piiilosoplier  and  saint. 

A  little  more  explanatory  matter  would  have 
been  of  service,  as  a  subject  is  often  dropped 
about  which  a  few  words,  telling  the  reason 
why,  would  satisfy  a  natural  curiosity. 

The  Beginners  of  a  Nation :  a  History  of  the 
Source  and  Rise  of  the  Earliest  English  Settle- 
ments in  America,  with  Special  Reference  to  the 
Life  and  Character  of  the  People. — Such  is  the 
long  title  of  a  small  book  by  Mr.  Edward 
Eggleston  (Longmans  &  Co.).  The  work  itself 
is  very  carefully  composed,  and  the  story  is 
told  with  admirable  brevity.  At  the  end  of 
each  chapter  there  are  what  the  author  calls 
"elucidations,"  that  is,  explanatory  notes,  and 
these  are  decidedly  useful.  In  one  of  them  Mr. 
Eggleston  renounces  the  opinion  he  once  enter- 
tained as  to  the  credibility  of  what  Capt.  Smith 
records  about  Pocahontas  and  himself.  It  is 
strange,  indeed,  that  many  persons  continue  to 
accept  and  circulate  this  fable.  He  points  out 
that  the  excesses  of  Puritanism  in  New  England 
had  their  counterpart  in  the  old  country,  and 
that  in  Dr.  Bownde's  book  on  the  Sabbath  it  is 


said  that  but  one  bell  ought  to  be  rung  to  call 
people  to  church.  Long  before  the  New  Eng- 
land Puritans  had  made  life  as  gloomy  as- 
possible  the  settlers  in  Virginia  were  giving 
effect  to  the  maxims  of  Bownde,  the  laws,  divine, 
moral,  and  martial,  which  Sir  Thomas  Dale  pro- 
mulgated and  enforced  in  Virginia  being  as 
rigorous  as  any  to  be  found  on  record.  As  a 
work  for  the  teaching  of  early  American  history 
this  one  has  great  merit.  It  is  printed  as  well 
as  written  in  America,  and  the  spelling 
and  phraseology  are  in  keeping  with  Americann 
custom. 

Last  Days  of  Knickerbocker  Life  in  New  Yorky 
by  Abram  C.  Dayton  (Putnam's  Sons),  depicts- 
living  in  the  Empire  City  of  America  as  it  was- 
fifty  years  ago.  The  change  has  been  great,  and 
by  no  means  for  the  better.  Mr.  Dayton  says 
that  under  Knickerbocker  rule  moderation  in 
everything  was  enjoined  and  generally  practised; 
that  society  then  exacted  respect  for  public 
opinion,  deemed  it  proper  to  attend  "a  stated 
place  of  worship  on  the  Sabbath,"  held  that  it 
was  wrong  to  frequent  certain  places,  looked 
with  abhorrence  upon  the  spendthrift,  con- 
demned the  idler,  and  aided  and  encouraged 
honest  industry,  while  "  its  pride  was  an 
honoured  home."  The  eating-houses  of  the 
olden  time  were  much  plainer  than  at  present^ 
and  those  who  now  dine  at  Delmonico's  would 
scorn  the  thick  slices  of  underdone  roast  beef 
which  their  ancestors  ate  with  gusto  at  Clark 
&  Brown's  room  in  Maiden  Lane.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  simpler  fare  was  more  whole- 
some and  far  cheaper.  Mr.  Dayton  sometimes- 
indulges  in  fine  writing,  of  which  a  single  sen- 
tence will  serve  as  a  specimen  :  "  How  exquisite 
is  woman,  appropriately,  modestly  attired  ;  how- 
radiant  are  her  eyes  when  there  is  no  imperial 
bauble  to  flash  a  rival  splendour."  There  is- 
more  in  the  same  style  ;  but  such  passages  are 
the  exception,  and  the  book  is  readable.  The 
curious  details  in  it  are  supplemented  by  many 
excellent  illustrations. 


OUK   LIBRARY   TABLE, 


The  Dies  Ira>. — Part  I.  The  Hymn.  By  the 
Rev.  C.  F.  S.  Warren.  (Skeffington.)— Nothing; 
is  more  curious  than  the  way  in  which  trans- 
lators go  on  working  in  beaten  paths.  Heine 
and  Horace  have  been  perverted  into  English 
many  times,  and  the  author  of  this  volume, 
with  extraordinary  diligence,  has  collected  no- 
fewer  than  234  versions  of  the  '  Dies  Irse '  by 
English  or  American  hands.  Though  there  may 
be  some  excuse  for  the  Englishing  of  a  favourite 
author,  even  where  others  have  preceded,  it  is 
hard  to  understand  how  a  man  can,  like  the 
indefatigable  Dr.  Coles  from  America,  produce 
eighteen  versions.  The  weak  point  of  this- 
volume  is  that  no  single  version  is  printed  in 
its  entirety.  The  '  Dies  Irre  '  is  taken  verse  by 
verse,  sometimes  line  by  line,  and  divergences- 
of  rendering  are  carefully  and  minutely  criti- 
cized. Such  notes  make  rather  tedious  reading, 
though  Mr.  Warren's  are  sound  as  a  rule.  We 
think,  however,  that  he  expects  too  much  of 
translators.  He  wonders  at  the  paucity  of  satis- 
factory versions,  as  if  it  was  easy  to  translate 
anything  !  In  this  case  to  preserve  the  triplet 
of  rhymes  is  a  heavy  tax  on  the  translator, 
apart  from  the  consideration  that  the  hymn  has- 
a  grandeur  in  the  original  which  disappears  in. 
the  corresponding  English,  which  is  of  necessity 
somewhat  bald.  The  real  solution  of  the  question 
is,  perhaps,  not  to  attempt  a  literal  version  at 
all,  but  rather  to  write  an  English  poem  on  the 
same  lines  "a  little  changed,"  as  Jeremy  Taylor 
suggested  and  Crashaw  did.  The  '  Dies  Irse ' 
has  been  the  grave  of  some  decent  reputations 
for  versification.  Several  of  the  Americans,  as 
here  quoted,  do  wondrous  things. 


appears  as 


Rex  treraenda;  majestatis, 
Qui  salvandos  salvas  gratis, 

Yet,  enthroned  in  sapphire-blazes, 
Awful  King,  Thy  grace  amazes  t 


N''3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


191 


Alford's  version  wo  prefer  to  most  we  have 
seen  ;  it  is  simpler  than  that  of  '  Hymns  Ancient 
and  Modern.'  The  author  hopes  to  print  all 
that  he  has  collected,  but  a  good  many  of  them 
would  be  best  left  in  the  semi-obscurity  whence 
they  were  brought  to  light.  A  cento  composed 
from  a  few  of  the  best  would  be  a  more  inter- 
■esting  experiment.  Though  we  do  not  like 
*' daysman"  much  for  patronus,  Mr.  Warren 
might  have  added  that  it  has  the  authority  of 
Job  ix.  33;  and  "Die  Wahninnigen  Bruder  " 
should  read  Vier  Wahnsinnige  Bruder,  while 
"Korner  "  should  be  Kerner. 

Duployan     Shorthand     adapted     to    English. 
By   G.    Brandt,    S.J.     (Paris,    Duploye.)— The 
French    language    possesses    for    shorthand    a 
distinct   advantage  in  the  fewness  of   its   con- 
sonant sounds.     The  original  Duployan  system 
represents   all   the  French  consonants  in  very 
convenient  ways,  but  English  adaptations  have 
to   make    additional    provision    for   c/i,  j,    and 
the  two  sounds  of  th.     The   French    language 
has  the  further  peculiarity  of  possessing  nasals 
represented  in  ordinary  spelling  by  an,  en,  in, 
■0)1,  un,  each  of  which  is  phonetically  a  vowel 
or  diphthong,  and  not,  as  in  the  similarly  spelt 
English  syllables,  a  vowel  followed  by  the  con- 
sonant n.     Duploye  very  properly  treats  these 
as  vowels,  just  as  the  cognate  syllables  am,  em, 
um  are  treated  as  vowels  in  Latin  versification. 
Hence   arises   a   second   difficulty   for    English 
adapters — a  difficulty  consisting  not  in  a  lack, 
but  in  a  superfluity  of  material.     One  might  be 
disposed  to  suggest  that  the  superfluous  cha- 
racters thus  set  free  should  be  assigned  to  the 
unrepresented  consonants  ;  but  this  suggestion 
is  not  very  feasible,  and  Mr.  Brandt  has  followed 
the  example  of  some  previous  adapters  in  treat- 
ing  the   English    syllables  an,    en,   in,   on,  nn 
as   if  they  were  vowels.     Duployd's  consonant 
characters  are  straight  lines  of  two  lengths  and 
semicircles.     The  short  lines  represent  jj,  t,  f, 
A,  I,  and  the  long  b,  d,  v,  g,  r.     The  semicircles 
are  about  equal  in  size  to  the  long  lines.     The 
vowels  are  for  the  most  part  small  signs  joined 
in   with   the   consonants.     Some   of    them   are 
circles  (joined  like  Pitman's  s),  some  are  small 
hooks,   and  the  nasals  are  small  quadrants    in 
•oblique  positions.     Duploy^'s  shorthand  in  the 
original   is  very  simple  to  write,  and,  though 
rather   deficient  in   definiteness   of  outline,    is 
practically  very  easy  to  read.    In  the  adaptation 
before  us  the  added  characters  for  ch,  j,  and  th 
are   wavy   lines,    which    increase    the    original 
tendency  to  vagueness.     The  writing  is  full  of 
small  and   barely  visible  bends,   which  appear 
very  difficult  to  distinguish  one  from  another. 
The  adapter  has  adhered  strictly  to  Duploye's 
principle  of  employing  only  one  thickness.    One 
feature  which   strikes  the  reader  as  strange  is 
that  terminal  s  is  usually  represented  by  the 
alphabetic  character  for/.     The  volume  before 
us   is   in  a  convenient  form  and   neatly  litho- 
graphed throughout.     It  consists  of  three  parts, 
■devoted   to   the   full,    the   contracted,  and   the 
reporting   style,    this   last  occupying   only  five 
pages.     The  expositions  are  clear,  and  the  ex- 
amples  not   difficult   to   follow.     The   price   is 
exceedingly  moderate. 

The  Cub  in  Love,  by  Mr.  R.  S.  Warren  Bell 
(Grant  Richards),  is  easy  reading,  and  its 
rather  specious  smartness  will  do  well  to 
while  away  the  tedium  of  a  railway  journey, 
though  some  of  the  incidents  are,  like  a  good 
deal  of  the  humour,  hardly  fresh.  The  six 
shorter  stories  at  the  end  are  not  so  enter- 
taining as  the  love  affair  of  the  young  Oxford 
Philistine. 

Mr.  Fergus  Hume's  tale  The  Tombstone 
Treasure,  issued  in  the  "Daffodil  Library"  by 
Messrs.  Jarrold  &  Sons,  is  in  its  way  an  odd 
triumph  of  artificiality,  a  piecing  together  of  a 
large  number  of  the  shaped  bricks  of  fiction 
into  an  edifice  which  may  go  by  the  name  of  a 
sensation  story.  The  coupling  of  "  tombstone  " 
and  "treasure"  in  the  title  will  prepare  the 


reader  for  other  bricks  that  fit  these  two,  such 
as  the  previous  hiding  of  the  treasure  by  the 
person  who  lies  under  the  tombstone,  for  an 
epitaph  in  the  nature  of  a  prize  puzzle,  for 
sundry  scenes  in  church  and  churchyard,  for  a 
hero  and  a  villain  crossing  swords  or  wits 
amongst  the  graves  or  in  the  belfry.  All  these 
bricks  are  used,  and  others  are  supplied  by  a 
lively  Irish  heroine,  a  comic  Irish  servant,  and 
a  French  marquis  in  the  role  of  villain.  It 
is  very  unconvincing  for  a  reader  of  a  critical 
turn,  but  amusing  enough  for  any  one  who  is 
not  critical. 

The  Craftsman.  By  Rowland  Grey.  (Ward, 
Lock  &  Co.) — The  craftsman,  or  rather  the 
craftsmen,  for  there  are  two  in  the  story,  are 
writers  of  plays,  one  rolling  in  money  as  the 
result  of  comedies,  the  other  revelling  in  the 
usual  proud  poverty  and  a  belief  in  himself. 
Needless  to  say  that  the  former  is  humiliated 
and  the  latter  advanced.  Given  a  rather  impro- 
bable and  ancient  main  incident,  the  story  does 
not  move  badly,  but  the  characters  are  distinctly 
crude,  lack  fine  shading,  and  do  not  hold  or  in- 
terest one  much  more  than  those  invented  by  the 
craftsmen  of  the  Adelphi  Theatre.  We  notice 
a  tendency — or  is  it  a  revival  ? — among  novelistic 
lovers  of  to-day  to  quote  a  good  deal  of  poetry 
instead  of  doing  the  unspeakable  in  asterisks. 
To  "parenthesise  "  (p.  G9)  is  a  verb  which  does 
not  appeal  to  us  much. 

Mr.  Effingham  Wilson  publishes  The  Public 
Man,  his  Duties,  Powers,  and  Privileges,  and 
how  to  Exercise  Them,  by  Mr.  James  Tayler, 
a  book  which  falls  short  of  the  promise  of 
its  title,  inasmuch  as  it  contains  a  rather  per- 
functory account  of  Parliament,  the  Local 
Government  Board,  County,  District,  and 
Parish  Councils,  Parish  Meetings,  School  Boards, 
and  their  powers.  The  author  is  not,  on  the 
whole,  inaccurate,  though  condensation  is  re- 
sponsible for  some  inexactitude.  We  should 
not  have  thought  that  there  was  modern  pre- 
cedent for  omitting  the  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  from  the  Cabinet,  and  should  have 
been  inclined  to  include  him  with  the  nine 
ministers  named  as  invariably  in  the  Cabinet. 
The  office  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  named 
with  the  addition  "or  the  Premier,"  is  one 
which  has  been  until  very  recently  generally 
combined  with  one  of  the  other  offices  named, 
which  has  had  the  effect  of  reducing  by  one  the 
list  of  nine  to  which  we  have  proposed  to  add 
the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  ;  and  the 
words  "or  the  Premier"  suggest  the  rooted 
objection  to  the  term  "Premier"  entertained 
by  the  highest  authorities,  among  whom,  we 
believe,  we  may  name  Her  Majesty  the  Queen 
and  her  subject  who  has  of  living  men  longest 
held  the  post.  "Premier"  is  a  word  of  the 
same  class  as  "levee"  —  bad  French  for  an 
English  thing  which  has  no  exact  French 
equivalent  — and  the  proper  term  is  "Prime 
Minister,"orin  modern  phrase  "First  Minister," 
and  in  phrase  somewhat  more  archaic,  and  in 
eighteenth  century  history,  "the  Minister."  We 
are  aware  that  some  classical  instances  of  the 
word  "Premier"  can  be  discovered,  but  the 
better  usage  is  against  it. 

Messes.  Horace  Marshall  &  Son  publish 
The  London  Manual  for  1897-98,  edited  by  Mr. 
Robert  Donald,  an  accurate  book  of  reference, 
which,  like  all  books  of  reference,  is  no  doubt 
susceptible  of  some  improvement.  We  have 
not  succeeded  in  our  references  to  the  index  in 
discovering  the  account  of  London  University, 
but  have  found,  under  a  general  heading  of 
"London  County  Council"  and  the  sub-head 
"  Higher  Institutions,"  among  "  Institutions  of 
University  Rank  aided  by  the  Board  "  (appa- 
rently the  Technical  Education  Board),  Uni- 
versity College,  King's  College,  and  the  other 
colleges  of  the  University  of  London.  But 
there  ought  to  have  been  an  account  of  London 
University  itself,  upon  which  we  have  not  been 
able  to  set  our  hand. 


=V: 


Hound  W;(,„(  tlie  County  of  Limerick.  By  the 
Rev.  Jamey  Dowd.  Illustrated.  (Limerick, 
M'Kern.)— Ifc<s  no  easy  task  to  write  county 
histories  so  thvt  they  shall  be  readable  ; 
but  Mr.  Dowd,  vr^o  is  already  known  by  his 
history  of  Limerick  f«id  its  sieges,  is  so  happily 
and  so  wisely  in  love  vith  his  subject  that  he 
makes  its  record  interestikg  even  to  readers  who 
have  no  link  with  the  ne?,<jhbourhood  of  the 
Shannon.  Irish  patriotism  \jas  lately  taken 
the  wise  form  of  collecting  materials  for 
local  Irish  histories,  and  Mr.  Dowd  is  by  no 
means  the  only  clergyman  who  devotes  his 
leisure  to  historic  and  archceological  research  ; 
but  he  is  among  the  most  discreet  of  the  wise 
men  who  collect  memorials  that  have  long  lain 
neglected  and  are  fast  perishing,  and  he 
mingles  no  chaff  with  his  good  grain.  Too  often 
such  local  histories  are  sacrificed  to  the  vanity 
of  friends  and,  perhaps,  subscribers  :  matters 
devoid  of  interest  are  too  often  inserted  through 
mistaken  gratitude  or  to  please  friends  ;  but 
Mr.  Dowd  resists  a  temptation  which  may  well 
be  stronger  than  London  people  can  understand. 
His  book,  full  of  interest,  and  containing 
nothing  puerile,  is  a  valuable  contribution  to 
the  real  history  of  Ireland,  and  should  be  in 
the  hands  of  all  students  of  the  history  and 
archc-eology  of  the  county  of  Limerick.  The 
book  is  a  very  creditable  specimen  of  local 
publishing,  and  the  unambitious  illustrations 
are  well  chosen. 

We  are  pleased  to  see  that  the  Church 
Quarterly  Peview  for  July  (Spottiswoode) 
speaks  severely  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
English  translation  of  Prof.  Maspero's  '  Struggle 
of  the  Nations  '  has  been  executed.  The  Church 
Quarterly  is  an  orthodox  periodical  which  does 
not  profess  to  sympathize  with  advanced  views 
on  the  criticism  of  the  Old  Testament,  but  it  is 
too  honest  not  to  be  scandalized  at  the  way  in 
which  Prof.  Maspero's  statements  have  been 
altered  in  the  edition  published  by  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge. 

We  have  on  our  table  Naples  in  the  Nineties 
a  Sequel  to  Naples  in  1888,  by  E.  Neville-Rolfe 
(Black),  —  The   Lakes  and  Rivers   of    Austria, 
Bavaria,  and  Hungary,  by  Col.  G.  B.  Malleson 
(Chapman  &  Hall),  —  ^    Woman's   Part  in  a 
Pe volution,    by    Mrs.    John    Hays    Hammond 
(Longmans),  —  American  Men    of    Letters,   by 
Henrietta   Christian   Wright,    2  vols.  (Nutt),— 
The  Essentials  of  Alegebra  for  Secondary  Schools, 
by  W.  Wells  (Boston,   U.S.,   Leach  &  Co.),— 
The     Elements     of   Algebra,    by     R.    Lachlan 
(Arnold),— Egyptian    Self  -  Taught   Arabic,    by 
C.   A.   Thimm  (Marlborough), — French  without 
Tears,  by  Mrs.  Hugh  Bell,  Book  III.  (Arnold), 
— Burns  and    his  Times   as   Gathered  from  his 
Poems,    by  J.    O.    Mitchell,    LL.D.    (Glasgow, 
MacLehose),  —  Biacyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress  in 
Modern  English,  edited  by  J.  Morrison  (Mac- 
millan),— (Speviscr;  The  Faerie  Qneene,  Book  I., 
edited   by    W.    H.    Hill    (Clive),  —  ^    Protest 
against  the  Modern  Development  of  Unmusical 
Tone,  by  T.  C.  Lewis  (Chiswick  Press),— Caia- 
logue  of   Casts  for   the   Use   of  Schools  of  Art, 
Art    Classes,   and   Teclinical   Schools   (Chapman 
&    Hall),  —  An    Introduction     to    the    Study 
of    Theory,     by     F.     Peterson     (Augener),  — 
Farm    and     Garden    Insects,    by    W.    Somer- 
ville   (Macmillan),  —  Royal  Commission    on  the 
Licensing    Laws:    Summary  and    Analysis    of 
Evidence,  Vol.  I.,  1896,  prepared  by  R.  Foulkes- 
Griffiths(C.E.T.S.),— -K^iKfliify,  by  H.  S.  Con- 
stable (the  'Liberty  Review'  Publishing  Co.), 
—Outspolen  Essays,    by  E.  B.   Bax   (Reeves), 
—Fables    and    Fancies,    by    J.    W.    Boulding 
(Jarrold),— Sprai/s    of   Northern    Pine,    by   F, 
Mackenzie  (Oliphant,   Anderson  &  Ferrier),— 
Wetherleigh,  by  R.  Davey  (Roxburghe  Press),— 
Abbe.   Cunstantin,  by  L.  Hale'vy,  translated  by 
T.  Batbedat  (Macqueen),— Jo/ui,  Armiger's  Re- 
venge, by  P.  H.  Hunter  (Oliphant,  Anderson  & 
FevrieT),—Ballyronan,  by  R.  Alexander  (Digby 
&  Long),— The  Story  of  a  Campaign  Estate,  by 


192 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N«3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


R.  Thynne  (Roxburghe  I'ress),— -  ^^<-"^'^  ^'"^- 
iugs,  by  Tivoli  (Dighy  &  Lon<5>— ^'''''  Man, 
and  the  Devil,  by  E.  G.  H''''^^"''  (Skeffing- 
ton),  — The  Thirteenth  Brynin,  by  M.  Movile 
(Jarrold),— On  the  G oqw-fP^^,  I'Y  A.  Dumillo 
(Fisher  Unwin),— i^afe'-  J^'ettcrs,  by  Jean  de  la 
Brete,  translated  hr  M^s-  F.  Hoper-Dixon 
(Digby  it  Long),—  i'old  from  the  lUmhs,  col- 
lected by  E.  AT.  Small  (Melrose), — and  His 
Cousin  the  WaJ'^aljy,  by  A.  Ferres  (Robertson). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theoloyy. 
Pulpit  Commentary  Reissue  :  2  Chronicles,  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Law. 
Hunt's  (J.)  London  Local  Government,  2  vols.  63/  cl. 

Fine  Art. 
Phil  May's  Graphic  Pictures,  oblong  4to.  3/6  b.is. 
Process  Year-Book  for  1897,  royal  8vo.  2/6  net,  swJ. 

Poetri/. 
Beresford's  (E.  M.)  Song  au'l  Shadows,  cr.  8vo.  3  6  net,  cl. 
St.  Swithaine's  (S.)  A  Divan  of  the  Dales,  and  other  Poems, 
cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 

Music. 
Winiworth's  (F.)  The  Epic  of  Sounds,  an  Elementary  Inter- 
pretation of  Wagner's  '  Nibelungeu  Hiiig,'  12mo.  3/(5 

History  and  Biography . 

Buchan's  (J.)  Sir  W.  Kaleigh,  cr.  «vo.  2/6  net,  cl.   (Stanhope 
Essay,  lf-it7.) 

Curiosities    of  a  Scots  Charta  Chest,  16C0-IS00,  edited  by 
Hon.  Mrs.  A.  Forbes,  4to.  31/6  net,  cl. 

Guescliii  (Bertrand  du),  his  Life  and  Times,  by  E.  V.  Stod- 
dard, cr.  8vo.  9/cl. 

Philology . 

Goodchild's  (J.  A.)  The  Book  of  TephI,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Laragasse's  (Fr.  E.  de)  Practical  Grammar  of  the  Somali 
Language,  cr.  Svo.  12/  net,  cl. 

Science, 
Deakin's  (R.)  Euclid,  Books  1-4,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl, 
Morris's  (J.)  The  Elements  of  Cotton  Spinning,  7/6  net,  cl. 
Tipper's  (C.  J.  K.)  The  Rothamsted  Experiments  and  their 

Practical  Lessons  for  Farmers,  cr.  «vo.  3/6  cl. 
Wood's  (J.)  Scientific  Palmistry  and  its  Use,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
After  her  Death,  the   Story  of  a  Summer,  by  Author  of 

•  The  World  Beautiful,'  12rao.  3/6  cl. 
Balfour's  (A.)  By  Stroke  of  Sword,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Balzac's  Seraphita,  3/6  net,  cl. 

Lovell's  (A.)  Volo,  or  the  Will,  what  it  Is,  Ac,  cr.Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Otterburn's  (B.)  Unrelated  Twins,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Whitman's  (W.)  Calamus,  a  Series  of  Letters  written  during 

1868-1S80  to  a  Young  Friend,  5/  net,  cl. 
Williams's  (F.  B.)  On  Many  Seas,  the  Life  and  B.xploits  of 

a  Yankee  Sailor,  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology, 
Eocqnain  (F.):  La  Cour  de  Rome  et  TEsprit  de  RSforme 

avant  Luther,  Vol.  3,  12fr. 
Eoussel  (P.  A.) :  Laraennais  lutime,  4fr. 
Studien  zur  Geschichte  der  Theologie  u.  der  Kirche,  Vol.  1, 

Parts  1  and  2,  and  Vol.  2,  Part  1,  6m.  16. 
Theologisohe  btudien,  Hrn.  Prof.  D.  B.  Weiss  zu  seinem  70 

Geburtstage  gewidmet,  11m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology . 
Berlepsch  (H.  E.  v.)  :  Walter  Crane,  eiiie  Studie,  12ra. 
Destree  (O.  G.)  :  Les  Preraphaelites,  6fr. 
Obergermanisch-raetische  Limes  (Der),  v.  Gen-Lieut.  O.  v. 

Sarwey  u.  F.  llcttiier.  Part  5,  4m.  20. 
Toepfftfr  (J  )  :  Beitriige  zur  griechischen  Altertumswissen- 
schaft,  lUm. 

Drama. 
Nebout  (P.) :  Le  Drame  Romantique,  5fr. 

Philosophy . 
Barth  (P.)  :  Die  Philosophie  der  Geschichte  als  Sociolocie 

Part  1,8m. 
Willmann  (O.)  :  Geschichte  des  Idealismus,  Vol.  3,  13m. 

History  and  Biography, 
Becker  (A.  H.) :  Loys  le  Roy  de  Coutances,  5fr. 
Dgzert     (G.    Desdevises    du)  :     L'Espagne    sous    I'Ancien 

Regime  :  La  Societe,  f>ir. 
Monumenta  Germani.-c  Historica  :   Libelli  de  Lite  Impera- 
torum  et  Pontilicura  S:eculis  XI.  et  XII.,  Vol.  3,  2.3m. 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Vign^ras  (S.)  :  Une  Mission  Franpaise  en  Abyssinie,  4fr. 
Philology. 

Aristea:  ad  Philocratem  Bpistola;  Initium,  edidit  L  Mendels- 
sohn, Im.  20. 

Bibliothek  indogermanischer  Grammatiken,  Vol.  6   Part  1 
Div.  2,  8m.  ' 

Koegel  (R  )  :  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  bis  zum 
Ausgange  des  Mittelalters,  Vol.  1,  Part  2,  16m. 

Leipziger  Siudien  zur  classischen  Philologie,  Vol.  18,  Part  1 
Sm.  ' 

Lindskog  (C.)  :  Studien  zum  antiken  Drama,  Parts  1,  2,  5m 

Manava-Grhya-Sutra  (Uas),  nebst   Commeutar,  hrsg.   v    F 
Knauer,  6m. 

Science. 

Uuna(P.  G.):  Histologischer  Atlas  zur  Pathologic  der  Haut 
Part  1,  4m.  ' 

Zeitschrift    f.    comprimirte   u.   fliissige  Gase,  hrsg.    v.    M 
Altschul,  1  Jahrg.  April-Dezbr.,  1897,  4m. 
General  Literature. 

Berton  (C.) :  La  Conversion  d'Angdie,  3fr.  50. 

Joze  i,V.) :  La  Tribu  d'lsidore,  3fr.  .50. 

Zobeltitz  (Hanns  v.) :  Die  Generalsgohre,  Roman,  5m. 


OLD  AGE. 

It  may  be,  when  tlii.s  city  of  the  nine  gates 
Is  broken  down  by  ruinotts  old  age, 
And  no  one  upon  any  pilgrimage 

Comes  knocking,  no  one  for  an  audience  waits, 

And  no  bright  foraying  troops  of  bandit  moods 
Ride  out  on  the  brave  folly  of  any  quest, 
But  weariness,  the  restless  shadow  of  rest, 

Hoveringly  upon  the  city  broods  ; 

It  may  bo,  then,  that  those  remembering 

And  sleepless  watchers  on  the  crumbling  towers 
Shall  Jose  the  count  of  the  disastrous  hours 

Which  God  may  have  grown  tired  of  reckoning. 

Arthur  Symons. 


'A  TALE  OF  TWO  TUNNELS.' 
Mr.  Clark  Russell  has  made  plenty  of  mis- 
takes in  his  life,  but  the  greatest  he  ever  made 
was  in  writing  the  letter  which  appeared  in  your 
issue  of  July  24th.  I  and  many  other  men  who 
know  something  about  the  sea  and  ships  would 
also  like  to  know,  "  What  precisely  does  a  brig 
look  like  when  she  is  'sheeting  through  the  sea 
under  tall,  leaning  heights  '  ?  "  As  far  as  I  am 
concerned,  and  I  am  afraid  my  experience  is 
greater  than  Mr.  Clark  Russell's,  the  only  way 
a  sailor  would  use  the  word  sheeting  is  sheeting 
home  a  sail.  I  think  I  may  answer  for  your  critic 
that  neither  he  nor  any  one  else  ever  heard  of  a 
"sheet  calm  "— atany  rate,  tilll  read  Mr.  Russell's 
letter  I  never  did,  either  on  land  or  sea.  But  if 
a  vessel,  when  she  is  ploughing  or  scudding  at  a 
rapid  rate  through  the  sea,  is  said  to  be  sheet- 
ing, why  should  the  water  when  it  is  motionless 
in  a  calm  be  called  "a  sheet  calm"?  Then 
there  is  the  expression  "the  sea  sheeting  to 
the  horizon."  Did  your  contributor  ever  hear 
of  such  a  description  1  I  never  did  ;  and  if  such  an 
expression  was  ever  used,  it  was  by  a  landsman, 
and  not  by  a  sailor.  Then  there  is  "under 
tall,  leaning  heights "  ;  that  is  another  de- 
scription unintelligible  to  a  sailor.  "  Under 
taunt,  bending  masts  "  would  be  the  mode  in 
which  a  sailor  would  express  himself,  and  I 
think  would  be  more  likely  to  be  understood 
by  the  ordinary  reader.  So  your  critic  may 
retire  to  his  bed  and  sleep  sweetly,  though  he 
WAS,  until  enlightened  by  Mr.  Russell,  entirely 
ignorant  of  what  a  ship  was  like  when  she  was 
"sheeting  through  the  sea  under  tall,  leaning 

Shenstone  Short. 


heights." 


EARLY  ALLUSIONS   TO   CHESS. 

Bast  India  United  Service  Club. 
The  early  allusions  to  chess  in  Sanscrit  lite- 
rature referred  to  by  Prof.  A.  A.  Macdonell 
are  very  interesting  ;  but,  most  probably,  there 
were  four,  and  not  "two  contending  hosts." 
This  is  the  game  Alberuui  described  when  he 
wrote  (Sachau's  translation),  "This  kind  of 
chess  is  not  known  among  us  "  (the  Persians 
and  Arabians).  R.  B.  Swinton. 


THE  NEW  LOGIA. 


Bonn,  July  23,  1897. 

Is  it  really  "  Logia  "  that  Mr.  B.  P.  Grenfell 
and  Mr.  A.  S.  Hunt  have  discovered  ?  Already 
critics  have  objected  that  there  are  traces  of 
Gnosticism  in  the  new  document,  traces  scarcely 
compatible  with  the  view  of  the  two  discoverers 
that  here  we  have  a  fragment  of  some  collection 
of  Christ's  sayings  earlier  tiian,  or  at  least 
independent  of,  our  synoptic  Gospels  ;  and 
although  it  has  been  replied  that  these  Gnostic 
appearances  are  inconclusive,  yet  the  reply  seems 
to  have  been  made  without  due  realization  of 
the  peculiarities  of  Logion  3.  In  Logion  3  Christ 
refers  back  to  the  days  of  His  flesh  in  a  way 
which  distinctly  implies  some  occasion  between 
the  Resurrection  and  Ascen.sion  (from  the  'Pistis 
Sophia  '  and  IrenaDUS  we  know  what  an  attrac- 
tion the  Gnostics  found  in  this  interval),  and  it 
is  at  least  exceedingly  difficult  to  imagine  such 
a  standpoint  in  any  primitive  collection  of  verit- 
able Logia. 


But  it  is  the  apparent  disconnectedness  of  the 
new  verses  that  constitutes  the  really  crucial 
point,  the  one  which  in  the  opinion  of  the  two 
discoverers  determines  the  nature  of  their  papy- 
rus, and  it  is  to  this  point  that  attention  is 
primarily  due.  "Here  are  seven  verses,"  ex- 
claim they,  "  connected  only  by  the  fact  of  their 
being  all  of  them  sayings  of  Christ.  How  can 
they  be  derived  from  any  consecutive  Gospel  in 
view  of  this  diversity  ?  What  else  can  they  have 
formed  part  of  than  a  rudimentary  collection  of 
Logia?"  Let  us  examine  the  validity  of  this 
assumption  of  disconnectedness.  I  venture  to 
suggest  that,  far  from  being  disconnected,  the 
new  verses  are  connected  by  a  very  distinct 
thread  indeed — one  which,  when  once  it  has 
been  detected,  turns  scarlet. 

But  before  endeavouring  to  pick  up  this 
thread  two  words  of  warning  are  necessary. 
Firstly,  texts  justificative  of  any  thesis  are  not 
always  cited  for  the  sake  of  their  primary 
meaning  ;  even  from  a  list  of  the  proof-texts 
commonly  cited  for  one  of  our  Thirty  -  nin.e 
Articles  the  proverbial  New  Zealander  might 
find  some  difficulty  in  reconstruction.  Secondly, 
there  is  the  possibility  to  be  reckoned  with  that 
our  papyrus  writer  was  indebted  to  such  a 
document  as  the  Gospel  according  to  the 
Egyptians  and  as  there  is  antecedently  con- 
siderable probability  that  in  that  document 
some  of  our  canonical  expressions  and  metaphors 
illustrated  something  quite  novel,  we  must 
beware  of  too  hastily  assuming  that  familiar 
phrases  in  the  new  papyrus  have  the  familiar 
signification. 

To  start,  then  : — 

Of  Logion  1  only  the  conclusion  is  preserved, 
"Then  shalt  thou  discern  clearly  to  cast  oui 
the  mote  in  thy  brother's  eye."  Of  course  this 
at  once  suggests  the  canonical  context  against 
judging  another  ;  but  we  have  no  right  to 
assume  that  such  a  context  is  implied  here. 
The  verse  might  quite  well  have  been  quoted  as 
an  exhortation  to  self-examination,  the  oVjjecfe 
of  such  self-examination  being  to  obtain  clearer 
spiritual  discernment  oneself. 

In  Logion  2  it  is  stated  that  unless  meu 
"fast  as  to  the  world"  and  "  sabbatize  the 
Sabbath,"  they  cannot  "find  the  kingdom"  or 
"see  the  Father."  Mr.  Grenfell  points  out 
that  the  metaphorical  character  of  "fast "in  the 
first  half  of  this  Logion  necessitates  some  meta- 
phorical explanation  of  '"  sabbatize "  in  the 
second.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  early 
ascetics  of  the  Thebaid  applied  to  themselves 
Isaiah  Ivi.  4,  "The  eunuchs  who  keep  my 
Sabbaths."  And  notice,  too,  that  here  the  idea 
of  spiritual  discernment  is  repeated. 

In  Logion  3  the  idea  of  spiritual  discernment, 
and  of  fasting  as  one  of  its  conditions,  recurs 
again.  Christ  exclaims,  "I  stood  in  the  world, 
and  I  found  all  men  well-drunken,  and  no  onfi 
thirsting,"  and  He  grieves  "because  they  are 
blind  in  heart,  and  see  not  their  own  wretched- 
ness and  poverty  "  (cf.  Rev.  iii.  17). 

Logion  4  forms  a  real  centre-point.  "  Where 
men  are  impious  and  godless,  and  there  is  one 
believer,  let  him  live  alone,  I  am  with  him. 
Lift  a  stone,  and  thou  shalt  find  Me.  Cleave 
the  wood,  and  I  am  there."  Observe  that  this 
beautiful  AVordsworthian  idea,  however  con- 
sonant with  our  Lord's  general  teaching,  m 
radically  quite  different  from  the  only  analogous 
passage  in  the  New  Testament  (in  Matt,  xviii. 
20  the  leading  idea  is  the  blessedness  of  asso- 
ciation, whereas  here  it  is  the  blessedness  of 
solitude)  ;  and  thus  we  have  strong  support  for 
what  has  been  said  before  as  to  the  danger  of 
assuming  that  in  the  papyrus  familiar  expres- 
sions are  illustrative  of  the  same  ideas  as  those 
which  they  illustrate  in  the  canonical  Gospels. 
Observe  also  that  though  there  appears  at  first 
sight  to  be  a  breach  of  continuity  between  this 
Logion  and  the  previous  Logia,  yet  that  this 
appearance  is  deceptive.  We  still  have  the 
idea  of  spiritual  discernment,  that  by  some 
particular  course  of  action  we  sliall  "see"  aiid 


N%3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


193 


ex- 


"find"  Christ.  And  the  thought  here 
pressed  about  "the  world"  and  the  need  of 
renouncing  it  has  been  anticipated  in  Logion  2, 
and,  to  some  extent,  in  Logion  3. 

Logion  5.  Here  we  have  the  proverbs  cited 
by  our  Lord  at  Nazareth  ("No  prophet  in  his 
own  country,"  "  No  physician  among  those  who 
know  him  ")  ;  and  though  at  first  sight  there 
appears  to  be  a  breach  of  continuity  with  what 
has  gone  before,  yet  once  more  first  appearances 
prove  delusive.  The  proverbs  thus  standing  by 
themselves  are  evidently  intended  to  have  some 
signification  by  themselves,  apart  from  the 
historical  occasion  when  they  were  quoted  by 
Christ  ;  and  after  bidding  a  believer  under 
certain  circumstances  to  quit  uncongenial  sur- 
roundings, to  go  forth  from  his  own  people  and 
kindred,  what  really  can  be  more  natural  than 
that  such  bidding  should  be  supported  by 
Christ's  own  reasons  for  quitting  His  native 
city  1 

In  the  case  of  Logion  6,  again,  there  is  a 
close  sequence  :  "A  city  founded  on  the  summit 
of  a  lofty  mountain,  and  established,  cannot  fall 
or  be  lost  to  sight."  Of  course,  when  a  man 
leaves  his  own  comfortable  home  he  must  have 
some  destination  in  view  ;  and  the  full  force  of 
this  Logion  in  connexion  with  what  precedes 
is  brought  out  by  Heb.  xii.  12-14,  "  Let  us  go 
to  Christ  without  the  gate  :  for  here  we  have 
no  abiding  city,  but  we  look  for  one  that  is  to 
come."  Possibly  the  increased  height  of  the 
mountain  (for  "lofty"  and  "summit"  seem 
superimposed  upon  Matt.  v.  14)  indicates  also 
that  the  city  is  only  to  be  reached  by  a  long 
toilsome  ascent. 

Of  Logion  7  only  the  introductory  a\-ov£is 
survives,  followed  by  letters  which  suggest 
«ts  TO  ra/xelov  <tov,  and  it  would  be  idle  guess- 
work to  point  out  more  than  that  the  New 
Testament  analogies  suggest  a  thought  not  in- 
harmonious with  the  spirit  of  the  six  Logia  that 
have  gone  before. 

Looking  back  now  at  these  seven  Logia,  they 
seem  to  be  all  of  them  disciplinary  counsels, 
selected  with  a  definite  and  definable  purpose. 
Their  whole  force  may  be  summarized  as 
follows  : — 

"  Wouldst  thou  see  Christ  and  teach  others 
to  see  Him  1  Then  listen  to  what  He  Himself 
saith  in  the  Gospel.  He  saith,  '  Purify  thine 
eye  by  self-examination.'  'Purify  thine  eye 
by  abstinence  from  the  world,  and  by  observing 
times  of  tranquil  meditation.'  'Remember 
how  satiety  blinded  the  world  when  I  came.' 
'  If  thy  home  is  godless,  go  forth  and  find  Me 
in  the  stocks  and  stones  of  the  desert.'  'For- 
sake thy  uncongenial  Nazareth.'  'Look  up  to 
where  the  lights  of  thy  true  home  are  burning  '  " 

On  the  whole,  then,  it  would  seem  probable 
that  what  Mr.  Grenfell  and  Mr.  Hunt  have 
really  discovered  is  a  series  of  extracts  from  the 
Gospel  according  to  the  Egyptians,  quoted  in 
some  hortatory  work  by  an  ascetic  of  the  The- 
baid.  When  we  take  into  consideration  the 
sententious,  epigrammatic  character  of  the  new 
Logia,  their  seeming  Gnosticism,  their  asceti- 
cism, the  country  where  this  papyrus  was  dis- 
covered, and,  above  all,  some  remarkable  points 
of  contact  with  the  '  Pistis  Sophia '  and  allied 
works,  no  other  source  than  the  Egyptian 
Gospel  seems  possible.  A  clue  to  the  mys- 
terious New  Testament  quotations  in  the 
'Pistis  Sophia,'  2  Clement,  and  Athenagoras — 
a  basis  for  reconstructing  a  Gospel  which  would 
throw  floods  of  light  on  Gnostic  and  Encratite 
beginnings  in  Egypt,  and  on  the  early  diffusion 
of  Johannine  ideas  —  this  and  much  else  of 
incalculable  importance  the  new  papyrus  will 
perhaps  prove  to  be,  but  Logia,  in  the  true 
and  proper  sense  of  the  term,  never  !  What  is 
before  us  is  a  page  of  some  Middle-Christian 
'  Garden  of  the  Soul.'  F.  P.  Badham. 


THE   CLEKK   OF   THE   SHIPS:  THE   SECRETARY 
OF   THE   ADMIRALTY. 

It  seems  necessary  to  say  a  few  words  on  the 
two  points  raised  by  the  reviewer  of  '  The 
Administration  of  the  Royal  Navy  '  (Athenmim, 
p.  153).  The  fact  that  the  Cleik  of  the  Acts 
was  the  official  descendant  of  the  Keeper,  or 
Clerk,  of  the  King's  Ships  can  be  proved  beyond 
(juestion.  My  other  statement,  that  he  is  now 
represented  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty, 
is,  I  admit,  more  debatable,  and  is  merely 
my  own  opinion.  I  gather  that  the  reviewer 
does  not  dispute  that  the  Clerk  of  the  Ships 
was  at  one  time  the  same  as,  and  afterwards 
the  representative  of,  the  Keeper.  In  case  he 
has  any  doubt,  it  may  be  well  to  repeat  that 
William  Soper,  temj).  Henry  VI.,  is  called  in- 
differently Keeper  or  Clerk,  and  that  thence- 
forward there  is  a  continuous  chain  of  descent 
to  Pepys.  The  office  of  Keeper  or  Clerk  was 
never  abolished,  but  it  was  overshadowed  by 
the  appointments  made  in  and  before  1546  by 
Henry  VIII.,  when  its  business  was  parcelled 
out  among  the  new  officers.  Naturally,  when 
thus  overshadowed  by  newly  created  offices, 
held  by  men  jealous  of  their  uncertainly  defined 
position,  the  larger  portion  of  the  title — Keeper 
— was  dropped,  as  out  of  place  for  an  official 
who  was  now  only  one,  and  not  the  most  im- 
portant one,  of  the  four  Principal  Officers.  But 
he  still  carried  on  part  of  the  Keeper's  ancient 
functions;  and  it  is  in  this  sense — entirely  anti- 
quarian, it  is  true — that  the  duties  performed 
by  Pepys  were  the  remains  of  those  belonging 
to  the  Keepership.  That  Pepys  was  Clerk  of 
the  Ships,  like  his  predecessor  Barlow,  and  like 
all  Barlow's  predecessors,  is  proved  by  his 
patent,  which  so  describes  him.  So  far  as  I 
know.  Clerk  of  the  Acts  was  never  an  official 
title — understanding  by  official  a  title  of  record 
by  letters  patent— until  John  Pepys  and  Thos. 
Hayter  were  appointed  Clerks  on  the  promotion 
of  Samuel  to  the  Admiralty. 

While  on  the  subject  of  the  Pepys  patent  I 
should  like  to  refer  to  a  matter  which  does  not 
seem  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  any  of 
the  editors  of  the  '  Diary. '  Why  should  Pepys, 
evidently  much  against  the  grain,  have  bought 
off  Barlow  with  100?.  a  year  ?  Barlow's  patent 
was  not  for  life,  but,  like  all  those  of  the  later 
years  of  Charles  I.,  "during  pleasure."  Not 
only  was  it  revocable,  but  it  actually  was  re- 
voked in  the  patent  appointing  Pepys.  More- 
over, in  the  latter  is  a  special  clause  reciting 
that  it  shall  be  good  in  law,  notwithstanding 
any  previous  grant,  statute,  proclamation,  or 
provision  whatever.  It  would  seem  that  Pepys 
was  thus  doubly  safeguarded  against  any  claim 
that  could  be  made  by  Barlow. 

The  opinion  that  the  Secretaryship  of  the 
Admiralty  represents,  through  the  Clerkship  of 
the  Acts,  the  old  Keepership  was  based  on  a 
comparison  of  the  work  done  by  Pepys  as 
Secretary  with  that  which  he  did  as  Clerk.  Pre- 
mising that  Pepys  was  the  first  official  Secretary, 
his  predecessors  having  been  but  private  secre- 
taries with  no  official  status,  it  seemed  to  me 
that  all  the  most  important  portion  of  the  Clerk's 
duties  was  retained  by  Pepys  as  Secretary.  It 
was  an  impression  formed  on  reading  his 
numerous  letters  to  the  Navy  Board,  and  in 
the  absence  of  any  summary  of  those  letters 
can  only  be  conveyed  here  as  a  general  state- 
ment. But  I  have  admitted  that  it  is  only  an 
individual  view,  and  another  inquirer  might  reach 
a  difterent  conclusion.  The  reviewer's  illustra- 
tion, Sergison,  is,  however,  rather  unfortunate, 
for  Sergison  is  just  as  often  called  "  Secretary 
to  the  Board  "  as  "  Clerk  of  the  Acts."  Pepys 
always  protested  against  being  considered  a 
mere  secretary  to  the  Navy  Board,  and  if  his 
successors  were  so  regarded  it  shows  that  the 
post  fell  in  dignity  after  he  left  it.  I  suggest 
that  if  that  were  so  it  was  because  he  himself 
lowered  it  by  leaving  the  Clerk  only  the  least 
responsible  and  mechanical  duties. 

M.  Oppenheim. 


MR.  STOPFORD  BROOKE'S  '  PRIMER.' 
In  quoting  Mr.  Brooke's  "long  resounding 
march  and  energy  divine "  I  said  he  had  pro- 
duced "a  splendid  pentameter,  using  no  words 
but  those  of  Pope,  but  still  misquoting  him." 
The  line,  of  course,  is  a  hexameter,  although 
the  general  movement  of  Pope's  poem  is  in 
pentameters.  Thomas  Bayne. 


A  POETIC  TRIO. 


It  occurs  to  me  that  now,  when  we  have  so 
recently  lost  the  last  of  the  three  women  whose 
names  were  once  so  often  linked  together  by 
the  reading  public — Dora  Greenwell,  Christina 
Rossetti,  and  Jean  Tngelow  (I  am  naming  them 
in  the  order  in  which  they  died) — you  might 
like  to  print  some  of  the  letters  which  passed 
between  them  before  they  had  met  each  other 
face  to  face,  after  which  they  naturally  became 
much  more  intimate.  Their  first  meeting  took 
place  some  time  not  very  long  after  the  dates  of 
the  following  letters.  I  must  premise  that  these 
ladies  lived  in  the  days  when  the  cry,  "  Go  spin, 
ye  jades,  go  spin  !  "  was  still  not  infrequently 
heard  if  a  woman  wished  to  devote  herself  to 
any  branch  of  art,  and  all  three  were  anxious 
to  show  that  though  they  wrote  poetry  they 
were  none  the  less  proficient  in  the  usual 
womanly  crafts. 

Miss  Greenwell  had  challenged  Miss  Rossetti 
to  produce  a  creditable  sample  of  skilled  needle- 
work. Dora  Green  well's  own  Meisterstiick  was 
a  well-made  workbag.  This  is  Miss  Rossetti's 
letter  acknowledging  the  gift  :— 

5,  Upper  Albany  St.,  London,  N.W., 
31  December,  1863. 

My  DEAR  Miss  Greenwell,— Your  verj'  kind 
gift  reproaches  me  for  so  late  an  ackuowledgement, 
but  indeed  I  liave  been  so  busy  as  to  feel  excused 
for  not  having  till  now  thanked  you  for  it.  Even 
now  I  have  not  made  nij'self  acquainted  with  its 
contents,  but  I  must  soon  do  so,  having  just  suc- 
ceeded in  clearing  off  a  small  batch  of  work  for  the 
S.F.C.K. 

The  last  day  of  the  year  suggests  more  good 
wishes  than  I  venture  to  express  to  you  Thank  you 
for  the  friendly  welcome  accorded  to  my  carte.  I 
should  be  truly  pleased  to  possess  yours  ;  but  will 
not  bore  you  witli  too  urgent  a  request,  as  probably 
so  many  persons  are  in  ui3'  case. 

What  think  you  of  Jean  Ingelow,  the  wonderful 
poet?  I  have  not  yet  read  the  volume,  but  reviews 
with  copious  extracts  have  made  me  aware  of  a  new 
eminent  name  having  ariseu  among  us.  I  want  to 
know  who  she  is,  what  she  is  like,  where  she  lives. 
All  I  have  heard  is  an  uncertain  rumour  that  she  is 
aged  twenty-one,  and  is  one  of  three  sisters  resident 
with  their  mother.  A  proud  mother,  I  should  think. 
If  our  dear  Scotts  move  away  altogether  from  th® 
North,  I  fear  my  prospect  of  making  your  personal 
acquaintance  must  dwindle  to  the  altogether  vague. 
Your  kindness,  however,  has  made  us  no  strangers, 
even  should  we  never  meet— or,  rather,  never  meet 
here ;  for  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  the  separations 
and  meetings  of  time  should  not  alone  be  thought 
of.  Yours  cordially, 

Christina  Rossetti, 

Miss  Ingelow  must  have  been  drawn  into  this 
competition  very  soon  after  the  date  of  this 
letter,  for  on  the  9th  of  February  she  wrote  : — 

6,  Denmark  Place,  Hastings. 

My  dear  Miss  Greenwell,-  I  have  for  some 
time  been  anxious  to  write  to  you,  both  to  thank 
you  for  your  kind  note  and  for  the  poems  you  sent 
me.  I  like  them  much,  and  really  think  they  are 
likely  to  reach  the  class  for  which  they  were 
written.  The  poor  men  here  are  all  of  the  seafaring 
class,  or  I  should  have  given  those  verses  away.  Do 
you  know  that  I  have  finished  a  bag  for  you  1  I 
shall  send  it,  I  think,  by  railway,  for  my  brother  is 
coming  to-morrow  as  usual,  pnd  he  will  convey  it 
as  far  as  London.  The  pattern  is  of  my  own  inven- 
tion !  Is  the  kettle-holder  worked  yet  ?  I  shall  be 
so  proud  of  it.  When  I  next  see  Miss  Rossetti  I 
shall  ask  for  proof  that  she  can  do  hemming  and 

sewing It  is  a  pleasure  to  me  that  you  like  those 

little  stories.  They  have  not  much  in  them,  but  it 
was  an  amusement  to  me  to  write  them  ;  writing 
for  children  is  so  completely  its  own  reward  ;  it 
obliges  one  to  be  simple  and  straightforward,  and 
clears  away  some  of  the  mystical  fancies  in  which 
one  is  apt  to  indulge,  and  which  are  a  mere 
luxury.  They  never  do  us  any  good,  and  I  am 
often  humiliated  by  meeting  with  sensible  fellow 


194 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


creatures  who  ask  nie  what  some  of  them  mean 

There  has  been  so  much  leisure  here  that  my  new 
volume  is  all  but  finished.  It  is,  however,  not  to  be 
printed  yet.  I  am,  believe  me, 

Very  afEectionately  yours, 
Jean  Ingelow. 

Miss  Ingelow's  workbag  was  a  beautiful  piece 
of  craftstnaiishii).  Garlands  of  flowers,  done  from 
those  to  be  found  in  almost  any  pretty  and  well- 
cared-for  garden,  were  wrought  with  narrow  china 
ribbon  of  all  colours  and  shades  and  blendiiigs 
on  a  ground  of  black  cloth — no  work  of  the  kind 
could  have  been  better  executed.  Here  my  know- 
ledge of  this  great  sewing  competition  comes  to 
an  end.  I  have  even  forgotten  whether  Miss 
Rossetti's  piece  of  work  was  ever  sent,  but  my 
impression  is  that  it  was  not.  M. 


Hiterarg  ©ossip. 

Consequent  on  the  publication  of  Mr. 
Fraser  Eae's  '  Biography  of  Sheridan,'  the 
Corporation  of  Dublin  ordered  a  memorial 
tablet  to  be  placed  outside  the  house  in 
which  he  was  born ;  and  now  the  Corporation 
of  Bath  have  wisely  resolved  to  do  likewise 
at  the  house  in  which  he  lived  there  and 
that  in  which  his  wife,  Miss  Linley,  whom 
Lord  Dufferin  has  styled  "  an  adorable 
woman,"  first  saw  the  light.  It  is  some 
time  since  such  a  tablet  was  affixed  to  the 
house  in  Savile  Eow  where  he  died. 

The  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press  have  commissioned  Major 
Martin  Hume  to  write  a  history  of  Spain 
for  the  "  Cambridge  Historical  Series." 
The  chapters  relating  to  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.  will  be  written  by  Mr.  Arm- 
strong, of  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 

It  is  proposed,  if  a  sufficient  number  of 
subscribers  come  forward,  to  produce  by 
collotype  a  facsimile  of  the  Celtic  manuscript 
in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh,  known 
as  the  Book  of  the  Dean  of  Lismore.  Prof. 
Stern,  of  Berlin,  is  to  write  an  analytic  in- 
troduction, and  Mr.  W.  J.  N.  Liddall  has 
undertaken  the  general  supervision  of  the 
work.  The  Riverside  Press,  Edinburgh, 
produces  the  work. 

A  voLTJME  of  critical  essays  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Symons,  entitled  '  Studies  in  Two  Litera- 
tures,' will  be  published  immediately  by 
Mr.  Leonard  Smithers.  It  will  be  divided 
into  four  sections  :  "  Studies  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan Drama,"  "Studies  in  Contemporary 
Literature,"  "  Notes  and  Impressions  :  Eng- 
lish Writers,"  and  "  Notes  and  Impressions  : 
French  Writers."  Among  the  writers  dealt 
with  are  Shakspeare,  Massinger,  Day,  Chris- 
tina Eossetti,  William  Morris,  AValter  Pater, 
Coventry  Patmore,  Anatole  France,  Huys- 
mans,Zola,  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  Thomas 
Gordon  Hake,  and  James  Thomson. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Yates,  of  Dewsbury,  has  a 
book  in  the  press  entitled  'The  Father  of 
the  Brontes,'  devoted  in  the  main  to  his  life 
and  work  in  Dewsbury  and  Hartshead,  to 
the  former  of  which  parishes  he  went  in 
1809  from  Wellington,  Salop.  Among  the 
illustrations  will  be  a  copy  of  a  portrait 
of  Mr.  Bronte  when  a  young  man.  Two 
chapters  in  the  book  are  upon  "  Currer 
Bell "  when  she  was  at  Roe  Head,  Mirfield, 
and  Dewsbury  Moor. 

Mk.  F.  G.  Ivitton,  of  St.  Albans,  author 
of  '  Charles  Dickens  by  Pen  and  Pencil ' 
and  other  works  relating  to  the  novelist,  is 
preparing  for  publication  a  volume  dealing 
with  Dickens's   illustrators,   a   feature    of 


which  will  be  a  series  of  reproductions  of 
hitherto  unpublished  designs  and  sketches. 
Mr.  Kitton  will  be  glad  to  hear  from  col- 
lectors and  others  who  possess  original 
drawings  and  letters  relating  to  the  subject. 

Mr.  F.  Allingham  writes  :  — 

"In  the  otherwise  fair  criticism  of  my  novel 
'  Crooked  Paths  '  your  reviewer  writes  that  cer- 
tain portions  bear  a  suspicious  resemblance  to 
De  Musset's  'L'Enfant  du  Siecle.'  As  the  word 
'  suspicious  '  in  the  sentence  is  apt  to  cause  the 
reader  to  think  that  your  reviewer  infers  that 
I  have  a  guilty  knowledge  of  this  resemblance, 
may  I  state,  in  justice  to  myself,  that  I  have 
never  read  De  Musset's  work  ?  " 

The  word  "suspicious"  is  not  otherwise 
than  "fair  criticism,"  as  Mr.  F.  Allingham 
will  see  if  he  reads  Musset's  book. 


and  a  Return  of  Endowed  Charities  inSawley, 


in  the  West  Riding  (Id.). 


SCIENCE 


By 

vols. 


The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Vacherot, 
the  well-known  pupil  of  Cousin  and  author 
of  the  '  Histoire  Critique  de  I'Ecole  d'Alex- 
andrie.'  He  was  prosecuted  under  the 
Second  Empire  and  imprisoned  for  his 
volume  *  La  Democratie.'  In  1868  he  was 
elected  to  replace  Cousin  in  the  Academy 
of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences.  After 
1870  he  took  an  active  part  in  politics. 

The  unfortunate  philosopher  Friedrich 
Nietzsche  is  to  be  removed  from  Naumburg, 
where  he  was  for  nearly  ten  years  under 
the  loving  care  of  his  mother,  who  died  a 
few  months  ago.  His  future  home  will 
be  at  Weimar,  where  his  widowed  sister, 
who  has  written  his  biography,  will  have 
charge  of  him. 

Alfred,    Ritter    yon     Arnetii,    whose 
death   at   the  end  of  July  has    just    been 
announced,  was  the  most  eminent  Austrian 
historian  of  the  present  generation.     Born 
in  1819  at  Vienna,  he  entered  at  an  early  age 
the  Austrian  State  service.     After  having 
published  a  life  of  the  Field-Marshal  Count 
Guido  of  Stahremberg,  and  his  great  his- 
torical work   *  Prinz  Eugen  von  Savoyen,' 
in  three  volumes,  he  was  appointed  Vice- 
Director    of   the  Imperial   State    Archives, 
and  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  history 
of   the  house   of  Habsburg,  producing  his 
'  Geschichte  Maria Theresias '  in  ten  volumes, 
and  editing  the  voluminous  correspondence 
of  the  Empress-Queen  with  her  daughter 
Marie  Antoinette,  with  Joseph  II.,  &c.     In 
1848  he  was  sent  by  the  district  of  Neun- 
kirchen  as  a  Deputy  to  the  National  Assembly 
at  Frankfort;  and  in  1869  he  was  elected  a 
life  member  of  the  Herrenhaus,  in  which  he 
distinguished  himself  as  an  active  politician. 
The   year   before    he   had   been   appointed 
Director  of  the  Austrian  State  Archives,  in 
which  capacity   he  effected   the   reform  of 
placing  them  at  the  disposal  of  scholars  for 
historical  research,  a  jirecedent  which  has 
been  followed  in  other  great  State  archives. 
Arneth  also  enjoyed  the  distinction  of  being 
elected  Member,  Vice-President,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  he  was  greatly  esteemed  for  his  per- 
sonal character.     A  few  years  ago  he  pub- 
lished his  reminiscences,  under  the  title  of 
*  Aus  meinem  Leben.' 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Report  of  the  Committee 
appointed  to  consider  the  Housing  of  the 
Wallace  Collection  {5d.) ;  Report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education,  England 
and  Wales,  1896-7  {8d.);  Statistical  Abstract, 
Foreign  Countries,  1885—1894-5  (1«.  Gd.) ; 


27ie  Ancient  Volcanoes  of  Great  Britain. 
Sir   Archibald   Geikie,    F.R.S.       2 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Sir  Archibald  Geikie's  important  work  on 
the  volcanic  outbursts  which  have  left  their 
traces  throughout  the  geological  formations 
of  these  islands  is  an  able  and  valuable  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge  of  one  of  the 
most   interesting   departments   of   geology. 
If  not  an  epoch-making,  it  is,  at  any  rate, 
an  epoch-marking  work ;  for,  to  adopt  the 
author's  words,  it  makes  a  definite  presenta- 
tion of  the  condition  of  our  knowledge  at  the 
present  time.     It  contains  not  only  a  record 
of  what  has  been  seen  and  noted  in  the  field 
by  the  Director-General  of  our  Geological 
Survey  himself  and  other  observers,  but  also 
frequent   references    to    earlier   papers  and 
works  on  the  subject.      It  will,  therefore, 
find  a  place  on  the  shelves  of  lilDraries  fre- 
quented by  students  of  geology,  and  it  will 
also  be  welcomed  by  many  readers  who  are 
not  experts  in  the  science.      The    style  is 
clear,  and  the  descriptions  terse  and  interest- 
ing ;  so  that,  in  spite  of   occasional  lapses 
into  what  we  must  call  the  geological  idiom 
and  addiction  to  the  rugged  nomenclature 
of   petrology,    the    treatise   will   be    found 
attractive  by  real  lovers  of  natural  scenery, 
especially  if   the   chapters  be  read   in  the 
wild,     unfrequented      districts      of     Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  where  volcanic  records 
are  striking  and  readily  discernible. 

Of  the  eight  books  into  which  the  work 
is  divided,  the  first  is  devoted  to  considera- 
tion of  general  principles  and  to  explanation 
of  methods  of  investigation ;  and  the  remain- 
ing seven  treat  of  the  volcanoes  of  successive 
geological    periods   taken   in   chronological 
sequence,  beginning  with  their  action  in  pre- 
Cambrian  time  and  ending  with  that  in  the 
most  recent  or  tertiary  time.     A  reader  not 
already   versed   in   geological    science   and 
terminology  must  not  read  the  first  six  or 
seven  chapters  without  concentrated  atten- 
tion— that  is,  if  he  desire  to  profit  by  the 
later  chapters,  descriptive  of  the  formations 
to  which  manifestations  of  volcanic  activity 
are  assigned.    The  structure  of  lavas,  micro- 
scopic  and   macroscopic,   the  types  of  vol- 
canoes,  the  nature  and  causes  of   volcanic 
action,  and  kindred  topics  are  most  clearly 
described  and  explained.     From  these  pre- 
liminary   considerations    we    gain    certain 
generalizations  which  appear  to  hold  good 
over  wide  regions,  and  two  of  these  are  of 
special  interest — viz.,  the  sequence  of  volcanic 
materials  erupted  in  the  same  area,  to  which 
the  term  " volcanic  cycle "  is  applied;  and, 
secondly,  the  persistence  of  composition  and 
structure  in  the  lavas  of  all  ages.     A  special 
interest  of  these  generalizations — if,  indeed, 
their  acceptance   is  not  premature — lies  in 
the  fact  that  they  are  the  outcome  of  direct 
observation,  and  are  the  reverse  of  what  we 
should  have,  a  priori,  expected. 

The  area  of  the  British  Isles  offers  remark- 
able facilities  for  the  practical  study  of 
volcanic  energy  during  all  past  time.  Not 
only  is  every  type  of  volcano  represented — 
large  cones  like  that  of  Etna  or  Vesuvius, 


N"3C4],  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


195 


puys  like  those  of  Auvergne,  parallel  fissures 
like  those  of  Iceland — but,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  long  interval  of  comparative 
quiescence  in  mesozoic  times,  volcanic 
activity  in  the  British  area  has  been  more 
or  less  continuous  throughout  the  epochs 
of  geology.  Study  of  the  phenomena  of 
these  old  British  volcanoes  reveals  certain 
curious  and  unexpected  facts  in  the  ancient 
physical  geography  of  the  area.  The  per- 
sistence of  volcanic  activity  over  the  area  of 
the  British  Isles  is  in  itself  remarkable ; 
but  more  remarkable  still,  and  at  present 
inexplicable,  is  the  persistence  within  this 
area,  even  in  proximity  to  volcanic  districts, 
of  stationary  regions  which  seem  to  have 
maintained  their  immunity  from  eruptions 
during  long  periods  of  geological  time. 
Striking  exhibitions  of  this  immunity  are 
furnished  in  Scotland  by  the  central  high- 
lands and  the  southern  uplands.  Although 
Sir  A.  Geikie  has  not  succeeded  in  tracing 
any  undoubted  connexion  between  volcanic 
vents  and  dislocations  of  subjacent  rocks, 
he  finds  that  the  vents  themselves  have 
been  opened  in  valleys  and  low  ground, 
not  in  hills.  He  also  finds  that  British 
volcanoes  in  past  geological  time  have  been 
active  in  areas  that  were  sinking,  not  rising. 
This  does  not  accord  with  the  prevalent 
opinion  on  the  subject,  neither  is  it  corro- 
borated by  what  we  learn  from  the  pheno- 
mena of  Etna  and  Vesuvius  in  geologically 
recent  times ;  but  it  may  well  be,  as  Sir 
Archibald  Gleikie  suggests,  that  subsidence 
is  ultimately  the  rule  over  volcanic  areas. 
And  it  seems  at  least  possible  that  subsidence 
over  any  given  area  may  be  accelerated  by 
long-continued  volcanic  action  on  a  large 
scale. 

The  British  volcanoes  of  successive  geo- 
logical periods  are  described  in  detail,  and 
with  no  small  graphic  skill.  We  find  the 
physical  features  and  scenery  of  the  dis- 
tricts with  which  we  are  acquainted  por- 
trayed with  vigour  and  accuracy,  both  in 
the  text  and  in  the  illustrative  sketches, 
which  are  chiefly  from  the  author's  own 
note  and  sketch  books.  Much  long- vanished 
physical  geography — notably  the  features  of 
Lake  Caledonia  and  its  shores — is  brought 
before  the  reader  with  vivid  distinctness  ; 
and  he  learns  to  perceive  how  laudable  is  the 
use  of  imagination  in  geological  research. 
In  descriptive  power  the  volumes  before 
us  are  worthy  rivals  of  Scrope's  classic 
description  of  the  volcanoes  of  Central 
France,  and  as  a  guide  to  any  one  desirous 
of  investigating  the  phenomena  of  the 
volcanic  districts  of  these  islands  it  would 
be  diflBcult  to  recommend  anything  better 
than  the  work  before  us,  if  only  it  was  not 
80  ponderous :  the  weight  of  the  two 
volumes  is  about  seven  pounds  and  a  half, 
no  inconsiderable  addition  to  the  impedi- 
menta of  a  pedestrian  in  the  more  remote 
parts  of  our  islands. 


A  Treatise  on  Rocks,  Eock-ireathering,  and 
Soils.  By  George  P.  Merrill.  (Macmillan'&  Co. ) 
— Although  many  works  have  been  written  of 
late  years  on  the  subject  of  rocks,  they  have 
been  mostly  devoted  to  pure  petrology,  with 
little  or  no  reference  to  the  way  in  which  rocks 
break  up  and  form  soils.  It  was,  therefore, 
rather  a  happy  idea  of  Prof.  Merrill  to  write 
a  work  which  should  bring  the  geologist  and 
the  agriculturist  together,  and  interest  them 
jointly  in  the  study  of  rock-disintegration  and 


soil-formation.  Before  the  student  can  profit- 
ably discuss  the  process  of  weathering,  whereby 
a  given  rock  is  converted  into  a  soil,  it  is 
obvious  that  he  should  be  familiar  with  the 
rock  in  its  unaltered  condition  ;  hence  the  early 
part  of  this  work — forming  a  large  proportion 
of  the  volume — takes  the  form  of  an  outline  of 
petrological  science.  It  is  easy  enough  to  say 
that  this  introduction  is  too  full  for  the  agricul- 
turist, yet  too  slender  for  the  geologist ;  but 
that  is  a  matter  of  opinion,  and,  on  the  whole, 
the  author  seems  to  have  a  fair  regard  to  the 
wants  of  both  classes  of  readers.  Had  he 
desired  to  reduce  the  bulk  of  his  book,  he 
might  have  omitted  this  outline  of  petrology 
and  referred  the  student  to  some  standard 
treatise  on  rocks  ;  but  this  would  have  altered 
his  entire  plan  and  made  the  volume  less  com- 
plete, tliough  more  special.  The  prime  object 
of  the  work  is  to  explain  the  nature  and  origin 
of  that  upper  part  of  the  earth's  crust  which  is 
formed  of  loose  material,  due  partly  to  the  dis- 
integration and  decomposition  of  the  underlying 
rocks,  and  partly  to  transported  material.  This 
portion  of  the  crust  Prof.  Merrill  proposes  to 
call  the  regolith.  It  is  obviously  equivalent  to 
the  soil  and  sub-soil,  and  the  name  is  suggested 
by  the  fact  that  such  loose  materials  cover  the 
bed-rock  like  a  blanket  ;  but  as  the  word  is 
derived  from  p-qyos  we  should  prefer  to  see  it 
written  rhegolith.  There  are  also  some  curious 
misprints  in  connexion  with  derivations  ;  thus 
the  name  of  the  rock  serpentine  is  said  to  come 
from  "  the  Latin  serpentiniis,  a  serpent  "  (p.  116), 
whilst  the  word  "  pyroclastic  "  is  traced  to  the 
"Greek  7rv/.o9,  fire"  (p.  140).  But  these 
blemishes  in  no  way  affect  the  scientific  merit 
of  the  work  ;  and  looked  at  broadly  it  may 
unhesitatingly  be  said  that  the  book  is  a 
valuable  addition  to  geological  literature.  It 
contains  in  many  cases  the  results  of  the 
author's  chemical  and  microscopic  examination 
of  material  which  he  had  personally  collected 
in  the  field.  The  volume  thus  contains  original 
matter,  and  has  a  special  value  of  its  own. 

Belies  of  Primeval  Life.  By  Sir  J.  William 
Dawson,  F.R.S.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.)— 
Two  years  ago  Sir  William  Dawson  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Lowell  Institute  in 
Boston,  and  it  is  the  substance  of  these  lectures 
which  is  here  presented  to  the  reader.  The 
primeval  relics  with  which  the  author  deals  are 
the  oldest-known  traces  of  life,  or  structures 
regarded  as  such,  in  the  pre-Cambrian  rocks  ; 
and  these  by  virtue  of  their  exceptional  anti- 
quity have  a  peculiar  fascination  to  most  students. 
On  this  subject  the  author  has  a  right  to  speak 
with  high  authority,  since  he  was  largely  re- 
sponsible for  introducing  the  famous  eozoon  to 
the  scientific  world.  Whether  the  curious 
structure  on  which  he  bestowed  that  name  is  truly 
organic  or  not  is  a  subject  on  which  geologists, 
mineralogists,  and  zoologists  have  had  many  a 
warm  dispute,  and  on  which  the  last  word  has 
not  yet  been  said.  Sir  William,  however,  dis- 
cusses rather  lightly  the  evidence  of  the  oppo- 
sition, holding  that  the  objections  have  been 
answered  again  and  again,  and  clinging  as  fondly 
to  his  fossil  as  he  did  five-and-thirty  years  ago. 
That  there  were  forms  of  life  upon  our  globe 
in  pre-Cambrian  days  no  competent  thinker 
doubts  ;  and  one  of  the  most  interesting  geo- 
logical quests  at  the  present  day  is  the  search 
for  these  remains.  The  Olenellus  fauna,  which 
is  held  to  characterize  the  base  of  the  Cambrian 
system,  contains  forms  so  highly  organized  that 
the  conviction  is  forced  upon  the  inquirer,  if  he 
believes  in  evolution,  that  they  must  have  been 
preceded  by  simpler  types  of  life,  though  relics 
of  these  early  forms  may  be  too  obscure  for 
recognition.  Sir  William  Dawson's  work, 
though  containing  much  which  has  appeared 
elsewhere,  is  an  acceptable  contribution  to  the 
literature  of  the  oldest  rocks,  from  the  untiring 
pen  of  a  scientific  veteran. 

Catalogue  of  the  MesurMic  Plants  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Geology,  British  Museum :  The  Wealden 


Flora.  By  A.  C.  Seward,  M.A.  2  vols. 
(Printed  by  Order  of  the  Trustees.) — This  ad- 
mirable work  is  much  more  than  a  simple  cata- 
logue ;  it  is  a  complete,  illustrated  treatise  on 
the  flora  of  our  Wealden  strata.  Mr.  Seward, 
of  Cambridge,  has  made  a  patient  and  critical 
study  of  the  rich  material  in  the  British  Museum, 
which  includes  the  classical  collection  of  Mantell 
and  the  fine  collection  made  by  Mr.  Ruff'ord,  of 
Hastings.  Without  following  the  author  into 
technical  details,  it  may  be  pointed  out  that 
his  generalizations  are  of  much  interest.  The 
ferns,  cycads,  and  conifers  of  the  Weald  consti- 
tute a  flora  strikingly  like  that  of  the  under- 
lying Jurassic  strata,  and,  indeed,  Mr.  Seward 
thinks  it  would  be  difficult  to  point  to  any 
essential  difference  in  the  plant-life  of  the  two 
periods.  The  evidence  of  palreobotany  thus 
conspires  with  other  evidence,  physical  and 
zoological,  to  favour  the  inclusion  of  the  W^ealden 
beds  in  the  Jurassic  rather  than  in  the  creta- 
ceous group  of  strata. 

Catalogiie  of  the  Fossil  Cephalopoda  in  the 
British  Museum.  Part  III.  By  A.  H.  Foord 
and  G.  C.  Crick.  (Printed  by  Order  of  the 
Trustees.)  —  This  volume  is  chietly  interesting 
for  a  critical  description  of  the  goniatites,  a- 
group  of  fossils  which  has  received  much  atten- 
tion from  Hyatt,  Mojsisovics,  and  other  palae- 
ontologists. The  goniatites  may  be  regarded 
as  the  direct  ancestors  of  the  ammonites,  into 
which  they  pass  by  almost  insensible  gradations. 
The  valuable  catalogue  just  issued  is  the  joint 
work  of  Dr.  Foord,  who  is  now  attached  to  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  of  Mr.  Crick,  an 
officer  of  the  British  Museum  specially  devoted 
to  the  study  of  fossil  cephalopods. 

Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India. — 
Vol.  XXIII.  Geology  of  the  Central  Himalayas. 
By  C.  L.  Griesbach,'  CLE.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
— This  is  a  record  of  work  that  any  man  might 
be  proud  of.  The  area  covered  by  Mr.  Gries- 
bach extended  from  the  seventy-eighth  to  the 
eighty  -  first  degree  of  longitude,  and  com- 
prised the  Bhot-mahills  of  Kumaiin,  Garhwal, 
and  of  Tihri  Garhwdl,  the  adjoining  portions  of 
the  Gnari-Korsum  province  (Hiinde's)  of  Tibet, 
the  watershed  between  that  country  and  South- 
Eastern  Spiti — a  region  most  of  which  stands  at 
an  average  height  of  not  less  than  20,000  feet, 
and  in  which  peaks  of  from  22,000  to  25,000 
feet  and  more  above  sea-level  are  common.  In 
mountaineering  alone  here  was  enough  to  make 
the  hardiest  Alpine  Club  man's  mouth  water. 
But  when  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  hard  climb- 
ing went  hand  in  hand  with  hard  geologizing  ; 
that  the  rocks  investigated  were  bent,  folded, 
crumpled,  and  faulted  in  a  way  that  beggars 
description  ;  and  that  Mr.  Griesbach  was  not 
content  with  rough  sketches  and  eye-measure- 
ment, but  used  the  camera  obscura  and  photo- 
graphy on  all  possible  occasions,  it  will  be 
recognized  that  this  memoir  is  the  result  of 
labour  such  as  few  men  would  care  to  face. 
Not  that  Mr.  Griesbach  dwells  upon  the  diffi- 
culties attending  his  survey.  Quite  the  reverse. 
In  the  plainest  and  most  matter-of-fact  manner, 
in  the  fewest  possible  pages,  he  presents  us 
with  a  perfectly  connected  and  intelligible 
account — unvarnished  almost  to  the  extent  of 
baldness — that  at  one  step  lifts  the  geology  of 
the  Central  Himalayas,  the  true  Himachal  or 
"snow  mountain"  par  excellence,  out  of  some- 
thing very  like  chaos  into  a  state  of  order,  the 
minor  details  of  which  can  now  be  filled  in  with 
comparative  ease  by  future  observers.  By 
means  of  beautifully  drawn  ideal  sections,  for 
which  he  very  unnecessarily  apologizes,  and  by 
means  of  excellent  photographs  and  phototypes, 
the  author  brings  the  general  structure  of  the 
great  range  very  vividly  before  us.  The  southern 
hills  of  the  Central  Himalayas  are  formed  of 
crystalline  rocks  chiefly  ;  the  northern  consist 
almost  altogetherof  sedimentary  deposits  ranging 
in  age  from  the  earliest  pakeozoic  to  the  latest 
tertiary.     It  is  these  fossil-bearing  beds  that  are 


136 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


more  especially  treated  of  in  tho  present  volume. 
Passing  gradually  upwards  from  the  crystalline 
Vaikritas,  we  come  to  the  slates  and   boulder- 
conglomerates  of  the  Haimantas,  and  from  these 
all  the  divisions  of  the  pahuozoic  series  follow 
without   noticeable  break  until    the  upper  car- 
boniferous is  reached.     Even   here  the  uncon- 
formities   traced    appear    to    be   local   and    un- 
important.    Permian,    trias,    Rhretic,    and    lias 
form  the  next  sequence,   conformable  through- 
out.    A   conjectural    break   sepai-ates    the   lias 
from  the  Jurassic  Spiti  shales,  which  graduate 
upwards  into  the  cretaceous  Gieumal  sandstone. 
Here    is    another    somewhat    doubtful     strati- 
graphical  stop,  followed  by  the  very  fully  repre- 
sented  tertiaries.     Now   the    strata  of   all    the 
formations  thus  briefly  enumerated  are  intensely 
contorted  or  are  tilted  up  at  high  angles,  as  far 
as  the  upper  eocene  inclusive.    On  the  upturned 
and    denuded    edges    of   these   last  -  mentioned 
beds,    however,   and    forming  the  high   plateau 
of  Hiindds,  lie  the  celebrated  later  mammalian 
tertiaries   which   were   long   ago   described    by 
General  Strachey,  and  which  tell  us   so  much 
of   the  history   of  the  great  mountains  in  the 
heart  of  which  they,  alone  of  all  surrounding 
rocks,  are  horizontal  and    undisturbed.     Many 
previous  authors   have  touched   upon   some  of 
the  points  worked  out  by  Mr.  Griesbach,  and 
full  references   to   their  writings  are  given  by 
him   in    this    memoir.     Indeed,  it  would  seem 
as  if  the  worker  to  whom  he  has  given  the  least 
credit  is  himself,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  he 
may  find   time  hereafter   to  publish  some  less 
technical  account  of  his  many  zigzag  journeys 
to   and    fro   across    the   complex   of   mountain 
giants  which  it  was  his  business  to  study  for 
so  long  a  time. 

Colliery  Working  and  Manaqement.  By  H.  F. 
Bulman   and    R.    A.    S.    Redmayne.       (Crosby 
Lockwood  &  Son.) — Considering  its  eminently 
technical  character,  this   is   a  singularly  inter- 
esting book,  and  the  reason,  we  think,  is  not 
far  to  seek.     In  the  first  place,  the  authors  are 
thoroughly    practical    men,    and    have    written 
exclusively    of    things    within    their   own   daily 
experience  ;  and,  secondly,  they  have  both,  we 
believe,  had  the  advantage  of  a  sound  scientific 
training    before    entering    upon    the   practical 
work  of  the  pits.     As  a  result  of  this  they  have 
gained  a  sense  of  the  inward  meaning,  gradual 
evolution,    and   correlation   of   the   numberless 
details  of   practice  and   custom  dealt  with   by 
them,  which  they  are  probably  themselves  un- 
aware of,  but  which  stamps  their  production  with 
a  quality  of  form  and  proportion  very  seldom 
met  with    in   books  connected  with  mining  or 
engineering.      In    the    present    century    many 
changes   have   taken   place   in   the  working   of 
collieries — many  changes  and  considerable  pro- 
gress— and   nowhere  have  these  changes   been 
carried  out  with  greater  circumspection  or  with 
greater   steadfastness   of   purpose  than   in   the 
great   Northern   coal  -  field    from   which    both 
authors  hail.   They  are  thus  in  the  best  position 
for  recording  the  various  steps  which  have  led 
to  the  adoption  of  the  methods  in  actual  use 
and  for  explaining   the  many,   sometimes  con- 
flicting, causes  on  which  depends  what  progress 
has   been   attained.      Though   no   doubt   much 
still  remains  to  be  done,  and  perfection  has  by 
no  means  been  reached,  it  is  patent  that  now 
more  coal  is  got  per  acre  and  more  coal  per  man 
than  at  any  previous  time.     Coal  is  worked  at 
greater  depths  than  ever  before,  and  seams  so 
thin  that  they  were  formerly  regarded  as  worth- 
less are  now  profitably  won.     Best  of  all,  the 
life  of  the  collier  is  safer  than  of  yore,    more 
wholesome,  and  altogether  better  worth  living. 
Those   who   read    Messrs.    Bulman    and    Red- 
mayne's    book  will    easily   understand   how   all 
this  has  come  about.     There  is  plenty  of  human 
interest  in  it  for  those  who  care  to  seek  for  it 
among  its  business-like  pages.    Indeed,  whereas 
most  mining  books  leave  one  with  the  very  mis- 
taken impression  that  mining  is  all  engineering 
and  machinery,  this  one  forces  upon  the  reader 


the  far  truer  view  that  "  'tis  the  miner  makes 
the  mine."  The  beautiful  photogi-a^jhs  of  under- 
ground workings  showing  the  men  at  their  daily 
toil  —  though  the  glare  of  the  limelight  has 
given  the  pitmen  much  cleaner  faces  than  they 
really  have — cannot  fail  to  add  to  this  feeling. 
The  duties  of  a  colliery  manager  and  the  prin- 
ciples which  underlie  the  working  of  coal  seams 
are,  of  course,  much  the  same  in  different  parts 
of  the  country,  but  we  think — and  this  is  the 
only  criticism  which  is  called  for  by  this  excel- 
lent book — that  the  authors  would  have  been 
well  advised  had  they  stated  on  their  title-page 
that  their  experience  was  chiefly  a  North-Country 
experience,  and  that  their  work  in  consequence 
related  to  the  state  of  things  in  Northumberland 
and  Durham  almost  exclusively. 


ZOOLOGICAL   LITERATURE. 


the  previously 
stint,  the  jack 
the    bar -tailed 


Eggs   of  British    Birds,    with  an  Account   of 
their  Breeding  Habits :  Limicokv.     With  Fifty- 
four    Coloured    Plates.     By    Frank    Poynting. 
(Porter.)  —  Coloured   Figures    of    the   Eggs    of 
British  Birds,  ivith  Descriptive  Notices.     By  the 
late    Henry    Seebohm.     (Sheffield,   Pawson    & 
Brailsford.) — Mr.    Poyn ting's   illustrations    are 
deserving  of  the  highest  praise,  and  certainly 
none   at    all     comparable    has    been   published 
since  the  days  of  Hewitson.     We  have  carefully 
compared  these  figures  with  those  in  the  now 
classical  work  just  named,  especially  with  those 
in  the  edition  generally  known  as   the  second, 
in  which  Hewitson's  very  best  work  appeared, 
and  in  no  respects    do  Mr.   Poynting's  repre- 
sentations appear  to  disadvantage,  the  pattern 
of  the  markings  and  the  rotundity  of  the  eggs 
being    admirably    rendered.     The    lithographs 
have  been    executed  in  Berlin,  after  drawings 
by    Mr.    Poynting.     The    descriptions    of    the 
breeding  habits   of   the   birds   whose    eggs  are 
figured  are  remarkably  accurate,  and  are  taken 
from    the  writings   of    observers   of    standing, 
while  the  selection  of  the  authors  cited  strikes 
us    as    eminently    judicious.     Of     course    Mr. 
Poynting  has  enjoyed  the  advantage  of  living 
a  full  generation  later  ;  and  whereas  Hewitson, 
in    his    third    edition    (1856),    was    only    just 
enabled   by   the   discoveries    of   the  late   John 
Wolley  to   describe   and    figure 
unknown    eggs  of   Temminck's 
snipe,    the    spotted    redshank, 
godwit,  &c.,  Mr.  Poynting  is  now  able  to  give 
us  many  figures  of  these,    as  well  as  of   other 
eggs  unobtainable  at  that  time.     Such  are  the 
eggs  of  the  grey  plover,  the  little  stint,  and  the 
sanderling,  to  say  nothing  of  those  of  American 
wanderers   to    these    islands,  Avhich    need   not 
be  enumerated  here.     Of   the  Limicohie  which 
habitually  visit  our  shores  only  two  species  are 
still  unrepresented  as  regards  their  eggs,  these 
being  the  curlew  sandpiper  and  the  knot.     By 
eliminating  the  Arctic  districts,    in  which    we 
know  that  the    former  does    not  breed,   there 
remains    a    tolerable    certainty   that    it    nests 
among      the      vast      tundras      between       the 
Yenesei      and      the      eastern      side      of      the 
Taimyr  Peninsula,  a  land  unapproachable  from 
the  sea,  owing  to  the  ice  and  the  shallow  water, 
while  from  the  land  side  the  Samoyedes  refuse 
to  visit  it  because  no  food  for  their  reindeer 
grows  there.     It  is  true  that  the  late  Dr.  von 
MiddendorflT  partially  explored  the  Taimyr,  but 
he  was  invested   with   high    powers    from    the 
Russian  Government,  and  the  Samoyedes  de- 
clined to  go  again  :  if  they  must  die  for  dis- 
obedience they  would  die  in  their  own  yourts. 
As  regards  the  knot,  its  breeding-grounds  are 
in  Arctic  America,  and  its  eggs  appear  to  have 
been  treated  by  the  crews  of  Parry's  and  other 
early  Arctic  expeditions  as  we  treat   those   of 
the   plover  ;  but  although  the  young  in  down 
were  obtained  by  Col.  Feilden  when  in  H.M.S. 
Alert  in  1870,  yet  no  thoroughly  authenticated 
egg  exists    in   any  collection.     We  trust   that 
Mr.  Poynting  may  deal  with  other  families  of 
birds  in  the  same  manner. — The  late  Mr.  See- 


bohm made  the  coloured  illustrations  of  eggs  a 
prominent  feature  of  his   '  History  of    British 
Birds,'  completed  in   188.5  ;  and  shortly  before 
his  death,  in  November,  1895,  he  was  occupied 
with  the  new  work  now  before  us.     In  this  all 
the  eggs  have  been  figured  anew  and  in  Shef- 
field ;    while,   if    he  had  lived,   he  would    pro- 
bably have  rewritten  or  adapted  the  descriptions 
of    the  breeding    habits  of    the  birds.     Under 
the  circumstances  his  literary  executor.  Dr.  R. 
Bowdler   Sharpe,    could    do    little    more   than 
extract  from  the    previous  work  the   portions 
relating  to  the  breeding  of  the  various  species, 
with  a  brief  sketch  of  the  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  each,  the  classification,  which  is  peculiar, 
being  Seebohm's  own,  and  in  accordance  with 
arrangements  made  with  his  publisher  before  his 
death.  Dr.  Sharpe  has  contributed  a  memoir,  and 
a  very  characteristic  portrait  of  Seebohm  forms 
the  frontispiece.     The  illustrations  of  the  eggs 
are  very  good,  though  those    of  the  Limicolse 
do   not   come  up    to  Mr.   Poynting's,   and  the 
letterpress  is  unavoidably  inferior.     Taken  as  a 
whole,   however,   Seebohm's    is    decidedly    the 
finest  work  on  British  oology  that  has  yet  been 
published,    especially  as  it  contains  figures  of 
the  eggs  of  many  species  which  were  unknown 
in  the  days  of  Hewitson.     It  will  be  very  accept- 
able to  the  numerous  collectors  of  eggs,  to  many 
of   whom    the    earlier   work — with   its    nearly 
two  thousand  pages  of   letterpress — would  be 
an  encumbrance  ;  there  are  barely  three  hun- 
dred pages  in  the  present. 

Gleanings  from  the  Natural  History  of  tJie 
Ancients,  by  the  Rev.  M.  G.  Watkins' (Stock), 
dated  189G,  seems  to  be  an  exact  reprint  of  the 
work  issued  under  the  same  title  and  by  the 
same  publisher  in  1885.  All  the  old  errors  are 
repeated  :  again  is  Ctesias  cited  as  a  con- 
temporary of  Herodotus  ;  again  does  Dr. 
St.  George  Mivart,  the  author  of  'The  Cat,' figure 
as  Mr.  St.  John  Mivart  (p.  53  and  p.  01).  The 
reprint  has  its  edges  trimmed,  and  is  cut  down 
to  ordinary  octavo,  and  the  words  "Gleanings 
from  "  are  omitted  on  the  back  of  the  volume, 
though  the  title-page  remains  as  before. 

The  Naturcdist's  Directory,  1897.  (Upcotfc 
Gill.) — We  fail  to  see  the  point  of  this  joke. 
A  directory  of  zoologists  which  does  not  contain 
the  names  of  the  presidents  of  the  Linnean  or 
Zoological  Societies,  or  that  of  the  Professor  of 
Zoology  in  University  College,  London  ;  a  list 
of  microscopists  which  does  not  contain  the 
names  of  the  present  or  of  the  two  preceding 
presidents  of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society, 
or  that  of  its  eminent  secretary  Dr.  Dallinger  ; 
and  a  list  of  botanists  which  omits  the  names  of 
Baker,  Dyer,  and  Hooker,  cannot  be  meant  to 
be  taken  seriously.  In  other  departments  it  is 
equally  faulty,  and  what  information  is  vouch- 
safed is  not  always  correct. 


THE    LITERATURE    OF    ENGINEERING. 

Chemistry  for  Engineers  and  Manufacturers. 
By  Bertram  Blount  and  A.  G.  Bloxam.  2  vols. 
(Griflin  &  Co.) — Thefirst  volume  of  this  practical 
text-book,  to  which  alone  the  following  remarks 
apply,  deals  with  "the  chemistry  of  engineering, 
building,  and  metallurgy,"  the  second  volume 
being  devoted  to  "  the  chemistry  of  manufactur- 
ing processes  "  ;  and  the  former,  therefore,  is 
designed  for  the  use  of  engineers,  and  the  latter 
for  manufacturers.  The  strength  and  durability 
of  many  materials  used  in  construction  depend 
so  largely  upon  their  chemical  composition,  the 
chemical  influences  to  which  they  are  exposed, 
or  the  chemical  processes  employed  for  their 
preservation,  that  the  selection  of  the  materials 
should  often  be  guided  by  chemical  considera- 
tions. Thus  the  constitution  of  building  stones 
renders  some  far  more  subject  to  decay  from 
exposure  to  the  weather  than  others  ;  and  the 
chemical  composition  of  cements  is  of  very 
great  importance,  especially  when  employed  in 
sea  works,  for  a  small  percentage  of  magnesia 
or  an  excess  of  free  lime   in  the  cement  may 


N''3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUiyi 


197 


lead  to  the  gradual  disruption  of  well-made  and 
apparently  perfectly  sound  concrete.  The  value 
of  various  kinds  of  fuel  is  determined  by  the 
amount  of  heat  they  can  generate,  which  results 
from  a  definite  chemical  change  produced  by 
combustion.  The  suitability  of  water  for  the 
supply  of  towns,  or  for  use  in  boilers,  depends 
largely  upon  the  substances  it  contains  in  solu- 
tion, the  amount  and  nature  of  which  are  ascer- 
tained by  chemical  analysis.  The  production 
of  the  various  metals  by  reductions  from  their 
ores  and  their  subsequent  refining  are  distinct 
chemical  processes,  as  also  are  the  different 
stages  in  the  most  important  manufacture  of 
all,  namely,  of  the  various  qualities  of  iron  and 
steel.  Accordingly,  constructive,  electrical, 
and  mining  engineers  have  frequently  to  seek 
the  assistance  of  chemists  in  the  prosecution  of 
their  works  ;  and  therefore  a  book  which  fur- 
nishes concise  information  on  the  various  sub- 
jects alluded  to  above  must  prove  a  useful 
book  of  reference  to  engineers.  The  volume  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  in  the  first  of  which  the 
chemistry  of  materials  of  construction,  of  the 
sources  of  energy,  of  steam  raising,  and  of 
lubricants  and  lubrication  are  successively  ex- 
plained ;  whilst  the  second  part  relates  to 
metallurgy,  and  describes  briefly  the  sources, 
processes  of  manufacture,  and  chemical  pro- 
perties of  iron  and  steel,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  tin, 
silver,  gold,  and  the  other  principal  metals. 
Thirty-tive  woodcuts,  inserted  in  the  text,  assist 
in  rendering  clear  some  of  the  processes  de- 
scribed. The  book  is  written  in  a  direct,  simple, 
and  non-technical  style,  suited  for  persons  pos- 
sessing little  knowledge  of  chemistry  beyond 
the  symbols  denoting  the  elements,  and  desirous 
of  grasping  the  general  chemical  aspects  of  the 
various  substances  and  processes  referred  to  ; 
and  therefore  it  is  well  adapted  to  serve  as  a 
book  of  reference  to  engineers  and  managers  of 
works  in  regard  to  the  chemistry  of  the  subjects 
with  which  it  deals. 

The  Calculus  for  Emjineers  and  Physicists. 
By  Robert  H.  Smith.  (Griffin  &  Co.)— The 
Calculus  for  Enjineers.  By  John  Perry. 
(Arnold.)— The  nearly  simultaneous  publication 
of  two  books  with  almost  identical  titles,  and 
both  endeavouring  to  bring  the  calculus  within 
the  reach  of  practical  engineers  for  the  solution 
of  engineering  problems,  indicates  that  expe- 
rienced teachers  believe  that  by  a  clear  exposi- 
tion of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  subject, 
and  examples  of  its  application  to  practical  in- 
vestigations, it  is  possible  to  enable  engineers 
who  have  not  received  a  special  mathematical 
training  to  avail  themselves  of  the  facilities 
afforded  by  the  calculus.  Prof.  Smith  states 
that  the  object  of  his 

"treatise  is  to  introduce  the  student  at  once  to  tte 
fundamental  and  important  uses  of  the  Integral 
Calculus,  and  incidentally  to  those  of  much  of  the 
Differential  Calculus,  in  such  a  way  as  to  stimulate 
a  grovving  desire  to  progress  always  further  in  a 
branch  of  science  which  soon  shows  itself  capable  of 
supplying  the  key  to  so  many  practical  investiga- 
tions"; 

and  Prof.  Perry  says  that  he  writes 
"  more  particularly  for  readers  who  have  had  very 
little  mathematical  training,  and  who  are  willing 
to  work  very  liard   to  find  out  how  the  calculus  is 
applied  in  Engineering  problems." 

It  is  one  thing  to  have  studied  the  differential 
and  integral  calculus  mathematically,  and  it  is 
quite  another  thing  to  know  how  to  apply  it  to 
the  practical  problems  of  engineering  science. 
Accordingly,  these  books  will  not  only  be 
serviceable  in  rendering  a  hard  road  as  easy 
as  practicable  for  the  non-mathematical  student 
and  engineei',  and  keeping  out  of  his  path  all 
branches  of  the  subject  wliich  do  not  assist  in 
the  attainment  of  the  practical  end  in  view,  but 
they  will  also  probably  be  still  more  useful 
to  the  engineer  who  has  had  a  mathematical 
training,  in  showing  him  the  manner  in  which 
his  knowledge  can  be  applied  to  the  solution  of 
practical  problems.  Both  books  endeavour  to 
give  as  simple  explanations  as  possible  of  the 


principles  and  methods  of  the  calculus,  and 
their  applications  to  engineering  practice  ;  but 
Prof.  Smith  deals  mostly  with  the  processes  of 
the  integral  calculus,  whilst  Prof.  Perry  is  more 
concerned  with  the  practical  applications  of  the 
subject  to  problems  which  mechanical  and 
electrical  engineers  may  require  to  solve. 
No  engineer,  if  not  a  mathematician,  should 
embark  upon  either  of  these  books  without  a 
thorough  determination  to  devote  the  closest 
attention  to  its  mastery  ;  but  it  should  not 
prove  a  specially  difficult  task  to  an  engineer, 
as  Prof.  Perry's  students  obtained  a  complete 
knowledge  of  his  book  and  its  methods  in  nine 
months  Without  any  particular  preliminary 
training.  The  main  advantage  of  such  books 
is  that°they  may  induce  engineers  to  resort  to 
mathematical  studies  in  pursuit  of  practical 
objects  with  benefit  to  themselves  ;  whereas 
professional  men  would  never  attempt  to  under- 
take the  study  of  purely  mathematical  treatises 
without  any  apparent  bearing  on  their  practical 
work. 

Constructional  Iron  and  Steel  Work.  By 
Francis  Campion.  (Crosby  Lockwood  & 
Son.)_This  handy  little  volume,  on  the  uses 
and  strength  of  cast-iron  columns  and  iron  and 
steel  girders  of  various  forms  employed  fur 
supporting  the  floors  of  buildings,  is  intended 
to  assist  architects,  students,  and  builders  in 
their  work.  The  first  four  chapters  are  devoted 
to  the  materials  used,  and  the  forms,  strength, 
and  arrangements  of  columns  and  girders  ;  and 
they  are  followed  by  a  chapter  giving  some 
general  particulars  relating  to  the  manufacture 
of  these  columns  and  girders  and  the  connexions 
of  these  structures.  Two  chapters  deal  with  the 
loads,  stresses,  and  general  arrangements  of 
buildings,  and  another  with  iron  and  steel  doors 
and  traps  ;  whilst  the  last  chapter  relates  to  the 
important  practical  subjects  of  specifications  and 
quantities.  The  descriptions  are  elucidated  by 
several  simple  woodcuts  dispersed  throughout 
the  text,  and  only  the  most  common  mathe- 
matical expressions  are  employed  in  the  cal- 
culations and  formulas.  The  elementary  and 
practical  treatment  of  the  subjects  followed 
throughout  should  render  the  book  useful  to 
the  class  of  persons  for  whom  it  has  been 
prepared. 

BOTANICAL   LITERATURE. 

First  Records  of  British  Flou-ering  Plants. 
Compiled  by  W.  A.  Clarke,  F.L.S.,  together 
with  a  Note  on  Nomenclature.  (West,  New- 
man &  Co.)— It  is  certainly  interesting,  and  it 
may  even  be  important,  to  get  answers  to  the 
following  (questions  :  Who  first  found  this  plant, 
when  and  where  ?  How  long  has  it  been  known 
to  botanists  as  a  British  plant  ?  These  questions 
were  first  systematically  answered  in  Trimen 
and  Thiselton-Dyer's  '  Flora  of  Middlesex  '  so 
far  as  that  county  was  concerned,  and  now  Mr. 
Clarke  supplies  similar  information  relating  to 
all  or  the  majority  of  the  plants  of  the  British 
Islands.  The  compiler's  task,  we  imagine,  has 
been  a  pleasant  one,  for  it  has  led  him  to 
rummage  over  old  books  from  the  time  of 
Turner's  'Libellus,'  1538,  to  the  eighth  edition 
of  the  '  London  Catalogue,'  and  to  discover  and 
enjoy  many  an  interesting  detail  or  quaint  re- 
cord. Sometimes,  by  the  vagaries  of  nomen- 
claturists,  the  name  adopted  is  of  much  more 
recent  introduction  than  the  plant  itself.  Thus 
Elisma  natans  is  quoted  in  this  list,  a  name 
dating  from  1869,  whilst  the  plant  itself,  then 
presumably  called  Alisma,  was  "  first  recorded  " 
in  1732.  We  are  glad  to  see  the  author  protest- 
ing against  the  enslaving  adherence  to  the  so- 
called  "  law  of  priority."  There  are  cases  when 
the  greatest  benefit  of  the  greatest  number 
demands  the  breaking  of  the  law. 

A  Manual  and  Dictionary  of  the  Flowering 
Plants  and  Ferns.  By  J.  C.  Willis,  M.A. 
2  vols.  (Clay  &  Sons.)— The  aim  and  purport 
of  this  book  are  excellent.     Much  of  its  sub- 


stance is  excellent  also,  but  the  arrangement  is 
involved  and  perplexing.  The  author  set  to 
work  in  the  first  instance 

"to  supply,  within  a  reasonable  compass,  a  summary 
of  useful  and  scienlilic  information  about  the  plants 
met  with  in  a  botanical  garden  or  museum  or  in 
the  field.  The  student,  when  placed  before  the 
bewildering  variety  of  forms  in  such  a  collection 
as  that  at  Kew,  does  not  know  where  to  begin  or 
what  to  do  to  acquire  information  about  the  plants." 

Two  alternatives  seem  to  suggest  themselves 
in  such  a  case  :  one  to  write  a  Kew  guide  for 
the  special  benefit  of  students,  which  would, 
indeed,  be  a  most  laudable  undertaking  ;  the 
other  to  compile  a  new  '  Treasury  of  Botany.' 
This  would  not  be  a  difficult  matter  for  any  one 
with  the  necessary  leisure,  a  good  general  know- 
ledge of  the  present  state  of  the  science,  and 
the°co-operation  of  experts  in  special  depart- 
ments. Mr.  Willis's  plan  resembles  that  of  the 
'  Treasury  '  in  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of 
vol.  ii.,  and  this  portion  of  the  work  is  full  of 
interesting  detail.  The  author,  however,  seems 
to  have  been  swamped  by  the  abundance  of  his 
materials  or  hurried  in  their  elaboration.  We 
open  the  book  at  random,  and  we  find  the 
genus  Couratari  dismissed  with  a  line  and 
three-quarters.  In  this  short  space  information 
is  given  that  the  genus  belongs  to  the  Lecy- 
thidaccic,  that  there  are  eight  species  natives  of 
South  America,  and  that  the  bark  yields  a  soft 
fibre.  The  number  of  species  is  a  matter  of 
opinion,  but  surely  the  word  "  tropical  "  should 
have  been  inserted  before  South  America,  and 
we  should  have  been  told  which  of  the  eight 
species  supplies  the  fibre.  Under  "Crocus" 
we  do  not  find  a  word  of  reference  to  Mr.  Maw'3 
encyclop;edic  monograph,  which  would  have 
supplied  the  author  with  a  rich  mine  of  informa- 
tion ;  Miss  Woolward's  monograph  of  Mas- 
devallia  and  Mr.  Elwes's  monograph  of  lilies 
are  equally  ignored.  In  fact,  the  author  seems 
to  have  derived  his  information  too  exclusively 
from  German  compilations,  and  not  to  have 
given  sufficient  attention  to  French,  English, 
or  American  publications.  Baillon's  '  Histoire 
des  Plantes'  and  his  '  Dictionnaire  de  Botanique  ' 
are  not  mentioned,  and  original  monographs, 
especially  those  of  his  own  countrymen,  have 
but  scanty  reference  made  to  them.  Whilst  the 
book,  particularly  the  second  volume,  lays  itself 
open  to  much  criticism  of  this  kind,  it  is  only 
just  to  say  that  the  defects  we  have  mentioned 
can  be  easily  remedied  by  careful,  leisurely 
search  in  libraries  and  museums,  and  that  the 
work,  even  in  its  present  form,  contains  so  much 
that  is  excellent  that  it  will  necessitate  its  being 
placed  by  the  working  botanist  on  the  shelf 
nearest  for  reference.  We  trust  the  author,  in  his 
new  position  as  Director  of  the  Royal  Botanic 
Gardens,  Ceylon,  will  have  leisure  to  revise 
and,  in  a  measure,  reorganize  what  might  be 
made  a  very  useful  work. 

Diseases  of  Plants  induced  by  Crijptogamic 
Parasites :  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Patho- 
genic Fungi,  Slime  Fungi,  Bacteria,  and  Alga-. 
By  Dr.  K.  Freiherr  von  Tubeuf.  English 
Edition  by  W.  G.  Smith,  B.Sc.  (Longmans  & 
Co.)— We  have  cited  the  title  of  this  book  at 
full  length,  as  it  expresses  very  accurately  the 
nature  of  its  contents.  It  contains,  indeed,  the 
most  complete  list  of  the  fungi  injuriously 
affecting  plants  that  we  know  of.  By  way  of 
introduction  a  clear  account  of  the  various 
ways  in  which  fungi  are  injurious  is  given,  and 
of  the  relationships  between  the  host  plant  and 
the  parasite.  Naturally  the  least  satisfactory 
chapters  are  those  devoted  to  preventive  and 
combative  measures,  as  these  must  in  many  cases 
be,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  of  little  avail. 
As  the  doctor  tells  his  patients  to  keep  in  good 
health  and  keep  up  their  strength,  so  the  plant- 
doctor  is  careful  to  instil  the  virtues  of  good 
cultivation.  Indeed,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
careless  cultivation  facilitates  the  ingress  and 
development  of  parasitic  growths  to  a  very  large 
extent.     We  are  told  at  p   20  of  this  volume  of 


198 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7, '97 


a  larch  which  struggled  on  with  larch  disease 
(Peziza)  for  eighty  years.  This  ought  to 
encourage  foresters  and  gardeners  to  keep 
the  conditions  round  their  trees  as  wholesome 
as  possible.  The  book  is  one  highly  to  be 
recommended. 

Catalogue  of  the  African  Plants   collected  by 
Dr.   Friedrich   Welw'dsch   in  1853-1861.— Dico- 
tyledons.    Part    I.     By   W.    P.     Hiern,    M.A. 
(Printed  by  Order  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum,  Natural  History.) — Twenty-five  years 
ago  Dr.  Welvvitsch  was  a  striking  personality  in 
London  botanical  circles.     His  travels,  his  col- 
lections,   his   knowledge,    his   misfortunes,  his 
personal   appearance    and    courteous    manners, 
all  arrested  attention.     The  introduction  to  the 
present  volume  gives  a  sketch  of  Welwitsch's 
travels  on  behalf  of  the  Portuguese  Government 
in  Western  Tropical  Africa,  sufficient  for  those 
who  had  the  privilege  of  being  associated  with 
him,  but  hardly  full  enough  to  give  the  coming 
generation  an  adequate  idea  of  the  nature  and 
labours  of  the  man.    Dr.  Welwitsch's  specimens 
were    very    numerous,    mostly   excellent,     and 
accompanied  by  copious  notes.     After  his  death 
they  became  tlie  subject  of  unedifying  disputes 
in  the  courts  of  Chancery.     The  result  was  that 
the    British    Museum    became   entitled    to    the 
best  set  next  after  the  "study  set,"  which  was 
sent  to  Lisbon.     The  work  of  separation  was 
entrusted  to  Mr.  Hiern,  who  also  began  a  cata- 
logue of  the  collection  with  a  view  to  publica- 
tion.    Mr.   Hiern,   not  being  an  officer  of    the 
Museum,  and  being  impeded  by  his  own  con- 
cerns, soon  abandoned  the  task.    Happily,  how- 
ever, after  many  years,  he  has  been  induced  to 
resume  it,  and  the  present  volume  is  the  result. 
It  is  executed  with  conscientious  fidelity,  and 
the  numerous  notes  give  a  light  impression  to 
the  usual  monotony  of  technical  details.     Mr. 
Hiern  has  adopted  some  variations  in  the  method 
of  nomenclature,  as,  perhaps,  he  was  entitled  to 
do,  but  before  further  progress  is  made  it  should 
be  clearly  pointed  out  whether  the  variations  in 
question   are    sanctioned  by  the    Trustees   and 
by  the  Botanical  Department,  or  whether  Mr. 
Hiern    alone    is    responsible    for    them.     The 
present  volume  extends  from  "  Ranunculaceie  " 
to    "  Rhizophoracese,"   and  its    continuation  is 
eagerly  looked  for. 

Confidences  of  an  Amateur  Gardener.  By 
A.  M.  Dew-Smith.  (Seeley  &  Co.)— We  should 
have  imagined  that  publications  of  this  sort 
would  have  amply  ful611ed  their  purpose  when 
laid  before  the  readers  of  the  newspapers  in 
which  they  first  appeared.  But  there  seems  to 
be  a  demand  for  such  trifles  in  more  permanent 
form,  and  certainly  the  style  in  which  the  pre- 
sent volume  is  written  is  elegant  and  attractive; 
but  the  substance — is  it  not  rather  too  much 
like  crambe  bis  cocta  ?  We  should  think  so,  but 
then  this  is  not  the  first  time  we  have  been  made 
the  recipients  of  similar  "  conhdences." 


ATLASES. 


Collins' s  Nero  Complete  Atlas.  (Collins  &  Co.) 
— We  fear  that  the  '  Complete  Atlas  '  will  hardly 
stand  a  comparison  with  other  cheap  atlases 
which  have  recently  been  published.  Physical 
maps  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Asia,  and  America, 
large  -  scale  maps  of  the  environs  of  London, 
Liverpool,  and  Leeds,  twenty-two  plates  devoted 
to  the  American  continent  and  seven  maps  to 
Australia  do,  indeed,  show  that  Messrs.  Collins 
are  not  altogether  untouched  by  modern  in- 
fluences. But  the  insertion  of  a  plate  repre- 
senting the  world  in  two  hemispheres  with  three 
bunches  of  sugar-loaved  mountains  below  and  a 
fringe  of  straight  rivers  above,  a  half-plate 
showing  the  distribution  of  the  twelve  tribes  in 
Canaan,  and  a  division  of  the  world  among  eight 
races  and  five  religions,  take  us  back  to  our 
schooldays  of,  say,  thirty  years  ago.  The  detail 
of  the  plates  at  times  produces  the  same  im- 
pression. The  colouring  of  the  north  of  Eng- 
land, for  example,  has  slipped  about  a  mile  to 


the  westward  of  its  right  position,  and  a  similar 
misfortune  has  befallen  the  West  Indies.    Where 
the  draftsman    has    marked    mountains  he  has 
not  managed  to  prevent  their  obliterating  most 
of  the  proper  names.     The  Alconbury  Brook, 
in  Hunts,   is  represented  as  flowing  in  a  more 
jjrecipitous  trench  than  that  occupied  by  any  of 
the  head  waters  of  the  Neath,  in  Breconshire  ; 
and  we  regret  to  notice  that  the  latter  are  cnn- 
nected    with    the     mysterious     mountain    Cap- 
pellante,   which  has  at  last  been  discarded  by 
its  original  inventor.     A  "route  map  "  of  the 
British  Islands  promises  well,  but  when  we  find 
the  Severn  Tunnel  and  Barry  Dock  and  Railway 
unmarked,  no  reference  made  to  any  means  of 
access  to  Llanelly  or  Lampeter,  and  no  indica- 
tion of  a  North- Western  route  to  Northampton, 
we   cannot   regard   it   as   of   much   real  value. 
Denmark   is   a   small   country,   but  that  is  no 
reason  for  marking  only  fifty-three  towns  within 
its    boundaries   and   leaving    out   at   least   two 
important  sections  of  railway.     Wady  Haifa  is 
not  the  boundary  of  Egypt  ;  the  Bechuanaland 
of  five  years  ago  has  been  subjected  to  several 
important  divisions  ;  and  if  any  one  wishes  to 
detect  omissions  in  the  physical  map  of  Africa, 
he  can  compare  it  with  the  plate  facing  it  of 
British  Central   Africa,    which  embraces  much 
of    Congoland   and    the    greater    part    of    the 
eastern  Portuguese  territory.     We  have  several 
more  criticisms  to  off"er,  but  perhaps  enough  has 
been  said  to  justify  us  in  assigning  to  the  present 
production   a   comparatively   low   place  among 
works  of  its  kind. 

Philips'  Sp)ecial  Map  of  Greece.  (Philip  & 
Son.)— Messrs.  Philip's  map  of  all  Greece  and 
most  of  Turkey  is  not  only  admirably  adapted 
to  enlighten  the  ordinary  newspaper  reader  as 
to  the  geography  of  the  Grteco-Turkish  frontier, 
but  is  a  very  creditable  production  in  itself. 
The  main  map,  though  not  going  so  far  north  as 
Constantinople,  shows  the  connexion  existing 
between  all  the  more  important  points  in  Greece 
and  Southern  Albania,  and  the  scene  of  the  war. 
It  also  includes  the  whole  of  the  ^'Egean  Sea. 
An  inset  map  on  a  large  scale  of  the  country 
around  Larissa  shows  signs  of  hasty  production, 
but  is  accurate  and  full.  Other  insets  remind 
the  reader  of  the  position  occupied  by  Greece  in 
relation  to  the  leading  European  powers  from  a 
geographical  point  of  view,  and  give  definite,  but 
not  too  accurate  information  as  to  the  languages 
spoken  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  If  we  have 
not  had  an  opportunity  of  noticing  this  pro- 
duction before  the  need  it  was  designed  to  meet 
has  passed  away,  that  is  not  Messrs.  Philip's 
fault ;  but  we  have  excellent  reason  for  saying 
that  its  merits  have  been  amply  evident  to 
readers  into  whose  possession  it  came  while  the 
Greeks  were  still  occupying  Larissa. 


times  and  among  diff'erent  peoples,  on  the  other 
hand,  will  be  appreciated  as  much  by  general 
readers  as  by  advanced  mathematicians.     Mr. 
Cajori's  history  is  eminently  readable,  while,  at 
the  same  time,  its  author  appears  to  have  taken 
conscientious  pains  to  be  historically  accurate. 
As  we  have  already  given  a  tolerably  full  account 
of  his  previous  work  it  is  hardly  necessary  to 
say   much    more    about    the    present   volume, 
which  in  style  and  general  arrangement  bears 
considerable  resemblance  to  his  former.     There 
is  one  omission,  however,  in  both  histories  which 
we  should    be  glad    to  see  supplied  in  future 
editions.     Mr.  Cajori  ought  to  have  furnished 
some  account  of  the  modern  application  of  mathe- 
matical symbols  and  methods  to  purely  logical 
problems    which  have  no  necessary  connexion 
with    number,    magnitude,    or    position.     The 
simplifications  recently  effected  both  in  the  pre- 
sentation of    the    first   principles   and    in    the 
symbolic  treatment  of  this  fascinating  subject 
are  such  as  to  bring  it  well  within  the  limits  of 
what  may  be  fairly  called  "  Elementary  Mathe- 
matics."   This  symbolic  or  mathematical  logic  is 
a  new  science  which,  though  still  in  its  infancy, 
has  already  done  wonders  and  gives  promise  of 
far  greater  achievements  in  the  future. 

Euclid's  Elements  of  Geometry,  Books  I.-VL, 
XI  ,  XII.  By  H.  M.  Taylor,  M.A.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) — We  have  recently 
noticed  a  portion  of  this  work,  issued  in  a 
separate  volume,  namely,  Books  V.  and  VI., 
and  indicated  the  lines  on  which,  we  think,  the 
author  might  with  advantage  have  departed  from 
Euclid's  definition  of  proportion.  Mr.  Taylor's 
treatment  of  compound  ratio  (def.  8)  is  also 
somewhat  perfunctory  and  inadequate  :  he 
ought  to  have  shown  the  connexion  between 
this  and  algebraic  multiplication.  But  these 
and  a  few  other  less  serious  defects  apart,  the 
book  is  an  excellent  compendium  of  the  ele- 
mentary principles  and  propositions  of  geometry 
on  Euclidian  lines  with  modern  improvements. 

Elementary  Mensuration.  By  F.  H.  Stevens, 
M.A.  (Macinillan  &  Co.)— This  book  is  in- 
tended to  meet  the  needs  of  two  classes  of 
learners,  and  is  therefore  divided  into  a  first 
and  second  course.  The  examples  in  the  first, 
course  are  very  easy,  requiring  only  arith- 
metical processes,  while  the  chief  object  of  the 
higher  course  is  "to  reinforce  ordinary  lessons 
in  geometry  and  algebra  (as  well  as  in  arith- 
metic) by  a  series  of  concrete  illustrations." 
We  have  looked  through  the  book,  and  think 
that  it  will  be  found  useful  by  the  classes  of 
learners  for  whom  it  is  intended. 


MATHEMATICAL   LITERATURE. 

A  History  of  Elementary  Mathematics,  tcith 
Hints  on  Methods  of  Teaching.  By  Florian 
Cajori,  Ph.D.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — About  three 
yeai's  ago  we  reviewed  at  some  length  the 
author's  '  History  of  Mathematics  '  (see  Aihen. 
No.  3488).  The  present  volume,  though  it  con- 
tains a  good  many  passages  from  that  work,  is 
almost  an  independent  production.  As  we  might 
expect  from  its  title,  it  is  free  from  one  defect 
which  we  found  in  the  concluding  chapters  of  the 
former  history,  namely,  over-compression.  Any 
attempt  to  condense  into  a  few  pages  an  interest- 
ing or  satisfactory  account  of  the  enormous  pro- 
gress made  in  the  higher  branches  of  mathe- 
matics during  the  present  century  must  neces- 
sarily end  in  failure.  Each  important  branch 
demands  its  own  special  history  —  like  the 
theory  of  probability,  which  found  a  com- 
petent historian  in  tlie  late  Mr.  Todhunter. 
Such  works,  of  course,  can  only  be  appreciated 
by  a  small  number  of  readers  ;  but  they  are 
invaluable  as  books  of  reference  for  specialists 
and  original  investigators.  Histories  of  the 
origin  and  progress  of    mathematics   in    early 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

The  Report  of  the  Government  Astronomer 
(Mr.  E.  Nevill,  formerly  Neison)  of  the  Natal 
Observatory  for  the  year  1896  has  been  received. 
We  are  informed  that 

'•  the  astronomical  observations  made  during  the 
year  have  been  confined  to  those  necessary  for 
carrjing  on  the  ordinary  routine  work  of  the  ob- 
servatory, as  the  time  of  my  senior  assistant  [Mrs, 
Nevill]  and  myself  has  been  mainly  occupied  in 
dealing  with  the  arrears  of  reduction  and  com- 
parison, the  completion  of  the  tabulation  of  the 
observations  of  the  previous  5  ears,  and  the  bringing 
of  the  results  into  a  form  suitable  for  publication." 
Mr.  Nevill  again  refers  to  the  desirability  of 
having  the  past  work  of  the  observatory,  includ- 
ing the  investigations  based  thereon,  collected 
and  published  in  a  separate  volume.  A  large 
portion  of  his  report  is  taken  up  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  present  state  of  the  lunar  tables 
and  the  means  necessary  to  be  employed  to 
bring  them  into  a  more  perfect  state,  the  pro- 
bability being  that  Delaunay's  investigations 
required  to  have  some  further  terms  taken 
into  account.  The  report  also  gives  a  summary 
of  the  results  of  the  meteorological  observations 
made  during  the  year,  not  only  at  Durban,  but 
at  other  stations  in  the  colony.  The  total  rain- 
fall at  the  former  amounted  to  39-63  inches, 
which   is   almost   exactly   the   average   for   the 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


199 


twenty  years  1872-92  ;  but  Mr.  Nevill  points 
out  that  the  distribution  as  well  as  the  amount 
is  of  great  importance,  and,  tried  by  this  test, 
189G  may  be  termed  a  dry  year.  It  was  remark- 
able for  having  the  hottest  day  ever  recorded  at 
the  observatory,  which  was  on  September  21st. 
The  early  morning  was  cool,  but  shortly  after  8 
the  temperature  rose  rapidly,  the  wind  shifting 
towards  the  north-west,  and  by  9  o'clock  it  had 
risen  from  68'  to  85°,  and  by  half-past  10  to 
over  100°.  Then  the  wind  shifted  back  towards 
the  north-east,  and  the  temperature  fell,  until 
by  11  o'clock  it  was  only  a  little  over  90°.  Then, 
after  another  shift  of  wind,  it  rose  again,  re- 
gistering 108°  degrees  at  noon,  109' '6  (the 
maximum)  at  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and 
not  falling  below  100°  until  after  4  o'clock  ; 
during  the  following  night  it  fell  to  63°,  a  change 
of  more  than  46°  in  twelve  hours. 

Several  of  the  lately  discovered  small  planets 
have  not  been  sufficiently  observed  to  enable 
their  orbits  to  be  determined,  so  that  they 
cannot  be  numbered  in  a  general  list,  and  the 
last  discovered  (by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on 
the  31st  of  December,  1896)  will  be  reckoned  as 
No.  424. 

Dr.  I.  J.  J.  See  calls  attention  in  the  June 
number  of  the  Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  to  the  double  star  13  883 
(in  the  constellation  Taurus,  and  numbered 
9091  in  Lalande's  Catalogue),  which  he  finds  to 
be  a  close  binary  with  the  remarkably  short  period 
of  about  five  and  a  half  years.  Its  duplicity  was 
detected  by  Prof.  Burnham  from  observations 
made  with  the  18|-inch  Chicago  refractor  in  1879, 
the  components  of  the  close  pair  being  of  nearly 
equal  magnitude,  about  7 '8  and  8  0  respectively. 
Prof.  Schiaparelli's  observations  showed  the 
relative  motion  to  be  very  rapid  ;  and  whilst 
examining,  in  1895,  the  orbits  of  all  known 
binaries,  with  a  view  to  selecting  those  most 
accurately  determined  for  incorporation  in  the 
first  volume  of  his  work,  since  published, 
'  Researches  on  the  Evolution  of  the  Stellar 
Systems,'  it  occurred  to  Dr.  See  that  the  period 
could  not  be  more  than  5  5  years.  In  the 
autumn  of  last  year  and  in  the  early  part  of 
this  he  obtained  several  observations  of  it  with 
the  Lowell  24-inch  refractor  at  Flagstaff,  the 
results  of  which  fully  confirm  the  above  conclu- 
sion, so  that  the  star  in  question  is  the  binary 
of  shortest  period  which  has  been  observed  and 
approaches  those  of  the  recently  discovered 
spectroscopic  binaries.  The  shortest  known  to 
Sir  John  Herschel  was  ^Herculis,  which  amounts 
to  thirty-five  years  ;  and,  until  the  present  an- 
nouncement, the  shortest  known  were  8  Equulei 
and  K  Pegasi,  each  of  which  is  about  11  5  years. 

ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

With  the  Society  of  Anthropology  of  Paris 
it  is  the  custom  at  the  commencement  of  each 
year  for  both  the  retiring  and  the  incoming 
president  to  deliver  addresses.  In  the  present 
year  M.  Andre'  Lefevre  retired  and  M.  Ollivier- 
Beauregard  became  president  in  his  place.  The 
new  president,  who  is  eighty-three  years  of  age, 
reminded  the  members  of  his  first  communication 
to  the  Society,  thirty-four  years  ago  (when  he 
described  a  collection  of  objects  of  Egyptian 
archaeology  presented  to  the  city  of  Bordeaux 
by  the  late  Ernest  Godard),  and  recalled  a  number 
of  amusing  incidents  witnessed  by  him  at  sub- 
sequent meetings  of  the  Society.  While  not 
desiring  to  limit  the  freedom  of  discussion  for 
which  that  Society  has  been  remarkable,  he 
suggested  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to 
arrange  the  subjects  to  be  discussed  and  super- 
vise the  publication  of  the  reports. 

M.  Armand  Vire',  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
Society,  has  communicated  to  it  an  account  of 
prehistoric  researches  during  the  year  1896  in 
the  Jura.  At  the  pretty  village  of  Arboy  a 
cavern  of  the  Magdalenian  period  was  explored, 
yielding  a  number  of  interesting  bone  objects, 
some  of  them  bearing  incised  drawings.  At 
Baume-les-Messieurs    objects    of    bronze    and 


pottery  were  found  ;  and  at  Le  Puits-Billard  the 
relics  of  a  dwelling  in  a  situation  so  difficult  of 
access  as  to  be  similar  to  those  of  the  American 
cliff-dwellers.  At  the  cavern  of  Les  Planches, 
near  Arbois,  bronzes  and  pottery  had  been  found 
as  long  ago  as  1825.  Passing  to  another  district, 
M.  Vire'  recorded  the  discovery  of  an  ancient 
fireplace  at  Le  Puits  de  Padirac,  at  a  distance  of 
eighty  metres  below  the  existing  surface,  and  of 
the  remains  of  a  wall. 

M.  Zaborowski  publishes,  in  the  Bulletins  of 
the  same  Society,  a  study  of  the  origin  of  the 
Cambodians,  which  he  considers  to  be  a  mixed 
race.  In  another  communication  he  vigorously 
controverts  the  supposition  that  there  are  exist- 
ing tailed  races  of  mankind. 

Prof.  William  Z.  Ripley,  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  is  contributing  to 
Appleton's  Popular  Science  Monthly  a  series  of 
papers  on  the  racial  geography  of  Eurojje  as  a 
sociological  study,  founded  on  his  lectures  in 
1896  before  the  Lowell  Institute.  His  subject 
for  July,  1897,  is  '  France  :  the  Teuton  and  the 
Celt.'  In  previous  lectures  he  had  dealt  with 
colour,  stature,  and  other  anthropometric  sub- 
jects. Dr.  Ripley  makes  excellent  use  of  the 
graphic  method,  and  his  papers  are  liberally 
illustrated  by  shaded  maps.  They  afford  an 
admirable  example  of  the  manner  in  which 
observations  in  the  more  abstruse  branches  of 
anthropology  may  be  made  at  the  same  time 
attractive  and  interesting,  and  also  the  founda- 
tion of  SQund  scientific  generalization. 

The  same  journal  contains  a  sketch  of  the 
life  of  the  late  Horatio  Hale.  His  regard  for 
English  anthropologists  is  indicated  by  the 
posthumous  publication  of  his  paper  on  '  Four 
Huron  Wampum  Records  :  a  Study  of  Aboriginal 
American  History  and  Mnemonic  Symbols' in 
the  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute 
last  February. 


The  Hon.  Ralph  Abercromby,  the  author  of 
the  treatise  on  '  Weather  '  in  the  "  International 
Scientific  Series,"  of  '  Seas  and  Skies  in  Many 
Latitudes,'  and  a  little  treatise  on  'The  Prin- 
ciples of  Forecasting,'  besides  numerous  contri- 
butions to  the  Journal  of  the  Meteorological 
Society,  died  at  Sydney,  N.S. W.,  some  few 
weeks  ago.     He  was  born  in  1842. 

A  TARDY  tribute  is  to  be  rendered  to  the 
great  physicist  Otto  von  Guericke,  the  inventor 
of  the  air-pump  and  the  constructor  of  the  so- 
called  "Magdeburg  Hemispheres."  Guericke, 
who  died  in  1686,  is  buried  at  Ottensen,  near 
Altona,  and  a  monument  is  to  be  erected  there 
in  his  memory. 

Prof.  W.  Petzold,  the  author  of  some  valu- 
able contributions  to  geographical  and  astro- 
nomical literature,  born  in  1848,  has  just  died 
on  his  holiday  tour.  He  was  to  have  acted  as 
President  in  the  Section  of  Geography  at  this 
year's  "  Naturforscher  Kongress." 


FINE    ARTS 


Notes  on  the  Churches  of  Cheshire.  By  the 
late  Sir  Stephen  E.  Grlynne,  Bart.  Edited 
by  the  Eev.  J.  B.  Atkinson.  (Chetham 
Society.) 

Sir  Stephen  Glynke's  '  Notes  on  the 
Churches  of  Lancashire '  were  issued  under 
Mr.  Atkinson's  editorship  but  a  short  time 
ago.  They  proved  so  unexpectedly  interest- 
ing that  a  strong  desire  was  felt  by  many 
outsiders  as  well  as  members  of  the  Chetham 
Society  that  a  companion  volume  regarding 
the  churches  of  Cheshire  should  be  issued. 

Sir  Stephen  was  a  wide-minded  scholar 
and  an  accomplished  antiquary.  His  chief 
pleasure   seems   to  have   consisted   in  the 


study  of  mediaeval  architecture,  and 
especially  that  branch  of  the  subject 
which  we  are  now  accustomed  to  call 
ecclesiology.  He  belonged  to  the  old  school 
rather  than  the  new.  The  words  he  was 
accustomed  to  employ  when  describing 
churches  were  those  introduced- -or  as  we 
perhaps  should  rather  say  familiarized — 
by  Eickman,  Parker,  and  their  followers. 
For  many  years  of  his  long  and  active  life 
it  was  his  habit  to  wander  about  England 
and  the  Continent  examining  churches ; 
and  we  believe  that  in  almost  every  case  he 
made  some  record  of  what  he  observed. 
His  notes  relating  to  Cheshire  are  now 
before  the  reader  in  the  form  in  which  he 
jotted  them  down,  but  accompanied  by  the 
useful  remarks  of  the  editor,  which  are  care- 
fully distinguished  from  the  original  by 
being  in  smaller  type.  These  remarks  are 
somewhat  desultory,  but  all  he  gives  is  of 
use.  Sir  Stephen  does  not  seem  to  have 
taken  much  interest  in  church  bells,  but 
this  shortcoming  is  in  many  cases  made 
good  by  his  editor,  though  we  are  com- 
pelled to  say  that  among  the  Cheshire  beUs 
the  inscriptions  on  which  are  here  printed 
there  are  very  few  of  much  interest.  In 
some  cases  Sir  Stephen  has  failed  to  mention 
all  the  interesting  objects  which  were  at 
hand.  This  was,  of  course,  natural  for  one 
whose  time  must  in  many  cases  have  been 
very  limited,  but  it  is  to  be  deplored,  for 
several  of  the  buildings  which  he  saw 
upwards  of  a  generation  ago  in  their  un- 
restored  state  have  now  suffered  more  than 
we  can  find  in  our  heart  to  say.  Though,  how- 
ever, the  annotator  may  not  in  every  case  have 
recorded  all  we  could  wish,  had  it  not  been 
for  his  notes  the  memory  of  many  things 
would  have  been  lost  which  his  care  has 
preserved  for  us.  The  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  notes  form,  we  believe,  but  a  small 
portion  of  the  collection  which  Sir  Stej)hen 
has  left  behind  him.  We  trust  that  in  due 
time  the  rest  may  be  given  to  the  world. 

The  Cheshire  part  of  these  collections 
extends  over  a  long  series  of  jears.  The 
earliest  recorded  visit  was  made  in  1832, 
the  latest  in  1869.  As  the  writer's  views 
became  more  mature  we  think  we  can  detect 
a  slight  change  in  style  and  a  greater 
tendency  to  use  words  in  a  more  exact 
sense ;  but  if  this  be  so,  the  variation  is 
but  slight.  Sir  Stephen  Glynne  was  a 
writer  of  singular  accuracy.  We  have  not 
met  with  a  case  where  there  can  be  a  doubt 
as  to  his  meaning. 

Sir  Stephen  Glynne  visited  Bunbury  in 
1842.  He  regarded  it  as  one  of  the  noblest 
churches  in  the  county.  We  have  not 
by  any  means  visited  all  of  them ;  but,  so 
far  as  our  own  experience  goes,  we  see  no 
reason  for  questioning  his  estimate.  The 
greater  part  of  it  is  Decorated  and  Per- 
pendicular, and  the  proportions  are  exceed- 
ingly effective,  though  the  details,  if  not 
poor,  are  for  the  most  part  far  from 
impressive.  The  north  aisle.  Sir  Stephen 
remarked,  was  better  finished  than  the 
southern.  This  is  a  peculiarity  far  from 
common,  though  several  other  instances 
could  be  adduced.  Whenever  such  a 
fact  is  noticed  inquiry  as  to  its  cause 
should  be  made.  The  reason  in  some  such 
cases  is  undoubtedly  the  zeal  of  some 
wealthy  landowner  or  rich  guild,  but  the 
relations   of    the   Church   with   those   who 


200 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3641,  Aug.  7,  ^97 


had  money  to  spend  and  hearts  to  bestow  it 
■witli  liberality  varied  so  widely  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  that  each  separate  case 
calls  for  investigation.  Sir  Stephen  records 
that  when  ho  visited  this  church  the  floor 
on  which  the  ringers  stood  was  so  arranged 
as  to  cut  across  the  fine  arch  of  the  tower. 
This  must  have  been  a  modern  innovation, 
and  we  do  not  regret  its  removal ;  but  the 
restoration  has,  we  gather  from  Mr.  Atkin- 
son's notes,  done  no  little  damage.  There 
were  fragments  of  stained  glass  in  the 
tower  windows ;  these  are  gone,  and  cast- 
iron  frames  inserted.  The  wooden  screens 
which  enclosed  the  eastern  ends  of  the 
two  aisles  of  the  nave  have  also  been 
removed.  There  were  upon  them  represen- 
tations of  the  Annunciation  and  of  "St. 
Michael  holding  the  devil  by  a  chain  and  a 
birch  rod  in  his  other  hand." 

When  Sir  Stephen  visited  Nantwich  that 
fine  church  must  have  been  in  a  most 
neglected  state.  He  discovered  there  a 
stone  pulpit,  -which  was  disused  and  half 
hidden.  It  is  now,  we  gather,  properly  cared 
for.  As  this  volume  bears  testimony  to 
many  cases  of  needless  destruction,  it  is  but 
fair  to  say  that  Mr.  Atkinson  declares  that 
the  changes  made  at  Nantwich  are  among 
"the  finest  and  most  satisfactory  restora- 
tions of  a  grand  church  that  can  be  seen." 


Cathedral  Cities:  York,  Lincoln,  and  Beverley. 
Drawn  and  etched  by  R.  Farren.  With  Intro- 
duction by  E.  A.  Freeman.  (Cambridge,  Mac- 
millan  «&  Bowes.) — This  large  and  thin  folio, 
with  its  not  wholly  adequate  nor  wholly  un- 
satisfactory etchings,  is  the  sequel  to  a  similar 
work  on  Ely  and  its  sister  cathedrals,  Peter- 
borough and  Norwich,  with  corresponding 
letterpress  by  the  late  Dr.  Freeman,  which 
we  reviewed  some  years  ago.  As  he  was 
always  a  stickler  for  phrases,  it  is  not  with- 
out amusement  that  we  find  him  doing 
battle  for  the  use  of  the  term  "minster"  when 
applied  to  the  three  great  churches  whose 
histories  and  beauties  he  undertook  in  this 
volume  to  popularize.  That  York  and  Beverley 
still  boast  of  their  minsters,  while  over- 
ambitious  "Colonial  Lindum,"  as  Mr.  Freeman 
characteristically  called  Lincoln,  vainly  to  some 
minds  claims  to  be  a  cathedral,  is  a  trial  for 
the  Professor.  Yet  the  title  of  the  book  de- 
scribes York,  Lincoln,  and  Beverley  alike  as 
cathedral  cities,  although  Beverley  never  was 
a  city,  noi  its  minster  a  cathedral.  At  the  same 
time,  how  weak  is  the  objection  to  the  term 
"cathedral  "  in  the  case  of  Lincoln,  which,  since 
the  see  was  "budded  off"  from  more  ancient 
Dorchester  on  the  Thame,  has  always  been  the 
seat  of  a  bishop  !  We  admire  the  judgment  and 
good  taste  which  guided  the  Professor  in  his 
high  estimate  of  Beverley  Minster,  a  complete 
and  harmonious  work  of  art,  at  once  stately 
and  beautiful.  He  would,  willingly,  we  think, 
in  these  respects  prefer  it  to  either  of  the 
others.  Everybody  capable  of  forming  a 
judgment  will  place  York,  as  a  whole, 
below  Beverley.  Parts  of  Lincoln  do,  indeed, 
far  surpass  anything  the  great  church  of  St. 
John  has  to  show  ;  and  as  regards  such  minor 
elements  as  tombs,  it  is  true  that  the  monument 
of  Walter  de  Grey  in  Freeman's  "Imperial 
Eboracum,"  in  pure  style,  beauty,  and  dignity, 
far  excels  the  much  more  elaborate  and  florid, 
though  beautiful  "Percy  Shrine."  On  the 
other  hand,  the  historical  and  personal  associa- 
tions of  Lincoln  Minster  far  excel  in  interest 
those  of  York  and  Beverley.  Nevertheless, 
Freeman  was  undoubtedly  right  in  thus 
pleading  for  the  honour  of  the  church  of  the 
Evangelist  : — 


"  The  church  of  Beverley  may  assuredly  assert  its 
risht  to  a  jtlace  even  in  such  company  as  that  in 
which  I  have  put  it  by  tlie  arcliitectuial  character 
of  the  fabric  from  one  end  to  the  other.  It  is 
designed  throughout  after  the  fullest  model  of 
churches  of  tlie  highest  class  ;  it  is  a  minster,  in 
character  as  well  as  in  name.  And  even  in  point  of 
scale,  if  we  cannot  give  it  a  place  in  the  very  first 
class  of  churches,  it  certainly  stands  on  the  border- 
land of  the  first  and  the  second.  It  is,  in  general 
effect,  a  larger  building  than  several  cathedral 
churches,  among  them  some  which  rank 
higher  than  itself  in  point  of  actual  measurement. 
If  its  mid-tower  had  ever  been  finished  it  would 
clearly  have  been  a  church  of  greater  dignity  of 
effect  thau  the  episcopal  churches  either  of  Wells 
or  of  Hereford.  This  comes  of  a  feature  which 
Beverley  shares  with  the  two  greater  churches 
with  which  we  are  comparing  it.  Alike  at  York, 
at  Lincoln,  and  at  Beverley  every  inch  of  the  length 
of  the  building  is  of  the  full  height.  At  Wells  and 
Hereford,  as  in  many  other  churches,  among  them 
such  vast  piles  as  Winchester  and  St.  Alban's,  only 
a  part  of  the  nominal  length  comes  into  the 
general  view  within,  or  into  any  but  a  very  near 
view  without." 

The  opinion  is  sound,  but  the  real  ground 
for  Freeman's  opinion  had  not  been  dis- 
covered, even  by  himself,  when  he  wrote  the 
above  sentences.  The  reason,  as  we  have 
said  before,  why  Beverley  Minster  excels  is 
because  it  is  a  complete  and  harmonious  whole. 
It  is  comparable  in  this  respect  with  Salisbury, 
but  Freeman  had  no  business  to  bring  Win- 
chester, which  can  hardly  be  called  a  composi- 
tion at  all,  still  less  St.  Alban's,  into  the 
question.  The  reader  familiar  with  Freeman's 
manner  of  thinking,  his  mannerisms,  and  his 
method  of  writing,  will  be  prepared  to  find 
passages  such  as  this  : — 

"The  Church  of  Paulinus  without  the  Roman 
walls  of  Lindum  has  still  a  modern  successor,  but 
that  successor  is  not  the  famous  minster  of  Our 
Lady.  Lincoln  had  still  to  live  through  four  cen- 
turies and  a  half  of  stirring  liistory  before  it 
became  the  seat  of  a  bishoji.  A  time  even  came 
wlien,  if  the  altars  of  Clirist  were  not  swept  away, 
the  altars  of  the  gods  of  the  North  at  least  arose  by 
their  side.  Lincoln,  head  of  tue  Danish  Confederacy, 
foremost  of  the  famous  Five  Boroughs,  liad  to  be 
won  back  for  Christendom  by  the  West-Saxon 
sword,  and  her  Christian-folk  rejoiced  when  Ead- 
mund  Uoer-of-greatdeeds  broke  the  heathen  fetters 
under  which  they  had  so  long  groaned." 

All  this  is  a  little  tiresome.  It  has  also  little 
to  do  with  the  subject,  and  nothing  to  do 
with  Mr.  Farren's  etchings.  The  art  of  criticiz- 
ing by  comparisons  and  parallels  is  dangerous, 
and  the  application  of  it  here  is  confusing.  Many 
of  the  comparisons  are,  of  course,  ingenious 
and  perfectly  just,  but  the  best  of  them  pre- 
supposes on  the  reader's  part  profound  know- 
ledge, not  only  of  the  three  buildings  here 
in  view,  but  of  dozens  more.  When,  as  between 
the  west  fronts  of  Yorfc  and  Beverley,  analogies, 
if  not  likenesses,  exist,  it  is  not  always  profit- 
able to  compare  the  structures,  as  Freeman 
did.  It  is  true,  as  he  says,  that  the  "  whole 
feeling "  of  York  west  front  is  in  favour 
of  width  rather  than  height,  and  it  is  even 
truer  that  the  architect  of  Beverley  improved 
upon  his  bigger  model  in  one  or  two  important 
respects,  while  the  designer  of  the  York  front 
did  not  make  the  most  of  the  height  which  was 
at  his  command.  It  is,  indeed,  hard  to  believe 
that  the  towers  of  the  York  front  are  forty  feet 
higher  than  those  at  Beverley.  So  important 
are  the  fine  proportions  of  a  building  that  the 
west  front  of  the  smaller  church  is  far  more 
grateful  to  the  eye  than  that  of  the  lai-ger  one. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  west  front  of  York  is 
accejjtable  because  it  comprises  the  actual  gable 
of  the  church  behind  it,  while  at  Beverley  the 
architect  did  not  raise  his  nave  roof  to  the 
height  of  his  gable,  which  is  simply  a  decorative 
feature.  We  lament,  not  the  height  of  the 
gable,  but  the  lowness  of  the  roof.  Apart  from 
the  rare  merit  of  Beverley's  west  front,  the 
finest  elements  of  the  exterior  of  that  minster 
are  the  fronts  of  its  greater  transepts  ;  the 
smaller  transepts  are  somewhat  pinched,  and 
hardly  look  so  well.  Freeman's  criticisms  on 
this  point  are  among  his  happiest  efforts.     He 


rightly   calls   these  beautiful    features    of    the 
church    thoroughly  English  ;    but  what  is   the 
use    of    turning    from    the    round   window    in 
the  gable  of   St.   .John's    Minster   to    the   pro- 
digious round  window  of  St.  Zeno's  at  Verona  ? 
Such     discursiveness    troubles    the    reader   of 
a     text    which     abounds     in     research.       This 
criticism    applies    to     the     notice    of     Lincoln 
Minster,    which    is    bright    and    searching    in 
its  way.     At  the  best,  however,  we  are  bound 
to  say  that  even  the  untechnical  reader  will  rise 
from   a  perusal    of   any  one   of   Prof.    Willis's 
treatises   on   English   cathedrals,  or  of   Petit's 
remarks  on  Beverley  Minster,  with  much  clearer 
ideas  than  he  can  hope  to  gain  from  Freeman's 
ornate  essay.    As  to  the  etchings  of  Mr.  Farren, 
they  are  neither  quite  pictorial  nor  completely 
architectural.  Architects  will  not  get  from  them 
that   exact   knowledge   of    details   which    their 
studies   aim   at  supplying ;    besides,    the    book 
contains  not  a  hint  of  a  plan,  section,  or  eleva- 
tion, nor  even  a  well-drawn  perspective.     There 
is  not  a  scale  nor  an  indication  of  a  measurement 
anywhere.     Nor  will  painters  and  draughtsmen, 
however  much    they  may  praise  the  laborious 
delineation    of    plates   like   that   of   the   Lady 
Chapel,   York    Minster   (No.    5),    the    unusual 
vigour   of    plate   7,    the    crypt    in     the     same 
church,   or  wonder  at  the  pains    spent  on  the 
multifarious  mouldings  and  carvings  in  several 
other   prints,   be  satisfied  with   these    etchings 
from  the  pictorial  standpoint. 

Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1S07  (Cassell  &  Co.), 
is  the  Royal  Academy  supplement  to  the  Maga- 
zine of  Art,  and  comprises  nearly  two  hundred 
reproductions  from  pictures  shown  at  Bur- 
lington House  this  year.  These  versions  are, 
on  the  whole,  extremely  good,  clear,  just  to 
their  originals  (which,  by  the  way,  were  by  no 
means  all  the  best  things  in  the  galleries),  and, 
with  this  exception,  well  chosen  for  reproduc- 
tion. A  few  sculptures,  such  as  Mr.  Armstead's 
very  pure  and  scholarly  '  Playmates,'  and  Mr. 
G.  John's  'Canon  Guy'  (not  a  good  copy),  are 
included.  Some  of  the  prints  are  first  rate, 
e.g.,  Sir  G.  Reid's  '  Prof.  Mitchell,'  Mr.  Loudan's 
'  Butterflies,'  Mr.  Storey's  'Summer  Days,'  and 
Mr.  Frampton's  'Dame  Alice  Owen.' 

Art  at  the  Neif  Gallery,  Art  at  the  Paris  Salons, 
and  Art  at  the  lioyal  Academy  1897,  are  extra 
numbers  of  the  Studio  ('Studio'  Office),  and 
each  of  them  contains,  with  many  better 
things,  a  considerable  number  of  worthless 
reproductions  of  pictures  in  those  exhibi- 
tions, most  of  them  being  so  obscure  and 
blurred  that  it  requires  perspicacity  as  well  as 
faith  to  recognize  any  artistic  qualities,  while 
of  some  even  the  subjects  are  almost  lost.  The 
'  Christ  en  Croix  '  of  M.  Carriere  gains  a  new 
obscurity  in  the  transcript  before  us.  Most  of 
the  cuts  are  libels  upon  the  pictures,  which,  if 
the  artists  were  wise,  they  would  never  have 
allowed  to  be  published.  At  the  New  Gallery, 
however,  the  ill  -  proportioned  representation 
of  a  naked  girl  which  Mr.  F.  Brown  calls  '  The 
Mirror  '  gains  a  little  in  the  obscurity  of  the 
copy.  On  the  other  hand,  a  small  number  of 
the  cuts  in  question  are  really  as  good  as  can 
be  desired  ;  e.g.,  Mr.  Draper's  'Foam  Sprite' 
and  Mr.  Ry land's  'Apple  Blossom,'  both  at  the 
New  Gallery. 

Eiujlish  Portraits  is  the  title  of  a  series  of 
lithographed  sketches  by  Mr.  W.  Rothenstein, 
of  which  we  have  parts  J.  and  ii.  from  Mr. 
G.  Richards.  The  likenesses  are  good  ;  their 
execution  is  extremely  slight,  not  in  the  least 
searching,  nor  at  all  scientific.  The  more  emi- 
nent of  the  subjects  are  Sir  F.  Pollock  and  Mr, 
T.  Hardy.  There  is  room  for  improvement  in 
every  characteristic  of  this  publication. 

We  have  a  "specimen"  fasciculus  of  the 
Mitologia  Illustrata  of  B.  Pinelli,  with  an  intro- 
duction and  descriptions  by  A.  de  Gubernatis 
(Rome,  Maussier  &  Maruca).  This  is  a  cheaper 
version  of  the  first  edition  in  three  volumes  ; 
the  original  drawings  and  engravings  from  them, 


N<'3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHP]N^UM 


201 


comprising  253  designs  of  episodes  in  classical 
mythology,  are  hardly  known  in  this  country. 
The  part  before  us  comprises,  besides  the 
Italian  originals,  translations  of  the  first  pub- 
lished texts  into  English,  French,  German,  and 
Spanish,  so  far  as  each  plate  is  concerned  in  this 
collection  of  specimens  of  the  entire  work.  The 
designs  are,  in  their  ([uasi-classical,  not  to  say 
conventional  and  Bolognese  way,  very  fine  and 
striking  indeed,  full  of  passion,  movement,  and 
grace,  skilfully,  if  scholastically  drawn  in  sepia 
with  a  pen  and  brush,  and  conceived  in  a  manner 
which  is  not  at  all  "modern,"  in  the  popular 
sense  of  that  hackneyed  phrase.  We  should 
like  to  see  more  of  this  reduced  version  before 
offering  an  opinion  as  to  its  qualities. 

Le  Nh,  Ancien  et  Moderne  (Paris,  Didier  & 
Mericaut),  Livraisons  T.  et  II.,  is  designed  to 
give  in  a  cheap  and  yet,  artistically  speaking, 
acceptable  manner  reproductions  of  masterpieces 
of  all  schools  of  painting  in  which  nudities  (the 
female  versions  of  them  being,  as  usual,  pro- 
minent) are  the  leading,  if  not  the  sole  features. 
The  reproductions  are,  considering  all  things, 
and  mostly  the  cheapness  of  the  issue,  ex- 
tremely good.  The  subjects  are  well  chosen 
and  not  in  the  least  degree  improper,  while 
each  plate  is  well  adapted  to  show  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  painter's  style,  feeling  for  beauty, 
the  physical  types  he  af!ected,  and  his  manner 
of  dealing  with  them.  Accordingly,  we  have 
the  cold  and  affected,  yet  graceful  academicism 
of  Piomanelli's  'Ve'nus  et  Adonis,'  from  the 
Louvre ;  the  sumptuous  stateliness  and  dig- 
nified passion  of  Veronese's  '  Suzanne  au  Bain  ' 
and  his  'Dana^,'  both  at  Turin;  the  ardent 
abandonment  of  'lo  and  Jupiter,'  by  Coirejgio, 
■at  Berlin  ;  and  similar  works  by  Natoire,  Coypel, 
Giacometti  (the  famous  'Centaure  et  la  Nymphe,' 
in  the  Luxembourg),  and  others. 


NUMISMATIC   LITERATURE. 

'Avaypacl^y]     TciJi'      vo/JLicTfxdTMv     rrjs     Ki'pt'ws 
"'EAActSos. — IleAo— di'rrycro9.   By  J.  P.  Lambros. 
i( Athens,  Casdonis.)  This  volume,  describing  the 
money  of  the  Peloponnese,  is  the  first  of  a  series 
of  four  or  five  which  M.  J.  P.  Lambros,  the  well- 
inown  coin-dealer  of  Athens,  proposes  to  issue 
on  the  ancient  coinage  of  Greece  Proper.     It  is 
Tiicely  printed,  and  is  illustrated bysixteen photo- 
type plates,  creditably  executed  by  Brunner  of 
Winterthur.     The   coins   selected   for  illustra- 
tion are  in  various  public  and  private  collec- 
tions,  including  the    British  Museum  and  the 
cabinet   of  Dr.  Imhoof-Blumer.     M.   Lambros 
gives  full  and  accurate  descriptions,  in  chrono- 
logical order,  of  the  autonomous  coins,  but  the 
weights     of     individual     specimens     are     not 
recorded,   and  coins  of  the  "Greek  Imperial" 
class  are  only  briefly  referred  to.     There  is  no 
general  introduction,  but  an  introductory  para- 
graph is  prefixed  to   the  descriptions    of    the 
various  coin-series.     These  paragraphs  for  the 
most  part  furnish  geographical  and  mythological 
information,   but  contain  no  references  to  the 
ancient  or  inodern  authorities.      The    book  is 
provided  with  a  good  index  of  types  and  with 
that    seemingly     indispensable    embellishment 
the  Mcovvereios  Kki/ia^.     The  book  is  closely 
modelled  upon  Mr.  Barclay  Head's  great  work 
the  '  Historia    Numorum,'  and    M.   Lambros's 
indebtedness  is  especially  obvious  in  regard  to 
the  chronological  arrangement  of  the  coins.  Cour- 
tesy—if nothing  else— undoubtedly  demanded 
that  the  author's  obligations  to  the  '  Historia  ' 
(and  also  to  Prof.  Gardner's  catalogue  'Peloponne- 
sus ')shouldhavebeenexplicitly  stated.  We  find, 
however,  that  the  only  acknowledgment  vouch- 
safed by  M.  Lambros  is  the  transcription  of  the 
titles  of  the  two  works  in  question  in  a  list  of 
various  books  (pp.  161-2)  iSv  kykmo  )(p-q(ri.s.   M. 
Lambros's  work,   being  written  in  Greek,  will 
doubtless  be  specially  serviceable  in  his  native 
country,  and  we  cannot  but  welcome  any  pub- 
lication by  a  competent  writer  which  is  calcu- 
lated to  stimulate  an  interest  in  Greek  coins. 


At  the  same  time  it  must  be  pointed  out  that 
the  work,  though  jilanned  on  a  large  scale  and 
costing  twelve  francs  a  volume,  practically  adds 
but  little  to  the  corresponding  sections  in  the 
'  Historia  Numorum,'  while  in  some  respects — 
especially  in  the  absence  of  references  to  the 
literature — it  is  distinctly  inferior  to  Mr.  Head's 
manual.      In  reading    through  the  volume   we 
have  noted    various    descriptions  that    call  for 
comment.     The  attribution  to  Argos  (p.  94)  of 
the    very   early   coins    with    the   two   dolphins 
should    certainly    have   been    accompanied    by 
a    note    of    interrogation.     Specimens    of   this 
type  occurred  in   the  Santorin  hoard   of  1821, 
and  one  of  the  Greek  islands — Delos,    for   in- 
stance— would  seem  to  have  an  equal  or  better 
claim  to  the  coins.     In  attributing  the  last  coin 
on  p.  41  to  Phlius,  M.  Lambros  has  evidently 
adopted    from    the    Britisli    Museum  catalogue 
'  Peloponnesus  '   the    erroneous    description  of 
a  badly  preserved  specimen,  and  has  not  noted 
that  the  coin  has  been  shown  (Wroth  in  N^im. 
Chron.,  1888,  p.  12)  to  be  of  Gortyna  in  Crete. 
The  coin  of  ^^gira  reproduced    in  pi.    i.    7   is 
assigned  to  the  period  B.C.  370-280.     A  glance 
at  the  photograph  will    show  that  the  coin  is 
much  later  than  280,  and,  as  Mr.  Head  and  Mr. 
Gardner  have  stated,  not  earlier  than  B.C.  140. 
The  coin  of  Patrre,  pi.  iii.  16,  shows  a  curious 
object   resembling   the  omphalos  encircled   by 
an    ivy -wreath.       M.     Lambros    agrees    with 
Mr.    Head  in   describing  this  as    the    tomb   of 
the  ffikist  Patreus.     The  explanation  given  by 
Imhoof-Blumer  and  Gardner  ('  Coram,  on  Paus.,' 
p.  75)  seems  preferable,   namely,  that  the  type 
represents  the  sacred  chest  in  which,  according 
to  Pausanias  (vii.   19,  6),  the  statue  of  Dionysos 
at    Patrpe    was    preserved.     Among  the    more 
interesting  specimens  may  be    noted   the  coin 
attributed  (p.  89)   to  Nabis,    tyrant   of    Lace- 
dfemon,    B.C.   206-192  ;    and   a    good   example 
(plate  iv.  1)  of  a  bronze  coin  of  Patras,  bearing 
a  pleasing  portrait   of    Cleopatra,   who  was   at 
Patrre  with  Antony  before  the  battle  of  Actium. 
A  tolerable  specimen  of  this  coin  (which  seems 
to  be  but  little  known  to  archoeologists)  is  in 
the  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 

Note  on  the  II  isfory  of  the  East  India  Company 
Coinarje  from  1753  to  1835.  By  Edgar  Thurston. 
(Calcutta,  Baptist  Mission  Press.)— Mr.  Edgar 
Thurston,  who  is  favourably  known  by  several 
useful  treatises  or  catalogues  dealing  with  the 
modern  currencies  of  India,  and  who  ransacked 
the  archives  of  the  Madras  Mint  in  preparing 
his  historical  sketch  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's coinage,  has  now  performed  a  similar  and 
not  less  valuable  service  at  Calcutta,  where  the 
Mint  records  have  probably  never  been  examined 
since  the  days  of  James  Prinsep.  He  has 
embodied  the  results  of  his  research  in  an 
important  article,  which  he  contributed  to  the 
Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  and 
the  separate  reprint  of  which  is,  we  believe, 
sold  by  Mr.  Quaritch.  There  is,  unfortunately, 
a  very  serious  lacuna  in  the  records.  From 
1760  to  1792,  perhaps  the  most  obscure  and 
complicated  period  in  the  numismatic  history  of 
the  Company,  not  a  record  is  to  be  traced,  nor 
does  Mr.  Thurston  attempt  to  explain  what  has 
happened  to  the  missing  archives.  However, 
he  is  clearly  not  responsible,  and  he  makes  the 
best  possible  use  of  such  materials  as  exist.  He 
traces  the  history  of  the  first  foundation  of  a 
mint  at  Calcutta,  which  was  sanctioned  by  the 
following  parwdna  :— 

"To  the  noblest  of  merchants,  the  English  Com- 
pany, be  the  royal  favour.  In  Calcutta  a  mint  is 
established.  You  shall  coin  gold  and  silver  of  equal 
value  and  fineness  with  the  ashrnfis  and  rupees  of 
Murshidabild  in  the  name  of  Calcutta.  In  the 
suburbs  of  Bengiila,  Bihar,  and  Oris.a,  they  shall  be 
current,  and  no  person  shall  demand  or  insist  upon 
a  discount  upon  them.  Dated  the  11th  of  the  moon 
Ziil-Ka'da  in  the  4th  year  [of  'Alamgir  Silni]." 

Such  was  the  foundation  of  the  East  India 
Company's  Bengal  coinage.  Mr.  Thurston 
dates  it  at  1759  or  1760 ;  but  the  true  date  of 


the  firman  is  the  end  of  August,  1757,  which 
corresponds  with  the  last  month  of  the  fourth 
regnal  year  of  'Alamgir  II.    For  many  years  the 
Calcutta  Mint  issued  coins,  not  "  in  the  name  of 
Calcutta,"  but  in  that  of  Murshidabad  ;  and  the 
problem  is  to  distinguish  between  English  and 
native    issues   bearing   the   same    city's   name. 
The  worst  of    the   matter    is    that  just  at  this 
moment  the  records  fail  us,  and  Mr.  Thurston 
is   unable   to  throw  the    smallest  light  on   the 
problem.      When  the  records  begin  again,  after 
the  gap,  ill  1792,  the  Benares  Mint  is  the  chief 
difficulty,  and   for  this   Mr.  Thurston  has  suc- 
ceeded in  discovering  a  quantity  of  important 
data.       The    various    regulations    which   were 
issued  in  connexion  with   the  Bengal  mints  at 
Dacca,  Patna,  and  Murshidabad  are  also  given 
in  his  report,  until  the  closing  of  these  mints  in 
1790-8.    The  irregularities  in  the  Upper  Bengal 
currencies  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Lucknow 
or    Farrukhabad    sikka    rupee,    on    which    Mr. 
Thurston  has  collected  a  good  deal   of  informa- 
tion,  as  also  on  the  various  trials  which  were 
made  from  1825  onwards  with  a  view  to  choos- 
ing a  new  "  type  "  or  device  for  the  Company's 
coinage.     Britannia,  a  lion,  an  elephant,  a  ship, 
a  \y\\>A\   tree,    were  all  suggested,  as  well  as  a 
"  British    Senator    between    a    Hindii    and    a 
Mohammedan,"  which  would  have  satisfied  even 
Mr.  Naoroji. 

THE    ROYAL    ARCH^OLOGICAL    INSTITUTE 
AT    DORCHESTER. 

The  1897  meetings  of  the  Archaeological  In- 
stitute opened  well  at  Dorchester  on  Tuesday. 
There  was  a  reception  by  the  Mayor  in  the  Town 
Hall  at  11.30  a.m.,  when  the  usual  kindly 
message  of  the  town's  welcome  was  delivered 
by  the  chief  magistrate  in  terms  of  commend- 
able brevity.  General  Pitt- Rivers,  the  Pre- 
sident of  this  year's  meetings,  then  delivered 
the  opening  address.  He  is  facile  princeps 
among  the  archaeologists  of  the  West  who  use 
the  pick  and  shovel,  and  who  keep  accurate 
records  of  every  detail  that  they  discover.  His 
researches  among  the  Romano-British  villages 
on  his  property  at  Rush  more  Park  and  Cran- 
borne  Chace  are  well  known  to  all  practical 
antiquaries  and  anthropologists.  During  the 
past  three  or  four  years  General  Pitt-Rivers 's 
attention  has  chiefly  been  directed  to  the  sys- 
tematic uncovering  and  investigation  of  certain 
slightly  defined  rectangular  camps  in  the  same 
district.  The  interesting  and  valuable  results 
of  these  excavations  will  shortly  be  printed  in  a 
fourth  of  those  elaborate  and  profusely  illus- 
trated volumes  that  are  the  result  of  the 
General's  researches.  In  this  address  he  gave 
a  foretaste  of  its  contents.  Four  of  these  square 
camps  have  been  excavated  and  examined,  vary- 
ing in  area  from  a  quarter  of  an  acre  to  two  or 
three  acres.  The  entrenchments  of  all  were  of 
comparatively  slight  character,  and  even  when 
surmounted  by  stockades  would  probably  not 
serve  for  anything  more  serious  than  protection 
against  wild  animals.  They  prove  to  be  of  the 
bronze  or  early  Roman  age,  and  quite  upset  Sir 
John  Evans's  theory  that  flint  implements  were 
then  of  very  partial  use.  Their  occupants  were 
a  pastoral  people,  having  domesticated  animals, 
and  being  guarded  or  assisted  by  a  variety  of  dogs. 
A  great  diagram  was  displayed,  giving  a  return 
of  the  breadth  index  of  all  the  measured  skulls 
(seventy-eight),  of  different  periods,  found  near 
Rushmore,  arranged  in  order  of  length,  the 
longest  heads  being  placed  uppermost.  Four 
of  these  were  primary  interments  of  the  Stone 
Age,  and  they  occurred  at  the  top  of  the  dia- 
gram. Three  of  them  were  of  the  Bronze  Age, 
and  were  to  be  found  towards  the  extreme  end 
of  the  long  list.  The  remainder  were  Romano- 
British  or  Anglo-Saxon.  General  Pitt-Rivers 
made  a  warm  appeal  for  systematic  record- 
keeping whenever  excavations  were  undertaken, 
pointing  out  how  useless  and  mischievous  it  was 
to  open  barrows  or  uncover  camps  simply  to 
accumulate  the  relics  therein  found.     He  also 


202 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°3()41,  Aug.  7,  '97 


urged  on  archjeological  societies  and  individual 
antiquaries  the  necessity  of  freciuent  and  persist- 
ent illustration,  and  bemoaned  after  a  humorous 
fashion  the  doings  of  the  illustrated  papers 
and  magazines  of  the  day,  which  were,  he  said, 
an  evidence  of  what  an  intensely  stupid  people 
we  are.  Prof.  E.  C.  Clark  and  Prof.  Boyd 
Dawkins  conveyed  the  thanks  of  the  meeting  to 
the  General  for  his  address,  whilst  Sir  Henry 
Howorth,  M.P.,  and  Mr.  Baylis,  Q.C.,  paid  the 
usual  compliment  to  the  Mayor  and  civic 
authorities.  In  a  smaller  room  of  the  Town 
Hall  was  an  exhibition  of  the  Dorchester  maces 
and  of  a  few  of  the  earlier  charters;  but  time 
only  permitted  a  cursory  examination. 

In  the  afternoon  Mr.  Moule  undertook  the 
guidance  of  the  visitors  over  the  town  and  its 
precincts.  The  first  visit  was  paid  to  the  bold 
and  well-defined  Roman  amphitheatre,  called 
Maumbury  Rings,  close  to  the  railway  station. 
The  area,  which  is  oval,  is  about  210  feet  by 
150  feet,  and  is  not  much  inferior  to  that  of  the 
Coliseum  at  Rome.  Its  size  and  capacity  for 
giving  sitting  accommodation  for  a  great  multi- 
tude of  spectators  on  the  surrounding  slopes 
was  strikingly  illustrated  at  the  recent  Jubilee 
celebrations.  There  was  then  a  concourse  of 
some  6,000  people,  and  yet,  as  the  photographs 
show,  they  left  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the 
space  for  spectators  altogether  uncovered.  From 
the  entrance  at  the  lower  end  there  is  a  walk, 
now  eight  feet  broad,  which  gradually  ascends, 
and  attains  its  greatest  elevation  in  the  middle 
part.  There  was  some  discussion  on  the  site  as 
to  the  meaning  of  the  name  Maumbury  Rings, 
and  Mr.  Cunnington,  a  local  antiquary,  con- 
sidered that  it  was  derived  from  maen,  a  stone, 
stating  that  a  great  stone  used  to  lie  at  the  main 
entrance  in  which  was  affixed  an  iron  ring,  used 
in  comparatively  modern  days  for  the  sport  of 
bull-baiting. 

The  site  of  the  Roman  walls  of  the  ancient 
Durnovaria  was  then  traversed,  now  mainly 
occupied  by  well-grown  avenues  of  lime  and 
chestnut.  Only  one  small  fragment  of  the  wall, 
about  twelve  feet  thick,  remains  above  the 
surface. 

Near  the  end  of  the  South  Walk  is  the  church 
of  Fordington  St.  George,  chiefly  remarkable 
for  the  Norman  sculpture  over  the  south  door, 
which  presents  a  most  vigorous  representation  of 
the  interposition  of  St.  George  at  the  siege  of 
Antioch  on  behalf  of  the  Crusaders.  The  costume 
bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
Bayeux  tapestry.  The  church  has  been  much 
mangled,  but  has  several  points  of  interest, 
such  as  a  large  detached  holy-water  stoup,  an 
Elizabethan  stone  pulpit  (1592),  some  unusual 
patterned  encaustic  tiles,  and  a  good  Perpen- 
dicular octagonal  font,  with  two  of  its  sides  left 
plain. 

The  church  of  St.  Peter,  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  was  next  visited.  The  tower  is  a  good, 
though  not  over  rich,  example  of  the  elaborate 
West-Country  towers  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  the  main  features  of  the  building  are 
Perpendicular  throughout.  Under  the  south 
porch  is  a  doorway  of  fine  Norman-transition 
mouldings,  which  has  evidently  been  rebuilt. 
The  oldest  monuments  are  two  cross  -  legged 
effigies,  uncomfortably  placed  on  the  window- 
sills  of  the  south  chapel  of  the  chancel. 
They  are  probably  father  and  son  of  the 
Chideock  family,  and  were  moved  here  at 
the  destruction  of  the  adjacent  church  pertain- 
ing to  a  Franciscan  friary.  The  effigies  are 
generally  said  to  be  precisely  alike  ;  indeed, 
one  tradition  says  that  they  represent  twins  ; 
but  Mr.  Mill  Stephenson  was  able  to  point 
out,  as  an  expert,  several  differing  details  in 
their  armour,  and  to  date  one  circa  1350,  and 
the  other  some  ten  or  twenty  years  later.  A 
somewhat  interesting  discussion  took  place  here 
between  Mr.  Moule,  Mr,  Micklethwaite,  and 
Dr.  Cox,  as  to  an  arched  recess  on  the  north 
side  of  the  altar,  the  upshot  of  which  was  that 
it  was  considered  to  be  a  founder's  tomb  made 


use  of  from  time  to  time  as  the  Easter  sepulchre. 
Guide-books  tell  us  that  this  church  was  "  suit- 
ably restored  "  in  1857;  but  the  process  involved 
a  general  shifting  of  monuments  and  taking  up 
of  the  gravestones.  One  result  of  the  havoc  then 
made  was  that  a  good  brass  to  one  Joan  de 
St.  Omer,  who  died  in  1436,  and  another  brass 
of  a  shrouded  figure  disappeared.  Two  of 
the  big  monuments  moved,  now  at  the  respec- 
tive ends  of  the  north  aisle,  excited  some  in- 
terest. One  of  these  is  to  Sir  John  Williams, 
of  Herringstone,  and  his  wife  (1618),  a  most 
elaborate  heraldic  construction,  now  scarcely 
visible,  as  it  is  darkened  by  a  big  organ.  The 
other  commemorates  Denzil  Holies,  who  re- 
presented Dorchester  in  Parliament  for  many 
years,  and  was  made  Lord  Ifield  at  the  Restora- 
tion. It  reflects  much  discredit  on  the  town 
that  they  allowed  this  historic  monument  to  be 
mutilated  in  order  to  crowd  it  into  its  present 
position. 

The  next  move  was  to  the  Museum.  Dor- 
chester is  happy  in  the  possession  of  a  museum 
building  centrally  situated  and  excellent  for 
the  storing  and  arrangement  of  the  archfeo- 
logical,  geological,  and  zoological  collections 
of  the  county.  In  Mr.  Moule  they  have 
secured  an  indefatigable  enthusiast  as  curator, 
not  only  of  many-sided  knowledge,  but  one 
who  possesses  the  rare  quality  of  genially 
and  intelligently  imparting  his  knowledge  to 
others.  A  pleasant  two  hours  was  spent  in  the 
building,  some  of  the  visitors  even  tarrying 
after  that  time.  The  special  pride  of  the 
Museum  is  the  huge  fore-paddle  of  a  Fleiosanrus 
grandis,  found  by  Mr.  Mansel-Pleydell  in  the 
Kimmeridge  clay  in  Purbeck,  of  which  a  cast  is 
exhibited  at  South  Kensington.  There  is  also 
a  fine  and  well-arranged  series  of  Purbeck 
fossils.  But  Mr.  Moule  chiefly  directed  atten- 
tion to  the  antiquities  pertaining  to  man.  The 
series  of  Celtic  stone  implements  and  arrow- 
heads is  exceptionally  fine,  as  well  as  the  con- 
siderable array  of  large  Celtic  urns.  In  one 
case  are  a  diamond-shaped  plate  of  gold  and  a 
gold  and  amber  cup,  with  other  exceptional 
relics,  found  in  1882  near  Maiden  Castle  ;  in 
another  case  some  most  interesting  iron  and 
bronze  remains  from  Belbury  Camp.  The  col- 
lection is  essentially  a  Dorsetshire  one,  is  well 
labelled,  and  represents  every  phase  of  the 
employments  and  arts  of  successive  generations 
down  even  to  those  of  last  century. 

In  the  evening  the  Antiquarian  Section  was 
opened  by  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins,  who  gave  an 
admirable  and  up-to-date  address,  before  a 
crowded  audience,  on  '  The  Present  Phase  of 
Prehistoric  Archaeology,'  He  contended  that 
the  recent  claims,  made  chiefly  by  French 
savants,  of  having  bridged  over  the  great  gap 
between  paloeolithic  and  neolithic  man,  could 
not  be  substantiated,  and  he  thought  that  the 
bridge  would  be  found  not  in  Europe,  but  in 
Southern  Asia.  His  arguments  were  chiefly 
based  upon  zoological  observations,  and  he 
made  it  clear  that  the  domesticated  animals  of 
Britain,  Gaul,  and  Spain  were  not  the  suc- 
cessors of  the  original  fauna  of  those  dis- 
tricts, but  had  been  brought  with  him  in 
his  advance  from  the  East  by  neolithic 
man.  The  same,  he  contended,  was  true  of 
the  cereals  and  their  associated  weeds,  even 
the  blue  cornflower,  of  which  the  German 
Emperor  was  so  fond,  being  an  Indian  weed 
accidentally  introduced  into  Europe  by  neo- 
lithic farmers  in  the  course  of  their  advance. 

On  August  4th  the  excursions  were  to  Ware- 
ham  and  Corfe. 


After  an  unprecedented  contest,  involving 
not  fewer  than  twenty-one  ballotings  before  an 
overpowering  majority  was  obtained  in  his 
favour,  M.  Antoine  Vollon  has  been  elected  to 
the  place  of  Franqais  in  the  Academic  des 
Beaux-Arts,     M.  VoUon's  competitors  included 


MM.  Busson,  A.  Morot,  Roybet,  Harpignies, 
Dagnan-Bouveret,  and  Maignan.  At  last  M. 
Vollon  was  elected  by  eighteen  votes  against 
fifteen  given  to  M.  Harpignies  and  two  to  M. 
Morot.  Had  M.  Harpignies  obtained  the 
fanteuil  he  would  have  gained  this  honour 
and  the  great  medal  of  the  Sahm  in  the 
same  year.  M.  Vollon  is  distinguished  as 
a  painter  of  still  -  life,  armour,  dead  game, 
and  the  like,  as  well  as  by  his  landscapes 
with  figures,  chiefly  of  fishing-folk,  and  genre. 
One  of  his  greatest  successes  was  a  superb  land- 
scape at  this  year's  Salon.  He  was  born  at 
Lyons  in  1833.  He  obtained  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1868  ;  his  '  Poissons  de  Mer '  is  in 
the  Luxembourg.  His  works  have  often  been 
praised  in  our  notices  of  the  Salons, 

The  German  painter  of  mountain  scenery 
Prof.  August  Leu  died  at  Seelisberg,  on  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne,  on  July  20th,  in  his  seventy- 
eighth  year.  Born  at  Miinster,  in  Westphalia, 
in  1819,  he  received  his  artistic  education  in 
Diisseldorf.  His  repeated  tours  in  the  Bavarian 
Alps,  and  afterwards  in  Switzerland  and  Nor- 
way, gave  him  the  motive  of  the  majority  of  his 
pictures,  which  enjoyed  a  great  repute  in  the 
Fatherland. 

It  is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  record  that  the 
Commander's  Cross  has  been  given  to  M.  E. 
Detaille,  who  has  been  an  Ofiicer  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour  for  many  years.  M.  G.  Clairin  has 
been  promoted  to  be  an  Officer,  M,  J,  GeoS'roy 
has  been  made  a  Knight, 

On  the  25th  ult,  M,  de  Groot's  statue  of 
Charles  Rogier  was  inaugurated  in  the  Place  de 
la  Liberte,  Brussels, 

MUSIC 


RECENT   PUBLICATIONS, 

How  to  Listen  to  Music.  By  Henry  Edward 
Krehbiel,  (Murray,)— Mr,  H.  E,  Krehbiel  is 
one  of  the  most  esteemed  of  American  critics, 
and  his  volume  '  How  to  Listen  to  Music ' 
proves,  if  proof  were  needed,  how  well  he  merits 
the  position  he  has  acquired  in  the  musical 
world.  The  sub-title  of  the  book  is  '  Hints  and 
Suggestions  to  LTntaught  Lovers  of  the  Art ';  but 
the  author  for  the  most  part  addresses  those 
who  have  been  taught  a  good  deal,  though  they 
have  thought  little  about  music.  In  a  brightly 
written  introduction  attention  is  drawn  to  the 
absurd  blunders  and  statements  made  by  many 
authors  of  note,  and  the  harm  done  by  foolish 
rhapsodists  "who  take  advantage  of  the  fact 
that  the  language  of  music  is  indeterminate 
and  evanescent  to  talk  about  the  art  in  such  a 
way  as  to  present  themselves  as  persons  of 
exquisite  sensibilities  rather  than  to  direct 
attention  to  the  real  nature  and  beauty  of  music 
itself."  The  subsequent  eight  chapters  treat 
respectively  of  '  Recognition  of  Musical  Ele- 
ments,' 'The  Content  and  Kinds  of  Music,' 
'The  Modern  Orchestra,'  'At  an  Orchestral 
Concert,'  'At  a  Pianoforte  Recital,'  'At  the 
Opera,'  'Choirs  and  Choral  Music,'  'Musician, 
Critic,  and  Public'  From  these  headings  it 
will  be  perceived  that  Mr.  Krehbiel  has  taken 
a  comprehensive  view  of  his  subject,  and  the 
matter  is  treated  in  a  lucid  and  judicious  man- 
ner. Some  pertinent  remarks  are  made  in 
reference  to  programme  music.  This  he 
divides  into  four  classes,  a  division  which 
serves  to  distinguish  the  various  phases  of  this 
form  of  art,  the  artistic  value  of  all  of  which  are 
rightly  declared  to  be  dependent  on  "  the 
beauty  of  the  music  itself,  irrespective  of  the 
verbal  commentary  accompanying  it. "  The  state- 
ments also  that  "the  vile,  the  ugly,  the  painful, 
are  not  fit  subjects  for  music,"  and  that  "music 
renounces,  contravenes,  negatives  itself  when  it 
attempts  their  delineation,"  will  be  cordially 
endorsed  by  all  best  wishers  of  the  art.  Ex- 
cellent definitions  are  also  given  of  the  terms 
"  classic  "  and  "  romantic  "  as  applied  to  music, 


N^3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


203 


and  true  progress  shown  to  resulb  from  the  con- 
test which  is  set  up  by  fulfilment  of  their 
respective  principles.  "The  principles  of 
creation  and  conservation  move  onward  to- 
gether, and  what  is  romantic  to-day  becomes 
classic  to-morrow.  Romanticism  is  fluid  clas- 
sicism." A  fairly  comprehensive  survey  is  taken 
of  orchestral  instruments,  the  descriptions  being 
assisted  by  a  number  of  engravings  of  well- 
known  orchestral  performers  in  the  act  of  play- 
ing their  respective  instruments,  and  there  is 
much  interesting  reading  in  the  chapter  on 
'Opera.'  The  duties  of  the  critic  are  clearly 
set  forth,  and  his  value  as  an  educator  of  public 
taste  and  suppressor  of  charlatanism  demon- 
strated : — 

"For  all  new  works  he  should  excite  curiosity, 
arouse  interest,  and  pave  the  way  to  j)opular  com- 
prehension.    But  for  the  old  he  should  not  fail  to 

encourage  reverence  and  admiration He  should 

be  catholic  in  laste,  out.spoken  in  judgment,  un- 
alterable in  allegiance  to  his  ideals,  unswervable  in 
integrity." 

Early  English  Harmony.     Edited  by  H.   E. 
Wooldridge.     Yol.  I.  Facsimiles.     (Quaritch.) — 
This  volume  has  been  primarily  prepared   for 
the  "  Plainsong  and  Mediieval  Music  Society," 
and  consists  of  facsimiles  of  MSS.  which  have 
been  selected   with  the  object  of  showing  the 
practice  in  England  of  harmonized,  and  there- 
fore, except  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  earliest 
specimens,  measured  music,  from  the  tenth  to 
the  fifteenth  centuries.     So  few  examples  have 
escaped  destruction  that  this  collection  contains 
examples   from   all  that   is  known  to  exist  of 
English    harmonized    music    earlier    tlian    the 
fifteenth  century,   and  thus  the  book  forms  a 
convenient  work   of   reference    for  antiquarian 
musicians.     The  replicas  of  the  original  MSS. 
have  been  made  by  the  aid  of  photograjjhy,  and 
are,    therefore,    exact,    and     to    each    plate    is 
appended  the  reference  to  the  library  where  the 
MS.  nicy  be  seen.     A  brief  description  of  the 
plates  is  also  given,  and  in  the  second  volume  it 
is  proposed  to  print  their  translation  into  modern 
musical   notation.      The    earliest    specimen   is 
derived  from  a  MS.   containing  treatises    pro- 
bably written  in  Cornwall  about  the  end  of  the 
tenth  century.     Only  two  pages  contain  music 
which  is  noted  in  neumes  with  the  exception  of 
the  specimen  given,  which  is  in  two  parts  by 
contrary  motion  in  the  alphabetical   notation. 
The  most  interesting  examples  are  five  pieces, 
dating  from  the  fourteenth  century,  which  were 
found  at  the  end  of  a  volume  containing  a  register 
of  Robertsbridge  Abbey,  Sussex.     The  first  and 
second  are  without  words,  but  the  other  three 
are  allied  with  Latin  text.     The  distinctiveness 
of  these  specimens  consists  in  the  music  being 
written   in   two   parts   on   a   five-line  stave — a 
system   of  notation   probably   unique    for   the 
period.     Underneath  are  small  letters  from  a 
to  G,  forming  a  third  part.    There  is  much  other 
matter  which  will  repay  study  in  this  collection, 
which  manifestly  has    been   a  labour   of   love, 
and  is  a  worthy  memento  of  the  music  of  our 
forefathers. 

Tlie  Music  of  the  Poets:  a  3I'itsiciun's  Birth- 
day Book.  Compiled  by  Eleonore  D'Esterre- 
Keeling.  (Scott.)— This  is  the  second  edition 
of  a  work  that  has  already  won  wide  acceptance. 
The  original  plan  has  been  adhered  to  in  the 
new  edition,  but  it  has  been  extensively  en- 
larged and  developed.  The  shape  of  the  book 
itself  has  been  altered,  it  now  being  9  by  Gh  in. 
to  permit  of  the  inclusion  of  a  larger  number  of 
autographs.  The  matter  also  has  been  amplified. 
The  names  of  over  five  hundred  musicians  have 
been  added  ;  fresh  excerpts  from  forty-seven 
J3oets  have  been  made  ;  and  seventeen  new  auto- 
graphs, including  those  of  Messrs.  D'Albert, 
Joachim,  Henschel,  Mascagni,  Paderewski, 
Hubert  Parry,  and  Sarasate,  have  been  obtained, 
several  of  them  being  accompanied  with  auto- 
graphic music.  It  is  easy  to  point  out  the 
omissions  in  such  compilations ;  but,  saving  that 
some  little-known  names  might  with  advantage 


have  been  replaced  by  those  of  rising  young 
musicians — such  as  Frederic  Clift'eand  Granville 
Bantock — the  collection  is  fairly  comprehensive. 
It  should,  too,  be  remembered  that  musicians 
have  not  been  born  with  regard  to  the  neces- 
sities of  a  birthday  book,  and  certain  dates 
would  seem  to  be  unpropitious  to  tlie  arrival  of 
geniuses — as,  for  instance,  January  25th,  when 
apparently  the  only  composer  that  could  be 
found  was  Michael  Quarry,  who  is  probably 
known  to  few.  The  verses  quoted  on  the  birth- 
days of  composers  and  executants  arc  neces- 
sarily somewhat  arbitrary  in  their  application  ; 
but  in  several  instances  a  very  happy  choice  has 
been  made,  notably  on  the  natal  day  of  M. 
Jean  de  Reszke,  which  runs  as  follows  : — 

A  clear  voice  made  to  comfort  and  incite. 
Lovely  and  peaceful  as  the  moonlit  deep, — 

A  voice  to  make  the  eyes  of  strong  men  weep 
With  sudden  overflow  ot  jjreat  delight ; 

A  voice  to  dream  of  in  the  calm  of  night. 

P.  B.  Marston. 

Apart  from  its  practical  use  as  a  birthday  book, 
the  compilation  possesses  considerable  literary 
interest  as  a  collection  of  excerpts  from  our 
poets,  from  Chaucer  to  the  present  time,  on  an 
art  close  akin  to  their  own.  The  attractiveness 
of  the  volume  is  furtlier  increased  by  several 
excellent  portraits  and  two  indexes,  one  of  the 
musicians  mentioned  and  another  of  the  poets 
quoted.  


THE    BAYREUTH    FESTIVAL. 

As  the  years  roll  by  less  and  less  has  to  be 
said  concerning  this  unique  undertaking,  for  all 
the  Bayreuth  master's  works  suitable  for  per- 
formance in  tlie  theatre  here  have  now  been 
mounted  on  the  most  careful  and  elaborate 
scale.  With  the  exception  of  Siegfried  Wagner, 
no  new  conductors  have  recently  appeared,  and 
interest  now  mainly  centres  in  the  recruits  who 
have  been  selected  to  replace  those  whose  vocal 
powers  have  waned  by  reason  of  advancing  age. 
It  is  well  known  that  Richard  Wagner  did  not 
intend  to  confine  the  Bayreuth  celebrations  to 
performances  of  his  own  works.  He  wished  to 
off"er  model  renderings  of  such  operas  as  '  Don 
Juan,'  'Fidelio,'  and  '  Der  Freischiitz,' but  it 
is  not  likely  that  this  portion  of  the  scheme  will 
be  carried  out,  at  any  rate  for  some  time. 

The  current  festival  commenced  on  the  19th 
ult.,  too  soon  for  London  critics  to  attend,  as 
the  musical  season  was  not  then  over.  The 
following  remarks,  therefore,  apply  to  the 
second  cycle  of  '  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen  '  and 
'  Parsifal,'  which  began  on  Monday  last.  '  Das 
Rheingold  '  offers  plenty  of  scope  for  eff'ective 
scenic  efi'ects,  though  little  for  the  display  of 
vocal  and  dramatic  art.  The  only  remaining 
member  of  the  original  cast  is  Herr  Vogl,  whose 
voice  is  in  singularly  good  preservation.  Need- 
less to  say,  he  resumes  his  admirable  impersona- 
tion of  the  cynical  and  malevolent  fire  god 
Loge.  A  new  Wotan  has  been  found  in  Herr 
Rooy,  who,  it  is  understood,  is  a  concert  singer, 
and  now  makes  his  first  appearance  on  the 
stage.  He  has  a  baritone  voice,  rich  in  quality 
and  perfectly  under  control.  He  acted  with 
dignity  and  composure,  and  is  undoubtedly 
an  acquisition.  A  better  Alberich  than  Herr 
Friedrichs  could  not  be  found.  Being  an 
excellent  actor,  he  gave  the  utmost  expres- 
sion to  the  Nibelung's  outburst  of  rage  and 
mortification  at  having  to  part  with  his  ill- 
gotten  gold,  and  the  famous  curse  on  the  ring 
in  the  final  scene  was  delivered  with  tremendous 
force,  though  the  intonation  was  somewhat 
imperfect.  Herr  Breuer  resumed  his  clever 
impersonation  of  Mime,  and  the  noble  tones  of 
Frau  Schumann-Heink  were  again  heard  in  the 
episode  in  which  Erda  rises  to  warn  Wotan 
against  the  accursed  ring.  Madame  Brema 
was  appropriately  imperious  and  also  vocally 
excellent  as  Fricka,  and  Friiulein  Weed  did 
what  little  there  is  to  do  as  Freia  efliciently. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  Herr  Bucksath  as 
Donner  and  Herr  Burgstaller  as  Froh.  The  two 
giants  Fasolt  and  Fafner  had    suitable  repre- 


sentatives in  Herren  Wachter  and  Elmblad,  and 
the  grateful  music  of  the  Rhine  Daughters  was 
sweetly  warbled  by  Friiulein  von  Artner,  Friiu- 
lein  Hieser,  and  Frau  Geller-Wolter.  The 
magnificent  mise  en  scene  was  the  same  as  that 
of  last  year,  and  it  is  scarcely  susceptible  of 
improvement.  '  Das  Rheingold  '  was  conducted 
by  Herr  Siegfried  Wagner,  and  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  the  clever  son  of  the  great 
master  materially  raised  himself  in  the  esti- 
mation of  intelligent  listeners.  The  young 
musician  had  the  orchestra  entirely  under 
control,  and  Wagner's  glowing  instrumentation 
was  interpreted  in  a  manner  little  short  of  per- 
fect. 


The  Queen's  Hall  Promenade  Concerts  will 
start  on  the  28th  inst.,  and  the  season  will  last 
seven  weeks,  namely,  until  the  commencement 
of  the  Richter  Concerts.  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood 
will  again  conduct  the  orchestra,  among  the 
leaders  of  which  will  be  Messrs.  Payne,  Eayres, 
Squire,  Waud,  Fransella,  Morrow,  Borsdorf, 
Henderson,  and  Howard  Reynolds.  The  pro- 
grammes will  be  of  much  higher  class  than  was 
usual  in  the  olden  days  of  promenade  concerts, 
and  the  first  part  of  certain  special  concerts  will 
be  devoted  to  the  works  of  Wagner  or  some 
other  eminent  musician. 

Apart  from  the  promenade  concerts,  the 
next  important  musical  fixtures  are  the  pro- 
vincial musical  festivals.  The  Three  Choirs 
Festival  this  year  takes  place  at  Hereford,  and 
an  interesting  series  of  programmes  has  been 
drawn  up.  Some  slight  changes  have  been  made 
in  the  usual  arrangements,  for  the  festival  is 
a  week  later  than  heretofore  ;  the  mornings 
will  for  the  most  part  be  devoted  to  symphonies, 
cantatas,  and  other  short  programme  works, 
while  the  evening  miscellaneous  concert  in  the 
Shire  Hall  will  be  held  on  the  Tuesday 
instead  of  the  Wednesday  night.  On  the  Wed- 
nesday and  Thursday  evenings  we  are  promised 
performances  in  the  cathedral  of  Mendelssohn's 
'  Elijah  '  and  Gounod's  'Redemption,'  while  the 
festival  will  conclude  on  Friday,  September  I7th, 
with  a  chamber  music  concert.  There  will  be 
an  opening  service  in  the  cathedral  on  Sunday, 
the  12th  prox.,  in  which  the  Three  Choirs  and 
the  full  orchestra  will  take  part.  The  festival 
proper  will  commence  on  the  morning  of  the 
14th  prox.,  the  programme  including  one  of 
the  festival  novelties,  namely,  Dr.  Harford 
Lloyd's  'Hymn  of  Thanksgiving,'  together  with 
Mendelssohn's  'Hymn  of  Praise,'  Dr.  Saint- 
Saens's  psalm  "The  heavens  declare,"  and 
other  compositions.  On  the  morning  of  the 
15th  Dr.  Hubert  Parry  will  conduct  his  new 
'  Magnificat,'  and  we  are  likewise  to  hear  a 
selection  from  '  Parsifal,'  Bach's  "A  stronghold 
sure,"  and  Spohr's  'Last  Judgment.'  The 
principal  feature  of  the  concert  on  the  morning 
of  the  16th  will  be  Beethoven's  Mass  in  d, 
while  Tschaikowsky's  Symphony  in  b  minor 
and  the  first  part  of  Haydn's  '  Creation '  will 
also  be  perforn.ed.  The  general  conductor  will 
be  Mr.  George  Robertson  Sinclair,  the  cathedral 
organist,  and  the  principal  vocalists  will  be 
Mesdames  Albani  and  Medora  Henson  ;  Misses 
Anna  Williams,  Hilda  Wilson,  Brema,  Blink- 
horn,  and  Jessie  King  ;  Messrs.  Lloyd,  Watkin 
Mills,  Chandos,  Plunket  Greene,  and  Daniel 
Price. 

The  Birmingham  Triennial  Festival  will  take 
place  from  October  5th  to  8th,  again  under 
the  conductorship  of  Dr.  Hans  Richter.  That 
eminent  orchestral  chief  will  be  in  England  in 
mid-September  in  order  to  superintend  the  final 
choral  rehearsals  at  Birmingham.  The  London 
orchestral  rehearsals willcommenceatSt.  James's 
Hall  on  the  27th  prox.  The  festival  will 
start  on  the  morning  of  October  5th,  as  usual 
with  '  Elijah,'  an  oratorio  inseparably  connected 
with  the  Birmingham  Festival.  In  the  even- 
ing   there    will    be  a   mixed   programme,    the 


204 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3641,  Aug.  7, '97 


novelty  being  Mr.  Edward  German's  new 
orchestral  work,  composed  expressly  for  this 
festival.  Brahms's  'Song  of  Destiny,'  Beet- 
hoven's c  minor  Symphony,  the  '  Meister- 
fiinger '  and  '  Manfred '  overtures,  and  the 
third  scene  of  the  last  act  of  '  Die  Walkiire  ' 
will  also  be  performed.  On  the  morning  of 
October  6th  Dr.  Yilliers  Stanford  will  conduct 
his  new  '  Requiem  '  Mass,  this  being  its  first 
time  of  performance  in  public.  We  are  like- 
wise to  hear  Bach's  cantata  known  in  the 
English  version  as  "  O  light  everlasting"  and 
Brahms's  First  Symphony.  In  the  evening 
Purcell's  'King  Arthur'  music  and  the  'Medea' 
and  '  Leonora  '  (No.  3)  overtures  will  form  part 
of  a  miscellaneous  programme.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  Thursday,  October  7th,  'The  Messiah,' 
with  Mozart's  additional  accompaniments,  will 
be  performed.  In  the  evening  there  will  again 
be  a  mixed  programme,  comprising  Mr.  Arthur 
Somervell's  new  'Ode  to  the  Sea,'  composed 
expressly  for  the  festival,  Gluck's  '  Iphigenia 
in  Aulis  '  and  Dvorak's  'Carnival'  overtures, 
Wagner's  '  Siegfried  Idyll,'  and  Mozart's  g  minor 
Symphony.  On  Friday  morning,  October  8th, 
the  programme  will  include  Schubert's  Mass  in 
E  flat,  Tschaikowsky's  '  Symphonie  Pathe'tique,' 
and  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  'Job,'  the  last  con- 
ducted by  the  composer,  while  the  festival  will 
conclude  in  the  evening  with  Berlioz's  'Faust.' 
At  this  festival  Miss  Anna  Williams  will  make 
her  last  appearance  in  Birmingham  prior  to 
her  retirement,  while  the  other  leading  vocalists 
■will  be  Mesdames  Albani  and  Evangeline 
Florence,  Misses  Brema  and  Crossley,  Messrs. 
Lloyd,  Ben  Davies,  Bispham,  Andrew  Black, 
and  Plunket  Greene. 

Mr.  Bispham  has  gone  to  Bayreuth  for  the 
last  two  cycles  of  'Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen.' 
Thence  he  proceeds  to  the  United  States,  where 
in  the  third  week  of  September  he  will  take 
part  in  the  Worcester  (Mass.)  Musical  Festival. 
Mr.  Bispham  seems  to  be  a  quick  traveller,  for, 
leaving  Massachusetts  directly  after  the  final 
concert,  he  returns  to  England  expressly  to 
sing  at  the  Birmingham  Festival,  thence  at  once 
sailing  back  to  America,  where  he  will  under- 
take a  short  concert  tour  prior  to  the  opening 
of  Mr.  Damrosch's  opera  season  in  New  York. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  the  health  of  Signor 
Piatti  will  not  permit  the  eminent  violoncellist 
to  take  part  in  the  coming  Monday  Popular 
Concert  season.  He  is  now  seventy-five,  and 
after  a  long  career,  upwards  of  half  a  century 
of  which  has  been  spent  in  this  country,  he 
has  well  won  his  repose.  According  to  the 
Musikalisclies  Wochenblatt  he  will  be  succeeded 
at  the  Popular  Concerts  by  Prof.  Hubert 
Becker,  of  Frankfort.  Herr  Becker,  who  is  a 
son  of  Herr  Jean  Becker,  founder  of  the  once 
famous  Florentine  Quartet,  was  a  pupil  for 
the  violoncello  of  GriLtzmacher,  He  has  already 
appeared  in  this  country,  and  he  is  acknowledged 
to  be  a  performer  of  the  highest  talent. 

The  French  papers  on  Sunday  erroneously 
announced  the  death  of  Madame  Nordica. 
Happily  the  eminent  prima  donna,  who  has 
been  seriously  ill,  is  now  convalescent,  and  is 
looking  forward  to  resuming  her  professional 
career. 

The  Imperial  Opera-house  at  Vienna  has  now 
been  reopened  for  the  first  time  since  the  holi- 
days. Herr  Mahler,  once  director  of  German 
opera  under  the  late  Sir  A.  Harris,  but  recently 
appointed  one  of  the  conductors  at  Vienna, 
directed  on  this  occasion  in  a  performance  of 
'  Lohengrin.' 

Mk.  Barton  McGuckin  has  accepted  the 
post  of  principal  tenor  of  the  concert  company 
organized  by  Madame  Amy  Sherwin  to  tour  in 
Australia  and  New  Zealand.  The  party  leave 
for  the  antipodes  this  month,  and  are  not 
expected  to  return  for  another  twelve  months. 

It  is  reported  in  the  Italian  papers  that  Verdi, 
who  is  holiday  making  at  Montecatini,  has  just 
put  the  finishing  touches  to  a  new  '  Te  Deum.' 


It  is  also  said,  though  the  news  lacks  confirma- 
tion, that  he  is  about  to  commence  the  com- 
position of  a  new  Requiem  Mass. 

A  REVIVAL  of  Offenbach's  'La  P^richole  '  is 
in  contemplation  at  the  Garrick  Theatre  early 
next  month.  The  English  libretto  has  been 
revised  and  partly  rewritten,  and  the  principal 
part  will  be  undertaken  by  Madame  Florence 
St.  John. 

At  the  recent  annual  meeting  of  the  Allge- 
meine  Richard  Wagner  Verein,  it  was  announced 
that  the  Society  has  again  diminished  by  upwards 
of  one  thousand  members.  In  consequence  of 
this  steady  and  alarming  diminution  a  commis- 
sion was  appointed  to  consider  the  proposal 
"that  the  object  of  the  Society  should  be  altered 
with  a  view  of  popularizing  the  Meister's  works 
by  making  their  performances  accessible  to  the 
people." 


DRAMA 


On  Thursday  and  Friday  next,  the  last  two 
nights  of  the  season  at  Her  Majesty's,  Mr.  Tree 
will  to  some  extent  discount  his  next  season's 
bill,  and  will  play  Hamlet  to  the  Ophelia  of 
Mrs.  Tree,  the  Laertes  of  Mr.  Lewis  Waller, 
the  Queen  of  Miss  Frances  Ivor,  and  the  First 
Gravedigger  of  Mr.  Lionel  Brough. 

Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's  drama  of  'Candida,' 
destined,  it  is  supposed,  to  be  ultimately  seen  in 
London,  has  been  played  in  Aberdeen,  with  Miss 
Janet  Achurch  as  the  heroine,  and  Mr.  Charles 
Charrington,  Mr.  Courtney  Thorpe,  and  Miss 
Edith  Craig  in  other  characters.  The  hero  is  the 
socialistic  vicar  of  an  East-End  London  parish, 
and  the  heroine  a  lady  who  prefers  thews  to 
brains. 

'  Tommy  Atkins, 'a  four-act  drama  of  Messrs. 
Arthur  Shirley  and  Benjamin  Landeck,  first 
produced  in  September,  1895,  at  the  Pavilion, 
and  played  the  following  December  for  a  week 
at  the  Duke  of  York's,  has  been  given  at  the 
Princess's,  with  Mr.  Ernest  Leicester  and  Miss 
Kate  Tyndall  in  the  principal  parts,  previously 
taken  by  Mr.  Charles  Cartwriglit  and  Miss 
Gertrude  Kingston.  One  member  of  the  original 
cast,  Mr.  George  W.  Cockburn,  reappears. 
Though  wholly  conventional  in  treatment,  the 
play  is  suited  to  the  house,  and  seems  likely  to 
maintain  its  place  in  the  bills. 

'The  Trainer's  Daughter,'  a  drama  by 
Messrs.  Cecil  Raleigh  and  Seymour  Hicks,  is 
promised  at  the  Princess's  Theatre. 

The  run  at  the  Garrick  of  '  My  Friend  the 
Prince'  is  now  over  for  the  season,  and  the 
theatre  is  to  be  temporarily  occupied  with  '  In 
Town,'  acted  by  a  company  which  will  sub- 
sequently take  it  to  America. 

A  performance  for  copyright  purposes  of 
'  Angela  Teresa,'  a  play  by  Mr.  George  Bancroft, 
the  rights  of  which  have  been  secured  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Bourchier,  has  been  given  at  the  Comedy 
Theatre. 

'The  InLE  Apprentice,'  an  adaptation  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Hatton  of  'Jack  Sheppard,' is  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith,  who 
is  credited  with  the  intention  of  playing  it  in 
London. 

Mr.  Tree  intends  next  year  to  play  at  the 
Renaissance  Theatre  in  Paris  '  Hamlet,' '  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  and  'Trilby,'  and 
contemplates  the  possibility  of  Madame  Bern- 
hardt making  at  the  same  time  her  promised 
visit  to  Her  Majesty's.  What  sort  of  acceptance 
Mr.  Du  Maurier's  sketches  of  Parisian  life  and 
character  will  obtain  in  Paris  remains   to    be 


seen. 


To  CoRKESPONBENTS.— B.  N.  O.— G.  W.  Y.— p.— received. 
S.  D.  C— You  should  verify  your  references  before  writing. 
No  notice  can  be  talsen  of  anonymous  communications. 


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THE     ATHEN^UM 


205 


RICHARD    BENTLEY  &  SON'S    LIST. 


STANDARD    WORKS    FOR    THE    LIBRARY. 


BY  MR.  SELOUS. 

A   HUNTER'S   WANDERINGS    in 

AFRICA.  By  FREDERICK  COURTENEY 
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MISS  COBBE'S  AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 

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COBBE.  By  HERSELF.  Third  Edition, 
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BY  WILLIAM  POWELL  FRITH,  R.A. 

REMINISCENCES  of  W.  P.  FRITH, 

R.A.     Eighth  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 
BY  GENERAL  GREELY. 

THREE  YEARS  of  ARCTIC  SER- 
VICE, and  the  ATTAINMENT  of  the 
FARTHEST  NORTH.  By  ADOLPHUS  W. 
GKEELY,  General  U.S.  Armj',  Commanding 
the  Expedition,  1881-84.  With  Portrait  of  the 
Author,  over  120  Illustrations,  and  Official 
Charts.     Third  Edition.     2  vols,  royal  8vo.  42s. 

BY  DR.  MOMMSEN. 

The  HISTORY  of  ROME,  from  the 

Earliest  Times  to  the  Period  of  its  Decline, 
By  Professor  THEODOR  MOMMSEN.  Trans- 
lated by  WILLIAM  PURDIE  DICKSON,  D.D. 
LL. D.  A  New  and  Cheaper  Edition.  In 
5  vols,  crown  8vo.  (each  sold  separately,  7s.  6d.), 
37s.  G(K 

BY  FRANK  BUCKLAND. 

CURIOSITIES  of  NATURAL  HIS- 

TORY.  By  FRANCIS  TREVELYAN  BUCK- 
LAND,  late  Her  Majesty's  Inspector  of 
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BY  JOHN  TIMES,  F.S.A. 

The  LIVES  of  PAINTERS :  Hogarth, 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Gainsborough,  Fuseli, 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  Turner.  By  JOHN 
TIMES,  F.S.A.     down  8vo.  with  Portraits,  6s. 

TRANSLATED  BY  MR.  COLERIDGE. 

The   AUTOBIOGRAPHY  of  KARL 

VON  DITTERSDORF.  From  the  German  by 
ARTHUR  DUKE  COLERIDGE,  Editor  of 
'  The  Letters  of  a  Leipzig  Cantor  (Moritz 
Hauptmann),'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  7s.  Gd. 

BY  MISS  PARDOE. 

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FRANCIS  I.  By  JULIA  PARDOE.  3  vols, 
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BY  SIR  W.  BESANT  AND  PROF.  PALMER. 

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PALMER,  M.A  ,  late  Professor  of  Arabic, 
Cambridge.  Third  Edition.  Large  crown  8vo. 
■with  Map,  7«.  Gd. 

BY  SIR  WALTER  BESANT. 

he  FRENCH  HUMOURISTS,  from 

the  Twelfth  to  the  Nineteenth  Century.  By 
Sir  WALTER  BESANT,  M.A.,  Christ's  College, 
Cam.,  F.S.A.     8vo.  15s. 


m 

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BY  HERR  KUHE. 

MY  MUSICAL  RECOLLECTIONS. 

By  WILHELM  KUHE.  With  Portraits  and 
Autographs.     Demy  8vo.  14s. 

BY  COLONEL  FLETCHER. 

The  HISTORY  of  the  AMERICAN 

CIVIL  WAR.  By  H.  C.  FLETCHER,  Scots 
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BY  THE  LATE  COLONEL  CORBETT. 

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BY  PROFESSOR  CREASY. 

The  FIFTEEN  DECISIVE  BATTLES 

of  the  WORLD.  By  Sir  EDWARD  CREASY, 
late  Chief  Justice  of  Ceylon.  Thirty-seventh 
Edition,  with  Plans.  Crown  Svo.  canvas 
boards.  Is.  4d. ;  or  in  cloth  gilt,  red  edges,  2''. 

BY  MISS  PARDOE. 

The  COURT  of  LOUIS  THE  FOUR- 
TEENTH. By  JULIA  PARDOE.  With  up- 
wards of  50  Woodcuts,  and  numerous  Portraits 
on  Steel.     3  vols,  demy  8vo.  42s. 

BY  THE  REV.   RICHARD  HARRIS  BARHAM. 

The   INGOLDSBY   LEGENDS.      A 

New  Annotated  Edition.  Edited,  with  Notes, 
by  Mrs.  EDWARD  A.  BOND.  Illustrations 
on  Steel.     In  3  vols,  demy  Svo.  31s.  6d. 

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EDITED  BY   THE  TWELFTH  EARL  OF 
DUNDONALD. 

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MAN :  Thomas,  Tenth  Earl  of  Dundonald. 
Popular  Edition,  with  Portraits,  Charts,  and 
9  Illustrations  on  Vv''ood.     Crown  8vo.  6.«. 

BY  M.  GUIZOT. 

The  LIFE  of  OLIVER  CROMWELL. 

From  the  French  of  M.  GUIZOT.  By  Sir 
ANDREW  R.  SCOBLE,  Q.C.  Ninth  Edition. 
Crown  Svo.  with  4  Portraits,  6s. 

BY  M.  MIGNET. 

The   LIFE   of   MARY,    QUEEN   of 

SCOTS.  From  the  French  of  M.  MIGNET. 
By  Sir  ANDREW  R.  SCOBLE,  Q.C.  Seventh 
Edition,  with  2  Portraits.     Crown  Svo.  6s. 

BY  PROFESSOR  GINDELY. 

The    HISTORY     of    the    THIRTY 

YEARS'  WAR.  By  ANTON  GINDELY. 
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BROOK.  2  vols,  large  crown  Svo.  with  Maps 
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A  MEMOIR  of  MRS.  AUGUSTUS 

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The  HISTORY  of  ANTIQUITY. 

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LL.D.  6  vols,  demy  Svo.  Each  volume  can 
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By  FREDERICK  JAMES  CROWEST,  Author 
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London:  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington-street, 

Pulllshers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Qveen, 


206 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^]  U  M 


N°3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE  ATHENiEUM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


Last  Weeks  ATIIENMUM  contains  Articles  on 

MH    GAUDINElt  on  GUNPOWDER  PLOT. 

MR.  HOKACK  SMITH'S  POEVIS. 

A  NEW  TllANSLATION  of  TACrrUS. 

MR    LANG  on  MODEKN  MYrHOL()GY. 

The  EARLY  HISIOUY  of  the  NAVY'. 

MEMORIALS  of  HAWTHORNE. 

The  REGISTER  of  a  NORTHERN  PRIORY. 

NEW  NOVELS  .—Salted  with  Fire;  A  Rich  Man's  Danghter;  Crooked 
Paths;  An  Odd  Experiment;  'I'he  Larraniys;  The  Rejuvenation  of 
Miss  Semaphore  ;  '1  he  Light  of  tlie  Eye  ;  La  Caniarade. 

A  CORNISH  PARISH. 

SHORT  STORIES. 

ASSYRIOLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

AUSTRALIAN  FICTION. 

OLD  NORSE  POETRY. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY'. 

OUR  LIBRARY  'TABLE.— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

JOHN  MILTON,  SENIOR;  MR.  STOPFORD  BROOKE'S  'PRIMER'; 
ANOTHER  GREEK  WORD  in  HEBREW;  'ST.  ANSELM  of 
CANTERBURY  '  ;  MR.  COLLINSS  ANTHOLOGY  ;  The  LONDON 
UNIVERSITY  COMPRO.MISE;  The  DERIVATION  of  "FYLFOT.  ' 

Ar.so — 
LITER*RY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE:— Chemical  Literature  ;  Zoological  Literature  ;  Astronomical 
Notes  ;  Gossip- 

FINE  ARTS  :— The  Art-.\natnniy  of  Animals  ;  Library  Table  ;  Heraldic 
Literature;  Arohiroioj^ical  Litei-ature ;  Magazines;  The  Portraits 
of  Swift;  'Two  I'ortraits  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— The  Week  ;  Library  'Table  ;  Chester  Musical  Festival ;  Mr. 
Alexander  'J'hayer. 

DRAMA— Recent  Books  ;  Gossip. 


T/ie  ATHEX.TLUU for  July  21  cnilains  Artic'es  on 

The  DICTIONARY  of  N.VTIONAL  BIOGRAPHY. 

SIR  CHARLES  WINDHAM'S  DIARY  and  LET'I'ERS. 

An  EGYPTIAN  READING-BOOK. 

A  GREAT  AGRICULTURAL  ESTATE. 

A  NEW  LIFE  of  ANSELM. 

NEW  NOVELS— The  Girls  at  the  Gj-acge ;  Audrey  Craven  ;  Two 
Sinners 

M.  A'ERHAEREN  S  POEMS. 

SCOTTISH  FICTION— SOME  AUSTRALIAN  VERSE. 

BOOKS  of  TRAVEL. 

AFRICAN  and  OCEANIAN  PHILOLOGY". 

LOCAL  HI.STORY— REPRINTS. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS 

OUR  LIHRARY  TABLE- LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

A  LAST  APPEAL;   MISS  JE\N  INGELOW;  The  NEW  LOGIA  ;  'A 

TALE  of  TWO  TUNNELS  ';    The  E-VRLIEST  MENTION  of  CHESS 

in  sanskrit  lil'er.vture  ;  some  international  press 

cour'tesies  ;  an  alleged  error  of  venerable  bede's  ; 

the  library  conference  ;  sale  ;  magazine  erudition  ; 

coavley's  letters. 

Also- 
literary  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE— M  Berthelot's  Science  et  Morale  ;  The  Elements  of  Electro- 
chemistry ;  Liliiary  'Table;  Prof.  Newton's  'Dictionary  of  Birds  ' ; 
Astronomical  Notes 

FINE  AR'TS— Classical  Archaeology;  Illustrated  Books;  New  Prints; 
British  School  at  Athens  ;  Sales;  Gossip. 

MUSIC— The  Week  ;  Chester  Musical  Festival;  Gossip;  Performances 
Next  Week. 

DRAMA— The  English  Stage  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip. 


The  ATUEy.Umi  for  July  17  contains  Articles  on— 
DR.  BIRKBECK  HILL'S  JOHN.SONIAN  MISCELLANIES. 

SIR  hug:.;  goughs  memoirs. 

The  COMPLETE  CYCLIST. 

The  DOMESDAY  of  INCLOSURES. 

EARLY  RECORDS  of  the  JAPANESE  EMPIRE. 

NEW  NOVELS-A  Trick  of  Fame;  The  Romance  of  the  Golden  Star 
Our  Wills  and  Fates. 

THREE  SCOTTISH  CLUB  BOOKS. 

SHORT  STORIES. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY'. 

SCANDINAVIAN  LI  TER.ATUKE. 

FRENCH  HISTORY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LI.ST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

SPEAKER  LENTHAI.L;  The  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  in  1897  ;  SALE  of 
the  ASHBURNHAM  LIBRARY;  ABRAHAM  COWLEY;  An 
ALLEGED  1604  EDITION  of  '  DON  QUIXOTE ' ;  The  SECOND 
INTERNAI'IONAL  LIBRARY  CONFERENCE. 

LITERARY  GOSSIP.  "  ~ 

SCIENCE— Munro  on  Prehistoric  Problems ;  Chemical  Literature ;  The 

Museums  Association  ;  Societies;  Gossip. 

FINE  AR'TS— Egyptological  Literature;  'Two  Portraits  of  Swift ;  Sales; 
Gossip. 

MUSIC— English  Minstrelsie ;  The  Week  ;  Gossip ;  Performances  Next 
Week. 

DRAMA— The  Week  ;   Library  Table ;   Documents  relating  to  Shak- 

speare ;  Gossip. 
MISCELLANEA. 


"  Learned,  Chatty,  Useful." — AthencBum. 

"That  delightful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  'Notes  and  Queries.'" 

Ediuhurgh  Review, 

Every  Saturday,  of  any  Bookseller  or  Newsagent  in  England,  price  id, ;  or  free  by  post  to  the 

Continent,  i\d. 

Subscription,   10^.  Zd.  for  Six  Months ;   20s.  &d.  for  Twelve  Months,  including  postage. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

A  MEDIUM  OF  INTERCOMMUNICATION  FOR  LITERARY  MEN  AND  GENERAL  READERS. 


The  Sixth  Series  of  Notes  and  Queries,  complete  in  12  vols,  price  10«.  6^.  each  Volume,  con- 
tains, in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies,  Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following 
Subjects : — 


TRE  ATHENJEUM,  EVERY  SATURDAY, 

PRICE  THREEPENCE,  OP 

JOHN     C.     FRANCIS, 

Athenccum  Office,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane, 

E.C. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  History, 

The  Plagues  of  1605  and  1625— Wolves  in  England- 
Prices  in  the  Middle  Ages — Executions  of  1745 — The 
"Meal  Tub  Plot" — Episcopacy  in  Scotland  —  English 
Roman  Catholic  Martyrs— Hereward  le  Wake — Hiding- 
Places  of  Charles  II. — Where  did  Edward  II.  die?— 
Battle  between  Armies  of  Suetonius  and  Boadicea  — 
William  III.  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne— '  The  Green 
Bag" — Confidential  Letters  to  James  II.  about  Ireland — 
Anne  Boleyn's  Heart — Hubert  de  Burgh — Henry  Martin 
the  Regicide — Lord  Hussey  and  the  Lincolnshire  Re- 
bellion. 

Biography. 

Luis  de  Camoens  —  Thomas  Bell  —  Cromwell — William 
Penn — Nell  Gwynne— Coleridge — Curll  the  Bookseller — 
Sir  John  Cheke — Gibson,  Bishop  of  London — Thorpe  the 
Architect— Sir  Richard  Whittington— Charles  Wolfe. 

Bibliography  and  Literary  History. 

Shakspeariana — Chap-Book  Notes — "  Adeste  Fideles" — 
"The  Land  of  the  Leal" — John  Gilpin — 'Reynard  the 
Fox' — "Lead,  kindly  Light" — Rabelais — London  Pub- 
lishers of  18th  Century— The  Welsh  Testament  — The 
Libraries  of  Balliol,  All  Souls',  Brasenosc,  and  Queen's 
Colleges,  Oxford— Key  to  '  Endymion  ' — Early  Roman 
Catholic  Magazines — Stuart  Literature — The  Libraries  of 
Eton,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge — "  Dame  Europa" 
Bibliography  —  Unpublished  Letters  of  Dr.  Johnson — 
"Rock  of  Ages" — '  Eikon  Basilike  Deiitera  ' — William 
of  Tyre — Bibliography  of  Skating — '  The  Book  ' — Notes 
on  tiie  '  Religio  Medici' — Authorship  of  tlie  'Iinitatio' 
— Tristram  Shandy — Critical  Notes  of  Charles  Lamb. 

Popular  Antiquities  and  Folk-lore. 

Slavonic  Mythology  —  Folk-lore  of  Leprosy  —  Lycan- 
thropy — North  Italian  Folk-lore  —  Friday  unlucky  for 
Marriage — West  Indian  Superstitions — "  Milky  Way" — 
Folk-lore  of  Birds — Feather  Superstition — Medical  and 
Funeral  Folk-lore. 

Poetry,  Ballads,  and  Drama. 

The  Drama  in  Ireland — 'Tom  Jones'  on  the  Piench 
Stage — '  Auld  Robin  Gray'  —  '  Harpings  of  Lena' — 
MS.  of  Gray's  '  Elegy  '—The  '  Mystery  '  of  8.  Panta- 
leon — Rogers's  'Pleasures  of  Memory' — "  Blue  bonnets 
over  the  Border" — Swift's  Verses  on  his  own  Death — 
Tennyson's  'Palace  of  Art' — Ballad  of  'William  and 
Margaret'  —  The  Australian  Drama  —  Poem  by  J.  M. 
Neale  —  Shelley's  'Ode  to  Mont  Blanc'  —  Hymns  by 
Chas.  Wesley — '  Cross  Purposes ' — Tennyson's  '  Dream 
of  Fair  Women ' — '  Logie  o"  Buchan.' 

Popular  and  Proverbial  Sayings. 

"To  rule  the  roast" — "Licked  into  shape" — "Bosh" 
— Joining  the  majority — Up  to  snuff — "  To  the  bitter 
end" — Conspicuous  by  his  absence  —  Play  old  Goose- 
berry—  "The  grey  mare  is  the  better  horse"  —  Bred 
and  born  —  Drunk  as  David's  sow — Cut  ofl  with  a 
shilling- Tin=money — Getting  into  a  scrape. 


Philology. 

Tennis  —  Puzzle  —  Rickets — American  Spelling — Snob — 
Jolly — Boycotting — Argosy — Jennet — Bedford  —  Maiden 
in  Place-names — Deck  of  Cards — Masher — Belfry — Brag 
— Bulrush  —  Tram  —  Hearse  —  Whittling  —  Beef-eater— 
Boom — At  bay. 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 

The  Arms  of  the  Popes — Courtesy  Titles— Rolls  of  Arms 
— Book-plates — Earldom  of  Mar— Arms  of  the  See  of 
York — Fitzhardinges  of  Berkeley — Heraldic  Differences 
—  Barony  of  Valoines  —  Colonial  Arms  —  Earldom  of 
Ormonde — Tlie  Violet  in  Heraldry — Arms  of  Vasco  da 
Gama — Seal  of  the  Templars — Earldom  of  Suffolk. 

Fine  Arts. 

Hogarth's  only  Landscape — The  'Hours'  of  Raphael — 
Rubens's  'Daniel  and  the  Lions'  —  Early  Gillrays — 
Retzsch's  Outlines — Portraits  of  Byron — Velasquez  and 
his  Works — Tassie's  Medallions — Copley's  'Attack  on 
Jersey.' 

Ecclesiastical  Matters. 

The  Revised  Version — Pulpits — The  Episcopal  Wig — 
Vestments — Temporal  Power  of  Bishops — Easter  Sepul- 
chres— Canonization — The  Basilican  Rite — The  Scottish 
Office — Tulchan  Bishops — Seventeenth  Century  "  Indul- 
gence"—  The  "Month's  Mind"  —  Clergy  hunting  in 
Scarlet — The  Irish  Hierarchy — Libraries  in  Churches — 
Lambeth  Degrees— Fifteenth  Century  Rood-screens- 
Franciscans  in  Scotland — Bishops  of  Dunkcld — Prayer- 
Book  Rule  for  Easter— Fur  Tippets— The  Church  in  the 
Channel  Isles — Metrical  Paalms — Order  of  Adminis- 
tration. 

Classical  Subjects. 

'  Persii  Satirae  ' — Roman  Arithmetic — Tlie  Alastor  of 
Augustus — "  Acervus  Mercurii" — "  Vescus"  in  Georgics, 
iii.  175— Oppian — Juvenal's  Satire  ii. — Transliteration  of 
Iliad  i. — Aristophanes'  '  Ranse  ' — Simplicius  on  Epic- 
tetus — Tablet  of  Cebes— Imitative  Verse — "Felix  quem 
faciunt,"  &c. 

Topography. 

Grub-street— Porta  del  Popolo—"  Turk's  Head  "  Bagnio 
—The  Old  Corner  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Thames 
Embankments — Statue  in  Brasenose  Quadrangle — Middle 
Temple  Lane— Ormond-street  Chapel— Roman  Villa  at 
Sandown — Ashburnham  House — Carew  Castle — Rushton 
Hall,  Westenhaugh— Walton  House. 

Miscellaneous. 

Christian  Names — Election  Colours — Buried  Alive — O.  K. 
— Ladies'  Clubs — Zoedone — Berkeley-square  Mystery- 
Wife  Selling— The  Telephone— Scrutin  de  Liste— Croco- 
dile's Tears- Jingo— The  Gipsies— Hell-Fire  Club— Tarot 
— Tobacco  in  England — Sea  Sickness  unknown  to  the 
Ancients — Names  of  American  States — Carucate — Female 
Soldiers  and  Bailors — Mistletoe — Giants— Jewesses  and 
Wigs— Memories  of  Trafalgar — Green  Byes— Beaumon- 
tague — Secret  Chambers  in  Ancient  Houses — The  Bona- 
parte-Patterson Marriage— Ace  of  Spades — Wig  Curlers — 
Female  Churchwarden.s — The  Opal — House  of  Keys — 
Church  Registers  —  Arm-in-arm  —  B.  O.  —  Napoleon- 
Legacy  to  Cantillon. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  PEANCIS,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 


N''3641,  Aug.  7,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


207 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 
NOTES — Descendants  of  Jones,  the  Regicide— Ancient  Zodiacs— AVal- 
pole  and  his  Editors— Afro-American  Press—"  Hovril  "—Tomb  of 
Capt.  Leslie— Port  Koyal  Inscription—"  lioycott  "-Orliney-"  Groat 
James' —Triplets— St.  Patrick— "  Which  knew  not  Joseph  "—Cope 
and  Mitre— Cape  Gooseljeny- Old  Uutl— 'Sportsman  in  Ireland.' 
QUERIES  — Counties  of  England— Fireless  Peoples— Family  of  Rest- 
Early  i)ublin  Printing— Solomon  HuHam-K  Scrope— Foster  of 
Ramborough  — Translation  of  'l)e  Arte  Natandi '-Standards  ol 
Measurement— Proverbs— "  Rounded  "— '■  Alierot  "—Dean  of  Canter- 
bury-Origin of  Quotation— Princivallc  di  Cembino— Grub  Street- 
Green  Room— King's  Messengers- O'Connor,  Rishop  of  Ross- 
Grand  Junction  Railway— Relative  Value  1700  and  1897— Registering 
Births  and  Deaths— Vice-Adniiral  Parker-Picture- Chappallan. 
REPLIES —rwenty-four  Hour  Dials— '  Master  William  Rennett  "— 
"Marriage  Lines"— "Cawk  and  corve"— 'Help  to  Discourse — 
"Chief  rent  "—"  A  moi  Auvcrgne  "—"  Scope  "—S.  Petto- Clarkson 
StanHeld- County  Council  English— "  Admiral  Christ  "—Hattock  : 
Haddock  :  Huttock— Hatchments— Winter  Food  for  Cattle— Cnnu- 
nology—Assignats—"  Matrimony"— Queen's  Head  Upside  Down— 
"To  cha'  fause'— Shakspeaie  and  Burbage  — Col.  J.  Bowles— J. 
Edwards-Dog-gates— 'I'he  Turkey— H.  Grey,  Earl  of  Suftblk— Raw- 
linson— "  Sitting  Bodkin  "—  Bacon's  '  Proinus  '— "  Eye-rhyraes  "— 
Pyrography— Military  Ranners-St.  Giles— Trials  of  Animals— Life 
of  St  Alban—"Cappel-Iaeed"— Nursery  Song  — Cormae  — Flags- 
Smoking- Wallis  Family— Cagots—"  Tally-ho  !  "—Rip  van  Winkle 
—Alexander  Smith.  

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  (July  3i;  coyitmns— 
NOTES —J  F.  Neville- Morlanrts  'Laundry  Maid '—The  Last  Supper 
—  "Down  on  the  nail"  — The  Thames  in  1S)7  — Nursery  Lore- 
Bishops'  Signatures— The  Bocase  Stone— Letter  of  Count  d'l)rsay— 
Philip  of  Macedon— Banquet  at  Oxford— An  Indulgence— O'Connor- 
Kerry- Black  Hole  of  Calcutta— Letters  of  AVordsworth  — Living 
Sign— "Quh." 
QUERIES:— "Havelock"— William  IV— Webb-E  Le  Fournier— T. 
Walker—'  La  Romance  des  Trois  Oranges  '—Child  Family—'  Life  of 
Mr.  Cleveland —New  South  Wales  Bibliography— Luther,  Irish 
Surname— Greens  'Guide  to  the  Lakes'— Superstition— Methven 
Pedigree— Questions  on  Rubric— Helm-Ennis  ;  St.  Denis- Sanctu- 
ary Lists—'  Summer  Day  in  Surrey  '— "  Harpe  pece  "—Illustration— 
Anonvmous  Rook— New  TesUment  Divisions— B.  Franklin— Ancient 
Cornish  Language- Canonization— Zodiac  in  Sco'tland  and  Ireland. 

REPLIES  :— Nine  Men's  Morris— Gillman  Family— Prefix  "  Ken  "— 
Survivors  of  First  Victorian  Parliament— Hampton  Court  Guides— 
"Hansard":  "Hanse"— Early  Headstones- King  Lear—"Twopenny 
Damn"— Wildrake-39th  Foot— "  Angel  ol  Asia"— "  Barghest"— 
Stained  Glass— Champion  of  England— "Aceldama"— "  Glaizer  ": 
"Venetians  "  —  School  at  Parson's  Green  — Penny  Hedge— Holy 
Thursday  Superstition-Hare  and  Easter  Eggs— Statue  of  Duke  of 
Kent— Layman — '  Beppo'— Criminal  Family — "Dog  Latin" — Holly 
Meadows— Elizabeth  Gonzaga— "  John  Trot  "—Passage  in  Lamb- 
Life  of  Jowett— "  Buck  "—J.  Husbands- Population— Comptroller  of 
the  I'ipe- Parallel  Passages— Marriage  Custom—"  Warta"— Burning 
Christmas  Decorations— F  Legge— Addition  to  National  Anthem— 
"Altar  Gates"— "Dick's  Hatband  "—"  Moral"— Roman  Arithmetic 
— H.  Cornish— Felling  Bridge— Cakes— Peninsula  Medal— H.  J.  H. 
Martin— Authors  Wanted. 

niE  NUMBER  FOR  JULY  24  contains— 
NOTES :— Obscure  Parish  Register— First  Folio  Shakspeare— Invasion 
of  Fishguard-The  Jubilee  and  the  Pan-Anglican  Synod— "Jesu, 
Lover  of  my  soul  " — Abi-ahara  Sharp— Meg  Merrilies- Beanfeast : 
Beano— Ancestors— Lady  Katherine  Grey— "Tally-ho"— Epitaph — 
Diamond  Jubilee  Service  — Curfew— Wonderful  Word  — Caldwall 
Hall— Macaulay  and  R  Montgomery. 
QUERIES  :—E  R.  Saunders  —  Enid —  "  Lachrymatory  "  — Arthurian 
Legends — "Chief  Rent":  "Head  Rent" — "Capharnaum" — 'Topo- 
graphical Description  of  Surrey'— "Not  a  patch  upon  it"— Sir  R. 
Orene  :  Sir  R.  Ree— "Crowing  hen  "—J.  Cromwell— F.  Prior— P. 
Stuart— Shakspeare  and  Burbage— Portrait  of  Sir  T.  Roe— "  The  fly 
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Van  Winkle '—Quotations— Fourth  Folio  Shakspeare  —  East  Win- 
dows—Posthumous Biography. 
REPLIES  :— Decapitation  of  Voltaire— Pocket  Nutmeg-grater— "  Harry- 
carry" —  "Tindering  Time  "  —  Holy  Stones— "  Inderlands  "—Ben 
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—Steam— Belief— Highland  Sheep— T.  Paine— Eyre— Parish  Councils 
— S  and  F—Etchiug— Proprietary  Chapels — "  Disannul  "-Precedence 
—Wart-curing— "Let  sleeping  dogs  lie"— Col.  Dormer's  Regiment 
—Competitor  for  Longest  Reign— Amphillis-Fall  ol  Angels— The 
Vyne  in  Hampshire—"  To  cha"  fause." 

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of  BURNS. 
EAST  COAST  of  SCOTLAND. 
EDINBURGH  and  its  ENVIRONS. 
FIFE,  KINROSS,  DUNFERMLINE,  &c. 


GLASGOW  and  the  CLYDE. 
HIGHLANDS  and  ISLANDS  of  SC0TL.4.ND. 
INVERNESS. 

OBAN,  and  the  WEST  of  SCOTLAND. 
PERTH,  DUNDEE,  Ac. 
SKYK.,  ORKNEY.  SHETLAND. 
SOUTH-WEST  of  SCOTLAND. 
The  TROSSACHS  :  LOCH  LOMOND,  LOCH 
KATRINE,  &c. 


THE   CONTINENT. 


BELGIUM  and  HOLLAND. 

PARIS. 

The  RHINE  and  RHINELAND. 


The  RIVIERA. 
SWITZERLAND. 


A  NEW  EDITION  OF 
WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.'S  POPULAR  SHILLING 

GUIDE      TO      LONDON 

Has  just  heen  publiaheJ,   and  is  described   by   the  Daily   Telegraph   as 

"ONE  OF  THE  CHEAPEST  BOOKS  EVER  ISSUED." 

New  Edition.     Red  cloth,  round  corners,  Is. 

376  pages.    Over  100  Illustrations,  numerous  Maps  and  Flans. 


London:   WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.,  Limited,  Salisbury-square,  E.C. 


£(lit3rial  Commnnications  should  be   addressed  to   "The   Editor"  — Advertisementj  md   Business   Leners  to   "The   Publisher " —  at  the   Office,   Bream'a-buildings,   Chancery-lane,  E.C, 
friBCeil  bj  John  Ecvrixc  Fb.incis,  Athena'om  Press,  Bream's-buildings.  Chancery-lane.  E.C;  and  Pnblished  by  John  C.  Francis  at  Kreain's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.C. 

Agents  lor  ScoTtiND,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradtute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.- Saturday,  August  7,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

goumal  of  ent^Mj  antr  ^Foreign  literature,  Science,  tf)e  dFfne  ^rts;,  J^Tii^fc  antr  tfie  Brama» 


No.  3642. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    14,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

RBGISTKKBD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


B 


RITISH     MUSEUM,     B  L  O  0  M  S  B  U  R  Y. 


EVENING  OPENING  ON  WEEKDAYS. 
EXHIBITION  GALLERIES  of  the  BRITISH  MUSEUM,  BLOOMS- 
BURY,  will  again  be  OPEN  (in  Sections)  to  the  PUBLIC  in  the  EVEN- 
ING, from  8  to  10  o'clock,  on  and  after  MONDAY.  Ausnst  18 

E.  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  Principal  Librarian  and  Secretary. 
British  Museum,  August  10, 1897. 

THE       LIBRARY       ASSOCIATION, 
20,  Hanover-sqnare,  W. 
President— Mr.  Alderman  HARRY  RAWSON, 
President-Elect— H.  R.  TEDDER,  Esq. 
Hon.  Secretary— J.  Y.  W.  MAC  ALISTER,  Esq. 
The  TWRNTIKTH  ANNUAL  MEETING  of  this  Association  will  be 
held  in  LONDON  on  OCl'OBER  20,  21,  22  next,  forthe  transaction  of  the 
annual  business  of  the  Association,  and  for  the  reading  of  Papers,  and 
Discussions     Offers  of  Papers  on  appropriate  subjects  are  Invited,  and 
those  intending  to  write  Papers  should  communicate  at  once  with  the 
Hon.  SEcnCTABY,  Library  Association,  20,  Hanover-square,  W. 

A  LINGUIST,  connected  with  several  learned 
Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECRETARIAL  WORK.  Translations; 
Research  Notes ;  Medical  and  Legal  Work  a  speciality.— Write  E. 
Genus,  4.3,  Southampton-row,  W.C. 

DOCTOR'S  DAUGHTER,  possessing  Higher 
Cambridge,  Oxford  Senior,  and  First  College  Preceptors'  Certifl- 
oates.  High  School  experience,  seeks  RE-ENGAGEMENT  to  te«ch 
French  (acquired  in  Paris),  English  Literature  and  History,  or  Ele- 
mentary German  and  Latin  —Lvnwood,  8,  Parade-road,  Jersey. 


COLLEGE     of     SHEFFIELD. 


TJNIVERSITY 

LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHY  AND  ECONOMICS. 
The  Council  will  proceed    to  the  ELECTION  of  a  LECTURER  in 
PHILOSOPHY  and  ECONOMICS  in  SEPl'EMBER      Duties  to   com- 
mence in  October  next.    Salary  2U0i.  at  least,  together  with  half  the 
fees  of  the  Lecturer's  Classes. —For  particulars  apply  to  The  Registrar. 

"PADNORSHIRE     COUNTY     INTERMEDIATE 

XV  DUAL  DAY  SCHOOL 

LLANDRINDOD  AVELLS. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 

The  Radnorshire  County  Governing  Body  are  prepared  to  receive 
applications  for  the  above  appointment.  The  salary  is  150/,  per  annum, 
together  with  a  Capitation  Fee  of  30s.  per  Scholar  in  attendance.  No 
residence  is  provided. 

The  School,  for  Forty  Boys  and  Fifty  Girls  (in  separate  departments), 
will  be  opened  about  the  end  of  September  next,  and,  besides  being 
complete  in  i,"ery  modern  requirement  of  the  ordinary  curriculum, 
iias  been  specially  planned  and  furnished  for  the  thoroughly  efficient 
technical  instruction  of  both  Boys  and  Gii'ls. 

Candidates  must  have  taken  a  Degree  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
need  not  be  in  Holy  Orders. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  County  Scheme 
<price6<i  ). 

Applications,  with  full  particulars  and  copies  of  testimonials,  to  be 
sent  to  me.  the  undersigned,  on  or  before  Friday,  August  20  next 

Written  communications  are  allowed,  but  personal  canvassing  of  the 
Governors  will  disqualify  any  applicant. 

R.  E   MOSELEY,  Clerk  to  County  Governing  Body. 

Llandrindod  Wells.  July  31, 1897. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns —For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 

TREBOVIR      HOUSE      SCHOOL, 
1,  Trebovir-road.  South  Kensington.  S.W. 
Principal— Mrs.  W.  R.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  CO.'UMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectuses  and  references  on  application. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME  SCHOOL  for  limited 
number  of  GIKLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
iruages,  Masic  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors ;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Heiss,  >Valdheim,  Berne. 


o 


WENS      COLLEGE,      MANCHESTER, 


VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY  TEACHERS'  DIPLOMA. 
The    COLLEGE   COURSES  for  the    General    and    for   the    Special 
Diploma  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  5  next —For  further  information 
apply  to  the  Registrar,  Owens  College. 

UNIVERSITY    COLLEGE,    LONDON. 

LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 

The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES,  by  Prof.  W  F  R 
WELDON,  FR.S.,  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  6, 
atl  P.M. 

These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparing 
lor  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
.students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
Courses  of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  during  the  Session  will  be  given 
later.  J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M  A  ,  Secretary. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
York-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal— Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
The  SESSION  1897-S  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.    Stu- 
dents are  requested  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4pm    on 
WEDNESDAY,  October  6 

The  Inaugural  Address  will  be  delivered  on  THURSDAY,  October  7 
at  4  30  r.M  ,  by  Mrs.  FAWCETT. 
Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN). 
ART  SCHOOL. 
Visitor- HUBERT  HERKOMER,  R.A. 
Professor— E.  BOROUGH  JOHNSON,  R.B.A. 
The  STUDIO  REOPENS  on  MONDAY,  October  U, 
Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


THE    MARIA    GREY     TRAINING    COLLEGE 
(late  5,  FitzroT-street,  W.). 
SALUSBURY-ROAD,  BRONDESBURY',  LONDON,  N.W. 
A  FULL  COUKSEof  TRAINING  in  preparation  for  the  CAMBRIDGE 
TEACHERS'  CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Teaching  is 
offered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  Teachers 

Kindergarten  Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate  of 
the  National  Frocbel  Union 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  Local  Exami- 
nations Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAR 
BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  15.  .    . 

Address  Principal,  Miss  Alice  Woods.  The  Maria  Grey  Training 
College,  Salusbury-road,  Brondesbury,  N.W. 

Qr.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL    and 

k?  COLLEGE. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 

Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientitic  and  Intermediate  B.Sc  Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  commence  on  OCTOBER  1,  and  continue 
till  JULY,  1898  ....... 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  21!.,  or  18/.  18s  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  single  subjects  may  be  taken. 

There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  W.irden  of  the  College,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London.  EC. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

QT.    BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 

lO  COLLEGE. 

OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 
Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  worth  l.W  ,  75;.,  751.,  50;.,  and 
20(  each,  tenable  for  one  year,  will  be  competed  for  on  September  27, 
189:— viz  .  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  lil.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sutticient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  7.5(.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Biology  and 
Physiology  Candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  twenty- 
five  years  of  age.  and  must  not  have  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Practice  of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  I50i ,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition,  value  50;..  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  twenty  years  of  age  (if  of  sufficient  meritj  in  Physics, 
Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology. 

The  Jeaffreson  Exhibition  (value  20(.)  will  be  competed  for  at  the 
same  time.  'The  subjects  of  examination  are  Latin.  Mathematics,  and 
any  one  of  the  three  following  Languages— Greek,  French,  and  German 
'The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matriculation 
Examination  of  July,  1897. 

'The  successful  Candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  lull  course  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination. 

For  partii-ulars.  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  Warden  of  the  College.  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  E.C. 

<iir.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

lO  Albert  Embankment,  London.  S  E. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  of  1897-98  will  OPEN  on  SATURDAY, 
October  2.  when  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed,  at  3  p  m.,  in  the 
Governors'  Hall. 

Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
September,  viz.,  One  of  1501.  and  One  of  60/.  in  Chemistry  and  Physics, 
with  either  Physiology.  Botany,  or  Zoology,  for  First  Years  Students; 
One  of  50/.  in  Anatomy.  Physiology,  and  chemistry,  for  Third  Year's 
Students  from  the  Universities. 

Scholarships  and  Money  Pri.tes  of  the  value  of  .'!00(  are  awarded  at 
the  Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  medals. 

special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  year  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientific  and  Intermediate  MB.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge. 

Club-Rooms  and  an  Athletic  Ground  are  provided  for  Students. 

'The  School  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  seen  on  application  to 
the  Medical  SECRETARy. 

'The  fees  mav  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments.  Entries  may  be 
made  separately  to  Lecture  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special  arrange- 
ments are  made  for  Students  entering  from  the  Universities  and  for 
Qualified  Practitioners 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  is  kept  by  the  Medical  Secretary, 
who  also  has  a  list  of  local  Medical  Practitioners,  Clergymen,  and  others 
who  receive  Students  into  their  houses. 

For  Prospectus  and  all  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Rendle,  the  Medical 
Secretary.  H.  P.  HAWKINS,  MA.  M  D.  Oxon.,  Dean. 

QT,   MARY'S   HOSPITAL   MEDICAL   SCHOOL, 

O  PADDINGTON,  W. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  BEGINS  on  OCTOBER  1  with  an  Intro- 
ductory Address,  at  4pm,  by  Dr.  GOW. 

'The  ANNUAL  DINNER  will  be  held  in  the  Evening,  at  the  KING'S 
HALL,  HOLBORN  RESTAURANT,  Mr.  A.  J.  PEPPER,  P.RCS.,  in 
the  Chair. 

ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  IN  NATURAL  SCIENCE. 

One  of  144/.,  Two  of  78/.  15s  ,  One  of  52/.  10s.,  Two  of  57/.  15s.  (these 
Two  open  to  Students  from  Oxford  and  Cambridge),  will  be  awarded  by 
Examination  on  September  22  and  23. 

'There  are  Sixteen  Resident  Appointments  in  the  Hospital  open  to 
Students  without  expense.  The  School  provides  complete  preparation 
for  the  Higher  Examinations  and  Degrees  of  the  Universities.  Special 
attention  is  directed  to  the  fact  that  the  authorities  of  the  Medical 
School  have  for  the  first  time  thrown  open  all  the  Special  Classes  for 
the  Higher  Examinations  free  to  Students.  There  will  in  future  be 
Complete  Courses  of  Special  Tuition  for  the  Intermediate  and  Final 
M.B  Examinations  of  the  Universities  of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and 
London 

The  Residential  College  is  at  present  at  33  and  35,  Westbourne- 
terrace,  W.  'Terms  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Warden,  Mn. 
H.  S.  Collier. 

NEW  OUT-PATIENTS'  DEPARTMENT. 

The  new  Out-Patients'  Department,  which  will  cover  an  area  of  over 
20,000  superficial  square  feet,  is  to  be  ready  by  September  15.  It 
occupies  the  entire  ground  floor  of  the  new  Clarence  Wing,  which, 
when  completed,  will  also  provide  additional  Wards  and  a  Residential 
College  lor  Medical  OHicers  and  Students. 

ENLARGEMENT  OF  THE  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 
A  fresh  Laboratory,  fitted  with  electric  light  and  all  modern  improve- 
ments, for  the  study  of  Biology,  Pathology,  and  Bacteriology,  has  been 
added  this  year. 

The  whole  of  the  buildings  hitherto  used  for  the  Out-Patients' 
Department  of  the  Hospital  has  been  apportioned  to  the  Medical 
School  for  purposes  of  New  Laboratories,  Class-Rooras,  and  a  New 
Museum.  'There  will  be  a  complete  re-organization  of  the  Pathological 
Department,  with  provision  of  extensive  New  Laboratories  for  Patho- 
logy and  Bacteriology,  and  an  improved  Museum  for  Pathological 
Specimens,  with  a  special  Anatomical  Department 
For  Prospectus  apply  to  Ma   F.  H.  Madden,  School  Secretary. 

G.  P.  FIELD,  Dean. 
A.  P.  LUFF,  M.D.,  Sub-Dean. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHEN.ffiUM  can  bo 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR  -  MER,  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER.  CALAIS.  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK,  HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rlvoll,  Parlg. 

PUY'S    HOSPITAL.— ENTRANCE    SCHOLAR- 

vT  SHIPS  to  be  competed  for  in  SEPTEMBER,  1897 —Two  Open 
Scholarships  in  Arts.  One  of  the  value  of  100/.  open  to  Candidates  under 
Twenty  years  of  age.  and  One  of  50/.  open  to  Candidates  under  'Twenty- 
five  years  of  age.  Two  Open  Scholarships  in  Science.  One  of  the  value 
of  150/  and  another  of  60/..  open  to  Candidates  under  Twenty-five  years 
of  age  One  Open  Scholarship  for  University  Students  who  have  com- 
pleted their  study  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  of  the  value  of  50/. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  'I  utors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad  —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster-place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
'THRING  &  CO.,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  ot 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  iX  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements.— 36,  Sackville-street,  W. 

ADVERTISER  will  be  glad  to  JOIN  CORRE- 
SPONDENCE  CLASSES  in  French  or  Italian  History,  prepara- 
tion for  Cam  Higher  Local.  Group  H— Please  send  full  particulars  to 
Miss  K.  Barker,  Cocking,  Midhurst,  Sussex. 

1ITERARY  ENTERPRISE.— A  few  Gentlemen 
J  interested  in  Educational  and  Literary  matters  required  to  com- 
plete Private  Syndicate  Emplovment  can  be  secured  by  suitable 
applicant  Principals  and  Solicitors  only— For  particulars  and  inter- 
view write  Scribe,  at  Hilbum's  Advertisement  Ofllee,  379.  Strand. 

MR.    BARRY    PAIN'S    LECTURE    on  the 
HUMOUR  of  WOMEN— For  terms  and  dates  apply  to  James  B. 
Pinker,  Effingliam  House,  Arundel-street,  Strand,  W.C. 


LADY    UNDERTAKES    TYPE-WRITING.— 
Classical  and  Foreign  MSS.  receive  special  care.    Translations.— 
Address  Graduate,  care  of  Reynell  &  Son,  44,  Chancery-lane,  WO. 


TYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style.    Id.   per  folio 
of  72  words.    References  to  Anthers.— Miss  Gladdino,  23,  Lans- 
downe-gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

'^rYPE-WRITING.— Author's  (English)  MSS.  only. 

I  —An  educated  Woman  wishes  to  undertake  the  entire  COPYING 
WORK  of  a  WRITER  to  whom  care  and  intelligence  are  more  import- 
ant than  speed.  'Terms,  Is.  per  1,000  words.- Address  E.  W.,  St. 
Katherine's,  Mount  Park-road,  Ealing. 


'T'HB      EXCEL       TYPE-WRITING      CO., 

49,  BROAD-STREET  HOUSE,  OLD  BROAD-STREET, 

WANTS  YOUR  TYPE- WRITING. 


SPECIAL  TERMS  TO  AUTHORS,  LITTfiRATEURS,  AND 
PLAYWRIGHTS. 


SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.— Confidential  Secre- 
tary Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Natural  Science  Tripos),  sends  out 
Daily  a  trained  staft' of  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries,  expert  Steno- 
graphers and  Typists.  Special  staff  of  French  and  German  Reporters. 
Literary  and  Commercial  'Translations  into  and  from  all  Languages. 
Speciality— Dutch  'Translations,  French,  German,  and  Medical  Type- 

wvitfinff 

INDEXING.— SECRETARIAL  BUREAU.  9,  Strand.  London.  Trained 
staff  of  Indexers  Speciality— Medical  Indexing.  Libraries  Catalogued. 
Pupils  trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

I'^YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

-L  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words.- N.  Taylor, 
74.  Chaneery-lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  6690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator,  London." 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.     Established  1879. 

J.  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  1,  Paternoster-row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years' practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free  —Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BoROHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster-row. 

rj^O    AUTHORS,  — The    ROXBURGHB    PRESS, 

J.  Limited,  15,  VlctoriarStreet,  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE 
MANUSCRIPTS  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
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210 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°3642,  Aug.  14, '97 


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had 

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J.  MOTIONS. 

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w 


rORKS  by  the  late   MISS  JEAN  INGELOW. 


STOEIKS  TOLD  to  a  CHILD.    By  Jean  Ikgelow. 

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which  seem  to  be  perfection  from  whatever  point  we  regard  them." 

tipectator. 

STUDIES  for  STORIES.     From  Girls'  Lives.     By 

JEAN  INGELOW      Illustrated  Title  and  Frontispiece  from  Draw 
ings  by  Gordon  Browne.    Large  crown  8vo.  cloth  boar  Is.  3s.  Sd. 

MOPSA  the  FAIRY.     By  JEAN  Ingelow.     Illus- 
trated.   Large  crown  8vo.  cloth  boards,  3s.  6if. 

A  SISTER'S  BYE-HOURS.     By  Jean  Ingelow. 

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N"  3642,  Aug.  U,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


211 


NEW     HISTORICAL     ROMANCE 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'THE  HONOUR  OF  SAVELLI.' 


JUST  PUBLISHED,  crown  8vo.  6s. 

THE      CHEVALIER     D'AURIAC: 

A  Romance  of  the  Days  of  Henri  Quatre. 
By  S.  LEVETT- YEATS. 

WORLD.—"  An  excellent  and  most  acceptable  romance  of  French  history." 

ACADEMV.—"  As  a  story  it  bustles  along  nobly.    The  clash  of  steel  sounds  from  start  to  finish." 

BOOKMAN.—"  This  is  unquestionably  the  best  cloak-and-sword  story  that  the  past  few  months  have  produced." 

SKETCH. — "  Must  have  a  special  welcome  for  its  timeliness May  be  counted  on  for  amusement,  and  will  certainly 

have  its  place  in  many  holiday  packs." 

GLASGOW  IIKUALD.—"  Paris,  when  Henry  of  Navarre  had  bought  the  city  with  a  mass,  was  a  fitting  arena  for  the 
display  of  deeds  of  chivalry,  and  Mr.  Levett- Yeats  gives  us  highly  interesting  descriptions  of  its  streets  and  devious  ways, 
and  of  the  odd  persons  who  thronged  them." 

Mb.  James  Payn  in  the  ILLUSTliATED  LOS  DON  KEWS.~"\Vei  have  full-length  portraits  of  Henry  IV.,  of 
Biron,  of  Sully,  and  others  of  that  brilliant  court.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  picturesque  description,  and  any  amount  of 
fighting ;  the  whole  story  is  written  with  vigour,  and,  as  it  were,  at  a  burst." 

SPEAKER  —"  Every  page  of  this  exciting  narrative  bristles  with  sensation,  and  every  chapter  has  its  climax  and  its 

catastrophe All  who  like  to  be  carried  along  on  the  swift  current  of  an  admirably  told  story  of  adventure  will  find  the 

'  Chevalier  d'Auriac '  entirely  to  their  taste." 

LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO.  London,  New  York,  and  Bombay. 


OUIDA'S    NEW  NOVEL. 


SECOND  EDITION. 


A    N 


L    T    E    U    I    S 


By    OUIDA. 

Cloth,  2s.  6d. 
London:    T.  FISHER  UNWIN. 


NOTICE. 


NOTES     AND      QUERIES. 

The  VOLUME,    JANUARY   to   JUNE,    1897, 

With  the  Index,  price  10s.  6d.,   IS  NOW  READY. 
***  The  Index  separately,  price  6d. ;  by  post,  e^d.     Also  Cases  for  Binding,  price  1.?. ;  by  post,  Is.  3d. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.G. 


W       C.       BENNETT'S      POEMS. 

The  GOLDEN  LIBRABY— Square  16mo.  cloth,  2s. 

CONTRIBUTIONS    to   a  BALLAD  HISTORY  of 

ENGLAND. 

^(toi«um,— "Thesp  ballads  are  spirited  and  stirring ;  such  are 'The 
Fs.ll  of  Harald  Hardraaa,' '  Old  BeBbow,' '  Marston  Moor,'  and  •  Corporal 
John.'  the  soldier's  name  for  the  famous  Duke  of  Marlborough  which  is 
a  specially  good  ballad.  '  Queen  Eleanor's  Vengeance  '  is  aVividly  told 
story.  Coming  to  more  modern  times,  'The  Deeds  of  Wellington' 
'  Inkermann,'  and  '  lialaklava '  are  excellently  well  said  and  sung  As  a 
book  of  ballads,  interesting  to  all  who  have  liritish  blood  in  their  veins 
Dr.  Bennett's  contribution  will  be  welcome.  Dr.  Bennett's  ballads  will 
leave  a  strong  impression  on  the  memory  of  those  who  read  them." 

SONGS  for  SAILORS. 

Sloming  Pos(— "Spirited,  melodious,  and  vigoronsly  graphic  " 

Doify  Neirs.—"  Very  spirited."  ^  o     j-      • 

Pall  Mall  O/tzttte.—"  Rea.\\y  admirable." 

Morning  Advertiser—"  Sure  of  a  wide  popularity  " 

.To/m  Bk((.—"  Very  successful." 

Metropolitan.—"  Instinct  with  patriotic  Are  " 

Illustrated  London  Keics.—"  Kight  well  done  " 

Kews  of  the  liyid---"  There  is  real  poetry  in  these  songs  " 

Mirror—  With  admirable  felicity  he  embodies  national  sentiments 
and  emotions  which  stir  the  hearts  of  the  people  "  senumenis 

.EWio.— -'These  songs  are  literally  written  for  sailors  and  they  are 
precisely  the  kind  of  songs  that  sailors  most  enjoy  " 

thfgenu{ne™ng~'' ''^''^'^  '""^'  "''" * '™^  ''^■^'5'  mark,  and  give  out 
£n,miner.—" i-vU  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment  and 
having  a  simple  dashing,  musical  roll  and  movementthl?  reZ"nds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailors,  and  the  touches  of 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisely  of  the  kind  that  they  will  reUsh^' 

Xlli-s-Serhf ^aJe  d'Ssfg^e'd'"^''"  ""^"'''^  "'"^  '"^^  «'-^  for%t!^^l 

ma^Tlfofmbto""^'  '^''^  '"^  ""^^  °^-  ^"^^^  »^  '^''^■^  "^P  the 

London :  Chatto  &  Wlndus,  110  and  111,  St.  Martin's-lane,  W.C. 


T'HE      NINETEENTH      CENTURY. 
No.  216.    AUGUST  1897. 

FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  and  the  ENGLAND  of  the  JUBILEE.    By  Francis 
de  Pressensd  (Foreign  Editor  of  Le  Temps). 

The  TOURIST  in  IRELAND.    By  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Mayo. 

FROM  INSIDE  JOHANNESBURG  :  a  Narrative  of  Facts.    By  Lionel 
Phillips. 

PSYCHICAL  RESEARCH  and  an  ALLEGED  "HAUNTED  HOUSE" 

By  Miss  A.  Goodrich-Freer  ("Miss  X"). 
SCHOOL  CHILDREN  as  WAGE  EABNERS.    By  Mrs  Hogg. 
ELIZABETHAN  REJOICINGS  ;  a  Retrospect.  By  Ed.  Vincent  Reward. 
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London : 

WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford-street,  W.C: 


N"  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


213 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST  I4,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

P*GE 

R.  L.  Stevenson  213 

The  Liteuary   History  of  the   American  Hevo- 

LUTION  2]5 

Studies  in  Medieval  History 216 

The  War  in  Thessaly  216 

Mr.  Courthope's  History  ok  English  Poetry       ...    218 

Balzac  in  England    219 

A  Mediaeval  Bishop 221 

Books  of  Travel        221 

Contributions  to  the  History  of  Oxford 224 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      221—225 
•A   Tale   of   Two   Tunnels';    Adam   Asnyk;   The 
Clerk  of  the  Ships;  Chaucer's  "Kaptus"  of 

Cecilia  Chaumpaigne 225—225 

Literary  Gossip  226 

Science— JoRET  on  Plants  in  Antiquity;  Library 
Table;    Prof.    Victor  Meyer;    Astronomical 

Notes;  Gossip       227—229 

Pink  Arts  — Miniatures  in  Montagu  House;  The 
Arch.eological  Societies  ;  The  Royal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  ;  Gossip     229—233 

Musio-Bayreuth  Festival  ;  Mr.  William  Small- 
wood  ;  Gossip        234 

Drama-Das  Griechische  Theater;  Gossip        2.35—235 


LITERATURE 


The  Works  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  Edin- 
burgh Edition.  Vols.  I.-XXIV.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.,  &c.) 

(First  Notice  ) 

C.4.N  Prince  Posterity  resist  a  novelist  whose 
collected  works  are  handed  down  to  him  in 
a  form  so  beautiful  as  this,  and  under  an 
editorship  so  thorough  as  this,  so  careful, 
and  80  loving?  That  potentate,  to  whom 
poor  Stevenson's  eyes  were  turned  down 
to  the  very  last  in  the  paradisal  prison 
which  he  longed  to  immortalize,  is  a 
whimsical  prince  who  has  the  ill-bred 
habit  of  ignoring  the  physical  part  of  a 
book  and  attending  only  to  the  spiritual — 
who  will  cherish,  indeed,  the  worst  edited 
volume  in  the  English  tongue— the  folio 
Shakspeare  of  1623— and  leave  covered  with 
dust  the  works  of  Ben  Jonson,  carefully 
edited  by  Ben  himself.  Can  he  be 
coaxed  by  all  this  sumptuousness  of  type 
and  paper  into  accepting  Eobert  Louis 
Stevenson  as  a  classic?  Delighted  indeed 
should  we  be  to  believe  it,  for  it  would  be 
sad  to  think  that  he  who  used  to  sit  "late 
into  the  night,"  "  toiling  to  leave  a  memory 
behind  him,"  failed  in  an  aspiration  which, 
though  not  the  noblest,  is  still  perhaps 
noble.  Moreover,  it  would  be  pleasant  to 
think  that  all  the  affectionate  solicitude  of 
his  friends  to  win  for  him  the  Prince's 
suffrages  was  not  thrown  away. 

That  Stevenson  had  the  kind  of  genius 
which  manifests  itself  in  a  strong  magnetic 
personality  is  made  clear,  now  that  his 
voice  IS  still,  by  the  loyalty  of  his  friends. 
Would  that  the  memory  of  certain  other 
dead  men  we  could  name— men  greater  than 
he --had  encountered  the  same  loyalty' 
Dead  as  living,  no  writer  surely  has  owed 
so  much  to  the  affection  of  friends  as 
Stevenson.  Every  writing  man  may  be 
said  to  begin  life  well  who  has  the  good 
luck  to  be  born  north  of  the  Tweed.  Scotch- 
men are  sufficiently  few  in  number  to  be 
legitimately  clannish,  and  they  never  fail  to 
exercise  their  right.  Second  to  his  own 
fame,  every  Scot  has  the  fame  of  every 
other  Scot  at  heart.    Even  Carlyle  gloried 


in  the  "  Waverley  Novels  "  until  Sir  Walter 
seemed  to  snub  him,  when  straightway 
he  found  them  barren.  No  doubt  if  this 
clannishness  were  resented  in  England 
matters  would  not  run  so  smoothly  with  the 
writing  Scot.  But  Englishmen  are  too  many 
to  be  clannish  themselves,  and  they  take  with 
a  smile  the  quaint  doings  of  the  mutual  admi- 
ration society  beyond  the  Tweed.  In  London, 
Stevenson  had  at  his  feet  a  group  of  Eng- 
lish pressmen  who  proclaimed  him  to  be  the 
great  novelist  of  the  age — a  sortof  sublimated 
Walter  Scott.  It  was  refreshing  to  hear  them. 
At  first  the  cry  was  "  Scott  and  Stevenson  ": 
at  last  it  was  "  Stevenson  and  Scott."  Yea, 
the  greatest  imaginative  writer  that  has 
appeared  in  Great  Britain  since  Shakspeare 
died  was  compared,  and  to  his  disadvantage, 
with  a  novelist  whose  characters  already  are 
fainting  in  the  struggle  for  life ;  for  even 
now,  within  three  years  of  his  death,  the 
public  writers  seem  to  be  able  to  remember 
only  two  —  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde. 
"Stevenson  has  style,"  said  these  loving 
brothers  of  the  pen,  "  and  remember  that 
Scott  has  none."  Cobbett,  when  prostrated 
by  pessimistic  thoughts  about  the  future  of 
the  British  Constitution,  exclaimed,  "  Thank 
God,  we  have  a  House  of  Lords."  And  in 
the  same  way  did  many  a  literary  student, 
when  inclined  to  pessimistic  misgivings 
about  the  lovely  nature  of  the  writing  man, 
exclaim,  "  Thank  God,  we  have  Stevenson 
and  the  Savile  Club." 

Not  even  the  sweetness  of  Stevenson's 
disposition  could  have  saved  him  from 
friends  like  these  had  it  not  been  for  his 
stock  of  common  sense.  Of  this  sweetness  of 
disposition  and  of  this  good  sense  we  could 
quote  many  instances  ;  but  let  one  suffice. 
When  '  Kidnapped  '  appeared,  although  in 
reviewing  it  we  enjoyed  the  great  pleasure 
of  giving  high  praise  to  certain  parts  of  that 
delightful  narrative,  we  refused  to  be  scared 
by  Stevenson's  friends  from  making  certain 
strictures.  It  occurred  to  us  that  while 
some  portions  of  the  story  were  full  of 
that  organic  detail  of  which  Scott  was  such 
a  master  and  without  which  no  really  vital 
story  can  be  told,  it  was  not  so  with  certain 
other  parts.  From  this  we  drew  the  con- 
clusion that  the  book  really  consisted  of 
two  distinct  parts,  two  stories  which  Steven- 
son had  tried  in  vain  to  weld  into  one.  We 
surmised  that  the  purely  Jacobite  adventures 
of  BaKour  and  Alan  Breck  were  written 
first,  and  that  then  the  writer,  anxious 
to  win  the  suffrages  of  the  general  novel- 
reader  (whose  power  is  so  great  with  Byles 
the  Butcher),  looked  about  him  for  some 
story  on  the  old  lines ;  that  he  experienced 
great  difficulty  in  finding  one  ;  and  that  he 
was  at  last  driven  upon  the  old  situation  of 
the  villain  uncle  plotting  to  make  away  with 
the  nephew  by  kidnapping  him  and  sending 
him  off  to  the  plantations.  The  Athenceum, 
whose  kindness  towards  all  writers,  poets 
and  prosemen,  great  and  small,  has  won  for 
it  such  an  infinity  of  gratitude,  said  this, 
but  in  its  usual  kind  and  gentle  way.  This 
aroused  the  wrath  of  the  Stevensonians. 
Yet  we  were  not  at  all  surprised  to  get  from 
the  author  of  '  Kidnapped  '  himself  a  charm- 
ing letter,  from  which  the  following  sen- 
tences may  be  given  : — 

"I  wish  to  thank  you  for  your  notice  of 
'  Kidnapped,'  and  that  not  because  it  was  kind, 
though  for  that  also  I  valued  it,  but  in  the 


same  sense  as  I  have  thanked  you  before  now 
for  a  hundred  articles  on  a  hundred  different 
writers  —  you  who  fight  the  good   fight,   con- 
tending with  stupidity,  and  I  would  fain  hope 
not  all  in  vain  ;  in  my  own  case,  for  instance, 
surely  not  in  vain.     What  you  say  of  the  two 
parts  in  '  Kidnapped  '  was  felt  by  no  one   more 
painfully  than  by  myself.     I  began  it  partly  as 
a  lark,  partly  as  a  pot-boiler  ;  and  suddenly  it 
moved.     David  and  Alan  stepped  out  from  the 
canvas,  and  I  found  I  was  in  another  world. 
But  there   was   the   cursed   beginning,   and   a 
cursed  end  must  be  appended,  and  an  old  friend, 
Byles  the  Butcher,  was  plainly  audible,  tapping 
at  the   back   door.     So  it  had  to  go  into   the 
world,  one  part  (as  it  does  seem  to  me)  alive, 
one  part  merely  galvanized  :  no  work,  only  an 
essay.     For  a   man   of  tentative   method,  and 
weak  health,  and  a  scarcity  of  private  means, 
and  not  too  much  of  that  frugality  which  is  the 
artist's  proper  virtue,  the  days  of  sinecures  and 
patrons  look  very  golden,  the  days  of  profes- 
sional literature  very  hard.     Yet  I  do  not  so  far 
deceive  myself  as  to  think  I  should  change  any 
character  by  changing  my  epoch  ;  the  sum  of 
virtue  in  our  books  is  in  a  relation  of  equality  to 
the  sum  of  virtues  in  ourselves  ;  and  my  '  Kid- 
napped '  was  doomed  while  still  in  the  womb, 
and  while  I  was  yet  in  the  cradle,  to  be  the 
thing  it  is." 

Thoroughly  characteristic  of  Stevenson 
are  these  words,  and  it  is  because  of  this 
amiability  of  his — no  less  than  on  account  of 
his  talents — that  we  sincerely  hope  he  may 
leave  that  "memory  behind  him"  which 
he  toiled  to  leave.  And  yet  we  tremble  to 
think  of  the  provoking  way  Time  has  of 
making  short  work  with  novels.  For  the 
Fieldings,  Scotts,  Brontes,  Thackerays, 
Dickenses,  and  George  Eliots  that  survive, 
think  of  the  host  whose  very  captains, 
such  as  Bulwer,  Disraeli,  Ainsworth,  G.  P.  R. 
James,  AVilkie  Collins,  Trollope,  are  half 
forgotten.  Nor  is  the  reason  of  this  far  to 
seek. 

Though  it  may  not  be  exactly  true  that 
each  generation  demands  to  be  represented 
by  its  own  poet,  it  seems  that  even  iu  regard 
to  poetry  a  live  dog  is  better  than  a  dead  lion 
if  his  voice  is  attuned  to  the  convolutions  of 
the  contemporary  ear.  But  it  is  largely 
true  that  in  the  wide-spreading  valley  of 
prose  literature  at  the  foot  of  Parnassus 
each  generation  demands  to  be  represented 
by  its  own  novelists,  and  turns  away  from, 
all  but  the  very  few  among  the  novelists  of 
previous  time.  For  one  great  difference^ 
between  a  poem  and  a  novel  is  undoubtedly 
this,  that  a  poem,  ho  wsoever  humble,  professes- 
to  be  and  is  a  work  of  art  written  primarily 
for  the  poet's  own  delectation  —  offered, 
indeed,  as  a  medium  through  which  he 
would  fain  express  that  ego  so  dear  to 
him.  But  a  novel,  howsoever  full  of  lite- 
rary qualities,  is  primarily  a  manufacture 
for  a  market — a  fact  which  Scott  frankly 
confronted,  though  perhaps  not  quite  so 
frankly  as  does  the  novelist  of  the  present 
hour,  who,  improving  even  upon  the  adver- 
tising methods  of  the  late  illustrious  author 
of  '  The  Mysteries  of  London,'  instructs 
the  interviewer  or  paragraphist  in  his  or  her 
employ  to  inform  the  world  of  the  number 
of  copies  printed,  the  rate  of  the  royalty  his 
or  her  publisher  allows  per  copy,  and  the 
amount  of  the  publisher's  cheque — does  this 
as  regularly  as  the  directors  of  a  joint- stock 
business  give  their  balance-sheet  to  the 
world.  We  have  no  quarrel  with  all  this  ; 
we  merely  state  the  fact  that  as  patent  soap, 
mustard,  liver  pills,  and  novels  are  nowa- 


214 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


daj's  in  the  same  category,  tlie  manu- 
facturers of  these  coinniodities  must  allow 
Prince  Posterity  to  have  his  marketing  done 
for  himself. 

"We  have  been  led  to  dwell  at  some  length 
upon  this  subject  through  an  embarrassing 
consciousness  that  what  we  are  about  to 
say  upon  Stevenson's  work  may  vex  and 
hurt  those  fervid  and  too -loving  souls 
who,  as  we  have  shown  above,  are  more 
Stevensonian  than  Stevenson  himself.  Let 
our  excuse  be  that  it  is  the  aim  of 
this  journal,  and  always  has  been,  to 
exercise  a  twofold  function  in  criticism. 
Although  its  main  business,  week  by  week, 
has  beau  to  give  an  account  and  a  brief  criti- 
cism of  the  literature  of  the  hour,  it  has  also 
aspired,  when  occasion  arose,  to  take  up  a 
higher  ground — iu  a  word,  it  has  aspired  to 
deal  with  those  laws  of  cause  and  effect  in 
literary  art  which  are  unchangeable  and 
eternal.  And  when  a  place  has  been  claimed 
for  a  contemporary  writer  in  the  classic 
literature  of  the  world  it  has  tried — honestlj' 
and  faithfully  tried,  according  to  its  lights — 
to  find  a  proper  place  for  him.  But  then  it 
must  be  remembered  that  in  exercising 
these  two  functions  it  often  becomes  neces- 
sary to  apply  to  one  and  the  same  writer 
canons  of  criticism  of  two  opposite  kinds. 
That  loose  leniency  of  judgment  which  may 
be  rightly  exercised  when  the  critic  has  only 
to  balance  one  work  of  contemporary  fiction 
with  another  would  be  quite  out  of  place 
when,  in  discussing  an  edition  like  this,  a 
vrriter's  entire  works  are  confronted  in  order 
that  his  proper  place  may  be  found  in  the 
fieldof  universal  criticism.  Take,  for  instance, 
the  little  story  '  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,'  the 
laudatory  criticism  upon  which  is  in  bulk, 
as  regards  the  story  itself,  like  the  comet's 
tail  iu  relation  to  the  comet.  On  its  appear- 
ance as  a  story,  a  "shilling  shocker"  for 
the  railway  bookstalls,  the  critic's  attention 
was  directed  to  its  vividness  of  narrative 
and  kindred  qualities,  and  though  perfectly 
conscious  of  its  worthlessness  in  the  world 
of  literary  art,  he  might  well  be  justified 
in  comparing  it  to  its  advantage  with  other 
stories  of  its  class  and  literary  standing. 
But  when  it  is  offered  as  a  classic — and  this 
is  really  how  it  is  offered  —  it  has  to  be 
judged  by  critical  canons  of  a  very  different 
kind.  It  has  then  to  be  compared  and  con- 
trasted with  stories  having  a  like  motive — 
stories  that  deal  with  an  idea  as  old  as  the 
^oldest  literature — as  old,  no  doubt,  as  those 
primeval  daj's  when  man  awoke  to  the  con- 
sciousness that  he  is  a  moral  and  a  re- 
sponsib'e  being — stories  whose  temper  has 
always  been  up  to  now  of  the  loftiest  kind. 

It  is  many  years  since,  in  writing  of 
the  *  Pariibles  of  Buddhaghosha,'  it  was 
our  business  to  treat  at  length  of  the  grand 
idea  of  man's  dual  nature,  and  the  many 
beautiful  forms  in  which  it  has  been  em- 
bodied. We  said  then  that,  from  the  lovely 
modern  story  of  Arsene  Houssaye,  where 
a  young  man,  starting  along  life's  road,  sees 
on  a  lawn  a  beautiful  girl  and  loves  her, 
and  afterwards — when  sin  has  soiled  him — ■ 
finds  that  she  was  his  own  soul,  stained  now 
by  his  own  sin ;  and  from  the  still  more 
impressive  though  less  lovely  modern  story 
of  Edgar  Poe,  *  William  Wilson,'  up  to  the 
earliest  allegories  upon  the  subject,  no  writer 
or  story-teller  had  dared  to  degrade  by  gross 
treatment  a  motive  of  such  universal  appeal 


to  the  great  heart  of  the  "  Great  Man,  Man- 
kind." We  traced  the  idea,  as  far  as  our 
knowledge  went,  through  Calderon,  back  to 
Oriental  sources,  and  found,  as  we  then 
could  truly  affirm,  that  this  motive — from 
the  ethical  point  of  view  the  most  pathetic 
and  solemn  of  all  motives — had  been  always 
treated  with  a  nobility  and  a  greatness 
that  did  honour  to  literary  art.  Manu, 
after  telling  us  that  "  single  is  each  man 
born  into  the  world  —  single  dies,"  im- 
plores each  one  to  "collect  virtue"  in 
order  that  after  death  he  maybe  met  by  the 
virtuous  part  of  his  dual  self,  a  beautiful 
companion  and  guide  in  traversing  "  that 
gloom  which  is  so  hard  to  be  traversed." 
Fine  as  this  is,  it  is  surpassed  by  an 
Arabian  story  we  then  quoted  (since 
versified  by  Sir  Edwin  Arnold) — the  story 
of  the  wicked  king  who  met  after  death  a 
frightful  hag  for  an  eternal  companion,  and 
found  her  to  be  only  a  part  of  his  own  dual 
nature,  the  embodiment  of  his  own  evil 
deeds.  And  even  this  is  surpassed  by 
that  lovely  allegory  in  Arda  Viraf,  in 
which  a  virtuous  soul  in  Paradise,  walking 
amid  pleasant  trees  whose  fragrance  was 
wafted  from  God,  meets  a  part  of  his 
own  dual  nature,  a  beautiful  maiden,  who 
says  to  him,  ''  0  youth,  I  am  thine  own 
actions." 

And  we  instanced  other  stories  and 
allegories  equally  beautiful,  in  which  this 
supreme  thought  has  been  treated  as 
poetically  as  it  deserves.  It  was  left  for 
Stevenson  to  degrade  it  into  a  hideous 
tale  of  mui'der  and  Whitechapel  mystery — 
a  story  of  astonishing  brutality,  in  which 
the  separation  of  the  two  natures  of  the 
man's  soul  is  effected,  not  by  psychological 
development,  and  not  by  the  "awful  al- 
chemy" of  the  spirit -world  beyond  the 
grave,  as  in  all  the  previous  versions, 
but  by  the  operation  of  a  dose  of  some 
supposed  new  drug. 

If  the  whole  thing  is  meaut  as  a  horrible 
joke,  in  imitation  of  De  Quincey's  '  Murder 
considered  as  One  of  the  Fine  Arts,'  it  tells 
poorly  for  Stevenson's  sense  of  humour.  If 
it  is  meant  as  a  serious  allegorj',  it  is  an 
outrage  upon  the  grand  allegories  of  the 
same  motive  with  which  most  literatures 
have  been  enriched.  That  a  story  so  coarse 
should  have  met  with  the  plaudits  that 
'  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde '  met  with 
at  the  time  of  its  publication  —  that  it 
should  now  be  quoted  in  leading  articles 
of  important  papers  every  few  days,  while 
all  the  various  and  beautiful  render- 
ings of  the  motive  are  ignored  —  what 
does  it  mean  ?  Is  it  a  sign  that  the 
"shrinkage  of  the  world,"  the  "solidarity 
of  civilization,"  making  the  record  of  each 
day's  doings  too  big  for  the  day,  has  worked 
a  great  change  in  our  public  writers  ?  Is  it 
that  they  not  only  have  no  time  to  think, 
but  no  time  to  read  anything  beyond  the 
publications  of  the  hour?  Is  it  that  good 
work  is  unknown  to  them  and  that 
bad  work  is  forced  upon  them,  and  that 
in  their  busy  ignorance  they  must  needs 
accept  it  and  turn  to  it  for  convenient  illus- 
tration ?  That  Stevenson  should  have  been 
impelled  to  write  the  story  shows  what 
the  '  Suicide  Club  '  had  already  shown,  that 
underneath  the  apparent  health  which 
gives  such  a  charm  to  '  Treasure  Island ' 
and    '  Kidnapped '   there  was   that  morbid 


strain  which  is  so  often  associated  with 
physical  disease. 

Had  it  not  been  for  the  influence  upon 
him  of  the  healthiest  of  all  writers  since 
Chaucer — Walter  Scott — Stevenson  might 
have  been  in  the  ranks  of  those  pompous 
problem-mongers  of  fiction  and  the  stage 
who  do  their  best  to  make  life  hideous.  It 
must  be  remembered  that  he  was  a  critic 
first  and  a  creator  afterwards.  He  himself 
tells  us  how  critically  he  studied  the  methods 
of  other  writers  before  he  took  to  writing 
himself.  No  one  really  understood  better 
than  he  Hesiod's  fine  saying  that  the  muses 
were  born  in  order  that  they  might  be  a 
forgetfulness  of  evils  and  a  truce  from 
cares.  No  one  understood  better  than  he 
Joubert's  saying,  "Fiction  has  no  business 
to  exist  unless  it  is  more  beautiful  than 
reality :  in  literature  the  one  aim  is  the 
beautiful ;  once  lose  sight  of  that,  and  you 
have  the  mere  frightful  reality."  And  for 
the  most  part  he  succeeded  in  keeping  down 
the  morbid  impulses  of  a  spirit  imprisoned 
and  fretted  in  a  crazy  body. 

Save  in  such  great  mistakes  as  '  Dr. 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde '  and  a  few  other 
stories,  Stevenson  acted  upon  Joubert's 
excellent  maxim.  But  Scott,  and  Scott 
alone,  is  always  right  in  this  matter — right 
by  instinct.  He  alone  is  always  a  delight. 
If  all  art  is  dedicated  to  joy,  as  Schiller 
declares,  and  if  there  is  no  higher  and  more 
serious  problem  than  how  to  make  men 
happy,  then  the  "  Waverley  Novels"  are 
among  the  most  precious  things  in  the 
literature  of  the  world. 

It  is  in  literarj'  criticism  especially  that 
the  wise  man  refuses  to  prophesy  unless  he 
knows,  and  no  man  knows  anything  about 
what  the  future  will  do  with  any  writer  or 
any  book.  But  in  the  long  run  the  work  of 
every  artist  in  imaginative  literature,  from 
Homer  to  Dickens,  is  remembered  by  his 
characters,  and  by  his  characters  alone.  And 
the  secret  of  the  character- drawing  of  the 
great  masters  seems  to  be  this  :  while  mould- 
ing the  character  from  broad  general  ele- 
ments, from  universal  types  of  humanity, 
they  are  able  to  delude  the  reader's  imagi- 
nation into  mistaking  the  picture  for  real 
portraiture,  and  this  they  achieve  by 
making  the  portrait  seem  to  be  drawn  from 
particular  and  peculiar  individual  traits, 
instead  of  from  generalities,  and  especially 
by  hiding  away  all  purposes  —  a3sthetic, 
ethic,  or  political.  Stevenson  as  a  critic 
was  fully  conscious  of  this  law  of  imagina- 
tive art. 

One  great  virtue  of  the  great  masters 
Stevenson  appreciated  to  the  full,  their 
winsome  softness  of  touch  in  character 
drawing.  We  are  not  fond  of  comparing 
literary  with  pictorial  art,  but  between  the 
work  of  the  novelist  and  the  work  of  the 
portrait  painter  there  does  seem  a  true 
analogy  as  regards  the  hardness  and 
softness  of  touch  in  the  drawing  of  cha- 
racters. In  landscape  painting  that  hard- 
ness which  the  general  public  love  is 
a  fault ;  but  in  portrait  painting  so  im- 
portant is  it  to  avoid  hardness  that  unless 
the  picture  seems  to  have  been  blown  upon 
the  canvas,  as  in  the  best  work  of  Gains- 
borough, rather  than  to  have  been  laid  upon 
it  by  the  brush,  the  painter  has  not  achieved 
a  perfect  success.  In  the  imaginative  litera- 
ture of  England  the  two  great  masters  of  this 


N°3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


softness  of  touch  in  portraiture  are  Addison 
and  Sterne.  Three  or  four  hardly-drawn 
lines  in  Sir  Roger,  or  the  two  Shandys,  or 
Corporal  Trim  would  have  so  completely 
ruined  the  portraits  that  they  would  never 
have  come  down  to  us.  Close  upon  Addison 
comes  Fielding,  and  then  Scott,  in  whose 
vast  gallery  almost  every  portrait  is  painted 
with  a  Gainsborough  softness.  Scarcely  one 
is  limned  with  those  hard  lines  which  are 
too  often  apt  to  mar  the  glorious  work  of 
Dickens.  After  Scott  comes  Thackerav, 
unless  it  be  Mrs,  Gaskell.  AVe  are  not  in 
this  article  dealing  with,  or  even  alluding 
to,  contemporary  writers,  or  we  might  easily 
say  what  novelists  follow  Mrs.  Gaskell. 
Whether  or  not  Stevenson's  instinct  was 
for  hardness  or  softness  of  touch,  the  '  New 
Arabian  Nights'  show  that  he  did  not  at 
first  achieve  softness. 

His  imagination,  though  not  robust,  was 
fine,  and  it  was  based  on  reason.  He  was 
always  able  to  give  a  good  account  of  his 
incidents,  and  ready  to  do  so.  In  a  letter 
now  before  us  he  says,  speaking  of  the  fight 
on  board  the  Covenant  in  '  Kidnapped': 

'I  David  and  Alan  had  every  advantage  on 
their  side,  position,  arms,  training,  a  good  con- 
science ;  a  handful  of  merchant  sailors,  not  well 
led  in  the  first  attack,  not  led  at  all  in  the 
second,  could  only  by  an  accident  have  taken 
the  round  house  by  attack  ;  and  since  the  de- 
fenders had  fire  and  arms  and  food,  it  is  even 
doubtful  if  they  could  have  been  starved  out. 
The  only  doubtful  point  with  me  is  whether  the 
seamen  would  have  ever  ventured  on  the  second 
onslaught  :  I  half  believe  they  would  not." 

But  with  all  his  undoubted  talents,  and 
with  all  his  study  of  and  insight  into  the 
artistic  methods  of  the  masters,  has  Steven- 
son created  any  characters  so  new  and  so 
true  that  they  will  take  their  places  in 
the_  great  portrait  gallery  of  classic  English 
fiction  ?  Certainly  there  are  one  or  two  that 
ought  to  live  if  room  can  be  found  for  them. 
Among  these  we  are  not  sure  that  we  can 
place  Alan  Breck.  He  is  delightful,  but  a 
delightful  bit  of  Sir  Walter's  imagination. 
If  the  Master  of  Ballantrae  does  not  sur- 
vive, it  will  be  partly  because  of  hard- 
ness of  touch.  Except  for  the  feeble  im- 
pression that  the  character  made  upon  the 
critics  (who  must,  in  some  degree,  be  taken 
to  express  the  general  feeling),  we  should 
have  prophesied  a  long  life  for  Catriona. 
She  is  a,  perfectly  delightful  character, 
delightfully  rendered. 

The  discussion  of  Stevenson's  poetry  we 
must  leave  till  next  week. 


215 


TJie  Literary  History  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion  1,63.1783.  By  Moses  Coit  Tyler. 
Vol.  I.  (Putnam's  Sons.) 
A  HISTORY  of  the  American  Eevolution 
which  IS  novel,  interesting,  and  useful 
deserves  a  hearty  welcome.  Prof  Tvler 
IS  not  only  master  of  his  subject,  but  his 
acquaintance  with  it  enables  him  to  treat  it 
in  a  new  way  and  place  it  in  a  new  li^ht 
In  some  parts  of  his  work  there  are  distinct 
tokens  of  nervousness  lest  he  should  be 
charged  by  his  less  educated  fellow  country- 
men with  being  wanting  in  patriotism;  and 
sometimes,    as    in    his    comments    on    the 

facuul  •'''  -""^  I^d-^Pendence,  his  critical 
laculty  IS  m  abeyance,  or  else  he  sin- 
cerely considers  it  his  duty  to  mao-nify  a 


document  which  is  as  notable  for  demerits 
as  beauties. 

He  deserves  special  credit,  however,  for 
giving  prominence  to  the  fact  that  ono- 
ihird  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  American 
colonies  was  opposed  to  forcible  and  final 
severance  from  the  British  Empire,  while 
holding  it  right  to  insist,  in  every  con- 
stitutional way,  upon  the  redress  of  real 
grievances.  It  was  by  a  majority  of  one 
only  that  the  representatives  in  Congress 
of  the  discontented  colonies  determined  to 
aim  at  separation.  The  majority  had  less 
to_  lose  by  the  projected  change  than  the 
minority.  A  minority  may  be  wealthy, 
highly  cultured,  and  perfectly  logical,  yet 
when  the  majority  determines  to  use  its 
strength  the  minority  will  certainly  be 
crushed  or  absorbed,  and  this  was  what  hap- 
pened. Among  the  weaker  party  there  were 
many  fine  and  noble  spirits  who  maintained 
their  independence  by  seeking  refuge  and 
finding  happier  homes  in  Canada. 

That  Prof.  Tyler  understands,  and  appa- 
rently regrets  this,  is  clear  from  the  following 
passage  at  p.  296  : — 

"  Even  yet,  in  this  last  decade  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  it  is  by  no  means  easy  for 
Americans— especially  if,  as  is  the  case  with  the 
present  writer,  they  be  descended  from  men  who 
thought  and  fought  on  behalf  of  the  Revolution 
—to  take  a  disinterested  attitude,  that  is,  an  his- 
torical one,  to  those  Americans  who  thought  and 
fought  against  the  Revolution.  Both  as  to  the 
men  and  as  to  the  questions  involved  in  that 
controversy,  the  rehearsal  of  the  claims  of  the 
victorious  side  has  been  going  on  among  us,  now 
for  a  hundred  years  or  more,  in  tradition,  in  his- 
tory, in  oration,  in  song,  in  ceremony.  Hardly 
have  we  known,  seldom  have  we  been  reminded, 
that  the  side  of  the  Loyalists,  as  they  called 
themselves,  of  the  Tories,  as  they  were  scorn- 
fully nicknamed  by  their  opponents,  was  even 
in  argument  not  a  weak  one,  and  in  motive  and 
sentiment  not  a  base  one,  and  in  devotion  and 
self-sacrifice  not  an  unheroic  one." 

Many  of  the  works  from  which  Prof.  Tyler 
quotes  are  now  extremely  rare  ;  yet  some  of 
the  phrases  have  a  modern  and  familiar  ring. 
In  a  pamphlet  printed  in  London  in  1765, 
of  which  the  contents  had  appeared  in  a 
New  York  newspaper  the  year  before,  it  is 
said  that  the  colonies  are  guarded  from 
external  attack  by  the  fleet  of  Great  Britain, 
and  that, 

"as  we  are  sure  Britain  will  not  oppress  her 
colonies,  and  it  is  evident  that  nothing  else  can 
give  them  either  power  or  inchnation  to  rebel, 
we  may  safely  conclude  that  they  will  remain 
steadfastly  and  firmly  united  to  her,  and,  by 
contributing  to  her  wealth  and  power,  con- 
tinue to  increase  their  own  security  and  that 
dependence  which  they  esteem  their  happi- 
ness, and  which  carries  with  it  so  many  real 
advantages." 

In  1774  a  citizen  of  Philadelphia  wrote 
'A  Few  Political  Eeflections,' in  which  he 
deprecated  alike  the  taxation  of  the  colonies 
by  the  motherland  and  resistance  by  the 
sword  on  the  part  of  the  colonies.  He 
held  that  a  consistent  adherence  to  non- 
importation would  bring  the  Home  Govern- 
ment into  a  compliant  mood.  The  writer 
who  is  supposed  to  be  Eichard  WeUs' 
wished  to  keep  the  Empire  united  because 
he  hoped  that  its  seat  would  be  transferred 
to  America  : — 

"George  the  First,  when  called  to  the 
throne  of  England,  never  harboured  so  absurd 
a  thought   as  to  wield  the   English  sceptre  in 


the  Electorate  of  Hanover.  The  centre  of  his 
dominion  was  the  place  of  his  choice  ;  nor 
would  the  nation  have  been  satisfied  without  it. 
How  long  it  may  be  before  a  similar  translation 
snail  Happen  in  favour  of  America,  I  will  not 
undertake  to  determine.  But,  should  the 
Georges  in  regular  succession  wear  the  British 
diadem  to  a  number  ranking  with  the  Louises 
of  France,  many  a  goodly  prince  of  that  royal 
line  will  have  mingled  his  ashes  with  American 
dust  ;  and  not  many  generations  may  pass  away 
before  one  of  the  first  monarchs  of  the  world, 
ascending  his  throne,  shall  declare  with  exulting 
joy,  '  Born  and  educated  amongst  you,  I  glory 
in  the  name  of  American  !  '  " 

It    has     been    assumed    that,     till     the 
passing   of    the   Stamp   Act   in    1765,    the 
colonists   were    contented    with    their   lot; 
but,    as    Prof.    Tyler   justly    remarks,  this 
is   contrary  to    fact,    as   the   settlers    from 
the   outset    "  had     always    been    sensitive 
to   the    encroachments   of  prerogative,  and 
they  had  always  been  political  grumblers." 
Whether_  the    grumbler    be    a    farmer    or 
a    politician,    he   is   disposed   to  make   the 
worst  of   everything,  and   to  take   a  jaun- 
diced  view  of   his   own   concerns  or  those 
of  the  nation.     Prof.  Tyler  admits  that  his 
ancestors  not  only  grumbled,  but,  to  use  a 
common  phrase,  cried  out  before  they  were 
hurt.     He  says  that  real  evils  were  among 
the  causes  of  the  French  Eevolution.     In 
the    case    of    the   Eevolution    in   America, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  people  did  not  wait, 
according  to  Prof.  Tyler, 
"  until  ideal  evils  had  become  real  evils.     With 
a  political  intelligence  so  alert  and  so  sensitive 
as  to  discern  those   evils  while   still   afar  ofi", 
they   made   their   stand,    not   against    tyranny 
inflicted,  but  only  against  tyranny  anticipated. 
They  produced  the  Revolution,  not  because  they 
were    as    yet    actual     sufi"erers,    but    because 
they  were   good   logicians,  and  were   able    to 
prove   that,  without   resistance,   they  or   their 
children     would     some    day    become      actual 
sufferers." 

The    foregoing   statement   is   a   truthful 
representation  of  facts,  but  is  at  the  same 
time  by  implication  a  censure  of  the  course 
pursued;  neither  is  it  good  logic   to  con- 
tend that  because  a  thing  is  dreaded  it  is 
to  be   treated   as    existent.     Unconsciously 
on  his  part,  the  admissions  of  Prof.   Tyler 
condemn  many  allegations  in  the  Declara- 
tion  of  Independence,  which,  however,   he 
styles  I'  the  most  commanding  and  the  most 
pathetic  utterance  in  any  age,  in  any  lan- 
guage, of  national  grievances  and  of  national 
purposes."  Surely  this  clashes  with  the  state- 
ment  that   the   Eevolution   was    produced, 
not  because  the  people  were  actual  sufferers, 
but  because  they  were  "  good  logicians  "  ! 
The  least  valuable  pages  in  this  volume  are 
those  in  which   the   Declaration   of    Inde- 
pendence is    discussed    and    eulogized    in 
these  terms : — 

"  It  is  a  kind  of  war-song  ;  it  is  a  stately  and 
a  passionate  chant  of  human  freedom  ;  it  is  a 
prose  lyric  of  civil  and  military  heroism." 

In  thus  writing  Prof.  Tyler  is  doubtless 
sincere ;  but  he  is  a  bad  critic.  Indeed,  it 
is  almost  impossible  for  any  American  to 
emancipate  himself  from  youthful  preposses- 
sions and  examine  Jefferson's  work  with 
a  critical  eye.  We  should  think  that  no 
sensible  American  can  read  without  a  smile 
the  passage  in  which  George  III.  is  censured 
"for  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws 
in  a  neighbouring  province  [Canada],  estab- 
lishing therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and 


216 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at 
once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  intro- 
ducing the  same  absolute  rule  into  these 
colonies." 

Prof.  Tyler  combats  the  objections  to  tbe 
phraseology  of  the  document  by  saying  that 
the  wording  resembles  that  of  the  Petition 
of  Eight  and  the  Bill  of  Eights,  yet  he 
overlooks  the  circumstance  that  the  great 
charters  of  English  freedom  are  not  read 
yearly  before  an  uncritical  audience,  and 
belauded  as  if  they  wore  inspired. 

Despite  the  shortcomings  to  which  we 
have  adverted,  this  volume  is  admirable  as  a 
whole.  It  contains  much  that  will  be  new 
to  many  readers,  much  by  which  all  readers 
ought  to  profit ;  its  general  tone  is  excellent, 
the  style  is  agreeable,  and,  if  the  second  be 
like  unto  it,  the  complete  work  will  deserve  a 
high  place  in  American  literature. 


Etudes    dPHistoire   du   Moyen   Age    dediees   a 

Gabriel  Ifonod.  (Paris,  Leopold  Cerf.) 
Few  teachers  have  better  deserved  such  a 
tribute  as  that  which  M.  Gabriel  Monod  has 
received  from  his  old  pupils  on  the  occasion 
of  his  election  as  president  of  the  historical 
and  philological  section  of  the  Ecole  Pra- 
tique des  Hautes-Etudes.  M.  Ernest  Lavisse, 
in  a  graceful  dedication,  points  out  the  great 
change  which  has  come  over  the  higher 
teaching  of  history  in  France  during  the 
past  generation.  Perhaps  the  writer  ex- 
aggerates the  weaknesses  of  the  older 
method ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the 
main  character  of  the  change.  In  the  place 
of  a  system  of  teaching,  such  as  prevails, 
for  instance,  even  now  at  Oxford,  which  aims 
at  distributing  second-hand  information  to 
hearers  who  desire  no  more,  it  established 
one  which  kept  touch  at  every  step  with  the 
primary  authorities.  It  no  longer  became 
a  question  what  Sismondi  or  Martin  said  ; 
the  important  matter  was  to  understand, 
interpret,  and  balance  the  evidence,  let  us 
say,  of  Theganus,  Nithard,  and  the  Astro- 
nomer. Exposition  gave  place  to  criticism. 
The  result  has  been,  no  doubt,  a  somewhat 
excessive  application  to  details,  accompanied 
by  a  frequent  neglect,  if  not  want  of  appre- 
ciation, of  great  principles.  However,  the 
lesson  these  scholars  have  taught  us  is  a 
valuable  one :  the  details  must  be  under- 
stood before  we  can  arrive  at  great  principles, 
and  these  principles  may  turn  out  quite  dif- 
ferent from  what  they  were  supposed  to 
be  at  a  time  when  men  wrote  generalities 
in  a  "philosophical"  spirit. 

The  thirty-one  essays  of  which  the  volume 
before  us  consists  deal   chiefly,  but  not  ex- 
clusively, with  the  history  of  France.     They 
range  into  Yisigothic  and  Byzantine  fields. 
Ecclesiastical  and  economic  history,  and  the 
afiairs   of    countries  so  widely  removed  as 
Poland  and  England,  all  form  the  subject  of 
minute   studies.      It   is   impossible   in   the 
present  notice  to  mention  more  than  a  few 
of  them.     The  English  reader  will  naturally 
turn  to  M.  Petit-Dutaillis's  paper,  entitled 
'  Les  Predications  Populairas,  les  Lollards, 
et  le  Soulevement  des  Travailleurs  en  1381,' 
which  has   the   further   interest   that  it   is 
partly    based    upon    materials    which    the 
premature  death  of  that  promising  student 
Andre  Eeville  left  unpublished  and  incom- 
plete.    The   question   set    is   briefly.    Who 
prepared  the  ground  for  the  peasants'  re- 


volt? M.  Petit-Dutaillis  begins,  in  opposi- 
tion to  M.  Jusserand,  by  acquitting  the  friars 
of  any  part  or  lot  in  it.  The  ordinance  of 
May,  1382,  against  unlicensed  preachers 
was,  he  urges,  directed  not  against  the 
friars,  but  against  Wycliffe's  "  poor  priests," 
and  these  "poor  priests"  he  considers  to 
have  sown  the  seed  which  grew  up  into  the 
rising  of  1381.  In  this  view,  as  also  in  his 
contention  that  Wycliffe  was  not  person- 
ally implicated  in  the  agitation,  M.  Petit- 
Dutaillis  is  but  restating  a  position  which 
has  been  more  than  once  maintained  by  Mr. 
Poole,  though  he  goes  further  than  this 
writer  in  justifying  the  Eeformer's  attitude. 
In  one  point  he  is  certainly  in  error,  when 
he  says  that  Wycliffe  had  not  attacked  the 
doctrine  of  transubstantiation  before  1381, 
the  very  year  of  the  revolt ;  since  Mr.  F.  D. 
Matthew  has  adduced  documentary  evidence 
to  show  that  the  date  of  his  public  denial 
of  the  doctrine  was  1380,  if  not  1379._  It 
may  also  be  remarked,  not  as  a  criticism, 
but  as  a  suggestion  for  further  inquiry,  that 
if  the  poor  priests  were  the  leading  pro- 
moters of  the  revolt,  it  is  at  least  singular  that 
no  trace  of  disaffection  appeared  in  Leicester- 
shire or  Northamptonshire,  which  formed  the 
centre  of  their  activity.  M.  Petit-Dutaillis 
seems  partly  conscious  of  this  difficulty, 
though  he  does  not  state  it  in  terms.  For 
the  present,  however,  we  believe  his  con- 
clusion to  be  well  founded.  He  is  not  so 
successful  in  the  use  he  makes  of  the  manu- 
script sermons  excerpted  by  M.  Eeville,  which 
really  prove  nothing.  Are  we  to  say  that  a 
peacher  who  inveighs  against  the  selfishness 
of  rich  men  or  the  corruption  in  high  places 
is  to  be  taken  as  setting  fuel  to  a  communist 
rebellion  ?  One  preacher,  the  writer  says, 
reproves  the  viciousness  of  priests  and  their 
expenditure  circa  meretrices,  but  he  candidly 
admits  in  a  note  that  it  was  in  a  university 
sermon  at  Oxford,  "  et  j 'ignore  si  parmi  les 
auditeurs  il  y  avait  des  laiques."  Of  course 
all  members  of  the  university  were  tech- 
nically clerici,  but  only  a  minority  were 
priests  :  the  rest  were  young  men — some 
very  young  men — preparing  for  one  of  the 
learned  professions.  When  it  is  added  that 
the  dates  of  the  sermons  from  which  passages 
are  quoted  cover  a  pretty  long  period  it  will 
not  appear  that  we  can  yet  assert  that  the 
clergy  outside  the  Wycliffite  following  can 
be  reckoned  among  the  factors  in  the  move- 
ment which  led  to  the  revolt. 

Another  paper  which  bears  some  relation 
to  English  history,  since  it  is  concerned  with 
a  time  when  the  English  king  was  Count 
also  of  Anjou,  is  that  on  Hugh  de  Clers's 
treatise   '  De  Senescalcia  Francise,'    by  M. 
Charles  Bemont,    who  has    deserved    well 
of  English  students  of  history.     He  shows 
that  there  is  no  reason  to  regard  the  work 
as  a  forgery,  and  that,  although  the  portion 
which  professes  to  be  written  by  Fulk  of 
Jerusalem  is  without  historical  value,  there 
is   no  valid   reason  for   suspecting  the  re- 
mainder.    The  seneschal,  or  high  steward, 
was  no  doubt  a  royal  officer,  and,  strictly 
speaking,  his  post  should  not  have  become 
hereditary.     Still,  there  was  a  strong  ten- 
dency that  way  in  the  case  not  only  of  the 
seneschalship,  but   of    others  of   the  chief 
offices  ;  and  if  it  is  unquestioned  that  our 
Henry  II.  and  his  son,  "the  young  king," 
held   it,  there  is    an  d  priori  presumption 
in  favour    of  the  statement  of  Hugh  de 


Clers   that   it  was   held  also   by  Fulk  the 
Young. 

We  have  touched  only  upon  two  of  the 
articles  in  this  interesting  collection,  though 
there  is  matter  for  consideration  and  criticism 
in  all.  M.  Manteyer's  attempt,  for  instance, 
to  explain  the  origin  of  the  twelve  peers  of 
France  on  a  definitely  geographical  basis  is 
brilliant  and  suggestive.  Nor  can  we  pass 
over  M.  Charles  Diehl's  careful  examination 
of  the  origin  of  the  government  of  the 
themes  in  the  Byzantine  empire,  in  which 
he  points  out  their  essentially  military  cha- 
racter :  the  o-T/)aTos  developed  into  the  Okjxa. 
Almost  every  article  makes  some  fresh  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge  ;  of  ten  it  is  of 
quite  subordinate  importance,  but  still  every 
new  fact  or  new  combination  of  facts  has 
its  value.  Our  sole  regret  is  that  in  a  mis- 
cellany like  that  before  us  the  various  items 
run  the  risk  of  being  lost  or  forgotten, 
almost  as  effectually  as  in  a  review  or 
volume  of  transactions.  Indeed,  the  volume 
may  be  almost  described  as  a  magnified 
number  of  that  erudite  periodical  the  Bih- 
liotMque  de  I  'Ecole  des  Charles. 


With    the    Turkish  Army    in    Thessaly.     By 

Clive  Bigham.     With   Illustrations   and 

Maps.     (MacmiUan  &  Co.) 
With  the   Greeks  in  Thessaly.     By  W.  Kin- 

naird    Eose.     With    Illustrations,   Map, 

and  Plans.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
English  officers  who  had  studied  the  his- 
tory of  the  last  Eusso-Turkish  war,  and 
had  noted  the  subsequent  improvement 
of  the  Turkish  army  under  German  super- 
intendence, anticipated  that  the  Osmanlis 
would  be  victorious  in  the  recent  struggle 
in  Thessaly.  They  attached  full  value 
to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Greeks,  but 
they  were  convinced  that  it  could  not 
compensate  for  numerical  inferiority  and 
an  admitted  deficiency  in  discipline  and 
training.  Still,  even  those  who  were  most 
confident  of  the  ultimate  victory  of  Turkey 
were  surprised  equally  by  two  things  :  one, 
the  speed  and  completeness  of  the  conquest 
of  Thessaly;  the  other,  the  capacity  for 
stubborn  fighting  displayed  by  the  Greeks. 

The  authors  of  both  the  books  before  us 
possess  some  knowledge  of  the  art  of  war, 
and  they  are  evidently  most  anxious  to  be 
accurate  and  impartial.  It  must,  however, 
be  borne  in  mind  that  it  is  contrary  to  human 
nature  for  a  war  correspondent  not  to  identify 
himself  to  a  certain  extent  with  the  army  to 
which  he  is  attached.  Still,  they  have  evi- 
dently endeavoured  to  be  just,  and  we  pos- 
sess the  inestimable  advantage  of  obtaining 
information  as  to  facts  as  they  appeared  to 
honourable,  truthful,  and  competent  persons 
writing  respectively  from  the  two  opposing 
forces,  for  Mr.  Bigham  was  special  corre- 
spondent for  the  Times  with  the  Turks,  while 
Mr.  Eose  was  in  the  Greek  camp. 

In  the  Turkish  army,  Mr.  Bigham  tells 
us,  the  organization  of  a  division  consists 
of  two  infantry  brigades,  one  squadron, 
three  batteries,  and  140  non-combatants, 
or  12,500  men,  and  possesses  an  actual 
fighting  strength  of  a  little  over  10,000 
men.  Of  these  divisions  there  were  six  in 
the  army  destined  for  Thessaly,  besides  an 
independent  brigade,  a  cavalry  division  of 
fifteen  squadrons,  and  the  corps  artillery  of 
twelve  batteries.      The    Seventh    Division 


N"  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


217 


did  not  arrive  at  Elassona  until  May  4  th, 
and  an  additional  brigade  reached  Diskata 
about  the  same  time.  The  Eighth  Division 
"was  concentrated  at  Elassona  on  May  20th, 
but  took  no  part  in  the  fighting.  Mr. 
Bigham  says : — 

"The  organisation  struck  me  as  distinctly 
good.  Each  battahon,  squadron,  and  battery 
had  its  own  pack  animals  which  brought  food 
forward  day  by  day,  fatigue  parties  being  detailed 
from  each  unit  for  this  service.  There  were 
small  hospitals  at  Leptokarya  and  Diskata,  and 
a  large  one  at  Elassona.  Water  was  brought 
in  in  skins  from  the  springs,  and  the  men  were 
not  allowed  to  drink  from  the  river  that  runs 
through  the  town.  Every  man  carried  his  own 
ammunition,  never  less  than  a  hundred  cart- 
ridges, and  one  rarely  saw  a  soldier,  whatever 
his  employment,  without  his  rifle  on  his  back. 
Cooking,  repairing,  and  armoury  were  all  done 
in  battalions,  and  in  some  ways  the  self-support- 
ing elements  were  much  better  developed  in 
the  smaller  units  than  in  divisions.  Divisional 
commanders  rarely  made  proper  use  of  their 
cavalry  and  artillery,  and  the  employment  of 
the  technical  arms  they  possessed,  such  as  sap- 
pers, telegraphists,  &c.,  was  invariably  directed 
from  the  army  headquarters.  In  fact,  the  German 
system  has  not  as  yet  grown  much  beyond  the 
battalion." 

The  Nizams  or  regular  active  army 
constituted  about  one-third  of  the  force. 
The  greater  proportion  of  the  infantry 
(mostly  Osmanli)  were  Eedifs  or  reservists, 
men  from  thirty  to  thirty  -  five  years 
old.  The  cavalry,  chiefly  Circassians  and 
Pomaks,  averaged  twenty  to  twenty-foui' 
years  of  age,  and  were  mounted  on  horses 
of  14  to  15  hands.  Mr.  Bigham  describes 
them  as  being  "  the  most  excellent  mate- 
rial, good  grooms  and  riders,  and  capable 
of  becoming  first-class  troopers."  The 
horses  were  well  looked  after  and  fed. 

"  Artillery,  which  was  very  numerous,  was 
excellently  horsed  and  gunned,  but  poorly 
trained.  Six  cannon,  eighty  men  and  sixty 
horses  was  the  complement  of  a  battery.  The 
guns  were  7J  centimetres  (3  inch)  Krupp- 
Manteli,  all  in  hrst-class  condition,  cased  and 
clean,  the  limbers  and  gun  carriages  of  the 
ordinary  pattern.  The  shell  weighed  twelve 
and  the  shrapnel  fourteen  pounds,  fired  by 
time  or  percussion  fuses.  The  horses  were  for 
the  most  part  from  Russia  or  Hungary,  and  ran 
bigger  than  those  of  the  cavalry.  The  men, 
recruited  from  all  parts  of  the  Empire,  did  the 
manual  part  of  their  work  well  ;  but  there  was 
very  little  technical  skill,  and  a  battery  had 
rarely  more  than  one  trained  artillery  officer. 
Three  batteries  of  horse  artillery  armed  with 
nine-pounders  were  attached  to  the  cavalry 
division.  These,  however,  were  short  of  spare 
horses,  so  the  gunners  sat  on  the  limbers  and 
carriages  ;  accordingly  the  speed  was  not  very 
great.  There  were  also  three  batteries  of 
mountain  guns  on  mules  ;  first-class  weapons, 
but  the  gunners  very  slow.  Eighteen  howitzers 
came  up  to  Serfije,  but  were  never  brought  any 
further  as  there  was  no  need  for  them.  Taking 
it  all  round,  the  artillery,  unlike  the  cavalry" 
was  a  very  strong  arm,  but  like  the  cavalry  it 
was  never  made  sufficient  use  of— the  best  work 
being  done  by  the  corps  artillery  which  acted 
under  the  orders  of  Riza  Pasha,  who  frequently 
used  to  borrow  divisional  batteries  when  he  had 
need  of  them." 

In  the  staff  and  the  technical  or  auxiliary 
troops  there  was  not  much  to  praise.  The 
headquarters  staff  was  capable,  but  not  so 
the  divisional  staffs.  The  engineers  were 
by  no  means  conspicuous  for  their  work.  The 
field  telegraph  was  not  a  success,  and  balloons, 
machine  guns,  and  military  railways  were 


non-existent;  but  the  supply  department, 
whether  as  regarded  ammunition,  food,  or 
forage,  was  efficient. 

Of  Edhem  Pasha  Mr,  Bigham  writes  :  — 

"  I  shall  always  remember  [him]  as  the  finest 
specimen  of  a  Turkish  gentleman  I  have  ever 
met.  He  is  now  about  fifty  years  old,  a  man 
of  middle  height,  with  a  beard  and  moustache 
beginning  to  turn  gray.  His  eyes  and  mouth 
are  kind  though  firm,  and  he  has  a  great  sense 
of  humour.  Still,  he  is  quite  the  grand  seigneur, 
and  his  modesty  is  only  excelled  by  his  dignity." 

He  is  an  infantry  officer  promoted  during 
the  Eusso  -  Turkish  war  to  the  rank  of 
general,  and  his  defence  of  the  Grevitza 
redoubt  was  most  resolute. 

After  describing  the  other  chief  officers 
Mr.  Bigham  thus  writes  of  the  remainder : 

"Beyond  those  I  have  enumerated  I  do  not 
believe  there  were  twenty  officers  in  the  army 
who  had  a  reasonable  conversational  knowledge 
of  French,  or  more  than  the  most  elementary 
military  training.  This  to  a  great  extent  was 
the  reason  of  the  minute  supervision  exercised 
by  Edhem  Pasha  over  his  divisional  generals 
whenever  it  was  possible  and  it  explains  the 
frequent  tactical  errors  committed  by  com- 
manders when  acting  independently.  The  great 
mass  of  the  regimental  officers  were  either  poor 
Turkish  gentlemen,  pleasant  and  brave  enough, 
though  not  particularly  skilful  in  their  profession, 
or  hard  old  rankers,  men  who  had  served  thirty  or 
forty  years  in  the  army,  and  had  slowly  risen  to 
the  rank  of  captain  or  major.  These  latter  were 
very  like  sergeants  in  their  ideas  and  methods, 
but  they  had  a  great  hold  over  the  men,  and 
their  courage  and  endurance  were  inconceivable. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  the  word  courage  is  not 
strictly  applicable  to  the  Turk  ;  he  is,  as  far  as 
I  can  make  out,  mentally  impervious  to  any 
sensation  of  fear,  and  what  passes  with  us  for 
the  most  wonderful  daring  is  rather  a  positive 
lack  of  any  appreciation  of  danger.  The 
Albanian,  on  the  other  hand,  has  a  very  shrewd 
idea  of  tlie  damage  caused  by  a  bullet,  and  of 
the  practical  advantage  of  cover." 

On  the  evening  of  April  8th  hostilities 
virtually  began  with  the  raid  of  a  mixed 
armed  rabble  acting  at  the  instigation  of 
the  Ethnike  Hetairia.  They  did  a  little 
mischief,  but  themselves  suffered  much 
loss,  and  the  survivors  had  much  diffi- 
culty in  escaping  to  Greek  territory.  On 
the  11th  this  band  of  patriotic  brigands 
again  crossed  the  Turkish  frontier,  but  were 
once  more  driven  back.  On  the  13th  and 
on  the  14th  frivolous  incursions  were  made 
by  small  bodies  of  Greek  regular  troops,  but 
led  to  no  result.  On  the  night  between  the 
16th  and  17th  a  final  incursion  was  made, 
this  time  entirely  by  troops  of  the  regular 
army,  and  an  action  which  was  somewhat 
more  than  a  skirmish  ensued.  On  the  after- 
noon of  the  17th  war  was  declared. 

Mr.  Pose,  the  correspondent  with  the 
Greek  army,  virtually  confirms  this  sum- 
mary of  the  raid,  adding  with  regard  to  the 
first  incursion  : — 

"The  weather  moreover  was  bitterly  cold, 
and  snow  fell  on  the  mountains.  Harassing 
guerilla  fighting,  with  every  possible  discomfort 
in  the  world  and  no  glory,  was  not  to  the 
stomach  of  the  Italian  volunteers,  and  a  large 
majority  of  them  retired  from  the  scene,  and 
crossed  the  frontier  in  disgust." 

Mr.  Rose  says  that  the  physique  of  the 
Greek  army  is  excellent,  the  vast  majority 
of  the  men  being  over  5  ft.  8  in.  There 
was,  however,  even  among  those  who  had 
been  longest  with  the  colours,  a  want  of 
"  setting  up."    The  bearing  of  the  men  was 


unsoldierly;  the  drill  was  loose.  The  re- 
servists had  evidently  forgotten  it,  and  the 
recruits  were  slow  in  acquiring  it : — 

"One  could  not  watch  them  long  without 
being  impressed  with  the  general  intelligence 
of  all,  and  that  they  were  anxious  to  do  their 
duty  so  far  as  it  accorded  with  their  notions  of 
discipline.  And  here  was  the  weak  spot  in  the 
whole  Greek  army.  There  was  no  real  sense 
of  strict  military  discipline.  The  drill  was  left 
mainly  to  the  non-commissioned  officers,  and 
the  officers  were  not,  at  drill,  in  sufficiently 
close  contact  with  the  men.  There  was  no 
habit  of  implicit  obedience  to  orders,  and  I 
have  actually  seen  an  officer  approach  a  private 
and  implore  him  as  a  favour  to  do  what  he 
had  been  told  by  his  non-commissioned  drill- 
instructor.  On  another  occasion,  when  a  smart 
shower  of  rain  came  on  during  drill,  a  battalion 
simply  melted  away  to  seek  the  shelter  of  the 
nearest  trees.  One  trained  in  British  methods, 
much  more  one  cognizant  of  the  stern  discipline 
of  the  German  army,  must  have  been  shocked 
at  the  free-and-easy  familiarity  between  officers 
and  privates,  as  well  on  as  off  duty." 

Mr.  Pose  awards  the  irregulars  and  volunteers 
credit  for  pure  patriotism.  He,  however, 
justly  remarks  :  "  But  an  undisciplined  host, 
animated  by  however  grand  enthusiasm, 
must  melt  like  snow  before  the  sun  in  face 
of  far  inferior  numbers,  who  are  trained  to 
arms  and  to  unquestioned  obedience  to  their 
superior  officers."  The  best  drilled  and 
disciplined  and  most  fearless  troops  were 
the  nine  battalions  of  Euzonoi. 

"  The  Greek  artillery  was  good.  Officers  and 
men  had  been  thoroughly  instructed,  and  it  was 
the  best  arm  of  the  service.  The  horsing  of  the 
guns  was  however  bad,  big  and  little  animals 
being  mixed  in  the  same  team.  This  of  course 
militated  against  ease  and  precision  of  manoeuvre 
in  action." 

The  cavalry  consisted  of  only  five  squad- 
rons, and  they  were  mostly  mounted  on  Hun- 
garian horses  recently  imported.  "At  best 
it  could  not  be  said  that  they  were  more 
than  raw  mounted- infantry,  or  scouts." 

Mr.  Bigham  makes  some  remarks  with 
reference  to  the  struggle  for  the  Maluna  Pass 
which  are  applicable  to  all  the  fighting  on  the 
Turkish  side  during  the  campaign  : — 

"Fire  discipline  and  any  check  on  the  cart- 
ridges used  hardly  existed.  There  was  no  lack 
of  morale,  but  on  the  other  hand  there  was  very 
little  attention  to  putting  up  sights  or  aiming, 
and  collective  was  entirely  subordinated  to 
independent  firing.  In  the  attack  up  the  hills 
the  extended  formation  was  adopted  rather  by 
instinct  than  command,  for  when  a  company 
advancing  in  line  found  itself  inconveniently 
hustled  by  the  enemy's  bullets  it  merely  spread 
out  a  bit  more.  But  the  absolute  impertur- 
bability of  the  men,  their  unhesitating  and 
unwavering  advance  in  the  teeth  of  the  most 
murderous  fire,  and  the  casual  way  in  which 
individuals  halted  for  the  most  ordinary  purposes 
under  a  hail  of  shrapnel,  convinced  us  that  the 
result  of  the  war  was  a  foregone  conclusion.  It 
is  hard  for  a  European  to  imagine  even  the 
most  highly  trained  troops  displaying  such 
insouciance;  and  the  only  explanation  to  fall 
back  on  is  the  original  hypothesis  that  fear  is 
an  influence  to  which  the  Turkish  brain  is  not 
susceptible." 

Mr.  Pose,  in  describing  the  assault  by 
the  Greeks  on  Viglia,  compares  the  artillery 
firing  of  the  Greeks  and  Turks,  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  the  latter.  Only  a  small  portion 
of  the  Turkish  shells,  he  says,  exploded,  but 
several  shells  which  burst  on  the  crest  of 
the  position  did  considerable  execution.  All 
through  the  book,  indeed,  Mr.  Pose  refers 


218 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


to  the  non-bursting  of  the  Turkish  shells, 
and  the  bursting  of  shrapnel  at  too  high  an 
elevation.  Of  the  artillery  Mr.  Bigham 
says  that  the  Greek  fire  was  more  de- 
structive than  that  of  the  Turks.  The 
battery  commander  of  Turkish  batteries 
had,  as  a  rule,  some  technical  instruction, 
commanders  of  guns  (No.  I's)  none.  The 
wrong  projectile  was  often  employed  ;  too 
long  ranges  were  employed — a  fault  not 
confined  to  the  Turks  and  Greeks — distance 
misjudged,  and  the  effects  of  indirect  fire 
were  poor. 

In  the  flight  to  Larissa  Mr.  Eose  may  be 
accepted  as  an  authority,  for  he  was  in  the 
midst  of  the  crowd  and  nearly  lost  his  life. 
Even  the  best  troops  are  liable  to  moments 
of  unreasoning  panic,  but  the  difference 
between  good  and  bad  troops  is  that  among 
the  former  some  battalions  or  at  least  com- 
panies withstand  the  contagion,  and  all  are 
rallied  after  a  short  time.  On  this  occasion 
the  panic  was  universal  and  lasted  all  through 
the  night.  Still,  even  in  the  midst  of  this 
deplorable  stampede,  there  were  a  few  who 
did  not  yield  to  panic  : — 

"At  first  there  was  a  weird  silence,  contrast- 
ing with  the  ordinary  incessant  chattering  in 
the  Greek  ranks.  The  night  was  dark,  very 
dark.  The  stars  burned  holes  in  the  black 
curtain  of  the  sky.  Away  in  the  south-east 
was  the  red  glare  of  the  burning  villages  of 
Kutavi  and  Deliler.  Anon  there  passed  us 
batteries  of  Greek  artillery,  mule  trains,  carts, 
wagons  laden  with  household  effects  of  the 
Greek  villagers  ;  women  and  children  in  the 
most  pitiable  condition,  all  hopelessly  mixed. 
The  order  of  retreat  was  completely  lost.  All 
arms  were  intermingled,  and  the  confusion  was 
completed  by  the  shouts  and  rushes  of  Evzones 
and  irregulars  in  every  style  of  strange  dress." 

"  In  perfect  insanity  of  terror,  soldiers,  irre- 
gulars, armed  peasants  began  firing  rifles  in 
every  direction.  From  front  and  rear,  from  right 
and  left  the  bullets  whizzed.  The  reports  of 
the  muskets  were  scarcely  heard  above  the  roar 
of  human  voices  and  the  screams  of  terror- 
maddened  animals.  I  had  been  at  Shipka  and 
in  the  hottest  corner  of  Plevna,  but  I  had  never 
witnessed  such  wild  and  continuous  fire.  The 
whole  plain  was  lit  up  by  the  constant  flashes." 

"Some  officers  knew  and  did  their  duty. 
They  ordered  the  trumpeters  to  sound  the 
'Cease  firing,' and  rode  about  calling  'Halt.' 
Others  lost  their  reason,  and  rushed  ahead  as 
terror-stricken  as  their  men.  One  gallant  officer 
endeavoured  to  bring  his  fellows  to  their  senses 
by  presenting  his  revolver  at  them,  and  shout- 
ing '  Stasu  '  and  '  Arrete.'  But  he  might  as  well 
have  called  upon  the  whirlwind  to  stop." 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  incidents  in 
the  fighting  at  Velestino  was  the  Turkish 
cavalry  charge,  of  which  Mr.  Bigham  says  : 

"At  midday  four  squadrons  which  had  been 
collected  by  Mahmud  charged  against  the  line 
of  infantry  fortified  on  the  centre  hill.  It  was 
a  most  foolish  and  useless  act,  and  cannot  be 
excused  by  the  alleged  supporting  advance  of 
the  right  wing.  That  wing  had  never  made 
good  its  position,  being  outnumbered,  and  was 
at  the  time  at  least  1,200  yards  away.  There 
is,  indeed,  no  doubt  that  if  at  that  moment 
the  enemy's  intrenchments  had  been  carried  a 
general  advance  would  have  been  possible,  as 
the  cavalry  could  have  threatened  the  flank  of 
the  Greek  batteries  in  rear.  But  cavalry  was 
not  the  proper  arm  to  employ  in  frtint,  and 
the  consequence  was  disastrous.  The  400  odd 
troopers  rode  across  a  level  stretch  of  ground 
and  up  the  slope  of  the  hill  at  a  trot,  subjected 
the  whole  time  to  a  heavy  fire  from  the  shelter 
trenches.  Had  the  aiming  of  the  Greeks  been 
even  respectable,  half   the   force    should  have 


been  killed.  As  it  was  they  lost  some  forty 
men,  and  within  fifty  yards  of  the  infantry  the 
trumpets  blew  the  'retire,' and  the  squadrons 
wheeled  about  and  galloped  back,  which  under 
the  circumstances  was  the  only  sensible  thing 
they  could  do.  That  the  charge  should  have 
been  made  at  all  is  inexplicable,  and  the  only 
reason  there  can  have  been  for  it  was  that 
Mahmud  perceived  that  unless  the  advanced 
Greek  infantry  was  driven  in  before  it  had  made 
its  position  impregnable,  the  Turks  would  have 
to  retire.     He  used  the  only  troops  he  had  to 

hand The  fusillade  from    the    heights  also 

recommenced,  and  our  right  wing  began  to 
descend  the  hills,  being  quite  outflanked  by  the 
enemy's  force  there.  There  was  not,  however, 
the  least  semblance  of  panic.  The  men,  per- 
fectly conscious  that  at  least  double  their  number 
of  troops  were  opposed  to  them,  strolled  over 
the  ground  in  the  casual  and  nonchalant  manner 
which  characterises  them  under  the  most 
murderous  fire." 

Of  this  feat  of  fruitless  audacity  Mr- 
Eose  gives  a  more  detailed  account : — 

"  Smolenskis  had  placed  a  battery  of  moun- 
tain-guns on  a  plateau  overlooking  the  village 
of  Velestino,  and  along  the  base  of  this  plateau 
was  a  battalion  of  Evzones,  sheltered  by  the 
position  of  the  ground  and  by  intrenchments. 
The  battery  on  the  plateau  played  on  the  Turkish 
advance  with  great  effect,  and  the  order  was 
given  by  the  Turkish  commander  to  charge  it. 
The  Turkish  infantry  swung  clear,  and  the 
cavalry  led  by  a  young  officer  came  on  in 
column,  first  at  the  trot,  and  then  at  a  swinging 
gallop.  It  seemed  a  mad  undertaking  for  cavalry 
to  charge  a  battery  of  well  -  served  artillery 
planted  on  the  crest  of  a  long  steep  slope. 
The  brave  horsemen  were  met  with  salvoes  of 
shells  which  ploughed  through  their  ranks. 
Then  suddenly  uprose  the  Evzones  from  their 
partially  hidden  cover  and  poured  upon  them 
volley  after  volley.  No  troops  could  withstand 
such  fire  ;  and  completely  broken,  the  Turkish 
horsemen  turned  and  sought  shelter  in  the 
woods  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Risomylos." 

On  May  3rd,  in  the  battle  near  Velestino, 
Mr.  Eose  was  eye-witness  of  the  gallantry 
with  which  the  Turks  attacked  General 
Smolensk!  and  the  stubborn  vigour  with 
which  the  Greeks  resisted  : — 

"Between  one  and  two  o'clock  the  Turkish 
infantry  deployed  from  the  heights  for  an 
assault  on  the  plateau,  and  opened  a  fierce 
fire  upon  the  Greek  infantry  disposed  along  the 
western  face  of  Karadaon.  While  the  cannonade 
was  in  progress  a  heavy  thunderstorm  broke 
over  the  mountain  range  and  the  thick  rain 
obscured  the  movements  of  the  Turks  for  a 
time.  The  noisy  pattering  of  the  heavy  rain- 
drops on  the  dry  soil,  and  amidst  the  boulders 
on  the  hillside,  was  the  occasion  of  a  false 
alarm.  In  the  obscurity  of  the  rain-curtain 
some  one  conceived  that  he  saw  and  heard  the 
approach  of  cavalry.  The  Greek  infantry  con- 
tinued to  pour  volleys  in  the  direction  of  the 
Turkish  advance,  but  it  was  evident  that  they 
were  wavering.  In  fact,  in  a  few  places,  the 
first  line  broke  and  fell  back  on  the  second  line. 
But  the  officers,  with  great  gallantry,  got  their 
men  well  in  hand,  re-formed  the  line,  and  when 
the  rain  cleared  ofl'  they  poured  such  a  wither- 
ing fire  upon  the  Turks  that  the  latter  were 
compelled  to  fall  back  across  the  valley." 

Mr.  Bigham's  summary  of  the  campaign  is 
valuable  because  it  shows  that  the  Turkish 
army  is  still  a  formidable  force,  and  would 
be  still  more  formidable  if  certain  defects 
mentioned  by  him  were  corrected.  Of  the 
infantry  the  Osmanlis  were  the  best,  and 
the  Albanians  not  equal  to  their  reputa- 
tion. The  latter  are  not  particularly  amen- 
able to  discipline,  and  not  so  stubborn  as 
the  Osmanlis  in  holding  their  ground  : — 


"On  the  other  hand,  the  Turk,  unless 
ordered,  is  incapable  of  running  away,  and 
when  he  has  got  an  order  he  will  observe  it, 
riuU  codiim.  His  courage  and  his  calm  and 
silent  advance  beggar  descrijjtion,  and  there  is 
little  doubt  that  when  the  Turkish  army  is 
really  trained  up  to  a  high  European  standard 
it  will  be  invincible.  At  present  the  shooting 
and  the  fire  discipline  are  poor,  not  because  the 
men  do  not  obey,  but  because  the  officers  do 
not  command.  A  Turkish  captain  would  as 
soon  think  of  adjusting  his  men's  sights,  or  of 
ordering  them  to  cease  independent  firing,  as 
he  would  of  reading  a  book  on  military  history. 
The  deployments,  &c.,  were  imperfect,  and  the 
advance  by  rushes  did  not  exist ;  nevertheless, 
there  are  few  more  inspiring  sights  than  an 
attack  of  Turkish  troops." 

Mr.  Bigham  is  of  opinion  that  the  courage 
of  the  Greeks  is  more  of  the  defensive  than 
the  offensive  kind,  that  their  officers  are  in- 
different, their  discipline  untrustworthy,  and 
their  shooting  and  drill  little  better  than 
those  of  the  Turks.  Of  the  Euzonoi,  how- 
ever, he  speaks  highly. 

No  doubt  excellent  war  material  is  to  be 
found  among  both  Turks  and  Greeks,  but  the 
latter  are  too  fond  of  chattering,  and  there 
is  too  much  of  the  theatrical  in  their  dis- 
position to  make  it  easy  to  instil  into  them 
real  discipline,  while  it  does  not  seem  likely 
that  they  will  set  to  work  to  create  that 
careful  organization  which  is  essential  to 
success  in  war. 


A  History   of  English   Poetry.      By  W.   J. 
Courthope,  C.B.,  M.A.,  D.Lit.     Vol.  II. 

(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

When  Dr.  Courthope's  first  volume  appeared 
we  ventured,  amidst  much  praise  we  gave 
his  work  from  some  points  of  view,  to  com- 
plain of  its  title.  He  called,  and  he  calls, 
it  '  A  History  of  English  Poetry,'  though, 
he  begins  with  Chaucer  !  We  pointed  out 
that  such  a  title  for  an  undertaking  thus 
limited  was  a  deplorable  misnomer — a  mis- 
nomer somewhat  astounding  nowadays, 
though  natural  enough  a  hundred  years 
ago.  Dr.  Courthope  rushes  in  medias  res  in 
a  sense  never  intended  by  Horace.  He  com- 
mences, not  at  the  commencement,  but  long 
after  English  poetry  first  appeared  and  first 
flourished.  Its  character  was  modified  in 
various  ways  in  the  Middle  Ages,  and  a  new 
era  began  with  the  latter  half  of  the  four- 
teenth century  ;  but  why  are  the  preceding 
eras  to  be  ignored  ?  There  have  been  other 
new  eras  since  the  Chaucerian  !  With  better 
informed  intelligence  does  Dr.  Jusserand 
entitle  his  fascinating  work  '  A  Literary 
History  of  the  English  People  from  the 
Origins  to  the  Eenaissance,'  and  give  some 
account  of  poems  centuries  older  than  '  The 
Canterbury  Tales';  and  so  Dr.  Wulker  in 
his  recently  published  '  Geschichte  der  eng- 
lischen  Litteratur'  conducts  his  readers 
"from  the  oldest  times  to  the  present," 
starting  with  the  heathen  poetry  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons.  Of  course.  Dr.  Courthope 
has  a  perfect  right  to  begin  the  study  of 
English  poetry  at  whatever  point  he  pleases, 
only,  if  he  does  not  begin  at  the  beginning 
— if  he  chooses  to  exclude  from  his  purview 
a  large  and  important  domain — he  should 
certainly  announce  the  fact  on  his  title-page, 
and  let  it  be  clearly  understood  that  he  is 
producing  not  a  history  of  English  poetry, 
but  one  of  the  later  periods  of  it. 


N"  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


219 


But  as  we  made  this  protest  before,  and 
were  glad  to  see  it  ably  supported,  we 
should  not  have  again  insisted  on  this 
incompleteness  of  Dr.  Courthope's  design, 
had  not  the  perusal  of  his  new  volume  con- 
stantly reminded  us  of  what  is  so  con- 
spicuous by  its  absence.  Perpetually  the 
reader  is  made  to  feel  that  Dr.  Courthope's 
predispositions  and  sympathies  are  rather 
with  the  classical  or  classicized  element  in 
our  literature  than  with  its  Teutonism.  The 
spell  of  ancient  Greece  and  Eome — of  Eome 
rather  than  of  Greece — has  bound  him,  and 
we  are  inclined  to  think  that  he  cannot 
release  himself  from  it  so  far  as  worthily 
and  fully  to  appreciate  any  products  of  a 
quite  separate  and  different  growth.  No 
one  will  complain  of  Latin  enthusiasm, 
if  only  it  is  duly  tempered  and  co-ordinated. 
It  is  certain  we  can  have  no  valuable  treat- 
ment of  our  literature  as  a  whole  by  any 
one  who  is  not  an  excellent  "  classic."  And 
we  may  frankly  admit  we  regard  with 
sincere  apprehension  the  growing  numbers 
of  so-called  English  scholars  who  are  very 
meagrely  acquainted  with  the  Latin  and 
the  Greek  literatures.  Such  ignorance  is 
grievous  indeed,  and  likely  to  do  serious 
harm.  But  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
old  English  language  and  a  real  grasp  of 
old  English  literature  are  also  abso- 
lutely essential  to  the  literary  historian. 
However  powerfully  and  however  service- 
ably  the  ancients  may  have  influenced 
the  modes  and  forms  and  developments 
of  our  literature,  yet  the  heart  of  it  is 
Teutonic,  and  its  innermost  secrets  and 
mysteries  will  never  be  revealed  to  any 
writer  who  is  in  imperfect  harmony  with 
the  Teutoiiic  spirit,  however  accomplished 
he  may  be  in  other  respects.  It  surely 
should  be  a  truism  of  truisms  to  say  that 
an  historian  of  English  literature  should  be 
in  the  closest  and  most  intimate  touch  with 
what  is  purely  and  essentially  native  in  it, 
as  well  as  widely  and  accurately  instructed 
as  to  what  is  imported  and  foreign.  We  do 
not  wish  to  pronounce  any  final  judgment 
on  Dr.  Courthope's  performance  till  we  see 
how  he  handles  the  greatest  of  the  Eliza- 
bethans ;  but  we  are  at  present  strongly 
inclined  to  suspect  that  the  verdict  on  it 
will  be  that  it  is  a  criticism  of  English 
poetry  by  one  who  is  an  accomplished 
Latinist  rather  than  a  thoroughbred  and  a 
thoroughgoing  English  scholar  in  the  best 
and  fullest  sense. 

A  history  of  this  kind  may  be  of  con- 
siderable value,  and  we  do  not  wish  for  one 
moment  to  imply  anything  else.  AU  we 
want  to  make  clear  is  that  such  work  is 
apt  to  be  one-sided,  and  to  require  supple- 
menting— that  it  must  not  be  taken  as  com- 
plete, but  read  with  the  incessant  remem- 
brance that  there  are  other  aspects  of  our 
national  mind  and  art  that  deserve  con- 
sideration— that  the  Anglo-Saxon  genius  is 
to  be  studied  not  only  in  its  relation  to  the 
Hellenic  and  the  Eoman,  but  as  a  pheno- 
menon diverse  and  independent.  Much  of 
the  mistakenness  of  the  last-century  criti- 
cism of  Shakspeare  was  caused  by  the 
failure  to  recognize  this  paramount  necessity. 
A  new  age  began  with  Lessing's  insistence 
on  it,  and  it  must  never  be  forgotten  by 
any  literary  historian  who  is  not  content 
with  a  partial  and  imperfect  survey  of  his 
subject. 


But,  as  has  been  said  before,  what 
Dr.  Courthope  does,  he  does  well.  If 
his  readers  are  willing  to  adopt  his 
standpoint,  they  could  scarcely  hope  for 
a  more  competent  or  a  more  agreeable 
cicerone ;  and  he  is  producing  a  work 
which,  whatever  its  limitations,  every  Eng- 
lish student  will  read  with  pleasure  and 
with  profit  and  with  hearty  gratitude.  Non 
omnia  possuimcs  onirics  ;  or  rather,  perhaps, 
none  of  us  can  accomplish  successfully  more 
than  one  special  task.  "  So  free  we  seem,  so 
fettered  fast  we  arc."  And  it  is  not  often 
that  a  workman  executes  his  appointed 
work — his  "limited  service,"  to  use  Mac- 
duff's phrase — with  such  finished  scholar- 
ship and  signal  ability  as  are  displayed  in^ 
the  volume  before  us. 

Of  course,  as  is  the  case  with  other 
mortals.  Dr.  Courthope  is  not  always 
equally  good.  His  Spenser  section  strikes 
us  as  not  quite  adequate ;  and,  on 
the  other  hand,  he  makes  too  much  of 
Surrey.  But  on  the  whole,  not  to  be 
hypercritical,  he  writes  with  ample  know- 
ledge, with  sound  judgment,  and  in  a  lucid 
and  interesting  style.  He  is  not  afraid  to 
speak  out  on  occasion.  Of  one  Barnabe 
Barnes  he  writes  : — 

"It  may  seem  incredible,  but  the  works  of 
this  idiot,  including  'Parthenophil  and  Par- 
thenope,'  have  been  reprinted  in  our  own 
generation  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Grosart, 
who  admires  him,  and  considers  him  a  '  worthy.' 
I  should  otherwise  not  have  noticed  him  ;  but 
it  seems  necessary  to  warn  the  reader  that  a 
man  may  have  lived  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth, 
and  yet  have  written  vile  stuff." 

Perhaps  we  may  ourselves  be  of  most  use 
to  a  work  of  such  merit  if  we  point  out  a 
few  corrigenda  and  a  iew  perpendemla,  if  we 
may  venture  on  such  a  gerundive.  Several 
errata  have  caught  our  eye,  such  as 
'Palladis  Tamir,'  "siniat"  (for  sineret), 
"Aristotle's  comedy  '  ISuppositi,'"  "  Ose," 
the  omission  of  "it"  in  a  quotation  from 
Wyatt,  ruining  both  the  sense  and  the 
metre  —  both  the  rhyme  and  the  reason, 
&c.  ;  but  such  things  will  happen  in  the 
best  conducted  volumes.  To  be  recon- 
sidered are  such  statements  and  phrases  as 
that  1470  was  "  the  year  before  Caxton  set 
up  his  press  in  England,"  "the  Clarissas 
and  Belindas  of  Richardson,"  "  Bonner  had 
done  his  best  to  prejudice  Wyatt  in  Henry's 
opinion,"  "  he  was  matriculated  at  Brase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,"  that  "  ouer- 
heild"  =  "spread,"  &c.  Some  of  Dr. 
Courthope's  readers  will  not  identify  Bishop 
Aylmerwithhis  "Elmore."  The  reader  is  told 
that  '  Ralph  Roister  l)oister '  was  "  written 
about  1550  by  Nichola^  Udall,  head  master 
of  Eton."  Now  Udall  ceased  to  be  head 
master  of  Eton  (he  was  dismissed  from  that 
post  on  certain  charges,  whatever  weight 
was  subsequently  attached  to  them)  in  1541. 
And  about  the  time  his  famous  comedy  was 
produced  he  was  probably  connected  with 
Westminster  School ;  certainly  a  little  later 
he  was  head  master  there,  a  position  ho 
held  at  the  time  of  his  death  at  the  close 
of  the  year  15oG.  To  say  that  Roister 
Doister's  "  forces  are  met  by  the  widow  and 
her  maids,  who  rout  them  with  their  distaffs," 
misses  much  of  the  fun  of  the  encounter, 
in  which  a  new  broom,  a  skimmer,  a  fire- 
fork,  and  a  spit  as  well  as  a  distaff  play  a 
vigorous  part.     Robert  Greene  was  buried, 


not  in  "the  new  church,"  but  in  the  new 
churchyard  near  Bedlam,  which  was  con- 
nected with  St.  Botolph's,  Bishopsgate. 

There  are  many  such  details  that  might  be 
more  exactly  put,  but  we  will  refer  to  only 
one  more,  as  in  its  way  it  is  of  some  im- 
portance. "In  1575  and  1576,"  says  Dr. 
Courthope,  "three  theatres  were  built, 
one  at  Blackfriars  and  two  at  Shoreditch." 
Now  there  is  no  evidence  at  all  that  there 
were  three  buildings  erected  specially  for 
theatrical  use  so  early  as  1576.  The  first 
building  so  devoted,  known  as  The  Theatre, 
was  opened  in  that  year,  and  the  second,  the 
Curtain,  was  opened  not  many  months  after- 
wards. It  is  mentioned  along  with  The 
Theatre  in  1577,  and  for  some  time  these 
were  the  only  theatres,  in  the  full  sense  of 
the  word.  As  to  when  a  special  building 
was  raised  or  adapted  in  the  Blackfriars 
precinct  nothing  is  at  present  ascertained. 
Plays  were  acted  in  some  place  in  that 
neighbourhood — in  an  inn  yard,  as  Mr. 
Fleay  thinks,  or  perhaps  in  the  refectory 
of  the  Friary,  as  at  Whitefriars — just  as  in 
"Gracious"  Street  (at  the  Bell),  in  Bishops- 
gate  Street  (at  the  Bull),  on  Ludgate  Hill 
(at  the  Bell  Savage),  and  elsewhere ;  but 
there  was  no  regular  Blackfriars  theatre 
till  some  years  after  The  Theatre  and  the 
Curtain  were  erected — probably  not  till  near 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  the 
elder  Burbage  purchased  some  house  or 
tenement  in  the  Blackfriars  quarter  "  at  ex- 
treme rates  and  made  it  into  a  Playhouse 
with  great  charge  and  trouble,  which  after 
was  leased  out  to  one  Evans,  that  first  set 
up  the  boys  commonly  called  the  Queen's 
Majesty's  Children  of  the  Chapel."  It  is,  of 
course,  possible  that  Burbage's  purchase — 
the  building  with  which  Shakspeare  is  asso- 
ciated, but  not  till  much  later  in  his  life 
than  used  to  be  supposed — was  identical 
with  the  older  building  where  plays  were 
acted,  whatever  it  otherwise  was  ;  but  Bur- 
bage it  was  who  "made  it  into  a  Play- 
house," i.e.,  transformed  it  into  a  theatre 
properly  so  called,  and  probably  some  score 
years  after  he  built  The  Theatre. 


BALZAC    IN'   ENGLAND. 


Comedie  Ilumaine.  Par  H.  de  Balzac. 
Edited  by  George  Saintsbury. — The  Wild 
Ass's  Skin ;  2'he  Unknown  Masterpiece ; 
Eugenie  Grandet ;  Cesar  Birotteau;  The 
Country  Doctor ;  Old  Goriot ;  The  Chouans; 
A  Bachelor'' s  Establishment;  Tlie  Atheist's 
Mass;  La  Grande  Breteche ;  At  the  Cat 
and  Racket;  The  Quest  of  the  Alsolute ; 
The  Country  Parson ;  The  Peasantry  ; 
Beatrix ;  Lost  Illusions ;  A  Distinguished 
Provincial  at  Paris;  A  Sarlofs  Progress; 
About  Catherine  de'  Medici ;  A  Woman  of 
Thirty ;  The  Lily  of  the  Valley.  Trans- 
lated by  Clara  Bell,  Ellen  Marriage,  and 
James  Waring.     (Dent  &  Co.) 

A  LITTLE  more  than  ten  years  ago  Mr.  James 
Payn,  in  his  charming  *  Literary  Recollec- 
tions,' took  occasion  to  observe  that  Balzac 
"  was  not  translatable,  or  when  translated 
was  not  readable."  One  might  fairly  doubt 
the  general  truth  of  this  remark,  although 
its  particular  application  to  the  few  and 
inadequate  versions  of  Balzac  which  then 
existed  was  sufficiently  just.  It  seemed  to 
be  the  case  that  Balzac,  whose  least  admir- 
able quality  is  his  style,  would  lose  in  the 


220 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


hands  of   a  competent  translator  no  more 
than    Dumas ;    certainly   much    less    than 
stylists     like     Victor     Hugo,    Gautier,    or 
Merimee.     The  language  of  the  '  Comedie 
Humaine  '  is  often  lumbering,  heavy,  and 
uninspired.    Balzac  usually  managed  to  say 
what  he   meant,    but    seldom    took   either 
the     most     direct      or     the     most     pictu- 
resque road  to  his  meaning.     The   search 
for   the   right  word  was   almost    unknown 
to  his  feverish   superhuman   dissections  of 
the  soul.     The  chariot  wheels  often  jarred 
in  the  gate  through  which  he  drove  them 
forth.     Difficult    for    a    moderate     French 
scholar  to  read,  on  account  of  his  affection 
for  unfamiliar  words  and  for  the  technical 
phrases  of  all  arts,  from  law  to  mesmerism, 
he  is,  as  we  now  see,  by  no  means  impos- 
sible to  put  into  English  as  lucid,  if  not  so 
vigorous,  as  his  own  French.    The  difficulty 
in   introducing   him    to    a   purely   English 
audience  lies  rather  in  the  unfamiliar  atmo- 
sphere that  clings  about  his  work,  in  trans- 
lation as  well  as  in  the  original.     To  make 
a  successful  first  acquaintance  with  Balzac 
it   is   needful  to   know  more  than  a    little 
of  French  law  and    manners,   history  and 
politics.     It  is  true  that  if  the  reader  per- 
severes  all   these   things    shall    be    added 
unto  him.     Whether  Balzac  painted  French 
society  as  it  really  was,  according  to  Taine, 
or  French  society  has  been  trying  for  fifty 
years  to  live  up  to  the  'Comedie,'  as  some 
critics  prefer  to  think,  the  fact  remains  that 
a  complete,  individualized,  and  picturesque 
society,  from  the  beggar  to  the  duke,  moves 
through   "the    new    edition   fifty   volumes 
long"    with   which   Bishop    Blougram    so 
wisely  desired  to  furnish  his  cabin  in  the 
voyage    through     life.      Here    is    one    of 
Balzac's  great  advantages  over  any  other 
novelist.     He  paints  you  life  not  in  isolated 
fragments,    but    in   the   mass.     Thackeray 
imitated  him  in  this  on  a  small  scale,  and 
M.  Zola  has  done  so  on  a  large  one,  with 
something  of   the   same   effect   of   creative 
immensity.     One  has  often  wondered  that 
Mr.    George   Meredith   did   not   adopt   the 
same  means   of  intensifying   the   separate 
effect  of  all  his  brilliant  novels.   Thus,  after 
all,  Balzac  is  his  own  best  interpreter,  and 
the  English  reader,  who  is  at  first  a  little 
stupefied  by  the  vastness  and  the  strange- 
ness of  the  society  into  which  he  plunges 
by   the   entrance   of    the   Maison   Vauquer 
(which  our  own    experience  would  recom- 
mend), or    of    the    dinner    given    by    M. 
Taillefer  at  the  founding  of  his  newspaper 
(as  Mr.  Saintsbury  prefers),  will  find  that  a 
little  perseverance   brings    order  and  plan 
into  the  apparent  maze.     Only,  as  upon  a 
visit  to  a  strange  and  bustling  town,  some 
of  that  perseverance  is  necessary  to  tell  one 
exactly  who  is  who.     One  improvement  the 
editor  might  have  made   by  appending  to 
each  volume  a  list  (such  as  is  given  in  the 
latest  French  edition)  of  its  characters,  with 
the  other  books  in  which  their  history  is  to 
be  followed.     But  it  is  not  of  much  import- 
ance where  the  neophyte  begins  amongst 
the   twenty-one   dainty   volumes   that   now 
lie  before  us.     '  Old  Goriot,'  '  A  Bachelor's 
Establishment,'    'The   Wild    Ass's    Skin,' 
and  '  La   Grande   Breteche  '  are,  perhaps, 
most  likely  to  attract  him.  But  two  volumes 
will  settle  the  question.     Either  he  is  bored 
or  mystified,  in  which  case  he  will  be  well 
advised  to  stop  ;  or  he  has  caught  the  true 


Balzac  fever,  and  then  a  new,  inspiriting, 
and  almost  inexhaustible  source  of  pleasure 
and  profit  has  opened  itself  to  his  free  and 
fortunate  eyes. 

We  are  disposed  to  speak  highly  of  the 
merits    of    this   new   translation,    the    first 
attempt   to   give   us   a   complete  '  Comedie 
Humaine'   in    English.     The    project   has 
always  been  a  tempting  one,  because  Balzac, 
as  we  have  said,  offers  a  greater  reward  to 
the   competent  translator   than    any   other 
foreign  novelist.     Macaulay  once  compared 
a  bad  translation  to  champagne  in  decanters  ; 
we  might  almost  say  that  the  ideal  render- 
ing  of    Balzac   should    be   to   an   English 
reader  like  the  artistic   transfusing  of  an 
old    claret,  which   leaves   all   its   sediment 
behind  it  in  the  bottle.    The  present  version 
is  not,  indeed,  ideal — that  was  hardly  to  be 
expected — but  it  is  much  more  than  respect- 
able.    Mr.  George    Saintsbury   once   more 
shows    himself    a    learned     and     sensible 
editor,    though   one   can    scarcely   approve 
of  his  rearrangement  of  '  Hlusions  Perdues.' 
He  knows  his  Balzac   thoroughly,  he  has 
provided  us    with    an    admirable   life    and 
appreciation   as    an    introduction    to    '  The 
Wild  Ass's  Skin,'  and  he  tells  just  as  much 
as  we  really  want  to  know  of  the  circum- 
stances of  each  story  in  the  prefaces  to  the 
various  volumes.     He  will,  of  course,  not 
fail   to  give  us  a  biographical  glossary  at 
the   end.      In   Mrs.   Bell,    Miss   Marriage, 
and  Mr.  Waring  he  has  found  translators 
whose  work  is  at  once  accurate  and  spirited. 
We  notice  a  tendency  to  unnecessaiy  para- 
phrase in  the  earlier  volumes,  which   has 
disappeared,  with  advantage,  as  the  trans- 
lators have  warmed  to  their  work.     A  few 
slips  were   inevitable.     To    take    the   first 
examples   that    come   to    hand,    in    'Cesar 
Birotteau'    (p.    179)    we     find     "another 
thousand     crowns"    for    "more     than     a 
thousand  crowns";  p.  206,  "rentes  worth 
G0,000  francs  a  year"  should  be  "G0,000 
francs'  worth  of  rentes."     But  trifling  slips 
like    these — and   we    have   nothing   more 
serious  to  complain  of — only  show  that  the 
proofs  would  have  been  the    better  for  a 
little  more  careful  reading.     There  are  few 
books — certainly  not  Balzac's  own — of  which 
that  could  not  be  truthfully  said.    Thus  the 
miscalculation  on  p.  204  of  the  same  volume, 
bywhichwe  have  75,000+175,000=235,000, 
is  the  author's,  not  the  translator's.    Mrs. 
Bell  and  her  coadjutors  never  err  in  essen- 
tials.    Their   rendering   is    always   correct 
and  often  extremely  happy.     We  have  tried 
it  by   the  double  test  of  showing  it  to   a 
reader   familiar  with  the  originals   and  to 
one  unacquainted  with  Balzac  —both  alike 
read  it  with  ease  and    pleasure.     A  word 
must  be  said  in  praise  of  the  illustrations, 
which  add  a  real  charm  to  the  text.     The 
French  scholar  will  not  refuse  the  edition  a 
place  on  his  shelves,  for  it   is   far   better 
printed  and  daintier  than    any  attainable 
French  edition,  and  to  the  English  reader  it 
is  a  great  boon. 

To  not  a  few  English  readers,  indeed, 
the  "  big  yellow  books,  quite  impudently 
French,"  of  the  edition  definitive  of  Balzac 
have  already  been  as  complete  a  revelation 
of  a  new  world  as  they  were  to  Mr.  Henley 
in  that  "transformed  back  kitchen"  of  the 
old  Edinburgh  infirmary  where  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson  brought  them  to  cheer  his  seclu- 
sion.    The  youthful  reader,  especially,   is 


inclined  to  cry  out,  with  Miranda,  "  0  brave 
new  world,  that    has   such    people    in't ! " 
Whatever  the  faults  of  Balzac's  heroes  and 
heroines,  at  least  they  are  almost  invariably 
interesting.     When  one  has  been  properly 
introduced  to  the  careers  of  Eastignac  or 
Lucien  de  Eubempre,  XhaX  par  nohile  fratrum 
Du  Tillet  and  the  Baron  de  Nucingen,  or 
the     immortal,    if   incorrect  Vautrin,  one's 
actual  acquaintances  run  a  risk  of  sinking 
into  nothingness  for  the  time.    Few  occupa- 
tions then  seem  more  profitable  than  that 
of  tracing  the  highways  and  byways  of  the 
'  Comedie  Humaine.'     It  is  true  that  this 
mood  is  not  usually  permanent.  One  awakes 
sooner  or  later  to  the  old  consciousness  of  a 
world  more  real,  if   not   more  convincing, 
than  that  of  the  '  Comedie.'    For  an  English 
reader  the  experience  is  an  especially  healthy 
one.     Few  things  can  be  supposed  more  apt 
to  correct  and  modify  a  youthful  view  of 
life  than   this  temporary  absorption  in  an 
environment  so  foreign,  a  humanity  so  akin 
to  what  one  sees  on  all  sides.     Balzac  him- 
self, of  course,  did  not  profess  to  invent,  but 
to  describe.     He  looked  upon  himself  as  the 
Historian  of  Manners.     In  the  remarkable 
preface  (which  Mr.  Saintsbury  has  somewhat 
cavalierly  deposed  from  its  pride  of  place  at 
the  head  of  the  *  Comedie '),  which  embodies 
the  author's    original   intentions,  although 
it  was  not  written  until  the  work  was  more 
than  half  done,  Balzac  tells  us  that  his  desire 
was  to  do  for  human  society  what  Buffon 
and  Geoffroi  Saint-Hilaire  had  already  done 
for   the   animal  kingdom.     Society,   as   he 
points  out,  has  given  rise  to  as  many  species 
amongst  human  beings  as  Nature  can  show 
amongst   beasts.     The  differences  between 
a  soldier  and  a  poet,  a  priest  and  a  work- 
man, are  as  well  marked  and  as  important 
as  those  between  a  wolf  and  a  lion,  a  sheep 
and  a  donkey.     This  task  was  further  com- 
plicated  by  the   fact  that   in   the   case   of 
humanity   it   was    no    longer    possible    to 
describe  woman   as   simply  the  female   of 
each  male   species.     Also  the  environment 
in  which  the  social  species  existed  and  by 
which  it  was  modified  fell  to  be  described. 
Thus  Balzac's  subject  was,  in  his  own  words, 
Vhomme    et    la    vie.      That,    of    course,    is 
the  theme  which  all   great  novelists  have 
proposed   to  themselves ;    but  none   before 
Balzac  ever  attempted  it  on  so  gigantic  a 
scale  or  in  so  scientific  a  spirit.    Balzac  died 
in  harness,  and  has  left  his  carefully  planned 
edifice  unfinished ;  yet  the  massive  building 
and   the  vast   stretch   of   ground  which   it 
covers  sufficiently  testify  to  what  Mr.  James 
well  calls  his  "incomparable  power."     It  is 
true  that  there  are  many  unfinished  walls, 
passages   that   lead   nowhither,  and   dusty 
corners  in  the  new  Vanity  Fair.     The  work 
is  not  perfect ;  it  has  its  roughnesses  and  its 
inconsistencies.     Yet  it  remains  unique  in 
the   literature   of  the   world,    and   it   is   a 
possession  for  ever  to  the  lovers  of  literature 
and  the  students  of  life.  Criticism  has  much 
to  say  about  its  details,  and  the  dispute  is 
as  vigorous  as  that  about  Wordsworth  or 
Browning.      But,    after    all,    the   criticism 
which  deals  with  details  cannot  be  allowed 
to  say  the  last,  or  even  the  loudest,  word  on 
these   great   matters.      And   the   wise  will 
agree  with  Sainte-Beuve  in  his  better  mood 
to  accept  without  cavil  the  "rich  and  com- 
plicated legacy "  that  Balzac  has  bequeathed 
to   them,   and  continue,   in  French  or  in 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


221 


Englisli,  to  pursue  the  fortunes  of  Eastiguac, 
Biancbon  and  Marsay,  Beatrix  and  Esther, 
Lucien  and  Vautrin,  through  the  many 
volumes,  still  too  few,  in  which  these  have 
survived  the  cunning  brain  of  their  hon  gros 
lihertin  de  pere. 


A    MEDI.'EYAL    BISHOP, 


Exeter  Episcopal  Registers,  1331-1360.     By 

F.    C.    Hingeston  -  Eandolph.      (Bell    & 

Sons.) 
We  have  praised  in  previous  notices  the 
successive  instalments  of  this  great  labour 
of  love,  which  Prebendary  Hingeston- 
Eandolph,  with  untiring  energy,  is  accom- 
plishing single-handed.  The  present  volume 
contains  over  six  hundred  pages  of  closely 
printed  matter  in  small  type  ;  and  as  it  has 
no  index  or  table  of  contents,  while  the 
brief  introduction  deals  with  the  manuscript 
alone,  we  propose  to  describe  some  of  the 
subjects  with  which  these  registers  are  con- 
cerned. Their  varied  interest  may  lead,  we 
hope,  to  greater  attention  being  paid  in 
other  districts  to  these  episcopal  records. 

In  1333,  the  year  of  Halidon  Hill,  the 
bishop  (John  de  Grandisson),  in  reply  to 
an  appeal  from  the  king,  orders  masses, 
processions,  and  special  prayers  throughout 
his  diocese,  against  the  "fierceness  and 
swelling  pride ' '  of  the  Scots,  on  behalf  of 
Edward  and  his  forces,  with  forty  days' 
remission  of  penance  to  all  the  laity  sharing 
in  this  pious  work.  Two  years  later,  at  the 
end  of  June,  Edward  again  appealed  for 
similar  help  against  "the  wicked  Scots," 
and  the  bishop  renewed  his  urgent  instruc- 
tions for  "spiritual  exertions  against  "the 
rage  of  the  Scottish  fury,"  threatening 
even  peaceful  Devon,  and  promised  a 
similar  indulgence.  A  more  deadly  foe 
than  the  sturdy  Scots,  struggling  for  their 
national  independence,  appeared  in  1348, 
•when  a  note  of  warning  was  sounded  from 
Canterbury,  as  early  as  September,  against 
■*' the  pestilence."  The  Black  Death  was  at 
hand.  On  October  31st  the  bishop  ordered 
masses,  processions,  and  all  other  spiritual 
machinery  to  be  set  in  action  throughout 
his  diocese  against  the  dreaded  scourge. 
We  mention  this  date  because  the  com- 
mencement of  the  plague  has  been  placed 
seven  months  later  by  historians. 

From  these  great  national  events  we  turn 
to  a  subject  keenly  disputed,  on  which  the 
last  word  has  by  no  means  yet  been  said. 
This  is  the  decay  of  the  monastic  system. 
John  de  Grandisson,  a  great  prelate,  has 
left  us  here  a  mass  of  evidence  on  the  real 
state  of  the  monasteries  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  Tavistock  Abbey,  in  1338,  is 
beginning  to  fall  into  ruin,  and  its  monks 
to  be  without  means  of  sustenance,  from 
the  faithlessness  and  neglect  of  its  respon- 
sible officers.  John  de  Courtenay,  the  abbot, 
is  sharply  reprimanded  for  his  spiritual 
laxity  as  well  as  for  his  maladministration. 
At  St.  Michael's  Mount  the  prior  and  one 
of  his  kinsmen  have  been  conspiring  to 
ruin  the  house,  which  is  threatened  with 
"  irreparable  disaster."  The  prior  of  St. 
James's,  Exeter,  leads  a  "  grossly  dissolute 
life,"  under  the  nose,  as  it  were,  of  his 
bishop;  prodigally  squanders  the  posses- 
sions of  his  house,  reducing  it  to  poverty ; 
ajid  snaps  his  fingers  even  at  the  major 
excommunication.     At  Barnstaple  the  prior 


was  non-resident,  the  house  neglected,  and 
the  bishop's  officers  defied  and  refused 
admission  by  the  monks.  These  "  sons  of 
Belial,"  as  the  bishoi)  terms  them,  were 
surpassed  by  a  monk  of  Tywardreath 
Priory,  lost  to  all  sense  of  modesty  or 
shame.  Plympton  Priory  was  suffering 
from  the  usual  trouble,  improvident  rule 
and  consequent  debt.  Few  houses,  one  may 
hope,  were  in  the  case  of  Barnstaple,  where 
the  non-resident  prior,  "  too  fond  of  the 
attractions  of  Paris,"  was  given  a  successor, 
a  foot-note  reminds  us,  of  whom  the  bishop 
complained  that  he  "had  led  a  dissolute 
life  in  Wales,  where  he  had  a  family  of 
children,  on  whom  he  lavished  the  goods 
of  the  Church."  The  historical  importance  of 
such  evidence  as  this  is  obvious. 

When  from  the  monasteries  we  pass  to 
the  parochial  churches,  the  Cornish  visita- 
tion of  1331,  with  which  this  volume  opens, 
teems  with  information  of  the  highest 
interest  to  archaeologists,  and  carefully 
annotated  by  the  editor.  The  famous 
church  of  St.  Perran-Zabulo  is  the  subject 
of  a  special  notice  by  him.  A  list  of  bene- 
fices held  by  aliens  in  1334  is  also  of 
distinct  value.  The  many-sided  character 
of  episcopal  activity  is  responsible  for  much 
curious  information,  particularly  on  family 
history.  In  1334  we  have  a  special  marriage 
licence  for  Thomas,  son  of  Sir  Thomas  de 
Scobehille,  and  Ida,  daughter  of  Eoger  de 
Prideaux.  Sir  Oliver  de  Carmynow  and 
his  wife  are  awarded  penance  by  the  bishop, 
on  pleading  ignorance,  for  being  privately 
married  in  the  knight's  chapel,  with  no  pub- 
lication of  banns.  A  chaplain  is  suspended 
for  a  similar  omission  when  John  deNorthe- 
cote,  jun.,  married  John  de  Wottone's 
widow.  Julian  de  Treganhay,  a  married 
man,  is  summoned  to  purge  himself  of 
adultery  with  the  widow  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lercedeakne ;  and  there  is  much  trouble 
over  Elizabeth  de  Bodenneke's  efforts  to 
divorce  her  husband,  Eeginald  de  Mohoun. 
Genealogists  will  welcome  the  probates  of 
the  wills  of  Sir  William  de  Ferrers 
and  Sir  Eichard  de  Champernowne ;  the 
administration  of  the  goods  of  Peter  de 
Ouvedale,  "  militis  et  baronis,"  a  noteworthy 
style,  in  1336,  for  a  man  summoned  to  Par- 
liament ;  and,  above  all,  a  notice  of  the 
funeral  sermon  on  the  Earl  of  Devon, 
February  5th,  1341,  with  a  list  of  the  local 
magnates  who  were  present. 

Among  the  curiosities  in  this  volume  are 
an  episcopal  order  for  the  exhumation  of 
two  knights  long  deceased,  for  reinterment 
in  a  new  chapel,  in  accordance  with  the  will 
of  their  descendant ;  the  excommunication 
of  a  married  clerk  for  heresy  and  "  the 
exercise  of  the  nefarious  art  of  nigro- 
mancy  ";  and  the  citation  of  a  suspicious 
hermit  who  was  propagating  errors  against 
the  faith.  The  watchful  bishop  kept  his 
eye  on  doubtful  "  miracles "  as  well.  He 
thought  it  most  improbable  that  the  vicar 
of  St.  Crantock  had  recovered  his  sight  and 
become  able  to  minister  to  his  flock,  while 
as  for  John  the  Skinner,  who  professed  to 
have  been  cured  miraculously  of  blindness, 
he  summoned  the  wretch  before  him,  cross- 
examined  him,  made  him  confess  that  the 
whole  story  was  concocted  for  the  sake 
of  gain,  and  ordered  the  imposture  to 
be  publicly  exposed  in  Exeter  Cathedral. 
An     alleged    miraculous    ringing    of     the 


cathedral  bells  at  the  same  time  moved 
the  bishop  to  wrath,  and  his  letter  on  the 
subject  is  couched  in  no  measured  terms. 
No  less  -watchful  in  other  matters,  he  re- 
buked his  Cornish  clergy  for  irreverence  iu 
administering  the  viaticum,  expressing  his 
horror  at  the  daily  scandal  of  their  carrying 
the  host  to  the  dying  without  bell,  lights, 
or  proper  vestments,  and  imposing  a  fine  of 
half  a  marc  for  the  cathedral  fabric  on  those 
who  did  so.  Nor  was  this  the  only  irre- 
verence which  moved  the  bishop  to  grief. 
John  Hay  ward,  who  had  fled  for  refuge  to 
Sutton  Church,  had  been  followed  by  a  mob 
who  had  broken  into  the  sacred  edifice  and 
fallen  upon  him  with  swords  and  clubs,  while 
the  vicar  of  that  church  had  himself  been 
assaulted  and  carried  off  to  Buckland  Abbey. 
The  bishop  was  scandalized  beyond  words ; 
but  even  this  was  not  the  worst.  William  le 
Gyldene,  a  priest,  had  obstructed  in  his  own 
cathedral  his  own  nephew  from  taking  pos- 
session of  the  canonry  the  bishop  had  granted 
him,  had  ignored  the  sentence  of  major 
excommunication,  and  had  finally  broken 
into  the  cathedral  at  mass  with  "satellites 
of  Satan  "  armed  with  swords  and  clubs, 
and,  rushing  up  into  the  choir  with  them, 
had  insisted  on  the  dean  and  other  members 
of  the  chapter  receiving  him  as  a  canon. 
With  this  crowning  outrage  on  the  feelings 
of  the  bishop  as  a  prelate  and  an  uncle  we 
must  take  leave  of  his  instructive  Eegister. 


BOOKS   OF   TKAVEL. 


Prof.  W.  M.  Ramsay's  Impressions  of  Turkty 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton)  is  the  work  of  a  scrupu- 
lously conscientious  observer  who  has  travelled 
for  many  years  in  Asiatic  Turkey  and  is  at 
home  with  the  peasants  and  their  languages. 
It  will  be  read  with  interest  by  the  many  who 
want  to  make  up  their  minds  upon  current 
A.siatic  problems  ;  but  Mr.  Ramsay's  cautious 
fairness— admirably  characteristic  of  a  scholar — 
is  hardly  calculated  to  furnish  that  de6nite  and 
pronounced  verdict  on  the  points  at  issue  which 
the  public  like.  His  book  is  to  some  extent 
a  reply  to  Mr.  Hogarth's  'Wandering  Scholar 
in  the  Levant,'  but  the  chief  difference  between 
the  two  seems  to  lie  in  the  views  of  the  two 
archieologists  concerning  the  Turkish  governing 
class  and  police,  which  Mr.  Hogarth  defends 
and  Mr.  Ramsay  unhesitatingly  condemns. 
This,  however,  is  a  matter  of  politics  into 
which  we  shall  not  enter.  Of  the  ordinary 
Turkish  peasants  there  is  and  has  always  been 
but  one  opinion,  and  Mr.  Ramsay  cordially 
appreciates  their  honesty,  good  temper,  courtesy, 
hospitality,  and  freedom  from  fanaticism. 
Characteristically  he  accounts  for  these  excel- 
lent qualities  by  his  well-known  theory  —  a 
theory  deserving  careful  consideration— that  the 
Mohammedans  of  Asia  Minor  are  not  Turks  at 
all,  but  MoslemizeJ  descendants  of  the  earlier 
races  of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia.  Remem- 
bering the  numerous  and  violent  changes  that 
have  convulsed  Asia  Minor  from  the  beginning 
of  history,  we  imagine  that  it  would  be  a  re- 
markably wise  descendant  who  knew  his  own 
ancestor.  A  good  deal  of  intermarriage  (to  put 
it  politely)  must  have  taken  place  in  the  various 
periods  of  conquest,  as  well  as  a  good  deal  of 
unprejudiced  extermination,  at  least  of  males. 
Mr.  Ramsay  has,  of  course,  much  to  say  about 
the  Armenians,  whom  he  regards  as  Christian- 
ized Kurds,  "Kurds  passed  through  centuries 
of  Christianity."  He  does  not  disguise  his 
dislike,  whilst  he  extends  to  them  his  sympathy 
and  respect.  The  people  he  does  really  admire 
are  the  Greeks— the  only  people,  by  the  way, 
whom  he  does  not  turn  into  some  other  people. 
(It  might  be  suggested  that  the  Asiatic  Greeks 


222 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


are  Turks  passed  through  centuries  of  Ortho- 
doxy.) Of  the  progress  of  the  Greeks  in  Asia 
Mr.  Ramsay  gives  an  enthusiastic  account. 
Wherever  a  railway  goes,  he  says,  the  Greek 
keeps  pace,  whilst  the  Turk  gradually  dis- 
appears. How  far  this  progress  of  Western 
civilization  (such  as  it  is)  will  be  maintained 
after  recent  political  events  the  professor  him- 
self considers  doubtful.  He  sees,  of  course, 
unmistakable  signs  of  a  Mohammedan  revival, 
which  he  ascribes  mainly  to  the  indomit- 
able perseverance  of  the  present  Sultan, 
of  whose  intellect  and  political  insight  Mr. 
Ramsay  does  not  conceal  his  admiration.  He 
considers  that  the  recent  troubles  in  Armenia 
could  never  have  occurred  but  for  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's wholesale  withdrawal  of  the  consuls 
which  Lord  Beaconsfield  had  established  in  the 
Asiatic  protectorate  in  pursuance  of  the  Cyprus 
Convention.  Besides  general  "impressions," 
a  journey  in  Phrygia  occupies  two  rather  heavy 
chapters  of  the  book,  which  ends  with  a  useful 
section  headed  "Tips  to  Archreological  Travel- 
lers." It  is  clear  that  archaeologists  can  use  slang  : 
Mr.  Ramsay  even  drops  into  American  when 
he  informs  us  that  he  got  "  pretty  mad  "—but 
then  he  was  travelling  with  an  American  pro- 
fessor. Though  he  speaks  Turkish,  the  spelling 
of  Turkish  names  in  the  book  leaves  something 
to  be  desired.  The  omission  of  an  accent  over 
the  e  in  turbe,  the  insertion  of  a  k  in  Akhmet, 
and  the  like,  may  confuse  the  reader.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  learn  by  what  scientific  metliod 
it  was  ascertained  that  in  one  province  1,620 
tons  of  locusts  were  buried  in  accordance  with 
Government  instructions,  and  further  how  many 
locusts  on  the  average  go  to  the  ton. 

Through  the  Subarctic  Forest :  a  Record  of  a 
Canoe  Journey  from  Fort  Wrangel  to  the  Felly 
Lakes  and  down  the  Yukon  River  to  the  Behring 
Sea.  By  Warburton  Pike.  (Arnold.)— Ordinary 
readers  could  not,  a  few  months  ago,  probably 
have  said  offhand  where  the  river  Yukon  is, 
and,  we  imagine,  had  never  heard  of  the  Pelly 
Lakes.  The  professed  geographer  no  doubt  knew 
that  the  Yukon  separates  Alaska  from  British 
North  America,  and  would  have  referred  them 
to  Dr.  Dawson's  report  and  maps  for  an  account 
of  the  country  through  which  it  flows  ;  but  even 
he  could  speak  but  vaguely  of  the  Pelly  Lakes 
as  situated  in  a  practically  unexplored  portion 
of  British  Columbia  about  which  little  or 
nothing  was  known  with  accuracy.  Mr.  War- 
burton  Pike  in  the  present  volume  describes  a 
long  journey  which  he  made  in  1892,  chiefly 
along  the  route  followed  five  years  before  by 
Dr.  Dawson  and  his  party,  but  also  in  the  Pelly 
and  Liard  districts.  To  this  extent  he  has 
broken  new  ground  and  made  a  valuable 
addition  to  our  knowledge.  Chartographers, 
until  an  official  survey  is  made,  will  rejoice 
in  the  information  gathered  by  Mr.  Pike,  and 
will  be  enabled  by  it  materially  to  improve 
a  corner  of  the  North  American  map  which 
has  hitherto  been  most  incorrectly  represented 
in  our  atlases,  or,  as  has  more  usually  been  the 
case,  has  been  shown  as  a  blank  only.  As  a 
topographical  explorer,  therefore,  Mr.  Pike  has 
done  good  and  useful  work— work,  too,  which, 
now  that  this  part  of  the  v/orld  has  suddenly 
become  the  scene  of  a  rush  of  seekers  after  gold, 
will  receive  instant  recognition.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  as  an  ethnologist,  a  geologist,  or  a 
botanist  he  has  not  produced  an  equally  im- 
portant record.  It  is  impossible,  however,  not 
to  admit  the  validity  of  his  plea  when,  lament- 
ing the  scantiness  of  his  collections  and  natural 
history  observations,  he  says  : — 

"They  are  not  nearly  so  perfect  as  I  could  have 
wished  ;  but  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  fact 
that  I  was  my  own  steersman  and  hunter,  and  my 
attention  was  often  drawn  from  more  scientific 
pursuits  by  the  perils  of  navigation  or  the  empti- 
ness of  the  larder." 

Still,  he  did  bring  home  some  eighty-five  plants, 
which  have  been  named  by  Dr.  Thiselton  Dyer, 
and  rock  specimens  from  thirty-five  localities. 


These  have  been  examined  and  reported  on 
by  Dr.  Dawson  ;  but,  chiefly  from  the  absence 
of  fossils  and  stratigraphical  notes,  they  un- 
fortunately throw  but  little  light  on  the  geo- 
logical structure  of  the  large  area  traversed. 
Mr.  Pike's  book  is  thus  purely  a  chronicle  of 
travel,  of  difficulties  of  transit  successfully  over- 
come, of  fishing  and  of  hunting,  in  a  part  of  the 
globe  where  the  river  rapids  are  rocky  and 
dangerous,  where  game  is  plentiful  and  has  not 
yet  learnt  to  be  wild,  and  where  salmon  are 
killed  in  numbers  which  will  seem  incredible  to 
anglers  in  Scottish,  Norwegian,  or  even  Canadian 
streams.  An  expert  canoeist,  a  good  shot,  and 
a  contemner  of  personal  comfort,  Mr.  Pike 
possesses  the  qualities  necessary  for  such  ex- 
plorations as  these  ;  but,  like  so  many  of  the 
best  of  his  kind,  he  scarcely  makes  the  most  of 
the  varied  incidents  of  his  long  journey  or  of 
the  scenes,  many  of  them  beautiful  and  weird, 
which  he  witnessed.  There  is  certainly  no 
"  gush  "  in  his  style,  and  little  has  been  done  to 
fill  out  the  bare  diary  entries  of  which  his  work 
has  been  built  up.  This  is  to  some  extent 
compensated  for  by  the  excellent  illustrations 
which  adorn  his  book.  These  will  be  of  great 
interest  to  all  sportsmen  and  lovers  of  scenery, 
and  are  thoroughly  artistic.  The  view  of  Pelly 
Lake  at  p.  149,  with  its  pine-clad  shore  in  the 
middle  distance  and  a  fine  snow-capped  range  of 
mountains  in  the  background,  is  a  lovely  picture, 
apt  to  make  one  forget  the  general  inhospitality 
of  the  cold,  wet,  and  desolate  region  v/hich  it 
represents. 

Through  Finland  in  Carts.  By  Mrs.  Alec 
Tweedie.  (Black.)—"  We  flatter  ourselves  that 
we  really  are  very  nice,"  remarks  Mrs.  Tweedie, 
alluding  to  her  sister  and  herself,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  her  book  ;  and  now  that,  at  last,  we 
have  got  to  the  end  of  it,  we  are  frankly  of 
opinion  that  the  author  would  be  nicer  still  if  she 
had  confided  her  experiences  only  to  the  circle 
of  her  bosom  friends.  Those  ladies  who  have 
the  privilege  of  addressing  her  as  "the  elderly 
scribe  "  will,  no  doubt,  be  deeply  interested  to 
hear  that  on  one  occasion  she  devoured  a  whole 
chicken  for  dinner,  while  on  another  occasion 
she  much  enjoyed  a  cup  of  tea  ;  and  they  will 
also  be  thrilled  by  the  recital  of  her  harrowing 
experiences  in  the  "  knobby  "  bed  at  Nyslott, 
which  wrought  such  havoc  with  her  limbs.  But 
rank  outsiders  who  take  up  this  book  with  the 
not  unnatural  hope  of  learning  something  new 
about  Finland  will  not,  it  is  to  be  feared,  be  quite 
so  satisfied.  They  will  find,  no  doubt,  a  consider- 
able amount  of  statistical  padding  "chucked 
in  "  anyhow  in  the  course  of  a  singularly  ram- 
bling and  incoherent  narrative  ;  but  the  quality 
of  this  second-hand  information  is  not  always 
superlative,  and  a  lady  who  professes  to  know 
at  least  three  foreign  tongues  should  learn, 
first  of  all,  to  write  her  own  language  cor- 
rectly. What,  for  instance,  are  we  to  make 
of  the  following  sentence,  "For  all  ladies  are 
as  certain  to  be  beautiful  when  they  write  about 
themselves  as  that  authoresses  are  all  old  and 
ugly,  which  seems  to  be  a  universal  idea  in 
the  eyes  of  the  public  generally  "  ?  or  of  such 
a  phrase  as  "  by  way  of  extreme  from  such 
modernity  "  ?  At  Abo  Cathedral  Mrs.  Tweedie 
thought  it  an  extraordinary  circumstance  that 
seats  should  be  set  apart  for  communicants 
(surely  not  a  very  uncommon  arrangement), 
and  she  describes  her  amazement  thereat 
as  follows: — "Two  things  struck  us  as  extra- 
ordinary in  this  building.  The  first  were  [sic^ 
long  words  painted  on  several  of  the  pews  : 
'  For  Mattvardsgiister  [sic]  Rippewatea  war- 
ten,'  which  being  translated  into  English 
notified  :  For  those  who  were  waiting  for 
the  communion."  The  author  seems  to  be 
unaware  that  the  first  two  words  of  this  notice 
are  Swedish,  the  last  two  Finnish,  and  that 
they  both  mean  simply  "for  communicants." 
"  Mattvardsgiister  "  should,  of  course,  be 
Nattvardsgiister ;  and  warten  does  not  mean 
"waiting,"  as    Mrs.   Tweedie    seemingly   sup- 


poses. But  anything  may  be  expected  of  an 
author  who  translates  the  Swedish  sklir  channel, 
instead  of  rock ;  who  frequently  begins  her 
sentences  with  a  jaunty  "Fact  was  "  and  "  Spite 
of  ";  who  uses  the  oblique  cases  of  nouns  as  if 
they  were  nominatives,  and  gravely  informs  us 
that  Cliristmas  comes  in  the  winter.  In  truth, 
a  more  silly  book  of  travel  has  not  appeared  for 
some  time,  and  those  who  would  know  some- 
thing of  Finland  must,  if  they  cannot  obtain 
Mechelin's  '  Finland  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,' 
published  at  Helsingfors  in  1894,  still  mainly 
depend  upon  Rosny's  '  Le  Pays  des  dix-mille 
Lacs'  and  Retzius's  'Finland,'  although  the 
former  is  nov/  eleven  and  the  latter  twelve 
years  old. 

The  New  Africa:  a  Journey  up  the  Chobe 
and  down  the  Okavanga  Rivers.  By  Aurel  Schulz, 
M.D. ,  and  August  Hammar,  C.E.  With  Map 
and  Illustrations.  (Heineraann.)  — If  Dr.  Aurel 
Schulz  had  published  his  highly  interesting  and 
instructive  record  of  exploration  and  travel 
immediately  after  his  return  to  Natal  in  1885, 
its  contents  would  have  dealt  in  a  large  measure 
with  regions  then  imperfectly  known  or  not 
known  at  all.  But  much  has  happened  in  the 
course  of  these  twelve  years,  and  many  travellers 
have  followed  in  the  steps  of  the  author.  Ndale, 
the  dreaded  chief  on  the  Okavanga  river,  has 
been  visited  not  only  by  the  agents  of  a  mis- 
sionary society,  but  also  by  more  scientific  ex- 
plorers coming  from  German  South- West  Africa, 
whilst  traders  have  repeatedly  crossed  over 
from  the  Okavanga  to  the  Zambesi.  This  delay 
in  its  publication  detracts,  no  doubt,  from  the 
interest  of  this  volume.  Dr.  Schulz  cannot 
speak  as  an  eye-witness  of  the  wonderful 
transformation  of  the  Transvaal  consequent 
upon  the  development  of  its  gold  mines,  or  of  the 
expansion  northward  of  British  South  Africa. 
But  as  he  visited  remote  native  tribes  who,  even 
now,  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  come  into 
contact  with  Europeans,  as  sporting  adventures 
fill  manypages,  and  hegives  reminiscences  of  men 
like  Selous  and  Westbeech,  who  have  played  a 
part  in  the  exploration  of  this  portion  of  Africa, 
his  book  may  be  read  with  profit  even  now. 
At  the  same  time  it  should  be  stated  that  his 
account  of  the  Chobe  and  Okavanga  rivers  is 
still  the  best  extant,  and  will  only  be  super- 
seded when  the  reports  of  Capt.  Lugai-d,  who 
for  some  time  past  has  been  engaged  in  the 
exploration  of  territories  lying  to  the  north  of 
Lake  Ngami,  are  published.  The  map,  for 
which  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Hammar,  the 
author's  fellow  traveller,  contains  excellent 
information  although  much  out  in  longitude, 
unless  the  results  of  modern  observers  ought 
to  be  rejected.  We  must  content  ourselves 
with  the  following  quotation,  which  in  the  lisfc 
of  contents  is  described  as  "  How  Fathers  of 
Jesuit  Missions  instruct  Natives  ": — 

"A  few  paces  away  [from  Panda  Matenga]  was 
the  Jesuit  mission  station,  under  the  leadership  of 
the  Fathers  Krootand  Bohm — two  kindly  gentlemen, 
to  whom  we  also  became  much  indebted  for  friendly 
little  acts,  most  higlily  valued  in  the  wilderness. 
With  the  usual  fatality  caused  by  isolation,  West- 
beech  and  the  fathers  were  at  loggerheads  over 
some  trifle,  and  consequently  had  not  spoken  to 
each  other  for  months  —  the  original  dispute,  we 
understood,  being  over  a  strip  of  agricultural 
ground,  certainly  not  an  acre  in  extent,  while  the 
country  extended,  free  to  all  comers,  for  hundreds 
of  miles  in  all  directions.  We  wisely  refrained  from 
trying  to  reconcile  these  erring  people,  knowing- 
that  any  intimacy  would  only  give  rise  to  fresh 
occasions  for  quarrel,  the  ill-temper  being  sure  to 
burst  out  again,  like  a  festering  sore,  with  possi- 
bilities, in  the  ungoverned  wilds,  of  which  we  did 
not  care  to  take  the  responsibility.  We  simpl3rmade 
friends  with  both  parties,  and  avoided  as  much  as 
possible  listening  to  any  explanations  from  either 
side.  Poor  souls  !  they  are  all  dead  now,  victims  to 
the  climate,  and  have  at  last  one  thing  in  common 
—a  grave.  The  intermittent  fever  that  killed  them 
rose  from  the  very  soil  they  quarrelled  about." 

We  are  led  to  suppose  that  the  Jesuit  fathers 
were  giving  the  natives  an  object  lesson  in 
Christian  love  and  charity. 


N°3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  7E  U  ]\J 


223 


However  dry  it  may  prove  to  the  taste  of 
ordinary  readers,  the  neat  little  volume  which 
has  recently  appeared  under  tlie  title  of  Eastern 
Persian  Irak  (Murray)  will  be  welcome  to 
students  and  others  who  seek  fuller  acquaintance 
with  the  geography  of  the  Shah's  dominions. 
The  particular  tract  of  country  on  which  General 
Schindler  writes  is,  he  avers,  "practically  a  blank 
on  all  existing  maps,"  and  he  further  cites  as 
terrce  incognita;  the  rich  and  fertile  districts  of 
Jasp,  Ardahal,  Kohistan  of  Kom,  and  Sardsir 
of  Kashan.     He  adds,  moreover  :  — 

"The  districts  of  Mahallat  and  Joshekan  have 
occasionally  been  mentioned,  and  their  position  has 
been  indicated  on  maps  ;  but  of  Joshekan  only  one 
place  (Meimah)  is  shown,  and  the  town  Mahallat, 
until  quite  recently,  still  figured  as  Makatal— aname 
obtained  from  Aucher  Eloy's  almost  illegible  pencil 
notes.  The  Lar  district,  north-east  of  Teheran,  has 
been  visited  every  year  by  many  of  the  European 
residents  of  Teheran,  but  with  the  exception  of 
Lovett,  who  surveyed  a  part  of  it  (see  Proceedings 
R.  G.S.,  1882),  no  one  seems  to  have  taken  any  trouble 
about  mapping  it." 

As  regards  the  last-quoted  remark,  it  may 
be  stated  that  a  descriptive  paper  on 
the  Lar  district,  headed  '  From  Teheran 
towards  the  Caspian,'  was  contributed  to 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  for  November  last  by  Col.  Heni-y 
Wells,  R.E.  ;  but  no  newer  map  than  Lovett's 
was  referred  to  in  illustration  of  the  writer's 
exploration.  Schindler's  district  of  "Ardahal  " 
is  doubtless  another  reading  of  Curzon's  "  Arde- 
bal,"  south  of  Kom.  To  supply  the  information 
still  wanting  to  complete  a  map  of  Persia  no 
man  could  well  be  found  fitter  than  the  author 
of  this  new  guide-book.  His  natural  ability  and 
intelligence,  combined  with  local  position  and 
experience,  have  enabled  him  to  put  together  an 
amount  of  valuable  information  which  tlie  less 
carefully  equipped  traveller  could  scarcely  hope 
to  obtain,  and  the  map,  compiled  from  his  own 
surveys  carried  on  from  time  to  time  during  the 
last  eighteen  years,  is  a  highly  important  addi- 
tion to  our  knowledge  of  Asiatic  countries. 
Practically,  it  is  an  approach  to  mapping  out 
Persia  in  districts  as  accurately  as  England  is 
mapped  out  in  counties  or  France  in  depart- 
snents,  a  result  which  should  be  as  beneficial  to 
the  Shah's  ministers  as  to  the  outside  world 
of  geographers.  But  the  directing  powers  must 
keep  pace  with  the  executive,  and  the  Govern- 
ment offices  of  Teheran  will  have  their  part  to 
perform  in  turning  to  account  for  administrative 
purposes  the  labours  of  their  subordinates. 
General  Schindler  shows  that,  shortly  after 
the  Arab  conquest  (circa  a.d.  642),  the  name 
*'  Irdk  "  was  given  to  a  vast  province  under  the 
Governor-Genera]  of  Kufah  (its  capital  town)  ; 
that  later  on,  under  the  sway  of  the  Kiialifs, 
it  was  in  use  for  the  two  great  territorial  divi- 
sions of  "Irak  ul  'Ajam,"  the  barbarian  or 
foreign,  and  "Irak  ul  'Arab,"  the  Arabian 
Irdk,  the  aforesaid  Governor-General  receiving 
the  designation  of  Governor  of  the  two  Iraks  ; 
that,  later  still,  Azerbaijan  and  the  Caspian 
provinces  were  separated  from  Persian  Irak  ; 
and  that, 

'•finally,  the  appellation  became  restricted  to  that 
part  of  Persia  which  was  bounded  by  Azerbaijan, 
Gilan,  and  Mazandaran  on  the  north,  by  Khorasau 
on  the  east,  by  Fars  and  Khuzistan  on  the  south, 
and  by  the  Zagros  range  on  the  west,  and  com- 
prised the  present  provinces  and  districts  of 
Teheran,  Kazvin,  Zenjan,  Hamadan,  Kermanshah, 
Luristan,  Isfahan,  Kashan,  and  Kom." 

The  term  "Irak"  has,  at  the  present  day, 
fallen  into  disuse,  except  in  its  application  to'^a 
small  district  south-west  of  Kom  ;  while  the 
"Eastern  Persian  Irdk,"  now  brought  under 
notice,  contains  the  provinces  of  Kom,  Mahallat, 
Natanz,  Joshekan,  and  Kashan,  and  parts  of 
Teheran,  Isfahan,  Savah,  and  Irdk.  Under  all 
these  heads  much  interesting  information  is 
afforded  in  the  general's  pages.  He  has  even 
something  new  to  tell  us  on  such  well-known 
places  as  Kom,  Kashan,  and  Isfahan,  having 
elicited  very  many  details  from   oral  inquiry. 


or  by  laying  under  contribution  local  literature, 
of  which  the  'Kom-nameh,'  a  comprehensive 
history  of  Kom,  is  a  good  example.  About  this 
last-named  city,  for  instance,  and  the  province 
bearing  its  name,  we  have  more  than  twenty 
pages  of  curious,  varied,  and  novel  description. 
If  the  author's  etymological  treatment  of  proper 
names  leaves  a  vague  and  unconvincing  conclu- 
sion on  the  reader's  mind,  the  fact  must  be 
attributed  to  the  poor  material  available  for 
investigation.  These  are  his  remarks  on  the 
etymology  of  Kom  : — 

"  Some  authors  say  that  before  the  lake  was 
drained  many  reed  huts  stood  on  its  shores,  and 
served  the  people  who  guarded  the  cattle  grazing 
there  as  habitations.  These  reed  huts  were  called 
Kunu'h,  and  the  plain  in  which  they  stood  was  called 
Kvmeh  meidan,  the  reed-hut  plain,  which  was  later 
contracted  into  Kumidan  and  Kum,  the  latter 
being  changed  by  the  Arabs  into  Kom.  Others  say 
that  the  Arabs  called  the  place  Kom  from  its 
abundant  water  supply, '  kom '  meaning  '  an  abund- 
ance of  water,'  and  '  kankomeh  '  a  '  waterpot.'  " 

Again  : — 

'■Priests  of  Kom  have  invented  a  had ith  (ir&Ai- 
tion)  which  they  unblushingly  ask  people  to 
believe.  This  tradition,  manufactured  iu  modern 
times,     informs    the    pious      that      the      prophet 

Muhammed,  when  performing  hlimiraj rested 

at  a  pleasant  and  delightful  spot,  on  earth,  and  there 
saw  an  old  man.  The  prophet  asked  the  angel 
Gabriel,  who  was  accompanying  him,  '  What  place 
is  this,  and  who  is  this  old  man  ? '  Gabriel  replied, 
'This  is  the  residence  of  thy  successor  'All's  de- 
scendants, the  Shi'ahs,  and  the  old  man  is  Satan.' 
Thereupon  the  prophet  said,  'Ya  mal'ua  komm  ! ' 
('  Oh,  cursed  one,  get  up  ! ')  and  the  place  was  called 
Komm,  as  it  is  written  by  Arabic  authors  Yet 
another  explanation  is  that,  once  upon  a  time,  the 
headman  of  the  place,  before  it  was  named  Kom, 
was  a  very  lazy  Arab,  whose  wife  all  day  long  had  to 
tell  him. '  Ai  rajul,  komm  ! '  that  is,  '  Oh  man,  get 
up  r  and  as  travellers,  when  passing  the  place,  always 
heard  the  woman  call  out  'komm,'  they  finally 
called  it  the  Komm  place." 

A  foot-note  in  Curzon's  '  Persia '  refers  to  a 
supposition  that  the  word  is  a  contraction  of 
Kiih-i  mis,  the  mountain  of  copper,  a  mineral 
found  in  the  adjacent  hills.  It  seems  strange  to 
have  omitted  the  suggestion  that  it  may  possibly 
be  the  Turkish  l<om,  understood  by  scientific 
explorers  to  mean  sand,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Kizil  and  Kara-kom,  or  "red  and  white 
sand "  deserts,  north  of  Merv  and  Khorasan. 
Independently  of  its  geographical  value,  this 
publication  should  serve  to  illustrate  the  method 
by  which  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  pur- 
poses to  treat  the  question  of  orthography, 
notably  in  respect  of  Oriental  nomenclature. 
Not  only  does  the  book  bear  the  Society's 
stamp  on  its  outer  cover  and  inner  title-page, 
but  in  a  foot-note  at  p.  3  will  be  found  a  formal 
expression  of  regret  on  the  part  of  the  Council 
that  they  are  unable  to  entertain  the  author's 
plea  for  the  use  of  diacritical  marks.  They  do 
not  "see  their  way  to  depart  from  the  rules  for 
spelling  geographical  names  which  they  have 
adopted."  Now  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  Council's  views  are  sound,  though  somewhat 
per^jlexing  in  some  instances  to  put  into  prac- 
tice. The  aim  is  to  introduce  a  system  which 
can  be  readily  and  generally  understood,  with 
as  little  offence  as  possible  to  scientific  accuracy  ; 
but  it  is  not,  at  the  same  time,  to  be  denied 
that  scientific  accuracy  is  a  secondary  considera- 
tion in  the  matter,  and  the  man  who  knows 
what  is  classically  right  has,  perhaps,  a  hard  nut 
to  crack  when  required  to  aflix  his  signet  of 
approval  to  a  reckless  vulgarism  or  conventional 
blunder.  Of  course  the  Society  is  aware,  and 
General  Schindler  is  too  conscientious  an 
expert  to  ignore,  that  the  interpretation  of 
rules  for  transliteration  must  depend  on  other 
requirements  than  what  is  called  scientific  accu- 
racy ;  the  desideratum  is  a  judicious  com- 
promise. In  the  case  in  point,  the  ear  accus- 
tomed to  the  unarabicized  Turkish  and  Persian 
vernacular  will  not  necessarily  be  shocked  at 
hearing  Kom  called  "  Kiim,"  Dolet  "  Devlet," 
Kand  "Kend,"  and  so  forth,  while  the  change 
of  an  into  un  is  a  peculiarity  which  needs  no 


remark.  If  the  y  is  to  be  used  as  a  consonant 
only,  as  laid  down  in  the  rules,  it  may  be  more 
correct  to  write  "  Seiyid "  than  "Seyyid,"  a 
'.nodification  which,  we  venture  to  think,  would 
do  away  with  a  grievous  eyesore.  That  the 
final  ((.,  or  less  commonly  used  e,  should  take 
the  place  of  ah  or  eh,  if  not  yet  indicated,  is 
apparently  foreshadowed  by  the  examplesTanna, 
Mecca,  Medina,  Kwale,  and  other  names.  But 
we  have  no  space  for  the  discussion  of  details, 
the  due  disposal  of  which  cannot  be  more  prac- 
tically facilitated  than  by  the  publication  of 
books  like  '  Eastern  Persian  Irak.' 

A  puzzling  book,  as  well  as  a  clever  one,  is 
an  attack  upon  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
under  the  title  America  and  the  Americans, 
from  a  French  Point  of  Vieia,  published  by  Mr. 
Heinemann,  but  printed  in  New  York.  It  bears 
no  true  sign  of  being  a  translation.  The  author 
throws  out  a  great  number  of  clues  to  his  identity, 
but  we  imagine  them  to  be  intended  to  mislead. 
One  passage,  indeed,  makes  for  his  French 
nationality.  In  laughing  at  the  "smart"  people 
of  New  York  society  he  describes  a  dinner  party 
at  which  a  titled  Englishman  takes  in  the 
hostess,  "despite  the  fact  that  a  distinguished 
American,  a  member  of  one  of  the  late  adminis- 
trations, was  present."  Apart  from  "title," 
there  can  be  nothing  but  good  manners  in  giving 
to  a  foreigner  a  precedence  of  courtesy.  It  is 
done  in  the  best  sets  of  all  countries  except 
France,  but  it  is  not,  as  a  rule,  done  in  France, 
and  hence,  against  much  evidence  the  other 
way,  we  are  inclined  to  think  the  author  to  be 
a  Frenchman.  He  will  be  found  most  read- 
able. 

The  Librairie  Hachette  publishes  what  is 
apparently  the  first  work  by  a  young  officer, 
En  Conge,  from  the  pen  of  M.  Georges  Noble- 
maire,  a  volume  of  travel  in  Egypt,  Ceylon,  and 
Southern  India.  The  author's  sprightly  account 
of  Egypt  is  the  usual  French  traveller's  story 
about  that  country,  in  which,  however,  we  note 
as  a  new  point  the  belief  of  the  author  that  it  is 
intended  to  utilize  the  occupation  in  time  of 
war,  not  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  open,  but 
for  that  of  blocking  the  Suez  Canal.  We  do 
not  notice  this  statement  to  ridicule  it.  It  is  a 
perfectly  defensible  view  of  what  might  be  our 
military  interest  ;  but  it  is  not  the  usual  one. 
The  author  is  justly  appreciative  of  the  ex- 
quisite scenery  of  Ceylon. 

M.  Edouard  Comely,  who  uses  the  title  of 
"Librairie  d  Education  Moderne,"  publishes 
Chez  les  Grecs  de  Turquie,  by  L.  de  Launay. 
This  is  an  interesting  volume  on  Smyrna,  Mount 
Athos,  the  Ionian  Islands,  Thrace,  Macedonia, 
and  The.ssaly,  and  has  a  special  importance  at 
the  present  moment.  There  is  a  little  too  much 
travel,  and  rather  too  little  political  observation, 
to  make  the  book  so  useful  as  it  might  other- 
wise have  been.  Perhaps,  however,  it  gains  in 
pleasantness  and  avoids  prejudice. 

MM.  Armand  Colin  &  Cie.  publish  Une 
Mission  Frangaise  en  Ahyssinie,  by  S.  Vigne'ras, 
aninterestingvolumeon  the  mission  of  December, 
1896.  There  are  no  Anglo-French  politics  in  it 
and  nothing  about  treaties.  But  there  is  a  pic- 
ture of  the  rule  of  Menelik,  both  at  his  capital 
and  in  Harrar,  an  account  of  the  Abyssinian 
Church,  and  a  history  of  Abyssinia— all  of  which 
can,  perhaps,  be  found  elsewhere,  but  which  are 
freshly  drawn  or  told,  and  present  a  pleasant 
view  of  the  territories  of  the  new  empire. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Hachette  the 
volume  for  1896  of  the  Tour  du  Monde,  that 
admirable  journal  which,  by  the  variety  of  its 
contents  and  the  excellence  of  its  illustrations, 
forms  a  lesson  for  London  publishers.  Particu- 
larly spirited  are  the  drawings  by  Madame  Cram- 
pel  illustrative  of  M.  Grenard's  account  of  thelast 
expedition  in  Turkistan  and  Thibet  of  Dutreuil 
de  Rhins,  who  was,  it  will  be  remembered,  shot 
by  the  Thibetans.  There  are  some  excellently 
illustrated  papers  on  Mount  Athos  by  Comte 
B.  de  Nadaillac  ;  especially  noticeable  is  a  full- 


224 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


page  drawing  of  Sinionopetra.  M.  de  Launay's 
articles  on  the  gold  mines  of  the  Transvaal  are 
also  accompanied  by  capital  cuts.  M.  Chantre's 
tour  in  Cappadocia  is  worth  perusal.  An 
abridged  version  of  Sir  \V.  Conway's  Himalayan 
explorations  is  included  in  the  volume. 


CONTKIBUTIONS   TO    THE    HISTORY   OF   OXFORD. 

Subscribers  to  the  Oxford  Historical  Society 
are  to  be  congratulated  on  the  admirably  repre- 
sentative character  of  their  successive  publica- 
tions of  Collectanea  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press), 
which,  whether  by  accident  or  by  design  of  their 
learned  editors,  are  singularly  illustrative  of  the 
history  of  Oxford  University  from  its  earliest 
beginnings  in  the  twelfth  century  down  to  the 
adoption  by  the  Clarendon   Press   in    1805  of 
Lord  Stanhope's    improved  method  of   stereo- 
type printing.     But  although  we  are  allowed  a 
glimpse  of  Oxford  in  each  succeeding  century, 
the  mass  of  the  papers  in  these  three  volumes 
refer  to  the  early  and  later  mediaeval  period  ;  to 
the  founding  of  the  University  by  the  teaching 
of   the   six    famous   schoolmen    who    flourished 
during  the  reigns  of  Stephen,  Henry  II.,  and 
his  sons  ;  and  to  the  desperate  encounters  with 
various    enemies   in   which,   like    some    infant 
Hercules,  the   young   University  was  engaged 
almost    from    birth.     First    among   these   was 
that   with   the   Friars  Preachers,    whose   cases 
V.  the   University,  in  1311-13,  are  edited  here 
from   the  Digby  Rolls,   with  helpful   marginal 
readings.     Next   came   her   struggle   with    the 
refractory    Northern    students,    who,    but    for 
actual  Crown  interference  in  1334,  might  have 
succeeded  in  establishing  a  rival  settlement  at 
Stamford,    in   Lincolnshire ;    and   last,   though 
by  no  means  least,  the  young  University  was 
involved  in  what  became  a  sort  of  hereditary 
quarrel  with  the  corporation  of  Oxford  citizens. 
Whether  the  scourge  of  the  Great  Pestilence 
had    subdued    the    more    contentious    of     the 
Northerners,    or   whether   the    presence    of    a 
common  enemy  compelled  them  to  sink  their 
differences    for  a   season,    is    not  shown,    but 
from  the  middle  of  the  century  we  find  friars 
and    students    standing   shoulder   to    shoulder 
against  the  rabble  onset  of  the  Oxford  citizens 
and  rustics,  which,  according  to  the  '  Planctus 
Universitatis  Oxoniensis,'  devastated  the  Uni- 
versity at  this  period.   Oxford  was  not,  however, 
so  unique  as  Mr.  Ogle  would  have  his  readers 
think  in  her  experience  of  a  "town  and  gown  " 
feud  that  only  expired  with  the  present  century. 
For  many  hundreds  of  years  Cambridge  waged 
a     similarly     bitter     warfare.      Indeed,      such 
internecine     struggles    were     not    peculiar    to 
university    towns    alone.     Outbursts   of    bitter 
jealousy      between      rival      corporations      are 
among  the   especially  marked    features   of   the 
Middle  Ages,  not  merely  in  England,  but  all 
Europe  over.     The  primary  dispute  at  Oxford, 
as  at  Cambridge,  was,  of  course,  the  control  of 
fairs  and  markets,  but  of  the  other  numerous 
grievances    urged    excellent    examples   are    to 
be  found  in   the    134   Parliamentary   petitions 
relating   to   Oxford,    carefully   edited  by   Miss 
Lucy   Toulmin   Smith,    66   of    which   are   now 
printed    for   the    first    time.     They    illustrate 
in   a    marked   manner  the   common   municipal 
grievances   of   the   time— complaints   about  re- 
grating  and  forestalling,  of  stranger  merchants, 
of  the  narrow,  confining  tendencies  of  the  trade 
guilds,   of  street  and  river  obstruction,  of  the 
desolation  caused  by  the  Black  Death,  of  the 
comparative  heaviness  of  the  town-ferm  in  pro- 
portion to  the  scanty  privileges  of  the  burghers  ; 
and  recurring  over  and  over  again  comes  the 
petition  to  have  the  same  rights  and  privileges 
as  those  accorded  to    the  citizens  of   London, 
especially  (vide  No.  158)  in  the  matter  of  the 
taking    of    apprentices,    in    regard    to   which 
London  had  some    exceptional  legislation,  not 
meant  to  be  applied  to  an  agricultural  district 
such  as  that  of  which  Oxford  was  the  centre. 
The  statute  referred  to  in  this  petition  is  pro- 


lably  7  Henry  IV.,  c.  17,  which  would  restrain 
the  taking  of  apprentices  in  order  to  provide 
for  the  great  scarcity  of  servants  in  husbandry. 
It  is  pleasing  to  turn  from  these  records  of 
strife  to  the  inner  academic  life  of  medi?eval 
Oxford  as  gathered  from  a  study  of  some  of  the 
Compotus  and  Status  Rolls  of  the  "  College  of 
Monks  of  Durham  studying  at  Oxford,"  now 
first  edited  by  Mr.  Blakiston.  The  most  ancient 
of  these  contains  a  statement  of  college  pro- 
perties and  vestments  for  the  year  1315,  with  a 
list  of  books  sent  from  Durham,  which  is  pro- 
bably "  the  earliest  catalogue  of  books  provided 
for  the  use  of  a  society  of  students  at  Oxford." 
It  is  instructive  to  compare  this  list  with  that  of 
Wykeham's  gift  of  books  to  New  College  or  with 
the  hundred  volumes  composing  the  Oriel  Library 
in  1375,  and  to  compare  these  again  with  the 
library  left  in  1520  by  Grocyn,  "  the  first 
Englishman  to  introduce  the  New  Learning 
into  Oxford,  and  from  Oxford  to  the  country 
at  large."  It  is  not  a  far  cry  from  the  Re- 
naissance to  the  Elizabethan  period,  and  the 
case  of  the  heroic  Warden  and  Fellows  of  All 
Souls'  V.  the  Lady  Jane  Stafford  affords  us  a 
characteristic  glimpse  of  the  great  Tudor  queen 
forbearing  to  press  a  suit  which  could  only  be 
carried  by  a  harsh  exercise  of  the  royal  pre- 
rogative. Nor  was  Oxford's  time  of  trial  far 
away.  The  Clarendon  correspondence  presented 
to  the  University  by  Lord  Derby  in  1854,  and 
edited  and  published  here  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Doble, 
brings  us  dangerously  near  the  time  of  the 
Fellows'  expulsion,  whilst  clearly  manifesting 
that  nothing  short  of  actual  tyranny  would 
alienate  her  hitherto  staunch  allegiance. 

A    History  of  the  Church  and  Parish  of  St. 
Martin    {Carfax),   Oxford.     By  the   Rev.   Car- 
teret J.   H.   Fletcher,    M.A.     (Oxford,   Black- 
well;  London,  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.) — The 
demolition  of  the  city  church  of  Oxford  and  the 
union  of  its  parish  with  the  adjacent  parish  of 
All  Saints  are  very  properly  commemorated  by 
Mr.  Fletcher  in  his  careful  and  interesting  his- 
tory.    The  church  which  (with  the  exception  of 
its  ancient  tower)  was  pulled  down  last  summer 
had,   indeed,   structurally  no  points   of   merit. 
It  was  erected  only  in  1820-22,  and  took  the 
place  of  a  building  dating  from  the  twelfth  to 
the  fourteenth  century,  which  was  condemned 
on  the  usual  architect's  plea  that  one  wall  was 
decayed.     It  is  lamentable    to  read  that,   had 
the  old  church  been  allowed  to  stand  then,  it 
would    in    all    probability   have   been    spared 
now  ;    for  the    excuse   for   the   destruction   of 
the  modern  church  has  been  its  encroachment 
on    the     main    highways    of    the     town,    and 
it    appears    from    Mr.    Fletcher's    book     that 
the    structure   of    1820  protruded    on    to   the 
two    streets    very    much    more    than    did    its 
predecessor,   the  encroachment  being  believed 
to  amount  to  23  ft.  6  in.  in  one   direction  and 
4  ft.  7  in.  in  the  other.     We  can  hardly  credit 
such  short-sighted  indifi'erence  to  the  obvious 
needs  of  an  important   county  and  university 
town,  which  was  then  also  a  considerable  centre 
for  stage-coaches,  even   in  builders   and  town 
councils   of   1820.     However,    the   mischief    is 
done  ;  thanks  to  them,  the  church  is  gone,  atid 
it  only  remains  for  its  "last  rector"  to  write 
its  epitaph.     He  has  put  together  in  a  small 
compass  not  a  little  good  material,  which  will 
be  appreciated  by  antiquaries  generally  as  well 
as   by  Oxford  citizens.     For  "Carfax,"  as  the 
city  church,  played  a  large  part  in  the  muni- 
cipal   history  of    the  place.     It  was  here  that 
the  mayor  and  councillors  attended  divine  ser- 
vice, the   city    "lectures"  having   been  estab- 
lished so  long  ago  as  1583  ;  and  it  was  at  the 
"Pennyless  Bench  " — a  sort  of  penthouse  with 
a  flat  roof  fronting  the  street  on  the  east  end  of 
the  church — that  the  civic  authorities  met  on 
solemn    or    festive    occasions.      Mr.    Fletcher 
prints  from  the  Council  Books  a  curious  account 
of  their  reception  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
high   steward    (not,   as    the   editor   calls   him, 
I  "lord   high  steward")  of  the  city,    in   1677. 


The  Pennyless  Bench,  which  was  removed  in 
1747,  was  also  called — for  example,  in  Hearne's 
diary— the  "  butter- bench  ";  and  after  it  was 
pulled  down  the  name  was  transferred  to  a 
covered  piazza  on  the  opposite,  or  south- 
western, corner  of  Carfax,  which  has  still  more 
recently,  but  with  no  less  imbecility  than  was 
shown  in  1820,  been  suffered  to  be  built  over 
so  as  to  narrow  the  main  thoroughfares  at 
another  point.  In  fact,  the  "city  fathers  "  of 
Oxford  of  the  past  half  century  have  as  much 
to  answer  for  as  their  parents  and  grandparents^ 
The  Council  Books  and  the  churchwardens' 
accounts  have  helped  Mr.  Fletcher  to  a  good 
many  interesting  details,  and  he  has  been  well 
advised  in  adding  extracts  from  the  parish 
registers.  His  biographies  of  the  clergy  con- 
nected with  the  church,  rectors  and  lecturers, 
are  also  competent,  though  not  exciting. 
There  are  a  few  small  points  on  which  we 
had  intended  to  make  some  notes  in  supple- 
ment or  correction  of  the  author's  statements, 
but  they  are  not  important,  and  we  have 
devoted  sufficient  space  to  a  work  which  is 
after  all  only  a  respectable  contribution  to 
local  antiquities.  Oxford  readers  will  be  grate- 
ful for  the  views  of  the  old  church,  that  they 
may  compare  them  with  that  of  the  one  which 
disappeared  but  yesterday. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Col.  Temple- West  tells  us  in  his  brief  pre- 
face to  his  translation  of  Isabella  the  Catholic, 
Queen  of  Spain,  1451-1504  (Smith  &  Elder), 
by  the  Baron  de  Nervo,  that  "no  apology  I 
hope  is  needed  for  the  introduction  of  this 
translation  of  a  work  descriptive  of  the  most 
important  and  eventful  epoch  in  Spanish 
annals  ";  but  surely  an  apology  is  very  much 
needed.  Col.  Temple- West  may,  of  course, 
employ  his  leisure  as  he  likes,  but  he  really 
should  not  have  published  this  translation  of  a 
book  which  appeared  more  than  twenty  years 
ago  and  is  of  a  kind  that,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  is 
becoming  impossible  in  France — a  superficial 
compilation  not  based  on  any  research  nor  even 
on  the  best  historians  who  have  written  on  the 
period.  Prescott,  for  instance,  has  obviously 
not  been  consulted.  A  writer  who  can  seriously 
refer  to  Chateaubriand  as  an  authority  on  the 
etymology  of  Granada  betrays  his  incapacity 
by  the  mere  fact  of  doing  so. 

Heminiscences  of  Seventy  Years'  Life,  Travel, 
and  Adventures,  Military  and  Civil,  Scientific 
and  Literary.  By  R.  G.  Hobbes.  (Stock  ) — 
In  two  bulky  volumes,  and  more  than  eleven 
hundred  pages,  the  author  gives  an  account  of 
his  experiences  from  the  time  that,  in  1839,  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  down  to  his  retirement  from  a  post  on 
the  staff  of  Her  Majesty's  dockyards  in  1886. 
And  these  are  no  ordinary  pages,  for  a  very  large 
portion  consists  of  foot-notes  in  small  type ; 
while,  although  there  are  sometimes  startling 
bounds,  even  in  the  same  sentence,  from  large 
capitals  to  small  italics,  the  average  output  is 
not  aflected  thereby.  Mr.  Hobbes  describes 
his  voyage  out,  and  his  marches  from  Calcutta 
to  Delhi  and  the  Sutlej,  while  he  interpolates 
an  enormous  mass  of  notes  from  almost  every 
author,  beginning  with  the  days  of  Bernier, 
and  down  to  the  last  few  years  ;  and 
these,  though  lengthy,  are  not  without  utility 
for  persons  who  know  nothing  of  India. 
He  also  inserts  a  good  deal  of  his  own  poetry 
and  many  pious  reflections  from  the  average 
missionary  point  of  view.  In  the  second  volume 
there  is  an  immense  amount  of  information 
about  Sheerness  (where  the  author  obtained  a 
post  in  1846)  and  Chatham,  the  foot-notes  being 
somewhat  less  voluminous.  The  publication  of 
this  work  extended  over  two  years,  and  some 
little  time  for  mastering  its  contents  has  been 
required  by  the  reviewer ;  but  he  is  now  in  a 
position  to  state  that  these  volumes  are  well 
adapted   to    country   and    cottage   libraries   or 


N''3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


225 


mechanics'  institutes,  while  they  will  be  found 
invaluable  to  persons  suffering  from  insomnia 
or  who  may  be  recommended  a  long  sea  voyage. 
Religious  animosity  is  not  a  good  mainspring 
for  a  novelist.  Judging  Mr.  E.  Haslingden 
Russell's  story,  A  Tragedy  of  Temperament 
(Liverpool,  Cheshire  &  Co.),  from  a  literary 
point  of  view,  it  is  only  charitable  to  assume 
that  he  has  been  actuated  by  this  power.  His 
method  of  narration  and  the  style  of  his  writing 
show  a  want  of  experience,  and  leave  room  for 
hope  that  he  has  hardly  appreciated  the  out- 
rageous character  of  his  story.  It  is  not  a 
pleasant  specimen  of  an  anti-Catholic  story. 
The  publishers  cannot  be  congratulated  on  the 
first  of  their  projected  series  called  "  The  Liver 
Library." 

In  T/ie  Muhammedan  Cotdroversy,  and  other 
Articles  (Edinburgh,  Clark),  Sir  William  Muir, 
the  veteran  biographer  of  Mohammed,  has  re- 
printed five  essays  dealing  with  unconnected 
subjects,  and  dating  one  from  1845,  another  from 
1850,  and  the  latest  from  1887.  The  essay  on 
biographies  of  Mohammed  is,  no  doubt,  valu- 
able ;  but  Sir  William  (to  name  no  other 
authority)  has  himself  gone  thoroughly  into  the 
subject  elsewhere.  The  reviews  of  Pfander  and 
Sprenger  are  somewhat  out  of  date,  however 
useful  they  may  have  been  on  their  first  appear- 
ance in  the  Calcutta  Meview  half  a  century  ago. 
In  discussing  the  shortcomings  of  the  Church 
Liturgy  in  its  Indian  application  the  author  is  on 
well-trodden  ground  ;  but  we  doubt  whether  his 
plea  for  a  freer  use  of  the  Psalms  in  our  churches 
will  appeal  to  devotees  of  '  Hymns  Ancient  and 
Modern.'  Sir  William  Muir's  views  on  Moham- 
medanism are  so  well  known  that  it  is  needless 
to  repeat  them.  They  do  not  seem  to  have 
altered  appreciably  since  1845. 

We  have  already  praised  Mr.  Frederic  Boase's 
Modern  English  Biography  (Truro,  Nether  ton 
&  Worth).  The  second  volume  of  this  valuable 
work  is  before  us  and  extends  from  I  to  Q,  and, 
like  its  predecessor,  bears  witness  to  its  com- 
piler's untiring  industry  and  remarkable  accuracy 
We  suppose  William  Morris  is  omitted  in  this 
volume,  as  Browning  was  in  the  last,  as  being 
too  distinguished  to  need  mention  in  such  a 
work.  If  so,  why  were  Carlyle  and  Dickens 
included  ?  Talking  of  omissions,  we  may  add 
we  cannot  find  the  names  of  J.  H.  Middleton,  the 
Director  of  the  Museum  at  South  Kensington  ; 
John  Ormsby,  the  Spanish  scholar  ;  and  Miss 
Manning,  the  author  of  'Mary  Powell.'  Among 
books  omitted  is  W.  E.  Jelf's  edition  of 
'The  Nicomachean  Ethics,' which  made  a  stir 
in  its  day  from  its  quite  unexpected  badness. 
It  is  a  little  slovenly  to  say  that  Prof.  Nettle- 
ship  "edited  Conington's  P.  Virgili  Maronis." 
There  have  been  more  sales  at  Sotheby's  of  Sir 
Thomas  Phillipps  s  books  than  that  noted.  These 
are  all  the  faults  we  have  to  find  with  a  most 
valuable  work  of  reference.  Two  or  three  un- 
important literals  are  all  the  misprints  we  have 
discovered. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  added  to  their 
"Illustrated  Standard  Novels  "  a  volume  con- 
taining The  Pirate  and  The  Three  Cutters  of 
Capt.  Marryat.  Neither  ranks  among  the 
author's  best  work,  as  Mr.  Hannay  in  his  intro- 
duction acknowledges.  Mr.  Appleboy  to  some 
extent  redeems  the  latter  story,  which  is 
decidedly  the  better  of  the  two.  Mr.  Sullivan's 
illustrations  are  a  little  stiff  occasionally,  but 
they  are  undeniably  clever.  The  Making  of  Eng- 
land, by  J.  R.  Green,  not  by  any  means  equal 
to  his  famous  history,  but  still  a  highly  interest- 
ing book,  has  been  reissued  by  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan in  their  pretty  "Eversley  Series." 

We  have  received  the  volume  for  1897  of  the 
Deutscher  Musen- Almanack  (Leipzig,  Schulze), 
a  miscellany  in  prose  and  verse,  edited  by 
M.  W.  Arent,  who  is  also  the  chief  contributor. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Huia's  Homeland, 
OJid  other  Verses,  by  Roslyn  (Stock),— &^ec( 
Foems  of  Robert  Burns,  edited  by  A.  J.  George 


(Isbister), — The  Desolate  Soxd,  by  M.  Monica 
(S.P.C.K.), — Nature  Worship,  and  other  Foems, 
by  G.  H.  Kersley  (Bickers), — Jennifred,  and 
other  Verses,  by  S.  G.  Green  (Stock), — Captive 
Conceits,  by  B.  G.  Taylor  (Putnam), — The  Age 
of  the  Great  Western  ISchism,  by  C.  Locke,  D.D. 
(Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  C\%x\i),- Forms  of  Frivate 
Frayer,  by  J.  Adderley  (Hibberd),  —  The 
Hebrews  in  Egypt  and  their  Exodus,  by  A.  W. 
Thayer  (Peoria,  U.S.,  Willcox),— T/ie  Bible,  its 
Meaning  and  Supremacy,  by  F.  W.  Farrar, 
D.D.  (Longmans),  —  The  Flagues  of  Egypt,  by 
R.  Thomson  (Gardner),  —  The  Modern  Header's 
Bible :  Isaiah,  edited  by  R.  G.  Moulton  (Mac- 
millan),— Laivs  of  Eternal  Life,  by  S.  D.  Head- 
lam  (Reeves),  —  The  Fauline  Benediction,  Ser- 
mons, by  James  Drummond,  LL.D.  (Green), — 
Our  Crucijix,  by  J.  Adderley  (Hibberd),  —  The 
First  Booh  of  Kings,  edited  by  the  Rev.  W.  O. 
Burrows  (Rivington), — Dc  Dante  a  Vcrlaine, 
by  J.  Pacheu  (Paris,  Plon  &  Nourrit), — and 
Henri  Heine,  Foete,  by  J.  Legras  (Paris,  Levy). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  Elocution  and 
the  Dramatic  Art,  by  D.  J.  Smithson,  revised 
by  C.  R.  Taylor  (Bell),  —  The  Elements  of 
Folitics,  by  H.  Sidgwick  (Macmillan), — Imperial 
Defence,  by  Sir  Charles  W.  Dilke  and  S.  Wilkin- 
son (Constable), — Art  Education  the  True  In- 
dustrial Education,  by  W.  T.  Harris  (Syra- 
cuse, N.Y.,  Bardeen), — Digestion  and  Diet,  by 
Sir  William  Roberts,  M.D.  (Smith  &  Elder),— 
and  Zahna,  by  T.  MuUett  Ellis  (Ash  Partners, 
Limited). 

LIST  OF  NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Modern  Reader's  Bible  :  Daniel  and  the  Minor  Prophets,  2/6 
Westcott's  (Rev.  A.)  Our  Oldest  Indian  Mission,  History  of 

the  Vepery  ^Madras)  Mission,  or.  8vo.  2,6  cl. 

Fine  Art. 

Photography  Annual,  1897,  8vo.  2/6  swd. 

Music  and  ike  Drama, 

Carter's  (Rev.  T.)  Shakespeare,  Puritan  and  Recusant,  2/6  cl. 

One  Hundred  and   Four   Popular    Songs    and   Pianoforte 

Pieces,  imp.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Wilson's  (W.)  'Ihe  Farringdon  New  Musical  Drill,  4to.  2/6 cl. 

History  and  Biography , 
Formby  Reminiscences,  by  the  Author  of  '  Desultory  Rc- 

tracings,"  illus.  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Higginson's  (B.)  From  the  Land  of  the  Snow  Pearls,  6/  cl. 

Philology . 
Cicero  pro  Plancio,  edited  by  H.  W.  Auden,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Robinson's  (Rev.  C.  H.)  Hausa  Grammar,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Science. 
Baily's  (L.  H.)  Principles  of  Fruit-Growing,  12mo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Buck's  (R.  C.)  A  Manual  of  Trigonometry,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Hurst's  (C.)  'Valves  and  'Valve  Gearing,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Killibrew(J.  B.)and  Myrick's  (H.)  Tobacco  Leaf,  its  Culture, 

&c.,10/cl. 
Lecky's  Tables   for   the   Quick    Solution  of    Problems  in 

Navigation,  4to.  15/  net,  cl. 
Lock's  (J.  B.)Key  and  Companion  to  Arithmetic  for  Schools, 

cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl 
Praeger's  (R.  L.)  Sketches  of  British  'Wild  Flowers  in  their 

Homes,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Russell's  (I.  C  )  'Volcanoes  of  North  America,  8vo.  16/  net,  cl. 
Wright  (M.  O.)  and  Coues's  (B.)  Citizen  Bird,  Scenes  from 

Bird  Life  in  Plain  English  for  Beginners,  cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 

General  Literature. 
Art  of  Conversing,  by  Author  of  '  Manners  and  Rules  of  Good 

Society,'  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Bush's  (Rev.  J.)  Modern  Thoughts  on  Ancient  Stories,  2  6 
Cuihell's  (Mrs  )  In  Camp  and  Cantonment,  cr.  8vo  3/6  cl. 
Delaires  (J.)  Pro  Patria,  a  Small  Sketch  on  a  'Vast  Subject, 

cr  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Du  Maurier's  (G.)  The  Martian,  a  Novel,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Qvp's  Bijou,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

H'edley's  (W.  S.)  Practical  Muscle  Testing,  8vo.  3,'6  cl. 
Lang's  (A.)  The  Book  of  Dreams  and  Ghosts,  cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 
Lynch's  (L.  L.)  The  Last  Stroke,  a  Detective  Story,  2/  cl. 
Ortner's  (J.)  Practical  Millinery,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Pain's  (B.)  The  Octave  of  Claudius,  cr  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Pearse's    (M.    G.)     Parables    and    Pictures,   selected    and 

arranged  by  L.  'V.  Hamly,  16mo.  2,6  cl. 
Ranjitsinh.ji's  (K.  S.)  The  Jubilee  B(X)k  of  Cricket,  6/  cl. 
Shorer's  (W   R.)  One  Heart,  One  Way,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Siiijohn's  (J.)  From  the  Four  Winds,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Trimmer's  (F.  M.)  The  Golden  Crocodile,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology, 
Corpus  Scriptorum   Ecclesiasticorum   Latinorum,  'Vol.   27, 

Fasc  2  :  Lactanti  Opera,  Partis  2  Fasc.  2,  6m.  40. 
Giesebrecht  (F.):     Die  Berufsbegabung  der  alttestament- 

lichen  Propheten.  4m    40. 
Stucken  (E.):    Astralmythen  der  Hebraer,  Babylonier  u. 

Aegypter,  5m. 
Veit  (K  )  :  Die  synoptischen  Parallelen,  7m. 
Wrede  (W.):  tjber  Aufgabe  u.  Methode  der  neutestament- 

lichen  Theologie,  Im.  80. 


Archeology. 
Schreiber  (T.) :  Die  Wandbilder  des  Polygnotos  zu  Delphi, 

Part  1,  8m. 
Tobler-Meyer  (W.) :  Die  Miinz-  u.  Medaillen-Sammlung  des 

Herru  Wunderly-v.  Muralt,  Part  10,  'Vol.  3,  8m. 

Bibliography . 
Tabula;   Codicum    in    Bibliotheca    Palatina   'Vindobonenss 
Asservatorum,  'Vol.  9,  9m. 

Philosophy, 
Secretan  (H.  F.)  :  La  Sociele  et  la  Morale,  3tr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Freson  (J.  G.)  :  Terre  Germanique,  6fr. 
Hugo  CV.) :  Kn  'Voyage,  Alpes  et  Pyrenees,  2fr. 
Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions  Scieutifiques  et  Litt^raires.. 

Vol.  7,  9fr. 
Rhins  (J.  L.   Dutreuil   de) :   Mission  Scientifique  dans  la 
Haute  Asie,  Part  1,  30fr. 

Philology. 

Masqueray  (B.) :  Observations  Grammaticales  sur  la  Gram- 

maire  Touareg,  5fr. 
Schmid  (W.) :    Der  Atticismus  von  Dionvsius  v.  Halikar- 

nass  bis  aut  den  zweiten  Philostratus,  Registerbd.,  6m. 
Science. 
Dficugis  (Dr.)  :  Le  Medecin,  4fr. 
Migula  (W.) :  System  der  Bakterien,  'Vol.  1,  12m. 
Richard  (J  )  :  Les  Metbodes  de  la  G6ora6trle  Moderne,  6fr. 
Riihlmann  (R.) :     Grundziige   der  Wechselstrom-Technik- 

11m.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Espinas  (A.) :  Les  Origines  de  la  Technologic,  5fr. 


•A  TALE  OF  TWO  TUNNELS.' 
Magdala  'Villa,  Combe  Down,  August  7,  1897. 
Does  not  Mr.  Shenstone  Sliort  set  out  with 
something  perilously  near  to  a  libel  when  he 
says  :  "  Mr.  Clark  Russell  has  made  plenty  oi 
mistakes  in  his  life  "  ?  In  which  of  his  lives  ] 
In  his  domestic,  his  literary,  political,  social,  or 
what  other  life  ?  Perhaps  he  refers  to  my  life 
at  sea.  It  is  with  profound  contempt  that  I 
reassert  the  statement  that  a  "  sheet  calm  "  is 
a  familiar  expression  amongst  sailors.  So,  too, 
is  "clock  calm."  Mr.  Short  turns  to  "your 
contributor  "  (your  critic,  I  presume),  and  asks 
if  he  ever  heard  of  such  a  description.  There  is 
something  curious  in  this  reference  to  "your 
contributor  "  by  Mr.  Short,  and  I  might  really 
suppose  that  it  was  a  son  writing  of  a  father 
when  he  adds  :  "  Your  critic  may  retire  to  his 
bed  and  sleep  sweetly,  though  he  was,  until 
enlightened  by  Mr.  Russell,  entirely  ignorant 
of  what  a  ship  was  like."  Another  word  to 
close  this  correspondence,  so  far  as  I  am  con- 
cerned. Mr.  Short  would  improve  my  language 
byspeakingof  "  taunt,  bending  masts."  "This," 
says  he,  "is  the  mode  in  which  a  sailor  would 
express  himself."  The  word  "  taunt  "  is  entirely 
old-fashioned,  and  went  out,  in  my  opinion,  long 
before  Mr.  Short  came  in.  As  to  "bending 
masts,"  would  he  like  to  be  on  board  a  ship 
whose  masts  bent  with  the  breeze  ?  A  bending 
mast  is  a  mast  which  is  going  over  the  side.  Mr. 
Short  is  poetical  as  a  sailor,  and  he  need  not  be 
"afraid"  that  his  experience  is  greater  than 
mine.  W.  Clark  Russell. 


ADAM  ASNYK. 


The  Polish  newspapers  announce  the  death 
at  Cracow  on  the  2nd  of  this  month  of  Adam 
Asnyk,  the  greatest  of  contemporary  Polish 
poets.  The  deceased  was  born  in  1838  at 
Kalisch,  and  received  his  education  at  Warsaw, 
Breslau,  and  Heidelberg.  He  first  appeared 
as  a  poet  in  1864,  in  a  Lemberg  literary  journal. 
In  1870  he  took  up  his  abode  at  Cracow. 
His  lyrical  poems  reached  a  third  edition  at 
Lemberg  in  1880.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
three  plays:  'The  Jew,'  'Cola  Rienzi '  (1874), 
and  '  Kiejstut '  (1878),  the  last  being  a  tragedy 
dealing  with  Lithuanian  history.  His  play& 
have  many  merits,  but  he  will  be  chiefly  re- 
membered by  his  lyrical  pieces,  many  of  which 
are  of  great  beauty.  In  some  there  is  a  fine 
vein  of  irony,  reminding  me  of  Heine.  The- 
last  number  of  the  Tygodnik  Illustrowany  of 
Warsaw  (August  7th)  contains  a  good  portrait 
of  the  poet,  a  view  of  the  house  in  which  he 
died,  and  an  eloquent  tribute  to  his  memory. 

W.  R.  Morfill. 


226 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


N''3642,  Aug.  14, '97 


THE  CLEKK  OF  THE  SHIPS. 
Me.  Oppenheim's  letter  on  the  offices  of  Clerk 
of  the  Shijjs  and  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty  in 
the  last  number  of  the  Athenctum  (p.  193) 
throws  so  much  li<);ht  upon  some  points  of 
interest  respecting  Samuel  Pepys's  connexion 
with  the  navy  that  I  venture  to  make  a  few 
remarks  upon  it. 

1.  I  think  that  there  can  be  no  doubt,  as  Mr. 
Oppenheim  says,  that  the  office  of  Clerk  of  the 
Acts  was  the  official  descendant  of  that  of  Keeper 
and  Clerk  of  the  Ships,  and  this  is  brought  out 
clearly  in  the  lists  of  officers  of  the  navy  kindly 
drawn  up  for  me  by  the  late  Col.  Pasley,  C.B., 
and  printed  in  my  'Samuel  Pepys  and  the 
World  he  lived  in.'  Thomas  Rogiers,  or  Roger, 
was  "Clerk  of  our  Ships"  circa  1482  ;  Robert 
Brigandyne,  or  Brikenden,  was  Keeper  or  Clerk 
of  the  King's  Ships  in  1509 ;  Thomas  Jermyn  was 
Keeper  or  Clerk  of  the  Navy  and  Keeper  of  the 
Dock  at  Portsmouth  in  152G.  Pepys's  patent, 
as  Mr.  Oppenheim  says,  styles  him  Clerk 
of  the  Ships,  although  he  himself  invari- 
ably refers  to  his  otHce  as  Clerk  of  the 
Acts.  There  seems  in  early  times  to  have  been 
a  frequent  junction  of  offices  :  thus  William 
Borough  was,  circa  1585,  Clerk  and  Comptroller. 
There  is  in  the  Pepysian  Library,  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  an  interesting  MS.,  in 
which  it  is  reasoned  that  the  Clerk  of  the  Acts 
was  the  equal  and  colleague  of  the  Com- 
missioners, and  this  MS.  was  evidently  trea- 
sured by  Pepys,  for  it  was  a  good  authority  for 
his  constant  contention. 

2.  Mr.  Oppenheim's  suggestion  that  the  office 
of  Clerk  of  the  Acts  is  now  represented  by  that 
of  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  and  that  Pepys 
purposely  lowered  the  importance  of  the  former 
office  to  aggrandize  his  own,  is  a  fascinating  one  ; 
but  further  evidence  is  required  before  it  can 
be  accepted.     In  one  sense  Pepys  was  the  first 
Secretary  of  the  Admiralty  ;  but  the  office  of 
Lord  High  Admiral  was  placed  in  commission 
before    Charles    II.    formed     his    commission, 
during  the  period  of  the  disgrace  of  the  Duke 
of   York.     Edward  Nicholas  was  Secretary   to 
the  Commissioners   appointed  in   1G28,  on  the 
assassination  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  Lord 
High  Admiral,   so  that  he  was  practically  the 
first  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty.  Thomas  Smith, 
Robert  Coytmor,  and  Robert  Blackborne  were 
also  secretaries  to  committees  on  naval  affairs 
during  the  Commonwealth  period.     Moreover, 
although     Sir     William     Coventry    was     only 
secretary  to  the  Lord  High  Admiral,  that  dis- 
tinguished   man    cannot    correctly    be     styled 
a    private     secretary,    for    he     evidently    had 
as     much     power    as    any    Secretary    of     the 
Admiralty.     I    am     ready    to     be     convinced, 
but  I  cannot  see  at  present  that  Pepys  exer- 
cised more  despotic  power  than  Coventry  did. 
Throughout   the    'Diary'   we    find    the    Navy 
Office  obeying  orders  given  by  the  Lord  High 
Admiral  and  his  secretary,   for  they  were  not 
allowed  any  opinion  of  their  own.     they  had  to 
find  the  ships  when  they  were  wanted,  whether 
there  was  money  or  not.     It  does  not  apoear 
that  a  large  staff  was  required  by  the  Admiralty, 
as  Pepys's  house  in  Buckingham  Street  served 
both  as  his  residence  and  his  office.     He  pro- 
bably dictated  the  work  of  his  subordinates  at 
the   Navy  Office,   but   he   could   scarcely  have 
transferred    the    work    of    that    office    to   the 
Admiralty  Office,  as   he  had   no  room  for  the 
clerks.     As  the  Admiralty  Office  grew  in  im- 
portance the  Navy  Office  naturally  waned,  until 
it  was  at  first  reconstituted  as  the  Civil  Depart- 
ment of  the  Admiralty  in  Somerset  House,  and 
then  in  our  own  time  abolished  altogether.     So 
far,  at  all  events,  the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty 
is  the  successor  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Acts      It  is 
in  cases  of  dispute  such  as  these  that  we  miss  so 
much  the  continuation  of  the  'Diary.'     Letters, 
however  illuminating,  cannot  take  the  place  of 
the  gossiping  pages  of  the  journal. 

3.   With  respect  to  Mr.  Oppenheim's  allusion 


to  the  editors  of  Pepys's  '  Diary,'  I  do  not  quite 
see  what  further  light  is  to  be  obtained  in  rela- 
tion to  the  Barlow  incident.     It  is  quite  clear 
that  Pepys  was  safeguarded  by  his  patent,  and 
that  in  one  respect  he  needed  not  to  fear  Bar- 
low's claim  ;   but    at  this  early  period  of    his 
career  he  was  far  from  feeling  safe  in  his  office. 
He  knew  that  he  had  received  it  by  favour  of 
his  patron,  the  Earl  of  Sandwich,  after  a  deter- 
mined struggle  with  the  Duchess  of  Albemarle, 
a  powerful  enemy.     The  prevailing  tone  of  the 
writer  of  the   '  Diary  '  at  this  time  evinces  a 
want  of  faith  in  the  stability  of  things  as  they 
were.     Knowing  from  experience  that  what  had 
been  given  might  be  taken  away  and  that  what 
had  been  revoked  might  be  revoked  again,  he 
tliought  it  safer  to  make  an  arrangement  with 
as  it  turned  out,  was  a  satis- 
he  paid  little  and  was  relieved 
Henry  B.  Wheatley. 


Barlow,  which, 
factory  one,  for 
in  his  mind. 


day  as  the  above.*  The  third  is  a  recognizance 
by  John  Grove  before  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen 
of  a  debt  of  lOZ.  to  the  above  Cecilia  Chaum- 
paigne,  to  be  paid  at  Michaelmas  next.  The 
recognizance  was  made  July  2nd,  4  Ric.  II. 
(a.d.  1380),  and  is  cancelled,  the  money  having 
been  duly  paid. 

The  word  raptus  does  not  occur  in  any  of 
these  documents  ;  nevertheless,  one  cannot  help 
feeling  that  all  three  enrolments  are  in  some 
way  connected  with  Cecilia  Chaumpaigne's  re- 
lease to  Chaucer  de  rajjtn  meo,  dated  May  1st 
the  same  year  and  printed  by  Dr.  Furnivall. 
Was  the  sum  of  101.  paid  to  the  lady  by  Grove 
on  Chaucer's  behalf  by  way  of  compensation  *? 

Reginald  R.  Sharpe. 


*  # 
Mr. 


If  we  admit — as  we  may — the  justice  of 
Wheatley's  comparison  of  the  positions  of 
Coventry  and  Pepys  as  secretaries  of  the  Lord 
High  Admiral,  Mr.  Oppenheim's  suggestion  of 
the  descent  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty 
from  the  Keeper  of  the  Ships  falls  to  the  ground  ; 
but  in  any  case  we  want  more  evidence  before 
we  can  accept  it.  At  present  we  rather  incline 
to  the  opinion  that  the  "Principal  Officers" 
collectively  were  the  true  representative  of  the 
Keeper  of  the  Ships,  though  with  authority  as 
much  increased  as  the  number  and  size  of  the 
ships.  In  this  view  the  office  was  put  in  com- 
mission. We  doubt  if  Pepys — notwithstanding 
his  official  title  of  Clerk  of  the  Ships — exercised 
the  functions  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Ships  ;  still  less 
do  we  think  he  did  so  when  Secretary.  But, 
as  we  have  already  said,  it  is  a  point  on  which, 
as  yet,  our  information  is  imperfect. 


CHAUCER'S   "KAPTUS"  OF  CECILIA  CHAUM- 
PAIGNE. 

Guildhall,  E.G.,  August  5,  1897. 

Although  the  so-called  "  Letter-Books  "  and 
the  Husting  Rolls  preserved  among  the  City 
archives  at  the  Guildhall  have  long  since  been 
subjected  to  diligent  search  for  references  to 
Chaucer  and  his  family,  other  records  of  the 
Corporation  seem  to  have  been  strangely  over- 
looked or  only  superficially  examined.  It  may, 
therefore,  interest  some  of  your  readers  to 
know  that  whilst  calendaring  a  small  but  highly 
interesting  series  of  Coroners'  Rolls  I  recently 
came  across  an  inquest  held  on  the  body  of 
Henry,  son  of  Thomas  Staci  (or  Stace),  of 
Ipswich,  who  had  been  confined  in  the  Marshal- 
sea  for  causing  the  death  of  John  Christopher, 
of  Ipswich.  How  the  families  of  Staci  and 
Chaucer  were  officially  connected,  if  not,  indeed, 
by  marriage,  was  set  out  in  your  columns  by  Mr. 
Walter  Rye  in  January,  1881.  The  evidence  of 
the  Coroner's  Roll,  read  in  conjunction  with  that 
adduced  by  Mr.  Rye,  shows  at  least  that  these 
Stacies,  father  and  son,  were  very  quarrelsome 
fellows. 

It  is,  however,  to  a  still  more  recent  dis- 
covery, made  whilst  calendaring  another  series 
of  Rolls,  knov/n  as  Rolls  of  Pleas  and  Memo- 
randa, on  which  I  am  still  engaged,  that  I  more 
particularly  wish  to  draw  attention.  It  is  that 
of  three  documents  enrolled  on  Roll  A  23, 
membr.  5  dors.,  which  may  possibly,  with 
the  help  of  your  readers,  throw  some  light  upon 
that  strange  event  in  the  poet's  life,  viz.,  his 
carrying  off  {raptus)  of  Cecilia  Chaumpaigne. 

The  first  is  a  general  release  by  Richard 
Goodchild,  "coteler,"  and  John  Grove,  "  ar- 
raurer,"  to  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  "armigero," 
dated  London,  June  26th,  4  Ric.  II.  (a.d. 
1380).  The  next  is  a  similar  release  by  Cecilia 
Chaumpaigne,    daughter   of    the    late    William 

Chaumpaigne  and  Agnes  his  wife,  to  the  above 

tlichard   Goodchild    and    John    Grove,    racione 
cinnscumque  cavse  a  principio  mii7idi  usque  in 

diem   confeccionis   presencirim,  dated  the    same 


Utterary  CSossip. 

PEiiS-cirAL  A.  W.  Ward,  of  the  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  has  accepted  the 
invitation  of  Prof.  Lord  Acton  and  the 
Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University  Press 
to  assist  Lord  Acton  in  the  editorship  of 
the  '  Cambridge  Modern  History.'  It  is 
understood  to  be  Dr.  Ward's  intention  to 
resign  his  appointment  at  Manchester  in  the 
course  of  the  coming  session. 

The  Report  just  issued  of  the  Book- 
sellers' Provident  Institution  contains  a 
general  statement  of  receipts  and  expendi- 
ture from  the  commencement  in  1837  to 
December  31st,  1896.  During  that  period 
the  entire  receipts  have  amounted  to 
102, 732^.  19s.  4d.,  while  the  expenses — in- 
cluding salaries,  advertising,  printing,  and 
other  payments — only  reached  the  small 
average  of  154^.  per  annum.  The  Institu- 
tion has  distributed  64,644^.,  and  it  has  at 
present  invested  the  sum  of  30,654/.  lis.  4(1. 

The  Directors  do  well  to  express  their 
recognition  of  the  valuable  work  that  for 
sixty  years  this  Institution  has  accom- 
plished "  by  providing  assistance  and  sup- 
port to  vast  numbers  of  its  members,  their 
widows  and  children,  many  of  whom  without 
its  help  would  have  been  subject  to  severe 


distress  and  penury";  and  a  well-merited 
tribute  is  paid  to  the  devoted  services 
of  the  assistant  secretary,  Mr.  George 
Larner.  In  this  report  we  onlj^  see  one 
cause  of  regret,  and  that  is  that  the  Institu- 
tion is  not  at  the  present  time  receiving  the 
support  it  deserves.  We  notice  that  the 
receipts  from  subscriptions  and  donations 
are  lower  than  they  have  been  since  1889, 
previous  to  which  we  have  to  go  as  far  back 
as  1857  to  find  so  small  an  amount.  We 
should  wish  to  see  an  improvement  in  this 
respect.  Among  the  Vice-Presidents  we  are 
glad  to  notice  the  name  of  Mr.  Van  Voorst. 
This  veteran  became  a  member  when  the 
Institution  was  founded. 

The  elementary  schools  managed  by  the 
various  denominations  are  being  rapidly 
organized  under  the  encouragement  of  the 
new  Government  grant.  The  diocesan  asso- 
ciations of  the  Church  of  England  schools 
have  become  sufficiently  familiar  through 
the  Parliamentary  reports.  The  Wesleyan 
Education  Committee  have  drafted  a  system 
by  which,  in  each  association,  one  repre- 
sentative of  every  school  will  be  nominated 
to  an  electoral  college,  which  will  then  elect 
a  governing  body  in  the  projjortion  of  one 
member  to  every  four  schools.   The  govern- 

*  Both  of  these  documents  are  stated,  to  have  been 
acknowledged  in  court  on  the  last  day  of  June,  anno 
2  Ric.  II. — evidently  a  scribe's  error. 


N°3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


227 


ing  body  will  then  co-opt  new  members, 
aiming  at  a  final  equality  of  ministers  and 
laymen. 

The  Cardiff  School  Board  has  created  for 
itself  a  practical  difficulty  by  taking  a  census 
of  parents  on  the  question,  "  Do  you  wish 
your  child  to  be  taught  Welsh  ?  "  Affirma- 
tive answers  were  received  from  8,250  and 
negative  answers  from  1,873.  The  Board 
has  been  counting  the  cost  after,  instead  of 
before,  the  plebiscite,  and  has  indefinitely 
postponed  the  further  consideration  of  the 
question. 

Froji  Paris  comes  the  intelligence  of  the 
death  of  M.  Lacaussade,  librarian  of  the 
Senate.  He  translated  Ossian,  and  pub- 
lished a  good  deal  of  verse  of  his  own.  He 
was  at  one  time  the  editor  of  the  Revue 
Eiiropeenne. 

We  are  asked  by  Misses  Matilda  and 
Mary  Banim  (daughters  of  Michael  Banim, 
the  principal  author  of  '  Tales  of  the  O'Hara 
Family,'  and  nieces  of  John  Banim,  author 
of  '  Soggarth  Aroon ')  to  thank  those  friends 
who  aided  in  securing  for  them  a  grant  of 
200?.  from  the  Eoyal  Bounty  Fund, 

The  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  has  given 
his  consent  to  the  union  of  the  two  great 
imperial  libraries — the  Vienna  Hofbibliothek 
and  the  Kaiserliche  Familien-fideikommiss- 
Bibliothek.  He  was  moved  to  this  by 
the  fact  that  duplicates  of  many  im- 
portant new  works  have  had  to  be 
procured  so  as  to  supply  each  library, 
and  this  has  been  the  cause  of  a  mass  of 
redundant  bibliographical  organization  and 
labour.  The  imperial  family  Fideikommiss- 
Bibliothfek  is  noted  for  its  enormous  col- 
lection of  portraits,  which  was  commenced 
by  the  Archduke  Francis  of  Tuscany  in 
the  year  1784,  and  now  consists  of  nearly 
90,000  portraits  in  798  portfolios.  It  also 
contains  about  22,000  engravings  from  the 
prodigious  collection  of  Lavater,  many  of 
which  are  furnished  with  biographical  and 
other  notices.  The  library  is  further  en- 
riched with  nearly  100,000  portraits  de- 
tached from  the  printed  books  to  which 
they  originally  belonged.  The  greatest  care 
is  taken  to  keep  this  valuable  collection 
of  portraits  supplied  with  likenesses  of  all 
persons  of  eminence  in  the  past  and  present 
history  of  the  Hapsburg  monarchy.  The 
books  in  the  Kaiserliche  Familien-fidei- 
kommiss  -  Bibliothek  have  hitherto  been 
reserved  for  the  use  of  members  of  the 
imperial  house,  but  will  henceforward  be 
at  the  service  of  all  students,  like  those 
in  the  Hofbibliothek. 

German  papers  report  that  a  memorial 
tablet  has  been  afiixed  to  the  Hotel  Zum 
Eoss  in  the  Thuringian  town  of  Gera,  in 
commemoration  of  the  fact  that  during 
his  residence  there,  in  1796,  Goethe  con- 
ceived the  plan  of  his  '  Hermann  und 
Dorothea.'  Our  readers  will  remember 
that  this  most  charming  idyllic  epic  was 
suggested  to  the  poet  by  a  pretty  episode 
related  in  a  publication  entitled  '  Das  lieb- 
thiitige  Gera  gegen  die  salzburgischen  Emi- 
granten.' 

Senor  CAnovas  del  Castillo,  who  was 
assassinated  last  Sunday,  was  distinguished 
as  a  man  of  letters  as  well  as  a  states- 
man. In  1868  he  collected  his  '  Estudios 
Literarios  '  in  two  volumes  ;  in  the  follow- 


ing year  he  published  an  '  Historia  del 
Dominio  Austriaco  en  Espaiia';  in  1883  a 
biography  of  his  uncle  Estebanez  Cal- 
deron  ;  in  1884  '  Problemas  Contem- 
poraneas';  and  in  1888  to  1890  three 
volumes  of  '  Estudios  del  Eeinado  de 
Felipe  IV.'  He  had  been  Director  of 
the  Academy  of  History  since  1882,  and 
a  few  3'ears  ago  he  undertook  the  general 
superintendence  of  an  ambitious  scheme  for 
an  '  Historia  general  de  Espaiia  '  by  various 
authors,  which  has  hardly  pushed  on  as 
vigorously  as  was  expected.  Probably  the 
critical  state  of  Spanish  affairs  absorbed 
Senor  Canovas's  attention. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  nine  Ordinances  made  by  the 
Scottish  Universities  Commissioners,  of 
which  six  relate  to  St.  Andrews,  and  one  to 
Edinburgh,  the  others  being  general  {Id. 
each)  ;  Eeturn  of  Endowed  Charities  in 
Tosside  and  Knotts  in  the  West  Piding 
{2d.)  ;  and  the  Forty-fourth  Eeport  of  the 
Science  and  Art  Department  (2«.  Id.). 


SCIENCE 


Les  Plantcs  dans  V Atiti quite  et  au  Moyen 
Age :  Ilistoire,  Usages,  et  Symlolisme. — 
Premiere  Partie.  Les  Plantcs  dans  V  Orient 
Classique.  Par  Charles  Joret.  (Paris, 
Bouillon.) 

We   are   so  apt  to   associate  the  name  of 
Arabs  with  ideas  of  violence  and  rapine  that 
it  is  as  well  we  should  be   reminded  that 
nothing  has  contributed  more  to  the  enrich- 
ment of  the  agriculture  of  the  West  than 
the  domination  of  the  Arabs.     Arab  traders 
imported  into  Asia  Minor  and  Egypt  some 
of  the  most  valuable  plants  of  India,  and 
when  masters  of  an  empire  which  extended 
from  the  borders  of  the  Indus  to  the  shores 
of  the  Atlantic  they  developed  a  system  of 
international    exchange   without   equal   up 
to   that  time.     This  was  continued   by  the 
Crusaders  and  the  maritime  enterprise  of  the 
Genoese  and  the  Venetians.      The   Arabs, 
we  are   told,  introduced  cotton  and  sugar- 
cane to  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean ;  they 
brought  thither  the  orange,  and  distributed 
the     citron,    the     carob,     and     the     palm 
(Chama;rops).  .   Even  the  Turks  have  had 
their  share  in  the  introduction  and  dispersal 
of  useful  plants.     To  them  we  owe  the  lilac, 
the    Syrian   hibiscus,    the    crown -imperial, 
the  tulips,  the  horse  chestnut.    Our  indebted- 
ness to  the  Portuguese  is  more  widely  appre- 
ciated.    M.  Joret  recalls  these  facts  to  show 
how  intimately  the  history  of  certain  plants 
is   mixed  up  with   international   commerce 
and  civilization.     In  the  present  volume  he 
essays   to   trace   the   history   of   plants    in 
ancient   times    in   relation    to    agriculture, 
industrj',   poetry,   art,   religion,    and    medi- 
cine, and  to  point  out  the  place  these  plants 
fill   in    the  beliefs   and  legends   of  various 
peoples.     M.  Joret  begins  his  book  with  a 
sketch    of    the     physical     geography    and 
botany  of  Egypt.     It  is  needless  to  do  more 
than  refer  to  the  important  additions  that 
have  been  made  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
plants  utilized  in  the  time  of  the  Pharaohs. 
Wreaths    and    garlands   now    exist   in    our 
museums  in  as  good  a  state  of  preservation 
as  if  they  were  only  two  or  three  centuries 
old.     The  plants  are  the  same,  practically, 


as  are  still  found  in  Egypt ;  climatal  condi- 
tions having  remained  unchanged,  the  cha- 
racter of  the  vegetation  remains  unaltered 
also.  M.  Joret  writes  with  fluency  and 
accuracy,  and  has  availed  himself  very 
freely  and  with  full  acknowledgments  of 
the  labours  of  Egyptologists  and  botanists, 
not  omitting  the  later  researches  of  Prof. 
Flinders  Petrie,  so  that  he  presents  to  the 
reader  a  very  full  account  of  the  plants 
known  or  cultivated  in  those  far-off  times. 

The  author  deals  in  successive  chapters 
and  sections  with  agricultural  plants, 
garden  plants,  culinary  vegetables,  fruit 
trees,  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  food 
plants,  plants  used  in  various  industries, 
plants  associated  with  art,  poetry,  religion, 
or  medicine.  There  is  so  much  detail  that 
it  is  hardly  possible  to  select  any  one  point 
for  comment.  We  think  it  doubtful,  how- 
ever, whether  Gossgpiiun  arhoreum,  although 
a  native  of  tropical  Africa,  was  ever  culti- 
vated to  furnish  cotton  in  Egypt. 

How  great  was  the  influence  of  the  date 
palm,  the  papyrus,  the  lotus,  on  Egyptian 
architecture  may  easily  be  traced  by  the 
least  learned  observer.  The  Egyptian  theo- 
logians attributed  the  origin  of  plants  to 
tears  falling  from  the  eyes  of  the  son  and 
daughter  of  the  sun.  After  the  creation  of 
the  universe  by  Ea,  it  was  observed  to  be 
barren,  a  defect  supplied  in  the  manner 
just  indicated,  which  seems  to  be  sym- 
bolical of  the  fall  of  rain  in  a  dry  country 
after  a  long  period  of  heat  and  drought. 
It  was  Isis  who  first  taught  men  the  use 
of  wheat.  Other  gods  furnished  them  with 
sycamores.  The  deified  Nile  of  course  had 
much  to  do  with  the  vegetation  of  the 
country  in  those  times  as  it  has  now.  We 
cannot  pursue  the  subject  further,  but  must 
content  ourselves  by  saying  that  M.  Joret 
has  supplied  in  a  most  agreeable  fashion 
a  fuller  account  of  the  botany  of  ancient 
Egypt,  treated  from  his  standpoint,  than  we 
have  seen  elsewhere. 

The  second  book  comprises   the   history 
of  plants  among  the  Semites.     This  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  chapter  on  the   flora   of   Asia 
Minor.     A  sketch  of  Chaldean  agriculture 
and  horticulture  follows.    Here  the  Assyrian 
monuments    lend    their    aid,    though    the 
nimiber   of  plants   figured   is    but   scanty, 
and  the  representation   so  conventional   as 
to  be  of  little  value   for  purposes  of  iden- 
tification.     The  material  for  preparing  au 
account   of   the   cultivated    plants    is    less 
abundant  than  that  which  is  available  in 
the  case  of  Egypt,  but  what  there  is   the 
author   has  turned  to  good  account.      Dr. 
Bonavia's    '  Flora   of   the   Assyrian  Monu- 
ments'  amongst  others  is  referred  to,  though 
the   speculations   of   that   ingenious  writer 
are  not  always  endorsed,  as,  for   instance, 
in  the  case  of  the  representation  on  one  of 
the  Nimroud  bas-reliefs,  supposed  by  Dr. 
Bonavia  to  be  the  baobab  of  tropical  Africa. 
This  portion  of  M.  Joret' s  work  will  have 
special  interest  for  Biblical  students.     Here 
we  are  on  more  familiar  ground,   and  all 
we  need  say  is  that  this  part  of  his  subject 
is  treated  with  the  same  care  and  research 
as  the  other  portions  of  his  book.     There  is 
no  index  to  the  present  volume,  but  we  are 
promised   one   at   the   end    of   the    second 
instalment,   in  which  the   author   proposes 
to  deal  with  the  plants  of   Persia  and  of 
India. 


228 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


The  CuUector's  Manual   of  British  Land  and 
Freshwater  Shells.  By  Lionel  E.  Adams.  (Leeds, 
Taylor  Brothers.) — Thoso  who  are  interested  in 
British  conchology — or  rather,  to  be  accurate, 
in    that   branch    of   it    which    deals    especially 
with  the  terrestrial  and  freshwater  species  — will 
welcome  the  appearance  of  the  second  edition 
of  this  little   manual   by  Mr.  Adams.     It  must 
not    be    supposed,   however,   that    this    second 
edition  is  merely  a  reissue   of   the  first.     The 
whole  of  it,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  has  been,  to  all 
intents    and  purposes,  rewritten   and   brought 
thoroughly  up    to    date    in    matters  of  nomen- 
clature and  other  ways.     Descriptions  of  all  the 
known    species   and   varieties    are    given,    and 
besides  the  ten   plates  set  apart  for  their  illus- 
tration an  eleventh  is  devoted  to  an  explanation 
of  the  descriptive  terminology  applied  by  sys- 
tematists  to  the  external  features  of  slugs  and 
shells.    Added  to  this  are  some  elaborate  tables 
of  distribution  and  a  useful  introductory  chap- 
ter on  the  collecting  and  preservation  of  speci- 
mens.    This  brief  summary  of  the  contents  of 
the  book  will  show  what  is  to  be  expected  from 
it.     So  far  as  it  goes  it  is  undoubtedly  good, 
and  for  the  actual  identification  of  specimens, 
perhaps   few  better  for  the  size  could  be  ob- 
tained.    But   it   has  many  shortcomings,   and, 
without  wishing  to  appear  hypercritical,  we  should 
like  to  be  permitted  to  point  out  what  appear 
to  us  to  be  its  greatest  faults — not,  be  it  under- 
stood,  with  the  intention  of  fault-finding,  but 
in  the  hope  that  Mr.  Adams  will  remedy  the 
deficiencies  in  the  next  edition.     In  the  first 
place,  there  is  scarcely  one  word  in  the  book 
calculated  to  encourage  a  student  to  obtain  a 
wide  and  comprehensive  idea  of  the  affinities 
and  distinctions  between  the  larger  subdivisions 
of  the  group  he  is  interested  in.     It  seems,  in 
fact,  to  take  for  granted  that  he  will  be  satisfied 
to  find  out  the  names  of  his  specimens,  without 
troubling  to  learn  anything  further  about  them. 
The  greatest  prominence  is  given  to  the  least 
important  characters,  namely,  those  upon  which 
the   species   and   varieties  are  based,  the   dis- 
tinctive features  of  the  families  being,  for  the 
most    part,    entirely   ignored.     Any    one,    for 
example,   who  wishes   to  know  the  differences 
between  the  Helicidse  and  the  Pupidije,  or  to 
ascertain  why  Unio  and  Anodonta  go  into  one 
family,   while    Sphaerium    and    Pisidium    con- 
stitute   another,    will   not   get   much  informa- 
tion   on    this    head    from     Mr.    Adams ;    and 
although     subordinal     rank     is     accorded     to 
such    sections    as    the    Pulmonata,    Pulmono- 
branchiata,   and  Pectinibranchiata,   there  is  no 
diagnosis  of  these  terms,  either  in  the  text  or 
the  glossary.     In  the  second  place,  the  glossary 
should  have  been  compiled  with  more  care,  for 
while  such  terms  as  "Isomya"  and  "Pulmono- 
branchiata"    are    included    in    it,    the     terms 
"Heteromya"  and    "Pulmonata,"   which    are 
respectively  contrasted  with  them  in  the  classi- 
fication adopted,  have  been  entirely  overlooked. 
And   lastly,   the  index,   containmg,   as  it  does, 
only   the   technical  names  of   the    genera    and 
species,  is  insufficient.     If   the   subgenera  are 
worthy  of  mention   in  the  text,  surely  a  place 
should  be  found  for  them  in  the  index.     How- 
ever, as  we  have  already  said,  the  book  will  no 
doubt  well   serve  the  purpose  of  the  collector 
who   is   content,   as  is   unfortunately  the   case 
with   the   majority,   to  know  nothing  but    the 
names  of  the  species. 

Microscopic  and  Systematic  Study  of  Madre- 
porarian  Types  of  Corals.  By  Maria  M.  Ogilvie, 
D.Sc.  (Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society,  Vol.  CLXXXVII.)— Miss  Ogilvie  is 
not  the  first  student  of  the  Actinozoa  to  be  led 
by  a  study  of  extinct  corals  and  of  the  morpho- 
logy and  embryology  of  recent  species  to  the 
discovery  that  the  commonly  accepted  classifica- 
tion of  the  Madreporaria  into  the  paljeozoic 
Rugosa  (  =  Tetracoralla)  and  the  later  Aporosa 
*nd  Perforata  ( =  Hexacoralla  conjunctim), 
though  serviceable  for  a  time,  represents  our 
knowledge   of    the    group   in   a   light    that   is 


altogether   misleading,  not 
while   others    have 


to    say  false.     But 
quietly   acijuiesccd    in    the 
recognition   of   this   defect    in   taxonomy.   Miss 
Ogilvie  has  earned  the  gratitude  of  all  zoologists 
by  applying  her  time  and   labour  to  the  task 
of  discovering  upon  what  basis,  if  any,  a  phy- 
logenetic  classification  of  the  families  of  Madre- 
poraria can  be  built  up.     With  this  object  in 
view  the  author  embarked  upon  an  examination 
of   the  microscopical  structure  of  the  skeleton 
of  various   living  types,    with    the  result  that, 
in    addition   to  making  some    new  and  highly 
interesting   observations    upon    the  method  of 
calcification  of    the  ectoderm    cells,  she  claims 
to  have  established  the  fact  that  the  true  key  to 
the  affinities  of  the  families  is  to  be  found  in  the 
minute  structure  of    the  septa.      The  applica- 
tion of  this  new  test  of   relationship  destroys 
at    once     the     groups     known     as     Perforata 
and  Aporosa,  for  such  typical  Perforate  genera 
as     Madrepora     and     Turbinaria     are     found 
to  resemble  equally  typical    members    of    the 
Aporosa.      Moreover  the   Astrpeinse   and    Eus- 
milinaj,  previously  recognized  as  two  subfamilies 
of  the  Astra^idie,  have  their  septa  totally  dif- 
ferently constructed.     The  Eusmilinai,  in  fact, 
appear  to  be  a  heterogeneous  compound,  some 
of    the  genera    belonging  to    the  Turbinolidfe, 
others  to  the  Amphiastrpeidse,   others    to    the 
Stylinidaj.     And   lastly,    coming    to    the    sub- 
divisions of  higher  rank,  the  Tetracoralla  and 
Hexacoralla  can  no    longer   be    recognized    as 
natural  assemblages,  since  all  the  known  exist- 
ing septal  types  found  in  the  former  are  preva- 
lent also  in  the  latter.   According  to  the  author's 
new  classification  the  Madreporaria,  recent  and 
fossil,  fall   into   two    great    subdivisions  :    the 
Zaphrentoid   families  or    Madreporaria   Haplo- 
phracta,  characterized  by  the  simple  structure 
of  the  septa,  and  comprising  the  Pocilloporidae, 
Oculinidiie,     Stylinidte,     Amphiastrreid;e,    Tur- 
binolidre,  Madreporidae,  and  Zaphrentidse  ;  and 
the  Cyathophylloidean  families  or  Madreporaria 
Pollaplophracta,  in  which  the  septal  type  is  very 
complicated,  owing  to  many  pleatings  of    the 
septal  invagination,  and  comprising  the  Cyatho- 
phyllid«3,   Astrreidai,    Fungidse,    Cystiphyllid;e, 
and  Eupsammidae.     The  Poritidse  are  regarded 
as  an  aberrant  family  of  the  Zaphrentoid  group. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  both  of  these  types 
date  back  in  time  to  the  paheozoic  epoch,  and 
show  the  error  of  the  view,  expressed   by  the 
older  classification,  that  the  corals  of  that  period 
ceased  to  exist  and  a  new  population  came  into 
being  with  the  dawn  of  triassic  times. 

Water  and  its  Purification:  a  Handbook  for 
the   Use  of  Local  Authorities,  Sanitary  Ojficers, 
and    others    interested   in    Water   Supply.       By 
Samuel   Rideal,   D.Sc.      (Crosby  Lockwood   & 
Son.)— Few  books   fulfil   the   promise  of   their 
title  page  so  thoroughly  as  does  this  little  work, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  will  find  its  way  into 
the  hands  of  all  those  for  whose  use  it  has  been 
written.     Mr.  Rideal  deals  pretty  fully  with  the 
whole  question  of  water  supply,  beginning  with 
the  spring — indeed,  with  the  rain  which   feeds 
the  spring     and  ending  with  the  domestic  filter. 
He  describes  the  different  kinds  of  water,  the 
character  and  source  of  the  impurities  which  may 
contaminate  it,  and  the  various  means  of  dis- 
tribution, storage,  and  filtration,  giving  on  the 
last-named  points  much  sound  ad  vice  illustrated  by 
concrete  examples.  Considerable  space  is  devoted 
to  the  subject  of  water  analysis,  both  chemical 
and  bacteriological,  and  the  tables  and  data  will 
be   useful,   if    only  in    helping   to   explain  the 
too  often  hidden    meaning  of   the    professional 
analyst's    report   upon   the   potability    of    any 
given  water.     The  amateur  chemist  is  warned — 
very  seasonably — of  the  danger  of  relying  "  upon 
so-called  rough-and-ready  tests  for  forming  an 
opinion  upon  the  purity  of  a  doubtful  water,"  a 
matter  in  which  a  little  science  may  easily  become 
a  dangerous  thing.    The  chapter  entitled  "  Puri- 
fication on  a  Large  Scale  "  is  especially  interest- 
ing.    The   "clean   and  sterilized  sand,"  which 
until  lately  was  almost  universally  held  to  be  the 


purifying  agent  in  the  usual  sand  filter-beds,  is 
shown  to  do  no  more  than  prevent  the  passage 
of  gross  suspended  particles  : — 

"On  the  surface  of  a  sand  filter-bed  a  kind  of 
slime,  composed  of  finely  divided  clay,  the  absorbant 
power  of  which  is  well  known,  i.s  formed.  A  filtered 
mass  of  bacilli  and  streptococci,  entangled  in  a 
gelatinous  layer  of  zooglcea  colonies  of  micrococci, 
together  with  a  number  of  algas  and  other  solid 
bodies,  accumulate  in  this  cultivation  bed  on  the 
surface  of  the  sand  filter,  and  it  is  here  that  the 
main  purification  of  the  water  takes  place.  A  sand 
filter  does  not,  therefore,  attain  its  maximum 
efficiency  until  this  jelly  layer  has  been  produced, 
but  when  once  formed  the  purification  proceeds  by 
the  action  of  the  nitrifying  organisms  immediately 
below  this  film  for  an  indefinite  period.  When  such 
a  filter  becomes  clogged,  and  the  flow  of  water  too 
scanty,  it  is  necessary  to  skim  off  the  surface  layer 
and  prepare  a  fresh  coating  of  sand,  which  requires 

several  days  before  it  again  regains  its  activity 

In  order  to  save  time,  it  is  customary  in  some 
places  —  in  Berlin,  for  example  —  to  hasten  the 
formation  of  the  upper  active  layer  by  spreading 
over  the  surface  of  the  filter  some  of  the  top  sand 
which  has  been  scraped  off  at  a  previous  cleaning, 
and  such  sand  is  known  as  '  ripe  '  sand." 

An    account  of    the    management  of    different 
forms  of  filter-beds  follows.     Passing  to  house- 
hold  filtration,  Mr.   Rideal  reminds  us  of  the 
old-fashioned  charcoal  filter,  which  used  to  stand 
in  so  many  dining-rooms,  collecting  dust,  and 
not   only    letting   disease   germs   through,  but 
forming  a  perfect  breeding-ground  for  bacteria. 
It  has,    fortunately,  gone  out  of  fashion  ;  but 
those  who  do  not  feel  inclined  to  trust  entirely 
to  the  "  bacilli  and  streptococci  "  of  the  filter- 
beds  will  be  grateful  to  Mr.  Rideal  for  his  very 
full  and  clear  discussion  of  the  means  by  which 
their    action     may    be    supplemented.     There 
seems  no  doubt  that  the  only  satisfactory  filter 
for  domestic  use  is  the  Pasteur- Chamberland. 
A  filter  requiring  daily  sterilization,  like   the 
Berkefeld    form,    is    quite    outside   the    range 
of     practical     housekeeping.     The    section    on 
"Softening  of  Water"  is  eminently  practical. 
Mr.  Rideal  goes  into  the  question  of  the  cause 
and  prevention  of   boiler  -  crust,   and  sums  up 
strongly  against  the    use  within  the  boiler  of 
means,  whether  chenucal  or  mechanical,  for  pre- 
venting  its  formation,    and    in   favour   of   the 
softening  of  water  before  use.     The  directions 
which  he  gives  for  doing  so  should  be  useful  to 
manufacturers  and  householders  alike,   for  he 
has  evidently  made  an  exhaustive  study  of  the 
subject.     The  general  reader  will  be  amused  to 
learn  that  since  Glasgow  has  been  supplied  with 
Loch   Katrine   (i.e.,  soft)   water   the    town   is 
"  estimated   to   save   36,000L   annually  in    the 
matter  of  soap."     The  book  ought  certainly  to 
find  appreciative  readers  outside  the  circle    of 
"  local  authorities,"  for  any  intelligent  schoolboy 
would  delight  in  the   account  of  ancient   and 
modern  aqueducts,  and  in  the  chapter  on  springs 
and   wells.     The   illustrations  would    be  more 
useful  if  the  explanations  of  them  in  the  text 
were  fuller. 

Wild  Life  of  Scotland,  by  J.  H.  Crawford 
(Macqueen),  is  the  work  of  one  who  is,  he  tells 
us,  "touched  with  a  passion  for  wild  nature," 
and  confesses  "to  a  special  interest  in  whatever 
lives  beyond  enclosures,  and  has  not  been 
spoiled  by  that  form  of  taming  known  as  pre- 
serving." From  his  many  visits  to  the  moors, 
burns,  rivers,  and  the  coasts,  he  has  "chosen 
out  representative  experiences,  dropped  down, 
here  and  there,  on  likely  places";  the  result 
being  given  in  sixteen  chapters,  agreeably 
written,  and  indicating  a  real  appreciation  of 
outdoor  life,  though  sometimes  a  little  weak 
in  natural  history.  Such  a  passage  as  "  Among 
the  night-hawks,  the  short-eared  owl,"  &c.,  is 
rather  a  shock  ;  while  to  speak  of  the  "  heavy 
horizontal  flight  "  of  the  partridge  does  not  alto- 
gether coincide  with  our  experience,  especially 
last  autumn,  when  a  little  more  "enduring 
heaviness"  would  have  brought  joy  in  the 
evening  on  counting  the  bag.  It  is  sad  to 
learn  that  the  bass  "  is  a  foul  feeder,"  for, 
according  to  "John  Bickerdyke,"  small  fry  of 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


229 


almost  any  kind,  marine  insects,  and  sand- 
worms  form  its  staple  diet,  and  it  is  the  gainest 
of  sea-fish  at  a  fly.  If  "the  thrifty  Swedes" 
really  do  find  "a  convenient  substitute  for 
hens'  eggs  "  in  those  of  the  dog-fish,  the  hint  is, 
as  the  author  says,  worth  considering  in  this 
country.  A  little  more  care  might  have  been 
bestowed  on  revision:  "Gunther"  (p.  105)  is 
meant  for  Dr.  Gunther;  "Lord  Campbell  "  is 
intended  for  Lord  Colin  Campbell,  once  in 
H.M.S.  Challenger;  and  Prof.  Newton,  who  is 
quoted  with  reference  to  a  supposed  hybrid 
between  ptarmigan  and  red  grouse,  will  hardly 
recognize  himself  as  Newman.  Allowing  for  these 
and  some  other  drawbacks,  the  book  can  be 
recommended,  and  it  is  rather  prettily  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  John  Williamson. 


PROF.    VICTOR   MEYER. 

This  distinguished  chemist,  whose  death  oc- 
curred last  Sunday  at  Heidelberg,  was  born  in 
Berlin  on  September  8th,  1848.  At  an  early  age 
he  was  appointed  professor  at  the  Polytechnic  at 
Stuttgart,  and  he  afterwards  removed  succes- 
sively to  Zurich,  Gottingen,  and  Heidelberg. 
Not  only  was  he  the  author  of  numerous  original 
researches  in  organic  chemistry,  but  was  also  a 
contributor  to  chemical  physics,  especially  by 
improvements  in  the  determination  of  vapour 
densities.  Among  his  writings  in  recent  years 
may  be  mentioned  his  '  Chemische  Probleme 
der  Gegenwart ';  his  '  Ergebnisse  und  Zeile  der 
stereochemischen  Forschung';  and  his  '  Aus 
Natur  und  Wissenschaft.'  He  was  also  the 
author,  with  Jacobson,  of  a  recent  '  Lehrbuch 
der  organischen  Chemie.' 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES, 

We  have  received  the  fifth  number  of  the 
current  volume  of  the  Memorie  della  Sucieta 
degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani.  It  contains  notes 
by  the  editor.  Prof.  Tacchini,  on  the  solar 
spots,  faculie,  and  protuberances  (all  classes  of 
phenomena  showing  continued  diminution)  ob- 
served at  Rome  during  the  second  quarter  of 
the  present  year,  and  a  continuation  of  the 
spectroscopic  diagrams  of  the  sun's  limb  to  the 
end  of  1895. 

The  Report  of  the  Director  of  the  Bidston 
Observatory,  Liverpool,  for  1896,  shows  that  its 
energies  have  been  chiefly  devoted  to  meteoro- 
logy ;  but  the  transit  instrument  has  been 
regularly  used  for  determination  of  time,  and 
the  comets  of  the  year  were  observed  with  the 
equatorial.  The  weather,  Mr.  Plummer  remarks, 
has  not  on  the  whole  been  favourable  for  astro- 
nomical observations. 

Perhaps  some  of  our  readers  may  have  specu- 
lated in  vain  respecting  the  source  of  the  name 
Ornamenta,  mentioned  in  the  Athenceum  of  the 
3rd  ult  as  that  lately  given  to  the  small  planet, 
No.  350,  discovered  by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on 
December  14th,  1892.  We  are  now  able  to 
inform  them  that  it  is  intended  to  be  in  memory 
of  the  Dutch  navigator  Hornemann,  whose 
daughter  is  one  of  the  most  zealous  members  of 
the  Society  Astronomique  of  France. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Mr. 
Albert  Marth,  for  many  years  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  to  the  publications 
of  which  he  contributed  a  large  number  of  valu- 
able papers,  particularly  ephemerides  for  the 
satellites  of  the  planets,  and  for  physical  ob- 
servations of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Mr.  Marth 
was  born  at  Colberg,  in  Pomerania,  on  May  5th, 
1828,  but  came  to  England  after  he  had  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  Berlin  and  Konigsberg, 
and  was  connected  with  the  observatories  at 
Regent's  Park  and  Durham,  afterwards  assisting 
Lassell  with  his  nebular  and  other  observations 
at  Malta.  He  discovered  the  small  planet 
Amphitrite,  No.  29,  at  Mr.  Bishop's  observa- 
tory in  1854.  During  the  last  nine  years  of  his 
life  he  had  been  in  charge  of  Col.  Cooper's 
observatory  at  Markree  Castle,  co.   Sligo ;  but 


his  health  had  been  failing,  and  he  died  some- 
what suddenly  whilst  on  a  visit  to  his  native 
country.  ^^^^^^^^^^^ 

The  eighth  International  Pharmaceutical  Con- 
gress, which  opens  this  day  (Saturday)  at 
Brussels,  will  last  till  the  19th  inst.  The  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  the  foundation  of  the  General 
Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Belgium  will  be  cele- 
brated at  the  same  time. 

An  International  Congress  on  Tuberculosis  is 
to  be  held  in  the  July  of  next  year  at  Paris. 
M.  Nocard  is  expected  to  act  as  president. 

A  MONUMENT  has  just  been  erected  at  Frank- 
fort in  memory  of  the  physicist  Thomas  Sam. 
von  Sommering,  the  inventor  of  the  galvanic 
telegraph.  He  was  born  in  1T75  at  Thorn,  but 
spent  most  of  his  life  at  Frankfort,  where  he 
died  in  1830. 


FINE    ARTS 


27ie  Collection  of  Miniatures  in  Montagu  House, 

(Privately  printed.) 
It  is  an  open  secret  that  the  initials  "  A.  M." 
at  the  foot  of  the  brief  preface  to  the  hand- 
somely printed  quarto  before  us  are  those 
of  Mr.  Andrew  McKay  the  elder,  long  a 
leading  member  of  the  renowned  firm  of 
P.  &  D.  Colnaghi  &  Co.  The  Duke  of 
Buccleuch's  collection,  which  is  thus  for  the 
first  time  completely  catalogued,  was  during 
many  years  in  the  special  charge  of  the 
Pall  Mall  house,  and  Mr.  McKay,  naturally 
enough,  availed  himself  to  the  full  of 
his  favourable  opportunities  for  study- 
ing it.  It  contains  works  of  excep- 
tional historic  interest,  several  of  them  in- 
herited from  the  Duchess  of  Montagu ; 
but  it  was  Walter  Francis,  fifth  Duke 
of  Buccleuch,  who,  by  means  of  pur- 
chases judiciously  made  under  good  advice, 
added  most  to  the  gathering.  Mr.  McKay 
rightly  claims  that  it  comprises  a  large 
and  varied  series  of  portraits  of  remark- 
able persons  of  nearly  every  European 
country  from  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  to 
that  of  George  IV.,  and  contains  fine  ex- 
amples, in  good  preservation,  of  the  works 
of  the  greatest  miniaturists,  both  English 
and  foreign.  It  is  especially  rich  in 
Hilliards,  Coopers,  and  in  specimens  by 
both  the  Olivers  and  Hoskins,  while  of 
King  Charles's  miniatures  the  instances  are 
first  rate,  and  their  number  is  unusually 
large. 

Unusually  large,  too,  is  the  collection  as 
a  whole ;  indeed,  taking  it  altogether,  it  is 
not  inferior  to  that  at  Windsor,  except, 
perhaps,  as  concerns  historical  portraits 
whose  provenance  is  ascertained.  Mr. 
McKay  does  not  mention  the  exact  number 
of  the  portraits  in  the  Montagu  House  col- 
lection, but  they  amount  to  about  seven 
hundred,  nearly  every  one  of  which  is  in 
excellent  condition.  The  successive  owners 
of  the  collection  have  been  only  too  well 
aware  of  the  troubles  which  attend  ill- 
advised  attempts  at  "restoration,"  and 
accordingly  very  little  of  that  sort  has  been 
done. 

Mr.  McKay  felt  himself  compelled,  we 
suppose,  to  describe  the  miniatures  according 
to  their  positions  in  the  gallery  at  Whitehall, 
in  the  Drawing-Eoom  adjoining,  in  the 
Duchess's  Sitting-Eoom,  in  the  Cabinet, 
and    so    on.      With    each     section     con- 


taining a  series  of  frames  a  new  sequence 
of    frames     begins,     and    in    each    frame 
a   fresh  series  of  numbers.     The   result  is 
a  little  confusing ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  see 
how   it    could   have  been   avoided.     Rigid 
historical  order  was,  though  desirable,  quite 
out    of    the  question.      Besides,    a  sort  of 
chronological  order  is  obtainable  by  means 
of  the  copious  index  of  names  at  the  end 
of  the  volume  and  the  biographical  list  of 
artists   which   precedes   it.     The   only   im- 
provement we  can  suggest   is   that   to   the 
names  in  the  list  should  be  attached  refer- 
ences to  the  works  described  in  the  body  of 
the  book.     The  student  could  thus  get  at  all 
the  Hilliards,  Olivers,  Hoskinses,  Cosways, 
and  Coopers  in  the  most  direct  way,  which, 
as  it  is,  is  by  no  means  an  easy  thing  to  do. 
Our  cataloguer   appends   to  each  of   his 
entries  a  descriptive  note,  but,  unluckily,  no 
measurements    nor   memoranda    upon    the 
shape  and  condition  of  the  picture.     Many 
of  the  notes  are  tersely  biographical,  and 
perhaps  more  details  might  have  been  given 
— for  instance,  in  the  account  of  the  contents 
of   the   box  in  the    West   Drawing-Eoom, 
which  contains  miniatures  of  the  Protector 
Oliver    and    others   of    his    family    by    S. 
Cooper.      The   miniature    of    Cromwell    is 
that   of   which   Dallaway   (not    Dallas,    as 
Mr.  McKay  says)  wrote  to  the  effect  that, 
in  the  intervals  between    the  sittings,  the 
artist   occupied   himself  in  making  a  copy 
of  the  original  as  he  proceeded.      It  was, 
the  often  repeated  story  says,  at  Hampton 
Court  that   one  day,  while   thus    engaged, 
the    miniaturist    failed    to   hear    the    step 
of    Oliver    upon   the   carpet    behind    hira, 
when    suddenly    a    hand    came    over    his 
shoulder,  and   a   strident   voice  exclaimed, 
"No,  no!    none  of  that.  Master  Cooper," 
and     the     portraits     were     angrily    taken 
from   him,    to   remain    unfinished   till  this 
day.       It    seems    that    they    were    never 
returned ;  but  in  course  of  time  the  duke's 
miniature  came,  through  Mrs.  Claypole,  to 
a   member    of    the    Frankland    family    of 
Chichester,  whose  representative  sold  it  to 
Messrs.  Colnaghi  &  Co.,  and  from  them  it 
passed  to  the  then  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  who 
lent  it  to  the  Academy  in  1879,  Case  K  2. 
In  the  possession  of  the  late  Mr.  Edwin  H. 
Lawrence,  and  lent  by  him  to  the  Burling- 
ton Club  in   1889,    Case    xxiii.    1,  was   an 
admirable     miniature     of     the     Protector, 
which,    being    exactly    like    the    Claypole- 
Frankland    work,     and    in    precisely    the 
same  stage  of  incompleteness,  is  supposed 
to  be  the  other  version  which  the  Protector 
captured.     In  May,   1892,  Mr.  Lawrence's 
portrait  was  sold  at  Christie's  for  68^.  5s. 
It  should  be  added  that  several  unfinished 
Cromwells  by  Cooper  are  known  to   exist, 
besides  finished  ones ;  but  the  genuineness 
of   some   of  these   is   debatable.      Cooper, 
to  whose  hand  we  owe  the  best   portraits 
of  Oliver  (not  excepting  even  the  perfectly 
authentic  death  mask),  was  probably  often 
occupied   in    repeating    from    memory   the 
lineaments  of  Oliver,  and  thas  the  genuine 
versions  may  be  subsequent  to  Cromwell's 
death.      This   miniature  of   the   duke's    is 
as   fine  a   specimen   of    style    as  it   could 
be.      A   few   years    ago   Messrs.   Colnaghi 
&    Co.    published    an     etching     from    it, 
which     we     praised     at     the    time.       As 
Mr.    McKay    does     not     omit     to    record 
anecdotes    that    associate    the    miniatures 


230 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N"  3642,  Aug.  U,  '97 


"with  their  subjects,  anil  sometimes  go  far 
towards  recalling  to  life  the  belles 
and  beaux  of  other  days  than  ours, 
he  might  have  reminded  his  readers,  in 
connexion  -with  Prince  Eugene's  portrait, 
Frame  J,  No.  1,  that  that  great  com- 
mander was  one  of  the  first  in  modern 
times  to  form  a  large  collection  of  por- 
traits, including  miniatures.  The  house 
of  Colnaghi  has  been  fortunate  in  bring- 
ing into  notice  anew  several  lost  treasures, 
as  the  reader  will  discover  on  perusing 
the  above  note  on  Cromwell's  portrait  by 
Cooper  and  the  history  of  the  eight  minia- 
tures (Frame  C,  8)  in  a  frame,  works  of 
Hoskins,  J.  Oliver,  A.  More,  N.  Hilliard,  and 
others,  which,  if  we  may  trust  "Vertue's" 
(Vanderdoort's)  catalogue  of  King  Charles's 
pictures,  must  have  been  in  that  monarch's 
possession,  and  have  disappeared  after  his 
execution.  They  remained  out  of  sight  till 
about  1860,  when  a  frame-maker  took  them 
to  Pall  Mall  and  sold  them  to  the  firm,  but 
declined  to  give  any  history  of  them.  "  He 
had,"  he  said,  "  purchased  them  from  a 
friend."  The  king's  brand  is  on  the  back. 
"We  recorded  the  circumstance  at  the  time. 
Mr.  McKay  himself  bought  of  a  very  poor 
person  Frame  C,  6,  which  is  a  fine  minia- 
ture of  Henry  VIII.  ascribed  to  Holbein, 
and  is  in  a  case,  on  the  lid  of  which  are  the 
royal  arms.  A  certain  number  of  "  literals  " 
disfigure  this  book. 


THE   AKCH^OLOGICAL   SOCIETIES. 

Journal  of  the  Derbyshire  Arcluvolocjical  and 
Natural  History  Society.  Vol.  XIX.  (Bemrose 
&  Sons.) — In  the  early  years  of  the  last  century 
Ashover  ought  to  have  been  proud  of  its  parish 
clerk.  His  name  was  Titus  VVheatcroft.  He 
was  evidently  a  man  of  some  education  and 
much  intelligence,  a  poet  in  a  small  way  too. 
He  possessed  what  was  for  those  days  a  con- 
siderable collection  of  books.  It  consisted  of 
383  volumes— far  more,  if  we  are  not  mistaken, 
than  were  to  be  found  in  the  library  of  many 
a  Derbyshire  squire  when  George  I.  was  king. 
The  editor  of  the  Journal  has  had  before  him 
some  of  Wheatcroft's  papers  and  among  them 
has  found  a  catalogue  of  his  books.  There  were 
no  great  rarities  among  them,  but  there  were 
several  manuscripts  of  his  own  writing,  which 
if  they  still  exist  cannot  but  prove  of  interest. 
Mr.  Kerry  also  gives  us  several  memoranda  by 
Wheatcroft  concerning  the  parish  and  those  who 
dwelt  there  which  will  be  of  service  to  the 
future  local  historian.  We  are,  for  instance, 
glad  to  have  the  names  of  the  twenty-two 
places  which  were  viewed  when  the  people 
made  their  yearly  perambulation  on  Holy 
Thursday.  Three  of  them  are  spoken  of  as 
crosses.  These  were  IIigh6eld  Cross,  Chuck 
Thorn  Cross,  and  Crich  Cross.  Are  we  to 
suppose  these  crosses  existed  in  Wheatcroft's 
time  1  Every  student  of  local  records  knows 
that  crosses  were  very  frequently  used  as 
boundary  marks  in  an  earlier  time,  but  nearly 
all  of  them  have  perished  long  ago,  and  in  most 
cases  their  names  even  have  been  forgotten. 
One  of  the  halting-places  bore  the  name  of  "the 
Seven  Brethren."  Mr.  Kerry  suggests  that  this 
may  mean  seven  trees  or  stones.  \Ve  incline  to 
the  latter  opinion.  There  may  well  have  been 
in  those  days  the  remains  of  a  stone  circle  on 
the  spot.  The  list  of  graves  of  the  families 
which  had  their  burial-places  in  Ashover  Church- 
yard is  valuable,  for  in  many  cases  we  may 
be  sure  no  stones  would  be  erected,  and  when 
this  was  done  time  or  violence  has  in  most 
cases  swept  them  away.  The  main  importance, 
however,  consists  in  a  series  of  local  place- 
names,    many    of    which   are    now    forgotten ; 


among  them  are  Doho  Lane,  Spite  -  Winter, 
Pecklant,  and  Dicklant,  of  none  of  which  shall 
we  venture  on  an  interpretation.  There  was, 
too,  a  place  in  the  parish  called  Cold  Arbour. 
Cold  Harbour,  as  it  is  usually  spelt,  is  a  name 
found  in  many  parts  of  England  which  has  been 
the  subject  of  no  little  speculation  and  con- 
troversy. In  the  lists  which  have  from  time  to 
time  appeared  we  do  not  call  to  mind  that  this 
Ashover  Cold  Arbour  has  been  included.  Mr. 
Kerry  thinks  there  may  have  been  a  barrow  in 
the  churchyard  because  Wheatcroft  records  that 
"  Old  Richard  Brelsford  and  his  wife  are  buried 
on  the  top  of  the  hillock."  We  have  seen  so 
many  churchyards  which  are  very  uneven  that 
we  do  not  think  any  conclusion  can  be  come  to 
from  this  entry  ;  it  is  not,  liowever,  at  all  im- 
probable. We  know  many  churchj'ards  which 
have  certainly  been  used  for  pre-Christian  inter- 
ments. In  an  Eastern  shire  there  [are  five  or 
six  within  a  radius  of  ten  miles  where  hardly  a 
grave  can  be  dug  without  fragments  of  funereal 
pottery  being  thrown  out.  The  Ashover  clerk 
has  preserved  a  copy  of  a  licence  granted  by 
Henry  Compton,  Bishop  of  London,  in  1686 
to  the  wife  of  his  brother  Leo  to  act 
as  a  midwife.  Such  licences  were  granted 
by  episcopal  authority  from  an  early  period, 
and  continued  in  use  till  long  afi:er  the 
Reformation ;  copies  ought  to  exist  among  the 
records  of  all  the  old  dioceses,  but  we  do  not 
remember  ever  seeing  the  form  in  print  before. 
Many  of  the  provisions  are  interesting.  One  is 
that  the  holder  of  the  licence  sliall  not  permit 
any  one  to  "baptize  any  child  by  any  Latin 
service  or  prayers  otlier  than  are  appointed  by 
the  laws  of  the  Church  of  England."  Another 
directs  that  she  "  shall  not  use  or  exercise  any 
manner  of  witchcraft,  charm,  sorcery,  invoca- 
tion, or  other  prayers  than  such  as  may  stand 
with  God's  laws  and  the  king's."  It  appears 
from  an  official  document  issued  by  Archbishop 
Grindal  in  1576  that  charms,  unlawful  prayers, 
and  invocations  were  woi-it  to  be  employed  by 
midwives  in  the  exercise  of  their  duties.  Mr. 
Kerry  has  also  contributed  an  interesting 
paper  on  wayside  interments.  These  were  in 
former  times  far  more  frequent  than  is  com- 
monly thought.  Parish  registers  occasionally 
mention  the  burial  of  suicides,  but  so  far  as  our 
experience  goes  this  is  the  exception  rather 
than  the  rule.  Suicides  may  not  have  been 
relatively  so  common  in  former  days  as  they 
are  now,  though  this  is  open  to  question  ;  but 
■we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  verdict  of  the 
coroner's  jury,  "  temporary  insanity,"  now 
almost  universal,  was  far  from  common  in 
former  days,  and,  furthermore,  there  seems  no 
reason  for  believing  that  the  clergy  found  them- 
selves bound  to  give  burial  in  the  churchyard  to 
a  body  on  which  such  a  verdict  had  been  passed. 
The  rubric  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
seems  to  order  that  all  who  lay  violent  hands 
on  themselves  shall  be  deprived  of  the  rites  of 
the  Church.  It  is  only  about  seventy-five  years 
since  the  old  immemorial  custom  was  abolished 
by  statute.  In  the  Middle  Ages  it  is  probable, 
though  we  know  no  direct  evidence  on  the  point, 
that  persons  dying  under  sentence  of  excom- 
munication were  often  buried  by  the  roadside. 
The  Rev.  Henry  Barber  has  communicated  a 
useful  paper  on  the  'Etymologies  of  Derbyshire 
Place -Names.'  As  he  gives  the  spelling  of 
Domesday  Book  in  those  instances  wliere  the 
places  be  has  tried  to  illustrate  occur  in  that 
record,  the  reader  has  a  means  of  testing  his 
conclusions.  The  work  has  certainly  been  per- 
formed with  care,  and  there  is  none  of  the  wild 
guesswork  with  which  we  are  but  too  familiar, 
but  we  cannot  accept  all  his  conclusions.  The 
Rev.  W,  H.  Painter  is  an  enthusiastic  botanist. 
In  his  '  Botanical  Walks  round  Derby '  he  has 
shown  how  very  interesting  a  country  stroll 
may  be  made,  if  we  but  have  intelligence  enough 
to  observe  accurately.  It  does  not  require 
the  power  to  write  picturesquely  which  was 
possessed    by   Richard   Jefferies    to    make    an 


account  of  local  plants  interesting.  Derbyshire 
seems  to  be  very  rich  in  brambles  ;  Mr.  Painter 
has  been  so  fortunate  as  to  discover  near  Repton 
a  specimen  of  the  liuhus  saxicolus,  which  has 
never  hitherto  been  found  in  Derbyshire. 

Several  of  the  papers  in  The  Berlts,  Bncls, 
and  Oxon  Archreological  Journal  for  January, 
Aprd,  July,  1896  (Reading,  Slaughter),  are  not 
of  much  interest.  Some  also  are  far  too  short, 
but  there  are  others  which  show  no  little 
research,  and  are  consequently  well  worthy  of 
attention.  The  paper  on  '  The  Discovery  of  an 
Ancient  Cemetery  at  Reading,'  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Stevens,  belongs  to  the  last  class.  It  is  very 
carefully  prepared,  and  we  believe  contains 
several  things  which  will  be  new  to  nearly 
every  reader.  Of  this,  however,  we  cannot  be 
quite  certain  as  some  of  the  earlier  discoveries 
have  already  been  published.  Mr.  Stevens  has 
given  here  "a  condensed  summary  of  the  chief 
objects  of  interest  brought  to  light  during  the 
excavations."  The  discoveries,  we  gather,  have 
extended  over  a  considerable  time,  as  they  have 
been  made  in  digging  foundations  for  buildings, 
a  work  which  does  not  seem  to  have  gone  on 
very  rapidly.  The  skeletons  were  found  to  lie 
at  three  levels,  and  what  strikes  one  as  strange, 
those  in  the  lowest  tier  were  buried  east  and 
west,  after  the  Christian  manner,  while  those 
in  the  upper  levels  were  found  lying  in  various 
directions.  Does  this  indicate  that  those  which 
occupied  the  bottom  stratum  were  Christians 
and  that  their  successors  were  heathens  ?  The 
matter  is  certainly  worthy  of  consideration. 
One  of  the  graves  contained,  under  the  left 
shoulder  of  the  skeleton,  some  fragments  of 
metal  which  Mr.  Stevens  regards  as  pewter  ; 
when  these  bits  were  readjusted  they  formed 
what  the  writer  calls  "a  rude  cofliinplate."  On 
this  were  engraved  three  crosses  ;  they  are 
merely  linear,  made,  as  it  seems,  by  a  single 
stroke  of  the  graving  tool.  Mr.  Stevens  thinks 
we  have  here  a  Christian  interment.  We  shall 
certainly  not  contradict  him,  but  it  should 
never  be  forgotten  that  the  figure  of  the  cross 
was  often  used  for  mere  ornament,  without  a 
thought  of  religious  symbolism.  The  most 
interesting  discovery  thus  far  made  was  the 
skeleton  of  a  woman  : — 

"The  right  arm  bone  [hiimervs)  was  found 
encased  at  its  centre  in  two  half-ciicle  plates  of 
copper,  which  surrounded  the  arm  and  overlapped 
each  other  at  their  edges.  The  bone  had  been 
extensively  diseased  during  life  {necrosis),  and  the 
adjacent  tissues  must  have  been  in  a  state  of 
ulceration  ;  and  these  plates  had  evidently  been 
applied  as  a  protection  to  the  arm,  and  to  contain 
dressings.  The  remedial  agent  was  found  to  be 
a  small  mass  of  leaves,  which  had  most  likely  been 
used  as  a  poultice.  By  the  aid  of  a  strong  micro- 
scope the  leaves  were  fouud  to  be  those  of  ivy." 

Mr.  Stevens  gives  instances  of  the  medical  use 
of  ivy  from  the  days  of  Pliny  to  the  seven- 
teenth century.  We  have  heard  that  it  yet 
holds  its  place  in  the  folk-medicine  of  the 
Southern  counties.  Lady  Verney  has  con- 
tributed a  paper  entitled  '  The  Wooing  and 
Wedding  of  Mary  Denton,  1559-1660.'  It  is 
compiled  from  MSS.  at  Claydon  House.  Those 
who  have  read  the  Verney  memoirs  will  be 
sure  that  they  will  find  Mary  Denton's  story 
well  told.  Mary  Denton's  sister  Susannah  had 
married  Mr.  Robert  Townsend,  a  clergyman  ; 
he  had  a  younger  brother  named  John,  who 
was  a  merchant  and  alderman  at  Oxford,  a  man 
who  was,  we  gather,  in  a  good  position  of  life. 
Sir  Ralph  Verney  was  Mary's  guardian.  The 
times  had  changed  for  the  better  for  Sir  Ralph  ; 
he  was  now  once  more  in  his  old  home  at 
Claydon,  and,  as  was  the  custom  in  those  days, 
it  was  his  duty  to  do  what  he  could  to  arrange 
a  suitable  marriage  for  his  ward.  How  or  when 
the  couple  first  met  is  not  clear.  We  gather 
from  a  letter  written  by  Robert  Townsend  to 
Sir  Ralph  that  he  was  in  favour  of  the  match, 
but,  with  a  prudence  seldom  wanting  among 
respectable  people  in  those  days  who  were  not 
in  some  way  or  other  directly  concerned  in  the 


N"'  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  7E  U  I\I 


231 


matter,  he   walked  warily.      He    concludes  his 
letter,  after  speaking  very  highly  of  John  : — 

"  This  is  all  I  have  at  present  to  impart,  only  give 
me  leave  to  say  this,  as  to  my  own  particular,  and  I 
say  it  in  the  presence  of  God,  I  had  much  rather  m)' 
hands  were  otf  than  sett  to  one  Letter  to  promote 
this  match.  But  I  confidently  heleeve,  if  they  meet, 
ihey  may  live  with  much  content  and  comfortable 
together." 

As  Lady  Verney  points  out,  the  Civil  War  had 
done  much  to  unsettle  men's  minds  and  to  raise 
the  profession  of  arms  to  a  high  place  in  the 
imagination,    if   not   in   the   understanding,    of 
contemporaries.      It  was    thought  mucli  below 
the  dignity  of   a  young  lady  of   quality  if  she 
allied  herself  with  a  clergyman,  a  doctor,  or  a 
merchant.      Betty   Verney   writes   sarcastically 
regarding   Mary  Denton's   marriage.      "I   wish 
my   Cusan    Mary    Denton    much    joy    of    hur 
marig,"  she  says,    "and   am  confident  if   shoe 
had  not  been  veri  umbil    minded,   shee  would 
not  liave  had  a  shoppkeeper  in  aney  plas  but 
London,  espesially  haveing  a  fortin  to  live  mor 
lick  hur  self  then  I  thinck  shee  wil  doo  as  his 
Wif."     It  is  interesting  to  observe  the  distinc- 
tion this  aristocratic  young  lady  draws  between 
the  traders  of  London  and  those  of  provincial 
towns.     Sir   Ralph  Verney,   on  whom   the  re- 
sponsibility lay,  was  a  man  of  business  not  likely 
to  reject  a  substantial  suitor  of  good  charactei-. 
It  was  clearly  a  love-match  on  the  part  of  the 
young  people  ;  but  the  bride  seems  to  have  been 
by  no  means  deficient  in  business  like  habits. 
We  do  not  doubt  that  she  made  her  husband  a 
good  wife.  Lady  Verney  has  not  been  able  to  trace 
her  career  beyond  the  day  of  her  marriage — the 
3rd  of  January,  1660.  All  her  friends  were  or  had 
become  Royalists.  It  is  easy  to  picture  her  delight 
at  witnessing  the  rejoicings  which  took  place  at 
the  Restoration.     We  wish  she  had  written  to 
her  guardian  an  account  of  what  she  saw  and 
heard.      The    '  Study   of    a    Carved    Corbel    in 
Ewelme  Church,'  by  Miss  Margaret  L.  Huggins, 
isalearned  and  well-arranged  paper.   Shebelieves 
it  to  represent  Edward  III.,  and  has  produced 
much  evidence   in   support  of   her   conclusion. 
We  are  unwilling  to  give  any  opinion  regarding 
this  individual  head,  which  we  have  never  seen. 
We  think,  however,  it  is  pretty  certain  that  the 
greater  number  of  the  heads  we  find  sculptured 
on  corbels  are  fancy  portraits  representing  no 
one  in  particular. 

Transactions  of  the  Essex  Archceological  Society. 
Vol.   VI.  Part  IL     New   Series.     (Colchester, 
Whiles  &  Son.)— The    additions  to    Newcourt's 
'  Repertoriuni      Ecclesiasticum       Londinense,' 
compiled    by    Mr.    J.    C.    C.    Smith,    add    a 
good  deal  of   importance  to  our  knowledge  of 
many  of  the  parishes  in  the  London  diocese. 
The  portion  at  present  printed    includes  only 
the  first  two  letters  of  the  alphabet.     We  trust 
it  may  be  continued  to  the  end.     Though  every 
one  of  these  notes  is  useful,  we  need  hardly  say 
that  no  one  except  a  very  enthusiastic  antiquary 
will  read    them  through  consecutively.     There 
are,    however,   some  things    among    them   well 
worthy  of  note.     For  example,  John  Kynges- 
man,  a  yeoman  who    made    his  will    in   1513, 
desired  to  be  buried  in  the  church  of  Althorne, 
and    bequeathed    a    sum    of    money     "  to    the 
makinge  of  a  Tabernacle  of    Kynge   Harry  to 
stonde  in  the  North  Wyndowe."      This  is  an 
interesting  example  of  the  religious  honour  paid 
to  King  Henry  VI.     It  is  noteworthy  that  he 
is   not  spoken  of    as   a   saint.      Though  never 
canonized  by  ofticial  process,  he  was  certainly 
regarded  as  such  in  many  widely  separated  parts 
of  England,   filiracles  were  said  to  have  occurred 
at  his  grave,  and  little  leaden  signs  were  given 
to  pilgrims  as  memorials  of  their  visit.  A  prayer 
to  the  royal    "martyr"  has  come  down  to  us 
in   which    his  merits  are  spoken  of   in   terras 
like  those  used  regarding  persons  who  have  a 
recognized  place  in  the  calendar.     The  hymn, 
too,  in  his  honour  beginning 

Salve  miles  preciose, 
Kex  Henrice  generose, 


must  have  been    intended    for    use    in   public 
worshi]).     There  is    a    portrait  of  the  king  in 
Eye  Church,   Sufl^olk,     in    which    the    liead    is 
encircled   by  a  nimbus.     Perhaps  tlie  most  in- 
teresting existing  memorial — if,  indeed,  it  does 
now  exist  —  of  the    honours    paid    to    Henry 
is  a  picture  in   which  his    sufl'erings    are  con- 
trasted with  those  of   Job.     An  engraving  of  it 
appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  Maaazine  upwards 
of  a  century  ago.     The  will  of  Hugh    Payne, 
gent.,   executed  in  1543,   shows    the  disturbed 
state  of  public  feeling  at  the  time.  The  testator 
desires  to  be  buried  in  St.   Martin's-le- Grand, 
"if  it  please  god  and  the  king  that  the  same 
cliurche  may  still    contynue    and    stande  with 
goddis    service."       Mr.     11.     C.     Maiden    con- 
tributes a  second  instalment  of  old  Essex  wills, 
for  which  we  are  grateful.    Ralph  Busby,  Vicar 
of  Great  Baddow,  made  his  will  in  1492.  Among 
other   bequests    he  leaves  to  Ralph  Haynes  a 
book  called  '  Pars  Oculi. '     Mr.  Maiden  says  in 
regard  to  this  passage,  "  One  wonders  of  what 
his  library  consisted  that  he  should  leave  Ralph 
Haynes  the  book  mentioned  ;  possibly  Haynes 
was  a  medical  student."     Mr.  Maiden  evidently 
thinks    that  this   was   a    work    relating  to    the 
human  eye,  but  he  is  mistaken  :  it  was  a  theo- 
logical treatise  by  William  de  Pagula,  Vicar  of 
Winkfield,    near  Windsor.     He  wrote  '  Oculus 
Sacerdotis  '  in  three  books,  of  which  the  second 
is    called   "Dexter"  and   the   third    "Sinister 
Pars   Oculi."     It   was   one    of   these    volumes, 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  which  belonged  to  the 
Vicar   of    Great   Baddow.     There    are    several 
manuscript  copies  of  this  work  in  the  Bodleian 
Library.     We    cannot   ascertain    that   it    ever 
found   its    way  into   print.     Sir  John   Newys, 
Vicar  of   Tyllyngham,   made  his  will  in  1491. 
He   left    small    sums    to   four    lights    burning 
in    the     church,    and    to    Our    Lady    of    Pity 
two   shillings.     This    was   the  name  by  which 
in   England   the   Pieta   was  commonly  known. 
Very  few    examples   have   come  down    to    our 
time,  but  they  are  so  constantly  mentioned  in 
old  documents  that  it  seems  probable  that  in 
tlie   latter  days  of  the  medireval   Church  they 
were  vei-y  common.     Examples  yet  remain  in 
Battlefield   Church,  Shropshire,  and  Beardsall, 
near  Derby  ;  there  is,   too,  a  small  one,  much 
weather-worn,   over  the  arch   of  the    porch  of 
Glentham    Church,     Lincolnshire.     The    same 
subject  is  represented  on  the  monumental  brass 
of  Andrew  Evyngar  in  the  church  of  Allhallows, 
Barking.     One  Scotch  example  is  known.     It  is 
preserved  in  theBanflf  Museum;  both  the  figures 
are  headless.     Sir  John  Newys  also  left  to  Sir 
Richard   Mortymer,  a  priest,  his  long  gown  of 
"  wusterdeviles. "  There  is  a  mistake  here  either 
in    the   transcript  or  in    the   correction  of  the 
press.     This  must  be   pointed  out,  or   we  shall 
be  having  another  ghost-word  added  to  the  lan- 
guage.    What  is  meant  is  mustardeviliers.     It 
was  a  kind  of   cloth   manufactured    at  Monti- 
villiers,  a  place  near  Harfleur.    The  Latin  name 
is  Monasterium  Villare,  from  which  this  strange 
English  word  has  been  formed.     In  a  paper  on 
'  Some  Essex  Manuscripts '   Mr.  W.  C.  Waller 
prints     and     annotates     two     highly     curious 
indulgences. 


THE    ROYAL    AECHiEOLOGICAL    INSTITUTE 

AT   DORCHESTER. 

II. 

On  August  4th  the  members  of  the  Institute 
and  their  friends  visited  Wareham,  a  town  of 
importance  in  Saxon  days,  but  now  consider- 
ably decayed.  The  great  earth  ramparts  which 
enclose  it  on  the  north,  west,  and  east  sides 
form,  with  the  river  Frome  on  the  south,  a  large 
rectangle  about  six  hundred  yards  square.  The 
old,  disused  church  of  St.  Martin  was  first  in- 
spected. Although  the  traces  are  not  at  first 
sight  obvious,  under  the  guidance  of  the  Rev. 
Selwyn  Blackett  (Rector  of  Wareham)  it  soon 
became  manifest  that  this  was  a  Saxon  church 
in  its  main  outlines.  This  view  was  confirmed 
by  Mr.  Micklethwaite,  who  said  ib  was  singu- 


larly like  the  church  of  Deerhurst.  For  its 
preservation  he  recommended  careful  under- 
pinning to  the  level  of  the  adjacent  road  cutting 
at  the  west  end,  but  no  further  repairs. 
A  considerable  tract  of  the  walls  or  ramparts 
was  then  traversed.  Here  at  several  points 
animated  discussions  occurred,  in  which  Sir 
Henry  Ho  worth.  Prof.  Boyd  Dawk  ins,  Mr. 
Cunnington,  and  several  others  took  part.  Prof. 
Dawkins  compared  the  ramparts  to  the  irregu- 
larly rectangular  ones  of  Silchester  prior  to  the 
Roman  occupation.  All  the  best  opinions  ex- 
pressed pointed  to  the  pre-Roman  origin  of 
the  works,  but  probably  of  the  late  iron  times. 
Mr.  Cunnington's  idea,  hov/ever,  that  the 
Romans  never  held  Wareham,  was  not  accepted, 
and  it  is  disproved  by  the  large  number  of 
Roman  remains  brought  to  light  within  the 
area.  Wareham  in  its  flourishing  times  had 
eight  churches,  but  there  is  only  one  now  in 
regular  use,  namely,  the  large  church  of  St. 
Mary.  It  is  full  of  interest,  and  the  time  for 
its  examination  seemed  far  too  brief.  The 
sexagonal  leaden  font,  of  thirteenth  century 
workmanship,  attracted  considerable  attention. 
The  church  has  been  over-restored,  and  the 
east  end  of  the  north  aisle  inappropriately  chosen 
as  a  place  for  sticking  in  a  variety  of  objects. 
Here  may  be  noted  in  the  centre  of  the  wall 
the  projecting  drains  of  a  double  p<iscina. 
Above  it  is  a  large  circular  opening  of  Norman 
mouldings.  This  at  first  sight  looks  a  puzzle, 
but  it  really  is  a  foolish  and  most  misleading 
arrangement  of  a  number  of  moulded  stones 
brought  from  various  places,  which  probably 
had  formed  part  of  Norman  clearstory  windows. 
A  small  mutilated  rood  is  also  built  in  here. 
It  has  been  perversely  removed  from  over  a 
doorway  in  the  middle  of  the  north  aisle. 
Here,  too,  are  some  pre-Norman  inscribed 
stones,  the  meaning  of  which  scarcely  seems 
to  have  yet  been  elucidated. 

From  Wareham  the  party  proceeded  to 
Corfe  Castle.  The  stirring  and  well-known  his- 
torical incidents  associated  with  this  dignified 
ruin  were  well  set  out  by  the  Rev.  O.  L. 
Mansel.  The  members  were  much  helped  to  a 
due  understanding  of  it  by  the  reproduction 
in  their  progi'amme  of  the  plan  made  by  Ralph 
Treswell  in  1586.  At  that  time  the  castle  and 
manor  were  in  the  possession  of  Elizabeth's 
favourite  Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  who  was 
the  last  to  add  to  or  alter  the  buildings.  A 
brisk  controversy  took  place  as  to  some  herring- 
bone work  being  of  Saxon  date.  Mr.  Bond, 
in  his  work  on  the  castle,  and  local  anti- 
quaries have  chosen  to  consider  this  as  one 
side  of  the  wall  of  a  chapel  where  Aldhelm., 
Bishop  of  Sherborne,  preached.  Dr.  Cox 
pointed  out  that  there  v/as  nothing  necessarily 
Saxon  about  herring-bone  work,  and  that  there 
was  apparently  no  trace  of  a  chapel  or  of  any- 
thing pre-Norman.  This  view  seemed  to  find 
general  acceptance. 

In  the  evening  the  Historical  Section  was 
opened  by  Sir  Henry  Howorth,  M.P.,  in  a 
singularly  able  and  humorous,  though  at  times 
discursive  address  on  'The  True  Methods  of 
writing  History.'  He  pleaded  for  reference  to 
first  authorities,  as,  for  instance,  the  writings 
of  Bede  in  preference  to  the  often  faulty  'Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle.'  He  was  severe  in  his  con- 
demnation of  the  picturesque  but  careless  styles 
of  such  historians  as  Freeman  and  Green,  and 
rightly  held  up  the  recent  historical  work  of 
Mr.  Wylie  as  an  example  of  abundant  reference 
and  of  interesting  weaving  together  of  shreds  and 
patches.  The  large  audience  were  amused  at 
his  occasional  slashing  attacks  both  on  past  and 
recent  reputations.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was 
termed  "that  glorified  pirate,"  whilst  Dr. 
Guest's  laborious  disquisitions  as  to  the  gentes 
fahulosce  alleged  to  be  the  founders  of  the  Eng- 
lish nation  was  set  side  by  side  with  the  ad- 
ventures of  Alice  in  Wonderland.  Prof.  Boyd 
Dawkins  in  proposing  a  vote  of  thanks  defended 
with    some    warmth   both    Mr.    Freeman   and 


232 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N»  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


Mr.  Green,  whilst  Dr.  Cox  in  seconding  the  vote 
pointed  out  that  the  methods  of  both  those 
historians  would  be  different  if  they  could  live 
again,  as  so  many  more  storehouses  of  informa- 
tion were  now  open  and  properly  marshalled. 

On  August  6th  a  long  drive  of  twenty  miles 
to  Sherborne  was  undertaken.  The  party  pro- 
ceeded first  to  the  old  dismantled  castle,  built 
by  Roger,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  in  the  reign  of 
Stephen.  A  series  of  clear  and  brief  addresses 
descriptive  of  the  different  parts  of  the  building 
were  given  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Wildman,  a  local 
historian,  though  his  methods  were  a  little  too 
rapid.  The  castle  was  dismantled  during  the 
great  Civil  War,  and  part  of  its  materials  was 
used  to  build  wings  to  the  neighbouring  Eliza- 
bethan house,  the  seat  of  Mr.  Wingfield  Digby. 
The  dairy  of  this  house  was  visited  to  see,  in  a 
most  unsuitable  and  badly  lighted  apartment, 
a  remarkably  fine  Roman  pavement  moved  there 
of  recent  years  from  the  racecourse.  The  house 
contains  a  variety  of  art  treasures,  but  the 
members  were  not  invited  to  enter. 

After  lunch  the  noble  abbey  church  received 
special  attention,  Mr.  Wildman  again  acting  as 
guide.  There  are  some  remains  of  Anglo-Saxon, 
Norman,  Early  English,  and  Decorated,  but  in 
its  main  features  it  is  a  grand  example  of  Per- 
pendicular work,  the  roofs  being  unrivalled. 
36,000L  has  been  spent  on  its  restoration 
between  1848  and  1885.  Parts  have,  of  course, 
been  overdone  and  unduly  repaired,  and  monu- 
ments have  been  removed  and  otherwise  glorified, 
but  on  the  whole  (with  such  a  great  sum  of 
money)  a  good  deal  less  damage  has  been  done 
than  might  have  been  expected.  In  the  Wyke- 
ham  Chapel  is  a  monument  to  Sir  John  Horsey 
and  his  son,  to  whom  Henry  VIII.  gave  the 
abbey  possessions.  The  effigies  lie  side  by  side. 
Lord  Dillon  pointed  out  the  many  absurdities 
and  impossibilities  of  the  armour,  and  said  that 
these  were  two  of  the  worst  and  poorest  effigies 
of  a  poor  time  that  he  had  seen.  The  large 
monument  to  John  and  Joane  Lewston  in  St. 
Katharine's  Chapel  was  pronounced  to  be  nearly 
as  poor. 

The  school  buildings,  with  which  are  incor- 
porated some  of  the  old  monastic  buildings, 
were  next  visited  under  the  same  guidance.  Mr. 
Hilton,  the  veteran  authority  on  chronograms, 
commented  on  a  corrupt  and  faulty  monogram 
under  the  arms  of  Edward  VI.  In  the  library 
Mr.  Wildman  showed  the  original  charter  of 
Edward  VI.  as  founder  of  the  school,  dated 
March  29th,  1550,  and  expatiated  on  the  far 
earlier  foundation  of  this  well-known  school, 
arguing  that  they  could  claim  for  it  an  antiquity 
far  older  than  the  Norman  Conquest,  namely, 
705  b.  (J. ,  a  slip  that  caused  much  amusement. 
Dr.  Cox  said  that  it  was  a  great  mistake  to 
imagine  that  the  old  monastery  had  supported 
the  school.  Out  of  an  income  of  1,200L,  it  only 
assigned  5L  2s.  8d.  for  three  exhibitions  for 
three  scholars.  Quoting  from  Mr.  Leach's 
recent  work  on  '  English  Schools  at  the  Re- 
formation,' he  showed  that  Edward  VI.,  instead 
of  being  a  great  founder  of  schools,  had  been 
their  great  spoiler,  some  three  hundred  schools 
being  suppressed  under  him  and  his  father.  At 
the  death  of  Protector  Somerset,  Dudley,  Duke 
of  Northumberland,  managed  to  induce  the 
Council  to  re-endow  a  miserable  few  of  those 
schools  that  had  been  roV)bed,  Sherborne  being 
the  first  of  the  number.  Prof.  Clark  and  others 
joined  in  vigorous  denunciation  of  the  school 
and  college  robbing  policy  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
Edward  VI. 

The  forenoon  of  August  6th  was  occupied  by 
the  business  meeting  of  the  Institute,  Lord 
Dillon  in  the  chair.  The  balance-sheet  showed 
that  there  was  a  sum  of  160J.  in  hand.  The 
invitation  of  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of 
Lancaster  to  meet  there  in  1898  was  cordially 
accepted  on  the  motion  of  Chancellor  Ferguson. 

In  the  afternoon  the  members  proceeded  a 
short  distance  west  of  the  town  to  the  entrenched 
camp  of  Poundbury.     The  ramparts  enclose  an 


irregular  oblong  about  400  ft.  from  north  to 
south,  and  1,000  ft.  from  east  to  west.  Blr. 
Green,  the  Director  of  the  Institute,  gave  an 
interesting  description  of  this  earthwork,  and 
he  was  followed  by  the  local  antiquaries,  Messrs. 
Moule  and  Cunnington.  The  general  opinion 
seemed  to  be  that  the  camp  is  late  Celtic,  and 
was  held  for  a  time  by  the  Romans  before 
they  erected  the  neighbouring  walls  of  Dor- 
chester. On  the  north  side,  above  a  steep  scarp, 
is  a  grassy  ledge  level  with  the  area  of  the 
camp.  Mr.  Moule's  theory  that  this  is  a  Celtic 
wheel-carriage  road  was  accepted. 

Maiden  Castle,  two  and  a  half  miles  south- 
west, was  next  reached.  This  grand  and  im- 
pressive earthwork,  by  far  the  finest  that 
England  possesses,  entirely  covers  the  apex 
of  a  commanding  hill  extending  in  an  irregular 
oval  over  120  acres.  On  the  north  there  are 
three  tiers  of  ramparts  of  immense  strength,  the 
very  steep  valla  measuring  some  80  ft.  in  depth. 
On  the  south  there  are  five  lines  of  entrench- 
ment. The  two  entrances,  east  and  west,  are 
covered  by  a  most  ingenious  arrangement  of 
overlapping  lengths  of  rampart,  so  that  ingress 
and  egress  is  only  possible  by  a  most  circuitous 
route.  The  large  party  made  the  complete  cir- 
cuit of  the  ramparts,  making  frequent  pauses 
and  holding  animated  discussions,  chiefly  under 
the  guidance  of  Mr.  Cunnington,  who,  strange 
to  say,  argued  with  a  courage  worthy  of  a  better 
cause  that  this  mighty  work  was  accomplished 
by  the  Romans  de  tuovo.  It  was  undoubtedly 
held  by  them  for  a  short  time,  and  was  very 
likely  used  as  a  summer  camp  now  and  again 
for  the  troops  at  Dorchester  ;  but,  as  the  Rev. 
Sir  Taibot  Baker  and  Dr.  Cox  pointed  out,  the 
whole  nature  of  the  work  was  absolutely  con- 
trary to  anything  ever  done  by  the  Romans. 
There  was  probably  not  one  single  member  of 
the  Institute  convinced  by  Mr.  Cunnington.  It 
is  positively  pre-Roman,  though  not  long  anterior 
to  their  time,  and  may  have  been  a  great  general 
rallying-point  to  resist  the  invaders. 

In  the  evening  Dr.  Cox  opened  the  Archi- 
tectural Section,  taking  for  his  subject  *  The 
Treatment  of  English  Cathedral  Churches 
during  the  Victorian  Age.'  The  indictment 
was  formidable  as  each  cathedral  church  of  the 
two  provinces  was  brought  under  review.  Those 
that  seem  to  have  suffered  most  from  restorers 
and  spoilers  during  the  Queen's  reign  are  Dur- 
ham, Chester,  Worcester,  and  Lichfield  ;  but 
Canterbury,  Rochester,  and  Lincoln  have  also 
grievously  suffered  in  parts  ;  St.  Albans  was, 
of  course,  regarded  as  an  awful  warning.  The 
special  lessons  to  be  learnt  from  the  recent 
Peterborough  controversy  were  pointed  out, 
and  it  was  shown  that  the  north  gable  of 
Peterborough  now  consists  of  nineteenth 
century  work  and  thirteenth  century  stones. 
Dr.  Cox  advocated  the  placing  of  the  fabrics 
of  our  cathedral  churches  in  the  hands  of  a 
commission  consisting  of  three  members  nomi- 
nated by  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Works, 
and  of  the  President  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, the  President  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  the  Principal  Librarian  of  the  British 
Museum  (or  gentlemen  nominated  by  them), 
these  commissioners  to  act  in  co-operation  with 
the  chapter  of  the  special  cathedral.  In  the 
discussion  that  followed  the  Dean  of  Wells  and 
the  Rev.  Sir  Talbot  Baker  disagreed  with  some 
of  Dr.  Cox's  criticisms,  Prof.  Clark  objected  to 
any  form  of  Government  interference,  whilst 
Mr.  Micklethwaite  and  Mr.  Rice  strongly 
supported  all  the  contentions  of  the  paper. 

On  August  7th  the  breaks  took  the  party  by 
a  beautiful  route  of  eight  miles  to  Abbotsbury, 
opening  up  a  succession  of  bold  land  and  sea 
views.  The  church  was  visited,  and  its  various 
points  explained  by  the  Rev.  B.  Neville.  In  its 
main  features  it  is  a  Perpendicular  building,  and 
has  recently  undergone  a  comparatively  mild 
and  inoffensive  restoration.  The  reredos  is  a 
good  example  of  a  classic  reredos,  with  the 
Commandments  painted  in  the  centre,  of  the 


year  1751,  which  seems  to  be  also  the  date  of 
the  coved  plaster-work  ceiling  of  the  chancel. 
There  is  a  good  Jacobean  pulpit  elaborately 
carved.  Unfortunately  the  back  and  sounding- 
board  have  been  raised  a  foot  by  the  insertion 
of  some  new  panelling,  thus  destroying  its  pro- 
portion. A  tale  was  told,  to  account  for  two 
holes  in  the  pulpit,  of  certain  fugitive  Cavaliers 
who  had  taken  refuge  in  the  church  being  fired 
upon  by  Sir  Anthony  Cooper  and  his  Round- 
head soldiers  ;  but  the  holes  have  not  been 
made  by  bullets. 

The  adjacent  abbey  grounds  and  the  few 
remains  of  conventual  buildings  were  then 
visited  and  puzzled  over,  no  one  having  appa- 
rently been  commissioned  to  make  a  study  of 
the  plan.  The  great  barn,  when  complete,  was 
a  splendid  structure  and  the  largest  of  its  kind 
in  England.  Dr.  Cox  briefly  described  it. 
When  perfect  it  was  about  three  hundred  feet 
long,  and  had  twenty-four  bays.  One  half  is 
now  in  use,  and  the  rest  in  ruins.  It  is  of  the 
first  half  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

After  luncheon  the  chapel  of  St.  Katharine, 
on  the  high  ground  overlooking  the  celebrated 
swannery  and  the  Chesil  Bank,  was  visited, 
Mr.  Micklethwaite  drawing  attention  to  its 
special  construction.  It  is  a  fifteenth  century 
building,  45  ft.  by  15  ft. ,  and  built  after  a  massive 
fashion  with  a  stone  roof,  so  as  to  be  almost 
stormproof  notwithstanding  its  exposed  situa- 
tion. It  is  in  fairly  substantial  repair,  but  a 
general  wish  was  expressed  that  its  windows 
should  be  reglazed  for  the  sake  of  preservation. 

On  the  high  downs  overlooking  the  beautiful 
bay  the  large  number  of  members  rested  for  a 
time,  and  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins  (who  had  been 
absent  the  day  before)  was  persuaded  to  give 
some  account  of  the  formation  of  the  ChesiJ 
Bank,  and  also  to  state  his  views  as  to  the  great 
earthwork  of  Maiden  Castle  visited  the  day 
before.  As  to  the  latter,  he  expressly  stated 
that  its  Roman  construction  was  a  simple 
impossibility,  and  that  he  believed  it  to  be  the 
most  striking  example  we  possessed  of  a  hill- 
top type  of  fort  constructed  in  the  late  Celtic 
or  iron  age. 

The  excursions  were  resumed  on  Monday, 
August  9th,  when  an  early  start  was  made 
for  Wolfeton  House,  the  residence  of  Mr. 
Albert  Bankes.  Mr.  Bankes  made  a  mosfe 
efficient  and  courteous  guide  to  his  own  most 
interesting  residence,  and  also  to  the  neigh- 
bouring church  of  Charminster.  At  Wolfeton 
House,  built  by  Sir  Thomas  Trenchard  to- 
wards the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century,  much 
of  the  original  and  handsome  domestic  work 
remains,  notably  the  gateway,  which  i» 
flanked  by  large  circular  towers  with  conical 
roofs.  The  drawing-rooms  have  good  plaster 
ceilings  covered  with  an  arabesque  pattern 
and  well-carved  massive  chimney-pieces.  The 
quartered  arms  of  Trenchard  and  Jurdain  are 
repeated  in  many  places.  The  house  abounds  in 
historical  incidents  and  legends.  The  most 
remarkable  of  these,  well  told  by  Mr.  Bankes, 
was  the  visit  of  Philip,  Archduke  of  Austria 
and  King  of  Castile,  early  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. He  was  on  his  way  with  a  fleet  from 
Flanders  to  Spain,  but  was  driven  into  Wey- 
mouth by  a  storm.  Sir  Thomas  Trenchard, 
then  high  sheriff,  invited  the  king  and  hia 
queen  to  Wolfeton  House.  His  young  cousin 
John  Russell,  of  Kingston  Russell,  was  sent 
for  as  a  good  linguist  to  act  as  interpreter. 
The  young  man  became  a  favourite  with  the 
king,  who  recommended  him  to  Henry  VII. 
He  commended  himself  to  Henry  VII.  and 
Henry  VIII.  The  latter  gave  him  a  large 
share  of  the  property  robbed  from  the  monas- 
teries, with  the  result  that  John  Russell,  a  small 
country  gentleman,  became  Earl  of  Bedford, 
and  immediate  founder  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford's 
family.  George  III.,  when  at  Weymouth,  was 
a  frequent  visitor  to  this  house. 

The  church  of  Charminster  aroused  much 
interest    amongst  the  Institute   members.     It 


N"  3G42,  Aug.  U,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


233 


has  been  quite  recently  carefully  restored 
by  Mr.  Ponting,  a  restoration  that,  on 
the  whole,  was  approved.  It  has  a  fine 
late  Perpendicular  tower,  built  by  Sir 
Thomas  Trenchard.  At  the  east  end  of  the 
south  aisle  are  two  small  canopied  altar-tombs 
of  Purbeck  marble  to  the  Trenchard  family,  but 
both  robbed  of  their  brasses.  There  are  con- 
siderable remains  of  Norman  and  Transitional 
work,  and  a  good  many  fragments  of  wall 
painting,  including  a  peculiarly  effective  pine- 
apple pattern.  Over  the  chancel  arch  are 
remains  of  successive  layers  of  painting.  The 
lowest  figure  subject  excited  attention,  and 
Prof.  Clark  pointed  out  that  it  was  clearly  the 
not  uncommon  one  of  the  harrowing  of  hell. 

A  drive  of  six  miles  brought  the  party  to 
Cerne,  where  Mr.  Moule  first  described  the 
great  abbey  barn  of  fourteenth  century  date,  a 
really  fine  piece  of  building  of  freestone  and 
squared  flints.  The  parish  church  (not  very 
remarkable)  was  described  by  the  vicar,  the  Rev. 
H.  D.  Gundry,  and  the  remains  of  the  abbey 
buildings  by  Mr.  Micklethwaite.  The  chief 
remnant  of  the  latter  is  a  three-storied  hand- 
somely enriched  low  tower,  erected  by  Abbot 
Thomas  in  1509.  It  is  usually  spoken  of  as 
the  gate-house,  but  was  really  only  the  porch 
or  entrance  gateway  into  the  abbot's  buildings. 
Most  of  the  party  then  climbed  the  steep 
hill  to  the  south  of  the  abbey,  to  inspect  the 
Giant  of  Cerne,  a  great  nude  club-armed  figure 
cut  in  deep  outline  on  the  chalk.  It  extends 
over  an  acre  of  ground,  and  is  180  ft.  in  length. 
The  phallus  and  other  circumstances  point  to  a 
great  antiquity.  Prof.  Boyd  Dawk  ins  said  that 
the  high  lands  of  that  district  were  thickly 
populated  during  the  bronze  age,  and  that  the 
giant  probably  pertained  to  that  period. 

In  the  evening  the  Rev.  Sir  Talbot  Baker  gave 
a  valuable  address  on  '  The  House  of  the  Vestals 
in  the  Forum  at  Rome,  and  the  Discovery  of 
Anglo-Saxon  Coins  in  tlie  Excavation  thereof.' 
This  was  followed  by  a  highly  interesting  and  im- 
portant account,  by  the  Rev.  A.  Du  Boulay  Hill, 
of  the  discovery  just  made  of  a  Saxon  church  at 
Breamore  Church,  Hants,  some  four  miles  from 
Salisbury.  Positive  proof  of  its  Anglo-Saxon 
origin  has  become  apparent  on  stripping  off  the 
plaster.  The  entire  shell,  97  ft.  by  20  ft.,  is 
pre  -  Norman.  A  mutilated  large  rood,  the 
three  figures  raised  in  relief  in  stonework,  has 
been  brought  to  light  over  the  entrance  under 
the  south  porch,  several  small  windows  in  the 
nave,  and  other  details;  but  by  far  the  most 
valuable  discovery  is  that  of  an  inscription  over 
the  narrow  archway  leading  into  the  south 
transept  or  attached  chamber.  The  inscription 
is  cut  in  the  stone,  and  was  found  filled  up  with 
plaster  and  coloured  red.  There  was  also  a 
red  line  above  and  below  the  letters.  The  fol- 
lowing is  an  exact  reproduction  of  the  lettering  : 


It  was  long  the  home  of  the  Martin  family,  and 
is  of  fifteenth  century  date,  with  a  later  wing. 
The  beautiful  oriel  at  the  upper  end  of  the  hall 
and  its  curious  roof  with  trefoiled  principals 
were  much  admired. 

The  party  lunched  at  Milton,  and  afterwards 
inspected  the  restored  abbey  church,  which  was 
interestingly  described  by  Mr.  Doran  Webb. 
Particular  attention  was  given  to  the  elaborate 
four-story  tabernacle  of  fifteenth  century  work, 
which  is  fixed  high  up  against  the  west  wall  of 
the  transept.  The  summit  of  the  pinnacle  top 
is  now  broken  off,  but  it  still  measures  over 
nine  feet  in  height.  It  was  generally  admitted 
that  it  was  used  to  hold  the  pyx  for  the  reserved 
sacrament,  and  used  to  hang  in  front  of  the  altar. 
A  disastrous  proposition  is  now  being  strongly 
advocated  for  "restoring"  the  tabernacle  and 
putting  it  again  in  front  of  the  high  altar.  To 
do  this  would  involve  practically  destroying 
and  remaking  this  valuable  old  relic  of  pre- 
Reformation  days.  The  feeling  of  the  Institute 
was  strongly  against  this  proposal,  as  destructive 
and  unmeaning.  The  same  circular  that  advo- 
cates this  proposes  also  to  place  statues  in  all 
the  fifty  or  so  niches  of  the  great  altar  screen  ! 
Two-thirds  of  this  screen  is  of  Wyatt's  cement, 
and  it  will  certainly  tumble  to  pieces  if  any  such 
attempt  be  made. 

The  final  visit  of  all  was  made  to  the  manor 
house  of  Bingham's  Melcombe,  a  most  interest- 
ing Elizabethan  house  with  later  additions,  and 
with  certain  parts  of  far  greater  age. 

The  Dorchester  meetings  have  been  an  un- 
qualified success  from  beginning  to  end.  Lord 
Dillon  continues  to  prove  an  admirable  and  ever 
courteous  working  President  ;  Messrs.  Green 
and  Mill  Stephenson,  as  Director  and  Meeting 
Secretary,  carried  out  all  the  elaborate  manage- 
ment without  a  hitch  ;  the  addresses  of  General 
Pitt-Rivers,  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins,  and  Sir  Henry 
Howorth  were  of  first  importance ;  the  attend- 
ance at  the  sectional  meetings  as  well  as  at 
the  excursions  has  never  been  surpassed  ;  the 
district  has  proved  rich  almost  beyond  com- 
pare in  every  variety  of  archaeological  interest  ; 
and  Dorset  has  well  sustained  its  reputation  for 
giving  a  kind  and  hearty  welcome  to  visitors. 


Anglo  -  Saxon  experts  pronounce  the  wording 
to  be  of  the  early  part  of  the  eleventh  century. 
Mr.  Hill  considered  that  it  could  be  best  Eng- 
lished "Here  becomes  manifest  the  covenant 
to  thee,"  and  that  the  inscription  denoted  the 
fulfilment  of  some  church-building  vow. 

Tuesday,  August  10th,  was  the  last  day  of 
the  general  meeting.  The  well-filled  carriages 
left  early  for  Piddletown,  where  Mr.  E.  Doran 
Webb  described  the  church,  and  Lord  Dillon 
the  fine  series  of  Martin  effigies  in  the  Athel- 
hampton  aisle  of  the  south  transept.  Athel- 
hampton  Hall  was  visited  under  the  pleasant 
guidance  of  Mr.  Moule.  It  is  the  best  specimen 
•of  Tudor  domestic  architecture  in  the  county. 


Mr.  Alma  Tadema  has  just  finished  a 
charming  picture,  which  Englishmen  will  be 
sorry  to  learn  is  destined  to  cross  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  called  '  Melody,'  and  the  design,  composi- 
tion, colour,  and  effect,  as  well  as  the  graceful 
figures  and  their  setting  of  architecture,  sea- 
scape, and  landscape,  are  in  keeping  with  the 
title  and  its  suggestions.  The  scene  is  an  open 
loggia,  between  the  columns  of  which  the  calm 
ocean  is  visible  to  the  horizon.  It  is  dashed  with 
innumerable  tints  of  pearl,  blue,  and  green, 
harmoniously  and  brilliantly,  yet  softly  blended. 
Summer  twilight  is  just  beginning  to  spread 
over  it  as  well  as  the  green  summits  and 
the  white  faces  of  the  cliffs  on  our  right. 
Much  space  within  the  columns  is  occupied 
by  a  couch  covered  with  a  huge  white  bearskin, 
on  which  reclines  a  young  lady,  dressed  in  prim- 
rose-yellow and  wearing  a  pale  lavender  girdle 
of  silk,  colours  which  are  melodiously  blended 
with  her  rich  and  glowing  flesh  tints  and 
abundant  hair,  and  which  harmonize  with  the 
surrounding  hues  of  whites  and  greys  and  the 
silvery  tones.  This  damsel  is  lost  in  a  day- 
dream while  listening  to  the  music  of  her  com- 
panion, a  tall  and  slender  maiden,  clad  in 
deep  rose  -  colour,  who  half  leans  against 
the  couch  and  plays  a  flute  she  holds  in  her 
hands.  There  is  no  speculation  in  the  earnest, 
forward  gaze  of  the  player's  dark  eyes  as  she 
looks  beyond  us  as  we  stand  in  front.  Not  less 
beautiful  than  her  features,  which  are  of  a 
character  unusual  in  Mr.  Tadema's  art,  is  the 
grace  of  her  attitude  ;  and  equally  admirable 
is  her  elegant  slender  form,  which  is  but 
half    concealed     by    her    draperies.     Looking 


between  the  columns  on  our  right,  we  notice 
that  the  remaining  sunlight  falls  upon  the 
copper  roof  of  the  house,  and  gleams 
vividly  upon  its  greens  and  other  metallic 
hues,  while  the  cooler,  bluish  shadow  creeps 
over  them  and  will  soon  blot  them  out,  and 
cover  the  lower  white  fa9ade  of  the  building, 
its  parapets  and  mouldings.  Conspicuous 
beauties  of  this  little  picture  are  the  well- 
balanced  masses  of  its  leading  colours  and  the 
harmonious  echoes  of  its  minor  tints,  adroitly 
distributed  as  the  latter  are  in  the  sea,  the  blue 
sky  full  of  light  and  declining  into  purple,  the 
more  intense  blue  of  the  flowers  festooned 
between  the  columns  and  athwart  the  openings, 
and  lastly,  the  violet  reflections  on  the  panels 
at  the  side  of  the  openings.  In  another 
way  these  colours  are  repeated  by  the  lady's 
lavender  sash.  Thus,  and  by  other  means, 
'  Melody  '  justifies  its  title. 

The  picture  by  George  Morland  to  which 
we  lately  referred  as  having  been  added  to  the 
National  Gallery  has  been  hung  in  Room  XX., 
and  numbered  1497,  with  the  name  'Rabbiting.' 
It  is  a  bequest  of  Joseph  Towers  Smith,  Esq. 

Messrs.  Eyre  &  Spottiswoode  have  printed 
and  published  the  '  Forty-third  Report  of  the 
Department  of  Science  and  Art  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Council  on  Education,  with  Appen- 
dices,' a  closely  printed  octavo  volume  of  nearly 
five  hundred  pages.  The  greater  part  of  it  defies 
analysis  such  as  our  very  limited  space  will 
admit.  As  to  drawing,  which  is  what  the 
Department  means  by  "art,"  one  of  the  art 
inspectors  writes  : — 

"A  general  complaint  in  London  is  that  the 
School  Board  is  in  some  cases  encroaching  on  the 
work  done  by  the  South  Kensington  Schools,  giving 
instruction  in  Design  and  work  from  the  Life  in 
parishes  where  ample  accommodation  for  clever 
students  exists  in  the  South  Kensington  classes." 

What  does  Mr.  T.  E.  Harrison  mean  by  "  work 
from  the  Life  "  ? 

Dr.  Woodward  writes  :  — 

"I  shall  be  obliged  if  you  will  allow  me  to  point 
out  that  the  writer  of  the  appreciative  notice  of  my 
book  '  Heraldry,  British  and  Foreign,'  is  mistaken 
in  asserting  that  the  new  edition  contains  250  pages 
of  matter  less  than  the  former.  The  facts  are  the 
other  way.  In  the  first  edition  the  book  was  com- 
posed of  858  pages ;  the  second,  in  which  the 
volumes  are  paginated  separately,  has  1,016.  That  is, 
there  are  158  pages  in  excess  of  the  number  con- 
tained in  the  first  edition,  and  408  more  than  the 
reviewer  credits  us  with.  I  may  add  that  in  the 
second  edition  about  one-third  of  the  whole  (letter- 
press and  illustrations  alike)  is  entirely  new  matter. 
As  the  misstatement  may  be  of  some  moment  to  the 
publishers,  I  shall  be  glad  if  it  may  be  corrected." 

Dr.  Woodward  is  quite  right,  and  we  are  sorry 
we  blundered  over  the  number  of  pages. 

A  friend  writes  from  Church  Row,  about  the 
dangers  to  which  that  charming  remnant  of  old 
Hampstead  is  exposed  : — 

"I  come  to  you  because  I  know  you  like  and 
admire  Hampstead,  and  because  I  think  you  will 
grieve  to  hear  that,  notwithstanding  the  many  free 
and  unfilled  sites  all  round  us  here,  the  hands  of 
the  destroyer  are  raised  against  Church  Kow,  and 
three  of  the  old  houses,  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4,  are 
threatened  with  destruction.  We  know  their  de- 
struction is  impending,  and  we  likewise  hear  that 
some  of  the  corner  houses  at  the  end  nearest  the 
church  are  looked  upon  by  a  builder  who  erected  a 
group  of  flats  in  Frognal.  But  the  old  garden  round 
No.  2,  with  its  paved  paths  and,  perhaps,  a  dozen 
trees,  are  really  and  immediately  threatened,  and 
on  their  sites  it  is  proposed  to  build  tall  mansions, 
utterly  out  of  keeping  with  the  rest  of  the  Row, 
and  shutting  out  light  and  air  from  all  that  end  of 
the  street.  Could  you  help  us  with  a  few  words  in 
the  Athenceum  ?  We  are  told  by  a  good  authority 
that  now  is  the  time  to  draw  the  attention  of  the 
public  to  such  Philistinism  as  this,  before  matters 
are  absolutely  settled,  and  we  hope  that  notices  in 
the  principal  journals  may  avert  from  us  those  high 
houses  we  dread,  even  if  we  cannot  by  such  appeals 
as  this  keep  the  Row  intact.  This  authority  agrees 
with  us  that  no  terms  can  adequately  express  our 
regret  at  the  contemplated  destruction  of  this  abso- 
lutely unique  row  of  Georgian  houses,  which  is  one 
of  the  greatest  attractions  of  a  neighbourhood 
which,  not   on  Sundays  only,  is  given  up  to  the 


234 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


(leliKli(s  of  '  'Arry  and  'Arriet,'  and  surel.v  ought  not 
to  be  deprived  of  a  charm  wliich,  in  tinn!,  tlioso 
woi'tliies  may  learn  to  appreciate  if  it  is  preserved 
for  them  as  well  as  for  its  owners.  Deprive  us  of  tliis 
cliarm  and  much  of  '  'appy  'Ami)stead  '  will  be  gone 
for  ever." 

At  Florence,  in  the  works  for  the  new  streets 
of  the  centre,  important  Roman  ruins  have  been 
found,  between  the  Battistero  and  the  Loggia 
del  Bigallo.  They  consist  of  the  remains  of  a 
large  private  house  of  the  republican  times, 
showing  in  the  form  and  disposition  of  its  rooms 
some  remai-kable  peculiarities  of  the  Tuscan  or 
Etruscan  style.  The  ntriwm  or  cnvadvnn,  the 
tablinum,  and  some  cnhicnla  are  still  quite  dis- 
tinct, wliile  the  restibulum  and  the  door  seem 
to  have  been  destroyed  or  covered  by  a  waste- 
pipe  and  other  constructions  of  later  times. 
The  excavations  of  the  atrhnn  brought  to  light 
a  marble  headless  dog,  recalling  the  well-known 
mosaic  figures  and  the  common  inscription, 
"  Cave  canem,"  of  the  Pompeian  houses.  Toge- 
ther with  many  architectural  marble  fragments, 
some  coins  and  two  inscriptions  have  also  been 
discovered,  which  show  that  the  house  was  in- 
habited until  the  late  imperial  times.  One  of 
the  inscribed  stones  bears  a  public  decree  signed 
by  the  Decuriones  of  Florentia,  the  other  a 
dedication  in  honour  of  a  certain  Sextus  Gabi- 
nius  and  another  vir  ilhtstris  whose  name  is  lost. 

From  Modica,  in  Sicily,  Prof.  Orsi  announces 
the  discovery  of  several  prehistoric  stone-pits; 
some  of  them — as  is  shown  by  the  numerous 
skeletons  found  on  the  spot — have  been  used  as 
burial-places.  Amongst  theobjects  which  came  to 
light  during  the  excavations  are  to  be  noted  some 
stone  knives  ;  a  great  number  of  very  primitive 
earthen  vessels,  showing  for  the  most  part  the 
characteristics  of  the  so-called  iirst  Sicilian 
period  ;  a  vase  of  the  Dipylon  style  ;  and  the 
fragments  of  a  hydria  with  geometrical  decora- 
tions. 

The  well-known  historian  of  art  Dr.  Jakob 
Burckhardt  died  at  Bale,  his  native  city,  last 
Sunday.  He  was  the  author  of  several  books 
on  art,  but  his  principal  works  are  'Der  Cicerone 
zu  den  Kunstwerken  Italiens '  and  his  ti'Ge- 
scliichte  der  Renaissance  in  Italien.' 


MUSIC 


THE    BAYREUTH    FESTIVAL. 

Having  already  dealt  with  'Das  Rheingold,' 
we  have  now  to  speak  of  the  second  perform- 
ance this  season  of  '  Die  Walkiire  '  on  Tuesday 
last  week.  This  was,  on  the  whole,  one  of  the 
finest  ever  given  at  Bayreuth,  those  two  veteran 
artists,  Herr  Vogl  and  Frau  Sucher,  imper- 
sonating Siegmund  and  Sieglinde  in  a  manner 
absolutely  unsurpassable.  Time  has  dealt  lightly 
with  Frau  Sucher's  voice,  and  Herr  Vogl's  organ 
retains  its  pristine  purity,  living  evidence  being 
thereby  afforded  of  the  groundlessness  of  the 
assertion  so  frequently  made  that  Wagner's 
music  is  ruinous  to  the  voice.  The  new  Wotan, 
Herr  Rooy,  more  than  confirmed  the  favourable 
impression  he  had  made  on  the  previous  day. 
The  long  explanatory  scene  in  the  second  act 
was  given  in  its  entirety  and  did  not  weary  so 
much  as  usual,  owing  to  the  artist's  splendid 
voice  and  dignified  style.  The  Farewell  Scene, 
so  popular  in  the  concert-room,  was  rendered 
with  in6nite  pathos  and  tenderness,  and  we  are 
glad  to  hear  that  there  is  a  prospect  of  Herr 
Rooy  appearing  in  London  during  the  ensuing 
autumn.  Herr  Wachter  as  Hunding  and  Miss 
Brema  asFricka  gave  as  much  satisfaction  as  on 
previous  occasions.  The  arrangement  of  the  fire 
at  the  back  of  the  stage  in  the  final  scene  was 
more  in  accordance  with  Wagner's  intentions 
than  when  flames  are  made  to  issue  in  all 
directions,  to  the  imminent  danger  of  sufiocating 
the  sleeping  Briinnhilde.  Frau  Gulbranson 
as  the  Valkyrie  maiden  displayed  consider- 
able progress  since  she  impersonated  the  cha- 
racter  last   year.      Her    figure   and   her   voice 


showed  highly  satisfactory  development,  and,  as 
we  indicate  below  in  connexion  with  the  remain- 
ing sections  of  the  tetralogy,  her  engagement  at 
Bayreuth  is  amply  justified. 

'  Siegfried  '  on  Wednesday  served  to  reintro- 
duce Herr  Burgstaller  as  the  boyish  hero.  He 
is  tall,  good-looking,  and  extremely  youthful. 
The  last  fact  v/as  proved  by  the  rapid  develop- 
ment of  his  voice  within  twelve  months.  Last 
j'ear  it  was  rather  thin,  but  now  it  is  fairly  round 
and  full,  and  it  should  continue  to  increase  in 
volume  for  several  years  to  come.  At  the  same 
time  Herr  Burgstaller  should  be  warned  against 
over-exerting  himself,  for  in  one  or  two  passages 
his  physical  powers  failed  him  momentarily. 
Frau  Gulbranson  continued  her  efi"ective  imper- 
sonation of  Briinnhilde,  and  the  famous  duet  in 
the  third  act  awakened  mucli  enthusiasm.  The 
Mime  of  Herr  Breuer  cannot  compare  with  that 
of  Herr  Lieban  at  Covent  Garden  either  in  voice 
or  the  expression  of  grim  humour.  As  Wotan 
Herr  Rooy  again  sang  splendidly,  and  for  once 
the  riddle  scene  in  the  first  act  did  not  seem 
tedious. 

'Gotterdjimmerung,'  the  last  and  most  exact- 
ing section  of  the  tetralogy,  was  performed  on 
Thursday,  and  proved,  at  any  rate,  a  triumph 
for  Frau  Gulbranson  as  Briinnhilde.  Her  sug- 
gestion of  horror  and  utter  despair  in  the  second 
act  when  she  discovers  that  she  has,  as  she 
imagines,  been  deceived  by  the  man  in  whom 
she  fondly  believed,  was  almost  painful  in  its 
intensity,  and  the  heroine's  death  song  was 
delivered  with  superb  dignity  and  feeling.  Since 
Frau  Materna  created  the  part  in  1876  no  finer 
representative  of  Briinnhilde  has  been  seen. 
The  appearance  of  Siegfried  with  hirsute 
honours  is  uncommon,  but  his  altered  visage 
was  quite  appropriate.  We  are  led  to  infer 
from  the  text  that  he  had  lived  with  Briinnhilde 
for  a  considerable  period,  and  that  slie  taught 
him  all  the  wisdom  of  which  he  stood  so  much 
in  need.  The  busy  and  beardless  youth  has 
changed  into  the  fully  developed  man.  Herr 
Burgstaller  was  in  much  better  voice  than  on 
the  previous  afternoon  and  sang  finely  through- 
out. The  small  parts  of  Gunther,  Hagen,  Albe- 
rich,  Gutrune,  and  Waltraute  were  all  in 
familiar  and  competent  hands ;  and,  of  course, 
Frau  Schumann- Heink,  Frau  Reuss-Belce,  and 
Frjiulein  Plaichinger  were  equal  to  the  not  very 
trying  music  of  the  Norns.  We  regret  to  say 
that  Herr  Siegfried  Wagner,  in  the  later  sections 
of  the  tetralogy,  scarcely  fulfilled  the  promise 
as  a  conductor  that  he  gave  in  '  Das  Rheingold.' 
There  was  a  want  of  grip  at  times,  and  in  one 
episode  in  '  Siegfried  '  something  not  far  short 
of  disaster  occurred.  True,  Herr  Burgstaller 
made  a  false  entry,  Ijut  an  experienced  con- 
ductor would  have  set  matters  right  at  once. 
As  it  was,  cacophony  of  a  sort  very  rarely  heard 
at  Bayreuth  prevailed  for  several  bars.  Herr 
Wagner  possesses  unquestionable  ability  and 
should  eventually  prove  himself  a  thoroughly 
trustworthy  conductor.  At  the  same  time  those 
who  pay  Bayreuth  Theatre  prices  have  a  right  to 
expect  the  very  best  that  can  be  obtained  in 
every  department.  Notes  on  the  performances 
of  '  Parsifal '  and  a  few  concluding  remarks  shall 
be  added  next  week. 


MR.    WILLIAM    SJIALLWOOD, 

We  have  to  announce  the  death  on  the 
Gth  inst.,  at  his  native  town  Kendal,  of  Mr. 
William  Smallwood,  who  for  many  years  has 
been  well  known  as  the  composer  of  pianoforte 
works  for  the  drawing-room  and  as  a  prolific 
adapter  of  music  for  teaching  purposes.  Mr. 
Smallwood  was  born  on  December  31st,  1831, 
and  studied  under  Dr.  John  Camidge,  for  many 
years  organist  of  York  Minster,  and  under 
Henry  Phillips,  the  once  celebrated  baritone 
vocalist.  At  the  age  of  sixteen,  however,  he 
was  appointed  organist  of  Kendal  parish  church, 
and  he  retained  that  post  till  the  day  of  his 
death,  a  period  of  nearly  half  a  century.     Mr. 


Smallwood  wrote  a  pianoforte  tutor  which  has 
enjoyed  a  wide  circulation  both  here  and  abroad, 
and  a  large  number  of  anthems  and  hymns.  He 
was,  however,  best  known  as  the  compiler  of 
several  collections  of  pianoforte  music,  among 
the  most  popular  being  those  entitled  'Flowers 
of  Melody,'  '  Home  Treasures,'  'Youtliful  Plea- 
sui-es,'  and  'Classics  at  Home.'  For  a  long 
time  also  his  'Hawthorn  Blossoms,'  'Clarissa,' 
'Elfin  Bovver,'  and  other  pianoforte  pieces  were 
great  favourites. 


The  Carl  Rosa  Company  will  start  their  pro- 
vincial tour  in  Liverpool  on  Monday  next.  On 
the  23rd  they  will  go  to  Dublin  for  two  weeks, 
and  thence  to  Belfast.  In  Liverpool  they  will 
commence  the  season  with  '  Carmen,'  followed 
on  Tuesday  by  Puccini's  'La  Boheme,'in  which 
Miss  Cecile  Lorraine  will  make  her  first  appear- 
ance here.  Miss  Lorraine,  who  is  twenty-two, 
is  a  Boston  girl  of  Irish  descent,  who  studied 
first  under  Mr.  Kirschner,  a  local  teacher,  and 
afterwards  in  Paris  under  Madame  Marches! 
and  M.  Koenig,  Chef  de  Chant  of  the  Opera- 
house.  Like  so  manj'  other  prominent  American 
sopranos,  she  was  originally  a  church  singer, 
and  was  in  the  choir  of  St.  Saviour's,  Phila- 
delphia. '  Faust,'  '  Maritana,'  the  'Bohemian 
Girl,'  and  possibly  '  Mignon '  will  be  in  the 
Liverpool  repertory.  It  is  understood  that  for 
the  London  season,  which  will  commence  at 
Covent  Garden  on  October  2nd,  Madame  Duma, 
Mr.  Maggi,  and  Mr.  Pringle  have  been  engaged  ; 
while  among  the  new  artists  will  be  Miss  Theo 
D  Orre,  an  American  vocalist  who  has  in  her 
native  land  achieved  success,  particularly  as 
Carmen  ;  Signer  Salvi,  a  tenor  from  Rome  ; 
and  Mr.  Barron  Berthold,  a  Wagnerian  tenor 
well  known  in  the  United  States. 

The  monument  to  Donizetti,  the  centenary 
of  whose  birth  is  about  to  be  celebrated,  will 
be  inaugurated  at  his  native  city  Bergamo  in  the 
third  week  of  September.  The  foreign  papers 
declare  that  during  the  festivities  there  will  be 
several  pei'formances  of  Donizetti's  operas  at 
the  Teatro  Riccardi,  which  has  now  been  re- 
christened  the  Teatro  Donizetti,  and  it  is  ex- 
pected— though  in  regard  to  two  at  least  of  these 
eminent  prime  donne  we  fear  in  vain — that 
among  the  artists  who  will  appear  are  Madame 
Patti,  Madame  Calve',  and  Madame  Melba. 
Donizetti's  '  Requiem  '  will  also  be  sung  at  the 
church  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore  by  300  vocalists 
from  all  parts  of  Italy.  Among  the  latest  addi- 
tions to  the  Donizetti  Museum  at  Bergamo  is 
the  original  manuscript  of  'Linda  di  Chamounix,' 
with,  on  the  front  puge,  in  the  composer's  own 
handwriting,  the  dedication  to  the  empress. 

Under  the  title  of  'Die  Klavier  Senate,' a 
German  translation  by  Fraulein  Olga  Stieglitz 
of  Mr.  J.  S.  Shedlock's  history  of  'The  Piano- 
forte Sonata '  has  been  published  at  Berlin  by 
Carl  Habel.  The  work  has  been  furnished  with 
a  new  preface  besides  an  enlarged  index. 

The  eminent  violinist  Senor  Sarasate  has  pre- 
sented to  the  municipality  of  his  native  Pampe- 
luna  a  collection  of  various  jewels  and  other 
gifts  which  have  been  presented  to  him  by 
crowned  heads,  among  them  Napoleon  III.,  the 
Empress  Augusta,  and  the  Queen.  This  is 
intended  to  be  the  commencement  of  a  Sarasate 
museum. 

Among  the  week's  marriages  are  those  of 
Fraulein  Ettlinger,  of  Frankfort,  to  Mr.  Landon 
Ronald,  and  Friiulein  Irma  Sethe  to  Dr.  Sanger, 
of  Berlin.  Mr.  Ronald,  who  is  accompanist  at 
the  opera,  is  a  son  of  Mr.  Henry  Russell,  the 
veteran  composer  of  "Cheer,  boys,  cheer,"  and 
a  brother  of  Mr.  Clark  Russell,  the  novelist. 
Friiulein  Sethe  is,  of  course,  a  well-known 
violinist  and  a  pupil  of  Ysaye.  Both  couples 
will  take  up  their  residence  in  England. 

It  is  reported  that  Dr.  Dvorak  has  for  somo 
time  past  been  engaged  upon  the  composition  of 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


235 


an  operatic  version  of  '  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.'  He 
formed  the  idea  to  write  an  opera  upon  this 
subject  while  he  was  still  residing  in  the  United 
States. 

We  regret  to  learn  of  the  death  of  Madame 
Marion  Williams,  who  some  years  ago  was  a 
favourite  Welsh  vocalist.  She  was  a  student 
at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  where  she  was 
Westmorland  Scholar,  and  some  twenty  years 
since  she  frequently  sang  at  oratorio  per- 
formances and  at  Eisteddfodau.  After,  however, 
her  marriage  to  Mr.  Henry  Jones  she  practically 
retired  from  public  life. 

It  has,  we  understand,  been  determined  by 
the  management  of  the  Royal  Opera  to  secure 
next  season  the  exclusive  services  of  the 
members  of  their  orchestra  Now  that  opera 
is  given  on  every  night  in  the  week  it  is  fre- 
quently inconvenient  if  the  players  engaged 
at  the  Philharmonic  or  other  leading  concerts 
have  to  send  deputies  either  to  rehearsal  or  per- 
formance at  the  opera.  The  operatic  engage- 
ment is  for  upwards  of  sixty  nights  certain,  at 
a  considerable  salary,  so  that  it  is,  from  a 
financial  point  of  view,  perhaps  the  most 
remunerative  engagement  open  to  the  British 
orchestra]  player.  The  directors,  in  requiring 
the  exclusive  services  of  their  band  in  the 
summer,  are  therefore  by  no  moans  unreason- 
able. 

Mr.  Robert  Newman  at  his  Promenade 
Concerts,  which  will  commence  at  Queen's  Hall 
on  the  28th,  has  arranged  to  produce  new  works 
by  the  following  British  musicians,  namely, 
Misses  Amy  Horrocks  and  Dora  Bright, 
Messrs.  Harold  Yicars,  Percy  Pitt,  Charlton  T. 
Speer,  William  Hurlstone,  Edward  German, 
and  T.  H.  Frewin.  The  younger  school  of 
British  composers  can,  therefore,  certainly  not 
complain  of  neglect.  New  works  are  also  pro- 
mised by  Cesar  Cui,  Charpentier,.  Widor, 
Svendsen,  Augusta  Holmes,  Faure',  Glazounoff, 
Rimsky  Korsakoff,  Naprawnik,  Emil  Hart- 
mann,  Raoul  Pugno,  and  many  other  foreign 
musicians. 

Sir  George  Grove  writes  to  us  calling  atten- 
tion to  the  passages  in  Shakspeare  in  which  he 
thinks  the  song  of  the  thrush  is  imitated  :— 
"  1.  Stanza  3  of  Autolycus's  song  in  'A  Winter's 
Tale  '  (IV.  iii.)— '  With  heigh  !  with  heigh  !  the 
thrush  and  the  jay.'  2.  Amiens's  song  in  'As 
You  Like  It'  (H.  v.)—' Come  hither,  come 
hither,  come  hither.'  In  the  first  instance  the 
repetition  of  'With  heigh,' and  in  the  second 
instance  the  thrice-repeated  '  Come  hither,  come 
hither,  come  hither,'  each  foot  being  sharply 
accented  on  the  second  syllable,  give  the  exact 
effect  of  the  short  phrases  noticeable  in  the 
thrush's  song." 


DRAMA 


Das   Griechische  Theater.     Yon  W.  Dorpfeld 
und  E.  Eeisch.     (Athens,  Wilberg-.) 

(First  Notice.) 

This  handsome  volume,  amply  illustrated 
with  plans  and  photographs,  may  be 
regarded  as  a  very  full  summary  of  the 
controversies  concerning  the  Greek  theatre 
smce  the  year  1884,  when  Dr.  Dorpfeld 
announced  his  new  theory.  The  nature 
of  the  evidence,  or  rather  the  balance  of  it, 
has  been  rapidly  shifting  ever  since  that 
time.  When  Mr.  Haigh  brought  out  his 
book  on  the  Greek  theatre  (1888)  there  were 
only  two  actual  theatres  excavated  (Athens 
and  Epidauros),  whereas  in  the  work  before 
us  fourteen  are  brought  into  comparison. 
The  hterary  evidences,  on  the  other  hand, 
were  long  since  known  and  ransacked  by 
many  scholars.  They  consist  in  a  very 
explicit  description  by  Vitruvius ;  the  defini- 


tions of  theatrical  terms,  often  ambiguous 
and  varying,  in  the  grammarians  ;  and  the 
inferences  to  be  drawn  from  allusions  in 
the  extant  plays.  The  body  of  this  evi- 
dence is  in  favour  of  the  old  view  that 
the  Greeks  acted  on  a  stage  comparable  to 
that  of  the  Eomans  and  moderns.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  controversy  this 
evidence  seemed  to  most  English  scholars 
to  outweigh  the  ingenious  interpretation 
put  upon  the  structure  of  the  Athenian 
theatre  by  Dr.  Dorpfeld.  But  since  that 
time  theatre  after  theatre  has  been  found 
and  excavated  by  the  French,  American, 
Greek,  German,  and  English  Schools  of 
Athens,  so  that  the  architectural  evidence 
now  stands  in  a  very  different  position. 
The  wealth  of  this  evidence  promises  to 
silence  all  the  contradiction  of  grammarians 
and  of  theorists  hj  its  display  of  actual 
facts  inconsistent  with  the  old — we  had 
almost  said  the  obsolete — view.  It  would 
be  too  much  to  say  that  Dr.  Dorpfeld  could 
predict  precisely  what  indications  of  stage 
buildings  will  be  found  in  any  future  dis- 
covery of  such  a  structure  in  Greece,  for  the 
Greek  builders  varied  from  instance  to 
instance,  according  to  their  site  and  means, 
just  as  the  builders  of  our  Gothic  cathedrals 
varied,  so  that  no  one  of  them  is  the  exact 
copy  of  another.  But  as  there  are  great 
common  features,  and  even  smaller 
identities,  in  all  these  cathedrals,  so  in 
the  Greek  theatres  which  yet  remain  to  be 
explored  we  may  be  quite  certain  that  if  of 
the  fourth  century  b.c.  we  shall  find  remains 
of  a  stage  house  with  two  advancing 
wings  (^parascenia)  all  standing  clear  of  the 
full  circle  of  the  orchestra.  If  it  be  of  the 
first  century  B.C.  we  shall  find  the  wings 
reduced,  and  a  stone  screen  built  across  be- 
tween them  so  as  to  make  the  space  towards 
the  orchestra  much  narrower ;  if  it  be  of 
Eoman  date,  we  shall  find  it  so  reconstructed 
that  the  stage  building  advances  upon  a 
part  of  the  orchestra,  and  that  the  level  of 
the  remainder  is  lowered  by  some  feet,  if 
the  stage  portion  be  not  raised.  We  cannot 
give  more  than  this  very  general  descrip- 
tion, recommending  to  the  reader  the  very 
instructive  account  of  the  transformation  of 
Greek  into  Eoman  theatres  which  Dr.  Dorp- 
feld has  given  us  (chap,  viii.)  in  his  most 
clear  and  persuasive  style. 

The  great  principle  of  difference  is  this. 
AU  assembly  rooms,  theatres,  public  halls, 
&c.,  in  which  a  small  number  of  people  are 
to  perform  for  the  benefit  of  many,  must  be 
constructed  on  one  of  two  methods.  Either 
the  performers  must  be  set  on  a  raised  plat- 
form, visible  from  the  flat  level  of  the  body 
of  the  hall,  or  the  audience  must  be  raised 
by  sitting  in  a  gradually  ascending  curve 
from  which  they  can  look  down  upon  the 
performers.  The  object  in  either  case  is 
to  enable  the  crowd  sitting  further  back  to 
watch  the  performance  over  the  heads  of 
those  sitting  in  the  forward  seats.  Of  these 
principles  the  Eomans,  whose  stage  per- 
formances were  not  those  of  a  crowd,  chose 
the  first  method.  By  raising  a  stage  four 
or  five  feet  over  the  level  of  the  auditorium 
in  its  lowest  part  tJjey  secured  that  the 
audience  should  see  the  actors. 

The  Greeks,  starting  from  the  desire  to 
see  a  large  number  of  people  dancing  in 
complicated  figures,  chose  the  other  prin- 
ciple.     They    raised    their    auditorium    in 


curved  tiers  round  the  orchestra,  upon  which 
the  chorus  of  dancers,  and  presently  the 
actors  also,  made  their  appearance.  The 
lowest  row  of  seats  was  set  considerably 
higher  than  the  level  of  the  performers. 
Occupying  but  a  section,  as  a  rule  larger 
than  the  semicircle,  with  spectators'  seats, 
they  closed  the  open  end  of  the  circle  with  a 
building  called  the  shene  or  tent,  because  in 
it  the  actors  originally  kept  their  properties. 
This  building  contained  doors  leading  on  to 
the  platform  of  the  orchestra,  and,  as  the 
door-sills  have  shown,  of  exactly  the  same 
level.  Some  kind  of  movable  scenery  or  suit- 
able furniture  may  have  been  set  infrontof  it, 
according  to  the  requirements  of  each  play, 
In  front  of  this,  clear  of  the  circle  of  the 
orchestra,  but  on  the  same  level,  the  actors 
played  their  parts.  They  often  advanced 
into  the  orchestra,  they  often  retired  into 
the  background  of  the  scene  ;  but  they  were 
not  raised  upon  any  platform,  unless  the 
special  requirements  of  the  play  made  them 
apj)ear  as  gods  or  the  like  on  the  upper  story 
of  the  scene  building  behind  the  ground 
used  for  the  ordinary  acting. 

All  the  great   tragedies  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury B.C.    were    acted   with   these   appoint- 
ments, and  the  spectators  sat  upon  wooden 
seats  on  the  raised  curve  of  the  auditorium. 
It  has  been  inferred  by  Dr.  Dorpfeld  that 
a  wooden  decoratioji  behind  the  actors,  and 
in  front  of  the  slcene,  was  set  up  for  each 
performance,  though  at  first  there  was  no 
direct  evidence  for  it.     But  it  seems  now  to 
be  established  beyond  doubt  by  three  con- 
siderations :  (1)  The  projecting  side-wings 
of  the  skcnc  are  eminently  suited  to  form 
the  ends  of  some  such  ornament,  and  seem 
otherwise  an  idle  addition  to  the  building  ; 
(2)  when  the  plays  became  simpler,  and  in 
fact  when  the  new  comedy  with  its  house- 
hold   appointments   supplanted   the   heroic 
tragedy,  we  find  a  stone  screen  in  the  form 
of    a    colonnade  or  wall    ornamented  with 
pilasters  built  across  in  front  of  the  skene, 
from  side  wing  to  side  wing,  while  these 
wings  are  generally  reduced  in  size  ;  (3)  and 
most  conclusively,   foundations   have    been 
discovered     for     setting    wooden     upright 
beams      in     the     very     place     afterwards 
occupied  by  the   stone    proscenium.     This 
was  the  structure  which  Yitruvius  mistook 
for  the  front  wall  under  the   Greek  stage, 
whereas  it  was  really  the  back  wall,  behind 
the   actors.     He    says   it   should    be   from 
ten  to  twelve  feet  high,   a    statement  cor- 
roborated by  all  the  remains  of  proscenia 
which  have  been  found,  but  one  which  at 
once  suggests  an  insuperable  difficulty,    if 
the  chorus  in  the  orchestra  and  the  actors 
at  this  height  are  to  join  in  any  common 
action.     On   the    top    of   the    proscenium, 
which   was    a   flat   roof,    gods    and    other 
exalted     personages     at    times     appeared, 
but    there    has    never    been    found,    and 
we     may    feel     certain    there    never    will 
be   found,   in   a   Greek   theatre  any   stair- 
case or  means  of   communication  in   front 
of  this  wall  with  the  stage.     It  is,  indeed, 
likely  that  in  some  passages  of  theiEschylean 
drama  temporary  arrangements  were  made 
to  raise  the    actor  above    the  floor   of   the 
orchestra,   as  when   he  was   chained    to   a 
rock    or    the    like,    but    in    ordinary    the 
actors  played  on  a  level  with  the  chorus, 
and   often   in   the   actual   orchestra.     This 
seems  the  natural  inference  from  the  form 


236 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


of  the  auditorium,  which  would  not  have 
been  systematically  made  to  exceed  a  semi- 
circle if  those  at  the  extremities  of  the  curve 
could  not  see  the  acting  straight  before 
them. 

The  evidence  of  the  building  foundations 
is  so  clear  and  consistent,  now  that  it  has 
been  interpreted  by  a  man  of  insight,  that 
it  is  well  worth  while  to  consider  how  the 
literary  evidence  on  the  other  side  can  be 
disposed  of  ;  but  this  will  require  a  separate 
article.  ______________ 

At  the  present  moment,  when  the  fine  summer 
has  caused  the  closing  of  two -thirds  of  the 
London  theatres,  it  may  be  interesting  to  know 
that  in  the  early  days  of  the  stage  such  closing 
was  not  even  optional.  A  minute  of  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Privy  Council  held  at  Nonsuch, 
Surrey,  May  7th,  1587— present  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellor (Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  to  whom  the 
seal  had  been  entrusted  a  day  or  two  previous), 
the  Lord  Treasurer  (Lord  Burghley),  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  the  Lord 
Admiral  (Lord  Howard  of  Effingham),  the  Lord 
Chamberlain  (Lord  Hunsdon),  and  Mr.  Secre- 
tary Walsingham,  most  of  them  strongly  inter- 
ested in  plays— is  as  follows  : — 

"A  letter  to  the  Lord  Maiour  of  the  Citie  of 
London  that  whereas  their  Lordships  were  given 
to  understand  that  certaine  outrages  and  disorders 
were  of  late  committed  in  certaine  places  and 
theaters  erected  within  that  Citie  of  London  or  the 
suburbes  of  the  same,  where  enterludes  and  come- 
dies were  usuallie  plaied,  and  for  that  the  season 
of  the  yeare  grew  hotter  and  hotter,  it  was  to  be 
doubted  least  by  reason  of  the  concorse  of  pepple 
to  such  places  of  common  assemblies  there  might 
some  danger  of  infeccion  happen  in  the  Citie,  their 
Lordships  thought  it  expedient  to  have  the  use  of 
the  said  interludes  inhibited  both  at  the  theaters 
and  in  all  other  places  within  his  jurisdiction,  and 
therefore  required  him  accordinglie  to  take  pre- 
sente  order  for  the  stayinge  of  the  same,  charginge 
the  plaiers  and  actors  to  cease  and  forbeare  the  use 
of  the  said  places  for  the  purpose  of  playinge  or 
shewinge  of  auie  such  enterludes  or  comedies  until! 
after  Bartholomew  tide  next  ensuinge." 
Letters  to  the  same  effect  were  also  sent  to  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls  and  the  Justices  of  Surrey, 
which  seem  to  suggest  that  the  order  applied  to 
the  houses  on  the  Bankside  rather  than  to  the 
Theatre  and  the  Curtain  in  Finsbury  Fields  in 
the  Liberty  of  Halliwell.  Interferences  with 
the  presentation  of  stage  plays  were  common 
enough.  This  seems  to  have,  however,  some 
features  of  novelty. 

To  the  theatres  which  have  closed  for  the 
season  may  now  be  added  Her  Majesty's,  the 
last  performance  at  which  took  place  yesterday, 
and  consisted  of  '  Hamlet.' 

Mb.  Forbes  Robertson  is  credited  with  an 
intention  to  revive  'The  Tempest.'  He  should 
make  an  excellent  Prospero. 

The  Strand  Theatre  will  reopen  next  month 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  John  T.  Day 
with  '  The  Purser,'  a  nautical  farcical  comedy 
produced  some  short  time  ago  at  Portsmouth. 

Some  slight  interest  attended  the  substitution 
at  the  Adelphi  on  the  5th  inst.  of  English  for 
American  representatives  of  Mr.  Gillette's 
'Secret  Service.'  In  the  case  of  the  greater 
luminaries  some  change  was  evident.  Mr. 
William  Terriss,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Gillette  as 
the  rather  shady  hero,  could  not  be  expected  to 
be  anything  but  Mr.  William  Terriss  ;  nor  could 
Miss  Millward  confuse  in  any  way  her  identity 
with  that  of  Miss  Blanche  Walsh.  Mr.  Harry 
NichoUs's  personality  is  not  to  be  hidden  behind 
any  assumption,  and  Miss  Bella  Pateman  is 
always  original.  In  other  characters  the  actors 
showed  themselves,  as  a  rule,  excellent  mimics, 
and  there  were  cases  when  it  was  difficult  to 
believe  that  the  original  exponents  had  not 
reappeared.      Little  except  the  fluctuations  of 


the  American  accent,  which  was  wildly  eccentric 
in  its  manifestations,  indicated  that  a  change 
had  been  made.  The  use  of  the  word  "creation  " 
in  the  case  of  a  performance  of  a  part  in  a  suc- 
cessful play  is  more  nearly  justified  than  is 
generally  believed.  An  actor's  conception  of  a 
part  or  that  he  frames  on  the  suggestions  of 
others  is  not  seldom  stamped  upon  it,  and  such 
as  he  shows  it,  for  some  time  at  least,  it 
remains. 

Among  the  plays  taken  by  Mr.  Daniel  Frohman 
to  New  York  is  '  Love's  Victory,'  by  Mr.  Julian 
Field,  an  adaptation  of  which  is,  it  is  said,  being 
accomplished  by  command  for  Signora  Duse. 
Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  is  also  said  to  contem- 
plate its  production.  Mr.  Frohman  has  secured, 
in  addition,  'The  Trifler,'  by  Mr.  Henry 
Arthur  Jones;  'Phroso,'  adapted  by  Mr. 
Edward  Rose  from  Anthony  Hope  ;  'The  Tree 
of  Knowledge,'  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Carton  ;  and  'One 
Summer's  Day,'  by  Mi.  Esmond. 

'Four  Litti,e  Girls,'  the  title  of  which  can- 
not be  held  to  have  promised  much,  has  been 
withdrawn  from  the  Criterion,  at  which  house 
'The  Sleeping  Partner,'  a  four-act  play  by  Miss 
Martha  Morton,  is  to  be  produced  on  Tuesday 
next. 

Mr.  Willard  will  shortly  begin  rehearsals 
of  '  The  Physician,'  by  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones, 
in  which,  in  October,  he  will  appear  in  New 
York.  He  will  not  return  to  London  until  the 
following  May. 

In  addition  to  the  plays  already  named,  the 
repertory  with  which  Madame  Bernhardt  will 
reopen  the  Renaissance  comprises  'La  Ville 
Morte,'  by  Signer  Gabriele  d'Annunzio,  and 
'Plus  que  Reine,'  a  play  on  a  Napoleonic  sub- 
ject by  M.  Emile  Bergerat.  The  version  of 
'Hamlet'  prepared  for  the  actress  by  MM. 
Eugene  Morand  and  Marcel  Schwob  is  said  to 
be  entitled  'La  Tragique  Histoire  d'Hamlet, 
Prince  de  Danemark.'  Among  the  '  Histoires 
Tragiques '  of  Belleforest,  vol.  vi.  p.  127,  is  the 
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The  MARTYRED  FOOL.     By  D.  Christie 

MURRAY. 

GRANIA  :  the  Story  of  an  Island.     By  the 

Hon.  EMILY  LAWLESS. 

The  DISAPPEARANCE  of  GEORGE  DRIF- 

FELL.    By  JAMES  PAYN. 


By  the    Author   of 


London:    SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo-place,  .S.W. 


238 THE    ATHENyEUM N" 3642,  Auo.  14, '97 

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N°  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


239 


THE  ATHENiEUM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


last  Week's  ATIIEX^UM  contains  Articles  on 
The  SUPPOSED  LOG  I  A. 

The  MALTESE  COIiPS  in  the  BRITISH  ARMY. 
A  FKENCH  ADVENTURESS  uiuler  the  KOI  SOLEIl. 
SUTTON-IN-HOLDEKNESS. 
FKAMCE  and  the  WESTERN  SCHISM. 
WAKEMANS  HISTORY  of  the  CHURCH  ol  ENGLAND. 
NEW  N(>VEL,S:-The  Mutable  Many;   Did  He  Deserve  It  ?   A  Eriiie-s 

Madness  ;  I.es  Trois  Filles  de  Pieter  Waldoip 
TWO  KOOK.S  on  SPAIN. 
KECENT  VERSE. 
SOUTH  AFRICAN  TALES. 
CL.\SSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 
IlECENT  BIOGKAPHY. 
ORIENTALIA. 
AMERICAN  HISTORY. 
OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

°^^  ':°^^J.1^  J^^'^  "'  ■'■"■"  ■'■UNNELS'-.  E.\RLY  ALLUSIONS 
to  CHfcSS  ;  The  NEW  LOGIA;  The  CLERK  of  the  SHIPS  MR 
STOPFORD  BROOKE'S  'PllIMER-  A  POETIC  TRIO 

LITERARY  GOSSIP.  ^''^°~ 

^'''7'^l*?^l-~J''.^,'^°''''^°' "*'"'''='"''•■'  "f  G'"f'»'  Hfi'ain;  Library  Table 
Zoological  Literature;  The  Literature  of  Engineering •Kotanirai 
Nmef  T„;hr.^"f'S  Mathenatioal    Lite,  Jure;     Istronomca 
Notes  ;  Anthropological  Notes  ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS  :— The  Churches  of  Cheshire  ;  Library  Table  •  Nnmlsmatip 

Literature  ;  The  Royal  Areh.-eological  institute  ;  Gossip 
MUSIC  :-Recent  Publications;  Kayreuth  Festival  Gos«iD 
DRAMA: -Gossip. 


T/te  ATIIENJEVM  for  Juhj  31  contains  Articles  on- 
MR.  GARDINER  on  GUNPOWDER  PLOT. 
-MR.  HORACE  SMITH'S  POEMS. 
A  NEW  TRANSLATION  of  TACITUS. 
MR.  LANG  on  MODERN  MYTHOLOGY. 
The  EARLY  HISIORY  of  the  NAVY. 
MEMORIALS  of  HAWTHORNE. 
The  REGISTER  of  a  NORTHERN  PRIORY 

A  CORNISH  PARISH. 

SHORT  STORIES. 

ASSYRIOLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

AUSTRALIAN  FICIION. 

OLD  NORSE  POETRY. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  T.-vPr.E.-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS 

JOHN  MILTON,  SE.MOK;  MR.  STOPFORD  BROOKE'S  '  PRIMER '• 
ANOTHER  GREEK  WORD  in  HEBREW;  'ST.  ANSELM  of 
^^^^,l^lll-^J''  ■"''•  ^OI-LINS'S  ANTHOLOGY;  The  LONDON 
UNHERsriY  COMPROMISE;  The  DERIVATION  ol  •■FYLFOT." 

LITER.^RY  GOSSIP.  ^'•"'~ 

^^Not^  Tgo.IT^'  Literature ;  Zoological  Literature  ;  Astronomical 

"'lttir."!5r,!;.  ■•"■"" ■"■"'•"  "•"•' "-"i  r.«i.^i.  Mr 

DRAJIA— Recent  Boolis;  Gossip. 


The  ATUENJEUMfor  July  21  cmtmns  A,iic'es  on 
The  DICTIONARY  of  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY 
SIR  CHARLES  WINDHAM'S  DIARY  and  LEITERS 
An  EGYPTIAN  READING-BOOK. 
A  GREAT  AGRICULTURAL  ESTATE 
A  NEW  LIFE  of  ANSELM 

''^lin^e'Jr^'-'^''^^   «"-'^   "  ">«  G-^'ge;    Audrey    Craven,    T.o 
M.  ^"ERHAEREN•S  POEMS 

SCOTIISH  FICTION-SOME  AUSTRALIAN  VERSE 
BOOKS  of  TRAVEL. 

AFRICAN  and  OCEANIAN  PHILOLOGY 
LOCAL  HISTORY— REPRIN  IS 
SCHOOL-BOOKS 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS 

A  LAST  APPEAL  ;  MISS  JEAN  INGELO  W  ;  'The  NEW  LOri  \      ■  i 
TALE  of  TWO  TUNNELS  ';   The  EARLIEST  MEN  noN  o,  CHEst 

c"ou1t™   "'^^.^f  ^-'^-^  --^^  INTERNATIONAL  PRE  s 
COURIESIEs;  An  ALLEGED  ERROR  of  VENERABLE  BEDE'S 

co;^'E^Y'rLL^Zs^.^^^'=^--^----^----^^^^^^ 

LITERARY  GOSSIP.  ^^°~ 

'"She^i^iTt^  ;''uSan";Tabt°?r^5  X'^ti.'iX^'r^'"'  "'  E'-'™' 
Astronomical  Notes.  Newton  s  •  Dictionary  of  Birds  ' ; 

FI.NE  AK'TS— Classical  ArchfpoIo"v  •  m„..,,^,^^  r> 
British  school  at  Athens  ;'^s^=J;  eisllp"*    '^  ^•"> 


,^,^.^^    ^^^j^j  New  Prints; 

'''-"nc^  WeVl^.'^^''^  ^'''^"-'^^-'-"f;^^^^^^^^^  Performances 

DRAMA-The  English  stage;  Llbravy  Table ;  Gossip. 

TEE  ATHENJEUM,  EVERY  SATURDAY, 

PRICK  THREEPENCE,  OF 

JOHN     C.     FIIANCIS, 

AtTienaxm  Office,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane 

E.G. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains- 
NO'TES  :-Dr.  Chance-George  Robins-Anaconda-Mr.  A.  Ballantvne- 
w1,K    G:,^'^">'V'-<;''K^'''-'''''arles  Lamb's  Library-Epitaphs-S 
orn  "  ^'^'^'^        "ieu-"  Mow  Land  "^Lion  and  Uni- 

QUERIES  :-Officers  of  Wellington's  Army-Last  Century  Physicians- 
Archbishop  Ussher-Uuarles's  'Emblems '-Lord  of  Allerdale- 
Stanwood  Faiiiily-Martin  Luther-Commission  by  Prince  Charles 
Edward-Miss  Wallis-Death  of  General  Wolfe-Tradition  at  St 

ViMf''7f  H?,""'? '  7  ■■  ?"J,P?.''='  "  -f^^'"-  KKerton  -  Greene  Family- 
Helt  of  Kos8al--EngIi5h  Game  Laws-Bees  and  Rose  Leaves-Isle 
of  Man-' Bundling  "-•■  Footle  "-Rewards  to  Inventors-Counsels 
lllZ'ituS^ltll^ir  "'    ««"='*' "-LOSS    of   the   Eurydice- 

^^^^}:if'I'  ■-:^"!l".Ca')')t-Macaulay  and  Montgomery-Pocket  Nutnieg- 
nf^cfnot;  In"?.  ",'.""*""s  Sum  "-••  carcerin  "-Ancestors-Source 
i,.,r""'^"""-  Sliiagraphy"-"I)oes  your  mother  know  you're 
?rniirf  ;t  Areas-Author  Wanted-' Rimes  Ollendorttiennes '- 
Guide  to  the  Lakes  -^^  ooden  Saxon  Church-Proverb- Mof  o— 
Social  Amenities    at    Bath-Holly   Meadows-Women's    Pockets- 

Rnn^ht  «'!^''r="^''H"'  '•"^■e,'-  »'  .my  soul  "-"Burvil  "-Reference 
bought-Sir  J.  Sanderson -Description  of  Surrey-Cockney  Dialect 
-Obscure  Parish  Register  -  •■Not  a  patch  upon  it  "  -  Chui-ai 
Registers-Holy  Stones-"  Cocaine  "  p        ".         v-iiui.n 

NO'TES  ON  BOOKS -'Royal  Berkshire  Militia'-Engel's  ■  Gesehichte 

<!erEng!ischenLitteratur '-Baring-Gould's  'Lives    of  the   Saints  ' 

Mni'l„nl.''!'fL^  -Paynes 'Harvey  and  Galen -Lynns   'Celestial 

Si?     '      i^<""arkable    Comets,'    and    'Remarkable    Eclipses' 

— Reviews,  Magazines,  &c. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  (August  1 J  contains- 

^'"  Dofe  Ind^'bt"''?d?r„?^  •'?;^''  '*"=  Megicide-Ancient  Zodiacs-Wal- 
ra,r  iliii  r.^ti'w""^,'™'^.'"^''"'*"  I'rcss--  Bovril'-'Tomb  of 
Capt.  Les  e-Port  Royal  Inscription-"  Boycott  "-Orkney--  Great 
f  T^J  ~^';'P"'V'-''  Patrick-1^^  Which  knew  not  Joseph  "-Cope 
and  Mitre -Cape  Goosel,erry-OId  Ruff-' Sportsman  in  ffeYand!^  "^ 

P^H^/i7:;H?""Hf*-  "^  England- Fireiess  Peoples-Family  of  Best- 
Early  Dublin    Printing-Solomon    nuffam-B    Scrope-Foster    of 
Bamborough- Translation    of  "De    Arte    Natandi '-Standards  o 
Measurement-Proverbs-'.  Rounded   -  '  Alierot  ''iDcanof  Cante" 
rril^Hj'"""  o' «"o,tation-Princivallc  di  Cembino-GrSb  St?ee?i 
r^nH  T  ""7""^;"?,  '    Me-sengers- O'Connor,   Bishop    of   Ross- 
Bi?,h    J"''^;"-'""  I'ailway-Relative  Value  1700  and  1897-Kegistering 
Births  and  Deaths- Vice-Admiral  Parker-Picture-Cliappailan 
^''^"m,?  ■"' "■'',"'^"'*?"'"  H""""  Dials-"  Master  William    Bennett  "- 
■■fhinV??^,'^'".''!         ■^^.'"'    ^'"*    corve'--Help    to  Discourse '- 
o.    "i','^"-"''   ~    ^  """  Auvergne  "—"Scope  "—s  Pet*o— Clark  son 
Sfck^HZo^k'^';]'",",'   ISnglish--'.  Ad„?iral   ChH^V'-HaUock 
nnU.Jlx  ".""o<;k:-Hatcliments-Winter  Food  for  Cattle-Crimi- 

"T,^c^;^''f»^°f?~i;'^i^''''""''"y"-::*i'"*'^»''  »'='"'  ^'P^ide  Down- 
pj  J  ,  """^  -Shakspeare  and  Burbage— Col  J  Jiowles-J 
Edwaids-Dog-gates-The  Turkey-H.  GrevTEarl  of  Suftblk-Raw- 
linson-^^ Sitting    Bodkin  "-Bacon's    'Promns  "-'•  Eye^hymes^'- 

o.''''?fTl7»7*'''.p'^'''  r?""^''?.-^'^  Giles-Trials  of  immllT-Life 
ol   bt    Alban-'Cappel-faceil  "-Nursery    Song  — Cormac  — Fla-^s— 

-Al^;"ali;^^sl!;ft.f  ■""^-^'""""'^-■^'"''^■'''''■-^'i'  -"  ^Vm-kle 

^""^sL'if  i;""'^*  ^-|H«^Vs   'Chaucerian  and  other  Pieces  "-Rve's 

Songs,  Stories,  and  Sayings  of  Norfolk  '-'The  Month's  Maga:dnjs. 
Notices  to  Correspondents. 

THE  NUMBER  FOR  JULYZl  contains- 

^°™"iw,J'- 'I'^L'^r-^"'^",;!,'  'Laundry  Maid  "-"The  Last  Supper 
-  Down  on  the  nail  "-'The  'Thames  in  1837- Nursery  I.me- 
Ph';',rf^^^',*^"",""''"^''''*""'=»^''  -Stone-Letter  of  Count  dOi'say- 
ker  ?  ii^fri^r^^,"""?'-  ^'  O-^'ord-An  Innu.gence-OConnor- 
SignI~Quh^"  lalcutta-Lelterg  of  WoTdsworth  -  Living 

QUERIES  :-"Havclock  ""-William  IV.-Webb-E.  Le  Fournier-T 
S^",?,''-  ,L*i<,0"'?"™  des  irois  Oranges  '-Child  ran.il°_-i!fe  ol 
w  ^'«>'<=land'-New  South  Wales  Bibliography-Luiher  Irish 
Surname-Greens  Guide  to  the  Lakes -superstitioii-Methven 
Pedigree-Questions  on  Kubric-Helm-Ennis  :  St.  Uenis-!.Sanctu 
ary  Lists-'  summer  D^y  in  Surrey  '-"  Harpe  pece  "-Illultration- 
Anonymous  Book-New  'Testament  Divisions-K  Frank  n-Anc"m 
Cornish  La  guage-Canonization-Zodiac  lu  Scmland  and  Ireland 

^'''snlv^-"-^',"?.  *"^,°'*  Morris-Gillman  I'amily-Preti^  "  Ken  "- 
"Ha"sard"  "hIo  iV^"r='",  ''""ament-HampLn  Court  Gufdes- 
T>»„  li  .^  V  ,j  ,  "^'^  — I'.aily  Headstones- King  Lear-'  Twooennv 
Damn    -\\ildrake-3i)th   Foot-"Angel    of   Asia  "-■■  Barehest''i 

"  Ven1ftians'''''"'^c;r  f '»?   ,">'   E-?'^-"  *'=<'"'-""'  •-'  Glaizer  ": 
■ri;„  ^      c?    —  bciool    at    Parson's   Green- Penny    Hed"e-Holv 

m^IJh      ^','  f"~L  ^ePPo  '-Criminal  Family— •  Dog  Latin  "-Hollv 
Meadows-Elizabeth  Gonzaga-"  John  Trot  "-Palsage  in  Lamb- 

(  hlrJ.P      VJ      ^   Passages— Marriage  Custom-"  Warta"-Burnin<» 

"  Altar  rltes''""'""V,°'','r-P,I-t8g«-A'lclition  to  National  Anthem-^ 

Altar  Gates  -"Dick"s  Hatband  "-••Morar"-Roman  Arithmetic 

Ma"rti:;-r.;;'hoi^st''a"n^e^:"«^-^''«'-^-'"-'''  »'«'''''-«•  "^ 

^'"'^cfo.r.'i  I'"''P:-Ordish"s  ■  Shakespeare "s  London  •-Phillimore"s 
=tfH  OK^''^/  ^ "'■'*''  I'-episters.' Vol.  I  -•inscription  in  tne  Church 
and  Churchyard,  High  Halden  '-Magazines  and  Reviews 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


HIE  NUMBER  FOR  JULY  24  contains- 

^°  of 'Fi7h°J?,'»?r-i^.f "f  .rfftister-First  Folio  Shakspeare-Invasion 
^'J'f'S^a.rd-lhe  InhUee  and  the  Pan-Anglican  Synod-''Jesu 
B"ano-in"c'Js,o';",'  tI^"'!"'/:,'  «harp-Mog  Merrilies-Beanfea  t ; 
jieano— Ancestors- Lady  Katherine  Grey— •"Tallv-ho  "— Vnitanh 
Diamond  Jubilee  Service  -  .."urlew-Wo^ider  u  Word  -  CaZali 
Hall-Macaulay  and  R  Montgomery      """"='""    "ora      caiunajl 

^^' L^gemls-^-  cLf^?.'^t  • "  ~«  "'.^  ,T  "  I-achrymatory ""  _  Arthurian 

brtblfr'l'ljsrce  ■■^' ■.■.-w'S"7''"'^f°"™"'^ '*"'" 

Van  vi-L^i    .    ,^^   —  '  Woist  muu  bcst  Candidate '—Avignon-' Rin 

do\M^^"o^t'Lmr5f/;;^r.^li^y°"'^''  ^""^  Shakspeare-^East  wlk^ 

^^  can^l^'""  -r?'"/'^"''"  ?,?•  ^'oitaire-Pocket  Ntitmeg-grater-'^Harry- 
Jonson  r jaiobi?;'"vf„  J""«  "  ""'^  Stones-^  ■  Inderlinds  '^Ben 
jonson  — Jacobite    Societies- Egg- berry— St    Hugh  of    Lincoln— 

'^'"sfo®np?n,^l'"^"^n' *',''""■">  '5"S"»h  Dictionary  "-Evanss  'Ancient 
Stone  Implements "-Farmer"s  "National  Ballad  and  Song  ■   ''''"*'" 
Notices  to  Correspondents. 

Price  id.  each  ;  by  post,  iid.  each. 

Published  by  JOHN  C,  FRANCIS, 
Bream's-buildings,   Chancery,  lane,    E.O, 


^yORKS    of     the     late     SAMUEL     LAING. 

th!^rf?L*'"'.  .?'!''■''  i^'"-'— The  versatile  and  accomplished  author  of 
«P^Wp,.2yf*"f"'^'',"j'"<-'."'"8B<=^''^<=  contributions  In  aid  of  younger 
Iml  in'aH^h'p  P°t"  i^''?"  'f  ''"V^^lf  a  go.Kl example  of  that  indefatigab  e 

?"ue  scfence  An  ^"v'nf'/'i"'''",^"?."''''^''  '*■  ""^  '"""^•«  "'"•  ««<='-et  of 
mv-nn.initL  f^-  '  or  nearly  all,  the  questions  which  are  at  present 
otcupjing  the  foremost  men  of  science  are  here  discussed  in  the  clear 
^  Z^P„nl''rn""'',*"'l''"J''"ff"='S«  of  <me  who  has  mastered  "e  subjects 
suthciently  to  make  his  deepest  thoughts  run  clear  in  words."    """•l'-^''* 

HU.M.^^N  ORIGINS 

EVIDENCE     from     HLVrORY     and     SCIENCE 

A\  iti.  Illustrations,    Demy  8vo.  3s.  CI.    Sixteenth  Thousand 

PROBLEMS  of  the  FUTURE. 

Fifteenth  Thousand. 

MODERN  SCIENCE  and  MODERN 

Demy  Bvo.  3s.  6d.    T\\  entythird  Thousand. 

A  MODERN  ZOROASTRIAN. 

'Tenth  Thousand. 


Demy  8vo.  3s.  6d, 
THOUGHT. 
Demy  8vo.  3s.  6d. 


Chapman  &  Hall,  Limited,  London. 


[TEACHERS'     SCRIPTURAL 

*-  Price  Sixpence  each  net. 


LIBRARY. 


By  "W.  T   LYNN    B  A.,  F.R.A.S. 

1.  BIBLE     CHRONOLOGY   and   DICTIONARY- 

or,  the  Principal  Events  recorded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures  arraneed 
under  their  probable  respective  dates,  with  a  D  ct  onifygivfuR 
f,ti^n=  nf",'^*'^jM  P'aees  named,  an  Appendix  on  English 'Trans- 
lations of  the  Bible,  and  Six  Maps, 

2.  BRIEF    LESSONS    on    the    PARABLES    and 

MIRACLES  of  OUR  LORD.  The  First  Part  contains  short  exno- 
sitions  of  the  Parables,  arranged  according  to  Date  Vn  the  SeeoSd 
the  iMiracles  are  treated  under  the  heads  of  the  Regions  in  which 
they  11  ere  wrought.    With  Two  Illustrations.  =.iuniui,n 

3.  EMINENT     SCRIPTURE    CHARACTERS: 

a  Series  of  Biographical  studies  in  the  Old  and  New 'Testament's' 
Illustrated  by  Six  Views  of  Biblical  Scenes,  which  will,  it  is  hoped'. 
S  ri  t ■"    "*^  "^  *°  ^'  '^^°  ^'■'^  interested  in  the  study  of  the  Holy 

Published  by  George  Stoneman,  39,  Warwick-lane,  Paternoster-row,  B.C. 

NEW  EDITION,  price  Two  Shillings, 

rjELESTIAL     MOTIONS:     a    Handy    Book    of 

vy    Astronomy.    Ninth  Edition.    With  3  Plates.    By  W.  T.  LYNN 

■■Has,  ive  are  glad  to  see,  reached  a  ninth  edition,  which  enables 
tS  date.''''.l!l"V,"™''""'''°  "*  ""^  '^'''  *"  ='^'"'°"»'y  "»  ^e  bPought  up 
Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cock  spur-street.  Charing  Cross,  S.  W. 


FIFTH  EDITION,  price  Sixpence,  cloth 

"OEMARKABLE    COMETS:   a   Brief  Survey  of 

By  V  T.TY'Ny^BrrR.A^"' '° '''*  "'''"'■'' °* ^°™'''^''5' ^^'™°<''"y- 
'■  Well  adapted  to  accomplish  their  purpose." 

.o.     ,  ^'■•^•^•^o'^''-''' Editor  of  tiie.4.'i<™Mo„,;cn;7o«nM?. 
Edward  Stanford,  2C  and  27,  Cockspnr- street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 

SECOND  EDI'TION,  price  Fourpence, 

RIEF     LESSONS     in     ASTRONOMY 

By  AV.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A  S. 

.^Jl*^''l?^■*^?  "  ^^?"  ''?*'  °*  information  without  being  in  any  way  drT 

or  technical."— Am^ij/i  Mercury.  °  '       '      ' 

G.  Stoneman,  39,  Warwick-lane,  EC. 


B 


PEN. 


[^HE      SWAN       FOUNTAIN 

*-  Made  in  Three  Sizes. 

lOs.  Gd.,  16s.  &d.,  and  25s.  each,  post  free. 

^Jnt.    until    v,Mi    I.T.,!*..,   .^.1.1,   a    k  c  \^t  »  xt  , ,    _    >,. 


Not  until  you  write  with  a  "  SWAN  "  will  you  realize 
Its  inestimable  value.    The  most  prolific  writers  of  to- 
day pronounce  it  as  a  perfect  Pen. 
A  Pen  as  nearly  perfect  as  inventive  skill  can  produce 
We  only  require  your  steel  pen  and  handwriting  to 
select  a  suitable  pen. 

Complete  Illustrated  Catalogue  sent  post  free  on  application  to 
MABIE,  'TODD  &  BARD,  93.  Cheapside,  EC. ;   95a,  Regent-street  W 
London.    And  3,  Exchange-street,  Manchester.  '      '' 


ALLEN'S      SOLID      LEATHER 

^^  PORTMANTEAUS. 

ALLEN'S  VICTORIA  DRESSING  BAG 
ALLEN'S  STRONG  DRESS  BASKETS  ' 
ALLEN'S  NEW  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 

West  Strand,  London.    Discount  10  per  cent. 


^PPS'S  COCOA. 

'■PHE  MOST  NUTRITIOUS. 

TgPPS'S  COCOA. 

Q.RATEFUL  and  COMFORTING. 
jgPPS'S  COCOA. 


'yy    M.  &  GEO.  LAW. 

C    0    F    F    E    E— 

SUGAR- 
TEA. 
104,  NEW  OXFORD-STREET,  W.C. 


D 


INNEFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN. 

HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 
And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 


Ape 

Children,  and  Infants. 


DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


240  T  H  E     A  T  II  E  N  ^  U  M  N"  3642,  Aug.  14,  '97 


MESSRS.   FREDERICK  WARNE   &   CO. 

WILL  PUBLISH  ON  THE  S5th  OF  AUGUST 

THE    FOURTH    AND    CONCLUDING    VOLUME    OF 

FAVOURITE    FLOWERS    OF    GARDEN    AND    GREENHOUSE. 

By  EDWARD  STEP,  F.L.S. 

The  Cultural  Directions  Edited  by  WILLIAM  WATSON,  F.R.H.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

In  Four  Volumes,  cloth  gilt,  gilt  top        ...  X3    0  0  net. 

In  Four  Volumes,  half-morocco,  gilt  top  ...  £3  12  0  net. 
Orders  for  the  COMPLETE  WORK  should  he  in  the  hands  of  Booksellers  early,  as  the  Edition  is  limited, 
and  the  slow  and  costly  processes  of  production  incident   to  the  publication  of  a  work  so   artisticcdly 
and  scieyitifcally  complete  necessarily  render  a  reissue  impossible  for  a  long  time. 


FAVOURITE    FLOWERS 


OF 


GARDEN    AND    GREENHOUSE 

contains  316  BEAUTIFULLY  COLOURED  FULL-PAGE  PLATES,  designed  and  coloured,  in  all  cases,  from  the  living 
plants,  illustrating  nearly  all  the  leading  groups  of  flowers,  with  a  list  of  their  VARIETIES,  CHARACTERISTICS,  COLOUR- 
ATION, HARDINESS,  SIZE  of  BLOOM,  FLOWERING  TIME,  HABITS,  &c.  With  the  principal  Genera  the  life  history 
is  given,  as  well  as  clear    INSTRUCTIONS    for    PROPAGATION  and    SUCCESSFUL    MANAGEMENT  ;    and  in   many 

instances  the  SEED,  SEEDLING,  ROOT,  LEAF,  BLOSSOM,  and  SECTION  of  FLOWER,  showing  SEED  DEPOSITORY, 

&c.,  are  figured,     A  carefully  compiled  and  exhaustive  INDEX  is  a  feature  of  the  work. 

THE  OPINION  OF  THE  PUBLIC  PRESS  MAY  BE  GATHERED  FROM  THE  REVIEWS  OF  THE 

SERIAL  ISSUE  BELOW:— 


"  As    a   means    for    the    popularization    of  i       "  The  very  high  standard  of  quality  in  the 


floriculture,  Messrs.  Frederick  Warne  &  Co.'s 
*  Favourite  Flowers  of  Garden  and  Green- 
house'  is  unsurpassed.  When  finished  it 
will  be  the  most  complete  English  popular 
work  on  the  subject." — Dailj/  News. 

"  The  illustrations  are  beyond  praise,  and 
the  letterpress  may  be  accepted  as  authori- 
tative."— Glasgow  Neivs. 


first  numbers  has  been  throughout  steadily 
maintained.  They  are  the  most  faithful  and 
beautiful  drawings  of  the  kind  we  have  seen, 
and  we  greatly  value  the  separate,  and  often 
magnified,  drawing  of  structural  details,  and 
the  historical, descriptive,  and  cultural  remarks 
are  sufficiently  full,  concise,  and  authoritative. 
The  work  is  a  most  valuable  addition  to 
gardening  books." — Birmingham  Post. 


"  The  drawing  is  accurate,  while  the  colour- 
ing of  the  flowers  is  really  superb.  The  cul- 
tural and  historical  notes  are  much  longer 
than  usual,  and  are  perfect  mines  of  informa- 
tion. The  work  is  one  which  all  lovers  of 
flowers  will  appreciate." — Scotsman. 

"  Such  a  work  covers  ground  occupied  by 
the  professional  as  well  as  that  occupied 
by  the  amateur  gardener,  and  the  area  of 
interest  and  usefulness  it  comprehends  is 
great." — Manchester  City  News. 


ORDERS  FOR 

FAVOURITE    FLOWERS    OF    GARDEN    AND    GREENHOUSE 

Will  be  received  at  all  Booksellers',  Newsagents,  and  Railway  Bookstalls. 

Prospectuses  may  be  obtained  free  on  application  to  the  Publishers^ 
FREDERICK  WARNE  &  CO.  Chandos  House,  Bedford-street,  Strand,  London ;    and  New  York. 


Agent*  JorScoTOiND,  Mes.r..  Bell  ft  BnidMte  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  EdlnburKh.-Saturday,  August  14,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

gowrnaK  of  (BnqU^f)  antr  d^orefgn  literature,  Science,  i^t  d^fne  ^rtisf,  Mmic  antr  tfie  l^ranta* 


No.  3643. 


SATURDAY,   AUGUST    21,    1897. 


PRICB 

THREEPENCE 

REQISTBKED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


THE       LIBRARY       ASSOCIATION, 
20,  Hanover-square,  Vf. 
President— Mr.  Alderman  HARRY  RAWSON. 
President-Elect— H.  R.  TEDDER,  Esq. 
Hon.  Secretary-J.  Y.  W.  MAC  ALISTER,  Esq. 
The  TWENTIETH  ANNUAL  MEETING  Of  this  Association  will  be 
held  in  LONDON  on  OCTOBER  SO,  21,  22  next,  for  the  transaction  of  the 
annual  business  of  the  Association,  and  for  the  reading  of  Tapers,  and 
Discussions.    Offers  of  Papers  on  appropriate  subjects  are  invited,  and 
those  intending  tn  write  Papers  should  communicate  at  once  with  the 
H\>s,  SECRETARy,  Library  Association,  20,  Hanover-square,  W. 


B 


IRMINGHAM 


MUSICAL 

1897. 


FESTIVAL, 


TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY,  and  FRIDAY, 
OCTOBER  5,  6,  7,  and  8,  1897. 


Principh,  VociLiSTS.— Madame  ALBANI.  Miss  EA'ANGELINE  FLOR- 
ENCE, Miss  HILDA  FOSTER,  and  Miss  ANNA  WILLIAMS 
(her  farewell  appearances  in  Birmingham) ;  Miss  MAUIE  BREMA 
and  Miss  ADA  CROSSLEY';  Mr.  GEORGE  MAY';  Mr.  EDWARD 
LLOYD  and  Mr.  BEN  DAVIES :  Mr.  ANDREW  BLACK,  Mr. 
I'LUNKET  GREENE,  and  Mr.  BISPHAM. 


TUESDAY  MORNING.— 'ELIJAH.' 


TUESDAY  EVENING. 

BRAHMS'  'SONG  OF  DESTINY.' 

MR.  EDWARD  GERMAN'S  SY.MPHONIC  POEM  'HAMLET 

(Composed  expressly  for  this  Festival). 

BEETHOVEN'S  C  MINOR  SYMPHONY,  No.  5. 

WAGNER'S  'MEISTERSINGER'  OVERTURE. 

SCENE  3,  ACT  lit,  OF  'DIE  WALKURE.' 

SCHUMANN'S  'MANFRED'  OVERIURE. 


WEDNESD.1Y  MORNING. 

PROFESSOR  STANFORDS  NEW  'REQUIEM  MASS 

(First  time  of  performance). 

BACH'S  CANTATA  'O  LIGHT  EVERLASTING.' 

BRAHMS'  SYMPHONY,  No.  1. 


WEDNESD.iY  EVENING. 

PURCELL'S  'KING  ARTHUR'  MUSIC 

(As  specially  Edited  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland  for  this  Festival). 

CHERUBINIS  'MEDEA'  OVERTURE. 

BEETHOVEN'S  'LEONORA'  OVERTURE,  No.  3. 

THURSD.IY  MORNING —'  MESSIAH.' 


THURSDAY  EVENING. 

GLUCK'S  'IPHIGENIA  IN  AULIS'  OVERTURE. 

ARTHUR  SOMERVELL'S  NEW  CANTATA  'ODE  TO  THE  SE.i ' 

(Composed  expressly  for  this  Festival). 

WAGNER'S  '  SIEGFRIED  IDYLL.' 

MOZART'S  G  MINOR  SYMPHONY. 

DVORAKS  '  CARNI-S'AL  '  OVERTURE. 


FRIDAY  MORNING. 

SCHUBERT'S  'MASS  IN  E  FLAT.' 

TSCHAIKOWSKI'3  SYMPHONY  ('  PATHfiTiaUE  '). 

DR.  HUBERT  PARRY'S  'JOB.' 


FRIDAY  EVENING —BERLIOZ'S  "FAUST." 


CoNDt'CTOB DR.  HANS  RICHTER. 


PRICES  FOR  ORDINARY  TICKEI'S. 

Secured  Seats  for  each  Morning  Performance  £1    1    0 

Unsecured  Places  for  each  Morning  Performance  . .       0  10    6 

Secured  Seats  for  each  Evening  Performance    0  15    0 

Unsecured  Places  for  each  Evening  Performance    . .       0    8    0 
A  Set  of  Tickets  (transferable)  will  be  issued  at  61.  6s.    These  admit  to 
every  performance,  and  have  priority  of  choice  in  the  Ballot 

The  Strangers'  Committee  will  Ballot  for  and  Select  Places  for  persons 
who  cannot  convenientlv  attend  to  Ballot  for  their  own   places    on 
application,  accompanied  by  remittance,  to  H.  A.  Wiggin,  Esq  '  the 
Chairman  of  that  Committee,  123,  Colmore-row,  Birmingham 
Detailed  Programmes  may  be  obtained  post  free  on  application  to 

WALTER  CHARLTON  Secretary. 
95,  Colmore-row,  Birmingham. 


A   LINGUIST,    connected  with   several   learned 
Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECREFARIAL  WORK.     Translations 
Research  Notes ;    Medical  and   Legal   Work  a  speciality  —Write  e' 
Genlis,  43,  Southampton-row,  W.C.  ..  .»«;*.. 


SUNDERLAND   SCHOOL  of  ART.— WANTED 
.        a^STUDEN'T-ASSISTANT,  with  experience  in  Elementary  Teach- 
ing.   Special  faculties  for  self  improvement —Particulars  from  Head 
Master. 


MILTON  MOUNT  COLLEGE,  GRAVEREND.— 
^,.  ■  SCIENCE  MISTRESS  REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER.  Subjects  ■ 
Chemistry,  Botany,  and  Mathematics.  Salary  70/.,  resident.-ApDlv' 
by  letter,  enclosing  testimonials,  to  the  He.vd  Mistress.  ' 

OCHOOL    for   the    DAUGHTERS   of    GENTLE- 

^v**?^'.^"""^'"^  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  -Thorough  education 
lUghest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  PaiNcipAt, 


SWITZERLAND.— HOME   SCHOOL  for  limited 

t;;,»ii"'!Jf''®''-  °'  ^}^^^  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
S^?„''  Music  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors;  University  Lectures 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise. -Mli.e.  Heiss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 


S' 


T.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINATION  for 

lining  up  about  TWENTY  V.^CANCIES  on  the  FOUNDATION 
will  be  held  on  the  14th,  15th,  16th,  17th,  and  20th  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 
—For  information  apply  to  the  Hirsae,  St.  Paul's  School,  West 
Kensington,  W. 

TREBOVIR      HOUSE      SCHOOL, 
1,  Trebovir-road,  Sooth  Kensington,  S.W. 
Principal— Mrs.  W.  R.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectuses  and  references  on  application. 


0 


WENS      COLLEGE,      MANCHESTER. 


VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY  TE.iCHERS'  DIPLOMA. 
The    COLLEGE    COURSES  for  the    General    and    for   the    Special 
Diploma  COMMENCE  on  OCTOBER  5  next —For  further  inJormation 
apply  to  the  Registrar,  Owens  College. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 

The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES,  bv  Prof.  W.  F.  R 
WELDON,  F.R.S.,  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESD.\Y,  October  6, 
at  1  p  M. 

These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparing 
for  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
Students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
Courses  of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  during  the  Session  will  be  given 
later.  J.  M    H0RS8URGH,  MA,  Secretary. 

EDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 

York-place,  Baker-street,  W. 
Principal— Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7     Stu- 
dents are  requested  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  p  m.  on 
WEDNESDAY',  October  G. 

The  Inaugural  Address  will  be  delivered  on  THURSD.4.Y',  October  7, 
at  4  30  P.M.,  by  Mrs.  FAWCETT. 
Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

EPARTMBNT    of     SCIENCE    and    ART. 

ROYAL  COLLEGE  of  ART,  SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  S.W. 

Visitors-Sir  W.  B   RICHMOND,  R.A.  ;  F.  J    SHIELDS,  A  R.WS. 
Principal-JOHN  C.  L   SPARKES,  Esq. 

The  ANNUAL  SESSION,  1897-98,  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  G.  Art  Classes  in  connexion  with  the  College  are  open  to  the 
public  on  payment  of  fees.  The  Classes  for  Men  and  Women  Students 
meet  separately-  The  Studies  comprise  Ornament  and  the  Figure,  with 
a  view  to  their  ultimate  use  in  Design  and  Composition,  and  include  the 
Study  of  Plants  and  Flowers,  the  Painting  of  Still  Life,  and  the  Drawing 
and  Painting  of  Ornament  and  of  the  Figure. 

Candidates  for  admission  who  have  not  passed  any  Examination  of 
the  Department  in  Freehand  Drawing  must  pass  the  Admission  Examina- 
tion in  that  Subject. 

This  Examination  will  be  held  at  the  College  on  September  28  and 
October  5,  at  11.45  a.m.  and  6  i^  p  m,  on  both  days,  and  on  subsequent 
Tuesdays  at  frequent  intervals  throughout  the  Session. 

Applications  for  further  information  may  be  made  in  writing  to  the 
Secretary,  Departmant  of  Science  and  Art,  S.W. ;  or.  on  and  after 
October  6,  personally  to  the  Registr»r,  at  the  College,  Exhibition-road, 
S.W.  By  order  of  the 

LORDS  of  the  COMMITTEE  of  COUNCIL  on  EDUCATION. 


D 


UN 


IVERSITY       of       ABERDEEN. 


WINTER      SESSION,     1897- 
FACULTY  OF  MEDICINE. 


The  WINTER  SESSION  COMMENCES  on  WEDNESDAY",  Octo- 
ber 13.    The  Preliminary  E.xamination  will  commence  on  September  25 

The  Degrees  in  Medicine  granted  by  the  University  are— Bachelor  of 
Medicine  (MB),  Bachelor  of  Surgery  (Ch. B  ),  Doctor  of  Medicine 
(M.D.),  and  Master  of  Surgery  (Ch.M)  A  Diploma  in  Public  Health  is 
conferred,  after  Examination,  on  Graduates  in  Medicine  of  any  Univer- 
sity of  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  total  cost  of  the  whole  curriculum,  including  Fees  for  the  Degrees 
of  M  B.  and  Ch.B,  is  usually  about  lOO  Guineas.  Bursaries,  Scholar- 
ships, Fellowships,  and  Prizes  to  the  number  of  forty-seven,  and  of  the 
aggregate  annual  value  of  1,028/ ,  are  open  to  Competition  in  this  Faculty, 

A  Prospectus  of  the  Classes,  Fees,  &c  ,  together  with  Regulations 
for  the  Preliminary  Examination  and  for  Graduation  in  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  may  be  had  free  on  application  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Mehical  Faculty. 

The  University  also  grants  the  following  Degrees  in  Arts.  Science, 
Divinity,  and  Law  :— In  Arts— Doctor  of  Letters,  Doctor  of  Philosophy, 
and  Master  of  Arts.  In  Science— Doctor  of  Science,  Bachelor  of  Science 
(in  Pure  Science  and  in  Agriculture).  In  Divinity— Doctor  of  Divinity 
(Honorary)  and  Bachelor  of  Divinity.  In  Law— Doctor  of  Laws 
(Honorary)  and  Bachelor  of  Law  (B  L  ). 

Particulars  may  he  had  on  application  to  the  Secretary  or  FACitriEs. 

UY'S       HOSPITAL.— PRELIMINARY 

SCIENTIFIC  (MB.  London).— The  NEXT  COURSE  of  LEC- 
TURES and  PRACTICAL  CLASSES  for  this  EXAMINATION  will 
BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  4  Candidates  entering  for  this  Course  can 
register  as  Medical  Students.- Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  on 
application  to  the  Dean,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 


G 


UY'S     HOSPITAL    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 


The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY",  October  4. 

Entrance  Scholarships  of  the  combined  value  of  410/.  are  awarded 
annually,  and  numerous  Prizes  and  Medals  are  open  for  competition  by 
Stndents  of  the  School. 

The  number  of  patients  treated  in  the  wards  during  last  year  exceeded 
6,000. 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  made  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
merits  of  the  Candidates,  and  without  extra  payment.  There  are 
Twenty-eight  Resident  Appointments  open  to  Students  of  the  Hospital 
annually  without  payment  of  additional  fees,  and  numerous  Non-Resi- 
dent  Appointments  in  the  General  and  Special  Departments.  'The 
Queen  victoria  Ward,  recently  re-opened,  will  provide  additional 
accommodation  for  Gynaxjological  and  Maternity  cases. 

The  College  accommodates  about  Sixty  Students,  under  the  super- 
vision of  a  Resident  Warden. 

The  Dental  School  provides  the  full  curriculum  required  for  the 
L.D.S.,  England. 

The  Clubs  Union  Athletic  Ground  is  easily  accessible. 

A  Handbook  of  information  for  those  about  to  enter  the  Medical 
Profession  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

For  the  Prospectus  of  the  School,  containing  full  particulars  as  to 
fees,  course  of  study  advised,  regulations  of  the  College,  &c  ,  apply, 
personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Dean,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHENiEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

A.MIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-.MBR.  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DIJON,  DUN- 
KIRK,  HAVRE.  LILLE.  LYONS,  MAUSEILLKS.  MRNTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  QALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoll,  Paris. 


K 


ING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON.— STUDENTS  in 

Arts  and  Science,  Engineering,  Architecture,  and  Applied 
Sciences,  Medicine,  and  other  Branches  of  Education,  will  be  AD- 
MITTED for  the  NEXT  TKUM  on  TUESDAY,  September  28.  EVEN- 
ING CLASSES  commence  'THURSDAY.  September  30. 

Students  are  classed  on  enti-ance  according  to  their  proficiency,  and 
Terminal  Reports  of  the  Progress  and  Conduct  of  Matriculated  Students 
are  sent  t«  their  Parents  and  Guardians.  'There  are  Entrance  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibitions. 

Students  who  are  desirous  of  studying  any  particular  Subject  or 
Subjects,  without  attending  the  Complete  Courses  of  the  various 
Faculties,  can  be  admitted  as  Non-Matriculated  StuJents  on  payment 
of  the  separate  fees  for  such  (glasses  as  they  select 

The  College  has  an  entrance  both  from  the  Strand  and  from  the 
Thames  Embankment,  close  to  the  Temple  Station- 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  Secretary,  King's 
College,  London,  W  C. 


8 


T. 


BARTHOLOMEW'S 

COLLEGE. 


HOSPITAL    and 


The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  FRIDAY,  October  1,  18S7. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  collegiate  regulations. 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  beds.  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  yooz.  are  awarded  annually. 

The  Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  and  well-appointed 
Laboratories  for  Practical  'Teaching,  as  well  as  Dissecting  Rooms, 
Museum,  Library,  &c 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  is  open 
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242 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


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N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 THE     ATHEN^UM 243 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


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script— Composilion—Electrotyping— Proof-Reading— Press- 
work— Illustrations— Bookbinding. 

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ness and  abounds  in  hints  which  writers  will  do  well  to 

'  make  a  note  of.' There  is  a  host  of  other  matters  treated 

succinctly  and  lucidly,  which  it  behoves  beginners  in  litera- 
ture to  know,  and  we  can  recommend  it  most  heartily  to 
them." — Spectator. 

The    QUESTION 

Comprising  the  Text    of 


CLERC. 


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By 


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FROM  HARVEST  to  HAYTIME.    By  Mabel 

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SIR  ANTHONY.    By  Adeline  Sergeant. 
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The  WOMAN'S  KINGDOM.    By  Mrs.  Craik. 

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YOUNG  MRS.  JARDINE.    By  Mrs.  Craik. 

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ANCIENT  TIMES.    A  Sketch  of  Literary  Conditions 
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Empire.      By    GEORGE     HAVEN    PUTNAM,    M.A. 
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DURING  the  MIDDLE  AGES.     A  Study  of  the  Condi- 
tions of  the  Production  and  Distribution  of  Literature 
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Seventeenth  Century.     By  GEORGE   HAVEN    PUT- 
NAM, M.A.    2  vols.  Svo.  gilt  tops,  each  10s.  6rf. 
Chief  Contents. 
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teries—Some Libraries  of  the  Manuscript  Period — The  Mak- 
ing of  Books  in  the  Early  Universities — Book-Trade  in  the 
Manuscript  Period— The  Renaissance  as  the  Forerunner  of 
the  Printing-Press— The  Invention  of   Printing   and  the 
Work  of  the  First  Printers  of  Holland  and  Germany— The 
Printer-Publishers  of  Italy. 

Volume  II.  1500-1709.— The  Printer-Publishers  of  France— 
The  Later  Estiennes  and  Casaubon— Caxton  and  the  Intro- 
duction of  Printing  into  England- TheKobergersof  Nurem- 
berg—Froben  of  Basel  —Erasmus  and  his  Books— Luther  as 
an  Author— Plantin  of  Antwerp— The  Elzevirs  of  Leyden 
and  Amsterdam— Italy :  Privileges  and  Censorship— Ger- 
many :  Privileges  and  Book-Trade  Regulations— France : 
Privileges  and  Censorship,  and  Legislation  —  England: 
Privileges,  Censorship,  and  Legislation — Conclusion  :  The 
Development  of  the  Conception  of  Literary  Property. 

"Mr.  Putnam  has  treated  a  scholarly  subject  in  a  scholarly 
fashion  ....  Of  special  interest  is  the  chapter  in  which  the 
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literary  property  and  of  the  laws  of  copyright,  a  question  oa 
which  he  has  made  himself  a  recognized  authority." 

^Spectator. 
"  The  book  is  a  compilation  from  which  much  informa- 
tion and  instruction  may  be  derived." — Times. 

"  'Books  and  their  Makers'  is  atreasury  of  information  and 
anecdote  which  should  be  neglected  by  no  one  who  is  inter- 
ested in  the  production  and  regulation  of  literature." 

Academy. 
"  Mr.  Putnam  has  done  what  the  majority  of  biblio- 
graphers have  failed  to  do — he  has  produced  a  most  readable 
epitome  of  the  history  of  the  period  covered  by  bis  work,  so 
far  as  it  had  bearing  on  the  annals  of  typography.  It  is  in 
this  respect,  therefore,  that 'Books  and  their  Makers' will 
be  found  of  great  value,  and  to  attract  readers  who  would  be 
repelled  by  a  mere  typographical  skeleton." 

Daily  Chronicle. 

G.  F.  PUTNAM'S  SONS,  London  and  New  York. 


N"  3643,  Aug. 


21,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


245 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  21,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

R.  L.  Stevenson  

The  Eeign  of  Henry  7III.  .,       "' 

More  Recollections  of  the  Crimean  War 

Gaelic  Poetry  

Modern  Cricket         

Sir  Thomas  Copley's  Letters     .'.'"       "." 

Sources  for  Greek  History        

New  Novels  (An  Altruist;  Rose  of  Butcher's 
Coolly)  252- 

LocAL  History 

School-Books 

Continental  History  

OuK  Library  Tablb— List  of  New  Books     ...       !!! 

Unum  est  Necessarium  ;  The  Clerk  of  the  Ships  ; 
Prof.  Saintsbury  on  the  Matter  of  Britain  ; 
Sloane's  '  Life  of  Napoleon  ';  "  Praise-God 
Barebones";  Trelawny  at  Usk      258- 

LiTERARY  Gossip         

Science— Sir  John  Evans's  Address  to  the  Briti-jh 
Association;  Library  Table;  Geographical 
Literature  ;  Entomological  Literature  ;  Geo- 
logical Literature  ;  The  Literature  of 
Physics  ;  The  Mathematical  Congress  ;  Astro- 
nomical Notes      260 

Fine  Arts— Life  and  Letters  of  Jean  Francois 
Millet;  Cambrian  Arch.eological  Associa- 
tion; Gossip         264 

Music— Recent  Publications  ;  Bayreuth  Festival  ; 
Gossip  

Drama  —  Moliere  Dictionary  ;  The  Week  • 
Gossip  267 


PACE 

243 
247 
248 
249 
251 
251 
252 

-253 
253 
254 
254 
255 


-257 
258 


—264 

-266 
266 

-268 


LITERATURE 


The  Works  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  Edin- 
burgh Edition.  Vols.  I.-XXIV.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.,  &c.) 

(Second  Notice.) 

While    'Dr.    Jekyll    and    Mr.     Hyde'    is 
being,    as   we    said    last   week,    constantly 
alluded   to   as  though  it  were  Stevenson's 
typical  work,  his  best  characters— Catriona, 
for  instance,  and  Prince  Otto— seem  to  have 
made  little  impression  upon  the  critics,  and 
none  upon  the  public.  Hence  it  may  be  said 
that  amongst  those  writers  whose  fate  it  is 
to  win   praise   for   their   worst   work,   and 
blame  or  neglect  for  their  best,  Stevenson 
must  be  counted.     The  crowning  sorrow  of 
every  true  artist's  life  is  to  have  a  full  share 
of  that  artistic  conscience  which  drives  the 
artist  like  a  goad  in  one  direction,  and  yet 
to  be  driven  in  another  by  the  tyranny  of 
Byles  the  Butcher.     And  this  is  why  there 
is  a  pathetic,  almost  a  tragic  note  in  that 
letter  of   Stevenson's  that  we   quoted   last 
week.      The  taste  of  the  public  had  to  be 
consulted,  and  Stevenson  yielded.     In  our 
literature   there   are   only   too   many   such 
cases.     Hood's  case  was  one;  another  was 
that  of  England's  greatest  humourist— the 
writer  whose  mood  and  method  Stevenson 
at  the  beginning  of  his  career  deliberately 
set  out  to  imitate— Sterne.     Those  who  will 
take    the   trouble   to    compare   the   earlier 
volumes  of  'Tristram  Shandy'   (published 
at  York)  with  those  that  at  intervals  fol- 
lowed will  find  (as  has  been  well  pointed 
out)  that  the  three  elements  of  the  early 
volumes— humour,   "sentiment,"  and  inde- 
cency—vary in  relation  to  each  other  as  the 
work  proceeds.    Whimsical  and  self- pleasing 
as  Sterne  was,  he,  as  a  writer  of  fiction,  felt 
(as  afterwards  Scott  felt)  that  he  was  pro- 
ducing a  commodity  for  the  public  market. 
But  two  very  difPerent  kinds  of  public  to 
cater  for  had   Sterne  and   Scott.      Sterne, 
finding   that   his   readers   had  but   a   dull 
appreciation  of  his  humour,  a  vivid  appre- 
ciation of  his  "sentiment,"  and  a  voracious 
appetite  for  his  indecency,  gave  them  what 
they  wanted.    More 's  the  pity ! 


In  the  same  way  Stevenson  found  that  it 
was  such  work  as  *  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr. 
Hyde '  which  enlarged  his  pubhc — enlarged 
it  far  beyond  that  which  he  had  secured 
by  his  impressions  de  voyage,  and  even  by 
those  admirable  stories  of  adventure  which 
are  just  as  fascinating  to  the  adult  as  to 
boys.  This  will  account  for  and  excuse  the 
ghastly  ugliness  of  such  stories  as  'The 
Wrecker.'  Though,  as  we  have  said 
before,  there  was  undoubtedly  a  morbid 
strain  in  his  constitution,  it  seems  hard 
to  believe  that  such  a  work  as  this 
is  by  the  same  writer  whose  winsome 
pictures  of  travel  won  for  him  at  the 
first  the  suffrages  of  his  best  readers, 
and  who  gave  us  the  story  of  '  Prince 
Otto,'  his  masterpiece  if  fiction  is  still  to 
be  ranked  among  the  fine  arts.  There  is 
no  knowing  what  English  literature  has  lost 
through  the  chilly  reception  accorded  to 
that  book.  Instead  of  hailing  Stevenson  as 
the  rival  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  where  Scott 
is  supreme,  and  instead  of  treating  'Dr. 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde '  as  the  rendering  par 
excellence  of  the  great  idea  of  man's  dual 
nature,  why  did  not  those  voluble  friends 
of  his  do  their  best  to  force  upon  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public  a  story  such  as  Scott  with 
all  his  genius  could  not  have  written  ?  Yes, 
the  way  in  which  the  fascinating  hero  of 
this  story  and  the  less  fascinating  heroine 
are  made  to  find  in  the  end,  to  their  great 
surprise,  that  "though  married,"  they  love 
each  other,  is  in  an  exquisite  vein  of  refined 
humour  and  ethereal  irony  that  was  beyond 
Scott.  Not  even  the  delicate  imagination  and 
the  wise  playfulness  of  Mr.  George  Mere- 
dith are  more  delicious  to  the  cultivated 
reader  than  are  the  same  qualities  in 
'  Prince  Otto.'  Though  no  doubt  the 
influence  of  another  writer,  Eichter,  may 
be  felt,  that  such  a  book  had  but  scant 
success  is  an  ugly  sign  of  the  times. 

And  what  about  those  im^jressions  de  voyage 
with   which   Stevenson  began   his   literary 
career  ?  It  is  one  of  the  most  engaging  charms 
of  the  thoroughgoing  Stevensonians  that  they 
seem  to  have  read  nothing  before  Stevenson 
wrote.     For  instance,  the  plot  of  '  Treasure 
Island '  never  for  a  moment  suggested  to 
them  'The  Gold  Bug'  or  'Monte   Cristo.' 
Had  the  '  Inland  Voyage  '  and  the  '  Travels 
with    a     Donkey    in    the    Cevennes'    been 
original  in  mood  and  in  method,  it  might 
have  been  prophesied  for  them  that  their 
permanent  place  in  literature  was   secure. 
But  though  man  is  no  doubt  a  worthy  (or  is 
some  day  going  to  be  a  worthy)  specimen  of 
Nature's  ingenious   handiwork,  if  there  is 
one  thing  in  which  he  is  not   remarkable 
it    is    this   very  matter    of    originality   of 
mood  and  method.     And   this    is  why,   in 
that     same    court    of     universal    criticism 
where   the   faithful    editors    are   bringing, 
with   such   splendour  of  type   and    paper, 
Stevenson's    works,    it    is    generally    con- 
sidered necessary  before  judgment  is  pro- 
nounced to  ask,  "Is  the  mood  and  is  the 
method  of  this  book  the  writer's  own?"   Now 
we  should  be  grieved  to  startle  the  Steven- 
sonian  mind  overmuch,  but  the  truth  must 
be  told :    there  was   a  writer  in  the  last 
century  named  Laurence  Sterne,  who  also 
was  given  to  sentimental  travelling,  who  also 
encountered  a  donkey — two  donkeys,   one 
alive   and   one   dead — with  whom  he  held 
philosophical    and    sentimental    colloquies. 


Few  things  in  literature  are  more  striking 
than  the  impression  that  was  made  by  the 
mood  and  method  of  this  earlier  sentimental 
traveller  upon  the  entire  literature  of  Europe. 
It  is  not  merely  that  you  cannot  turn  over 
the  pages  of  forgotten  English  writers  and 
English  magazines  of  that  period  without 
coming  constantly  upon  imitations  of  the 
antics  of  poorYorick  in  'Tristram  Shandy'; 
but  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  writers  of 
France  and  Germany.  And  equally  were 
the  reading  public  captivated  by  the  '  Senti- 
mental Journey '  and  its  moralizings  upon 
the  varying  phenomena  of  continental  life. 
Everybody  was  making  sentimental  jour- 
neys through  the  countries  of  Western 
Europe ;  everybody  as  he  moved  about 
from  town  to  town  was  making  his 
reflections  d  la  Yorick.  '  Gleanings  in 
France,'  '  Gleanings  in  Belgium,'  '  Glean- 
ings in  Holland,'  '  Gleanings  in  England 
and  Wales,'  were  not  confined  to  the  glib 
pen  of  Samuel  Jackson  Pratt — everybody 
who  could  join  three  sentences  together 
was  "gleaning,  gleaning"  philosophical 
reflections  by  the  wayside  as  he  moved 
sentimentally  from  place  to  place.  It  was 
the  same  in  Germany,  It  is  not  only  in 
such  poor  books  as  the  '  Physiognomical 
Travels'  of  Musfeus  that  Sterne  is  to  be 
traced,  but  in  the  records  of  the  travels  of 
Goethe  and  Heine  and  others  among  the 
great  ones  we  hear  the  ghostly  echoes  of 
Yorick's  voice.  Nor  has  the  influence  of 
'  Sterne's  colloquies  with  his  living  donkey  in 
'Tristram  Shandy,'  and  his  dead  donkey  in 
the  '  Sentimental  Journey,'  ever  passed  away. 
Even  a  work  of  genius  like  Borrow's  '  Bible 
in  Spain'  would  have  been  something  not 
exactly  like  what  it  now  is  had  not 
Yorick  and  his  two  donkeys  existed. 
But  it  was  in  the  very  land  from 
which  Stevenson  hailed,  it  was  in  "fair 
Scotland,"  that  Sterne  and  his  donkeys 
played  the  greatest  havoc  with  a  nation's 
literary  moods  and  methods.  The  humour 
(not  only  deeply  humanitarian,  but  shedding 
its  sweet  sunshine  over  all  the  animal  king- 
dom) of  Sterne  addressing  his  two  donkeys 
is  the  basis  of  much  Scottish  humour.  From 
Burus's  address  to  a  field-mouse  and  his 
address  to  a  louse  on  a  lady's  bonnet,  down 
to  'Eab  and  his  Friends,'  is  the  influence 
of  those  two  donkeys  seen  and  felt.  And  as 
to  Yorick's  sentiment,  it  has  spoilt,  alas  ! 
most  of  Burns' s  letters. 

It  would  be  rude  to  hint  at  the 
existence  of  any  blood  relationship  be- 
tween a  Scottish  gentleman  and  a  donkey, 
but  without  that  donkey  Mackenzie,  the 
author  of  '  The  Man  of  Feeling,'  could 
never  have  existed  at  all.  In  the  best 
humour  of  Carlyle,  too  (sometimes  in 
Yorick's  own  accents,  sometimes  in  the 
accents  of  his  imitator  Eichter),  we  hear 
again  those  colloquies  with  the  ghosts  of 
those  same  two  donkeys — colloquies  which, 
indeed,  give  voice  to  man's  new  and  nobler 
temper  towards  his  brother  animals,  the 
temper  of  Jaques. 

This  being  so  it  is  no  wonder  that  Steven- 
son began  in  his  impressions  de  voyage  by 
mimicking  the  manner  of  Sterne,  So  far, 
indeed,  did  he  go  in  this  mimicry  that  he 
actually  reproduced  the  His  and  Hwas  of  his 
original,  printed  the  proper  names  in  italics, 
and  said  "  you  shall  do  "  this  or  that  instead 
of  saying  "if  you  do"  this  or  that.     This 


246 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


was  unlucky,  for  the  imitator  liimself  had  his 
imitators  who  thought  that  by  saying  "  'tis  " 
and  "'twas"  and  "you  shall"  do  this  or 
that  they  became  brilliant  and  wrote  like 
Stevenson.  None  of  Sterne's  countless 
imitators,  however,  went  quite  so  far 
as  to  have  colloquies  of  his  own  with 
his  own  donkey  in  a  sentimental  journey 
through  provincial  France.  To  do  this 
required  a  good  deal  of  courage,  but 
Stevenson  ventured  upon  it,  and  he  was 
rewarded.  He  found  that  he  was  quite 
safe ;  not  one  critic  noticed  it.  They  one 
and  all  treated  Stevenson's  sentimental 
journey  as  something  quite  new  in  litera- 
ture. And  it  is  actually  left  for  us,  at  this 
time  of  day,  to  ask  the  question :  AVhat  place 
has  Stevenson's  donkey  beside  the  original 
donkeys  of  Yorick  ? 

We  do  not  love  those  troublesome  censors 
who  are  for  ever  bringing  charges  of 
plagiarism  against  imaginative  writers.  But 
upon  the  subject  of  originality  in  literary 
art  there  is  a  consensus  of  the  best  opinion, 
and  it  is  this  :  In  a  drama  the  plot  and  the 
main  incidents  may  be  borrowed — nay,  in 
the  greatest  dramas  they  mostly  are  bor- 
rowed from  familiar  sources ;  for  expecta- 
tion and  not  surprise  is  the  proper  pivot  of 
dramatic  art.  In  prose  fiction,  where  sur- 
prise is  a  legitimate  pivot,  the  novelist  who 
borrows  his  plot  or  his  main  incidents  is  a 
plagiarist.  In  the  essay  of  humour  and 
fancy,  where  the  writer's  own  personality 
takes  the  place  of  both  plot  and  character, 
the  mood  and  the  method  of  the  essay  must 
be  the  writer's  own.  The  mistake  that 
Ferriar  made  when  he  brought  his  charge 
of  plagiarism  against  Sterne  was  in  sup- 
posing that  because  Sterne  got  a  deal  of  his 
learning  from  Burton  and  others  he  was 
not  a  writer  of  the  rarest  originality.  "  Give 
me  the  manner,"  said  Wordsworth  once  in 
conversation,  "and  I  will  find  the  matter." 
And  something  like  the  same  thing  has 
been  said  by  La  Harpe  in  his  now  for- 
gotten treatise  on  literature  and  literary 
art.  Now  if  there  is  any  form  of  literature 
to  which  the  saying  very  specially  applies, 
it  is  surely  to  the  humorous  and  senti- 
mental essay.  In  order  to  establish  its 
right  of  existence,  new  indeed  must  be  the 
matter  of  an  essay  if  the  manner  is  not 
new. 

No  doubt  it  may  be  said  of  even  Sterne's 
humour  that  his  whimsical  attitude  in  con- 
fronting the  half-familiar,  half-strange  phe- 
nomena of  social  life  in  a  country  not  too  far 
away  from  his  readers,  and  not  too  near,  did 
not  originate  with  Sterne  himself.  No  doubt 
it  may  be  said  that  this  mood  can  be  traced 
to  the  great  fountain  from  which  all  subse- 
quent writers  have  so  freely  drunk — the 
plays  of  Shakspeare.  No  doubt  we  shall 
find  that  this  mood,  called  "melancholy" 
in  Shakspeare' s  time  and  "sentimental"  in 
the  time  of  Sterne,  is  the  mood  of  Jaques 
moralizing  upon  human  life  in  Arden  wood, 
and  apostrophizing  the  wounded  deer  at 
the  brook.  But  Sterne  was  a  literary  artist 
in  prose  of  the  very  first  order.  By  a  few 
touches  he  makes  those  two  donkeys  of  his 
live  for  ever.  There  must  be  no  colloquies 
with  donkeys  after  those  immortal  "jack- 
asses "  in  '  Tristram  Shandy '  and  the 
'  Sentimental  Journey.' 

One  quality,  however,  in  Stevenson's 
impressions     de    voyage    he    did     not     get 


from   Sterne — a  genuine  love   of   open-air 
life.     Sterne  without  his  wig,  coach,  French 
valet,  and  dancing-master  gait,  Sterne  in  a 
country  illumined,  not  by  the  radiance  of 
mere  literary  footlights,  but  by  the  bright 
sunshine  of    France,  is  almost  as  good    a 
figure  as  Yorick  himself.   But  we  have  been 
impelled   to   dwell  upon  the  subject  by  a 
terror  lest  some  new  mimic  of  the  mimic 
should  be  giving  us  yet  another  '  Sentimental 
Journey,'   with    "'tis"    and    "'twas"    and 
italics      and     all  —  nay,     even,     perhaps, 
feeding     a     new     Modestine      with     the 
original   master's  macaroons.     In   Sterne's 
time   there   were   none   of  those    "  gipsily 
inclined    men,"    to    use    Stevenson's    own 
phrase,   who   get  more    enjoyment   out   of 
one  month  of  their  lives  than  other  people 
can  possibly  get  in  a  year.     And  here  we 
must    touch     upon    a    peculiarly    pathetic 
feature    of     Stevenson's    life.      If    ever    a 
"  gipsily  inclined  man  "  lived  in  the  nine- 
teenth century  (which  has  produced  so  many 
"gipsily  inclined   men"),  it  was   he   who 
during  most  of  his  days  was  struggling  for 
very  life  with  phthisis,  and  could  only  do 
his     gipsying     with     Polynesian     savages 
instead    of    European   Komanies,    because 
English   open  -  air   life   would  have  killed 
him.    It  is  all  very  well  for  George  Borrow, 
in     '  Lavengro,'    to    give    us    his    perora- 
tions upon  the  sweets  of  gipsy  life.     It  is 
all  very  well  for   Mr.  F.    H.   Groome,   in 
'  Gipsy    Tents,'    to    picture    the     delights 
of  leaving  your  tent  in  the  dewy  morning 
to   fish   for   your   breakfast   in    the    trout 
streams  of  Wales.     It  is  all  very  well  for 
a  greater   than   either   of   these,  Sylvester 
BosweU  himself — the  Eomany-bred   philo- 
sopher and  philologer  of  Codlin  Gap,  "  now 
sleeping  under  a  tent  that  is  called  a  gipsy 
tent" — to  declare  that  "it  is  much  to  his 
profit  that  it  is  so,  on  the  account  of  health, 
sweetness  of  the  air,  and  for  enjoying  the 
pleasures   of  Nature's  life."     But  suppose 
the  "gipsily  inclined  man"  has  lost  one  lung 
and  part  of   another,  and  if   he  does  ever 
sleep  d  la  belle  etoile  in  a  northern  climate 
does  so  out  of  sheer  bravado — nay,  is  scared 
whenever  the  tent's  mouth  is  pushed  open 
by  the  night  breeze  lest  a  tit  of  coughing 
should  come  on,  and  is  only  kept  alive  by 
cod  -  liver  oil !     It   is,  we  say,  Stevenson's 
love  of  open-air  life,  his  rebellion  against 
the    tyrannous   demands   of    a   civilization 
whose  "  Bastille,"  as  he  calls  it,  is  based 
upon  the  same  old,  old  sophisms  as  those 
upon  which  were  based  the  civilizations  of 
Nineveh  and  Babylon — it  is  his  touch  of  the 
gipsy-temper  in  these  impressions  de  voyage 
that  gives  novelty  and  freshness  to  them. 

And  what  about  his  poetry?  Poetry 
being  the  very  crown  of  literary  art, 
it  is  natural  enough  that  the  writer  of 
prose  fiction  should,  at  some  period  of  his 
life,  try  to  express  himself  in  verse.  Now 
and  again  an  imaginative  writer,  such  as 
Hugo,  Gautier,  Emily  Bronte,  Eossetti,  shows 
that  Nature  has  made  him  or  her  ambi- 
dextrous in  literature.  But  such  cases  are 
rare,  and  sometimes,  as  in  the  case  of 
George  Eliot,  the  reader  is  astonished  to 
see  how  small  a  power  of  expression  in 
verse  may  be  shown  by  a  writer  whose 
power  of  expression  in  prose  is  great.  The 
subject  is  an  interesting  one,  and  we  have 
touched  upon  it  before  when  contrasting 
the   artistic  methods   of  the  poets   of  the 


langue  d''oil,  whom  we  call  the  trouveres,  and 
the  poets  of  the  langue  d''oc,  whom  we  call 
the  troubadours.  With  the  troubadour,  as 
we  then  said,  the  form  is  so  beloved,  the 
musical  language  is  so  enthralling,  that 
howsoever  beautiful  may  be  the  story  or 
the  situation,  the  writer  himself  feels  it  to 
be  no  more  than  the  means  to  a  more 
beloved  and  beautiful  end.  With  the 
trouvere  the  end  is  the  telling  of  a  story. 
Into  troubadours  and  trouveres  all  later 
poets  have  been  divisible,  the  type  of  the 
one  in  our  literature  being  Keats,  the 
type  of  the  other  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
From  one  point  of  view  such  a  nar- 
rative as  the  '  Eve  of  St.  Agnes '  or  as 
'  Isabella,'  where  the  poet  thinks  first  of 
the  way  he  is  going  to  say  the  thing,  and 
secondly  of  the  thing  he  is  going  to  say,  is 
nothing  less  than  vicious  writing.  And 
from  another  point  of  view  Scott's  "novels 
in  verse,"  as  Wordsworth  called  poems 
like  '  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,'  are  scarcely 
poetry  at  all. 

The  fashions  of  a  writer's  period  have  a 
good  deal,  no  doubt,  to  do  with  his  literary 
method.  But  as  we  remarked  when  contrast- 
ing the  troubadours  with  the  trouveres,  "en- 
vironment, though  enormously  powerful  in 
directing  a  writer's  method,  is  not  actually 
omnipotent.  Nature  makes  her  own  trou- 
badours and  she  makes  her  own  trouveres 
irrespective  of  environment,  irrespective  of 
fashion  and  of  time,  irrespective  of  langue 
d''oG  and  langue  d'dil.  And  in  comparing  the 
troubadours  with  the  trouveres  we  are  struck 
at  once  by  the  fact  that  there  are  certain 
troubadours  who  by  temperament,  by  ori- 
ginal endowment  of  Nature,  ought  to  have 
been  trouveres,  and  there  are  certain  trou- 
veres who  by  temperament  ought  to  have 
been  troubadours.  Surrounding  conditions 
alone  have  made  them  what  they  are.  There 
are  those  whose  impulse  (though  writing,  in 
obedience  to  contemporary  fashions,  lyrics  in 
the  langue  d'oc)  is  simply  to  narrate,  and 
there  are  those  whose  impulse  (though  writ- 
ing, in  obedience  to  contemporary  fashions, 
fabliaux  in  the  langue  d''oil)  is  simply  to 
sing.  In  other  words,  there  are  those  who, 
though  writing  after  the  fashion  of  their 
brother  troubadours,  are  more  impressed 
with  the  romance  and  wonderfulness  of  the 
human  life  outside  them  than  with  the 
romance  and  wonderfulness  of  their  own 
passions,  and  who  delight  in  depicting  the 
external  world  in  any  form  that  may  be  the 
popular  form  of  their  time ;  and  there  are 
those  who,  though  writing  after  the  fashion 
of  their  brother  trouveres,  are  far  more 
occupied  with  the  life  within  them  than  with 
that  outer  life  which  the  taste  of  their  time 
and  country  calls  upon  them  to  paint — born 
rhythmists  who  must  sing,  who  translate 
everything  external  as  well  as  internal  into 
verbal  melody." 

We  reiterate  these  words  in  order  to 
show  that  all  imaginative  writers,  prose- 
men  as  well  as  poets,  are  divisible  into 
the  two  classes  we  have  been  alluding  to. 
Novelists  as  well  as  poets  are  divisible 
into  those  to  whom  the  story  is  every- 
thing and  the  literary  form  almost  nothing, 
and  those  to  whom  the  literary  form  is 
everything  and  the  story  almost  nothing. 
The  division  is  so  obvious  that  it  is 
almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  in  Eng- 
lish literature   the   type    of    one    class    is 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


217 


Scott,  and  in  French  literature  Dumas,  and 
that  the  type  of  the  other  class  is  in  English 
literature  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  and  in 
French  Gautier.  And  in  trying  to  find  the 
proper  place  of  any  writer  we  shall  find  this 
a  useful  distinction,  except  in  one  case- 
that  of  Stevenson.  In  reading  his  prose  so 
studious,  so  fastidious,  and  often  so  euphe- 
mistic does  he  seem  that  we  feel  as  though 
his  natural  expression  must  be  verse.  And 
yet  when  we  turn  to  his  poetry  so  barren 
is  it  of  verbal  felicities  that  it  seems  as 
though  his  natural  form  of  expression  must 
be  prose.  Did  Nature  intend  him  for  a 
poet  or  for  a  proseman  ?  Let  us  try  to 
see.  Apart  altogether  from  the  question 
of  the  beauty  of  the  verbal  texture  of  his 
ballads,  can  he  "get  at"  the  reader  in 
verse  as  he  can  in  prose  ?  His  prose  story 
of  '  Thrawn  Janet '  and  certain  passages  in 
his  other  stories,  notably  in  '  Dr.  Jekyll  and 
Mr.  Hyde,'  show  that  he  had  a  real  feeling 
for  the  supernatural,  and  the  power  of  con- 
veying it  to  the  reader.  When,  as  in  the 
ballad  of  '  Ticonderoga,'  he  confronts  the 
supernatural  in  verse,  does  the  cunning 
of  his  hand  fail  him?  With  regard  to 
'  Ticonderoga,'  his  most  ambitious  effort  in 
verse,  it  must  be  remembered  that  every 
poem  has  to  be  called  a  failure  if  it  does 
not  show  itself  to  be  as  impressive  as  its 
subject. 

In  his  introduction  to  the  poem  he  says, 
"I  first  heard  this  legend  of  my  own 
country  from  that  friend  of  men  of  "letters, 
Mr.  Alfred  Nutt,  '  there  in  roaring  London's 
central  stream  '  "—misquoting  a  well-known 
line.  This  is  curious,  that  the  only  Scotch- 
man to  whom  the  story  was  not  familiar 
was  Stevenson.  The  story  is  noticeable  as 
being  perhajis  the  only  one  which  shows 
that  the  terror  of  the  supernatural  world 
may  be  conquered  by  the  behests  of  the  code 
of  honour ;  for  in  the  '  Hecatommithi '  of  Gio- 
vanbattista  Giraldi  Cinthio  the  mother  who 
shields  the  murderer  of  her  son  through  a 
sense  of  honour  does  not  defy  the  spirit  world, 
but  earthly  officers  of  justice  only.  The  story 
so  struck  the  imagination  of  the  late  Dean 
Stanley  that  when  he  went  to  America  he 
would  not  leave  the  continent  until  he  had 
seen  Ticonderoga.  The  Dean's  version  of  the 
story  was  this.  A  brother  of  Campbell  of 
Inverawe  House  was  killed  in  an  encounter 
with  a  friend.  The  slayer  knew  that  if 
he  could  by  any  means  get  his  victim's 
brother  to  promise  him  sanctuary,  he  would 
be  safe  from  him  and  from  those  whose 
duty  it  was  to  avenge  the  crime— the  word 
of  honour  of  a  Highland  chief  would  not  be 
broken,  and  consequently  he  would  be  safe. 
Therefore  he  ran  at  once  to  Inverawe  House," 
and  induced  the  brother,  a  well-known  officer 
?Trv-*^®  "^"°*^'  ^^  promise  him  protection. 
When  the  pursuers  tracked  the  homicide 
to  his  place  of  refuge  and  demanded  him, 
Campbell  refused  to  give  up  even  his 
brother's  murderer,  having  pledged  his 
word  for  the  man's  safety.  But  on 
that  same  night  the  apparition  of  his 
brother  appeared  to  him  (the  room  in  which 
It  appeared  is  still  shown  at  Inverawe 
House)  and  demanded  the  surrender  of 
the  culprit.  The  officer,  however,  feeling 
that  his  word  of  honour  was  more  sacred 
than  the  commands  of  a  blood  feud,  even 
though  they  were  uttered  by  a  brother's 
spirit,  refused  to  break  his  word .    Three  times  ! 


on  three  consecutive  nights  did  the  vision  ap- 
pear, and  three  times  did  Campbell  refuse  to 
break  his  word.  On  the  third  occasion  the 
apparition  said,  "  We  shall  meet  at  Ticon- 
deroga." Campbell  tried  in  vain  to 
discover  what  the  mysterious  word  Ticon- 
deroga meant.  When  the  American  war 
broke  out  the  42nd  Eegiment  had  to 
storm  one  day  the  fort  which  bore  the 
Indian  name  of  Ticonderoga.  The  officers 
of  the  42nd,  who  had  often  heard  Camp- 
bell's inquiry  as  to  the  mysterious  word 
pronounced  by  his  brother's  spirit,  con- 
cealed from  Campbell  the  fact  that  the 
name  of  the  place  to  be  attacked  was 
Ticonderoga,  and  conspired  to  give  it  some 
other  name.  At  the  assault  Campbell 
fell  mortally  wounded,  and  as  he  lay  dying 
in  front  of  a  trench  the  apparition  again 
appeared  to  him.  And  Campbell's  last 
words  to  those  around  him  were,  "  You  have 
deceived  me  :  I  have  seen  the  apparition 
again  ;  this  is  Ticonderoga." 

In  treating  this  subject  for  a  ballad 
there  were  two  ways  open  to  Stevenson : 
he  could  either  tell  the  story  in  the  diction 
and  in  the  movements  of  modern  poetry, 
and  so  "get  at"  the  reader  in  a  direct 
manner  and  make  him,  by  the  evident  sin- 
cerity of  the  utterance,  feel  the  supernatural 
thrill,  or  he  could  imitate  the  archaic  manner 
of  the  old  English  and  Scottish  ballads,  and 
so  lift  it  into  the  region  of  romantic  poetry. 
In  one  case  he  might  have  "  struck  home  " 
to  the  reader's  imagination,  as  Coleridge  did 
in  his  modern  ballad  of  the  '  Three  Graves,' 
by  freedom  from  that  air  of  make-believe 
which  is  so  often  inseparable  from  modern 
imitations  of  old  poetic  forms.  For  even  if 
another  '  Clerk  Saunders  '  or  another  '  Wife 
of  Usher's  Well'  could  bo  written,  the 
reader  would  miss  much  of  its  witchery 
from  the  mere  knowledge  of  its  modern 
origin  and  authorship.  In  the  other  case 
Stevenson  might  have  "struck  home"  to 
the  reader's  sense  of  poetry  as  Coleridge 
did  in  the  'Ancient  Mariner'  and  as 
Rossetti  did  in  '  Sister  Helen.'  Each 
method  has  its  advantages  and  its  disad- 
vantages. The  fault  of  Coleridge's  powerful 
ballad  the  '  Three  Graves '  is  a  certain 
Southey-like  banality  of  tone,  which  is  apt 
to  accompany  metrical  narratives  of  strong 
and  striking  situations.  The  fault  of  most 
imitations  of  old  ballads  is  that  sense 
of  make-believe  before  alluded  to,  which 
is  destructive  of  artistic  illusion.  Stevenson 
by  mixing  the  method  of  the  modern 
ballad  with  the  method  of  the  ancient  ballad 
has  no  doubt  produced  a  striking  poem 
which  arrests  the  reader's  attention.  But 
no  reader  on  recalling  the  story  of 
Ticonderoga  associates  it  with  Stevenson's 
version  of  it.  Far  better  than  '  Ticon- 
deroga '  is  '  Heather  Ale.'  Here  the  poet 
makes  no  attempt  at  imitating  the  dic- 
tion and  locutions  of  the  old  ballad,  but 
goes  straight  to  business,  and  tells  the  story 
in  the  form  that  was  natural  to  him,  as 
though  he  had  no  time  to  indulge  in  "  make- 
believes." 

It  is  as  the  writer  of  'A  Child's  Garden  of 
Verses '  that  Stevenson  will  live  as  a  poet. 
Here  he  is  at  his  strongest,  and  indeed 
above  all  competitors.  Other  writers  see 
the  child  from  the  convex  side,  he  alone 
from  the  concave  side.  Even  Blake  and 
even  Christina  Eossetti  and  Mr.  Swinburne 


have  contented  themselves  with  writing 
about  children  or  fur  children.  They  have 
not  dramatically  entered  the  personality  of 
the  universal  child  and  given  utterance  to  his 
feehngs.  No  one  who  reads  the  poems  can 
fail  to  be  startled  by  their  dramatic  truth  ; 
no  one  who  reads  them  can  doubt  that  he 
who  wrote  them  was  a  man  of  genius.  The 
way  in  which  the  wildly  fanciful  is  in  a 
child's  mind  mingled  with  the  matter-of- 
fact  was  never  rendered  until  the  appear- 
ance of  this  unique  little  treasure-house  of 
poetry. 


Letters  and  Papers,  Foreign  and  Domestic^ 
of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Arranged 
and  catalogued  by  James  Gairdner,  late 
Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records, 
and  R.  H.  Brodie,  of  the  Public  Record 
OlHce.  Vol.  XV.  (Eyre  &  Spottiswoode.) 
We  do  not  learn  to  love  Henry  VIII. 
the  better  the  more  we  know  of  him. 
Ours  is  a  day  of  judgment,  indeed, 
when  the  books  are  opened,  and  the  dead, 
small  and  great,  stand  at  the  bar  of  public 
opinion  and  are  judged  according  to  their 
works.  We  have  no  secrets  nowadays  ;  pos- 
terity looks  back  upon  its  ancestors,  and 
has  no  inclination  to  whiten  the  sepulchres 
of  the  prophets.  Nay !  Things  are  going 
quite  the  other  way.  This  new  volume  of 
letters  and  papers  is  concerned  with  eight 
months  of  the  year  1540,  that  is,  with  public 
and  private  matters  from  the  1st  of  January 
till  the  end  of  August.  Some  idea  of  the 
enormous  amount  of  work  which  has  been 
expended  upon  the  analysis  and  calendaring 
of  the  documents  reviewed  may  be  formed 
by  noticing  that  the  index  alone  fills  215 
closely  printed  pages  ;  the  references  can 
hardly  count  by  less  than  tens  of  thousands. 
The  legislation  of  the  year  1539  had  made 
the  king  as  absolute  a  sovereign  in  his  own 
dominions  as  could  be  found  in  the  whole 
world.  To  all  intents  and  purposes  Eng- 
land had  ceased  to  have  any  constitutional 
Government.  Henry  might  have  said  with 
almost  perfect  truth,  "L'etat  c'est  moi !  " 
We  are  somewhat  shocked  to  find  such  a 
man  as  Melanchthon  wishing  that  God  would 
put  it  into  the  heart  of  some  brave  man  to 
slay  the  tyrant,  whom  he  calls  the  English 
Nero  ;  but  we  hardly  wonder  that  he  should 
have  expressed  the  wish  in  a  less  concrete 
form  when  he  prayed,  "  May  God  destroy 
this  monster ! " 

Not  the  least  horrible  feature,  however, 
in  the  character  of  Henry — a  feature  which 
comes  out  more  and  more  obtrusively  as  he 
grows  older  —  was  that  there  was  always 
a  vein  of  conscientiousness  which  kept 
throbbing  through  him,  even  to  the  end  of 
his  career.  He  never  could  help  attempt- 
ing to  justify  himself  before  the  world,  even 
when  carrying  out  his  most  flagitious  pur- 
poses. "  The  little  grain  of  conscience  made 
him  sour";  but  it  did  more,  it  made  him 
to  a  certain  extent  a  coward.  He  never 
quite  had  "  the  courage  of  his  opinions," 
as  the  phrase  is.  He  never  hesitated  to 
commit  murder,  pillage,  or  adultery  ;  but 
there  was  always  an  hour  of  apparent  irre- 
solution when  he  was  making  out  a  case  iav 
himself.  He  would  skulk  behind  the  law  at 
one  time — behind  the  bishops  at  another — 
behind  the  voice  of  the  universities  here,  or 
behind  the  consent  or  enactments  of  Parlia- 
ment there.  Juries  must  be  coerced  to  return 


248 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3643,  Aug.  21, '97 


the  verdict  lio  wanted — judges  friglitenod  into 
pronouncing  tlieir  sentences — horrible  con- 
fessions be  wrung  from  shuddering  culprits 
almost  at  their  last   gasp,  if  only  to  prove 
that  the  king  could  do  no  wrong,  and  to  let 
Europe  believe  that  he  had  some  colour  of 
right  on  his  side.     It  is  easy  to  say  it  was 
all  downright  and  detestable  hypocrisj',  or 
to  explain  Henry's  attitude  and  conduct  by 
saying  that  he  deceived  himself.     These  are 
mere  phrases  which  go  very  little  way  in- 
deed towards  helping  us  to  deal  with  the 
complex  problems  which  meet  us  when  we 
attempt  to  understand  the  workings  of  this 
man's  mind  in  the  course  of  his  frightful 
career.     Look  at  the  business  of  the  mar- 
riage with  Anne  of  Cloves.     Cromwell  had 
been  commissioned  to  get  his  master  a  wife 
as  a  man's  coachman  might  be  commissioned 
to  buy  him  a  horse.     When  the  wife  turned 
up  she  proved  to  be  altogether  the  wrong 
sort  of  animal.     We  use  the  word  advisedly. 
If  any  one  object  to  the  term,  let  him  only 
turn  to  one  rather  mutilated  letter  of  Crom- 
well's in  which  he   enters   into    gross  and 
disgusting    details    regarding    the    king's 
examination  of  his  purchase.     Yet  Henry 
marries  the  woman  with  all  due  forms  and 
ceremonies  on  January  6th,  and  having  done 
that  he  turns  his  back  upon  her.     That  the 
marriage  was  never  consummated  admits  of 
no   doubt.     How  was   it   to   be  annulled  ? 
Historians,  for  the  most  part,  have  talked 
of  a  divorce.     There  was  no  divorce.     Anne 
of  Cleves  was  said  to  have  been  canonically 
the  wife  of  another.     No  time  was  lost  in 
acting  upon  the  hint,  whoever  it  may  have 
been  that  supplied  the  suggestion,  that  the 
marriage  of  January  6th  was  invalid.     On 
February  26th  a  formal  certificate  was  pro- 
duced that  a  regular  precontract  had  been 
made   five  years    before   between  Anne   of 
Cleves  and    Francis,    Marquis    of    Pont    a 
Mousson,  the  son  of  Antony,  Duke  of  Lor- 
raine.    It  was  only  necessary  to  prove  this, 
and    by    canon    law — strange   irony  ! — the 
marriage  with   Henry   was  i2)so  facto  void. 
But  the  king  was  slow  to  act.     "There  were 
whispers  of  something  that  was    going   to 
happen  ;  and  as  the  spring  advanced  rumours 
spread   that   the   king  was   now  entangled 
in  an  amour  with  a  lady  of  the  house  of 
Howard.      But    the    utmost     secrecy    was 
kept,  and  none  dared  talk  of  what  might 
be  going  on.     At  the  end  of  June  Gardiner 
had  put    into    form    "the   process    to    be 
observed  for  this  matter."     Then  came  the 
horrible  examination   of    Cromwell   "  upon 
the   damnation   of   his   soul,"  followed   by 
the  king's  declaration,  and  on  July  6th  by 
a  "  commission  to  the  clergy  of  England  to 
examine  the  king's  marriage  with  Anne  of 
Cleves."     The   depositions    handed  in   are 
very  voluminous  and  most  unsavoury  read- 
ing.    On  July  9th  the  commission  gave  its 
judgment.      It    found    the    marriage   null 
by  reason   of  the  precontract ;  that  it  was 
unwillingly  entered  into  and  never  consum- 
mated ;  that  the  king  and  the  Lady  Anne 
were  both  free  to  marry  again.     Never  was 
there   such   a   display   of  unanimity.     The 
whole  bench  of  bishops,  beginning  with  the 
two  archbishops,  signed  the  document,  and 
deans  and  archdeacons  by  the  score  ;  indeed, 
as  far  as  one  can  gather,  the  members  of 
both  houses  of  Convocation  signed  without 
a  dissentient  voice.     Was  not  the  king  the 
head  of  the  Church,  and  who  were  the  clergy 


but  the  executive  to  carry  out  the  decrees 
of  their  head  ?  Observe  the  infinite  clever- 
ness of  this  resourceful  despot.  The  Pope 
consults  his  Curia — takes  into  his  confidence 
his  college  of  cardinals.  What  use  in  being 
head  of  the  Church  in  England  if  I,  the 
Lord's  anointed  —  alterius  orhis  papa  —  maj' 
not  do  the  like  ? 

What !     Are  the  laws  of  nature  not  to  bend 

If  the  Church  bid  them  f 

So  Anne  of  Cleves  becomes  the  friend 
and  sister  and  pensioner  of  the  king,  and, 
so  far  from  regretting  it,  she  appears  to 
have  been  mightily  pleased.  She  found 
herself  a  far  richer  woman  than  she  had 
ever  been  before  in  her  life ;  she  was 
liberally  dealt  with  in  houses,  lands,  and 
gorgeous  apparel,  and  only  one  condition 
made,  viz.,  that  she  was  not  to  leave  the 
kingdom  nor  bestow  herself  upon  any 
German  adventurer,  were  he  prince  or 
baron.  All  which  being  duly  settled,  Henry 
lost  no  time  in  taking  to  wife  the  luckless 
Catherine  Howard,  and  married  her  very 
privately  at  Oatlands  on  July  28th.  Into 
the  miserable  sequel  of  this  fifth  marriage 
there  is  no  need  to  pry  too  hastily ;  the 
next  volume  of  the  calendars  will  tell  more 
than  enough  about  it.  Meanwhile,  Crom- 
well had  gone  through  his  cruel  ordeal. 
One  caniiot  help  pitying  the  man.  From 
the  first  he  had  had  greatness  thrust  upon 
him.  He  had  served  his  master  with  a 
zeal  and  energy  that  have  never  been 
surpassed ;  his  powers  of  work  and  his 
devotion  to  work  were  wonderful.  Scarcely 
three  Prime  Ministers  in  the  history  of  the 
world  have  equalled  him  in  the  prodigious 
industry  which  he  displayed  during  the 
whole  course  of  his  career.  His  abject 
letter  of  June  12th  is  not  dignified;  but 
it  is  not  in  human  nature  to  show  much 
dignity  when  a  man  is  writhing  in  the 
grip  of  a  tiger.  The  brutal  execution  took 
place  on  July  29th,  the  very  day  on  which, 
it  seems,  the  nullity  of  her  marriage  was 
announced  to  Anne  of  Cleves.  The  ghastly 
details  of  the  scene  which  Hall  has  set 
down  receive  no  confirmation  from  any- 
thing to  be  found  in  this  calendar ;  but  that 
such  a  loathsome  creature  as  Lord  Hunger- 
ford  should  have  been  chosen  to  die  side  by 
side  with  the  fallen  minister  was  a  depth 
of  degradation  which  might  have  been 
spared  him. 

A  week  or  so  before  this  tragedy  ended 
our  old  friend  Chapuys  came  back  to 
England  in  the  room  of  Majoris,  the  Dean 
of  Cambray.  Unluckily,  we  get  none  of 
Chapuys's  despatches  in  this  volume.  Those 
which  he  wrote  to  Charles  V.  at  this  period 
have  already  been  most  admirably  analyzed 
in  the  sixth  volume  of  Spanish  State  Papers 
edited  by  that  accomplished  veteran  Don 
Pascual  de  Gayangos.  The  game  of  cross- 
purposes  between  the  wily  Spaniard  and 
his  conceited  and  fussy  little  rival  Marillac, 
the  French  ambassador,  reads  like  a  most 
entertaining  comedy  now,  when  we  are  in 
a  position  to  watch  every  move  on  the 
board.  When  Chapuys  had  left  England 
in  March,  1539,  we  hear  that,  by  some 
gross  carelessness,  a  bundle  of  papers,  in- 
cluding considerable  portions  of  the  drafts 
of  his  despatches  to  Charles  V.,  were  tossed 
into  a  cupboard,  left  there,  and  forgotten. 
There  Marillac  found  them  as  they  had 
been  left,  and,  in   an   ecstasy  of  joy,  the 


delighted  Frenchman  communicated  the  im- 
portant discovery  to  his  master  at  Paris. 
This  happy  find,  however,  did  not  occur 
till  Chapuys  had  been  back  in  England  for 
a  couple  of  months,  and  during  those  two 
months  Marillac  had  had  rather  a  bad  time 
of  it.  He  was  consumed  with  jealousy; 
he  was  perpetually  outwitted  by  his  rival, 
and  could  gain  no  comfort  to  his  soul 
except  in  protesting  that  nobody  loved 
Chapuys  and  almost  all  men  hated  him. 
lu  any  case,  however,  it  did  not  much 
matter,  as  "the  poor  man  is  so  broken 
down  with  long  illness  that  people  think  he 
is  rather  come  to  make  his  last  testament 
in  England  than  to  do  any  great  service  to 
his  master,"  and  so  on  and  so  on.  Poor 
Marillac  !  It  may  have  been  most  comfort- 
ing to  persuade  himself  that  that  naughty 
Chapuys  was  a  dying  man — perhaps  he  was 
only  shamming  to  amuse  himself  with  his 
dupe — but  he  was  worth  a  good  many  dead 
men  yet,  and  when  Marillac  was  chuckling 
to  his  own  little  heart  that  he  had  got  the 
better  of  the  other  at  last,  lo,  Chapuys  had 
actually  bribed  Marillac's  private  secretary 
to  furnish  him  with  copies  of  his  des- 
patches sent  to  Francis  I.,  and  those  copies 
are  to  be  found  to  this  day  in  the  archives 
of  Simancas !  But  the  fun  does  not  end 
there.  Is  it  quite  certain  that  Chapuys  did 
not  leave  behind  him  those  important  (such 
very  important !)  papers  in  the  cupboard 
with  malice  prepense,  and  fully  intending 
that  they  should  fall  into  Marillac's  hands  ? 
This  is  a  wicked  world,  and  these  diplomats 
are  really  too  unscrupulous.  But  then 
everything  is  fair  in  war  ! 


Letters  from  the  Black  Sea  during  the  Crimean 
War,  1851^-55.  By  Admiral  Sir  Leopold 
George  Heath,  K.C.B.     (Bentley  &  Son.) 

In  his  introduction  Sir  Leopold  Heath  urges, 
as  an  excuse  for  touching  again  on  a  well- 
worn  subject,  that  amidst  the  many  '  Letters 
from  the  Crimea,'  these  are  the  first  from 
a  sailor's  pen.  No  excuse,  however,  is 
needed,  for  the  book  is  simple  and  clear, 
and  the  author  from  his  position  possessed 
excellent  opportunities  for  compiling  a 
chronicle  of  the  momentous  events  which 
took  place  in  1854-5.  At  the  outset  of  the 
war  Commander  Heath  was  at  Therapia  in 
command  of  H.M.S.  Niger,  and  the  first 
interesting  operation  with  which  he  was 
connected  was  the  landing  of  the  allied 
forces  in  the  Crimea.  On  this  occasion  he 
was  placed  in  charge  of  one  half  of  the 
beach  allotted  to  the  British  troops.  He 
was  present  with  the  Niger  at  the  attack 
by  the  fleet  on  the  sea  forts  on  the  l7th  of 
October,  1854,  and  his  statements  are  valu- 
able as  materials  for  any  historian  of  that 
failure,  for  failure  it  undoubtedly  was. 
On  the  morning  of  the  17th  all  the  captains 
were  assembled  on  board  the  flagship.  It 
had  been  agreed  that  the  French  should 
take  the  right  of  a  line  drawn  down  the 
centre  of  the  harbour,  and  Admiral  Dundas 
arranged  that  each  line-of-battle  ship,  towed 
by  a  steamer,  should  proceed  down  the 
coast  until  opposite  its  target.  At 
the  last  moment  the  French  proposed  that 
the  British  fleet  should  sweep  round  to  the 
southward,  and  form  in  succession  in  pro- 
longation of  the  French  line.  The  dis- 
advantages of    such   an    arrangement   are 


N"  3643,  Aug.  21/97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


249 


obvious  even  to  the  non-professional  mind, 
and  the  captains  all  protested  against  a 
change  in  the  original  dispositions  : — 

"It  was  ultimately  settled  that  Agamemnon, 
Sanspareil,  and  London  (to  which  ship  the 
Niger  was  lashed  on  the  off-shore  side)  should 
go  down  according  to  the  original  plan  ;  that  the 
Albion  should  pay  special  attention  to  the  Wasp 
Fort  ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  ships  should 
follow  the  French  plan.  This  separation  of  our 
ships,  and  a  general  order  issued  by  Admiral 
Dundas,  to  the  effect  that  every  one  was  to  do 
as  he  pleased,  caused  our  ships  to  be  placed  in 
a  very  irregular  manner.  However,  our  three 
got  into  action  at  half-past  one,  or  so,  and  the 
Albion  shortly  afterwards ;  but  those  which 
swept  round  did  not  come  into  play  until  very 
late.  Our  fire  was  directed  at  Fort  Constantine, 
and  was  continued  about  an  hour-and-a-half 
very  well  and  steadily.  By  that  time  the 
Albion  had  been  set  on  fire  and  so  knocked 
about  by  the  Wasp  Fort  and  some  neighbouring 
guns  that  she  was  obliged  to  leave  it,  and  the 
Wasp  then  began  to  sting  us,  so  that  Capt.  Eden 
directed  me  to  steam  on,  and  took  his  ship  out 
of  fire.  We  were  shortly  afterwards  recalled  by 
the  Agamemnon,  but  by  the  time  we  got  back 
Bellerophon  and  Queen  had  taken  our  place, 
and  there  was  such  a  crowd  of  ships  and  so  much 
smoke  that  we  could  only  get  an  occasional  shot. 
Finding  that  I  could  only  use  the  Niger's  long 
pivot  gun,  and  that  the  London  having  landed 
two  hundred  men  with  the  naval  brigade,  could 
not  work  all  her  guns,  I  offered  Capt.  Eden  the 
rest  of  my  ship's  company,  and  Dunn  went  with 
them  and  worked  the  London's  upper  deck 
guns." 

There  was  great  disappointment  at  the 
little  effect  of  our  fire.  On  this  subject  Sir 
Leopold  Heath  remarks  : — 

*'  In  spite  of  Mr.  Oliphant's  predictions,  I 
could  only  make  out  that  we  had  destroyed  two 
of  the  Fort  Constantine's  embrasures.  The 
whole  face  of  it  was  speckled  with  shot  marks, 
and,  taking  the  proportion  of  space  covered  by 
an  embrasure,  I  should  say  four  or  five  shells 
must  have  gone  into  each,  and  if  so  they  must 
have  lost  a  large  number  of  men.  I  spent  most 
of  my  time  on  the  London's  poop.  I  have  lost 
one  killed  and  four  slightly  wounded  ;  a  few 
ropes  were  shot  through,  and  two  shot  struck 
the  hull,  in  spite  of  our  huge  protector.  The 
London  has  four  killed  and  eighteen  wounded. 
The  laurels  of  the  day  are  decidedly  due  to  the 
Agamemnon,  Sanspareil,  and  Albion.  The 
Retribution's  mainmast  is  shot  away.  We  still 
hear  the  shore  batteries  at  work,  but  I  don't  know 
how  they  are  getting  on.  Our  three  ships  were 
about  one  thousand  six  hundred  yards  from  Fort 
Constantine,  the  other  English  I  should  say  a 
good  two  thousand  ;  the  French  still  further — 
much  too  far  to  hurt  stone  walls." 

In  a  subsequent  letter  he  corrects  his 
favourable  mention  of  the  Albion  ; — 

"  It  is  true  that  she  was  brought  into  action 
very  well,  towed  by  the  Firebrand,  Capt. 
Stewart,  and  that  she  suffered  the  heaviest  loss  ; 
but  I  find  on  an  alarm  of  fire  a  large  portion  of 
the  crew  rushed  onboard  the  Firebrand,  instead 
of  trying  their  utmost  to  put  the  fire  out,  and 
that  they  in  fact  fired  very  little  at  the  enemy 
but  closed  the  magazines  and  left  off  firing  the 
moment  the  alarm  was  given.  It  must,  however, 
be  remembered  that  her  Captain  and  the  best 
of  the  lieutenants  were  with  the  naval  brigade, 
and  it  seems  that  the  want  of  officers  was  very 
much  felt." 

We  may  here  mention  that  Sir  Leopold, 
■writing  probably  from  memory,  erroneously 
states  that  the  attack  on  the  Second  Division 
took  place  on  October  25th,  whereas  the 
26th  is  the  correct  date.  In  November  Sir 
Leopold  was  made  acting  captain  of  the 
Sanspareil  and    Captain  of    the    Port  of 


Balaklava.  In  connexion  with  that  post 
he  became  a  butt  for  attack  by  the  Times, 
which  made  the  following  statement : — 

"  There  is  no  more  care  taken  for  the  vessels 
in  Balaklava  than  if  they  were  colliers  in  a 
gale  off  Newcastle.  Ships  come  in  and  anchor 
where  they  like,  do  what  they  like,  go  out  when 
they  like,  and  are  permitted  to  perform  what- 
ever vagaries  they  like,  in  accordance  with  the 
old  rule  of  '  higgledy  piggledy,  rough  and 
tumble,'  combined  with  '  happy  go  lucky.'  " 

There  were  no  doubt  many  errors,  much 
mismanagement,  and  sometimes  stupendous 
ignorance,  carelessness,  and  waste  in  the 
Crimea.  At  the  same  time  there  never  was 
a  campaign  in  which  so  many  exaggerations 
were  circulated  by  the  press,  for  it  was, 
practically  speaking,  the  first  at  which 
newspaper  correspondents  were  present.  Sir 
Leopold  Heath  did  not  choose  that  what  was 
said  about  Balaklava  should  pass  without 
protest,  and,  in  answer  to  a  circular  letter, 
he  received  from  forty  -  seven  merchant 
captains  letters  testifying  to  the  excellence 
of  the  arrangements  and  the  indefatig- 
able supervision  exercised  by  the  harbour 
master.  His  comments  on  the  loss  of  the 
Prince  are  valuable,  for  he  speaks  with 
knowledge,  yet  without  responsibility  for 
the  disaster.  He  is  very  severe  on  the 
neglect  of  the  transport  horses  and  mules, 
and  writing  on  February  27th,  1855,  says  : 

"I  put  all,  or  almost  all,  our  misfortunes 
down  to  the  utter  neglect  of  our  horses  and 
mules.  The  deficient  supply  of  fodder  for  any 
larger  number  than  that  which  we  have  had 
would  have  made  us  just  as  badly  off  if  we  had 
had  ever  so  many,  but  that  could  of  course 
have  been  remedied." 

His  general  summary  as  to  the  want  of 
administrative  measures  on  our  first  arrival 
before  Sebastopol  is  sensible  and  worth 
extracting : — 

"Our  sanitary  measures  have  from  the  first 
been  neglected.  The  Russians  were  in  no  posi- 
tion to  attack  us  when  we  first  came  round,  we 
had  no  trenches  to  guard,  our  commissariat 
horses  were  still  alive,  the  roads  were  still  good, 
and  yet  not  a  tent  did  we  send  to  the  front 
for  at  least  ten  days,  and  much  sickness  was 
the  consequence.  No  reads  were  made,  no 
attempt  to  store  provisions  in  front,  no 
piles  of  firewood  collected,  no  regimental  cook 
houses  established  ;  each  man  did  for  himself, 
and  three  or  four  times  the  necessary  fuel  was 
used.  Houses  were  pulled  down,  which  now 
would  have  been  invaluable  as  hospitals  or 
storehouses  ;  not  a  single  precautionary  measure 
was  taken  with  a  view  to  a  possible  failure  in 
immediately  occupying  Sebastopol." 

The  following  is  a  striking  instance  of  the 
cruel  effect  of  half-truths.  A  strong  com- 
plaint was  made  in  the  House  of  Commons 
that,  the  Candia  having  arrived  at  Bala- 
klava with  medical  stores,  the  captain  was 
directed  to  carry  them  to  Sulina.  The 
author  disposes  of  the  story  in  the  following 
fashion : — 

"The  fact  of  the  things  being  there  is  true, 
and  of  Capt.  Field  having  offered  to  give  them 
up  to  any  officer  with  a  commission  is  true. 
He  did  so  in  a  letter  to  me.  I  wrote  to  the 
principal  medical  officer,  and  was  told  that  they 
had  held  a  board  on  board  the  ship  and  had 
decided  that  the  particular  things  in  question 
were  more  wanted  at  Scutari  than  at  Balaklava, 
and  that  they  were  therefore  to  be  sent  back. 
Could  anything  else  have  been  done,  and  would 
not  the  Balaklava  folks  have  been  to  blame  if 
they  had  done  otherwise  ?    Don't  believe  even 


half  what  you  hear  from  'Eye-witnesses'  if 
Members  of  Parliament." 

The  evidence  before  the  Sebastopol  Com- 
mittee he  characterizes  as  "  the  most  won- 
derful jumble  of  gossip  and  second  editions 
of  newspaper  correspondence  that  has  ever 
been  gathered  together  before  so  solemn  a 
tribunal." 

Admiral  Boxer  was  sent  to  Balaklava  in 
January,  but  he  did  not  prove  a  great 
success,  if  we  may  accept  the  testimony  of 
Sir  Leopold  Heath,  who  was  on  excellent 
terms  with  him  : — 

"  I  have  had  to  fight  a  little  with  Admiral 
Boxer  to  place  myself  on  the  footing  prescribed 
by  my  instructions  ;  but  I  think  that  is  all  over 
and  that  we  now  understand  one  another.  He 
is  a  most  hard-working,  zealous  man,  but 
without  the  slightest  approach  to  method,  and 
some  of  his  work  has  in  consequence  to  be  done 
over  again.  If  he  wants  a  ship  cleared  for  any 
particular  purpose  he  will  put  all  her  cargo  on 
the  beach,  without  the  slightest  care  as  to  whose 
charge  it  is  to  go  into.  I  can  quite  conceive 
the  confusion  as  to  stores,  &c.,  in  the  Bosphorus 
during  his  reign,  from  hearing  him  report  to 
someone,  who  came  from  Sir  Edmund  Lyons 
to  inquire,  that  there  were  only  four  hundred 
tons  of  coal  in  the  harbour,  when  I  myself  (who 
have  nothing  to  do  with  the  colliers  but  only 
with  the  transports)  know  of  upwards  of  eight 
hundred  tons." 

Our  general  opinion  of  this  book  is  that 
the  criticism,  though  acute,  is  yet  reasonable 
and  temperate.  It  certainly  would  prove 
valuable  to  any  future  historian  of  the  war, 
and  is  a  corrective  alike  to  Mr.  Elinglake 
and  the  hastily  written  newspaper  corre- 
spondence on  which  the  popular  views 
were,  and  to  a  certain  extent  still  are, 
founded.  The  book  is  well  illustrated,  and 
there  is  an  index. 


Bards   of  the    Gael   and    Gall.      By  George 

Sigerson,  M.D.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
"Done  into  English  after  the  metres  and 
modes  of  the  Gael."  Such  is  Dr.  Sigerson's 
description  of  his  editorial  achievement,  and 
it  must  be  admitted  that  the  description  is 
just.  Nothing  could  better  show  the  ad- 
vance in  Celtic  scholarship  which  has  fol- 
lowed the  discoveries  of  the  modern  group 
of  continental  philologists  and  British  and 
Irish  investigators  than  the  production  of 
an  anthology  so  representative,  so  careful, 
so  poetic.  Had  James  Macpherson  of 
"Fingalian"  fame  lived  at  the  present  day 
he  would  have  been  compelled  to  set  about 
learning  Gaelic,  instead  of  titillating  the 
taste  of  his  time  with  flowing  periphrasis. 
On  the  other  hand,  his  efforts  to  direct 
attention  to  the  treasures  of  his  native 
tongue  would  have  been  received  with 
respect,  and  no  lexicographers,  unless  Jamie- 
son  has  left  his  mantle  with  any  successor, 
would  go  about  to  beat  him.  Students  of 
the  most  moderate  attainment  in  (Celtic 
have  now  no  doubt  either  of  the  consider- 
able antiquity  or  the  poetic  merit  of  the 
numerous  MSS.  lately  given  to  the  world 
from  their  hiding  -  places  in  corners  of 
libraries  and  the  archives  of  continental 
monasteries.  Dr.  Cameron  by  his  redac- 
tion of  the  Dean's  Book  and  other  Scottish 
collections  has  thrown  a  flood  of  confirmatory 
light  on  Irish  learning  ;  and  historians,  who 
are  beginning  to  modify  their  sweeping 
generalizations  and  hard  -  and  -  fast  lines 
between  the  ethnical  elements  of  our  most 


250 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N%3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


composite  nationality,  no  longer  justify  the 
literary  neglect  which  has  overlooked  the 
influence  of  the  Celt  in  forming  the  metrical 
sj^stems  of  English  as  well  as  continental 
verse.  When  we  consider  how  very  largely 
Celtic  are  the  English-speaking  Lowlanders 
of  Scotland  ;  how  very  largely  Norse  are  the 
Gaelic-speaking  Highlanders  of  the  coast 
and  isles ;  how  meditcval  theories  of  the 
extei-miuation  of  the  Welsh  and  Picts  have 
hroken  down ;  how  important  and  how  per- 
manent was  the  Scandinavian  kingdom  in 
Ireland,  it  would  seem  strange  if  no  literary 
influence  was  exercised  by  the  older  upon 
the  newer  civilization,  in  spite  of  the  com- 
parative remoteness  of  their  linguistic  con- 
nexion. 

It  is  in  this  regard  that  we  think  Dr. 
Sigerson  has  done  good  service  in  his  learned 
introduction.  To  say  nothing  of  the  co- 
incidence of  the  Spanish  asonante,  or  imper- 
fect rhyme  confined  to  the  vowels,  with  the 
well-known  similar  practice  of  Irish  bards 
(may  not  the  Gaelic  usage  in  this  case  tend 
to  confirm  the  old  tradition  of  the  origin  of 
the  Milesian  Irish  ?),  our  author  cites  Vig- 
fusson's  theory  of  the  derivation  from  Celtic 
sources  of  "  Bragi's  innovation  of  the  line- 
rhyme,"  his  burdens  and  "kennings,"  or 
synonyms,  and  bases  an  ingenious  argu- 
ment on  the  monastic  Latin  versification  of 
the  Irish  monks  : — 

"Through  their  Latin  poetry,  and  especially 
their  hymns,  carried  abroad  over  Europe,  taught 
and  chanted  in  many  schools  and  monasteries, 
the  Irish  influenced  the  germinating  literatures 
of  Europe.  The  languages  developing  from  the 
Latin  were  naturally  directly  aflected." 

W^e  fear  that  few  readers  will  be  prepared 
to  trace  in  Cicero's  doggerel  lines  an  experi- 
ment in  Gaulish  verse-structure.  Yet  there 
is  in  them  a  remarkable  fulfilment  of  Gaelic 
metrical  requirements  : — 

fedant  arma  togcv 
/I'oncedat  Zaurea  ^inguce  : 
O  fortu«atam  watam 
Me  consule  i?omani. 

But  in  the  case  of  Sedulius  and  other  Irish 
hymn- writers  the  vowel  end-rhyme  and  sys- 
tematic alliteration  are  easily  traced.  In 
the  '  Hymn  of  Sedulius,'  says  the  author, 

"I   have   found   a    counter-test This,    with 

other  hymns,  came  under  the  Revisers  of  the 
Homan  Breviary  in  the  days  of  Urban  VIIL 
These  erudite  Latinists  took  in  hand  the  lines  : 

Parvoque  lacte  pa.i\.us  est 
Per  quern  nee  ales  esurit. 

They  are  perfect,  judged  by  the  bardic  standard. 
The  Latinists,  demurring  to  the  adjective, 
altered  the  first  line  thus  : — 

Bt  lacte  modico  pastus  est. 
By  so  doing  they  destroyed  the  careful  Celtic 
alliteration,  which  had  escaped  their  ears.     The 
Parisian  Latinists  made  a  yet  greater  change  :  — 

Et  indiget  lactis  cibo. 
This  annihilates  not  only  the  alliteration,  but 
the  end-rime. 

"Again,  let  us  take  another  instance.  The 
hymn  is  abecedarian— each  stanza  begins  with 
a  different  letter,  in  due  succession.  In  that 
beginning  with  /(  Seduhus  wrote  : — 

//ostis  //erodes  impie 
Christum  venire  quid  times, 
Aon  eripit  mortaha 
Qui  regtia  dat  ca-lestia. 

Erasmus  first,  and  the  Revisers  afterwards,  pro- 
tested that  'hostis,'  followed  by  'Herodes,' 
was  a  trochoeus,  and  should  not  be  found  in 
iambic  metre.  Arevalus  noted  later  that  the  h 
of  the  proper  name  being  aspirated  had  the 
force  of  a  consonant,  and  left  'hostis'  a 
spondee,  which  was  allowable.      The  Irishman 


afspirated  the  h,  the  Romans  occasionally  dropped 
it.  However,  the  revising  Latinists  thought  to 
set  things  right  by  a  few  touches.  Tliey  accom- 
plished this  : — 

Crudelis  Herodes  deum 
Kegum  venire  quid  limes. 

With  what  marvellous  rapidity  the  Irish  charac- 
teristics have  disappeared  !  The  alliterative 
structure  of  both  lines  is  destroyed,  and  the 
perfect  end -rime  rendered  imperfect.  The 
subtle  sound-echoes  whicli  charmed  the  bardic 
ear  are  expunged  in  order  to  satisfy  the  metrical 
Latin  ear.  It  is  as  if  an  artist,  imbued  with 
a  perfect  sense  of  form,  but  colour-blind,  pro- 
ceeded to  revise  the  drawing  in  another  artist's 
picture,  and  while  correcting  its  lines,  painted 
out  its  more  delicate  tints." 

It  seems  highly  probable  that  the  trans- 
fusion of  Celtic  forms  into  Latin  gave  hints 
not  only  to  the  troubadours,  but  to  Saxon 
and  High  German  writers  like  Aldhelm  and 
Otfried,  and  thus  indirectly  was  the  pre- 
cursor of  much  that  is  most  melodious  in 
our  English  verse. 

Among  numerous  instances  Dr.  Sigerson 
gives  Gawain  Douglas's 

Hay,  now  the  day  dawis, 
The  jollie  cock  craws. 
Now  shroud  is  the  shawis 

Throw  nature  anone  ; 
The  thrissel  cok  cryis 
On  lovers  wha  lyis, 
Now  skail  is  the  skyis, 

The  night  is  neir  gone, 

and  shows  the  stanza  to  be  identical  in 
structure  with  verses  from  the  '  Tfiin  Bo 
Cuailgne,'  redacted,  according  to  Zimmer, 
in  the  seventh  century.  In  addition  to  these 
dissertations  on  the  filiation  of  ancient  Irish 
with  modern  literature,  we  have  an  appen- 
dix in  which  an  ingenious  attempt  is  made 
to  throw  the  celebrated  Red  Branch  story 
of  the  Sons  of  Usnach  into  dramatic  form. 
Herein  the  author  is  at  issue  with  Dr.  Hyde 
and  other  writers,  who  have  generally  ac- 
knowledged that  drama  is  not  a  congenial 
form  of  Celtic  letters.  Another  suggestion, 
which  may  be  valuable,  is  the  derivation  of 
Ancient  Pistol's  "  Callino  custure  me" 
(Cailin  og  a  stor?)  and  Jaques's  "  Duc- 
dame"  from  the  burdens  of  Irish  songs, 
Ireland  thus  affording  a  mine  of  military 
slang,  like  that  derived  later  from  the  occu- 
pation of  the  Highlands  by  English  troops, 
and  from  India  at  the  present  day. 

These  suggestions  have  detained  us  from 
the  anthology  proper.  Herein  we  rejoice  to 
find  no  hypothetical  admission  of  English 
verse  on  the  strength  of  the  Celtic  deriva- 
tion of  an  author's  name.  AVith  the  ex- 
ception of  two  able  paraphrases  by  Dr. 
Sigerson  himself ,  which  conclude  the  volume, 
all  the  pieces  are  translations  from  the  Gaelic, 
free  indeed,  but  preserving  the  aroma  of 
the  original  music,  and  in  many  cases  the 
actual  metre,  mid-rhymes,  end- rhymes,  allite- 
ration, and  the  rest. 

Commencing  with  the  mysterious  piece 
in  conaclon,  or  initial  rhyme,  attributed  to 
Amergin  (the  form  was  used  and  claimed 
as  an  original  discovery  by  Marc  de  Papillon 
in  1597),  and  the  elegy  of  Lugai,  our  author 
takes  his  readers  through  twelve  periods, 
allotting  a  sei)arate  chajater  to  the  lullabies 
and  "  chanties,"  to  use  a  sailor's  term,  which 
are,  or  were  yesterday,  so  prevalent  both 
in  Ireland  and  the  Highlands.  The  Cuchullin 
period  is  illustrated  by  the  spirited  lilting 
defiance  of  Queen  Mave  in  the  original 
metre  : — 


Here,  if  come  King  Conor, 
Back  shall  turn  his  banner, 
Low  shall  lie  his  honour, 

Vanquished  shall  ho  be; 

and  by  the  beautiful  Scottish  lay  of 
Deirdre :  — 

lonmhuin  tir,  an  tir  ud  shoir, 
"  Glen  Itty  "  for  "  Loch  Eitche,"  and  "  Glen 
Lay"  for  "Glen  Caen,"  differentiating  the 
version  from  that  in  Cameron's  '  Reliquia).' 
"  Binn  guth  duine  an  tir  an  oir,"  attri- 
buted, like  so  many  more,  to  Ossian,  is  a 
favourable  specimen  of  very  literal  and 
spirited  translation.  The  melancholy  dirge 
of  "  Oisin  an  deigh  na  Feinne,"  "Is  fada 
nochd  na  neula  fionn,"  is  also  excellent,  if 
a  little  too  concentrated.  One  misses  the 
point  of 

Gun  chion  air  suirghidh  no  air  seilg 
All  da  cheird  re  an  rohh  mi. 

Bran's  picture  of  the  Isle  of  Delight  is  an 
apt  outcome  of  "The  Christian  Dawn,"  and 
it  may  be  said  generally  that  the  religious 
element  in  the  Celtic  nature  is  beautifully 
expressed,  though  Cailte's  devotion  has  a 
touch  of  pagan  savagery  : — 

Thanks  unto  the  King  of  Heaven 
And  the  Virgin's  son  be  given  ; 
Many  men  have  I  made  still, 
Who  this  night  are  very  chill — 

a  comfortable  reflection  on  a  winter  night. 
Dr.  Sigerson  characteristically  claims  St. 
Columba  as  "  the  inventor  of  the  rondeau  " 
on  the  strength  of  his  notice  of  '  The  Fall 
of  the  Book-satchels '  on  Longarad's  death. 
Among  later  lyrics  '  The  Failing  Art,' 
'  Mairg  duine  a  chaill  a  ghuth,'  is  a  pathetic 
anticipation  of  '  The  Light  that  Failed.' 
Donnachadh  Mor,  of  Lennox,  wrote  in  the 
fourteenth  century  : — 

Grieve  for  him  whose  voice  is  o'er 
When  called  once  more  to  meet  with  men  ; 

Him  whose  words  come  slow  as  sighs, 
Who  ever  tries,  and  fails  again. 

It  will  be  seen  that  besides  Scottish  authors 
naturalized  Norseman  and  Norman  (the 
Gall  of  the  title-page)  are  laid  under  con- 
tribution. 

There  is  a  Teutonic  ring  about  '  The  Sea- 
Maiden's  Vengeance ': — 

A  great  gallant  king  of  yore 
Ruled  shore  and  sea  of  Erin  ; 

and  "  Gerroyd  Erie,"  the  fourth  Earl  of 
Desmond,  is  responsible  for  a  satire  upon, 
women  rather  foreign  in  spirit  to  the  usual 
Celtic  attitude  towards  the  sex. 

When  we  arrive  at  such  late  epochs  as  the 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries,  there 
is  much  less  concentration  and  simplicity 
of  thought,  though  the  melody  of  the  love- 
songs  and  patriotic  outbursts  is  rich  in  its 
redundance.  Political  repression  seems  to 
have  forced  a  torrent  of  energy  through  the 
outlet  of  vernacular  verse.  No  better  ex- 
ample of  the  lively  variations  of  the  modern 
Irish  stave,  nor  of  the  ambition  of  the  trans- 
lator in  the  difficult  task  of  reproducing  its 
metrical  transitions  in  English,  can  be  found 
than  in  the  celebrated  O'Carolan's  '  Mabel 
ni  Kelly.'  Another  typical  love-song,  in  the 
minor  key,  is  the  anonymous  '  Love's  Last 
Appeal,'  to  the  air  of  '  Caislean  ui  Neill '  : 

You  promised  me  purely 

You  'd  love  me  while  green  grasses  grew, 
You  promised  me,  surely, 

One  Home  between  me,  Love,  and  you. 
My  woe  on  that  even 

When  I  gave  up  my  heart  unto  thee, 
0  black,  O  bitter  grieving— 

The  World  's  between  you,  Love,  and  me  ! 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


251 


The  temptation  to  quote  is  great ;  let  us 
liope  that  our  citations  may  induce  lovers 
of  English  letters  to  investigate  a  buried 
language  which  once  lived  and  vivified  our 


own. 


The   Jubilee    Book    of    CricM.     By    K.    S. 
Eanjitsinhji.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

Peince  Eanjitsiniiji's  book  should  have 
more  than  a  succes  cVestime,  though  it  has 
an  extrinsic  interest  which  might  well  have 
made  a  worse  one  readable ;  for  that  a 
cricketer  of  such  prowess  should  hail  from 
the  Eaj  Kumar  college,  and  should  have 
so  completely  identified  himself  with  the 
sporting  spirit  of  Englishmen,  is  a  happ}' 
example  of  wholesome  solidarity  of  feel- 
ing. In  spite  of  recurring  and  present 
hints  that  our  dominion  in  India  is  always 
threatened  in  one  or  other  outlying  quarter, 
and  that  our  best  efforts  cannot  recon- 
cile the  Oriental  masses  to  all  our  Western 
ways,  it  is  of  hopeful  augury  for  the  eventual 
if  slow  development  of  a  consolidated  and 
contented  India  that  so  manly  and  sym- 
pathetic a  spirit  should  be  found  among 
its  native  aristocracy. 

As  a  handbook  of  the  game  the  work 
deserves  study,  and  by  none  will  it  be  found 
more  acceptable  than  by  those  whom  age  pre- 
vents from  any  longer  coming  down  on  a  leg- 
shooter,  and  who  here  will  find  a  detailed 
history  of  the  modifications  of  the  national 
pastime  throughout  the  past  three  decades. 
To  such  it  may  prove  interesting  to  learn  the 
developments  which  have  followed  the  in- 
creasing accuracy  of  the  wicket;  the  tendency 
of  the  overhand  bowlers  of  the  day  to  con- 
fine their  strategy  to  the  off,  the  flank 
movement,  as  in  more  serious  tactics,  super- 
seding the  frontal  attack ;  the  disuse  as 
a  rule  of  leg-hitting  and  the  leg-shooter 
aforesaid ;  and  the  practice,  now  become 
scientific,  of  the  "pull"  and  the  "hook," 
as  well  as  the  reappearance  of  the  "glance," 
a  stroke  which  seems  the  modern  equivalent 
of  the  once  favourite,  but  long  antiquated 
"draw."  Boys  and  their  coaches  will 
find  sage  hints  in  the  matters  of  equipment 
and  the  limits  of  exercise,  and  the  adult  and 
active  cricketer  exhaustive  direction  and 
classical  example,  furnishing  him  in  a  lucid 
and  agreeable  form  with  as  much  instruction 
as  can  be  derived  in  any  athletic  pursuit  from 
the  written  word  of  wisdom.  Few  topics  are 
more  justly  insisted  on  than  the  importance 
of  fielding  and  bowling  practice,  which 
amateurs  are  too  apt  to  shirk.  Fielding, 
which  "  to  a  certain  extent  turns  bad  bowl- 
ing into  good  and  makes  good  bowling 
better,"  is,  we  learn,  "  much  neglected  at 
the  Public  Schools,  more  at  the  Universities, 
and  more  still  in  county  cricket."  That  in 
bowling  the  amateur  should  be  so  far 
behind  the  professional  is  a  real  danger  to 
the  future  participation  of  the  former  in 
first-class  cricket.  The  author  showed  the 
other  day  that  he  had  himself  put  his 
maxims  into  practice  and  a  sensible  and 
characteristic  suggestion  of  his  is  the  im- 
portance of  making  net-practice  a  careful 
exercise  in  this  part  of  the  game.  Not  the 
least  useful  feature  of  the  book  is  the  series 
of  plans  of  the  field  adapted  to  the  bowl- 
ing of  fast,  medium,  and  slow  bowlers,  from 
the  right  hand  and  the  left,  and  on  fast  and 
slow,  dry  and  wet,  "crumbling"  and  "fiery" 


wickets  respectively.  A  typical  innings, 
conducted  under  veiled  names  by  the  prin- 
cipal batsmen  of  the  day,  illustrates  adroitly 
the  utility  and  the  variations  of  the  plans. 
The  chapter  on  batting,  naturally  most 
interesting  from  such  an  exponent  ("A 
well-timed  late  cut  is  as  sweet  a  thing  as 
there  is.  A  big  drive,  clean  and  true,  gives 
a  satisfaction  that  cannot  be  expressed  in 
words"),  is  followed  by  dissertations  on 
"captaincy"  and  "umpiring."  We  are 
glad  to  note  in  the  chapter  on  Oxford 
cricket,  by  Prof.  "Tommy"  Case, _  who 
waxes  quite  dithyrambic  on  the  merits  of 
his  favourite  game,  a  just  tribute  to  the 
excellence  as  a  captain  of  the  veteran  Mr. 
E.  A.  H.  Mitchell.  In  the  Professor's 
opinion,  endorsed  by  his  editor,  "  he  was 
probably  the  greatest  university  bat  "  down 
to  his  own  period,  "  and  before  the  appear- 
ance of  Mr.  Grace  the  best  gentleman  bat 
in  England."  Instances  of  his  judgment 
as  a  captain  are  supplied  from  the  Professor's 
own  experience.  Long  may  Eton  enjoy  the 
counsel  of  one  of  the  most  loyal  of  her  sons  ! 

Mr.  W.  J.  Ford  is  responsible  for  a  good 
summary  of  Cambridge  annals ;  and  various 
writers  have  assisted  in  contributing 
chapters  on  the  public  schools.  A  delicate 
matter  in  regard  to  university  cricket  is 
touched  on  in  the  vexed  question  of  the 
strategy  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  in  1893 
and  1896.  Is  it,  not  within  the  laws,  but 
within  the  ethics  of  cricket,  to  bat  or  bowl 
badly  for  an  object  ?  So  asks  Mr.  Case,  and 
he  observes  that  the  keenness  of  competi- 
tion is  slowly  changing  a  pleasant  game 
into  a  serious  business.  Obstructing  the 
ball  with  the  legs,  we  should  have  thought, 
raises  a  similar  ethical  question  ;  but  we 
find  our  author  regards  it  as  fair.  The 
democratizing,  in  a  bad  sense,  of  the  game 
by  the  spectacular  necessities  of  modern 
county  cricket  has  tendencies  which  must 
be  checked  by  those  who  would  preserve 
its  ancient  and  honest  fame.  The  old 
cricketing  spirit,  however,  breathes  plea- 
santly in  these  pages,  which,  if  somewhat 
diffuse,  are  clearly  and  agreeably  written. 
We  trust  the  writer's  "  heavy  brain- work" 
in  this  book  may  not,  as  he  hints,  be  incom- 
patible with  his  best  form  in  the  cricket 
field.  It  would  be  a  public  misfortune, 
though  as  regards  himself  he  remarks, 
"  Misfortune  is  proverbially  good  _  for 
people,  if  not  taken  in  too  large  quantities." 

Some  hundred  and  thirty  illustrations 
adorn  the  book,  but  why  does  Mr.  H.  D.  G. 
Leveson-Gower  stand  on  his  head  to  make 
"  a  push-stroke  in  the  slips  "  ?  Bad  sewing 
and  no  index  are  faults  that  should  be 
remedied  in  a  second  edition. 


Letters  of  Sir  Thomas  Copley.  Edited,  with 
an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  E.  Copley 
Christie.  (Printed  at  the  Chiswick  Press.) 
TnoMAS  Copley  was  not  a  man  of  light  or 
leading,  but  he  is  worth  attention  as  a  type 
of  the  Eoman  Catholic  gentry  who  suf- 
fered in  the  sixteenth  century  from  the 
political  fears  and  theological  animosity 
of  Lord  Burleigh.  The  only  peculiarity 
of  his  story — and  it  is  certainly  noteworthy 
— is  that  he  reversed  the  common  move- 
ment, and  after  being  a  strong  Protestant 
in  Mary's  reign  he  became  a  Eoman  Catho- 
lic  in  Elizabeth's.     To   Elizabeth,  indeed, 


he  was  related.  His  father  was  a  cousin 
of  Anne  Boleyn,  and  had  been  a  knight 
servitor  at  her  coronation ;  the  Earl  of 
Wiltshire  was  his  godfather.  His  aunt 
too,  Bridget,  was  in  the  service  of  the  Lady 
Elizabeth  from  the  time  she  was  an  infant, 
and  almost  the  first  mention  there  exists  of 
Thomas  Copley  is  that  in  the  last  Parlia- 
ment of  Mary  he  stood  up  for  the  rights 
of  his  kinswoman  to  the  succession  to 
tho  throne  so  hotly  that  he  was  com- 
mitted to  the  custody  of  the  Sergeant- 
at-Arms.  Three  years  afterwards  the  new 
queen  was  godmother  to  his  first  child, 
and  he  appears  to  have  stood  well  with  her 
until  in  1562  he  changed  his  religion. 
According  to  Father  Parsons,  it  was  the 
reading  of  Jewel's  '  Apology '  which  first 
altered  his  views — he  found  it  so  unsatis- 
factory that  he  was  shaken  in  his  Protestant 
opinions ;  but  it  is  more  likely  that  it  was 
the  influence  of  his  wife,  who  was  a  fervent 
adherent  of  the  old  religion,  and  of  his 
many  Eoman  Catholic  relatives  that 
brought  about  the  change ;  still,  whatever 
the  cause  was,  it  was  not  long  before  he 
felt  the  drawbacks  of  his  new  creed.  In 
1568  Silva  reports  that  Copley  has  been 
imprisoned  at  the  same  time  as  Eoper, 
Sir  Thomas  More's  son-in-law,  was  called 
before  the  Council.  Although  he  was  speedily 
released  Copley  took  the  precaution  of  vest- 
ing his  estates  in  trustees  ;  but  in  1570,  pro- 
bably when  the  publication  of  the  Pope's 
Bull  had  stimulated  Cecil  to  fresh  measures 
of  repression,  he  quitted  England  so  hurriedly 
that  he  had  to  borrow  money  to  pay  the  ex- 
penses of  his  journey. 

It  is  pretty  clear  from  the  tone  of  these 
letters,  and  from  his  subsequent  career, 
that  Copley  was  not  at  all  the  sort  of  man 
to  prove  formidable  either  as  a  rebel  or 
a  conspirator.  He  was  obviously  neither 
able  nor  energetic ;  he  was  not  ambitious, 
he  was  wealthy,  and  what  he  wanted  was 
to  be  let  alone,  to  live  quietly  on  his  estates, 
and  to  amuse  himself  with  music  and  build- 
ing as  he  had  done  before.  If  Elizabeth 
had  knighted  him  for  his  advocacy  of  her 
rights,  he  would  have  probably  been  quite 
willing  to  pay  moderate  fines  for  not  going 
to  church,  and  would  not  have  stirred  a 
finger  in  politics.  But  he  was  driven 
abroad  by  the  tyranny  of  the  Government ; 
Lord  Howard  of  Effingham,  who  was  his 
foe  because  he  had  not  become  his  (Lord 
Howard's)  son-in-law,  stripped  his  house 
at  Gatton ;  the  transference  of  his  property 
to  trustees  was  set  aside  as  fraudulent,  and 
he  was  not  allowed  to  receive  any  of  the 
revenue  of  his  estates. 

Such  treatment  as  this  was  well  fitted  to 
turn  its  victim  into  an  active  malcontent ;  but 
it  did  not  have  that  effect.  Copley  seems  to 
have  kept  aloof  from  his  fellow  refugees  in 
the  Netherlands,  although  his  high  con- 
nexions made  him  an  important  person 
among  them,  and  Burleigh's  spies  were  un- 
able to  report  that  he  was  conspiring ;  but 
in  1574  his  narrow  circumstances  forced  him 
to  take  service  with  Philip  II.,  who  bestowed 
on  him  a  pension  of  60  ducats  a  month, 
Eequesens  (or  "  Eequescens,"  as  Mr. 
Christie  prefers  to  spell  the  name)  issued 
letters  of  marque  to  him,  and  he  also  saw 
service  on  land;  but  he  had  had  no  ex- 
perience of  warfare  and  probably  possessed 
no  talent  for  it,  and  seems  to  have  given 


252 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°3643,  Aug.  21, '97 


it  up  in  less  than  two  j-ears,  althoup^li 
he  was  present  in  1579  at  the  storming 
of  Maastricht,  and  was  horrified  by  the 
cruelty  of  the  Spaniards  on  that  occasion. 
Burleigh  was,  however,  afraid  of  him,  and 
offered  to  make  him  an  allowance  out  of  his 
estates  if  he  would  retire  into  Germany,  but 
that  Copley  did  not  care  to  do.  "  Ger- 
manie,"  he  said, 

"shoold  be  to  mee  the  most  uncomfortable  by 
reason  of  the  farr  distance  from  my  naturall 
cowntrey,  groscness  of  the  language  (which  I 
neither  understand  nor  care  to  lerne),  and 
diversite  of  manners  and  customs  not  most 
allowable  or  agreable  with  ours." 

He  was  subsequently  induced  to  go  to 
France  under  a  promise  that  an  income 
should  be  allowed  him ;  but  when  he  got 
there  Burleigh  broke  his  word  and  sent 
nothing.  Copley  paid  a  visit  to  Spain,  and 
he  was  knighted  and  made  a  baron  by 
Henri  III. ;  but  ultimately  he  returned  to 
the  Netherlands,  and  died  in  Parma's  camp 
before  Antwerp  in  September,  1584. 

Copley's  letters  are  rather  long-winded, 
yet  there  is  undeniable  pathos  in  them.  He 
was  a  much-injured  man.  Ho  was  evidently 
honest  and  sincere,  and  would  have  been 
a  loyal  subject  of  Elizabeth's  if  she  had 
allowed  him ;  but  she  denounced  him  to 
Eequesens  as  a  dangerous  rebel,  and  this 
at  the  time  when  she  had  the  effrontery 
to  tell  him  that  the  Prince  of  Orange  and 
the  Dutch  were  not  rebels,  "but  faithful 
subjects  of  His  Majesty." 

Mr.  Christie  has  edited  his  ancestor's 
letters  for  the  Roxburghe  Club  with  cha- 
racteristic care  and  learning.  He  has 
diligently  studied  the  pedigree  of  the 
Copleys,  and  his  introduction  shows  how 
much  he  has  discovered  since  he  wrote  the 
article  on  Copley  in  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'  Needless  to  say  the 
bibliographical  notes  are  exceptionallj'  good. 


Sources  for  Greek  Rktory  (b.c.  If80~35). 
Arranged  by  G.  F.  Hill.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

This  very  well  printed  book  is  full  of 
valuable  information  and  is  constructed 
upon  an  excellent  general  idea — that  of 
giving  the  modern  student  a  conspectus  of 
the  sources  from  which  our  Greek  histories 
must  be  compiled.  Theodor  Mommsen's 
fashion  of  giving  his  own  strong  inter- 
pretation of  the  facts,  without  citing  more 
than  stray  authorities,  is  not  to  be  com- 
mended as  a  model.  Consequently  it  is  most 
desirable  that  for  a  period  such  as  that 
between  the  Persian  and  Peloponnesian  wars, 
concerning  which  much  has  been  written 
and  little  is  known,  we  should  have  a 
book  which  sets  in  order  the  authorities  and 
gives  us  the  references  in  a  handy  form. 
This  Mr.  Hill  has  done  with  discretion  and 
with  care.  But  as  he  desires  to  have  criti- 
cisms regarding  his  selection  and  arrange- 
ment, such  as  occur  to  us,  may  he  stated. 

In  the  first  place  we  have  never  yet 
seen  a  learned  book  on  the  study  of  Greek 
history  which  presupposed  that  the  stu- 
dent possesses  no  library.  It  is,  we  know 
a  modern  theory  among  the  lower  classes, 
fostered  by  recent  legislation,  that  educa- 
tion is  to  be  a  source  of  profit  only,  not  of 
outlay.  But  Mr.  Hill  can  hardly  share 
such   views.     Why   then   does   he   presup- 


pose his  reader  to  possess  only  three  Greek 
books — Herodotus,  Thucydides,  and  the  new 
'  Polity  of  the  Athenians,'  called  Aristotle's  ? 
To  these  he  is  content  to  furnish  references  ; 
all  other  Greek  texts  are  cited  in  full.     But 
surely  it  were  better  and  more  reasonable  to 
tell  the  student  at  the  outset  that  he  must 
spend  a  few  shillings  on  acquiring  Greek 
texts,  if  he  desires  to  study  Greek  history. 
There  are  now  handy  and  cheap  editions  of 
all  these  books  in  the  Teubner  series,  and 
five  pounds  would  more  than  supply  him. 
Why  should  he  start  without  at  least  possess- 
ing Aristotle's  '  Politics,'  Plutarch's  '  Lives,' 
Diodorus's  '  History '  ?     Is  he  to  purchase 
no  text  of   Xenophon's  tracts    or  history? 
At  the  very  outset  of  his  preface  Mr.  Hill 
rightly  says  that  the  excerpted  form  is  not 
the  best  for  judging  an  authority.    To  insist 
upon  a  constant  handling  of  the  full  Greek 
texts   is  surely  the  best  training  a  student 
can  get.      On  the  other  hand,   it  is    both 
right    and    practical    that    allusions    from 
Demosthenes,    Isocrates,    the     scholia    on 
Pindar,  &c.,  should  be  given  in   excerpts, 
for  these  books  are  not  professed  history, 
and  their  use  for  this  purpose  is  only  casual. 
But  it  may  be  urged  against  our  criticism 
that  if   all  the  passages   from  second-rate 
authors  are  printed  in  full,  this  method  only 
gives  the  i-eader  more  than  was  necessary, 
and    at    least    will     save     some    younger 
students  a  great  deal  of  trouble.  This  argu- 
ment could   no  doubt  be  urged  if    all  the 
requisite   information    on    the   inscriptions 
and    other  recondite  texts  here   given  had 
been    found    in    the     book,    whereas    the 
quantity  of  Diodorus,  Plutarch,  &c.,  printed 
in  full  has  swelled  out  the  volume  and  left 
no  room  for  really  vital  explanations.     We 
are  unable  to  conceive  what  kind  of  reader 
Mr.  Hill  has  before  his  mind's  eye.     If  this 
reader   is   indeed   able   to  understand   the 
"  quota  lists,"  the  stray  and  broken  texts  in 
curious  dialects,   the   justice  of   the   many 
supplements  made  by  the  learned  when  the 
stone  is  broken,  then  surely  he  must  already 
be  an  accomplished  scholar  and  in  no  need 
of  excerpts  from  ordinary  texts.     But  if  he 
be  a  sixth-form  boy  or  an  undergraduate, 
or  even  a  young  Fellow  of  his  college  com- 
mencing to  teach  classes  in  Greek,  he  will 
find  this  volume  full  of  enigmas,  often  with- 
out the  smallest  indication  of  the  solutions, 
or  with   mere  references  to  the  expensive 
foreign   works  where  the  solution   can   be 
found.  Neither  is  there  the  smallest  attempt 
made  to  sift  the  various  kinds  of  evidence, 
or  to  sort  them  according  to  their  respective 
value.     Let  us  justify  this  our  complaint  by 
giving  a  couple  of  instances. 

The  very  first  text  quoted  is  entitled 
"The  Tripod  at  Delphoi,"  and  then  follow 
a  list  of  names,  and  below  a  set  of  archaic 
letters.  The  reader  must  look  up  the 
reference  to  Dittenberger,  '  Sylloge  In- 
scriptionum,'  or  the  German  article  of 
Fabricius  in  the  Jahrhich  des  Jiais. 
deufscheti  Instituis,  to  find  out  that  the 
tripod  is  not  at  Delphi  at  all,  but  in  the 
hippodrome  at  Constantinople ;  that  if  he 
goes  there,  he  will  not  be  able  to  discern  a 
single  letter  of  the  inscription ;  also  that 
the  archaic  letters  given  are  intended  as  a 
specimen  of  the  alphabet  employed,  and  are 
an  additional  evidence  of  the  date  of  the 
monument.  On  p.  27  (to  choose  almost  at 
random)  there  is  a  long  text  in  a  kind  of 


Greek  which  the  ordinary  scholar  has  never 
seen,  and  which  is,  therefore,  quite  untrans- 
latable  by  him.     What   help    does  he  get 
from  the  note  (p.  28):   "  Valde  incerta  ha;c 
esse  fatendum  est,  sed  magis  etiani  incerta 
quae     sequuntur,     &c.    (Kirchhoff)"?      On 
p.  18  we  have  (No.  76),  under  the  heading 
"  Assessment  by  the  Council,"  the  following: 
"  [TToAes   a?  e]  /Soke   Kal  ol  TrevTaK6crio\_i.  .  .  | 
.  .  .€r]axo-ai'."     By  what  right,  the  innocent 
student   would    ask,    are    these    important 
supplements  (between  the  brackets)  put  in? 
How  are  we  to  know  they  are  not  simply 
inventions  of  to-day  ?     Many  of  the  texts  in 
this  connexion  (e.ff.,  Nos.  72,  73)  are  broken 
and  spoilt  beyond  all  recognition,  except  for 
men  like  U.  Kohler.  But  here  not  a  word  of 
help  is  vouchsafed  to  make  us  understand  his 
resuscitation  of  the  sense.    No.  152  (p.  34) 
is   another   kindred    specimen.     We    have 
already  mentioned  the   quota   lists    which 
occupy    pp.    43-81,    and     which     are,    of 
course,    highly    important.     But    a     page 
of       explanation      is      a      crying      want. 
Similarlj'   there   is    an  epigram  on  p.   105 
(No.  101),  most  of  which  is  modern  restora- 
tion.    Is  such  a  text  decent  historical  evi- 
dence?    In  the  same  chapter  (p.  Ill)  we 
have,  under  the  heading  "  Alliance  with  the 
Phokians,"  a  text  in  which  the  word  Phocians 
only  occurs  in  the  filling  up  of  a  gap  by  an 
editor  !     Of  course  there  may  be  arguments 
to  defend  such  restorations,  but  till  we  have 
them  before  us    and  can  weigh  them  we 
must  regard  such  evidence  as  quite  worth- 
less.    Hundreds  of  such  instances  occur  in 
the  book,  of  which  many  could  be  turned 
into  useful  matter  by  a  few  quotations  from 
the  editors  of  the  '  C.  I.  A.'  or  '  C.  I.  G.,'  or 
the  learned  periodicals,  French  and  German, 
in  which  the  texts  first  occur.     These  are, 
indeed,  the    costly  books    or    the    foreign 
books  which  an  English  student  might  be 
unable  to  buy  or  to  read. 

Apart  from  these  defects  of  plan 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  valuable 
and  patient  learning  in  the  book,  and 
we  trust  Mr.  Hill  will  not  consider  our 
strictures  betray  a  carping  spirit.  Hardly 
any  mistakes  have  struck  us  in  our  perusal. 
The  texts  on  pp.  111-2  relate  to  events 
subsequent  to  the  limits  prescribed  by  the 
book.  On  p.  183  there  is  quoted  a  scholion 
on  Plato's  '  Gorgias '  which  we  are  quite 
unable  to  translate  (on  the  /leo-ov  tcixos  of 
the  long  walls  at  Athens).  When  discussing 
Colon's  dedications  the  author  ought  surely 
to  have  cited  the  famous  bronze  of  Poly- 
zalus  with  its  inscription,  recently  found 
at  Delphi,  and  published  by  M.  Homolle. 
We  trust  Mr.  Hill  may  soon  give  his  readers 
another  volume  of  the  same  kind,  in  which 
ho  will  presuppose  more  books  and  less 
archfcological  learning  in  his  readers' 
possession.       

NEW  NOVELS. 

Afi  Altruist.     By  Ouida.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

The  well-born  young  man  who  is  afflicted 
with  an  absolute  faith  in  the  virtue  of  Karl 
Marx's  views  on  property  and  its  incidents  is 
not  a  particularly  encouraging  subject  for  the 
novelist.  The  volume  entitled  '  An  Altruist ' 
is  fortunately  short  enough  to  be  without 
division  into  chapters.  It  recounts  in  a 
somewhat  dull  and  didactic  tone  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  young  Socialist  with  his  friends 


N''3C43,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


253 


and  relatives,  -with,  two  young  ladies  in  dif- 
ferent stations  of  life,  and  with  a  large  and 
unexpected  legacy.  The  time  occupied  by 
the  story  seems  to  be  limited  to  two  or 
three  days  of  contemporary  life ;  but  this 
fact  hardly  justifies  the  use  of  the  present 
tense  throughout  the  narrative  portions  of 
the  volume.     Thus  :  — 

"He  advances  on  Bertram,  -whirling  his 
horsewhip  with  a  broken  lash  above  his  head. 
Bertram  eyes  him  calmly,  remembers  old  Oxford 
rows,  straightens  his  arm  and  meets  him  with 
a  scientific  blow,  which  sends  him  backward  on 
the  floor." 

This  method  of  narration  is  maintained  con- 
sistently throughout  the  little  book,  and 
many  readers  will  find  it  an  extremely  irri- 
tating feature.  The  story  is  in  fact  a 
serious  effort  to  controvert  the  principles  of 
Socialism;  and  the  object  or  moral  of  the 
story  is  so  obvious  as  to  defeat  the  literary 
interest  of  the  book  as  fiction.  It  may  also 
ibe  noticed  that  the  book  is  signed  by  the 
writer  at  the  conclusion  of  the  last  page. 


jRose  of  Dutclier's  Coolly.     By  Hamlin  Gar- 
land.    (Beeman.) 
Mr.    Hamlin    Garland's     novel     exhibits 
qualities  not  alwaj's  noticeable  in  American 
novels.    It  is  more  robust  and  less  imitative 
than  a  good  many  of  them.     The  author  is 
not  self-conscious,  he  has  humour  of  a  deeper 
kind   than    the    ordinary   facetiousness    of 
American  humourists,  his  studies  of  farm  life 
in  Wisconsin  and  of  town  life  in  Chicago 
are  unaffected  and  tliorough,  and  his  delinea- 
tion of  human  character  in  all  the  varieties 
he  has  chosen  to   depict   is  firm  and  sym- 
pathetic.     His  writing  discloses,   but  does 
not  display,  his  very  considerable  knowledge 
and  culture.     His  heroine  is  a  fine  creature, 
calmly  conscious  of  her  superiority,  as  noble 
natures  should  be.     She  is  described  with 
some  care,  and,  except  in  certain  particulars, 
not  with  undue  minuteness  of  detail ;    but 
her  portrait  is  not  very  successful.     It  sets 
one  trying  to  form  some  mental  picture  of 
her,  and  the  mere  fact  that  one  is  conscious 
of  the  effort  is  enough  to  show  that  some- 
thing is  wanting.      The  picture  should  be 
forced  upon  the  reader ;    but,   on  the  con- 
trary, one  fails  to  get  any  vivid  idea  of  the 
girl.       She    is    meant   to    be    exceedingly 
attractive,  and  one  labours  without  success 
to  be  smitten  by  her  charms.     Mr.  Garland 
has  much  to  learn  in  the  matter  of  style. 
In  his  earlier  chapters  he  narrowly  escapes 
being  ridiculous,  as   when  he  says  of   his 
Hose:     "In   summer   she   patted   away   to 
school,  clad  only  in  a  gingham  dress,  white 
«ntrimmed  pantalets,  and  a  straw  hat  that 
"was  made  feminine  by  a  band  of  gay  ribbon." 
But  now   and  again  he  writes   a   striking 
sentence:     "Once  a  glittering  rattle-snake 
lying  in  the  sun  awoke,  and  slipped  under 
a  stone  like  a  stream  of  golden  oil,  and  the 
child  shrank  against   her  father's  thigh  in 
horror."     The  heroine's  childhood  is  treated 
at  too  great  length.      The   descriptions  of 
farm   lit^    are   vigorous,    and   not   without 
touches   which   might   be    attributed   to   a 
study  of  Mr.  Hardy ;   but  Mr.  Garland  has 
not  yet  shaken  himself  free  from  American- 
isms.   Eose's  aspirations  are  towards  litera- 
ture,  and   especially   poetry.      The   author 
wisely    refrains     from     quoting    her,    and 
cleverly  succeeds  in  suggesting  the  genius 
that  might  be  discovered    in    her  verses. 


Lovers  she  has  in  plenty,  but  her  aspirations 
keep  her  free.  Ultimately,  however,  she  is 
captured  by  the  editor  of  a  Chicago  paper. 
One  feels  this  is  a  tame  conclusion,  espe- 
cially as  this  "  great  editor,"  as  he  is  called, 
is  made  to  say  in  one  of  his  bits  of  conversa- 
tion that  in  1920  Chicago  will  be  "the 
mightiest  center  of  the  English-speaking 
race."  If  this  was  the  sort  of  stuff  the  great 
editor  put  into  his  paper,  one  can  hardly 
feel  that  the  heroine  worked  out  her  aspi- 
rations to  a  splendid  climax.  But  the 
editor  is  a  good,  honest  creature,  and  pos- 
sibly Mr.  Garland  himself  intends  to  imply 
that  the  end  is  commonplace,  that  woman's 
highest  aim  is  marriage,  and  that  even  a 
poetess  reaches  a  sublime  goal  if  she  suc- 
ceeds in  marrying  a  good,  honest  sort  of 
a  fellow. 


LOCAL   HISTORY. 


The  Rev.  W.  Hudson,  the  author  of  How  the 
City   of  Norwich    grew    into    Shape:    being    an 
Attempt  to  trace  out  the  Topographical  History  of 
the  City  from  Primitive  Times  till  its  Enclosure 
with  a  Wall  in  the   Thirteenth   Century     (Nor- 
wich, Goose),   has    gained    fur  himself   a    high 
reputation  as  an  explorer  in  the  well- worked, 
but  apparently  inexhaustible  field  of    Norfolk 
county  archiieology.     But  he  has  not  only  shown 
himself    to    possess    those   gifts   which   qualify 
a  man  to  take  rank  as  an  industrious  antiquary, 
he  possesses  also  the  far  greater  capacities  which 
alone   enable   a   man    to   deal    with  the   larger 
problems   of   history.      The    volume    which    he 
edited  for  the  Selden   Society  in   1892  on  the 
'  Leet  Jurisdiction  in  the  City  of  Norwich  during 
the  Thirteenth   and    Fourteenth    Centuries  '  is 
a  solid  and  valuable  contribution  to  our  know- 
ledge of    legal    and  municipal   development  in 
the  Middle  Ages  ;  and  the  volume  now  before 
us  may  be  described  as  an  historical  atlas  illus- 
trative of  the  origin,  growth,  and  building  up 
of  one  of  the  most  interesting  cities  in  Great 
Britain,  from  the  times  anterior  to  the  invasion 
of  Julius  Caesar  down  to  the  days  when  Norwich 
was  surrounded  with  a  wall — fragments  of  which 
still  remain — and  when  it  was  divided  into  four 
great  wards,  which  were  really  the  municipal 
divisions  for  electoral  purposes,  and  into  twelve 
subdivisions  which  were  administered  as  "magis- 
terial "   districts  by   the   city  aldermen.      The 
steps  whereby  the  constitution  of  the  city  com- 
munity advanced  from  chaos,  through  Roman, 
Anglian,  Norman,  and  subsequent  times,  till  it 
arrived  at  the  form  of  government  which  the 
legislation  of  the  present  century  swept  away, 
are    explained   in   a   masterly  manner   by   Mr. 
Hudson  in  the  text  of  this  monograph  ;  and  the 
maps  exhibit  at  a  glance  the  effects  produced 
by  the  successive  changes  which  were  brought 
about.     It  may  be  doubted  whether  any  other 
city  in  the  empire  can  produce  so  satisfactory, 
so  lucid,  and  so  readable  a  summary  of  its  histo- 
rical geography,  or,  if  you  will,  its  geographical 
history,  as  Mr.   Hudson  has  drawn  up  in   this 
five-shilling  quarto,  of  little  more  than  seventy 
pages,  for  the  city  of  Norwich.     The  work  is 
quite   unique  in  design,    and   so   admirable   in 
execution  that  it  is  hard  to  see  how  it  can  ever 
be  superseded  ;  but  it  is  not  unlikely  to  serve 
as  a  model  for  chivalrous  antiquaries  in  many 
another  of  our  important  old  towns  to  follow, 
and  to  endeavour  to  emulate,  in  the  near  future. 
Mr.    Hudson   had,  we   believe,    no    connexion 
with  Norfolk  or  Norwich  when  he  accepted  a 
wretched   little  benefice    in   the   city   in  1873, 
which  he  served  faithfully  and  at  some  annual 
expense    to     himself    for    twenty    years.       Is 
there  something    peculiar   about    the    Norfolk 
air   that    it    seems    to    exercise    a    fascinating 
influence  upon  whosoever  breathes  it,  and    so 
often  converts  him,  he  knows  not  how,  into  an 
enthusiastic  archteologist  ? 


The  Old  LnJgings  of  Stirling,  by  J.  S.  Flem- 
ing (Stirling,  Mackay),  is  a  successful  attempt 
to  do  for  Stirling  what  Mr.  Lamb  did  for 
Dundee  in  his  ponderous  folio.  It  is  quite  big 
enough  ;  and  the  forty-one  pen-and-ink  draw- 
ings with  which  it  is  illustrated  are  all  of  them 
valuable,  though  they  vary  a  good  deal  in  merit, 
the  front  view  of  the  '  Ludgings  of  Forrester  of 
Looie  '  being  one  of  the  best,  and  the  '  Old  Brig 
Mill '  the  worst.  The  text  as  a  whole  inter- 
prets the  illustrations  adequately.  But  it  is 
rather  absurd  to  speak  of  the  excommunication 
of  the  vicar  of  Stirling  in  1531  as  "the  last 
feeble  efl!brt  of  the  iron  rule  of  the  Pope  to 
assert  its  power  and  stem  the  powerful  current 
then  threatening  its  very  existence,"  for  Wishart 
was  burnt  at  St.  Andrews  fifteen  years  after- 
wards. In  his  sketch,  too,  of  Bothwell's  career 
Mr.  Fleming  is  singularly  unfortunate  :  "  His- 
tory tells  us  that  James  Hepburn  was  born  in 
1526  [1536  or  1537],  and  succeeded  to  the  title 

of  Earl  of  Bothwell  in  1566  [1556] his  death, 

after  a  notorious  career,  took  place  in  Malmo 
Castle  in  1596  [at  Dragsholm,  April  14th, 
1578]."  The  'Dictionary  of  National  Bio- 
graphy' or  'Chambers's  Encyclopiedia '  would 
have  corrected  these  blunders,  let  alone  Both- 
well's '  Life  '  by  Schiern  (Eng.  trans.  1880). 

Bi/e-Gones  relating  to  Wales  and  the  Border 
Co^inties,   1895-6.      (Oswestry,   Woodall,    Min- 
shall    &    Co.  ;    London,    Stock.) — Mr.    Hard- 
castle's    confession   of    his    love    for    "every- 
thing  that's   old,"  including    "old    times,   old 
manners,  and  old  books,"  has  been  the  adopted 
motto  of    Bye-Gones  since  its  first  appearance 
as  a  provincial  Notes  and  Queries  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago.     The  present  volume, 
however,  differs  from  its  predecessors  in  con- 
taining a  larger  admixture  of  much  that  is  very 
modern,    such    as   lengthy    obituaries   of    local 
worthies  and  similar  information  of  but  passing 
parochial  interest.     This  fact  probably  indicates 
a  sort  of  compromise  between  the  different  tastes 
of  readers  whose  study  is  the  past  and  of  those 
whose    interest    lies    chiefly    in    contemporary 
events  ;  and  it  is,  perhaps,  only  by  catering  for 
both  classes  at  the  same  time  that  this  most 
serviceable  periodical  can  continue  its  career  of 
usefulness  without  loss  to  its  publishers.     But 
if  these  practical  considerations  do  not  apply, 
the  biennial  volumes  might  with  advantage  be 
reduced  in  bulk  by  the  elimination  of  all  matter 
of  purely  ephemeral  interest.  The  editor  should 
also   exercise   greater   vigilance    in   preventing 
repetition   of    notes   by   referring    querists    to 
information    given    in    earlier    volumes.      We 
observe   even  in  the  present  volume   two  sets 
of  paragraphs  repeated  verbatim  through  mere 
negligence   (at   pp.    183,    247,    and    278,    324). 
With  the.'^e  reservations  the  volume  can,  like  its 
predecessors,  be  cordially  recommended  as  the 
best  exchange  for  all  notes  and  queries  on  sub- 
jects relating  to  the  history  of  Wales  and  the 
Borders.     Its  chief  feature  on  this  occasion  is 
its    exceptionally    rich    collection    of    folk-lore, 
while  next  in  interest  ranks  its  budget  of  old 
letters,  including  extracts  from  a  correspondence 
between  the  first  Lord  Kenyon  and  Thomas  Pen- 
nant, the  naturalist.  There  are  also  short  letters 
from  Scott,  Southey,  and  Tom  Moore  acknow- 
ledging   their    election    in    1828    as    honorary 
members  of   the   North  Wales   Cymmrodorion 
Society.     An   exhaustive   index,    extending   to 
fourteen  three-columned  pages,  furnishes  a  ready 
key  to  the  multifarious  contents  of  a  volume  that, 
on  the  whole,  reflects  much  credit  on  its  enter- 
prising publishers. 

Mr.  W.  B.  Blaikie's  Itinerary  of  Prince 
diaries  Edward  Stuart  (Scottish  History 
Society)  presents  the  skeleton  of  as  romantic 
an  episode  as  any  in  the  world's  history.  It 
traces  minutely  and  accurately  the  prince's 
wanderings  in  Scotland,  from  his  first  landing 
on  Eriska,  July  23rd,  1745,  to  his  sailing  from 
Borrodale,  September  20th,  1746  It  is  dryish, 
perhaps,  as   skeletons   mostly   are  ;   but   those 


254 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


only  can  gauge  its  true  value  who  have  essayed 
to  fix    the    prince's  whereabouts   at    such    and 
such  a  date — nay,  sometimes  to  fix  his  where- 
abouts at  all.     An  instance  occurs  to  us,  sug- 
gested by  a  tradition  that  seems  to  have  escaped 
Mr.  Blaikie.     Carnwath  House,  Lanarkshire,  a 
seat  of  Sir  Simon  Lockhart's,  has  its  "Prince 
Charles's   Room,"   with   the  inscription:     "In 
this  apartment  Prince  Charles  Edward  remained 
during   two   entire   days   on    his   retreat  from 
Derby  to  Culloden  in  1746  a.d."     A  glance  at 
the  '  Itinerary  '  shows  the  date  1746  to  be  clearly 
erroneous  ;  if  the  prince  was  ever  in  Carnwath 
House  at  all,  it  can  only  have  been  in  Decem- 
ber,  1745,   on    the    24th    and    25th    possibly. 
So  Duddingston  has  a  house  which  fifty  years 
ago  and  long  afterwards  had  a  board  setting 
forth   that    here    the   prince   slept    the    night 
before    Prestonpans  —  we   wonder    if    a    copy 
of   the   inscription    is   anywhere  in   existence. 
Again,  in  Glenmoidart  House  is  shown  an  old 
dug-out  canoe,  an  oak  trunk  hollowed  out  by 
axe  and  fire,  "in  which  Prince  Charles  Edward 
was  towed  by  his  followers  across  Loch  Shiel. 
They  sank  it  afterwards  near  St.  Finnan's  Isle, 
and  there  it  lay  till  1855."     Loch   Shiel  does 
not  come  into  the  '  Itinerary '  at  all.     All  the 
same,  these   traditions   might  well   have   been 
noticed,    and   that   one,  probably    true,    which 
makes   the   prince    lodge   during  the   siege   of 
Stirling   Castle   in   the   old   coQee-house,    Bow 
Street.     At  this  time  of  day  it  is  slightly  mis- 
leading to  designate  Tullibardine  as  the  Duke 
of  Atholl,  and  we  were  disappointed  in  a  hope 
of  finding  some  reference  to  Clementina  Walkin- 
shaw  ;   but   of   mistakes  we   have   noticed   one 
only,  and  that  a  trifling  one — the  Royal  Scots 
routed  in  the  opening  skirmish  were  marching 
not  from  Perth,  but  from  Fort  Augustus  (In- 
verness).    This  is  evident   from   Mr.   Blaikie's 
own  appendix,   "  Lochgarry's  Narrative,"  and 
also  from  the  privately  printed  '  Family  Memoir 
of   the    Macdonalds    of   Keppoch,'   where,    on 
p.  61,  there  is  a  fuUish  account  of  the  skirmish. 
The  letter   cited  on   p.  109  from   the  Earl   of 
Albemarle  to   the   Duke   of   Newcastle   by   no 
means  conclusively  dismisses  the  doubt  whether 
the  Hanoverian  Government  was  really  anxious 
to  take  Prince  Charles  Edward  alive  ;  rather, 
that  doubt  has  been  deepened  by  the  '  Itinerary,' 
where  we  see  how  follower  after  follower  was 
captured  very  soon  after  his  quitting  the  prince's 
side.     But  this  point  we  should  like  to  have 
fully  discussed  by  Mr.  Blaikie  in  an  expansion 
of    his   admirable    monograph.     Such   a   work 
might  be  freely  illustrated,  and  furnished  with 
a  map  of  only  the  North-West  Highlands,  and 
so  on  four  times  the  scale  of    the  map  given 
here. 

A  Shetland  Minister  of  the  Eicjliteentli  Century, 
by  the  Rev.  John  Willcock  (Kirkwall),  is  a  most 
readable  little  book,  based  mainly  on  the  '  Diary 
of  the  Rev.  John  Mill,  1740-1803,'  which  was 
edited  eight  years  ago  by  Mr.  Gilbert  Goudie 
for  the  Scottish  History  Society.  We  cannot 
say  we  take  greatly  to  the  diarist,  who  must 
have  been  a  man  of  far  stronger  dislikes  than 
affections.  Of  his  eldest  daughter  he  writes  that 
"she  was  much  given  to  dress,  diversions,  and 
encouragements  of  young  frothy  men  to  make 
suit  to  her  "  ;  and  on  the  losing  of  twelve  Green- 
land ships  among  the  ice  his  sole  comment  is, 
"  'Tis  a  wonder  of  mercy  that  so  many  of  these 
cursed  ruSians  are  preserved."  He  seems  to 
have  been  intensely  superstitious,  and  is  the 
subject  of  many  weird  legends,  e.g.,  that  once 
Satan  came  into  the  church  of  Dunrossness 
"  and  took  his  seat  at  the  Communion  table. 
The  minister  recognized  him,  and  began  to 
speak  in  all  the  deep  languages,  and  last  of  all 
in  what  was  guessed  to  be  Gaelic,  and  that  beat 
him  altogether.  He  went  off  like  a  flock  of 
'  doos  '  over  the  heads  of  the  folk  out  at  the 
west  door.  Many  of  the  people  swooned."  Mr. 
Mill  preached  with  his  cocked  hat  tied  beneath 
his  chin  and  a  bunch  of  flowers  in  his  hand  ; 
and  Sunday  after  Sunday  his  sermons  were  on 


the  same  text,  like  those  of  "  a  Shetland  minister 
of  this  century  who  preached  for  a  year  and  a 
half  on  '  the  twelve  wells  of  water  and  three- 
score and  ten  palm  trees  at  Elim '  (Exod. 
XV.  27),  devoting  a  Sunday  to  each  well  and 
each  tree."  The  book  does  high  credit  to  Shet- 
land typography. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 


French  Stumbling -Blocks  wiid  English  Stepping- 
Stones.  By  Francis  Tarver.  (Murray.) — 'There 
have  been  many  books  of  this  sort.  For  in- 
stance, the  late  Prof.  Merlet,  of  University 
College,  published  a  '  Dictionary  of  Difficulties,' 
and  since  his  time  several  volumes  of  a  similar 
kind  have  been  published.  They  have  their 
use,  but  they  are  best  suited  to  boys  who  have 
learnt  a  fair  amount  of  French  and  are  anxious 
to  improve  their  knowledge  of  the  language — 
not,  it  is  to  be  feared,  a  large  class.  Mr.  'Tarver's 
great  experience  as  a  teacher  has  enabled  him 
to  choose  the  proper  points  to  bring  into  pro- 
minence and  to  explain  them  clearly,  and  con- 
sequently his  is  an  excellent  little  compendium. 
If  we  may  hazard  a  few  observations,  we  should 
say  that  in  speaking  of  the  pronunciation  of  final 
c  he  should  have  added  escroc  to  his  list  of  words 
in  which  it  is  not  pronounced.  We  can  find 
nothing  about  that  troublesome  word  siege.  The 
observation  about  Christ  on  p.  79  is  somewhat 
unnecessarily  repeated  on  p.  80. 

A  Primer  of  French  Etymology.  By  B.  Daly 
Cocking.  (Innes.) — Examinations  have  much  to 
answer  for  when  they  produce  a  little  book  like 
this,  intended  to  enable  boys  and  girls  to  pre- 
tend to  a  knowledge  of  Old  French  which  they 
do  not  possess.  It  is  rather  carelessly  put 
together,  for  we  find  the  not  very  difficult  word 
"sire  " explained  half  way  down  p.  49,  and  again 
at  the  top  of  the  following  page. 

Bossnet :  Oraisons  Funehres.  Publiees  par 
A.  R^belliau. — Fhedre:  Fables  Esopiques.  Pub- 
liees par  L.  Ha  vet. — Portraits  et  Becits  extraits 
dcs  Prosateurs  du  XVI.  Siecle.  Publics  par 
E.  Huguet.— /Sct/ics  Choisies  de  Moliere.  Publie'es 
par  E.  Thirion.  (Hachette  &  Cie.)— These  little 
books  are  extremely  well  printed  and  well 
edited,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  Phsedrus 
they  might  be  found  useful  in  English  schools 
where  the  boys  and  masters  are  intelligent. 
Their  price  is  most  moderate. 

A  Second  German  Course.  By  H.  Baumann. 
(Blackie  &  Son.) — This  is  a  favourable  specimen 
of  the  ordinary  type  of  German  school-book, 
attempting  to  teach  more  than  the  average 
schoolboy  is  at  all  likely  to  learn,  but  other- 
wise unobjectionable.  A  great  deal  that  is  in- 
culcated here  the  pupil  might  be  left  to  pick  up 
for  himself  if  he  continues  to  study  German  ; 
still,  most  compilers  of  school-books  like  to  aim 
at  completeness,  and  evidently  teachers  approve 
of  their  so  doing.  What  the  advantage  is  of 
inserting  more  grammatical  details  than  ninety- 
nine  boys  out  of  a  hundred  can  assimilate  is  a 
problem  that  may  be  left  to  the  instructors  of 
youth  to  solve  if  they  are  able. 

Miguel  dc  Cervantes:  The  Adventure  of  the 
Wooden  Horse  and  Sa7icho  Panza's  Governorship. 
Edited,  with  Introduction,  Life,  and  Notes,  by 
Clovis  Bevenot.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) — 
The  study  of  Spanish  is  so  much  neglected  in 
this  country  that  it  is  pleasant  to  see  the 
Clarendon  Press  making  an  effort  to  promote  it. 
But  it  may  be  questioned  whether  M.  Bevenot 
would  not  have  been  better  advised  had  he, 
instead  of  these  abridged  extracts  from  the 
second  part  of  the  great  romance,  edited  the 
first  sally  of  Don  Quixote.  The  narrative  is 
simpler,  and  consequently  better  suited  for  a 
beginner.  Besides,  M.  Bevenot,  by  dint  of 
omissions,  opens  his  extracts  with  a  sentence 
that  is  unintelligible:  "Tenia  un  mayordomo 
el  duque  de  muy  burlesco  y  desenfadado  ingenio, 
el  cual  con  intervencion  de  sus  senores  ordeno 
otra   del   mas  gracioso   y  extrano  artificio   que 


puede  imaginarse."  The  word  "otra"  here  is 
incomprehensible,  because  M.  Bevenot  has 
omitted,  among  other  things,  the  words  "aco- 
modo  todo  el  aparato  de  la  aventura  pasada," 
which  are  necessary  to  enable  the  reader  to  see 
that  "  orden(5  otra  "  means  "  ordeno  otra  aven- 
tura." M.  Be'venot's  notes  are  too  much 
directed  to  elementary  points  of  grammar  that 
the  beginner  should  have  mastered  before  he 
takes  up  'Don  Quixote,'  while  he  omits  to 
explain  allusions  like  that  to  the  aerial  journey 
of  the  licentiate  Torralva.  In  his  introduction 
M.  Bevenot  favours  the  untenable  theory  that 
Avellaneda  was  Lope  de  Vega  ;  and  his  English 
leaves  something  to  be  desired,  as  the  following 
sentence  shows  : — 

"Alwa3'8  full  of  spirits  and  with  literary  projects 
for  the  future,  died,  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine,  the 
hero  of  the  naval  fight  at  Lepanto  which  probably 
drove  away  for  ever  the  dark  cloud  of  Turkish 
supremacy  constantly  looming  threateningly  till 
then  over  tremhling  Europe,— died  the  genius  who, 
literally  single-handed,  swept  away  with  the  magic 
of  his  pen  a  literary  blight  which  was  overrunning 
Europe,  and  who,  while  thus  correcting  the  pre- 
vailing false  taste  in  literature,  endowed  the  world 
with  the  lay-book  most  universally  known,  in  and 
out  of  Europe." 

If  M.  Bevenot  had  read  Finlay  he  would  have 
learnt  that  the  defeat  of  Lepanto  had  little 
lasting  effect  on  the  Turkish  power. 


COKTINENTAL   HISTORY. 


We  are  glad  to  receive  from  Mr.  St.  Clair 
Baddeley  an  historical  work  that  can  be  cordially 
praised,  Robert  the  Wise  and  his  Heirs  (Heine- 
mann).  Mr.  Baddeley  is  so  much  in  earnest, 
and  has  spent  so  much  time  and  labour  on  a 
period  of  Italian  history  of  which,  as  a  rule, 
Englishmen  know  nothing,  that  it  was  grievous- 
to  see  how,  for  lack  of  training,  he  threw  his 
labour  away.  But  by  dint  of  writing  two  big 
volumes  Mr.  Baddeley  has  taught  himself  some- 
thing of  an  historian's  methods,  and  he  has- 
brought  out  a  third  volume  which  really 
demands  respectful  consideration.  He  shows  a 
sounder  knowledge  both  of  the  annals  of  Naples 
and  of  the  general  history  of  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  he  recognizes  the 
necessity  of  accuracy,  if  he  does  not  attain  it. 
We  cannot  help  congratulating  him  on  the 
advance  he  has  made,  and  hoping  that  he  may 
continue  in  the  way  of  well-doing. 

In  his  Histoirc  du  Commerce  Frangais  dan& 
le  Levant  au  XVII.  Siecle  (Hachette)  Dr.  P. 
Masson  has  compiled  a  careful  and  elaborate 
monograph.  At  the  outset  of  the  seventeenth, 
century  France  was  exhausted  by  the  wars 
of  religion,  and  Henri  IV.  had  with  diffi- 
culty recovered  Marseilles  from  the  Spaniards. 
Henri  IV.  studiously  cultivated  the  friendship 
of  the  Grand  Signor  in  order  to  have  his  aid 
against  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  his  famous- 
"Dessein";  but  after  his  death  French  trade 
declined,  partly  owing  to  the  exactions  of  the 
Turkish  pashas,  partly  owing  to  the  corruption 
of  the  French  agents  in  the  Levant.  Richelieu 
and  Mazarin  were  anxious  to  promote  it,  but 
took  no  effective  steps,  and  the  Fronde  was 
disastrous  to  every  kind  of  prosperity.  Colbert 
strove  zealously  to  revive  the  declining  com- 
merce, and  endeavoured,  in  imitation  of 
the  English  and  Dutch,  to  form  a  Levant 
Company.  Dr.  Masson  explains  lucidly  the 
causes  of  the  failure  of  his  two  companies. 
After  Colbert's  death  French  trade  took  an 
upward  turn  till  the  end  of  the  century,  when 
the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession  and  the 
impoverishment  of  France  consequent  on  the 
constant  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  told  severely 
upon  it.  Dr.  Masson's  book  is  decidedly  in- 
teresting. One  curious  thing  he  mentions  was 
that  notice  was  given  by  means  of  carrier 
pigeons  to  the  merchants  at  Aleppo  of  the  arrival 
of  ships  at  Scanderoon  (Alexandretta).  The 
pigeons  did  the  distance  in  an  hour  and  a  half. 
We  are  a  little  surprised  at  Dr.  Masson's  account 
of  the   Marquis   de  Nointel.     He    ignores   the 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


255 


fact  that  the  marquis  made  himself  despised 
4imong  the  Turks  by  his  eccentricities.  One 
•Christmas  he  celebrated  mass  at  midnight  in 
.the  stalactitic  cave  of  Antijiaros,  and  he 
was  guilty  of  other  freaks.  It  is  curious, 
•too,  that  our  author  never  mentions  the 
decree  of  the  Saltan  which  deprived  of  their 
nationality  all  foreigners  who  had  taken  to 
wife  subjects  of  his,  and  forbade  them  to  leave 
Turkey.  It  is  said  that  forty  Frenchmen, 
who  were  settled  at  Galata  as  watchmakers, 
.and  had  married  Greek  women,  were  thus  made 
Turks  against  their  will.  Of  this  we  have 
not  found  any  notice  ;  but  we  cannot  say  we 
have  read  every  one  of  six  hundred  closely 
printed  pages,  large  octavo.  Dr.  Masson  does 
not  seem,  however,  to  have  looked  at  any  but 
Trench  authorities  or  books  translated  into 
French,  and  he  could  have  a  good  deal  improved 
his  work  had  he  done  so;  for  instance,  he  would 
have  found  in  Dallam's  diary,  p.  40  (Hakluyt 
Society),  confirmation  of  what  he  says,  p.  425, 
of  the  fear  the  Samians  had  of  corsairs,  and 
he  could  have  learnt  much  about  the  Levant 
•Company  from  the  State  Papers,  for  its  origin 
was  political,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  desired  not 
merely  commercial  advantages,  but  support 
from  the  Sultan  in  her  struggle  with  Philip  II. 
Dr.  Masson  is  impressed  by  what  he  has 
read  in  Spou  about  the  luxurious  way  in 
which  the  English  traders  lived  in  the  Levant 
factories';  had  he  looked  into  the  '  Lives  of  the 
Norths,'  he  would  have  seen  that  at  Smyrna 
in  the  seventeenth  century  a  pack  of  hounds  was 
maintained  and  hunted  regularly  "after  the 
English  way,"  while  the  merchants  at  Aleppo 
kept  greyhounds  and  went  coursing. 

Histoire  de  Bordeaux  depuis  les  Origines 
jxisqu'en  1895.  Par  Camille  Jullian.  (Bor- 
deaux, Feret  &  Fils.) — When  the  Mayor  and 
■municipality  of  Bordeaux  conceived  the  excel- 
lent ide<t  of  commemorating  the  Exhibition  of 
May,  1895,  by  the  publication  of  a  great  history 
of  their  ancient  city,  they  served  not  only  the 
best  interests  of  their  fellow  citizens,  but  those 
also  of  their  fellow  students  of  every  nationality. 
Moreover,  in  its  choice  of  an  author  this 
■enlightened  public  body  has  been  especially 
fortunate.  M.  Camille  Jullian  was  an  ideal 
writer  for  the  purpose  which  his  clients  had 
before  them,  and  he  discharged  his  contract,  as 
the  preface  to  this  volume  plainly  shows,  punc- 
tually, loyally,  and  with  all  that  artistic  appre- 
ciation and  local  sympathy  which  the  nature  of 
the  subject  demanded.  At  the  same  time,  he  has 
shown  himself  a  true  historical  student.  The 
book  itself,  he  writes,  is  "I'expression  de  ma 
pens^e,  et  de  la  mienne  seulement :  elle  n'a 
subi  aucune  influence,  elle  n'a  eu  aucune  crainte, 
elle  n'a  recule'  devant  aucune  franchise.  Vous 
avez  voulu  que  cet  ouvrage  n'eiit  d'ofliciel  que  le 
soinavec  lequel  il  a  dte  ddite."  In  fact,  this  ad- 
mirable civic  publishing  body  gave  their  editor 
carte  blanche  in  regard  of  type  and  illustrations, 
and  a  truly  sumptuous  volume  has  resulted  from 
their  liberality.  Apart  from  the  superb  printing 
of  the  800  pages  of  the  text  on  large  paper  with 
wide  margins,  there  are  no  fewer  than  235  artistic 
text  cuts  and  32  plates  reproducing  all  the 
public  buildings,  ancient  monuments,  artistic 
and  literary  curiosities,  and  local  scenery  of  the 
historic  southern  city.  All  this  is  highly  credit- 
able to  the  enterprise  and  intelligence  of  our 
French  neighbours,  and  especially  interesting 
and  instructive  to  ourselves,  who  were  during 
three  centuries  their  fellow  subjects,  under  the 
suzerainty  of  the  old  monarchy  of  France.  In- 
deed, it  is  only  quite  lately  that  this  fact  has 
been  brought  home  to  us  in  another  way  by  the 
publication  of  the  Gascon  Rolls  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  French  Ministry  of  Education,  a 
work  which  was  undoubtedly  facilitated  by  the 
sympathy  and  interest  displayed  by  the  English 
Record  Office  and  private  students  in  this 
country.  As  the  great  capital  of  the  old  Aqui- 
tanian  province  under  the  Angevin  kings,  Bor- 
deaux,   like   the   English    staple   at   Calais,    is 


replete  with  historic  associations  which  no 
longer  possess  more  than  an  antiquarian  interest 
for  ourselves.  The  system  of  provincial,  or,  as 
some  would  say,  of  colonial  government,  the 
itineraries  of  English  kings  during  their  foreign 
progresses,  and  the  history  of  the  wine  trade 
are  all  matters  of  common  historical  interest  to 
French  and  English  antiquaries.  But  there  are 
certain  developments  of  the  later  civilization  of 
the  place  in  which  we,  at  least,  have  no  share. 
It  is  somewhat  humiliating  to  us  to  reflect  that 
in  none  of  our  own  cities  which  might  rank  in 
importance  with  this  fair  city  of  France— in  such 
a  city  as  Bristol,  for  example— could  the  English 
civic  historian  have  found  manuscript  materials 
and  art  treasures  so  carefully  preserved  and 
ready  to  his  hand.  We  read  here  in  M.  Jullian 's 
preface  of  the  collections  used  by  him  at  the 
"Archives  municipales,"  at  the  "  Bibliotheque 
de  la  Ville,"  at  the  "  Muse'e  d'Antiques,"  at  the 
"Archives  de'partementales,"  at  the  "Archives 
diocdsaines,"  at  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and 
elsewhere— collections  which  are  typical  of  the 
excellence  of  the  organization  of  the  French 
Department  of  Education,  but  which  somehow 
do  not  appeal  to  the  insular  individuality  of 
English  statesmen  who  pass  for  men  of  letters. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Kallistratus.  By  A.  H.  Gilkes.  (Longmans 
&  Co.)— It  is  fitting  that  an  academic  romance 
should  issue  from  the  groves  of  Dulwich.  Mr. 
Gilkes  seems  on  a  previous  occasion  to  have 
created  controversy  by  the  modern  spirit  of  his 
revived  philosophers.  In  the  present  book  he 
deals  with  the  great  Punic  hero  ;  and  if  the 
contemporaries  of  Hannibal  suggest  modern 
points  of  view,  it  is  because,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  Greek  spirit  which  at  that  time  was  coming 
abroad  in  the  world  is  perennial,  and  of  no  age 
or  country.  Kallistratus,  the  son  of  an  astute 
Greek  emigrant  to  Southern  Gaul,  looks  at 
things  from  the  cosmopolitan  vantage-ground 
of  a  refined  Athenian  as  well  as  from  that  of 
his  soldierly  experience  in  the  Carthaginian 
camp,  and  is  thus  a  fit  narrator  both  of  events 
and  of  the  opinions  of  those  who  enact  them.  The 
former,  embracing  the  whole  of  Hannibal's 
campaign  in  Italy,  are  inspiring,  and  have  been 
set  forth  with  some  vigour,  if  not  with  much 
effort  at  military  detail ;  and  the  latter  are  as 
various  as  the  contrasted  characters  of  Publius 
and  Marcellus,  the  romantic  Kallinice  and  her 
great  ideal,  the  sly  slave  Strabo  and  the  proud 
and  ill-starred  Iketorix.  There  is  much  dignity 
and  pathos  in  the  fate  of  the  Gaulish  chief,  as  in 
that  of  the  Spanish  veteran  who  stakes  his  death 
to  avenge  the  fame  of  his  lost  leader  on  the  scoflf- 
ing  Roman.  Strabo,  too,  gains  dignity  at  last 
when,  to  save  his  master's  son,  he  joins  the 
forlorn  hope  which  is  to  dash  itself  in  pieces, 
like  all  bodies  and  individuals,  against  the 
brazen  strength  of  Rome.  On  the  whole,  this 
is  a  stirring  story,  and  the  author  has  justified 
his  selection  of  a  period  remote  indeed,  but 
fuller  of  modern  analogies  than  many  fields 
more  recent. 

Messrs.  Flood  &  Vincent,  of  Meadville, 
Pennsylvania,  publish  at  the  Chautauqua  Cen- 
tury Press  The  Social  Spirit  in  America,  by 
Prof.  Henderson,  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
which  forms  a  part  of  the  home-reading  course 
of  the  Chautau(iua  Circle.  The  volume  deals 
pleasantly  with  women  wage-earners,  public 
health,  housing  of  the  working  class,  and  such 
matters,  with  almost  exclusive  reference  to  the 
United  States,  and  is  good  in  tone.  We  note 
that  a  "  Consumers'  League "  is  trying  the 
plan  of  recommending  "  fair  houses  "  by  means 
of  a  "white  list."  This  converse  of  the  black 
list  has  been  tried  in  England,  but  it  is  found 
that  houses  which  are  fit  for  the  white  list  one 
day  are  only  fit  for  the  black  list  on  the  next. 

MM.  Plon,  Nourrit  &  Cie.  publish  Ponm  : 
Aventures  d'un  Petit  Gargon;  by  the  brothers 
MM.  Paul  and  Victor  Margueritte,  a  volume 


of  clever  stories  of  the  life  of  a  little  boy,  in 
admirable  French.  It  will  please  mothers  and 
grown-up  people  generally,  but  is  not  perfectly 
suited  to  English  family  reading. 

Messrs.  Routledge  have  added  to  their 
"  Olive  Series  "  a  convenient  selection  from  the 
Guesses  at  Truth.  The  little  volume  should 
prove  welcome. 

Prof.  Niese's  Grnndriss  der  rUmischen 
Geschichte  nebst  QuellenJcunde  (Williams  &  Nor- 
gate),  which  forms  part  of  the  '  Handbuch  der 
klassischen  Altertumswissenschaft,' edited  by  Dr. 
Iwan  V.  Miiller,  has  reached  a  second  edition. 
It  is  a  most  useful  handbook. 

Messrs.  Dent  have  issued  in  their  pretty 
"  Temple  Classics  "  an  edition  of  The  Odysseys 
of  Homer  by  George  Chapman.  A  glossarial 
index  by  Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse  is  added. 

The  Stand  Beading-Case  of  Messrs.  W.  H. 
Everett  &  Son  is  a  useful  device  in  its  way. 

We  have  on  our  table  Elliot's  Netn  Illustrated 
Guide  to  Edinburgh,  by  J.  Reid  (Edinburgh, 
Elliot),— 27ie  Odes  ojf  Horace  in  English,  by  the 
Rev.  P.  E.  Phelps  (Parker),  —  Herodotus  : 
Book  III.,  edited  by  J.  Thompson  and  B.  J. 
Hayes  (Clive),  —  The  Attitude  of  the  Greek 
Tragedians  toward  Nature,  by  H.  R.  Fairclough 
(Toronto,  Rowsell  &  Hutchison),— T/ie  Cell  in 
Development  and  Inheritance,  by  E.  B.  Wilson 
(Macmillan), — Egyptian  Magic,  by  S.  S.  D.  D. 
(Theosophical  Publishing  Society),  —  (roW  and 
Silver,  by  J.  H.  Hallard  (Rivington),  —  The 
Pleasurable  Art  of  breeding  Canaries,  by  W.  H. 
Betts  (Betts),  —  The  World  Beautiful,  by 
L.  Whiting  (Gay  &  Bird),— ^Fords  of  Counsel, 
by  J.  B.  Pearson,  LL.D.,  D.D.  (Stock),— !?(, 
the  Tideway,  by  Flora  A.  Steel  (Constable),— 
The  Story  of  Mollie,  by  M.  Bower  (Andrews),— 
The  Supplanter,  by  B.  P.  Neuman  (Methuen), 
—The  Invisible  Playmate  and  W.  V.,  her  Book, 
by  W.  Canton  (Isbister), —iosf  Countess  Falka, 
by  R.  H.  Savage  {Rout\edige),—Estabelle,  and 
other  Verse,  by  J.  S.  Thomson  (Toronto, 
Briggs),— iVas  of  the  Christian  Church,  edited 
by  J.  Fulton,  D.D.  :  The  Age  of  Hildebrand, 
by  M.  R.  Vincent,  D.D.  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T. 
Clark),— T/ie  Office  of  the  Holy  Communion  as 
set  forth  in  the  Prayer  Books  of  1549  and  1662, 
with  a  Preface  by  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Faunthorpe 
(S.P.C.K.),— 27ie  Teaching  of  Morality  in  the 
Family  and  the  School,  by  Sophie  Bryant  (Son- 
nenschein),  — Christianity  and  Idealism,  by  J. 
Watson,  LL.D.  (Glasgow,  MacLehose),— -From 
our  Dead  Selves  to  Higher  Things,  by  F.  J. 
Gant  (Nisbet),— i»!X  Minutes  d' Arret,  by  R. 
O'Monroy  (Paris,  'Levy),—Amoureuse  Trinite, 
by  P.  Gue'dy  (Paris,  Nilsson),— ie  Drame  de 
Uocheqrise,  by  L.  Le'tang  (Paris,  Levy),— and 
Renaissance,  by  H.  Duhem  (Paris,  Clerget). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  The  Eucharistic 
Manuals  of  John  and  Charles  Wesley  and 
The  Eucharistic  Hymns  of  John  and  Charles 
Wesley,  edited  by  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Dutton 
(Hodges),— and  Household  Prayers,  selected 
and  arranged  by  G.  J.  Cowley-Brown  (Stock). 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Fine  Art. 

Groote  Schuur,  Residence  of  the  Kigbt  Hon.  Cecil  Rhodes, 

Photographs  and  Descriptive  Account,  4to.  2/6  swd. 

Music. 
Carrodus  (J.  T.),  Violinist,  a  Life   Story,  1833-1895,  by  Ada 
Carrodus,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 

Macray's  (W.  D.)  Register  of  Members  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen 

College,  Oxford,  New  Series,  Vol.  2,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  net. 

Philology. 

Saladin,  or  What  Befell  Sultan  Yttsuf  (1137-1193),  composed 

by  Beha  ed  Din,  8vo.  9/  net. 

Science. 

Bacon   Roger,  The  Opus  Majus  of,  edited,  with  Introduction, 

&c.,  by  J.  H.  Bridges.  2vols.  8vo.  32/cl.  nv,««o<. 

Hodge's  (J.  A.)  Photographic  Lenses  and  How  to  Choose 

andHowtoU8eTbem,cr.  Svo.  2/cl. 
Robson's  (A.  W.  M.)  Diseases  of  the  Gall  Bladder  and  Bile 

Step's "(E^)'  Favourite  Flowers  of  Garden  and  Greenhouse, 
Vol.  4, 15/  net. 


256 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


General  Literature, 

Anderson's  (M.)  Talcs  of  the  Rock,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Anne's  (Mrs.  C.)  A  Woman  of  Moods,  a  Social  Cinemato- 
graph, cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Barker's  (H.  J.)  Scarlet  Feather,  a  Story  of  Adventure 
among  the  Indians  of  Arizona,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 

Christian's  (N.)  That  Tree  of  Bden,  a  Study  in  the  Kcal 
Decadence,  cr.  8vo.  .'5/6  cl. 

Gaunt's  (M  )  Kirkham's  Find,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Harradcn's  (B.)  A  New  Book  of  the  Fairies,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Jocelyn's  (Mrs.  R.)  Lady  Mary's  Experiences,  cr.  8v'0.  6/  cl. 

Nisbel's  (H.)  A  Sweet  Sinner,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Sandeman's  (M.)  The  Worship  of  Lucifer,  a  Novel,  3/6  cl. 

Southward's  (J.)  Progress  in  Printing  and  the  Graphic 
Arts  during  the  Victorian  Kra,  4to.  2/6  swd. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology, 
Belser  (J.) :  Beitrage  zur  Brkliirung  der  Apostelgeschichte, 

3m.  60. 
Biblische  Studien,  hrsg.  v.  O.  Bardeuhewer,  Vol.  2,  Part  4, 

2m.  30. 
Briickner  (M.) :  Die  Komposition  des  Buches  Jes.  c.  23-33, 

Im  50. 
Corpus  Reformatorum,  Vol.  85,  Part  1,  8m. 
Pesch  (Chrn  ) :  Praelectiones  Dograaticae,  Vol.  7,  6m. 
Plessner  (S.)  :  Biblisches  u.  Kabbinisches  aus  dem  Nachlass, 

2m. 
Thoma;  Aquiaatis  Opera  Omnia,  Vol.  9,  11m.  20. 

Fine  Art. 
Denkmiiler  griechischer  u.    romischer  Skulptur,   in   hist. 
Anordng.,  bearb.  v.  P.  Arndt,  Parts  92  and  93,  40m. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Photo-guides  Illustres,  Vol.  1,  2fr.  .50. 

Philology. 
Dittmar  (A.)  :  Studien  zur  lateinischen  Moduslehre,  8m. 
Eudocia;     Augusta?,    Procli     Lycii,    Claudiani     Carmiuum 

Grzecorum  Reliquia;,  rec.  A.  Ludwich,  4m. 
Hirmer  (J.) :  Bntstehung  u.  Komposition  der  Platonischen 

Politeia,  3m.  20. 
Jahrbiicher  f.  classische  Philologie,  hrsg.  v.  A.  Fleckeisen, 

Suppl.  Vol.  23.  Part  3,  6m.  40. 
Winckler  (H.) :  Altorientalische  Forschungen,  Vol.  1,  6m. 

Science. 
Kronecker's  Werke,  hrsg.  v.  K.  Hensel,  Vol.  2,  33m. 

General  Literature. 
Eschstruth  (N.  v.) :  Jung  gefreit,  Roman,  2  vols.  10m. 


UNUM   EST  NBCESSARIUM. 

I  THOUGHT  that  I  was  ravished  to  a  height 

Whence   Earth   was   lost   with   all   I  once  had 

known ; 
For  suns  and  worlds  flashed  dwindling  through 
the  night, 
Like    sparklets    from     the     blackening    Yule-log 
thrown  : 
Of  all  that  men  have  dreamed,  of  all  that  is, 
Kemained  the  essential  life  of  Souls,  alone. 

But  they  !  Like  flowers  of  light,  against  the  abyss 

I  watched  them  move  and  shine — how  soft !  how 
clear  ! 

With  trailing  rays  of  light,  with  streams  of  bliss, 
With  haloes  of  a  heavenly  atmosphere ; 

Like  flowers,  when   first  at  dusk  the  froth  and 
bloom 

Of  blond  immense  chrysanthemums  appear 
To  shake  a  loose,  fresh  aureole  o'er  the  gloom 

(If  human  sense  and  common  vision  might 

Divine  the  splendours  of  that  Upper  Room 
Where  motion,  joy,  and  life  are  one  with  light) — 

Like   ilowers   made  meteors,   then,   or   meteors 
flowers. 

The  radiant  spirits  circled  holy-bright. 

And  lo  !  I  heard  a  voice  from  Heaven,  not  ours, 
"  This  is  the  Race,"  it  cried,  "  this  is  the  Race 
Of  Radiating  Souls,  the  large  in  heart. 
And  where  they  circle  is  a  holy  place  ! 
Yet  not  of  them,  0  Gazer,  know  thou  art : 
Look  further !  " 

Then  with  anxious  sight  astrain 
I  pierced  the  depth  of  space  from  part  to  part, 
And  lo  !  adrift  as  leaves  that  eddy  in  vain, 
1  watched  the  vacant,  vagrant,  aimless  dance 
Of  Souls  concentred  in  their  bliss  or  paiu  : 

Unneighboured    souls,    the    drift  of    time   and 
chance. 

***** 

O  bright,  unthrifty  planets  that  glow  and  spend 
Your  radiance  unregarding,  when  my  glance 

Fell  from  the  fulgence  where  your  orbits  trend 

So  far,  I  felt  as  men  who  smile  in  dreams 
And  wake,  at  rainy  dawn,  without  a  friend  ! 

So  bare  they  looked,  bereft  of  all  their  beams  ; 

Poor  spheres  that  trail  their  cloudy  mantles  dim 
Where  throb  and  fret  a  few  faint  feverish  gleams. 

"Look,"  said  the  Voice,  "for  thou  art  such  an 
one ; 

Many  are  ye;  the  uncentred  Souls  are  few  !  " 


I  gazed ;  and  as  we  used  to  fix  the  sun 

In  London,  through  the  fogs  our  valleys  knew, 
I  saw  that,  through  their  shrouds,  these  too  were 
bright. 

"  Be  thankful,"  then  acclaimed  the  Voice  anew, 
"  Learn  and  adore :  for  all  men  love  the  Light  !  " 
And,  as  the  movement  of  these  muffled  fires 

Grew  clearer  to  my  erewhile  dazzled  sight, 
I  half-forgot  those  glad  and  gracious  quires 
In  pity  of  their  deajrth  who  dream  and  yearn. 

Pent  up  and  shrouded  in  their  vain  desires. 

Aye,  even  as  plants  that  grow  in  chambers  turn 
Their  twisted    branches    towards    the  window 
space, 

And  languish  for  the  daylight  they  discern. 
So  longed  these  spirits  for  the  Light  of  Grace  ! 
And  aye  their  passionate  yearning  would  attract 

Some  beam  within  their  cloudy  dwelling-place. 
Some  dewy  star-beam  to  their  parch'd  contact ; 
But,  even  as  dew  or  raindrop,  when  they  fall 

Upon  the  insatiate  earth,  are  changed  in  the  act, 
Cease  to  be  water,  and  no  more  at  all 
Are  either  dew  or  rain — but  only  mire  ! — 

So  the  benignant  rays  of  Heaven  would  pall 
And  faint  into  a  maze  of  misty  fire 
At  touch  of  these  concentred  spirits  aye 

Locked  in  their  long  ungenerous  desire. 

Thus,  shrouded  each  alone,  nor  far  nor  nigh 
Their  shine  was  shed,  nor  shared  by  any  mate  ; 

Secret  and  still  each  burned,  a  separate  I, 
Lost  in  no  general  glory,  penetrate 
With  no  sweet  mutual  marvels  of  the  sky. 

And  bitter  isolation  was  their  state. 

"  Unjust  Eternity  !  "  I  mourned  aghast. 
"  O  dread,  unchanging,  predetermined  Fate, 
Shall  evermore  the  Future  ape  the  Past  ? " 

"Thou   seest   nor   Past  nor  Future,"  cried  the 

Voice. 
"  Such  is  the  life  thou  leadest,  such  thou  wast, 
Art,  shalt  be  ;  such  thy  bent  is  and  thy  choice, 

0  centre-seeking  Soul  that  cannot  love. 
Nor  radiate,  nor  relinquish,  nor  rejoice. 

Know,  they  are  wise  who  squander  :  Look  above  !  " 

And  lo !  a  beam  of  their  transcendent  bliss 
Who,  ever  giving,  ever  losing,  move 
In  self-abandoned  bounty  through  the  abyss, 
Pierced  to  my  soul  with  so  divine  a  dart, 

1  swooned  with  pain,  I  wakened  to  a  kiss : 

"  Blessed,"  I  sang,  "are  ye,  the  large  in  heart. 
Irradiate  with  the  light  in  alien  eyes; 
For  ye  have  chosen  indeed  the  brighter  part. 

And  where  ye  circle  is  our  Paradise  !  ' 

Mary  Daemesteter. 


THE  CLERK  OF  THE  SHIPS. 

Evidently  we  are  none  of  us  likely  to  con- 
vince each  other  on  this  question,  and,  for 
the  present,  it  may  be  allowed  to  lapse.  Per- 
haps later  it  will  be  worth  examination  in  more 
detail  than  exigencies  of  space  will  permit  in  the 
Athenctum.  It  is  advisable,  however,  to  call 
attention  to  one  error  of  fact  in  Mr.  Wheatley's 
letter,  not  on  account  of  its  intrinsic  importance, 
but  because  Mr.  Wheatley  seems  to  attach  some 
weight  to  it,  and  because  in  tracing  it  I  have 
found  a  slip  of  my  own.  William  Borough  was 
never  Clerk  and  Comptroller  simultaneously, 
nor,  with  the  one  exception  of  Sir  Wm.  Wynter, 
did  any  member  of  the  Navy  Board  ever  hold  a 
double  appointment.  Obviously  the  mistake  is 
not  Mr.  VVheatley's,  but  Col.  Pasley's,  and  that 
gentleman  was  doubtless  misled  by  the  form 
of  patent  so  frequently  used  during  Elizabeth's 
reign.  Such  patents  were  made  out  to  two 
persons,  with  right  of  survivorship,  so  that  the 
one  named  first  actually  held  the  office,  while 
the  second  succeeded  to  it  when  the  first  died, 
resigned,  or  was  promoted.  Thus,  by  letters 
patent  of  November  5th,  1580,  Borough  was 
joined  with  Holstock  in  the  Comptrollership, 
and  duly  succeeded  him  in  1589.  In  the  mean 
time  Geo.  Wynter,  the  Clerk  of  the  Ships,  died, 
and  by  a  patent  of  March  24th,  1582,  Borough 
and  Benjamin Gonson  werenominated.  Borough, 
being  first  in  the  patent,  executed  the  office,  and 
Gonson  became  Clerk  in  his  turn  when  Borough 
became  Comptroller. 

I   find   that  in    '  The   Administration   of  the 


Royal  Navy, '  p.  149,  I  made  a  clerical  error  by 
giving  "1580"  instead  of  158^  as  the  date  of 
Borough's  appointment.  The  year  1580  was- 
right  in  so  far  that  Borough  was  acting  a& 
Clerk  of  the  Ships  in  that  year,  presumably 
because  Wynter  was  unable  to  perform  his  duties  ;, 
it  was  wrong  as  the  date  of  his  patent  and  formal 
nomination. 

There   are    probably    many   readers    of    the 
'  Diary  '  besides  myself  who  would  be  grateful 
to  Mr.  Wheatley  for  some  further  explanation, 
of  the  Pepys-Barlow  transaction.     The  Duchess 
of  Albemarle's  candidate  was  not  Barlow,  but 
Turner.      How   would    it   safeguard   Pepys   ta 
make  matters  right  with  Barlow  when,  if  the 
patent   was    revoked,  it   would   have   been   for 
Turner's  benefit  ?     If  Mountagu  had  fallen  from 
favour  in  those  early  days  and  the  patent  had 
been    revoked,  the   arrangement  with   Barlow 
assuredly  would  not  have  saved  Pepys  as  against 
Turner.     Barlow  was  an  old  and  broken  man, 
without   influence,   but  if  he  was  put  forward 
as  a  stalking-horse  by  the  Duchess  his  success, 
would   have   strengthened   his   position   legally 
and  morally,  and  have  correspondingly  weakened 
Turner's  hopes  of  ousting  him.     That,  however,, 
is  a  very  unlikely  theory,  and  we  may  take  it  as 
certain  that  Barlow  had  no  chance,  under  any 
circumstances,  of  being  allowed  to  resume  his 
post.      An   agreement  that  bought   off  Turner 
could  be  understood,  but  it  is  difficult  to  see 
why   Pepys,    in   a   position   apparently   legally 
unassailable,  and,  at  any  rate,  extremely  strong,, 
should  have  compromised  with  Barlow  when  the 
danger  lay  in  the  exercise  of  Court  influence  in 
favour  of  another  man.     It  is  stranger  still  that 
he  came  to  terms  with  Barlow,  not  while  the 
matter  was  in  doubt,  but  after  the  patent  had 
passed   the   Great   Seal,   when   he  had  all  the 
weight   of   possession    on  his   side,  and  when„ 
legally.  Barlow  could  only  look  for  redress,  i£ 
entitled  to  it,  to  the  uncertain  issue  of  a  long 
and  costly  process.     I  am,  of  course,  assuming 
in  this  argument  that  Pepys  was  not  influenced 
by  any  recognition  of  ethical  claim  upon  him. 
It   is  doubtful   whether   Barlow  had   any   such, 
claim  ;  but  if  he  had  Pepys  was  hardly  a  man 
of   such   delicacy   of   feeling  as  to   yield  to  it. 
There  is  another  passage  in  the  '  Diary  '  relating 
to  this   subject  which  seems  to  require    some 
explanation.     Under  June  26th,  1660,  we  read  :- 
"In  the  afternoon  Mr.   Watts  came  to  me,  a 
merchant,  to  oft'er  me  500Z.   if  I  would  desist 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  Acts  place."     In    1660 
500J.  was  a  large  sum,  and  Turner  only  offered 
1501.    to  be  joined  with   Pepys  in   the  patent. 
Was  there  another  competitor  in  the   field,  or 
was  it  an  attempt  by  the    Duchess  or   Turner 
through  a  third  person  ?  M.  Oppenheim. 


PEOF.   SAINTSBUBY  ON  THE  MATTER  OF  BBITAIIT. 

In  his  recent  work  '  The  Rise  of  Romance 
and  Flourishing  of  Allegory '  Prof.  Saintsbury 
commits  himself,  as  regards  the  Arthurian 
romance  cycle,  to  a  number  of  statements  which 
are  at  variance  with  the  views  held  by  the  most 
competent  scholars,  which  are  mutually  destruc- 
tive of  each  other,  and  which  are,  furthermore, 
adverse  to  the  very  thesis  he  warmly  advocates; 
— the  English  rather  than  the  French  origin  and 
nature  of  the  completed  romance.  This  last 
consideration  will,  I  trust,  induce  him  to  regard 
with  some  indulgence  the  following  criticisms. 

As  is  well  known,  some  of  the  twelfth- century- 
Arthurian  romances  are  in  prose,  some  in  verse> 
Prof.  Saintsbury  admits  that  modern  authority 
favours  the  priority  of  the  verse  romances  ;  but 
he  will  have  none  of  it.  He  agrees  with  the 
older  scholars,  in  particular  with  M.  Paulia 
Paris,  against  M.  Gaston  Paris  and  the  moderns, 
that  the  prose  romances  are,  "if  not  universally, 
yet  for  the  most  part  the  earlier."  In  parti- 
cular the  prose  '  Lancelot '  is  certainly  older  than 
Chrestien's  '  Chevalier  a  la  Charrette  '  (p.  103). 
Well  and  good  ;  but  if  this  is  so,  what  are  we  to 
make  of  the  statement  on  p.  125  that  the  "  Holy 


N'' 3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


257 


Grail  makes  no  figure  in  the  earliest  versions  "  ? 
Undoubtedly  true,  if  the  verse  be  the  earlier  ;  a 
number  of  metrical  romances  exist  in  which  neither 
the  Grail  nor  any  of  the  personages  and  incidents 
usually  associated  with  it  figure.  It  would,  on 
the  other  hand,  be  impossible,  I  believe  (I  wish 
to  avoid  dogmatism),  to  name  any  prose  romance 
in  which  the  Grail  either  does  not  appear  or  is 
not  alluded  to,  or  which  does  not  contain  inci- 
dents and  personages  of  the  Grail  romances 
proper.  But  let  that  pass.  The  reader  may  be 
supposed  to  crave  some  information  as  to  the 
date  of  the  prose  romances,  concerning  which  he 
only  knows  that  in  Prof.  Saintsbury's  opinion 
they  are  earlier  than  the  poems.  On  p.  99  he 
is  told  that  the  "  best  authorities  "  place  the 
"throwing  into  shape  "  of  the  great  romances 
before  the  composition  of  Layamon's  'Brut,' 
which  is  assigned  to  the  year  1200.  On  p.  100 
a  strong  plea  is  urged  on  behalf  of  Walter 
Map's  traditional  authorship  of  the  '  Lancelot ' 
and  *  Quest,'  the  date  of  his  death  being  given 
as  1196.  But  on  p.  199  is  a  discussion  of  the 
English  '  Ancren  Riwle,'  a  text  assigned  to  the 
year  1200,  the  prose  of  which,  it  is  asserted, 
"  would  have  been  wonderful  at  the  time  in  any 

other  European   nation French    prose   was 

only  just  beginning  to  take  such  form Ville- 

hardouin  [writing  about  1210]  had  little  or 
nothing  but  Latin  [prose]  before  him."  On 
p.  323  Villehardouin's  chronicle  is  described  "  as 
the  first  great  French  prose  book  from  the 
literary  point, "and  it  is  apparently  left  an  open 
question  "  if  the  prose  Arthurian  romances 
really  date  from  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century. " 

I  think  it  will  be  agreed  that  the  inexpert 
reader  is  likely  to  derive  from  these  obiter  dicta 
little  if  any  real  knowledge  concerning  the  date 
of  the  Arthurian  prose  romances  or  their  posi- 
tion in  the  evolution  of  French  prose,  whilst  if 
he  takes  Prof.  Saintsbury's  remark  concerning 
Villehardouin  an  serieux  he  can  but  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  they  are  not  "  great  "  from  the 
"  literary  point." 

Meanwhile,  what  information  is  vouchsafed 
about  the  verse  romances  ?  Concerning  Chres- 
tien,  the  greatest  and  one  of  the  earliest  writers  in 
verse,  we  are  told,  on  p.  102,  that  all  of  his  work 
was  done,  "it  would  seem,  before  the  end  of 
the  twelfth  century  "  ;  and  concerning  the  verse 
romances  generally  that  they  are  "  easily  intel- 
ligible as  developed  from  parts  of  the  prose 
original." 

The  reader  who  knew  nothing  further  of  the 
subject  than  what  he  gleaned  from  Prof.  Saints- 
bury's pages,  and  who  endeavoured  to  collate 
and  combine  the  inconsistent  items  of  informa- 
tion 1  have  set  forth  above,  would  arrive  at 
some  such  conclusion  as  this  —  the  prose 
romances  about  Arthur  were  written  in  the  last 
years  of  the  eleventh  century,  and  were  followed 
by  a  number  of  verse  workings-up  of  separate 
episodes.  He  would,  1  think,  be  amazed  to 
discover  that  Chrestien  died  in  the  last  ten 
years  of  the  twelfth  century,  that  his  earliest 
Arthurian  romances  date  back  to  about  1160, 
and  that  notably  the  '  Conte  de  la  Charrette,' 
which  Prof.  Saintsbury  asserts  to  be  later  than 
the  corresponding  portion  of  the  prose  '  Lance- 
lot,' was  written  before  1172.  It  is  of  course 
possible  that  Prof.  Saintsbury  has  ground  for 
doubting  the  accuracy  of  dates  established  and 
accepted  by  such  men  as  Holland,  M.  Gaston 
Paris,  and  Prof.  Forster  ;  but  would  it  not  have 
been  advisable,  to  say  the  least,  in  a  work 
intended  for  the  general  reader,  to  state  the 
view  held  by  every  scholar  in  the  world  (except 
himself)  in  the  slightest  degree  qualified  to 
express  an  opinion  ? 

The  fact  is  that  Prof.  Saintsbury  in  his 
anxiety  not  to  bow  down  before  the  latest 
critical  idol  falls  into  the  opposite  extreme  of 
disregarding  all  the  critical  work  of  the  last  half 
century.  An  amusing  instance  is  found  on 
p.  244.  Speaking  of  Gottfried  von  Strassburg's 
model,  Thomas,  Prof.  Saintsbury  says  "  he  used 
to  be  (though  this  has  now  been  given  up)  iden- 


tified with  no  less  a  person  than  Thomas  the 
Rhymer."  What  would  be  said  if  we  found  a 
corresponding  statement  in  a  work  on  English 
history  :  William  the  Conqueror  used  to  be 
identified  with  the  victor  of  the  Boyne,  but  this 
has  noiu  been  (jifeu  np  ? 

Mere  pedantry  such  criticism,  it  may  be  said. 
What  does  it  matter  whether  a  poem  belongs  to 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth  or  the  middle  of  the 
twelfth  century  ?  I  will  not  do  Prof.  Saintsbury 
the  injustice  of  fathering  this  view  upon  him, 
warrant  though  there  be  in  his  words.  This 
very  work  bears  witness  enough  to  his  apprecia- 
tion of  literature  as  an  expression  of  the  time. 
When,  therefore,  he  assigns  the  lais  of  Marie 
de  France  to  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century, 
instead  of,  with  M.  Gaston  Paris  and  other 
critics,  to  about  1150-1165,  I  demur  to  his  view 
on  literary  grounds.  To  regard  the  lais  as 
posterior  to  the  literary  development  of  the 
Arthurian  romance  is  to  do  them  grave  wrong, 
and  to  ignore  their  importance  in  the  general 
evolution  of  the  Arthur  legend. 

Finally,  I  may  note  that  Walter  Map's  author- 
ship of  certain  of  the  prose  romances,  so  touch- 
ingly  believed  in  by  Prof.  Saintsbury,  becomes 
the  more  possible  the  further  back  we  can 
throw  the  mass  of  the  metrical  texts.  If  the 
dates  really  were  as  Prof.  Saintsbury  seems  to 
maintain.  Map's  authorship  would  necessarily 
have  to  be  given  up.  As  it  is,  one  may  say 
that  it  is  not  impossible,  and  one  may,  if  one 
likes,  believe  that  there  must  be  some  founda- 
tion for  the  traditional  ascription.  Of  actual 
evidence,  even  of  such  evidence  as  that  Robert 
de  Borron  wrote  a  'Joseph'  and  a  'Merlin,' 
there  is,  however,  none.  Alfred  Nutt. 


SLOANE'S  'LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON.' 
The  'Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,'  by  Prof. 
W.  M.  Sloane,  of  which  the  third  volume  is 
noticed  in  the  Atheiueum  for  August  7th,  con- 
tains a  brief  allusion  to  the  relations  between 
the  Austrian  wife  of  the  Emperor  and  her 
father,  which,  as  a  not  generally  known  fact 
in  the  history  of  Napoleon,  deserves  a  larger 
statement  than  that  which  the  author  gives  it. 
As  the  authority  on  which  Prof.  Sloane  makes 
it,  I  think  it  possibly  of  sufficient  interest  to 
offer  it  to  the  Atheiueuin  in  full. 

I  was  in  the  secret  service  of  Kossuth  in  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  1852,  and  amongst 
the  interesting  items  of  his  experience  which  he 
narrated  to  me  was  that  of  his  having,  when 
Home  or  Hungarian  minister  at  Vienna,  had 
in  his  custody,  and  taken  cognizance  of,  a  series 
of  letters  from  the  Empress  to  her  father,  dis- 
closing Napoleon's  plans  and  movements,  from 
which  it  appeared  that  she  was  in  reality  a  spy 
on  her  husband,  and  that  the  schemes  he  con- 
fided to  her  in  the  belief  that  she  shared  his 
ambitions  were  immediately  made  known  at 
Vienna,  with  an  eflect  on  the  fortunes  of  his 
campaign  which  may  well  have  been  fatal. 

W.  J.  S. 


"PRAISE-GOD  BAEEBONES." 

Public  Record  Office,  August  13,  1897. 

As  the  facts  known  about  this  remarkable 
man,  leather-seller,  preacher,  and  member  of 
Parliament,  are  not  very  numerous,  the  follow- 
ing may  prove  of  interest.  His  real  name  was 
Praise  Barbon. 

On  the  4th  of  November,  10  Car.  I.  (1634), 
a  bill  of  complaint  was  presented  to  the  king 
by  Mary  Agg,  of  London,  widow,  administra- 
trix of  the  estate  of  her  late  husband,  John 
Agg,  of  St.  Martin 's-in-the-Fields,  co.  Middle- 
sex, cordwainer.  She  represents  that  one  Hugh 
Pollard,  of  Nampton,  co.  Devon,  owed  the  said 
John  Agg,  for  shoes  and  boots  and  other  com- 
modities, the  sumof  39Z.  13s.  This  debt  Pollard, 
though  several  times  asked,  had  not  paid,  and 
as  he  had  been  a  "constant  customer"  of  the 
said  Agg  "for  divers  years"  the  latter  was 
"not  willing    to  displease   him."     But,    "for 


mortality's  sake,"  wishing  to  "  have  some 
specialty  to  show  for  the  money,"  Agg  pre- 
tended to  the  said  Pollard  that  he  owed  to  one 
"Prayse  Barbon  of  London,  Leather  seller," 
the  sum  of  30?.  or  thereabouts,  "whereas  in 
truth  he  did  not  owe  unto  the  said  Barbon  any 
money  at  all."  To  secure  the  paymert  of  this 
301.,  Agg  asked  for  "some  specialty"  under 
the  hand  and  seal  of  the  said  Pollard.  To- 
this  Pollard  agreed,  and  gave  Agg  a  bill,  dated' 
March  7th,  1633,  acknowledging  himself  in- 
debted to  Praise  Barbon  for  the  amount,  pay- 
able on  the  15th  of  June  ensuing.  In  April 
Agg  died  intestate,  and  the  complainant,  as  his 
administratrix,  claimed  the  301.,  and  also  the 
9L  13s.  over  and  above  that  sum.  She  repre- 
sents, however,  that  Praise  Barbon  and  Hugh 
Pollard  combine  to  refuse  her  payment  of  the 
said  moneys,  and  praj's  that  a  writ  of  Privy 
Seal  may  be  directed  to  them  compelling  them 
to  appear  and  to  answer  the  premises,  and  to- 
do  as  the  King  and  his  Council  at  Whitehall 
shall  order. 

On  the  12th  of  November,  1634,  Praise 
Barbon  gives  in  his  answer.  He  states  that 
from  time  to  time  John  Agg  took  up  from, 
him  upon  credit  several  parcels  of  Spanish 
leather  and  other  leather,  which,  at  the  prices- 
agreed  on,  amounted  in  the  whole  to  131.  17s. 
This  sum  he  had  often  asked  from  Agg,  but 
never  received  any  portion  of  it.  At  last  he 
agreed  to  receive  as  security  for  the  debt  the 
bond  or  bill  of  the  said  Hugh  Pollard.  Agg 
told  Barbon  that  Pollard  owed  him  301.,  and 
asked  Barbon  to  take  Pollard's  bill  for  that 
amount,  offering  to  take  out  the  balance  in 
leather.  To  this  Barbon  "condescended,  in 
regard  the  said  John  Agg  was  a  constant  cus- 
tomer unto  him."  After  Pollard  had  given  the 
bill  Barbon  delivered  it  to  Agg,  upon  the  "  faith- 
ful promise "  of  the  latter  to  pay  the  debt  of 
131.  17s.  But  none  of  it  was  received  either 
from  Agg  or  Pollard,  and  Agg  died  before  the 
bill  became  payable,  nor  had  he  taken  up  any 
more  leather  or  wares  from  Barbon.  The  com- 
plainant, Mary  Agg,  about  the  time  that  the 
30L  became  payable,  was  asked  by  Barbon  to 
deliver  him  the  bill  that  he  might  receive  the 
money  from  Pollard,  and  was  offered  by  him. 
security  for  the  payment  of  the  overplus.  But 
the  complainant  refused,  whereupon  Barbon 
asked  for  payment  of  the  131.  17s.  due  to  him„ 
offering,  upon  payment  of  the  same,  to  assign 
the  bill  to  the  complainant.  This  also  she 
refused,  so  as  Barbon  "  doth  conceive  that  the 
said  complainant  hath  a  sinister  intent  and 
meaning  to  defeat "  him  of  the  131.  17s.  He 
further  denies  that  there  has  been,  or  is,  any 
combination  between  himself  and  Pollard,  and 
prays  to  be  dismissed  from  the  suit  with  his 
reasonable  costs  and  charges. 

Ernest  G.  Atkinson. 


TRELAWNY  AT   USK. 


Old  people  forget  dates,  and  I  have  no  means 
of  verifying  these,  but  according  to  tradition 
Trelawny  came  to  Usk  in  1845,  and  lived  here 
eleven  years. 

On  some  hasty  journey,  whose  cause  is  for- 
gotten, he  became  enamoured  of  the  quiet  little 
town,  situated  in  the  heart  of  King  Arthur's 
country — the  county  of  Monmouth — and  deter- 
mined to  make  it  his  home  ;  so  with  Mrs.  Tre- 
lawny and  his  two  sons,  Edgar  and  Frank,  he 
removed  from  Clifton.  Too  impatient  to  wait 
for  a  house  to  be  built  for  them  on  the  site  he 
had  selected,  or  perhaps  anticipating  pleasure 
in  superintending  its  erection,  he  put  himself 
and  family  into  a  temporary  home,  a  house  in 
Newmarket  Street  (now  an  inn),  where  a  few 
months  later  Letitia  was  born.  This  is  the 
daughter  whose  face  is  familiar  from  the  por- 
trait of  her  in  Sir  John  Millais's  picture  '  The 
Search  for  the  North  Pole. ' 

The  site  Trelawny  chose  for  his  country  home 
is  one  known  locally  as  Llanbadoc  Rock,  and 


258 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N%3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


lies  about  a  quarter  of  a  inile  from  the  town 
across  the  river.     The  house  is  now  known  as 
Twyn  Bell,  but  Trelawny  always  called  it  "  the 
Cot."     One  cannot  imagine  him  content  in  such 
small  compass,   and    hardly  wonders  that,   six 
years  later,  he  bought  the  entire  estate  of  Cefn 
Ila,  of  which  his  cottage  grounds  were  a  portion, 
and  moved  higher  up  the  hillside  into  the  larger 
house.     The  last  four  years  of  his  connexion 
with  the  neighbourhood  were  spent  at  Cefn  Ila, 
and  it  was  from  that  house  the  family  left  for 
London,    disunited,    never   again    to   dwell    in 
love  and  peace  together.    The  interest  attaching 
to  these  eleven  years  at  Usk  lies  in  the  fact  that 
here  the  drama  of  disillusion,  bitterness,  and 
final   alienation   was   played   out   wliich   began 
with  the  romantic  elopement  of  Lady  Goring 
with  the  gallant,  adventurous  spirit,  the  friend 
of  Byron  and  of  Shelley.    She  had  been  ill-used 
and  unhappy  ;   Trelawny   had  championed  her 
and  won  her  passionate  and  grateful  attachment. 
Together  they  fled,  braving  the  world's  opinion 
— no  great  act  of  courage  on  his  part,  who  had 
lived  all  his  life  in  its  defiance,  but  a  fiery  trial 
for  so  sensitive  a  woman.     Then  at  Usk  years 
after    Nemesis    overtook   her.     She   could  not 
condone  in  the  lover  what  she  had  resented  so 
deeply  in  the  husband,  and  for  the  second  time 
she  threw  off  her  bondage.     But  this  time  it 
was   to   face   the   world   alone.     These   ten    or 
eleven  years  are  also  memorable  as  Trelawny's 
longest,  if  not  his  only,  sojourn  in  the  country. 
Whatever  charms  the  quiet  place  possessed  for 
him,  they  were  not  those  that  usually  appeal  to 
men.     He  had   no   taste  for  field  sports,  and 
cared  little  for  fishing,  which  is  the  great  attrac- 
tion of   the  neighbourhood.     The   building  of 
the  cottage  was  his  great  interest  for  two  years, 
and  after  that  the  various  improvements  of  the 
grounds,    and   subsequently   of    the    Cefn    Ila 
estate,  occupied  most  of  his  time.      "All  Usk," 
said  an  old  resident  to  me,  "was  excited  over 
the     Trelawnys     the    whole    time    they    lived 
here."     It  seems  very  probable  that  the  arrival 
of  such  a  well-known  "free  lance,"  the  friend 
of  men  whose  opinions,  about  the  year  '48,  were 
more  unpopular  than  ever  among  the  sedate  and 
conservative,  must  have  caused  considerable  com- 
motion, which  the  circumstances  of  his  marriage 
would  not  tend  to  calm. 

Nevertheless,  the  Trelawnys  appear  to  have 
been  well  liked,  and  to  have  produced  a  very 
much  more  favourable  impression  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood than  did  that  other  turbulent  spirit, 
Landor,  when  he  resided  a  few  miles  away,  at 
Llanthony.     From    what    I   have    gathered   of 
reminiscence  from  the  few  left    to    remember 
him,    Trelawny   was   wiser  in   his   methods   of 
recommending  himself  to  the  community.     At 
first    he    may  have  "astonished  the  natives," 
but  he  did  not  set  them  by  the  ears  ;  and  he 
made     his    sojourn    remembered    by    a    large 
charity,  and  by  what  is   more  truly  beneficial, 
a  liberal    expenditure    of  wages.     The   "town 
and  trade  "  could  toast  him  with    all  possible 
enthusiasm,   for,    as   an   American   would   say, 
"he   made   things   hum."     Amongst    his    own 
class  he  naturally  found  few  congenial  spirits, 
but  with  those  few  he  was  on  intimate  terms. 
Three   particular   friends— the   Vicar   of   Llan- 
badoc,    whom   he   called   "Master  Arthur";  a 
lawyer  by  the  name  of   Partridge,  nicknamed 
"the    Bird";   and    "the   Doctor,"   a    medical 
gentleman    not    long    deceased— always    spent 
Sunday   afternoons   with  him   and   drank   tea. 
That  Trelawny  made  tea  himself,  after  a  fashion 
of  his  own,  and  that  his  guests  drank  it  out  of 
large   basins,    instead   of   cups,   is   one   of   the 
reminiscences    that    most    flourishes    in    Usk. 
Another  is  the  fact  that  he  used  to  be  seen  on 
Sunday  mornings,  by  the  faithful  on  their  way 
to  church,  planting  trees  on  Llanbadoc  Rock. 
Some   of   these   trees  were   seedlings,  brought 
from  Byron's  grave,  and  nursed  with    infinite 
care  until  they  became  accustomed  to  their  new 
environment.     It  is  certain   that    the    present 
picturesque  appearance  of   that   corner  of  the 


road  is  entirely  due  to  Trelawny.  He  not  only 
clothed  it  with  verdure,  but  spent  much  money 
in  projjping  up  the  crumbling  side  of  the 
declivity,  and  rendering  it  safe  for  ascent.  A 
lady  remembers,  as  a  child,  being  taken  for 
a  walk  over  the  rocks  with  her  parents, 
when  they  were  joined  by  Trelawny.  He 
was  fond  of  children,  but  they  were  usually 
terrified  by  his  big  voice  and  overpower- 
ing presence  ;  and  so,  when  he  took  the 
little  girl  by  the  hand  to  help  her  in  climbing, 
she  lost  all  sense  of  sight  or  motion,  and  in  her 
fright  was  dragged  along,  she  scarcely  knew 
how,  to  the  top,  and  was  hardly  recompensed 
for  her  ordeal  by  the  rare  and  delicious  sweets 
brought  out  for  her  delectation  on  arrival  at  the 
Cot. 

A  sister  of  this  lady,  more  courageous,  used  to 
venture  up  there  to  jjlay  with  the  children  and 
sit  on  one  of  Trelawny's  knees  while  Letitia 
occupied  the  other,  sweets  being  the  bribe  for 
this  act  of  daring.  The  entire  visit  must  have 
been  an  adventure,  and  tJie  home-coming  was  a 
most  dramatic  finish  as  related  by  her.  Tre- 
lawny always  sent  the  boys  home  with  her  by 
a  near  cut  across  the  woods  known  as  Graig-y- 
nault ;  but  this  being  too  tame  a  proceeding  for 
their  father's  sons,  they  used  to  stop  at  the  top 
and  insist  on  Miss  C.  traversing  the  remainder 
of  the  way  alone.  To  give  her  confidence  she 
was  presented  with  a  small  pistol,  which  she  was 
to  fire  off  when  safe  at  the  bottom  of  the  field, 
and  the  boys  in  an  answering  salute  acknow- 
ledged her  signal  and  made  off  home,  delighted 
at  having  enlivened  a  prosaic  duty  with  a  spice 
of  romance. 

Another  lady,  daughter  of  a  well-known 
solicitor  in  practice  at  Usk,  was  a  favourite 
with  Trelawny.  He  used  to  inveigh  against 
her  long  curls,  the  pride  of  her  mother's  heart, 
but  much  in  the  way  of  the  little  girl's  lively 
frolics.  Trelawny  sympathized  with  her,  and 
one  day  cut  every  tress  off  her  head  and  sent 
her  home  without  a  word  of  apology  for  the 
high-handed  proceeding.  The  mother  did  not 
resent  it  openly.  "It  was  of  no  use  being 
angry  with  Mr.  Trelawny,"  said  the  narrator. 
' '  He  would  only  laugh  and  declare  he  did  quite 
right." 

This  "masterfulness"  of  the  man  impressed 
itself  on  every  one.      He  was   kindly,   but  he 
was  austere,  and  not  very  companionable.    Any 
tenderness  there  had  been  in  his  relations  with 
his  wife  must  soon  have  disappeared.     She  sat 
in  another  room,   an    old  servant  says,   never 
with    him,    unless  to  talk   business.      He  pro- 
bably liked  children  because  they  were  inferiors 
and  would  not  cross  him.     He  liked  his  friends 
to   be    poorer  or  younger   or  less    intellectual 
than  himself.     If  they  were  in  trouble  he  would 
do  anything  for  them,  but  he  liked  them  less 
in    prosperity.      One  friend,   Judge  Falconer, 
long  resident  in  Usk,  and  a  memorable  figure 
in  its  history,   came  here  first  as  their  guest, 
a  briefless  barrister,  straitened  in  means.     He 
was  made  much  of  by  Trelawny  until  the  date 
of  his  appointment  to  a  judgeship  of  the  county 
court.     After  that  he  was  no  longer  a  persona 
grata    at    Cefn    Ila,   but    he   continued    to   be 
friendly  with    Mrs.   Trelawny,   then  and  after 
her  separation. 

Trelawny's    daughter    by    his     Greek    wife, 
Zella,   was    occasionally   over   from  Italy,   and 
trails  across  one's  impression  of  the  family  life, 
as  described  by  the  only  person  who  recollects 
her,    fishing-rod    in    hand,  her   progress    from 
the  river-bank   marked    by  yards    of   ravelled 
lace  edging,   torn  from    her  petticoats  by   the 
brambles,  she  quite  unheeding.     They  were  all 
fond  of  the  river,  and  Trelawny  put  up  a  large 
tent    on    the    bank,    where    in   summer    Mrs. 
Trelawny  and  the  children,  as  well  as  himself, 
used  to  enjoy  bathing.     In  fact,  they  lived  just 
as  pleased  them,  and  the  Mrs.  Grundy  of  that 
generation  has  failed  to  note  her  disapproval  of 
their  proceedings  until  the  scandal  of  the  last 
year  aroused  a  more  than  Grundian  displeasure. 


There  is  a  sort  of  simplicity  in  these  great, 
unconscious  egotists  of  Trelawny's  type.      No 


one  but  a  man  of  his  temperament — the  man,  be 
it   remembered,    who    uncovered    Byron's    foot 
after  death — could  have  done  what  he  did  at 
Usk.     It  was  not  daring,  it  was  simple  belief  in 
his  own  power  to  do  as  he  willed,  or  rather  a 
simple  inability  to  see  anytliing  unusual  in  what 
he  willed,  that  made  him  bring  Miss  B.  to  Cefn 
Ila  and  set  her  up  to  be  worshipped  there.    But 
society  was  justly  scandalized  by  the  spectacle 
of  this  shaggy  Samson  carrying  the  diminutive 
form  of  his  Delilah  to  and  from  his  carriage  at 
the  foot  of  Llanbadoc  Rock— his  Delilah  who 
was  not  even  pretty,   if    the  memories  of    my 
informants  are  to  be  trusted.     Mrs.  Trelawny's 
own  escapade  was  forgotten  in   the  sympathy 
evoked    by  this    fatuous  display.     She  was  so 
manifestly  superior  to  her  rival  in  mind   and 
person,  and  had  so  endeared  herself  to  many  by 
her  charity,   that  she  had  the  suffrages  of   all 
classes.     She  bore  herself  with  dignity  in  her 
trial — removed   to  some  lodgings  in   the  town 
under  pretext  of  business,  but  did  not  "make 
a  scene."     A  complete  break-up  soon  followed. 
Cefn  Ila  was  sold,   with  all  its   furniture  and 
most  of  the  books.  It  was  a  three  days'  auction, 
and  is  still  talked  of  by  the  old  people  because 
of    Trelawny's    unexampled   hospitality   during 
its  progress.      Open  house  was  kept,   and   no 
embargo  placed  on  any  supplies  except  whiskey, 
for  which  he  had  a  great  dislike. 

And  so  he  departed  from  Monmouthshire,  and 
was  seen  no  more.  Few  are  left  who  remember 
him  now,  but  from  their  various  reminiscences 
and  different  points  of  view  the  man's  vivid 
personality  has  impressed  itself  on  the  writer. 
Big  in  every  way  he  must  have  been,  but  not 
great,  demanding  much  room,  as  big  people  do, 
for  mind  and  body  ;  selfish,  yet  capable  of  un- 
selfish deeds  ;  limited  in  sympathy,  but  irre- 
sistible where  he  gave  it  ;  brave  always,  noble 
sometimes,  commonplace  never — such  he  seems 
to  have  shown  himself  to  our  Usk  folk  in  the 
eleven  years  of  his  country  life. 

M.  B.  Byrde. 


UitevarLi  ©ossip. 

We  learn  that  tlie  new  edition  of  Thacke- 
ray's works,  which,  we  have  before  spoken 
of,  will  shortly  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  with  illustrations,  in- 
cluding a  hitherto  unpublished  portrait  of 
the  novelist.  For  the  purpose  of  this  edition 
Mrs.  Eichmond  Eitchie  has  been  for  some 
years  engaged  in  writing  biographical  and 
anecdotal  introductions  to  the  works.  Each 
of  the  novels  will,  we  understand,  be  com- 
plete in  a  single  volume,  and  the  publica- 
tion will  begin  in  the  autumn,  the  volumes 
appearing  at  monthly  intervals. 

A  NEW  story  by  Mrs.  Woods,  the  author 
of  '  A  Village  Tragedy,'  will  commence  in 
Lo7igman''s  Magazine  for  September. 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  will  publish  in 
the  course  of  the  autumn  a  '  Memoir  of  the 
late  Sir  Henry  Eawlinson,'  written  chiefly 
by  his  brother,  Canon  Eawlinson.  One 
chapter  of  the  work  will  be  contributed  by 
the  present  baronet  and  another  by  Lord 
Eoberts.  The  book  will  embody  the  con- 
tents of  many  diaries  and  note-books  left  by 
Sir  Henry.  Another  biographical  work  to  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Longman  is  '  The  Life 
and  Letters  of  Sir  George  Savile,  Bart., 
Eirst  Marquis  of  Halifax,'  by  Miss  H.  C. 
Foxcroft.  To  this  will  be  added  a  new 
edition  of  Savile's  writings,  which  have 
not  been  collected  till  now. 

To  the  September  number  of  the  Cornhill 
Magazine  Mr.  W.  M.  Acworth  contributes 


N°3643,  Aug.  21, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


259 


an  anniversary  study  on  Brunei,  in  -wliich 
stress  is  laid  on  Brunei's  claim  to  be  con- 
sidered tlie  father  of  express  railway  travel- 
ling. In  connexion -with  the  recent  encounter 
between  Prince  Henri  d'Orleans  and  the 
Count  of  Turin  interest  attaches  to  Mr. 
Pemberton  Grund's  final  article  on  '  Duels 
of  all  Nations,'  which  is  devoted  to  duelling 
in  the  British  Isles.  Mr.  Frank  BuUen 
contributes  an  opportune  article  on  Ant- 
arctic exploration,  advocating  the  rehabili- 
tation of  the  sperm -whale  fishery  in  the 
far  Southern  seas;  and  Col.  E.  Vibart — a 
cousin  of  the  officer  of  the  same  name  who 
is  about  to  publish  a  volume  on  the  Indian 
Mutiny — begins  a  personal  narrative  of  the 
events  which  occurred  at  Delhi  in  May, 
1857,  describing  in  full  detail  his 
miraculous  escape,  with  nine  other  Euro- 
peans, from  the  Main  Guard  on  May  11th. 

Sir  Edward  Strachey,  in  his  reminiscences 
of  Charles  Buller,  dwells  at  lengthy  on  the 
great  services  rendered  by  Buller  in  con- 
nexion with  the  Eoyal  Commission  sent  to 
Canada  in  1839.  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth  writes 
on  the  economic  and  ceremonial  aspects  of 
the  Court  of  Cromwell ;  Miss  Mary  Kingsley 
contributes  a  characteristic  parrot  story 
illustrative  of  West  African  folk-lore  ;  and 
the  number  also  contains  the  '  Pages  from 
a  Private  Diary,'  short  stories  by  Mrs. 
Meyer  Henne  and  Mr.  Horace  Eawdon,  and 
the  penultimate  instalment  of  '  In  Kedar's 
Tents.' 

The  September  number  of  Macmillan'' s 
Magazine  will  contain  an  article  called 
'  The  Surrender  of  Napoleon.'  It  consists 
of  a  series  of  letters,  from  June  7th  to 
July  26th,  written  to  his  wife  by  Capt. 
(afterwards  Sir  Humphrey)  Senhouse,  flag 
captain  to  Admiral  Sir  Henry  Hotham, 
commanding  the  British  fleet  off  the  French 
coast  in  1815,  to  whom  Napoleon  sur- 
rendered himself  on  July  15th.  Capt.  Sen- 
house  dined  with  Napoleon  on  board  the 
BeUerophon  ;  and  the  ex-emperor  was  sub- 
sequently entertained  at  breakfast  on  board 
the  flagship  Superb.  These  letters  are 
now  published  for  the  first  time  through 
the  courtesy  of  Sir  Humphrey's  daughter. 
Miss  Eose  Senhouse.  The  number  will  also 
include  an  article  on  '  The  Greeks  and  their 
Lesson,'  by  Mr.  Arthur  Gaye  ;  and  a  short 
story,  'In  the  Guardianship  of  God,'  by 
Mrs.  Steel. 

Miss  Nina  F.  Layard  has  in  the  press 
a  volume  of  '  Songs  in  Many  Moods,'  which 
Messrs.  Longman  will  issue. 

A  Greek  version  of  the  reply  of  the  Eng- 
lish archbishops  to  the  Pope's  pronounce- 
ment on  English  ordinations  is  to  be  issued 
by  Messrs.  Longman. 

Mr.  Br^kstad  is  going  to  publish 
another  selection  of  tales  by  Asbjornsen,  who 
was  first  introduced  to  the  English  public 
through  the  late  Sir  George  Dasent's  trans- 
lations, published  in  1858  and  1874.  In 
1881  Mr.  Brrekstad  published,  under  the 
title  of  'Eound  the  Yule  Log,'  a  translation 
of  some  of  Asbjornsen's  '  Folke-Eventyr '  and 
his  '  Huldre-Eventyr.'  It  contained  illustra- 
tions by  Norwegian  artists  which  had  ap- 
peared in  Norway.  An  additional  series 
of  illustrations  by  the  well  -  known  Nor- 
wegian artists  E.  Werenskiold,  T.  Kittelsen, 
and  0.  Sinding  was  in  course  of  publication 


when  Asbjornsen  died  in  1885;  but  the 
arrangements  for  the  publication  of  this 
illustrated  edition  were  so  far  advanced 
that  the  final  part  appeared  about  two  years 
afterwards.  Mr.  Brsokstad  is  going  to 
bring  out  a  second  volume,  and  some  of 
the  later  illustrations  are  reproduced  in  the 
pages  of  his  new  selection. 

The  prospectus  of  the  reproduction  of 
Codex  Bezpo,  to  be  published  by  the 
Cambridge  University  Press,  is  now  ready. 
It  contains  two  specimen  pages  of  the  fac- 
simile, and  is  printed  on  paper  of  the  same 
quality  as  that  to  be  used  for  the  work.  It 
is  particularly  requested  that,  in  order  to 
prevent  delay  in  the  delivery  of  copies,  the 
names  of  subscribers  may  be  sent  in  as  soon 
as  possible.  Copies  will  be  delivered,  as  far 
as  can  be  arranged,  in  the  order  in  which 
the  subscriptions  have  been  received. 

There  is,  of  course,  no  ground  for  saying 
that  the  teaching  colleges  in  London,  which 
the  Cowper  scheme  would  affiliate  to  the 
London  University,  have  agreed  to  put 
forward  a  suggestion  for  a  separate  "  Uni- 
versity of  Westminster."  No  suggestion 
of  this  kind  has  yet  been  considered  by  the 
most  influential  of  the  bodies  who  would  be 
affected  by  it. 

The  first  volume  of  a  series  of  special 
reports  on  educational  subjects,  mainly  the 
outcome  of  inquiries  set  on  foot  by  Mr. 
M.  E.  Sadler,  is  being  issued  from  the  new 
Education  Department  Library  in  Parlia- 
ment Street. 

The  Charity  Commissioners  are  to  hold 
an  inquiry  into  certain  of  the  large  endow- 
ments available  for  education  in  the  county 
of  Shropshire.  The  claims  of  Shrewsbury, 
Oswestry,  and  other  schools  have  proved  to 
be  somewhat  difficult  of  adjustment,  and  the 
Commissioners  have  decided  to  put  into 
operation  their  statutory  powers. 

The  new  illustrated  edition  of  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne's  romance  'The  House  of  the 
Seven  Gables,'  which  will  shortly  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Service  &  Paton,  with  an 
introduction  by  Dr.  Moncure  Conway,  will 
contain  some  new  biographical  and  biblio- 
graphical matter,  among  other  things  a 
remarkable  letter  written  by  the  author  to 
a  representative  of  the  Pinchon  family  who 
had  protested  against  the  use  of  that  name 
for  the  villainous  judge  in  the  story.  It 
appears  that  there  had  been  an  actual 
Judge  Pynchon  in  Salem  ;  Hawthorne,  quite 
unaware  of  the  fact,  invested  a  very  honour- 
able gentleman  with  the  cruel  traits  of  his 
own  ancestor.  Judge  John  Hathorne. 

A  new  edition,  revised  and  brought  up 
to  date,  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Eusden's  '  History  of 
Australia,'  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
MelviUe,  Mullen  &  Slade. 

The  fragment  of  Aquila  recently  dis- 
covered in  the  Cambridge  University  Library 
by  Mr.  F.  C.  Burkitt  will  be  edited  by  him, 
and  published,  it  is  hoped  early  in  the 
Michaelmas  Term,  at  the  University  Press. 
The  edition  will  contain  photographs  ;  the 
text  as  read  by  Mr.  Burkitt,  arranged  in 
columns  as  in  the  original ;  and  a  compari- 
son with  the  leading  texts  of  the  LXX. 
extant  at  that  point.  It  is  hoped  that 
Dr.  Taylor,  Master  of  St.  John's  College, 
•will  write  an  excursus  or  appendix  to  be 
included  in  the  volume. 


Mr.  George  Eedway  is  preparing  an 
edition  de  luxe  of  '  Candide.'  The  old  Eng- 
lish translation  has  been  revised  by  Mr. 
Walter  Jerrold,  who  contributes  an  intro- 
duction ;  and  the  volume,  a  royal  octavo, 
will  be  illustrated  with  sixty-two  designs 
by  French  artists. 

Messrs.  Nisbet  &  Co.  will  publish  early 
in  September  another  romance  of  military 
life,  to  be  entitled  '  The  Eip's  Eedemption,' 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  E.  Livingston  Prescott, 
author  of  *  Scarlet  and  Steel.' 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  W.  H. 
Garrett,  for  some  years  a  leader-writer  on 
the  Daily  Chronicle, 

Mrs.  Walford  will  publish  next  October 
through  Messrs.  Longman  another  novel 
called  '  Iva  Kildare.'  The  same  firm 
promises  a  volume  of  stories  by  Mr. 
Watson,  editor  of  the  Badminton  Magazine^ 
and  a  study  on  the  Falklands  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  by  the  author  of  '  The  Life 
of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby.' 

A  NEW  volume  on  'Eock  Climbing  in 
the  Lake  District '  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Longman. 

At  the  beginning  of  next  session  women 
will  for  the  first  time  be  admitted  as  students 
under  certain  conditions  to  the  Philosophical 
Faculty  of  the  University  of  Vienna. 

The  Zwingli-verein,  which  has  been  con- 
stituted for  the  formation  of  a  Zwingli 
museum  in  Zurich,  publishes  a  little  periodi- 
cal twice  in  the  year,  the  Zwingliana,  which 
is  edited  by  the  eminent  authority  on  Swiss 
ecclesiastical  history  Prof.  Emil  Egli.  We 
learn  from  the  "Heft"  just  issued  that  the 
Zurich  Stadtbibliothek  has  placed  the  Helm- 
haus  at  the  service  of  the  society.  Amongst 
the  interesting  contents  of  the  present 
number  there  is  a  report  of  a  Greek  tragedy 
which  was  performed  in  Greek  by  the 
Zurich  students  on  New  Year's  Day,  1531, 
the  last  birthday  which  Zwingli  celebrated. 
It  is  a  proof  of  the  degree  in  which  the 
study  of  classical  Greek  flourished  in  Zurich 
at  the  time.  The  Zwingliana  is  not  sold, 
but  is  distributed  gratuitously  to  the 
members  of  the  Zwingli-verein. 

Dr.  Jakob  Bachtold,  Professor  of  the 
History  of  German  Literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Zurich,  who  died  last  week  suddenly, 
was  a  native  of  Schleitheim  in  Canton 
Sehafihausen.  He  was  born  in  1848,  studied 
at  Heidelberg,  Munich,  and  Tubingen,  and 
in  1880  became  a  Privatdozent  at  the  uni- 
versity to  whoso  service  his  whole  adult 
life  has  been  devoted.  His  principal  work, 
*  Die  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Literatur  in 
der  Schweiz,'  has  obtained  a  great  reputa- 
tion in  Germany,  and  he  was  working  just 
before  his  death  at  the  concluding  volume. 
He  was  the  editor  of  the  posthumous 
writings  of  Gottfried  Keller,  1892,  and  the 
author  of  the  biography  of  Keller,  3  vols., 
1892-1896. 

None  of  the  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the 
last  few  days  is  of  interest. 


260 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


Niseis,  Aug.  21,  '97 


SCIENCE 


Address  to  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  Toronto,  1897. 
By  Sir  Jolin"  Evans,  K.O.B.,  D.C.L., 
F.K.S.,  President. 

ALTiiouGn  Sir  John  Evans,  in  tlie  early 
part  of  liis  address,  offers  some  apology  for 
his  occupation  of  the  presidential  seat,  it 
-will  be  readily  conceded  that,  notwithstand- 
ing the  lack  of  any  professional  bond  con- 
necting him  directly  with  science,  his  claims 
rest  on  too  secure  a  basis  to  need  justifica- 
tion. It  is  true  the  study  of  historical  anti- 
quities would  not  alone  be  deemed  a  suffi- 
■cient  title  to  the  presidency  of  the  British 
Association  ;  but  Sir  John  adds  to  the  learn- 
ing of  the  antiquary  the  science  of  the 
archfeologist.  He  has  busied  himself  through 
a  long  life  with  the  application  of  scientific 
methods  to  the  interpretation  of  the  relics 
of  the  prehistoric  past.  When  a  stone 
implement  or  an  uninscribed  coin  has  been 
unearthed  he  has  studied  it  much  in  the 
same  way  that  a  geologist  would  study  a 
fossil ;  in  fact,  when  documentary  evidence 
fails,  the  natural  history  method  is  our  only 
safe  course,  and  who  shall  say  that,  after 
all,  this  is  not  the  more  trustworthy  ? 

Sir  John  Evans  points  out  that  practically 
the  same  principles  which  Darwin  applied 
to  the  interpretation  of  organic  nature  had 
been  successfully  employed  in  certain  de- 
partments of  numismatic  study  at  least  ten 
years  before  the  appearance  of  Darwin's 
famous  work.  Many  who  read  this  passage 
may  not  understand  that  reference  is  here 
■made  to  some  of  Sir  John's  own  early 
investigations.  Nearly  fifty  years  ago  he 
applied  the  principle  of  "descent  with 
•variation"  to  certain  inquiries  regarding 
the  morphology  of  the  coins  of  the  ancient 
Britons.  In  successive  generations,  or 
issues,  of  British  gold  coins  the  offspring 
tends  to  reproduce  the  characters  of  the 
parent  with  more  or  less  variation;  and 
where  the  modification  is  advantageous,  bj' 
simplicity  or  symmetry  of  design,  there  is  a 
tendency  for  this  to  be  perpetuated.  Thus  an 
artistic  Greek  design,  like  that  on  the  famous 
Macedonian  philippus,  becomes  so  conven- 
tionalized by  successive  copies  from  copies 
that  ultimately  its  relation  to  the  original 
prototype  is  scarcely  to  be  recognized ;  in 
■other  words,  a  new  "species"  has  been 
evolved. 

Considering  the  line  along  which  the 
President's  own  scientific  researches  have 
generally  run,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  address  should  be  de- 
voted to  a  review  of  the  present  state  of 
our  knowledge  of  the  antiquity  of  man. 
There  is,  too,  a  certain  local  fitness  in  dis- 
cussing this  subject  on  the  present  occasion, 
inasmuch  as  it  was  to  the  late  Sir  Daniel 
Wilson— for  many  years  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  professors  in  Toronto  —that  archfeo- 
logy  became  indebted  for  the  convenient 
term  "prehistoric."  As  far  back  as  1851 
Wilson — then  resident  in  Edinburgh — pub- 
lished a  rather  remarkable  work,  entitled 
^The  Archaeology  and  Prehistoric  Annals 
of  Scotland.'  Notwithstanding  the  solecism 
lurking  in  this  title,  the  term  "prehistoric" 
was  received  with  favour ;  and  when,  a  few 
years  afterwards,  attention  was  directed  to 


the  relics  of  palaeolithic  man,  the  word  was 
seen  to  be  exactly  what  was  wanted  as  an 
appropriate  designation  of  that  new  depart- 
ment of  archaeology  which  forthwith  sprang 
into  existence. 

It  is  needless  to  recall  the  old  story  of  the 
discoveries  in  the  valley  of  the  Somme  and 
elsewhere  which  led,  nearly  forty  years  ago, 
to  the  foundation  of  this  new  science — dis- 
coveries in  which  Sir  John  Evans,  associated 
with  his  friend  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Prestwich, 
played  so  conspicuous  a  part.  It  is  curious, 
however,  to  note  that  the  original  tendency 
to  bring  the  duration  of  man's  existence 
within  too  narrow  limits  has  given  place  in 
recent  years  to  a  tendency  in  the  opposite 
direction — a  disposition  in  many  quarters  to 
carry  the  earliest  appearance  of  the  human 
race  back  to  a  remote  geological  date,  sug- 
gested, doubtless,  by  theoretical  considera- 
tions, but  still  unsupported  by  evidence 
which  rises  above  suspicion. 

When  the  British  Association  last  met  at 
Leeds,  Sir  John  Evans,  in  a  presidential 
address  to  the  Anthropological  Section,  dis- 
cussed the  evidence  which  had  been  adduced 
in  support  of  the  existence  of  man  in  tertiary 
times,  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
case  at  that  time  was  "  not  proven."  During 
the  seven  years  which  have  passed  since 
that  meeting  fresh  evidence  has  accumu- 
lated ;  but  still  the  President  sees  no  neces- 
sity to  revise  his  original  verdict.  It  has 
generally  happened  that  wherever  the 
archaeologist  and  the  geologist,  working 
hand  in  hand,  have  investigated  any  given 
implement -bearing  locality  with  all  the 
care  and  caution  which  such  difiicult  work 
requires,  the  result  has  been  to  show  that 
the  human  relics  are  not  only  referable  to 
that  latest  of  all  geological  epochs,  the 
pleistocene,  but  usually,  if  not  invariably, 
to  the  latter  part  of  the  pleistocene  period, 
or  to  that  era  which  may  be  termed  post- 
glacial. 

Exactly  one  hundred  years  ago  the  occur- 
rence of  numerous  flint  implements  was 
recorded  from  Hoxne,  on  the  borders  of 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  Quite  recently  the 
geological  horizon  of  the  beds  which  yielded 
these  worked  flints  has  been  the  subject 
of  an  elaborate  investigation  carried  out,  at 
the  instance  of  the  British  Association  and 
of  the  Royal  Societj',  by  Mr.  Clement  Reid, 
of  the  Geological  Survey.  What  has  been 
the  result?  The  result  has  been  to  prove 
conclusively  that  the  implement-bearing 
brick-earth  occurs  not  below  the  great 
chalky  boulder-clay,  as  had  sometimes 
been  asserted,  but  above  it ;  and  that  the 
brick- earth  is  separated  from  the  glacial 
clay  by  deposits  of  such  a  character  as  to 
suggest  great  climatic  changes,  and  con- 
sequently a  vast  interval  of  time.  The 
glacial  severity  under  which  the  boulder- 
clay  was  formed  must  have  been  amelio- 
rated, as  attested  by  the  plants  representing 
a  temperate  flora,  which  have  left  abundant 
relics  in  the  clays  and  lignite  above  the 
boulder-laden  clay.  But  more  than  this  : 
an  overlying  bed  of  black  loam  contains 
relics  of  such  jelants  as  the  Arctic  willows 
and  the  dwarf  birch,  which  prove  a  return 
of  Arctic  conditions,  and  suggest  a  climate 
not  unlike  that  of  the  cold,  treeless  regions 
of  North  America  and  Siberia  at  the  present 
day.  Yet  it  was  not  until  after  this  period 
that  the  loam  was  deposited  in  which  the 


stone  implements  of  Hoxne  have  hitherto 
been  found.  So  far,  then,  as  these  imple- 
ments are  concerned  it  must  be  admitted 
that  palaeolithic  man,  who  fabricated  them, 
was  geologically  a  mere  creature  of  yester- 
day! 

With  reference  to  Mr.  Skertchly's  reputed 
discovery,  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  of 
flint  implements  under  the  great  chalky 
boulder-clay  of  Brandon — a  case  which  is 
often  cited  in  proof  of  the  inter-glacial  or 
pre-glacial  age  of  man  in  East  Anglia — the 
President  makes  undoubtedly  a  good  point. 
AVhilst  denying  that  the  geological  evidence 
is  satisfactory,  he  remarks  on  the  archeeo- 
logical  improbability  that  man  should  have 
manufactured  identical  types  of  implement 
at  periods  so  widely  separated  from  each 
other  as  those  represented  by  deposits 
beneath  and  above  the  boulder-clay. 

Quite  recently  Mr.  Lewis  Abbott  has 
recorded  the  discovery  of  worked  flints  in 
the  forest  bed  of  Cromer,  usually  regarded 
as  of  late  pliocene  age  ;  but  in  this  instance 
the  President  is  inclined  to  doubt  the  evi- 
dence of  human  workmanship.  Nor  is  he 
disposed  to  place  more  reliance  on  other 
instances  in  which  the  reputed  relics  of 
man's  handiwork  have  been  detected  in  still 
older  pliocene  deposits.  In  the  case  of 
Charlesworth's  perforated  tooth  of  a  large 
shark  from  our  crag  or  of  Prof.  Cappellini's 
incised  bones  from  Tuscany,  the  drilling  and 
sawing  were  probably  not  effected  by  man  ; 
whilst  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Stopes's  crag  shell 
with  a  sculptured  human  face  the  carving 
was  most  likely  executed  long  subsequent 
to  the  formation  of  the  crag  itself.  Dr. 
Noetling's  discovery  of  worked  flints  in 
Upper  Burma  under  conditions  suggesting 
a  pliocene  age  is  another  of  those  cases  on 
which  doubt  has  been  cast  by  some  of  the 
highest  authorities. 

Regarding  the  reputed  discoveries  of 
human  relics  of  miocene  age,  such  as  the 
famous  flints  of  Thenay,  the  President  has 
again  and  again  expressed  his  doubts,  and 
has  consequently  avoided  direct  reference  to 
them  on  the  present  occasion.  It  may  here 
be  useful  to  remark  that  the  whole  subject 
of  tertiary  man  was  recently  carefully  dealt 
with  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Newton  in  a  presidential 
address  to  the  Geologists'  Association. 

So  much  has  been  heard  of  late  years 
about  the  rude  flints  discovered  by  Mr.  B. 
Harrison  and  others  on  the  high  plateaux 
of  Kent,  under  conditions  suggesting  a 
remote  geological  antiquity,  that  some  re- 
ference to  the  subject  might  have  been 
expected  in  any  address  on  the  antiquity 
of  man.  But  Sir  John  Evans's  opinion  on 
these  flints  is  well  known  to  all  students  of 
prehistoric  archaeology.  It  is  true  Sir  Joseph 
Prestwich  was  as  deeply  convinced  that  the 
flints  had  been  dressed  by  human  hands  as 
that  the  plateau  drifts  were  of  great  geo- 
logical age  —  pre-glacial,  if  not  pliocene. 
But  these  views  were  never  shared  by  his 
friend  the  President.  Sir  John  Evans  holds 
that  a  geologist,  however  distinguished, 
may  be  deceived  on  archaeological  matters  : 

"  The  geologist,  unaccustomed  to  archseo- 
logical  details,  may  readily  fail  to  see  the  dif- 
ference between  the  results  of  the  operations  of 
nature  and  those  of  art,  and  may  be  liable  to 
trace  the  effects  of  man's  handiwork  in  the 
chipping,  bruising,  and  wearing  which  in  all 
ages  result  from  natural  forces." 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


r  HE     A  T  H  p]  N ^  U M 


rp 


261 


Nor  is  the  President  inclined  to  pin  his 
faith  to  the  opinion  of  the  ordinary  archtco- 
logist  upon  the  age  of  a  stone  implement : 

"  If  left  to  himself,  the  archteologist  seems  too 
prone  to  build  up  theories  founded  upon  form 
alone,  irrespective  of  geological  conditions." 

These  opinions  obviously  lead  to  the  con- 
clusion that  in  working  out  any  doubtful 
case  the  only  safe  course  is  found  in  the 
union  of  these  authorities,  the  geologist  and 
the  archa3ologist  always  going,  like  Juno's 
swans,  "  coupled  and  inseparable."  It  was 
by  such  a  coupling  that  Prestwich  and 
Evans  originally  placed  the  existence  of 
pleistocene  man  beyond  dispute,  and  it  will 
probably  need  a  similar  combination  if  ever 
the  scientific  world  is  to  be  thoroughly  con- 
vinced of  the  existence  of  tertiary  man. 
The  younger  men,  full  of  enthusiasm,  may 
think  that  Sir  John  Evans  carries  his  caution 
in  this  respect  to  excess  ;  but  those  who 
have  been  sobered  by  experience  will  pro- 
bably hold  that  in  such  matters  it  is  easy 
enough  to  err  in  the  direction  of  confidence, 
yet  difficult  to  correct  an  error  when  once 
committed.  The  science  of  prehistoric 
archpoology  can  scarcely  be  more  effectually 
damaged  than  by  the  compulsory  recanta- 
tion of  views  once  enunciated  as  to  the 
antiquity  of  man. 

By  a  little  play  of  the  imagination, 
pardonable  enough  in  a  discourse  addressed 
to  what  after  all  is  but  a  mixed  audience, 
the  President  attempts  to  reconstruct  the 
history  of  the  human  race.  Stretching  his 
vision  eastwards,  he  sees  in  Asia  the  cradle 
of  primitive  man ;  and  there,  under  the 
favourable  influence  of  a  tropical  climate, 
our  early  ancestors  slowly  acquired  the  art 
of  fabricating  implements  and  weapons  of 
stone.  Driven  at  length  from  this  pri- 
meval seat,  probably  by  scarcity  of  game, 
the  stone-using  folk  gradually  migrated 
westwards,  spreading  in  the  course  of 
ages  over  a  vast  area,  as  attested  by  the 
wide  distribution  of  similar  types  of  imple- 
ment, until  ultimately  a  palaeolithic  people 
reached  our  part  of  the  world.  At  that 
remote  period,  what  is  now  Britain  must 
have  formed  part  of  the  continental  main- 
land and  been  tenanted  by  many  types  of 
mammalian  life  now  extinct.  How  long 
palseolithic  man  lived  here  is  uncertain, 
but  it  was  undoubtedly  a  vast  period  of 
time — a  period  sufficient  to  allow  of  the 
erosion  of  deep  river  valleys  and  other 
great  changes  in  the  physical  features  of 
the  country,  as  also  profound  changes  in 
the  fauna.  IBut  at  length  there  came  a  time 
when  Western  Europe  was  deserted  by  man 
— perhaps  through  failure  in  the  necessary 
food  supply,  or  possibly  through  physical 
changes,  resulting  in  unfavourable  climatic 
conditions.  No  man  dare  guess  how  long 
this  part  of  the  world  remained  untenanted, 
yet  we  believe  it  must  have  been  an  interval 
of  great  duration.  For  when  Europe  came 
to  be  repeopled,  it  was  no  longer  by  the 
rude  stone-using  folk  of  early  days,  but  by 
a  people  who  brought  with  them  that  higher 
culture  which  we  designate  as  neolithic. 
While  absent  from  this  part  of  the  world, 
man  seems  to  have  dwelt  elsewhere  under 
more  favourable  conditions,  and  to  have 
there  developed  industrial  arts  previously 
unknown,  so  that  he  returned  a  herdsman 
and  an  agriculturist,  acquainted  with  textile, 
fictile,  and  other  arts,  though  still  ignorant 


of  metal- working.  It  will  be  observed  that 
in  this  sketch  a  satisfactory  explanation  is 
afforded  of  that  fact  so  embarrassing  to  the 
archaiologist — the  absence  here  of  any  clear 
proof  of  direct  transition  from  the  palasolithic 
to  the  neolithic  stage  of  development. 

It  is  not  without  interest  to  note  that  the 
neolithic  and  some  other  phases  of  pre- 
historic life  were  represented  up  to  a  very 
recent  date  by  semi-civilized  peoples  in 
various  parts  of  the  world.  "  The  Eed 
Man,"  said  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  "is  among 
the  ancients  of  the  earth."  To  collect 
information  respecting  the  native  races  of 
America  is  the  function  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,  so  admirably  adminis- 
tered by  Major  Powell.  Sir  John  Evans, 
towards  the  close  of  his  address,  expresses 
the  regret,  shared  by  aU  ethnologists,  that 
no  corresponding  institution  exists  in  this 
country.  The  subject  was  brought  before 
the  British  Association  last  year  by  Mr. 
0.  H.  Read,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
before  long  some  official  organization  for 
collecting  information  respecting  the  various 
primitive  peoples  within  the  British  empire 
may  be  established  in  connexion  either  with 
the  British  Museum  or  with  the  Imperial 
Institute. 

Respecting  the  relics  of  prehistoric  man 
in  the  New  World  Sir  John  Evans,  rather 
strangely,  says  but  little.  It  is  true  he 
makes  a  passing  reference  to  the  implements 
of  argillite  from  Trenton  in  New  Jersey  ; 
but  he  is  silent  with  regard,  for  instance, 
to  those  curious  relics  reputed  to  occur  in 
the  auriferous  gravels  beneath  the  great 
basaltic  lava-flows  in  California.  Probably 
the  subject  has  been  neglected  of  set  pur- 
pose, since  we  believe  that  a  joint  meeting  of 
the  Anthropological  and  Geological  sections 
has  been  arranged  with  the  view  of  dis- 
cussing the  question  of  the  antiquity  of  man 
in  America.  Are  there  any  human  relics  of 
pre-glacial  age  in  the  Western  hemisphere? 
Is  the  Calaveras  skull  of  geological  anti- 
quity ?  What  is  the  relation  of  man  to  the 
mastodon  ?  Much  obscurity  still  hangs 
over  these  and  many  other  questions 
relating  to  the  early  appearance  of  man  in 
what  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  in  his  '  Hydrio- 
taphia,'  calls  "that  great  antiquity  Ame- 
rica ";  but  surely  there  could  be  no  more 
favourable  opportunity  for  their  discussion 
than  that  afforded  by  the  present  meeting, 
when  anthropologists  and  geologists  from 
the  East  and  from  the  West  may  unite  in 
their  deliberations  under  a  president  who, 
to  borrow  another  phrase  from  the  same 
old  writer,  is  assuredly  "  no  slender  Master 
of  Antiquities." 


The  Naturalist  in  Australia.  By  W.  Saville- 
Kent.  (Chapman  &  Hall.)— Mr.  Saville-Kent 
has  profited  so  little  by  the  suggestions  we  made 
him  when  some  three  years  ago  we  reviewed  his 
'Great  Barrier  Reef  of  Australia,'  that  we  do 
not  feel  disposed  to  devote  much  time  to  him 
now  ;  and,  indeed,  there  is  so  much  in  common 
between  some  parts  of  the  new  work  and  the 
old  that  it  would  be  mere  surplusage  to  deal 
with  it  at  any  length.  It  is  difficult  to  imagine 
for  whom  the  work  can  be  intended.  It  is  too 
expensive  for  those  who  cannot  afford  mono- 
graphs and  similar  costly  works  ;  it  is  much  too 
unwieldy  to  be  read  in  an  armchair  ;  and  the 
chromolithographs  will  expel  it  from  the  draw- 
ing-room table.  The  pretentious  title  arouses 
the  suspicion  that  the  work  is  not  A.M.D.G., 


as  a  Jesuit  would  say,  but  for  the  gloriBcation 
of  an  individual  ;  and  the  remarks  made  in  con- 
nexion with  the  coral  genus  Turbinaria  go  far  to 
support  it.  But  there  is  not,  it  seems  to  us, 
justification  for  the  attack  that  is  made  on  the 
decorators  of  the  interiors  of  our  houses ;  at  least 
that  is  the  meaning,  if  they  have  any,  of  the 
following  sentences  : — 

"  Dame  Nature  teems  with  new  suggestions  in 
both  form  and  colour  that  appeal  most  urgently 
for  recognition  at  the  hands  of  the  decorative  artist. 
Not  the  least  noteworthy  among  them  is  her  wealth 
of  treasures  yielded  by  the  sea.  As  an  initial  notion 
in  that  direction,  what  a  vista  of  original  distinc- 
tion and  success  is  open  to  the  artist  who,  turning 
his  back  upon  the  egregious  conventionalities  and 
bastard  banalities  of  every  flower  that  blooms,  shall 
strike  out  a  new  path  !  " 

This  is  by  no  means  an  exceptional  example  of 
the  author's  style,  and  which  (as  he  would  say) 
increases  the  difficulty  of  reading  him.  It  is  a 
great  pity  that  it  should  be  so,  for  Mr.  Saville- 
Kent  has  enjoyed  excellent  opportunities  for  in- 
vestigating the  natural  history  of  Australia.  He 
is  a  close  observer,  and  is,  clearly,  passionately 
fond  of  animals.  But  his  self-consciousness  has 
spoilt  his  work,  and  the  dissatished  reader  can- 
not feel  that  he  has  made  atonement  by  giving 
a  portrait  of  "  the  naturalist." 

The  Life- Histories  of  the  British  Marine  Food- 
Fishes.  By  W.  C.  Mcintosh  and  A.  T.  Master- 
man.  (Clay.)— This  work,  published  so  soon 
after  Mr.  Cunningham's,  naturally  challenges 
comparison  with  it  ;  it  may  be  taken  to  sum- 
marize the  results  of  many  years  of  laborious 
toil  by  Prof.  Mcintosh  in  his  native  St. 
Andrews,  aided  from  time  to  time  by  various 
workers,  such  as  Prof.  Prince  and  the  gentle- 
man now  associated  with  him.  We  do  not 
think  that  the  later  work  will  oust  Mr.  Cun- 
ningham's from  the  position  it  has  already 
taken,  and,  indeed,  it  appears  to  us  that  it  will 
be  more  useful  as  a  dictionary  or  work  of  refer- 
ence than  as  a  means  of  interesting  or  instructing 
practical  ichthyologists.  It  has  the  character- 
istics of  Prof.  Mcintosh's  work— scrupulous 
care  for  details,  with  no  attempt  to  reach  any 
generalizations.  Many  of  the  twenty  plates 
with  which  it  is  illustrated  are  too  overcrowded 
with  details,  and  the  style,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing is  an  example,  is  not  easy  : — 

"From  what  has  been  said  above,  the  gunnel 
will  be  seen  to  belong  to  those  shore-loving  fishes 
with  a  demersal  egg,  the  young  of  which,  instead  of 
being  brought  up  beside  its  parents,  passes  through 
an  early  migration  which  involves  a  pelagic  sojourn 
in  the  offshore  water,  before  eventually  assuming 
its  normal  habits  in  the  littoral  region  (cf.  'Her- 
ring,' '  Sand-eels ')." 


GEOGRAPHICAL  LITERATURE. 

Notes  on  the  Kuril  Islands,  by  Capt.  H.  J. 
Snow  (Murray),  is  a  small  volume  published  for 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  in  which  the 
author  has  put  forth  the  knowledge  gathered 
by  him  in  the  course  of  many  visits  to  this 
interesting  chain  of  volcanic  islands.  He  deals 
with  their  physical  geography,  fauna  and  flora, 
not  less  than  with  the  inhabitants,  of  whom  an 
enforced  winter  residence  consequent  upon  a 
shipwreck  enabled  him  to  gain  a  fair  knowledge. 
Formerly  the  fisheries  of  these  [^islands  were 
of  great  value,  and  the  fur-seal  abounded  as 
recently  as  1881,  when  Capt.  Snow  rediscovered 
their  three  "rookeries."  Since  that  time,  owing 
to  indiscriminate  slaughter  by  Japanese  and 
foreigners,  these  highly  appreciated  animals  have 
become  scarce,  and  the  "  rookeries  "  are  all  but 
deserted.  The  even  more  valuable  sea-otter  (a 
skin  fetches  from  lOL  to  210^  in  the  London 
market)  has  almost  disappeared. 

Signer  Giuseppe  Gessi,  in  Africa:  Antro- 
pologia  della  Stirpe  Camitica  (Turin,  Fratelli 
Bocca),  presents  us  with  a  monograph  on  the 
Hamitic  race  (stirpe)  of  what  he  calls  the 
"Species  Euafricana."  The  other  "race"  of 
this  "species,"  that  of  the  Mediterranean,  is 
to  be  dealt  with  in  a  separate  volume.  Signer 
Gessi   remarks  that  "systematic  anthropology 


262 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


has  not  advanced  a  single  step,  notwithstanding 
the  progress  of  natural  science. "  He  rejects  such 
classifications  of  tiie  "  genus  homo  "  as  those  of 
Prof.    Flower,    Mr.   Brinton,   and  Mr.    Keane, 
and  would  base  his  systena  of  classification  ex- 
clusively upon  external    and    osteological  cha- 
racters, rejecting  all  aid  from   ethnology,  and 
taking  no  note  of  the  language  or  the  historical 
development  of  the  various  tribes  or  peoples. 
His  nomenclature,  fortunately,  is  the  same  as 
that  adopted  by  his  predecessors,  although   he 
attaches  a  different  meaning  to  it  ;  but  it  re- 
quires a  somewhat  close  study  of  his  book  to 
find   out   wherein   it   differs.      He   divides   his 
Hamites  into  an  eastern  and  a  northern  branch: 
the  former  includes  the  Egyptians,  Ethiopians, 
Nubians,     Beja,    Abyssinians,     Somal,    Nilotic 
tribes,  Masai,  and  Wahuma  ;  the  northern  the 
Libyans,  Berbers,  Tebu,  Fulbe,  and  Canarians. 
The   book    is  a    storehouse   of   facts,    and    its 
numerous  illustrations  have  been  selected  with 
judgment. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL   LITERATURE. 

A   Handbook  to  the  Order  Lepidoptera.     By 
W.  F.  Kirby,  F.L.S.     (Allen  &  Co  )-This  is 
the  fourth  volume  of  Mr.  Kirby's  contribution 
to   "Allen's  Naturalist's  Library,"   and  is  the 
continuance  of  a  treatise  on  the  Heterocera  or 
moths,  but  contains  two  excellent  features  which 
distinguish  it  from  the  more  technical  contents 
of  the  previous  volumes.     These  novelties  con- 
sist of  an  essay  'On  the  Systems  of  Classifica- 
tions of  Moths  '  and  a  '  Sketch  of  the  Literature 
of  Lepidoptera.'     The  first  commences  with  the 
arrangement  of  Linnseus  in  1758,  and  terminates 
with  that   proposed    by  Dr.   Packard  in  1895. 
This  contribution  to  the  history  of  heteroceral 
taxonomy  is  interesting  to  the  specialist  and  of 
value    to    the  ordinary  student   and   collector. 
Studied  by  the  light  of  evolution,  these  various 
systems  exhibit  primarily  the  effort  for  effective 
cabinet  arrangement  and   concise  method    for 
faunistic  catalogues,  and  secondly  the  tendency 
towards  a  natural  arrangement  based   on   bio- 
logical principles.     The  last,  however,  is  "not 
yet,"  and  in  the  classification  of  moths  special- 
ists  may  be  said  to  observe  a  "law  unto  them- 
selves."    The  bibliography  is  the  strong  point 
of  the  author,  and  we  cannot  resist  expressing- 
our  regret   that    the  Trustees   of    the   British 
Museum  do  not   avail    themselves  of    the  un- 
doubted  bibliographical   qualifications   of    Mr. 
Kirby,  and  allow  him  to  devote  his  whole  time 
to  the  production  of  synonymic  catalogues,  of 
which  we  have  some  and  could  do  with  more. 
We  are  not,  of  course,  aware  whether  Mr.  Kirby 
desires  this  curtailment  of  his  functions,  but  at 
all  events  we  are  certain  that  course  would  be  a 
distinct  gain  to  entomology.  To  any  student  com- 
mencing to  study  the  order   Lepidoptera   this 
bibliography  will  prove  to  be  of  the  greatest 
assistance.     Many  moths  are  figured— some  for 
the  first  time— in  this  volume. 

The  Fauna  of  British  India,  including  Ceylon 
mid  Burma.— Hymenoptera.  Vol.  I.  By  Lieut. - 
Col.  C.  T.  Bingham.  (Taylor  &  Francis.)- 
Ihe  Hymenoptera  should  prove  the  most  in- 
teresting study  for  entomologists  if  their  in- 
telligence and  economy,  which  have  inspired 
observers  from  the  Hubers  to  Lubbock,  are  to 
be  considered.  Bates  and  Belt,  among  others, 
have  described  the  organization  of  tropical  ants, 
while  few  travelling  naturalists  have  failed 
to  record  something  concerning  the  habits  or 
appearance  of  the  insects  which  in  their  polity 
almost  challenge  men.  Much  more  would 
however,  doubtless  be  recorded  were  the 
Hymenoptera  better  known,  or  did  a  litera- 
ture exist  by  which  the  insects  observed  could 
be  identified  and  named.  It  is  only  the  amateur 
observer  who  despises,  or  who  affects  to  despise 
the  labours  of  the  descriptive  entomolo'dst 
No  observation  can  apply  to  a  nondescript 
insect ;  one  might  as  well  refer  to  a  book  with- 
out a  title.     Tropical  Hymenoptera  have,  un- 


N°  3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


fortunately,  been  long  unrepresented  by  a  hand- 
book, and  as  many  of  the  Oriental  genera  are 
likewise  found  in  the  Ethiopian  area,  this  Indian 
work  deserves  a  wider  circulation  than  in  the 
region,  or  amongst  those  who  study  the  fauna  of 
the  region,  to  which  it  directly  applies.  The 
method  pursued  is  in  general  that  of  Hampson 
with  the  moths,  but  there  is  not  only  given 
a  "key"  to  the  genera,  but  one  to  the  species 
as  well,  while  a  woodcut  of  a  representative 
species  of  each  genus  is  added.  This  first  volume 
IS  devoted  to  wasps  and  bees,  and  we  welcome 
it,  not  because  specialists  can  detect  no  mistake 
—a  very  unusual  circumstance  amongst  that 
lynx-eyed  fraternity— but  because  it  supplies 
a  want,  enabling  observations  to  be  properly 
recorded,  and  promoting  the  study  of  a  some- 
what disregarded  order  of  insects.  The  collector 
or  observer  abroad  can  with  this  volume  deter- 
mine the  genera,  if  not  the  species,  of  the  insects 
whose  habits  he  observes,  the  great  desideratum 
—for  terminology  alone  is  of  a  secondary  nature 
—and  as  in  some  cases  lawyers  have  enunciated 
the  axiom  that  it  is  not  what  a  man  says, 
but  what  he  does,  so  we  are  less  concerned  with 
the  name  by  which  an  insect  may  be  recognized 
than  with  the  details  of  its  life  economy  and  its 
natural  habits.  This  more  particularly  applies 
to  the  Hymenoptera,  about  which  so  much  is 
to  be  learnt  in  philosophical  entomology. 

The  Young  Beetle-Collector's  Handbooh.  By 
Dr.  E.  Hofman.  (Soniienschein  &  Co.)  — 
This  book  is  evidently  intended  to  assist  the 
young  "  beetle-collector  "  in  naming  some  of  his 
specimens,  and  for  no  other  purpose  whatever. 
In  fact,  where  this  consummation  is  attainable 
it  is  almost  exclusively  by  the  use  of  the  coloured 
figures— a  little  behind  the  artistic  progress  of 
the  day— and  not  by  the  descriptions"  alone, 
which  where  unaccompanied  by  figures  are  prac- 
tically valueless.  We  do  not  understand,  nor 
are  we  informed  as  to,  the  aim  and  scope  of  this 
small  volume.     If  it  is  intended  to  describe  the 

British Coleopteraitiswoefully  incomplete,  while 
to  add  to  the  problem,  other  species  are  included 
which  are  strictly  continental  in  habitat,  and 
often  extremely  local  there.  The  young  collector 
may  therefore  feel  that  he  has  other  fields  to 
conquer  besides  those  strictly  appertaining  to 
these  islands,  and  perhaps  this  is  some  gain. 
Insular  prejudice  is  a  term  frequently  applied 
to  our  feelings  by  those  of  other  countries  who 
study  our  faults  as  well  as  recognize  our  virtues 
and  the  young  coleopterist  may  well  con- 
cern himself  with  the  beetles  which  do 
not  cross  our  Channel,  though  we  fear 
this  handbook  will  not  carry  him  very  far. 
A  short  introduction  is  given  by  Dr.  W.  Egmont 
Kirby,  which  is  of  the  most  elementary 
character.  "The  larv?e  of  the  Melolonthini, 
or  cockchafers,  are  short,  curved  creatures  of 
a  yellowish-white  colour,"  is  a  diagnosis  illus- 
trative of  our  remark.  As  regards  the  habits 
of  beetles,  the  introduction  is  inferior  to  the 
text.  Thus  Dr.  Kirby  informs  the  young  col- 
lector that  "the  Longicornia  rest  on  the  bark 
of  trees,"  while  Dr.  Hofman  subsequently,  and 
more  correctly,  states  "these  beetles  live  on 
flowers  and  on  wood."  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
these  books  foster  a  love  of  nature  among  the 
young,  and  that  while  providing  a  Barmecide 
feast,  they  likewise  incite  a  hunger  for  more 
detailed  information.  If  this  is  so,  they  are  not 
published  in  vain. 


GEOLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

Notes  on  the  Geological  Formation  of  South 
Africa  and  its  Mineral  Resources.  With  a 
Geological  Sketch  Map  of  Africa  south  of 
the  Zambesi,  in  Four  Sheets.  By  F.  P  T 
Struben,  F.R.G.S.  (Stanford.)— Mr.  Strubeii 
calls  himself  the  "discoverer  of  the  Witwaters- 
rand  Gold-Fields,"  and  we  do  not  for  a  moment 
dispute  this  very  substantial  title  to  fame.  To 
be  the  admitted  finder  of  the  richest  gold 
deposit  in  the  world  might  be  regarded  as  suffi- 


cient glory  by  some  men.     Not  so  Mr.  Struben. 
Not  content  with  the  reputation  of  a  successful 
prospector,   he    apparently  hankers    after   that 
of  a  geologist.     Now  a  man  may  very  well  be  a 
shrewd  and  experienced  searcher   for  minerals 
and  at  the  same  time  but  a  poor  stratigrapher, 
and  it  would  appear  that  in  the  little  book  and 
large    map   before   us   we    have    a   remarkable 
instance   of    this   truth.     During   the   explora- 
tions of  years  in  all  parts  of  Soutli  Africa  Mr. 
Struben  has  accumulated  much  information  as 
to  the  distribution  of  diamonds,  gold,  and  the 
less  precious  treasures  of  that  part  of  the  world. 
So  far  as  he  has  put  down  on  his  map  the  spots 
at  which  he  has  observed  the  occurrence  of  this 
or  that  mineral,  so  far  his  map  is  of  real  value. 
He  has  attempted  much  more  than  this— has,  in 
fact,  tried  to  construct  the  geological  map  of  a 
region  of  enormous  extent  and  beset  with  special 
difficulties,  with  the  slenderest  qualifications  as 
a  geological  surveyor.     The  result  is  what  might 
have  been  expected,  or,  rather,  is  even  odder 
than  one   could  have   thought   possible.      The 
maps  and  papers  of  such  men  as  Dunn,  Bain, 
Green,  Alford,  Draper,  Gibson,  Penning,  Sawyer, 
Hatch,  and  others,  though  they  do  not  by  any 
means  always  agree  with  each  other  as  to  details, 
have  yet  given  us  certain  broad  facts  respecting 
the  leading  formations  of  South  Africa  and  their 
general  relations.     We  thus  possess  a  rough  but 
sufficiently  solid  framework  within  which  each 
new  point  can  find  a  place  as  it  becomes  acquired 
to  science.     For  this  framework  we  look  in  vain 
in  Mr.  Struben's  map.     Such  names  as  Karoo, 
Stormberg  Beds,  Ecca  Beds,  Dwika  Conglome- 
rate, Molteno  Beds,  &c.,  are  the  commonplaces 
of  South  African  geology.    None  of  these  occurs 
in  Mr.  Struben's  map.     He  cannot  be  accused 
of  copying  the  maps  which  have  preceded  his. 
There  is  no  evidence  that  he  has  ever  read  a 
word  of  the  previous  descriptions  of  the  vast 
area  dealt  with.     He  uses  none  of  their  nomen- 
clature—uses, indeed,  no  nomenclature  at  all. 
One  colour,  to  the  bewilderment  of  the  reader, 
is  labelled  by  him  "Sandstones,  Shales,  Con- 
glomerates, and  other  Stratified  Rocks  "  (pretty 
well  for  a  single   division  !).      Another  colour 
denotes  "Limestone,"  a  third  "Carboniferous 
Rocks,"  and   a   fourth  "Granite."     These  are 
positively    the     only    stratigraphical    divisions 
recognized   in   the  "Index   of   Colours."     The 
other  colours  (and  these  are  the  really  useful  ones) 
mark  actual  occurrences  of   various  minerals — 
gold,  silver,  copper,  and  so  on.     Turning  to  the 
several   longitudinal    sections   attached    to   the 
map,  we  hoped  to  find  matters  better  managed. 
Here,   however,  we  find  a  grand  simplicity  of 
structure,  which  is   singularly  unlike   the  dis- 
turbed  and   complicated   sections    of    previous 
observers— a   simplicity  of   structure   in  which 
we  confess  that  we  have  no  faith.     The  volcanic 
rocks  which  cover  so  much  of  the  inland  tracts 
are  shown  in  these  sections  terminating  down- 
wards  in   points    like    pipes    in    chalk.      The 
author  probably  does  not  mean  this,  but  he  does 
show  it  thus.     Nor  is  his  capacity  for  clear  geo- 
logical exposition  much  greater  than  his  fami- 
liarity  with   the   methods  of    section  -  making. 
Witness  the  following  mysterious  sentence  : — 

"In  stating  that  the  sedimentary  Rocks  extend 
across  South  Africa,  and  probably  at  one  period 
largely  covered  by  them,  is  demonstrated  by  their 
being  deposited  in  continuous  succession  or  sequence 
one  above  the  other." 

It  is,  indeed,  a  pity  that  a  man  with  considerable 
knowledge  of  a  certain  kind  should  be  so  uncon- 
scious of  the  limitations  of  that  knowledge  as  to 
attempt  work  so  entirely  beyond  his  powers  as 
Mr.  Struben  has  done  in  painfully  constructing 
the  ridiculous  productions  before  us. 

Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India. — 
Vol.  XXV.  Geology  of  the  Bellary  District, 
Madras  Presidency.  'By  R.  B.  Foote,  F.G.S. — 
Vol.  XXVI.  The  Geology  of  Hazara  and  the 
Black  Mountain.  By  C.  S.  Middlemiss,  B.A. 
(Calcutta.) — The  '  Memoirs  '  of  the  Indian  Geo- 
logical Survey  are  always  interesting,  and  these 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


263 


two  volumes,  although  the  regions  described  in 
them  include  no  features  of  great  economic  im- 
portance,  are  no  exception  to    the  rule.     The 
Bellary  district,   in  the  centre  of    the   Deccan 
tableland,   and    nearly  six    thousand    miles    in 
area,  is  an  open,  treeless,   and  slightly  undu- 
lating plain,  the  monotony  of  which  is,  however, 
broken  by  a  number  of  hill  ranges  running  dia- 
gonally across  it  several  miles  apart.    There  are 
also  isolated  hills  rising  here  and  there  between 
these  ranges.     The  highest  points  attained  are 
Kumarawami's  Peak  in  Sandur  State  and  Suga- 
devibetta  in  Bellary  Taluk,  respectively  3,400  ft. 
and  3,285  ft.  above  the  Trigonometrical  Survey 
datum  level.  Mr.  Foote  admits  that  the  country 
has  the  reputation  of  being   "very  ugly,"  but 
declares  that  there  is  much  picturesque  scenery 
amongst  the  seldom- visited  hilly  parts  and  that 
some  of  the  gorges  are  really  beautiful.     The 
rocks  of  the  region  are  chiefly  sub-aerial  and 
alluvial  deposits  of  recent  and  post-tertiary  age 
and  of  the  usual  Indian  types.     From  beneath 
these  there  crop  out  massifs  of  granitoid  and 
gneissic  rocks  and  younger  schists  known  as  the 
Dharwar  Rocks.    Previous  writers  had  regarded 
these  Dharwar  schists  as  the  oldest  in  the  dis- 
trict and  the  granites  as  having  been  intruded 
through  them.  Mr.  Foote  conclusively  proves  this 
to  be  a  mistake.  In  the  schists  are  vast  deposits 
of   hsBmatite,  which  have  long    been,  and  are 
still,  worked  by  the  natives,  but  which,  though 
they  constitute  the  greatest  iron-field  of  India, 
do  not  appear  to  have  attracted  exploitation  on 
a  large  scale.     Iron  far  from  coal  seldom  does 
in  these  days.     Manganese  and  copper  ores  are 
also   known,    but   not    in    inviting    quantities. 
Gold  is  obtained  by  washing  to  a  trifling  amount 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Harappanahalli,   and 
Mr.  Foote  recommends  a  thorough  prospecting 
of  promising  bluish  quartz  reefs  on  the  flanks 
of  Jajkal  Gudda,  a  great  hill  about  six  miles 
from  that  place.     As  in  all  these  Indian  Survey 
memoirs,   this  one  of  Mr.  Foote's    contains  a 
number  of  incidental  notes  of  value  as  adding 
to  our  common  stock  of  knowledge  respecting 
the  working  of    geological  agents    under   con- 
ditions difi'erent  from  those  we  are  most  familiar 
with.     We  would  specially  call  attention  to  his 
observations    on   the   water-holes   of   the   Fort 
Hill  at  Bellary,  on  the  rain-grooving  of  rocks, 
on  "  Giant  Earthquake  Screes,"  on  the  possible 
use  of  "palm  toddy"  in  prehistoric  times,  on 
grass  fires,  and  on  riverside  sand  dunes.     In  an 
appendix  Mr.  Foote  has,  rather  unkindly,  re- 
printed a  letter  published  some  years  ago  in  the 
Madras  Mail  by  Surgeon-Capt.  Fox,  A.M.D., 
in  which  the  physical  features  of  the  environs 
of    Bellary    are,    in    an    unintentionally   very 
amusing  manner,   ascribed  to  glacial   action. — 
Hazara,  the  geology  of  which  is  dealt  with  by 
Mr.  Middlemiss,  is   a   more   mountainous   and 
generally  more  interesting  country  than  the  last. 
It  lies  between  Kashmir  on  the  east  and  the 
Indus  on    the  west,   and,    being    inhabited  by 
independent    and    warlike    clans    of     hillmen, 
is  little  known  to  the  ordinary  Anglo-Indian. 
Geologically,  the  region  is  important,  since  it 
connects  the  rocks  of  Rawalpindi  and  Jhelum, 
which  have  already  been  described,  with  those  of 
Kashmir,  also  previously  worked  out  in  some 
detail    by    former    ofticers    of    the    Geological 
Survey.      Here  are  a  great  variety  of   forma- 
tions— palreozoic  or  older,  mesozoic,  and  tertiary, 
together   with    folds    and    dislocations   on   the 
grandest   scale  ;    in  fact,  the   structure  of  the 
Hazara   Mountains   is    to    some   extent   a   key 
to   the  innumerable  complexities  of  the  great 
Himalayan  chain.     At  every  step  in  such  a  dis- 
trict  the   geologist    is    met  by   stratigrapliical 
puzzles  of  the  first  order,  and  he  would  be  more 
than  human  if,  in  trying  to  solve  them,  he  re- 
frained from  theorizing.     Mr.  Middlemiss  has 
certainly   not    resisted    the   temptation.      His 
memoir  is  in  consequence  much  more  than  a 
mere  record  of  facts.   It  consists  to  a  large  extent 
of  singularly  varied    speculation   arising    from 
his  field  observations,  and  gains  thereby  greatly 


from  the  reader's  point  of  view.  We  would 
recommend  the  long  chapter  entitled  "  Gene- 
ral Considerations"  to  all  who  are  fond  of 
the  controversial  discussion  of  difficult  points 
in  dynamical  geology.  It  is  highly  suggestive, 
and  is  written  with  a  freshness  of  style  which, 
though  occasionally  verging  on  the  flippant,  yet 
fails  not  to  make  the  author's  views  abundantly 
clear  and  intelligible.  If  these  views  prove 
ultimately  as  correct  as  they  are  plausible,  we 
must  henceforth  regard  the  Himalaya  as  a 
vastly  older  wrinkle  on  the  face  of  the  earth, 
and  one  of  vastly  slower  growth,  than  most  of 
us  have  been  in  the  habit  of  doing.  It  is  only 
fair  to  Mr.  Middlemiss  to  add  that  in  shaping 
his  theoretical  deductions  he  has  throughout 
made  use  of  the  latest  methods  of  analysis 
known  to  geological  science.  Both  memoirs 
contain  excellent  coloured  maps  and  many 
valuable  plates  of  sections,  which  in  the  Hazara 
volume  are  supplemented  by  numerous  figures 
in  the  text.  Both  also  are  published  at  the 
laudably  low  price  to  which  the  Indian  Govern- 
ment has  accustomed  us,  and  which  puts  our 
own  Stationery  Ofiice  to  shame. 

The  Great  Ice  Age  and  its  Rdation  to  the 
Antiquity  of  Man.  By  James  Geikie,  F.R.S. 
Third  Edition.  (Stanford.)— No  words  of  ours 
are  needed  to  recommend  the  new  issue  of  so 
well-known  a  book  of  reference  to  readers  of 
high-class  geological  literature.  'The  Great 
Ice  Age '  of  Prof.  Geikie  may  be  regarded  as 
the  recognized  text-book  of  that  large  and  now, 
apparently,  dominant  class  of  "  glacialists  "  (as 
they  love  to  call  themselves)  whose  delight  is 
to  magnify  the  work  of  land-ice  and  to  belittle 
that  done  by  icebergs  and  sea-ice  generally.  In 
the  last  seventeen  years— the  time  which  has 
elapsed  since  the  second  edition  of  this  work 
appeared — so  much  has  been  done  in  the  gather- 
ing in  of  details  and  in  the  launching  forth  of 
theories  dealing  more  or  less  successfully  with 
the  glaciation  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  that 
it  was  high  time  these  facts  and  views  should 
be  winnowed  by  the  hand  of  a  master,  and  that 
the  grain  should  be  presented  to  us  in  a  com- 
pendious and  attractive  form.  Dr.  Geikie  has 
done  this — up  to  a  certain  point  ;  and  for  this 
third  edition,  which  is  indeed  a  new  book,  he 
deserves  the  thanks  of  all  interested  in  his  sub- 
ject. No  man  has  worked  harder  than  he  in 
detecting  and  in  following  out  laboriously  the 
traces  of  ice-work  in  Scotland,  in  the  Shetlands, 
in  the  Orkneys,  and  in  the  Hebrides.  He  has  also 
visited  the  fjords  and  asar  of  Scandinavia  and 
the  giant  moraines  of  North  America.  Besides 
this  he  is  personally  familiar  with  the  glaciers 
of  the  Alps.  Few,  therefore,  are  equipped  so 
fully  as  he  by  actual  experience  for  passing 
judgment  upon  the  work  of  others.  Unfortu- 
nately Prof.  Geikie  has  chosen  to  write,  not  as 
a  judge,  but  as  an  advocate.  He  has  placed  the 
case  of  his  party  in  an  admirable  way  before  his 
readers.  All  who  have  added,  by  ever  so  little, 
to  the  strength  of  that  case  receive  handsome 
recognition  in  his  volume,  and  their  results  will 
be  found  carefully  classified  and  clearly  ex- 
pounded, each  in  its  proper  place,  and  with  an 
excellent  sense  of  proportion.  Alas,  however,  for 
those  who  do  not  see  eye  to  eye  with  the  school 
in  power  !  Prof.  Geikie  does  not  abuse  them. 
He  does  worse  than  that :  he  leaves  them 
severely  alone.  They  may  have  spent  half  their 
lives  in  watching  the  ice  creeping  from  its  snow 
cradle  in  the  mountains  slowly  down  to  its  tomb 
in  the  ocean  ;  they  may  for  years  have  ransacked 
the  glacial  literature  of  the  world  and  published 
tomes  of  acute  criticism  thereon  —  they  are 
ignored  if  they  belong  to  the  "other  side." 
Moreover,  this  attitude  towards  opponents  has 
been  adopted  deliberately.  "It  would  have 
been  impossible,"  says  Prof.  Geikie  in  his  new 
preface,  "even  had  it  been  desirable,  to  dis- 
cuss and  controvert  every  opinion  with  which 
I  chanced  to  disagree."  And  again,  "I  have 
been  less  concerned  in  attempting  to  undermine 
and  overturn,  than  in  trying  to  build  up  ;  for  I 


agree  with  the  German  critic  who  asks  :  '  Muss 
denn  immer  das  Neue  auf  den  Trlimmern  des 
Alten  sich  erheben,  kann  nicht  auch  das  Neue 
sich  selbstiindig  aufbauen?'"  As  a  result  of 
this  method  '  The  Great  Ice  Age '  fails  to  be 
what  it  easily  might  have  been  made — viz.,  the 
best  and  most  complete  statement  of  the  pre- 
sent position  of  glacial  geology — and  must  take 
its  place  merely  as  the  excellent  and  closely 
reasoned  "argument"  of  the  powerful  group 
of  geological  thinkers  represented  by  Prof. 
Geikie  and  his  friends.  Readers  who  wish  for 
an  impartial  summing  up  will  be  disappointed, 
and,  however  right  the  interpretations  ofl'ered 
by  this  book  may  be — and,  indeed,  very  often 
are — must  have  an  uncomfortable  feeling  that 
points  that  are  not  met  may  be  points  that  are 
unanswerable.  Nowhere,  probably,  will  this 
feeling  wax  so  strong  as  in  connexion  with  the 
remarkable  passages  in  this  edition  where  Prof. 
Geikie  marshals  forth  his  evidence  (strong  as  it 
incontestably  is)  for  the  five  genial  inter-glacial 
periods  in  the  Great  Ice  Age  of  Britain  which 
he  regards  as  proven.  A  valuable  feature  of 
this  rewritten  work  is  an  account  of  the  glacial 
phenomena  of  the  United  States  from  the  pen 
of  Prof.  Chamberlin,  whose  views,  it  need 
scarcely  be  added,  in  all  essential  particulars 
are  in  perfect  accord  with  those  of  Prof.  Jamea 
Geikie. 


THE   LITERATURE    OF    PHYSICS. 

The  Theory  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism: 
beinq  Lectures  on  Mathematical  Physics.  By 
A.  Gordon  Webster,  Ph.D.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
— This  is  a  very  useful  addition  to  the  electrical 
literature  of  the  day.  It  meets  the  needs  of 
mathematical  students  more  fully  than  any  pre- 
viously existing  text-book  ;  and  it  has  the  great 
merit  of  being  self-contained.  Modern  elec- 
tricity emjjloys  a  number  of  mathematical 
methods  which  are  beyond  the  range  of  ele- 
mentary treatises  on  the  differential  and  integral 
calculus  ;  and  the  explanation  of  these  methods, 
with  the  necessary  proofs,  occupies  Part  I., 
forming  more  than  a  third  of  the  whole.  Part  II. 
is  devoted  to  electrostatics,  electrokinetics,  and 
magnetism ;  and  Part  III.  to  the  electromagnetic 
field,  including  electromagnetic  waves.  The 
author  is  connected  with  an  American  university ; 
but  the  volume  before  us  is  printed  at  the 
Cambridge  University  Press,  and  is  a  beautiful 
specimen  of  mathematical  printing.  It  has  a 
copious  index,  and  looks  very  inviting  either  for 
continuous  reading  or  as  a  book  of  reference. 

What  is  Electricity  ?  By  J.  Trowbridge,  S.D. 
(Kegan  Paul  &  Co.)— This  little  book  does  not 
profess  to  throw  any  fresh  light  in  the  direction 
of  answering  this  abstruse  question,  but  consists 
of  the  collected  views — briefly  expressed  inside 
one  cover — of  various  authorities  on  the  subject, 
up  to  date.  Here  Prof.  Trowbridge  has  done 
useful  work,  and  of  a  sort  that  has  not  been 
attempted  before,  it  is  believed.  This  volume 
touches  on  the  following  points  :  The  standpoint 
of  physicists,  measurements  in  electricity,  mag- 
netism, the  electro  current,  flow  of  electricity 
in  the  earth,  the  voltaic  cell,  the  galvanometer, 
the  dynamo  machine,  sources  of  electric  power, 
transformations  of  energy,  alternating  currents, 
transmission  of  power  by  electricity,  self-induc- 
tion, the  Leyden  jar,  step-up  transformers, 
lightning,  wave  motion,  electric  waves,  the 
electromagnetic  theory  of  light  and  the  ether, 
the  X  rays,  and  the  sun.  In  the  main  the 
author  has  attempted  to  present  a  popular  treat- 
ment of  Maxwell's  famous  electromagnetic 
theory  of  light,  based  on  the  principle  that  light 
and  heat  are  but  other  forms  of  what  we  call 
"electricity,"  all  three  being,  in  fact,  different 
manifestations  of  electrical  energy.  In  pre- 
paring this  book  Dr.  Trowbridge  has  drawn 
freely  from  various  popular  lectures  which  he 
has  delivered  from  time  to  time,  as  well  as  from 
articles  in  the  Chautauquan  and  the  Popular 
Science    Monthly    of    the    United    States,    the 


264 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


American  Journal  of  Science,  and  the  Philo- 
sophical  Mafjazine  of  our  country.  A  book  of 
this  character,  free  from  all  mathematical  ex- 
pressions, must  not,  of  course,  be  relied  upon 
for  close  accuracy  in  definitions  ;  but  we  can 
highly  recommend  it  to  the  general  reader  for 
pleasant  reading  combined  with  a  certain  mea- 
sure of  instruction  in  the  way  of  a  general  out- 
line of  the  present  state  of  electrical  science. 
The  book  is  sufficiently  well  illustrated  for  the 
purpose  aimed  at.  In  the  present  day  of  neat 
covers  we  cannot  compliment  the  publishers  on 
that  selected  for  this  "International  Scientific 
Series";  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the 
price  of  each  volume  is  only  five  shillings. 

Physics:  an  Elementary  Text-Book  for  Uninr- 
sitij  Classes.  By  C.  G.  Knott.  (Chambers  ) — This 
is  one  of  the  best  of  recent  elementary  treatises. 
Though  judiciously  confining  himself  to  rudi- 
ments, the  author  evinces  a  philosophic  insight 
into  the  questions  discussed,  and  presents 
phenomena  from  the  right  point  of  view.  His 
style  is  fresh  and  clear,  and  much  tact  is  shown 
in  dealing  with  subjects  which  are  at  present 
imperfectly  understood.  Excellent  summaries 
are  given  of  recent  advances  in  connexion  with 
Hertzian  and  Rontgen  rays.  The  work  is  mainly 
intended  for  medical  students,  and  contains 
suitable  exercises. 


THE    MATHEMATICAL   CONGRESS. 

The  first  International  Congress  of  Mathema- 
ticians was  held  at  Zurich  on  the  9th,  10th,  and 
11th  of  August.  The  arrangements  were  en- 
trusted to  the  professors  of  the  Federal  Poly- 
technic School  and  Cantonal  Universitj^,  and, 
thanks  to  their  exertions,  the  gathering  in  both 
aspects,  social  and  scientific,  met  with  great 
success.  The  mornings  of  Monday  and  Wed- 
nesday were  devoted  to  the  opening  and  closing 
general  meetings,  when  the  business  of  organiz- 
ing the  Congress  was  divei'sified  by  general 
addresses  on  mathematical  topics,  affording  the 
members  the  opportunity  of  hearing  Hurwitz  on 
the  recent  development  of  the  general  theory  of 
analytic  functions,  Klein  on  the  questions  of 
higher  mathematical  instruction,  Peano  on  the 
'  Logica  Matematica,'  and  a  paper  on  the  relation 
of  pure  analysis  and  mathematical  physics  by 
Poincare,  who  was  unfortunately  prevented 
from  attending  in  person.  Prof.  Geiser  (Switzer- 
land) was  elected  President  of  the  Congress  ; 
the  secretaries  in  the  two  official  languages, 
French  and  German,  were  MM.  Franel  and 
Rudio  (Switzerland) ;  the  four  recognized  lan- 
guages, English,  French,  German,  and  Italian, 
were  represented  by  four  honorary  secretaries, 
MM.  Pierpoint (United  States),  Borel  (France), 
E.  V.  Weber  (Germany),  and  Volterra  (Italy). 
The  remaining  members  of  the  committee  were 
MM.  Hobson  (England),  Picard  and  Poincare 
(France),  Klein  and  H.  Weber  (Germany), 
Brioschi  (Italy),  Mertens  (Austria),  and  Mittag- 
Leffler  (Sweden). 

The  whole  of  Tuesday  was  assigned  to  the 
presentation  of  papers  in  the  five  sections, 
which  elected  president,  vice  -  president,  and 
secretary  as  follows :  —  I.  Arithmetic  and 
Algebra — Mertens,  Peano,  Amberg;  II.  Analysis 
and  Theory  of  Functions— Picard,  Brioschi, 
Jaccottet ;  III.  Geometry — Reye,  Segre,  Kiinz- 
ler  ;  IV.  Mechanics  and  Mathematical  Physics 
—Jung,  Joukowsky,  Flatt ;  V.  History  and 
Bibliography— Moritz  Cantor,  Laisant,  Schoute. 
The  communications  that  excited  most  interest 
were  those  of  H.  Weber,  '  Ueber  die  Genera  in 
algebraischen  Zahlkorpern  '  ;  Brioschi,  '  Sur  une 
Classe  d'  Equations  du  Cinquieme  Degrd '  ; 
Picard,  '  Sur  les  Fonctions  de  plusieurs  Vari- 
ables '  ;  Reye,  '  Neue  Eigenschaften  des 
Strahlencomplexes  zweiten  Grades  '  ;  Zeuthen, 
'  Isaac  Barrow  et  la  M^thode  Inverse  des 
Tangentes.'  These  were  arranged  as  far  as 
possible  so  as  to  fall  at  difi'erent  times,  in  order 
to  facilitate  the  attendance  of  members  at 
several  sections  in  succession. 


Tlie  afternoon  and  evening  of  Monday  and 
Wednesday  were  set  apart  for  social  intercourse, 
inasmuch  as  the  first  object  of  the  Congress  was 
formulated  as  the  promotion  of  personal  rela- 
tions among  mathematiciansof  different  countries. 
This  intercourse  had  been  liappily  begun  by  an 
informal   gathering  on    the   evening   preceding 
the  meetings,  and  the  members  were  already 
on  terms  of  friendly  sociability  when  they  sat 
down   to  an  elaborate  lunch  on  Monday,  from 
which  they  adjourned  only  to  spend  the  rest  of 
the  day  in  an  excursion  on  the  lake.     A  similar 
opportunity  was  enjoyed  on  Wednesday,  when 
two  special  trains  carried  the  Congress  to  the 
top  of  the  Uetliberg,  there  to  meet  at  the  final 
banquet,  returning  to  Zurich  at  any  hour  that 
was  convenient.     It  is  not  often  that  mathe- 
maticians of  different  lands  have  such  facilities 
for  seeing  one  another,  and  thus  the  gathering 
was  the  more  appreciated.     It  was  truly  inter- 
national.    There  were  more  than  two  hundred 
present,  of  whom  one-fourth  belonged  to  Switzer- 
land, one-fifth  to  Germany,  one-eighth  to  France. 
Italy,  Russia,  and  Austria- Hungary  contributed 
another   fourth    in    nearly   equal  proportions ; 
seven  came  from  the  United  States,  six  from 
Sweden,  four  from  Denmark,  three  each  from 
Belgium,  England,  and  Holland,  one  each  from 
Greece,  Portugal,  and  Spain.   Among  well-known 
mathematicians  jiresent,  in  addition    to    those 
already  mentioned,  were  Brill,  Noether,  Gordan, 
G.   Cantor,   W.   Dyck,   Pringsheim,   Veronese, 
Enestrom,   and   many  others.      The  smallness 
of  the  contingent  from  England  is  much  to  be 
deplored,  and  it   required  much    explanation. 
The  only  excuse  that  could  be  offered  was  the 
counter-attraction   of   the   Toronto  meeting   of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  ;  but  another  reason  inevitably  suggests 
itself.     The  average  Englishman  has  a  paralyz- 
ing dread  of  feeling  foolish  if  he  cannot  speak 
foreign  tongues  fluently,  and  rather  than  run 
the  risk  he  will  deprive  himself  of  the  pleasure 
and  profit  of   international   intercourse.     It  is 
greatly  to  be  desired  that  the  English  mathe- 
maticians should   take    their   proper  share    in 
future  gatherings  of  this  kind. 

It  is  intended  that  the  Congress  shall  come 
together  at  intervals  of  from  three  to  five  years ; 
the  next  meeting  is  to  take  place  in  Paris  in 
1900,  under  the  care  of  the  Mathematical  Society 
of  France.  Certain  of  the  matters  that  are 
mentioned  as  the  special  concern  of  the  Congress 
will  then  come  up  for  discussion  and,  if  possible, 
decision  ;  notably  the  recognition  of  some  classi- 
fication of  the  mathematical  sciences,  and  the 
adoption  of  some  bibliographical  undertaking — 
both  fit  objects  for  the  attention  of  a  body 
of  this  international  composition,  inasmuch  as 
their  successful  treatment  depends,  not  on 
individual  effort,  but  on  concerted  action  sup- 
ported by  a  general  consensus  of  opinion. 

ASTEONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Dr.  Anderson,  of  Edinburgh,  has  detected 
the  variability  of  a  small  star  (not  included  in 
the  Bonn '  Durchmusterung  ')  in  the  constellation 
Hercules,  which,  formerly  of  about  the  same 
brightness  (magnitude  92)  as  D.M.  31°,  2949, 
ceased  to  be  visible  with  his  telescope  in  the 
autumn  of  last  year,  but  was  seen  again,  of  the 
same  brightness  as  before  its  disappearance,  on 
the  22nd  and  26th  ult.  Its  place  is  about  20'  to 
the  north  of  the  third  -  magnitude  star  e 
Herculis. 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  Prof.  Turner's 
tables  (modified  and  simplified  from  those 
devised  and  published  a  few  years  ago  by  the 
late  Mr.  E.  J.  Stone)  for  facilitating  the  com- 
putation of  star  constants.  Mr.  Stone's  tables 
were  printed  as  an  Appendix  to  the  Cape 
Observations  for  1874,  and  were  brought  into  use 
at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  in  1886. 

The  volume  of  the  Connaissance  des  Temps  for 
1899  has  recently  been  published,  under  the 
editorship  of  M.  Loewy.  It  is  the  221st  of  a 
series  which  has  appeared  without  interruption 


since  its  foundation  by  M.  Picard  in  1679,  but 
has  undergone  various  improvements  and  addi- 
tions from  time  to  time  as  the  progress  of  science 
made  these  desirable  in  order  to  assist  the 
theoretical  astronomer  in  his  investigations. 
The  principal  alterations  on  the  present  occasion 
are  the  introduction  of  a  double  means  (graphic 
and  numerical)  for  recognizing  the  respective 
situations  of  the  satellites  of  Jupiter  with  regard 
to  the  centre  of  the  planet  at  the  moments  of 
eclipses  of  the  former ;  epochs  for  the  elongations 
of  Barnard's  satellite  ;  and  a  series  of  elements 
for  the  calculation  of  the  exact  positions  of  the 
satellites  of  Mars,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Nep- 
tune, in  which  the  unpublished,  but  kindly  com- 
municated results  of  M.  H.  Struve  have  been 
employed. 


FINE    ARTS 


Jean  Francois  Millet :    his  Ufe  and  Letters. 

By  Julia  Cartwright.    Illustrated.    (Son- 

nenschein  &  Co.) 
Of   the   numerous   compilations   that  Mrs. 
Ady  has  given  to  the  reading  public,  this 
is    the   most   elaborate   and   complete,  and 
it    is,    consequently,    the    most    likely    to 
live.      It     shows,    nevertheless,    signs     of 
haste    which    might    have    been    avoided. 
For  Mrs.  Ady  was  manifestly  in   a  hurry 
when  she  began  her  preface  with  the  follow- 
ing sentence  :   "To  many  ears  the  name  of 
Jean  Francois   Millet   may  have  a  remote 
and  antiquated  sound."  If  Mrs.  Ady  seriously 
thinks   this,  it  is  difficult   not  to  pity  the 
"  ears  " — assuredly  very  long — to  which  she 
refers.     No  doubt  enthusiasm  caused  her  to 
add  :   "  He  stands  supreme  among  his  con- 
temporaries as  the  first  painter  of  humanity 
who   gave  expression    to   modern  ideas  in 
noble  and  enduring  form,  and  whose  work 
will   live  when   the   passing   fashions   and 
momentary  fancies  of  the  day  are  forgotten." 
Of  course,  the  latter  half   of  this  sentence 
is  true.     The  serious  and  thoughtful  pathos 
of  Millet  will  assuredly  survive  because  of 
its  inherent  purity,  sincerity,  and  strength. 
But  whether  Millet's   ideas  were  quite  so 
fresh    as   our   author   infers   is    almost   as 
questionable  as  the  peculiar  "  modernness  " 
of  the  impressions  to  which  he  gave  form. 

Mrs.  Ady  has,  as  she.  tells  us,  based  her 
knowledge  of  Millet's  life,  works,  and  aims 
upon  the  affectionate  record  of  his  friend  Alfred 
Sensier,  of  which  a  much  abridged  version 
was  published  in  London  some  years  ago 
and  reviewed  by  us  at  the  time.  With  this 
she  has  incorporated  the  most  valuable 
portions  of  numerous  magazine  articles 
that  were  issued  in  the  United  States  and 
France,  as  well  as  the  competent  essays 
of  M.  Yriarte  and  M.  Bigot ;  but  she  is  so 
far  from  being  in  close  touch  with  her 
masculine  and  thoughtful  painter  as  to  com- 
pel a  cold  -  blooded  critic  to  wonder  what 
Millet  would  have  thought  of  passages  such 
as  the  following,  of  which  this  volume 
contains  too  many  : — 

"  The  sense  of  tears  may  be  felt  in  all  that 
he  ever  painted,  but  it  is  lightened  throughout 
by  the  radiance  of  the  divine  hope  that  cheers 
the  poet's  dream.  He  belongs  to  '  the  great 
company  of  grief,'  who  have  stamped  their 
thoughts  on  the  heart  of  this  generation  and 
who  have  learnt  in  suffering  what  they  taught 
in  song." 

It  is  well  to  remember  what  was  long  ago 
said  in  these  columns,  that  MiUet's  ideas  of 
the  sadness  and  melancholy  of   rustic  life 


N''3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


265 


are  immediately  due  to  Michelet,  and  that, 
in  the  popular  sense  of  Mrs.  Ady's  term, 
these  "  modern  ideas  "  are  as  old  as 
Hesiod.  We  read  them  between  the 
lines  of  Chaucer  ;  they  are  to  those 
who  can  see  manifest  in  pictures  by  Eem- 
brandt,  Diirer,  Teniers,  and  Jerome  Bosche. 
The  "  divine  pity  "  which  touched  the  heart 
of  Hogarth  is  much  the  same  as  Millet's. 

The  fresh  and  easy  style  of  the  writer 
carries  the  reader  not  unpleasantly  along, 
especially  so  when  she  is  making  use  of 
Sensier's  intimate  knowledge  of  Millet.  After 
a  while,  however,  something  like  weariness 
comes  upon  us,  and  the  quotations  from 
other  writers  become  more  attractive  than 
Mrs.  Ady's  own  writing.  The  adroitness  of 
her  compiling  is  to  be  admired,  but  now 
and  then  the  analogies  of  French  and  Eng- 
lish life  are  considerably  strained  in  the 
translations  of  certain  terms,  and  the  desired 
impression  is  not  attained. 

Mrs.  Ady  wrote  a  pleasing  account  of 
*  The  Pilgrims'  "Way  '  of  Surrey  and  Kent, 
and  her  book  about  it  won  deserved  praise, 
but  it  is  to  be  feared  that  her  sense  of 
the  picturesque  in  landscape  is  not  now 
80  completely  under  control  as  when  she 
did  so  ;  her  sense  of  colour  —  local  and 
particular  —  has  lost  its  moderation. 
Not  a  few  passages,  though  rather 
lengthy  and  somewhat  affected,  are 
charming;  but  these  are  not  the  majority, 
and  occasionally  there  are  statements  which 
puzzle  the  reader  considerably ;  thus,  on  p.  4, 
he  is  reminded  that  Millet  was  born  on 
the  4th  of  October,  1814,  but  on  p.  7  it  is 
asserted  that,  being  very  young  at  the 
time,  he  was  married  in  1811  to  Aimee 
Henri ette  Adelaide  Fleury  du  Perron,  "  a 
member  of  an  old  yeoman  family." 

As  it  is,  the  book  profits  greatly  by  the 
number  of  the  anecdotes  and  personal 
details  about  the  painters  and  sculptors 
with  whom  Millet  came  in  contact,  which 
Mrs.  Ady's  tact  and  good  feeling  enable  her 
to  introduce  at  the  right  moment,  and 
her  appreciation  of  character  stands  her 
in  good  stead  in  the  execution  of  her 
task.  Apart  from  this,  the  work  as  a 
whole  impresses  us  with  an  idea  that 
when  this  biography  was  begun  Mrs.  Ady 
knew  very  little  indeed  about  Millet,  ex- 
cept through  authorities  easily  accessible, 
and  not  much  more  about  his  pictures. 
Warm  sympathies,  much  enthusiasm,  an 
active  inner  consciousness,  and  the  pen 
of  a  ready  writer  have  served  her  turn. 
And  she  is  distinctly  right  in  remarking 
that  all  forms  of  peasant  labour  are  illus- 
trated in  Millet's  pastorals.  And  not  labour 
alone ;  he  knew  as  well  as  any  man  living 
that  hard,  monotonous  toil  does  not  make  up 
the  whole  of  the  peasant's  life,  and  that  there 
is  a  brighter  side  to  the  picture.  "The 
thought  of  home,  the  presence  of  the  wife 
and  child,  who  cheer  the  labourer's  toil,  and 
gladden  the  cottage  hearth,  has  supplied 
him  with  a  whole  cycle  of  subjects  for 
pastel  and  pencil."  Why  Mrs.  Ady,  in  this 
and  in  several  other  passages,  dwells  on  his 
pastels  and  pencil  drawings  (for  "  pencil," 
which  Millet  did  not  much  use,  we  should 
read  "chalk"),  and  why  she  omits  those 
oil  pictures  which  are  really  his  master- 
pieces, we  fail  to  guess. 

What  is  objected  to  in  Millet's  choice 
of  subjects — which  has  nothing  to  do  with 


his  manner  of  treating  them — is  that  of 
every  peasant  he  made  a  pious  hero,  and 
found  neither  piety  nor  heroism  in  any  other 
class  of  mankind.  Whether  as  painter 
or  designer  Decamps  was  a  very  much 
greater  artist  than  Millet  ;  he  too, 
long  before  Millet  became  popular, 
painted  pastorals  of  the  sombre  and  poetic 
sort  such  as  Millet  delighted  in,  but 
his  magnificent  genius  did  not  con- 
tent itself  with  peasants,  their  labours 
and  their  woes,  but  he  proved  himself  an 
artist  of  the  highest  rank,  of  wide  reach 
and  skill.  He,  too,  suffered  as  much  as 
Millet  from  that  narrow,  but  not  unin- 
telligent criticism  of  Paris  in  his  youth,  yet 
of  him  and  his  great  influence  upon  his  time, 
and  the  analogies  of  his  life,  his  genius, 
and  his  struggles  with  those  of  the  "  peasant 
painter"  (it  should  be  painter  of  peasants), 
we  have  not  a  word  in  this  book,  and  only 
a  casual  mention  or  two  of  the  man  as  a 
contemporary  of  Millet.  The  fact  is  Mrs. 
Ady  has  studied  her  hero  to  the  almost 
complete  exclusion  of  every  one  of  his  fore- 
runners. Sensier,  of  course,  stuck  to  his 
brief,  which  involved  the  complete  vindica- 
tion of  his  old  comrade,  and  without  him 
the  world  would  have  known  MiUet 
only  by  his  pictures  —  indeed,  without 
the  side-lights  furnished  by  Sensier  much 
of  the  purpose  and  the  sterling  force  and 
poetry  of  the  pictures  would  have  escaped 
us.  Sensier  did  excellent  service  to  Millet, 
and  it  was  no  more  than  was  expected  from 
him.  Such  is  not,  however,  Mrs.  Ady's 
position  when  addressing  that  British  public 
whose  information  about  the  circumstances 
of  Millet,  and,  above  all,  his  times  and  the 
influences  to  which  he  had  to  submit,  is 
limited  and  obscure,  while  in  Prance  it  is 
easy  to  estimate  the  influence  of  Decamps, 
Rousseau,  Diaz.  Troyon,  and  others  upon 
Millet. 

The  most  valuable  parts  of  this  book  are  the 
numerous  letters  and  quasi-autobiographical 
notes.  Most,  if  not  all  of  them  have  been 
published  before,  but  they  have  not  till  now 
been  arranged  in  a  chronological  sequence, 
with  connecting  observations  and  illustra- 
tions calculated  to  render  the  study  of 
them  very  easy.  Millet  was  a  capital 
writer  of  letters,  because  he  wrote  sincerely 
and  modestly,  and  he  had  a  sense  of  humour 
which,  for  a  Frenchman,  is  most  unusual. 
His  delight  in  local  colour,  although,  as  in 
his  pictures,  the  colour  is  somewhat  sombre, 
was  something  to  be  grateful  for.  Of  these 
letters  Mrs.  Ady  proves  herself  an  intelli- 
gent and  competent  editor.  While  her 
judgment  of  Millet's  art  is  that  of  a  special 
pleader,  it  is  not  offensively  so.  In  this  re- 
spect we  may  agree  with  her  notion  of  Millet 
that  "his  place  among  the  immortals  is 
sure,"  although  it  is  impossible  to  accept 
the  dictum  with  which  this  book  concludes  : 
"  His  pictures  of  seedtime  and  harvest,  of 
morning  and  evening,  will  rank  with  the 
great  art  of  all  time — with  the  frieze  of  the 
Parthenon  and  with  the  frescoes  of  Michael 
Angelo." 


THE   CAMBRIAN  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION 

AT   HAVERFORDWEST. 

I. 

Either  on  account  of  the  interesting  nature 
of  the  programme  of  the  excursions,  which 
included  a   visit  to  St.   David's,  or  for  some 


other  reason,  an  unusually  large  gathering  of 
members  and  their  friends,  numbering  nearly 
one  hundred,  has  been  attracted  to  the  Haver- 
fordwest meeting  this  year.  Prof.  Boyd  Daw- 
kins,  Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  and  the  Rev.  S. 
Baring -Gould,  who  in  past  years  helped  to 
make  the  Cambrian  meetings  succescful  by 
taking  an  active  part  in  the  proceedings,  have 
on  the  present  occasion  been  prevented  from 
attending  by  pressing  engagements  elsewhere. 
On  the  Other  hand,  the  serious  carriage 
accident  which  befell  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose 
at  Aberystwyth  last  year  has  not  deterred 
him  from  again  risking  his  safety  of  life  and 
limb  with  the  Welsh  archaeologists.  Prof. 
John  Rhys  arrived,  full  of  his  recent  investi- 
gations amongst  newly  discovered  Ogam  in- 
scriptions in  the  co.  Meath,  and  brought  with 
him  Mr.  R.  Cochrane,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland.  Local 
history  was  represented  by  Mr.  Edward  Laws, 
author  of  'Little  England  beyond  Wales,' 
and  Mr.  Henry  Owen,  who  has  done  much 
to  popularize  the  works  of  the  two  celebrated 
Pembrokeshire  historians  of  the  past,  George 
Owen  of  Henllys  and  Gerald  the  Welshman. 

The  first  excursion,  on  Tuesday,  August  17th, 
embraced  the  district  lying  south  of  Haverford- 
west and  between  it  and  Milford  Haven,  the 
route  taken  being  a  rather  roundabout  one, 
going  south-west  to  Walvvyns  Castle,  then 
south-east  to  Steynton,  east  to  Rosemarket, 
south-east  to  Burton,  the  furthest  point,  and 
returning  through  Langwm  and  Johnston.  The 
weather  was,  on  the  whole,  favourable,  the  sun 
shining  brightly  most  of  the  time,  though  an 
occasional  driving  shower  of  rain  came  from  the 
direction  of  the  sea  and  fortunately  disappeared 
as  rapidly  as  it  advanced.  A  journey  over  a 
Pembrokeshire  road  affords  a  good  object  lesson 
on  the  conformation  of  the  ground  due  to  the 
geological  character  of  the  district.  The  country 
is  intersected  in  all  directions  by  small  gullies 
with  a  stream  at  the  bottom,  and  affording 
shelter  to  the  stunted  trees  and  furze  bushes 
which  are  unable  to  grow  elsewhere  on  the  wind- 
swept landscape.  The  roads,  instead  of  being 
properly  engineered,  go  at  right  angles  across 
ravine  after  ravine,  so  that  the  section  of  the 
road  resembles  nothing  more  nearly  than  the 
teeth  of  a  cross-cut  saw.  Consequently  the  party 
spent  at  least  half  their  time  getting  out  of  the 
carriages  to  walk  up  a  hill. 

The  first  stop  was  made  at  Walwyns  Castle, 
where  the  Rev.  T.  G.  Marshall  read  a  few  notes 
on  the  parish  and  the  church,  referring  to  the 
legend  which  connects  Walwyns  with  King 
Arthur's  knight  Gawaine  and  to  the  later 
story  of  Wogan  the  regicide  taking  sanctuary 
in  the  porch  of  the  church  and  dying  there. 

The  church  has  been  completely  rebuilt  with 
the  exception  of  the  lower  part  of  the  tower, 
which  was  of  the  military  type  usual  in  this  part 
of  Pembrokeshire.  The  Norman  font  is  still 
preserved,  although  a  modern  one  takes  its 
place  for  use  at  baptisms. 

Walwyns  Castle  Church  stands  in  a  strong 
position  from  a  defensive  point  of  view,  being 
nearly  surrounded  by  a  deep  ravine.  Close  to 
the  churchyard  on  the  south  side  is  an  extensive 
earthwork,  possibly  a  British  stronghold  in  the 
first  instance,  and  altered  apparently  in  Norman 
times,  when  the  great  mound  where  the  keep 
stood  was  erected. 

Romans  Castle,  one  and  a  half  miles  to  the 
eastward,  was  next  inspected.  It  is  more  nearly 
rectangular  than  is  usual  with  British  camps  ; 
but  there  is  nothing  Roman  about  it,  and  the 
name  seems  to  be  a  corruption  of  Rama's  or 
Roma's  Castle. 

When  the  party  arrived  at  Steynton  they  were 
conducted  over  the  church  by  the  Rev.  G.  Jones, 
who  described  the  remarkable  discoveries  made 
during  the  restorations  in  1883,  which  included 
the  foundations  of  an  early  Christian  church  and 
two  dolmens  four  feet  under  the  floor  of  the 
nave,  a  Cromwellian  pike  and  two  horses'  skulls 


2G6 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N-'SeJS,  Aug.  21,  '97 


under  the  chancel  arch,  and  bones,  probibly 
relics  of  saints,  built  into  specially  prepared 
recesses  in  each  of  tlie  piers  of  the  nive arcades. 
Prof.  Rliys  described  the  "  Gendili "  Ogam 
inscribed  stone  in  the  churchyard,  and  pointed 
out  that  it  had  been  utilized  three,  if  not  four 
times  as  a  gravestone  at  different  periods  from 
the  fifth  or  sixtli  century  down  to  the  present 
century. 

After  stopping  at  Rosemarket  Church,  a  small 
building  with  a  curious  hagioscope,  the  members 
proceeded  to  Burton.  Here  there  is  a  remark- 
able altar  tomb  to  a  Wogan  of  Boulston,  with 
a  slab  bearing  a  cross  ragule'  and  two  shields  on 
the  top,  and  the  sides  decorated  with  heraldic 
shields,  one  bearing  the  punning  device  of  the 
sails  of  a  windmill  above  a  cask,  meaning  mill 
tun,  or  Milton,  the  Wogans  being  lords  of 
Boulston  and  Milton.  The  slab  on  the  top  of 
the  tomb  seems  to  be  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  the  rest  of  the  totnb  of  the  fifteenth  or  six- 
teenth century. 

After  being  hospitably  entertained  to  luncheon 
at  Williamston  by  the  President,  Sir  Owen 
Scourtield,  Bart.,  the  members  inspected  a  fine 
cromlech  about  a  mile  from  the  house  and 
Benton  Castle,  a  small  peel  tower  overlooking 
Milford  Haven.  Langwm,  with  its  efiigies  and 
elaborate  combined  piscina  and  aumbry,  and 
Johnston  Church,  an  interesting  and  happily 
unrestored  building,  concluded  the  day's  pro- 
gramme. 

The  long-expected  work  by  Mr.  T.  G.  .Jack- 
son, R.  A.,  '  The  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin, 
Oxford,'  is  promised  for  next  week  by  the 
Clarendon  Press.  The  long  delay  has  been 
largely  caused  by  the  luxurious  style  in  which 
the  volume  is  to  appear.  Mr.  Jackson  himself 
has  designed  a  special  binding  for  it. 

Mr.  Claode  Phillips  is  already  at  work  on 
a  catalogue  of  the  Wallace  Collection,  of  which 
he  was  appointed  keeper  the  other  day,  and 
intends  to  follow  it  up  with  a  more  elaborate 
work  on  the  same  subject. 

Mr.  Walter  Crane,  whose  vigorous  series 
of  illustrative  designs  to  '  The  Faerie  Queene  ' 
is  now  complete,  has  taken  in  hand  '  The 
Shepherd's  Calendar '  in  order  to  enrich  that 
delightful  work  in  a  similar  manner. 

The  autumn  exhibition  of  works  of  art  at 
Liverpool  will  be  opened  to  the  public  on 
Monday,  the  30th  inst. 

The  French  journals  record  the  death,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-live  years,  of  the  well-known 
painter  M.  Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran,  who  in  his 
later  days  officiated  as  Directeur  de  I'Ecole  de 
Dessin  des  Arts  Decoratifs,  and,  apart  from  the 
distinguished  positions  his  works  obtained  in 
the  Salons  of  many  years,  was  a  much  beloved 
teacher. 

M.  Dagnan-Bouveret,  encouraged  by  the 
popularity  of  his  picture  of  'The  Last  Supper,' 
which  has  been  exhibited  in  Paris  and  London, 
has  quite  recently  finished  a  sort  of  pendant  to 
it,  of  which  the  subject  is  '  Christ  and  His 
Disciples  at  Emmaus.' 

The  sum  collected  for  the  Raphael  monument 
at  his  native  town,  LTrbino,  is  said  to  amount 
already  to  120,000  francs.  Nevertheless  the 
town  authorities  have  sent  out  an  appeal  for 
further  contributions. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  would  be  greatly  obliged 
if  any  one  possessing  information  about  books 
and  etchings  of  the  late  Charles  Keene,  not 
mentioned  in  Mr.  Layard's  '  Life,'  would  kindly 
communicate  the  same  to  him  at  11,  Pater- 
noster Buildings,  E.C.,  for  the  purpose  of  ren- 
dering as  complete  as  may  be  a  forthcoming 
bibliography  of  the  works  wrought  and  illus- 
trated by  that  artist. 


MUSIC 

recent    rUBLICATIONS. 

Barrack- Room  Ballads.  Words  by  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling,  music  by  Mr.  G.  Cobb.  Third  Series. 
(Sheard  &  Co.) — Mr.  Cobb's  reputation  will 
not  suffer  by  this  set  of  ditties  associated  with 
Mr.  Kipling's  verse,  as  he  once  more  shows  him- 
self e({ually  at  home  in  illustrating  patriotic, 
humorous,  and  pathetic  lines.  No.  1,  '  Belts,' 
tells  of  a  row  in  Dublin  between  Irish  and  Eng- 
lish soldiers,  terminating  in  something  like  a 
murder.  The  music  has  an  appropriate  Hiber- 
nian flavour,  though  in  a  minor  key.  No.  2, 
'The  Widow's  Party,'  is  simpler  and  more 
lively,  though  there  is  a  touch  of  grim  humour 
in  the  words.  No.  3,  'Screw  Guns,'  is  less 
taking,  but  No.  4,  'Gunga  Din,' is  one  of  the 
best  of  the  series,  telling  in  stirring  strains  of 
experiences  while  on  a  campaign  in  the  East. 
No.  5,  '  Oonts'  (Northern  Indian  transport  train), 
is  a  tale  of  complaint  against  the  manners  of  the 
commissariatcamel.  The  words  arehumorous,  but 
the  music  is,  naturally,  not  particularly  cheerful. 
The  sixth  and  last  of  the  series  is  '  Snarleyow.' 
This  title  does  not  refer  to  the  remarkable 
animal  celebrated  in  Marryat's  romance,  and, 
sooth  to  say,  the  words  are  rather  problematical 
to  those  unversed  in  barrack-room  phraseology ; 
but  the  music  is  bright  and  tuneful.  It  is  not 
Mr.  Cobb's  fault  that  all  the  ditties  partake 
more  or  less  of  the  description  of  lyric  known 
as  a  "  patter  "  song,  the  words  demanding  rapid 
utterance.  The  songs  are  certain  to  be  in  strong 
demand,  not  only  in  military  circles,  but  at 
convivial  meetings  generally. 

Songs  of  Childhood.  Verses  by  Eugene  Field, 
music  by  Reginald  de  Koven  and  others. 
(Newnes.)— In  this  handsome  imperial  octavo 
volume  we  have  twenty  dainty  lyrics,  full  of 
musicianly  touches,  but  quite  within  the  means 
of  childish  singers.  This  is  not  the  place  in 
which  to  speak  of  the  merits  of  Eugene  Field's 
verse,  but  Mr.  de  Koven 's  opinion  of  its  general 
suitability  for  musical  illustration  will  be 
generally  accepted.  His  settings,  nine  in 
number,  are  all  charming,  and  some  of  them 
are  worthy  of  attention  by  adult  female  vocalists. 
Other  songs,  scarcely  inferior,  are  by  Arthur 
Foote,  G.  W.  Chadwick,  W.  W.  Gilchrist, 
Clayton  Johns,  Gerrit  Smith,  C.  B.  Hawley, 
Edgar  S.  Kelly,  and  Hubbard  T.  Smith.  The 
book  would  make  a  pleasing  present. 

A  Garland  of  Cowntry  Song.  Selected  and 
arranged  by  S.  Baring-Gould  and  H.  Fleetwood 
Sheppard.  (Methuen  &  Co.) — Here  is  a  col- 
lection of  fifty  airs,  culled,  of  course,  from  rural 
and  in  many  instances  from  remote  districts  by 
indefatigable  labourers  in  a  field  too  sadly 
neglected  for  many  years.  In  his  interesting 
preface  the  Rev.  Mr.  Baring-Gould  rightly  says 
that  the  idea  usually  prevalent  that  the  English 
have  no  folk-music  of  their  own  is  wholly 
erroneous.  Of  course,  one  has  to  traverse,  not 
the  highways  but  the  byways  of  this  country 
in  order  to  discover  traditional  ditties,  which, 
unfortunately,  are  becoming  hard  to  obtain 
owing  to  the  opening  up  of  communication  with 
large  towns.  It  has  not  proved  too  late,  how- 
ever, for  the  present  editors  to  make  an  import- 
ant addition  to  their  already  valuable  work  in 
this  direction,  and  to  each  ditty  are  appended 
notes  referring  to  its  origin  and  history,  so  far 
as  information  can  be  obtained.  The  accom- 
paniments are  in  some  examples  too  modern  in 


phraseology    and    harmonic 
quite  easy  to  play. 


progressions, 


but 


the  bayreuth  festival. 

The  vagaries  of  fortune  which  have  to  be 
endured  by  those  who  attend  the  performances 
in  the  Wagner  Theatre  were  never  better  illus- 
trated than  in  the  representations  of  '  Parsifal ' 
on  Sunday  and  Monday  last  week.   On  the  first- 


mentioned  day  M.  Van  Dyck  impersonated  the 
principal  character,  and  once  more  gave  ample 
evidence  that  he  thoroughly  comprehends  the 
requirements  of  a  role  singularly  multifarious 
in  its  aspects.  Defective  as  M.  Van  Dyck  may 
be  in  his  interpretation  of  Italian  cantilena,  he 
is  wholly  in  touch  with  such  a  typical  Wagnerian 
rule  as  Parsifal,  alike  in  general  conception  and 
in  elaboration  of  detail.  The  Kundry  on  this 
occasion  was  a  new-comer,  Fraulein  von  Milden- 
burg,  from  Hamburg.  It  cannot  be  said  that  she 
achieved  a  striking  success,  for,  although  she 
has  an  artistic  face  and  is  graceful  in  manner, 
her  physical  powers,  alike  as  a  vocalist  and  an 
actress,  are  not  sufficiently  developed  for  the 
part  of  Wagner's  most  complex  heroine,  Frau- 
lein Mildenburg's  immaturity  being  chiefly 
noticeable  in  the  subtle  temptation  scene  in 
the  second  act.  Further  inequalities  were 
evinced,  Herr  Perron  being  far  inferior  in  voice 
and  expression  to  Herr  Scheidemantel  and  Herr 
Reichmann  as  the  suffering  Amfortas,  while 
Herr  Wachter  was  much  more  agreeable,  vocally 
speaking,  as  Gurnemanz  than  Herr  Wiegand, 
who  was  formerly  associated  with  the  part.  On 
the  following  day  there  were  two  changes  of  im- 
portance. M.  Van  Dyck  was  replaced  as  Parsi- 
fal by  Herr  Griining,  who,  if  not  inferior  with 
respect  to  appearance  and  bearing,  left  much 
to  desire  as  a  vocalist.  The  reverse  was  the 
case  with  respect  to  Miss  Marie  Brema,  whose 
impersonation  of  Kundry  may  now  compare  in 
dramatic  intensity  and  vocal  power  not  unfavour- 
ably with  that  of  any  previous  representative  of 
Wagner's  singular  creation.  The  only  other 
change  in  the  cast  was  the  substitution  of  Herr 
Grengg  for  Herr  Wachter  as  Gurnemanz,  a 
change  that  did  not  in  any  degree  injure  the 
effect  of  the  ensemble.  Much  as  '  Parsifal ' 
depends  on  the  efforts  of  the  leading  artists,  it 
depends  quite  as  much  on  the  scenic  effects,  and 
the  wonderful  panoramic  changes  and  the  per- 
fect working  of  the  mechanical  apparatus  are 
just  as  striking  now  as  they  were  when  the 
sacred  musical  drama  was  first  presented  in  1882, 
the  high  standard  of  the  chorus  being  also  well 
maintained,  Herr  Anton  Seidl  directed  the 
performances  last  week,  and  the  varied  and 
eloquent  orchestration  could  not  have  been  more 
finely  interpreted.  No  arrangements  have  been 
made  for  next  year,  and  it  is  probable  that  no 
further  performances  will  take  place  until  1899. 
Meanwhile  let  us  say,  in  conclusion,  that, although 
it  would  be  easy  to  point  out  defects  in  matters 
of  detail,  the  traditions  of  Bayreuth  have  been, 
on  the  whole,  well  maintained  during  the  recent 
festival. 


LTnder  the  title  of  'Song  Flowers,' Messrs, 
Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.  have  nearly  ready  a 
selection  of  the  late  R.  L.  Stevenson's  poems, 
set  to  music  by  Katharine  M.  Ramsay,  with 
illustrated  headings  and  tailpieces  by  Mr. 
Gordon  Browne.  The  volume  is  prefaced  by 
an  introduction  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  S.  R. 
Crockett. 

As  already  announced,  serious  musical  work 
in  London  will  be  resumed  with  the  Queen's 
Hall  Promenade  Concerts  next  Saturday 
evening.  The  utmost  care  has  been  taken 
in  the  selection  of  the  large  orchestra,  and 
hopes  are  expressed  that  it  will  prove  one 
of  the  very  best  ever  heard  in  London.  The 
diapason  normal,  for  which  Mr.  Robert  New- 
man has  worked  so  hard,  will  of  course  be 
retained. 

The  Finsbury  Choral  Association,  one  of  the 
most  admirably  equipped  in  the  north  of 
London,  has  again  changed  its  conductor. 
During  the  coming  season  the  society  will  be 
directed  by  Mr.  F.  Cunningham  Wood,  and  the 
works  selected  for  performance  are  'Elijah,' 
'The  Messiah,'  Gounod's  'Faust,'  and  'The 
Rose  of  Sharon.' 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


267 


Mb.  W.  Clark  Russell  writes  : — 
"Under  your 'Musical  Gossip  '  in  last  Saturday's 
issue  you  refer  to  the  marriage  of  a  Mr.  Landon 
Ronald,  and  you  state  that  he  is  'a  brother  of 
Mr.  Clark  llussell,  the  novelist.'  I  have  only  two 
brothers:  one  is  the  Vicar  of  Chislehurst,  and  the 
other  has  been  living  in  Kimberley,  S.A^  since  1870." 

Herr  Felix  Mottl  is  announced  to  conduct 
a  special  series  of  operas  at  Carlsruhe  from 
September  5th  to  October  3rd,  to  include 
Berlioz's  'Les  Troyens'  in  its  entirety,  'Fidelio,' 
Liszt's  '  St.  Elizabeth '  in  operatic  form,  and 
Wagner's  '  Tannhiiuser,'  '  Lohengrin,'  'Tristan 
und  Isolde,'  and  'Die  Meistersinger.' 

The  large  collection  of  Wagneriana  due  to 
Herr  Oesterlein  of  Vienna  is  now  permanently 
located  in  the  Villa  Reuter  at  Eisenach,  and 
occupies  twelve  rooms.  Herr  Joseph  Kiirsch- 
ner  has  been  appointed  curator. 

From  Vienna  we  also  learn  that  the  well- 
known  Theater  an  der  Wien  is  no  longer  suc- 
cessful as  a  home  of  light  comic  opera,  and  that 
lyric  drama  of  a  more  serious  nature  is  contem- 
plated. Puccini's  '  La  Boheme '  and  a  new 
opera  by  Ignaz  Briill  are  named  as  among  the 
earliest  productions. 

DRAMA 


Lexique  de  la  Langue  de  Molihre.     Par  Ch.  L. 
Livet.     3  vols.     (Paris,  Welter.) 

Whatever  literary  recoguition  France  had 
in  lier  power  to  bestow  upon  the  valuable 
and  laborious  compilation  of  M.  Charles 
Louis  Livet  has  been  ungrudingly  awarded. 
Crowned  by  the  Academie  Franqaise,  it  has 
been  published  by  the  Imprimerie  Nationale 
by  order  of  the  Commission  des  Impressions 
Gratuites,  both  tributes  having  been 
accorded  without  any  application  on  the 
part  of  M.  Livet.  These  conspicuous 
honours  are  well  deserved,  and  the  work 
may  be  regarded  as  the  highest  accom- 
plishment of  a  septuagenarian  writer  whose 
life  has  been  dedicated  to  studies  of  a  similar 
nature.  While  engaged  in  editing,  in  part, 
the  '  Muze  Historique '  of  Loret,  and  in  pro- 
ducing the  '  Dictionnaire  des  Precieuses,' 
the  'Fameuse  Comedienne,' the 'Intrigues 
de  Moliere,'  the  '  Grammaire  Frangaise  et 
les  Grammairiens  au  Seizicme  Siecle,'  and 
other  works,  grammatical,  linguistic,  or  bio- 
graphical, M.  Livet  had  accumulated  two  to 
three  hundred  thousand  slips  {ficlics)oi  words 
and  phrases  occurring  in  Moliere  and  other 
seventeenth  century  writers.  These  have 
formed  the  basis  of  his  '  Lexique.'  His 
scheme  and  arrangement  are  different 
from  those  of  most  previous  labourers  in 
a  similar  field,  being  as  much  unlike,  on 
one  hand,  the  'Lexique  de  Corneille'  of 
M.  Marty-Laveaux,  a  work  also  awarded  a 
prize  by  the  Academie  Frangaise,  as  the 
'  Lexicon  zu  Shakespeare's  Werken  '  of  Dr. 
Alexander  Schmidt  on  the  other.  The  point 
of  chief  difference  from  the  latter  consists  in 
the  multiplicity  of  illustrations  of  the  use 
of  a  given  word  from  contemporary  or  sub- 
sequent writers.  Take,  for  instance,  a  word 
such  as  ruelle,  used  by  Moliere  in  the  sense 
of  a  small  street,  and  also  in  that  of  the 
space  between  a  bed  and  the  lateral  walls  of 
a  chamber  which  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIY. 
it  assumed.  Three  quotations  are  inserted, 
respectively  from  '  Les  Precieuses  Eidicules,' 
'L'Ecole  des  Femmes,'  and  'Les  Femmes 
Savantes,'  the  second  illustration  being  : — 

Moi,  i'irois  me  charger  d'une  spirituelle 

Qui  ne  parleroit  rien  que  cercle  et  que  ruelle. 


Then  follow  near  thirty  instances  of  the 
use  of  the  word  from  '  Les  Caquets  de 
I'Accouchoe,'  1623,  wherein  one  would 
naturally  expect  to  find  it,  and  it  frequently 
occurs  ;  from  the  '  Francion  '  of  Sorel,  and  the 
works  of  Maynard,  Scarron,  Saint-Amant, 
Benserade,  Brebeuf,  Sarasin,  La  Fontaine, 
and  other  authors.  The  quotations  are  not 
confined — as  is  too  often  the  case  in  more 
ambitious  works,  where  compression  may  be 
necessary — to  a  short  phrase  not  too  easily 
explicable  without  the  context,  but  extend 
at  times  to  eight  or  ten  lines.  From  the 
authors  already  named  it  will  be  seen  that 
M.  Livet  selects  by  preference  for  purposes 
of  illustration  the  writers  "a  la  langue 
forte  et  savoureuse  dont  la  naivete  prime- 
sautiere  ne  recule  devant  aucune  hardiesse 
de  langage  " — the  writers,  in  fact,  whose 
works  are,  as  a  rule,  comprised  in  that 
"  Bibliotheque  Elzevirienne  "  which  we  are 
disposed  to  regard  as,  in  its  way,  the  most 
priceless  collection  any  land  can  boast — 
not  wholly  edifying  perhaps,  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  the  collection  of  the  Bollandists, 
but  unequalled  at  least  in  vivacity,  know- 
ledge of  human  nature  (not  always  on  its 
nobler  side),  and  wit. 

Beginning  with  the  popular  and  bourgeois 
romances,  M.  Livet,  while  not  quite  neglect- 
ing classic  authors,  has  found  his  richest 
harvest  in  writers  such  as  have  been 
mentioned,  together  with  Quinault,  Poisson, 
Eegnard ,  Dassoucy ,  and  others  of  like  kidney. 
The  work  has  been  anticipated  in  scheme, 
and  to  some  extent  in  method,  by  the 
'  Lexique  compare  de  Ir.  Langue  de  Moliere  ' 
of  M.  F.  Genin,  184G,  but  is  on  a  more  ex- 
tensive scale.  M.  Genin  confines  himself  for 
the  purpose  of  comparison  to  a  few  writers 
— Froissart,  La  Fontaine,  Eegnier,  Scarron, 
and  Corneille — mainly  classics.  The  illus- 
trations of  M.  Livet  are,  on  the  other  hand, 
taken  for  the  most  part  from  those  authors 
who,  with  Moliere,  are  the  founders  of  the 
esprit  gaulois.  To  take  a  single  instance. 
Under  "Galimatias"  M.  Genin  supplies 
one  quotation  from  the  '  Amans  Mag- 
nifiques,'  without  a  word  of  explanation, 
comment,  or  illustration,  except  that  it  is 
used  in  the  plural.  M.  Livet,  who  omits 
all  mention  of  this  sentence,  gives  ten 
quotations  and  a  couple  of  pages  filled  with 
instances  of  use  by  Balzac,  Saint-Amant, 
Gilet  de  la  Tessonerie,  Cyrano  de  Bergerac, 
Furetiere,  Boursault,  and  others.  The  word 
gar<;on,  of  which  two  uses  are  quoted  by  M. 
Livet,  is  omitted  by  M.  Genin,  as  are, 
indeed,  some  scores  of  other  words,  includ- 
ing, one  is  surprised  to  find,  an  adjective 
such  as  ignare  for  ignorant. 

A  special  advantage  in  some  works  such 
as  M.  Livet's  '  Lexique '  is  that  they  are 
"contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay,"  and 
answer,  as  a  rule,  all  purposes  of  a  concord- 
ance, a  use  for  which  the  '  Shakespeare 
Lexicon'  of  Dr.  Schmidt  is  specially 
adapted.  For  this  service  M.  Livet's  work, 
which  deals  only  with  unusual  or  antiquated 
employment  of  words,  is  less  adapted. 
Turning  to  the  word  harle,  we  find  it  men- 
tioned only  as  signifying  a  "  cheval  de 
Barbarie,"  or  in  the  locution  "A  la  barbe 
de."  No  attempt  is,  indeed,  made,  as  in 
Dr.  Schmidt,  to  furnish  every  instance  of 
use. 

Nothing  strikes  an  Englishman  more  than 
the  manner  in  which  in  ordinary  editions  of 


Moliere,  in  foot-note  or  glossary,  words  the 
use  of  which  to  him  is  perfectly  simple  and 
familiar  are  explained  to  Frenchmen.     The 
same  feeling  naturally  attends  the  study  of 
the  present  work.    French  was  during  some 
centuries  the  language  of  the  English  Court, 
and,  to   some  extent,  that  of    the  English 
people.     Many   uses     of   words   which    in 
France  have  died  out  have  been  preserved 
here.     A  similar  phenomenon  is  observable 
in   Canada   and   wherever    French   is   still 
employed.      Except  in  France  itself,  there 
has   been   no   haste   to  get   rid  of   any  or 
every  thing  connected  with  past  life  or  his- 
tory.     It   might,   perhaps,   be   maintained 
that    some     of    the    phrases    for    the   use 
of   which  Englishmen  are  rebuked  are  as 
genuine  descendants  from  the  old  French  as 
those  which  on  the  other  side  of  the  Channel 
have   taken   their    place.      One   is   struck, 
moreover,  at  times  by  the  fact  that  words 
said   in    dictionaries    to    have   reached   us 
from     the     Latin     through     the     French 
appear  to  be  earlier  in  use  in  this  country. 
Of  the  word  olsceniti  no  French  dictionary 
before     that     of     Richelet    (1680)     makes 
mention,  while  Menage  in  1677  says,  "  Ce 
mot,  non  plus  q}xohscene,  n'est  pas  generale- 
ment  requ."      Ohsccene  may  be  found  earlier, 
proving   that    it   was    yet    regarded   as   a 
stranger.     Shakspeare  uses  obscene  thrice  : 
"that     obscene     and     most      preposterous 
event";    "so    heinous,    black,    obscene     a 
deed";     and    "thou     whoreson,     obscene, 
greasy  tallow-catch";    and   makes  Costard 
and    Bottom     misapply    "obscenely"    for 
obscurely.     Sir  J.  Harington  has,  moreover, 
obscenous,  and  even  the  vile  form  of  obscene - 
nousness.     In   the  'Critique  de  I'Ecole  des 
Femmes,'  scene  iii.,  Climene,   speaking  of 
"  une  obscenite  qui^  n'est  pas  supportable," 
is    answered   by   Elise,    "Ah,    mon   Dieu! 
obscenite.     Je  ne  sais  ce  que  ce  mot  veut 
dire  ;    raais   je   le   trouve   le   plus   joli   du 
monde."     Bayle  familiarized  the  use  of  the 
word  in  France,  and  his  remarks  "  Sur  les 
obscenites,"    in     his    *  Dictionnaire,'    have 
been  reprinted  in  a  separate  form,  Brussels, 
1879.  The  use  of  the  phrase  "nous  autres," 
more  customary  in  Provence  and  Gascogne 
(Spanish   nosotros),   is   familiar    in  Moliere 
and  in  Corneille  (who  was  acquainted  with 
Spanish    literature),    but    is    not    common 
with  other  writers  of  the  epoch.     Italian  is 
also  the  origin  of  some  of  the  phrases  M. 
Livet  gives  with  no  explanation.     "  Bouche 
cousue,"   used    by  Georges  Dandin,  seems 
to    be    derived    from   ''la   bocca   chiusa," 
just    as    "  Je    vous    laisse    sur    la    bonne 
bouche,"     also    Georges     Dandin, 
rived  from  "con  la    bocca  dolce." 
ma  femme"  {sic),  where  feu  is  used  in  the 
sense  of  defunct,  gives  rise  to  some  interest- 
ing remarks.     Moliere  here  follows  the  rule 
of  Vaugelas  that/(?M  has  neither  gender  nor 
number,  and  that  one  would  say  "  feu  mes 
f  re  res."      Menage  holds  the  contrary,  and 
thinks  thai  feu  comes  ixorQ.felix.     If  this  is 
the  case,  its  usage  stands  in  direct  opposi- 
tion to  the  practice  in  England,  where  we 
speak  of  those   recently  dead   as    "  poor." 
Those  interested  in  a  point  of  much  value 
as   yet    undetermined   will    consult   Littre, 
whom    M.   Livet,    for    reasons    which    he 
gives,  leaves  on  one  side.     Littre  holds  the 
rather  anomalous  rule  thai  fete  accords  with 
the  substantive  when  it  follows  immediately 
the  article,  and  that  one  should  say  "  la  feue 


is    de- 
"Feu 


268 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


reine  "  and  also  "  feu  k  reine."  Innumor- 
ablo  points  of  importance  are  raised  in  the 
course  of  studying  a  work  of  great  mei-it. 
M.  Livet's  scheme  is  well  carried  out.  The 
usual  lesson  upon  human  ambition  and 
accomplishment  is  to  be  learnt  from  its 
pages.  The  first  volume,  published  sepa- 
rately, deals  with  A,  B,  and  C.  Two  more 
volumes,  somewhat  larger,  have  to  comprise 
the  rest  of  the  alphabet.  We  should  have 
been  glad  had  the  work  served  as  a  con- 
cordance. This  was  not,  however,  in  the 
scheme.  Such  as  it  is,  it  will  be  received 
with  pleasure  by  philologists,  and  with 
delight  by  students  of  Moliere  and  seven- 
teenth century  literature. 


THE  WEEK. 

Her  Majesty's  —'  Hamlet.' 


A  REVIVAL  for  two  nights  only  of  '  Hamlet,' 
such  as  marked  the  close  of  Mr.  Tree's  season 
at  Her  Maj  esty  's,  scarcely  challen  ges  criticism, 
more  especially  as  the  company  with  which 
it  was  performed  was  not  such  in  all  respects 
as  will  be  selected  when  '  Hamlet '  is   re- 
mounted for  a  run.     That  the  Hamlet  Mr. 
Tree  presents  has  been  well  thought  out  is 
obvious  from  the  pamphlet  he  has  published, 
consisting  of  the  reprint  of  a  paper  he  con- 
tributed to  the  Fortnightly  Review  of  Decem- 
ber, 1895,  entitled  '  Hamlet  from  an  Actor's 
Prompt  -  Book.'     At   the   view   of   Hamlet 
expressed     in     the    pamphlet     and     illus- 
trated  in   action   it   is  impossible  to  cavil. 
It   has   most   qualities   of   picturesqueness, 
earnestness,  courtesy,   and  distinction  that 
are   expected   in    Hamlets   of   note,  and  it 
fails   only  in   those   respects  in   which   all 
Hamlets  within  living  memory  have  failed 
— in   the   exemplification,  that   is,  of   gifts 
genuinely  tragic,  which  seems  to  be  a  lost 
art.    Hereafter  the  temptation  may  perhaps 
present  itself   to  dwell  upon  points  of   the 
kind.     At  present  it  is  suffioient  to  say  that 
it  takes  its  place  among  Hamlets  to  be  re- 
cognized, and  that  while  there  is  much  in  the 
conception  to  applaud,  there  is  no  affecta- 
tion of  so-called  new  readings,  and  but  a  few 
instances  in  which  the  method  is  mistaken 
or   overcharged.      Mrs.   Tree's    Ophelia   is 
picturesque,  thoughtful,  and  attractive.     It 
is  too  dramatic  in  the  mad  scenes.     Ophelia 
is,  after  all,  the  apotheosis,  as  it  were,  of 
an  ingenue  part,  and  does  not  call  for  great 
tragic   gifts.     The  best  Ophelias  we   have 
seen   have,    one   and   all,    been   promising 
young  artists,  and  not  actresses  of  position. 
The  melancholy  and   madness   of   Ophelia 
are  gentle,  pathetic,  piteous,  and  not  tragic. 
There  is  no  room  for  doubt  on  this  subject. 
The  words  themselves  show  it.     A  passage 
descriptive  of  Ophelia's  method,  but  excised 
as  a  rule  in  representation,  and  assigned  a 
character  whose  name  does  not  even  figure 
in  the  cast,  describes  her  proceedings  wholly 
unlike  anything  ever  realized  on  the  stage. 
Part  of  it,  of  course,  cannot  be  done,  since 
the  text  does  not  warrant  it : — 

She  speaks  much  of  her  father  ;  says  she  hears 
There 's  tricks  i'  the  world ;  and  hems,  and  beats 

her  heart ; 
Spurns  enviously  at  straws ;  speaks  things  in  doubt. 
That  carry  but  half  sense  :  her  speech  is  nothing, 
Yet  the  unshaped  use  of  it  doth  move 
The  hearers  to  collection  ;  they  aim  at  it, 
And  botch  the  words  up  fit  to  their  own  thoughts ; 
Which,  as  her  winks,  and  nods,  and  gestures  yield 

them, 


Indeed    would  make   one    think  there   might   be 

thought, 
Though  nothing  sure,  jet  much  unhappily. 

If  this  is  not  enough — and  it  is  Shak- 
speare's,  mark  ye  —  then  are  the  famous 
words  of  Laertes  surely  no  mean  judge  : — 

Thought  and  afHiction,  passion,  hell  itself 
She  turns  to  favour  and  to  prettiness. 

Favour  and  prettiness,  then,  represent  the 
practical  limits  of  Ophelia's  manifestations. 
If  once  we  cou'd  have  '  Hamlet'  played  in 
its  entirety,  both  actors  and  public  would 
learn  much  concerning  the  play,  the  know- 
ledge of  which  is  confined  to  the  few.  Such 
a  presentation,  eminently  desirable  in  itself, 
would  have  to  be  given  before  an  audience 
of  scholars  if,  as  is  said  by  a  good  authority, 
perhaps  the  best,  to  give  the  entire  text 
would  occupy  six  hours. 

Of  the  other  characters,  the  Polonius  of 
Mr.  Holman  Clark  is  the  best.  A  word  of 
praise  is  deserved,  however,  by  the  First 
Actor  of  Mr.  Allan.  When  the  actors  come 
on  the  stage  in  their  travelling  dress  the 
Player  Queen  is  no  longer  dressed  as  a  boy. 
This  is  a  backward  step  which  surprises  us 
in  a  management  so  intellectual  as  that  of 
Mr.  Tree. 


Not  a  very  hopeful  prospect  is  that  of  'The 
Sleeping  Partner,'  a  piece  of  German  origin 
which  reaches  London  by  way  of  America,  and 
was  produced  on  Tuesday  at  the  Criterion.  It 
has  all  the  faults  of  the  German  school  of  a 
generation  or  more  ago— characters  without  con- 
sistency and  often  without  a  reason  for  existing, 
purposeless  episodes,  and  an  inconsequential 
story.  In  some  fashion  or  other,  too,  the 
story  has  more  than  once  previously  been  told 
in  this  country.  A  fairly  competent  interpre- 
tation by  Mr.  James  Welch,  Mr.  Frederic  Terry, 
and  Miss  Lena  Ashwell  saved  it  from  collapse, 
but  it  is  not  likely  to  be  heard  of  long. 

Mr.  George  Alexander  and  the  St.  James's 
company  appeared  on  Monday  at  the  Grand 
Theatre,  Islington,  in  'The  Prisoner  of  Zenda.' 

In  the  farewell  speech  of  Mr.  Tree  at  the 
close  of  the  season  at  Her  Majesty's  on  Friday 
se'night  the  new  piece  of  information  of  dra- 
matic interest  was  the  definite  promise  of  a 
revival  of  'Julius  Caesar'  during  the  next 
season  with  costumes  designed  by  Mr.  Alma 
Tadema.  The  season  will  begin  on  the  1st  of 
November. 

The  Lyric  Theatre  reopens  this  evening  with 
'The  Sign  of  the  Cross,"  with  Mr.  Wilson 
Barrett  in  his  original  part  of  Marcus  Superbus. 

Mr.  Alexander  will,  it  is  said,  play  Henri 
de  Lagardfere  in  a  new  adaptation  by  Mr. 
Justin  Huntly  McCarthy  of  '  Le  Bossu  '  of  M. 
Paul  Fe'val.  Fechter's  performance  at  the 
Lyceum  of  this  character  in  '  The  Duke's 
Motto,'  another  adaptation,  was  one  of  his 
great  successes. 

The  new  Drury  Lane  drama  is,  it  is  said, 
to  be  called  'The  White  Heather:  a  Story 
of  Moor  and  City.'  Heflection  may  possibly 
suggest  the  substitution  of  something  simpler 
and  more  taking. 

'  Henry  V.'  is  to  be  the  next  Shakspearean 
revival  at  the  St.  James's. 


To  Correspondents.  — L.  S.— B.  O.  G.— G.  E.— S.  S.— 
R.  D.— I.  F.  S.— received. 

T.  S.  C— You  should  send  such  a  question  to  Notes  and 
Queries. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Erratum.— Ho.  3642,  p.  223,  col.  2,  line  39  from  hottom, 
for  "  red  and  white"  read  red  and  black. 


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270 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N%3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


Last  Week's  ATHENJEUK  contains  Articles  on 

K.  L.  STEVENSON. 

The  LITERARY  HISTORY  of  the  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 

STUDIES  in  MEDI;EVAL  HISTORY. 

The  WAR  in  THESSALY. 

MR.  COURTHOPE'S  HISTORY  of  ENGLISH  POETRY. 

BALZAC  in  ENGLAND. 

A  MEDIAEVAL  BISHOP. 

liOOKS  of  TRAVEL. 

CONTRIBUTIONS  to  the  HISTORY  of  OXFORD. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE  —LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

'A  TALE  of  TWO  TUNNELS';  ADAM  ASNYK;   The  CLERK  of  the 

SHIPS;  CHAUCER'S  "RAPTUS"  of  CECILIA  CHAUMPAIGNE. 

Also — 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  :-Joret  on  Plants  in  Antiquity  ;  Library  Table  ;  Prof.  Victor 
Meyer;  Astronomical  Notes  ;  Gossip. 

FINE    ARTS :— Miniatures    in    Montagu  House;     The  Archa:'Ological 
Societies;  'rhe  Royal  Archaeological  Institute  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— Eayreuth  Festival ;  Mr.  William  Smallwood  ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA:— Das  Griechische  Theater;  Gossip. 


The  ATIIEX.'EVM  for  August  7  emtatns  Articles  on 

The  SUPPOSED  LOGIA. 

The  MALTESE  CORPS  in  the  BRITISH  ARMY. 

A  FRENCH  ADVENTURESS  under  the  ROI  SOLEIL. 

SUTTON-IN-HOLDERNESS. 

FRANCE  and  the  WESTERN  SCHISM. 

WAKEMANS  HISTORY  of  the  CHURCH  of  ENGLAND. 

NEW  NOVELS:— The  Mutable  Many;  Did  He  Deserve  It?  A  Bride's 
Madness ;  Les  Trois  Filles  de  Pieter  Waldorp. 

TWO  BOOKS  on  SPAIN. 

E,ECENT  VEKSE. 

SOUTH  AFRICAN  TALES. 

CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY. 

RECENT  BIOGRAPHY. 

ORIENTALIA. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LLST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

OLD  AGE;    'A  TALE    of  TWO  TUNNELS';   EARLY   ALLUSIONS 

to  CHESS',  The  NEW  LOGIA;  The  CLERK  of  the  SHIPS;  MR. 

SrOPFORD  BROOKE'S  'PRIMER';  A  POETIC  TRIO. 

A1.S0 — 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  :— The  Ancient  Volcanoes  of  Great  Britain  ;  Library  Table  ; 
Zoological  Literature;  The  Literature  of  Engineering;  Botanical 
Literature ;  Atlases ;  Mathematical  Literature ;  Astronomical 
Notes  ;  Anthropological  Notes  ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS  :— The  Churches  of  Cheshire  ;  Library  Table  ;  Numismatic 
Literature  ;  The  Royal  Archa'ological  Institute  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC:— Recent  Publications;  Bayreuth  Festival ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA: -Gossip. 

Vie  ATUEN.TiUM  for  July  31  contains  Articles  on— 

MR.  GARDINER  on  GUNPOWDER  PLOT. 

MR.  HOR.VCE  S.MITHS  POEMS. 

A  NEW  TRANSLATION  of  TACITUS. 

MR.  LANG  on  MODERN  MYTHOL()GY. 

The  E.ARLY  HISTORY  of  the  NAVY. 

MEMORIALS  of  HAWTHORNE. 

The  REGISTER  of  a  NORTHERN  PRIORY'. 

NEW  novel;,  :— Salted  with  Fire;  A  Rich  Man's  Daughter;  Crooked 
Paths;  An  Odd  Experiment;  The  Larramys;  The  Kejuvenatioa  of 
Miss  Semaphore  ;  1  he  Light  of  the  Eye  ;  La  Camarade. 

A  CORNISH  PARISH. 

SHORT  STORIES. 

ASSYRIOLOGICAL  LITERATURE. 

AUSTRALIAN  FICTION. 

OLD  NOKSE  POETRY. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY'. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE  -LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

JOHN  MILTON,  SENIOR.;  MR.  STOPFORD  BROOKES  'PRIMER'; 
ANOTHER  GREEK  WORD  in  HEBREW;  'ST.  ANSELM  of 
CANTERBURY  '  ;  MR.  COLLINSS  ANTHOLOGY  ;  'The  LONDON 
UNIVERSITY  COMPROMISE;  The  DERIVATION  of  "FYLFOT.' 

LITER\RY  GOSSIP.  '^°~ 

SCIENCE :— Chemical  Literature  ;  Zoological  Literature ;  Astronomical 
Notes  ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS:— The  Art-Anatomy  of  Animals  ;  Librarv  Table  •  Heraldic 
Literature;  Archaeological  Literature ;  Magazines;  'The' Portraits 
ofSnift;  'Two  Portraits  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :-'rhe  Week  ;  Library  Table ;  Chester  Musical  Festival  Mr 
Alexander  Ihayer. 

DRAMA— Recent  Books ;  Gossip. 


THE  ATHENJEUM,  EVERT  SATURDAY, 

PRICE  THREEPENCE,  OF 

JOHN     C.     FRANCIS, 

Athenaum  Office,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane, 
E.G. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


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"That  delightful  ebpository  op  forgotten  lore,  'Notes  and  Queries.'" 

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NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

A  MEDIUM  OF  INTERCOMMUNICATION  FOR  LITERARY  MEN  AND  GENERAL  READERS. 


The  Sixth  Series  of  Notes  and  Queries,  complete  in  12  vols,  price  lOs.  &d.  each  Volume,  con- 
tains, in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies,  Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following 
Subjects : — 


English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  History. 

The  Plagues  of  1605  and  1625— Wolves  in  England- 
Prices  in  the  Middle  Ages — Executions  of  1745 — The 
"Meal  Tub  Plot" — Episcopacy  in  Scotland  —  English 
Roman  Catholic  Martyrs— Hereward  le  Wake— Hiding- 
Piaces  of  Charles  II. — Where  did  Edward  II.  die? — 
Battle  between  Armies  of  Suetonius  and  Boadicea  — 
William  III.  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne— '  The  Green 
Bag" — Confidential  Letters  to  James  II.  about  Ireland — 
Anne  Boleyn's  Heart — Hubert  de  Burgh — Henry  Martin 
the  Regicide — Lord  Hussey  and  the  Lincolnshire  Re- 
bellion. 

Biography. 

Luis  de  Camoens  —  Thomas  Bell — Cromwell — William 
Penn — Nell  Gwynne— Coleridge— Curll  the  Bookseller — 
Sir  John  Cheke — Gibson,  Bishop  of  London — Thorpe  the 
Architect — Sir  Richard  Whittington — Charles  Wolfe. 

Bibliography  and  Literary  History. 

Shakspeariana — Chap-Book  Notes — "Adeste  Fideles" — 
"  The  Land  of  the  Leal  " — John  Gilpin — '  Reynard  the 
Fox' — "Lead,  kindly  Light" — Rabelais — London  Pub- 
lishers of  18th  Century — The  Welsh  Testament  — The 
Libraries  of  Balliol,  All  Souls',  Brasenose,  and  Queen's 
Colleges,  Oxford — Key  to  '  Eiidymion  ' — Early  Roman 
Catholic  Magazines — Stuart  Literature — The  Libraries  of 
Eton,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge — "Dame  Europa" 
Bibliography  —  Unpublished  Letters  of  Dr.  Johnson — 
"Rock  of  Ages" — '  Eikon  Basilike  Deutera  ' — William 
of  Tyre — Bibliography  of  Skating — 'The  Book' — Notes 
on  the  ' Religio  Medici' — Authorship  of  the  'Imitatio' 
— Tristram  Shandy — Critical  Notes  of  Charles  Lamb. 

Popular  Antiquities  and  Folk-lore. 

Slavonic  Mythology  —  Folk-lore  of  Leprosy  —  Lycan- 
thropy — North  Italian  Folk-lore  —  Friday  unlucky  for 
Marriage — West  Indian  Superstitions — "Milky  Way" — 
Folk-lore  of  Birds — Feather  Superstition — Medical  and 
Funeral  Folk-lore. 

Poetry,  Ballads,  and  Drama. 

The  Drama  in  Ireland — '  Tom  Jones '  on  the  French 
Stage — '  Auld  Robin  Gray  '  — '  Harpiugs  of  Lena ' — 
MS.  of  Gray's  '  Elegy  '—The  '  Mystery  '  of  8.  Panta- 
leon — Rogers's  'Pleasures  of  Memory' — "  Blue  bonnets 
over  the  Border  " — Swift's  Verses  on  his  own  Death — 
Tennyson's  '  Palace  of  Art  '—Ballad  of  '  William  and 
Margaret'  —  The  Australian  Drama  —  Poem  by  J.  M. 
Neale  —  Shelley's  'Ode  to  Mont  Blanc'  —  Hymns  by 
Chas.  Wesley — '  Cross  Purposes  ' — Tennyson's  '  Dream 
of  Fair  Women ' — '  Logic  o'  Buchan.' 

Popular  and  Proverbial  Sayings. 

"To  rule  the  roast" — "Licked  into  shape" — "Bosh" 
— Joining  the  majority — Up  to  snuff — "To  the  bitter 
end" — Conspicuous  by  his  absence  —  Play  old  Goose- 
berry—  "The  grey  mare  is  the  better  horse"  —  Bred 
and  born  —  Drunk  as  David's  sow — Cut  oft  with  a 
shilling — Tin=money — Getting  into  a  scrape. 


Philology. 

Tennis  —  Puzzle  —  Rickets — American  Spelling — Snob^ 
Jolly — Boycotting — Argosy — Jennet — Bedford  —  Maiden 
In  Place-names — Deck  of  Cards — Masher — Belfry — Brag 
— Bulrush  —  Tram  —  Hearse  —  Whittling  —  Beef-eater— 
Boom — At  bay. 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 

The  Arms  of  the  Popes — Courtesy  Titles — Rolls  of  Arms 
— Book-plates— Earldom  of  Mar — Arms  of  the  See  of 
York — Fitzhardinges  of  Berkeley — Heraldic  Differences 
—  Barony  of  Valoines  —  Colonial  Arms  —  Earldom  of 
Ormonde— The  Violet  in  Heraldry — Arms  of  Vasco  da 
Gama— Seal  of  the  Templars — Earldom  of  Suffolk. 

Fine  Arts. 

Hogarth's  only  Landscape — The  '  Hours '  of  Raphael — 
Rubens's  'Daniel  and  the  Lions'  —  Early  Gillrays — 
Retzsch's  Outlines — Portraits  of  Byron — Velasquez  and 
his  Works — Tassie's  Medallions — Copley's  '  Attack  on 
Jersey.' 

Ecclesiastical  Matters. 

The  Revised  Version — Pulpits — The  Episcopal  Wig — 
Vestments — Temporal  Power  of  Bishops— Easter  Sepul- 
chres— Canonization — The  Basilican  Rite — The  Scottish 
Office — Tulchan  Bishops — Seventeenth  Century  "  Indul- 
gence"—  The  "Month's  Mind"  —  Clergy  hunting  in 
Scarlet — The  Irish  Hierarchy — Libraries  in  Churches — 
Lambeth  Degrees— Fifteenth  Century  Rood-screens — 
Franciscans  in  Scotland — Bishops  of  Dunkeld — Prayer- 
Book  Rule  for  Easter— Fur  Tippets— The  Church  in  the 
Channel  Isles — Metrical  Psalms — Order  of  Adminis- 
tration. 

Classical  Subjects. 

'  Persii  Satirse  ' — Roman  Arithmetic — The  Alastor  of 
Augustus — "Acervus  Mercurii" — "  Vescus"  in  Georgics, 
iii.  175 — Oppian — Juvenal's  Satire  ii. — Transliteration  of 
Iliad  i. — Aristophanes'  '  Ranae ' — Simplicius  on  Epic- 
tetus — Tablet  of  Cebes — Imitative  Verse — "Felix  quem 
faciunt,"  &c. 

Topography. 

Grub-street— Porta  del  Popolo— "  Turk's  Head  "  Bagnio 
—The  Old  Corner  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Thames 
Embankments — Statue  in  Brasenose  Quadrangle — Middle 
Temple  Lane — Ormond-street  Chapel — Roman  Villa  at 
Sandown — Ashburnham  House — Carew  Castle — Rushton 
Hall,  Westenhaugh — Welton  House. 

Miscellaneous. 

Christian  Names — Election  Colours— Buried  Alive— O.  K. 
— Ladies'  Clubs — Zoedone — Berkeley-square  Mystery — 
Wife  Selling — The  Telephone— Scrutin  de  Liste— Croco- 
dile's Tears— Jingo— The  Gipsies— Hell-Fire  Club— Tarot 
— Tobacco  in  England — Sea  Sickness  unknown  to  the 
Ancients — Names  of  American  States — Carucate — Female 
Soldiers  and  Sailors — Mistletoe — Giants — Jewesses  and 
Wigs — Memories  of  Trafalgar — Green  Eyes — Beaumon- 
tague— Secret  Chambers  in  Ancient  Houses— The  Bona- 
parte-Patterson Marriage — Ace  of  Spades — Wig  Curlers — 
Female  Churchwardens— The  Opal— House  of  Key- 
Church  Registers  — Arm-in-arm  — E.  O.  —  Napoleon's 
Legacy  to  Cantillon. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's-buildings,  Chancery-lane,  E.G. 


N°3643,  Aug.  21,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


271 


NOTICE.~The  SECOND  EDITION  of  '  POT-POURRI  from 
a  SURREY  GARDEN,'  hy  Mrs.  C.  W.  EARLE, 

crown  8vo.  7s.  6d.j  having  been  immediately  exhausted,  a  THIRD 
EDITION  has  been  put  to  press,  and  ivill  he  ready  NEXT 
WEDNESDA  Y. 

London  :  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo-place,  S.W. 


Now  ready,  handsome  cloth,  7s.  Sd.  post  free ;  gilt,  for 
presentation,  8s.  6rf.  post  free. 

QPEN-AIR     STUDIES     in     BOTANY: 

SKETCHES  OF  BRITISH  WILD  FLOWERS  IN 
THEIR  HOMES. 

By  R.  LLOYD  PRAEGER,  B.A.  M.R.I.A. 

Illustrated  by  Drawings  from  Nature  by  S.  Rosamond 
Praeger,  and  Photographs  by  R.  Welch. 

General  Co7itents  :—A  Daisy-Starred  Pasture— Under  the 
Hawthorns— By  the  River— Along  the  Shingle— A  Fragrant 
Hedgerow-A  Connemara  Bog— Where  the  Samphire  Grows 
—A  Flowery  Meadow— Among  the  Corn  (a  Study  in  Weeds) 
—In  the  Home  of  the  Alpiaes— A  City  Kubbish-Heap  — 
Glossary. 

"  Mr.  Lloyd  Praeger's  '  Open-Air  Studies  in  Botany,'  with 
its  delightful   'sketches  of  British   wild   tlowers    in    their 

liO™es' is   redolent  with    the    scent    of   woodland    and 

meadow." — ^Standard. 

"A  series  of  stimulating  and  delightful  chapters  on  field 
botany." — Hcatsman. 

London  :  Charles  Griffin  &  Co.,  Limited, 
E.\eter-street,  Strand. 


JjY  PROFESSOR  CAMPBELL  BLACK,  F.R.S.E. 
The  MEDICAL  ENVIRONMENT,     Is.  net. 

Hugh  Hopkins,  17,  West  Regent-street,  Glasgow. 

The  URINE  in  HEALTH  and  DISEASE.     7s.  6d. 

Bailliore,  Tindall  &  Cox,  20,  King  William-street,  LooaoD. 

LECTURES  on  BRIGHT'S  DISEASE.     2s.  6d. 
The  FUNCTIONAL  DISEASES  of  the  URINARY 

and  KEPKOUUCTIVE  OKGANS.    5s. 

J.  &  A.  Churchill,  7,  Great  Marlborough-street,  London. 


^OTES   and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 

THIS  WE£K'SNU.MBER  coi,t«i„<s- 
NOTES:-The  Dove-''SIipper-bath  ■■-Names  and  the  Survey-Arabic 
^^n^hC  •■'  ~  vl'^t""  •„J^f'^^"»P  ~  Epitaph  -  Marriage  CustS^- 
„f  T,l^!  "  o~.^  V,*^"'?. '7'"J  I'onoui  '-Nieur  du  lianas-^' Dictionary 
of  Bates' and  the  Calendar-Mammoih  Keniains-Ancient  Font- 
Curious  Custom  -Uickcns  in  l!u,sian  -  Paral  els -ConUrmaUon 
Rite-Disfigure.l  Landmarks-Colours  in  Action  ^-oonrmauon 

QUERIES  ;-■■  With  a  wet  linger  "-.Miss  Vandenhoff-' Labyrinth  of 
Life  --"Hung  ":  ••  Hanged  '■-Somersetshire  Assizes-R  J  t"ark- 
Cromlechs-Carnck-Haronefs  W  idow-''  Kinrale  "-Raeon  Vamlly 
-Church  of  Scotland -'On  the  knees  of  the  gods  ■■--Ma"  ng 
Rurghers-Reference  Sought-P  as  a  Numeral- Mowing  to  a  Sweep 
-•De  Imitatione  Chnsti  -Warming  Cards  -  l'arkhu?stForest-- 
;■  God  geometrix.es ''-Sir  J.  Bennet-Lynch  Family-H.  C'lay-LWery 
Lists-Charters-Ghosts-WUkiiison^Conyers-Authors'rtanteif 
REPLIES  :--"  A  Crowing  Hen  "-Fall  of  Angels-Kojal  Arms  of  Scot- 
Tn^r.  I"'?,'""'  ^^"^i'*"  ^^""^  l-a»s-Ea,t  Windows-Church 
rower  Buttresses-"  Hawcubite'^-' The  Giaour'-"Fly  on  the 
tZ'n^  i'*'^f  "-•■Cyclist  ■-  ••  Bike  ■■-L.lca.y  Won  en-'  HarSe 
pece  -Sanctuary  Lists- AmphilIis-roetry-Fit  =  Fought-'- No 
"■.  K,',ffin  "Si^?"  '  °l'*  "rY'""}'  l-nsonersinogg  and  Tannamu 
— '  Rullin  Drop— ••  Bostraki/e  "— P.  Harrison— ■■craitlp  ■  •  ••sii 
low  ■•  -  "  Teetotal  "  -  De  .Medici  -  Longest    English  w„r,l,       ,■' 

shire    Families— H.    Cornish-J.    F     Neville  — Ambient  V'nrnih 

"BelW  Ca^n^'^nir^t^"'"!'"'  I-aiker-County  t'oS  j"g^  ^hZ 
Belly-Can  -Dies  Veneris-Queen's  Watermen-K  Franklin- 
Burial  of  Horse  and  Owner-Canonization-Superstition 
NO-IES  ON  BOOKS  ^-Bedford's  •Blazon  of  Episcopacy '-Dasent's 
•Acts  of  the  Pniy  Council-.Mrs.  Gamlin^s  ' '  twixt  Merseland 
^■^r-::\''^fji  ■  A^fient  English  Holy  Week  Ceremonial '-Boore^s 
P^n^e    &c  ^^^^^'"''"■*    ■^""SSle  between    Carthage   and 


vnTr.=       T.^^^5  WEEKS  NUMBER  (Avgu^t  U)  conU,uts- 

T  ,«:;  r  Chance-George  Robins-Anaconda-Mr.  A.  Ballantyne- 
w.hh»  «i.'?'"'i"-C'Sars- Charles  Lambs  Lihrary-Epiuphs-S 
Webbe-Ship  Henri  Grace  de  Dieu-"  Mow  Land  •iLiontnScni: 

QLERIES  :-Officers  of  Wellingtons  Army-Last  Century  Physicians- 
Archbishop  Us^her-Quarles-s  ■  Emblems  '-Loru  of  AUerda"|l 
lH'£,":.7''M-^""i^7,*'''",'"  Luther-Commission  by  Prince  Charl^ 
iruv    ATmo'rLl^^*    s;r"'="!!  "'General  Wolfe-^'iadition  at  St 

Luck  Money-" Jesu    Lover  of  mvtn,,?^  ",,*,".*, ^"'''"*'"- 

Sought-SirV.  SandeVsor-Descript'^^„n   sl^rrev"T'   j;?'^',^,'''^^ 

-  Obscure  Parish   Register  -  "Not  a  natch    uD"^n^?"^^  r'n'^^l' 

Registers-HolyStoneJ-'Cocaine"        "^  ^        "    -Church 

NO-rES  ON  BOOKS^-' Royal  Berkshire  Militia ■-Engefs  'GeschiohtP 

der  Enghschen  Litteratur '-Baring-Gould's  -Lives    of  tl,^  s,,)^,^ 

Vols.  IV   and  V -Paynes  '  Harvey  and  Galen '-LSn's-Ce?e«i=; 

-Rrvre^^s,'i!l^g";^f„?r^c'"-"^'     ■'"''    '^--^^   E'ell^ses' 

Price  id  ;  by  post,  ild. 

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FAMOUS  AMERICAN  PASSENGER 

ENGINES  and  TRAINS.  By  ANGUS  SIN- 
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A  SHORT  STORY,   ENTITLED 

"A    BAD-CHARACTER    SUIT."      By 

Mrs.  F.  A.  STEEL,  Author  of  '  On  the  Face 
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CAWDOR    CASTLE.      By    the    Hon. 

IICGH  CAMPBELL.     Elaborately  illustrated. 

GROUSE    SHOOTING.      By  Lord 
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By  ROBERT  HICHENS  and  Lord  FREDERIC 
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The     ABYSSINIAN      EXPEDITION. 

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ELEPHANT-CATCHING    in   INDIA. 

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272 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


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Industries.  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Regisfrvr. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
Principal— Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 

The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.  Stu- 
dents are  expected  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4pm  on 
Wednesday.  October  6  Mrs.  FAWCEl'T  will  deliver  the  Inauguial 
Address  at  4.30  p  si.  on  Thursday,  October  7. 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  branches  of  general  and  higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically  they  form  a  connected  and  progressive  course,  but 
a  Single  Course  of  Lectures  in  any  subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  for  all  the  University  of  London  Kxaminalions  in 
Arts  and  Science,  for  the  Teachers'  Diploma  (London),  and  for  the 
Teachers'  Certificate  (Cambridge). 

Six  Laboi-atories  are  open  to  Students  for  Practical  Work 

The  Art  School  is  open  from  10  to  4  Students  can  reside  in  the 
College.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 

The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES,  by  Prof.  W.  F.  R. 
WELDON,  F.R.S.,  wUl  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  6, 
at  1  p  M . 

These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparing 
for  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
Students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
Courses  of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  during  the  Session  will  be  given 
later.  J.  M.  HORSUURGH,  M  A  ,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY      OF      LONDON. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

T  ONDON    HOSPITAL    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


SPECIAL  CL.\.SSES  are  held  in  the  subjects  required  for  the 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  M  B.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 

BOTANY  and  ZOOLOGY'.   By  P.  Chalmers  Mitchell,  M  .V  Oxon  F.Z.S. 

CHEMISTRY  and  PHYSICS     By  Hugh  Candy,  B  A.  B.Sc.  Lond. 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  Ten  Guineas 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  MB.  Lond.  and 
Primary  F.H.C  S..  and  other  Examinations. 

These  Classes  will  COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 

QT.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

O  Albert  Embankment,  London.  S  E. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  of  1897-98  will  OPEN  on  SATURDAY, 
October  2,  when  the  Prizes  will  be  distributed,  at  3  p  m.,  in  the 
Governors'  Hall. 

'Three  Entrance  Scholarships  will  be  oftered  for  competition  in 
September,  viz  ,  One  of  150(.  and  One  of  60i  in  Chemistry  and  Physics, 
with  either  Physiology.  Botany,  or  Zoology,  for  First  Year's  Students; 
One  of  50(.  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  chemistry,  for  Third  Year's 
Students,  from  the  Universities. 

Scholarships  and  Money  Pri'.es  of  the  value  of  .lOOf.  are  awarded  at 
the  Sessional  Examinations,  as  well  as  several  medals. 

Special  Classes  are  held  throughout  the  year  for  the  Preliminary 
Scientiflc  and  Intermediate  MB.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 
London. 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  open  to  Students  without  charge. 

Club-Rooms  and  an  Athletic  Ground  are  provided  for  Students. 

The  School  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  seen  on  application  to 
the  Medical  Secretary. 

The  fees  may  be  paid  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments.  Entries  may  be 
made  separately  to  Lecture  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special  arrange- 
ments are  made  for  Students  entering  from  the  Universities  and  lor 
Qualified  Practitioners 

A  Register  of  approved  Lodgings  is  kept  by  the  Medical  Secretary, 
who  also  has  a  list  of  local  Medical  Practitioners,  Clergymen,  and  others 
who  receive  Students  into  their  houses. 

For  Prospectus  and  all  particulars  apply  to  Mr.  Rendi.e.  the  Medical 
Secretary.  H.  P.  HAWKINS,  MA.  M  D.  Oxon.,  Dean. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL    and 
COLLEGE. 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 
Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientific  and  Intermediate  B.Sc    Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  commence  on  OCTOBER  I,  and  continue 
tillJULY,  1898  .  ,     „ 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  21( ,  or  Kl.  18s.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  single  subjects  may  be  taken. 
'There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  Warden  oi   the  Colle'.e,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London.  EC. 
A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

QT.    BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 

O  COLLEGE. 

OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  worth  loO; ,  75i  ,  75! ,  501.,  and 
20i.  each,  tenable  for  one  year,  will  be  competed  for  on  September  27, 
1897— viz  ,  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  73;.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75;.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Biology  and 
Physiology.  Candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  twenty- 
five  years  of  age,  and  must  not  have  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Practice  of  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  150;  ,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition,  value  60(.,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  twenty  years  of  age  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics, 
Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology. 

The  Jeaffreson  Exhibition  (value  20!.)  will  be  competed  for  at  the 
same  time  'The  subjects  of  examination  are  Latin,  Mathematics,  and 
any  one  of  the  three  following  Languages-Greek,  French,  and  German. 
'The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matriculation 
Examination  of  July,  1897. 

'The  successful  Candidates  in  alt  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination. 

For  particulars,  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  Wabden  01  THE  College.  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France :^ 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR  -  MER,  BIARRI'TZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER.  CALAIS,  CANNES.  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK,  HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoll,  Paris. 

rjNIVERSITY    COLLEGE,     LONDON. 

The   SESSION   of  the   FACULTIES  of   ARTS  and    LAWS   and  of 
SCIENCE  (including  the  Indian  and  Oriental  Schools  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Fine  Arts)  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  5th.     The  Introductory 
Lecture  will  be  given,  at  'J  p.m  ,  by  Professor  J.  SULLY,  MA.  LL.D. 
Suhecls.  Pi-o/e.^sors  nr  Teuclkers. 

Latin         ..        .".        A.  E.  Housman,  M  A. 

Greek        J.  A.  Piatt.  M  A. 

Hebrew  (Goldsmid  Professorship)     'The  Rev  Dr  D.  W.  Marks 
Comparative  Philology        ,.        ..     J.  P.  Postgate.  M  A.  Litt.D. 
Archaeology  (Y'ates  Professorship)      E.  A.  Gardner,  M.A. 
Egvptian     Archieology    (Edwards 

Professorship)  W.M.  FlindersPetrie,  D.C.L.  LL.D. 

English  (Quain  Professorship)     . .     AV.  P.  Ker,  M  A. 

History F.  C.  Montague,  M  A. 

Philosophy    of     Mind   and    Logic 

(Grote  Professorship)       ..        ..     J.  Sully,  MA   LL  D. 

Political  Economy       H.  S.  Foxwell,  M  A. 

Statistics  (Newmaich  Lectureship)    Vacant. 

Architecture       T.  Roger  Smith,  F.U.I.B.A. 

Fine  Arts  (Slade  Professorship)   ..     Fredk   Brown 

French H.  Lallemand,  B.-f'S-Sc. 

German Vacant. 

Italian F  de  Asarta. 

Mathematics M.  J  M   Hill,  M  A,  D  8c.  F.K.S. 

Chemistry  W.  Ramsay,  Ph  D.  FR.S. 

Pathological  Chemistry        ..        ..     Vaughan  Harley,  M  D. 
Physics  (Quain  Professorship)      ,.     G.  Carey  Foster.  B  A  FR.S. 
Zoology  (Jodrell  Professorship)   ..     W.  F.  R  Weldon,  M  A.  F.R  S. 
Botany  (Quain  Professorship)      ..     F  W.  Oliver,  M  A.  D  Sc. 
Geologv  (Yates  Goldsmid  Piofes- 1.  The   Rev.    'T.    G     Bonney,    D.Sc. 

sorship)  )       LL.D.  F  G.S    F  R  S. 
Physiology  (Jodrell  Professorship)     E  A.  Schitfer.  F  R  8. 
Hygiene  and  Public  Health..        ..     W  H.  Corfleld,  M  A.  M  D. 
Pathology  and  Morbid  Anatomy  ..     Sidney  Martin,  M.D.  FR.S. 
Applied     Mathematics     and     Me- 
chanics  Karl  Pearson,  MA.  LL.B.  F.R  S. 

Mechanical  Engineering     ..        ..     T.     Hudson     lieare,     B  A.    B.Sc. 

M.Inst.C.E. 
Electrical  Engineering         ..        ..     J.  A.  Fleming,  M.A.  D.Sc.  F.R. S. 

Civil  Engineering       L      F.    Vernon  -  Harcourt,     MA. 

M.Inst.C  E. 

Roman  Law       A.  F  Murison,  M  A  LL  D. 

Jurisprudence J.  Pawley  Bate,  M.A  LL  D. 

Law  (Quain  Chair) Augustine  Birrell,  Q  C,  M. P. 

Indian  Law        J.  W.  Neill. 

Sanskrit C.  Bendall,  M.A. 

Pali  T.  AV  Rhys  Davids,  Ph.D. 

Arabic 8.  A.  Strong,  M  A. 

Persian E.  Dcnison  Ross,  Ph  D. 

Hindustani         J.  F.  Blumhardt,  M  A. 

Marathi J.  W.  Neill. 

•Tamil         R.  W.  Frazer,  B  A.  LL  B. 

Burmese R.  F.  St.  A.  St.  John,  MA. 

Students  of  both  sexes  'are  admitted  to  all  Classes,  provided  there  is 
room,  without  previous  examination. 

Scholarships,  &c  ,  of  the  value  of  2.000(  are  ofTered  for  competition 
annually.  The  regulations  as  to  these,  and  further  information  as  to 
Classes,  Prizes,  &c.,  may  be  obtained  from 

J.  M.  HOBSBURGH,  M.A  ,  Secretary. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO. ,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  'Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements— 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

HOME  for  LADY  in  charming  old  detached 
Cottage  near  River  'Thames.  Convenient  to  Station.  174  milei 
Waterloo.  Nice  garden.  Suit  literary  lady  requiring  quiet  yet  cheerful 
home.  For  companionship  and  tuition  to  Young  Wife  of  neglected 
education  would  arrange  easy  terms.— Address  Home,  Box  133,  Sell's, 
167,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 


TYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    \d.   per  folio 
of  72  words.    References  to  Anthora.— Miss  Gladdino,  23,  Lans- 
downe  Gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

TYPE-WRITING.— Terms,    \d     per    folio    (72 
words) ;  or  5,000  words  and  over,  10<f.   per  thousand ;    in  two 
colours.  Is.  per  thousand.— Miss  NiGHTiNGALL.Walkern  Road,  Stevenage. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand.  London.— 
Confidential  Secretarv.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  'Tripos. 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dutch  'Translator  to  '.he  India  Office  Permanent 
Start'  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries  Expert  Stenographers 
and  'Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work.  A'erbatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  Congresses,  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  Translations 
into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialities;  Dutch  Translations.  Foreign 
and  Medical  Type-writing,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Libraries 
Catalogued. 
Pupils  'Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 


T'YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

X.  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bonght 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  Wd.  per  1,000  words.- N.  TAvtx>R, 
74,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  630.  lele- 
grams,  "  Glossator,  London." 


274 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


ryo    AUTHORS.— MESSRS.    DIG  BY,    LONG    & 

-1  CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  3.s-  61.  net,  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form. —Address  18,  JUmverie 
Street,  Fleet  Street,  JLondoa. 

I'HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

J.  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  1,  Paternoster  Itow.  The 
Interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Aftreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  ot  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  iu  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Hook  Producinn-  Consultation 
free.— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leadinf;  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuKGH£s,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster  Row. 


SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  offering  to  place  MSS  ,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society.    By  order,    G.  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4.  Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C 

N.B  — The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  Horace  Cox,  Bream's  Buildings,  EC. 

q^'O    AUTHORS.  — The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

J-  Limited,  15,  Victoria  Street.  'Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE 
MANUSCRIPrs  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
■view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
before  the  Trade,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public.  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 


C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  B.C. 

K     ANDERSON  &   CO.,   Advertising  Agents, 
•       14,  C0CK8PUR  STREET,  CHAKING  CROSS,  S^., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,  Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 

Sossible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,   Schools,  Publishers 
[anufactnrers,  &c.,  on  application. 


w 


Catalogues. 
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IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 
14,  Henrietta  Street,  Coyent  Garden,  London ;  20,  South  Frederick 
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(CLEARANCE    LIST.- Just  published,  a  CAT  A- 

\J  LOGUE,  containing  an  important  Selection  of  Standard  Authors- 
Famous  Picture  Galleries— Books  illustrated  by  Rowlandson,  Aiken, 
Cruikshank,  Seymour— Extra  Illustrated  Books— fine  Library  Sets— 
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—  rravel,  &c— Gratis  and  post  free  on  application  to  James  Roche, 
Bookseller,  38,  New  Oxford  Street,  London. 

EW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21.— Drawings  by  Hunt, 

Prout,  Dc  Wint,  and  others— Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— Things 
recommended  for  study  by  Prof.  Ruskin— scarce  Ruskin  Etchings. 
Engravings,  and  Books.  Post  free,  Sixpence —Wm.  Ward,  2,  Church 
Terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


E 


LLIS  &  ELVE 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books  and  Manuscripts. 

NEW  CATALOGUE  (No.  6)  of  RARE  PORTRAITS  and  PRINTS, 

including  a  choice  SELECTION  of  MEZZOTINTS, 

now   ready,   post  free.   Threepence. 

29,  New  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 


r. 


c 


HOICE     and    VALUABLE     BOOKS. 


Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Ronlandson, 
&c— First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  modem)— Early 
English  Literature— Illuminated  and  other  MSS.-  Portraits— Engravings 
—Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Works  on  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and 
W  elsh  Topography,  Heraldry,  and  Family  History  free  on  application. 
MAGGS  BROS.,  * 

159,  Church  Street,  Paddington,  London,  W. 


FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  &c  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bonght  — 
Walter  T.  SpENCEa,  27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 

FOREIGN    BOOKS    and     PERIODICALS 
promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 
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N 


THE  CHEAP  B00KSrALL."-7We^(/ifH«.»»i,  1861. 

0.     3     SPECIAL     BARGAIN     LIST. 


CLEARANCE  I.MPERATIVE  PREVIOUS  TO  REBUILDING. 
Fine  Books  in  every  class  of  Literature,  including 

Coloured  Plate  Books— Sporting— Angling— Hawking— Horsemanship 
—Fencing  — I'heatrical  — Works  illustrated  by  Bartolozzi,  Bunbury, 
Blake,  "Phiz,"  Cruikshank,  Leech.  Gravelot,  Eisen,  'I"urner,  &c — 
Works  relating  to  Old  London  —  County  Histories  —  Architecture- 
Decoration- Ornament— Coloured  Costume  — Stained  Glass— Arms— 
Armour- Old  Bindings— Black  Letter— Illuminated  MSS.  on  Vellum— 
Breviaries— Horrc— Old  Chronicles— Woodcuts  — Original  Drawings- 
Rare  Poetry— Naval  and  Militory  Works— Natural  History— Old  Herbals 
—Practical  and  Theoretical  Works  on  the  Fine  Arts— Painting— Sculp- 
ture—Etching— Pottery- Gold  and  SUver— Heraldry— Old  Japanese 
Coloured  Picture  Books— Portraits— Etchings,  &c. 

ON  SALE  AT 

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UARITCH'S   OLD  BOOK   CATALOGUES.— A 

considerable  COLLECTION  of  my  CATALOGUES  of  Old,  Rare, 
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for  2d.  in  postage  stamps  —Bernard  Qiaritih,  15.  Piccadilly  London 

Nearly  ready.  TWO  CATALOGUES  of  WORKS  of  SCIENCE  and 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


No 


3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


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reader  for  the  intense  interest  of  the  situations,  the 
incidents,  the  passions." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

STA^^DARD.—"  Ihe  book  has  humour,  it  has 
pathos,  it  is  full  of  colour  and  movement.  It 
abounds  in  passages  of  terse,  bold,  animated 
description.  The  sights,  the  sounds,  the  scents  of 
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with  their  daring  tints  and  vigorous  lines.  There 
are  scenes  of  passion  and  dramatic  intensity,  and 
characters  which  compel  our  attention  ;  and  there 
is,  above  all,  the  fascination  of  a  skilful  narrative." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

DAILY  NEWS.—"  A  book  which  takes  you  by 
the  throat  and  shakes  you  ;  dramatic,  vigorous, 
vivid." 

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fiction.  '  The  Christian  '  is  strenuously,  vividly, 
splendidly  alive,  A  great  effort,  splendid  in  emo- 
tion and  vitality,  a  noble  inspiration  carried  to 
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English  fiction." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

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spell  it  casts  is  instantaneous,  but  it  also  gathers 
strength  from  chapter  to  chapter,  until  we  are 
swept  irresistibly  along  by  the  impetuous  current 
of  passion  and  action," 

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THE     ATHEN^UM 


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THE     ATHEN^UM 


279 


SATURDAY,  AUGUST  28,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Social  England  279 

British  Ballads  and  Songs         280 

Cicero's  Letters         281 

The  Forty-Second  Highlanders  292 

Prof.  Leger  on  the  Slavs  283 

The  Keign  of  Henry  III 284 

The  Higher  Criticism  of  the  Old  Testament     ...    284 

A  Bibliography  of  Aristotle     285 

New    Novels    (The    Cliristian ;     A    Flirtation    with 
Truth ;  Good  Mrs.  Hypocrite ;  By  Stroke  of  Sword  ; 

One  Heart  One  Way  ;  L'Accusateur) 286-287 

Books  on  Education 287 

Recent  Verse— African  Philology      288 

FoLK-LoRE— Antiquarian  Literature  289 

Ecclesiastical  History      290 

Reprints 291 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      291 — 292 
'A  Tale  of  Two  Tunnels';   The  Autumn  Publish- 
ing Season;   Prof.  Saintsbury  on  the  Matter 
of  Britain;  The  Sons  of  Edmund  Ironside    ...    292 

Literary  Gossip         293 

Science— Life  of  Thomas  Wakley  ;  Library  Table  ; 

Gossip  293—294 

Fine  Arts— Constable's   Life   and   Letters;   The 
British  Archaeological  Association  ;  The  Cam- 
brian Arch.eological  Association;  Gossip   294—299 
Music -Recent  Publications;  Gossip            ...      299—300 
Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip  300 


LITERATURE 


Social  England.  By  Various  Writers.  Edited 
by  H.D.  Traill,  D.C.L.— Vol.  VI.  From 
the  Battle  of  Waterloo  to  the  Ge^ieral  Elec- 
tion of  1885.  (Cassell  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Traill  and  his  contributors — of  wliom 
there  are  thirty  to  help  him  with  this  final 
volume — have  had  a  harder  task  in  dealing 
with  the  present  century  than  with  its  fore- 
runners. The  details  are  too  numerous  and 
diverse  to  be  grouped  in  a  satisfactory  pic- 
ture or  panorama.  Much  had  to  be  omitted  in 
order  to  squeeze  the  review  of  seventy  years' 
occurrences  into  fewer  than  700  pages,  and 
both  editor  and  writers  have  been  tempted 
or  forced  to  include  in  it  much  that,  if  not 
foreign  to  the  plan  of  the  work,  is  not  essential 
to  it.  Some  of  them  appear,  indeed,  to  have 
almost  forgotten  that  it  was  "  a  record  of 
the  progress  of  the  people  "  they  had  under- 
taken to  produce,  and,  instead  of  tracing  the 
effects  of  political,  scientific,  academic,  and 
other  events  upon  national  life  and  social 
movements,  have  been  content  to  give  bald 
accounts  of  those  events  themselves.  Par- 
ticularly inapt  are  the  sections  on  "political 
history "  with  which  the  several  chapters 
are  prefaced.  If  it  was  necessary  that 
readers  should  be  reminded  of  the  dates  of 
such  incidents  as  George  Ill.'s  death  and 
Queen  Victoria's  accession,  of  the  composi- 
tion and  achievements  of  rival  cabinets,  of 
disturbances  at  home  like  the  Eeform  Bill 
agitation,  foreign  complications  like  the 
Crimean  War,  and  so  forth,  these  matters 
could  have  been  set  forth  much  more  con- 
veniently and  in  less  space  in  a  series  of 
chronological  tables  than  in  the  epitomes 
that  Mr.  Lloyd  Sanders  has  supplied.  Every 
political  occurrence  has  more  or  less  effect 
on  social  movements,  and  is  more  or  less 
their  outcome ;  but  Mr.  Sanders  could  not 
be  expected,  in  the  forty  or  fifty  pages 
at  his  disposal,  to  explain  these  subtle 
operations,  nor  has  he  attempted  to  do 
so.  Therefore  his  summaries,  which  are 
a  trifle  partisan,  are  even  more  redun- 
dant than  are  other  sections  on  astro- 
nomy, chemistry,  physics,  engineering,  geo- 
logy, and  biology,  contributed  by  Miss  A.  M. 


Clerke,  Mr.Eobert  Steele,  Mr.  W.G.  Rhodes, 
Mr.  O.  G.  Jones,  Prof.  Bonney,  and  Mr. 
T.  Whittaker.  The  influence  of  scientific 
research  and  new  inventions  and  discoveries 
upon  social  progress  has  been  incalculable  ; 
but  descriptions  of  dynamos  and  the  like, 
even  expositions  of  the  Darwinian  theory 
and  other  revolutionary  hypotheses,  apart 
from  their  bearings,  throw  next  to  no  light 
on  our  social  history. 

Mr.  Traill  would  have  better  done  his 
work  as  editor  had  he  obtained  more  and 
fuller  contributions  on  this  theme,  and  bor- 
rowed less  from  his  publishers'  scientific 
dictionaries  and  encyclop?odias.  Even  the 
sections  on  literature,  for  which  he  is  solely 
responsible,  are  somewhat  disappointing  and 
out  of  place.  He  is,  of  course,  well  up  in 
his  subject,  and  in  the  main  a  discriminating 
critic,  and  there  is  little  save  its  inadequacy 
to  complain  of  in  his  brief  survey  of  English 
poets  and  prose  writers  from  Byron  and 
Scott  down  to  Swinburne  and  Stevenson. 
He  regards  them,  however,  merely  as  men 
of  letters,  not  as  products  of  the  times  in 
which  they  lived  and  exponents  or  leaders 
of  the  thought  of  their  day.  His  generally 
correct  but  trite  estimates  of  the  literary 
rank  of  Byron  and  Shelley,  Dickens  and 
Thackeray,  Macaulay  and  Carlyle,  Tennyson 
and  Browning,  and  their  contemporaries 
and  still  living  successors,  might  well  have 
been  replaced,  or  at  any  rate  supplemented, 
by  some  notice  of  the  ways  in  which  they 
inspired,  or  were  inspired  by,  their  social 
surroundings.     Of  Dickens  he  says  : — 

"He  drew  not  individuals,  but  types;  he 
dealt,  not  with  concrete  realities,  but  with  ab- 
stract qualities  ;  and  strange  as  it  may  seem, 
the  characters  of  this  prose  humourist  must  be 
viewed  as  we  view  the  purely  ideal  creations  of 
the  poet,  if  we  would  do  justice  either  to  him 
or  to  them." 

Yet  surely,  in  a  survey  of  the  social  progress 
of  England,  the  right  point  from  which 
Dickens  and  his  novels  should  be  viewed  is 
one  showing  how  he  reflected  and  influenced 
the  cockney  world  in  which  he  lived,  both 
glorifying  and  caricaturing  it,  and,  by  the 
pathos  that  Mr.  Traill  justly  considers 
tawdry  and  by  melodramatic  perversions  of 
realism,  helped  to  bring  about  many  wel- 
come reforms.  So  with  Disraeli,  Anthony 
TroUope,  George  Eliot,  and  others.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  Stevenson,  whom  he  appears 
to  rank  as  high  as  Scott,  is  the  only  novelist 
of  our  own  day — that  is,  prior  to  1885 — 
thought  worthy  of  mention  by  Mr.  Traill. 
With  this  one  exception,  he  thinks  there 
has  been  in  prose  fiction  "  almost  calamitous 
decline  upon  lower  ideals."  Yet  both  Mr. 
George  Meredith  and  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy 
had  made  their  mark  long  before  1885. 

If  he  chose  to  keep  in  his  own  hands  the 
sections  devoted  to  literary  criticism,  it  is  a 
pity  that  Mr.  Traill  did  not  commission  Miss 
Bateson  to  amplify  her  review  of  "social 
life"  by  judicious  extracts  from  Dickens 
and  other  writers.  Miss  Bateson  has  a 
vein  of  humour  as  well  as  shrewdness  and 
good  sense,  the  exercise  of  which  is  sadly 
cramped  in  the  space  assigned  to  her.  The 
volume  would  have  been  much  more  in  agree- 
ment with  its  title  if  at  least  half  had  been 
written  in  her  style  or  after  her  method. 
Scrappy  as  are  her  notes  on  dress,  food, 
manners  and  customs,  and  all  the  vagaries 
of  fashion,  they  supply  much  information  in 


a  pleasant  way  well  sprinkled  with  good 
anecdotes,  and  the  four  pages  in  which  she 
traces  the  changes  in  the  drinking  habits  of 
the  people  during  two-thirds  of  a  century 
are  a  model  of  lucid  summary.  More 
gossip  of  this  sort  would  have  enhanced 
the  instructiveness  as  well  as  the  readable- 
ness  of  the  book.  It  could,  of  course,  be 
merely  a  collection  and  compilation  from 
other  books,  including  some,  like  '  The 
Greville  Memoirs,'  with  which  many  readers 
are  familiar;  but,  if  diligently  and  deftly 
put  together,  it  would  be  useful  and  wel- 
come to  the  public  for  which  Mr.  Traill 
caters.  That  Miss  Bateson  can  handle 
grave  questions  as  skilfully  as  lighter 
matters  appears  from  the  fourteen  pages  in 
which  she  sketches  the  progress  of  educa- 
tion in  England  since  the  early  years  of  this 
century.  She  contrives  to  be  at  once  merry 
and  wise  in  such  sentences  as  these  : — 

"  In  the  first  half  of  the  century  girls  of  the 
richer  classes  were  sent  almost  exclusively  to 
boarding-schools,  or  were  taught  by  private 
governesses  whose  educational  merits  could  not 
be  tested  by  any  examinations.  The  school- 
books  were  Mrs.  [?]  Hangnail's  '  Questions,' 
Pinnock's  'Catechisms,'  Mrs.  Marcet's  'Con- 
versations,' Keith's  'Use  of  the  Globes,'  Mrs. 
Trimmer's  '  English  History,'  and  other  elegant 
abridgements.  The  one  intellectual  faculty  that 
was  trained  in  girls  was  verbal  memory,  and  for 
them  knowledge  existed  only  in  epitome.  While 
boys  read  the  classics,  girls  learnt  lists  of  the 
names  of  gods  and  goddesses ;  they  were  expected 
to  be  familiar  with  all  the  great  names  of  ancient 
and  modern  history,  but  with  the  names  alone. 
A  few  were  suffered  to  reach  the  classics  through 
Valpy's  translations  and  Hamilton's  keys.  Even 
those  domestic  interests  which  have  at  times 
been  credited  with  educational  powers  were  now 
neglected,  and  it  was  considered  discreditable 
that  a  lady  should  subject  herself  to  what  little 
of  mental  discipline  may  be  derived  from  cook- 
ing or  making  caps.  She  was  at  as  much  pains 
to  conceal  household  occupations  as  she  was  to 

avoid  all  signs  of  blue-stockingism Instead 

of  gymnastics  or  games,  instruments  of  torture 
were  used  for  modelling  the  figure.  A  contem- 
porary writer  says  that  '  could  the  modern 
school-room  (1831)  be  preserved,  it  would  pass 
for  a  refined  Inquisition.  There  would  be  found 
stocks  for  the  fingers  [the  cheiroplast]  and  pulleys 
for  the  neck  with  weights  attached.'  Fanny 
Kemble,  to  whom  Nature  had  been  by  no 
means  unkindly,  was  found  wanting  in  deport- 
ment ;  and  she  writes  that  she  wore  a  '  back- 
board made  of  steel,  covered  with  red  morocco, 
which  consisted  of  a  flat  piece  placed  on  my 
back,  and  strapped  down  to  my  waist  with  a 
belt,  and  secured  at  the  top  by  two  epaulettes 
strapped  over  my  shoulders.  From  the  middle 
of  this  there  rose  a  steel  rod  or  spine  with  a 
steel  collar,  which  encircled  my  throat  fastened 
behind.'  "The  machine  proved  a  failure,  and  she 
was  put  under  the  tuition  of  a  drill-sergeant, 
who  did  for  her  all  that  was  required." 

As  good,  and  more  substantial,  are  the 
fifty  pages  in  which  Prof.  Symes  traces  the 
industrial  developments  of  the  two  genera- 
tions ending  with  1885.  He  furnishes  a  clear 
and  concise  account  of  the  growth  of  trade 
unions,  friendly  societies,  and  co-operative 
organizations ;  the  work  of  Eadical  reformers 
like  William  Cobbett,  Chartists  like  Feargus 
O'Connor,  visionary  philanthropists  like 
Robert  Owen,  and  benevolent  legislators 
like  Michael  Sadler  and  Lord  Shaftesbury ; 
and  the  various  movements  preceding  the 
change  brought  about  within  the  past  few 
years  by  the  spread  of  Socialistic  ideas,  for 
which  Mr.  Henry  George's  'Progress  and 


280 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


Poverty '  is  largely  responsible.  His  narra- 
tive is  commendably  impartial,  and  is  well 
supplemented  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Protliero's  and 
Mr.  W.  E.  Bear's  outlines  of  the  agricul- 
tural situation  before  and  after  1842.  As 
Mr.  Protbero  points  out :  — 

"The  close  of  the  Napoleonic  War  in  1815 
terminated  the  period  of  agricultural  progress 
and   prosperity.      It    was    followed   by   twenty 
years  of  almost  unexampled   adversity.     Con- 
tracts of  all  kinds  had  been  made  in  the  expec- 
tation that  the  intiated  prices  of  the  war  would 
continue  to  prevail.     When  these  fell,  landlords 
and   tenants,   who  had  borrowed  capital,   were 
confronted  with  wholesale  ruin.     Land  had  sold 
for  exorbitant  sums  ;  reckless  competition  for 
farms  had  produced  excessive  rentals  ;   extra- 
vagant standards  of  living,  undue  expenditure 
on   buildings,  had   been   the  result  of  inflated 
prices  ;  heavy  mortgages  had  been  charged  on 
estates  to  meet  annuities,  legacies  and  portions, 
which  falls  in  prices  rendered  improvident  and 
disproportionate  ;    invaluable    pasture,     which 
had  been  ploughed   up   in   years   when   wheat 
rose   to   115s.    the  quarter,  was   ruined.     War 
prices    and     the    Corn     Laws    made     farming 
almost    a    gambling    speculation  ;    the    wheat 
area  alternately  swelled   and   contracted  ;  vio- 
lent  fluctuations   in   the   purchasing   power  of 
money  accentuated   the   depression,  which  re- 
sulted in  widespread  distress  among  both  land- 
lords  and   tenants,  and   aggravated   the  bitter 
discontent  of  the  agricultural  labourer. " 

There  was  comparative  prosperity  between 
1836  and  1876,  due  to  the  increase  of 
national  wealth  consequent  on  manufac- 
turing energy  and  success,  to  the  new  Poor 
Law,  the  Tithe  Commutation  Act,  and  other 
"beneficial  legislation,  but  above  all  to  im- 
provements in  machinery,  drainage,  and 
scientific  farming,  of  which  all  sensible 
landowners  and  tenants  promptly  took  ad- 
vantage. The  Pepeal  of  the  Corn  Laws, 
with  which  Mr.  Bear  takes  up  the  story, 
did  not  bring  the  ruin  that  had  been  pre- 
dicted, but  there  were  periods  of  depression, 
and  the  steady  growth  of  foreign  compe- 
tition raised  greater  difficulties  than  those 
in  charge  of  the  land  had  wit  or  skill  to 
overcome.  Better  implements  continued  to 
be  provided  for  them,  but,  whereas  in 
England  and  Scotland  wheat  was  obtained 
from  some  four  million  acres  in  1859,  the 
wheat  acreage  was  reduced  to  two  and  a 
half  millions  by  1885,  and  fell  another 
million  in  the  next  decade.  The  area  of 
pasture  land  has  been  greatly  extended, 
but  lowered  prices  and  other  causes,  in- 
cluding more  extravagant  or  thriftless  habits 
among  the  farmers,  have  resulted  in  a  crisis 
which  is  more  than  Parliamentary  doles  or 
Parliamentary  Commissions  seem  able  to 
remove. 

Mr.  Laird  Clowes  contributes  to  this 
volume  important  articles  on  the  navy  and 
the  mercantile  marine,  and  there  are  ade- 
quate papers  on  the  army  by  Major  Gretton, 
on  the  Church  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Hutton, 
and  on  other  subjects  by  competent  writers  ; 
yet  particulars  about  ecclesiastical  arrange- 
ments and  theological  controversies,  mili- 
tary reforms,  developments  in  shipbuilding, 
and  the  like,  however  instructive  in  them- 
selves, help  but  slightly  to  explain  "the 
progress  of  the  people."  The  same  may 
be  said  of  Mr.  F.  G.  Stephens's 
articles  on  art,  Mr.  Sutherland  Edwards's 
on  music,  and  much  else.  Most  of  Mr. 
Traill's  earlier  volumes,  especially  the  first 
two,   can    scarcely   be    improved   upon   as 


popular  expositions  of  social  institutions  and 
changes  in  the  England  of  olden  days. 
The  sixth  might  with  great  advantage  be 
reconstructed. 


Merry  Songs  and  Ballads  prior   to    the    Year 
A.c.  1800.     Edited  by  John   S.  Farmer. 
Vols.  I.-V.     (Privately  printed.) 
A  COMMENDABLE  if  ambitious  scheme  is  that 
contemplated  and   begun   by  Mr.  Farmer. 
It  is  nothing  less  than  the  publication  of 
the  enormous  accumulations  of  ballad  and 
song  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  the 
Bodleian,  and  other  public  and  private  col- 
lections.    Something  of  the  same  kind  has 
been  accomplished   by  the  Ballad  Society, 
the  last  volume  of  which  is  now  expected. 
What  a  society  has  done  in  part  only,  since 
it  is  a  secret  de  Polichinelle  that  the  work  of 
the  Ballad   Society  has   been   crippled   by 
want  of   sustained  interest  on  the  part  of 
its  members,   an  individual  now  essays  to 
accomplish.     Mr.  Farmer  has  started  with 
the   easiest    portion   of    his    task,   that   of 
collecting    the    productions,    free,    humor- 
ous,  and  mirthful,   in  which  the  spirit  of 
revolt   against    Puritan   rule   found   utter- 
ance.      For     these     things  —  the     na'U-ete, 
coarseness,    and    outspokenness    of    which 
rival  those  of  the  'French,  fabliaux — there  is 
always  a  public  animated  by  a  resentment 
against    Puritan   legislation    kindred   with 
that   of    the   balladist.      The   present   will 
probably  be  known  as  a  period  in  which 
by  means  of  private  societies  attempts  were 
constantly  and  successfully  made  to  evade 
the  restrictions  imposed  upon  the  publica- 
tion  of    the    outspoken    language   of    our 
ancestors.      Whether    equal     interest    will 
attend  the  "  Hunting  Songs  and  Sporting 
Ballads,"  which  come  next  on  Mr.  Farmer's 
lists,    and   the    "  Sea   Songs   and  Nautical 
Ballads,"    the    "  Songs    of    the    Arts    and 
Crafts,"  the  "  Political  Songs  and  Ballads," 
&c.,  which  form  part  of  his  scheme,  remains 
to  be  seen.     At  present  we  are  concerned 
only  with  the  "Merry  Songs  and  Ballads," 
with  which  substantial  progress  has  been 
made. 

How  far  the  use  of  the  term  "  Merry  Eng- 
land," to  indicate  this  country  in  the  time 
when  ballad-writing  first  came  into  vogue, 
is  to  be  justified  is  not  yet  definitely  settled. 
Over  that  portion  of  English  poetry  which 
preceded  ballad  literature,  and  reflects  in 
any  sense  the  feelings  and  aspirations  of 
the  people,  there  broods  a  settled  melan- 
choly. This  is  not  peculiar  to  English 
literature,  but  extends  to  that  of  other 
countries.  It  seems  as  if  the  verse,  like 
the  music  of  early  times,  was  almost  always 
in  a  minor  key.  The  very  love  poetry  of 
early  literature  is  infected  with  a  spirit  of 
sadness,  and  we  find  the  fifteenth  century 
lover  echoing  the  complaint  of  the  Virgin, 
Quia  amore  langueo. 

It  was  not  at  least  "Merry  Scotland"  in 
early  dajs  for  the  folk-poet,  though,  as  is 
known,  very  many  of  our  best  and  most 
imaginative  ballads,  as  also  some  of  the 
bitterest  and  most  savage,  come  from  that 
country.  In  1579  two  Edinburgh  poets, 
William  TurnbuU,  schoolmaster,  and  Wil- 
liam Scott,  notary,  were  hanged  for  their 
satirical  ballads,  and  an  Act  was  passed  by 
the  Estates  to  suppress  bards,  minstrels,  and 
singers.  Not  until  seventy  years  later,  when 


Puritan  rule  was  established,  did  the  spirit 
of  persecution  extend  quite  so  far  in  Eng- 
land. In  1648  "  Capt.  Betham  was  ap- 
pointed Provost  Martial  with  power  to  seize 
upon  all  ballad  -  singers."  In  England, 
however,  as  Chappell  shows,  the  practice 
of  singing  was  too  firmly  established  to  be 
easily  uprooted.  We  have  gone  far  away 
from  the  time  when,  as  says  Chappell,  "  the 
education  of  the  poor  was  reading,  writing, 
grammar,  and  music,"  and  when  singing 
was  advertised  as  a  recommendation  for 
servants,  apprentices,  and  husbandmen. 
Something  of  the  kind  prevailed  later  than 
the  time  mentioned.  Readers  of  the  diary 
know  the  store  set  by  Pepys,  himself  one 
of  the  most  famous  collectors  of  ballads, 
upon  the  vocal  gifts  of  those  handmaidens 
of  his  wife  who  ministered  in  many  and 
occasionally  reprehensible  fashions  to  his 
delights.  The  songs  came  not  seldom  as 
an  accompaniment  to  the  dances  round  the 
maypole.  The  very  watermen  of  London 
"  could  compose  Rounds  or  Canons  in 
unison."  The  name  of  the  tune  to  which 
song  or  ballad  could  be  sung  is  accordingly 
affixed  to  it  in  the  broadside,  and  is  preserved 
in  Mr.  Farmer's  collection,  as  it  is  in  the 
splendid  series  of  '  Roxburghe  Ballads '  of 
Mr.  Chappell  and  Mr.  Ebsworth. 

Mr.  Farmer  has  utilized  to  some  extent 
the  great  collections — the  Bagford,  Douce, 
Jersey,    Pepys,     Percy,     and     Roxburghe 
ballads,    together    with    others   which   are 
duly    mentioned.     A   remunerative   source 
for   his    present    series   is    found    in    the 
Percy  MS.,  the  "Drolleries,"  "Garlands," 
and    "Merriments."     Pepys's   collection  of 
"Penny   Merriments"    extended    to    three 
volumes.      A   source   from   which   a   large 
number  have  been  drawn  is  Durfey's  *  Pills 
to  Purge  Melancholy,'  a  publication  which 
for  coarseness  may  rival  the  '  State  Poems.' 
Of  this  marvellous  collection  in  six  volumes, 
due,  as  Durfey  modestly  says,  to  his  "  double 
genius  for  Poetry  and   Musick,''^  published 
by  subscription,  and  dedicated  to  the  Right 
Honourable   Lords    and    Ladies    his   sub- 
scribers,  four   editions  at    least   succeeded 
one  another  within  a  very  short  time.     It 
consists  largely  of  Durfey's  own  songs  with 
others  taken   from   the   song  -  writers   and 
dramatists,   his     contemporaries.      If    any 
earlier  productions  are  introduced  they  are 
ordinarily  in  a   sophisticated  form.     Dur- 
fey's work,  which,  though  reprinted  a  few 
years  ago,  is  still  rare,  gives  the  music  by 
Purcell  and  other  composers.     It  supplies, 
perhaps,  the  largest  number  of  ballads  to 
Mr.  Farmer's   collection  of  any  individual 
publication.      The    Roxburghe   and    Bag- 
ford  ballads,  the  '  Westminster   DroUery,' 
and  the  Percy  Folio   MS.  are  also  largely 
represented.      Burns's    *  Merry    Muses    of 
Caledonia '  furnishes  a  considerable  number 
of    Scotch   songs  to  the    five  volumes,  not 
a   few  of   the   more   free  poems  generally 
included    in    his    works    being    reprinted. 
Among  Scottish  authors  laid  under  contri- 
bution is  the  sixth  Earl  of  Haddington,  who, 
in  spite  of  his  Covenanting  strain,  rhymed 
with  much  outspokenness  and  more  than  a 
little    buffoonery.       In    the    fifth    volume 
appears  Suckling's  famous  '  Ballade  upon  a 
Wedding,'  quoted  from  Durfey  under  the 
title  "  I  tell  thee,  Dick,  where  I  have  been." 
Many  other  of  Suckling's  poems   are  in- 
cluded in  the  collection. 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


281 


As  a  rule  the  ballads  printed  as  broad- 
sides   are   inferior    to    those    in    MS.    col- 
lections.     The   printer    had    little  idea   of 
euphony   and    metre,    and    so   long     as     a 
ballad  was  spiced  sufficiently  high  to  meet 
the  taste  of  his  patrons  cared  little  about 
its   poetical   graces.      There    are   cases    in 
•which  it   would  be   easy,  by  the   slightest 
change    of   a   phrase    or   a  word,    to    give 
what     is    obviously    the     correct    reading. 
Wisely  perhaps,    Mr.   Farmer    avoids    any 
attempt    at   alteration    of    the    kind.     One 
of  the  principles  upon  which  he  works  is 
that  of  supplying  "  a  faithful,  unexpurgated, 
unbowdlerized  text."     Not  at  all  disposed 
is  he  to  over-estimate  the  poetical  value  of 
what  he  reproduces,   nor  to  minimize  the 
brutality  of  idea  and  coarseness  of  expres- 
sion of  many  of  the  numbers.     He  holds, 
however,  justly,   that   the   whole  is  "  part 
and  parcel  of  a  grand  heritage,  a  legacy  of 
untold  value  to  the  student  and  scholar." 
Some  of  the  songs  are  innocent  and  have  a 
certain  rustic  felicity  which  allies  them  with 
the  bucolic  productions  of  Herrick.     More 
than  one  of  the  catches,  of  which  several 
appear,    has   been    sung,    difficult   as    this 
seems  of  belief,  within  the  present  century. 
Like   previous    works    published    by    Mr. 
Farmer,  the  present  collection  appears  with 
much  luxury  of  type  and  paper.     It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  Mr.  Farmer  will  receive  sufficient 
encouragement  to  induce  him  to  persevere 
in   an   effort   which,    if   carried   out    as   it 
begins,  will  be  one  of  the  most  important 
that   have   often   been    due    to   individual 
enterprise. 


The  Correspondence  of  M.  Tullius  Cicero. 
Edited  by  E.  Y.  Tyrrell  and  L.  C. 
Purser.  Vol,  V.  (Dublin,  Hodges, 
Figgis  &  Co.) 

Messes.   Tyrrell    and    Purser  are    now 
approaching  the  completion  of  their  magnum 
opus.     One  more  volume,  already  partly  in 
type,  will  bring  it  to  completion.     The  fine 
scholarship  of  the  edition  is  now  familiar  to 
a  wide  circle  of  readers,  and  it  is  no  less 
conspicuous  in  this  instalment  than  in  those 
which  have  preceded  it.     The  letters  which 
are   here   put    together   certainly  make  as 
large  demands  on  the  resources  of  the  inter- 
preters as  the  letters  which  lie  within  the 
covers  of  any  one  of  the  earlier  volumes ; 
and  the  demands,  whether  for  emendation, 
or  for  exegesis,  or  for  illustration,  are  ably 
and  richly  met.     To  write  a  commentary  on 
Cicero's    letters    which   should    supply   for 
every  kind  of  reader  just  the  information  he 
would  desire  to  find  in  it  would  be  a  com- 
plex and  almost  interminable  task.     Seeing 
what  has  been  accomplished  by  the  editors, 
no  one  will  have  the  heart  to  press  hardly 
upon  them  on  the  score  of  omissions.  We  will 
venture,  however,  to  confess  that  in  the  pre- 
sent volume  we  should  have  been   glad  to 
see  more  attention  devoted  to  the  historical 
problems  (often  tangled  enough)  on  which 
many  of  the  letters   bear.     To   add  to  the 
bulk   of   the   edition   would    have   been   a 
serious     matter;       and      any     curtailment 
would      certainly      have     involved      some 
loss.     But,  for  the  sake  of  more  historical 
matter,  we  should  even  have  been  ready  to 
submit  to  some  abbreviation  of    the  com- 
ments on  the  more  desperate  corruptions  of 
the  text,  although  these  comments  are  in- 


teresting,  brilliant,  and    instructive    as    a 
rule.     We  will  give  one  example — selected 
for  its  curious  interest  rather  than  its  im- 
23ortauce — of    a    passage   where    historical 
elucidation  would  have  been  welcome.    It  is 
in    'Ad    Att.,'    15,    17,    1:    "  Arabioni    de 
Sittio  nihil  irascor."  If,  finding  no  informa- 
tion in  this  edition,  a  student  turns  to  Boot, 
he  will  read  the  following  note  :   "  Praestat 
fateri  ignorantiam  quam  de  re  et  personis 
ignotis     nugari.       Arabio    videtur    nomen 
servi  vel  liberti  ab  Arabe  factum."     That 
Boot  should  have  known  nothing  of  Sittius, 
the    greatest    soldier    of     fortune    in    his 
time,   is   astonishing.      Anyhow,  the    story 
to  which  Cicero  refers  is  told  by  Appian. 
Arabio  was   son   of   an   African   prince,  a 
portion  of  whose   kingdom   was    bestowed 
upon    Sittius    by    Caesar ;    but    after    the 
great  man's   assassination,    Arabio   turned 
the  tables  on  Sittius  and  killed  him.  Apropos 
of    this     Sittius,     we    may    say    that    his 
name  probably  lies  concealed  under  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  text  in  'Ad  Att.,'  13,  33,  2, 
where    the    Medicean    codex    gives    "  sed 
videbis  ne  is  cum  sit  in  Africa  ut  Caelius." 
Cicero  is  writing  of  one  indebted  to  him, 
who  may,  he  fears,  become  invisible  before 
the  day  when  payment  is  due.     Probably 
he  wrote  "  cum  Sittio  sit";  the  fear  is  that 
the  debtor  may  run  off  to  join   the  great 
captain  of  condotiieri^  just  as  in  America  at 
one  time  absconding  debtors  used  to  "  go  to 
Texas."  It  is  even  possible  that  in  the  words 
"  ut  Caelius"  there  is    a  dark  allusion  to 
Cicero's    lively    correspondent    M.    Caelius 
Rufus,  who   certainly  was  in  Africa  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  ;  and  the  mys- 
terious   "  Sittiana   syngrapha"    which    re- 
peatedly  appears    in    the    letters    of    this 
Caelius   to  Cicero  (though  of  earlier  date) 
may  point  to  some  connexion  between  him 
and  the  great  leader  of  mercenaries. 

A  few  additional  notes  and  references  in 
connexion  with  interesting  points  of  gram- 
mar would  have  enhanced  the  value  of  the 
volume  for  students,   and  would  not  have 
required   much  space.     In   some   instances 
mere   references    to   notes    in    the    earlier 
volumes  would  have  sufficed.     It  is,  we  are 
glad  to  see,  intended  that,  when  the  work  is 
complete,  an  index- volume  should  be  issued. 
This  will  be  a  really  great  boon  in  many 
ways,  and  will  help  a  reader  to  fill  in  for 
himself  some  of  the  gaps.     Among  gram- 
matical   matters   which    might   well    have 
received  notice  are  the  following  :   "  abhinc 
annis  xxv."  (p.  11)  ;  "  tu  aut  ilia  possitis" 
(p.  21);    "etiamdum"  (p.  85)  ;  "  Caietae  " 
(p,  232 :  the  Med,  has  in  Caietae,  and  many 
editors  write  in    Caieta)  ;    "facturus  fuit" 
(p.  249);    "  scribere  ne  pigrere"  (p.  225). 
The    words    last   quoted    figure    in     many 
books  (quite  unwarrantably)  as  an  example 
of  the  present  subjunctive  in  a  direct  pro- 
hibition. 

The  handling  of  the  text  in  this  volume 
is  just  as  brilliant  and  just  as  judicious 
as  ever.  Much  attention  has  been  rightly 
given  to  recent  criticism,  particularly  that 
of  C.  Lehmann  and  0.  E.  Schmidt.  The  net 
result  is  a  text  which  departs  from  the  MSS. 
much  less  widely  than  that  of  most  editions. 
Many  of  the  editors'  own  corrections  will 
fascinate  the  skilled  reader.  In  '  Ad  Fam.,' 
12,  1,  1,  there  is  talk  of  a  tumult  which 
had  been  suppressed  by  Dolabella,  and  the 
meaningless  words  "  sed  ita  compressa  est" 


occur.     Lehmann  adds  concitatio  after  ita; 
but  here  we  find  "sed  ita  seditio  compressa 


est. 


a    far 


finer 
30, 


emendation.     Again,    in 
'Ad  Att.,'  13,  30,  1,  mention  is  made  of  a 
letter  written  by  young  Quintus  Cicero  in 
these  words  (according  to  the  MSS.) :  "Earn 
tibi  epistolam  misissem  ;  nam  illam  alteram 
de  rebus  gestis  eodem  exemplo  puto."    The 
editors    write    "misi    semissem,"    thinking 
that  alteram  refers  to  the  half  of  the  letter 
which  was  not  sent.     The  ingenuity  of  the 
suggestion  captivates  at  first,  and  prevents 
its  difficulties  from  being  seen.    But  expres- 
sions  like  "  epistolam   semissem,"    though 
fotmd     in     some    writers    {e.g.,    "panem 
semissem"   in  Petronius),   do  not  occur  in 
Cicero,  and  it  is  hard  to  see  why  he  should 
not  have  used  dimidiam.     Further,  "altera 
semis    epistola"    is    an    expression   which 
needs  to  be  supported  by  parallels.     After 
all,  it  seems  more  likely  that  the  humbler 
expedient  of  altering  misissem  to  misi  is  the 
right  one  here  ;  such  errors  are  very  common 
in  our  MSS.  In  '  Ad  Att.,'  16,  1,  3,  informa- 
tion is    given   about  Sextus  Pompeius    in 
these  self-contradictory  words  :   "  De  Sexto 
pro    certo   habebatur   ad   arma  ;    quod   si 
verum    est,     sine    bello    civili    video    ser- 
viendum."     The  editors  change  ad  artna  to 
ad  larem,  an  alteration  which  receives  strong 
support  from  a  passage    in  another  letter 
written  almost  at  the  same  time.     Among 
suggestions   that  appear  unacceptable   are 
the     following,     'Ad     Fam.,'     5,     13,     1: 
"  Laudem  sapientia  est  atuo  "  (Med.);  the 
Harleian  and  Palatine  MSS.  give  "  sapientiae 
autumo,"  and  this  the  editors  adopt.     But 
C,  F.  W.  Mueller  is   apparently  right   in 
regarding  the  reading  as  a  bold  correction 
of  some  early  scholar.     (C.  F.  W.  Mueller's 
text  of  the  '  Ad  Familiares '  seems  to  have 
reached  the  editors  too  late  for  use  in  this 
volume.)    A  startling  suggestion  is  made  in 
'Ad  Att.,'  12,  46,  1,  where  the  MSS.  supply 
"Dolor  idem  manebit,  modo  octius,"  viz., 
to  write  coctiiis  for  the  corrupt  octius  ("in  a 
more   mellow   state").     Any   adverb   must 
be    unacceptable    with     manebit,    and    this 
particular     one      is     unwelcome     for      its 
own   sake.     The    famous    letter    in   which 
Cicero  describes  the  hospitality  he  was  com- 
pelled to  offer  to  Caesar  begins  with  the 
words,    "  0    hospitem    mihi    tam    gravem 
a/xtra/ieAijTov  !  "     "  How  little  reason  have 
I  to  regret  the  presence  of  my  guest,  serious 
as  it  was  to  have  to  entertain  him  !  "     It  is 
hard  to  see  why  "  tam  gravem"  should  be 
regarded  as   suspicious,  or  what  is  gained 
by  writing  (with  Boot)  "  gravem,  tamen." 
And  the  phrase  "  libenter  odisse  aliquem" 
('Ad  Att.,'  13,  49,  2),  "  to  hate  a  man  with 
gusto,"  or  (in  Johnson's  phrase)  "to  be  a 
good  hater,"  appears  to  be  excellent  Latin, 
though  Boot  and  the  editors  change  libenter 
to  libere.     We  may  compare  '  Pro  Milone,' 
§78:   "Non  timeo,  indices,  ne  odio  inimi- 
citiarum    mearum     inflammatus    lubentius 
haec  in  ilium  evomere  videar  quam  verius" 
{i.e.,  "  with  more  gusto  than  justice"). 

The  field  which  interpretation  has  to 
traverse  in  elucidating  these  letters  is  so  ex- 
tensive that  some  oversights  were  inevitable ; 
but  they  are  not  numerous,  and  are  hardly 
ever  of  great  importance,  '  Ad  Att.,'  13, 
47a,  2  :  "  Caesar  adest,  Dolabella  scribit 
se  ad  me  postridie  Idus.  0  magistrum 
molestum ! "  The  word  magistrum  must 
refer  to  Caesar,  not  to  Dolabella ;  so  in  a 


282 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


famous  passage  written  near  the  same  time 
('Ad  Fam.,'  7,  25)  :  "  Sed  heus  tu,  manum 
de  tabula ;  magister  adest  citius  quam 
putaramus."  'Ad  Att.,'  14,  8,  1  :  "  Baiana 
negotia  chorumque  ilium  de  quo  scire  vis." 
We  find  Baiana  negotia  rendered  by  "  Baian 
fellows,"  witli  an  appeal  to  iiolgare  negotium 
and  like  expressions  applied  to  persons  else- 
where. But  unless  Baiana  could  mean 
"  frivolous,"  negotia  could  not  mean 
"  fellows,"  and  the  context  requires  Baiana 
to  be  taken  in  its  ordinary  sense.  In  Greek 
Xprijxa  is  used  of  persons  like  negotium,  but 
'Kdrjvala.  ■)(^p-qiiara  is  hardly  conceivable.  It 
is  far  more  likely  that  Cicero  used  negotia 
ironically,  Baiae  being  a  typical  uTr/iayoTroAis 
(as  Gronovius  said).  'Ad  Att.,'  16,  4,  4  : 
"  Cassii  classem  ultra  f return  non  numero," 
i.e.,  "I  leave  out  of  the  reckoning  the 
fleet  of  Cassius  (for  convoy)  beyond  the 
Straits."  There  surely  is  no  real  diffi- 
culty in  non  numero  ;  compare,  for  in- 
stance, 'Pro  Cluent.,'  §  103  :  "Non  numero 
banc  absolutionem."  'Ad  Att.,'  15,  29,  1  : 
"  Quod  promittis  di  faxint !  quid  enim 
mihi  meis  iucundius  ?  "  The  editors  (with 
Boot)  explain  mihi  meis  as  equivalent  to 
mihi  ac  meis.  But  the  promise  made  by 
Atticus  was  that  he  and  his  family  would 
be  in  Epirus  to  greet  Cicero  on  his  return 
from  Greece.  The  sense  clearly  is  "  What 
is  there  in  which  I  take  more  pleasure  than 
in  my  friends  ?  "  The  objection  brought  by 
Boot,  that  Cicero  would  have  written  fe,  not 
meis,  is  trivial.  Cicero  is  thinking,  not  of 
Atticus  alone,  but  of  Pilia  and  Attica  also. 
The  context  shows  this  clearly.  In  '  Ad 
Att.,'  14,  14,  4,  utrisque  can  hardly,  in 
accordance  with  Cicero's  usage,  indicate 
Antony  and  Dolabella ;  it  must  mean  "  both 
parties,"  the  party  of  Antony  on  the  one 
hand,  and  that  of  Brutus  on  the  other ;  so 
utrosque  in  15,  la,  3.  (The  instances  often 
quoted  from  Cicero  for  utrique^uterque  are 
delusive.)  '  Ad  Att.,'  14,  12,  2  :  "  '  ubi  nee 
Pelopidarum,'  inquit."  The  first  three 
words  are  a  well-known  quotation.  The 
editors  consider  inquit,  "quoth  he,"  to  be 
corrupt.  But  there  are  many  instances 
where  the  word  is  used  of  a  person  who  is 
understood,  although  his  name  is  not  men- 
tioned. Generally,  the  usage  is  contemptuous, 
but  not  always.  In  a  similar  way,  "he 
saith"  is  employed  in  the  New  Testament 
in  a  quotation  from  the  Old ;  and  some 
Christian  writers  (as  Tertullian)  so  use 
inquit  very  often  when  they  quote  from 
Holy  Writ.  (Boot's  statement,  "  inquit  vix 
potuit  a  Cicerone  addi,  quum  non  soleat  hoa 
verbum  ponere  sine  nomine  dicentis,"  is 
absurd.)  'Ad  Att.,'  12,  40,  2:  "  triginta 
dies  in  hortis  f  ui :  quis  aut  congressum 
meum  aut  facilitatem  sermonis  desidera- 
vit?"  The  context  shows  that  in  hortis 
cannot  denote  Astura ;  nor  could  the  words 
be  applied  to  any  place  but  a  suburban 
residence.  Astura  was  a  desolate  spot 
where  few  visitors  came.  The  place  in- 
dicated is  probably  the  "  suburbanum  "  of 
Sicca  (12,  34,  1);  Atticus  was  in  a  house 
near  by  (12,  40,  5),  and  the  correspondence 
ceased  for  a  time.  'Ad  Att.,'  13,  6,  2: 
"de  puero  Lucullo  ....  quam  pecuniam 
tutor  in  Achaia  sumpserat,"  The  whole 
of  the  note  on  this  passage  is  confusing ; 
but  there  seems  to  be  no  ground  for  say- 
ing that  Cicero  and  Atticus  were  joint 
guardians  of  the  younger  LucuUus.     The 


tutor  mentioned  here  was  doubtless  Cato  (of 
Utica). 

The  introductory  essays  to  this  volume 
will  be  found  particularly  interesting.  We 
note  with  pleasure  that  the  editors  intend  to 
publish  a  translation  of  the  whole  of  Cicero's 
letters. 


The  Black  Watch :  the  Record  of  an  Historic 
Regiment.  By  Archibald  Forbes,  LL.D. 
(Cassell  &  Co.) 

Any  book  on  war  or,  indeed,  military 
matters,  proceeding  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Archibald  Forbes,  is  likely  to  be  smartly 
written,  and  the  office  of  chronicler  of  the 
deeds  of  so  famous  a  regiment  as  the  Black 
Watch  is  exactly  suited  to  him  on  account  of 
his  own  nationality,  his  military  sympathies, 
and  his  experience  as  a  correspondent  in 
many  campaigns.  He  is  not,  of  course,  an 
historian;  he  is  too  m.uch  of  a  journalist 
for  that,  and  severe  impartiality  must 
not  be  expected  of  him ;  but  he  has  put 
together  a  readable  book,  in  which  he 
tells  about  the  Highland  soldier  much 
that  has  been  forgotten,  or  is  little  known 
beyond  a  narrow  circle,  and  besides  he 
relates  with  infectious  enthusiasm  the  feats 
of  one  of  the  finest  regiments  in  the 
world.  Of  course  there  are  several  minor 
inaccuracies,  which  show  that  the  correc- 
tion of  the  proofs  has  been  performed  in 
a  careless  manner.  We  have  also  to 
complain  that  he  has,  while  introducing 
some  irrelevant  matter,  slurred  over  a 
certain  amount  of  incident  admitting  of  pic- 
turesque description.  As  instances  of  care- 
lessness in  proof  correction  we  may  mention 
that  in  dealing  with  the  first  expedition  to 
Egypt  Mr.  Forbes  states  that  in  1799 
Napoleon  returned  to  France  on  account  of 
"  alarming  information."  It  was  simply  from 
a  desire  to  pursue  his  personal  ambitious 
designs  that  Napoleon  abandoned  his  army. 
Marmorice,  the  rendezvous  of  Abercromby's 
expedition,  is  stated  to  be  on  the  coast  of 
Greece  ;  it  is  really  on  the  coast  of  Anatolia, 
in  Asia  Minor.  The  doggerel  verses  about 
the  Earl  of  Chatham  and  Sir  Richard 
Strachan  are  inaccurately  quoted.  The 
first  two  lines  are  printed — 

The  Earl  of  Chatham,  with  sword  drawn, 
Stood  waiting  for  Sir  Richard  Strachan. 

When  giving  the  number  of  casualties  at 
Orthez,  Mr.  Forbes  makes  two  statements 
which  do  not  agree.  We  may  also  point 
out  that  the  78th  Highlanders  were  in  garri- 
son at  Newport  during  the  Waterloo  cam- 
paign, yet  Mr.  Forbes  asserts  that  they  were 
present  in  the  same  brigade  as  the  42nd,  and 
distinguished  themselves  at  Quatre  Bras. 

As  to  irrelevancies  on  matters  only  in- 
directly connected  with  the  42nd  there  are 
numerous  instances.  The  Corunna  cam- 
paign is  described  at  much  greater  length 
than  was  needed  to  show  the  part  which 
the  42nd  took  in  it,  and  the  exploits  of  the 
cavalry  and  of  two  men  of  the  43rd  are 
dragged  in  by  the  head  and  shoulders. 
Again,  in  describing  the  doings  of  the 
Black  Watch  at  Ouatre  Bras,  the  author 
devotes  three-quarters  of  a  page  to  the 
deeds  and  losses  of  the  44th. 

The  42nd  received  their  baptism  of  fire 
at  Fontenoy,  of  which  the  account  is 
far  from  clear.  According  to  Mr. 
Forbes  it  was  after  the  beginning  of  the 


battle  that  the  42nd  were  detached  to  sup- 
port Ingoldsby  in  his  attack  on  the  Boia 
de  Barri  and  thePedoutod'Eu.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  Ingoldsby  began  the  action  by  ad- 
vancing into  the  Bois  de  Barri,  and  with 
him  went  the  Black  Watch.  The  Pedoute 
d'Eu  was  never  really  attacked,  for  Ingoldsby 
had  scarcely  entered  the  wood  when  he  was 
driven  out  of  it,  so  that  the  story  of  the  loss 
of  thirty  Highlanders  in  an  attempt  to  cap- 
ture it  must  be  apocryphal ;  moreover,  the 
redoubt  was  not,  as  Mr.  Forbes  says,  in 
front  of  the  wood,  but  in  rear  of  it. 

There  is  every  appearance  of  the  author 
having  written  the  first  part  of  the  book 
with  more  care  and  deliberation  than  he 
has  bestowed  on  the  concluding  chapters, 
for  he  has  described  in  some  detail  the  com- 
paratively desultory  fighting  in  America 
and  the  West  Indies,  while  slurring  over 
subsequent  and  more  important  achieve- 
ments. For  instance,  the  Indian  Mutiny  is 
disposed  of  in  ten  and  a  half  pages,  a  large 
portion  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  strategy 
of  Sir  Colin  Campbell,  the  doings  of  the 
53rd  at  the  Kala  Nuddee,  and  other  matters 
only  indirectly  concerning  the  42nd.  He 
omits  to  describe  the  act  of  gallantry  for 
which  Lieut.  Farquharson  won  the  Victoria 
Cross,  and  erroneously  states  that  Quarter- 
master-Sergeant Simpson,  Lance-Corporal 
Alexander  Thompson,  and  Private  James 
Davis,  for  their  gallantry  at  the  fort  of 
Puhiya,  obtained  a  similar  distinction.  This 
is  incorrect,  as  only  Thompson  received  the 
cross.  Mr.  Forbes  makes  no  mention  of 
Colour-Sergeant  Gardner,  who,  at  the  battle 
of  Bareilly,  saved  his  colonel's  life  by  bayo- 
neting two  Ghazis  in  rapid  succession.  At 
Tamai,  in  1884,  the  42nd  lost  four  officers 
and  eighty-five  men  killed  and  wounded, 
and  were  at  one  time  thrown  into  confusion  ; 
yet  this  important  episode  in  the  history  of 
the  regiment  is  dismissed  in  a  few  lines. 

Having  pointed  out  the  blemishes  of  this 
book,  we  turn  with  pleasure  to  its  merits 
and  the  interesting  information  on  many 
subjects  which  Mr.  Forbes  supplies.  When 
"  the  Highland  Regiment  "  was  first  formed 
"there  was  not  an  officer  in  the  regiment — 
with  the  exception  of  the  colonel,  a  Lowlander — 
who  was  nob  a  pure  Highlander.  Most  were 
men  of  old  family,  and.  possessed  of  landed 
property  for  generations  back  ;  others  were  sons 
or  relatives  of  Highland  lairds,  cadets  of  houses 
of  good  standing.  Family  and  personal  pride 
was  the  most  salient  characteristic  of  the  officer- 
hood  of  the  regiment,  as,  indeed,  was  the  case 
for  the  most  part  among  its  non-commissioned 
officers  and  the  rank  and  file." 

The  Black  Watch,  like  other  Highland 
regiments,  now  contains  comparatively  few 
genuine  Highlanders,  and,  indeed,  not  too 
many  Lowlanders.  In  fact,  the  difficulty 
of  keeping  its  ranks  pure  was  experienced 
by  the  42nd  at  an  early  period  of  its  ex- 
istence. In  1758  the  2nd  Battalion  was 
raised  : — 

"Eighteen  Irishmen  were  enlisted  at  Glasgow 
by  two  gentlemen  anxious  to  obtain  commissions. 
The  orders  of  Lord  John  Murray,  the  colonel 
of  the  regiment,  were  peremptory  that  none 
but  Highlanders  should  be  accepted.  Several 
of  the  aspirants  were  O'Donnels,  O'Lachlans, 
O'Briens,  &c.  The  '  O' '  was  changed  to  '  Mac,' 
and  they  passed  muster  for  the  Highland  regi- 
ment as  genuine  Macdonnels,  Maclachlans,  and 
Macbriars  without  being  questioned." 
A  reference  to  p.  11  will  show  that  the 
present  handsome  but  unserviceable  feather 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


283 


bonnet  of  Highland  regiments  is  a  com- 
paratively modern  invention  : — 

"  The  head-dress  originally  was  a  blue  bonnet, 
with  a  border  of  white,  red,  and  green,  arranged 
in  small  squares  to  resemble,  as  has  been  be- 
lieved, the  '  fesse  chequy '  in  the  coat  of  arms 
of  the  house  of  Stuart ;  and  a  tuft  of  feathers, 
or,  perhaps  from  motives  of  economy,  a  small 
piece  of  black  bearskin." 

In  connexion  with  the  feather  bonnet  and 
the  red  heckle,  of  which  the  Black  Watch 
are  so  proud  and  other  Highland  regiments 
so  jealous,  it  is  interesting  to  read  Mr. 
Forbes's  account  of  the  origin  of  the  dis- 
tinction : — 

'*  On  January  4th,  1795,  the  British  retired 
upon  the  village  of  Gildermalsen,  where  the 
42nd  and  several  other  regiments  halted  and 
formed  up  to  cover  the  retreat  through  the 
village.  The  French  cavalry,  however,  cut 
through  the  retreating  picquets,  and  attacking 
the  regiments  holding  Gildermalsen,  met  with 
a  severe  repulse.  As  the  French  horsemen 
retired  they  seized  two  guns  which  had  been 
posted  in  front  of  the  village  and  abandoned  by 
the  picquets,  and  were  dragging  them  off,  when 
the  42nd,  under  Major  Dalrymple,  charged  with 
great  impetuosity,  re-took  the  guns,  and  brought 
them  safely  into  the  village.  For  their  gallantry 
on  this  occasion  the  Royal  Highlanders  were 
rewarded  with  a  distinctive  badge  —  the  '  red 
heckle,'  or  vulture  plume." 

The  following  passage  about  the  uniform  of 
the  Black  Watch  in  the  period  1817-1840 
is  worth  notice  : — 

"Many  changes  in  the  uniform  of  officers  and 
men  occurred  between  1817  and  1840.  In  1817 
the  kilt  seems  to  have  fallen  into  disuse,  for  the 
officers  of  the  42nd  wore  sky-blue  trousers  laced 
with  gold,  and  these  with  the  feather-bonnet ! 
Blue -grey  trousers,  without  the  gold  stripes, 
were  taken  into  wear  about  1823  ;  and  in  1829, 
trews  of  the  regimental  tartan  fringed  round  the 
bottom  and  up  the  outer  seams  were  introduced. 
At  this  period  the  officers'  coatees  were  very 
richly  laced,  and  officers  of  all  ranks  wore  heavy 
bullion  epaulettes.  The  epaulettes  were  later 
exchanged  for  '  wings,' which  were  worn  until 
1830,  when  epaulettes  again  became  regulation 
and  the  lace  on  the  breast  of  the  coatee  was 
done  away  with.  The  non-commissioned  officers 
and  men,  however,  wore  '  wings '  until  1855, 
when  epaulettes  were  abolished  throughout  the 
army.  The  white  undress  shell-jacket  for  the 
men  was  introduced  in  1821,  and  has  been 
worn  by  the  Guards  and  Higldanders  ever  since. 
White  gaiters,  or  'spats, 'came  into  use  in  1826. 
The  sergeants  of  the  42nd  wore  silver  lace  up  to 
1830,  when  it  was  ordered  to  be  discontinued, 
to  the  great  regret  of  the  non-commissioned 
officers." 

Students  of  British  military  history  are 
aware  that  the  73rd  Highlanders  were 
originally  the  2nd  Battalion  of  the  42nd, 
and  that  in  1881  they  were  reunited  to  the 
Ist  Battalion.  Few  people,  however,  know 
thatthe  great  Duke  of  Wellington  was  taught 
the  first  rudiments  of  his  profession  at  the 
home  depot  of  the  2nd  Battalion  of  the  42nd, 
which  had  been  given  a  separate  existence 
only  a  few  months  before  he  entered  the 
army. 

There  was  a  strong  individuality  in  the 
Eoyal  Highlanders.  Their  chief  charac- 
teristic seems  to  have  been  excessive  pride. 
There  occurred  during  the  eight  years  1767- 
1775  only  two  desertions,  the  offenders 
in  both  cases  being  Irishmen  enlisted  at 
Glasgow.  Corporal  punishment  was  almost 
unknown  in  the  regiment  for  many  years: — 

"  So  high  was  their  sentiment  of  honour  that 
as  we  have  already  said,  '  if  a  soldier  was  brought 


to  the  halberts,  he  was  regarded  as  degraded, 
and  little  more  good  was  to  be  expected  of  him. 
After  being  publicly  disgraced  he  could  no  longer 
associate  with  his  comrades  ;  and  in  several  in- 
stances the  privates  of  a  company  had  subscribed 
from  their  pay  to  procure  the  discharge  of  an 
obnoxious  person.'  " 

Another  characteristic  was  canniness.  Mr. 
Forbes  tells  us  : — 

"Their  messes  were  managed  by  the  non-com- 
missioned officers,  or  old  soldiers  who  had  charge 
of  the  barrack-rooms  ;  and  those  messes  were 
so  arranged  that  in  each  room  the  men  were  in 
friendship  or  intimacy  with  each  other,  belonged 
to  the  same  glen  or  district,  or  were  connected 
by  similar  kindred  tie.  Thus  each  barrack-room 
was  a  large  family  circle.  After  the  weekly 
allowances  for  food  and  small  necessaries  liad 
been  provided,  the  surplus  pay  was  deposited 
in  a  stock-purse,  each  member  of  the  mess 
drawing  for  it  in  his  turn.  The  accumulation 
thus  acquired  soon  mounted  up,  and  instead  of 
it  being  hoarded  it  was  lent  out  by  those  mili- 
tary economists  to  the  inhabitants,  who  were 
surprised  that  soldiers  should  be  saving  money. 
At  each  tri-monthly  settlement  of  accounts  with 
their  officers  they  enjoyed  themselves  very 
heartily,  but  with  a  strict  observance  of  pro- 
priety and  good  humour  ;  and  as  the  members 
of  each  mess  considered  themselves  in  a  manner 
answerable  for  each  other's  conduct,  they  took 
measures  with  such  severity  regarding  any 
impropriety  as  to  render  the  interference  of 
superior  authority  quite  unnecessary." 

He  might  have  added  that  in  later  days — 
and  for  all  we  know  to  the  contrary  the 
system  still  prevails — the  discipline  was  of 
an  iron  character,  and  that  no  non-com- 
missioned officer  once  reduced  was  ever 
given  a  chance  of  retrieving  his  position. 
But  Mr.  Forbes  evidently  delights  rather  in 
the  archaeology  of  the  regiment  than  in 
its  modern  history,  and  has  missed  many 
chances  of  enriching  his  book  with  descrip- 
tions of  deeds  done  not  many  years  ago. 


Russes  et  Slaves  :  Etudes  Politiques  et 
Litteraires.  Deuxieme  Serie.  Par  Louis 
Leger.  (Hachette  &  Cie.) 
We  are  glad  to  have  in  the  present  volume 
another  collection  of  the  miscellaneous 
papers  which  Prof.  Leger  publishes  from 
time  to  time  on  Slavonic  subjects.  He 
joins  the  vivacity  of  a  Frenchman  to  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  subjects  of 
which  he  treats.  The  Slavs  stand  a  better 
chance  of  being  really  interpreted  to  the 
world  in  this  way  than  in  learned  articles 
buried  in  German  encyclopeedias.  A 
Frenchman  also  is  necessarily  free  from 
racial  prejudices.  He  has  no  interest  in 
minimizing  the  numbers  of  the  Slavs,  or 
depreciating  their  culture  and  literary 
progress. 

If  we  look  at  the  range  of  Prof.  Leger  we 
see  that  it  is  extremely  wide ;  he  is  ready 
to  speak  of  Eussians,  Serbs,  Bulgarians, 
Bohemians,  and  Poles.  One  article  is 
devoted  to  Von  Visin,  the  founder  of  the 
national  Russian  comedy  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  Although  he  bore  a  German  name, 
he  was  Russian  to  the  core,  and  his  ancestors 
had  been  settled  in  Russia  since  the  days 
of  Ivan  the  Terrible,  when  one  of  them 
was  taken  prisoner  in  a  battle  between 
the  Slavs  and  the  Teutonic  knights.  Von 
Visin's  best  comedy  is  the  '  Minor '  ('  Nedo- 
rosl'),  a  severe  satire  upon  the  coarse 
manners  of  the  time.  M.  Leger  then 
glances  at  the  two  works  by  M.  Waliszewski 


on  the  Empress  Catherine.  We  think  he 
is  almost  too  favourable  in  his  criticisms, 
for  M.  Waliszewski  appears  to  us  to  regale 
his  readers  too  much  with  anecdotes,  many 
of  which  want  verification.  The  article  on 
the  Bulgarian  patriot  Stoianov  will  be  read 
with  much  interest.  It  is  largely  based 
upon  his  autobiography,  which  was  pub- 
lished at  Philippopolis.  It  is  astonish- 
ing how  much  these  men  of  humble 
origin  and  imperfect  education  were  able 
to  do  for  their  country.  Stambulov 
belonged  to  the  same  type  of  men.  Others 
who  may  be  mentioned  are  Rakovski, 
Levski  (who  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Turks  and  was  hanged),  Botyov,  and  Dobrov- 
ski,  of  whom  a  short  biography  has  recently 
appeared  in  the  Bulgarski  Pregled  {Bulgarian 
Review).  Some  of  the  younger  generation 
of  patriots  were  able  to  get  an  education  at 
Robert  College,  which  still  flourishes  and 
has  been  of  inestimable  value  to  the  Bul- 
garian population  of  Turkey.  Here  these 
hereditary  bondsmen  were  able  to  learn 
something  about  human  rights,  and  some 
of  the  great  authors  of  the  West  were 
revealed  to  them.  Abdul  Hamid  was  not 
far  wrong  when  he  said  that  the  Bulgarian 
war  of  freedom  was  concocted  there.  Strange 
lives  these  haiduks  or  brigands  led  in  the 
mountains,  resembling  those  of  the  Greek 
klephts.  One  of  the  strangest  of  all  was 
Rakovski,  sometimes  author  and  news- 
paper editor  and  sometimes  brigand  chief. 
A  short  article  is  consecrated  by  M.  Leger 
to  the  question  of  the  Bulgarian,  Serb,  and 
Greek  struggle  in  Macedonia.  We  are 
glad  to  see  that  in  this  matter  he  looks 
upon  the  Serb  as  an  interloper  and  nothing 
more ;  of  course,  the  Austrian  and  the 
Turk  will  make  it  their  business  to  foment 
as  much  as  possible  these  divisions. 

In  the  account  of  the  Slavonic  Chair  at  the 
College  de  France,  of  which  M.  Leger  is  at 
the  present  time  the  occupant,  much  will  be 
new  to  the  ordinary  reader.  It  was  founded 
in  the  time  of  Louis  Philippe,  and  its  first 
holder  was  the  celebrated  Mickiawicz,  one  of 
the  greatest  names  in  Slavonic  literature.  The 
Polish  poet,  however,  ventured  too  much  into 
the  regions  of  politics  to  please  the  authorities 
at  the  time.  He  was  an  ardent  Napoleonist, 
and  looked  upon  Louis  Napoleon  as  the 
cherished  Moses  who  would  lead  the  Poles 
to  their  country.  Besides  this,  he  was  in- 
fluenced a  great  deal  by  a  certain  Towianski, 
a  religious  mystic.  We  never  had  the  good 
fortime  to  see  the  great  Polish  poet  ourselves, 
but  have  heard  from  those  who  knew  him 
that  he  had  a  strange,  dreamy  appearance  ; 
such,  in  fact,  as  Herzen  has  described  in  a 
passage  in  his  memoirs.  The  Government 
grew  timid  on  hearing  of  the  sallies  of 
Mickiewicz  in  the  lecture-room,  and  the 
poor  poet  was  removed  from  his  office,  and 
spent  his  days  in  great  poverty  till  Prince 
Napoleon  procured  him  the  modest  post  of 
librarian  of  the  library  of  the  Arsenal.  He 
died  at  Constantinople  in  1855,  whither  he 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  raise  a  Polish 
legion  in  the  service  of  Turkey.  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  Slavonic  Chair  at  the  Col- 
lege de  France  by  Alexander  Chodzko,  who 
had  already  attained  some  eminence  as  an 
Oriental  scholar,  having  published  a  volume 
of  translations  of  Persian  songs.  Chodzko 
was  also  the  author  of  a  grammar  of  the 
Pal  8D0- Slavonic    or    old  ecclesiastical    Ian- 


284 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


guage  of  the  Slavs.  The  book  appeared  in 
handsome  style  at  the  Imperial  press,  but 
it  was  not  considered  altogether  a  satis- 
factory production,  and  those  of  Schleicher 
and  Leskien  have  generally  been  preferred. 
Besides  these  works,  Chodzko  published 
a  translation  of  some  of  the  songs  of  the 
Ukraine,  and  issued  a  pretty  little  volume 
of  Slavonic  folk-songs,  of  some  of  which  an 
English  translation  appeared  a  short  time 
ago.  Unfortunately,  those  were  the  days 
when  the  solar  myth  was  everywhere 
rampant,  and  accordingly  Chodzko  dis- 
figiu-ed  his  book  by  the  introduction  of  a 
quantity  of  these  fantastic  theories.  On  his 
death  a  few  j^ears  ago  he  was  succeeded  by 
M.  Leger,  who  has  since  so  worthily  filled 
the  chair. 

The  rest  of  the  volume  tells  us  of  the  '  Pan 
Tadeusz '  of  Mickiewicz,  that  strange  half- 
epic,  half-idyllic  poem  which  is  not  abso- 
lutely unknown  to  English  readers.  It  is 
deservedly  considered  the  masterpiece  of  the 
poet.  As  regards  Niemcewicz,  we  are  afraid 
his  reputation,  once  great,  is  somewhat  on 
the  decline  among  his  own  countrymen. 
Still,  his  '  Spiewy  History czne'  ('  Historical 
Songs  ')  did  good  service  in  their  day  by 
firing  Polish  patriotism.  Perhaps  the  most 
interesting  of  his  writings  is  his  auto- 
biography, in  which  he  describes  his  pre- 
sence at  the  battle  of  Maciejowice,  his 
captivitj'  in  Eussia,  and  final  release  by 
order  of  the  Emperor  Paul.  The  last 
article  in  this  very  readable  volume  de- 
scribes how  Bohemia  struck  M.  Leger 
on  his  revisiting  it  after  an  absence 
of  twenty- one  years.  The  Czechs  can 
boast  no  truer  friend,  and  he  dwells  with 
delight  upon  their  ancient  city,  which 
wears  such  a  flourishing  appearance.  He 
tells  of  the  glory  of  the  Museum,  which  has 
now  been  removed  to  larger  and  more  stately 
buildings.  It  has  long  been  the  ark  of 
Bohemian  nationality.  Nor  does  he,  among 
many  other  things,  fail  to  pay  a  tribute 
to  the  memory  of  Yojtech  Naprstek,  the 
enthusiastic  patriot,  who,  after  having  made 
a  fortune  in  America,  returned  to  his  native 
country  and  devoted  it  to  the  education  of 
his  fellow  citizens. 


The  National  Movement  in  the  Reign  of 
Henry  III.  By  0.  H.  Eichardson.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

The  youthful  school  of  history  now  arising 
in  America,  which  is  striving  to  extend  its 
studies  beyond  the  limits  of  the  New  World, 
is  deserving  of  all  encouragement.  Its 
recent  establishment  of  an  Sistorical  Review 
is  a  proof  of  the  greater  interest  that  his- 
tory now  excites  ;  but  there  is  still,  we  fear, 
much  difiiculty  in  inducing  Americans  to 
devote  any  real  attention  to  medireval  sub- 
jects. We  should  like  to  find  ourselves 
able  to  say  that  the  author  of  this  book — 
a  "professor  of  history  in  Drury  College," 
who  has  recently,  we  believe,  been  sum- 
moned to  Yale — was  likely  to  attain  dis- 
tinction in  this  department  of  research.  But 
his  choice  of  a  subject  is  not  fortunate; 
only  distinction  of  style  or  originality  of 
conclusion  could  justify  the  appearance  of 
a  new  work  on  so  trite  an  epoch  as  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century ;  and  Mr. 
Richardson's  book  has  neither.  As  a  de- 
tailed history  of  the  period,  it  might  have 


supplemented  Pearson  ;  but  the  author  ex- 
pressly disclaims  attempting  "  an  exhaustive 
account  of  the  political  history  of  the  reign 
of  Henry  III."  His  standpoint  as  an 
exponent  of  the  "  national  movement " 
against  alien  aggression  in  Church  and 
State  is  not  of  sufficient  novelty  to  impart 
any  fresh  aspect  to  a  narrative  based  on 
the  well-known  chroniclers  of  the  struggle 
between  Henry  and  his  subjects.  As  iflus- 
trating  this,  we  may  cite  two  parallel  pas- 
sages from  Dr.  Stubbs  and  Mr.  Eichard- 
son: — 

stubbs.  Richardson, 

"  Fearful  of  treachery  from  "Fearing  the  intrigues  of 

the  foreigners,  the  barons  had  the  aliens,  they  availed  them- 

availed   themselves    of     the  selves  of  the  summons  to  the 

summons  to  the  Welsh  war,  Welsh  war  as  a  pretext  for 

and  appeared  in  full  military  appearing  fully  armed." 
array." 

" carrying   off    only  "Out    of    their   immense 

6,000  marks  out  of  the  enor-  accumulations  they  bore  with 

mous  treasures  which  they  them,   by    permission,    only 


had  accumulated." 


6,000  marks." 


doubtless  believed  that  he  fought  for 
righteousness  ;  but  can  he  really  have  had 
"the  light  of  a  dawning  faith"  that  the 
voice  of  the  odd  man  is  "  indeed  the  voice 
of  God"? 


We  impute  no  plagiarism :  Mr.  Eichard- 
son for  both  passages  cites  original  autho- 
rities ;  but  it  will  be  seen  how  much  of  such 
a  work  must  of  necessity  be  repetition. 
There  is  no  question  of  fresh  authorities; 
indeed,  one  is  somewhat  surprised  to  find 
"Mathew  of  Westminster "  (1603)  among 
those  cited,  while  the  Camden  edition  of 
"  Benedictus  Abbas,"  not  that  by  Dr. 
Stubbs,  is  the  one  used.  But  the  most 
surprising  omissions  are  the  studies  by 
Mr.  Prothero  and  M.  Bemont  on  Simon  de 
Montfort.  The  author,  whose  preface  is 
dated  from  Heidelberg,  has  contented 
himself  with  Pauli's  work.  If  there  is  a 
use  for  Mr.  Eichardson's  book,  it  will  not 
be  that  which  he  claims ;  as  a  compilation 
from  the  chroniclers,  more  detailed  than  any 
we  possess,  it  may  occasionally  prove  of 
service.  His  version,  however,  must  be 
cautiously  accepted,  if  we  may  judge  by 
his  rendering  of  Matthew  Paris's  description 
of  how  Henry  III.  realized  that  London  was 
a  puteus  inexhaustus  : — 

"These  loutish  Londoners  are  rich,  and  call 
themselves  '  barons '  to  the  point  of  nau.sea  ; 
that  city  is  an  exhausted  [sic]  well  of  wealth." 

An  ancient  error  is  repeated  in  the  state- 
ment that  "John  found  himself  compelled 
to  sign  the  \_sic~\  Magna  Charta  "  ;  and  the 
reference  given  to  '  Select  Charters '  for 
"  the  anti-feudal  law  of  the  Gemot  of  Salis- 
bury plain."  although  it  may  be  traced  to 
Mr.  Freeman's  dreams,  has  no  sanction 
from  Dr.  Stubbs.  To  speak  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Messina  and  the  Bishop  of  Here- 
ford as  "  Messina"  and  "  Hereford"  is  not 
merely  inaccurate,  but,  in  the  latter  case, 
misleading.  It  is  surely  German  to  say  that, 
according  to  the  Statute  of  Marlborough, 
"  the  Great  Charter  shall  be  observed  in  all 
his  \_sie']  articles";  but  "the  cap-sheaf  of 
his  folly "  and  "  a  military  boxer  [«/c] 
Boniface"  (Archbishop  of  Canterbury  !)  may 
be  American.  We  know  not  to  which  lan- 
guage to  assign  the  assertion  as  to  London 
that  John,  early  in  his  reign,  "sought  to 
beautify  it";  but  one  cannot  doubt  that  this 
alludes  to  the  words  "  propter  emendation  em 
ejusdem  civitatis,"  by  which  John  in  his 
charter  (1199)  refers  to  his  restoration  to 
the  Londoners  of  the  administrative  pi'ivi- 
leges  granted  by  Henry  I.  Lastly,  we 
cannot  think  that  the  standpoint  of  a 
modern  democrat  is  suitable  for  the 
appreciation  of  a  character  so  intensely 
mediaeval     as    Simon    de     Montfort.     He 


The  Ancient  Uehrew  Tradition  as  illustrated 
by  the  Monuments :  a  JProtest  ayainst  the 
Modern  School  of  Old  Testament  Criticism. 
By  Dr.  Fritz  Hommel.  Translated  by 
E.  McClure,  M.A.,  and  L.  Crosslu. 
(Society  for  ]?romoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge.) 

Prof.  Hommel  is  known  as  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  Semitic  scholars,  and 
particularly  as  one  of  the  few  who 
have  distinguished  themselves  in  the 
study  of  the  Himyaritic  and  Minsean 
inscriptions.  Being  also  a  leading  authority 
on  the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  he  might 
be  expected  to  possess  the  qualifications 
necessary  for  elucidating  difficulties  and 
obscurities  in  the  literature  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament. Unfortunately,  however,  his  chief 
aim  in  the  present  volume  seems  to  be  to 
make  a  fierce  and  almost  personal  attack  on 
Wellhausen,  whose  theory  concerning  the 
Priestly  Code  he  wishes  to  overthrow  per 
fas  et  nefas.  It  is,  however,  remarkable  that 
he  is  to  a  considerable  extent  a  higher  critic 
himself,  in  so  far  as  he  admits  that  the 
Pentateuch  is  derived  from  older  docu- 
ments, and  till  quite  recently  he  agreed 
even  with  Wellhausen' s  dates  for  the 
sources  J,  E,  and  P  (see  Neue  hirchliche 
Zeitung,  1890,  pp.  62-6),  Such  a  change 
within  a  few  years  detracts  not  a  little  from 
the  confidence  that  might  otherwise  be  felt 
in  Prof.  Hommel's  judgments.  His  aim  is 
very  clearly  stated  at  the  outset  as  being  to 
show  that  the 

"traditions  concerning  the  early  history  of 
Israel,  especially  those  preserved  in  the  so- 
called  Priestly  Code  (which  is  notoriously 
regarded  by  the  Wellhausen  school  as  a  post- 
exilic  forgery),  contain  a  whole  host  of  records, 
the  antiquity  and  genuineness  of  which  are 
vouched  for  by  external  evidence." 

This  is  the  subject  of  the  first  chapter. 
Then  follows  the  early  history  of  Palestine, 
in  which  the  Tel  el-Amarna  tablets  play  a 
large  part ;  perhaps  too  large  in  an  argu- 
ment for  the  early  date  of  documents 
composing  the  Pentateuch,  since  in  these 
letters  the  Israelites  are  not  even  mentioned. 
Next  follows  a  chapter  headed  "  The  Arabs 
in  Babylonia  before  and  in  the  Time  of 
Abraham."  Here  Prof.  Sayce's  view  is 
adopted,  that  "the  name  of  Khammurabi 
himself,  like  those  of  the  rest  of  the  dynasty 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  is  not  Baby- 
lonian but  South  Arabian,"  besides  a 
large  number  of  names  of  less  important 
persons.  We  are  thus  introduced  to  the 
view,  rather  startling  for  an  orthodox  writer, 
that  Abraham,  too,  was  an  Arab;  and  the 
double  form  of  his  name,  D13X  and  omax. 
in  a  later  chapter  (the  explanation  given  in 
Gen.  xvii.  5  being  discarded  as  an  "inter- 
polation," p.  277),  is  explained  from  the 
use  of  the  Minsean  script,  in  which  a  medial 
n  is  used  as  a  mere  letter  of  prolongation, 
like  the  ^^  of  D^l  in  the  Himyaritic  inscrip- 
tions. The  analogy  stands  isolated,  and  yet 
it  is  used  as  a  chief  argument  for  the  con- 
clusion that  Abraham  spoke  Arabic.  If 
this  explanation  is  to  be  accepted,  why 
not  even  apply  it  to  the  enigmatical  name 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


285 


pnx  (Aaron),  which  would  then  mean  the 
ark    (H""^)  ?      If    Abraham    must    be    an 
Arab,   we  should  have   preferred   to  point 
to   Hagar    and    Ishmael,    who    were    un- 
doubtedly   Arabs,    and    to    Esau,    whose 
name  (1^'y)  has  a  distinctly  Arabic    form. 
In  chap.  V.  Dr.  Hommel  deals  with  "  one  of 
the  most  remarkable "  passages  of  the  Old 
Testament,  viz.,  a  contemporary  document 
inserted    in    the     Pentateuch     (Gen.   xiv.) 
relating    to    Abraham    and    Khammurabi. 
The   proof  that   this   document  is  contem- 
porary consists  of  a  series  of  most  specula- 
tive and  precarious  hypotheses ;  the  text  of 
Gen.  xiv.  is  arbitrarily  altered  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  its  statements  about  Mel- 
chizedek   conform   with   those   of    the   Tel 
el-Amarna  tablets  about  'Abd-khiba  ;  and 
the   evidence   of   the   Babylonian   dynastic 
tablets,  according   to  which  (as  all    other 
leading  Assyriologists  agree)  Khammurabi 
reigned  circa  2200-2300  B.C.,  is  explained 
away  for  the  purpose  of  harmonizing  it  with 
the  chronology  of  Genesis,  which  will  not 
allow  of  an  earlier  date  for  Abraham  than 
mrca  1900  B.C.     These  are  the  methods  by 


to 


con- 


■which  the  monuments  are  made 
firm  "  the  Biblical  narrative  ! 

In  chap.  vi.  we  find  that  Jacob  has  all  at 
once  become  an  Aramaean,  and  the  language 
of  the  Aramaeans,  the  reader  is  told,  "  was, 
undoubtedly,    in    Jacob's   time,    merely   a 
dialect  of  Arabic."     Among  the  many  sub- 
jects touched  upon  in  the  succeeding  chap- 
ters may  be  mentioned  the  discussion  of  the 
Canaanite  language  and   religion   as   they 
were    in    1400   b.c,    where    the    instances 
adduced  seem  arbitrary  and  are  certainly 
unconvincing  :  the  Minoeans  and  the  land 
of     Shur.      It    is    surprising    that     Prof. 
Hommel,  who  identifies  Shur   and  Ashur, 
does  not  go  one  step  further  and  derive  the 
Ashurith  script  (in  which  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures were  written  according  to  the  Talmud) 
from  the  Minoean,  which  undoubtedly  bears 
some   resemblance   to   the    Hebrew  square 
character.     After   all,   he   does    make    the 
Hebrews  "prior  to  their   adoption  of   the 
Canaanite  language,  that  is,  while  they  still 
spoke   a   pure   Arabic   dialect,"    employ   a 
Mineean  script.     It  is  evident  that  so  many 
strange  views  cannot  be  supported  without 
a   certain   amount  of  manipulation,  if  not 
misrepresentation,  of  the  facts.     To  take  a 
typical  instance,  in  a  foot-note  on  p.  276,  man 
M,   the   derivation  proposed  for   the  word 
manna  in  Exod.  xvi.  1 5,  is  given  as  an  example 
of  the   Arabic  spoken  b}'  the  Israelites  in 
the   wilderness.     But  since   7nan  in  Arabic 
admittedly  means  v^ho  and   not  tvhat,  why 
«all  it  Arabic  at  all  ?  and  why  omit  to  in- 
form the  reader  (as  he  surely  ought  to  be 
informed)  that  7nan  does  mean  %vhat  in  (late) 
Ai-amaic  dialects  ?     Dr.  Hommel,  it  is  evi- 
dent, is  readily  carried  away  by  his  own  in- 
genuity, and  must  not  be  blindly  followed  in 
his  conclusions,  which  are  frequently  based  on 
single  words,  and  those  obscure  or  irregular. 
We  believe  that  Prof.  Wellhausen  and  his 
adherents   will   survive   the   shock   of    Dr. 
Hommel's     attack,    and     will     hardly    be 
seriously  disturbed  even  by  his  discovery  (!) 
that  Deut.  xxviii.  68  was  known  to  Hosea 
— for    in   the   same   way   anything    might 
'he     proved.       Of     course,     part     of     the 
odium  thcologicum  so    plentifully  poured  on 
Wellhausen    falls     on    his    followers,    and 
hence  we  find  Mr.  G.    Buchanan    Gray's 


recent     book    on     Hebrew    proper    names 
stigmatized  as  indicating  a  distinctly  *'  retro- 
grade "  movement ;  while  Nestle's  work  on 
the  same  subject  might,  according  to  Dr. 
Hommel,    "  have    found    acceptance,    as   a 
solution  of   the  Pentateuch  problem."     In 
point  of  fact   the  orthodox  critic  is    more 
revolutionary  than  the  revolutionary  Well- 
hausen.    Dr.  Hommel  is  fond  of  censuring 
critics  for  their  superabundant  "Phantasie"; 
he  seems  to  forget  that  this  is  a  gift  which 
he    himself  also    possesses   in  no  ordinary 
measure.      Indeed,  so    completely   does    it 
dominate  him  that  he  is  entirely  unable  to 
distinguish  between  facts  and  imaginative 
hypotheses.     In  his  work  hypothesis  follows 
hypothesis,    constructed    often     upon     the 
slenderest    possible    foundation,    but    pro- 
pounded with  the  utmost  assurance  as  effec- 
tually  demolishing    some    opinion    of    the 
"  higher  critics."     But  if  the  critics  are  to 
be  overthrown  with  weapons  borrowed  from 
the  armoury  of  archtcology,  it  must  be  by 
means  of  some  more  formidable  than  Prof. 
Hommel  and  his  friends  have  as  yet  suc- 
ceeded in  forging. 

A  word  in  conclusion  on  another  matter 
for  which  the  author  is  not  responsible, 
viz.,  the  slovenly  and  untrust worth}'  character 
of  the  translation.  We  have  compared  it 
with  the  German  original,  and  regret  to  bo 
obliged  to  point  out  that,  like  the  translation 
of  Maspero  (see  AtJienceum  for  April  24th, 
1897),  though  not,  it  is  true,  to  the  same 
extent,  it  has  in  some  places  been  coloured 
by  the  translators,  apparently  for  the  pur- 
pose of  heightening  the  terms  of  disparage- 
ment applied  by  the  author  to  "  higher 
critics."  Thus  "cobweb"  on  p.  xii, 
"fancied"  on  p.  13,  last  line,  "had  igno- 
miniously  to  withdraw  their  false  conclu- 
sions "on  p.  200,  have  nothing  corresponding 
to  them  in  the  German  ;  p.  13,  "  geistreiche 
und  bestechende  Beweisf  iihrung  "  is  ren- 
dered "ingenious  but  misleading  argu- 
ments"; p.  202,  "  Unmoglichkeit  "  is  twice 
rendered  "absurdity";  p.  309,  "  unter  dem 

Banne    Wellhausens    mich   befindend 

sprach"  is  rendered  "brought  myself  under 
the  displeasure  of  Wellhausen  by  speaking." 
Whatever  be  the  reason  of  these  inaccuracies, 
surely  the  S.P.C.K.  should  take  the  trouble 
to  see  that  an  author's  work  is  adequately 
represented  by  the  translations  which  it 
issues. 


Bihliographie  cf  Aristote .  Par  Mo'ise  Schwab. 
Memoire  couronne  par  I'lnstitut  de  France. 
(Paris,  Welter.) 

This  book  appears  no  doubt  under  a  certain 
disadvantage,  since  instead  of  being  printed 
in  the  ordinary  way  it  is  issued  in  the  form 
of  a  process  reproduction  of  a  manuscript 
copy.  As  a  collection  of  the  titles  of  some 
three  thousand  books  more  or  less  bearing 
on  Aristotle  the  work  must  have  taken  a 
good  deal  of  time  and  labour,  and  M.  Schwab 
deserves  credit  for  the  industry  that  this 
implies,  as  also  for  the  good  intentions 
shown  in  this  attempt  to  supply  a  real 
want  among  scholars  and  bibliographers. 
Here  our  praise  of  him  and  his  book  must 
end  ;  a  more  sorry  specimen  of  bibliography 
is  hardly  to  be  found  in  print,  except  pos- 
sibly in  some  inferior  booksellers'  cata- 
logues. It  may  perhaps  serve  a  useful 
purpose,  as  a  warning,  if  any  one  is  led 


in  a  moment  of  temptation  to  take  up  the 
bibliography  of  a  highly  technical  subject 
without  the  needful  training  and  technical 
acquirements.  To  collect  and  order  the 
Aristotelian  literature  of  four  centuries  is 
a  matter  that  to  any  man  of  ordinary 
sense  would  seem  to  require  a  conciderable 
familiarity  with  the  actual  writings  of 
Aristotle,  and  a  respectable  knowledge  not 
only  of  Greek  and  Latin,  but  also  of  literary 
history.  It  is  obvious  also  that  on  the  purely 
bibliographical  side  the  utmost  care  and 
the  strictest  method  would  be  demanded 
to  keep  the  materials  in  line  and  prevent 
confusion.  M.  Schwab  is,  to  say  the  least, 
not  at  home  in  any  department  of  his  self- 
chosen  subject.  His  deficiencies,  in  fact, 
are  so  glaring  that  one  is  simply  at  a  loss 
to  imagine  how  a  book  of  this  stamp  can 
ever  have  passed  muster  and  been  approved 
by  the  Institut  de  France. 

Though  M.  Schwab  is  sparing  of  refer- 
ences to  his  authorities,  his  work  is  never- 
theless from   first   to  last  a  mere  piece  of 
compilation ;    there    is    hardly   a   trace   of 
original   investigation   in   libraries   in  any 
part  of   it.     He   might  just  as  well   have 
lived    a    hundred    miles    away    from    the 
Bibliotheque   Nationale  and   the  Mazarine 
for   any   use   that   he   has   made   of    their 
splendid  resources.     If   there   is   anything 
that  one  ought  to  find   in  a  bibliography 
issued  in  Paris  and   under  such   auspices, 
it  is  surely  a  fair  approach  to  completeness 
in  the  record  of  what  the  French  press  did 
for  the  study  of  Aristotle  in  the  golden  age 
of  French  learning — the  sixteenth  century. 
M.  Schwab  treats  the  French  books  of  this 
period  with  scant  courtesy,  many  of  them 
being  misdescribed  or  misdated,  and  some 
of   them  ignored  altogether.     He  supposes 
Sepulveda's  '  Politics '  to  be  an  edition  of 
the  Greek  text ;  he  knows  nothing  of  books 
like   Vicomercatus    on    the    '  Metaphysics ' 
and    '  De   Anima,'    or   of   Forestus  on   the 
'  Ethics ' ;    he   is  unaware  that   Talaeus  on 
the   '  Ethics '   originally  appeared  in  Paris 
in  1550,  the  Basle  edition  of  1583  being  a 
mere  reprint ;  he  repeats  Hoffmann's  myth 
of  a  Greeco-Latin  '  Ethics '  supposed  to  have 
been   published   by  Turnebus  at   Basle  in 
1536,    whereas   the   book   was  first   issued 
in  Paris  in  1555.     All  this  is  bad  enough 
in  a  bibliography  of  such  pretensions ;  but 
we  must  not   be  surprised  at  anything   in 
one  who  can  mix  up  the  two  Scaligers,  and 
attribute  to  Joseph  Scaliger  more  than  one 
of  the  writings  of  the  German  scholar  Jacob 
Schegk.     Names  are  clearly  of  very  minor 
importance   with   M.    Schwab.      He   talks, 
for  instance,  of  "  Aphrodisius,"  "  Hermea," 
and    "Censoris"    (meaning    Censorinus !) ; 
turns  Quintianus  into  "  Quintilianus,"  and 
Zabarella    into    "Zarabella";    and    by   a 
process  of  clipping  transforms  Cantacuzenus 
into  "  Cantacuz,"  Gallutius  {i.e  ,  Galluzzi) 
into  "  Gallut,"  and  Leonicus  Thomseus  into 
"  Leon  Thomas  "  !  Our  own  countrymen  fare 
no  better.    Beloe's  '  Anecdotes '  are  referred 
to  as  '  Beloe  Anecdota,'  and  a  certain  Gilbert 
Crab  (one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Scots  abroad) 
figures  more  than  once  as  "  Gilbert  Crab- 
scot."  The  index  teems  with  such  atrocities, 
besides   affording   a   fine   opening  for   the 
usual  blunders  of  incompetent  index-makers. 
Thus  it  distinguishes  between  Victorius  and 
Vettori,   and   fails   to  distinguish   between 
Pacius  and  Paccius ;  indeed,  it  carries  con- 


286 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


fusion  80  far  as  to  identify  the  late  H.  W. 
Chandler  with  a  Chandler  who  published 
a  book  in  17G0,  and  the  late  Dr.  Donaldson 
with  another  Donaldson  who  was  living  in 
1610.  As  for  the  actual  titles  in  this  biblio- 
graphy, it  is  sufficient  to  remark  that  they 
are,  through  errors  of  transcription,  turned 
into  simple  nonsense  in  many  cases,  and 
that  the  factitious  forms  in  which  those 
of  the  older  books  so  often  appear  make 
the  work  as  a  record  of  them  almost  useless 
for  modern  bibliographical  purposes. 

We  have  perhaps  said  enough  to  indicate 
the  value  and  quality  of  this  newest  specimen 
of  learned  bibliography.     A  word,  however, 
must  be  said  as  to  M.  Schwab's  classifica- 
tion   of   his    materials  —  a  most  important 
matter  in  a  work  of  this  description.     He 
has  undertaken  to  classify  his  various  items 
under  heads,  so  as  to  disticguish  between 
texts,    texts   with   translations,    and   trans- 
lations alone,  and  also  to  arrange  the  com- 
mentaries and  other  illustrative  works  under 
the  Aristotelian  writings  to  which  they  are 
supposed  to  relate.     That  this  can  be  done 
with   a   reasonable   measure   of   success   is 
proved  by  the  British  Museum  Catalogue 
of  Aristotelia ;    but  the  result  is  not  quite 
so   satisfactory   when    the  work   falls    into 
inferior    hands  —  more     especially    if    the 
classifier,   instead    of     having     the    actual 
book  before  him,  is  content  to  guess  at  its 
subject   from   the   title.     We  have   seen  a 
bibliography — we  hasten  to  add  that  it  was 
"made  in  Germanj'" — which   put  'Under 
the  Microscope'  in  the  section  on  "Micro- 
scopy," and  '  Sense  and  Sensibility '  under 
"  Psychology."    M.  Schwab's  classifications 
constantly  remind  us  of  this.     Just  like  his 
German  brother,  he  is  too  often  misled  by 
mere  verbal  association  into  stowing  away 
books    in    the   most   inappropriate   places. 
There  are,  however,  many  cases  in  which 
his   classifications    ai-e   so    absurdly   wrong 
and  inexplicable  that  one  is  driven  to  the 
supposition  that  the  wind  must  have  from 
time  to  time  made  havoc  with  his  slips.     It 
is  only  on  some  such  theory  that  we  can 
explain  the  placing  of  Dr.  Webb's  article 
'The  True  Aristotle'  under  "Biography," 
that  of  Eucken's  '  Aristoteles'  Urtheil  iiber 
die  Menschen '  under  the  '  De  Generatione 
Animalium,'  or  that  of  the  'Lai  d'Aristote' 
(the   quaint   medicoval   story  of   the  philo- 
sopher's frailty)  under  the 'Ethics.'  Blunders 
of  this  description  may  be  noted  by  the  score 
in  these  pages.     Even  in  the  simpler  work 
of  distinguishing  between  Greek  texts  and 
translations   M.  Schwab's   ill   luck   follows 
him  all  along  the  line — with  quite  modern 
as  well  as  with  the  older  and  less  accessible 
books.      He    treats    both    Mr.    Newman's 
'  Politics '  and  Grant's  '  Ethics  '    as   trans- 
lations,   and    actually    describes    Grant    in 
so   many  words   as  "  le   traducteur."     We 
sincerely  hope  that  his  next  work  will  have 
nothing    to    do    with    either    Aristotle    or 
bibliography. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

The    Christian.      By   Hall   Caine.     (Heine- 
mann.) 

'  The  Christian,'  launched  on  a  sea  of  bold 
advertisement,  has,  as  a  natural  consequence, 
met  with  contrary  winds  —  adverse  and 
favourable  judgments  of  an  exaggerated 
sort.     Extravagant  praise,  blame,  and  ridi- 


cule have  all  been  meted  out.     To  take  the 
book  too  seriously  or,  on  the  other  hand, 
too  hilariously,  is  an  equal  sin  against  pro- 
portion.    To  speak  frankly,  we  have  little 
liking  for  work  of  the  type  of  *  The   Chris- 
tian'; the  manner  and  method  are  both  dis- 
pleasing.   But  there  is  room  for  a  via  media, 
for  an  opinion  lying  somewhere  between  the 
extremes.     In    spite    of   all   the   heralding, 
interviewing,  and  so  forth,  '  The  Christian  ' 
is   in   no  sense  "colossal,"    "astounding," 
"  stupendous  ";  there  is  nothing  superlative 
about  it  but  its  length.     In  its  nature  and 
essence  it  is  far  from  being  a  monumental 
undertaking,  for  it  is  not  conspicuous  for 
any    dominant    quality ;     and    that     it    is 
laid  on   lines  perilously   alluring  to    lovers 
of  the  primrose  path  of  parody  is  but  too 
evident.     Yet  in  spite  of  manifest  crudities 
of  thought  and  expression,  one  cannot  fail 
to  recognize  vigour  and  tenacity  of  purpose. 
The  actual  writing  is  as  poor  as  anything 
to  be  found  in  the  circulating  library.     But 
there  is  nimbleness  and  intelligence  in  the 
author's  way  of  hurrying  his  readers  from 
sport  to  sport,    or   from  horror   to   horror, 
before   they   have  time  to  get  tired.     The 
joints  of  the  machinery  are  not  always  well 
oiled,  there  is  some  creaking  and  groaning, 
but  the  scene-shifter  does  his  work  some- 
how.    The    sights   and   sounds,    the   grue- 
some    shows     and    strange    diversions    of 
what    Mr.    Caine   and   others   love    to   call 
"  the   modern   Babylon,"    are    all    evolved 
with  more  or  less  effect.     The  atmosphere 
of   Downing   Street    and    "  le    hig'    life " 
generally   leave   something   to   be   desired. 
Drake  and   particularly   Lord   Pobert  Ure 
will    not    do.      Much    in     their    manners, 
customs,    and   speech    is    in   a   ludicrously 
wrong    key.     As   for   Mrs.   Callender,    the 
Scotch    "body,"    she   ought   not   to   be   so 
much   as  mentioned.      Her  maudlin  senti- 
mentality is  a  false  note  from  start  to  finish, 
and  she  is  hopelessly  unreal  yet  exasperat- 
ing.    No   Scotchwoman   ever   so  expressed 
herself    in    this    world    or    in    any    other. 
Amongst  other  things  are  included  scenes 
in  hospitals,  views  of  the  'alls,  foreign  clubs 
in  Soho,  an  Anglican  brotherhood,  a  bur- 
lesque  theatre,    dens   of   thieves,   and  epi- 
sodes in  a  baby-farmer's  career.     There  is 
often  an  attempt   to  suggest   real  persons. 
An  admirable  sketch  of  a  service  at  Holy 
Trinity,  Sloane    Street,  leads    the   reader's 
suspicions    in    one    direction ;    a    personal 
description  of  Lord  Norton,  who  happens  to 
be  the  father  of   that  clever  young  cleric 
Mr.  James  Adderley,  leads  them  in  another ; 
while  later  on  the  hero  recalls  to  us  now 
Father  Jay  and  now  Father  Ignatius — all  of 
them  by  obvious,  but  inconsistent  touches. 
The  thread  of   story  uniting   these  hetero- 
geneous elements  in  a  somewhat  artificial  and. 
improbable  fashion  need  not  be  traced.  The 
descriptive  portions  are  for   the  most  part 
violent  in  colour.     Indeed,  the  whole  drama 
and  those  who  take  part  in  it  areover-strained, 
over-acted,  over-emphasized.  Externals  are, 
it  is  true,  carefully  noted  and  preserved,  but 
the  inward  nature  and  significance  which 
make  the  real  importance  of  movements  and 
phases  are  not  successfully  suggested.    There 
is  disappointingly  little  trace  of  real  subtlety 
of  vision  or  imagination.     One  suspects  Mr. 
Caine,  however,   of  certain  vague    "inten- 
tions "  and  ultimate  ends  with  regard  to  the 
alliance  of  Church  and  State,  Christianity, 


and  a  few  other  trifles.     There  is  no  doubt 
that  they  will  bear  the  extra  strain  pnt  on 
them  by   Mr.  Caine.      Of  the  principals — 
John  Storm  and  Glory  Quayle — what  shall 
be  said  ?    John,  "  the  troublesome  priest,"  is 
never  for  a  moment  vitally  interesting.    In 
vain  does  his  author  galvanize  him  into  a 
semblance  of  the   sound  and  fury  of  life ; 
he    only  succeeds   in   being  importunately 
fatiguing.       He    is    always    overwrought, 
always   agonizing,    and   nearly  always   in- 
competent and  foolish.  He  begins  as  a  High 
Churchman  of  the  newest  type,  but  he  ends  by 
being  perilously  near  the  Ranter,  and  must 
as  a  whole  be  described,  in  words  applied 
to  himself  by  a  Liberal  politician  once  in 
office,  and  now  no  longer  in  the  House  off 
Commons,  as  "a   somewhat  Broad,  Evan- 
gelical, High  Churchman."    Glory  is  better 
maintained,  is  more  of  an  individual.     Mr. 
Caine  (unwittingly  of  course)  tries  to  make 
her  distasteful  to  his  readers,  but  strangely 
enough  she  has  several  pleasing  traits  and 
some    decidedly     feminine    yet    fine    cha- 
racteristics.    The  worst  thing  about  her  i& 
her  ingrained  habit  of  letter- writing.     She 
even    keeps   up   her   reprehensible   chatter 
during  her  death  -  bed   alliance  with  John 
Storm,  who   has   at   length   been   done    to 
death  by  a  band  of  cockney  barbarians. 


A  Flirtation  ivith  Truth.     By  Curtis  Yorke, 
(Macqueen.) 

Practice  has  done  a  great  deal  for  the 
author  of  '  A  Flirtation  with  Truth.'  This  is 
a  very  smartly  written  novel.  It  shows  that 
the  writer  is  well  versed  in  the  craftsman- 
ship of  writing  a  readable  story.  That 
goes  a  long  way  towards  making  the  book 
acceptable.  There  are  no  dreary  passages 
of  retrospect,  no  explanations  of  things  that 
do  not  need  to  be  explained,  and  no  merely 
aimless  conversations.  But  the  author  suc- 
ceeds also  in  sketching  some  good  portraits. 
The  plot  is  not  wholly  satisfactory.  Told  in 
outline  it  would  be  commonplace,  but  th& 
workmanship  with  which  it  is  presented  is 
excellent. 


Good  Mrs.  Hypocrite.     By  Eita.     (Hutchin-r 
son  &  Co.) 

We  have  recently  had  to  praise  certain  books 
by  this  prolific  writer  which  appeared  to  u& 
to  mark  an  advance  upon  her  usual  achieve- 
ment. The  disappointment  experienced  in 
the  present  work  is  proportionately  great. 
Religious  hypocrisy  is  a  vice  so  unremunera- 
tive  in  the  present  day  that  it  is  difficult  to 
find  in  educated  circles  even  north  of  th& 
Tweed,  and  a  polemic  against  such  false 
professors  as  Miss  Catherine  Macpherson  is 
a  complete  anachronism.  But  at  any  dato 
it  would  be  erroneous  to  attribute  an  excess 
of  Puritanism  to  the  landed  gentry  of  Scot- 
land. Eita  is  quite  wrong  in  placing  her 
heroine,  or  shocking  example,  in  that  class. 
Nor  at  any  time  would  a  Scottish  lady  ex- 
press herself  in  the  dialect  supposed  to  be 
idiomatic  by  the  author.  Apart  from  these 
errors  there  is  something  repulsive  in  the 
motive  of  a  book  which  is  confined  to  the 
representation  of  a  vulgar  and  self-seeking 
woman,  whose  personal  appearance  is  the 
index  of  a  sordid  mind,  and  whose  actions 
and  aims  are  confined  to  4he  meanest 
domestic      tyranny.      Miss      Macpherson's 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


287 


quarrels  with,  her  servants,  her  dram- drink- 
ing, and  her  amorous  designs  form  as  dull 
and  disagreeable  a  narrative  as  we  remem- 
ber to  have  had  occasion  to  read. 


By  Stroke  of  Sivord.     By  Andrew  Balfour. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) 
This  book  is  rather  difficult  to  classify.     If 
intended  "  for  the  young,"  the  profusion  of 
invention  whereby  the   hero,   Jeremy  Cle- 
phane,  is   subjected   to   countless   combats 
and  adventures  may  be  held  to  justify  the 
author;  if  for  children  of  a  larger  growth, 
the  story  is  too  wild  and   inconsequent  to 
be  artistic.      The  love  episode,  though  its 
secondary  interest  is  no  drawback  to  a  story 
•of  adventure,  might  have  been  handled  a 
little   more   probably ;    for   Clephane   runs 
away   from   his    lady-love   with   unnatural 
testiness.     Again,  the  local  colour  is  quite 
inconsistent.      In   spite  of    the   trick  of    a 
formal  introduction,  "given  under  my  hand 
at  Crookness,"  &c.,  supposed  to  be  in  the 
manner  of   the    sixteenth   century,  and  of 
some  adventures  of   which  the  scenes   are 
laid  in  Edinburgh  or  on  the  coast  of  Fife, 
there  is  a  very  Brummagem  air  about  these 
antiquarian  accessories.     The  writer  seems 
to  think  that  "  dominie  of  the  parish"  is  a 
legal   designation,  and  makes   his  hero,  a 
Scotsman   {temp.   James   VI.),    invoke    the 
municipal  police  of  Edinburgh  in  the  follow- 
ing terms  :   "In  the  name  of  Queen  Bess  [!] 
I  charge  you  to  arrest  these  men  on  a  plea 
of  high  treason  to  the  realm  and  the  good 
■estate   of   the   Church."      "We   have   grave 
•doubts  as  to  hedgerows  in  Fife  in  the  same 
century,  and   little   faith   in   the   amicable 
■service    of     Scotch     sailors    with    English 
adventurers    on   the   Spanish   main.      Nor 
is  the  author  altogether   successful  in  his 
etyle.     Eschewing  Scotch,  for  which  in  the 
■circumstances  we  are  grateful,  he  tells  his 
stories  of  the  sea  and  land  in  a  strain  of 
Elizabethan    English,    occasionally   happy, 
but   ever   and    anon   breaking   down    into 
modern  vernacular.     The  task  is  too  much 
for  him,  as,  indeed,  it  is  given  to  few  or 
none  to  maintain  the  archaic  successfully. 
But   for    hairbreadth    'scapes   and   bloody 
combats  commend  us  to  Jeremy  Clephane  ; 
and  some  of  the  horrors,  as  the  sinking  in 
the  Lake  of  Pitch  and  the  crushing  of  living 
victims  in  a  machine  shaped  to  represent 
Our  Lady  the  Virgin,  are  curiously  fancied 


One    Reart    One     Way.     By  W.   Eaisbeck 

Sharer.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
A  LOOSELY  jointed  story  of  modern  life  in  a 
manufacturing  town  is  apt  to  be  gloomy, 
and  there  is  little  in  *  One  Heart  One  Way  ' 
but  unrelieved  gloom  until  the  last  chapter. 
An  effort  is  made  to  place  the  heroine  in 
the  difficult  position  of  keeping  her  promise 
to  a  dying  person,  and  of  suppressing  in- 
formation that  will  set  her  imprisoned  lover 
at  liberty.  The  story  is  apparently  de- 
signed to  lead  up  to  this  situation,  and  it  is 
characteristic  of  the  writer  that  in  these 
circumstances  the  heroine  should  thus  ex- 
press _  herself :  "'Oh,  why,'  said  Mina, 
wringing  her  hands,  '  why  are  things  made 
so  hard  for  me  ?  Was  ever  a  poor  girl 
tried  as  I  am  ?  I  have  lost  my  father,  and 
I  am  bound  so  that  I  cannot  raise  a  finger 
to  save  the  man  I  love.'  "  Now  this  is  not 
making  the  most  of  the  situation;  but  it 


seems  to  be  the  best  that  the  reader  will 
find  in  the  book.  The  death  of  the  villain 
is  intended  to  be  very  gruesome,  but  it 
hardly  meets  with  adequate  literary  treat- 
ment. The  best  characters  in  the  book  are 
but  hazily  sketched ;  and  the  reader  looks 
in  vain  for  some  feature  in  which  he  can 
take  pleasure. 

L'Accusateur.     Par  Jules  Claretie.     (Paris, 

Charpentier.) 
In  his  new  novel  our  distinguished  con- 
tributor breaks  what  for  him  is  fresh  ground. 
'  L'Accusateur  '  is  what  is  commonly  styled 
a  police  or  detective  novel,  and  is  mainly 
filled  with  the  examinations  of  the  witnesses 
in  a  murder  case  before  the  Juge  (V Imtruction. 
The  habit  of  M.  Claretie  to  discover  excel- 
lent people  in  odd  situations  is  in  this  work 
exemplified  by  the  portrait  of  a  benevolent 
agent  de  la  surete.  We  should  guess  that  it 
is  from  life,  and  represents  one  of  M.  Clare- 
tie's  neighbours  in  that  Boulevard  de  Clichy 
which  adjoins  his  street. 


BOOKS   ON   EDUCATION. 

The   Kindergarten    System.     Translated    and 
adapted   from   the  Work  of   Alexander  Bruno 
Hanschmann     by    Fanny    Franks.       (Sonnen- 
schein  &  Co.)— A  study  of  Froebel's  life  sup- 
plies the  best  interpretation  of  the  kindergarten 
system,  and  Mrs.  Franks  has  rightly  given  us  a 
fairly  full  biography  of   the  great  educational 
enthusiast,  who  was  to  a  large  extent  inspired 
by   Pestalozzi    and    developed   the   views   and 
methods    of     the     earlier     teacher.     Friedrich 
Froebel's  boyhood  in  his  father's  parsonage  in 
Thuringia  was  by  no  meana  a  happy  period  ; 
his  youth  and  early  manhood  were  clouded  by 
care  and  anxiety,  and  his  education  was  carried 
out  under  difficulties  of  various  kinds.     But  the 
difficulties   of  Froebel's   early   career    brought 
home   to   him   the   defects   of    instruction  and 
education  as  he  found  them,  and  led  him  to  seek 
and   perfect  a   better   system.     In   his   earlier 
years    love    of    nature    was   his    striking   cha- 
racteristic,  but  with  increasing  age  and  expe- 
rience   his    interest    became    concentrated     in 
humanity,  and  in  the  endeavour  to  exhibit  the 
harmony  between  man  and  his    surroundings. 
His   reading   was   comprehensive,   perhaps   de- 
sultory, but  his  proficiency  in  many  subjects  of 
study,  especially  in  the  natural  sciences,  was  an 
excellent  training   for   his    life's    work.     Agri- 
culture in  its  widest  sense  attracted  him  first  ; 
then   mathematics,  astronomy,   chemistry,  and 
mineralogy  arrested  his  attention  ;  and  at  Got- 
tingen    he    "plunged    undismayed"    into    the 
study   of  languages   and    philology.     Accident 
made  him  a  practical  educator,  and  his  success 
in      teaching     and      training      pupils      caused 
him     to     recognize     in      education      his     true 
vocation.     The    main    feature    of    Pestalozzi's 
methods  was   "  Anschauung."      This  was  sup- 
plemented in  Froebel's  hands  by  "Darstellung," 
and  the  kindergarten  system  (the  name  being  a 
comparatively  late   invention)  resulted  from  a 
happy  combination  of  the  two.     These  two  re- 
markable men,  Pestalozzi  and  Froebel,  were  alike 
in  their  enthusiasm,  their  singleness  of  purpose, 
and   their   sympathy   with    children.      Froebel 
perceived  more  clearly  than  his  contemporaries 
the  value  of  early  home  training,  and  for  this 
was  anxious  to  perfect  the  education  of  women, 
who  control  either  in  the  home  or  the  school  the 
years  of  infancy  and  childhood.     The  activity  of 
Friedrich  Froebel  was  wonderful.     He  initiated 
and  established   the   kindergarten  system  ;    he 
founded   training  institutions  for  kindergarten 
teachers,  both  men  and  women  ;  and  in  the  later 
years  of  his  life  he  roused  general  interest  in  the 
educational  training  of  women,  of  whom  Mrs. 
Franks  calls  him  "  the  apostle."     His  personal 
influence  over  old  and  young  was  marvellous,  I 


and  he  was  unusually  fortunate  in  attaching  to 
himself  faithful  and  enthusiastic  followers,  who 
remained  true  to  him  through  good  and  ill 
fortune.  Mrs.  Franks  has  written  a  clear  and 
interesting  account  of  the  salient  features  and 
main  characteristics  of  his  private  and  public 
life,  and  in  so  doing  has  also  furnished  a  useful 
and  judicious  interpretation  of  his  work  as  a 
great  educator. 

Kindergarten    Principles    and    Practice.     By 
Kate    Douglas    Wiggin    and    Nora    Archibald 
Smith. — FroebeVs  Occupations.  By  Kate  Douglas 
Wiggin  and   Nora   Archibald   Smith.     (Gay   & 
Bird.) — The  ladies  to  whom  we  owe  these  two 
volumes  have,  we  imagine,  collaborated  in  the 
writing  of  each  of  them.     And  if  the  authorship 
is  the  same  in  both  cases,  the  difference  in  value 
to  the  educationist,  if  not  to  the  student  of  cha- 
racter, between  the  two  works  is  curious.     The 
practical  value  of  the  '  Principles  and  Practice  ' 
is  a  minimum,  while  that  of  the  '  Occupations ' 
is  really  considerable.     Froebel  was  in  his  own 
department    of    intellectual    activity    a   leader 
and  a  man   of   impressive   personality  ;   but  it 
is    difficult   to   understand   why    most    of    his 
admirers  and  followers  do  not— apparently  can- 
not—discuss  his   life   and   teaching  in   simple, 
clear,  intelligible  language,  without  hysterics  or 
rhapsody.     At  any  rate,  the  authors  renounce 
sobriety  of  thought  and  language  in  treating  of 
Froebelian  'Principles  and  Practice,'  and  print 
paragraph  after  paragraph  of  quotations  from 
other  writers  whose  exaggeration  is  more  marked 
even  than  their  own,  and  the  result  is  a  mass 
of  confused  and  involved  statements  which  dis- 
figure and  disguise  the  simple,  useful  teaching 
of  Froebel  himself.     Froebel's  writings  are  not 
characterized  by  great  lucidity  ;  but  the  aim  of 
the  writers  of  the  first  of  the  two  treatises  which 
we  are  now  considering  appears  to  be  to  outdo 
their  great  teacher  in  obscurity  of  expression. 
Many  pages  seem  to  contain  little  or  no  definite 
meaning  of  any  kind,  and  from  time  to  time  we 
find  a  statement  which  is  so  far  bewildering  to 
the   average    mind   that    we   wonder   how   the 
writers   have   succeeded   in    constructing   Eng- 
lish  sentences   that  are  devoid  of  appreciable 
significance.     And  sometimes— but  we  will  give 
an  instance.     In  treating  of  the  awakening  of  a 
child's  soul-life,  these  ladies  tell  us  that  "  this 
spiritual  training  should  begin  with  the  birth  of 
the  child  (yes!   and  long  before)."     Now  this 
statement  is  either  sheer  nonsens3,  or   it   ex- 
presses the  baldest  of  physiological  platitudes, 
and  in  either  case  its  infliction  on  readers  was 
unnecessary.     We    have   read   the    book   from 
cover  to  cover,  and  have  found  in  it  so  much 
mere  empty  rhetoric  that  we  cannot  recommend 
any  student  of  the  principles  underlying  educa- 
tion to  follow  our  example  and  read  it  too.— The 
second  of  the  two  works  under  consideration  is, 
happily,  of   quite   difierent   quality.     That   the 
two  have  been  written  by  the  same  two  ladies 
is    surprising.       This    volume    is    devoted    to 
Froebel's  gifts  and  occupations  themselves,  and 
not   to   the    principles   on  which   their   use   is 
based.     Excepting   a   few   pages   of    rhapsody, 
which  may  be  ppssed  over,  the  whole  book  is 
full  of  practical   judicious    suggestions  for  the 
physical,  mental,  and  moral  training  of  young 
scholars    in    the    kindergarten.      The    writers 
speak  with  the  experience  of  teachers,  and,  we 
feel    convinced,    of   successful  ones,  and   their 
remarks  are  characterized  by  the  common  sense 
which  is  the  natural  accompaniment  of  practical 
skill  in  the  class-room.     They  sometimes  make 
misleading  statements  when  they  advance  into 
subjects  beyond  the  real  scope  of  any  reasonable 
kindergarten  ;  e.  gf.,  it  is  quite  clear  that  they  are 
unacquainted  with  elementary  crystallography, 
and    the    tenor   of    the    paragraphs    in   which 
this  science  is  treated  raises  the  suspicion  that 
Froebel  himself  knew  little  about    it.      These 
errors   in   scientific  information  are  no  serious 
blemish,  because  the  volume  is  not  a  text-book 
of  science,  but  a   manual   of   method  ;   and  as 
such  it  will  receive  a  place  on  the  bookshelves 


288 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


of  those  interested  in  education,  and  be  read 
with  considerable  profit  by  students  qualifying 
themselves  for  the  profession  of  infants' 
teachers. 

Heller's  Annotated  Edition  of  the  Code. 
(Beinrose  &  Sons.)— Dr.  Heller  has  published 
a  useful  handbook  to  the  Code  of  Regulations 
for  1897-98,  containing,  in  addition  to  the  Code 
itself,  the  'Revised  Instructions  to  H  M.  In- 
spectors,' several  recently  issued  official  circulars, 
a  chapter  devoted  to  points  of  educational  law, 
and  much  other  information  concerning  public 
elementary  education.  This  edition  has  been 
compiled  with  care,  its  contents  seem  compre- 
hensive and  commendably  accurate,  and  it  is 
fully  indexed.  The  "  Synopsis  of  Chief  Altera- 
tions in  the  Code  of  1897  "  is  a  valuable  feature 
of  the  edition  ;  it  is  placed  immediately  after 
the  index,  and  fills  about  two  pages.  We  re- 
commend all  managers  and  teachers  of  public 
elementary  schools  to  read  it  carefully  at  the 
beginning  of  their  respective  school  years. 

There  is  much  that  is  interesting  in  Mr. 
W.  II.  Woodward's  monograph  on  Vittorino 
da  Feltrc  and  other  Humanist  Educators  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press).  Many  readers  may 
remember  the  clever  sketch  of  the  great  school- 
master of  the  Italian  Renaissance  given  by  Mr. 
Addington  Symonds  in  his  work  on  the  Quattro- 
cento, and  they  will  be  glad  of  the  additional 
details  supplied  by  this  volume.  Mr.  Wood- 
ward has  made  a  mistake  in  thrusting  into  the 
centre  of  his  book  his  translation  of  four  educa- 
tional treatises  of  the  Renaissance.  He  had 
better  have  placed  them  at  the  end. 

Stanley's  '  Life  of  Arnold '  has  no  doubt 
ceased  to  be  copyright,  but  to  take  and  reprint 
that  part  of  it  which  refers  to  Arnold  as  a  teacher, 
and  also  sundry  of  his  school  sermons  and  edu- 
cational essays,  is  a  mode  of  manufacturing  a 
book  that  would  hardly  have  been  expected  to 
commend  itself  to  a  great  University.  Yet  this 
is  the  manner  in  which  Arnold  of  Rugby :  his 
School  Life  and  Contribntions  to  Edncatioti  has 
been  put  together  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Findlay.  This 
valuable  work  is  published  by  the  Cambridge 
Press,  and  is  ushered  in  by  an  introduction  by 
the  Bishop  of  Hereford  !  Mr.  Findlay  has  taken 
so  little  trouble  that  only  in  one  instance  appa- 
rently has  he  in  a  foot-note  indicated  the  changes 
time  has  brought  about  since  Stanley  wrote.  For 
instance,  for  all  he  indicates  to  the  contrary,  the 
reader  might  suppose  that  the  late  Bishop  Moberly 
was  still  Head  Master  of  Winchester. 


EECENT   VERSE. 

A  LOVE  of  classic  lore  and  something  of  the 
classic  form  distinguish  Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett 
from  the  crowd  of  minor  poets.  The  rhythmic 
music  of  his  verse,  the  variety  of  his  metres,  his 
skilful  management  of  these,  and  the  frequent 
appositeness  and  charm  of  his  imagery  atone 
almost  for  occasional  poverty  of  theme.  If, 
indeed,  a  cultured  style  and  melodious  versifica- 
tion were  all  that  were  needed  to  establish 
proof  of  the  possession  of  the  poetic  faculty, 
few  would  dispute  Mr.  Hewlett's  claim  to  the 
proud  title  of  poet.  But  the  right  Promethean 
lire  reveals  itself  in  other  ways,  and  for  these 
we  look  in  vain  in  Sonqs  and  Meditations 
(Constable  &  Co.).  Mr.  Hewlett,  polished  and 
elegant  as  he  is  at  his  best,  is  at  his  best,  so  far, 
only  what  Ben  Jouson  termed  a  "  verser."  But 
he  has  written  some  stirring  patriotic  songs, 
and  as  in  these  days  there  is  great  need  for 
those  who  will  fitly  sing  the  glory  of  our  country, 
praise  is  due  to  him.  Moreover,  there  is  lyric 
grace  and  delicacy  of  manner  in  nearly  all  his 
work.  Yet  the  recognition  of  these  merits  but 
adds  poignancy  to  our  regret  that  he  should 
be  so  barbarous  as  to  rhyme  "  Barbara  "  and 
*'her,"  and — horrescirwis  referentes — "Africa" 
and  "war."  It  may  be  admitted  without  hesita- 
tion that  "Africore,"  being  a  more  sonorous 
form  than  the  existing  one,  is  better  suited  for 
a  battle  song,  but  even  this  consideration  will 


not  justify  its  adoption.     The  following  verses 
are  a  pleasing  example  of  Mr.  Hewlett's  work  : 

EROS   NARCISSUS. 

If  I  should  force  the  sentries  of  her  lips, 

WLat  ebould  it  profit  me  to  shock  her  soul  ? 
Or  see  young  Faith  in  pitiful  eclipse. 

Or  watch  )ier  don  Abasement's  leaden  stole  ? 
If  I  should  bid  lier  tell  me  all  her  love. 

Hare  all  the  rosy  fecret  of  her  heart; 
What  gain  to  see  her  spoil  herself  thereof  ? 

For  her  wliat  gain  to  see  her  life  depart  ? 
Her  lovely  mystery  is  lier  loveliness, 

And  her  sweet  reiicence  lier  seal  of  price  ; 
For  what  she  loveth  darkly  that  she  is — 

Priestess,  communicant,  and  sacrilice. 
In  her  own  mould  she  fashions  Love,  and  lie 
Scarce  knows  himself,  vested  so  tenderly. 

Mr.  C.  J.  Shearer  in  London,  and  other 
Poems  (Stock),  is  patriotic— as  patriotic,  indeed, 
as  he  is  productive — and  he  at  times  can 
write  vigorous  verse,  always  fluent,  and  with 
now  and  again  a  pleasant  musical  lilt.  Like 
Mr.  Hewlett,  he  knows  and  observes  the  rules 
of  prosody,  for  there  is  but  one  false  quantity  in 
all  his  poems,  and  that  occurs  when,  essaying  to 
rhyme  "salutant"  with  "chant,"  he  makes 
the  penultimate  short,  which,  of  course,  merely 
shows  that  Latin  is  a  dead  language  to  Mr. 
Shearer.  His  memory  often  betrays  him  into  imi- 
tation— perhaps  to  plagiarism — notably  in  '  A 
Song  of  God's  Wrath ' ;  and  even  when  his 
thought  is  original  he  revels  in  conventional 
imagery  and  epithet.  On  the  other  hand,  evi- 
dences of  laziness  and  carelessness  are  to  be 
found  in  the  frequent  selection  of  an  adjective 
for  no  better  reason  than  that  it  tits  in 
with  the  metre,  and  in  blunders  so  obvious 
that  the  exercise  of  the  least  pains  in  revision 
would  have  revealed  them  to  their  author.  For 
instance,  while  admitting  with  him  that  Fate 
may  blow  a  war-trumpet,  his  readers  will  fail  to 
see  why  on  that  account  she  should  be  styled 
"luminous  "  ;  they  will  be  puzzled  to  know  how 
the  lark  managed  to  "hang"  at  Burns's  feet; 
and  they  will  worry  themselves  in  vain  to  find  the 
true  inwardness  of  that  mystic  phrase,  "gnarl'd 
gnomes  nurtured  in  an  ancient  mould."  To  add 
to  their  legitimate  dissatisfaction  there  are  some 
particularly  irritating  false  rhymes  ;  and,  in 
tine,  our  counsel  to  Mr.  Shearer  is  to  mistrust 
his  fatal  fluency,  to  practise  the  virtue  of 
restraint,  and  to  apply  himself  with  obliterative 
zeal  to  the  task  of  revising  his  work,  remember- 
ing always  that  at  least  half  of  the  poems,  in 
this  book  should  have  been  burnt  as  soon  as 
written. 

"  When  will  the  minor  poet  learn  how  to 
rhyme  ?  "  we  cry  again,  and  louder  than  ever,  in 
our  despair  as  we  turn  the  pages  of  Vox 
Humana  (Jarrold  &  Sons).  A  dire  offender, 
indeed,  is  Miss  Esther  Powel,  and  the  harshest 
rebuke  which  the  sternness  of  the  sorely  vexed 
critic  can  suggest  would  be  but  a  fitting  punish- 
ment for  one  who  inflicts  on  us  such  ear-tortur- 
ing rhymes  as  these  : — 

Seems  the  summer  breeze  to  harp  a 
Sigh  across  the  lovely  lawns, 

And  the  place  to  me  is  sharper 
Than  a  wilderness  of  thorns. 

When  she  passes  on  to  record  that  the  bird  "  did 
forget  its  little  provisioning,"  this  plethoric  line 
standing,  alas  !  as  the  fourth  of  a  heroic  quatrain, 
we  become  convinced  that  her  sense  of  rhythm 
is  no  keener  than  her  sense  of  rhyme.  The 
longest  poem  in  the  book  is  the  lament  of  a 
mother  for  her  lost  child,  who  she  requests 
may  be  called  everywhere,  informing  her 
hearers,  as  often  as  the  request  is  made,  that 
"  fair  forehead  .she  hath  and  brown  and  fragrant 
hair  and  large  eyes  delicate,"  which  can  scarcely 
be  regarded  as  a  description  adequate  for  the 
immediate  recognition  of  the  child  by  a  stranger ; 
and  when  the  mother  passes  on  to  express  her 
fear  that  Violet  is  in  the  "  broke- windowed 
court,"  and  even  in  her  anguish  to  rhyme 
"arises"  with  "cry  is,"  we  feel  that  not  even 
maternal  solicitude  can  warrant  such  language. 
Lastly,  "  O  dire  distress  !  O  dreadfulness  !  "  as 
she  sings  in  an  inspired  moment,  the  bathos  to 
which  she  sinks  can  be  plumbed  more  easily 
than  the  confusion  of  metaphors  can  be  ex- 
plained in  this  astounding  stanza  :  — 


But  the  feelings  rush  upon  me,  they  are  fresh  and  deep  and 
keen. 
And  they  foam  from  out  the  mountain  and  they  fill  me  to 
the  lip. 
There  is  storm  and   there  is  darkness,  there  is  one  who 
stands  between, 
It  is  pride  shall  pass  the  waters,  pilot  of  the  little  ship. 

Dr.  O.  Gould  in  Ail  Autumn  Singer  (Lippin- 
cott)  essays  a  bolder  method  with  metrical  diffi- 
culties.   "  Work  "  is  not  an  easy  word  to  rhyme 
to  ;  but  "bask  "  at  least  contains  a  k,  and  so 
he  is  satisfied  with  the  consonance,  and  deems 
it  all  that  the  most  exacting  can  demand.     On 
another   occasion,    guided   by   the    canon    laid 
down  in  the  well-known  couplet  as  to  the  suffi- 
ciency of  one  for  sense  and  one  for  rhyme,  and 
seeking   a   rhyme   for   "quelled,"   "  Scofi"  not, 
old    mumbler,    late   rebelled,"   he   remarks    in 
parenthesis,   and    triumphantly  completes    the 
stanza,  leaving  the  puzzled  reader  to   extract 
what   meaning  he   can   from   that   grotesquely 
impossible  participle.     But  his  highest  skill  is 
shown  in  his  invention  of  words.     He  writes  of 
"goldening  cornfields,"  babbles  of  "  insatisfac- 
tion,"  denounces  "lusts  institutionalized  "  in  a 
line  which  can  only  be  scanned  in  a  moment 
of  frenzy,  shouts  of    the   ocean's  "  irresistless 
might,"  and  in  a  passion  of  ecstasy  sings  that 
"  boreal  streamers  "  shall  flutter  to  tell  of  peace 
and  deliverance.     He  has  a  splendid  scorn  of 
such  a  mean  part  of  speech  as  the  article,  and 
the  brain  reels  before  the  elaborate  intricacy  of 
his  inversions  and  his  heroic  sacrifice  of  sense 
to  sound.     The  elegance  of  his  diction  and  the 
profoundness  of  his  philosophy  are  shown  by 
the  suggestive  inquiry,    "  Is  potter  of  the  pot 
forgot  ?  "     One  hardly  knows  whether  to  laugh 
or   to  weep,   but    Dr.   Gould's  statement   that 
ocean,  answering  "elemental  boasts,"  indulges 
in  "roar  enorme   of   laughter,"  decides  -us  to 
follow  this  excellent  marine  example. 


AFRICAN   PHILOLOGY. 


The  S.P.C.K.  have  published  EbigambO' 
Ebitutugeza  Ebiri  mu  ByaivandiMbioa  Ebitu- 
hnm,  being  a  version  of  part  of  the  Oxford 
'  Helps  to  the  Study  of  the  Bible '  in  the 
Luganda  language,  with  the  original  illustra- 
tions. Some  of  the  latter  have  sufi"ered  from 
reproduction  on  such  a  small  scale,  but,  on  the 
whole,  they  are  very  clear.  It  might  be  thought 
that  the  information  contained  in  this  book  i& 
somewhat  beyond  the  range  of  the  Baganda, 
but  the  translator  assures  us  that  there  is  a^ 
great  demand  for  some  such  book  among 
native  Christians,  and  especially  teachers.  It 
was  in  Uganda  (as  we  commonly,  but  incorrectly, 
call  the  country)  that  the  mission  converts  and 
the  progressive  party  generally  were  known  by 
the  name  of  "readers,"  and  any  work  in  the 
language  is  pretty  sure  of  a  large  and  increasing 
public. 

The  S.P.C.K.  send  us  Dutch  versions  of  two> 
well-known  catechisms,  Een  Katechismus  der 
Heilige  Schrift,  intended  as  an  introduction  to 
the  Church  Catechism,  and  Historische  Vraagen, 
with  answers  in  the  exact  words  of  Scripture, 
probably  for  use  in  Cape  Colony  and  the  dioceses 
of  Bloemfontein  and  Pretoria. 

The  S.P.C.K.  have  recently  issued  four  little 
books  of  considerable  linguistic  interest.  Two 
of  them  are  in  the  Chinyanja  language,  viz.,  a 
version  of  some  portions  of  the  Prayer  Book, 
and  a  translation  of  Robertson's  '  Church  His- 
tory,' the  latter  being  executed  by  a  native, 
Yohana  Chanamila.  The  language  is  practically 
the  same  as  the  Mang'anja  spoken  at  Blantyre, 
and,  we  think,  could  be  easily  understood  by 
natives  of  that  district  ;  but  there  are  some 
interesting  dialectic  difl'erences,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which,  perhaps,  is  the  substitution 
of  the  concord  vi-  for  zi-  in  the  plural  of  the 
chi  class,  e.g.,  in  the  book  before  us  we  have 
"  voipa  ivo  a  na  vi  chita  "  ("the  evil  which  he 
hath  done "),  which  at  Blantyre  would  be 
"zoipa  izo  a  na  zi  chita."  The  plural  of 
chintu  (a  thing)  is  on  the  Lake  vintti,  in  the 
Shire  Highlands  zintu.    We  have  also  heard  the 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


289 


vi  form  on  Mlanje,  and  it  is  found  in  Swahili. 
Another  point  in  which  Chinyanja  (using  this 
name  as  distinctive  of  the  northern  or  Lake 
dialect)  corresponds  with  Swahili  is  in  the  sub- 
stitution of  j  and  ch  for  z  or  dz  and  s  or  ts ; 
as  maji  for  madzi,  jua  for  dzmva,  onche  for  onse, 
panchi  for  pansi,  &c.  It  is  not  easy  to  say 
whether  this  similarity  proceeds  from  linguistic 
affinity  or  is  merely  acquired  through  intercourse 
with  Swahili-speaking  natives  from  the  coast,  of 
whom  a  large  number  have  been  coming  and 
going  during  the  last  forty  years  in  the  wake 
of  the  Arab  slavers.  The  point  could  probably 
be  settled  by  asking  natives  over  sixty  (if  any 
could  be  found  living  in  the  district  to  which 
they  originally  belonged,  the  population  having 
been  perpetually  unsettled  by  wars  and  famines) 
whether  they  were  accustomed  in  their  youth  to 
say  vinhi  or  zintu.  Arabic  words,  such  as  thambi 
(sin),  Shetani,  &c.,  have  been  picked  up  from 
the  coast  traders,  who  (like  all  Mohammedans) 
are  by  a  curious  irony  of  circumstance  called 
"  Anasala  "  or  Nazarenes  !  Other  peculiarities 
we  may  point  out  are  the  use  of  iwo  instead  of 
iwe,  as  the  personal  pronoun  of  the  second 
person  singular,  and  the  substitution  of  je  for 
the  negative  particle  he,  as  in  "pa  li  je  "  for 
"pa  li  be"  ("there  is  not").  The  latter  is 
frequently  heard  elsewhere,  and  is  asserted  by 
Blantyre  boys  to  be  a  Chipeta  peculiarity.  Chin- 
yanja also  substitutes  k  for  ch,  as  in  the  pos- 
sessive pronoun  of  the  third  person  singular  : 
ache,  xvache,  itc,  which  are  heard  on  the  Lake 
(and  also  in  the  West  Shire  and  Southern 
Angoniland  districts)  as  ake,  &c.  Finally,  the 
Chinyanja  has  the  plural  of  the  first  class  in 
wa  instead  of  a,  ivantii  instead  of  aiUu,  but 
does  not  follow  the  Swahili  in  using  the  syn- 
copated form  wabi. 

The  Rev.  W.  H.  Kisbey,  of  the  Universities 
Mission  to  Central  Africa,  has  compiled  a  little 
book  of  Zigua  Exercises  (S.P.C.K.)  for  the  use 
of  workers  in  that  mission.  The  Zigua  language 
is  spoken  on  the  East  African  coast,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  rivers  Luvu  and  Pangani, 
a  few  miles  north  of  Zanzibar.  It  greatly  re- 
sembles Swahili,  but  is  quite  distinct  enough  to 
rank  as  a  separate  language. 

The  same  Society  send  a  little  Introductory 
Grammar  to  the  Sena  Language,  by  W.  G. 
Anderson,  of  the  Lower  Zambesi  Mission.  Mr. 
Anderson,  who  is  well  known  on  the  Zambesi 
and  Shire  for  his  linguistic  ability,  has,  after 
devoting  his  energies  to  the  subject  for  three 
years,  come  to  the  conclusion  that  Sena  (com- 
monly, but  erroneously,  called  Chikunda)  is  a 
distinct  language  from  Mang'anja.  Its  home  is 
"the  district  bordering  the  Zambesi  from  Shu- 
panga  to  the  Lupata  gorge.  It  is,  however, 
rapidly  superseding  many  of  the  neighbouring 
dialects,  and  is  now  spoken  and  understood  from 
the  Zambesi  mouth  to  Tete,  and  up  the  river 
Shire  as  far  as  its  tributary  the  Ruo."  We  are, 
however,  by  no  means  sure  that  the  differences 
between  it  and  Mang'anja  are  greater  than  those 
distinguishing  the  northern  and  southern  forms 
of  the  latter  language.  Sena  has,  for  obvious 
reasons,  incorporated  more  Portuguese  words 
than  have  found  their  way  into  Mang'anja,  e.g., 
figu,  a  banana^^M.  ntochi,  &c. ;  kamiza  (cainisa), 
a  shirt  or  jacket=M.  malaya.  The  grammar  of 
Sena  is,  on  the  whole,  identical  with  that  of 
Mang'anja  ;  a  few  forms  vary,  but  not  more 
than  might  be  expected  from  differences  in  local 
usage.  The  personal  pronouns  are  the  same  in 
both,  with  the  exception  of  the  second  person 
plural,  which  is  S.  hnwe,  M.  wm.  The  fourth 
class  of  substantives,  that  in  chi-,  which  in  M. 
takes  as  its  plural  prefix  rd-  (northern  form  vi-), 
has  in  Sena  pi,  e.g.,  pintu  is  the  plural  of 
chintu.  The  indefinite  numeral  onse  (all)  takes 
in  Sena  the  form  onsene  (cf.  Kongo  onsono). 
Of  those  words  which  are  neither  identical 
in  form  as  they  stand  nor  explicable  by 
phonetic  variation,  it  is  possible  (in  the 
present  imperfect  state  of  our  knowledge) 
that    many,    if    not    all,     exist   in    both    lan- 


guages as  synonyms  of  those  which  have  found 
their  way  into  European  collections.  Indeed, 
on  comparing  Mr.  Anderson's  version  of  the 
Gospel  of  St.  Mark  (printed  by  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society)  with  that  in  use  at  the 
Blantyre  Mission,  many  of  the  differences  will 
be  seen  to  arise  from  individual  choice  in  trans- 
lation. It  seems  hopeless,  even  after  the  labours 
of  Lepsius  and  Mr.  Max  Miiller,  to  look  for  uni- 
formity in  the  phonetic  spelling  of  languages 
newly  reduced  to  writing  ;  but  the  divergent 
systems  adopted  by  Mr.  Anderson  and  the  Rev. 
D.  C.  Scott  render  the  difference  between  the 
two  languages  greater  in  appearance  than  in 
reality.  Mr.  Anderson  uses  c  for  ch  or  tsh 
{cintu-^=chintu),  and  x  with  its  Portuguese  force 
of  sh.  This  plan  has  the  advantage  of  represent- 
ing these  two  sounds  by  single  characters,  which, 
moreover,  are  not  otherwise  required  in  a 
phonetic  system  of  spelling  ;  and  we  think  x,  at 
any  rate,  a  more  satisfactory  way  of  represent- 
ing sh  than  s.  But  c,  being  associated  with  the 
dental  click  in  Zulu  and  cognate  languages,  is 
apt  to  cause  some  confusion  to  students  already 
familiar  with  the  latter  ;  and  ch  seems  too  firmly 
rooted  in  the  already  extant  Mang'anja  and 
Swahili  literature  to  be  easily  displaced.  The 
sound  represented  by  x  or  sh,  by-the-by,  occurs 
neither  in  Mang'anja  nor  in  Yao.  It  is  found 
in  Zulu,  and  is  frequently  substituted  by  slovenly 
speakers  for  the  more  correct  tsh  {ch).  Thus  the 
capital  (if  we  may  so  call  it)  of  Zululand  should 
be  written  EtsJioice,  not,  as  frequently  seen, 
Eshoice.  Sena  shows  some  interesting  points 
of  contact  with  Zulu  (perhaps  through  the 
"  Landeens  "  or  Gasas  of  Gungunhana's  coun- 
try), as  in  lizivi=^a,  word,  pi.  mazivi,  which 
is  the  Zulu  i  (li)  ziri,  amaztvi.  Whether  this 
can  be  connected  with  M.  liu,  pi.  mau  (the 
plural  only  in  general  use),  seems  doubtful. 
Again,  we  have  the  Zulu  form  mti,  or  mnti, 
instead  of  mtengo,  a  tree.  The  numerals,  unlike 
Mang'anja  (which  begins  again  after  5,  with 
"5  and  1,"  &c.),  have  distinct  words  for  6, 
7,  8,  and  9,  which  is  also  the  case  in  the  Zigua 
language  referred  to  above.  Ten,  in  all  these,  is 
the  almost  universal  fcnmt=Z.  ishumi. 


FOLK-LORE. 


Song,  Sto7-ies,  and  Saijings  of  Norfolk.  By 
Walter  Rye.  (Norwich,  Goose.) — The  biblio- 
graphers of  the  future  will  have  no  easy  task 
when  they  set  themselves  to  deal  witli  the 
writings  of  Mr.  Walter  Rye.  There  is  really 
no  keeping  pace  with  the  boisterous  exuberance 
of  this  riotous  gentleman.  His  friends,  even 
the  warmest  of  them,  never  quite  know  where 
to  take  him,  and  are  mostly  in  doubt  whether 
he  is  in  a  certain  rollicking  earnest  or  only 
fooling  them.  His  curious  learning  sits  upon 
him  like  quills  upon  the  fretful  porcupine. 
His  unbounded  generosity  has  won  him  the 
cordial  goodwill  of  no  inconsiderable  band  of 
loyal  supporters,  who  have  learnt  to  look  upon 
him  as  the  knight  errant  of  the  Norfolk  Broads, 
the  terror  of  the  riparian  owners,  the  Don 
Quixote  of  East  Anglia,  always  ready  for  a  fight 
against  privilege  and  presumption  ;  the  mag- 
nanimous local  antiquary  whose  vast  stores  of 
erudition  are  at  the  disposal  of  every  honest 
and  painstaking  inquirer.  Mr.  Rye  in  his 
'Popular  History  of  Norfolk  '  might  have  been 
supposed  to  have  exhausted  all  that  there  was 
to  gather  about  the  oddities  of  Norfolk  and 
Norfolk  people.  Not  a  bit  of  it  !  This  little 
volume  is  as  fresh  and  entertaining,  as  full  of 
new  stories  and  racy  humour,  and,  we  may  add, 
of  valuable  hints  and  reminders,  as  if  Mr.  Rye 
had  only  just  begun  his  collection  of  Norfolk 
stories  and  songs  and  sayings.  Let  it  be  under- 
stood that  Mr.  Rye  has,  perhaps,  passed  as 
much  time  upon  the  Broads  as  any  man  living 
who  has  never  earned  wages  by  sailing  a  boat ; 
that  he  knows  more  about  their  history  and 
geography  than  any  one  else  ;  that  he  has  eyes 
and  ears  which  are  never  ofi"  duty,  and  a  faculty 


of  tempting  people  to  talk  which  is  a  very  pre- 
cious gift  to  the  man  who  knows  how  to  make 
the  most  of  his  opportunities  ;  moreover,  that 
he  has  lived  among  the  aborigines— for  that  the 
natives  of  these  parts  could  ever  have  come, 
in  remote  ages,  from  anywhere  else  is  quite 
incredible  —  in  perfect  sympathy  and  jovial 
fellowship  almost  from  his  boyhood  ;  and  is  it  to 
be  wondered  at  if  Mr.  Rye  should  have  an  in- 
exhaustible store  of  Norfolk  gossip,  traditiorv, 
legends,  and  drolleries  1  In  this  bookling, 
accordingly,  we  have  such  a  traveller's  vade 
mecum  as  can  hardly  be  produced  for  any  other 
district  in  England.  For  the  wanderer  upon 
the  Broads  it  is  an  indispensable  requisite, 
second  only  to  his  tobacco-pouch.  The  yachts- 
man who,  duly  supplied  with  such  "a  boon  and 
a  blessing  to  men  "  in  his  pocket,  shall  dare  to- 
complain  that  he  has  passed  a  dull  time,  will 
be  bearing  witness  against  himself.  Even  on 
the  rainiest  day  the  holiday-maker  may  provide 
himself  with  delightful  employment  by  con- 
structing an  index  to  the  volume  before  he 
binds  it  up,  as  he  is  pretty  sure  to  do  when  he 
gets  back  to  the  streets  and  the  crowds. 

In  Contes  de  Damas  (Leyden,  Brill)  Mr.  J. 
Oestrup  has  presented  to  Arabic  scholars  a  work 
which  will  be  much  appreciated.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  the  great  treasury  of  Arabic 
stories  is  the  famous  book  called  '  A  Thousand 
Nights  and  a  Night,'  but  it  is  often  forgotten 
that  this  sea  of  fiction  has  been  fed  by  count- 
less small  streams  of  anecdote  which  were  the 
product  of  many  peoples  and  many  countries. 
Many  scholars  have  tried  to  collect  the  stories 
which  are  to-day  current  in  several  parts  of  the 
Sultan's  dominions,  especially  in  Egypt,  and 
none  has  laboured  more  successfully  than  the 
late  lamented  Spitta  Bey  ;  but  while  so  much 
has  been  done  for  Egypt  by  Dulac,  Artin 
Pasha,  and  others,  little  or  nothing  has  been 
done  to  preserve  the  folk-lore  of  Syria.  With 
a  view  of  filling  this  want  Mr.  Oestrup  has 
transcribed  into  Roman  letters  the  text  of 
eleven  important  stories  :  ten  of  them  were 
related  to  him  by  one  Ahmed,  surnamed 
Abu  -  kalam,  a  Mohammedan  native  of 
Damascus,  and  one  by  Hanna,  a  groom  and 
convert  to  Christianity.  To  these  he  has  added 
a  sketch  of  the  grammar  of  the  Damascus 
dialect,  and  a  glossary  containing  words  which 
are  not  used  by  classical  writers  of  Arabic.  We 
have  no  space  to  give  even  a  summary  of  the 
stories,  but  some  of  them  are  extremely  amusing, 
and  all  the  others  have  that  inefiable  something 
about  them  which  prevents  them  from  seeming 
nonsense,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
plots  are  often  poor.  Told,  however,  by  the 
side  of  the  camp  fire  in  the  late  evening,  in 
the  peculiar  sing-song  voice  of  the  young  story- 
teller, with  the  brilliant  stars  of  the  East  above 
and  the  wail  of  the  jackal  in  the  distance,  they 
will  form  a  sweet  lullaby  to  the  weary  traveller 
who  knows  the  fatigue  and  pain  of  the  "great 
and  terrible  desert "  of  Damascus.  Without 
being  ungrateful,  we  wish  that  Mr.  Oestrup  had 
printed  the  Arabic  text  of  the  stories  in  a  short 
supplement,  for  it  would  have  formed  a  suitable 
finish  to  an  otherwise  admirable  book. 


ANTIQUARIAN   LITERATURE. 

A  Key  to  English  Antiquities.  By  E.  S. 
Armitage.  (Sheffield,  Townsend.) — It  is  some- 
what singular  that  archseology  is  not,  so  far  aa 
we  know,  a  province  of  learning  invaded  by 
women  to  any  appreciable  extent.  Of  mediaeval 
antiquities,  at  least,  this  we  think  is  true.  That 
they  could  distinguish  themselves,  however,  in 
this  sphere  is  shown  by  Mrs.  Armitage  in  the 
volume  before  us.  It  is  notoriously  one  of  the 
greatest  difficulties  of  the  subjects  with  which 
she  deals  that  a  sound  general  knowledge  of 
them  is  rarely  found  in  conjunction  with  exact 
local  information.  Mrs.  Armitage  combines  the 
two.      Her  book  is  written,  as   the  title-page 


290 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


informs  us,  "  with  special  reference  to  the  Shef- 
field and  Rotherham  district";   and  she  illus- 
trates, accordingly,  her  general  information  by 
reference  throughout  to  local  antiquities.     How 
numerous  and  interesting  these  antiquities  are 
few,  we  imagine,  would  suspect  before  they  had 
read  her  book.     The  twelve  chapters  in  which 
they  are  classified  range  from  such  prehistoric 
remains  as  long  and  round  barrows  and  rude 
stone  monuments  to  seventeenth  century  tombs, 
and  on  all  of  these  Mrs.  Armitage  writes  with 
accuracy  and  with  knowledge.     It  is  delightful 
to  read  in  her  terse,  outspoken  preface  the  con- 
demnation  of    those    fantastic    theories    which 
have  long  been  the  parasites  of  archaeology,  and 
the  emphatic  warning  to  distinguish  conjecture 
from  fact.     The  wild  imaginings  of  antiquaries 
receive  scant  mercy  at  her  hands,  and  yet  so 
difhcult  is  it  to  escape  from  the  snares  they  have 
set  that  we  read  here  of  a  brass  at  Dronfield  to 
a  fourteenth  century  rector  on  which  is  figured 
a  horn,  which  "is  supposed  to  indicate  that  the 
deceased  held  lands  by  cornage  tenure,  i.  e.,  for 
the  service  of  blowing  a  horn  on  the  approach 
of  an  enemy."     This  venerable  explanation  of 
"  cornage  "  tenure  is  now  exploded.     The  cha- 
racteristics of  Mrs.  Armitage's  book  are  intel- 
ligence and  originality;  having  read,  not  only 
widely,  but  wisely,  she  has  then  used  her  own 
eyes  and  inspected  for  herself  what  she  wished 
to    describe.       We    have,    therefore,    here    no 
second-hand   information,    but  the   views  of   a 
well-informed  and  independent  observer,   who 
is  not  afraid  of  dififering  even  from  recognized 
authorities.  On  the  early  development  of  castles 
she  is  familiar  with  the  latest  knowledge,  though 
we   cannot  agree  with  her   that   the   motte  or 
fortified  mound  "was  probably  intended  for  a 
post  of   observation  "  only.     It  is  possible,  as 
she  frankly  confesses,  that  her  conclusions  on 
the   local   churches   may  at   times  be  open  to 
question  ;  and  there  is  an  awkward  appearance 
of  contradiction  on  rude  masonry  and  herring- 
bone work,  in  the  churches  of  Marr  and  Maltby, 
on  a  single  page.  But  who  can  speak  of  masonry 
with   any   real    confidence  ?      One    reads   with 
mingled  feelings  of  grief  and  helpless  indigna- 
tion of  the  churches  at  Wickersley,  Wombwell, 
and   Wortley,    with    which   her  list  closes,  all 
ruthlessly  sacrificed  to  the  vandalism  of  our  own 
century;    but   deeply   as    the   author  feels    on 
the  subject  she   writes   throughout  with   quiet 
restraint.      Her   views   on   the   history  of   the 
English    Church   are   sound,    but   she   has   not 
realized  the  official  destruction  of  painted  glass 
under  Elizabeth.     As  a  second  edition  will  pro- 
bably be  called  for,  we  may  note  that  the  "  St. 
Wandregisle  "  of  p.  134  should  be  St.  Wandrille 
throughout  ;     the    article    on    English    castles 
referred  to  in  note  1.  appeared  in  the  Quarterly, 
not  in  the  Edinburgh  Review;  the  "Earl  of  Mor- 
toune  "  Wd,s  the  Count  of  Mortain  ;  "  Hamelyn 
Plantagenet"  was  not  a   son  of   the  Empress 
Matilda  ;    and   the  remarks  on  Earl  Waltheof 
should  be  rewritten.    The  book  is  rich  in  appro- 
priate   illustrations,    and   has    a    glossary   and 
an   excellent  "list  of   books    recommended   to 
students." 

The  Somerset  Boll.  By  A.  L.  Humphreys. 
(Strangeways.)— One  must  not  speak  severely 
of  a  book  which  professes  only  to  be  "an 
experimental  list  of  worthies,  unworthies,  and 
villains  born  in  the  county,"  and  which  the 
compiler  distinctly  terms  a  "first  trial  list." 
But  at  present  Mr.  Humphreys's  list  is  very 
much  "in  the  rough."  It  will,  however, 
doubtless  be  welcome  to  Somerset  collectors. 
In  all  such  lists  the  question  must  arise  as  to 
what  constitutes  connexion  with  the  county. 
Mr.  Humphreys  limits  his  list  to  "those  who 
have  been  born  within  the  county  of  Somerset  "; 
but  in  practice  he  does  not  adhere  to  this  limit.' 
Alexander  Barclay,  who  here  figures,  was  born 
(the  compiler  admits),  if  not  in  Scotland,  at 
least  in  Gloucestershire.  Why  then  claim  him 
for  Somerset  ?  On  the  other  hand,  room  should, 
perhaps,  be  found  for  "  La  triste  he'ritifere,"  the 


heiress  of  the  great  Somersetshire  family  of 
Malet,  who  has  at  least  as  good  a  claim  to  be 
a  native  as  William  Malet ;  also  for  Robert 
Smith,  father  of  the  authors  of  'Rejected 
Addresses,'  who  was  a  native  of  Somerset.  We 
have  no  doubt  that  in  a  future  edition  Mr. 
Humphreys  will  greatly  improve  his  list.  The 
get-up  of  his  book  is  good,  but  its  appearance 
somewhat  peculiar. 


ECCLESIASTICAL   HISTORY. 


Record  of  the  Provincial  Assembly  of  Lanca- 
shire and  Cheshire.     Compiled  at  the  Direction 
of     the    Assembly    by    George     Eyre    Evans, 
Minister  of  Whitchurch.      (Manchester,   Raw- 
son    &    Co.) — This    book    deserves    a     hearty 
recommendation.     It  contains  a  list,  arranged 
alphabetically,  of  the  chapels  forming  or  com- 
prised   within     the     Provincial     Assembly    of 
Lancashire     and     Cheshire,    and    under    each 
chapel  is  given  in  chronological  sequence  the 
list  of  ministers  with  very  brief  but  excellent 
skeleton  biographies.    References  are  furnished 
to  local  authorities  for  questions  of  topography, 
and  wherever  chapel  plate  of  any  age  exists  it  is 
briefly  described.     We  sincerely  wish  that  for 
purposes  of  reference  such  books    existed  for 
other  parts  of  the  country  and  other  religious 
communities.     The  biographies  themselves  are 
uniformly  good,  though  here  and  there  a  local 
authority  has  escaped  Mr.  Evans's  notice.     For 
instance,  in  the  account  of  Henry  Pendlebury, 
of  Bury,  a  man  of  much  literary  note,  reference 
is  made  to  the  Monthly  Messenger,  Rochdale, 
for  June,  1895  ;  but  no  notice  is  taken  of  the 
much  more  exhaustive  series  of  articles  by  Mr. 
Hewett  which  ran  through  the  Bury  Times  some 
few  months   later,   and  which  are  referred   to 
even  in  the  article  on  Pendlebury  in  the  '  Diet. 
Nat.   Biog.'      We    cannot    find    also    that   Mr. 
Evans  has  made  any  use  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  E. 
Bailey's  extraordinary  MS.  collections  presented 
to  the  Chetham  Library  by  Mr.  Christie.  It  would 
surely  have  been  better  also  to  print  at  the  con- 
clusion of  a  biography  the  titles  of  any  works 
written  by  the  particular  minister  in  question. 
For  the  purpose  of  the  study  of  the  curious  and 
highly  interesting  question  of  the  transition  from 
English  Presbyterianism  and  Independency  of 
the   old    Dissent  to   the   Unitarianism    of   the 
eighteenth    century  such   reference   to    works 
would  be  much  more  valuable  even  than  the 
biographies  themselves.     We  have  some  diffi- 
culty in  understanding  the  principles  on  which 
Mr.  Evans  has  proceeded  in  determining  the 
starting-point  of  the  history  for  certain  of  these 
chapels.     The  earliest   possible   antecedent   of 
the  Provincial  Assembly  was   the  Association 
of    the    United    Brethren.      That    association 
was   not   formed    until    1693,    and     most   cer- 
tainly the  congregations   composing  that  loose 
and    flaccid    organization    were    in   their   own 
eyes  and    seeming  still  Presbyterian  or   Inde- 
pendent.    To    claim,   therefore,   any    minister 
from  this  period,  or  still  more  from  before  this 
period,   and    to  represent  him   as   in  a  direct 
line  of  ancestry  with  later  declared  Unitarian 
ministers,  is  a  very  bold  and  misleading  infer- 
ence.    Mr.  Evans  carefully  and  most  properly 
keeps    from    his    field    of   view  the  Common- 
wealth    period      altogether.       But    from     the 
standpoint    of    continuous     Unitarian    history 
1672,    the    date    of    the    first    Declaration   of 
Indulgence,   is   as   far   off   and    impossible   an 
origin  as  1659,  the  time  when  a  really  promising 
movement  towards  union  of  Presbyterian  and 
Independent  was  on   foot.     Mr.  Evans  avoids 
the  earlier  limit,  but  commits  himself  irregularly 
to  the  later  one.     For  example,  the  account  of 
Blackley  Chapel  begins  with  the    ministry  of 
Thos.   Pyke,     But  the  few  years  Pyke  passed 
at   Blackley  are  unimportant   in     his    life    as 
compared  with  the  earlier  years   he  passed   in 
the  bounds  of  the  Bury  Classis  of  the  Common- 
wealth   time.      If  Pyke  is  referred  to  at   all, 
it  should  be    under  Walmesley    Chapel ;    but 


Mr.    Evans's  account  of  this  latter    begins  in 
1706,  and  no  reference  to  Pyke  occurs.     The 
casual    reader    might    be  led  to    believe    that 
Walmesley  Chapel  had   no   antecedent  history 
such  as  Blackley  had — a  most  wrong  conclusion. 
The   mistake   is,  of  course,  to    have    included 
Pyke's  ministry  at  all,  or,  indeed,  to  have  gone 
back    to    the    Declaration     of     Indulgence   of 
1672,  except  in  the  rare  case  where  a  man  who 
obtained    a  licence  in  1672  survived  into  the 
eighteenth    century    and    became  distinctively 
and    avowedly   a   LTnitarian.     In    the    case    of 
Bank  Street  Chapel,  Bury,  Mr.  Evans  adopts 
the  reasonable  plan  of  referring  to  Pendlebury 
and  Rothwell  without  including    them   in   the 
enumeration,  and  then  commencing  theenumera- 
tion  of  the  chapel  ministers  from  'Thomas  Brad- 
dock  in  1719.     But  in  the   account  of  Bolton 
Chapel  the  tale  of  ministers   commences   with 
Robert  Park,  the   interest   of  whose  name    is 
almost  entirely  connected  with    the  Common- 
wealth period.     To  him  succeed  three  others, 
all  belonging  to  the  old  Dissent,  and  in  no  way 
to  be  considered  in  the   line  of  Unitarian  in- 
heritance.    Park  died  before  the  first  Declara- 
tion   of  Indulgence.     If  1672,  therefore,  does 
not  form  the  starting-point  in  this  case,  why 
should  it  in  others  ?  or,  much  more  pertinently 
still,  why  should  not  the  starting-point  in  each 
case  be  the  particular  ministry  under  which  the 
church  became  distinctively  and  avowedly  Uni- 
tarian ?     In  the  history  of  Manchester  Dissent, 
Henry  Newcome  belongs  to  the  Commonwealth 
period  and  to  the  old  Dissent,  and  Cross  Street 
Chapel  ought  to  date  its  line  of  ministers,  not 
from  him,  but  from  Joseph  Mottershead,  who 
appears,    of   course,   as    fifth   in   chronological 
order  in  Mr.  Evans's  list.     We  do  not  raise  the 
point  with  any  idea  of  stirring  the  dust  of  a 
once  dreadful   controversy.     It  is  simply  that 
historical  accuracy  demands  a  uniform  method 
and  one  liable  to  lead  to  no  misconstruction. 
Mr.  Evans  would  do  magnificent   service  and 
benefit  to  the  student  of  the  history  of  English 
Dissent  if  he  would  supply  in  the  case  of  each 
particular  old  chapel  an  indication  of  the  date 
or  period  within  which  such  chapel  passed  over 
from  the  Presbyterianism  or  Independency  of  the 
old  Dissent  to  eighteenth  century  Unitarianism. 
Mr.   W.  Urwick's    Nonconformity    in    Wor- 
cester (Simpkin,   Marshall  &  Co.)   begins  with 
the   Lollards   and    Hooper   and    Latimer,   and 
after   desultory   notes   on   the   lecturers  whom 
the   Corporation   of   Worcester    maintained    in 
the    beginning    of     the    seventeenth    century, 
and    the   Puritan    ministers   during    the    time 
of    the    Commonwealth,    he   furnishes   a   more 
connected    account    of    the    Independents    (?), 
who  formed  a  congregation  in  1663,  and  finally 
built  a  place  of  worship  in  1703  in  Angel  Street. 
At  that  time   they  called   themselves   Presby- 
terians, but  eventually  they  became  Congrega- 
tionalists.  Mr.  Urwick  also  supplies  some  notices 
of  the  Baptists   in  Worcester.      He  has  taken 
a  good  deal  of  pains  to  collect  information,  but 
he  writes  in  an  extremely  partisan  spirit,  and 
indulges    in    many  irrelevances.     A  long  foot- 
note, occupying  three-quarters  of  a  page,  is  de- 
voted to  an  account  of  some  ritualistic  services 
at  St.  Leonards-on-Sea  ! 

Mr.  Allies  has  published  a  third  edition  of 
his  able  work  on  The  Formation  of  Christendom 
(Burns  &  Oates).  The  author  is  well  known 
for  a  width  of  learning  unusual  in  the  Church 
he  has  joined,  and  conspicuous  in  his  writings 
when  he  was  still  an  Anglican  clergyman,  and 
his  piety  and  sincerity  have  contributed  to  make 
his  treatise  one  that  can  be  perused  with  profit 
and  pleasure. 

M.  Sabatier,  the  able  biographer  of  St. 
Francis,  has  sent  us  Un  Nouveau  Chapitre  de 
la  Vie  de  S.  Fran(^ois  d' Assise  (Paris,  Fiach- 
bacher).  His  further  studies  have  led  him  to 
accept  as  genuine  the  '  Indulgence  of  the  Por- 
tiuncula.'  He  also  discusses  a  newly  discovered 
letter  of  Jacques  de  Vitry,  which  contains  a  pic- 
turesque sketch  of  the  primitive  Franciscans, 


N°  3044,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


291 


the  sole  bright  feature  the  writer  discovered  at 
the  Court  of  Rome. 


REPRINTS. 


Diana  of  the  Crossways,  which,  it  is  said, 
was,  at  the  time  of  its  appearance  in  three 
volumes,  supposed  by  the  uninitiated  to  be  a 
sporting  novel,  has  been  reissued  in  the  mag- 
nificent edition  Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  are 
bringing  out  of  Mr.  Meredith's  novels. 

Some  years  ago  M.  Morel  Fatio  in  his  '  Etudes 
sur  I'Espagne  '  urged  the  necessity  of  a  critical 
edition  of  'Lazarillo  de  Tormes,'  adding  : — 

"L'erudit  qui  se  chargerait  de  cette  tache  aurait 
k  se  pourvoir  d'une  copie  de  I'edition  de  Burgos, 
1554,  qu'il  rapprocherait  de  ceile  d'Alcala  de  la 
meme  annee,  et  des  premieres  editions  anversoise?. 

C'est  en  Angleterre  seulement  qu'un  tel  travail 

pourrait  ctre  execute." 

Mr.  Butler  Clarke's  ambition  has  not  soared  so 
high  as  to  lead  him  to  essay  a  critical  recension, 
but  we  have  to  thank  him  for  a  neat  and  con- 
venient reprint  of  the  Burgos  edition,  Lazarillo 
de  Tormes  conforme  a  la  Edicion  de  1554  (Ox- 
ford, Blackwell),  made  from  the  copy  (one  of 
two  known  to  exist)  in  the  possession  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire.  It  will  be  highly  welcome 
to  students  of  Spanish  literature,  although,  so 
far  as  we  have  observed,  it  does  not  offer 
variants  of  importance.  Like  the  ordinary 
editions,  it  does  not  contain  the  two  long  pas- 
sages reprinted  by  M.  Morel  Fatio  from  the 
edition  of  Alcala,  and  the  "escudero"  walks 
abroad  as  proudly  as  if  he  were  a  kinsman  of 
the  Conde  de  Arcos  ;  so  that  mistake,  which 
M.  Morel  Fatio  has  so  happily  emended,  must  be 
as  old  as  the  first  printing  of  the  book,  unless, 
indeed,  there  was  an  edition  earlier  than  that  of 
Burgos. 

Mr.  Bourdillon,  too,  has  made  a  welcome 
addition  to  the  library  of  students  of  Romance 
literature  by  reproducing  in  photo-facsimile  the 
unique  manuscript  C'est  d'Aucassin  (t  de Nicolete. 
The  facsimile  has  been  made  by  M  Dujardin, 
whose  process  is  the  most  satisfactory  hitherto 
invented.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  careful  trans- 
literation. Mr.  Bourdillon  has  prefixed  an 
exhaustive  description  of  the  manuscript  and 
its  peculiarities,  and  has  appended  a  number  of 
careful  notes  on  the  various  readings.  No  one 
will  need  Mr.  Bourdillon's  assurance  that  he 
has  pored  for  hours  over  the  original  in  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale.  He  seems  to  have 
studied  it  as  thoroughly  as  Stiidemann  did  the 
Ambrosian  palimpsest  of  Plautus.  The  manu- 
script is  by  no  means  a  piece  of  calligraphy. 
Of  course  in  the  photograph  it  looks  still  less 
distinct,  and  a  good  many  words  are  very  hard 
to  decipher.  Curiously  enough,  the  queer  word 
"amiramie,"  which  has  been  a  stumbling-block 
to  philologists,  is  clearly  written.  This  in- 
teresting volume  is  published  by  the  Clarendon 
Press. 

A  forward  step  has  been  made  in  the  criticism 
of  the  pensees  of  Pascal  by  M.  Michaut  in  his 
handsome  quarto,  published  by  the  University 
of  Fribourg  in  Switzerland,  Les  Pensces  de 
Pascal  disposees  siiiva)it  I'Ordre  du  Cahier  Auto- 
graphe,  or  rather  he  has  arrived  at  an  entirely 
negative  conclusion,  for  he  has  convinced  him- 
self that  it  is  impossible  to  arrange  the  pensees 
in  any  logical  order.  He  has,  therefore,  printed 
them  as  he  finds  them  in  the  original  manu- 
script. Pascal  wrote  down  ideas  as  they  oc- 
curred to  him.  Often  the  thoughts  written  on 
the  same  piece  of  paper  had  no  connexion. 
M.  Michaut  has  taken  infinite  pains  to  make 
plain  to  the  reader  the  exact  condition  of  the 
MS.  Short  of  a  photographic  facsimile  it  would 
be  difl[icult  to  have  anything  more  exact. 

In  his  edition  of  The  Poetical  Worhs  of  James 
Thomson,  2  vols.  (Bell  &  Sons),  Mr.  Tovey  has 
expended  on  the  text  of  '  The  Seasons '  a  care 
and  labour  that  it  is  to  be  feared  the  present 
generation  will  scarcely  appreciate.  Thomson 
has  lately  been  the  subject  of  an  excellent 
monograph  by  a  French  scholar,  but   in  this 


country  he  remains  on  the  shelves  unread. 
Mr.  Tovey  tells  us  that  Mr.  Warner,  of  the 
British  Museum,  is  of  opinion  that  the  famous 
corrections  in  the  copy  of  '  The  Seasons '  for- 
merly in  Mitford's  possession,  and  now  preserved 
at  Bloomsbury,  are  not  in  Pope's  handwriting  ; 
but  if  they  are  not  Pope's,  whose  can  they  be  '( 
The  handwriting  is  certainly  not  Thomson's. 

Mr.  Gordon  deserves  our  thanks  for  his  in- 
teresting reprint  of  the  1610  edition  of  James  I.'s 
Declaration  concerning  Matter  of  Bounty,  on 
which  the  Statute  of  Monopolies  was  based.  A 
useful  bibliography,  which  Mr.  Gordon  hopes 
to  enlarge,  is  appended. 

Messrs.  Gibbings  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  con- 
venient reprint  of  The  Works  of  Frangois  Rabe- 
lais, the  translation  of  Urquhart  and  Motteux. 
Their  notes  have  been  abridged,  and  the  illus- 
trations are  those  of  Picart's  edition.  Alto- 
gether this  is  a  good  edition  for  the  general 
reader, 

Messrs.  Downey  &  Co.  have  sent  us  several 
volumes  of  their  "Sixpenny  Library":  Esmond, 
Midshipman  Easy,  Oliver  Twist,  Frankenstein, 
Wilkie  CoUins's  Basil,  and  The  O'Donoghne  by 
Lever.  They  are  wonderful  bargains  at  the 
price. 


OUR   LIBRARY  TABLE. 

There  is  good  light  literature  in  the  collec- 
tion of  stories  entitled  The  Paper  Boat,  by 
"Palinurus"  (Bowden).  Most  of  them  are 
so-called  yachting  stories,  and  as  such  are  no 
doubt  published  at  a  very  seasonable  moment. 
One  of  the  six  stories  is  a  long  one,  and  is 
printed,  as  a  prefatory  note  states,  for  the  first 
time  ;  while  the  rest  have  appeared  either  in 
Sketch  or  the  Yachtsman.  All  are  carefully 
written,  and  some  show  no  little  sense  of 
humour.  The  last  of  the  tales,  which  has 
nothing  nautical  in  its  composition,  though 
some  of  the  names  appear  in  the  rest  of  the 
book,  illustrates  the  use  to  which  a  telephone 
can  be  applied  in  reconciling  lovers'  quarrels. 
The  writer  remarks  :  "The  possibilities  of  Mr. 
Edison's  ingenious  machine  are  but  dimly 
realised  in  this  conservative  old  country  of 
ours."  We  will  leave  it  to  "  Palinurus's " 
readers  to  discover  the  "possibility"  in  ques- 
tion.    It  is  the  best-told  tale  in  the  collection. 

The  Chairman's  Manual,  published  by  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock,  covers  the  same  ground  as  the 
well  -  known  '  Chairman's  Handbook.'  It  does 
not  so  fully  explain  the  mode  of  putting  the 
main  question  and  amendments  to  it  before  a 
meeting  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  does  not 
"  bother  "  chairmen  by  trying  to  change  their 
loose  practice  into  the  accurate  form  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  unknown  author's 
account  of  "the  previous  question"  is  con- 
fusing. The  House  of  Commons  reversed  in 
1888  the  ancient  form  of  putting  this  question  ; 
but,  after  explaining  this,  our  author  goes  on  to 
say  "both  the  mover  and  seconder  vote  against 
it,"  and  "if  carried,  a  vote  on  the  resolution 
must  be  immediately  taken" — statements  which 
are  at  variance  with  the  change  made,  and 
which  have,  since  1888,  ceased  to  be  true. 

Me.ssrs.  Whittaker  &  Co.  publish  What  to 
Do  and  What  to  Say  in  France,  which,  in  spite 
of  its  clumsy  title  and  slight  vulgarity  of  style, 
is  a  useful  handbook  for  tourists.  It  gives  no 
account  of  places  or  routes  or  hotels,  but  is 
mainly  a  book  of  information  for  those  visiting 
Paris  or  a  French  watering-place  for  the  first 
time. 

Mr.  Murray  has  issued  an  eighteenth  edi- 
tion of  his  excellent  Handbook  of  Travel  Talk, 
which  is  the  best  of  its  tribe,  far  superior  to 
Baedeker's.  The  book  appears  in  a  new  and 
more  convenient  shape,  and  has  been  judiciously 
modernized  by  the  introduction  of  dialogues 
and  vocabularies  regarding  bicycles  and  tele- 
phones. 


Messrs.  Robertson  &  Co.,  of  Melbourne, 
publish  27ie  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  four 
useful  lectures  on  the  Australian  "Constitution 
Bill  "  of  this  year  by  the  Professor  of  Law  in 
Melbourne  University,  Mr.  Harrison  Moore. 
We  continue  to  doubt  greatly  if  the  present 
attempt  to  bring  about  Federation  will  be  more 
successful  than  its  predecessors. 

The  Histoire  Generale  du  IV.  Siecle  a,  nos 
Jours,  edited  by  Profs.  Lavisse  and  Rambaud, 
and  published  by  Messrs.  Armand  Colin  &  Cie., 
has  reached  its  ninth  volume,  and  the  ponderous 
tome  before  us  is  styled  '  Napolt^on,  1800-1815.' 
The  most  distinguished  historians  of  France, 
such  as  Senator  Rambaud,  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction,  M.  Henry  Houssaye,  and  M.  Albert 
Vandal,  contribute  chapters,  and  specialists,  such 
as  M.  Andr^  Michel,  the  Conservator  of  the 
Louvre,  write  on  special  subjects.  As  a  work 
of  education  or  as  a  book  of  reference  the 
history  is,  of  course,  to  be  recommended  ;  the 
name  of  M.  Lavisse  is  a  guarantee  of  accuracy. 
Still  the  general  reader  will  not  be  entertained 
even  by  the  present  volume.  The  authors  all 
strive  to  be  fair  and  to  avoid  both  party  spirit 
and  dangerous  novelties,  but  the  public  will 
continue  to  prefer  Marbot  and  Barras. 

There  is  not  much  that  is  of  interest  to 
English  readers  in  the  reminiscences  of  Signor 
Domenico  Giurati,  Memorie  d'  Emigrazione 
(Milan,  Treves),  evidently  a  reprint  of  news- 
paper articles.  The  first  and  second,  describing 
the  departure  of  the  patriots  from  Venice  in 
1849,  and  the  gathering  at  Turin  in  the  same 
year  of  those  whom  the  ill  success  of  the  Italian 
cause  had  driven  to  take  refuge  in  Piedmont, 
are  the  best.  Some  of  the  others  are  very  thin 
indeed. 

We  have  on  our  table  TJie  Early  History  of 
tlie  Scottish  Union  Question,  by  G.  W.  T.  Omond 
(Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier),  —  The  Con- 
fessions of  a  Collector,  by  W.  C.  Hazlitt  (Ward 
&  Downey), — China  and  Formosa,  the  Story  of 
the  Mission  of  tlie  Presbyterian  Church  of  Eng- 
land, by  the  Rev.  J.  Johnston  (Hazell,  Watson 
&  Viney), — Herodotus:  Book  III.,  a  Transla- 
tion, by  J.  Thompson  and  B.  J.  Hayes  (Clive), 
— Latin  Exercises  for  Lower  School  Forms,  by 
W,  M.  Hardman  and  Rev.  A.  S.  Wal pole  (Long- 
mans),—  American  Autliors,  1795-1895,  by 
P.  K.  Foley  (Boston,  U.S.,  privately  printed), 
— Loce  in  Old  Cloathes,  and  other  Stories,  by 
H.  C.  Bunner  (Downey  &  Co.), — Caniadart 
Cymru,  by  W.  L.  Jones  (Bangor,  Jarvis  & 
Foster), — The  Descendant  (Osgood  &  Mcllvaine), 
— Ming  o'  Btishes,  by  Shan  F.  Bullock  (Ward 
&  Lock), — The  Captain  of  the  Parish,  by  J. 
Quine  (Heinemann), — His  Majesty's  Greatest 
Subject,  by  S.  S.  Thorburn  (Constable), — A 
Galahad  of  the  Creeks,  and  other  Stories,  by 
S.  Levett- Yeats  (Longmans\ — The  Circle  of  the 
Earth,  by  G.  Knight  (Ward  &  Lock),— YeM, 
a  Tale  of  the  Neio  York  Ghetto,  by  A.  Cahan 
(Heinemann), — A  Friendship  after  Plato,  by 
F.  M.  Peacock  (Simpkin), — A  Justified  Sinner, 
by  J.  F.  Molloy  (Downey  &  Co.), — The  Annals 
of  England,  by  G.  N.  Hester  (Chapman  & 
Hall), — A  Creed  for  Christian  Socialists,  by 
C.  W.  Stubbs,  D.D.  (Reeves),  —  The  More 
Abundant  Life,  Lenten  Readings,  selected 
chiefly  from  Unpublished  Manuscripts  of  the 
Rev.  Phillips  Brooks,  D.D.  (Macmillan), — His 
Divine  Majesty;  or,  the  Living  God,  by  W. 
Humphrey,  S.J.  (Baker), — and  Some  Lessons  of 
the  Revised  Version  of  t}t,e  Neio  Testament,  by 
the  Right  Rev.  B.  F.  Westcott,  D.D.  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton).  Among  New  Editions  we  have 
English  Literature,  by  S.  A.  Brooke  (Mac- 
millan),— and  The  Past  History  of  Ireland,  by 
S.  E.  B.  Bouverie-Pusey  (Fisher  Unwin). 


292 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^Seii,  Aug. 


28,  '97 


LIST  OF  NEW   BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Wanklyn's   (Rev.  J.  H.)  The   Lessons    of   Holy    Scripture 

appointed   by  the  Church  of  Knglaiid,  Vols.  5  and  6, 

cr.  8vo.  10/(5  net ;  Vol.  7,  cr.  8vo.  0/  net. 
Law. 
Deans'g  (R.  S.)  The  Law  of  the  Liability  of  Directors  and 

Promotprs,  ]2mo.  2/6  cl. 
Encyclopa?dia  of  the   Laws   of  England,  edited  by  A.  YV. 

Kenton,  Vols.  1,  2,  and  3,  royal  8vo.  20/  each,  net. 
Fine  Art. 
Fildes's    (A.   F.)    Course    of    Elementary    and    Advanced 

Brush  Work,  oblong,  4/  net. 

Poetry. 
Boston  Browning  Society.  Papers  to  represent  the  Work 

of  the  Society,  1886-le97,  8vo.  12/6  net. 
Philosophy. 
Ladd's  (G.  X.)  Philosophy  of  Knowledge,  royal  8vo.  18/  cl. 

History  and  Biography . 
Jefferies'  Land,  a  History  of    Swindon,  &c.,   by   the  late 

Richard  Jefferies,  cr.  8vo.  7/0  net. 
Johnston's  (R.  M.)  Old  Tiraes  in  Middle  Georgia,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Katzel's  (Prof.  F.)  The  History  of  Mankind,  translated  by 

J.  Butler,  Vol.  2,  royal  8vo.  12/  net. 
Slatin's  (R.  C.)  Fire  and  Sword  in  the  Sudan,  translated  by 

Col.  F.  R.  Wingate,  Popular  Edition,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Logan's  (J.  A.)  In  Joyful  Russia,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 

Philology , 
Magnenafs  (J.)  French  Practical  Course,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Wordsworth,  Selections  from,  with   Notes.  &c.,  bv  \V    T 

Webb,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl.  .         .     J'  • 

Science. 
Butler's  British  Birds,  Vol.  3,  12/  net. 
Hallidays  (G.)  Steam  Boilers,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Heuselin's  (A.)  Ready  Reckoner  for  Multiplication  of  Factors, 

oblong  folio,  8/  cl. 
Hodges's  (J.  A.)  Photographic  Lenses,  cr  J>vo.  2/  cl. 
Lambert's  (P.  A.)  Analytic  Geometry  for  Teclinical  Schools. 

cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Notter  (J.   L.)    and    Frith'a    (R.   H.)    Practical    Domestic 

Hygiene,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Setchells  (W.  A.)  Laboratory  Practice  for  Beginners,  4/6  net. 

General  Literature. 
Burgin's  (G.  B  )  Fortune's  Football,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Dickens's  (C.)  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  Gadshill  Edition,  2  vols 

cr.  8vo.  12/  cl. 
Donald's  (T  )  Accounts  of  Gold  Mining  and   Exploration 

Companies,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net. 
Goodnow's  (F.  J.)  Municipal  Problems,  cr.  8vo.  6/6  net 
Gould's  (N.)  Seeing  Him  Through,  a  Racing  Story,  2/  bds. 
Jefferies  (R.),  The  Early  Fiction  of,  edited    by  G   Touiis 

cr.  8vo.  5/  net.  ^     ' 

Kipling's  (R  )  Novels,  Tales,  and  Poems,  Edition  de  Luxe 

12  vols.  8vo.  10/6  each,  net. 
Marshall's  (E  )  Lady  Rosalind,  cr.  8vo.  6/ cl 
Matthews's  (S  )  The  Social  Teachings  of  Jesus,  an  Essav 

cr.  8vo.  6/cl.  ■" 

On  the  Edge  of  the  Moor,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 
Raine's  (A. )  A  Welsh  Singer,  a  Novel,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl 
Kayners  (O.  P.)  The  Type-Writer  Girl,  cr.  8vo.  3/d  cl 
Kossetti's  (C.)  Maude,  a  Story  for  Girls,  12mo.  3/6  net 
Stables's  (G.)  A  Fight  for  Freedom,  a  Story  of  the  Land  of 

the  Tsars,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Stewart's  (A.)  English  Epigrams  and  Epitaphs,  18mo  2/  cl 
Stretton'8  (H.)  In  the  Hollow  of  His  Hand,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Tracy's  (L.)  An  American  Emperor,  the  Story  of  the  Fourth 

Empire  of  France,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Traill's  (H.   D.)  The  New  Fiction,  and  other  Essays  on 

Literary  Subjects,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Walton's  (Mrs.  O.  F.)  Blisha  the  Man  of  Abel  Meholah,  2/6 
Wishaw  8  (F.)  The  White  Witch  of  the  Matabele,  cr.  8vo  6/ 
Wynne  s(E.)  The  Visions  of  the  Sleeping  Bard,  translated 

by  R.  G.  Davies,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology, 

Harnack(A.):  tJber  die  jungst  entdeckten  Spiuche   Jesu 
Cm.  80. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology, 
Hartwig  (P.) :  Bendis,  6m. 
Meissner  (F.  H.) :  Veronese,  3m. 
Meyer  (A.  G.):  OberitalienischeFrUhrenaissance,  12m. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Philippson  (A.)  :  Thessalien  u.  Epirua,  llirn. 


'A  TALE  OF  TWO  TUNNELS.' 

I   DELAYED    answering   Mr.    Clark    Russell's 

letter  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  from  my 

nautical    friends,    of    whom    I    have    a    lar^e 

number,  if  they  had  ever  heard  of    a  "sheet 

^fl"^  "..'''■  m"",  "''1°'''^  ^^^"''"  ^"d  the  answer  was 
No.  Therefore  we  may  set  it  down  that 
these  are  not  familiar  expressions  amona  sailors 
The  men  I  have  spoken  to  are  of  all  grades- 
captains,  mates,  and  seamen  —  and  they  all 
laughed  at  the  idea  of  a  "  sheet  calm  "  or  a 
"clock  calm,"  and  said  they  did  not  know  what 
they  meant.  The  next  question  I  put  to  them 
was  did  they  know  what  a  brig  looked  like 
when  she  is  "  sheeting  through  the  sea  under 
tall  leaning  heights."  The  answer  in  every 
case  was  no,  they  did  not,  for  the  simple 
reason  they  did   not  know  what  in  this   case 


"sheeting"  meant.  "Sheeting,"  in  the  case 
of  "sheeting  home  a  topsail,"  they  understood, 
but  not  "sheeting  through  the  sea,"  and  as  for 
"tall  leaning  heights,"  that  was  double  Dutch 
to  them  ;  they  had  not  the  slightest  idea  of 
what  they  were  like.  Did  they  understand 
"taunt,  bending  masts"?  Yes,  they  should 
think  they  did  !  "  Was  the  word  '  taunt'  old- 
fashioned  ?"  I  asked.  "No,  certainly  not,  and 
never  will  be,"  was  the  answer.  In  short,  to 
sum  the  whole  matter  up,  these  phrases  are 
unintelligible  to  nautical  men. 

Shen.stone  Short. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

Me-ssrs.  W.  Thacker  &  Co.'s  autumn 
announcements  include  'A  Servant  of  John 
Company,'  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Keene,—' Medical 
Hints  for  Hot  Climates  and  for  Those  out  of 
Reach  of  Professional  Aid,'  by  Mr.  C.  Heaton, 
—'The  Best  Breeds  of  British  Stock,' a  prac- 
tical guide  for  farmers  and  owners  of  live  stock, 
by  Profs.  J.  P.  Sheldon  and  James  Long,  edited 
by  Mr.  John  Watson,— and  an  edition  de  luxe 
of  Mr.  Kipling's  'Departmental  Ditties,  and 
other  Verses,'  dedicated  by  permission  to  Lord 
Roberts. 

Messrs.  Partridge  &  Co.  announce  that  they 
will  publish  the  following  works  during  the 
autumn  season:  'The  Dacoit's  Treasure,'  by 
H.  C.  Moore,  illustrated,  — '  A  Gentleman  of 
England,'  by  E.  F.  Pollard,  — 'Pilgrims  of  the 
Night,' by  Sarah  Doudney,—' Skeleton  Reef,' 
by  H.  St.  Leger, — 'Lady  Croome's  Secret,'  by 
Mario  Zimmermann,— 'The  Scuttling  of  the 
Kingfisher,' by  A.  E.  Knight,— 'The  Missing 
Million,'  by  E  H.  Burrage,— '  Come,  break 
your  Fast,'  by  Rev.  M.  G.  Pearse,  — '  John,'  by 
K.  Pearson  Woods,— '  The  Friends  of  Jesu.s,' 
illustrated  sketches,—'  The  Farm  by  the  Wood,' 
by  F.  S.  Potter,— 'His  Majesty's  Beggars,'  by 
M.  E.  Ropes,— and  'Sisters  of  the  Master,'  by 

C.  M.  Skinner.  Under  the  head  of  "  Romance 
of  Colonization,"  they  are  issuing  'United 
States  of  America  to  the  Time  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,'  by  G.  Barnett  Smith;  'The  United 
States  of  America  to  the  Present  Day,'  by  the 
same  author;  and  'India,'  by  A.  E.  Knight,— 
in  their  "Red  Mountain  Series,"  'The  Wheel 
of  Fate,'  by  Mrs.  B.  Harte  ;  'A  Polar  Eden,' 
by  C.  R.  Kenyon  ;  'Mark  Seaworth,'  by 
W.  H.  G.  Kingston  ;  and  '  Vashti  Savage,'  by 
Sarah  Ty tier,— several  volumes  in  their  "  Home 
Library,"— in  their  "  Popular  Biographies," 
'Tiyo  Soga,  the  Model  Kafir  Missionary,'  by 
Dr.   H.  T.  Cousins;    'Philip  Melancthon,'  by 

D.  J.  Deane  ;  '  Fridtjof  Nansen,'  by  J.  A. 
Bain  ;  and  '  Capt.  Allen  Gardiner,'  by  J.  Page,— 
in  their  "World's  Wonders  Series,"  'Romance 
of  the  Post  Office,'  by  A.  G.  Bowie  ;  and 
'Marvels  of  Metals,'  by  F.  M.  Holmes,— in 
their  "British  Boys'  and  Girls'  Libraries," 
'Hubert  Ellerdale,'  by  W.  Oak  Rhind  ;  'The 
Bell    Buoy,'   by   F.    M.    Holmes;    'Jack,'   by 

E.  M.  Bryant ;  '  Mistress  of  the  Situation ' 
and  'Sweet  Kitty  Clare,'  by  J.  Chappell  ; 
'Queen  of  the  Isles,'  by  J.  M.  E.  Saxby  ;  and 
'The  Maid  of  the  Storm,"  by  N.  Cornwall,- 
also  the  following  picture-books:  '  Happy  and 
Gay '  and  '  Pleasures  and  Joys  for  Girls  and 
Boys,'  both  by  D.  J.  D.,— 'Frolic  and  Fun,' 
by  Uncle  Jack,— and  'Merry  Playmates,'  bv 
C.  D.  M.  J         J  ,      .y 


PROF.  SAINTSBURY  ON  THE  MATTER  OF  BRITAIN. 
A  SLIP  in  my  last  week's  letter— the  substi- 
tution of  "eleventh"  for  tivelfth  on  p.  257, 
col.  1,  line  27  from  bottom— is  so  obvious  that 
it  cannot  have  misled  any  reader.  Still  it  may 
be  well  to  correct  it.  Alfred  Nutt. 


THE  SONS   OF  EDMUND   IRONSIDE:    ST.  OSGITHA. 

Bodleian  Library,  Oxford. 

King  Eadmund  Irenside  left  two  sons,  Ead- 
mund  and  Eadward,  who  were  sent  abroad  when 
their  father  died  and  the  kingdom  fell  to  Cnut, 


Of  these  two  the  elder  was  Eadmund,  and  Free- 
man (ii.  671)  says  :  — 

"  Eadmund  must  have  died  young  ;  at  least  this 
seems  to  be  implied  by  William  of  Malmesbury 
(II.  180),  who  says  that  the  children  reached  Hun- 
gary '  ubi,  dum  benigne  aliquo  tempore  habit!  sunt, 
major  diem  obiit '  ('  Processu  temporis  ibidem  vitam 
finivit,'  tajs  Florence,  1017)." 

The  younger,  Eadward,  was  eventually  sent 
for  by  his  uncle  the  Confessor,  and  landed  in 
England  in  1057,  but  died  shortly  afterwards  in 
London,  without  having  seen  the  king,  whose 
nearest  relative  (supposing  his  own  brother  to 
have  died)  he  then  was  (Freeman,  ii.  418,  419). 

In  examining  the  calendar  of  a  Bodleian  MS. 
(MS.  Douce  296)  I  have  just  come  across  evi- 
dence that  the  day  of  Eadmund's  death  was 
January  lOlh,  of  Eadward's  April  19th.  It  is  a 
Psalter,  Ac,  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  work 
of  English  hands,  finely  written  (in  Caroline 
minuscules)  and  finely  illuminated.  Under 
January  10th  is  the  entry  "Obiit  Eadmundus 
clitus,"  and  under  April  i9th  the  entry  "  Ohiit 
Eaduuardus  Clitus  anglonnn,"  both  in  gilded 
round  Saxon  minuscule  (with  mixed  Saxon  and 
Caroline  forms).  Under  March  18th  begins  a 
similar  gilded  entry,  "■Ohiit  A,"  the  rest  of 
which  has  been  cut  off  by  a  binder.  And  under 
September  24th  is  the   remnant  of   a    similar 

mutilated  entry,  "Obwf  A['?] cl{itus)."  There 

are  no  other  obits  inserted  except  those  of  eccle- 
siastics of  a  much  later  date,  written  in  hands 
quite  different  from  the  writing  of  these,  which 
is  obviously  about  contemporaneous  with  the 
body  of  the  MS. 

"Clitus"  is  a  variant  and  apparently  more 
correct  form  of  Clito,  the  recognized  Low  Latin 
equivalent  (see  Ducange)  of  O.E.  ^Seling  ;  it 
doubtless  represents  Byzantine  KAetros,  "illus- 
trious "  —  the  sort  of  title  an  Anglo-Saxon 
charter-drafting  ecclesiastic  would  delight  in. 
As  there  is  no  obit  of  Eadmund  Irenside  or  of 
the  Confessor,  it  is  practically  certain  that  all 
four  of  the  persons  commemorated  died  between 
the  deaths  of  those  two  kings,  i.e.,  between 
November  30th,  1016,  and  January  5th,  1066  ; 
and  I  know  of  no  other  English  athelings  named 
Eadmund  or  Eadward  who  died  in  that  in- 
terval. The  only  other  atheling  I  read  of  as 
dying  within  it  is  Alfred,  the  Confessor's 
brother,  who  died  and  was  buried  at  Ely  in 
1036,  and  I  suggest  that  the  entry  under 
September  24th  refers  to  him.  As  to  that 
under  March  18th,  I  thought  of  ^Ifgifu  (other- 
wise Emma),  the  Confessor's  mother.  Freeman 
(ii.  310)  dates  her  death  March  6th,  1052— 
following  the  'Worcester  Chronicle,'  which  has 
"  ii  N°,"  i.  e  ,  the  day  before  the  Nones;  but  the 
'  Abingdon  Chronicle  '  (from  which  he  quotes, 
without  observing  on  the  discrepancy)  has 
"ii.  Id',"  i.e.,  March  14th.  This  may  be  the 
true  date,  and  the  writer  of  the  entry  in  our 
MS.  may  have  entered  the  day  of  her  burial  by 
mistake  for  that  of  her  death.  Under  the  initial 
A  in  that  entry  is  the  beginning  of  a  letter 
belonging  to  a  second  "inset  "  line  in  the  same 
position  as  "anglorijw  "  and  "  c\(itus)  "  in  two 
of  the  other  entries.  It  is  not  the  beginning  of 
a  or  c,  but  may  be  of  r  (regina).  ^Ifgifu  had 
made  rich  presents  to  Ely. 

The  entry  of  the  atheling  Eadmund's  death 
suggests  that  at  least  he  survived  childhood. 
William  of  Malmesbury  certainly  does  not  imply 
the  contrary,  for  the  very  next  words  after  those 
quoted  by  Freeman  are  "minor  Agatham  re- 
ginse  sororem  in  matrimonium  accepit. "  And 
the  words  of  Florence,  "processu  temporis 
vitam  finivit,"  rather  suggest  that  he  was  a 
middle-aged  man  when  he  died.  My  own 
suspicion  is  that  it  was  on  January  10th,  1057, 
that  he  died,  and  that  the  Confessor,  finding 
the  people's  choice  of  a  successor  to  himself 
now  restricted  to  his  single  kinsman,  the 
younger  brother  Eadward,  immediately  sent  for 
the  latter,  who,  landing  in  England  the  same 
spring,  died  (as  we  now  learn  from  the  Douce 
MS.)  on  April  19th. 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


293 


I  am  satisfied  that  the  MS.  was  written 
at  or  for  Ely  itself.  It  was  obviously  executed 
for  a  great  Benedictine  foundation  in  the  Fen- 
land  region  which  had  special  cause  to  venerate 
Winchester  saints,  and  which  employed  scribes 
trained  in  the  Winchester  hand.  The  Winchester 
connexion  rules  out  Ramsey.  The  doubling  of 
Guthlac  in  the  Litany  suggests  Croyland,  but 
the  non-doubling  of  Bartholomew  (while  Peter, 
who  was  not  a  special  Croyland  saint,  is  doubled) 
is  fatal  to  that  idea.  Against  Thorney  is  the 
absence  of  Toua,  Cissa,  and  Huna  from  the 
calendar,  and  of  the  last  two  from  the  Litany  as 
well.  Against  Peterborough  are  differences  too 
numerous  to  mention  (and  some  of  them  very 
notable)  between  the  calendar  and  Litany  before 
us  and  those  of  the  fourteenth  century  Peter- 
borough book,  MS.  Gough  Liturg.  17.  Of 
evidence  against  Ely  I  know  none,  and  that  for 
it  is  very  strong.  It  was  dedicated  to  Peter, 
the  only  saint  besides  Guthlac  who  is  doubled 
in  the  Douce  Litany.  It  was  originally  an  abbey 
of  nuns,  and  all  four  of  the  abbesses  known  to 
have  presided  over  it  are  commemorated  both 
in  the  calendar  and  in  the  Litany  of  the  Douce 
MS.,  together  with  two  ladies  (.E<5elburga  and 
Wihtburga)  who  were  sisters  of  the  first  abbess. 

So  much  for  the  origin  of  the  MS.  Let  me 
add  that  the  last  saint  in  its  Litany  is  "  Os^iSa  " 
(the  names  of  English  saints  being  frequently 
written  in  English  characters).  The  '  Dictionary 
of  Christian  Biography'  says  that  "the  earliest 
occurrence   of    her   name  is   in    Malmesbury's 

*Ge8ta    Pontificum' a   work   completed    in 

1125."  Well,  here  we  have  it  best  part  of 
a  hundred  years  earlier — certainly  before  the 
Confessor's  death  in  1066,  and  probably  before 
that  of  his  brother  Alfred  in  1036. 

E.  W.  B.  Nicholson. 

P.S. — The  MS.  was  not  written  at  or  for  St. 
Neot's,  as  Neot  is  not  doubled  in  the  Litany. 
If  the  obit  at  March  18th  is  .'Elfgifu's,  the  error 
in  the  day  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  an  earlier 
"^Ifgifu  regina "  used  to  be  venerated  on 
May  18th.         

Messrs.  Metiiuen  will  publish,  in  the 
autumn  Madame  Mary  Darmesteter's  '  Life 
of  Ernest  Eenan.'  Madame  Darmesteter 
has  been  greatly  helped  in  her  labours, 
first  by  the  late  Madame  Renan,  and  since 
her  death  by  Madame  Psichari,  Eenan's 
daughter,  who  has  revised  the  proofs  and 
supplied  many  of  the  facts.  Madame 
Darmesteter  is  at  present  engaged  in 
translating  the  biography  into  French  for 
the  firm  of  Calmann  Levy,  the  publishers 
of  Eenan's  works. 

A  puoTOGRAPHic  facsimile  of  Bishop 
Morgan's  Welsh  Psalter,  originally  printed 
in  black  letter  in  1588,  has  just  been  issued, 
by  private  subscription,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Prof.  Powel,  of  Cardiff.  It  is  likely 
to  be  shortly  followed  by  a  facsimile  of  a 
hitherto  unpublished  Welsh  translation,  by 
Bishop  Richard  Davies,  of  the  Epistles  to 
Timothy,  Titus,  and  Philemon.  The  MS., 
which  is  in  the  bishop's  own  handwriting, 
belongs  to  Mr.  P.  B.  Davies- Cooke,  of 
Gwysaney,  and  was  discovered  only  sis 
years  ago  by  the  Ven.  Ai-chdeacon  Thomas, 
the  historian  of  St.  Asaph,  who  will  supply 
the  proposed  edition  with  parallel  tables 
comparing  this  version  with  that  of  Sales- 
bury's  New  Testament,  1567,  and  Morgan's 
Bible,  1588.  Bound  with  the  original  MS. 
are  also  a  draft  petition  for  the  translation 
of  the  Testament  into  Welsh,  and  a  bond 
given  by  Salesbury  for  a  loan  to  cover  his 
expenses  in  connexion  with  the  work.     The 


editor  will  also  supply  an  account  of  all  the 
earlier  Welsh  versions  of  the  Bible,  together 
with  biographical  notices  of  its  translators. 
The  work  will  be  issued  by  the  Clarendon 
Press  as  soon  as  a  sufiicient  number  of  sub- 
scribers are  forthcoming. 

The  Rev.  E.  Conybeare  is  engaged  on  a 
history  of  Cambridgeshire  for  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock's  "  Popular  County  History  Series." 
One  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  traces 
the  existence  of  a  Cymric  population  in  the 
Fenland.  Particular  attention  has  also 
been  bestowed  on  the  part  taken  by  Cam- 
bridgeshire in  the  baronial  wars  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Messrs.  Metiiuejs',  encouraged  by  the 
success  of  Mr.  Wells's  little  book  '  Oxford 
and  its  Colleges,'  which  was  illustrated  by 
Mr.  E,  H.  New,  will  publish  next  year  a 
uniform  book  on  Cambridge. 

Caxon  Church  writes  to  us  to  point  out 
that  we  were  wrong  in  saying  in  our  number 
for  August  7th  that  Sir  Richard  Church  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  French  when  they 
captured  Capri,  as  well  as  wounded.  He 
was  put  on  board  ship  and  taken  to  Sicily. 

About  a  twelvemonth  ago  a  Welsh  Library 
Committee  was  formed  in  connexion  with 
the  University  College  of  Wales,  Aberyst- 
wyth, for  the  purpose  of  developing  the 
Welsh  department  of  the  College  Library 
into  "a  nationally  representative  collection 
of  all  books  and  other  documents  of  interest 
relating  to  Wales."  With  the  view  of 
informing  the  public  of  the  desiderata  of  the 
library,  the  Committee  have  just  issued  a 
catalogue  of  the  present  collection,  and  they 
specially  appeal  for  gifts  of  old  almanacs 
and  chap  -  books,  reports  of  religious 
denominations,  sets  of  newspapers,  and 
all  other  publications  of  a  similarly  ephe- 
meral character. 

Mr.  William  Andrews  is  about  to  make 
another  addition  to  his  works  on  the  by- 
ways of  Church  history,  under  the  title  of 
'  The  Church  Treasury.'  It  wiU  be  illus- 
trated and  include  chapters  on  curiosities, 
customs,  folk-lore,  &c.,  of  the  English 
Church. 

Prof.  Antonius  van  der  Linde,  the  his- 
torian and  philologist,  who  died  at  Wies- 
baden on  August  17th,  was  born  at  Haarlem 
in  1833.  After  studying  theology  inLeyden 
and  Amsterdam,  and  philosophy  and  his- 
tory at  Giittingen,  he  was  ordained  by  the 
Dutch  Reformed  Church,  and  for  some 
time  worked  in  one  of  the  parishes  of 
Amsterdam.  In  1871  he  settled  in  Berlin, 
where  he  was  appointed  to  an  important 
post  in  the  Royal  Library.  In  1876  ho 
accepted  the  office  of  principal  librarian  of 
the  Landesbibliothek  at  Wiesbaden,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  He  began  his 
series  of  biographical  and  critical  mono- 
graphs in  1866,  when  he  published  in 
French,  in  co-operation  with  the  Russian 
scholar  Obelenski,  a  documentary  work  on 
the  false  Demetrius.  In  the  next  year  ap- 
peared his  two  volumes  on  Caspar  Hauser. 
Ho  was  first  moved  to  leave  his  native 
laud  by  the  indignation  roused  amongst  his 
fellow  countrymen  in  1870  by  the  publica- 
tion of  '  Do  Haarlemsche  Costerlegende,'  in 
which  he  criticized  the  story  which  made 
Laurens  Coster  of  Haarlem  the  original 
inventor  of  printing  with  movable  types, 
and  affirmed  the  right  of  Gutenberg  to  the 


glory  of  the  invention.  The  legend  was  so 
popular  in  Holland  that  in  1856  a  bronze 
statue  of  Coster  was  erected  in  the  market- 
place of  Haarlem.  During  his  residence  in 
Berlin  and  Wiesbaden  Van  der  Linde  con- 
tinued his  researches  into  the  early  history 
of  printing,  the  results  of  which  are  collected 
in  the  three  volumes  of  his  well-known 
'  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst.'  Van  der  Linde  was  also  an  expert 
in  the  history  and  bibliography  of  the  game 
of  chess,  and  added  largely  to  chess  lite- 
rature. 

Peoria,  Illinois,  is  to  have  a  university. 
A  millionaire  has  endowed  the  proposed 
institution  with  1,000,000  dollars,  placing 
the  estate  in  the  hands  of  trustees  to  be 
named  by  himself.  His  instructions  are 
that  the  estate  shall  be  conserved  until  the 
interest  accretions,  together  with  the  princi- 
pal, amount  to  1,500,000  dollars,  when  the 
buildings  are  to  be  erected,  the  faculty 
secured,  and  the  library,  laboratories,  &c., 
equipped.  The  New  York  Critic  sensibly 
regrets  that  the  money  has  not  been  given  to 
some  institution  handicapped  by  inadequate 
means.  "It  is  not  more,  but  better  en- 
dowed, educational  institutions  that  we 
want." 

The  New  York  Critic  informs  us  of  the 
decease  on  August  5th  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Trum- 
bull, who  was  for  a  short  period  lecturer  on 
Indian  languages  at  Yale,  and  was  for 
twenty-six  years  President  of  the  Connecti- 
cut Historical  Society.  He  was  known  as  a 
writer  on  Indian  languages,  especially  of 
those  of  the  Algonquin  stock.  It  was  he 
who  traced  the  word  "Mugwump"  to  its 
course. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  last  week 
include  Special  Reports  on  Educational  Sub- 
jects (3«,  4^.)  ;  Correspondence  respecting 
the  Copyright  Conference  at  Paris  (Shd.) ; 
the  Fifteenth  Report  (1896)  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland  (lid.)  ;  and  among  a 
large  number  of  endowed  charities  reports, 
mostly  relating  to  Wales,  the  Report  on  the 
Charities  of  Chelsea  {6d.). 

SCIENCE 


The  Life  and  Times  of  Thomas  WaJcley.     By 
S.  Squire  Sprigge,  M.B.Cantab.     (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
Dr.  Sprigge  has  produced  an  interesting  life 
of  a  man  who  certainly  deserved  a  fuU  and 
accurate  biography.     Thomas  Wakley  was 
the  founder  of  the  Lancet,  a  journal  at  once 
scientific  and  militant,  which  still  maintains 
its  position  as  the  most  reputable  authority 
on  all   those  questions  of  medical   politics 
that  interest    the    general   practitioners    of 
medicine.      In   its   pages    are    also   to    be 
found  a  large  proportion  of  the  best  medical 
lectures    and    addresses    delivered    in    the 
United  Kingdom.  Ever  since  its  foundation 
much  judgment  has  been  shown  in  making 
the  Lancet  interesting  as  well  as  profitable 
reading,  and  though  other  weekly  medical 
publications     have     from     time     to     time 
approached  or  even  surpassed  its  circulation, 
none  has  quite  equalled  it  in  literary  merit 
and    interest.     It    has    been  of    enormous 
service  to  the  medical  profession  in  England. 
Thomas  Wakley,  born  in  1795,  was  the 
youngest  of  eight  sons  of  a  Devonshire  yeo- 


294 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug. 


28,  '97 


man,  and  at  fifteen  was  apprenticed  to  Mr. 
Incledon,  an  apothecary  at  Taunton.  His 
medical  education  was  continued  under  Mr. 
Phelps,  a  surgeon  at  Beaminster,  and  in 
1815  he  entered  as  a  student  at  the  United 
Hospitals,  as  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  were 
then  called.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1817,  and 
began  practice  in  Argyll  Street,  London. 
On  October  5th,  1823,  he  published  the  first 
number  of  the  Lancet^  and  thenceforward 
became  deeply  engaged  in  medical  politics. 
The  first  number  contained  a  report  of  a 
lecture  by  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  the  famous 
surgeon,  and  the  question  of  the  right  of 
the  journal  to  publish  such  lectures  was 
soon  raised.  A  curious  example  of  the 
change  of  feeling  is  the  well-known  fact 
that  distinguished  surgeons  at  the  pre- 
sent day  are  usually  anxious  that  their 
lectures  should  be  printed  in  medical 
journals  as  soon  as  possible  after  delivery. 
It  was  a  relic  of  the  mediaeval  system  of 
having  secrets  that  Cooper  and  the  surgeons 
of  his  time  should  object  that  any  one  who 
had  not  paid  a  fee  to  listen  to  it  should 
have  the  benefit  of  the  knowledge  conveyed 
in  a  lecture.  Wakley's  action,  after  some 
struggles,  led  to  the  extinction  of  this 
illiberal  idea,  and  surgeons  came  to  under- 
stand that  improvements  in  their  art  should 
be  promulgated  as  widely  as  possible. 

The  next  victory  of  the  Lancet  was  to 
establish  the  right  to  publish  accounts  of 
cases  in  hospitals  with  commentaries  on 
their  treatment ;  and  this  was  not  attained 
without  expensive  legal  proceedings,  in 
which,  though  the  powerful  advocacy  of 
Brougham  was  on  Wakley's  side,  he  failed 
in  his  action  and  had  to  pay  damages. 
Nevertheless  the  ultimate  effect  was  to 
establish  the  public  utility  of  such  publica- 
tion and  criticism. 

Wakley's  next  campaign  was  against  the 
Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  in  it,  though 
his  objects  were  as  good  as  in  his  former 
contests,  he  was  less  successful.  The  Col- 
lege consisted  of  numerous  members,  who 
corresponded  to  the  livery  of  a  City  com- 
pany, and  of  a  small  council,  corresponding 
to  the  court  of  such  a  guild.  The  whole 
patronage,  which  was  valuable,  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  Council,  and  so  remains  to  this 
day ;  but  Wakley's  attacks  undoubtedly 
led  to  a  greater  feeling  of  responsibility  in 
its  exercise  and  to  a  termination  of  even 
the  suspicion  of  personal  influence  in  such 
appointments. 

Wakley  decided  to  enter  the  House  of 
Commons,  in  order  to  speak  there  on  the 
questions  of  medical  reform  which  he  had 
at  heart,  and  after  two  unsuccessful  contests 
was,  in  January,  1835,  returned  for  Fins- 
bury.  He  was  a  free-trader  and  a  sup- 
porter of  O'Connell  in  his  demands  for  a 
repeal  of  the  Irish  Act  of  Union.  His  bio- 
grapher describes  his  success  in  Parliament : 
"  His  methods  in  the  House  of  treating  these 
three  widely  diflferent  affairs  have  been  dealt 
with  at  length  because  they  were  both  cha- 
racteristic and  successful,  raising  him  in  a  few 
months  from  comparative  political  obscurity  to 
a  position  of  influence  and  popularity.  The 
affair  of  the  Dorsetshire  labourers  stamped  him 
as  an  orator  ;  his  conduct  of  the  motion  for 
abolition  of  the  newspaper  stamp  duties  proved 
him  a  sound  tactician  ;  while  his  management 
of  the  legislation  for  the  remuneration  of 
medical  witnesses  showed  him  to  be  specially 


mindful  of  the  needs  of  his  profession,  upon 
which  needs  he  had  based  his  principal  right  to 
a  seat  in  the  House.  In  all  the  other  measures 
before  the  House  Wakley  voted  as  a  consistent 
Radical,  thorough-going  and  passionate  enough 
to  co-operate  with  Daniel  O'Connell,  yet  suffi- 
ciently aware  of  the  needs  for  compromise  and 
of  the  advantages  of  circumspection  and  of 
taking  advice  to  be  admitted  by  the  philo- 
sophical Radicals,  of  whom  Grote  was  the  most 
typical  leader,  into  their  intimate  counsels." 

His  next  public  triumph  was  his  election 
to  an  office  which  he  had  always  maintained 
ought  to  be  held  by  a  medical  man,  that  of 
coroner  for  Middlesex.  In  the  discharge  of 
the  duties  of  this  ofiice  he  showed  himself 
a  protector  of  the  poor  and  a  corrector  of 
abuses,  while  he  did  much  to  encourage  the 
giving  of  accurate  medical  evidence  and  its 
proper  remuneration. 

After  a  life  of  over-work  and  excitement 
— in  which  he  never  varied  from  the  prin- 
ciples with  which  he  started,  working  on  till 
the  end  to  attain  the  public  objects  he  had 
set  before  himself  at  the  beginning — Wakley 
died  of  phthisis  at  Madeira  on  May  16th, 
1862.  Dr.  Sprigge  has  described  his  numerous 
controversies  with  singular  accuracy  and 
moderation,  and  has  in  every  way  done 
justice  to  his  subject. 


Mr.  Symons  has  sent  us  his  annual  report, 
compiled  along  with  Mr.  Wallis,  on  that  painful 
subject  The,  British  Rainfall  for  1896  (Sta,niord). 
An  interesting  article  on  the  Heberdens  re- 
lieves the  record  of  the  misdeeds  of  the  British 
climate.  A  separate  essay  is  devoted  to  Sea- 
thwaite. 

A  SECOND  edition  has  reached  us  of  Prof. 
Vernon  Harcourt's  standard  work  upon  Rivers 
and  Canals  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press).  Mr.  Har- 
court  has  practically  rewritten  his  book  ;  the 
planshavebeen  rearranged  andmore  illustrations 
introduced  into  these  handsome  volumes,  which 
no  doubt  will  retain  their  place  as  the  standard 
treatise  on  the  subject.  Much  has  happened  in 
the  way  of  canals  since  the  author  brought  out 
his  first  edition.  The  North  Sea,  the  Panama, 
and  the  Manchester  canals,  the  ship  canal  from 
Cronstadt  to  St.  Petersburg,  are  all  of  them 
subsequent  enterprises  ;  and  in  France,  Egypt, 
and  India  irrigation  canals  have  made  great 
progress. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  planet  Mercury  is  still  visible  for  a  brief 
interval  after  sunset,  but  will  soon  cease  to  be 
so,  and  on  the  22nd  prox.  (the  day  of  the 
autumnal  equinox)  will  be  at  inferior  conjunc- 
tion with  the  sun.  Venus  is  a  morning  star, 
now  in  the  constellation  Cancer  ;  in  the  course 
of  September  she  will  enter  Leo,  and  pass  very 
near  its  brightest  star  Regulus  on  the  24th. 
Mars  is  in  Virgo,  a  little  to  the  north-east  of 
Mercury,  but  will  soon  cease  to  be  visible  until 
next  year.  Jupiter  will  be  in  conjunction  with 
the  sun  on  the  morning  of  the  13th  prox.,  and 
will  not  be  visible  until  he  appears  as  a  morning 
star  in  October.  Saturn  is  near  the  boundary 
of  the  constellations  Libra  and  Scorpio,  and 
shines  in  the  south-western  heavens  during  the 
early  part  of  the  night  with  the  white  steady 
light  which  characterizes  his  appearance. 

The  town  authorities  of  Gottingen  have  fixed 
a  memorial  tablet  to  the  house  where  the  cele- 
brated physicist  Wilhelm  Weber  resided  until 
his  death. 


Zi/e  and  Letters  of  John  Constable,  R.A. 
By  C.  E.  Leslie,  E.A.  Illustrated. 
((Chapman  &  Hall.) 

The  original  edition  (1843)  of  Leslie's  memoirs 
of  John  Constable  has  been  long  out  of 
print  and  has  become  scarce  and  dear,  while 
even  the  second  and  inferior  edition  (1845) 
is  seldom  to  be  met  with,  whether  with  or 
without  its  engravings  by  John  Lucas. 
Consequently  this  handsome  reprint,  and 
the  satisfactory,  if  not  admirable  copies 
of  its  very  fine  plates,  are  most  welcome. 
The  value  of  the  volume  is  enhanced 
by  the  copious  notes — biographical,  his- 
torical, and  technical — which  have  been 
added  by  Mr.  Eobert  C.  Leslie,  the  elder 
son  of  the  original  biographer.  He  is  a 
sound  and  skilful  painter,  a  pupil  of  his 
father's,  and  in  his  boyhood  a  favourite 
with  Constable.  Of  Constable's  peculiarly 
original  aims,  of  his  methods  and  his  taste, 
he  is  perhaps  the  most  competent  judge 
now  living,  and  is  even  more  qualified  to 
write  about  those  matters  than  his  younger 
brother,  Mr.  O.  D.  Leslie,  the  living  Acade- 
mician. 

In  every  respect,  indeed,  this  third 
edition  is  greatly  improved.  It  contains 
letters  and  other  documents  which,  though 
excluded  from  the  first  edition,  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  second.  Besides  that,  the 
book  comprises  versions  not  only  of  the 
plates  by  D.  Lucas  of  the  edition  of 
1843,  but  others  afterwards  engraved  under 
C.  E.  Leslie's  supervision,  as  well  as  repro- 
ductions from  some  of  Constable's  pictures 
and  sketches.  The  new  edition,  too,  has 
the  advantage  of  a  rather  copious  index. 

At  the  present  time  the  picture  dealers 
have  brought  about  a  "run"  upon  Con- 
stable. Eeal  Constables  that  are  also 
desirable  acquisitions  are  becoming  scarcer 
than  ever,  and  fetch  amounts  that  the 
painter,  who  could  not  sell  half  of  them 
at  reasonable  prices,  never  dared  to  dream 
of.  It  is,  too,  well  known  that  even 
his  sketches  and  works  half  or  a 
quarter  finished  have  been  vamped  up  for 
the  market,  while  what  are  known  as 
palette-knife  tricks  have  been  freely  em- 
ployed upon  them.  Prices  which  are  in  every 
sense  fabulous  are  said  to  have  been  paid  for 
daubs  which  the  artist,  were  he  alive,  would 
indignantly  disown,  while  great  sums  have 
really  been  given  for  forgeries,  as  well  as 
for  genuine,  though  very  inferior  examples 
of  his  skill.  Under  these  circumstances  the 
editor  of  this  volume  has  felt  it  his  duty  to 
speak  out  for  the  benefit  of  collectors  who 
do  not  know  a  Constable  from  a  Georges 
Michel,  and  who  are  not  offended  when 
even  a  coarse  daub  is  ^:ut  before  them  : — 

"About  sixty  years  ago  I  remember  seeing 
nearly  all  his  [Constable's]  more  important  works 
upon  the  walls  of  a  large  studio  formed  by 
him  out  of  the  drawing  -  room  to  [the  then] 
35,  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzroy  Square.  When  he 
died  the  greater  number  of  these,  after  being 
bought  in  for  the  family  by  my  father  and 
other  friends  at  his  sale  in  Foster's  Rooms, 
remained  crowded  together  on  the  walls  of  a 
small  house  in  St.  John's  Wood,  which  then 
became  the  home  of  his  children  ;  and,  with  the 
exception  of  a  portion  allotted  to  his  second 
son,  Capfc.  Charles  Constable,  which  have  since 
been    sold,    all    these    pictures    and    studies 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


295 


remained  there  until,  on  the  death,  in  1888,  of 
his  last  surviving  daughter,  Isabel,  they  became 
the  property  of  the  nation.  During  the  fifty 
years  which  elapsed  between  Constaljle's  death 
(in  1837)  and  this  bequest  of  his  pictures  to  the 
nation,  any  work  of  his  that  chanced  to  change 
hands,  at  first  slowly,  but  afterwards  very 
rapidly,  rose  in  value  ;  and  many  imitations  of 
his  pictures  have  during  this  interval  been 
sold,  and  even  publicly  exhibited.  One  marked 
feature  of  all  these  productions  being  founded 
upon  the  mistake,  that  in  order  to  manufacture 
an  authentic  Constable,  it  was  only  needful  to 
load  so  many  square  feet  of  old  canvas  with 
unmeaning  dabs  of  paint,  clumsily  laid  on  with 
something  like  a  small  trowel.  Constable,  no 
doubt,  in  certain  of  his  later  works  employed 
the  palette-knife  freely,  but  it  was  never  used 
until  he  had  secured  the  drawing,  tone,  and 
effect  of  the  picture  with  the  brush.  During  the 
last  years  of  his  life  he,  at  times,  likewise  touched 
upon  some  of  his  earlier  pictures  in  this  way  as 
they  hung  on  the  walls  of  his  studio,  leaving  for 
a  moment  his  work  on  the  easel  to  do  so.  Though 
I  have  heard  my  father  [C.  R.  Leslie,  R.A.] 
say  that  in  this  way  Constable  himself  thought 
he  often  injured  a  picture,  or,  as  he  said  once, 
'was  cutting  his  own  throat  with  a  palette- 
knife.'  As  the  schoolfellow  and  neighbour  of 
his  sons,  Alfred  and  Lionel,  I  spent  many 
happy  hours  among  Constable's  finest  pictures, 
until  I  believe  I  became  more  intimate  with 
them  and  his  sketches  than  I  was  with  my 
own  father's  work.  And  while  able  to  speak 
with  some  authority  upon  Constable's  work  in 
his  best  period,  I  can  likewise  do  so  upon  his 
use  of  the  palette  knife,  because  some  time  after 
the  sale  of  those  few  of  his  pictures  at  Foster's, 
not  bought  in  for  his  family,  two  sketches  upon 
six  -  foot  canvases  of  the  '  Hay  Wain '  and 
*  Leaping  Horse  '  were,  for  want  of  room  else- 
where, stored  at  my  father's  house.  Though 
wonderfully  fine  in  sparkle  and  effect,  both  were 
more  or  less  mere  masses  of  colour,  loaded  on 
with  brush  and  knife,  and,  in  spite  of  a  goodly 
assemblage  of  dealers  and  others  at  the  sale,  no  bid 
above  51.  was  made  for  them.  They  remained  with 
my  father  for  some  time,  and  after  he  and  I 
had  removed  the  dirt  and  London  smoke  with 
which  they  were  covered,  he  asked  me  to  make 
two  small  copies  of  them  ;  and  I  shall  not  soon 
forget  the  difficulty  I  met  with  in  doing  this,  so 
as  to  retain  upon  a  small  scale  the  sparkle 
obtained  by  the  use  of  the  palette  knife  without 
losing  their  fine  general  effect  and  intention. 
Both  these  studies  [of  Constable's]  are  now  at 
South  Kensington ;  bub  I  feel  sure  that  Constable 
merely  looked  upon  them  as  unfinished  experi- 
ments upon  a  large  scale  for  more  finished 
pictures." 

In  passing,  Mr.  Leslie  tells  us  that  tlie 
unwary  collector  of  Constables  must  be  on 
his  guard  lest  he  be  deceived  by  the  bigness 
of  the  canvases.  Contrary  to  the  usual 
practice  of  painters,  especially  of  land- 
scapists,  the  famous  artist  made  sketches 
for  merely  experimental  purposes  upon 
canvases  not  less  than  six  feet  long  some  of 
them.  Again,  Mr.  Leslie  enlarges  in  detail 
upon  the  above-mentioned  fact  that  many 
imitations  of  Constable's  pictures  have  been 
"  publicly  exhibited."  This  warning  is  the 
more  needful  because  many  people  take  for 
granted  the  genuineness  of  pictures  when 
they  have  been  "  publicly  exhibited."  This 
is  in  face  of  the  fact  that  nearly  every 
exhibiting  body  refuses  in  the  most  distinct 
terms  to  guarantee  the  genuineness  of  the 
works  it  may  borrow.  The  first  paragraph 
in  every  Academy  catalogue  of  pictures  by 
deceased  masters  warns  visitors  and  col- 
lectors alike  that  no  guarantee  is  given  by 
the  society.  It  is  perfectly  notorious  that 
pictures    incorrectly    ascribed    to    Turner, 


Constable,  and  other  members  of  their 
body,  have  been  exhibited  by  the  Academy, 
although  they  must  have  been  painted 
within  the  memory  of  at  least  half  the 
Academicians  then  living. 

Mr.  E.  Leslie,  with  whom  in  this  matter  it 
is  understood  that  his  brother  the  Academi- 
cian is  at  one,  thus  proceeds  to  illustrate 
part  of  the  history  which  is  set  forth  above  : 

"I  was  with  my  father  the  whole  time  he 
was  engaged  in  compiling  both  his  first  and 
second  editions  of  Constable's  memoirs,  and 
remember  well  the  pains  and  labour — though  in 
his  case  a  true  labour  of  love — the  vast  amount 
of  correspondence,  writing  and  rewriting  they 
cost  him  before  a  single  page  left  his  hand. 
During  this  task,  spurious  Constables  were  con- 
stantly brought  to  my  father  by  dealers  ;  at 
times  singly,  at  others  in  batches  ;  nearly  all 
being  of  the  extreme  palette  knife  type,  or 
what  Avould  now,  perhaps,  be  called  '  impres- 
sionist '  examples.  One  such  batch,  I  remember, 
was  brought  by  a  well-known  London  dealer, 
who,  though  too  good  a  judge  himself  to  be 
deceived,,  wished  my  father  to  see  them, 
because,  as  he  said,  '  the  source  from  which  he 
had  them  should  have  placed  their  authenticity 
beyond  doubt.'  This  was  nearly  ten  years  after 
Constable's  death,  and  yet,  on  examination, 
most  of  the  meaningless  lumps  of  paint  with 
which  they  were  loaded  proved  to  be  still  soft. 
I  never  saw  my  father  so  much  upset  as  he  was 
by  this  crop  of  forgeries,  because,  from  the  name 
given  by  the  dealer,  he  at  once  foresaw  an  un- 
limited supply  of  the  same  kind  of  rubbish. 
And  judging  from  the  quantity  of  works  sold 
and  exhibited  under  the  name  of  Constable, 
I  should  not  be  surprised  if  the  number  of  for- 
geries now  greatly  exceeded  that  of  his  genuine 
pictures.  One  of  the  worst  evils  of  the  multi- 
plication of  such  things  is,  that  the  public 
eye  —  never  too  discriminative  —  is  gradually 
led  to  look,  not  at  or  for  Constable  as  seen 
in  the  more  finished  work  of  his  best  period, 
but  only  at  those  examples  which  display  the 
mannerisms  of  his  later  style.  A  style  to 
which,  I  agree  with  my  brother  George,  '  both 
he  and  Turner  were  goaded  by  a  desire, 
natural  to  such  men,  of  seeing  their  pictures 
eclipse,  in  sparkle  and  brilliancy,  those  of 
others  upon  the  walls  of  the  Academy.'  Writ- 
ing on  this  subject  in  his  'Handbook  for 
Young  Painters,'  my  father  says,  'The  truth  is 
that  the  pictures  in  which  he  [Constable]  most 
used  this  instrument  [the  palette  knife]  are 
those  of  which  there  are  the  greatest  number 
of  forgeries.  A  practised  eye  will,  however, 
generally  detect  these,  as  in  such  imitations 
one  colour  is  smeared  over  another,  so  as  to 
have  the  muddled  and  filthy  look  of  the  rags 

with   which   a   painter    cleans    his   palette 

While  the  dashes  of  colour  from  Constable's 
knife  have  the  look  of  gems,  and  the  more  they 
are  magnified  the  more  beautiful  they  appear.' 
Any  one  who  examines  a  few  square  inches  of 
Constable's  '  Cenotaph  '  in  the  National  Gallery 
with  a  lens  will,  I  think,  at  once  acknowledge 
the  truth  of  this." 

Mr.  Leslie  then  proceeds  to  discuss  the 
mistakes  of  Mr.  Euskin  in  regard  to  Con- 
stable's art,  and  assumes  that  in  his  youth- 
ful days  the  author  of  '  Modern  Painters ' 
had  never  seen  any  of  Constable's  finest 
work,  and  had  hastily  formed  his  opinion 
"  in  almost  complete  ignorance  "  of  it,  and 
"that  his  impression  is  derived  from  the 
numerous  forgeries  of  his  work  in  circulation, 
or  that  he  had  seen  pictures  by  him  without 
looking  at  them,  which  often  happens  when  we 
are  not  interested." 

There  is  much  that  is  judicious  in  what 
Mr.  Leslie  says  about  Constable's  much- 
talked-of  influence  on  the  Impressionist 
school    of    landscape    painters.      This    we 


agree  with  him  in  thinking  to  have  been 
very  much  exaggerated,  and  he  is  on  safe 
ground  when  reminding  us  of  the  fact  that 
when  the  painters  of  Charles  X.'s  time  in 
Paris  and  at  Lille  induced  the  authorities 
to  award  to  Constable  gold  medals  for 
the  '  Hay  Wain '  and  the  '  White  Horse ' 
there  was  no  Impressionism ;  nor  can  it  be 
said  that  anything  crude  is  discoverable  in 
the  landscapes  of  Troyon,  Mile.  E.  Bonheur, 
Daubigny,  and  the  many  other  painters  who 
owed  anything  to  Constable.  The  real  gospel 
which  the  French  artists  were  the  first  to 
receive  and  recognize  as  true  from  Constable 
was,  according  to  Mr.  E.  Leslie,  that  so-called 
"  romantic "  scenes  or  subjects  go  little 
towards  making  pictures  interesting,  com- 
pared with  those  of  every-day  life  studied 
among  the  artist's  immediate  surroundings. 
It  was  not,  however,  let  us  add,  simply  by 
copying  nature  in  a  humble  manner  amid 
the  artist's  surroundings  that  the  modern 
masters  of  France  attained  their  pre-emi- 
nence and  realized  their  aims.  They  suc- 
ceeded in  inspiring  their  pictures  with  some 
at  least  of  that  pathos,  not  necessarily  sad 
or  solemn,  but  always  moving,  which  the 
seeing  eye  either  discovers  in  nature,  or  out 
of  its  own  resources  imparts  to  what  it  sees. 
Constable  himself  was  fond  of  quoting  from 
Crabbe  the  happy  phrase  : — 

It  is  the  soul  that  sees. 

Many  of  the  notes  Mr.  E.  Leslie  has 
added  to  this  edition  are  fresh  and  cha- 
racteristic. Here  is  one  on  the  famous  pic- 
ture of  the  '  Opening  of  Waterloo  Bridge,' 
which  for  the  second  time  was  at  the  Aca- 
demy a  few  years  ago,  and  proved  itself 
still  brilliant  with  pearly  light  and  the 
diamond-like  lustre  of  the  river  where  the 
state  barges  floated  in  crowds,  and  were 
gay  with  scarlet,  golden,  and  white  paint, 
and  resplendent  in  the  hundred  hues  of 
multitudinous  flags.     Mr.  Leslie  says  : — 

"No  subject  appears  to  have  given  Constable 
so  much  anxiety,  doubt,  and  disappointment 
as  this  flag-dressed  flotilla  of  gilded  state  City 
barges.  He  was  carried  away  by  ♦^he  subject, 
but  which,  in  its  want  of  repose,  and  [its  excess 
of]  sparkle  of  local  colours,  was  more  suited 
to  Turner.  It  is  noteworthy  that  Constable 
never  used  his  palette  knife  so  freely  as  on  this 
picture,  while,  a  year  after  his  death,  a  picture 
dealer  toned  it  down  with  shoe-blacking." 
The  worthy  who  thus  "edited"  a  fine 
Constable  for  the  market  was,  we  believe, 
Mr.  Seguier,  of  the  National  Gallery,  who, 
as  the  elder  Leslie  told  us  elsewhere,  con- 
fessed to  the  act,  gravely  assuring  his 
listener  that  it  was  done  by  way  of  giving 
tone  to  the  picture,  and  adding  that  several 
noblemen  considered  it  to  be  greatly  im- 
proved by  the  process.  The  blacking  was 
laid  on  with  water,  and  secured  by  a  coat 
of  mastic  varnish.  Mr.  Seguier  had  other 
nostrums  for  improving  the  tones  of  pic- 
tures ;  it  is  said  to  have  been  he  who  covered 
Sebastiano  del  Piombo's  '  Eaising  of  Laza- 
rus,' now  in  the  National  Gallery,  with  a 
thick  coat  of  stick-liquorice  !  A  secret  of 
the  Eoyal  Academy  Selecting  Committee 
leaks  out  at  the  foot  of  p.  212  : — 

"When  first  serving  on  the  Council  of  the 
Academy  as  one  of  the  judges  before  whom  the 
pictures  of  outsiders  pass  before  being  received 
for  exhibition  :— a  small  landscape  of  his  had, 
by  mistake,  got  among  the  outsiders'  pictures, 
and  so  came  before  the  Council.  A  simple  bit 
of  green  river  bank,  bordered  by  low  willows, 


296 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3644,  Aug. 


28,  '97 


with  nothing  in  subject  or  colour  to  arrest  the 
more  or  less  jaded  eyes  of  the  Academic  judges, 
and  the  picture  was  rapidly  passed  before  them, 
with  the  usual  cry  of  '  Out  !  out  ! '  by  the 
majority,  when  one  member  said,  '  No,  stop  a 
bit.  I  rather  like  the  look  of  that.  Why  not 
say  "doubtful"?'  Constable,  who  so  far  had 
been  silent,  then  owned  the  picture,  and  the 
Council  at  once  saw  its  merit.  He  would  not, 
however,  allow  their  judgment  to  be  reversed. 
This  little  picture  is  now  at  South  Kensington 
—No.  38,  '  Water  Meadows,  near  Salisbury.'  " 

Mr.  Leslie  might  as  well  have  filled  up 
the  blanks  in  his  father's  text  caused  by  the 
omission  (for  reasons  which  no  longer  exist) 
of  names.  Thus,  on  p.  129,  when  mention- 
ing the  sale  at  Fonthill  in  1823,  the  elder 
Leslie,  writing  not  long  after  that  event,  left 
out  the  name  of  the  great  George  Robins, 
who  officiated  on  that  occasion,  and  wrote 

"  E ,"   and  he  did  the  same  lower  down 

on   the  same  page;  and  on  p.  131  we  twice 

find  "  L ,"   which  might  as  well  have 

been  the  full  name  of  Lucas,  who  engraved 
so  many  Constables.  Apart  from  such 
trivialities  we  have  nothing  but  praise  for 
this  volume,  except  as  regards  the  woolliness 
of  the  paper  it  is  printed  on,  which  is  un- 
pleasant and  unworthy  of  a  sterling  work. 


THE   BRITISH   ARCH^OLOGICAL   ASSOCIATION. 

The  fifty-fourth  annual  congress  of  this  Asso- 
ciation was  opened  on  Thursday,  the  19th  of 
August,  at  Conway.  The  members  assembled 
at  the  Guildhall,  where  they  were  formally 
welcomed  by  the  Mayor,  and  with  little  delay 
proceeded  to  the  ancient  castle,  under  the 
guidance  of  the  local  hon.  secretary,  Mr.  T.  B. 
Farrington,  who  explained  the  various  features 
of  special  interest  in  the  fortification.  Conway 
is  unique  in  Britain,  if  not  in  Europe,  in  being 
the  most  perfectly  preserved  example  of  a 
fortified  and  completely  walled  town  in  which 
the  military  architecture  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury is  predominant.  The  castle  and  town 
having  been  built  by  the  command,  and  under 
the  personal  supervision,  of  Edward  I.,  it  follows 
that  one  period  and  style  of  architecture  are 
prevalent  throughout.  The  castle  was  built 
between  the  years  1281  and  1284,  and  in  the 
latter  year  the  king  and  his  queen,  Eleanor, 
kept  Christmas  within  its  walls.  The  area  occu- 
pied by  the  castle  is  considerable,  but  of  irre- 
gular formation,  owing  to  its  occu{>ying  the  high- 
est point  of  a  steep  rock  projecting  into  the 
waters  of  the  Conway  and  the  Gyffin,  which 
here  join  and  together  fall  into  the  sea.  The 
interior  of  the  castle  is  now  a  complete  ruin, 
the  walls  overgrown  with  ivy,  trees  and  plants 
growing  out  of  the  masonry;  nevertheless,  it  is 
still  possible  without  much  difficulty  to  trace 
the  positions  of  the  chief  apartments.  The 
numerous  fireplaces,  the  moulded  ribs  of  the 
groined  roof  of  the  charming  little  oratory, 
the  circular  staircases,  and  the  apparently 
general  convenience  of  the  arrangements  bear 
witness  to  a  degree  of  luxury  which  we  do  not 
usually  associate  with  fortified  buildings  of 
that  period.  The  walls  are  of  great  thickness, 
and  are  strengthened  and  flanked  by  massive 
drum-shaped  towers,  eight  in  all,  the  four  at 
the  angles  of  the  inner  ward  having  slender 
watch  turrets  carried  up  a  considerable  height 
and  ascended  by  spiral  staircases.  Although 
the  castle  is  generally  well  looked  after  and 
cared  for  by  its  present  constable,  the  Mayor  of 
Conway,  some  special  attention  should  be  given 
to  restraining  the  overgrowth  of  ivy,  which  is 
disintegrating  the  masonry  and  rendering  it  in- 
secure. The  inner  faces  of  the  circular  towers 
of  the  inner  ward  are  slightly  flattened,  so  as  to 
allow  of  the  rampart  walk  being  boldly  corbelled 
out  and  continued  past  them.  The  next  place 
upon  the    programme   to   be   visited   was    the 


parish  church,  where  the  party  in  large  numbers 
were  received  by  the  vicar.  Mr.  (J.  Patrick, 
hon.  sec,  read  some  notes  he  had  made  from 
his  own  examination  of  the  building,  and  sup- 
plemented them  by  reading  extracts  from  a 
paper  written  by  Mr.  Harold  Hughes,  who  had 
most  carefully  studied  the  architectural  history 
of  the  church,  with  the  view  of  identifying 
the  present  parish  church  of  St.  Mary  with 
the  actual  remains  of  portions  of  the  abbey 
church  of  the  Cistercians,  which  monastery 
was  removed  some  few  miles  higher  up 
the  river  by  Edward  I.,  when  he  built  his 
castle  and  enclosed  the  town.  It  appears  by 
the  charter  which  the  king  granted  to  the  monks 
on  that  occasion  to  be  distinctly  understood 
that  the  church,  which  themonkspreviously  had 
held  as  a  conventual  building,  should  in  future 
be  held  by  them  as  a  parochial  one,  and  they 
were  required  to  appoint  two  fit  and  honest  Eng- 
lish chaplains,  one  of  whom  was  to  be  the  vicar, 
and  a  third,  who  was  to  be  an  honest  Welsh- 
man, owing  to  the  diversity  of  language.  There 
would  appear  to  be  ample  evidence  in  the 
architectural  and  structural  features  of  the 
building  to  justify  the  belief  that  the  more 
ancient  portions  of  the  present  church  are 
parts  of  the  abbey  still  standing  in  situ.  The 
church  underwent  very  considerable  alteration, 
more  especially  in  the  fourteenth  century  and 
in  succeeding  ages,  but  the  dimensions  of  the 
building  lengthwise  remain  the  same  as  at  first, 
parts  of  the  old  walling  of  the  east  end  of  the 
chancel  and  the  present  west  wall  of  the  tower 
being  of  the  same  date,  viz.,  the  early  thir- 
teenth century.  The  abbey  was  originally 
founded  by  Llewelyn  ap  lorwerth,  the  then 
Prince  of  North  Wales,  in  119G,  and  endowed 
by  him  with  very  large  possessions  in  Den- 
bighshire and  Anglesea,  which  were  sub- 
sequently confirmed  to  the  monks  by  charter  in 
1198.  The  church  contains  many  jjeculiar  fea- 
tures of  architectural  interest  and  importance, 
and  much  beautiful  carved  woodwork  in  an 
almost  perfect  rood-screen,  .stalls,  and  bench- 
ends,  all  of  late  Perpendicular  character  and 
style.  There  is  also  a  tine  octagonal  font,  raised 
on  three  steps,  of  the  same  period.  The  vicar 
exhibited  in  the  vestry,  amongst  other  relics  of 
the  past,  some  rare  and  beautiful  lace,  in  the 
shape  of  an  altar-cloth  and  chalice  veil  of  early 
sixteenth  century  work,  which  attracted  much 
attention. 

The  members  and  visitors  next  proceeded  to 
inspect  the  fine  Elizabethan  residence  Plas 
Mawr,  situated  in  the  High  Street.  This 
building  is  now  occupied  by  the  Royal  Cambrian 
Academy  of  Art,  and  the  President,  Mr 
Clarence  Whaite,  led  the  party  through  the 
building  and  related  its  history.  It  is  a  lofty 
building  of  three  stories,  presenting  some 
resemblance  to  an  ancient  Scotch  country 
house,  with  its  stepped  and  pinnacled  gables 
and  large  dormer  windows  and  projecting  semi- 
circular oriels.  The  house  is  built  upon  a  site 
sloping  steeply  backward  from  the  High  Street, 
and  is  in  three  blocks,  that  fronting  the  street 
forming  the  porter's  lodge,  with  an  open  court- 
yard in  the  rear,  from  which,  by  a  broad  flight 
of  stone  steps,  the  door  opening  into  the  dining 
hall  is  reached.  The  dates  1576,  1577,  and 
1580  are  to  be  seen  upon  the  walls  and  in  the 
elaborate  plaster  decoration  of  the  rooms;  but  it 
is  probable  that  some  parts  of  the  house  are  more 
ancient.  There  are  several  elaborately  carved 
stone  chimney-pieces,  and  the  ceilings  are  varied 
and  chaste  in  design  and  are  excellent  exan)ples 
of  the  art  and  skill  of  the  plasterer  of  the 
period.  A  visit  to  the  vicarage  garden,  to  see  a 
part  of  the  town  walls,  with  the  steps  by  which 
the  rampart  walk  was  approached,  and  the  pic- 
turesque view  of  the  castle  from  the  garden, 
brought  the  perambulation  to  a  close. 

In  the  evening  the  members  were  present  at 
a  reception  given  by  the  Mayor  in  the  old  house 
Plas  Mawr,  where  many  objects  of  archteo- 
logical  interest  were  displayed,  including  all  that 


remains  of  the  charters  granted  to  the  town  from 
the  time  of  Edward  I.  The  President,  Lord 
Mostyn,  delivered  a  highy  interesting  inaugural 
address,  which,  in  order  to  save  time,  was 
intentionally  postponed  in  the  morning.  In 
his  opening  remarks  his  lordship  said  there 
were  few  places  that  presented  such  a  variety  of 
objects  interesting  to  the  antiquary  as  Conway. 
In  almost  every  direction  is  to  be  found  evi- 
dence of  ancient  British  fortifications  and  tumuli. 
Close  by,  at  CaerHun,  was  a  considerable  Roman 
settlement,  identified  as  being  the  Roman  station 
of  Conovium.  He  had  at  Mostyn  a  cake  of  copper 
said  to  have  been  smelted  from  the  ore  of  the 
Snowdon  mountains.  It  bore  in  Roman  charac- 
ters the  words  "Socio  Romae,"  and  across  it 
obliquely  in  lesser  letters  "  Natasol."  In 
speaking  of  the  castles  of  this  part  of  Waies, 
the  speaker  said  that  Deganwy  (which  was 
brought  to  his  family,  together  with  the  Glod- 
daeth  estate,  about  the  time  of  Richard  II.)  was 
probably  a  British  town,  and  the  first  Norman 
castle  was  erected  at  the  end  of  the  eleventh 
century,  and  he  hoped  one  day  to  excavate  the 
foundations,  and  to  carefully  preserve  the  re- 
mains. Faint  traces  were  to  be  found  there  of 
the  old  British  town,  amongst  which  were  two 
irregularly  curved  lines  of  the  character  used 
in  British  work.  Much  of  the  material  of  Con- 
way Castle  was  brought  from  the  ruins  of 
Deganwy. 

Friday,  the  20th,  was  devoted  to  a  visit  to 
St.  Asaph  and  Rhuddlan  Castle.  The  archaeo- 
logists were  much  disappointed  on  arrival  at  the 
cathedral  to  find  no  one  to  receive  them,  as 
they  had  understood  that  the  Dean,  if  unable  to 
meet  them  himself,  would  appoint  some  one  to 
represent  him  and  conduct  them  over  the  build- 
ing. The  see  of  St.  Asaph  is  one  of  the  oldest 
in  the  kingdom,  having  been  founded  in  560. 
Of  the  eariier  Norman  or  Transitional  Norman 
church  one  cushion  -  shaped  capital  alone  re- 
mains. The  cathedral  has  several  times  suffered 
almost  total  destruction,  on  one  occasion  by 
the  English  troops  of  Edward  I.,  and  again  by 
Owen  Glyndwr  in  1404,  when  it  was  nearly 
burnt  to  the  ground.  "The  most  ancient  por- 
tions existing  are  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
After  Owen  Glyndwr's  assault  the  church  re- 
mained in  ruins  until  1482,  when  it  was  rebuilt 
by  Bishop  Redman.  There  are  but  few  monu- 
ments, one  to  an  ecclesiastic  known  as  the  "  Black 
Friar  of  Rhuddlan,"  1282-1293.  He  it  was  who 
I'ebuilt  the  cathedral  after  its  destruction  by 
Edward  I.  It  is  a  fine  effigy,  in  episcopal  vest- 
ments, in  the  act  of  benediction,  but  it  is 
in  a  mutilated  condition.  The  most  interest- 
ing monument  is  a  massive  coffin-shaped  slab, 
7  feet  in  length,  upon  which  at  the  upper  end 
is  a  shield,  senile  of  fleurs-de-lis,  bearing  a  lion 
rampant,  and  beneath  the  shield  a  sword  laid 
diagonally.  On  the  lower  part  is  a  hare  chased 
by  a  hound.  The  person  commemorated  is 
unknown,  but  it  is  said  a  somewhat  similar 
stone  is  preserved  at  Valle  Crucis  Abbey.  The 
cathedral  has  suffered  considerably  from  over- 
restoration.  At  Rhuddlan  Castle  Mr.  Thomas 
Blashill  pointed  out  the  chief  objects  of  interest. 
Mr.  C.  H.  Compton  had  undertaken  to  prepare 
a  paper  descriptive  of  the  history  of  the  castle, 
but,  unfortunately,  circumstances  prevented 
him  from  completing  it  in  time  and  from  being 
present  himself.  Rhuddlan  is  interesting  as 
being  the  scene  of  the  treaty  between  Edward  I. 
and  the  Welsh  after  the  death  of  Llewelyn  and 
the  annexation  of  Wales  to  England.  The  Black 
Friars  had  a  house  a  short  distance  from  the 
castle  in  1268,  of  which  some  fragments  remain. 
The  ivy  is  so  thick  upon  the  castle  that  the 
walls  are  being  injured  by  its  growth,  which 
should  be  restrained. 

At  the  evening  meeting,  in  the  Council 
Chamber  of  the  Guildhall,  Dr.  Birch  gave  a 
lucid  description  of  the  different  charters  of  the 
town  of  Conway,  so  far  as  they  could  be  de- 
ciphered, for  many  of  them  are  in  such  a  sad 
state   of   decay,  owing   to   past   neglect   of   the 


N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


297 


corporate  authorities,  as  to  be  quite  unreadable. 
They  are  now,  however,  well  cared  for,  and  are 
framed  and  glazed.  The  first  charter  was  granted 
by  Edward  I.  to  the  burgesses  immediately 
after  the  conquest  of  Wales,  and  it  was  confirmed, 
without  any  variations,  by  subsequent  kings 
down  to  Edward  VI.  in  1547.  The  charter  of 
Edward  I.  made  Aberconway  a  free  borough 
and  gave  it  sundry  liberties,  thus  exempting 
it  from  manorial  jurisdiction,  if  any  existed  in 
Wales  at  that  period  ;  but  the  charter  preserved 
one  link  with  the  crown  by  providing  that  the 
constable  of  the  king's  castle  of  Conway  for 
the  time  being  should  be  mayor  of  the  town 
and  conservator  of  its  liberties,  many  appoint- 
ments of  constables  being  among  the  records. 

Saturday,  August  21st,  the  members  of  the 
Congress  travelled  to  Carnarvon,  where  they 
were  met  at  the  station  by  Sir  Llewelyn  Turner, 
the  Deputy  Constable  of  Carnarvon  Castle,  and 
under  his  leadership  set  out  to  perambulate  the 
walls  of  the  town  previous  to  entering  the 
castle  itself.  The  site  of  the  original  west  gate 
of  the  town  was  pointed  out,  and  in  that  portion 
of  the  moat  which  Sir  Llewelyn  has  excavated 
he  showed  the  commencement  of  the  castle 
at  the  north-east  angle.  Carnarvon  Castle  is 
much  larger  than  any  other  Welsh  castle,  and  is 
in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  the  repairs  that 
have  been  carried  out  and  are  now  in  course  of 
execution  having  been  done  with  judicious 
■care.  All  parts  of  the  building  are  accessible 
without  any  danger.  It  was  built  by  Edward  I., 
together  with  the  town  walla.  The  king  promised 
a  charter  to  the  town  in  the  eleventh  year  of 
his  reign,  and  as  the  eleventh  year  of  the 
reign  commenced  on  the  16th  of  March,  1282, 
the  charter  was  granted  in  the  eleventh  year  and 
confirmed  in  the  twelfth,  somewhere  in  the  year 
1282  or  1283.  The  story  that  the  castle  was 
built  in  a  year  can,  of  course,  apply  only  to  a 
certain  portion  sufficient  to  afford  accommoda- 
tion for  a  garrison,  but  as  evidence  that  such 
portion  of  the  castle  did  exist  at  that  date.  Sir 
Llewelyn  recited  extracts  from  the  roll  of  wages 
of  the  knights  and  esquires  in  the  Welsh  war 
for  the  tenth  and  eleventh  years  of  the  king's 
reign,  to  be  found  in  the  Exchequer  Record, 
Military  Service,  Wales.  Therein  it  is  stated 
that  "in  the  eleventh  year  (1283)  Thomas 
Maydenbach  and  his  clerk  being  in  the  fortifi- 
cations of  Carnarvon,  received  by  day  2s.,  and 
others  in  the  fortifications."  The  large  sum  of 
809L  3s.  11(?.,  equivalent  to  over20,000Z.  of  our 
money,  was  paid  in  wages  to  soldiers,  cross- 
bowmen,  archers,  and  lancers  in  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Carnarvon  and  Criccieth  in  the  eleventh 
year,  that  is  before  the  birth  of  Edward  II.,  and 
a  sum  equal  to  2,500?.  of  our  money  was  paid 
for  wages  in  the  fortifications  of  Carnarvon 
Castle  in  the  twelfth  year,  i.  e.,  between 
November,  1283,  and  November,  1284.  With 
regard  to  the  tradition,  disputed  by  some  recent 
authorities,  that  the  second  Edward  was  born 
in  the  Eagle  Tower,  Sir  Llewelyn  declared  that 
the  public  records  as  well  as  the  architectural 
features  of  the  castle  bore  testimony  to  the 
accuracy  of  the  tradition,  there  being  not  a 
particle  of  evidence  to  the  contrary. 

From  Carnarvon  the  party  took  a  long  but 
beautiful  drive  to  Clynnog,  where  Mr.  Charles 
Lynam  pointed  out  the  archaeological  features 
of  the  locality.  Having  visited  a  holy  well  by  the 
roadside— St.  Beuno's  Well— one  of  the  many 
holy  wells  in  Wales,  with  the  stone  seats  for 
the  pilgrims  waiting  their  turn  to  descend  into 
the  water  still  remaining,  the  party  returned  to 
the  church,  which  Mr.  Lynam  described.  The 
church  is  a  large  and  fine  edifice  of  late  Per- 
pendicular architecture,  with  a  chapel  at  the 
■south-east  end,  connected  with  the  church  by  a 
covered  passage,  and  said  to  contain  the  reputed 
grave  of  St.  Beuno.  The  church  was  collegiate, 
and  there  are  some  good  carvings  in  the  stalls 
and  rood-screen.  In  the  vestry  is  a  highly  curious 
old  chest,  carved  out  of  a  solid  block  of  wood, 
having  three  locks.     A  pair  of  "lazy  tongs," 


used  for  dragging  dogs  out  of  the  church,  are 
also  preserved. 

Monday,  August  23rd. — In  beautiful  weather 
the  archaeologists  set  out  this  morning  for 
Bangor,  where  on  arrival  at  the  cathedral  they 
found  the  Dean  ready  to  welcome  them  and 
explain  the  history  of  the  building.  Taking  his 
stand  in  the  choir,  the  Dean  related  the  early 
history  of  the  church  from  its  foundation  about 
550  by  the  instrumentality  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  Maelgwyn  Gwynedd.  The  church  was 
destroyed  about  1071,  but  was  rebuilt,  and  a 
buttress  and  window  of  the  early  Norman 
church  may  still  be  seen  in  the  south  wall  of 
the  choir.  In  the  thirteenth  century  the  cathedral 
was  enlarged,  but,  in  common  with  St.  Asaph's 
and  other  churches,  it  suffered  greatly  in  the 
wars  of  the  time,  and  in  1402  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  the  war  with  Owen  Glyndwr,  when  it 
remained  in  ruins  for  nearly  a  century.  The 
choir  was  ultimately  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.,  and  the  western  tower  and 
nave  by  Bishop  Skeffington  in  1532.  There 
are  several  interesting  monuments,  one  to  an 
early  Tudor,  date  1365.  From  the  cathedral 
the  visitors  passed  to  the  library  and  muni- 
ment room,  where  the  Dean  exhibited  sundry 
of  the  treasures,  and  in  particular  a  beauti- 
fully written  book  known  as  the  '  Ponti- 
fical of  Anian,'  date  1266,  bound  up  with 
other  service  books  of  the  "Bangor  use" 
and  a  book  of  "  offices  that  only  a  Bishop  can 
do."  These  books  belong  to  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  have  some  beautifully  illuminated 
initial  letters,  &c.  Proceeding  to  the  ferry,  the 
party  crossed  the  straits  to  Beaumaris,  where  Sir 
Llewelyn  Turner  met  them  and  conducted  them 
over  the  castle.  This  castle  is  an  example  of 
a  purely  concentric  fortress.  It  consists  of  a 
long  square  within  an  octagonal  curtain  wall 
strengthened  by  thirteen  bastions  and  towers. 
The  moat  was  fed  by  the  sea,  but  it  has  long 
been  filled  up,  which  detracts  from  the  height 
of  the  walls.  There  is  very  little  known  in  his- 
tory of  this  castle.  It  was  built  after  Conway 
and  Carnarvon,  about  1296,  by  Edward  I.  Its 
low-lying  situation  on  the  shore  is  compensated 
by  its  accessibility  from  the  sea.  It  was  garri- 
soned for  the  king  under  Lord  Bulkeley  in  1642, 
but  was  obliged  to  surrender  owing  to  a  severe 
defeat  of  the  royal  forces  in  the  immediateneigh- 
bourhood  by  the  Parliamentary  General  Mytton. 
The  old  church  at  Beaumaris  possesses  a  rood- 
screen  of  late  Perpendicular  type,  similar  to 
several  others  the  party  had  seen  in  this 
district  of  North  Wales  ;  and  in  a  chapel  on  the 
north  side  of  the  chancel,  now  used  as  a  vestry, 
is  a  fine  altar-tomb,  with  recumbent  effigies  of 
a  knight  and  lady  of  fifteenth  century  date, 
of  whom  nothing  is  known.  It  is  traditionally 
said  to  have  been  saved  from  a  ship  wrecked  on 
the  coast  when  on  a  voyage  from  Portugal,  and 
to  have  first  been  taken  to  a  monastery  of  Grey 
Friars  founded  by  the  great  Llewelyn  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  after  the  Dissolution  to 
have  been  brought  to  its  present  position.  The 
church  dates  from  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century. 

At  the  evening  meeting  at  the  Guildhall  an 
interesting  paper  by  Lady  Paget,  upon  some 
*  Caves  and  a  Passage  under  the  British  Fortress 
of  Pen-y-Gaer,  Conway  Valley,'  was  read  in  her 
absence  by  Mr.  Patrick,  hon.  sec.  These  caves 
and  the  long  underground  passage  situated 
under  an  ancient  fortress  are  somewhat  similar 
to  those  recently  discovered  in  co.  Antrim, 
Ireland. 

Tuesday,  August  24th.— This  morning  the 
members  and  visitors  departed  by  coach  for 
Caer  Hiin,  the  ancient  Roman  station  of  Cono- 
vium — a  station  which  is  mentioned  in  the 
eleventh  iter  of  Antoninus's  '  Itinerary,'  and  in 
the  first  of  that  of  Richard  of  Cirencester.  The 
form  of  the  camp  is  clearly  defined,  and  below 
it  are  remains  of  the  foundations  of  Roman 
villas.  At  the  dwelling-house,  Caer  Hun,  the 
visitors  were  shown  the  ancient  shield,  said  to 


be  Roman,  but  which  is  more  probably  British 
from  its  form,  discovered  on  the  site  in  1799, 
and  exhibited  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in 
that  year  ;  also  a  cinerary  urn,  dug  up  in  1879, 
containing  the  bones  of  a  female  and  a  Roman 
coin.  Many  other  interesting  relics  dis- 
covered close  by,  including  a  sword  found  in 
the  foundations  of  old  Caer  Hun  House  last 
year,  were  also  set  out  for  inspection. 

The  party  then  departed  for  Bettws-y-Coed, 
where  the  small  but  picturesque  old  church  was 
visited,  and  the  ancient  tomb  and  effigy  of 
Gryffydd,  son  of  Davydd  Goch,  was  inspected. 
The  effigy  is  of  the  fourteenth  century.  At 
Llanrwst  the  church  and  Gwydir  Chapel  were 
visited,  in  which  is  preserved  the  coffin  which 
once  contained  the  body  of  Llewelyn  the  Great. 
The  effigy  of  a  knight  in  armour  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  but  unknown,  is  here 
preserved.  Llanrwst  Church  possesses  a  fine 
late  Perpendicular  rood-screen,  approached  by 
the  rood  -  stairs,  and  still  showing  the  three 
mortice  holes  which  held  the  rood.  A  bronze 
caldron  which  once  belonged  to  the  10th  Legion 
and  an  antique  bronze  vessel  were  found  some 
years  ago,  but  time  did  not  permit  the  party 
to  inspect  them. 

At  Gwydir  Castle  Lord  Carrington  received 
the  members,  and  conducted  them  through  the 
ancient  residence.  He  had  thoughtfully  pre- 
pared a  printed  description  of  its  history,  with 
a  copy  of  which  each  member  was  furnished  on 
entering.  The  place  takes  its  name  from  Gwaed- 
dir,  the  Bloody  Land,  from  the  battles  fought 
there  by  Llwarch  Hen,  a.d.  610,  or  from 
those  fought  in  952.  The  first  known  owner 
is  Howell  Coytmor.  He  was  a  captain  of  a 
hundred  Denbighshire  men,  and  fought  under 
the  Black  Prince  at  the  field  of  Poitiers.  His 
son  Dafydd  sold  the  property  to  the  ancestor 
of  Sir  John  Wynn,  the  historian.  The  Wynns 
of  Gwydir  are  one  of  the  oldest  families  in 
Wales.  Most  of  the  castle  dates  from  the  six- 
teenth century,  but  the  Stair  Tower  and  other 
parts  are  older. 

Wednesday,  August  25th. — The  programme 
for  to-day  included  visits  to  the  ancient  farm- 
house of  Penrhyn,  of  the  date  1590,  and  to 
Gloddaeth  Hall,  a  very  interesting  old  house, 
the  earliest  portion  of  which  dates  from  the 
fifteenth  century,  afterwards  to  Bodysgallen,  a 
similar  but  smaller  house  of  rather  later  date. 
At  the  evening  meeting  a  paper  by  Dr.  Phene 
on  '  Some  Early  Settlers  in  the  Neighbour- 
hood of  Conway  :  their  Beautiful  Jewellery  and 
Magnificent  Gold  Work,'  was  read. 

THE   CAMBRIAN   ARCH^OLOGICAL   ASSOCIATION 

AT  HAVERFOKDWEST. 

II. 

The  first  evening  meeting  was  held  onTuesday, 
August  17th,  at  8  p.m.,  at  the  Temperance  Hall. 
Mr.  F.  Lloyd-Philipps,  the  outgoing  President, 
resigned  the  chair  to  his  successor  Sir  Owen  Scour- 
field,  Bart.,  who  then  delivered  a  short  address 
of  welcome  to  the  Association  to  Pembrokeshire. 
Mr.  Edward  Laws  followed  with  a  popular  lecture 
on  the  antiquities  of  the  coulnty.  He  took  for 
his  text  the  prehistoric  strongholds  which  are  so 
numerous  in  Pembrokeshire,  and  pointed  out 
that,  setting  on  one  side  the  camps  of  a  late 
period  and  of  uncertain  date,  there  were  two 
very  distinct  types  of  fortified  settlements  to  be 
noted  :  (1)  the  cliff  castles  all  round  the  coast  ; 
and  (2)  the  great  stone  forts,  some  near  the 
sea  and  others  on  the  Preceli  Mountains.  The 
lecturer  exhibited  a  plan  of  the  camp  on  Old 
Castle  Head,  near  Manorbier,  as  being  one  of 
the  best  specimens  of  the  cliff  castles,  and  gave 
a  vivid  account  of  the  life  led  by  the  neolithic 
people  by  whom  it  was  inhabited.  These 
primitive  fishermen,  he  said,  seem  to  have  con- 
fined their  attention  chiefly  to  oysters,  limpets, 
mussels,  razor-fish,  periwinkles,  and  such  small 
game.  It  was  the  harvest  of  shell-fish  to  be 
gleaned  from  the  rocks  that  attracted  to  the 
coast  the  particular  prehistoric  clan  who  built 


298 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


the  clift"  castles.    There  was  hardly  a  single  head- 
land, if  found  suitable  for  a  shell-fishing  station, 
that  was  not  cut  off  from  the  land  by  one  or 
more  rampart  and  ditch  and  inhabited  by  these 
people.     There  was  always  a  more  or  less  dan- 
gerous means  of  access  to  the  shore  from  the 
cliff   castles.     Probably    their   builders     could 
climb  like  monkeys  and  swim  like  ducks.  As  far 
as  the  testimony  of  the  existing  remains  went, 
they  disdained  fish  proper,  and  had  not  developed 
a  taste  for  crabs  or  lobsters.     From  the   fact 
that  mixed  with  the  shells  of  the  edible  kinds 
were  found  quantities   of    other  species   quite 
useless  for  food,  Mr.  Laws  argued  that  the  pre- 
historic   fishermen    used    some    rude    sort    of 
appliance  for  dredging,  with  which  they  hauled 
ashore    whatever    came     to    their     nets,    and 
separated  the  good  from  the   bad  afterwards. 
The  attention  of  the  audience  was  next  directed 
to  quite  another  class  of  structure  from  the  cliff 
castles,  and  erected  probably  by  a  people  whose 
conditions  of  life  were  entirely  different.     The 
structures  referred  to  were  more  important  in 
every  respect  than  the    cliff   castles,  although 
fewer  in  number,  and  were  differentiated  from 
them  by  having  ramparts  of  stone  instead  of 
earth.     There  were  at  least  three  such  fortified 
prehistoric   towns  in   Pembrokeshire,    namely, 
those  on  St.  David's  Head,  on  Cam  Vawr  near 
Strumble  Head,  and  on  Moel  Trigarn,  one  of 
the  peaks  of  the  Preceli  Mountains.     The  ex- 
istence of  these  had  been  known  for  a  long  time, 
but  it  was  only  since  they  had  been  examined 
more  carefully,  in  the  course  of  the   Archaeo- 
logical Survey  of  Wales  being  carried  on  by  the 
Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  that  any 
attention    had    been     paid    to     their    peculiar 
features.     Mr.    Laws    said     that    these     great 
stone    forts    differed    in    almost  every  respect 
from  the  cliff  castles,  and  had  a  marked  affinity 
with    the     structures   at   Carn  Goch,   Carmar- 
thenshire,   and    at    Treceiri,    Carnarvonshire. 
A  sketch  plan   was  exhibited  of  the  fortress  on 
Moel  Trigarn,  which,  as  the  lecturer  observed, 
takes  its  name  from  three  immense  cairns  of 
stones  within  the  enclosing  ramparts.  The  military 
defences  were  of  the  same  complicated  nature 
as  those  at  Treceiri,   the  entrances  being  pro- 
tected by  flanking  walls  and  the  steep  hillside 
made  still  more  difficult  of  ascent  than  it  would 
be  naturally  by  sheets  of  stones  placed  artifi- 
cially, so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  chevaux  de  frise. 
There  were  hut  circles    and  enclosures    in  all 
directions,  showing  that  this  was  not  a  strong- 
hold to  be  resorted  to  in  times  of  danger,  but 
a  permanent  settlement.     It  was  a  remarkable 
fact  that  so  populous  a  prehistoric  town  should 
have   within  its  walls  cairns  which    had  every 
appearance  of  being  sepulchral,  as  he  believed 
that    the    neolithic     people    were    desperately 
afraid  of  ghosts. 

After  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Laws  had  been 
carried  unanimously.  Prof.  John  Rhys,  LL.D., 
Principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  made  some 
remarks  on  the  inscribed  stones  which  were  to 
be  seen  during  the  excursions,  and  called  special 
attention  to  the  four  or  five  new  examples  that 
had  already  been  brought  to  light  as  one  of  the 
results  of  the  Pembrokeshire  section  of  the 
Archaeological  Survey  of  Wales. 

The  second  excursion,  on  Wednesday, 
August  18th,  was  to  St.  David's,  which,  although 
lying  only  about  fifteen  miles  north-west  of 
Haverfordwest,  takes  between  two  or  three 
hours  to  reach  on  account  of  the  badness  of 
the  road.  The  continual  succession  of  hills  is 
enough  to  try  the  strength  even  of  a  Pembroke- 
shire horse.  The  first  half  of  the  journey  tra- 
verses an  uninteresting  and  somewhat  dreary 
tract  of  country,  so  that  when  the  members 
reached  Newgale  and  the  magnificent  coast 
scenery  burst  upon  their  astonished  view  they 
experienced  in  a  mild  way  the  feelings  of  the 
ten  thousand  Greeks  under  similar  circum- 
stances. Rollers  two  miles  in  length  may  here 
be  seen  breaking  on  one  of  the  grandest 
stretches  of  sand  to  be  found  anywhere  on  the 


coast  of  Wales.  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  who 
passed  this  way  with  Archbishop  Baldwin, 
mentions  the  submarine  forest  beneath  New- 
gale sands,  which  was  laid  bare  by  a  great 
storm  "  during  the  winter  that  Henry  II. 
spent  in  Ireland,"  and  describes  "the  trunks 
of  trees  cut  off,  standing  in  the  very  sea  itself, 
the  strokes  of  the  hatchet  appearing  as  if  made 
only  yesterday."  The  force  of  the  sea  still  con- 
tinues to  be  felt  at  Newgale,  and  the  ruins  of  the 
small  roadside  inn  where  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Edinburgh  rested  for  a  short  time  on  their 
way  to  St.  David's  a  few  years  ago,  swept  away 
by  the  tempests  of  last  year,  were  seen  between 
the  road  and  the  beach.  The  enormous  rampart 
of  pebbles,  running  the  whole  length  of  the 
beach  and  weighing  millions  of  tons,  was  shifted 
bodily  forward  several  feet  towards  the  land, 
engulfing  the  whole  house,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  escaped  through  the  upper  windows 
facing  the  road,  whilst  the  sea  was  battering 
down  the  walls  at  the  back  with  an  artillery 
fire  of  round  stones. 

The  first  stop  was  made  at  Brawdy  Church, 
a  mile  and  a  half  inland  from  Newgale  to  the 
northward.     There  are   two    distinct  types   of 
churches  in  Pembrokeshire,   namely,  (1)  those 
in  the  southern  and  English  part  of  the  county, 
distinguished   by   their    high   military   towers, 
cavernous  interiors  with  pointed  barrel  vault- 
ing, and  tunnel-like  hagioscopes  having  exterior 
roofs  separate  from  those  of  the  other  parts  of 
the  building  ;  and  (2)  those  in  the  northern  and 
Welsh   part   of    the   county,    which   are   much 
smaller    and   simpler,    and   have   a   bell   gable 
instead   of  a   tower.     Brawdy  Church  belongs 
to  the  latter  class,  but  it  is  a  good  example. 
There  is  a  bell  gable  at  the  west  end,  and  a  second 
bell-cote  for  the  sanctus  bell  over  the  east  wall 
of  the  nave.     The   ground    plan   consists   of  a 
nave,  chancel,  south  porch,  and  a  south  aisle 
opening  into  both  the  nave  and   the  chancel. 
When   the   south   aisle  was   added,  instead   of 
making  a  proper  arcade  between  it  and  the  nave, 
only  a  single  arch  was  pierced  through  the  south 
wall  of  the  nave,  and  one  of  the  original  south 
windows  on  the  west  side  of  this  arch  was  left 
as  it  was,  and  now  looks  like  a  hole  knocked  in 
the  wall   separating  the  nave  from    the  aisle. 
The  arches  are  all  pointed  and  quite  devoid  of 
mouldings.     In  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel  is 
one  of  the  smallest  windows  in  any  church  in 
the  Principality,  a  lancet  with  cusped  top.    The 
font  is  of  the  Norman  cushion-capital  pattern, 
so  common  in  Pembrokeshire.     It  is  a  remark- 
able fact  that,  although  the  greater  part  of  the 
fonts  throughout  the  county  are  Norman,  with 
one  or  two  rare  exceptions  none  of  the  archi- 
tectural  details   of  the   churches   is   earlier  in 
date   than   the    thirteenth   century.      Through 
the    good    offices    of    Mr.    Henry    Owen    and 
with  the  co-operation    of   the  proprietors,  the 
two  inscribed  stones  from  Caswilia  and  a  third 
from    Rickardston    Hall    have    been    released 
from  doing  duty  as   gateposts,  and  have  been 
once    more    placed    in   a    consecrated    burial- 
ground  at  Brawdy.    An  efficient  Ancient  Monu- 
ments Act  will  be  an  unnecessary  luxury  for 
Pembrokeshire,  even  if  such  a  measure  is  ever 
passed,  as  the  landed  proprietors  and  the  in- 
habitants of   the    county  generally  are  taking 
steps  to  protect  their  antiquities  without  the 
aid  of  a  Government  that  "cares  for  none  of 
these  things."    The  inscriptions  on  the  Caswilia 
stones  have  already  been  read  satisfactorily  as 

VENDOGNB  and  MAQUI  QUAGTE,  but  Prof.  J. 

Rhys,  who  was  present,  made  out  one  or  two 
more  letters  on  the  Rickardston  Hall  stone  after 
BRiACi  FiLi  than  he  had  previously  been  able  to 
decipher.  The  second  name  had  a  v  near  the 
beginning  and  a  c  or  g  and  an  i  at  the  end, 
suggesting  some  such  name  as  evolengi  as  a 
possibility. 

At  Whitchurch,  half  way  between  Brawdy 
and  St.  David's,  the  members  alighted  from  the 
carriages  for  a  hurried  inspection  of  the  church, 
which  is  built  of    the  same   purple  slate  from 


Caerbwdy  as  the  cathedral,  and  the  Maen  Dewi 
(St.  David's  Stone)  on  the  green  opposite  the 
church.  The  Maen  Dewi  is  an  upright  pillar 
stone,  larger  at  the  top  than  the  bottom,  and 
with  no  artificial  tool-marks  upon  it.  It  was  the 
custom  not  long  ago  for  funerals  to  go  round 
this  stone  before  entering  the  churchyard. 

On  arrival  at  St  David's  the  party  were 
conducted  through  the  cathedral  by  Chancellor 
Davey,  who  gave  an  interesting  account  of  the 
architectural  history  of  the  building  and  the 
sepulchral  monuments  it  contains.  It  would  be 
quite  out  of  place  here  to  attempt  to  describe  it, 
however  briefly.  The  sepulchralmonumentsespe- 
cially  are  worthy  of  more  serious  consideration 
than  they  have  hitherto  received.  The  attention 
of  the  members  was  particularly  directed  to  the 
inscribed  and  ornamented  stones  of  pre-Norman 
date  now  preserved  in  the  cathedral.  Amongst 
these  were  the  "Gurmarc"  and  three  other 
stones  with  ornamental  crosses  brought  from 
Pen  Arthur  and  the  sepulchral  slab  of  Hed 
and  Isac,  sons  of  Abraham,  who  was  Bishop 
of  St.  David's  in  a.d.  1076,  an  extremely 
rare  example  of  a  monument  of  this  period 
with  a  well  -  ascertained  date.  We  know 
of  no  Gothic  building  where  the  evolution 
of  the  Early  English  pointed  style  from  the 
round  -  arched  Norman  style  can  be  better 
studied  than  at  St.  David's.  Here  every  step 
in  the  development  of  the  Early  English  capital 
carved  with  foliage  from  the  Norman  cushion 
capital  can  be  clearly  seen  ;  the  dog-tooth 
moulding  can  be  traced  back  to  the  chevron, 
and  the  architectural  revolution  which  took 
place  during  the  last  twenty  years  of  the 
twelfth  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  thir- 
teenth century  is  brought  before  the  imagina- 
tion so  vividly  that  the  massive  Norman  piers 
seem  to  be  in  the  act  of  springing  upwards  like 
the  stems  of  some  tree  of  rapid  growth  and  the 
arches  changing  before  our  eyes  from  the  tra- 
ditional semicircular  shape  inherited  from  the 
builders  of  Diocletian's  palace  at  Spalato, 
throwing  off  the  yoke  of  tradition  once  for  all 
and  carrying  the  whole  structure  heavenwards. 

After  an  interval  for  luncheon  some  of  the 
party  resumed  their  inspection  of  the  cathedral 
and  the  bishop's  palace  under  the  guidance 
of  Mr.  Stephen  W.  Williams,  whilst  the 
rest  proceeded  on  foot  to  St.  David's  Head 
to  examine  the  prehistoric  remains  there. 
It  has  long  been  known  that  the  extreme 
point  of  St.  David's  Head  wiis  cut  off 
from  the  land  by  great  ramparts  enclosing 
hut  circles  within  ;  but  in  the  course  of  the 
Archaeological  Survey  of  the  county  Mr, 
H.  W.  Williams,  of  Solva,  and  Mr.  Henry 
Owen  made  the  important  discovery  that  a 
very  much  larger  area  is  enclosed  by  another 
rampart  of  stone  half  a  mile  long,  running  from 
Porth  Melgan  to  Porth-llong,  showing  that 
there  must  have  been  a  settlement  here  of  the 
same  people  who  built  the  great  prehistoric 
towns  on  Moel  Trigarn  and  Carn  Vawr,  near 
Strumble  Head. 

The  morning  of  Thursday  was  spent  in 
making  a  perambulation  of  the  town  of  Haver- 
fordwest and  visiting  the  castle,  now  used  as 
the  county  gaol,  the  churches  of  St.  Martin, 
St.  Mary,  and  St.  Thomas,  and  the  ruins  of  the 
Augustinian  Priory.  St.  Martin's  Church  is 
probably  the  oldest,  though  but  little  now 
remains  of  a  date  earlier  than  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  interior  is  perhaps  the  only  one 
in  Pembrokeshire  which  has  been  decorated 
with  good  taste  in  modern  times.  It  contains  a 
highly  ornamented  sedilia  and  piscina  of  the 
fourteenth  century  and  a  fine  coffin- lid  with  a 
floriated  cross. 

St.  Mary's  Church  is  second  to  no  ecclesiastical 
building  in  the  Principality,  but  it  is  of  an 
English  rather  than  a  Welsh  type.  The  thir- 
teenth century  arcades  on  the  north  side  of 
the  nave  and  chancel  and  the  chancel  arch  are 
specially  deserving  of  notice.  The  mouldings 
are  extremely  rich,  and  the  capitals  elaborately 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


299 


carved  with  Early  English  foliage,  interspersed 
with  heads,  grotesque  and  otherwise,  and  beasts 
of  different  kinds.  Mr.  Stephen  Williams 
pointed  out  that  the  male  and  female  heads  on 
each  side  of  the  chancel  arch  were  different  from 
the  rest,  and  possessed  an  individuality  which 
led  him  to  suppose  that  they  might  be  those  of 
a  benefactor  of  the  period  and  his  wife.  Amongst 
the  grotesques  were  a  monkey  playing  on  a  harp 
and  a  man  with  one  hand  in  his  mouth  and  the 
other  holding  a  tankard  of  ale  (?). 

An  efhgy  of  a  palmer  with  his  scrip,  on  which 
are  three  shells,  was  seen  on  the  south  side  of 
the  nave.  This  has  been  described  by  the  late 
Mr.  Bloxham  in  the  '  Archfeologia  Cambrensis,' 
and  he  states  that  there  is  only  one  other  efHgy 
of  the  kind  known,  namely,  at  Ashby-de-la- 
Zouche,  Leicestershire. 

The  thirteenth  century  tower  of  St.  Thomas's 
Church  is  all  that  remains  of  the  old  build- 
ing, the  rest  being  quite  modern.  An  effigial 
sepulchral  slab,  showing  the  head  of  the  f:gure 
only,  is  preserved  within  the  church,  we  regret 
to  say  on  the  floor,  where  the  sculpture  is  being 
rapidly  obliterated  by  the  feet  of  persons  walk- 
ing over  it.  There  is  a  floriated  cross  in  relief 
and  an  incised  palm  branch  on  the  top  of  the 
slab  and  an  Anglo-Norman  inscription  in  Lom- 
bardic  capitals  along  one  edge,  showing  that  it 
is  the  tombstone  of  Richard  le  Paumer. 

The  priory,  near  the  river  below  the  town,  is 
now  in  ruins  and  entirely  devoid  of  architectural 
details.  The  church  was  dedicated  to  St.  Mary 
the  Virgin  and  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  and 
was  cruciform  in  plan. 

In  the  afternoon  of  Thursday  an  excursion 
was  made  in  an  easterly  direction  to  Robeston 
Wathen,  going  by  the  Rath,  Wiston,  and  Law- 
haden,  and  returning  by  Picton  Castle.  The 
Rath  is  the  largest  earthwork  in  Pembroke- 
shire. It  does  not  belong  to  the  cliff  castle 
type  nor  has  it  any  affinity  with  the  stone  forts 
already  referred  to.  It  is  possibly  of  Irish 
origin,  but  until  excavations  have  been  made  its 
date  must  remain  a  matter  for  speculation.  The 
chief  peculiarity  of  the  Rath  is  that  it  has 
an  inner  citadel  and  an  outer  court  at  a  lower 
level.  There  are  several  other  earthworks  in 
Pembrokeshire  called  Castells,  Caerau,  and 
Raths  in  different  districts,  but  the  one  visited 
is  known  par  excellence  as  the  Rath.  Law- 
haden  Castle  was  a  fortified  residence  of 
the  Bishops  of  St.  David's.  The  gateway  is 
almost  all  that  now  remains  of  what  must  once 
have  been  a  beautiful  example  of  architecture 
of  the  Decorated  period.  In  Lawhaden  Church 
there  is  an  early  eftigy  of  a  priest,  and  a  plain 
pre-Norman  cross  is  built  into  the  east  wall 
outside.  The  situation  of  the  church  is  ex- 
tremely beautiful. 

On  Thursday  evening  the  general  annual 
business  meeting  of  the  Association  was  held, 
at  which  Ludlow  was  selected  as  the  place  of 
meeting  for  1898.  It  was  decided  also  to 
memorialize  the  Government  on  the  subject  of 
the  spelling  of  the  place-names  on  the  Ordnance 
maps,  which  it  was  understood  was  now  to  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  District  Councils. 

On  the  last  day,  Friday,  August  20th,  the 
members  had  a  choice  of  two  excursions,  one 
northward  to  Letterston  and  Llangwarren,  and 
the  other  in  a  north-easterly  direction  to  Maen- 
clochog,  at  the  foot  of  the  Preceli  Moun- 
tains. Both  presented  unusual  attractions  to 
epigraphists,  as  persons  who  quarrel  over  the 
meaning  of  the  inscriptions  on  early  Christian 
monuments  delight  to  call  themselves.  Prof. 
Rhys  and  his  attendant  satellites  chose  the 
Llangwarren  excursion  because  the  stone  at  that 
place  recently  discovered  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Wil- 
liams, of  Solva,  was  to  be  removed  from  the 
wall  of  a  pig-sty  into  which  it  was  built,  so  that 
the  whole  of  the  inscription  could  be  read,  only 
a  few  letters  being  previously  visible.  Mr. 
Charles  Mathias,  of  Lamphey,  an  enthusiastic 
antiquary  and  the  landlord  of  Llangwarren, 
accompanied  the  party,  and  personally  super- 


intended the  removal  of  the  stone  from  the 
wall.  When  taken  out  it  was  found  to  be  one 
of  the  most  perfect  specimens  of  its  kind  in 
Pembrokeshire.  It  belongs  to  the  bi-lingual 
and  bi-literal  class,  like  the  well-known 
"  Sagramnus "  stone  at  St.  Dogmael's,  near 
Cardigan.  On  the  front  it  bore  the  names 
TiGERNACi  and  DOBAGNi  in  debased  Latin 
capitals,  and  on  the  left  angle  in  Ogams  the 
Celtic  equivalent  dovagni  of  the  Latin  dobagni. 
Prof.  Rhys  said  that  Tigernach  was  a  well- 
known  Irish  name,  but  Dobagni  was  new  as 
far  as  the  inscribed  stones  go,  although  it  occurs 
in  the  name  of  Merthyr  Dyfan  (Dovan  the 
Martyr)  in  Glamorganshire. 

The  party  who  chose  the  other  excursion  had 
to  content  themselves  with  seeing  the  tomb- 
stone of  Vortipore,  Prince  of  Demetia,  at  Llan- 
fallteg,  and  St.  Teilo's  skull  at  Llandeilo 
(Pembrokeshire). 

At  the  evening  meeting,  presided  over  by 
Sir  C.  E.  G.  Pbilipps,  papers  were  read  on 
'Haverfordwest,'  by  the  Rev.  James  Phillips, 
and  on  '  The  Monastery  of  Ty  Gwyn,'  by  Mrs. 
M.  L.  Dawson. 


The  seated  life-size  statue  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
R.  W.  Dale,  upon  which  Mr.  Onslow  Ford  has 
been  engaged  for  some  time  past,  is  now  finished 
and  will  shortly  be  placed  in  the  Art  Gallery  at 
Birmingham,  for  which  institution  it  has  been 
executed. 

Mr.  Hajio  Thornycroft's  standing  whole- 
length  statue — which  is  of  the  heroic  size — of 
Oliver  Cromwell,  destined  to  be  set  up  at  West- 
minster, is  very  nearly  completed.  It  is  cha- 
racteristic and  expressive,  and  represents  the 
Protector  with  one  hand  upon  the  sword  at  his 
side,  holding  a  Bible  in  the  other  hand.  His 
head  is  bare,  and  his  felt  hat — which,  of  course, 
is  of  the  sJiape  affected  by  the  Puritans  of  his 
time— is  under  his  arm,  while,  as  if  lost  in 
thought,  he  looks  moodily  down  at  the  ground 
at  his  feet.  The  likeness  of  the  face,  derived 
largely  from  the  death  -  mask,  is  strikingly 
faithful. 

The  Twenty-seventh  Autumn  Exhibition  in 
the  Walker  Art  Gallery  at  Liverpool  is  now 
open. 

M.  FALGUiiiRE  has  nearly  finished  the  model 
of  his  statue  of  Cardinal  Lavigerie  which  he  has 
undertaken  to  execute  for  the  city  of  Bayonne. 
It  represents  the  "  Apostle  of  Africa  "  standing. 
A  large  mantle  falls  from  his  shoulders  ;  his 
right  hand  is  extended  in  an  attitude  of  bene- 
diction, and  in  his  left  hand  he  holds  a  cross, 
as  if  to  plant  it  on  the  Dark  Continent.  With 
a  rapturous  expression  he  looks  up  to  heaven. 

M.  Benjamin-Constant  is  now,  says  the 
Moniteur  des  Arts,  occupied  in  painting  the 
ceiling  of  the  Nouvel  Op^ra  Comique,  Paris, 
upon  which  are  represented  the  heroes  of  the 
principal  dramas  to  which  the  theatre  is  devoted, 
such  as  Orph^e,  Romdo,  and  Mirelle. 

On  the  lofty  summit  of  the  fleche  of  the 
church  at  Mont  St.  Michel  has  been  quite  lately 
placed  a  gigantic  statue  in  bronze  of  the  arch- 
angel. It  is  gilt,  and  has  the  vast  wings  dis- 
played abroad.  The  work  of  M.  Fr^miet,  a 
plaster  model  of  this  impressive  example  of  his 
powers  will  be  remembered  by  all  visitors  to  the 
Salon  of  1896.  A  statue  of  the  same  subject 
occupied  the  same  position  during  several  cen- 
turies, and  by  many  has  been  supposed  to  have 
suggested  to  Milton  the  magnificent  image 
alluded  to  in  the  phrase  referring  to 

That  great  vision  of  the  guarded  Mount. 
Of  later  years  a  simple  cross  has  crowned  the 
summit.     The  St.  Michael  completes  the  works 
of  restoration  and  repair  which  have  been  long 
in  hand  at  the  famous  abbey  church. 

Tourists  may  like  to  know  that  an  exhibition 
of  antiquities,  historical  and  domestic,  is  to  be 


opened  in  Vevey  from  the  1st  to  the  30th  of 
September.  Several  Swiss  corporations,  espe- 
cially in  Western  Switzerland,  have  promised  to 
send  ancient  banners,  costly  liable  utensils,  and 
the  like.  The  commission  has  addressed  a  cir- 
cular to  some  of  the  old  families  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood which  are  known  to  possess  treasures, 
historical  and  artistic,  which  have  never  left 
their  private  houses,  requesting  the  temporary 
loan  of  their  faience,  old  miniatures,  pottery, 
ornaments,  or  other  articles  of  historical  and 
antiquarian  interest. 

The  distinguished  Greek  numismatist  Achil- 
leus  Postolakas  died  at  Athens  at  the  beginning 
of  this  month.  He  pursued  his  studies  mostly 
in  Germany,  and  having  been  in  constant  com- 
munication with  the  German  Archaeological 
Institute,  he  bequeathed  to  it  his  valuable 
library.  Postolakas  was  for  many  years  Director 
of  the  Numismatic  Museum  of  Athens,  and 
when  the  great  theft  of  coins  took  place  there 
ten  years  ago  he  had  the  mortification  of  being 
arrested,  and  was  only  set  at  liberty  when  the 
actual  thief  was  caught  at  Paris.  Postolakas 
was,  however,  so  deeply  hurt  that  he  resigned 
his  post.  At  the  funeral  the  present  Vice- 
Director  of  the  Numismatic  Museum  delivered 
an  oration,  and  Prof.  Dorpfeld  made  a  speech 
in  honour  of  the  deceased  in  German. 


MUSIC 


RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 

A  Selection  of  the  Songs  of  Lady  Dvfferin. 
Set  to  Music  by  herself  and  others.  (Murray.) 
— The  Countess  of  Gifford,  aided  by  her  son  the 
Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava,  has  in  this  in- 
stance furnished  a  companion  volume  to  her 
'Songs,  Poems,  and  Verses.'  It  should  be 
mentioned  that  nearly  all  the  airs  are  original, 
and  are  accompanied  with  taste  and  simplicity. 
They  are  seventeen  in  number,  and  if  the 
size  of  the  volume  is  small,  the  print  is  com- 
mendably  clear  and  distinct,  though  it  can 
scarcely  be  said  that  in  all  instances  the  cha- 
racteristics of  Hibernian  music  are  purely 
preserved. 

An  English  Series  of  Original  Songs.  Edited 
by  Courtenay  Gale  and  Charlton  T.  Speer. 
(Weekes  &  Co.)— The  fact  that  these  four 
lyrics  bear,  in  addition  to  a  London,  a  Chicago 
imprint  seems  to  indicate  that  they  emanate 
from  American  musicians,  and  certainly  the 
names  of  the  composers  are  not  as  yet  eminent 
in  England.  No.  1,  'Parted,'  by  Norman 
O'Neill,  is  a  brief  but  tasteful  little  ditty  best 
suited  for  tenor  or  high  baritone  voice.  No.  2, 
'  Not  Lost,'  by  Hubert  G.  Oke,  is  one  of  those 
sentimental  tragic  songs  now  so  strangely  in 
vogue.  It  is  a  favourable  example  of  its  class, 
and  will  suit  either  male  or  female  voice  of 
moderate  compass.  It  is  chromatic  alike  in 
melody  and  harmony,  but  not  diflicult.  No.  3, 
'  A  Red,  Red  Rose,'  by  George  Aitken,  is 
yet  another  setting  of  Robert  Burns's  rather 
hackneyed  words.  Bright  and  cheerful  with 
sparkling  accompaniment,  it  is  adapted  for  a 
well-trained  tenor  voice.  The  last  of  the  set, 
'The  Cottager's  Lullaby,'  by  W.  H.  Speer, 
words  by  Wordsworth,  is  evidently  written  for 
contralto  or  mezzo-soprano  voice,  and  is  un- 
questionably expressive.  One  aim  in  all  of 
these  songs  would  seem  to  have  been  the 
avoidance  of  the  stereotyped  chords  and  ar- 
peggios so  long  characteristic  of  ephemeral 
English  ballads.  There  is  no  reason  why  the 
example  set  by  such  masters  of  song- writing  as 
Beethoven,  Schubert,  Schumann,  Franz,  and 
Loewe  should  not  be  followed  in  this  country 
and  America,  and  the  present  series  of  lyrics 
is,  therefore,  deserving  of  a  welcome. 

Technique  and  Expression  in  Pianoforte 
Playing.  By  Franklin  Taylor.  (Novello,  Ewer 
&  Co.) — There  are  preceptors  of  the  pianoforte 
who  make  a  speciality  of  the  mere  mechanism 


300 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


of  key- board  government,  and  there  are  others 
who  place  full  reliance  on  style,  that  is  to  say, 
on  the  most  eloquent  interpretation  of  works 
by  the  great  masters.  Of  course,  a  happy 
medium  exists,  but  theorists  are  not  prone  to 
recognize  this,  and  learners  should  in  the 
first  place  bestow  attention  on  technical 
matters,  and  then  seek  to  develope  what  in 
them  lies  in  respect  of  higher  matters.  Mr. 
Franklin  Taylor  has  written  much  and  of 
great  value  as  a  theorist,  his  latest  essay 
equalling  the  best  of  his  previous  utterances  as 
regards  pianoforte  manipulation.  Some  of  his 
postulates  may  perhaps  astonish  teachers  of 
the  old-fashioned  school,  as,  for  example,  the 
following :  — 

"  In  the  practice  of  many  pianoforte  teachers,  the 
pupil  is  made  to  begin  the  study  of  the  scales  at  a 
very  early  stage— indeed,  soon  after  he  has  become 
acquainted  with  the  notes.  This,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  writer,  is  a  mistake,  and  a  method  entirely  pre- 
judicial to  the  formation  of  a  brilliant  touch.  It 
is  far  better  to  defer  the  study  of  the  complicated 
movements  required  by  the  passing  under  of  the 
thumb  until  independence  of  fingers  and  precision 
in  striking  have  been  secured  by  the  practice  of  five- 
finger  exercises  and  the  simpler  forms  of  broken 
chords." 

Mr.  Franklin  Taylor  expatiates  on  this  sub- 
ject, on  which  he  speaks  with  authority  ;  and 
although  he  is  somewhat  conservative  in  a  few 
respects,  he  yet  displays  intimate  knowledge  of 
the  requirements  of  youthful  aspirants  who  seek 
to  gain  excellence  in  the  works  of  such  modern 
masters  as  Schumann,  Chopin,  Brahms,  and 
Rubinstein.  Of  course  the  ridiculous  rule  of 
condemning  the  use  of  the  thumb  on  black  keys 
finds  no  favour ;  but  the  author  lays  it  down 
that  the  practice  of  employing  the  thumb  in  com- 
mencing such  scales  as  r,  flat  and  e  flat  should 
not  be  utilized  too  early,  for  the  result  will 
be  clumsy  and  inelegant  execution.  In  such 
examples  as  are  fingered,  of  course  the  conti- 
nental system  of  one  to  five  is  adopted,  and  it 
may  be  said,  in  conclusion,  that  the  treatise  is 
noteworthy  for  a  happy  mixture  of  classical  and 
modern  systems  of  teaching  the  pianoforte  so 
far  as  regards  advice  to  the  earnest  student. 


As  already  announced,  Mr.  Hedmondt  will 
open  his  opera  season  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre 
next  Saturday  evening  with  Mr.  Franco  Leoni's 
romantic  lyric  version  of  'Rip  van  Winkle,' 
which  is  written  on  more  serious  lines  than  the 
pretty  comic  opera  by  Planquette  produced  at 
the  Comedy  in  October,  1882,  with  the  late 
Fred  Leslie  in  the  titular  part. 

The  receipts  during  the  recent  Bayreuth 
Festival  are  reported  to  have  reached  26,000L, 
the  largest  sum  ever  taken  at  the  Wagner 
Theatre.  Nevertheless  those  in  authority  are 
wise  in  deciding  to  postpone  further  perform- 
ances for  a  couple  of  years. 

If  report  may  be  trusted,  Herr  Siegfried 
Wagner  has  spoken  severely  concerning  the 
present  condition  of  music  in  Germany,  declaring 
that  Bayreuth  could  not  exist  as  an  art  centre 
if  it  depended  entirely  on  Teutonic  patronage. 
If  this  be  true,  it  will  serve  to  show  that  history 
repeats  itself.  Italy  was  for  many  years  re- 
garded, not  unjustly,  as  the  most  musical  of 
European  countries,  but  it  is  at  present  much 
in  arrear  ;  and  now  that  Johannes  Brahms  is 
dead,  Germany  has  no  composer  as  yet  worthy 
to  be  regarded  as  of  the  first  rank.  France 
being  for  the  moment  out  of  the  question,  there 
is  a  possibility  for  Great  Britain  to  resume  the 
position  it  attained  in  Elizabethan  days,  when 
education  was  not  considered  complete  without 
musical  culture. 

The  recent  Handel  Festivals  at  Mayence  are 
bearing  fruit  The  local  choral  societies  of  the 
ancient  city  have  arranged  to  give  one  oratorio 
performance  every  year  for  the  benefit  of  those 
who  can  only  afford  to  pay  nominal  prices  for 


admission.  From  the  same  place  we  learn, 
however,  that  the  management  of  the  Stadt- 
theater  was  refused  admission  to  a  German 
society  on  the  plea  that  a  laurel  wreath  was 
presented  to  Sehor  d'Andrade  across  the  foot- 
lights. In  Germany  such  personal  homage  to 
artists  is  discountenanced. 

It  is  matter  of  musical  history  that  Mozart's 
comic  masterpiece  in  opera,  best  known  by  its 
Italian  title  'Le  Nozze  di  Figaro,'  was  received 
coldly  when  first  produced  at  Vienna  in  1786  ; 
but  we  now  read  that  the  recent  revival  in  the 
Austrian  capital,  with  Herr  Mahler  as  con- 
ductor, has  been  a  striking  success.  The  original 
orchestration  has  been  preserved  intact,  and 
the  principal  artists  were  instructed  to  act  upon 
Mozartian  traditions  in  their  integrity. 


MoN-, 
TuKs, 
Weii 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Promenade  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall  (Wagner  Night). 
Promenade  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall  (Popular  Night). 
Promenade  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall  (Tscliaikowsky  Night). 


Thirs.  Promenade  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall  (Popular  Night). 
Fri.       Promenade  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall  (Beethoven  Night). 
Sat.       Promenade  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
—       Production  of  Romantic  Opera,  'Rip  van  Winkle,' by  Franco 
Leoni,  Her  Majesty's  rheaire. 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Lyric— Revival  of  '  The  Sign  of  the  Cross,'  a  Drama  in 
Four  Acts.    By  Wilson  Barrett. 

The  Lyric  Theatre  reopened  last  Saturday 
with  Mr.  Wilson  Barrett's  four- act  drama 
'  The  Sign,  of  the  Cross,'  the  reception  of 
which  by  an  overflowing  audience  was 
deafening.  That  this  tawdry  piece  should 
win  acceptance  from  an  ignorant  public 
needs  surprise  none.  That  it  should 
be  tolerated  by  any  portion  of  the  clergy 
affords  a  proof  of  dense  ignorance 
of  Church  history  among  those  supposed 
to  be  most  familiar  with  it,  as  well  as  a 
most  "plentiful  lack  of  wit,"  taste,  and 
reverence.  In  Mr.  Barrett  it  is  pardonable 
to  be  unaware  that  for  a  couple  of  centuries 
after  the  time  with  which  he  deals  the  cross 
was  not  a  Christian  symbol,  and  that,  with  a 
view  of  frightening  or  arresting  an  un- 
scrupulous assailant,  Mr.  Barrett's  heroine 
might  as  well  have  held  up  an  escallop  shell, 
which  some  hundreds  of  years  later  was 
accepted  as  a  symbol  of  St.  James  the 
Greater,  or  indeed  any  object  whatever,  as 
a  cross. 

What  Mr.  Barrett  has  done  in  this  piece 
is  to  provide  himself  with  a  dress  unique 
in  its  splendour  and  only  conceivable  on  the 
boards,  and,  with  his  known  gifts  of 
stage  management  and  the  disposition 
of  crowds,  to  provide  some  scenes  of  much 
bustle.  It  is  hard  to  fancy,  however,  the 
persecuted  Christians  performing  openly 
musical  rites  and  services  which,  in  some 
respects,  one  is  more  apt  to  associate  with 
the  worship  on  the  Brocken  than  with  that 
of  the  early  Christians.  If  in  favour  of  the 
white  uplifted  arms  of  the  worshippers 
Mr.  Barrett  pleads  that  it  is  necessary  to 
make  his  play  spectacular,  the  answer  is 
that  there  is  no  necessity  to  choose  a  theme 
of  the  kind.  The  combination  of  pagan 
revels  with  language  that  just  steers  clear 
of  being  Biblical  is,  to  say  the  least,  un- 
happy, and  the  twirling  limbs  of  the  ballet 
are  wholly  out  of  keeping  with  the  events 
described.  To  deal,  indeed,  with  the  con- 
flict between  Eoman  civilization,  with 
its  mystic  and  luxuriotis  rites  as  yet 
discredited  in  part  only,  and  the  u^eAeia 
of  Christian  worship  demands  a  drama- 
tist    of     a     different     order     from     Mr. 


Barrett,  or,  indeed,  any  of  our  modem 
writers  for  the  stage.  It  calls  for  another 
Corneille,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  a 
second 'Polyeucte,' could  we  get  one,  wouldbe 
acceptable  in  these  days.  There  is,  of  course, 
no  exaggeration  in  the  pictures  of  the 
outrages  to  which,  under  the  reign  of  Nero, 
the  Christians  were  subject.  That  they 
were,  in  fact,  thrown  to  the  wild  beasts,  and 
even  used  as  torches  to  light  up  the  Rome 
they  were  accused  of  having  burnt,  is  pro- 
bably true ;  though  Rome  at  that  time,  in 
her  contemptuous  tolerance  for  other  creeds, 
took,  it  may  be  assumed,  but  a  moderate 
delight  in  their  sufferings.  Before  events 
of  the  kind  can  be  made  acceptable  on  the 
stage  they  must  be  informed  with  poetry 
or  passion.  Mr.  Barrett's  language  never 
rises  near  his  subject,  and  he  has  no  teach- 
ing whatever  except  that  the  early  Chris- 
tians turned  the  cheek  to  the  smiter, 
and  went  uncomplainingly  and  heroically 
to  death.  A  dissipated  prefect,  it  is  true, 
conceives  an  impure  passion  for  a  Christian 
maiden,  tries  vainly  to  protect  her,  and, 
overcome  by  the  spectacle  of  her  heroism, 
embraces  a  religion  concerning  which  he 
can  know  nothing,  and  shares  her  death  in 
the  arena.  A  convert  such  as  this  inspires 
neither  faith  nor  interest,  and  his  departure 
to  the  lions  leaves  us  unmoved.  No  change 
of  importance  has  been  called  for  in  the 
cast,  and  the  exponents  are  in  the  main  the 
same  who  at  the  beginning  of  last  year 
won  for  the  piece  its  remarkable  success. 


^ramatijC  dgxrssijr. 

The  Haymarket  will  reopen  on  Saturday  next 
with  '  A  Marriage  of  Convenience. '  The  next 
piece  to  be  produced  will  be  Mr.  Barrie's 
'  Stickit  Minister.'  Following  that  will  come 
an  adaptation  by  Dr.  Conan  Doyle  of  a  story 
by  Mr.  James  Payn.  This  is  to  be  called 
'  Brothers.' 

Mr.  Alexander  has  secured  the  English 
rights  of  a  play  by  Mr.  Paul  M.  Potter,  the 
adapter  of  '  Trilby,'  and  will  produce  it  at  the 
St.  James's  after  Mr.  Carton's  '  Tree  of  Know- 
ledge.' 

Mr.  G.  Bernard  Shaw  seems  to  be  devoting 
a  large  amount  of  time  to  dramatic  composition. 
He  is  now  credited  with  writing  for  Mr.  Mans- 
field a  play  called  'The  Devil's  Disciple.' 

The  reopening  of  the  Lyceum  with  Mr. 
Forbes  Robertson's  Hamlet  is  fixed,  as  defi- 
nitely as  such  things  can  be  fixed,  for  Septem- 
ber 11th. 

As  the  performances  of  '  Secret  Service  '  have 
to  be  arrested  on  September  11th,  it  is  probable 
that  the  production  of  the  Waterloo  play  of 
Messrs  Comyns  Carr  and  Haddon  Chambers 
will  tread  closely  on  the  heels  of  the  opening  of 
the  Lyceum. 

Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith  has  produced  at 
St.  Leonards  a  three-act  farcical  comedy  by  Mr. 
Michael  Morton,  called  'Miss  Francis  of  Yale,' 
a  piece  running  on  lines  parallel  with  those  of 
'Charley's  Aunt.' 

The  Garrick  Theatre  closed  last  night,  and 
the  '  In  Town '  company  has  started  for 
America. 

'As  You  Like  It'  has  been  played  at  the 
Grand  Theatre,  with  Mr.  Alexander  as  Orlando 
and  Miss  Fay  Davis  as  Rosalind, 

Mr.  Horace  Howard  Furness  has  nearly 
finished  'The  Winter's  Tale,'  which  will  be  the 
next  volume  of  his  American  "Variorum 
Shakespeare."  ^^^ 

To  Correspondents.— J.  B.  E.— A.  F.  L.— C.  H.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


301 


MESSRS.  CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Ltd.. 

WHO  ARE  THE  OWNERS  OF  THE  COPYRIGHTS  OF  THE  WORKS  OF  CHARLES  DICKENS  AND  THOMAS  CARLYLE, 
ARE  THE  ONLY  PUBLISHERS  WHjmjnSSUE^COMPL^^  OF  THEIR  WRITINGS. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  DICKENS  AND  CARLYLE. 

FULL  DESCRIPTIVE  PROSPECTUSES  OX  APPLICATION. 


"  Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  might  fairly  claim  the  publishers'  Victoria  Cross,  if  such  a  thing  there  were. 
They  have  had  the  rare  courage  to  bring  out  almost  at  the  same  moment  two  large  and  costly  ventures.  We 
have  already  spoken  of  their  admirable  Carlyle,  and  to-day  we  have  to  speak  of  their  equcdly  admirable  Dickens.^^ 

Guardian. 


THE    GADSHILL    EDITION 

OF 

CHARLES  DICKENS'S  WORKS. 

Edited  by  ANDREW  LANG. 

In  32  Volumes,  square  crown  8vo.  price  6s.  each  Volume. 

In  issuing  the  GADSHILL  EDITION  of  the  works  of  CHARLES  DICKENS,  Messrs. 
CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  who  are  the  owners  of  the  cops'right,  and  therefore  are  alone  able  to 
publish  an  entire  edition  of  his  works,  are  making  this,  the  Gadshill  Edition,  the  most  com- 
plete that  has  ever  been  published. 

MK.  ANDREW  LANG  has  undertaken  to  write  an  Introduction  to  each  work  ;  also 
Notes  to  each  volume.  A  General  Essay  on  Dickens's  works,  by  Mr.  Lang,  will  appear  in 
one  of  the  later  volumes. 

In  this  edition  will  be  included  'SKETCHES  of  YOUNG  COUPLES  and  YOUNG 
GENTLEMEN,'  '  SUNDAY  under  THREE  HEADS,'  and  '  The  MUDFOG  PAPERS,'  hitherto 
not  issued  in  any  existing  uniform  edition  of  Dickens's  works.  '  MASTER  HUMPHREY'S 
CLOCK  '  will  be  issued  in  the  form  in  which  it  was  originally  published — viz.,  with  '  The 
OLD  CURIOSITY  SHOP' and 'BARNABY  RUDGE.' 

All  the  original  plates  of  Cruikshank,  Seymour,  and  Hablot  Browne,  &c.,  will  be  given, 
chiefly  from  unused  duplicate  plates  in  very  fine  condition  in  the  possession  of  the  publishers. 
In  some  of  the  later  works,  where  the  artists  are  not  so  closely  connected  in  public  estima- 
tion with  the  author,  new  illustrations  will  be  employed  by  the  best  available  artists  of  the 
day.  

VOLUMES  NOW  READY. 

The  PICKWICK  PAPERS.     2  vols,  with  43  lUustra- 

tions  by  Seymour  and  Phiz. 

OLIVER   TWIST.     1  vol.  with  24   Illustrations  by 

Cruikshank. 

NICHOLAS  NICKLEBY.    2  vols,  with  39  Illustrations 

by  Phiz,  and  Portrait  of  Charles  Dickens  by  Maclise,  engraved  by  Finden. 

MARTIN   CHUZZLEWIT.     2  vols,  with  40  Illustra- 

tions  by  Phiz. 

DOMBEY  and  SON.    2  vols,  with  40  Illustrations  by 

Phiz. 

The  OLD  CURIOSITY  SHOP.    2  vols,   with  75  Illus- 

trations  by  Cattermole  and  Browne. 

The  PERSONAL  HISTORY  of  DAVID  COPPERFIELD. 

2  vols,  with  4U  Illustrations  by  Phiz. 

TO  BE  FOLLOWED  BY— 

BARNABY  RUDGE.    2  vols,  with  78  Illustrations  by 

Cattermole  and  Browne.  

SOME  PRESS  OPINIONS. 

The  ATHENyE UM  says  : — "  The  type  is  excellent,  the  paper  good,  the  illustrations  are 

the  original  ones.    Mr.  Lang's  introduction  is  piquant  and  shrewd Altogether  in  these 

two  volumes  this  new  edition  has  made  an  excellent  start." 

The  PALL  MALL  GAZETTE  says  :—"  The  type  of  it  is  bold  and  untrying  to  the 
eyes,  the  binding  is  a  fine-grained  crimson  cloth,  and  the  plates  are  reproductions  of  those 
of  the  original  edition  in  their  most  perfect  state." 

The  {SCOTSMAN  says  : — "  There  have  been  many  editions  of  Dickens,  but  in  respect 
of  paper  and  print  this  one  can  challenge  comparison  with  them  all." 

The  HH/iFF/ELD  TELEGHAP/I  anys  ■.—'•Sup&Tb  'Gadshill  Edition.' A  handsome 

scarlet  binding  and  exquisitely  clear  print  on  fine  paper  are  minor  charms  compared  with 

the  illustrations,  which  are  from  the  original  etchings  and  woodcuts The  two  volumes  of 

'  Pickwick  '  offer  the  most  brilliant  evidence  of  the  success  of  the  publishers." 

The  GLOBE  says  :—'■  The  type  used  is  large  and  clear,  the  paper  is  good,  the  text  is 
the  latest  authorized  by  Dickens,  and  all  the  original  illustrations  are  to  be  reproduced. 
Altogether,  it  is  an  edition  to  be  desired." 

The  GUARDIAN  says  :— "  The  '  Gadshill  Edition '  is  all  that  the  lover  of  Dickens  can 

desire.    It  will  be  more  complete  than  any  that  have  appeared It  is  handsome  in  form, 

easy  to  hold,  and  pleasant  to  read.  The  utmost  pains  have  been  taken  to  restore  the  illustra- 
tions to  their  original  freshness,  and,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  first  two  volumes,  these 

pains  have  had  the  success  they  deserved Mr.  Andrew  Lang  promises  an  introduction  to 

each  work.     No  one  is  so  well  fitted  for  the  work  as  Mr.  Lang." 

The  MORNING  POUT  says  : — "  Mr.  Lang  has  done  all  it  was  possible  to  do,  and  done 
it  well The  edition  is  printed  in  large  and  clear  type,  on  excellent  paper,  and  is  hand- 
somely bound  in  red." 

The  LEEDS  MERCURY  says:— "The  'Gadshill  Edition'  can  scarcely  fail  to  win  a 
wide  and  rapid  welcome." 


THE  CENTENARY  EDITION 

OF 

THOMAS    CARLYLE'S    WORKS. 

Edited  by  H.  D.  TRAILL. 

In  30  Volumes,  square  crown  8vo.  3s.  6d.  each  Volume. 

The  CENTENARY  EDITION,  now  being  brought  out,  is  under  the  supervision  of 
Mr.  H.  D.  "TRAILL,  D.C.L  ,  who  contributes  a  general  Introduction  to  the  First  Volume, 
and  a  short  Preface  to  each  succeeding  Work. 

With  a  view  of  making  the  CENTENARY  EDITION  as  complete  as  possible,  the 
Publishers  intend  to  add  another  Volume  to  the  already  well-known  works,  comprising 
some  Essays  and  Minor  Writings  never  before  published  in  a  collected  form. 

The  CENTENARY  EDITION  is  being  printed  from  the  text  of  the  last  edition,  collated 
and  arranged  by  Carlyle  himself. 

The  Illustrations  will  consist  mainly  of  Portraits,  which,  includmg  some  of  THOMAS 
CAKLYLB,  have  never  appeared  in  any  existing  Edition. 

Maps  and  Plans  will  also  be  given. 

%•  A  LIMITED  AND  NUMBERED  EDITION  IS  PRINTED  FROM  THE  SAME 

TYPE  ON  LARGER  PAPER,  WITH  EXTRA  ILLUSTRATIONS, 

lOs.  6d.  NET  BACH.    300  ONLY  PRINTED. 


VOLUMES  NOW  BEADY. 

SARTOR  RESARTUS.    With  a  Steel  Portrait  of  Car- 

lyle  by  Samuel  Lawrence,  engraved  by  Armitage. 

The   FRENCH    REVOLUTION:    a  History.     With 

Photogravure  Portraits  of  Louis  XVI.,  Mirabeau,  Lafayette,  Marie  Antoinette,  Necker. 
Madame  Roland,  Danton,  Charlotte  Corday,  Robespierre.     In  3  vols. 

ON  HEROES,  HERO  WORSHIP,  and  the  HEROIC  in 

HISTORY.     With  3  Photogravure  Portraits  of  Shakespeare,  Rousseau,  and  Napoleon. 

OLIVER  CROMWELL'S   LETTERS  and    SPEECHES. 

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of  Carlyle. 

The  LIFE  of  JOHN  STERLING.     With  a  Steel  Por- 

trait  of  Sterling. 

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The  HISTORY  of  FREDERICK  the  GREAT.    In  10  vols. 

And  the  rest  of  CARLYLE'S  WORKS  at  monthly  intervals. 

A  full  detailed  Prospectus  on  application. 


SOME  OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

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reader  can  desire,  while  in  point  of  price  it  is  remarkably  cheap Mr.  Traill  contributes  a 

general  introduction We  know  of  no  estimate  of  Carlyle's  position  in  literature  at  once  so 

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The  HOME  NEWS  says :— "  At  the  popular  price  at  which  it  is  to  be  sold  it  is  a  marvel. 
The  Centenary  Edition  will  be  a  real  boon." 

The  NATIONAL  OBSERVER  says  :—"  Bids  fair  to  be  the  standard  edition.  It  is 
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The  DAILY  NEWS  saya  :—"  A  series  of  handsome  octavo  volumes." 

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The  LITERARY  WORLD  says  :—"  The  series  is  one  that  would  decorate  any  library, 
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illustrated  with  handsome  plates. 


CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Limited,  London. 


302  THEATHEN^UM  N°  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


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N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


303 


ON  SEPTEMBER  1 

Mr.  JAMES  BOW  DEN  will  publish  (at  3s.   6d.   net)  MAUDE:   a 

Story  for  Girls,  hij  CHRISTINA   R08SETTI,  with  a  Portrait  (hitherto 
impublished)   by   Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti.      Five  Hundred   only  have   been 
printed.     Application  for    Copies   should  be  made  at  once,  as  orders  have 
already  been  received  for  nearly  the  ivhole  of  the  Edition. 

LONDON:    10,    HENRIETTA   STREET,   COVENT   GARDEN,   W.C, 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 
NOTES:— City  Names    in  Stow's  ' Surrey  —O.  W.  Holmes  and  the 
Word  "  Pry  "—Scallop  in  Heraldry  —  Church    Row,   Hampstead- 
Anglo-Saxon  MSS— "ODeus  OpUine  "—Local  Phrases— "  Whom  " 
—English  Measure. 

QUERIES  :— Burlinghame  —  Charles  Keene  —  Swifts,  Sparrows,  and 
Starlings— Skelton—Plantagenet— Sir  W,  Hendley— Clock  at  Uouen 
— Parkhurst  Family— Evona— Folk-lore  ol  the  Moon— Song  Wanted 
—Daily  Service— J.  T.  Busby- Keigate  Church  — Tern— Armorial 
China— Letter  from  Douglas  Jerrold— '  Austria  as  it  is  ' — Volunteers 
— Owenap  Lewis— Chittening—"  Obey  "—History  ol  Huntingdon  — 
"Godard":  "Lagman." 

REPLIES.— Tradition  of  St  Cmx— "To  cha'  fause  "—New  South  Wales 
Bibliography  — Gretna  Green  — Diamond  Jubilee  Service —  Gram- 
marsow— 'English  Verse  Structure'- Twenty -four  Hour  Dials- 
Handicap- Decadents  and  Symbolisles  — Oldest  Trees— Military 
Colours —"  Dicks  Hatband  " —  Typewriters  — Charlton  Family- 
Cheney  Gate— Ulster  Plantation— Descendants  of  Jones  the  Kegi- 
cide— King's  Messengers— B.  Scrope— H.  J.  H.  Martin— Hare  and 
Eggs- Nine  Men's  Morris— Burning  Christmas  Decorations— A. 
Smith— I'rials  of  Animals— Enid  — Cape  Gooseberry— Beanfeast- 
Living  Sign— Methven  Pedigree— Early  Headstones— Cope  and  Mitre 
—Smoking  before  'fobacco-Earls  of  Derby— Invention  of  he  Guil- 
lotine-" Apparata"  — "  Aceldama"— Miss  Wallis- Rhymes  in  Latin 
Classics— Knights  Templars  in  Pembroke—"  Havelock  "—Howard 
Medal— Holly  Meadaws— Pelling  Bridge-Old  Ruff— "The  Bible  of 
Nature.' 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Heckethorn's  '  Secret  Societies '— Stubbs's  '  Eegis- 
trum  Sacrum  Anglicannm  '— Grenfell  and  Hunt's  '  Sayings  of  Our 
Lord'  — '  Authors  and  Publishers  —' Robinson  on  Gavelkind'— 
'  Capt.  Cueller's  Adventures  '—Ward's  '  Guide  to  Stratford-on-Avon ' 
— Henslow's  '  Bible  Plants'— Dallinger's  'Nominations  for  OlHce 
in  the  United  States '— Harrisse's  '  Discovery  of  North  America.' 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUJIBER  (Aur/ust  21J  contains— 
NOTES  :— The  Dove— "Slipper-bath  "—Names  and  the  Survey— Arabic 
Star  Names  — Cockade  :  Escallop  — Epitaph  —  Marriage  Custom- 
"  Bushton  "—"  Peace  with  honour"— Sieur  du  Bartas—' Dictionary 
of  Dates '  and  the  Calendar— Mammoth  Remains— Ancient  Font- 
Curious  Custom  — Dickens  in  Russian —  Parallels  — Confirmation 
Rite— Disfigured  Landmarks— Colours  in  Action. 

QUERIES:— "With  a  wet  finger"— Miss  Vandenhoff— 'Labyrinth  of 
Life  '— "  HuBg  " :  "  Hanged  "—Somersetshire  Assizes— R.  J.  Clark— 
Cromlechs-Carrick— Baronet's  Widow— "Kingale  "—Bacon  Family 
—Church  pf  Scotland  — "On  the  knees  of  the  gods  "—Making 
Burghers— Refti-ence  Sought— P  as  a  Numeral— Bowing  to  a  Sweep 
-De  Imitatione  Christi  —Warming  Cards  —  Parkhurst  Forest— 
"  God  geonietrizes"— Sir  J.  Bennet— Lynch  Family— H.  Clay— Livery 
Lists— Charters— Ghosts— AVilkinson=Conyers— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES  :—"  A  Crowing  Hen  "—Fall  of  Angels— Royal  Arms  of  Scot- 
land—"  Snipers  "—English  Game  Laws  — East  Windows— Church 
Tower  Buttresses— "Hawcubite  "—' The  Giaour'— "Fly  on  the 
chariot  wheel  "—"  Cyclist "  :  "  Bike  "—Literary  Women— "Harpe 
pece  "-Sanctuary  Lists  —  Amphillis  —  Poetry— Fit=Fought—"  No 
birds  in  last  year's  nest"— French  Prisoners— Hogg  and  fannahill 
— "Ruffin"  Drop— "Bostrakize"- P.  Harrison— "Crattle  "■  "  Sul- 
low "  —  " Teetotal"  —  De  Medici  —  Longest  English  Words  —  R. 
Woolsey— Old  Estate— Avignon— Glamorganshire  and  Carmarthen- 
shire Families-H.  Cornish— J.  F.  Neville  — Ancient  Cornish- 
Curfew— Helm— Vice-Admiral  Parker— County  Council  English— 
"Belly-Can"— Dies  Veneris  — Queen's  Watermen  — B  Franklin- 
Burial  ol  Horse  and  Owner— Canonization— Superstition. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS:— Bedford's  'Blazon  of  Episcopacy '-Dasent's 
'Acts  of  the  Privy  Council'— Mrs.  Gamlin's  "I'wixt  Mersey  and 
Dee'— Feasey's  'Ancient  English  Holy  Week  Ceremonial '— Boore's 
'Wrekin  Sketches'— Morris's  Struggle  between  Carthage  and 
Rome,"  &c. 

Price  id.  each  ;  by  post,  i^d.  each. 

Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
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THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 
last  Week's  ATHENyBUM  contains  Articles  o» 

R   L.  STEVENSON. 

The  REIGN  of  HENRY  VIII. 

MORE  RECOLLECTIONS  of  the  CRIMEAN  WAR. 

GAELIC  POETRY. 

MODERN  CRICKET. 

SIR  THOMAS  COPLEY'S  LETTERS. 

SOURCES  for  GREEK  HISTORY. 

NEW  NOVELS :— An  Altruist ;  Rose  of  Dutchers  Coolly. 

LOCAL  HISTORY. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

CONTINENTAL  HISTORY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE.— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

UNUM  est  NECES8ARIUM;  The  CLERK  of  the  SHIPS;  PROF 
SAINTSBURV  on  the  MATTER  of  BRITAIN  ;  SLOANE'S  'LIFE 
of  NAPOLEON';  "PRAISE-GOD  BAREBONES  ":  TBELAWNY 
at  USK. 

LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE : -Sir  John  Evans's  Address  to  the  British  Association ; 
Library  Table  ;  Geographical  Literature  ;  Entomological  Literature  ■ 
Geological  Literature ;  The  Literature  of  Physics  ;  The  Mathe- 
matical Congress ;  Astronomical  Notes. 

FINE  ARTS:— Life  and  Letters  of  Jean  Francois  Millet:  Cambrian 
Arcnafological  Association ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC :— Recent  Publitations  ;  Bayreuth  Festival ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA:— MoliO're  Dictionary;  The  Week ;  Gossip. 

The  ATHENiEUM,  every  SATURDAY,  price  THREEPENCE,  of 

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Also- 


Now  ready,  price  Sixpence. 

ONGMAN'S     MAG  AZINE.— Septembeb. 


WEEPING   FERRY.     Prologue  and  1-6.      By   Margaret  L.   Woods, 
Author  of  '  A  Village  Tragedy,'  &c. 

TWO  MONTHS  in  SOKOTRA.    By  Ernest  N.  Bennett. 

"  HE  FELL  AMONG  THIEVES."    By  Henry  Newbolt. 

The  HISrORY  of  MY  FROCKS.    By  K. 

A  GAME  of  CHESS.    By  L  B.  Walford. 

A  HAMPSHIRE  COMMON.    By  G.  A.  B.  Dewar. 

The  AMERICAN  RANCHMAN.    By  J.  R.  E.  Sumner. 

AT  the  SIGN  of  the  SHIP.    By  Andrew  Lang. 

London  :  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Now  ready,  handsome  cloth,  Is.  6d.  post  free ;  gilt,  for 
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QPEN-AIR     STUDIES     in     BOTANY: 

SKETCHES  OF  BRITISH  WILD  FLOWERS  IN 
THEIR  HOMES. 

By  R.  LLOYD  PRAEGER,  B.A.  M.R.LA. 

Illustrated  by  Drawings  from  Nature  by  S.  Rosamond 
Praeger,  and  Photographs  by  R.  Welch. 

General  Contents  :—A  Daisy-Starred  Pasture— Under  the 
Hawthorns — By  the  River — Along  the  Shingle — A  Fragrant 
Hedgerow— A  Connemara  Bog — Where  the  Samphire  Grows 
— A  Flowery  Meadow— Among  the  Corn  (a  Study  in  Weeds) 
— In  the  Home  of  the  Alpines — A  City  Rubbish-Heap — 
Glossary. 

"  Mr.  Lloyd  Praeger's  '  Open-Air  Studies  in  Botany,'  with 
its  delightful   '  sketches  of  British   wild  flowers    in    their 

homes' is  redolent  with    the    scent   of  woodland    and 

meadow." — Standard. 

"A  series  of  stimulating  and  delightful  chapters  on  field 
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London  :  Charles  Griflan  &  Co.,  Limited, 
B-xeter  Street,  Strand. 

Now  ready,  in  I  vol  crown  4to.  cloth,  gilt  top,  price  31s.  6d.  net. 
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/CURIOSITIES   of  a   SCOTS  CHARTA  CHEST. 

KJ  Edited  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  ATHOLL  FORBES.  Illustrated  by 
Photogi-avure  Portraits  and  many  other  Plates  and  Facsimiles. 

"  Few  such  collections  can  be  more  curious  and  interesting  wtthin  its 

own  range  of  time  and  place The  colour  as  well  as  the  form  of  the 

age  is  reflected  in  the  old  letters  and  journals  of  the  Dicks  and  Cunyng- 
hams  and  their  correspondents,  which  Mrs.  Forbes  brings  forth  and 
judiciously  arranges  and  links  together  with  a  slight  narrative." 

Scotsman. 

"It  contains  selections  from  the  correspondence,  during  the  seven- 
teenth and  eighteenth  centuries,  of  a  family  which  has  had  a  rather 

unusual  proportion  of  men  of  mark The  good  old  times,  of  which 

Mrs.  Forbes  has  given  us  such  an  interesting  picture." — Standard. 
William  Brown,  26,  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

A     KEY    to     ENGLISH      ANTIQUITIES. 
With  Special  Reference  to  the  Sheffield  and  Rotherham 
District. 
By  ELLA  S.  ARMITAGE. 
With  Plans  and  Illustrations.    348  pp.  crown  8vo.  7s. 
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Hall  Conrt,  London,  B.C. 

SECOND  EDITION,  price  Fourpence, 

RIEF     LESSONS     in     ASTRONOMY. 

By  W.  r.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R  AS. 

"  Conveys  a  great  deal  of  information  without  being  in  any  way  dry 
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"OEMARKABLE  ECLIPSES:    a  Sketch  of  the 

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NEW  EDITION,  price  Two  Shillings, 

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B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"Has,  we  are  glad  to  see,  reached  a  ninth  edition,  which  enables 
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REMARKABLE    COMETS  :   a   Brief  Survey  of 
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By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B  A.  F.R.A.S. 
"  Well  adapted  to  accomplish  their  purpose." 

Dr.  B.  A.  Gould,  Editor  of  the  Astronomical  Journal. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspur  Street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 


B 


1)  US  KIN.— 'The   PRINCIPLES  of  ART,'  as 

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Address  Mn.  Wim.iam  WurrE,  Ruskin  Museum,  Sheffield. —Prospectus, 
with  Press  Opinions,  on  application. 

BLACKWOOD'S         MAGAZINE. 
No.  983.     SEPTEMBER,  1897.    2s.  6d. 
MRS.  OLIPH.iNT  as  a  NOVELIST. 

The  POLITICAL  PRISONER  in  SIBERIA.    By  J.  Y.  Simpson. 
TO  MARGUERITE.    By  Walter  Hogg. 
DARIEL :  a  Romance  of  Surrey.    By  R.  D.  Blackmore. 
HERALDRY   in    PRACTICAL   POLITICS.      By  the   Right   Hon.  Sir 
Herbert  Maxwell,  Bart,  M. P. 

A  CORNER  of  WEST  NORFOLK. 

The  TWO  TRAGEDIES  :  a  Note.    By  Professor  Saintsbary. 

BAYREUTH,  1897.    By  Ian  Malcolm,  MP. 

The  BRITISH  SOLDIER  as  a  PLAGUE  COMMISSIONER.    By  Major- 

General  W.  Tweedie,  C.S  I. 
HER  SILENCE.    By  F.  A.  Howden. 

DURING  the  ARMISTICE :  Impressions  of  the  War.    By  Walter  B. 
Harris. 

William  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London. 

THE      FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW. 
Edited  by  W.  L.  COURTNEY. 
SEPTEMBER. 
The  UNKNOWN  GOD.    By  William  Watson. 

The    UNRECOGNIZED    ESSENCE    of    DEMOCRACY.      By    W.    H. 

Mallock. 

GEORGES  DARIEN.    By  Ouida. 

DCRER'S  VISIT  to  the  NETHERLANDS.    By  Sir  W.  Martin  Conway. 

The  MODERN  FRENCH  DRAMA.    III.    By  Augustin  Filon. 

GIBRALTAR  as  a  WINTER  RESORT    By  J.  Lowry  Whittle. 

CRICKET  OLD  and  NEW.    By  Frederick  Gale. 

PEASANTS  of  KOMAGNA.    By  Evelyn  March  Phillipps. 

The  SCIENCE  of  MEANING.    By  Prof.  J.  P.  Postgate. 

A  ROYAL  SLAVE.    By  Lady  Welby. 

The  SPEED  of  WARSHIPS.    By  Ralph  George  Hawtrey. 

SOCIALISM  in  FRANCE  from  1876-96.    By  Paul  Lafargue. 

The   COMMISSION    on  AGRICULTURE.      By  Francis  Allston  Chan- 
ning,  M.P. 

The  CLONDYKE  GOLD  FIELDS.    With  Map.    By  Mark  S.  Wade,  M.D. 

The  GERMAN  EMPERORS  FOREIGN  POLITICS. 


pHAPMAN'S        MAGAZINE. 

\J  Edited  by  OSWALD  CRAWFUBD. 

Price  Si.xpence. 
The  SEPTEMBER  Number  contains  the  Contination  of 
Miss  VIOLET  HUNT'S  New  Novel 
UNKIST,  UNKIND! 
And  NINE  COMPLETE  STORIES  by 
W.    L.    ALDEN,    HAROLD    E.     GORST,    LEONARD    OUTRAM,     E. 
FOSTER,  MARK  EASTWOOD,  H.  MARTLEY,  R.  GULL,  JOSEPH 
STRANGE,  &C. 

Chapman  &  Hall  Limited,  London. 

NOTTINGHAM  ARCHITECTURE.  —  See  the 
BUILDER  of  August  28  (id.,  by  post  43d  )  for  fully  Illustrated 
Article  on  Nottingham,  being  the  Ninth  of  a  Series,  appearing  at 
intervals,  on  the  Architecture  of  our  large  Provincial  Towns.  Through 
any  Newsagent,  or  direct  from 

The  Publisher  of  the  Builder,  46,  Catherine  Street,  London,  W.C. 

THE      SWAN       FOUNTAIN      PEN. 
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lOs.  6d.,  16s.  Gd.,  and  25s.  each,  post  free. 

Not  until  you  write  with  a  "  SWAN  "  will  you  realize 
its  inestimable  value.  'The  most  prolific  writers  of  to- 
day pronounce  it  as  a  perfect  Pen. 

A  Pen  as  nearly  perfect  as  inventive  skill  can  pioduce. 

We  only  require  your  steel  pen  and  handwriting  to 
select  a  suitable  pen. 

Complete  Illustrated  Catalogue  sent  post  free  on  application  to 

MABIE,  TODD  &  BARD,  93,  Cheapside,  B.C.;   95\,  Regent  Street,  W., 

London.    And  3,  Exchange  Street,  Manchester. 


A 


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ALLEN'S  STRONG  DRESS  BASKETS. 
ALLEN'S  NEW  CATALOGUE,  post  free. 

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C    O    F    F    E    E— 

SUGAR- 
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104,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  W.C. 


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INNBFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  for 

ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN, 

HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 

And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 

CbUdren,  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


304 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3644,  Aug.  28,  '97 


BOH  N'S     LIBRARIES. 

1847-1897. 
FIFTIETH   ANNIVERSARY   OF   PUBLICATION. 

The  inauguration  of  this  series  of  Copyright  Works  was  the  first  attempt  on  the  part  of  English 
publishers  to  provide  good  literature  at  a  low  price.  It  was  commenced  in  1847  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Bohn  with 
the  issue  of  his  Standard  Library,  which  consisted  of  reprints  and  translations  of  tlie  classical  literature  of 
England,  Germany,  France,  and  Italy.  The  success  which  attended  this  was  so  great  that  Mr.  Bohn  was 
encouraged  to  extend  the  field,  and  he  started  the  various  "  Libraries "  known  as  The  Scientific,  The 
Illustrated,  The  Classical,  The  Antiquarian,  &c.  In  every  case  the  works  were  admirably  printed  on 
good  paper,  and  furnished  with  illustrations,  portraits,  and  maps  of  the  highest  quality.  So  important  an 
influence  has  this  series  obtained  in  the  advancement  of  English  education,  that  there  is  hardly  a  library, 
public  or  private,  the  nucleus  of  which  is  not  founded  on  "  Bohn." 

THOMAS  CARLYLE  said  of  it :  "I  may  say,  in  regard  to  all  manner  of  books,  Bohn's  Publication 
Series  is  the  usefullest  thing  I  know  ";  and  his  friend  EMERSON  recognized  its  admirable  purpose  when 
he  said :  "  The  translations  of  Bohn's  Library  have  done  for  literature  what  railroads  have  done  for  internal 
intercourse." 

In  1864  Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  acquired  the  series,  and  from  time  to  time  added  new  works,  until  to-day 
it  includes  over  770  volumes  in  all  departments  of  literature,  art,  and  science.  With  the  progress  of  scholar- 
ship and  research,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons  have  found  that  new  editions  and  new  translations  were  necessary, 
and  these  they  have  initiated,  with  the  result  that  Bohn's  Libraries  are  unrivalled  for  accuracy  of  text.  As 
for  the  editorial  work,  the  chief  literary  organ  of  America — the  New  York  Critic — considers  "  the  imprint  of 
Bohn's  Standard  Library  is  a  guarantee  of  good  editing." 

Within  late  years  the  Publishers  have  so  far  improved  the  paper,  printing,  and  binding  that  the  volumes 
form  handsome  as  well  as  essential  additions  to  every  library. 

770  Volumes  at  3s.  6d.  or  5s.  each,  with  a  few  exceptions. 

The  following  Volumes  have  been  recently  issued  or  are  in  preparation : — 

MOTLEY'S  HISTORY  of  the  RISE  of  the  HORACE.     A  New  Literal  Prose  Translation. 


dutch  republic.    With  Introduction  by  MONCURE  D,  CONWAY, 
and  Portrait  of  Motley.     3  vols.  3s.  6d.  each. 

COMTE'S  POSITIVE   PHILOSOPHY.     Trans- 

lated  and  Condensed  by  HARRIET  MARTINEAU.     With  Introduction 
by  FREDERIC  HARRISON.     3  vols.  5s.  each. 

TEN   BRINK'S  EARLY  ENGLISH  LITERA- 

TURE.    Vol.  III.     Translated  by  L.  DORA  SCHMITZ. 

EARLY  ESSAYS   by  JOHN  STUART  MILL. 

Collected  from  Various  Sources  by  J.  W.  M.  GIBBS.     3s.  6d. 

BURTON'S    ANATOMY   of   MELANCHOLY. 

Edited  by  the  Rev.  A.  R.  SHILLETO,  M.A.    With  an  Introduction  by 
A.  H.  BULLEN.     Portrait  and  Full  Index.     3  vols. 

The  PROSE  WORKS  of  JONATHAN  SWIFT. 

Edited  by  TEMPLE  SCOTT.     With  an  Introduction  by  the  Right  Hon. 
W.  E.  H.  LECKY,  M.P.     In  about  10  vols.  3s  6d. 

Vol.  I.  'A  TALE  of  a  TUB,'  '  The  BATTLE  of  the  BOOKS.'  and  other 
early  Works.  Edited  by  TEMPLE  SCOTT.  With  Introduction  by  the  Right 
Hon.  W.  B.  H.  LECKY,  M.P.     Portrait  and  Facsimiles. 

Vol.  II,  '  The  JOURNAL  to  STELLA.'  Edited  by  F.  RYLAND,  M.A. 
With  a  Facsimile  Letter  and  2  Portraits  of  Stella. 


By  A.  HAMILTON  BRYCE,  LL.D.,  Translator  and  Editor  of  '  Virgil,' 
&c.     3s.  6d, 

The  WORKS  of  GEORGE  BERKELEY,  BISHOP 

of  CLOYNB.  Edited  by  GEORGE  SAMPSON.  With  a  Biographical 
Introduction  by  the  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  BALFOUR,  M.P.  3  vols.  f>s. 
each.  [  Vol.  J.  ready. 

The  CAMPAIGN   of  SEDAN :  the  Downfall  of 

the  Second  Empire.  August-September,  1870.  By  GEORGE  HOOPER, 
Author  of  'Waterloo;  the  Downfall  of  the  First  Napoleon:  a  History 
of  the  Campaign  of  1815.'  With  General  Map  and  Six  Plans  of  Battle. 
New  Edition.     3s.  6d. 

"  This  is  an  admirable  history." — Spectator. 

' '  His  picture  of  movements  and  events  is  admirably  clear,  and  the  work 
can  be  recommended  as  a  text-book  for  military  students." — Standard, 

LELAND'S  ITINERARY.    Edited  by  Laurence 

GOMME,  F.S.A.     In  several  volumes.  [Preparing. 

GASPARY'S  HISTORY  of  ITALIAN  LITERA- 

TURE.    Translated  by  HERMANN  OELSNER,  Ph.D.     Vol.  L 

[Preparing, 


COMPLETE   CATALOGUE   OF  THE  SERIES    ON  APPLICATION. 


London :  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS,  York  Street,  Covent  Garden. 


E<Utonal  Communications  shonld  be  addressed  to  "The  Editor "  — Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "The  Pabliaher"  — at  the  OtBee,   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 

Printed  bjr  Jobn  Edw^kd  Fbancis,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Boildintrs,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. ;  and  Published  by  John  C.  Francn  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 

Af;ents  tor  ScoTLtKo,  Messrs.  BeU  &  Bradtnte  and  Mr.  John  Henzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  August  28,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


3loiirna(  of  (iHnsli.efjl)  antr  dJ^orefgit  literature,  Science,  tj^e  dFine  ^rt^,  i¥lu^ic  antr  tbt  l^rama. 


No.  3645. 


SATURDAY,    SEPTEMBER    4,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

RBQISTKliKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


THE       LIBRARY       ASSOCIATION, 
20,  Hanover  Square.  W. 
President— Mr.  Alderman  HARRY  RAWSON. 
President-Elect-H.  R.  TEDDER,  Esq. 
Hon.  Secretary-J.  Y.  W.  MAC  ALISTER,  E?q. 
The  TWENTIETH  ANNUAL  MEETING  oJ  this  Association  will  be 
*ield  in  LONDON  on  OCl'OliER  SO.  L'l.  2inext.  for  the  transaction  ol  the 
annual  business  of  the  Association,  and  for  the  reading  of  Tapers,  and 
Discussions.    Oflers  of  Papers  on  appropriate  subjects  are  invited,  and 
those  intending  to  write  Papers  should  communicate  at  once  with  the 
Hon.  SECRirr.iRY,  Libi-ary  Association,  20,  Hanover  Square,  W, 

NEWSVENDORS'     BENEVOLENT     and 
PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Established  1839. 
OBJECTS  OF  THE  SOCIETY. 

1.  (a)  To  grant  "pensions  and   temporary  assistance  to  masters  or 

servants  engaged  in  the  sale  of  newspapers,  or  to  the  widows 

of  such  masters  or  servants." 
(6)  Publishers  of  newspapers  and  periodicals,  wholesale  agents, 

and  retail  newsagents,  whether  man  or  woman,   master  or 

servant,  thus  are  all  eligible    members,  pi'ovided  they  are 

engaged  in  the  sale  of  newspapers. 
((■)  Payment  of  31.   Xs.  constitutes   a   life    membership,   and  Ave 

shillings  an  annual  membership. 

2.  Newsvendors  (as  above  described),  in  all    parts    of   the  Vnited 

Kingdom,  are  eligil>le  members  of  this  Society. 

3.  (a)  Pensions  are  granted  to  members  not  less  than  55  years  of 

age  ;  To  men  JO/  each,  and  to  women  15/.  each  per  annum  for 
life.    Candidates  must,  however,  have  been  members  of  this 
Institution  (by  subscription  as  previously  stated)  for  not  less 
than  the  ten  consecutive  years  preceding  their  candidature. 
Xb)  Subject  to  strict  investigation,  tempoi-ary  assistance  is  granted 
to  members  and   to  non-members,  provided  the  applicants 
have  been  engaged  in  the  news  trade. 
The  Trustees  and  Committee  of    Management  are  elected   by  the 
members  at  the  annual    general    meeting,  and   their    representative 
character  may  be  gauged  by  a  glance  at  their  present  constitution : — 

On  newspaper  staff  employ  (publishers,  &c.) 10) 

Retailers  and  assistant  retailers 11  V Total  32 

■Wholesalers  and  their  assistants 11 J 

There  are  now  15  men  receiving  (life)  pensions  of  20/  a  year  each, 
and  18  women  15/  a  year  each.  The  recipients  of  these  benefits  include  : 

►•■g  C  4  publishers  (or  newspaper  stall' employes)      £80 

^»;1  20  retailers  or  assistant  retailers £335 

0""\   9  wholesalers  and  their  assistants £155 

^al  — 

Total  Pension  List,  1807    . .    £570 
Any  further  information  can  be  obtained  on  application  to 

W.  W.  JONES.  Secretary. 
Memorial  Hall  Buildings.  Farringdon  Street,  London,  EC. 

A  LINGUIST,  connected  with  several  Learned 
Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECRET.\RIAL  WORK.  Translations ; 
Research  Notes ;  Foreign  Correspondence ;  Articles  supplied  to  Maga- 
zines, &c.— Write  E.  Genlis,  43.  Southampton  Row,  London,  W.C. 

SECRETARY    (LADY)    desires   ENGAGEMENT. 
Well  educated,  Stenographer,  Typist,  &c.— Apply  P.,  17,  Portland 
Road,  Holland  Park,  W. 

SECRETARY  or  LITERARY  AMANUENSIS.— 
A  LADY  (the  Daughter  of  a  Professional  Man)  desires  D.\ILY 
ENGAGEMENT  as  above.  Undergrad.  of  London  University.  Latin, 
Greek.  French,  some  German.  Maths..  .Mod  History.  English  Literature, 
some  Science.  Translations  undertaken.— Alth.v,  6,  William's  Terrace, 
High  Koad.  Chiswick. 

LONDON  HEAD -QUARTERS  and  SECRE- 
TARIAL SERVICES  OFFEItEI)  any  genuine  Philanthropic, 
Joumalidtic,  or  Commercial  Knteiprise. — AYith  particulars,  address 
Gbgenseitig,  Box  312,  Wllling's,  125,  Strand. 

WANTED,  FORTNIGHTLY  SOCIAL  LETTER 
for  COLONI.IL  PAPER.  Club  Man  preferred.  Must  write 
well  and  have  good  information. — Address  Axclo-Tndi.vn,  care  of 
Messrs.  Street  &  Co.,  30,  Cornhill,  EC. 

EDITOR  REQUIRED  for  a  NEW  CHRISTIAN 
PAPER.  One  who  has  had  previous  experience  preferred. — 
Application,  with  full  ciedentials,  by  letter  only,  to  Bos  39,  Smith's 
Advertisement  OflSces,  12,  St  Bride  Street,  London,  EC, 

A  GENTLEMAN,  with  fifteen  years'  experience 
(Commercial  and  Professional),  is  willing  to  READ  and  REPORT 
ON  MSS.  for  Publishers  and  others,  with  or  without  fee.  Highest 
references.— Letters  to  E  A.  R.,  40,  Guildford  Road,  S.W". 

TTNIVERSITY    COLLEGE,    LONDON. 

YATES  LECTURESHIP  IN  ARCH^IOLOGY. 

The  Council  is  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  this  Lectureship. 
The  endowment  is  100/.,  and  the  Lecturer  will  be  required  to  give  a 
Course  of  Lectures  on  some  special  subject.  The  appointment  will  be 
for  One  Year  —Candidates  are  requested  to  send  in  their  applications, 
stating  the  subject  and  time  which  they  propose  for  their  Lectures,  to 
The  Secretary  of  the  College  before  September  15. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE 

ABERYSTWYTH. 


of      WALES, 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  temporary  ASSISTANT 
LECTURER  in  the  DEPARl'MENT  of  GREEK.  The  Lecturer  will 
i)e  required  to  undertake  part  of  the  work  of  the  Department  during 
the  Session  1897^.  being  the  term  of  office  of  the  Principal— who  is 
also  Professor  of  Greek— as  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of  'Wales. 

Applications,  with  testimonials,  should  be  sent  not  later  than 
'Wednesday,  September  15,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained.         T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar 


w 


ELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  COUNTY  SCHEME. 


The  County  Governing  Body  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD 
MASTER  ol  the  BUAL  SCHOOL  at  LLANFYLLIN,  which  it  is  intended 
shall  be  opened  at  the  coming  Half- Term.  Salary  150/.,  with  21.  Capita- 
£ion  Fee.    Number  of  Pupils  authorized  by  Scheme,  M. 

lAst  day  for  receiving  applications,  September  25. 

Further  particulars  from  tlie  undersigned. 

G.  D.  HAKKISON,  Clerk,  to  the  County  Governors,  Welshpool. 


ONDON       COUNTY       COUNCIL. 


TECHNICAL  EDUCATION  TOARD. 

The  Technical  Education  Roard  of  the  London  County  Council  is 
prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of  HEAD 
MASTER  of  the  new  CAMHERWELL  SCHOOL  of  ARTS  and 
CRAFTS,  erected  by  Mr.  Passmore  Edwards  in  meinory  of  the  late 
Lord  Leighton.  The  salary  will  be  at  the  rate  of  4U0/  a  year,  and  the 
Head  Master,  whose  services  will  be  required  in  October,  will  be 
expected  to  devote  his  whole  time  to  the  duties  of  the  olHce  unless  he 
is  also  appointed  by  the  Vestry  of  the  I*arish  of  CamberweU  to  be 
Director  of  the  South  London  Art  Gallery.— Forms  of  application, 
together  with  full  particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  the 
appointment,  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  during  August, 
and  must  be  returned  to  this  Ortice  on  or  before  Wednesday, 
September  15.  W'M.  GARNE  I'T,  Secretary  of  the  Board. 

9.i,  St.  Martin's  Place,  W.C,  July  30,  1807. 

I^HE      LEEDS       SCHOOL      of      ART. 


A  MASTER  of  DESIGN  is  REQUIRED  for  the  LEEDS  SCHOOL 
of  ART,  to  commence  duties  about  the  middle  of  September  Salary 
150/.  per  annum.— .\pplication,  stating  age  and  experience,  together 
with  copies  of  three  testimonials,  to  he  sent,  not  later  than  Septem- 
ber 11.  to  Mr  J,  O.  Dayson.  Secetary,  The  Institute,  Cookridge  Street, 
Leeds,  from  whom  any  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


R 


ADNORSHIRE     COUNTY     DUAL 

.SCHOOL.  Llandrindod  Wells. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MISTRESS. 


DAY 


The  Head  Master  is  prepared  to  receive  applieations  for  the  above 
appointment.  The  salary  is  100/.  per  annum,  together  with  a  grant  of 
IOn-,  on  every  Girl  in  the  School,  This  salary  is  only  provisional;  it 
will  be  increased  if  the  Mistress  gives  satisfaction. 

Candidates  must  be  qualitled  to  teach  Classics.  French,  and  the 
ordinary  School  subjects,  and  they  should  also  state  whether  tliey  are 
capable  of  conducting  Classes  in  Domestic  Economy,  Vocal  Music,  and 
Drill. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  to  be  sent,  on  or  before 
September  10,  to 

WILLIAM  SAUNDERS,  B.A.  R.Sc,  Head  Master. 

3,  Gladstone  Terrace,  Brighton. 

T.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINATION  for 


S' 


filling  up  about  TWENTY  VACANCIES  on  the  FOUNDATION 
will  be  held  on  the  14th,  15th,  IGth,  17th,  and  20th  SRPl'EMBER  NEX  r. 
— For  information  apply  to  the  Buns.vn,  St.  Paul's  School,  West 
Kensington,  W. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads.  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tenuis  Lawns. — For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 

QWITZERLAND.— HOME   SCHOOL  for  limited 

kD  number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate ;  beautiful  situation ;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  liealth  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Heiss,  W'aldheim,  Berne, 

TREBOVIR      HOUSE       SCHOOL, 
1,  frebOYir  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
Principal— Mrs.  W.  R.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectuses  and  references  on  application. 

SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  Coombe  Hiil  House,   East 
Grinstead.  Sussex.    Principal— Miss  CLARK. 
An  all-round  development  takes  the  place  of  mere  lesson-learning. 
Moral  Training  takes  the  place  of  Religious  Teachtr  g.    Physical  Ti-ain- 
ing  and  Handwork  have  their  due  share  of  attention      There  is  no 
Competition.— The  AUTUMN  TERM  BEGINS  SEPTE.MBER  15. 

MOUNT  VIEW,  HAMPSTEAD.— The  NEXT 
TERM  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  September  23  Reference 
is  kindly  allowed  to  the  Rev.  Canon  .\iDger.  D  D  .  Master  of  the  Temple, 
E  C.  ;  Professor  G.  Carey  Foster,  F.R  S..  18.  Daleham  Gardens,  N.W. ; 
Professor  John  Ruskin.  LL  D  .  Brantwood.  Coniston  ;  and  others.- For 
Prospectus  apply  to  Miss  Helen  E.  B4tnes. 

fyUDOR    HALL    SCHOOL,    Forest    Hill,    S.E. 

Principal— Mrs.  HAMILTON  (Girton.  Cambridge,  Historical  Tripos 
Ist  Class). 

Professors— H.  G.  Seeley,  FRS.,  J  \V,  Hales,  M.A.,  H.  G.  Maiden, 
MA  ,  G.  Garcia,  R.A.M.,"Dr.  Dittel  (Heidelberg).  Mons.  Pradeau  (Paris 
Conservatoire),  Mons.  Larpcnt,  B.-(?s-L.,  Herr  Loman,  L.A.M.,  Herr 
Paul  Stoeving  (Leipsic).  J.  Allanson  Cull.  Esq  ,  &c. 

Large  house  and  grounds.  Gymnasium,  Tennis,  Swimming,  Riding 
Reference  kindly  permitted  to  Miss  Welsh,  Mistress  of  Girton  College, 
and  many  Clergy  and  Medical  Men.    Prospectus  on  application. 

NEXT  TERM  SEPTEMBER  28. 

'I^HE    FROEBEL  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTE, 

J-  Talgarth  Road,  "West  Kensington.  London,  W. 

Chairman  of  the  Committee-Mr  W.  MATHER. 
Treasurer— Mr.  C.  G.  MONTEFIORE. 
Secretary— Mr.  ARTHUR  G.  SYMONDS,  M.A. 

TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  TEACHERS. 

Principal— Madame  MICHAELIS. 

Who  is  assisted  by  a  Staff  of  competent  Trainers  and  Teachers. 

KINDERGARTEN    AND   SCHOOL. 

Head  Mistress— Miss  LAWRENCE. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  PaiNcip.iL. 

OVERDALE  "  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  SETTLE, 
YORKSHIRE —On  the  Moors,  500  feet  above  the  sea  level. 
Specially  suited  for  Delicate  Children.  Indian  and  Colonial  Children 
taken.  Head  Mistress— Miss  E.  M.  PICKARD  (Classical  Tripos,  1893, 
Newnham  College).  Resident  Foreign  and  English  Governesses. 
German  spoken  throughout  the  house  part  of  every  day.  Individual 
Coaching  in  preparation  for  Cambridge  and  Oxford  Universities. 
Several  hours  set  aside  daily  for  out-door  life— Swedish  Drill,  Games, 
Gardening,  and  Natural  History  Expeditions.  Fees,  including  Music 
and  Drawing,  Seventy  Guineas.  NEXT  TERM  BEGINS  SEPTEM- 
BER 21.  Reference  kindly  permitted  to  Miss  Helen  Gladstone, 
Hawarden  Castle,  &c.— London  Business  Manager,  Miss  Pethekbeidoe 
(Newnham  College ;,  Secretarial  Bureau,  9,  Strand,  W.C. 


FRANCE. —The  ATHENAEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France  : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES.  BEAULIEU-SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, HOUI.OONK-SUlt-MUR  CALAIS.  CANNES,  DIJON.  IIUN- 
KIRK.  HAVRE.  I.Il.LE.  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MKNTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  QALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  RiyoU,  Paris. 

Hf^O    AUTHORS.— MESSRS.    DIGBY,    LONG    & 

1  CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  3s  Gd.  net.  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departmentsof  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form— Address  18,  Bouverie 
Street.  Fleet  Street.  London. 

For  List  of  DIGliY,  LONG  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS,  see  p.  312  of  this 
Journal. 

9,  Hart  Street,  Bi.oomsuury,  London. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUHLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Hooks.    Address  as  above. 

q^HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

JL  Proprietor.  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  1,  Paternoster  Row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free. — Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuKGHEs,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster  Row. 

n^O     AUTHORS.— The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

X  LiMiTFD,  15.  Victoria  Street.  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVP 
MANUSCRIPTS  in  all  Hi-anches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a, 
view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
before  the  Trade,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public.  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 

p    MITCHELL  &  CO.  are  instructed  to  DISPOSE 

V.'«  OF  the  COPYRIGHT  and  PLANT  of  a  "WEEKLY  (PROVINCIAL) 
PAPER  in  a  populous  Town,  within  an  hour's  riile  of  London. 
Moderate  Capital  only  required.  Proprietor's  health  reason  for  disposal. 


C  MITCHELL  &  CO.  are  instructed  to  DISPOSE 
*  OF  the  COPYRIGHT  and  PLANTof  a  WEEKLY  (PROVINCIAL) 
PAPER  in  SCOTLAND.  Established  twenty-seven  years.  Satisfactory- 
reasons  for  disposal. 

p    MITCHELL  &  CO.  are  instructed  to  DISPOSE 

y  ■>»  OP  the  COPYRIGHT  and  PLANT  of  a  BI-WEEKLY  (PRO- 
VINCIAL) PAPER  in  IRELAND  Excellent  income.  Moderate 
Capital.    Proprietors  retiring  from  Business. 


C    MITCHELL  &  CO.  are   instructed    to  PUR- 
•    CHASE  a  good  MAGAZINE,  either  Weekly  or  Monthly.    Must 
be  a  substantial  profit. 

C  MITCHELL  ic  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  E.G. 

R     ANDERSON   &    CO.,    Advertising  Agents, 
•        14,  C0CK8PUR  STREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,   Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 
possible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,    Schools,  Publishers, 
Manufacturers,  &c  ,  on  application. 

rf^O  AUTHORS  and  Others.— MSS.  Copied,  Type- 

-L  written,  9d.  per  1,000  words.— Address  Rogers,  9,  Buxton  Road, 
Chingford. 

TYPE-WRITING.— Terms,    Id.    per    folio    (72 
words);  or  S.lXXi  words  and  over,  lOJ.   per  thousand;    in  two 
colours,  Is.  perthousand  — MissNicHTiNo.iLL,  Walkern  Road,  Stevenage. 

TYPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,  Plays,  Re- 
views, Literary  Articles,  &c.,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies  —Address  Miss  E.  Tigab,  23,  Maitland 
Park  Villas.  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W.    Established  1884. 

TYPE-WRITING     in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 
of  72  words.    References  to  Authors.— Miss  GLAPniNo,  23,  Lans- 
downe  Gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

'T'HE  MERCANTILE  TYPE-WRITING  OFFICE 

(Manageress,  Miss  MORGAN), 

158,  LEADENHALL  STREET,  LONDON,  EC. 

Authors'  MSS.  carefully  copied  from  lOii.  per  1,000  wonls.  Speciaj 
terms  for  Contract  Work.  All  descriptions  of  Type-writing,  Shorthand, 
and  Translation  Work  executed  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.— 
Confidential  Secretary.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos. 
189.5)  Indexer  and  Dutch  Translator  to  the  India  Office  Permanent 
Staff  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries.  Expert  Stenographers 
and  Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work.  Verbatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  Congresses.  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  'I'ranslations 
into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialities  :  Dutch  'lYanslations.  Foreign 
and  Medical  Type-writiug,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Libraries 
Catalogued. 
Pupils  Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

ri^YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

X  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words.- N.  Taylor, 
74,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  690.  Tele- 
grams, "Olossiitor,  London." 


306 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


DEPARTMENT    of     SCIENCE    and    ART. 
KOYAL  COLLEGE  of  ART,  SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  S.W. 

Tisitors-Sir  W.  1!   RICHMOND,  K. A  ;  F   J.  SHIELDS,  A  K.W.S. 
l>rincipal-JOHN  C.  L    SPAKKES,  Esq. 

The  ANNUAL  SESSION,  1897-98,  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY, 
October  G.  Art  Classes  in  connexion  with  the  College  are  open  to  the 
public  on  payment  of  fees  The  Classes  for  Men  and  Women  Students 
meet  separately.  The  Studies  comprise  Ornament  and  the  Figure,  with 
a  view  to  their  ultimate  use  in  I>esit;n  and  Composition,  and  include  the 
Study  of  I'lants  and  Flowers,  the  Painting  of  Still  Life,  and  the  Ui-awinR 
and  i'aintinp  of  Ornament  and  of  the  Fipure. 

Candidates  for  admission  who  have  not  passed  any  Examination  of 
the  Department  in  Freehand  Drawing  must  pass  the  Admission  Examina- 
tion in  that  Subject. 

This  Examination  will  be  held  at  the  College  on  September  28  and 
October  5,  at  11  45  a.m.  and  S  ir,  p  .m  on  both  days,  and  on  subsequent 
Tuesdays  at  frequent  intervals  throughout  the  Session. 

Applications  for  further  information  may  be  made  in  writing  to  the 
Secret.^rv,  Department  of  Science  and  Art,  S.W. ;  or,  on  and  after 
October  6,  personally  to  the  HEoisiRAn,  at  the  College,  Exhibition  Road, 
S.W.  Hv  order  of  the 

LORDS  of  the  COMMITTEE  of  COUNCIL  on  EDUCATION. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
ART  SCHOOL. 
Visltor-HUBERT  HERKOMER,  R.A. 
Professor— E.  BOROUGH  JOHNSON,  R.B.A- 
The  STUDIO  KEOPENS  on  MONDAY,  October  II. 

Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
Principal— Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.    Stu- 
dents arc  requested  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  r.ji.  on 
WEDNESDAY,  October  6. 

The  Inaugural  Address  will  be  delivered  on  THURSDAY,  October  7, 
at  4  30  p.M  ,  by  Mrs,  FAWCETT. 
Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

q^HE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of     SCIENCE, 

-L  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Principal— Rev.  H.  P.  GURNEY,  MA.  D.C.L. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering.  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art.  &c. 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  lor  Women  Students  are  attached  to 
the  College. 

The  TWENTY-SEVENTH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  27, 1897. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
■will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.  4d,).— Prospectuses  on  applica- 
tion to  the  SECRErARY. 

NIVEKSITY  COLLEGE  of    NORTH  WALES, 

BAHGOR  (a  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales). 
Principal— H.  R.  REICHEL,  MA, 
With  Eleven  Professors.  Three  Lecturers,  and  Seventeen  other  Teachers. 

NEXT  SESSION  BEGINS  OCTOKER  5  The  College  Courses  are 
arranged  with  reference  to  the  Degrees  of  the  University  of  Wales,  and 
include  most  of  the  subjects  for  the  Degrees  of  London  University. 
Students  may  pursue  their  First  Year  of  Medical  Study  at  the  College. 
There  are  Special  Departments  for  Agriculture  and  Electrical  Engineer- 
ing, a  Day  Training  Department  for  Men  and  Women,  and  a  Department 
lor  the  Training  of  Teachers  in  Secondary  Schools. 

Sessional  Fee  for  ordinary  Arts  Student.  IK.  Is  ;  do.  for  Internnediate 
Science  or  Medical  Student,  16).  15s  The  cost  of  living  in  lodgings  in 
Bangor  averages  from  20(.  to  30(.  for  the  Session.  There  is  a  Hall  of 
Residence  for  Women  Students     Fee.  Thirty  Guineas  for  the  Session. 

At  the  Entrance  Scholarship  Examination  (beginning  September  21), 
more  than  Twenty  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions,  ranging  in  value  from 
40!.  to  lOi  ,  will  be  open  for  competition.  ONE-HALF  the  total  amount 
offered  is  reserved  for  Welsh  Candidates. 

For  further  information,  and  copies  of  the  Prospectus,  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS.— The 
TWENTY-FOURTH  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  5,  and  the  SIXTY- 
SEVENTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  OCTOBER  1, 
1897. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining,  Textile 
Industries,  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Registrar. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

TJNIVERSITY    COLLEGE     LIVERPOOL. 

ARTS  AND  SCIENCE  DEPARTMENT,  SESSION  1897-8. 

Full  Curriculum  for  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY  and  LONDON  UNI- 
VERSITY DEGREES  in  ARTS  and  SCIENCE.  Students  also  prepared 
for  Civil  Service.  Cambridge  Higher  Local,  and  other  Examinations 

SPECIAL  CURRICULA  ARE  PROVIDED  FOR  STUDENT'S  PRE- 
PARING FOR  BUSINESS  LIFE,  FOR  TECHNOLOGICAL  CHE- 
MISTRY, FOR  ENGINEERING,  ELECTRO-TECHNICS,  AND  ARCHI- 
TECTURE. 

Physical,  Engineering,  Biological,  and  Chemical  Laboratories.  Prac- 
tical Laboratory  Work  for  Professional  and  other  Students. 

All  Classes  open  to  Male  and  Female  Students  of  Sixteen  and  upwards. 
Students  admitted  in  their  sixteenth  year  subject  to  Preliminary  Exami- 
nation. 

PROFESSORS  AND  LECTURERS. 

Greek- Professor  Rendall,  M.A.  D  Litt. 

Latin— Professor  Strong,  M.A.  LL.D. 

French— Victor  H.  Friedel,  B.-fcs-L.  Ph.D. 

Teutonic  Languages— Professor  Kuno  Meyer,  Ph.D.  M.A. 

Italian— Chevalier  Londlni.  D  C.L. 

English  Language  and  Anglo-Saxon— R.  Priebsch,  Ph.D. 

Modem  Literature— Professor  Raleigh.  M.A. 

English  History— Professor  Mackay,  M.A. 

Philosophy— Professor  MacCunn,  M  A. 

Art  of  Education— W.  H.  Woodward,  B.A. 

Political  Economy  and  Commercial  Science — Professor  Conner,  M.A. 

Architecture— Professor  Simpson. 

Law— Professor  Emmott. 

Mathematics— Professor  Carey,  M  A. 

Physics— Professor  Oliver  Lodge,  LL.D.  D.Sc.  F.R.S. 

Electro-technics— A.  Hay,  B.Sc 

Engineering— Professor  Hele  Shaw,  LL.D.  Mem.Inst.C.B. 

Chemistry— Professor  Campbell  Brown,  D  Sc. 

Physiology— Professor  C  S  Sherrington,  MA.  M.D.  F.K.S. 

Biology— Professor  Herdman.  D  Sc.  F.R  S  F.L  S. 

Botany— Professor  R.  J.  Harvey  Gibson,  M.A.  F.L.S. 

Physiography— J.  L.  Howard,  D  Sc. 

An  Entrance  Examination  for  intending  Students  in  their  Sixteenth 
year  will  be  held  on  October  1  and  2. 

SESSION  CO.'MMENCES  0CT0BER4  Registration  of  Students  11  to  1 
and  2  to  4  September  30 ;  10  to  1  and  2  to  4  October  1 ;  and  10  to  1  on 
October  2 

EVENING  CLASSES  COMMENCE  OCTOBER  11. 

Full  Prospectus  on  application  to  the  College  Registrar, 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 

The  GENERAL  COUltSE  of  LECTURES,  by  Prof.  W.  F.  R. 
WELDON,  FR.S.,  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  6, 
at  1  p  M. 

These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparing 
for  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  t'>  those  of 
Students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
Courses  of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  during  the  Session  will  be  given 
later.  J.  M    HORSHURGH,  M  A  ,  Secretary. 

q^HE    MARIA     GREY     TRAINING    COLLEGE 

jL  (late  5,  FitzrOT-street,  W.), 

SALUSBURY  ROAD,  BRONDESBURY,  LONDON,  N.W. 

A  FULL  COURSEof  TRAINING  in  preparation  forthe  CAMBRIDGE 
TEACHERS'  CERTIFICATE  in  the  Theoiy  and  Practice  of  Teaching  is 
ottered  to  Ladies  who  desire  to  become  Teachers. 

Kindergarten  Teachers  are  also  prepared  for  the  Higher  Certificate  of 
the  National  Froebel  Union 

Junior  Students  are  prepared  for  the  Cambridge  Higher  I,ocal  Exami- 
nations Scholarships  offered  in  all  Divisions.  COLLEGE  YEAR 
BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  15. 

Address  Principal,  Miss  Alice  Woods.  The  Maria  Grey  Training 
College,  Salusbury  Road,  Brondesbury,  N.W. 

UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE     of     WALES, 

U  ABERYSTWYIH. 

(One  of  the  Constituent  Colleges  of  the  University  of  Wales  ) 

TRAINING  DEPARTMEN  1"  FOR   SECONDARY    TEACHERS, 

MEN  AND  WOMEN. 

Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Teachers'  Training  Syndicate. 

Professor  of  the  Theory,  Practice,  and  History  of  Education— FOSTER 

WATSON,  M.A.  Loud. 
Assistant  Lecturer— Miss  ANNA  ROWLANDS,  E  A.  Lond. 

Preparation  for  (a)  the  Degrees  in  Arts  and  Science  of  the  University 
of  Wales,  the  curriculum  for  which  includes  the  Theory  and  History  of 
Education  as  an  optional  subject  in  the  Third  Year;  (b)  Cambridge 
'Teachers  Certificate,  Theory  and  Practice;  (r)  London  University 
Teachers'  Diploma;  Id)  College  of  Preceptors'  Diplomas. 
Composition  Fee  for  the  Session  (including  Lectures  and  Practice).  lOi. 
Men  Students  reside  in  registered  lodgings  in  the  town.  Some  of  the 
Men  Students  are  able,  with  economy,  to  limit  the  cost  of  board  and 
residence  to  25(.  per  annum. 

Women  Students  reside  in  the  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students. 
Terms  from  31  to  40  Guineas. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to 

•r.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar. 


u 


NIVERSITY      of      ST.      ANDREWS. 


Chancellor— His  Grace  the  DUKE  OF  ARGYLL,  K.T.  LL.D. 

Rector— The  Most  Honourable  the  MARQUESS  OF  BUTE,  K.T.  LL.D. 

Principal-JAMES  DONALDSON,  M.A,  LL.D. 

OPENING  OF  SESSION,  1897-98. 

UNITED  COLLEGE. 

This  College  will  be  formally  OPENED  on  TUESDAY,  October  5,  and 

the  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  WEDNESDAY,  October 6. 

The  Preliminary  Examinations,  with  which  the  Examinations  for 
Bursaries  are  combined,  will  commence  on  September  '-'5  .Schedules  of 
admission  will  be  supplied  by  the  Secre-iarv  up  to  .September  19. 

There  are  Sixty-seven  Bursaries  vacant,  ranging  in  value  from  401  to 
21.  15s.  Of  these  Forty-five  are  tenable  by  Men  only,  'Twenty  (which 
are  restricted  to  Studeiits  who  intend  to  enter  the  Medical  Profession) 
by  Women  only,  and  Two  (the  Berry  Bursaries  of  40(.  each)  by  either 
Men  or  Women. 

In  the  course  of  the  Session  Eight  Scholarships  will  be  competed  for. 
Five  of  which  are  open  to  both  sexes.  'They  range  in  value  from  100!. 
to  50!. 

ST.  MARYS  COLLEGE. 

This  College  will  be  OPENED  on  TUESDAY,  October  2C.  The 
Examinations  for  Bursaries  will  be  held  on  October  22  and  23.  Intima- 
tion of  Cmdidature  is  not  necessary.  There  are  Eight  Competitive 
Bursaries  vacant,  ranging  in  value  from  40!  to  12!.  At  the  close  of  the 
Session  Two  Scholarships  of  100!.  each,  one  of  21!.,  and  One  of  14! ,  will 
be  open  to  competition 

The  Classes  in  the  University  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes,  and 
include  Latin,  Greek,  English,  French,  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Modern  Greek, 
Logic  and  Metaphysics,  Moral  Philosophy,  Education,  Mathematics, 
Natural  Philosophy.  Chemistry,  Zoology.  Botany,  History,  Physiology, 
Anatomv.  Materia  Medica,  Systematic  Theology,  Biblical  Criticism,  and 
Church  History. 

Specimen  Examination  Papers,  and  full  particulars  respecting  the 
Courses  of  Instruction,  Fees.  Examinations  for  Degrees.  &c..  will  be 
found  in  the  Calendar  of  the  University,  published  by  Messrs.  William 
Blackwood  &  Sons,  45,  George  Street,  Edinburgh,  price  2s.  6d  ;  by 
post,  2s.  lOd. 

A  General  Prospectus  for  the  coming  Winter  Session,  as  well  as 
detailed  information  regarding  any  Department  of  the  University,  may 
be  had  on  application  to 

J.  MAITLAND  ANDERSON,  Secretary. 

University  of  St.  Andrews,  August  26, 1897. 


KING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON.— STUDENTS  in 
Arts  and  Science,  Engineering,  Architecture,  and  Applied 
Sciences  Medicine,  and  other  Branches  of  Education,  will  be  AD- 
MITTED for  the  NEXT  TKRM  on  'TUESDAY,  September  28.  EVEN- 
ING CLASSES  commence  THURSDAY.  September  30. 

Students  are  classed  on  entrance  according  to  their  proficiency,  and 
Terminal  Reports  of  the  Progress  and  Conduct  of  Matriculated  Students 
are  sent  to  their  Parents  and  Guardians  There  are  Entrance  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibitions 

Students  who  are  desirous  of  studying  any  particular  Subject  or 
Subjects,  without  attending  the  Complete  Courses  of  the  various 
Faculties,  can  be  admitted  as  Non-Matriculated  .Students  on  payment 
of  the  separate  fees  for  such  Classes  as  they  select 

The  College  has  an  entrance  both  from  the  Strand  and  from  the 
Thames  Embankment,  close  to  the  Temple  SUtion. 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  SECKET.iRv,  King's 
College,  London,  W  C. 

ST.  BARTHOLOMEW'S  HOSPITAL  and 
COLLEGE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  FRIDAY,  October  1, 1897. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
to  the  collegiate  regulations.  . 

The  Hospital  contains  a  service  of  750  beds.  Scholarships  and  Prizes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  900!.  are  awarded  annually. 

The  Medical  School  contains  large  Lecture  Rooms  and  well-appointed 
Laboratories  for  Practical  Teaching,  as  well  as  Dissecting  Rooms, 
Museum,  Library,  &c  ,        ,  . 

A  large  Recreation  Ground  has  recently  been  purchased,  and  is  open 
to  members  of  the  Students' Clubs. 

For  further  particulars  apply,  personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Warden 
OFTHE  Coi.le(;e,  St,  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.G. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

ST.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL    and 
COLLEGE. 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 
Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientific  and  Intermediate  B.Sc    Examinations  of 
the  University  of  London  will  commence  on  OCTOBER  1,  and  continue 
till  JULY,  1898  ^  ..,,    „ 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  21!.,  or  18!.  IBs.  to  Students  of  the  Hospital ; 
or  single  subjects  may  be  taken. 
There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  Warden  of  the  College,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  EC. 
A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 


QT.     BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 

k?  COLLEGE. 

OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  worth  1.'/)! ,  75!.,  75!  ,  50!.,  and 
20!  each,  tenable  for  one  year,  will  be  competed  for  on  September  27, 
1897— viz  ,  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  T'll.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (it  of  suflicient  merit)  in  Phisics  and 
Chemistry.  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75!.  will  be 
awarded  to  the  best  candidate  (it  of  sulficient  merit)  in  Biology  and 
Physiology  Candidates  tor  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  twenty- 
five  years  of  age,  and  must  not  have  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
I'ractice  ot  any  London  Medical  School. 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  150!  ,  and  one  Pre- 
liminary Scientific  Exhibition  value  50!.,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  twenty  years  ot  age  (if  of  sufticient  merit)  in  Physics, 
Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology, 

■The  Jeaffreson  Exhibition  (value  20!.)  will  lie  competed  for  at  the 
same  time  'The  subjects  of  examination  are  Latin,  Mathematics,  and 
any  one  of  the  three  following  Languages— Greek.  French,  and  German. 
The  Classical  subjects  are  those  ot  the  London  University  MatriculatlOD 
Examination  of  July,  1897. 

'The  successful  Candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination. 

For  particulars,  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  Warden  of  the  College.  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  E.C. 

UNIVERSITY      OP      LONDON. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

T  ONDON    HOSPITAL    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


SPECIAL  CLASSES  are  held  in  the  subjects  required  for  the 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  M  B.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 

BOTANY  and  ZOOLOGY.   By  P.  Chalmers  Mitchell,  MA  Oxon.  F.Z.S. 

CHEMIS  TRY  and  PHYSICS     By  Hugh  Candy,  B  A.  B  Sc.  Lond. 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  'Ten  Guineas.  ,      j        ^ 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  MB.  Lond.  and 
Primary  F.R.CS.,  and  other  Examinations, 

These  Classes  will  COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 


G 


UY'S    HOSPITAL    MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 


The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MONDAY.  October  4. 

Entrance  Scholarships  of  the  combined  value  of  410!.  are  awarded 
annually,  and  numerous  Prizes  and  Medals  are  open  tor  competition  by 
Students  of  the  School.  ,    ,     .      ,     »  a  ^ 

The  number  of  patients  treated  in  the  wards  during  last  year  exceeded 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  made  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
merits  of  the  Candidates,  and  without  extra  payment.  There  are 
■Twenty-eight  Resident  Appointments  open  to  Students  of  the  Hospital 
annually  without  payment  of  additional  fees,  and  numerous  Non-Resi- 
dent Appointments  in  the  General  and  Special  Departments.  The 
Queen  Victoria  Ward  recently  re-opened,  will  provide  additional 
accommodation  for  Gynaecological  and  Maternity  cases. 

•The  College  accommodates  about  Sixty  Students,  under  the  super- 
vision <W  a  Resident  Warden.  .     J   .       .^ 

'The  Dental  School  provides  the  full  curriculum  required  for  the 
L.D.S.,  England. 

■The  Clubs  Union  Athletic  Ground  IS  easily  accessible. 

A  Handbook  of  information  for  those  about  to  enter  the  Medical 
Profession  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

For  the  Prospectus  of  the  School,  containing  full  particulars  as  to 
fees,  course  of  study  advised,  regulations  of  the  College,  &c  ,  apply, 
personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Dea.n,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  S.E. 

ASSISTANT  SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Miss 
LOUISA  BROUGHcan  recommend  University  Graduates,  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  ■Teachers,  Foreign  'Teachers.  Kindergarten 
Mistresses,  &c— Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven  Street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

DUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 

can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO..  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  ol 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detaUea 
requirements —36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gto- 
duates)  gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad —A  statement  of  requirements 
should  he  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C.  ^ 

MANUFACTURING  SYNDICATE.— Influential 
Business  Men  and  others  having  from  500!  to  5,000!.  to  invest  in 
a  British  Industry  in  course  of  preparation  for  flotation  into  several 
large  Limited  Companies.  Subscribers  will  secure  a  bonus  of  not  less 
than  300  per  cent.  Applications  only  from  Principals  or  their  Solicitors 
will  be  entertained.— Address  Indusirv,  at  Horncastle  s,  CI,  Cheapside, 
London.  E  C.  

RECITALS. — "  A  Prince  among  Elocutionists." 
"A  highly  talented  Elocutionist."— Camtrirfi/e  Chronicle.  "Mar- 
vellous powers  of  Elocution" -if .(!/!<y  Adiertisei:  ■•In  front  rank  or 
living  Blocutionists."-P«(^-to™K-/!i  E:rpre..s.  "  Held  the  audience  spell- 
bound''-OTwrstoi  A'^ews-lURNisaBARNSDA^^^^locut^^ 


QEatalogrxea. 


E 


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N"  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UIM 


307 


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The  KLONDIKE  GOLDFIELDS.    With  Map.    By  Harry  de  Windt. 
The  REVOLT  of  SOUTH  GERMANY.    By  Germanicus. 
The  THIRTY  DAYS  in  EPIRUS.    By  H.  W.  Nevinson. 
OUR  TRADE  with  GERMANY  and  BELGIUM.    By  M  G.  Mulhall. 
The  "LOGIA"  and  the  GOSPELS.    By  J.  Rendel  Harris. 
MAETERLINCK  as  a  MYSTIC.    By  Arthur  Symons. 
SINKING  SILVER.    By  W  R  Lawson. 
MR.  JOHN  MORLEY.    By  Norman  Hapsood. 
The    METHODIST   SAINTS   and   MARTYRS.      By   the    Rev.    R.  C. 

Nightingale. 
A  NEW  CRITICISM  of  POETRY. 

The  COUNTY  :  a  Comparative  Study.    By  Edward  Jenks. 
DIVORCE  in  the  UNI  FED  STATES.    By  Gertrude  .Itherton. 
The  SECTS.    Ey  Howard  Evans. 
The  LATEST  INTERNATIONAL.    By  W.  T.  Stead. 
The  HOUSE  of  COMMONS  HALF  A  CENTURY    AGO.     II.    By  Sir 

C.  Gavan  Duffy. 

London :  Isbistcr  &  Co.,  Limited,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

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The  BUCK-JUMPING  of  LABOUR.    By  W.  H  Mallock. 
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18i)7.    By  the  Marchioness  of  Londonderry. 
The    DIAMOND  JUBILEE  in  VICTORIA.     By  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 

Erassey  (Governor  ol  Victoria). 
"LEGITIMISM"  in   ENGLAND      By  the  Marquis  de  Ruvigny  and 

Raineval  and  Cranstoun  Metcalfe. 
CANNING   and    the    EASTERN    QUESTION.      By    the    Right    Hon. 

Leonard  Courtney,  MP. 
LAND   and   LODGING    HOUSES.      (A   Colloquy  with    the    Duke    of 

Bedford.)    By  George  W.  E  Russell. 
The    INCREASING    DURATION    of   HUM.IN    LIFE.     By  the  Lady 

Glenesk. 
ON  OLD  AGE.    By  James  Payn. 

The  GROWTH  of  OUR  SEAPORTS.    By  Joseph  Ackland. 
HOW  the  SCEPTRE  of  the  SEA  PASSED  to  ENGLAND.     By  Major 

Martin  Hume. 
The  FRENCH  ARISTOCRACY^.    By  the  Count  de  Calonne. 
FANCY  CYCLING  for  LADIES.    By  Mrs.  Walter  Creyke. 
FROM  TYREE  TO  GLENCOE.    By  Lady  Archibald  Campbell. 
The  MODERN  MACHIAVELLI.    By  Frederic  Harrison. 
DR.  VON  MIQUEL,  "the  KAISERS  OWN  MAN."    By  Edith  Sellers. 
INDIA: 

1.  A  REMEDIABLE  GRIEVANCE.    By  George  Adams. 

2.  IS    the    BRITISH    "  R.AJ "   in    D.ANGBR?      By    the    Moulvie 

Ralluddin  Ahmad. 

London :  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.,  Limited. 


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Theodore  Roosevelt. 

ARE   the    RICH   GROWING   RICHER   and   the    POOR   POORER 
0.  D.  Wright. 

A  NEW  ORGANIZATION  for  the  NEW  NAVY.    Ira  N.  Hollis. 

ON  BEING  HUMAN.    Woodrow  Wilson. 

A  SOUTHERNER  in  the  PELOPONNESIAN  WAR.    Basil  L.  Gilder- 
sleeve. 

SOME  UNPUBLISHED  LETTERS  of  DEAN   SWIFT.     II.     George 
Birkbeck  Hill. 

The  AMERICAN  NOTION  of  EQUALITY.    Henry  C'hilds  Mervin. 

OUR  SOLDIER.    H.  L.  Bradley. 

A  CAROLIN.^.  MOUNTAIN  POND.    Bradford  Torrey. 

IN   QUEST  of  a  SHADOW:   an  Astronomical  Experience  in  Japan. 

Mabel  Loomis  Todd. 
MEN  and  LETTERS. 

London  :  Gay  &  Bird,  22,  Bedford  Street.  Strand,  W.C. 

'■PHE       GEOGRAPHICAL      JOURNAL. 

J.  SEPTEMBER.     2s.     Contents. 

An  Expedition  to  the  Source  of  the  Niger.  By  Colonel  J  K.  Trotter, 
R  A.— Sub-Oceanic  Changes.  By  John  Milne,  F.R  S.  F  G  S  — The 
Physiographical  Features  of  the  Nyasa  and  Tanganyika  Districts  of 
Central  Africa  By  J.  E  S.  Moore,  A.R.C.S.— The  Roman  Koads  ol 
Morocco  By  Walter  B.  Harris  —Recent  Researches  on  Climate.  By 
H.  N  Dickson  —The  Volcanoes  of  the  British  Islands  —Some  Geo- 
graphical Problems.  By  J.  Scott  Keltic,  LL  D.  Sec.  R  G  S  — The 
Monthly  Record —Obituary  :  Captain  Bertram  Lutley  Sclater.  RE.  ; 
Samuel  E.  Peal,  Esq.— Correspondence  ;  Aide-Mtfmoire  to  a  Comparison 
of  certain  Geographical  Distances,  by  Captain  F.  J.  S.  Cleeve,  R.A.  ; 
Prof  Copeland's  Revised  Map  of  Franz  Josef  Land,  by  Arthur  Monte- 
flore  Brice— Geographical  Literature  of  the  Month— New  Maps.- Maps 
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16,    FALL    MALL    HAST,    S.W.  I        Edward  Stanford,  SS  and  27,  Cockspur  street,  Charlng  cross,  .S.W. 


308 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


BLACKIE    &    SON'S    BOOKS 

Suitable  for  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Local  and  other  Examinations. 


ENGLISH. 
Shakespeare.— The  Merchant  ofVenice. 

Warwick  Edition.     Kdited  by  H.  L.  WITHEUS,  B  A. 

[In  October. 

Shakespeare.— The  Merchant  of  Venice. 

Junior  School  Edition.    Edited  by  GEOKGE  H.  ELY, 
13  A.    8rf. 

Shakespeare.— Coriolanus.    Warwick  Edi- 
tion.   Edited  by  EDMUND  K.  CHAMBBKS.    Is.  6rf. 

[In  October. 

Shakespeare.  —  The    Tempest.      Junior 

School  Edition.     Edited  by  ELIZABETH  LEG.     8d. 

Shakespeare.  —  The  Tempest.     Warwick 

Edition.     Edited  by  F.  S.  BOAS,  M.A.     Is.  lid 

Shakespeare.— Hamlet.     Junior  School  Edi- 
tion.   Edited  by  L.  W.  LYDE,  M.A.    lOrf. 

Shakespeare.— Hamlet.      Warwick    Edition. 
Edited  by  B.  K.  CHAMBERS,  B.A.     Is.  6rf. 

Shakespeare.— Julius  Caesar.  Junior  School 

Edition.     Edited  by  W.  DENT.     8rf. 

Shakespeare.  —  Julius    Csssar.     Warwick 

Edition.     Edited  by  A.  D.  INNES,  M.A.     Is. 

Milton.— Paradise  Lost,    books  i.,  II.,  and 

III.     Edited  by  F.  GORSB,  M.A.     Is.  each. 

Milton.— Samson   Agonistes.     Edited  by 

E.  K.  CHAMBERS,  B.A.     Is.  6rf. 

From   Shakespeare   to   Dryden.     Being 

Vol.  II.  of  '  A  School  History  of  English  Literature.'  By 
ELIZABETH  LEB.  [In  October. 

ENGLISH    HISTORY. 
The   Warwick  History  of  England:  a 

Simple  and  Picturesque  Account  of  the  National  His- 
tory from  Early  Times  to  189i5.  With  many  Illustra- 
tions.    3s.  6rf. 

A  History  of  the  British  Empire.     By 

the  Rev.  EDGAR  SANDERSON,  M.A.     2s.  6rf. 

The  Oxford  Manuals  of  English  History. 

Edited  by  C.  W.  C.   O.MAN,  M.A  ^  Fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College,  Oxford.     Is.  each. 
No.  1.  The  MAKING  of  the  ENGLISH  NATION,  B.C.  55- 

A.D.  11.35.    By  C.  G.  RoB£KTSON,  B.A.,  Fellow  of 

All  Souls'  College. 
No.  2.  KING  and  BARONAGE,  A.D.  113.5-1328.     By  W.  H. 

HuTTON,  M.A.,  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  St.  John's 

College. 
No.  3.  The  HUNDRED  YEARS'  WAR,  a.d.  1328-14S5.     By 

C.  W.  C.  O.MAN,  M.A.  [In  preparation. 

No.  4.  ENGLAND   and   the   REFORMATION,    a.d.   1485- 

160.3.     By  G.  W.  Powers,  M.A.,  formerly  Scholar 

of  New  College.  [In  October. 

No.  6.  KING  and  PARLIAMENT,  A.D.  1603-1714.    By  G.  H. 

Wakellng,  M.A.,  Lecturer  in  History  at  Wadham 

College. 
No.  6.  The    MAKING    of   the    BRITISH     EMPIRE,    a.d. 

1714-1832.    By  Arthur  Hassall,  M.A.,  Student 

and  Tutor  of  Christ  Church. 


GEOGRAPHY. 

Man  on  the  Earth:  a  Course  in  Geography. 
By  LIONEL  W.  LYDE,  M.A  ,  Examiner  in  Geography 
to  the  Oxford  Local  Examination  Board  and  the  College 
of  Preceptors.     Fully  illustrated.     2s. 

Blackie's    Descriptive    Geographical 

MANUALS.     By  W.  G.  BAKER,  M.A.     Illustrated. 
No.  1.  REALISTIC  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY.    Is.U. 
No.  2.  The  BRITISH  ISLES.     2s. 
No.  3.  The  BRITISH  COLONIES  and  INDIA.    2s. 
No.  4.  EUROPE  (except  the  British  Isles).    2s. 
No.  5.  The  WORLD  (except  Europe  and  the  British  Empire). 
2s. 

The  Geography  of  the  British  Empire. 

By  W.  G.  BAKER,  M.A.     Illustrated.     3s.  &d. 

A  Synoptical  Geography  of  the  World : 

a  Concise  Handbook  for  Examinations,  and  for  General 
Reference.     With  a  Complete  Series  of  Maps.     Is. 

The  Geography  of  North  America :   a 

Brief  Handbook    for    Students.     With    Synopses   and 
Sketch  Maps.     6d. 

Commercial    Geography:    a    Complete 

Manual  of  the  Countries  of  the  World.     By  Professor 
ZEHDEN.    New  Edition.    5s. 


CLASSICS. 
Caesar's  Gallic  War.     BOOKS  I.,  II.,  III., 

IV,,  v.,  and  VI.  p;dited,  with  Introduction,  Notes, 
Exercises,  and  Vocabularies,  by  JOHN  BROWN,  B.A., 
Worcester  College,  Oxford.  Assistant  to  the  Professor  of 
Humanity  in  Glasgow  University.  With  Coloured  Map, 
Pictorial  Illustrations,  and  Plans  of  Battles.  Is.  6rf.  each. 

Caesar's  Invasions  of  Britain.     (Parts  of 

BOOKS  IV.  and  V.  of  the  GALLIC  WAR.)  Edited  by 
JOHN  BROWN,  B.A.     Is.  M. 

Xenophon's  Anabasis.    BOOK  I.     Edited 

by  C.  B.  BROWNRIGG,  M  A.,  Chief  Classical  Master  in 
Magdalen  College  School,  Oxford.    With  Map  and  Plans. 

Is.  tjrf. 

Latin   Unseens    in    Prose   and   Verse. 

Junior  Section,  3d. ;  Senior  Section,  dd. 

Greek   Unseens   in   Prose   and  Verse. 

Junior  Section,  Edited  by  A.  C.  LIDDELL,  M.A.,  6d. ; 
Senior  Section,  Edited  by  E.  SHAHWOOD  SMITH, 
M  A.,  8rf. 

First  Steps  in  Continuous  Latin  Prose. 

By  W.  C.  FLAMSTEAD  WALTERS,  M  A.     2s. 

Hints  and  Helps  in  Continuous  Latin 

PROSE.  By  W.  C.  FLAMSTEAD  WALTERS,  M.A. 
2s.     KEY,  2s.  m.  net. 

Hints  and  Helps  in  Continuous  Greek 

PROSE.     By   W.   C.  FLAMSTEAD    WALTERS.  M.A. 

2s.  erf. 
A    Classical    Compendium.      By   C.   E. 

BROWNRIGG,  M.A..  Chief  Classical  Master  in  Mag- 
dalen College  School,  Oxford.    New  Edition.    2s.  6rf. 


FRENCH. 

A  First  French  Course.     By  J.  J.  Beuze- 

MAKER,  B.A. ,  late  Examiner  to  the  College  of  Precep- 
tors, &c.     Is.  6fi. 

A  Second  French   Course.     By  the  late 

J.  J.  BEUZEMAKER,  B.A.     2s.  6rf. 

A   Modern   French   Reader:    Interesting 

Extracts  from  Contemporary  French.  With  Notes  and 
Vocabulary  by  J.  J.  BEUZEMAKER.     Is. 

French  Stories.     With  Notes,  Exercises,  and 
Vocabularies.     By  MARGUERITE  NINET.    Is. 

French  Tales  for  Beginners.    With  Voca- 
bularies.   By  MARGUERITE  NINET.    Illustrated.    Is. 

French    Unseens    for    Junior    Forms. 

Passages  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Selected  by  D.  S.  REN- 
NARD,  B.A.     Paper,  3d. 

French    Unseens    for    Middle    Forms. 

Selected  by  E.  PELLISSIBR,  M.A.     Is. 

French    Unseens    for    Upper    Forms. 

Selected  by  B.  PELLISSIBR,  M.A.    Is.  6rf. 

A  Complete   Course  of  French    Com- 

POSITION  and  IDIOMS.  By  HECTOR  REY,  B.-ds-L. 
BSc,  French  Master  in  the  Church  of  Scotland  Training 
College,  Glasgow,  &c.     3s.  t5rf.  [In  September . 

A  Comprehensive  French  Manual.    For 

Student.s  reading  fur  Army  and  other  Examinations. 
By  OTTO  C.  NAF,  M.A.  Lond.    3s.  6rf.     [In  September. 


GERMAN. 
A  First  German  Course.  By  A.  R.  Lechnee, 

Modern  Language  Master  in  Bedford  Modern  School. 
Is.  6rf. 

A    Second    German     Course.      By    h. 

BAUMANN,  M.A.     2s.  6a!. 

German  Stories.     By  Mrs.  de  Saumaeez 

BROCK.     Is.  erf. 

German  Unseens.  Passages  in  Prose  and 
Verse.  Junior  Section.  Selected  by  D.  S.  RBNNARD, 
B.A.     Paper,  4rf. 


ARITHMETIC. 

Layng's    Arithmetic.     By   A.    E.  Layng, 

M.A.,  Head  Master  of  Stafford  Grammar  School.  In 
Two  Parts.  Part  I.  now  ready,  extending  to  Decimals, 
and  the  Unitary  Method.  2s.  6rf.,  with  or  without 
Answers. 

Layng's  Arithmetical  Exercises,  for  Junior 

and  Middle  Forms  (5,000  Exercises).  Is. ;  with  Answers, 
Is.  erf. ;  Answers  alone,  6rf. 

Examination  Arithmetic.  Containing  1,200 

Arithmetical  Problems  and  Exercises  (with  Answers) 
selected  from  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Local  Examination 
Papers,  &c.    By  T.  S.  HARVEY.    2s. -KEY,  4s.  6rf. 

Blackie's   Complete  Arithmetic.     With 

Answers,  2.34  pages.  Is.  6rf. ;  Exercises  only,  192  pages, 
Is. ;  Answers  only,  in  limp  cloth,  6rf. 

MATHEMATICS. 
Layng's    Euclid.  —  Euclid's    Elements. 

With  Notes,  Examples,  and  Exercises.  Arranged  by 
A.  E.  LAYNG,  M.A.  BOOKS  I.  to  VI.,  with  XL,  and 
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3s.  6rf. 

BOOKS  I.  to  IV.,  in  1  vol.  2s.  6rf. ;  BOOK  I.,  Is.  ;  II.,  erf'.; 
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Elementary  Mensuration :  Lines,  Surfaces, 

and  Solids.  With  numerous  Exercises.  With  or  without 
Answers,  lOd. 

Preliminary  Algebra.  By  R.  Wyke  Baylissv 

B.A.     Is. 

Algebra  :  Up  to  and  Including  Progressions  and 

Scales  of  Notation.  By  J.  G.  KERR,  M.A.  With 
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Algebraic  Factors  :  How  to  Find  Them  and 
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Elementary    Text-Book     of    Trigono- 

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Mathematical  Wrinkles  for  Matriculation 

and  other  Examinations.  By  Dr.  W.T.  KNIGHT.  2s.  6rf, 


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A  Text-Book  of  Geology.     By  W.  Jeeome 

HARRISON,  F.G.S.,  Chief  Science  Demonstrator  for 
the  Birmingham  School  Board.  Fourth  Edition,  much 
Enlarged.    3s.  6rf. 

Elementary  Botany.  By  Joseph  W.  Oliver, 

Lecturer  on  Botany  and  Geology  at  the  Birmingham 
and  Midland  Institute.    2s. 

The  Student's  Introductory  Handbook 

of  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY.  By  JOSEPH  W.  OLIVER,. 
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Elementary  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 

By  H.  ROWLAND  WAKEFIELD,  Joint  Author  of 
'  Earth-Knowledge,'  &c.    2s.  (irf. 

Elementary  Inorganic  Chemistry :  Theo- 
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F.I.C.  F.C.S.,  Professor  of  Metallurgy.  Glasgow  and 
West  of  Scotland  Technical  College.  Fourth  Edition, 
Revised  and  Enlarged.    2s.  6rf. 

Qualitative     Chemical     Analysis,    In- 

ORGANIC  and  ORGANIC.  By  EDGAR  E.  HORWILL, 
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Deschanel's  Natural  Philosophy.    Trans- 

lated  and  Edited  by  Professor  J.  D.  EVERETT,  D.C.L. 
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N»3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 THE    ATHEN^UM 309 

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London :  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster  Row. 


312 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N''3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON'S 
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N''3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


313 


SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER  //,  1S97. 


CONTENTS. 

St.  Augustine's  Missio;^  to  England 

The  French  Rkvolution     

The  Life  of  Bishop  Davenaxt 

Ghegorovius  on  Rome  in  the  Middle  Ages 

A  French  Record  of  Book-Prices        

New  Novels  (The  Fascination  of  the  King ;  Tlie 
Octave  of  Claudius;  Where  the  Surf  Breaks; 
Mallerton ;  His  Daughter)         ...         317- 

Three  Clan  Histories        

Old  Testament  Criticism 

Bibliographical  Literature      

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      .322- 

Aquila's  Version  of  the  Old  Testament;  The 
Autumn  Publishing  Season 

Literary  Gossip         

Science— Sir  John  Evans  on  Stone  Implements  ; 
Agricultural  Literature;  Medical  Books; 
The  Calculus  for  Engineers;  Astronomical 
Notes 321- 

FiNE  Arts— Year-book  of  the  Prussian  Art  Col- 
lections; Library  Table;  Gossip 338- 

MiTsic -The  Week;  Gossip  

Drama— The  Greek  Theatre;  Gossip  ...      330- 


313 
314 
315 
315 
316 


-318 
313 
.320 
321 

-323 

323 
324 


-328 

-329 

330 

-332 


LITERATURE 


The    Mission   of    St.    Augustine    to    England 
according   to  the  Original  Documents :  being 
a   Handbook  for  the   Thirteenth   Centenary. 
Edited   by   Artliur   James   Mason,    D.D. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) 
This  book  was  prepared  at  the  suggestion 
of  the  late  Archbishop  Benson,  who  desired 
to  mark  the  commemoration  of  St.  Augus- 
tine's coming  to  England  by  some  permanent 
record.      The  great  gathering  of  Anglican 
bishops  at  Canterbury  last  June  was  itself 
notable  enough ;  but  it  is  no  disparagement 
to     the    ability    with    which    the    present 
Primate  presided  over  it  to  say  that  had  his 
predecessor  lived  the  historical  significance 
of  the  "thirteenth  centenary"  would  have 
been  more  impressively  brought   out.      It 
was  just  an  occasion  on  which  the  late  arch- 
bishop's historical  sympathy  and  scholarly 
insight  would  have  been  displayed  to  the 
best  advantage.     As  this  was  not  to  be,  we 
can  only  congratulate  ourselves  that  he  had 
charged  his  old  friend  Dr.  Mason  with  the 
publication  of  a  work  which  should  embody 
the  materials  upon  which  he  himself  never 
lived   to   comment.      "All   that   is   known 
concerning   the    Gregorian    mission    which 
founded  the  Church  of  England  is  contained 
in  the  documents  given  in  this  book."    This 
claim,  we  believe,  is  justified  with  one  ex- 
ception.    The  passages  from  Bede  ought  to 
have  been  supplemented  by  extracts  from 
the  '  Life  of  St.  Gregory  the  Great '   by  a 
monk  of  Whitby,  which  was  discovered  by 
the  late  Paul  Ewald,  and  printed  by  him  in 
1886.     Dr.   Mason  says  he  was  not  "able 
to  see  the  Historische  AufiiUze,''^  in  which 
the  text  appeared,  but  he  might  have  found 
all  the  relevant  portions  reprinted  not  long 
after  by  Sir  John  Seeley  in  the  English  His- 
torical Review.     It  is  a  pity  that  a  collection 
which  aims  at  completeness  should  fail  of 
it   by  the   neglect   of   an   easily  accessible 
source — all  the  more  since  extracts  from  the 
'  Life '  were  also  given  by  Mr.  Plummer  (who, 
like  Dr.  Mason,  was  not  awai-e  of  Seeley 's 
article)  in  his  edition  of  Bede.     We  think 
that  this   '  Life '  was  Bede's  only  authority 
for  some  of  the  particulars  he  relates  con- 
cerning Gregory,  notably  for  the  story  of 


the  English  slave  boys  at  Eome ;  and  we 
cannot  agree  with  Dr.  Mason  that  Bede's 
version  "differs  sufficiently  from  that  of  the 
monk  of  Whitby  to  make  it  appear  that  he 
had  an  acquaintance  with  the  story  apart 
from  him."  The  differences  seem  to  us 
rather  literary  than  material. 

The  plan  of  the  book  is  to  give  a  trans- 
lation of  all  the  passages  in  Bede  and  in 
Gregory's  correspondence  which  bear  upon 
the  mission  of  St.  Augustine,  adding  the  Latin 
text  at  the  foot  of  the  page  and  occasional 
notes.  A  solitary  extract  from  the  four- 
teenth century  chronicler  William  Thorn 
is  included  (pp.  93-94)  because  in  this  case 
he  may  reasonably  be  supposed  to  record  a 
genuine  local  tradition  of  St.  Augustine's 
Abbey.  The  passages  are  printed  in  full, 
with  only  such  omissions — and  they  are 
few — as  are  unavoidable  in  a  book  intended 
for  general  reading;  and  each  omission  is 
carefully  indicated.  The  translation,  if 
occasionally  a  little  bald,  is  faithful  and 
clear.  By  its  help  those  who  are  unskilled 
in  Latin  are  placed  in  possession  of  a  full 
narrative  of  the  whole  series  of  events, 
complete  in  itself,  which  attended  and  pro- 
ceeded from  the  mission  of  St.  Augustine 
— not  merely  of  his  own  work,  but  also  of 
that  of  his  successors  down  to  the  eve  of 
the  arrival  of  Archbishop  Theodore.  After 
this  we  have  four  chapters  which  would 
have  perhaps  been  better  entitled  essays 
than  "dissertations,"  since  only  one  or  two 
of  them  can  be  properly  called  a  disserta- 
tion. Each  of  them  presents  special  features 
of  interest. 

In  the  first  Mr.  C.  W.  Oman  gives  a 
brilliant  picture  of  '  The  Political  Outlook 
of  Europe  in  597.'  This  could  not  have 
been  better  done  for  the  purpose  within  the 
short  limits  assigned  to  it.  The  only  point 
we  have  noticed  as  open  to  criticism  occurs 
at  the  close  of  the  following  passage  : — 

"Gaul  was  rapidly  losing  the  traces  of  its 
old  Roman  civilization,  which  had  survived  so 
strongly  under  the  first  kings  of  the  [Merovin- 
gian] dynasty.  Gregory  of  Tours  and  Venantius 
Fortunatus  found  no  successors  of  their  own 
pattern  in  the  seventh  century  :  literature 
seemed  to  be  on  the  verge  of  dying  out  alto- 
gether in  Gaul :  after  600  it  is  only  represented 
by  a  few  jejune  chronicles  and  lives  of  saints. 
To  see  that  the  same  was  the  case  in  art,  we 
have  only  to  compare  the  neat  and  well-finished 
gold  solidi  of  Theudebert  I.  with  the  barbarous 
and  almost  illegible  coins  of  Dagobert  I.  and 
his  successors." 

Theudebert  I.,  however,  was  actively  en- 
gaged in  Italian  enterprises  ;  he  assumed 
high-sounding  Roman  titles ;  and  is  it  not 
likely  that  his  coins  owe  their  merit  to 
Italian  artists  ?  Mr.  Oman  gives  two  sketch- 
maps  of  Europe  and  England,  which,  though 
roughly  printed,  will  help  the  student.  We 
are  sorry  to  see,  however,  that  he  inserts 
"  Wimbledon  "  in  his  second  map,  since  that 
depends  almost  certainly  on  a  mistaken 
identification. 

The  second  essay,  on  '  The  Mission  of  St. 
Augustine  and  his  Companions  in  Relation 
to  other  Agencies  in  the  Conversion  of 
England,'  is  by  the  editor.  It  deals  with 
its  subject  in  a  very  interesting  way,  but  is 
rather  a  summary  and  discussion  of  results 
than  an  independent  contribution  ;  and  we 
cannot  but  regret  that  it  includes  a  cer- 
tain controversial  element  which  would 
have   been   better   avoided.     Ear    different 


is  the  chapter  which  Prof.  McKenny 
Hughes  has  furnished  on  'The  Landing- 
Place  of  St.  Augustine.'  In  an  elaborate 
map  he  reconstructs  the  geography  of  Ebbs- 
fleet  and  Richborough  in  the  sixth  century 
so  as  to  show  the  possibilities  of  the  case. 
Ho  examines  minutely  the  probabilities  in 
favour  of  the  several  sites  advocated  for  the 
saint's  landing,  and  argues  strongly — and  we 
think  conclusively,  so  far  as  the  scanty  evi- 
dence permits — in  favour  of  Richborough. 
Ebbsfleet  is  named  in  no  authority  ;  it  has 
simply  been  assumed  because  Hengist  and 
Horsa  are  said  to  have  landed  there.  But, 
as  Prof.  Hughes  points  out,  a  warship  such 
as  they  used  could  be  run  ashore  on  a 
beach  which  would  be  impracticable  for  a 
merchant  ship  ;  and  Augustine  could  hardly 
have  found  anything  but  a  trading  vessel 
to  take  him  across  the  Channel.  Rich- 
borough is  named  by  Bede,  who  follows 
Orosius,  as  the  usual  port  for  ships  coming 
from  Boulogne ;  and  centuries  later  it  is 
mentioned  by  the  chronicler  of  St.  Augus- 
tine's, Canterbury,  as  the  place  where  the 
saint  disembarked.  This  was  plainly  the 
local  tradition.  It  looks  as  though  modern 
historians  from  Dean  Stanley  onwards,  know- 
ing only  the  modern  map,  could  not  recon- 
cile the  position  of  Richborough  with  the 
statement  of  Bede  that  Augustine  landed  in 
Thanet.  Now,  says  Prof.  Hughes, 
"  Richborough  was  not  then  part  of  the  main- 
land. It  is  true  that  it  lay  nearer  to  the  main- 
land than  to  the  Isle  of  Thanet ;  but  this  does 
not  counterbalance  the  evidence  derived  from 
the  actual  usage  of  the  monks  of  St.  Augustine's. 
Richborough  stood  in  a  somewhat  similar  rela- 
tion as  regards  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  to  that  in 
which  Elmley  or  Harty  Island  stands  to  the 
Isle  of  Sheppey.  Elmley  and  Harty  Island  are 
separated  by  tidal  water  from  Sheppey,  and  yet 
they  are  always  accounted  to  belong  to  it._  It 
would  seem  from  the  straightforward  expressions 
of  Thorn  that  in  his  time  Richborough  island 
was  in  like  manner  accounted  to  belong  to 
Thanet." 

If  a  rival  claim  is  to  bo  set  up,  it 
must  be,  we  conceive,  in  favour  of  Stonar, 
which  faces  Richborough  on  the  east,  not 
Ebbsfleet.  But  Stonar  "was  not  very 
sheltered";  it  was  formerly  "much  more 
exposed  both  to  wind  and  tide"  than  it 
is  now.  Besides,  with  Richborough  as 
the  known  and  habitual  port  of  ships 
trading  from  Gaul,  what  reason  would  the 
seamen  have  had  for  choosing  a  different 
place  for  landing  ?  Ear  less  is  it  likely  that 
they  should  have  sailed  past  Richborough 
and  disembarked  to  the  west  of  Ebbsfleet. 
The  site  east  of  Ebbsfleet  marked  on  the 
Ordnance  map  Prof.  Hughes  dismisses  as 
impossible.  We  are  sorry  that  space  does 
not  allow  us  to  do  justice  to  his  minute  and 
masterly  investigation  of  the  changes  in  the 
coastline  and  waterways  along  the  Wantsome 
and  Pegwell  Bay  in  the  course  of  centuries. 

The  last  essay,  by  the  learned  liturgio- 
logist  Mr.  H.  A.  Wilson,  deals  with  'Some 
Liturgical  Questions  relating  to  the  Mission 
of  St.  Augustine.'  It  is  exceedingly  interest- 
ing that  the  words  sung  by  the  Christians 
on  their  entry  into  Canterbury  should 
correspond  with  one  of  the  Rogation 
litanies  in  use  in  Gaul,  but  not  estab- 
lished at  Rome  until  two  hundred  years 
later.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Wilson 
will  have  nothing  to  say  to  the  theory 
which  supposes  St.  Augustine  to  have  con- 


314 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


sciously  modified  tlio  Roman  service  book 
for  English,  use  in  a  Galilean  direction.  There 
is  no  evidence  that  anything  but  the  lloman 
rite  found  a  place  in  the  early  English 
Churcli.  Mr.  Wilson's  results  are  largely 
negative ;  he  clears  away  misconceptions 
without  being  able  to  say  certainly  what  the 
actual  truth  was.  This  is  not  his  fault, 
but  that  of  the  meagreness  of  his  materials. 
His  remarks  upon  the  rules  affecting  the 
consecration  of  bishops  and  upon  the  grant 
of  the  pallium  are  specially  valuable. 

Dr.  Mason's  volume  is  so  full  of  good 
matter  that  it  is  a  pity  it  has  no  index. 
Difficult,  too,  as  it  is  to  maintain  uniformity 
■with  several  contributors,  it  would  have  been 
well  to  call  the  same  persons  by  the  same 
forms  of  their  names  wherever  they  are 
mentioned,  and  not  to  allow  "Brunichilda, 
Q,ueen  of  the  Franks,"  on  p.  33,  to  become 
"  Brunhildis"  on  p.  161,  and  "  Brunichild  " 
on  p.  187. 


La  France  d'apres  les  Cahiers  de  1789.     Par 
Edme  Champion.     (Paris,  Colin  &  Cie.) 

From  time  to  time  we  have  had  occasion  to 
indicate  to  our  readers  the  various  series  of 
colossal  publications  issuing  from  the  Im- 
primerie  Nationale  in  illustration  of  the 
official  machinery  of  the  French  Eevolu- 
tion.  But  those  instructive  reproductions 
of  documents  drawn  from  apparently  in- 
exhaustible stores  are  over  cumbersome. 
They  are  not  likely  to  be  opened  by  any 
save  the  student;  even  he,  notwithstand- 
ing the  able  assistance  of  their  respective 
editors,  may  occasionally  complain,  not  with- 
out reason,  of  the  difficulty  of  finding  a 
needle  in  a  bundle  of  hay.  Very  welcome, 
therefore,  should  be  M.  Champion's  ex- 
cellent attempt  to  popularize  that  impoa.-tant 
division  of  the  revolutionary  archives  which 
Malouet  described  as  "  le  depot  public  et 
irrecusable  de  toutes  les  opinions  et  des 
voeux  de  la  France  entiere."  However, 
when  we  think  of  the  labour  spent  on  those 
cahiers  merely  by  our  own  writers,  beginning 
with  Arthur  Young  and  culminating  with 
Mr.  Morse  Stephens,  M.  Champion's  declara- 
tion that  there  is  much  talk  concerning  those 
documents,  but  little  knowledge,  seems  only 
less  surprising  than  his  assertion  that  even 
Tocqueville  and  Taine  did  not  study  them 
aright.  Nevertheless,  we  heartily  concur 
with  that  portion  of  our  author's  creed  which 
he  expresses  in  Mirabeau's  words  :  "  H  n'est 
personne  qui  n'avoue  que  la  nation  a  ete 
preparee  a  la  Revolution  par  le  sentiment 
de  ses  maux,  bien  plus  que  par  le  progres 
des  lumieres."  Moreover,  as  we  follow  M. 
Champion's  exposition  of  "  the  most  curious 
anarchy,  the  most  prodigious  and  incredible 
disorder "  pervading  the  old  regime,  it  is 
difficult  to  dissent  from  his  opinion,  which, 
according  to  his  quotations  from  the  cahiers, 
was  held  also  by  "  all  classes  of  citizens," 
that  reforms  would  not  have  sufficed;  the 
evil  required  a  more  radical  treatment. 

We  have  recently  noticed  the  '  Convoca- 
tion des  Etats  Generaux,'  by  M.  Brette,  a 
gentleman  whose  personal  help  and  advice 
M.  Champion  gracefully  acknowledges. 
Therefore,  instead  of  following  the  sketch 
here  given  of  the  perplexities  connected  with 
the  formation  of  the  various  electoral  assem- 
blies summoned  to  return  deputies  to  the 
States    General,    we    will    proceed  to  our 


author's  summary  of  the  cahiers  adopted  by 
those  preparatory  congregations.  The  French 
nation,  "  surchargee  de  lois,"  having 

"  ni  code  ni  registre  national  on  la  constitution 
soit  inscrite,  la  Chambre  du  Clorg*^  de  Reims 
demande  que  les  Etats  Gdne'raux  se  fassent 
un  devoir  capital  de  ddterminer  avec  clartd, 
d'exposeravec  precision,  de  fixer  immuablcment 
les  lois  fondamentales  de  la  constitution." 

So  runs  one  amongst  the  many  cahiers  which 
M.  Champion  cites  to  prove  that  large 
numbers  of  the  two  higher  orders,  and 
sometimes  even  the  most  bigoted  members 
thereof,  agreed  with  the  Tiers  in  requiring 
that  the  respective  "rights  of  the  king  and 
of  the  nation"  should  be  defined  bylaw, 
and  in  determining  to  refuse  all  subsidies 
till  a  charter  should  be  granted.  But  if  the 
formation  of  the  existing  Italian  constitu- 
tion has  strained  the  skill  of  modern  state- 
craft, not  less  difficult  was  the  task  of  bring- 
ing under  one  uniform  administration  the 
France  which  Mirabeau  described  as  "  une 
agregation  inconstituee  de  peuples  desunis." 
For  to  quote  M.  Champion  : — 

"Les  trait^s  et  capitulations  qui  avaient 
successivement  agrandi  la  monarchie  fournis- 
saient  contre  le  despotisme  des  ressources  parfois 
efficaces,  plus  souvent  illusoires,  mais,  dans  tous 
les  cas,  servaient  du  moins  d'arguments  pour 
revendiquer  une  autonomie,  une  ind<$pendance 
peu  compatibles  avec  I'unite  du  royaume. " 

Thus  the  noblesse  of  Brittany  refused  to  take 
part  in  the  Convocation,  and  stood  out  for 
the  old  privileges  recognized  by  Francis  I. 
when  the  duchy  was  annexed  to  the  kingdom. 
The  noblesse  of  Rouen  claimed  the  Charte 
Normande  of  1315.  Artois  boasted  of  pos- 
sessing some  defence  against  arbitrary 
power  in  its  own  constitution,  and  objected 
to  outside  interference.  Navarre  made 
stipulations  as  an  "independent  kingdom." 
Lorraine  wished  toi'emain  a  foreign  province. 
Alsace  found  that  its  necessary  connexion 
"  avec  I'etranger  ne  permette  pas  qu'elle 
cesse  jamais  d'etre  province  etrangere  effec- 
tive." The  town  of  Aries,  a  pays  A' Hat, 
objected  to  its  amalgamation  with  Provence, 
and  claimed  a  separate  administration. 
Boundaries  were  ill  defined :  "  On  ne 
savait  on  finissait  la  Flandre,  on  commen^ait 
I'Artois."  Similarly,  "Les  pays  de  droit 
ecrit  ne  se  distinguaient  pas  d'une  fagon 
parfaitement  nette  des  pays  de  droit  cou- 
tumier."  Perhaps  the  most  striking  in- 
stance here  given  of  the  oft-described 
multiplicity  of  tribunals  is  that 

"dans  le  bailliage  d'Evreux  plusieurs  paroisses 
d'Orbec  dependent  de  quatre  ou  cinq  juridic- 
tions  dont  I'^tendue  est  d'autant  plus  incertaine 
que  plusieurs  seigneurs  ont  des  fiefs  dont  les 
bornes  sont  peu  connues." 

As  to  the  national  finances  :  "  Detteenorme, 
credit  nul,"  was  the  verdict  pronounced  by 
the  noblesse  of  Clermont  en  Beauvoisis. 

Minor  reforms — as,  for  instance,  a  uniform 
scale  of  weights  and  measures,  the  free  cir- 
culation of  corn  within  the  limits  of  the 
kingdom — failed,  for,  said  the  Tiers  of 
Nemours,  the  king  proposed  laws,  the  Parlia- 
ments rejected  them.  But  there  must  have 
been  exceptions.  The  state  of  the  hospitals 
receives  scant  notice  in  this  collection  of 
grievances.  May  we  not  therefore  conclude 
that  some  improvements  had  been  effected 
in  those  charitable  institutions  of  which 
Necker  in  1781  gave  such  a  horrible  picture 
in  his  '  Compte  Rendu  au  Roi'  ('QCuvres  de 


Necker,' vol.  ii.  pp.  134,  135)?  As  to  the 
prisons,  their  condition  was  soon  to  become 
infinitely  worse,  if  we  are  to  believe  Paganel 
{Moniteur,  November  3rd,  1794). 

The  recognized  decline  in  public  instruc- 
tion was  attributed  by  the  clergy  to  the 
expulsion  of  the  Jesuits,  who  are  also  re- 
gretted in  some  cahiers  of  the  Tiers.  Under 
the  great  educational  order,  for  instance,  the 
College  of  Angouleme  had  300  pupils  ;  now 
it  had  but  thirty.  M.  Champion  tells  us 
that  the  want  of  primary  instruction  in  the 
pre-revolutionary  days  has  lately  been  ques- 
tioned. But  Turgot's  statement,  "  Parmi 
les  paysans  il  est  rare  d'en  trouver  qm 
sachent  lire"  ('ffiuvres  de  Turgot,'  vol.  iv. 
p.  379),  receives  here  ample  corroboration  : 

"  Non  seulement  beaucoup  de  Cahiers  de 
paroisses  ne  sont  signes  que  par  une  partie 
des  electeurs  qui  les  ont  adopt^s,  '  les  autres 
habitants  n'ayant  pas  su  '  ;  mais  ce  qui  est  plus 
inattendu,  les  ^lus  eux-memes  n'^taient  pas  tous 
capables  d'ecrire  leur  nom  en  bas  du  Cahier  de 
I'assemblee  de  bailliage." 

While  this  circumstance  destroys  any  idea 
that  the  ofttimes  simple  and  appropriate 
eloquence  of  these  documents  was  the 
natural  outcome  of  the  peasant  mind,  it 
justifies  Taine's  expression,  "  L'homme  du 
peuple  est  indoctrine  par  I'avocat." 

A  few  of  the  cahiers,  says  M.  Champion, 
fix  the  allowance  made  to  the  deputies  going 
to  Versailles.  The  Tiers  of  Macon  votes 
480  livres  for  the  journey  and  15  livres  a  day 
during  the  session  of  the  States  General ; 
the  Tiers  of  Rennes  300  livres  for  the 
journey  and  12  livres  a  day. 

Whilst  we  venture  to  differ  on  one  or  two 
points  from  M.  de  Tocqueville,  we  cannot 
wholly  agree  with  M.  Champion's  treatment 
of  "  Les  Campagnes  et  les  Droits  Feodatix." 
Tocqueville  is  undoubtedly  the  person  here 
meant  as  teaching  that  "feudal  rights  had 
been  reduced  to  a  mere  trifle  before  the 
end  of  the  ancien  regime^  But  is  not  this 
charge  based  on  two  or  three  phrases  rather 
than  on  a  general  apprehension  of  his 
theory  ?  For  it  must  be  confessed  that 
Tocqueville  occasionally  contradicts  himself. 
Thus  after  asserting  that  "le  paysan  allait, 
venait,  achetait,  vendait,  traitait.  travaillait 
a  sa  guise"  ('L' Ancien  Regime,'  p.  35),  a 
few  pages  further  on  he  describes  how,  if 
the  peasant  wanted  to  buy  land, 

"illui  faut  d'abord  payer  un  droit ad'autres 

propri^taires  du  voisinage II  la  poss^de  enfin 

surviennent  lesmemes  voisinsqui  I'arrachent 

hson  champ  et  I'obligentkvenir  travailler  ailleurs 
sans  salaire.  Veut-il  ddfendre  sa  semence  contre 

leurgibier:  les  memes  Ten  empechent II  les 

retrouve  au  marchd  on  ils  lui  vendent  le  droit 

de  vendre  ses  propres  denr^es Quand  il  veufc 

employer  a  son  usage  le  reste  de  son  bl^ il 

ne  peut  le  faire  qu'apr^s  I'avoir  envoyer  moudre 
dans  le  moulin  et  cuire  dans  le  four  de  ces 
memes  hommes,"  &c.  (' L' Ancien  Regime,' 
p.  46). 

Can  M.  Champion  himself  condemn  the 
system  more  severely  ?  Moreover,  when  he 
names  Tocqueville  as  responsible  for  the 
assertion  that  France  contained  "  an  im- 
mensity"  of  small  rural  proprietors,  he  for- 
gets that  writer  twice  gives  Necker  himself 
as  the  author  of  "  the  ambitious  but  just  ex- 
pression "  ('L' Ancien  Regime,'  pp.  36,  38). 
Tocqueville,  indeed,  might  have  followed  the 
Swiss  financier  yet  further,  and  have  argued 
that,  notable  as  was  the  subdivision  of 
land  on  the  eve  of  the  Revolution,  it  had 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


315 


been  carried  somewhat  earlier  to  a  still 
greater  excess,  for,  says  M.  Necker  on  one 
occasion,  "  quoique  lo  nombre  des  grandes 
proprit'tes  y  augmente  chaque  jour,  il  y  a 
encore  beaucoup  de  possesseurs  de  petits 
domaines"  (' CEuvres  de  Necker,'  vol.  i. 
p.  32,  "  Sur  la  legislation  et  le  commerce 
des  grains  ").  At  the  same  time  we  would 
suggest  that  Young's  observation,  "  Pro- 
bably half,  perhaps  two-thirds  of  the  king- 
dom are  in  possession  of  little  proprietors, 
who  paid  quit-rents  and  feudal  duties 
for  the  spots  they  farmed"  (Pinkerton, 
'Voyages,'  vol,  iv.  p.  425),  has  assumed  too 
great  an  importance  in  Tocqueville's  hands, 
for  he  makes  it  the  result  of  the  English- 
man's first  visit  to  France  in  1787  ('L'Ancien 
Eegime,'  p.  37).  If  so,  it  is  incompatible 
with  Turgot's  computation  that  at  least 
four-sevenths  of  the  kingdom  were  culti- 
vated by  metayers  ('  CEuvres  de  Turgot,' 
vol.  iv.  p.  265),  for,  notwithstanding  the 
miserable  condition  of  labourers  of  that 
description,  their  maintenance  by  the  small 
peasant  proprietor  would  have  been  im- 
possible. But  the  matter  takes  a  different 
complexion  if,  as  we  believe.  Young  re- 
ferred to  the  condition  of  France  in  1791, 
i.  e.,  after  the  sale  of  the  Church  lands,  &c. 
Again,  on  the  same  page  Tocqueville  quotes 
the  remark  of  "an  excellent  contemporary 
observer":  "Land  always  sells  above  its 
value  in  consequence  of  the  universal 
passion  of  the  j^eople  to  become  pro- 
prietors." But  what  says  the  Marquis 
de  Mirabeau?  "Les  plus  belles  terres 
sont  dans  les  Affiches,  et  cela,  a  choisir 
en  tout  genre,  pays  et  coiitumes,  et  I'on 
ne  vend  rien  ou  difficilement "  ('L'Ami 
des  Hommes,'  vol.  i.  p.  101).  It  is  in  com- 
paring such  evidence,  all  credible  and  all 
contradictory,  that  we  realize  the  French 
axiom  that  it  is  much  easier  to  say  new 
things  than  to  reconcile  perfectly  all  that 
have  been  said. 

M.  Champion's  own  arguments  in  reduc- 
tion of  the  "immensity"  are  based  chiefly 
on  the  errors  and  vagueness  of  some  of  the 
surveys  [cadastres),  and  on  mistakes  arising 
from  the  ignorance  of  the  peasantry.  To 
this  end  he  adduces  the  ca/uers  of  Soule, 
which  state  that  "the  people,  not  having 
known  how  to  explain  themselves  or  how  to 
specify  their  exact  status,  were  taxed  as  pro- 
prietors or  tenants,  though  half  of  them 
were  not  in  that  position."  Our  author  also 
refers  to  Gaultier  de  Biauzat,  who  records 
"that  in  the  debates  on  the  distribution  of 
the  representatives  of  the  three  orders  it 
was  urged  that  the  clergy  and  noblesse  ought 
to  ha^e  more  deputies  than  the  Tiers,  as 
they  possessed  at  least  three-fourths  of  the 
kingdom."  M.  Champion's  idea  that  the 
peasant  owned  none  but  bad  or  indifferent 
land  is,  we  think,  too  problematic,  for 
whereas  we  know  from  Young  that  Sologne 
was  "one  of  the  poorest  and  most  unim- 
proved provinces "  in  France,  "  flat,  and 
consisting  of  a  poor  sand  or  gravel, 
everywhere  on  a  clay  or  marl  bottom," 
we  learn  from  the  same  authority  that 
it  did  not  contain  any  peasant  proprietors, 
but  was  worked  entirely  on  the  metayer 
system  (Pinkerton,  vol.  iv.  pp.  306,  88). 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Suffolk  farmer 
found  small  holders  abounding  where  the 
land  was  most  valuable,  that  is,  in  the  vine 
districts.     It  is  true  that,  as  M.  Champion 


insists,  the  poverty  in  those  parts  was  great. 
He  quotes  a  cahier  in  which  the  poor  vine- 
growers  lament  their  wretched  condition  and 
complain  that  they  generally  die  bankrupt. 
"  Quel  remede  ?  "  they  ejaculate.  "  C'est 
un  probleme  trcs  difficile."  Unluckily, 
neither  they  nor  M.  Champion  understand 
what  Young  terms  "  the  obvious  fact  that  a 
hazardous  and  uncertain  culture  is  ridiculous 
for  a  man  with  weak  capital.  How  could 
a  Kentish  labourer  be  a  hop-planter?" 
(Pinkerton,  vol.  iv.  p.  449.) 

Of  the  inequalities  of  taxation,  of  royal, 
ecclesiastical,  and  seignorial  dues,  M.  Cham- 
pion can  say  little  more  than  Young  and 
Taine,  working  on  the  same  materials,  have 
already  told  us.  The  peasant  woman's 
words  to  the  English  traveller,  "Les  tallies 
et  les  droits  nous  ecrasent,"  echo  again  and 
again  through  the  cahiers  of  the  Tiers.  The 
fact  was  undeniable.  It  had  already  been 
recognized  by  Turgot,  Necker,  and  all  the 
economists.  It  was  not  likely  to  lose  its 
lurid  character  when  Government,  appearing 
as  "the  Friend  of  Humanity,"  begged  to  be 
told  "  the  pitiful  story." 


The  Life,  Letters,  and  Writings  of  John 
Bavenant,  D.D.  {1572-161^1),  Lord  Bishop 
of  Salisbury.  By  Morris  Fuller,  B.D. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Morris  Fuller  boasts  himself,  we 
believe,  to  be  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
illustrious  Thomas  Fuller,  whose  praise  is 
in  all  the  Churches  and  whose  fame  will 
last  as  long  as  our  language.  The  mantle 
of  the  ancestor  has  not  fallen  upon  his 
descendant,  inasmuch  as  the  author  of  the 
'Worthies,'  and  the  'Church  History,'  and 
the  '  Pisgah  Sight,'  and  a  great  many  other 
works,  was  never  ponderous  and  never  un- 
readable, and  we  cannot  say  so  much  as  that 
for  his  modern  representative.  Fuller  owed 
a  great  deal  to  his  uncle  John  Davenant,  who 
was  Lady  Margaret's  Eeader  in  Divinity  at 
Cambridge  from  1609  till  1622,  and  Bishop 
of  Salisbury  from  1622  till  1641.  Yet  Fuller 
forbore  from  writing  his  uncle's  biography, 
and  we  may  reasonably  infer  that  he  knew 
only  too  well  that  there  was  not  miich  to 
say  about  him.  Davenant  was  a  clumsy 
writer ;  a  drearily  dull  preacher ;  a  theo- 
logian who  never  went  out  of  a  groove ;  a 
commentator  who  threw  light  upon  nothing  ; 
a  scholar  commonplace  at  all  points,  and 
exactly  one  of  those  second-rate  men  who 
make  up  the  rank  and  file  of  the  successful 
when  they  have  money  at  their  backs  or 
friends  to  give  them  a  push  at  the  right 
moment. 

Mr.  Morris  Fuller  laments  and  wonders 
that  Davenant' s  flimsy  writings  should  have 
been  forgotten.  The  truth  is  they  were 
never  looked  upon  as  worth  remembering. 
Mr.  Fuller  claims  that  his  hero  should  be 
treated  with  veneration  because  he  was  one 
of  the  five  English  divines  who  took  part 
in  the  Synod  of  Dort ;  and  of  the  Synod  of 
Dort  it  may  be  frankly  confessed  that  he 
has  given  a  fairly  correct  and  painstaking 
account.  But,  again,  the  English  divines 
had  no  business  to  be  there,  and  with  the 
single  exception  of  Bishop  Hall  there  was 
not  one  of  them  whose  talents  or  learning 
were  above  mediocrity.  Carleton  was  a 
warmhearted  and  devout  personage,  re- 
membered  chiefly   for  his   attractive   little 


biography  of  Bernard  Gilpin.  Samuel  Ward 
was  Davenant's  successor  as  Lady  Mar- 
garet's Divinity  Reader  at  Cambridge — a 
representative  Calvinist,  but  a  scholar  of 
no  great  repute  in  his  day.  Balcanqual 
was  a  Scotch  adventurer  who  proclaimed 
himself  a  convert  from  Presbyterianism  to 
Episcopacy  by  the  reasoning  of  King 
James  I.,  and  found  his  reward  in  getting 
the  deanery  of  Durham  at  last.  Why  should 
theologians  of  this  stamp  be  granted  any 
conspicuous  place  in  the  temple  of  fame? 
Put  them  in  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography'  if  you  will,  and  give  them  a 
page  apiece,  but  do  not  ask  posterity  to 
spend  laborious  days  in  reading  bulky 
volumes  about  them  and  their  concerns. 
The  world  is  getting  too  full  and  life  too 
crowded  to  admit  of  our  giving  wholly 
disproportionate  attention  to  the  minor 
actors  in  the  insignificant  dramas  of  all 
the  generations  behind  us.  We  are  all 
getting  impatient  at  being  expected  to 
interest  ourselves  in  the  forgotten ;  there 
is  a  strong  probability,  for  the  most  part, 
that  men  and  things  that  have  passed  out 
of  remembrance  deserve  the  oblivion  which 
has  swallowed  them  up.  We  can  forgive 
something  if  a  new  claim  upon  our  homage 
is  put  forward  by  some  literary  master 
whose  style  and  treatment  help  to  make 
old  things  new,  but  Mr.  Morris  Fuller  is 
rather  a  worrying  person  ;  he  is  not  the  sort 
of  writer  to  succeed  in  raising  from  the 
dead  a  buried  divine  who  would  have  been 
better  left  quiet  in  his  grave. 


IListory  of  the  City  of  Rome  in  the  Middle 
Ages.  By  Ferdinand  Gregorovius.  Trans- 
lated by  Annie  Hamilton.  Vol.  IV. 
Parts  I.  and  II.     (Bell  &  Sons.) 

In  his  third  volume  Gregorovius  brought 
the  story  of  the  city  of  Eome  down  to  the 
beginning  of  the  eleventh  century,  the 
darkest  period  in  its  history.  The  collapse 
of  government  was  complete ;  all  attempts  to 
control  the  prevailing  anarchy  had  appa- 
rently ceased.  The  Papacy  no  longer  repre- 
sented a  Christian  ideal.  It  had  sunk  to 
the  level  of  a  bishopric.  The  head  of  the 
Church  was  less  powerful  than  the  princes 
and  counts  who  placed  their  relatives  in  the 
Papal  chair.  Probably  the  lowest  depth  of 
degradation  was  reached  when  the  Count 
Palatine  placed  the  tiara  on  the  brow  of 
his  son  Theophylact,  a  boy  of  thirteen ; 
this  happened  in  1033,  the  lad  assuming 
the  title  of  Benedict  IX.  His  career,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  was  one  of 
shameless  profligacy.  It  seemed  as  if,  at 
last,  the  end  of  the  Dominium  Temporale 
had  arrived.  But  even  then  the  monk  who 
was  to  attempt  and  did  actually  accomplish 
so  much  to  help  the  moral  elevation  of  the 
clergy,  and  who,  if  only  for  a  moment, 
elevated  the  Papacy  above  the  highest 
earthly  authority,  was  quietly  preparing 
himself  for  his  life's  work. 

Gregorovius  first  introduces  Hildebrand 
in  attendance  on  Leo  IX.  at  his  entrance 
to  Rome :  — 

"As  the  new  Pope  entered  the  city  in 
February,  1049,  accompanied  by  a  scanty 
retinue,  barefooted  and  praying,  the  unwonted 
spectacle  must  have  filled  the  Romans  with 
surprise.  An  apostle  seemed  to  have  returned 
to  depraved  Rome.  No  armed  hosts  of  Germans 


310 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N''3645,  Sept.  4, '97 


or  Tuscans,  no  powerful  ncblcs  escorted  the 
bishop,  who  knocked  at  the  gates  as  a  pilgrim 
to  ask  the  Romans  whether  they  would  accept 
him  as  a  Pope  in  the  name  of  Christ.  He  was, 
however,  accompanied  by  a  man  of  greater 
value  than  the  royal  powers  of  princes — a  genius 
clothed  in  the  unassuming  habit  of  Cluny,  as 
yet  unknown  to  the  world.  This  was  Hilde- 
brand,  chaplain  to  the  exiled  Gregory  VI.  The 
new  Pope  had  taken  him  into  his  service  in 
France,  and  it  is  said  that  it  wasat  Hildebrand's 
instigation  that  Bruno  had  assumed  the  dress 
of  a  pilgrim,  and  had  announced  that  he  would 
not  occupy  the  sacred  chair  until  he  had  been 
elected  in  Rome  in  canonical  form.  Hilde- 
brand,  entering  Rome  beside  the  Pope-desig- 
nate, silent  and  unobserved,  was  himself  the 
genius  of  a  new  epoch,  who  introduced  the 
Papacy  of  an  entirely  new  system  into  the 
Eternal  City." 

Hencefortli,    during    tlie    reigns    of    five 
successive    Poj^es,  the    Papal    policy    was 
directed   by   a   man  wlio  had  a  clear   and 
definite  end  in  view,  who  never  lost  sight 
of  his  object,  and  who  was  indefatigable  in 
its  prosecution.  It  was  Hildebrand's  marvel- 
lous faculty  for  organization    that  created 
and  compacted  the  ecclesiastical  forces  which 
secured   for   the   Church   a  fresh   lease   of 
existence  just  at  the  point  when  its  fortunes 
were  at  the  lovrest.     The  vicissitudes  of  his 
career  when  at  last  he  reached  the  Popedom 
and  became  protagonist  in  the  stupendous 
drama  of  the  period  are  narrated  by  Gre- 
gorovius    with   a   masterly  pen.      Perhaps 
exception  may  be  taken  to  his  estimation  of 
Gregory  as  a  politician  after  he  had  reached 
the  pinnacle  of  power.     Eemembering  his 
attitude  at  Canossa,  we  can  scarcely  agree 
with  the  author  that  he  was  "  one  of  the 
greatest  politicians  of  all  nations  and  of  all 
times."     The  manner  of  his  triumph  over 
Henry  was  only  within  the  barbarous  notions 
of  his  time,  yet  he  pushed  them  to  their 
extremest   verge.     No  politician   possessed 
of  ordinary  astuteness  would  have  imposed 
such  brutal  degradation    on    the    emperor. 
The   momentary  triumph  was    too    dearly 
purchased,  as  Gregory  very  soon  found  to 
his  cost  and  as  he  ought  to  have  foreseen. 
The  author,  indeed,  admits  the  fatal  mistake 
when  he  says  that 

"as  Pope  he  aimed  too  high,  thinking  in  his 
brief  moment  of  power  to  compass  at  once  the 
work  of  centuries.  He  who  desires  the  impos- 
sible must  a]>pear  a  visionary,  and  as  that  of 
a  visionary  Gregory's  attempt  to  seize  the 
dominion  of  the  political  world  must  be 
regarded." 

The  twelfth  century  shows  no  figure  in 
Rome  of  the  imposing  stature  of  Hilde- 
brand,  yet  natures  scarcely  less  energetic 
are  not  wanting.  Arnold  of  Brescia  assisted 
by  his  fiery  eloquence  in  laying  the  founda- 
tions of  the  civic  commune.  The  city  itself 
did  not  witness  his  martyr's  death,  which 
occurred  at  distant  Soracte.  Though  dead, 
his  teaching  survived ;  it  "  was  of  such 
enduring  vitality,  that  it  is  still  in  harmony 
with  the  spirit  of  our  time,  and  Arnold  of 
Brescia  would  now  be  the  most  popular 
man  in  Italy."  His  executioner,  the  great 
Prederick  Barbarossa,  passes  stormfully 
across  the  scene.  Hating  and  hated  by  the 
Romans,  his  passage  was  attended  by  more 
than  the  usual  massacre  and  bloodshed 
which  appeared  to  be  the  invariable  accom- 
paniment of  the  visits  of  the  emperors  to 
Rome.  It  might  have  been  well  both  for 
themselves    and    the   city  if    the   emperors 


had  regarded  it  from  the  same  point  of  view 
as  our  Richard  Cocur-de-Lion.  He  landed 
in  1190  at  Ostia  on  his  way  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  was  politely  invited  by  a  cardinal 
to  visit  the  capital  of  Christendom  : — 

"  In  a  previous  century  no  king  would  have 
declined  the  like  invitation  ;  on  the  contrary, 
a  monarch  would  have  considered  himself  for- 
tunate in  entering  the  gates  of  the  sacred  city, 
habited  as  a  pilgrim,  to  visit  the  graves  of  the 
apostles.  But  times  were  changed.  Richard, 
the  successor  of  pious  Anglo-Saxon  kings,  who 
in  ancient  days  reached  the  summit  of  bliss  when 
they  took  the  cowl  in  Rome,  conten>ptuously 
informed  the  cardinal  that  nothing  was  to 
be  found  at  the  Papal  Court  but  avarice  and 
corruption." 

Among  the  Popes  of  the  twelfth  century 
the  most  heroic  personality  was  Adrian  IV. 
In  Nicholas  Breakspear  the  Papacy  pro- 
duced a  ruler  with  aims  as  exalted  as  those 
of  Hildebrand,  of  greater  natural  nobility, 
and  of  higher  capacity  for  government : — 

"  Thirst  for  knowledge  had  driven  the  son  of 
a  poor  priest  of  St.  Albans  to  France,  where, 
after  varied  fortunes,  he  became  Prior  of  St. 
Rufus,  near  Aries.  His  culture,  his  eloquence, 
and  his  handsome  presence  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Eugenius  III.  when  Breakspear  came  to 
Rome  on  business  connected  with  his  convent. 
The  Pope  made  him  cardinal  of  Albano,  and 
sent  him  as  legate  to  Norway,  where  he  ordered 
the  afl'airs  of  the  Church  with  great  circumspec- 
tion. Nicholas,  just  returned  from  the  mission, 
was  immediately  elected,  and  ascended  the  sacred 

chair  as  Adrian  IV.  on  December  5,  1154 

This  priest  who  had  risen  from  the  dust  con- 
fronted the  mightiest  of  monarchs  with  so 
haughty  an  aspect  as  were  he  not  only  this 
monarch's  equal,  but  his  superior.  His  natural 
endowments  were  increased  by  the  greatness  to 
which  his  own  merits  had  raised  him,  by  a 
knowledge  of  the  world,  and  by  a  praiseworthy 
strength  of  character  which,  in  the  midst  of  all 
his  arrogance,  enabled  him  to  act  with  prudence 
at  the  critical  time.  Adrian  was  shrewd,  prac- 
tical, and  unyielding,  as  Anglo-Saxons  are  wont 
to  be." 

Circumstances  compelled  Adrian  and  Bar- 
barossa to  be  antagonists.  The  struggle 
with  a  monarch  so  formidable  and  impetuous 
called  forth  all  the  resources  of  the  Pope's 
statesmanship.  His  measure  of  success  was 
due  in  no  small  degree  to  the  sterling  nobility 
of  his  character. 

In  a  previous  review  of  the  earlier 
volumes  we  called  attention  to  the  value 
of  the  references  to  artistic  monuments 
contained  in  the  '  History.'  The  present 
volume  is  no  less  rich  in  the  same  materials. 
In  the  last  chapter,  devoted  to  the  art  and 
culture  of  the  period,  Gregorovius  writes 
as  an  archoeologist  to  whom  the  science  is 
familiar.  His  description  of  the  aspect  of 
the  city  in  the  twelfth  century,  including  the 
delightful  quotations  from  the  '  Mirabilia ' 
and  the  '  Graphia,'  is  a  masterly  piece  of 
vigorous  presentation.  The  reader  passes 
through  the  city 

"  when  its  majestic  ruins  stood,  not  as  skeletons 
and  illustrations  of  a  science,  skilfully  cleansed, 
railed  off  and  excavated  to  their  base,  but  trans- 
formed, as  they  were  at  this  earlier  period,  into 
defensive  towers  bristling  with  the  weapons  of 
fierce  consuls,  or  into  picturesque  dwellings,  or 
abandoned  to  nature." 

The  revival  of  architecture  which  occurred 
in  the  twelfth  century  is  ably  discussed,  and 
illustrated  by  the  description  of  such  of  the 
churches  of  the  period  as  are  still  standing. 


Index  Bihlio  -  Iconographique .  Par  Pierre 
Dauze.  Vol.  I.  Janvier  a  Octobre,  1894. 
Vol.  II.  1  Octobre,  1894,  au  30  Septembre, 
1895.  (Paris,  Repertoire  des  Ventes  Pub- 
liques  Cataloguees.) 

PiiANCE,  prolific  formerly  of  bibliographers 
of   highest   mark — Brunets,  Peignots,   and 
Querards — runs   near  imperilling    her    old 
supremacy  in  bibliography.     Some  lack  of 
enterprise    is    at   least    shown   in    the   fact 
that  eight  annual  volumes  of  '  Book-Prices 
Current '    had  appeared   before  M.  Pierre 
Dauze  was  stirred  to  emulation  and  rivalry. 
His   '  Index    Biblio  -  Iconographique '  is    a 
'  Book  -  Prices   Current,'  and,   as   the  title 
indicates,  something  more.    It  is  a  selection 
from  the  catalogues  of  the  Ventes  Publiques 
in  Paris  of  books,  pictures,  engravings,  and 
autographs.     Two    volumes     have    as    yet 
appeared,  and   the  experiment  is  intended 
to  be  annual.     It  is  more  extensive,  as  well 
as    more   ambitious,  than    the   work   with 
which  we   have   associated   it,   the    second 
volume  containing  over  nine  hundred  large 
double  -  columned    pages.     The     order    of 
arrangement    is,    moreover,    different,     all 
books   being,   as   in   the   case   of   the   dic- 
tionaries of  Brunet  and  Lowndes,  arranged 
under  authors  when  such  are  known.     The 
disposition  of  materials  is,  on  the  whole,  to 
be    commended.     It   at  least   enables    the 
student     to      dispense     with      the     index 
which     in     '  Book  -  Prices     Current '   con- 
stitutes    a     large     portion     of     successive 
volumes.     A  list  of  the  works  sold  follows, 
with  particulars  of  condition  and  price.     In 
his  first  issue  M.  Dauze  confined  himself  to 
lots  disposed  of  for  20  francs  and  upwards. 
In  the  second  he  imposes  no  such  limita- 
tions.    Though  the  list  of  11,000  articles  in 
the  first  volume  is  augmented  to  16,000  in 
the  second,  the  increase  is  not  greatly  in- 
fluenced by  this  alteration  of  method,  some 
search  being  necessary  in  order  to  discover 
lots   sold   for    less    than   20   francs.      The 
augmentation  is,  indeed,  chiefly  attributable 
to   the   expansion   of   the   scheme  and  the 
inclusion  of   a  larger  number  of   authors. 
For  the  volumes  are  necessarily  a  selection, 
since  to  give  a  list  of  all  the  lots  adjudicated 
in  the  course  of  the  year  would  swell  the 
book  to  unmanageable  dimensions.     By  the 
manner   in  which   the  task  of   selection  is 
accomplished,  the  fitness  of  M.  Dauze  for  his 
self-imposed  task  must  be  tested.     So  far  as 
we  can  judge,  its  execution  is  satisfactory. 
There  is  some  difficult}',  however,  in  form- 
ing a  definite  judgment.     To  parody  Burns, 

What,  's  done  we  partly  can  compute. 
But  never  what 's  omitted. 

M.  Dauze  has,  of  course,  the  '  Manuel  du 
Libraire '  to  guide  him,  and  whatever  name 
is  included  in  that  delightful  and  noble,  but 
now,  alas  !  misleading  work  finds  immediate 
hospitality.  All  incunabula,  however 
moderate  the  price  at  which  they  have  been 
sold,  are  also  included.  Coming  to  more 
recent  writers,  and  turning  to  Maupassant, 
we  find  a  goodly  array  of  titles,  and  see  the 
lovely  edition  of  the  '  Contes  Choisis '  of 
the  society  of  Bibliophiles  Contemporains 
selling  for  as  much  as  860  francs.  M. 
Uzanne  also  is  well  represented.  In  the 
case  of  other  modern  or  living  writers  of 
some  notoriety  matters  are  different,  some 
lots  being  sold  for  so  little  as  2  fr.  50.  The 
romanticists  are  still  represented,  and  there 


N«  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


317 


are  a  dozen  records  of  sales  of  the  nebulous 
and  mystical  perversities  of  "Sar"  Pela- 
dan. 

The  work  then   is  well  executed,  and  is 
of  genuine  utility  to  the  book- buyer.     Its 
full  service  cannot,  however,  be  understood 
until  more  volumes  have    been  published, 
and  the  oj^portunity  has  been  afforded  of 
comparing    the    fluctuation    of    prices.     It 
•seems  probable   that  compilations    of    this 
class  wUl  supersede  the  more  important  and 
systematic  works    to  which  we  have  been 
iiccustomed.     The  delay  in  producing  a  new 
'Manuel  du  Libraire'  is  easily  understood. 
Nothing  can  be  clearer  than  the  fact  that 
fancies,  caprices,  and  fashions  in  books  are 
in  the  main  ephemeral.     Absolutely  without 
■significance  are  the  prices  attached  in  Brunet 
to  the  folios  of  ancient  classics  our  fathers 
prized.       Aldines,    Elzevirs,    and    Bodonis 
iave   had    their    day ;    the    altars   of    the 
romanticists  are  cold.     Not  long  ago  there 
was  a  great  demand  for  early  editions  of 
the  dramatists  Moliere,  Corneille,   Eacine. 
Sadly  edifying  is  a  comparison  of  the  prices 
now  quoted  with   those  we   recall.     Poor, 
indiscreet,  indecent  Eestif  de  la  Bretonne, 
who  was  important  enough  to  have  a  huge 
Tjibliography  all  to  himself,  has  fallen  on 
evil    days.      A    large-paper    '  Baisers '    of 
Dorat,  with  the  title-page  in  red  and   the 
erroneous  pagination  of  '  Le  Mois  de  Mai,' 
if  it  is  in  a  handsome  morocco  "jacket," 
"will  still  fetch  hundreds  and  even  thousands 
of  francs  ;  but  exquisite  as  are  the  illustra- 
tions, who  shall  say  that  the  taste  for  them 
is  not  already  on  the  decline  ?     A  copy  of 
the  '  Contes  et  Nouvelles '  of  La  Fontaine, 
1762,  the  ixviQ  fermiers-gemraux  edition,  in  an 
old  red  morocco  binding,  sells  in  one  instance 
for   no   more   than   257   francs.     It   would 
appear   that   prices    for    the   best    French 
books  are  higher  in  London  than  in  Paris  : 
Montesquieu's    'Temple   de   Guide,'   1772, 
thus  sold  in  London  in  July  last  for  46/.,  and 
the  'Daphnis  et  Chloo '   of  Longus,  1718, 
for  4U.     The  highest    price  chronicled  in 
1895  by  M.  Dauze  for  the  former  book  is 
only    150   francs,    and   for   the   latter — the 
example  La    Bedoyere — 250    francs.     The 
copies   sold  in   England   must   have    been 
of  exceptional   beauty,  but   the  dispropor- 
tion in  price  is  remarkable.     In  the  same 
English  sale  we  find  '  Le  Theatre  de  Pierre 
Corneille '    sold     for     55/.,     which    Cohen 
('Guide    de    1' Amateur')   prices    "100    et 
120fr.,    plus    en    maroquin";     Le    Sage, 
'Le  Diable  Boiteux,'  1130,,  ^^apier  fort,  31/.; 
and  'L'Eloge  de  la  Folie,'  1751,  22/.  10s., 
which  Cohen  estimates   at  in  large   paper 
80  to  100  francs.     The  book-lover  will  find 
in  M.  Dauze' 8  volumes  matter  of  unending 
amusement  and  profit. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The    Fascination    of    the    King.       By    Guy 

Boothby.  (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 
The  characteristics  of  the  truly  great  man 
of  fiction  are  in  this  story  distributed 
between  a  European  adventurer,  who  rules 
a  territory  forming  part  of  the  "  Hinter- 
land" of  Annam,  and  a  British  noble  lord 
who  possesses  a  yacht  and  a  lovely  sister. 
The  king  and  Lord  Instow  are  said  to  have 
flourished  about  ten  years  ago.  For  their 
existence  in  the  flesh,  Mr.  Boothby  tells  us 
iu  a  commendably  short  preface,  there  is 


little  foundation  in  fact.  The  king  in 
question  did  exist  as  such,  we  are  told,  for 
a  short  time.  In  Mr.  Boothby's  pages  he 
prospers  amazingly,  and  marries  the  noble 
lord's  beautiful  sister.  These  events  do  not, 
however,  form  the  substance  of  the  story. 
Five  chapters  of  plotting,  and  fighting  with 
native  troops  armed  and  drilled  by  Euro- 
peans, constitute  the  real  interest  of  the 
book,  and  it  may  be  said  at  once  that  Mr. 
Boothby  is  by  no  means  unsuccessful  in 
recounting  the  details  of  military  exploits 
and  hairbreadth  escapes,  while  the  novelty 
of  the  mise  en  seme  provides  some  elements 
of  attraction.  We  imagine  the  book  is 
best  regarded  as  a  volume  of  adventure, 
thoroughly  healthy  in  tone  and  well  adapted 
to  the  tastes  of  those  who  can  enjoy 
schoolboys'  literature.  Had  it  been  pub- 
lished three  months  hence,  it  would  hardly 
have  escaped  classification  as  Christmas 
literature.  One  feature  should  be  noticed. 
The  story  is  narrated  in  the  first  person  by 
Lord  Instow  aforesaid.  It  includes  two 
conversations  between  the  narrator's  sister 
and  the  king.  One  of  these  conversations 
the  narrator  says  he  learnt  from  his  sister ; 
with  the  other  he  could  not  by  any  pos- 
sibility have  become  acquainted.  Several 
more  instances  might  be  quoted  illustrating 
the  difficulty  of  recounting  such  a  story  in 
the  first  person. 

The    Octave   of    Claudius.     By    Barry   Pain. 

(Harper  Brothers.) 
Me.  Barry  Paix  seeks  to  render  possible, 
though  hardly  probable,  an  extremely 
difficult  situation.  That  an  intelligent  young 
man  should  find  himself  bound  to  a  prac- 
titioner in  vivisection  who  intends  to  per- 
form experiments  on  his  corjjus  vile  is  a 
somewhat  severe  effort  of  the  imagination. 
Accepting  the  facts  as  we  find  them,  the 
title  of  the  novel  may  be  explained  by 
stating  that  Claudius  Sandell  is  allowed 
eight  days  of  liberty  and  ample  funds  to 
enjoy  himself  withal  before  returning  to 
the  surgeon,  and  the  experiment  only  fails 
to  be  performed  because  the  surgeon's  wife 
pi'ecipitates  a  tragedy  of  a  different  kind. 
Since  the  interest  of  the  book  depends 
almost  entirely  on  the  details  of  the  plot,  it 
would  be  unfair  to  describe  the  story  at 
greater  length  ;  it  will  suffice  to  say  that  the 
reader's  interest  in  the  history  of  Claudius 
Sandell  increases  as  the  plot  is  unfolded, 
and  finally  culminates  in  a  very  effective 
scene  of  murder,  arson,  and  madness.  In 
other  respects  the  character  of  the  volume 
varies  a  good  deal.  There  is  much  verbal 
aptitude  which  sometimes  approximates  to 
wit.  Thus  we  read  of  "  the  religion  of 
'  three  persons  and  no  God '  which  has  its 
dwelling  somewhere  off  Fetter  Lane";  and 
in  another  place  we  find  it  stated  that 

"  Mr.  Wycherley  one  day  tasted  the  party- 
champagne.  On  inquiry  he  found  that  he  had 
six  dozen  of  it.  He  sent  that  six  dozen  off  to  a 
hospital,  remarking  dryly  that  it  ought  to  be 
drunk  in  some  place  where  the  doctors  were 
handy.  Also  he  thought  that,  after  all,  he 
might  as  well  have  some  wine  he  could  drink 
himself. 

On  the  other  hand,  some  of  Mr.  Barry 
Pain's  efforts  are  less  successful,  as,  for 
instance,  where  one  of  the  dramatis  personce 
remarks,  "  One  can  enjoy  nothing  alone — 
except  solitude";  and  similar  remarks  occur 


too  frequently  in  his  pages.  However,  a 
good-humoured  reader  will  find  little  to 
complain  of  in  a  story  which  is  eminently 
calculated  to  amuse,  full  of  sprightly 
writing,  and  contains  nothing  that  can 
offend  a  susceptible  taste.  The  love  story, 
which  plays  a  subsidiary  part  in  the  plot, 
is  well  and  often  gracefully  treated. 


Where    the    Surf  Breaks.      By  Mary  F.  A. 

Tench.  (Hurst  &  Blackett^ 
Tiroivai  advertised  as  a  novel,  this  volume 
is  not  so  much  that  as  a  series  of  sketches 
of  an  old  Irish  home  and  its  surroundings. 
It  reads  like  unforgotten  recollections  put 
together  without  much  thought  or  labour. 
The  story  is  extremely  slight ;  were  it 
slighter  it  would  not  matter,  for  the  book 
does  not  depend  on  such  things  as  action 
and  incident.  Had  they  been  almost  entirely 
eliminated,  no  harm  and  perhaps  some 
improvement  would  have  resulted.  The 
merit  of  '  Where  the  Surf  Breaks  '  lies  in 
the  author's  pleasant,  unstrained  touch,  and 
her  way  of  picturing  the  idiosyncrasies  of 
Irish  chax'acter  and  Irish  life.  In  places 
there  may  be  just  hints  of  the  amateur, 
but  on  the  whole  it  is  far  above  any  such 
standard.  A  quiet,  almost  a  hushed  air 
pervades  it,  as  though  in  a  twilight  room 
some  one  were  recounting  broken  fragments, 
leaves  of  life,  and  you  bent  your  ear  to  the 
undertones.  In  the  way  of  real  equipment 
there  is  not  perhaps  much  besides  tender 
feeling  and  a  good  deal  of  gentle  humour, 
but  an  attractive  personality  is  revealed  in 
the  telling,  and  there  are  pictures  of  old 
tenants  and  faithful  servants,  evidently 
true  to  nature.  The  "  ould  squire"  and 
the  "  ould  place  "  make  pleasant  reading. 
Biddj',  Molly,  the  gardeners,  and  other  vil- 
lage or  seafaring  folk  have  the  whimsical 
touches,  the  oddness  and  pathos  of  Irish 
people  at  their  best  and  truest.  And  it  is 
not  every  one  who  understands  them,  and 
knows  how  to  portray  their  peculiarities 
without  exaggeration. 


Mallerton.     By  A.  B.  Louis.     (Bliss,  Sands 

&  Co.) 
There  is  nothing  very  exhilarating  in  the 
amateurish  description  of  dwellers  in  a 
country  town,  in  spite  of  a  murder  thrown 
in  and  the  introduction  of  such  topics  as  the 
Salvation,  and  even  the  Skeleton,  Army. 
The  author  has,  however,  a  certain  amount 
of  fluenc}',  and  although  there  is  little  con- 
centration or  coherence  in  the  various  in- 
cidents which  stand  for  a  plot,  there  are 
signs  of  observation  and  appreciation  of 
character  which  may  lead  to  better  work  in 
future.  Judith  Estcourt  and  George  Dray- 
ton, the  able  woman  of  letters  and  the 
austere  mystic,  are  a  pair  with  possibilities, 
though  in  this  book  very  lightly  sketched. 
The  other  characters  are  commonplace,  and 
it  is  impossible  to  take  much  interest  in 
the  pretty  nonentity  Isabel  or  her  equally 
pretty  "young  man,"  whose  most  interest- 
ing achievement  is  to  be  plausibly  accused 
of  murder.  The  frankly  vulgar  Marlows, 
whose  snobbishness  comes  out  so  naively  in 
their  treatment  of  the  young  French  epicier 
who  obtains  a  footing  in  their  house,  are 
better  described,  though  hardly  worth 
describing. 


318 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


Sis  Daughter.  By  W.  L.  Allden.  (Beeman.) 

Mr.  Allden' s  contribution  to  the  "  New 
Vagabond  Library"  is  excellent.  The 
story  is  ingenious  and  entertaining;  the 
local  colour  supplied  by  Venice  and  Milan 
is  good,  and  shows  a  nice  appreciation  of 
the  people ;  and  the  characters  are  the  best 
of  all.  The  American  engine-driver,  enjoying 
a  holiday  under  the  orders  of  his  daughter 
while  she  takes  singing  lessons,  is  drawn 
with  genial  humour,  pathetic  as  well  as 
comic.  His  frankness,  inquisitiveness,  fair 
judgment,  good  nature,  sturdy  principle,  and 
dash  of  brag  make  him  a  perfect  middle- class 
American.  The  young  upper-class  American, 
living  an  easy  life  of  contemplation  and 
amateur  art,  always  intending  to  do  some 
serious  work,  but  never  doing  it,  is  pre- 
sented with  fidelity  and  without  satire.  The 
heroine  is  more  difficult  to  appreciate.  The 
complexity  of  her  nature  is  partly  due  to 
the  necessities  of  the  plot,  and  though  she 
seems  a  little  less  natural  than  the  other 
characters,  one  cannot  deny  that  she  is  a 
real  woman.  The  old  engine-driver,  whether 
he  is  talking  with  the  young  dilettante,  or 
with  the  Italian  engine-drivers  at  Milan,  or 
with  the  girl  friends  of  his  daughter,  always 
makes  a  delightful  study,  and  Silas  G. 
Hoskins  will  retain  a  place  in  the  reader's 
memory  longer  than  many  a  more  pre- 
tentious character  in  more  ambitious  books 
than  this  little  story  of  Mr.  Allden' s. 


THREE   CLAN   HISTORIES. 

The  Clan  Donald.  By  the  Rev.  A.  Macdonald, 
Minister  of  Killearnan,  and  the  Rev.  A. 
Macdonald,  Minister  of  Kiltarlity.  (Inver- 
ness, the  Northern  Counties  Publishing 
Company.) 

History  of  the  Frasers  of  Lovat.  By  Alexander 
Mackenzie.     (Inverness,  Mackenzie.) 

Records  of  the  Clan  and  Name  of  Fergusson  or 
Ferguson.  Edited  for  the  Clan  Fergu(s)son 
Society  by  James  Ferguson  and  Robert  Meiizies 
Fergusson.     (Edinburgh,  Douglas.) 

The  first  of  the  group  before  us  which  demands 
consideration  is  the  handsome  initial  volume  of 
the  history  published  at  the  instance  of  the  Clan 
Donald  Society  : — 

Ceannas  Ghaidheal  do  Chlann  Cholla,  's  cuir  fhogradh. 

In  the  hands  of  two  patriotic  sons  of  the  tribe, 
whose  loyalty  is  chastened  by  clerical  respon- 
sibility, the  mythical  and  historical  glories  of 
the  race  suffer  no  disparagement.  If  occasion- 
ally a  mundane  tinge  of  partisanship  colours  a 
reference  to  the  guile  of  the  Campbell,  or  the 
sins  of  omission  and  commission  which  cha- 
racterize a  Mackenzie  annalist,  it  must  be 
acknowledged  that  indefatigable  research  into 
the  evidence  of  records,  as  well  as  tradition, 
bears  testimony  to  the  good  faith  and  general 
accuracy  of  this  labour  of  love.  The  appendices 
and  illustrations  are,  on  the  whole,  extremely 
valuable.  The  present  instalment  of  the  work 
deals  with  the  golden  age  of  more  than  semi- 
independence  maintained  by  the  premier  clan  of 
the  Highlands  from  the  days  of  the  great  hero 
Somerled  to  those  of  Donald  Dubh,  and  the 
formal  annexation  of  the  Lordship  of  the  Isles 
to  the  Scottish  crown  in  1540. 

In  dealing  with  the  origin  of  this  numerous 
and  powerful  race  the  compilers  are  necessarily 
involved  in  some  of  the  most  debatable  ques- 
tions of  early  Scottish  history.  A  balance  of 
probabilities  is  all  that  can  be  attained  in  so 
obscure  a  field.  The  recent  labours,  however, 
of  continental  and  British  scholars  have  tended 
to  the  elucidation  of  so  many  Celtic  authorities 
which  were  sealed  or  absolutely  unknown  to 
comparatively  modern  writers,  that  it  is  possible 


to  deal  with  such  questions  with  more  approxi- 
mation to  confidence  than   has    hitherto    been 
reached.     Our  authors  seem   to   have  weighed 
the  evidence  at  their  command  with  considerable 
care  and  acumen.     While  paying  due  i-egard  to 
the  existence  and  predominance  for  centuries  of 
the  Norse  race  in  the  Isles  and  Western  High- 
lands, they  note  that  the  favourite  hero  of  Celtic 
story,  Somerled  Mac  Gillebride,  traditionally  of 
the  royal  blood  of  Norway  on  the  spindle  side, 
and  equipped  with   a  Norse  name  in  the  sagas, 
was,  according  to  all  accounts  which  have  come 
down  to  us,  engaged  in  a  lifelong  struggle,  first 
against  the  Scandinavian  potentates  of  Man  and 
the    Isles,    and    lastly    against   the    Teutonized 
Lowland  kingdom  which  had  established  itself 
on  the  mainland  of  Scotland.     When  it  is  con- 
sidered, furthei-,  that  the  outcome  of  his  life  and 
policy   was  the  consolidation    in  the   hands    of 
a  long   line  of  descendants  of  a  purely  Gaelic 
sovereignty,   frequently  compelled    to   acknow- 
ledge the  superiority  of  the  Scottish  crown,  but 
occasionally  treating  (as  did  John  of  Isla  in  1462 
and  Donald  Dubh  in  1545)  with  that  of  England 
as  an    independent  power  ;    when  we    observe 
this  power  connected  throughout  its  history  with 
Northern  Ireland  by  intermarriage  and  territorial 
possessions,  by  geographical  neighbourhood  and 
common   interests  and  antagonisms,  by  afhnity 
of  language,  of  which  the  traces  exist  to  this  day 
— there  is  enough  to  incline  the  balance  of  pro- 
bability in  favour  of  the  unanimous  testimony 
of    the    professional   genealogists  and  reciters. 
This,  as  is  well  known,   ascribes  to   Somerled 
and  his  descendants  a  Dalriad    or   Scoto-Irish 
ancestry.     Dr.   Skene  has  to  some  extent   dis- 
countenanced the  authority  of  the  seannachies ; 
but  there  is  among  them  that  general  consensus 
combined   with  natural  discrepancies  v;hich    is 
usually  a  sign  of  hon%  fides,  while  his  own  pre- 
ference for  a  North  Caledonian  or  Pictish  origin 
rests  somewhat  unduly  on  an  interpretation  of 
the  term  Gall-Gael  which    seems  untenable  (a 
Gall-Gael,  we  take  it,  is  a  Gael  who  has    "gone 
Fantee  "  and  betaken  himself  to  Viking  courses), 
and  involves   "  an  exodus  out  of  Dalriada  "   by 
the  Scots  "between  the  ninth  and  eleventh  cen- 
turies," which  seems  too  large  a  postulate.     If 
the  Dalriad  origin   be  the  true  one,  the  hypo- 
thesis that   the  race  represented   a  portion    of 
the  Scottish  royal  family  which  remained  in  its 
ancient  seat  when  Kenneth    Macalpine  moved 
eastward    to    the   Pictish    capital    has  much  to 
recommend  it.     At  any  rate,  whether  the  race 
be,  as  they  certainly  believe  themselves,  of  the 
stem  of  Fergus  Mac  Ere,  of  Colla  Uais,  and  of 
Conn   Ceud-Cathach,    or   whether,  as   in   some 
other  instances,  a  Scandinavian  leader  imposed 
himself  on  Celtic  followers  (certainly  a  tempting 
hypothesis,  were  it  not  too  perfunctory  and  too 
destitute  of  positive  evidence),  it  is  certain  that 
the  "Ri  Innsegall,"  the  chief  of  the  house  of 
Isla,   whose  signature,  as  given  here  from  the 
grant   by  Donald    of    Harlaw    in    the   Register 
House,     was    the    simple    patronymic      "  Mac 
Domnuill,"  was  the  personal  representative  to 
the  western  tribes  of  the  ancient  Celtic  polity, 
the  incarnation  of  Celtic  independence,  of  Celtic 
hostility  to  Southern  feudalism.     To  his  stan- 
dard flocked  the  men  of  the  Isles  and  the  main- 
land in  opposition  to   Malcolm  IV.  in  11 G4,  to 
Alexander  II.    in   126.3,  at  Harlaw  in  1411,  at 
Inverlochy  in  1431.     Donald  Balloch,  Angus  Og, 
Donald  Gallda,  Donald  Gorm,  and  Donald  Dubh 
successively  united  the  clans  under  the  spell  of 
the  ancient  sovereignty  ;  and  when  the  last  hope 
failed,  and  James  of  Dunnyveg  appealed  in  vain 
for  English  assistance,  the  new  order  represented 
by  the  "lieutenandries  "  of  great  feudal  nobles, 
like  Huntly  and  Argyll,  with  their  concomitants 
of  "  bonds  of  manrent "  and  "letters  of  fire  and 
sword,"  the  latter  obtained  from  an  acquiescent 
and  absent  Privy  Council,  was  in  most  respects 
an    exchange    for   the   worse  in    regard    to    the 
peace  and  civilization    of  the    Highlands.     By 
that  time  the  perpetual  forfeitures  and  regrants 
of   the   lands  of  chiefs   and   clans,  often  quite 


nominal,  and  generally  leaving  the  possession 
in  the  hands  of  the  ancient  owners  until  an 
opportunity  arrived  for  the  new  grantees  to 
assert  their  rights  by  force  of  arms,  had  pro- 
duced such  a  confusion  of  titles,  and  sown  the 
seeds  of  so  many  internecine  feuds,  that  though 
the  Highlanders  became  more  than  ever  dis- 
united, and  so  comparatively  harmless  to  their- 
Lowland  neighbours,  their  social  state  was 
rendered  too  anarchical  for  them  to  partake  for 
several  centuries  of  the  general  progress  of  the 
country.  The  authors  have  done  well  to  tabulate 
in  an  appendix  a  long  series  of  charters  bearing 
witness  to  the  power  and  opulence  of  the  Island 
lords.  That  Somerled  himself  made  his  mark 
in  Scottish  history  is  curiously  testified  by  two 
charters  of  King  Malcolm  being  "Dat.  apud 
Pert,  natali  domini  proximo  post  concordiara 
regis  et  Somerledi."  This  was  the  treaty  of 
1157,  wherein  Somerled  stipulated  for  the 
release  of  his  turbulent  friend  Malcolm  Mac- 
beth and  his  investiture  in  the  earldom  of  Ross. 
A  series  of  Latin  charters  by  Reginald  Mac 
Somerled  and  his  successors  is  varied  by  a 
verbal  grant  given  in  the  text,  which  reminds 
one  of  the  old  English  doggerel  about  John  of 
Gaunt  and  Roger  Burgoyne  : — 

Mise  Domhnuill  Mac  Dhomhnuill 
Am  shuidh  air  Dun  Domnuill 
Toirtcoir  do  Mhac  Aigb  air  Kilmabumaig 
S  gu  la  brath'  ch'  mar  sin. 

Not  until  the  days  of  Angus  Og,  the  supporter 
of  Bruce  at  Bannockburn,  is  any  acknowledg- 
ment found  of  the  feudal  superiority  of  Scot- 
land ;  but  it  is  noticeable  that  the  charters 
given  by  the  Lords  of  the  Isles  as  Earls  of  Ross 
— an  acquisition  as  tardily  confirmed  to  them  as 
their  claim  was  strenuously  maintained — are 
couched  in  thorough  feudal  form.  Thus  in 
granting  the  lordship  of  Lochaber  to  the 
Mackintosh  (1443),  reference  is  made  to  "  blude- 
wetis,  herezaldis,  mulierum  merchetis "  among 
the  incidents  conveyed,  and  wardship  and  relief 
among  the  rights  reserved. 

To  the  Church  the  Macdonald  princes  were 
ever  liberal  of  largesse,  as  several  of  their  grants 
attest.  The  Abbey  of  Saddell,  said  to  have 
been  commenced  by  Somerled  himself  ;  lona, 
where  Reginald  his  son  is  credibly  asserted  to 
have  endowed  a  Benedictine  monastery  and  a 
nunnery,  of  which  his  sister  Beatrice  was  first 
prioress  ;  Oronsay,  founded  by  Good  John  of 
Isla  ;  and  Paisley,  the  recipient  of  many  bene- 
factions attested  in  its  chartulary,  are  instances 
of  their  bounty.  To  the  Lowland  house,  in- 
deed, no  fewer  than  four  Lords  of  the  Isles 
retreated  from  the  storms  of  life  to  end  their 
days  in  religion.  The  political  history  of  the 
Lords  of  the  Isles  is  given  with  sufficient  ful- 
ness. Most  of  it  is  common  knowledge  to 
students  of  Scottish  history  in  general ;  but  a 
detailed  investigation  is  not  unwelcome.  Among 
interesting  evidences  of  the  consideration  in 
which  these  potentates  were  held  when  the 
presence  of  a  strong  king  upon  the  Scottish 
throne  attracted  their  allegiance,  or  an  alliance 
with  the  ruling  powers  at  Court  made  their  par- 
ticipation in  Lowland  politics  profitable,  are  the 
remarkable  posts  of  trust  they  occasionally  held. 
Thus  John  of  Isla  ("  Good  John  "),  who  married 
the  daughteroftheStewart  afterwards  Robert  II., 
was  Constable  of  Edinburgh  Castle  in  1360, 
acting  High  Steward  in  1364,  and  soon  after 
took  a  voyage  to  Flanders  with  the  well-known 
Perthshire  worthy  John  Mercer,  to  inquire 
about  the  price  of  wool  for  the  king's  ransom. 
Characteristically  enough,  he  broke  out  in  revolt 
on  his  return,  refusing  to  pay  the  tax  for  the 
ransom  in  question. 

Alexander,  his  grandson,  burnt  Inverness  (a 
family  practice)  in  1429,  and  held  his  court 
there  as  Justiciar  of  the  North  in  1438.  John 
of  Isla  of  James  II.'s  time  was,  of  all  things. 
Warden  of  the  Marches  in  1457  !  After  the  death 
of  that  king — who,  like  James  IV.  and  V".,  seems 
to  have  had  the  knack  of  understanding  High- 
land  character— allegiance   sat   lightly  on  this 


N°3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


319 


egregious    warden,    and    we    tind  him    in  1462, 
with  Donald   Balloch  and   the  banished  Earl  of 
Douglas,  treating  with    English    commissioners 
at   Ardthornish    for  the    partition  of    Scotland 
under   the   sovereignty   of    Edward   IV.      The 
general    continuity    of    Island    policy,     broken 
occasionally,  and  notably  by  Angus   Og  in   the 
Bruce's   time,   by   a  personal   adhesion    to  the 
Scottish  monarch,   is  clearly  set  forth  in  these 
pages.     Tlie  authors  are  also  probably  right  in 
their  criticisms  of  current  versions  of  incidents 
like  the  battle  of  Park,  or  the  death  of  Donald 
Gorra  at  Ellandonan.     A  grain  of  salt  is  always 
allowed  in  the  battle-pieces  of  a  tribal  annalist. 
More  certainly  just  is  the  protest  against   the 
too  ready  acceptance  of  the  deductions  of  Low- 
land chroniclers  in  such  matters  as  the  battle  of 
Largs,  or  against  the  partisanship,  so  ludicrously 
undisguised,  even  of  serious  writers  like  Dr.  Hill 
Burton  in  regard  to   Gaelic  matters  generally. 
But  we  cannot  accept  a  doctrine  so  new  as  that 
of  a  Highland  victory  at  Harlaw.     That  "  brim 
battle''  was  a   Flodden   in   its  carnage  to   the 
people  of  the  Garioch  and  the  Mearns  ;  but  the 
sacrifice  stayed    the    flood    of    Celtic   invasion, 
which  then   and    there   reached    its  zenith  for 
many  a   day  to   come.     No   results   of  victory 
in  the  shape  of  forfeitures  and  penalties  affected 
the  Lord  of    the  Isles  in   his  retreat  ;   but  on 
their   own   ground    this   intangibility   was    the 
characteristic    of     Highland     hosts.      Donald's 
house  did  not  get  its  earldom  of  Ross  till  the 
next  generation,   and  in    the  mean  time  "  the 
plague  was  stayed."     Another  point  on  which 
we  do  not  follow  our  authors  is  the  genealogical 
question-  of  the  seniority  of   the  Mac  Dougals. 
It  is  a  plausible  argument  that  Ewin  of  Lorn 
had  coheiresses  ;  but  who,  then,  was  Alexander 
de  Ergadia  ?      We   desire    more    light   on  this 
matter,    which   affects   a    long    current    tradi- 
tion. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  among  the  "  Council 
of  the  Isles  "  who  supported  Donald  Dubh  the 
heads  of  the  three  great  tribes  of  Sleat,  Clan- 
ronald,  and  Glengarry,  as  to  whose  afhliation 
and  precedence  we  shall,  no  doubt,  learn  more 
in  the  next  volume.  We  are  glad  to  be 
promised  more  information  on  the  house  of 
Dunnyveg  and  others,  and  shall  hope  to  hear 
something  of  the  tribal  relations  of  the 
Alexanders  in  Ireland,  who  seem  almost  cer- 
tainly to  be  connected  with  some  sept  from 
Kintyre. 

The  history  of  the  next  distinguished  clan  is 
in  its  outset  and  in  its  general  tenor  markedly 
contrasted  with  that  of  the  Macdonalds.  The 
Frasers  of  Lovat,  though  completely  identified 
with  Highland  history  for  six  hundred  years,  are, 
like  some  other  races,  indebted  for  their  chiefs 
to  an  undoubted  Norman  source.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  the  Frisels,  or  Frasers,  were  pre- 
dominant in  Peeblesshire  among  the  southern 
barons  who  obtained  large  settlements  in 
Scotland  under  the  immediate  descendants  of 
Malcolm  Canmore. 

The  power  of  the  early  Frasers  is  attested 
by  the  ruins  of  their  castles  of  Oliver,  Fruid, 
Drummelzier.and  Neidpath.  Their  senior  branch 
culminated  in  the  celebrated  Sir  Simon  Eraser 
"the  younger,"  the  champion  of  Scottish  in- 
dependence, the  companion  of  Wallace  in  arms, 
the  victor  of  Roslin,  executed  by  Edward  I  in 
1306. 

His  death  without  male  issue  caused  the 
representation  to  devolve  upon  his  uncle 
Andrew,  Sheriff  of  Stirling,  whose  eldest  son 
Simon,  also  a  renowned  leader  on  the  Scottish 
side  in  the  Wars  of  Independence,  was  the  first 
of  the  Erasers  of  Lovat.  "By  marriage  ' 
Skene,  ° 


says 


with  Margaret,  daughter  of  John,  Earl  of  Orkney 
aud  Caithness,  he  obtained  a  footing  in  the  North 
On  the  death  of  Magnus,  the  last  earl  of  his  line  lie 
unsuccessfully  contested  the  succession  with  the 
Jiarl  of  Stratherne ;  but  at  the  same  time  he 
acquired  the  property  of  Lovat,  which  descended 
to  his  wife  through  her  mother,  the  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Graham  of  Lovat." 


Thenceforth   the    Frasers,   under   the    Gaelic 
name  of  Friosalaich  and  headed  by  their  chief 
Mac  Shimi  (the  son  of  Simon),  grew  in  numbers, 
as  the  many  pedigrees  of  derivative  stocks  attest, 
and,  no  doubt  annexing  and  submerging,  as  was 
the   wont  of  leading  Highland   families,   many 
broken  men  and  less  potent  names,  became  a 
formidable  factor  in  the  politics  of  the  central 
Highlands.       In     the     wilds     of     Stratherrick 
Mac  Shimi  was  a  Celtic  prince,  but  as  a  Scottish 
baron,  and  one  of  the  earliest  to  be  summoned 
as  a  peer  in  the  modern  sense  (Hugh  Eraser, 
temp.  James  I.  of  Scotland,  is  usually  considered 
the  first  Lord  Eraser,  though  the  actual  date  of 
the  peerage  is  uncertain),  he  was  also  in  touch 
with  Lowland  interests  and  the  counsels  of  the 
Crown.     It  is  due  to  this  twofold  character  that 
we  tind  the  Frasers  as  a  rule,  in  common  with 
the  Grants,  and  in  later  times  the  Monros  and 
others,  supporters  of   the  Crown,  or,  at  least, 
of  its  feudal  organization,  as  against  the  more 
purely  Celtic  tribalism  represented  by  the  Lords 
of  the  Isles.     As  early  as  the  days  of  Hugh,  son 
of  the  first  Simon  of  Lovat,  we  find  him  exer- 
cisingquasi-legal  powers  as  the  king's  lieutenant. 
In    that   capacity  he   slaughtered  a  number  of 
Maclennans  from  the  west  in  1372.     Donald  of 
Harlaw  found  Lovat  his  opponent  in  1410,  and 
besieged   his  castle.     On  the  forfeiture  of  the 
Earl    of   Ross,   in  1475,  the  Lovat  of    the  day 
received  much  advancement  as  a  reward  for  his 
antagonism  to  the  house  of  Isla.  The  same  chief 
bestowed  his  daughter  on  the  truculent  Kenneth 
a    Bhlair  of   Kintail  (who   had  repudiated    his 
first  wife,  the  daughter  of  John  of  the  Isles), 
thus  cementing  an  alliance  with  the  Mackenzies 
against  the  Macdonalds.     That  the  union  was 
quite  illegitimate  proves  that  these  great  chiefs 
were  not  in  advance  of  the   Celtic  opinion  of 
their  day.    The  celebrated  battle  of  Blairnaleine 
(July  15th,   1544),  in  which  John   Moydartach 
of  Clanranald  nearly  destroyed  the  whole  Eraser 
clan,  who  were  in  arms  to  support  the  claim  of 
Ranald  Gallda,  Lovat's  nephew,  to  thechiefship 
of  that  branch  of  the  Macdonalds,  was  really  an 
episode  in  the  general  campaign  at  that  time 
waged    by    Donald    Dubh,    and    Huntly    and 
Lovat  were  representing  the  Crown  against  the 
Isles.     A  good  deal  of  stress  is  naturally  laid 
on  this  tragic  incident  from  the  Eraser  point  of 
view.     The    Macdonald  version  will   no  doubt 
be  given  in  a  future  volume  of   the  work  we 
have  noticed  above.  The  single  combat  between 
Ranald  Gallda  and  the  old  warrior,  whose  seven 
sons  accompanied  him  to  battle  ;  the  impetuous 
cry    of    the   youngest    for    the    "  Cothram    na 
Feinne,"  the  fair  fight  of  the  Fingalians,  as  he 
interposed  between  his  father  and  his  antagonist; 
the    treacherous    blow   from    behind   that  laid 
Ranald  low  ;  the  revulsion  of  feeling  when  the 
old  man  and  his  son  witnessed  the  murder  of 
the  wounded  chief — all  these  are  epic  incidents 
full  of  attraction  for  the  tribal  seannacliie.     The 
Frasers  had  their  fair  share  of  these  fights,  but 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  they  were  often  better 
known  to  the  Government  from  the  fact  that 
their  command  of  the  passes,  and  to  a  certain 
extent,    no    doubt,    their    position   as   a    more 
settled  and  respectable  body  than  some  of  their 
neighbours,    enabled    them   to   connive   at   the 
violence  and  "  herships  upon  the  in-country" 
of   less   plausible   people.     In    1602   the  Privy 
Council    notes    the    "free   resort   and    passage 
through    the    lands   of   Symon,    Lord    Lovat," 
enjoyed  by  "the  disordered  thieves  and  limmars 
of  the  clan  Cameron,  Clanranald,  and  Mac  Ian 
Abraich."     A    later    Simon   well  knew  how  to 
utilize  his  less  civilized  neighbours  for  purposes 
of  revenge. 

Subsequently  it  is  interesting  to  observe  the 
Frasers  of  the  seventeenth  century  earnest  on 
the  Covenanting  side.  Not  only  did  they,  under 
the  Tutor,  Sir  James  Eraser  of  Brea,  oppose  the 
royalists  in  Inverness-shire,  but  a  cadet  of 
the  clan  fought  under  Cromwell  at  Marston 
Moor.  Further,  Brea's  own  son  took  Presby- 
terian  orders,    "  testifying "   in   the   approved 


style  at  the  Bass  and  otherwise.  This  appears 
I  to  have  been  but  a  temporary  aberration,  for  in 
1689  the  Frasers  fought  at  Killiecrankie  under 
Alexander,  son  of  Thomas  of  Beaufort,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  commands  of  their  chief,  who 
endeavoured  with  Lord  TuUibardine  to  range 
them  on  the  side  of  King  William.  The  story 
of  their  drinking  King  James's  health  from  the 
stream  at  Blair  is  classical.  In  the  present 
work  there  is  some  confusion  of  dates,  as  that 
incident  can  have  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
vexed  question  of  the  commission  in  Lord 
Murray's  regiment  with  regard  to  which  the 
famous  or  notorious  Lord  Lovat  behaved  with 
such  characteristic  duplicity  in  1096. 

That  sinister  and  remarkable  chief  naturally 
occupies  a  prominent  place  in  Mr.  Mackenzie's 
narrative.     In  dealing  with   his  adventures  the 
compiler  adopts  the  standard  biography  by  Dr. 
Hill  Burton,   who  has   certainly    justified    the 
blackness  of  the  pigments  with   which   he  has 
drawn  the  character.     Assuredly  few  or  none  of 
the  villains  of  history  have  left  so  much  damna- 
tory evidence  against  themselves  as  Lovat  in  his 
voluminous  correspondence.    That  such  a  career 
was  possible  in  his  day  is  the  strongest  evidence 
of  the  nature  of  that  strange  transitional  period 
between  barbarism  and  civilization    which  the 
Highlands  in  the  first  part  of   the  eighteenth 
century  went  through.     It  is  doubtful  whether 
it  is  more  remarkable  that  a  man  of  consider- 
able  education   like   Lovat   should    indulge   in 
practices    like    rape   and    cattle  -  houghing,    or 
that  the  civilized    Court   of   Justiciary    should 
condemn  him  for  high  treason   "in  absence," 
or  the  civilized  Privy  Council  proceed  against 
him  with  Letters  of  Intercommuning,  or  "fire 
and  sword."     The  career  of    Lovat  is  so  well 
known  that  little  additional  light  can  be  thrown 
upon  its  details.     One  small  suggestion  may  be 
made  on  a  minor  matter.     It  is  observed  that 
his  second    son,  called   "  the  Brigadier,"  does 
not  seem  to   have  ever  attained  that  military 
rank.     It  is  obvious  that  the  boy  was  so  called 
in    childhood    by  his   father   (see   passim   the 
letters    to    "Mr.   Donald,"   his    tutor,    in    the 
Transactions  oi  the  Gaelic  Society  of  Inverness), 
and  probably  so  called    after  his  uncle  John, 
Lovat's  favourite  brother,   who  did   hold    that 
position  as  a  soldier.     One  of  the  few  traits  of 
humanity  about  Lovat  was  his  apparent  affection 
for  that  brother  and  that  son,  though  in   the 
case   of    the    latter   it    seems   to    have    largely 
resembled  the  tenderness  of  a  wild  beast  for  its 
whelp. 

It  is  pleasant  to  turn  from  the  Ulysses  of  the 
North  to  the  gallant  son  whom  he  treated  so  ill 
in  the  process  of  his  ambition.  General  Simon 
Eraser,  who  was  his  father's  scapegoat  in  1745, 
and  was  urged  by  him  to  a  rebellion  which  the 
father  endeavoured  to  disclaim,  signalized  him- 
self in  1756  by  raising  one  of  the  earliest  of 
Pitt's  Highland  regiments.  "  Without  estate, 
money,  or  influence,"  says  General  Stewart  of 
Garth, 

"beyond  that  influence  which  flowed  from  attach- 
ment to  his  famil)',  i)erson,  and  name,  this  gentle- 
man in  a  few  weeks  found  himself  at  the  head  of 
800  men  recruited  by  himself.  The  gentlemen  of  the 
country  and  officers  of  ttie  regiment  added  more 
than  700 ;  and  thus  a  battalion  was  formed  of  13  com- 
panies of  105  rank  and  file  each,  making  in  all  1,460 
men,  including  Go  sergeants  and  30  drummers  and 
pipers." 

Among  the  services  of  the  Fraser  Highlanders 
was  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  including  the 
memorable  escalade  of  the  Heights  of  Abraham, 
in  which  the  nimble  mountaineers  especially 
distinguished  themselves. 

Many  of  these  warriors  or  those  belonging  to 
the  two  Eraser  battalions  subsequently  raised 
for  service  in  America  settled  in  Canada  after 
the  War  of  Independence.  The  Eraser  River 
owes  its  name  to  that  Simon  Fraser  who  was  the 
pioneer  of  Western  exploration  in  British  North 
America.  His  father  was  a  scion  of  the  house 
of  Culbokie,  who  settled  in  the  States  and 
fought  on  the  loyalist  side  during  the  American 


320 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''3645,  Sept.  4,  -97 


war.  Among  the  many  disLinguished  members 
of  the  junior  branches  of  the  clan  here  given 
it  would  be  ungrateful  not  to  mention  Sir 
James  Fraser,  so  long  the  successful  ruler  of 
the  City  police,  or  Mr.  Fraser  Mackintosh,  the 
surviving  "  member  for  the  Highlands." 

We  will  imitate  the  reticence  of  the  com- 
piler in  declining  to  enter  upon  the  claims  of 
several  Fraser  families  to  descend  from  Alex- 
ander, the  elder  brother  of  the  celebrated  Lord 
Lovat.  The  story  of  the  piper  who  played 
"  Tha  biodag  air  Mac  Thomais  "  and  was  dirked 
for  his  pains,  and  the  flight  of  the  homicide 
to  Wales,  where  he  died  a  centenarian,  may 
yet  amuse  and  perplex  the  House  of  Lords. 
If  a  second  edition  of  this  painstaking,  but 
somewhat  discursive  work  be  called  for,  it 
would  be  well,  besides  some  literary  recension, 
to  correct  a  few  slips  in  names  and  dates. 

The  third  of  these  histories,  undertaken  at 
the  instance  of  the  Clan  Fergu(s)3on  Society, 
deals  with  an  ancient  and  very  common  name 
in  Scotland.  The  editors  have  cast  their  nets 
wide,  and  have  included  practically  every  re- 
cognizable branch  of  the  name.  It  is  im- 
possible that  all  can  be  connected  by  blood,  or 
were  ever  together  as  a  tribal  unit,  though 
many  coincidences  tend  to  show  a  common 
origin  for  several  of  the  leading  stocks.  A 
little  intromission  with  the  ancient  Irish 
genealogies  commences  the  volume.  From 
them  nothing  very  definite  can  be  shown  except 
that  the  tradition  of  royal  Celtic  descent  is  so 
far  justified  that  there  are  several  Ferguses  of 
the  Dalriad  stock  from  whom  such  descent  is 
possible,  including  King  Fergus  Mac  Ere.  It 
is  also  not  unlikely  that  the  Craigdarrochs  and 
Galloway  Fergussons,  who  bear  the  royal  lion 
in  their  arms,  may  descend  from  the  Celtic 
princes  of  that  ancient  province.  It  may  be 
accepted  as  certain  that  the  cradle  of  the  High- 
land Fergussons  is  Athole,  and  that  the  Mac 
Fhearghises  or  Mac  Errashes,  whose  chief  was 
Fergusson  of  Dunfallandy,  styled  "  Baron 
Fergusson,"  have  the  reputation  of  being  about 
the  oldest  clan  in  the  Highlands.  From  them 
the  Aberdeenshire  families  are  probably  an 
ofishoot,  and  there  is  some  evidence  to  connect 
both  Craigdarroch  and  Kilkerran  with  the 
north,  though,  as  all  these  houses  were  settled 
near  their  present  seats  as  far  back  as  the  days 
of  Robert  Bruce,  it  is  better  to  treat  them  as 
separate  stems  for  the  purpose  of  authentic 
history.  That  all  were  Celts  of  the  Scoto-Irish 
variety  is  extremely  probable.  The  Athole 
Fergussons  in  historic  times  do  not  seem  to 
have  been  numerous  ;  like  several  very  ancient 
families,  they  appear,  when  the  evidence  of 
records  becomes  available,  as  dependent  on 
more  powerful  neighbours.  They  are  conse- 
quently not  conspicuous  in  the  eternal  clan 
warfare  which  constitutes  the  medireval  his- 
tory of  the  Highlands,  though  as  dependents 
of  the  Duke  of  Athole  they  took  part  in  the 
Jacobite  insurrections,  and  in  modern  times 
have  contributed  their  quota  of  gallant  officers 
for  the  national  service.  But  it  is  the  distinc- 
tion of  this,  as  of  all  branches  of  the  name,  that 
it  has  produced  men  of  mark  in  civil  life.  P\om 
the  Dunfallaiidy  family  came  the  Rev.  Adam 
Fergusson,  the  conscientious  minister  of 
Moulin,  whose  discomforts  during  1746,  when 
Camerons  and  others  of  "evil  and  rapacious 
disposition  "  were  in  arms  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Blair- Athole,  are  pathetically  recorded  in 
his  letter  to  Col.  Robertson,  the  connnander  of 
the  Athole  Highlanders.  This  was  sent  by  the 
hands  of  his  wife,  as  he  mentions,  who  went 
"  to  make  her  moan  to  the  Duke  "  about  "  table 
linnen,  bed  linnen,  and  body  linnen,"  to  say 
nothing  of  money  and  a  silver  watch  abstracted, 
or  "cheese,  beef,  honnej',  ale,  and  whisky  con- 
sumed." Another  Adam  Fergusson,  minister  of 
Logie-Rait,  has  left  an  amusing  MS.  account  of 
his  own  early  life  at  school  and  college.  From 
his  experiences  at  Moulin  School  Dr.  Lee  was 
able    to  infer   "that  in  1G80  little   boys  wore 


breeches  in  that  part  of  the  Highlands,"  while 
at  St.  Andrews  an  incident  occurred  which 
shows  that  the  Principal  in  Fergusson's  day 
dined  in  hall,  and  the  students  wore  their  gowns 
at  table. 

The  following  is  characteristic  : — 

'■  Among  youthful  sins  with  which  the  old  minister 
reproached  himself  were  Sabbatli  profanations, 
staying  from  oniinances,  and  following  diversions, 
in  connection  with  whicli  he  tells  tliis  anecdote. 
'  Having  one  Lord's  day  dressed  up  a  stick  in  imita- 
tion of  a  fi'idle,  and  rubbing  the  strings  with  a  bow 
for  his  diversion  while  his  parents  were  at  church, 
his  sister  Janet,  a  prudent  discreet  girl  about  twelve 
years  of  age,  did  challenge  him  that  it  was  wicked- 
ness that  ought  not  to  be  done,  entreating  him  to 
forbear  it.  He  scornfully  replied  that  he  would  not 
forbear,  because  he  never  could  get  his  fiddle  to 
play  so  well  any  other  daj'.  The  religious  girl 
assured  him  that  the  reason  of  that  was  because 
the  devil  unseen  did  assist  him  to  sin  against  God  : 
which  liad  deep  impression  on  him  eo  as  he  never 
forgot  it.'  " 

A  conversation  between  this  simple-minded 
divine  and  the  Earl  of  Mar  in  1715  shows  him 
very  staunch  in  his  Presbyterian  loyalty.  In 
directness  of  principle,  at  any  rate,  he  may 
have  contributed  something  to  the  strong  cha- 
racter of  his  son  of  the  same  name,  the  cele- 
brated professor.  Some  interesting  letters 
throw  light  on  this  typical  Scotsman, — 

"the  spirited  young  chaplain  of  the  Black  Watch 
who  disobej'ed  orders  that  he  might  fight  in  the 
front  ranks  at  B'outenoy  (11  May,  1745— he  was  then 
twenty-one),  the  predecessor  of  Dugald  Stewart  iu 
the  chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  at  Edinburgh,  the 
secretary  to  the  Commission  that  was  sent  to  make 
the  last  effort  at  conciliation  during  the  first  Ame- 
rican War,  the  historian  of  Rome,  the  friend  of  Adam 
Smith  and  Hume  and  Blair  and  Robertsou  and 
Gibbon." 

In  the  next  generation  we  seem  to  fall  amongst 
a  company  of  old  friends,  thanks  to  Lockhart 
and  to  Sir  Walter's  correspondence.  The 
eccentric  but  amiable  old  ladies  of  Huntly 
Burn  and  tlieir  brothers  ;  Sir  Adam,  the  genial 
soldier  who  read  '  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  '  to  his 
menas  they  lay  down  under  fire  in  the  Peninsula  ; 
Admiral  John,  "the  skipper,"  "a  favourite 
lieutenant  of  Nelson  ";  and  the  patient  invalid. 
Col.  James,  are  a  group  which  would  render 
any  pedigree  interesting.  Other  Fergussons  of 
renown  are  Robert,  M.D.,  of  the  same  branch, 
1799-1865,  whose  account  of  Lockhart  at  Chiefs- 
wood  and  Sir  Adam  Ferguson's  visits  there 
has  been  utilized  in  this  volume  ;  Lord  Pitfour 
the  judge,  head  of  the  Aberdonian  branch  of 
Badifurrow,  of  which  Robert  "the  plotter" 
should  have  been  in  his  day  the  representative  ; 
James  the  judge's  son,  the  celebrated  M.P.  for 
Aberdeenshire,  and  master  of  a  yet  more  dis- 
tinguished servant,  whose  "  me,  Pitt,  and  Pit- 
four  "  is  embalmed  in  Dean  Ramsay's  'Remi- 
niscences ';  theenergeticLadyKinmundy  (1745), 
the  rabbler  of  Episcopalian  meeting-houses  ; 
Lord  Hermand,  of  the  Ayrshire  house  of  Kil- 
kerran, still  worthily  represented  ;  the  Cove- 
nanting Laird  of  Craigdarroch,  his  descendant 
the  winner  of  "  the  whistle  of  worth  "renowned 
by  Burns,  and  another  best  known  as  the  hus- 
band of  "  bonnie  Annie  Laurie";  the  great 
surgeon,  Sir  William  Fergusson  ;  Sir  Samuel 
Ferguson,  the  sweet  singer  of  Ireland,  de- 
scendant of  an  Ayrshire  or  Dumfriesshire  stock  ; 
and  the  ill-fated  Robert  Fergusson,  Burns's 
favourite  forerunner  and  example.  A  copious 
bibliography  attests  the  varied  activities  of  this 
masculine  race,  whose  annals  will  be,  to  general 
readers,  the  most  interesting  of  these  remark- 
able volumes  of  family  records. 


OLD    TESTAMENT   CRITICISM. 

TJie  Assiimption  of  Moses.  Edited,  with  Intro- 
duction, Notes,  and  Indices,  by  R.  H.  Charles, 
M.A.  (Black) — Mr.  Charles  continues  with 
success  the  series  of  Apocrypha  which  according 
to  him  were  written  originally  in  Hebrew. 
After  the  Book  of  Enoch  and  the  Book  of  Jubilees 
from  the  Etiiiopic,  and  Baruch  from  the  Syriac 
and  Latin,  there  now  follows  the  '  Assumption 


of   Moses'  from   the   Latin.     He    says    at  the 
beginning  of  the  preface  : — 

"  Written  in  Hebrew  shortly  before  the  beginning 
of  the  Christian  era,  this  book  was  designed  by  its 
author  to  T)rotest  against  the  growing  secularization 
of  the  Pharisaic  party  through  its  fusion  with 
jjolitical  ideals  and  popular  Messianic  beliefs.  Its 
author,  a  Pharisaic  Quietist,  sought  herein  to  recall 
iiis  party  to  the  old  paths,  which  they  were  fast 
forsaking,  of  simple  unobtrusive  obedience  to  the 
Law." 

The  introduction  treats  of  the  following  subjects : 

1.  Short  account  of  the  book  ;  2.  Other  books 
of  Moses,  in  Jewish,  Christian,  and  Gnostic 
literature  ;  3.  Editions  of  the  Latin  text  ; 
4.  Critical  inquiries,  a  brief  but  interesting, 
summary  of  the  views  of  various  modern  com- 
mentators on  the  Assumption,  beginning  with 
Ewald  (1862)  and  ending  with  Briggs  (1895)  ,- 
5-6.  The  Latin  version  ;  7.  The  Greek  ver- 
sion, a  translation  from  a  Hebrew  original  ;. 
8.  The  present  book,  which  is  in  reality  a 
testament  of  Moses  ;  9-12.  Arrangement, 
authorship,  date,  and  theology  of  the  book  r 
13.  New  Testament  and  later  writers  acquainted 
with  the  Assumption.  The  most  interesting 
section  is,  naturally,  that  which  deals  with  the 
question  of  a  Hebrew  original.  Here,  as  else- 
where, Mr.  Charles  gives  a  summary  of  the- 
arguments  of  previous  scholars  before  advancing 
his  own  view.  That  the  book  was  originally- 
composed  in  a  Semitic  language  seems  to  be 
generally  admitted,  the  majority  being  in  favour 
of  Aramaic  ;  but  Mr.  Charles  considers  this  in- 
suflficiently  proved,  and  argues  for  a  Hebrew- 
original  on  the  following  grounds  :  1.  Hebrevr 
idiomatic  phrases  survive  in  the  text,  e. ,(/., 
in  i.  18,  "in  respectu  quo  respiciet"  = 
nn  np2''  1t^t«  mpDl  ;  in   x.    2,    "tunc    imple- 

buntur  manus  "  is  a  form  of  the  phrase  T"  i</0, 

2.  Syntactical  idioms  probably  survive.  3.  la 
some  cases  we  must  translate,  not  the  Latin 
text,  but  the  Hebrew  presupposed  by  it.  4.  Fre- 
quently it  is  only  by  retranslation  that  we  can- 
understand  the  source  of  corruptions  in  the- 
text  and  remove  them;  e.  </. ,  "  devenieat  apud 
nationes  in  tempore  tribuum "  he  retrans- 
lates into  □"•one  nyn  n^n  n-i\    which  he 

then  emends  to  Drr'nC^'  TWI  □''in  ni''.  An 
ingenious  instance  of  the  kind  is  given  on 
X.  10,  where  "  in  terram  "  is  taken  to  be  a  mis- 
translation of  ''il  =  €1'  yfi  ("  D3n  was  somehow 
lost"),  and  is  consequently  emended  into  "in 
Gehenna."  We  may  add  that  possibly  ''J3  was- 
even  actually  used  in  the  popular  language 
for  D^n  'J2.  5.  A  play  upon  words  discovers 
itself  on  retranslation  into  Hebrew  in  vii.  3  and 
6  (D"'i':in^'  and  Q''p^i:»).  However,  the  argument 
from  retranslation  must  not  be  pressed  too  far. 
Mr.  Charles  certainly  makes  out  a  strong  case 
for  a  Hebrew  original,  but  we  cannot  expects 
certainty  in  the  details,  as  may  be  seen  very 
clearly  from  the  text  of  Ecclesiasticus  recently 
discovered.  Mr.  Charles  is  puzzled,  as  we  all 
are,  by  the  enigmatical  name  Taxo  (ix.  1)> 
which  has  not  as  yet  received  any  satisfactory 
explanation.  After  quoting  seven  various 
opinions,  he  suggests  that  NDpfl  may  be  a 
corruption  of  S3pn,  "  the  zealous  one."  It; 
cannot  be  said  that  this  solution  is  very  con- 
vincing, but  it  is  at  least  better  than  some  that 
have  been  proposed.  Perhaps  it  would  be 
wiser  to  wait  until  we  have  better  MS.  autho- 
rity for  the  passage.  After  the  introduction  and 
translation  Mr.  Charles  gives  a  reproduction  of 
the  MS.  text  as  published  by  Ceriani  (the 
original  discoverer  of  the  book),  with  his  own 
revised  and  emended  text  on  the  opposite  page. 
A  further  contribution  to  the  literature  on 
the  Book  of  Job  reaches  us  in  Prof.  David 
Castelli's  II  Foema  Semitico  del  Pessimismo 
(Florence,  Paggi).  The  work,  as  stated  in  the 
preface,  consists  of  materials  collected  for  teach- 
ing purposes  ;  and  though  the  author  would 
probably  not  lay  claim  to  much  originality  in 
the  views  propounded,  he  certainly  presents  in 
a  short  and  readable  form  the  main  results  of 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


321 


modern  criticism.  The  introduction  deals  with 
the  contents  and  age  of  the  book.  With  regard 
to  the  doctrine  of  a  future  life,  Prof.  Castelli 
holds  very  definitely  that  there  is  no  trace  of  it 
in  the  pre-exilic  religion  of  Israel  ;  nor,  indeed, 
is  it  clearly  taught  anywhere  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, except  in  a  single  passage  of  Daniel 
(xii.  2,  3,  13).  The  well  -  known  verses  in 
which  Job  (xix.  25-27)  does  apparently  refer  to 
the  resurrection  are,  in  his  opinion,  obscure 
and  perhaps  corrupt  in  the  Hebrew,  and  owe 
their  supposed  meaning  to  an  inaccurate  trans- 
lation in  the  Vulgate.  In  fact  Job,  like 
Ecclesiastes,  knows  of  no  rewards  or  vin- 
dication except  in  this  life  ;  but  while  the 
Preacher  regards  the  prospect  with  an  almost 
contemptuous  calm,  Job's  attitude  is  one  of 
heroic  protest.  As  to  the  date  of  the  com- 
position, Prof.  Castelli  rightly  points  out  that 
the  mention  of  Job  by  Ezekiel  (xiv.  13,  20)  is 
no  proof  that  the  hool:  was  already  in  existence 
at  the  time,  and  he  considers  that  the  passage 
of  Jeremiah  (xx.  14-18,  "Cursed  be  the  day 
wherein  I  was  born,"  &c.)  bears  every  niark  of 
being  natural  and  original,  while  the  parallel 
verses  in  Job  (iii.  3  seq.)  are  artificial  and  imita- 
tive. He  further  finds  in  the  book  traces  of 
the  Deuteronomic  law  and  none  of  the  Levitical 
law,  and  would  thus  place  its  composition 
between  the  exile  and  the  time  of  Ezra  and 
Neheniiah.  It  does  not  seem  to  have  occurred 
to  him  that  the  whole  character  and  language 
of  it  are  peculiarly  non-Israelitish,  and  that  it 
may  possibly  be  an  adaptation  from  some  neigh- 
bouring Semitic  literature,  in  which  case  the 
usual  arguments  as  to  date  would  not  apply. 
In  the  translation  of  the  text,  which  occupies 
the  rest  of  the  volume.  Prof.  Castelli  divides 
the  poem  into  the  following  sections  :  (1)  the 
prologue  (i.  1  to  iii.  1)  ;  (2)  the  first  dialogue 
(iii.  2  to  xiv.  22) ;  (3)  the  second  dialogue  (xv.  1 
to  xxi.  34) ;  (4)  the  third  dialogue  (xxii.  1  to 
xxvii.  23)  ;  (5)  monologue  of  Job  (xxix.  1  to 
xxxi.  40j;(G)  appearance  of  Yah  we — first  discourse 
(xxxviii.  1  to  xl.  5)  ;  (7)  the  second  discourse 
(xl.  G  to  xlii.  6)  ;  (8)  the  epilogue  (xlii.  7  to  the 
end).  The  praise  of  wisdom  (cap.  xxviii.  )and 
the  discourse  of  Elihu  (xxxii.  to  xxxvii.)  are 
relegated  to  the  end  as  interpolations.  The 
translation  follows,  as  a  rule,  the  Massoretic 
text  as  in  the  editions  of  Baer  and  Ginsburg. 
In  the  notes  which  accompany  it  the  Hebrew 
words  are  given  only  in  transliteration,  which 
is  inconvenient  to  the  student  and  will  hardly 
be  of  much  use  to  the  general  reader.  To  judge 
from  the  bibliography  at  the  beginning.  Prof. 
Castelli  has  consulted  the  latest  editors  of  the 
text,  but  exercises  his  own  discretion  in  the 
selection  of  their  readings.  Thus  in  v.  3  he 
accepts  np-n  (LXX.,  Siegfried,  &c.)  for  aipSI, 
and  in  viii.  17  H'H''  D^IIDS  \^2  against  the  Masso- 
retic ntn''  D"':nX  rr'a  ;  but  in  xxii.  30  he  rejects 

the  correction  O/f^H  and  translates  the  Masso- 
retic text.  A  few  emendations  seem  to  be 
original,  as  "'Jll^y  against  the  Massoretic 
"'3131i?\  Merx  and    Siegfried  ^Jlpny  ;    and   he 

defends  the  Massoretic  13131  (i.  5)  and  DT>Jf.3 
(xv.  19)  against  most  editors. 

In  spite  of  the  attention  paid  to  Biblical  criti- 
cism in  our  century,  an  apparatus  criticxs  of 
the  Syriac  version  (the  Peshitto)  is  wanting. 
The  student  has  still  to  use  the  apparatus 
criticus  in  the  London  'Polyglot,'  made  by 
Herbert  Thorndike  in  1657.  For  Chronicles 
Thorndike  mentions  that  he  used  two  MSS.  in 
the  Bodleian  Library,  both  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  for  his  collation.  "But  two  hundred  and 
forty  years  have  passed,"  rightly  says  the  Rev. 
Dr.  W.  E.  Barnes  in  his  treatise  An  Apparatus 
Criticvs  to  Chronicles  in  the  Peshitta  Versio7i,  ivith 
a  Discussion  of  the  Value  of  the  Codex  Ambro- 
sianus  (Cambridge,  University  Press),  "since 
Thorndike  published  his  collation,  and  time  has 
brought  to  light  MSS.  of  the  Peshitta  far  older 
than    his."      For    the   present  Apparatus   two 


MSS.  of  the  sixth  century,  one  of  the  ninth,  and 
one  of  the  tjvelfth  have  been  used.  Moreover, 
for  the  first  time  for  the  Book  of  Chronicles,  a 
Nestorian  or  East  Syrian  MS.  has  been  within 
reach.  Throughout  the  work  we  see  that  our 
author  is  well  acquainted  with  the  literature  of 
the  Peshitto.  In  the  introduction  we  find  (l)an 
enumeration  of  the  printed  editions,  and  a  table 
of  their  dependence  one  upon  the  other  ;  (2)  an 
account  of  the  manuscripts  of  the  Peshitto  in 
the  Ambrosian  Library  and  elsewhere,  the 
Buchanan  Bible,  and  Prof.  Sachau's  codex. 
Next  the  author  gives  an  account  of  the  aim  and 
arrangement  of  his  book.  "  My  object  in  these 
pages,"  ho  says, 

'•  is  not  to  «ive  a  complete  apparafits  criticvs  to 
Chronicles,  but  rather  to  use  Chronicles  to  illustrate 
the  relation  of  some  of  the  chief  MSS.  of  the 
Peshitta  to  one  nnother  and  to  the  printed  text.  A 
critical  editiou  of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  Peshitta 
version  is  badlj'  needed,  and  my  hope  is  that,  if 
interest  be  aroused,  the  want  will  be  supplied." 
The  introduction  ends  with  a  list  of  the  MSS. 
cited. 

Dr.  Ginsburg  has  added  to  his  splendid  and 
useful  edition  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  an  elaborate 
guide  to  the  Massorah,  entitled  Introduction 
to  the  Massoretico-Critical  Edition  of  the  Ilebreio 
Bible  (Trinitarian  Bible  Society).  The  thousand 
pages  of  which  it  consists  form  a  guide  to  the 
Massorah,  and  are  (divided  into  two  general 
parts  :  (<()  the  external  form  of  the  text  of  the 
Bible,  in  eight  chapters;  (6)  the  text  itself,  which 
is  fuUuwedby  four  appendices  and  an  elaborate 
index.  Then  come  two  lists  :  (1)  of  manuscripts, 
which  are  all  fully  described  ;  (2)  of  printed 
editions,  also  fully  described.  Dr.  Ginsburg, 
being  attached  to  the  British  Museum,  treats 
fully°of  the  MSS.  belonging  to  that  collection, 
but  without  neglecting  the  MSS.  of  other 
libraries.  The  pages,  however,  devoted  to  the 
enumeration  of  the  same  MSS.  in  the  various 
cha{)ters  of  the  book  are  too  many,  espe- 
cially as  they  do  not  relate  to  choice  copies, 
and  the  quotations  add  nothing  to  the  Massorah. 
By  omitting  them  the  volume  could  have  been 
reduced  to  half  its  size.  In  our  opinion  the 
titles  of  the  chapters  ought  to  have  been  added 
in  Hebrew  also,  which  would  have  facilitated  the 
use  of  the  book  for  those  who  do  not  know 
English. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   LITERATURE. 

Catalocpie  General  des  Livres  imi)rimes  de  la 
BiUiotliiqne  Nationale.  —  Auteurs.  Tome  I. 
Aachs—Albijville.  (Paris,  ImprimerieNationale.) 
—  Students  in  every  country  of  Europe  will 
rejoice  at  the  news  that  the  first  volume  of  the 
long-promised  general  catalogue  of  the  printed 
books  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  has  at  last 
passed  through  the  press.  No  amount _  of 
official  courtesy  could  do  more  than  alleviate 
the  evils  of  a  system  by  which,  except  for 
some  special  classes  of  books,  a  reader  had  to 
specify  the  edition  of  any  work  he  wanted  from 
his  own  sources  of  knowledge,  and  then  wait 
till  it  could  be  ascertained,  from  card-catalogues 
only  accessible  to  the  librarians,  whether  it  was 
or  was  not  in  the  library.  But  at  last  the 
general  catalogue  of  authors  is  fairly  started, 
and  every  one  must  echo  M.  Delisle's  hope  that 
the  French  Government  will  place  sufficient 
funds  at  his  disposal  to  enable  it  to  be  carried 
to  completion  within  a  reasonable  time.  At  the 
best,  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  time  taken  must 
be  considerable.  The  general  catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  the  British  Museum,  the  compilers 
of  which  have  had  the  advantage  of  a  manu- 
script catalogue  to  work  on,  is  now  nearing  com- 
pletion after  some  seventeen  years  of  steady 
progress,  and  its  French  competitor  can  hardly 
be  carried  through  in  much  less.  Whether  the 
mass  of  books  to  be  dealt  with  is  really  greater, 
as  is  generally  asserted,  is  no  easy  question,  as 
no  two  libraries  count  their  books  in  the  same 
way.  The  Museum,  however,  possesses  several 
miles  of  bookshelves  in  excess  of  those  at  the 


BibliothJique,  and  as  there  is  no  reason  to 
believe  that  they  are  less  closely  filled,  it  is  pro- 
bable that  the  task  which  M.  Delisle  has  now  to 
face  is,  in  respect  of  numbers,  smaller  rather 
than  greater  than  that  which  Dr.  Bond  and  Dr. 
Garnett  attacked  in  1880.  In  one  important 
respect,  moreover,  the  plan  of  the  French  cata- 
logue is  much  more  restricted  than  that  of  the 
English,  for  while  the  British  Museum  registers 
the  work  of  editors  and  commentators,  and 
even  of  illustrators,  besides  giving  references 
from  the  subjects  of  criticisms  and  biographies 
to  their  authors,  the  catalogue  of  the  Biblio- 
theque is  to  deal,  except  in  the  case  of  anony- 
mous works,  with  authors  only.  How  great  a 
difference  this  will  make  to  the  bulk  of  the 
catalogue  may  be  judged  from  M.  Delisle's 
statement,  that  of  the  1,060  entries  under  the 
heading  "  Aristotle  "  in  the  Museum  Catalogue, 
no  fewer  than  994  (chiefly,  no  doubt,  cross- 
references  to  exegetical  and  expository  works 
entered  under  the  names  of  their  authors) 
would  be  rejected  under  the  system  which  he 
has  adopted.  Thus,  if  the  same  proportion  holds 
good  throughout  the  two  catalogues,  a  reduction 
of  no  less  than  sixty  per  cent,  will  be  efiected 
in  the  size  of  the  French  work,  and  though, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  bibliographical 
completeness,  a  great  sacrifice  will  have 
been  made,  the  rate  of  progress  .should  be 
immensely  quickened.  As  it  is,  the  first  instal- 
ment, which  extends  from  "Aachs"  to  "  Alby- 
ville,"  is  said  to  contain  11,067  entries,  and  as 
M.  Delisle  reckons  the  number  of  books  which 
will  have  to  be  separately  catalogued  at  a 
million  and  a  half,  about  a  hundred  and  forty 
volumes,  each  of  between  five  hundred  and  six 
hundred  pages,  printed  in  double  columns,  will 
be  necessary  to  record  them.  When  this  great; 
author-catalogue  is  finished  two  subsidiary  cata- 
logues will  be  undertaken,  the  first  comprising 
anonymous  books,  the  second  various  classes  of 
official  publications,  ranging  from  liturgies  to 
Parliamentary  papers,  and  including  also  news- 
papers and  periodicals  and  music,  each  group 
to  be  arranged  by  itself,  alphabetically  or 
chronologically,  as  convenience  may  dictate.  As 
regards  the  execution  of  this  first  instalment, 
we  have  nothing  but  praise  to  offer.  The  print 
is  admirably  clear,  and  we  have  noticed  no 
errors  of  the  press.  As  in  the  Museum  Cata- 
logue, three  dots  are  used  as  a  sign  of  omission 
where  a  title  has  been  abridged,  and  the  date, 
size,  place  of  imprint  (mostly  accompanied  by 
the  publisher's  name),  and  press-mark  are  all 
duly  set  forth.  Where  a  book  is  a  reprint  from 
a  periodical  or  forms  part  of  a  series,  the  fact 
is  stated  in  a  note.  The  second  and  subsequent 
editions  of  a  book  are  entered  only  by  the  par- 
ticulars of  date,  size,  &c.,  in  which  they  differ 
from  the  first;  and  for  books  printed  in  the 
fifteenth  century  a  short  entry  suffices,  supple- 
mented by  a  reference  to  Mile.  Pellechet's 
catalogue  of  the  incunabula  in  the  public 
libraries  of  France,  in  which  all  the  particulars 
dear  to  bibliographers  are  recorded.  Prefixed  to 
thisfirstvolume  is  amostinteresting  introduction 
by  M.  Delisle,  in  which  he  gives  a  history  of  the 
catalogues  of  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  from 
those  of  Rigault,  the  brothers  Dupuy,  and 
Nicolas  CMment  down  to  the  present  attempt. 
Librarians  will  find  in  this  history  an  abundance 
of  food  for  meditation,  but  the  questions  raised 
are  too  technical  to  be  dealt  with  here.  We 
can  only  wish  the  learned  Administrateur 
Ge'neral  and  his  staff  every  possible  success  in 
their  great  undertaking,  and  that  they  may  all 
live  to  see  it  completed. 

Bibliographical  Index  to  the  Published  Writ- 
ings of  Emanuel  Sti-edenborg.  (Swedenborg 
Society.) — This  is  a  severely  condensed  hand- 
list of  Swedenborg's  works,  based  upon  the 
collection  in  the  library  of  the  Swedenborg 
Society,  and  supplemented  from  English  and 
foreign  sources,  both  public  and  private.  Its 
object  is  to  pave  the  way  for  an  elaborate 
bibliography,  of  which  a  specimen  page  is  given 


322 


for  the  guidance  of  contributors  to  it  The 
present  index  is  arranged  according  to  the 
Jinghsh  titles  of  Swedenborg's  works,  except  in 
the  rare  cases  wliere  no  English  translation 
has  appeared.  Tliis,  besides  being  in  itself  an 
objectionable  arrangement,  will  not  encourage 
foreign  librarians  to  search  their  collections  on 
the  chance  of  being  able  to  furnish  notes  of 
unrecorded  editions.  A  list  designed  for  a 
temporary  purpose  does  not  call  for  serious 
criticism  ;  but  we  are  quite  sure  that  a  much 
fuller  and  more  intelligible  index  could  have 
been  compiled  without  any  material  increase  of 
cost.  As  It  is,  the  pamphlet  is  chiefly  remark- 
able for  the  abundance  of  the  blank  spaces  which 
make  "printers' fat," 

An  Index-Catalogxie  of  Bibliographical  Works 
cJneJhj  mthe  English  Language,  relating  to  India. 
By  Frank  Campbell.  (Library  Bureau.  )-Most 
students  of  the  literature  of  India  will  be  sur- 
prised to  learn  that  the  bibliographical  section 
of  It  IS  so  important  as  to  require  an  index- 
catalogue  of  ninety- nine  pages  to  record  it.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  a  large  number  of  Mr.  Camp- 
bell s  entries  have  nothing  bibliographical  about 
them  the  four  pages  headed  "Special  Biblio- 
graphies.-Administration,"  only  registering 
three  books  in  whicli  we  can  discover  a  biblio 
graphical  aim  A  general  bibliography  of  books 
relating  to  India  is  greatly  needed,  and  Mr. 
Campbell  s  index  would  undoubtedly  help  the 
compiler  of  such  a  work  to  the  discovery  of  much 
obscure  literature  which  he  would  otherwise  over- 
look. But  the  bibliographical  efforts  hitherto 
made  seem  to  us  too  haphazard  and  fragmentary 
for  this  list  of  them  to  be  of  any  great  service 
except  to  the  one  bibliographer  engaged  on  the 
larger  task.  If  this  enterprising  person  is  ever 
forthcoming,  Mr.  Campbell  will  no  doubt  feel 
that  his  own  labour  has  not  been  in  vain. 

Catalogue  Annuel  de  la  Librairie  Francaise 
pour  1890.  Redig^  par  D.  Jordell  (S  ' 
Nilsson.)- This  useful  publication  has  n^w 
reached  Its  fourth  year,  and  may  fairly  claim 
to  equal  If  It  does  not  surpass,  any  similar 
record    of   the    current   literature    of    a    great 

lnT«o7'.>^'''^  S"'""'^  ^"^'^  ^^h^^h  appeared 
m  1896  either  m  France  or  abroad,  is  registered 
n  It  under  three  different  sections,  according  to 
the  name  of  its  author,  the  first  word  of  its 
title,  and  the  subject  with  which  it  deals  All 
three  sections   are  arranged   alphabetically,  so 

Jfclfi  .•  -'^^™^'i^  ^^""^^  by  "scientific 
classification"  IS  avoided,  and  it  is  possible  to 
obtain  full  information  about  any  given  book 
With  a  minimum  of  trouble. 

Ne^o  Catalogue  of  British  Literature,  1896- 
Compiled  by  Cedric  Chi  vers.  (Library  Bureau  ) 
-Close  on  the  heels  of  M.  Jokell's^CatalZe 
Annue  comes  a  new  attempt  on  the  part  ofan 
English  firni  to  perform  a  like  service  for  our 
own  current  literature  ;  but  despite  the  litt  e 
flourish  of  trumpets  with  which  Mr.  Cedric 
Chivers  sends  off  his  first  volume,  hi;  work  s 
very  imperfect  compared  with  the  Frenclman's 
Originally  issued  in  monthly  parts,  his  'Cata 
logue-  still  retains   these  divisions  so  that  n^ 

ror  in  one  or  the  indexp<?      Tiinc   +    c    i  ■<• 
edition  of  Johnson's'S,  oT'S  ^°„  ?,"•  p„l° 
lished  last  year,  was  completed,  wo  are  1&  t„ 
five  different  entries,  and  are  misled  «T  the  las" 

volume  "  ^r  "?k"^  "'r"«»   '"'>■'    !« 

i^j;u;jro,e,:;;^^-tditt\if  i:  t: 

?o"t:'*;  tTpre'"\n°":"  '""  ^'"^f 

Pth? Xl^Hf        I'f."?  '"  P'°P«^  "'-^"'es,  the  third 
(the     tract  tional"  text  of  the  Holy  Gospels)  too 
glaring  to  be  excusable.     Mr.  Chivers's  '  Cata 
logue    may  be   welcomed   for  what  it  is  worth 
but  if  it  18  to  "vindicate  itself,"as  he  cWs  in 
the  preface   it  will  need  a  good  deal  of  iiZove 
ment  in  subsequent  issues.  improve 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


,^ettschrift  fur  Biicherfreunde :  Monatshefte 
fur  LMiophike  nnd  verwandte  Interessen- 
Herausgegeben  von  Fedor  von  Zobeltitz- 
(Leipzig  Velhagen  &  Klasing.)-M.  Octave 
Czanne  has  long  since  given  up  Le  Livre  in  all 
Its  forms  and  when  BihUoqraphica  had  run  its 
course  the  field  for  an  illustrated  magazine 
about  books  was  for  a  few  weeks  entirely  un- 
rn^'P^K  ^''^t^ft^'^'riftfiir  Bncherfreunde, 
edited  by  Herr  Fedor  von  Zobeltitz,  comes  to 
us  from  Leipzig  to  fill  the  vacancy.  The  first 
number  of  the  new  competitor  was  certainly 
promising,  containing  articles  by  Dr.  Schreiber 
on  the  block -book  of  the  Apocalypse,  by  Dr 
HecKer  on  the  fortunes  of  Boccaccio's  library 
by  Herr  von  Zobeltitz  on  some  really  striking 
book-illustrations  recently  pubiished  in  Ger- 
many, besides  the  inevitable  talk  about  book- 
plates and  bindings,  and  some  notes  and  reviews 
It  the  magazine  can  keep  up  to  this  standard  it 
wiJl  at  least  deserve  success,  though,  like  so 
many  of  its  forerunners,  it  may  fail  to  attain  it. 
But  the  later  numbers  which  we  have  seen 
hardly  encourage  us  to  expect  a  very  long  life 
tor  it.  ° 


N<'3645, 


Sept.  4,  '97 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  Book  of  Dreams  and  Ghosts  (Longmans 
&  Co.),  in  which  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  has  col- 
lected many  stories,  old  and  new,  of  halluci- 
nations and  the  like,  is  rather  slight,  but 
distinctly  attractive.  The  author's  aim  is  to 
Illustrate  rather  than  to  convince,  and  while  he 
does  not  fail  to  mention  current  theories,  and 
has  a  businesslike  array  of  the  best  evidence, 
he  avoids  discussion  of  the  "  psychological  and 
physiological  processes  "  involved,  an  abstention 
tor  which  readers  will  be  duly  grateful  Ghost- 
seeing  since  It  became  a  scientific  business,  has 
been   handicapped    from  the  reader's    point  of 

''T.  I  'i'^  ^f'''''^  ^"^  pedantic  terininology 
adopted  by  the  seers.  The  preface  to  the 
volume  IS  an  admirable  criticism  of  the  modern 
standpoint  as  regards  ghosts,  not  without  a  due 
warning  of  the  dangers  of  credulity,  for  peasants 
have  taken  m  professors.  As  regards  the  sen- 
sation of  the  deja  vu,  as  Mr.  Lang  calls  it,  he 
says  :  -  Most  of  us  know  this  feeling,  all  the 
circumstances  in  which  we  find  ourselves  have 
already  occurred,  we  have  a  prophecy  of  what 
will  happen  next  'on  the  tip  of  our  tongues' 
(like  a  half-remembered  name),  and  then  the 
impression  vanishes."  With  us  the  impression 
has  gone  further.  Not  only  have  we  "  been 
there  before,"  but  we  know  at  once  (as  by 
intuition)  what  we  are  going  to  say  and  what 
our  neighbour  will  answer,  so  that  we  have-to 
his  astonishment— anticipated  his  reply. 

The  author  of  'Vice  Versa,'  like  some  of 
the  better  managed  water  companies,  is  to  be 
commended  for  providing  a  constant  supply. 
Fu2)pets  at  Large  (Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co  ) 
does  not  urge  the  reader  to  complain  of  the 
quality  of  the  article  supplied.  The  volume 
contains  a  number  of  pieces -half  dramatic, 
half  narrative -drawn  chiefly  from  London  life 
of  the  lower  and  middle  classes  with  a  certain 
amount  of  humour.  The  humour  is  for  the 
most  part  rather  mild  in  quality,  and  it  is  at 
times  spoilt  by  an  over-dose  of  sarcasm  The 
last  piece,  written  to  help  the  Children's  Country 
Holidays  Fund,  is  excellent  in  intention,  but 
judging  It  from  a  literary  point  of  view,  one 
IS  forced  to  say  that  the  pathos  declines  into 
sentimentahsm.  Mr.  Bernard  Partridge's  illus- 
trations are  well  drawn,  but  mostly  not  good  in 
tone. 

Gyp  excels  herself  in  a  little  volume.  En 
Balade,  published  by  Montgredien  &  Cie  in 
the  "Librairie  Illustree."  The  comic  illus- 
trations ascribed  to  "Petit  Bob"  are  of 
course,  by  Gyp  herself,  and  for  the  first  time 
her  talent  as  a  caricaturist  in  colours  has 
surpassed  even  the  written  product  of  her 
pen.  In  a  sort  of  "revue  de  fin  d'ann^e " 
she   brings  to  Paris  from    the  Elysian  fields 


Louis  XIV  Napoleon,  Bayard,  Hercules,  Cato. 
Socrates  A  cibiades,  St.  Louis,  Moses,  Mercury 
Fouquet,  Clovis,  M.  Guizot,  Madame  de  Stal^ 
Madame  R^camier,  Joan  of  Arc,  and  other 
distinguished  visitors.  Their  conversations  and 
adventures  are  most  entertaining,  and  their 
portraits  extraordinarily  clever. 
_  Messrs.  Sonnensohein  &  Co.  have  now  re- 
'  TK  TJ  !  ^"^;*fc^nce  of  their  valuable  volumes 
The  Best  Books  and  '  The  Reader's  Guide  '  in 
convenient  separate  parts,  which  are  entitled 
after  their  subjects  A  Bibliography  of  Theology, 
of  Science,  &c.  These  parts  will  be  decidedly 
useful,  but  It  IS  a  pity  that  their  information 
was  not  brought  up  to  date  when  they  were 
reprinted.  ' 

From  Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Co.  we  have 
a  practical  and  sound  Guide  to  the  Lakes  of 
KiUarney.  The  same  firm's  Switzerland  rather 
suffers  from  compression.  Some  idea  of  the 
cost  of  mountain  climbing  should  have  been 
added  for  the  benefit  of  the  well-girt  traveller.  I 
—  I he  Clyde  River  and  Firth  (Black)  is  as  com- 
plete a  guide  as  all  in  which  Mr.  Baddeley  has 
a  hand,  with  good  maps  and  cross  routes  for 
walkers. 

We  have  received  the  third  volume  of  the  fl 
new  and  revised  edition  of  Prof.   Villari's  im- 
portant  book  Niccolo  Machiavelli  e  i  suoi  Tempi 
(Milan,  Hoepli).     There  is  no  need  to  dwell  on 
its  merits. 

Mr.  Drucker  has  published  through  Messrs. 
Sonnenschein  a  translation  of  Von  Ihering's 
well-known  work  The  Evolution  of  the  Aryan 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  a  second  edition 
T  i^r,  <-'•  Jeaffreson's  Lady  Hamilton  and 
Lord  Nelson  (Hurst  &  Blackett)  has  been  pub- 
lished, with  additional  matter.  Since  its  first 
appearance  the  author  has  had  the  satisfaction 
of  seeing  the  view  of  the  connexion  for  which  he 
so  ably  argued  supported  by  further  conclusive 
records  of  Nelson's  own  writing. 

Mr.  Humphreys  has  sent  us  a  large-paper 
translation  of  Thomas  a  Kempis,  distinguished 
by  a  luxury  of  p. per  and  type  seldom  accorded 
even  to  a  classic. 

In  their  excellent  series  of  "Illustrated 
Standard  Novels  "  Messrs.  Macmillan  have  now 
published  Mastermaji  Beady.  Mr.  F.  Pegram's 
illustrations  are  not  wanting  in  spirit,  but  seem 
a  little  defective  in  detail. 

We  have  on  our  table  By-Ways  of  History, 
by  J.  ColviUe  (Edinburgh,  Douglas),  —An 
Ancient  People:  a  Short  Sketch  of  Armenian 
History,  by  E.  S.  Lidgett  (Nisbet),-rAe  Story 
of  Albert  the  Good,  by  W.  J.  Wintle  (S  S  U  )  — 
Norman  Macleod,  by  J.  Well  wood  (Olipha'nt, 
Anderson  &  Ferrier),  — 5oj7ie  Observations  of  a 
Foster  Parent,  by  J.  C.  Tarver  (Constable),— 
England's  Attainment  of  Commercial  Supremacy, 
by  H.  Tipper  {?>tocV),— American  Orations, 
edited  by  A.  Johnston  and  J.  A.  Woodburn, 
Vol.  III.  (Putnam),  -  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage', 
edited  by  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Everard  Owen 
(Arnold),  —  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales:  The 
Prologue  and  The  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  edited  by 
A.  J^  Wyatt  (Clive),— ^  First  Latin  Course,  by 
G.  B.  Gardiner  and  A.  Gardiner  (Arnold),— 
St.  John  in  the  Desert,  an  Introduction  to  Brown- 
ing's 'A  Death  in  the  Desert,'  by  the  Rev  G  U 
Pope  (Frowde),— r/ie  Tragedy  of  King  Richard 
the  becond,  edited  by  C.  H.  Gibson  (Arnold),— 
First  Stage  Inorganic  Chemistry,  by  G  H 
Bailey  arid  W.  Briggs  {Clive),-How  Money 
Makes  Money,  by  Duncans  (E.  Wilson),— 
Practical  Electrical  Measurements,  by  E  H 
Crapper  (Whittaker),  — JFoorf  Finishing,  edited 
by  P.  N.  Hasluck  (Cassell),— La^v  Cycling,  by 
Miss  F.  J.  Erskine  (Scott),— ^  Writer  of  Fic- 
tion, by  C.  Holland  (Constable),— ^.ames,  by 
R.  Hichens  Caememaun),— World's  Gain,  by 
Helen  Shipton  (i:i.P  C.K.),  —  Gilbert  Vince, 
Curate,  by  R.  N.  Hall  ('Western  Mail'  Oflice, 
82,  Fleet  Street),— Passports,  hy  I.  J.  Armstrong 
(Fisher  Unwin),— ^    Lady  of    Wales,  by    the 


N°3045,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


323 


Rev.  V.  J.  Leatherdale    (Cox), — A    Drawing - 
Room    Cynic,   by   L.   Kaye   (Mac(iueen), — Fish 
Tales    and    Some     Tnte     Ones,     by     B.      Hall 
(Arnold), — A  Prince  of  Tyrone,  by  C.  Fennell 
and  J.  P.  O'Callaghan  (Blackwood),— T/ie  Jieal 
Issue,  by  W.  A.  White  (Chicago,  Way  &  Wil- 
liams\  —  The    Fernandez    lieciter,    edited     by 
J.   Fernandez  (Routledge),  —  At    Minas  Basin, 
and    other    Poems,   by  T.   H.    Rand    (Toronto, 
Briggs), — Poems,  by  F.  Osmaston  (Kegan  Paul), 
—The   Book   of   the   Hills:    Poems,    by   O.    C. 
Auringer  (Troy,  N.  Y.,  Stowell  &  Son), — Snn  and 
Mist,  by  E.  St.  G.  Betts  (Fisher  Unwin),— 27ic 
Early   Churches  of  Great  Britain,  by  J.  Hunt 
Cooke  (Alexander  &  Shepheard), — Man's  Place 
in  the  Cosmos,   and  other  Essays,   by  A.  Seth, 
LL.D.    (Blackwood),  —  Prayer     in    the    Four 
Gospels,  by  W.   E.   Winks  (JBaptist   Tract  and 
Book    Society), — Tlie    Christi<(n   Faith,    by    R. 
Ellis  (Stock), — Bread  from  the  Holy  Place,  com- 
piled  by  M.   A.    Coleby  (Isbister), — The  Four 
First    Things,   by  J.   E.    A,   Brown    (Stock),— 
L'  Economia  Sociale  Cristiana  avanti  Costantino, 
by  U.  Benigni  (Genoa,  Fassicomo  &  Scotti), — 
La  Gioia,  by  E.  Corradini  (Florence,  Paggi), — 
La  Peine  Mathilde  dans  la  Legoide,  by  M.  J. 
Lair    (Caen,    Delesques),  —  Geschichte    der  eng- 
lischen  Litteratur,  by  E.  Engel,  Part  I.  (Leipzig, 
Baedeker), — II  Socialismo  e  %l  Pensiero  Moderno, 
by    A.   Chiappelli    (Florence,   Le    Monnier), — 
Poesie  Scelte,  by  A.  Pfungst  (Turin,  Clausen), 
— L' Indestructible  Passe  {Es  JFar),  by  H.  Suder- 
mann    (Paris,    Ldvy),  —  and    Machiavelli    and 
the  Elizabethan  Drama,  by  E.  Meyer  (Williams 
&     Norgate).        Among     New     Editions     we 
have   The   Story  of   the    Chevalier   Bayard,   by 
E.     Walford    (Low),  —  Colo\ir  -  Sergeant   No.    1 
Company,   by    Mrs.   Leith  Adams   (Jarrold), — 
The     Froggy     Fairy     Book,      by     A.     J.     D. 
Biddle  (Philadelphia,  Biddle),  — T/ie   Magdalen 
Psalter :    The  Psalms,  Canticles,  by  L.  S.  Tuck- 
well  and  Sir  John    Stainer  (Mowbray),  —  Con- 
tributions   to    the    Analysis   of    the    Sensations, 
by  Dr.  E.  Mach,  translated  by  C.  M.  Williams 
(Chicago,  Open  Court  Publishing  Company), — 
and   Our   Secret   Friends    and   Foes,   by  P.    F. 
Frankland(S.P.C.K.). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 
Theohgy. 

Dixie's  (J.)  More  Words  of  Faith,  Hops,  &c.,  Letters  to 

J.  Todd.cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Dowden's   (J.)   Helps   from   History  totlie  True  Sense  of 

Minatory  Clauses  of  Athanasian  Creed,  8vo.  2/  swd. 
Gulick's  (S.  L.)  The  Growth  of  the  Kingdom  of  God,  6/  cl. 
Hagwe's   (Rev.  D.)  The  Church    of  ifiiigland   before    the 

Reformation,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Hasling  s  (Rev.  F.)  Sundays  round  the  World,  imp.  16mo.  5/ 

Law. 
Foley's  (A.  P.)  Treatise  upon  the  Law  affecting  Solicitors 

of  the  Supreme  Court,  8vo,  21/  cl. 

Fine  Art. 
Clouston's  (K.   W.)  The  Chippendale  Period    of    English 
Furniture,  4to.  21/  net. 

Philosophy , 
Scripture's  (E.  W.)   The  New  Psychology,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
(Contemporary  Science  Series  ) 

History  and  Biography. 
Anderson's  (R.  B.)  The  Victorian  Mra,  a  Graphic  Record  of  a 

Glorious  Reign,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Bartletfs  (Sir  E.  Ashmead)  The  Battle-fields  of  Thessaly,  9/ 
Hume's  (M.  A.  S.)  Sir  Waller  Ralegh,  the  British  Dominion 

of  the  West,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Taine's  (H.)  Journeys  through  France,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Herodotus.  The  Story  of  the  Ionic  Revolt  and  Persian  War, 
trans.  Rawlinson,  ed.  Tancock,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Science. 

Moreing  (C.  A.)  and  McCutcbeon's  (F  G.)  General  Com- 
mercial and  Mining  Telegram  Code,  royal  8vo.  105/ 

Sansone's  (A.)  Recent  Progress  in  the  Industries  of  Dyeing 
and  Calico  Printing,  Vol.  3,  8vo.  18/  cl. 

Smith's  (J.  B.)  Economic  Entomology  for  the  Farmer  and 
Fruit-Grower,  8vo   12/  cl 

Sutton  (J.  B.)  and  Giles's  (A.  B.)  The  Diseases  of  Women,  14/ 
General  Literature. 

Alcock's  (D  )  Doctor  Adrian,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Bartram's  (H.)  The  People  of  Clopton,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl.J 

Beale's  (A.)  Charlie  is  my  Darling,  cr  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Ditden's  (J.  C.)  Scottish  Border  Life,  a  Series  of  Original 
Sketches,  cr.  8vo  ,3/6  cl. 

Gowing's  (Mrs.  A.)  Merely  Players,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Jacobs's  (W.  W  )  The  Skipper's  Wooing  and  The  Brown 
Man's  Servant,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 


Lacey's  (W.  J.)  Masters  of  To-morrow,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Le  (Jueux's  (W  )  Devil's  Dice,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Leighton's  (M.  C.)  The  Red  Painted  Box,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Litidsay's  (H.)  Methodist  Idylls,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Marchraonfs  (A.  W.)  By  Right  of  Sword,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Maugham's  (W.  S.)  Liza  of  Lambeth,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Moore's    (H.    C.)   The    Dacoit's    Treasure,    Adventures     in 

Burma,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Murray's  (D.  C.)  My  Contemporaries  in  Fiction,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
Peacock's  (M.)  Lincolnshire  Tales  :  The  Recollections  of  Eli 

Twigg,  Third  Series,  cr.  8vo.  3  6  net. 
Pemberton's  (Max)  Queen  of  the  Jesters  and  her  Strange 

Adventures  in  Old  Paris,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Philips's  (A.  D.)  'Twixt  Dawn  and  Day,  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Random  Recollections  of  the  Belvoir  Hunt,  by  a  Sportsman, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  net. 
Sergeant's  (A.)  The  Claim  of  Anthony  Lockhart,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Silke's  (L.  C.)  Steadfast  and  True,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Temple  of  Folly,  Chapters  from  the  Book  of   Mr.  Fairfax, 

edited  bv  P  Creswick,  cr.  hvo.  (>/  cl. 
Wells's  (H.  G.)  The  Invisible  Man.  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Zimmern's  (A.;  Old  Tales  from  Greece,  li^mo.  2/6  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology, 

Eychlak  (J.):    Commentarius  in  Librum   Osee  Prophets;, 

6m. 
Weiss  (B.) :  Der  Codex  D  in  der  Apostelgeschichte,  3m.  50. 

Law. 
Conrat  (M.)  :  Die  Christenverfolgungen  im  romischen  Reiche 
vom  Slandpunkte  des  Juristen,  2m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Richard  (Capitaine) :  La  Garde,  1854-1870,  70fr. 

Philosophy . 
Dyroff  (A.):  Die  Ethik  deralten  Stoa,  10m. 
Herbart  (J.  F.) :  Samtliche  Werke,  hrsg.  v.  Karl  Kehrbach, 

Vol.  9,  5m. 
Hofler  (A.) :  Pyschologie,  14m.  40. 

History  and  Hiography. 
Berzeviczy  (G.   v.)  :    Aus    den   Lehr-   u.   Wanderjahren   e. 

ungarischen  Bdelmannes  im  vorigen  Jahrhunderte,  3m. 
Braun  (J.  W.)  :  Lessing  im  Urtheile  seiner  Zeitgeuossen, 

Part  3,  6m. 
Rudeck  (W.) :  Geschichte  der  offentlichen  Sittlichkeit  in 

Deutschland,  10m. 

Philology. 
Behaghel  (O.)  :  Die  Syntax  des  Heliand,  18m. 
Viehe  (Miss  G.) :  Grammatik  des  Ot  jiherero,  nebst  Worter- 

buch,  12m. 
Witkowski     (S.)  :     Prodromus     Grammaticee     Papyrorum 

Grrccarum  ^Etatis  Lagidarura,  3m. 

General  Literature. 
Fleuriot  (Z.)  :  Mon  Dernier  Livre,  2fr. 
ROstopchine  (Comtesse  L.;  :  Rastaquoufiropolis,  3fr.  50. 


REMAINS  OF  AQUILAS  VERSION  OF  THE   OLD 

TESTAMENT. 

The  recent  discovery  of  an  uncial  fragment 
of  Aquila's  version  of  the  Old  Testament  has 
been  made  known.  It  remains  to  be  seen  how 
many  more  such  fragments  Mr.  Schechter  will 
find  in  the  course  of  his  examination  of  the  large 
collection  of  manuscripts  brought  by  him  from 
Cairo,  and  now  in  Cambridge. 

One  has  been  deciphered,  and  printed  as  an 
appendix  to  the  preface  to  the  second  edition 
of  'Sayings  of  the  Jewish  Fathers,' which  will 
be  ready  for  publication  by  the  beginning  of 
October.  On  the  recto  and  verso  are  parts  of 
Psalms  xc.  and  xci.  respectively. 

Psalm  xc.  6-13.  The  first  line,  completed 
with  the  help  of  Field's  '  Origenis  Hexapla,'  is 

aTTO  Srjyfxov  Se/x[ovt^ovTos  /xeo-r^/x/J/Dias"], 

with  Se  for  8ai,  as  conversely  iraKreirai  is 
written  for  irea-elTai  in  1.  2. 

Verse  8,  which,  I  think,  supplies  a  word  not 
found  in  concordances  to  the  Old  Testament, 
runs  thus : — 

CKTOS  €v  o<^6aX[ioLs  [croD  e7rt/3Ae]'</fe(S 
Kttt  aTTOTtcriv  a(Te/3(j)V  oy^rj. 

Psalm  xci.  4-10.  The  beginning  and  the  end 
of  this  page,  with  conjectural  additions,  are  \i.v 
KL\dapa  and  \^a-Koprrt\(rdri(rovrai  TravTCS  Karep- 
ya^o^fjLevoL  avoj^eAesJ. 

Verse  7.  I  had  read  this  as  follows  : — 
[avry/sj  dn-vveTOS  ov  yvwcrerai 
/cat  ai/oTjTOS  ov  ervvqijii  crvv  ravTi-jv, 

before  noticing  that  Field  quoted  Aquila  on  the 
verse,  namely,  in  the  "  Auctarium  "  at  the  end 
of  vol.  ii.  He  confirms  the  obvious  conjecture 
avqp,  but  has  a  superfluous  Kai,  and  the  mis- 
correction  TavTa  of  the  characteristic  Aquila 
rendering  of  eth  zoth  by  crvv  ravrrjv. 

The  Tetragrammaton  is  written  in  Hebrew 
characters,  ov  Tots  vvv  dAAo,  rots  ap;)(aioTdTois 
(Origen,  '  Selecta  in  Pss. '). 


The  manuscript  is  a  palimpsest,  having  part 
of  Talm.  Jerus.,  Moed  Qat.  ii.  4-iii.  1,  written 
in  a  somewhat  remarkable  hand  above  the 
Greek.  C.  Taylor. 


THE  AUTUMN   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 
During   the  coming  publishing  season    Mr. 
Fisher  Unwin  will  issue  the  following  works. 
In    Belles  -  lettres :     '  The    Work    of    Charles 
Keene,'    with    introduction   and   comments   by 
Mr.    J.    Pennell,  and   a    bibliography  of   etch- 
ings   and    books     by    Mr.    W.    H.    Chesson, 
illustrated, — 'The  Printers  of  Basle  in  the  Fif- 
teenth  and    Sixteenth    Centuries  :    their    Bio- 
grajjhies.  Printed  Books,  and  Devices,'  by  Mr. 
C.    W.   Heckethorn,    illustrated,  —  '  Letters    of 
Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  to  William  Allingham, 
1854-1870,'  edited  by  Dr.   G.   Birkbeck   Hill, 
illustrated, — '  The  Story  of  Marie  Antoinette,' 
by  Mrs.   Anna  L.   Bicknell,  illustrated, — '  An 
Artist's  Letters  from  Japan,'  by  Mr.  La  Farge, 
illustrated, — and  '  Saunterings  in  Florence,'  by 
Signor  E.  Grifi,  an  artistic  and  practical  hand- 
book    for     English     and     American     tourists, 
with    illustrations   and   maps.     In  Biography  : 
'  The  Private  Papers  of  William  Wilberforce,' 
collected     and     edited,     with     a     preface,    by 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Wilberforce,—'  The  Life  and  Letters 
of  Mr.  Endymion  Porter,  sometime  Gentleman 
of   the   Bedchamber   to   King   Charles   I.,'   by 
Mrs.  D.    Townshend,    illustrated,  —  '  Tourgu^- 
neff  and  his  French  Circle,'  a  series  of  letters 
to  Flaubert,  George   Sand,  Zola,  Maupassant, 
Gambetta,  and  others,  edited  by  M.  H.  Halperine- 
Kaminsky,  translate(i  by  Miss  Ethel  Arnold, — 
'Lives  of  Great  Italians,'  by  Mr.  Frank  Hor- 
ridge,    illustrated,  —  '  My  Life   in    Two    Hemi- 
spheres,' by  Sir  C.   Gavan    Duffy,   illustrated, 
— '  The   Love   Affairs   of   some   Famous   Men,' 
by    the    Rev.    E.    J.    Hardy,  —  in    the    new 
series  entitled  "Builders  of  Greater  Britain," 
'  Sir     Thomas      Maitland  :      the     Mastery     of 
the   Mediterranean,'   by  Mr,    Frewen   Lord, — 
and    the  first    two    volumes    of    a  new    series 
entitled   "Masters   of   Medicine,"  viz.,    'John 
Hunter,'  by  Dr.  Stephen  Paget,  with  an  intro- 
duction by   Sir    James   Paget ;    and   '  William 
Harvey,' by  Mr.   D'Arcy  Power.     In  History  : 
'  Communism  in  Middle  Europe  in  the  Time  of 
the  Reformation,'  by  Karl  Kautsky,  translated 
by   Mr.    J.    L.    and   Mrs.    E.   J.    Mulliken, — 
'Greece  in   the  Nineteenth    Century,'  by  Mr. 
L.    Sergeant,   with  illustrations  and   a    map, — 
'The  Gladstone  Colony,'  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Hogan, 
M.P.,    with    an    introductory    letter   by    Mr. 
Gladstone, — the  first  volume  of  a  new  "  Library 
of  Literary  History,"  viz.,  '  A  Literary  History 
of    India,'  by    Mr.    R.    W.   Frazer, — two  new 
volumes    of    "The    Story    of    the    Nations": 
'  Modern  France,'  by  M.  Andr^  Le  Bon  ;  and 
'The    Franks,'    by    Mr.    L.     Sergeant, — and 
three  new  volumes  of  "  The  Children's  Study," 
viz,    'Old  Tales    from    Greece,'   by   Miss    A. 
Zimmern;  '  France,'  by  Miss  Mary  C.  Rowsell; 
and   'Rome,'  by  Miss    Mary    Ford.     Essays: 
'The  Scholar  and  the  State,'  by  Bishop  Potter, 
of    New   York,  —  'America's    Contribution    to 
Civilization,'  by  President    Eliot,   of  Harvard, 
— '  Leisure   Hours  in   the   Study,'   by  Dr.   J. 
MacKinnon,  — '  Glimpses     into     Plant     Life,' 
by  Mrs.    Brightwen,    illustrated,  —  'Yet,'   by 
the    Rev.    F.    R.    Andrews,— '  Mother,    Baby, 
and  Nursery,'  by  Dr  Genevieve  Tucker,  illus- 
trated, — 'Australian  Democracy, '  by  Mr.  H.  de  R. 
Walker, — and  'The  Day-Book  of  Wonders,'  by 
Mr.  D.  Morgan  Thomas.    In  Poetry  :  '  A  Selec- 
tion of  the  Poems  of  Mathilde  Blind,'  edited, 
with  an  introduction,  by  Mr.  Arthur  Symons, — 
'  Songs  of  Liberty,  and  other  Poems,'  by  Mr.  R. 
Underwood  Johnson, — '  Vox  Humana,'  by  Mr. 
John  Mills,  edited  by  his  wife, —  and  a  fresh 
volume  of  the  "New  Irish  Library,"  entitled 
'Lays   of    the   Red    Branch,'    by   Sir    Samuel 
Ferguson,  edited  by  Lady  Ferguson.  In  Fiction : 
'Hugh  Wynne,'  by  Dr.    S.    Weir   Mitchell,— 
'The  Tormentor,'  by  Mr.   Benjamin   Swift, — 
'Prisoners  of  Conscience,'  by  Mrs.  A.  E.  Barr 


324 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


illustrated,  —  'The  School  for  Saints,' by  John 
Oliver  Hobbes,  — '  The  Outlaws  of  the  Marches,' 
by  Lord  Ernest  Hamilton,  illustrated,  —  'The 
People  of  Clopton,'  by  Mr.  G.  Bartrani,  — '  Wild 
Life  in  Southern  Seas,'  by  Mr.  L.  Becke, 
—'The  Temple  of  Folly,'  by  Mr.  P.  Cres- 
wick,  — 'Margaret  Forster,'  by  the  late 
Mr.  Sala,  with  an  introduction  by  Mrs.  Sala, 
—'Brer  Mortal,'  by  Mr.  Ben  Marias,  illus- 
trated,—' The  Twilight  Reef,  and  other  Stories,' 
by  Mr.  H.  C.  Macllwaine,— 'Those  Dreadful 
Twins  :  Middy  and  Bosun,'  by  Themselves, 
illustrated, — 'Liza  of  Lambeth,'  by  Mr.  W. 
S.  Maugham,  —  'Revelations  of  a  Sprite,' 
by  Mr.  A.  M.  Jackson,  illustrated, — and  '  In 
Western  Wilds,'  by  Miss  Teth  Quin. 

Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.'s  list  of  forthcoming 
works  includes  '  With  Nature  and  a  Camera,'  by 
Mr.  R.  Kearton, — 'By  a  Hair's  Breadth,'  by 
Mr.  Headon  Hill,—'  Cupid's  Garden,'  by  Miss 
E.  T.  Fowler,— 'A  Limited  Success,'  by  Miss 
Sarah  Pitt,  —  '  The  Wrothams  of  Wrothara 
Court,'  by  Miss  F.  H.  Freshfield,— '  The  Church 
of  England  :  a  History  for  the  People,'  by  Dean 
Spence,  • —  '  Rivers  of  the  South  and  West 
Coasts,'  completing  "The  Rivers  of  Great 
Britain  "  Series, — 'The  Surprising  Adventures 
of  Tuppy  and  Tue,'  by  Miss  M.  Browne,— 
'Micky  Magee's  Menagerie,'  by  Mr.  S.  H. 
Hamer,  —  'A  History  of  England,'  by  Mr. 
Arnold  -  Forster,  —  a  treatise  on  '  Applied 
Mechanics,'  by  Prof.  Perry, — '  Rolit  :  a  Means 
of  Learning  French,'  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Tylor, — 
'  Pontiac,  Chief  of  the  Ottawas,'  by  Mr.  E.  S. 
Ellis, — and  several  new  serial  works. 


"  Savages,"  siicli  as  Lord  diaries  Beresford, 
Mr.  Manville  Fenn,  Mr.  G.  A,  Ilonty,  Mr. 
Coiilson  Kernahan,  Mr.  Arthur  Morrison, 
M.  Henri  van  Laun,  Mr.  Harrison  Weir, 
Mr.  J.  F.  Sullivan,  Mr.  Phil  May,  Mr. 
Yeend  King,  Sir  James  D.  Linton,  Mr.  W. 
Ivalston,  and  many  others.  The  first  volume 
of  '  The  Savage  Club  Papers  '  was  issued 
1868,  eleven  years  after  the  foundation 

a     second 

and  after 

years  this 

is    to    be 


m 

of     this     now     famous     club 

volume  was  published  in   1869; 

a  long  interval  of  twenty- eight 

the  third   representative  volume 

issued. 

We     hear     that    the    Oliver 
window    lately    subscribed    for 
successfully    inserted    in     the 
the   parish   in  which   the   poet 


Goldsmith 

has    been 

church    of 

born, 


was 


laiiterara  ^losstp. 

Mr.  Eossetti  has  for  some  time  past 
been  engaged  upon  a  new  book  of  the 
nature  of  a  family  record,  more  especially 
as  regards  his  brother  Dante  Gabriel  and 
his  sister  Christina.  It  comprises  extracts 
from  letters,  diaries,  and  similar  documents, 
with  remarks  by  the  author  and  surviving 
brother,  but  not  any  continuous  narrative. 
This  record  goes  up  to  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Dante  Eossetti  (born  Siddal)  in  February, 
1862,  and  in  due  time  it  will  be  published. 

It  is  projDOsed  provisionally  that  the 
following  maps  shall  be  included  in  the 
first  half  of  the  '  Historical  Atlas  of  Modern 
Eui'ope,'  now  being  issued  in  monthly  parts 
from  the  Clarendon  Press,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Dr.  E.  Lane-Poole  :  Germania  Sacra 
(showing  the  ecclesiastical  divisions  in  the 
Middle  Ages),  Germany  under  the  House 
of  Hohenstaufen,  and  Europe  at  the  time 
of  Otto  the  Great,  by  the  editor ;  Italy  in 
1454  and  the  House  of  Savoy  in  Italy,  by 
Miss  Ewart ;  Poland  after  the  Union  of 
Lublin,  by  Mr.  Nisbet  Bain ;  the  Byzantine 
Empire  in  the  tenth  century,  by  Prof.  Bury  ; 
Scotland  c.  1600,  by  Mr.  G.  Gregory  Smith ; 
England  in  Anglo  -  Saxon  times,  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Stevenson;  France  in  1259,  by  Mr. 
W.  E.  Ehodes  ;  and  Western  Asia,  showing 
the  Mohammedan  dynasties  in  the  tenth 
and  eleventh  centuries,  by  Mr.  Stanley 
Lane-Poole. 

Messrs.  HuxcniNsoN  &  Co.  have  in  the 
press  a  volume  entitled  '  The  Savage  Club 
Papers,'  which  they  have  had  in  hand  now 
for  nearly  two  years,  and  which  will  be 
ready  for  publication  in  about  a  fortnight. 
The  book  is  edited  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Muddock, 
and  will  contain  a  large  number  of  illus- 
trations produced  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Herbert  Johnson.  Beside  contributions  from 
the  editors,  there  will  be  papers  and  draw- 
ings from  the  pens  of  many  well-known 


and  is  the  admiration  of  every  one  who  has 
seen  it.  A  brass  is  to  be  fixed  in  the  wall 
beneath,  for  which  Prof.  Hales  has  been 
asked  by  the  local  committee  to  write  an 
inscription. 

The  first  results  of  the  scheme  for  train- 
ing secondary  teachers  at  Oxford  seem  to 
have  given  complete  satisfaction  to  its  pro- 
moters. The  lectures  arranged  by  Mr. 
Keatinge  for  the  Long  Vacation  course  have 
been  attended  by  thirteen  men  holding  the 
University  degree,  and  the  criticism  lessons 
appear  to  have  aroused  much  interest, 
not  incompatible  with  diversion.  The  new 
departure  is  regarded  as  a  distinct  success. 

It  is  a  noteworthy  outcome  of  the  Uni- 
versity Extension  movement  that  the  summer 
meetings  are  attended  by  an  annually  in- 
creasing number  of  students  from  foreign 
countries.  At  the  Oxford  meeting,  which 
came  to  an  end  last  week,  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  students — one-sixth  of  the 
total — came  from  the  British  colonies,  the 
United  States,  and  various  continental 
towns.  The  session  for  1898  will  open  in 
London  in  the  month  of  June,  and  will  con- 
clude at  Cambridge. 

Messrs,  Blackie  &  Son's  autumn  an- 
nouncements include  a  book  of  verses  for 
children,  entitled  '  Eed  Apple  and  Silver 
Bells,'  by  Hamish  Hendry,  which  will  be 
pictured  and  decorated  by  Miss  Alice  B. 
Woodward. 

Mr.  James  Bowden  has  in  the  press,  for 
publication  on  October  1st,  a  volume  entitled 
'  Victorian  Literature :  Sixty  Vears  of 
Books  and  Bookmen,'  bj'  Mr.  Clement  K. 
Shorter. 

Messrs.  William  Andrews  &  Co.  will 
publish  at  an  early  date  an  illustrated 
volume  under  the  title  of  '  Essex  in  the 
Days  of  Old,'  which  will  deal  with  the 
homes  and  haunts  of  several  well-known 
authors. 

The  distinguished  publisher  Alexander 
Duncker  has  just  died  at  Berlin,  where  he 
was  born  in  the  j'ear  1813.  He  was  the 
son  of  Karl  Duncker,  the  founder  of  the 
well-known  firm  of  Duncker  &  Humblot, 
and  brother  of  the  popular  politician 
Franz  Duncker,  who  died  in  1889.  Alex- 
ander Duncker  was  himself  a  literary  man, 
and  edited  the  political  correspondence  of 
Frederick  the  Great. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Leon 
Gautier,  who  had  a  wide  reputation  as  a 
palaeographer,  and  won  several  prizes  by 
his   studies   in  mediaeval  literature.     Born 


in  1 832,  ho  entered  the  Kcole  des  Chartes, 
whither,  after  accepting  a  post  as  archivist 
of  Haute  Marne  in  1855,  and  in  1859  an 
appointment  in  the  National  Archives,  he 
returned  as  Professor  of  Palaeography  in 
1871.  In  1887  he  took  the  place  of  M.  de 
Wailly  at  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  His 
edition  of  the  '  Chanson  de  Eoland '  is 
perhaps  his  best-known  work. 

Eita  writes  with  regard  to  our  review  of 
her  novel  '  Good  Mrs.  Hypocrite,'  pointing 
out  that  "  the  entire  facts  of  the  book  are 
true,  and  matters  of  which  I  have  had  a 
long  and  painful  experience."  We  cannot 
share  her  regret  that  we  do  not  know  the 
original  of  her  unpleasant  character. 

It  is  reported  that  the  formation  of  a 
Eussian  "Press  Association"  is  projected 
with  a  view  of  inducing  the  Government  of 
Eussia  to  relax  some  of  the  stringent  laws 
against  the  freedom  of  the  press.  Whether 
the  plan  will  receive  the  Government  sanc- 
tion is  very  doubtful. 


SCIENCE 


Weapons,  and 
By  Sir  John 


The  Ancient  Stone  Implements, 
Ornaments  of  Great  Britain. 
Evans.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

When  in  1872  Mr.  (now  Sir)  John  Evans 
brought  out  this  work,  it  deservedly  took 
the  foremost  place  in  the  literature  of  the 
subject.  This  comparatively  new  science 
had  been  known  only  for  a  short  time  as  the 
study  of  "prehistoric"  man.  The  intro- 
duction was  pervaded  with  a  truly  scientific 
spirit ;  the  main  body  of  the  work,  with  the 
large  number  of  beautiful  illustrations,  gave 
evidence  of  immense  industry  and  patient 
care  ;  and  as  his  concluding  words  claimed, 
the  author  had  "  fully  and  fairly  weighed 
the  facts  which  modern  discoveries  have 
unrolled." 

No   objection    to   this   claim   need   have 
been    made    in    the    edition   now    before 
us    had    the   author    rightly    utilized    his 
material,  but  from  the  inadequate  treatment 
of  the  vast  accumulation  of  evidence  during 
the  last  three  decades,  the   author  can  no 
longer  claim  that  he  has  "fully  and  fairly 
weighed  the  fac's."     The  doubtings  of  even 
a  little  St.  Thomas  (as  he  frequently  calls 
himself)  are  of  value  in  an  exact  science, 
but  with  a  branch  of  learning  which  has 
scarcely  passed   the    nebulous   stage,   it  is 
a    useful    scientific    quality   to    make    up 
one's  mind    as    far    as    one    can    on    the 
facts.     In  criminal  cases  the  Scotch  finding 
of    "not  proven"  possesses   the  virtue   of 
preserving  thelifeof  the  accused  while  friends 
and  foes  are  labouring  to  procure  further 
evidence.    But  in  the  case  of  human  origins 
this  verdict  tends  directly  to  the  destruction 
of  evidence,    some  of  which  can    never  be 
replaced    or    recovered.     No    harm   would 
have    occurred    if     Ciiarlesworth's     bored 
shark's- teeth  of  the  Crag  had  been  taken 
seriously  and   the   diggers  for   phosphates 
had   been    encouraged   to  look  keenly  for 
every  minute   trace  of   man    in  the  richly 
fossiliferous  beds  they  turned.     But   later 
workers  have  been  prevented,  from  noticing 
any  such  evidence  by   the  non  -  acceptance 
of     Charlesworth's    reasonings.     It    seems 
curious  that  scientific  men  of  high  distinc- 
tion   have  yet    to     learn    that    a    single 


\ 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


325 


mechanical  law  does  not  dominate  ever}^- 
thing.  A  strong  cord  can  be  made  from  a 
riglit  twistiug  of  many  fragile  threads. 
The  prejudiced  doublings  of  the  author  lead 
him  to  take  the  same  attitude  as  was  taken 
by  the  doubters  of  human  antiquity  Avith 
whom,  in  1872,  "he  felt  it  was  impossible 
not  to  sympathize,"  but  of  whose  doubtings 
twenty -five  years  later  he  writes  "  we  are  half 
inclined  to  sympathize."  Men  unwilling  to 
believe  in  the  vast  antiquity  of  man  differ 
little  from  men  who  cannot  accept  arrows 
unless  there  be  irrefutable  proof  produced 
of  bows. 

The  opinions  of  the  author  are  frequently 
badly  expressed,  sometimes  obscure,  vacil- 
lating, or  even  directly  contradictory.  In 
many  cases  the  want  of  logical  treatment  is 
painfully  felt.  If  we  turn  to  what  for  some 
generations  to  come  must  prove  one  of  the 
fundamental  princii)les  of  the  science,  and 
lead  to  much  discussion  prior  to  final  settle- 
ment, the  four  following  quotations  throw 
much  light  upon  the  general  character  of 
the  work  :  — 

"Should  authenticated  instances  of  the 
finding  of  celts  of  this  class  in  our  Southern 
counties  be  adduced,  they  will  be  of  interest  as 
affording  2yrimd  facie  evidence  of  intercourse 
with  the  Continent  at  an  early  period." 

"Curiously  enough,  identical  forms  have 
been  found  in  some  abundance  on  the  Vindliya 
Hills  and  the  Banda  district,  India ;  at  Helouan, 
Egypt,  in  France,  and  in  the  district  of  the 
Meuse,  Belgium.  Such  an  identity  of  form  at 
places  geographically  so  remote  does  not  imply 
any  actual  communication  between  those  who 
made  the  tools,  but  merely  shows  that  some  of 
the  requirements  of  daily  life,  and  the  means 
at  command  for  fulfilling  them,  being  the  same, 
tools  of  the  same  character  have  been  deve- 
loped, irrespective  of  time  or  space." 

"We  cannot  wonder  at  Dr.  Woodward's 
suggestion  that  the  first  model  of  flint  arrow- 
heads was  probably  brought  from  Babel  and 
preserved  after  the  dispersion  of  mankind.  To 
most,  however,  it  will  appear  that  this  general 
similarity  affords  another  proof  that  in  all  place>s, 
and  in  all  times,  similar  circumstances  and  similar 
wants,  with  similar  materials  only  at  command 
for  gratifying  them,  will  result  in  similar  con- 
trivances." 

Concerning  the  discoveries  of  Somaliland 
axes  Sir  John  goes  on  to  say  : — 

"  Their  great  interest  consists  in  the  identity 
in  form  of  the  implements  with  those  found  in  the 
Pleistocene  deposits  of  North-Western  Europe 
and  elsewhere.  Any  one  comparing  the  imple- 
ments from  such  widely  separated  localities,  the 
one  with  the  other,  must  feel  that  if  they  have 
not  been  actually  made  by  the  same  race  of  men, 
there  must  have  been  some  contact  of  the  closest 
kind  between  the  races  who  manufactured  im- 
plements of  such  identical  forms." 

It  is  not  difficult  to  account  for  the 
change  of  opinion  indicated  by  the  dif- 
ferences between  the  first  and  two  subse- 
quent paragraphs  quoted  ;  but  the  reversion 
is  incomprehensible.  It  cannot  be  an  un- 
corrected survival  from  the  first  edition, 
as  it  is  written  about  evidence  until  quite 
recently  unknown. 

We  have  noted  but  few  corrections  of  the 
first  edition,  wliile  the  additions  are  hardly 
satisfactory.  Not  a  single  change  is  made 
in  the  titles  of  the  twenty-five  chapters  nor 
in  any  of  the  divisions  of  the  book.  The 
commendable  plan  has  been  adopted  of 
reproducing  all  the  original  blocks  and  re- 
taining the  old  numbers.  This  saves  much 
confusion.     Nearly  seventy  new  stones    are 


figured,  distinguished  by  letters  affixed  to 
the  number  of  the  illustration  which  they 
most  closely  resemble.  Although  upwards 
of  five  hundred  plates  are  used,  nearly  all  of 
which  exhibit  British  stones,  many  distinc- 
tive types  are  still  practically  unrepre- 
sented. Four-fifths  of  the  cuts  are  taken 
from  stones  in  the  collection  of  the  author, 
and,  as  a  rule,  exceptionally  fine_  stones. 
Yet  if  the  principle  of  selection  is  supe- 
riority of  workmanship,  even  some  finer 
illustrations  than  these  were  available, 
while  a  truly  scientific  man,  following  the 
processes  of  psychological  development, 
would  have  along  with  these  preferred  to 
have  shown  a  series  of  imperfect,  defective, 
and  worn  stones.  The  excuse  given  by  the 
author,  "It  seems  hardly  worth  while  to 
figure  any  of  these  roughly  chipped  imple- 
ments," will  not  appeal  to  the  ardent  student. 
It  is  also  difficult  to  find  even  indirect 
reference  to  the  vast  amount  of  evidence 
still  surviving  of  the  stone  implements  used 
by  our  ancestors  prior  to  the  acquisition  of 
the  knowledge  and  skill  necessary  to  make 
or  fashion  stones  to  use.  Much  space  is 
taken  up  by  references  to  foreign  finds,  some 
of  which  are  scarcely  relevant,  whilst  no 
reference  is  made  to  some  weU-known  typical 
British  parallels. 

The  author  is  at  times  very  positive  in 
his  dogmatic  utterances.  In  some  of  these 
cases  it  would  be  interesting  to  know  upon 
what  facts  he  bases  his  assertions,  as,  for 
instance  : — 

"The  reason  why  bodies  were  interred  in 
that  posture  [contracted  position]  appears  to  be 
that  it  was  in  all  probability  the  usual  attitude 
of  sleep,  at  a  period  when  the  small  cloak  of  the 
day  must  generally  have  served  as  the  only 
covering  at  night." 

Mention  is  made  of  a  few  of  the  instances 
of  stone  implements  retaining  the  wooden 
and  other  handles,  or  of  celts  showing  still 
the  mark  of  their  hafts.  The  meagre  list 
given  could  readily  be  added  to.  A  fuller 
set  of  illustrations  would  also  be  of  use  in 
distinguishing  picks  from  chisels,  fabri- 
cators, and  celts.  Still  further  confusion 
in  the  minds  of  many  will  be  occasioned 
by  the  want  of  uniformity  of  scale  in  the 
cuts.  Some  are  given  full  size,  others  half 
or  two-thirds  ;  occasionally  these  differences 
occur  on  the  same  page. 

The  author's  descriptions  are  sometimes 
vague.  For  instance,  a  hammer- stone  is  de- 
scribed as  "  in  form  like  a  small  cheese."  The 
diameter  is  given  as  three  inches,  and  "the 
two  faces  are  perfectly  smooth  and  flat"; 
but  whether  the  stone  resembles  a  Stilton 
or  a  Camembert  is  left  to  the  imagination. 
Another  hammer-stone  "approximates  in 
form  to  the  pulley-like  stones  to  which  the 
name  of  sling-stones  has  been  given,  but 
the  use  of  which  is  at  present  a  mystery." 
Taking  the  large  and  interesting  class 
of  hammer-stones  and  mullers,  the  author 
says : — 

"  Stone  mullers  are  in  common  use  in  most 
countries  at  the  present  day,  for  grinding 
paint  and  similar  purposes.  They  occur  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  but  were  there,  no  doubt, 
originally  intended  for  other  uses." 

Still  more  curiously  of  one,  fig.  108a 
(obviously  a  sling  -  stone),  our  author 
quaintly  remarks,  "  They  may  be  hammer- 
stones,  but  show  no  traces  of  use."  Further 
the  opinion  is  expressed  : — 


"The  earliest  sling-stones  were,  no  doubt, 
like   those  used  by  David  against  Goliath,  the 

'smooth  stones  out  of  a  brook.' As  a  fact, 

however,  I  think  it  will  be  found  that  these 
flint  discs,  to  which  the  name  of  sling-stones  is 
applied,  are  most  abundant  in  those  districts 
where  natural  rolled  pebbles  happen  to  be 
scarce." 

Yet  the  upper  terrace  gravels  of  the  Thames 
Valley  contain  thousands  of  beautifully  made 
stones,  to  which  no  other  use  can  be  easily 
assigned,  and  they  occur  in  localities  in  rich 
abundance  where  the  gravels  largely  con- 
sist of  Weolwich  pebbles.  The  whole  chapter 
on  sling-stones  and  balls  is  unsatisfactory. 

In  dealing  with  cores,  a  class  probably 
as  abundant  and  interesting  as  hammer- 
stones,  scant  justice  is  given  to  the  material 
at  hand.  But  few  localities  in  which  these 
occur  are  named,  although  it  is  true  the 
author  remarks  of  flakes  (presumably  he 
includes  cores)  that  "  they  may  be  said  to 
be  ubiquitous."  Of  flakes,  simple  or 
worked,  the  places  of  discovery  referred  to 
are  numerous,  but  the  discoverers  in  some 
cases  are  strangely  omitted ;  for  instance, 
no  reference  is  made  to  that  praiseworthy 
collector  who  gathered  so  many  thousands 
together,  the  late  Mr.  Davies,  of  Walling- 
ford. 

Concerning  saws  Sir  John  is  very  un- 
happy. Much  imagination  is  needed  to 
accept  fig.  202.  Of  scrapers,  which  occur 
in  such  profusion  and  variety,  the  repre- 
sentation is  meagre  and  unsatisfactory.  It 
is  surprising  to  find  the  statement  in  the 
first  edition  repeated,  notwithstanding  the 
thousands  which  have  been  found  in  the 
Thames  Valley  gravels  : — 

"  Instruments  of  the  same  character  date 
back  to  very  remote  times,  as  numbers  have 
been  found  in  the  cave  deposits  of  the  reindeer 
period  of  the  South  of  France,  as  well  as  in  a 
few  of  our  English  bone  caves.  A  somewhat 
similar  form  occurs,  though  rarely  [?],  among 
the  implements  found  in  the  ancient  River 
Gravels." 

Many  of  the  borers  and  drills  figured 
could  not  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  drilling 
any  hard  material,  and  some  of  the  so-called 
arrow-heads  could.  Scant  reference  is  made 
to  the  use  of  sharp  pointed  tools  for  making 
ornamental  grooves  and  incisions. 

The  author  clearly  states  : — 

"There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  the 
human  race  will  eventually  be  proved  to  date 
back  to  an  earlier  period  than  the  Pleistocene 
or  Quaternary,  though  it  will  probably  not  be 
in  Europe  that  the  evidence  on  this  point  will 
be  forthcoming." 

Why  this  should  be  is  not  set  forth.  He 
takes  for  granted  equatorial  development, 
apparently  forgetting  the  condition  of  the 
Poles  prior  to  the  glacial  epoch. 

The  treatment  of  the  Drift,  and  of  every 
question  concerning  very  early  man,  is 
entirely  inadequate,  and  in  few  points 
brought  up  to  date.  Enough  has  been  said 
to  point  out  the  weaknesses  of  this  work  ; 
but  in  offering  necessary  criticism  we  must 
not  fail  to  note  the  enthusiasm  and  industry 
it  displays,  and  its  great  value  to^  the 
student  as  a  stepping  -  stone  to  higher 
things. 


326 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


AGRICULTURE  L   LITERATURE. 

The  history  of  shorthorn  cattle  has  had  a 
most  important  addition  made  to  it  by  tlie  issue 
of  tlie  massive  and  comprehensive  volume  from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  Cadwallader  John  Bates,  entitled 
Thoynas  Bates  and  the  Kirklevuigloih  ShorUiorns : 
a  Cvntrihidion  to  the  History  of  Pure  Durham 
Cattle  (Newcastle-on-Tyne,  lledpath),  and  the 
work  is  quite  of  a  superior  order.  The  subject- 
matter  is  valuable  and  interesting,  and  much  of 
it  quite  new.  It  has  been  selected  and  arranged 
with  skill,  and  the  whole  get-up  of  the  book — 
including  numerous  illustrations  of  early  short- 
horn and  Holstein  or  Dutch  cattle — is  fully 
up  to  date.  Its  object  is  to  collect  as  well 
as  to  amplify  the  information  in  the  pos- 
session of  shorthorn  breeders  relating  to  the 
most  numerously  represented  of  the  great 
branches  of  the  shorthorn  breed,  known  by 
the  familiar  name  of  Bates.  In  the  accomplish- 
ment of  this  aim  the  early  history  of  the  few 
famous  animals  from  which  all  the  best  short- 
horns have  sprung  has  been  concisely  and  attrac- 
tively stated.  A  glimpse  is  also  given  of  the 
pedigree  of  the  man  himself  who  did  so  much 
to  raise  the  importance  of  the  study  of  pedi- 
grees in  the  eyes  of  those  who  breed  not  only 
cattle,  but  all  classes  of  farm  live  stock. 
Thomas  Bates  was  a  fine  character,  and  he  came 
of  a  good  "stock  "  which  had  held  responsible 
positions  in  the  Border  country.  He  may  be 
said  to  have  been  reared  in  the  business  of 
cattle  breeding.  He  early  developed  an  in- 
stinctive fondness  for  the  higher  branches  of 
it,  and,  not  contented  with  the  local  experience 
which  he  could  acquire  practically,  he  secured 
and  perused  much  standard  literature  on  the 
subject  ;  and  at  the  age  of  thirty-five,  after  he 
had  been  many  years  a  tenant  farmer,  he 
repaired  for  two  winters  to  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,  where  among  other  well  -  selected 
subjects  he  studied  agriculture  under  Dr. 
Coventry,  a  man  of  erudition  and  an  authority 
on  the  principles  of  breeding.  Two  pages  of 
extracts  from  the  notes  taken  at  the  lectures 
of  the  learned  Professor  of  Agriculture  form 
both  interesting  and  instructive  reading.  Bates 
subsequently  writes  of  the  pleasure  and  profit 
which  he  derived  from  his  rather  unusual  course 
of  action.  The  book  is  one  which  should  prove 
a  practical  and  valuable  guide,  not  only  to 
shorthorn  breeders,  but  to  all  those  who  make 
the  breeding  of  any  class  of  farm  animals  a 
study,  a  hobby,  or  a  profession. 

The    English   version    of    The    Booh   of  the 
Dairy,    translated    from    the    German    of   W. 
Fleischmann,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of   Agriculture 
and    Director   of    the    Agricultural    Institute, 
Konigsberg  University,  by  Messrs.  C.  M.  Aik- 
man  and  II.   Patrick  Wright  (Blackie  &  Son), 
contf-ins  a  great  mass  of  valuable  information, 
but  to  a  student  of  dairying  desirous  of  ascertain- 
ing the  most  recent  developments  in  the  science 
or  the  practice  of  this  most  important  industry 
we   fear   it  will   prove   a   sad   disappointment. 
The   work,    though    large   and    comprehensive, 
is  a  selection  from  the  much  larger  work  of  a 
distinguished  German  professor,  and  its  transla- 
tion and  publication  have  been  delayed  until  it 
is  almost   time   for   the   appearance    of    a   new 
edition  of  the  original.     The  selection  has  not 
been  well  made,  and  the  translation  is  too  literal. 
It   would    have    been    better   worth    its   price 
(10s.  6c/.),  and  it  would  have  given  greater  con- 
fidence to  an  English  reader,  had  a  considerable 
proportion  of  matter  been  left  out  which  may 
relate   to   German,    but   is   inapplicable   under 
British  conditions.     The  work  is  undoubtedly 
strongest   on    the   scientific   or   chemical    side. 
How  weak  and  general  its  statements  become  at 
times  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  practical 
cowkeeper  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
quotation,  even  when  qualified  by  a  foot-note  : 
"Milk  cows  must  also  not  be  fed  with  beans, 
peas,  lupines,  pea-straw,  or  with  large  quantities 
of  barley-straw."      And    some  experts  will  no 


doubt  be  curious  to  know  under  what  conditions 
cows  were  kept  to  warrant  the  statement  that 
"  milk-fat  becomes  hard  in  its  texture  in  the 
case  of  feeding  with  peas,  vetches,  rye,  linseed 
cake,  cotton-seed  cake,  palm-cake,  and  palm-nut 
meal." 

Mr.  W.  J.  Maiden's  volume  on  Farm  Build- 
ings aiid  Economical  Ariricnltural  Appliances 
is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  agricultural  series 
of  handbooks  issued  by  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul 
&  Co.  It  is  written  by  one  who  shows  clearly 
that  he  understands  the  subject  with  which 
he  deals.  The  first  chapter  is  devoted  to 
general  considerations,  and  many  pointed  and 
useful  hints  are  given  regarding  the  necessity 
of  simplifying  the  farm  steadings  of  the  future 
to  suit  the  altered  circumstances  of  agriculture. 
Sound  general  principles  having  been  laid  down, 
chap.  ii.  deals  with  the  details  of  homesteads 
adapted  to  varying  conditions.  Chap.  iii.  is 
devoted  to  covered  yards  and  temporary  build- 
ings. The  remaining  three  chapters  treat  the 
subject  of  farmhouses  and  cottages,  including  a 
safe  and  abundant  water  supply,  machinery  for 
farm  buildings,  and  machinery  for  special  pur- 
poses. The  various  divisions  of  the  subject  are 
dealt  with  in  a  clear  and  forcible  style,  and  the 
book  is  one  which  cannot  fail  to  be  useful  alike 
to  the  student  and  to  the  farmer  who  con- 
templates the  building  of  farmyard  accommoda- 
tion. The  book  is  all  the  more  valuable  because 
there  are  few  standard  works  on  the  subject 
that  are  not  out  of  date. 


MEDICAL   BOOKS. 

A  Handbook  on  Leprosy.  By  S.  P.  Impey, 
M.D.  (Churchill.) — As  medical  superintendent 
of  the  Leper  Asylum  on  Robben  Island  Dr. 
Impey  had  large  opportunities  of  studying  the 
disease,  and  this  handbook  gives  the  result  of 
his  observations.  It  is  now  generally  accepted 
that  leprosy  is  due  to  the  presence  in  the  system 
of  a  specific  organism,  the  bacillus  leprie,  and 
this  organism  was  probably  introduced  into  the 
Cape  Colony  in  the  last  century  from  the  Dutch 
East  Indies.  The  first  recorded  cases  were 
those  of  two  Dutch  farmers  in  1756  ;  the  Colony 
now  contains  about  600  lepers,  of  whom  450  are 
segregated  on  Robben  Island.  The  Orange  Free 
State  has  about  150  and  the  Transvaal  about  60 
lepers,  while  the  total  number  in  the  South 
African  states  is  about  2,000.  With  regard  to 
the  communicability  of  the  disease  Dr.  Impey 
expresses  a  distinct  opinion  :  — 

"  Leprosy  is  spread  by  actual  contact  of  broken 
surfaces,  but  of  course  it  may  be  produced  by 
deliberate  or  accidental  iuoculation,  or  by  tlie 
bacilli  being  carried  from  a  leprous  sore  to  a 
healthy  wound  b)'  some  intermediate  body,  such 
as  the  handle  of  a  knife  or  instrument,  a  pipe,  or 
even  by  flies  or  other  insects,  or  by  vegetables  and 
fruits  previously  handled  by  lepers  with  open 
wounds.  The  bacillus  appears,  however,  to  be  a 
weak  one,  and  unless  the  medium  into  which  it  is 
introduced  is  in  every  way  suitable  for  its  reception 
and  growth,  it  will  die." 

It  is  some  consolation  to  know  that  absolute 
cleanliness  will  protect  those  heroic  persons  who, 
like  Father  Damien,  devote  themselves  to  the 
care  and  spiritual  consolation  of  lepers,  from  con- 
tracting the  disease.  Of  the  possibility  of  cure 
Dr.  Impey  is  certain,  although,  of  course,  a 
large  proportion  of  cases  are  incurable.  He 
givesa  full  description  of  the  symptoms,  varieties. 
and  treatment  of  leprosy,  while  photographs  of 
thirty-seven  cases  with  descriptive  notes  add 
much  to  the  value  of  this  book — one  of  the  best 
which  have  yet  appeared  in  English  on  leprosy. 

History  of  the  Cholera  Controversy.  By  Sir 
G.  Johnson,  M  D.  (Churchill.)— The  last  work 
of  any  man  of  science  must  always  have  interest 
for  the  scienti6c  world,  and  this  little  history, 
in  which  the  author  maintains  views  which  he 
had  held  for  more  than  forty  years,  was  scarcely 
finished  whenitsauthor'shonourableand  laborious 
career  came  to  an  end.  Sir  George  Johnson's 
views  were   fiercely  attacked   for   many  years. 


and  he  gives  the  history  of  these  attacks. 
Whether  the  best  po.ssible  treatment  of  cholera 
has  yet  been  discovered  seems  uncertain,  but 
for  the  present  at  least  his  statement  of  the 
condition  of  opinion  is  accurate  : — 

■'  the  final  result,  then,  of  the  cholera  controversy 
is  that  tlie  dehydration  theory  of  collapse  has  been 
replaced  by  one  more  in  accordance  with  facts  and 
with  physiology,  and  the  injurious  astringent  treat- 
ment has  been  superseded  by  the  beneficent  prin- 
ciple of  elimination.  In  other  words,  it  has  at  length 
come  to  be  generally  acknowledged  that  it  is  a  more 
rational  and  a  more  successful  practice  to  assist  than 
to  impede  the  ejection  of  a  morbid  poison." 
Besides  its  medical  value  this  little  book  has  a 
biographical  interest,  and  exhibits  with  singular 
clearness  the  firmness  of  opinion  and  enthusiasm 
for  his  subject  which  characterized  Sir  George 
Johnson's  whole  life. 

Kirkes'  Handbook  of  Physiology.     By  W.  D. 
Halliburton,    M.D.,    F.R.S.     (Murray.)  —  Dr. 
William  Baly  in  1837    published  a  translation 
of  the  '  Physiology  '  of  Johannes   Miiller  which 
at  once  superseded  the  '  Elementary  System  of 
Physiology  '  of  Dr.   John  Bostock,   which  had 
from  1824  been  the  chief  text-book  of  physiology 
in    use    in   England.       In  a   later    edition   Dr. 
Kirkes  was  associated  with  Baly,  and  in  1848 
he  published  the  first  edition  of  the  '  Handbook 
of  Physiology  '  which  still  bears  his  name.     It 
was  an  admirable  book  for  students  of  medicine, 
written   by  an  accomplished  physician,   and  in 
close  relation   to  those  physiological    problems 
which  are  most  prominent  in  the  wards  of   a 
hospital.     Sir  James  Paget  was  thanked  by  Dr. 
Kirkes  for  his  aid  in  the  preparation  of  the  first 
edition  of  the  book,  and  Sir  William  Savory  for 
his  help  in  the  fourth.     In  1867  Mr.  William 
Morrant  Baker  brought  out  a  sixth  edition,  and 
many  others  appeared  under  his  revision.     He 
was  succeeded  as  editor  by  Dr.  Vincent  Dormer 
Harris.  These  editors,  though  competent  teachers 
of  elementary  physiology,  were  not  wholly  de- 
voted to  that  science  ;   one  was  a   surgeon  in 
considerable   practice,   the   other  a    physician, 
and    both   were   anxious   to    escape    from   the 
physiological    laboratory    to     the     bedside    of 
patients.      At   the   same    time    the    enormous 
progress  of  physiology  had  made  it  impossible 
for  any  man  to  teach  the  subject  who  was  not 
wholly  devoted  to  it.    The  '  Handbook  '  suffered  : 
it  became  longer  and  less  clear,   more  full  of 
examination  details,  and  less  interesting  to  an 
intelligent  student.    It  ceased  to  be  the  original 
work  of  a  thoughtful  mind,  and  became  more 
and   more    in    each  edition    a    mere   laborious 
compilation.     The  editors,  though  able,  pains- 
taking,  and   industrious    men,    had    not   their 
hearts  in  physiology,  and  though  many  students 
passed   examinations   by  reading   the   book,  it 
may   be    doubted   whether    it    interested    any 
student   in   physiology,    or    advanced     in    any 
way    the    real    study    of    the    subject.      Few 
English  physiologists    express   themselves  con- 
cisely, and  most  of  the  authoritative   treatises 
on  the  subject  are  too  large  to  be  mastered  in 
the  brief  period  of  a  medical  education  which 
can  be  devoted  to  that  branch  of  medicine.     A 
thorough  modern  treatise  of  the  size  of '  Kirkes' 
Handbook  '  was  needed,  and  the  publisher  has 
shown  wisdom  in  having  the  book  completely 
rewritten  while  retaining  its  original  form  and 
size.     The  new  edition  is  called  the  fourteenth, 
but  is   really  almost  a  new  book.     Its    author 
is  one  of  the  best  English  physiologists,  and  his 
version  of  '  Kirkes'  Handbook  of  Physiology  ' 
is    excellent,  and   will    probably    be   the   text- 
book of  medical  students  in  London  for  many 
years  to  come. 

Records  of  the  Miller  Hospital  and  Royal  Kent 
Dispensary.  By  John  Poland,  F.R.C.S.  (Green- 
wich, Richardson.) — The  Kent  Dispensary  was 
founded  in  1783,  and  in  1883  the  Miller  Memorial 
Hospital  was  built  in  connexion  with  the  dis- 
pensary, and  in  memory  of  Dr.  Miller,  Rural 
Dean  of  Greenwich,  and  the  originator  of  the 
Hospital  Sunday  Fund.  This  large  quarto 
volume  contains  an  account  of  all  the  subscrip- 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


327 


tions,  meetings,  dinners,  speeches,  and  officials, 
given,  held,  eaten,  made,  and  appointed  at  both 
institutions,  and  will  no  doubt  be  of  use  to 
future  historians  of  the  district.  Holinshed 
and  Stow  are  brief  compared  to  the  voluminous 
chroniclers  of  local  contemporary  events.  It  is 
interesting  to  observe  that  while  every  word  of 
the  speeches  of  the  local  magnates  is  reported, 
a  few  lines  are  sufficient  to  record  the  scientitic 
remarks  of  Prof.  John  Marshall,  F.R.S.,  the 
ingenious  designer  of  the  circular  system  of 
wards  adopted  in  the  hospital.  The  local  joke 
of  calling  inhabitants  of  the  neighbouring  dis- 
trict "  blackheathens  "  may  be  discovered  on 
one  page,  while  on  another  is  the  record  of  the 
election  of  an  honorary  cupper  in  1837,  an  office 
now  altogether  obsolete  in  hospitals.  Apart 
from  lists  of  local  names  and  a  few  passages 
illustrating  the  life  or  manners  of  the  time,  the 
book  has  no  general  interest,  and  is  devoid  of 
literary  merit. 

THE    CALCULUS   FOK   ENGINEERS. 
Broadway  Chambers,  Westminster,  Aug.  25,  1897. 

In  the  Athenceum  for  August  7th  I  saw 
noticed  two  books  on  the  above  subject,  by 
Prof.  Perry  and  Prof.  Smith  respectively,  and 
as  the  notice  appeared  to  be  on  the  whole 
favourable,  and  as  I  have  for  many  years  found 
the  AthencBum  appreciations  of  books  both  inde- 
pendent and  sound,  I  immediately  ordered  these 
volumes  of  my  bookseller,  and  have  since  had 
an  opportunity  of  looking  into  them.  I  must 
confess  to  having  experienced  much  disappoint- 
ment with  Prof.  Smith's  work.  The  first  puzzle 
which  it  presented  was  to  find  out  who  had 
written  it.  Taking  the  title-page  and  preface  in 
good  faith,  I  went  on  to  peruse  what  I  under- 
stood to  be  his  book  ;  but  on  p.  3  I  came  upon 
these  words  :  "The  part  of  the  book  which  is 
looked  upon  by  its  authors  as  the  most  im- 
portant and  the  most  novel  is  the  last."  This 
language  certainly  seems  to  imply  that  the  book 
has  more  than  one  author  ;  unless,  indeed,  this 
be  only  a  loose  and  confusing  way  of  referring 
again  to  that  co-operation  of  Mr.  Muirhead 
which  is  mentioned  in  the  preface.  But  as  that 
gentleman  is  there  mentioned  only  as  having 
co-operated  in  the  arrangement  and  develop- 
ment of  "a  set  of  eleven  classified  tables,"  one 
hardly  expected  to  find  him  spoken  of  as  one  of 
"its  authors, ".more  especially  as  the  title-page 
conveys  no  suggestion  of  dual  authorship. 

The  next  puzzle  one  encountered  was  how  it 
became  possible  for  a  man  who  has  any  true 
apprehension  of  the  first  principles  involved  in 
the  mathematics  of  engineering  to  suppose  for 
a  moment  that  a  student  who  finds  it  difficult  to 
understand  what  is  meant  by  infinity  and  zero, 
and  the  doctrine  of  limits  generally,  is  to  have 
his  path  smoothed  for  him,  or  his  mastery  of 
scientific  work  simplified,  by  the  introduction  of 
the  idea  of  a  gradient,  with  all  those  attendant 
troubles  which  the  author  can  neither  conceal 
nor  evade.  The  gradient  or  slope  idea  is  useful, 
no  doubt,  for  illustrative  purposes,  but  that  is 
all  for  which  I  can  see  its  utility.  The  author, 
however,  seems  to  see  a  wondrous  value  in  it, 
and  falls  foul  of  the  ordinary  mathematicians  in 
several  ways  and  at  several  times  on  account  of 
the  ordinary  systems  of  study,  alleging  that 
their  "  infinity  "  and  their  "  zero"  do  not  exist, 
and  that  they  are  "merely  word  -  symbols  to 
indicate  the  directions  in  which  very  large 
things  and  very  small  things  vanish  beyond  the 
range  of  our  perceptions,  as  they  grow  larger 
and  smaller."  I  cannot  but  sympathize  with 
the  students  who  have  to  trust  to  such  teaching 
as  this — teaching  well  calculated,  I  fear,  to  con- 
fuse and  to  obfuscate  even  clever  youths.  Why, 
I  should  like  to  ask,  for  example,  is  the  centre 
of  a  circle  (which  geometrically  is  certainly  a 
mathematical  point,  of  zero  dimensions  or  parts) 
— why  is  this  centre  said  ' '  to  vanish  beyond 
the  range  of  our  perceptions  "  ?  If  it  vanishes 
beyond     the     range     of     our    perceptions,    it 


certainly  does  not  vanish  beyond  the  range  of 
our  "  conceptions,"  for  it  is  much  more  easy  to 
conceive  of  a  circle  as  having  a  geometrical 
point  for  its  centre  than  as  having  a  substantial 
point  such  as  can  be  made  with  a  pen  or  pencil. 
For  once  think  of  the  centre  of  the  circle  as 
being,  say,  a  substantial  spot,  or  a  visible 
mark,  or  a  tiny  circle  itself,  and  the  swift 
imagination  of  any  youth  fit  to  study  mathe- 
matics at  all  will  see  that  the  spot,  or  mark, 
or  circle  covers  many  points  besides  the  true 
centre,  and  will  indst  on  conceiving  the 
position  which  the  true  centre  must  occupy. 
I  have  studied  with  many  youths ;  I  have 
trained  others  ;  I  have  lectured  to  not  a 
few  ;  I  have  examined  the  trained  students 
of  naval  architecture  and  engineering  for 
years  together,  but  never  once  have  I 
come  across  any  student  who  had  any  diffi- 
culty in  understanding  that  the  centre  of  a 
circle  is,  and  must  be,  an  invisible  position, 
without  magnitude  or  surface  of  its  own. 
Around  this  mathematical  centre  the  imagina- 
tion readily  sweeps  the  true  circle  which  the 
pen  or  pencil  can  but  roughly  represent,  but 
which  the  mind  conceives  with  a  certainty  as 
great  as,  and  a  sense  of  truth  immeasurably 
greater  than,  any  instrument  or  implement  of 
man  can  depict.  I  know  that  men  of  ability, 
but  devoid  of  mathematical  training,  have 
preached  the  contrary  doctrine.  John  Stuart 
Mill,  if  I  remember  rightly,  avowed  himself 
incapable  of  conceiving  a  line  which  had  no 
breadth.  Every  line  that  we  know  of,  said  he, 
has  some  breadth,  however  small.  But  the 
true  and  sufficient  answer  to  this  was  given 
by  a  schoolmate  of  my  own,  fifty  years  ago. 
"Let  Mr.  Mill,"  said  he, 

"conceive  his  line  which  has  breadth,  and  in  so 
doing  he  must  inevitably  conceive  of  two  boundaries 
to  that  breadth,  and  these  boundaries  are  the 
mathematician's  lines,  so  that  Mr.  Mill,  in 
attempting  to  prove  that  no  mathematical  Hue  can 
be  coiiceive<l  by  him,  shows  clearly  that  he  can 
conceive  of  two,  and  of  something  else  besides, 
viz.,  the  breadth  that  lies  between  them." 

But  Prof.  Smith,  while  denouncing  "in- 
finity"  and  "  zero  "  as  mere  word-symbols— as 
if  any  words  were  more  than  mere  symbols  ! — 
adopts  the  idea  of  a  "gradient"  as  something 
fundamental,  and  adapted  to  the  capacities  of 
students  who  cannot  understand  what  is  meant 
by  "zero"  and  "infinity";  and  he  very  soon 
finds  himself  (as  he  was  certain  to  do)  landed  in 
difficulties  of  a  most  serious  character,  and  in 
the  employment  of  the  very  word  "infinite" 
itself  in  connexions  which  seem  to  me  to  be 
confused,  unreal,  and  repugnant  to  reason. 
One  of  his  applications  of  this  word  is  to  his 
gradient,  or  slope,  and  we  have  on  p.  9  a 
definition  of  "infinite  gradient,"  and  on  p.  23 
a  paragraph  on  "integration  through  infinite 
gradient."  His  idea  of  an  "  infinite  gradient  " 
seems  to  be  that  of  a  vertical  line  as  compared  with 
a  horizontal  one.  But  as  this  no  doubt  appears 
even  to  him  a  very  extraordinary  use  of  terms, 
he  accounts  for  it  in  the  following  manner. 
Referring  to  certain  points  in  a  diagram  repre- 
senting a  section  of  a  hilly  country,  at  each  of 
which  points  there  is  "a  sharp  corner  in  the 
outline  of  the  section,"  or  "  a  sudden  change  or 
break  of  gradient,"  he  goes  on  to  say  : — 

"Under  J,  the  face  being  vertical,  the  gradient 
is  commonly  said  to  be  '  infinite.'  At  each  of  the 
sharp  points  I,  J,  K,  S,  T,  U,  the  variation  of 
gradient  being  sudden,  the  rate  of  variation  becomes 
'infinite.'  More  convctly  expressed,  there  exists 
no  gradient  at  J  ;  and  at  I,  J.  K,  &c.,  there  are  no 
rates  of  variation  of  gradient." 

In  this  new  and  improved  system  therefore 
we  find,  not  that  the  words  "infinity"  and 
"  zero  "  have  been  banished,  but  that  they  have 
been  put  to  novel  and  surprising  uses,  for  here 
we  are  told— in  the  paragraph  just  quoted— that 
the  gradient  is  commonly  said  to  be  "infinite  " 
where — and  apparently  because  — it  does  not 
exist  at  all  !  Similarly,  the  author  tells  us  on 
his    own   authority — and   not    as    "commonly 


said  "  this  time— that  at  all  the  points  marked 
with  capital  letters  the  "rate  of  variation  of 
gradient  becomes  infinite,"  although  "  there 
are  no  rates  of  variation  of  gradient "  at  all  ! 
I  hardly  know  how  to  speak  with  respect  of 
such  reasonings,  especially  when  addressed  to 
students,  and  more  especially  when  put  forward 
with  the  claim  that  they  are  in  substitution  of 
the  accepted  reasonings  of  the  master  minds 
alike  of  mathematics  and  engineering.  For  my 
part  I  can  put  no  meaning  whatever  into  the 
words  "infinite  gradient."  I  do  not  see  how 
a  gradient  can  ever  become  infinite  ;  nor  do 
I  see  why  the  relation  of  a  vertical  line 
to  a  horizontal  one  is  to  be  called  infinite, 
merely  because  a  person  chooses  to  call  it;  a 
gradient,  and  to  represent  it  by  a  fraction  with 
a  zero  denominator.  Least  of  all  do  I  see  why 
things  which  avowedly  do  not  exist  at  all  become 
infinite  by  virtue  of  their  non-existence. 

Another  puzzle  is  to  find  out  how  a  man  of 
Prof.  Smith's  accomplishments,  even  under  the 
self-imposed  necessity  of  avoiding  as  much  as 
possible  the  word  "infinity,"  can  content  him- 
self with  demonstrations  which  altogether  and 
manifestly  fail  of  their  object.  Let  me  take, 
for  example,  his  method  of  finding  the  area 
of  a  circle  or  of  a  sectional  part  of  a 
circle.  He  here  takes,  in  the  first  step  of  his 
argument,  the  well-known  elementary  triangle 
having  the  centre  of  the  circle  for  its  apex,  and 
a  very  short  tangent  for  its  base.  He  admits 
that  the  area  of  this  elementary  triangle  is 
greater  than  it  would  be  were  the  arc  its  base. 
He  then  proceeds  :  — 

"The  series  of  bases  form  a  connected  chain  of 
very  short  tangents  lying  outside  of  the  arc  AB.  As 
the  individual  links  of  this  ciiain  become  shorter, 
and  the  total  number  of  them  correspondingly 
greater,  the  sum  of  their  lengths  becomes  equal  to 
the  arc  length  AB  with  closer  and  closer  approxima- 
tion, and,  at  the  same  time,  the  sum  of  the  triangular 
areas  equals  that  of  the  circular  sector  ABO  with 
closer  and  closer  approximation." 
So  far  we  need  not  differ.    But  now  he  adds  : — 

"Thus,  taking  the  arcs  minutely  short,  and  call- 
ing the  arc  length  AB  by  the  letter  p,  we  find 
circular  sectorial  area=^  r,  p." 
Now  this  is,  to  my  mind,  absolutely  erroneous, 
and  most  misleading  to  any  student  capable  of 
being  misled.  It  is  not  by  taking  the  arcs 
"  minutely  short "  that  the  identity  between  the 
tangent  and  the  arc  is  secured.  You  may  take 
them  as  minutely  short  as  the  author  pleases, 
and  they  will  still,  if  finite,  differ  from  the 
tangents,  and  will  still  leave  the  latter  only 
closely  approximating  to  the  tangents.  It  is 
only  when  the  tangents  are  infinite  in  number, 
and  therefore  infinitely  short,  that  the  mind 
recognizes  the  identity  or  admits  the  argument. 
A  "minutely  short"  tangent  seems  to  me  to 
signify  a  line  clearly  distinguishable  in  the 
mind  from  the  arc,  whereas  an  "  infinitely 
short "  tangent  is  assuredly  indistinguishable 
from  the  arc  ;  and  it  is  precisely  to  this  identity 
of  the  two  that  all  the  talk  about  approximation 
and  closer  approximation  is  designed  to  finally 
lead. 

The  same  kind  of  thing  affects  most  of  the 
later  demonstrations  of  the  book,  which  would 
have  possessed,  I  believe,  far  greater  value  had 
this  idle  effort  to  avoid  the  words  "infinity" 
and  "zero"  never  been  made.  I  for  one  am 
not  prepared  to  sanction  the  dissemination  of 
substitutes  for  them  which  are  not  only  insuf- 
ficient, but  inaccurate,  and  calculated  to  intro- 
duce confusion  and  mental  embarrassment  where 
no  necessity  for  them  exists.  In  Prof.  Perry's 
work  on  p.  22  the  author  says  truly  enough  : 
"Surely  there  is  no  such  great  difficulty  in 
catching  the  idea  of  a  limiting  value Every- 
body uses  the  important  idea  of  a  limit  every 
day  of  his  life."  It  is  this  "  idea  of  a  limit" 
which  necessitates  the  use  of  "infinity"  and 
"zero,"  and  the  substitution  for  them  of  other 
words  which  only  imply  greatness  or  minute- 
ness is  quite  incompatible  with  that  idea 
itself. 


328 


THE     ATHEN.EUM 


N°3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


Another  objection  -wliich  I  feel  to  Prof. 
Smith's  work  arises  from  his  introduction  of  a 
nomenclature  and  symbolism  greatly  at  ^'ariance 
with  that  of  standard  works.  When  a  young 
fellow  is  called  upon  by  the  accidents  or  circum- 
stances of  his  life  to  study  the  differential  and 
integral  calculus  and  their  applications  to 
engineering,  it  is  hard  upon  him  for  his  teacher 
to  make  use  of  symbols  and  formul.ie  which  will 
be  of  little  or  no  use  to  him  should  he  afterwards 
come  to  study  standard  works.  Moreover,  the 
author  appears  to  me  to  have  made  a  most 
unfortunate  choice  of  symbols,  for  where  it  is 
both  usual  and  desirable  to  employ  dissimilar 
letters  in  expressions  that  are  in  common  use  he 
has  chosen  very  similar  letters,  which  in  pen- 
and-ink  work  it  would  be  difficult  to  write  with 
sufficient  distinctness  from  each  other. 

I  regret  the  necessity  of  having  to  find  so  much 
fault  with  a  work  that  is  well  intended  and  must 
have  cost  its  author  much  labour  ;  but  my  excuse 
is  that  I  fear  such  works  as  this  may  not  only 
fail  to  fulfil  the  object  of  helping  young  engineers 
to  make  a  short  cut  to  the  solution  of  problems 
involving  the  use  of  the  calculus,  but  may  also 
initiate  them  into  loose  and  slovenly  methods  of 
thought,  and  make  their  studies  vastly  more 
laborious  than  is  at  all  necessary. 

Prof.  Perry's  work  requires  more  attention 
than  I  have  yet  been  able  to  give  to  it,  and  I 
therefore  refrain  from  recording  the  impressions 
I  have  already  formed  respecting  it. 

E.  J.  Reed, 

ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Astronomical  attention  is  now  being  largely 
directed  to  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  which 
is  to  take  place  in  India  on  January  22nd  next. 
The  importance  of  these  phenomena  has  led  in 
England  to  the  appointment  of  a  permanent 
body  to  organize  their  observation,  bearing  the 
long  name  of  "Joint  Permanent  Eclipse  Com- 
mittee of  the  Royal  Society  and  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society."  For,  as  Mr.  Maunder  remarks 
in  an  interesting  article  in  the  '  Publications  of 
the  Astronomical  Society  of  the  Pacific  '  on  the 
preparations  now  being  made  in  England  for 
the  observation  of  the  forthcoming  eclipse,  con- 
tinuity in  the  successive  schemes  is  of  great 
importance,  and  "if  we  are  to  get  the  maximum 
result  from  the  brief  moments  of  totality 
afforded  us  at  such  long  intervals,  then  the 
operations  to  be  undertaken  at  any  one  eclipse 
must  bear  the  strictest  relation  to  the  work  done 
at  the  eclipses  that  have  gone  before,  and  to  the 
work  proposed  for  those  that  will  follow."  The 
stations  at  present  intended  to  be  occupied 
during  the  Indian  eclipse  at  the  instance  of  the 
Committee  are  three  in  number — Prof.  Sir  J. 
Norman  Lockyer  and  Mr.  Fowler  will  be 
stationed  near  Ratnagore,  on  the  west  coast ; 
the  Astronomer  Royal,  Prof.  Turner,  and  Dr. 
Common  are  to  take  up  a  position  near  where 
one  of  the  two  main  lines  of  railway  from  Bom- 
bay through  Poona  (the  Southern  Mahratta 
and  the  Great  Indian  Peninsular  Railway)  is 
crossed  by  the  shadow-track  of  the  eclii^se  ;  and 
Mr.  Newall  will  proceed  to  Wardha,  on  the 
Great  Indian  Peninsular  Railway  from  Bombay 
to  Nagpur,  where  he  proposes  to  use  a  large 
slit  spectroscope  with  two  prisms  of  sixty-two 
degrees  in  an  attempt  to  determine  the  speed 
of  rotation  of  the  corona  by  the  relative  dis- 
placements of  its  lines  as  observed  east  and 
west  of  the  sun. 

The  small  planet.  No.  354,  which  was  dis- 
covered by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on  January  17th, 
1893,  has  been  named  Eleanora  ;  and  No.  41G, 
discovered  by  the  same  astronomer  on  May  4th, 
1896,  has  received  the  designation  Vaticana. 

Dr.  Gill,  Her  Majesty's  Astronomer  at  the 
Cape,  has  a  paper  on  southern  variable  stars  in 
Ast.  Nach.  No.  3441,  in  which  he  states  that 
Prof.  Kapteyn  has  from  time  to  time  for- 
warded to  him  lists  of  stars  suspected  to  be 
variable,  or  of  which  the  magnitudes,  as  esti- 
mated by  different  observers,  disagree  consider- 


ably. Amongst  these  Mr.  Innes  has  lately 
been  able  to  prove  that  four  are  really  variable, 
one  of  which,  situated  in  the  constellation 
Piippis,  changes  between  the  magnitudes  6  8 
and  7 '8,  and  has  a  period  of  about  forty-five 
days. 

We  learn  from  the  September  number  of  the 
Observatory  that  the  opening  ceremonies  of  the 
new  Yerkes  Observatory  are  now  fixed  for  the 
five  days  from  October  18th  to  22nd.  The  formal 
presentation  by  Mr.  Yerkes  (who  is  at  present 
in  Europe),  and  the  acceptance  by  the  President 
of  Chicago  University,  are  to  take  place  on  the 
last  but  one  of  those  days,  October  21st. 


FINE    ARTS 


Jahrhucli   der   Koniglich   Preussischen  Kunst- 

sammlungen.     (Berlin,  Grote.) 
The  obituary  notices  of  Curtius  and  of  Carl 
Humann  are  a  sad  feature  of   the  seven- 
teenth  volume   of    the    year-book    of    the 
Prussian    art    collections.       To     Humann, 
whose  labours — seconded  by  Bohn,  Fabri- 
cius,  and  other  younger  men — were  shared 
by  his  devoted  wife,  must  be  ascribed  the 
chief  honours  of  the  ever  memorable  exca- 
vations at  Pergamus ;  and  great  have  been 
the  services  rendered  to    classical   archteo- 
logy  by  Ernst  Curtius !      Greatest   of   all, 
perhaps,  was  the  formation  on  its  present 
basis  of   the   Berlin  Museum   of   Classical 
Antiquities.       To     this    end   the    powerful 
and    enlightened  support  of   the   regretted 
Emperor     Frederick     largely    contributed. 
The    conception  of   a  museum  by  Curtius, 
as  "  a  place  in  which  the  spirit  should  find 
strength  for  a  wider  range,  as  well  as  the 
just  measure   by  which   to   determine   the 
relations  of  things  present,"  was  the  outline 
only  for  facts  accumulated  with  the  utmost 
zeal    and   subjected   to    the   most    rigorous 
criticism.       Curtius    inspired    the    younger 
men  who    grouped   themselves   about   him 
with  a   passion   like   to    his    own.      There 
is  a  lesson  to   be  learnt,  in   the  notice  of 
his   life  by  Dr.  Richard  Schone,  from  the 
passage  in  which  he  tells  us  that  if  Curtius 
did  not  himself  put  his  hand  to  the  pro- 
duction of  the  learned  catalogue  necessary 
to  the  right  use  of  the  collections,  it  was 
only  because  his  occupations,  as  Professor 
of  Archasology  and  in  connexion  with  his 
great  literary  works,  forbade  the  attempt, 
for    he    did    not    share     the    shortsighted 
contempt  for  such  laborious  work  which  is 
too  common.      On  the  contrary,  he  looked 
on  it  as  of  the  highest  importance,  and  pro- 
moted in  this  way,  as  far  as  he  could,  the 
usefulness  of  the  national  collections.     Any 
one    who    knows    the    inside     of     foreign 
museums — the  care  taken  to  set  apart  rooms 
for   the    studies    which   must   be  regularly 
pursued  by  those  in  charge  if  the  collections 
amassed  are  to  be  anything  but  an  unin- 
telligible treasure  heap — will  contrast   the 
advantages  enjoyed  by  the  Prussian  official 
with  the  stupid  illiberality  which  renders 
at  least  one  of  our  most  important  museums 
a  byword  in  Europe.     At  South  Kensington 
we  have  stored  wealth  which,  if   properly 
handled   and    understood,    might   not   only 
bear  world-wide  witness  to  our  intelligence, 
but  would  be  capable  of  rendering  signal 
services   to    the    comnaercial    prosperity    of 
Great  Britain.      As  it   is,  the  officials  are 
without  the  means  for  study,  and  the  proper 
significance   of    the    collections    is   further 


obscured  by  their  attachment  to  a  ridiculous 
system  of  so-called  art  teaching — supposed 
to  be  applicable  to  everything,  and,  in 
reality,  adapted  precisely  to  nothing ;  but 
this  is  not  the  place  to  speak  at  length  of 
these  things. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  of  the  various 
articles  devoted  to  the  section  of  Italian  art 
— and  these  are  the  most  numerous  in  the 
present  volume — is  that  in  which  Dr.  Carl 
Frey  treats  of  an  early  project  by  Michael 
Angelo,  in  the  GaUeria  Buonarroti,  for  the 
Medici  tombs  in  the  Sacristy  of  San  Lorenzo, 
on  which   the  sculptor   has   noted  a  frag- 
mentary poetical  dialogue   between   Night 
and  Day.      This  dialogue  has  not  only  a 
certain  suggestive  beauty  of  its  own,  but, 
appearing  as  it  does  side  by  side  with  the 
drawing,   is  full   of   significance  regarding 
the  curious  duality  of  the  creative  faculty, 
at  a  certain  point  in  his  career,  so  strongly 
marked  in  this  great  master.     The  intricate 
complications  which   preceded   and   accom- 
panied  the   erection   of    these    tombs    are 
handled  by  Dr.  Frey  for  the  first  time  with 
something  like  thoroughness  and  complete- 
ness, and  his  conclusions,  if  they  cannot  be 
regarded  as  final,  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration by  any  future  writer.     They  are 
supported  by  documents  from  the  Archivia 
Buonarroti   which    are    of    great   interest. 
These   have   been    arranged   in   a   chrono- 
logical register  which  covers  the  years  1513 
to    1563.      Independently  of    its   value    in 
determining  the  date  of  the  project  under 
consideration,  which  Dr.  Frey  takes  to  be- 
long to  the  earliest  group  of  sketches  for 
the  tombs,  this  register  contains  so  much. 
matter  which,  if  not  actually  new,  is  brought 
into  wholly  new  relations,   that    it   should 
be  consulted  by  every  student  of  Michael 
Angelo's  work  and  life.     Another  only  less 
distinguished  Florentine,  Piero  di  Cosimo, 
the  teacher  of  Era  Bartolommeo  and  Alberti- 
nelli,    of    Andrea    del    Sarto    and    Jacopo 
Pontormo,  is  the  subject  of  careful  study 
by    Dr.    Hermann     IJlmann.       He    writes 
specially  of  a  work  of  extraordinary  interest^ 
a  painting  which   bears   both   a  signature 
and  a  date.     "Pier  di  Cosimo  1480"  can 
be  read  on  a  painting  of  the  Coronation  of 
the  Virgin  which  hangs  in  the  choir  of  the 
church  of  San  Francisco  on  the  heights  of 
Fiesole.      The  inscription,   which  is   under 
the  frame,  was  first  read  by  Euhmohr,  but 
he  omitted  to  mention  the  subject  of   the 
work  on  which  it  occurred,  and  consequently 
the  matter  escaped  the  notice  of  Crowe  and 
Cavalcaselle.     The  picture  shows,  according 
to   Dr.  Ulmann,   scarcely   any   likeness   to 
the  style  of  Cosimo  Eoselli — although  the 
painter  was  then  actually  working  in  his 
atelier — and  he  points  out  the  peculiar  value 
of  the  early  date  occurring  on  it,  since  it 
may  prove  to  be  the   foundation  stone  on 
which  we  can  proceed  to  construct  a  stable 
theory  as  to  the  course  of  Piero  di  Cosimo 
and  the  development  of  his  art.     Hitherto 
we  have  had  nothing  certain  to  go  upon — 
only  Vasari's  gossip  about  his  work   and 
life. 

"With  Dr.  Jacobsen's  articles  on  the 
painters  of  Brescia  we  turn  from  Florence 
to  the  Lombard  School.  These  articles  are 
full  of  minute  corrections  of  details,  none  the 
less  important,  however,  because  minute. 
Vincenzo  Foppa  the  elder  was,  we  learn, 
born  at  Brescia  and  not  at  Foppa,  as  Crowe 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  .^  U  M 


329 


and  Cavalcaselle  have  it,  a  fact  which  ex- 
plains how  it  is  that  so  little  of  his  work  is 
to  be  found  at  Foppa.     From  the  numerous 
paintings  by  him  to  be  seen  in  the  galleries 
of   Milan,    Dr.    Jacobsen    has    selected   for 
illustration  the  beautiful  Madonna  of   the 
Museo  Artistico    Municipale  and    the   por- 
trait of  a   nobleman   in   the   Poldi-Pezzoli 
collection.     We   note  also  in  passing  that 
he  is  of  opinion  that  the  '  Adoration  of  the 
Magi '    in  the  National    Gallery  should  be 
ascribed  rather  to  Foppa  than  to  Bramantino. 
From  Foppa,  the  founder  of  the  Lombard 
School,  we  jiass  to  Yincenzo  Civerchio,  the 
earliest  of  the  painters  who   had  a  direct 
influence  on  the  development  of  the  Brescian 
School,    and    to    Floriano    Ferramola,    the 
teacher  of  Romanino  and  Moretto,  who  is 
also  famous  for  the  coolness  and  courage 
which  he  displayed  when  his  native  town 
was  plundered   by  Gaston  de  Foix  (1512). 
Vincenzo  Foppa  the  younger  and  Savoldo 
are  not  forgotten  ;    of  Romanino  we  learn 
that  he  was  actually  born  in  Brescia,  not  in 
Eomano,  which  is  another  instance  of  the 
care  with  which  Dr.  Jacobsen  has  brought 
his   materials    up    to   date.     Of  that  other 
scholar  of  Ferramola,  Alessandro  Bonvicino, 
better  known  as    Moretto  da  Brescia,  and 
his  disciples  Moretto-Mombello  and  Moroni, 
we  get  equally  accurate  studies.     Moretto 
da   Brescia  was  born,   it   must  be  remem- 
bered, not  in  Eovetto,  as  has  been  supposed, 
but  in  Brescia  itself,  and  is    most  v>idely 
famous — in    spite    of    his    numerous  other 
works — as  a  portrait  painter.     Two  of  the 
finest  examples  of  this  class  of  liis  work  are 
in  the  hands  of  our  National  Gallery :  the 
portrait  of  a  j-oung  cavalier  painted  in  1526, 
and  that  of  Count  Sciarra  Martinengo,  con- 
cerning which  Morelli  made  one  of  his  not 
unfrequent  mistakes.    The  article  on  Moroni 
is  accompanied  by  a  small  but  interesting 
illustration,  which  reproduces  the  fine  por- 
trait of  an  old  man,  a  half-length,  in  the 
Carrara  Gallery  at  Bergamo,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  Moroni  was  born. 

So  far  we  have  met  with  nothing  of  a 
very  destructive  character,  but  Dr.  Georg 
Gronau  demolishes  the  already  tottering 
reputation  of  the  so-called  sketchbook  of 
Andrea  del  Yerrocchio.  He  analyzes  the 
subjects  of  the  various  leaves,  one  of  which 
is  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux- Arts,  some  in  the 
Louvre,  whilst  others  are  dispersed  else- 
where ;  draws  attention  to  the  extreme 
rarity  of  Italian  drawings  of  the  fifteenth 
century — especially  of  those  of  the  Yene- 
tian  School ;  establishes  the  fact  beyond 
dispute  that  these  drawings  are  not  by 
Yerrocchio,  but  by  one  of  his  followers, 
a  man  vastly  inferior  to  him  in  craft ;  and 
points  out  that  the  circumstances  of  the 
sketcher's  life,  as  noted  by  himself  on  the 
leaves  of  his  book,  are  wholly  incom- 
patible with  what  we  know  of  the  life  of 
Yerrocchio.  Finally,  one  of  the  drawings 
(Louvre)  is  successfully  identified  by  Dr. 
Gronau  with  a  figure  of  the  tabernacle  in 
Sta.  Maria  di  Monteluce  at  Perugia,  which 
Dr.  Bode,  by  the  way,  brought  into  con- 
nexion with  the  Tartagni  monument  of 
Francesco  di  Simone.  Further  researches 
in  the  Florentine  archives  may  yet,  it  is  to 
be  hoped,  reveal  the  name  of  the  author  of 
the  tabernacle  in  question,  and  consequently 
of  the  sketchbook. 

Amongst  the  papers  devoted  to  German 


work,  the  most  interesting  is  that  in  which 
Dr.  Sclimid  attempts  to  reconstruct  the 
great  series  of  decorative  paintings  exe- 
cuted by  Hans  Holbein  the  younger  in  the 
Council  Chamber  at  BTile.  The  room  has 
been  rehandled,  the  pictures  have  been 
destroyed,  but  by  means  of  documents  pre- 
served in  the  Bale  archives,  Dr.  Schmid  has 
conjecturally  restored  the  order  of  the  various 
works,  of  which  no  descriptive  list  remains, 
and  has  sketched  the  pictures  in  position 
from  the  drawings  and  copies  which  have 
come  down  to  us,  whilst  Herr  de  la  Roche, 
a  Bale  architect,  has,  also  conjecturally, 
reproduced  the  architectural  decoration  in 
which  they  were  enframed.  If  we  remember 
that  the  great  monumental  works,  now  all 
destroyed,  by  Holbein  marked  the  decisive 
turning-point  of  his  career,  the  importance 
of  an  attempt  such  as  that  now  made  by 
Dr.  Schmid  and  Herr  de  la  Roche  will  be 
at  once  evident. 

Before  concluding  this  notice  we  must 
draw  attention  to  the  engraving  of  the 
admirable  portrait  of  Etienne  Chevalier 
accompanied  by  his  patron  saint,  painted 
by  the  famous  illuminator  Fouquet,  and 
recently  transferred  from  Frankfort  to  the 
gallery  of  Berlin.  The  picture  in  question 
is  the  left-hand  half  of  the  diptych  exe- 
cuted for  Etienne  Chevalier  by  Fouquet, 
which  once  hung  in  the  cathedral  of  Melun, 
and  the  right-hand  half  of  which,  now  in  the 
museum  at  Antwerp,  preserves — according 
to  tradition — the  portrait  of  Agnes  Sorel  in 
the  features  of  the  Madonna  thereon  de- 
picted with  the  Holy  Child.  The  haU 
now  at  Berlin  is  carefully  described  by 
Dr.  Max  Friedlander  with  much  detail, 
in  a  paper  which  brings  to  mind  the 
fuller  article  by  M.  Anatole  Gruyer  on 
the  same  subject,  published  in  the  Gazette 
des  Beaux- Arts  last  year.  The  rendering  of 
the  interesting  picture  which  there  accom- 
panied M.  Gruyer's  article  was  by  no 
means  so  j^erfect  as  that  which  is  now  given 
in  the  Prussian  year-book. 


not  have  been  awake  when,  writing  of  Bartholo- 
mew Fair,  he  said  nobhing  about  the  "strong 
man,"  Hogarth,  or  13en  Jonson  ! 


Eeliqxies  of  Old  London.  (Bell  &  Sons.)— It 
is  our  opinion  that  Mr.  T.  R.  Way,  to  whom 
the  public  is  indebted  for  the  good  intentions 
which  led  him  to  draw  on  stone  a  score  or  so  of 
what  he  calls  "reliques,"  had  not  sufficiently 
mastered  the  technique  of  lithography,  which  is 
by  no  means  difficult  to  a  good  draughtsman, 
when  he  set  about  to  carry  out  his  purpose. 
With  more  practice  it  is  very  probable  that  he 
may  do  himself  and  his  subjects  much  more 
justice.  Lithography  suits  themes  of  this  sort 
extremely  well  :  it  affords  opportunities  for 
"colour"  in  black  and  white  ;  it  is  manageable, 
cheap,  and  gives  the  touch  of  the  artist  with- 
out fail.  Mr.  Way  is  timid,  doubtless  because 
he  is  inexperienced  in  lithographic  processes, 
and,  though  full  of  sympathy  for  his  subjects, 
and,  above  all,  for  their  frequent  picturesque- 
ness,  weak  when  they  abound,  as  they  often 
do,  in  tone.  As  archceological  memoranda  his 
sketches,  which  deserve  no  better  name,  are 
not  unacceptable.  Mr.  H.  B.  Wheatley  has 
supplied  an  introduction  and  descriptive  notes 
to  all  of  the  plates.  Both  suffice  for  a  useful 
supplement  to  Mr.  R.  Paul's  '  Vanishing 
London  ';  some  of  the  buildings  now  illustrated 
escaped  the  notice  of  the  author  of  that  credit- 
able book.  Mr.  Wheatley  has  taken  a  good 
deal  of  pains  with  his  notes,  although  they  are 
not  by  any  means  exhaustive.  Perhaps  he  was 
dreaming  when  he  told  us  (p.  19)  that  the  may- 
pole erected  by  James,  Duke  of  York,  in  the 
Strand  was  134  feet  high  ;   and  surely  he  could 


Arrangements  are  being  made  for  the  opening 
of  a  Hans  Holbein  Exhibition  in  Bale  on  the 
occasion  of  the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of 
Hulbein's  birth.  His  magnificent  Madonna, 
painted  in  1522,  belongs  to  the  city  of  Soleure, 
and  the  Holbein  Exhibition  Committee  was 
naturally  anxious  to  include  it  in  the  collection. 
The  Municipal  Council  of  Soleure,  however, 
after  asking  the  opinion  of  experts  upon  the 
safety  of  removing  the  Madonna  from  its  present 
place,  declined  regretfully  to  lend  it. 

The  Autumn  Exhibition  of  the  Corporation 
of  Liverpool  was  opened  to  the  public  on 
Monday  last,  and  proved  itself  to  be  of  about 
average  value  and  popular  attractiveness.  It 
is  difficult  to  understand  how  the  promoters 
of  this  show,  which  comprises  more  than  thir- 
teen hundred  works,  can  expect  even  the 
twentieth  part  of  such  a  collection  to  be  such 
as  justifies  their  pains  in  bringing  it  together, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  outlay  of  public  money. 
Among  the  noteworthy  examples  are  portraits 
by  Millais,  Mr.  Watts,  Mr.  Orchardson,  Mr. 
Sargent,  and  Mr.  B.  Riviere ;  among  the 
pictures  proper  are  '  The  Roll  Call '  of  Lady 
Butler,  Sir  E.  Burne  -  Jones's  fine,  but  not 
wholly  admirable  '  Depths  of  the  Sea '  (or 
'  The  Siren '),  some  excellent  landscapes  by 
Mr.  D.  Murray,  Mr.  N.  Hemy's  '  Pilchards ' 
(which  was  a  leading  element  of  this  year's  Aca- 
demy exhibition),  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Waterhouse's 
'St,  CecUia.' 

The  Society  for  Protecting  Ancient  Buildings 
should  be  on  the  alert  because  of  the  recent 
renewal  of  the  often  repeated  attempts  for  the 
"restoration"  of  the  church  of  Stratford-on- 
Avon.  The  remodelling  of  the  organ  and  the 
reseating  of  the  nave  of  that  building  are  put 
forward  as  the  objects  of  the  fresh  appeal. 

The  excavations  at  the  recently  discovered 
"  Romerkastell  "  near  Holzhausen  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Wiesbaden,  have  laid  open  four  gates 
with  their  towers.  Over  the  north  -  western 
gate,  Porta  Sinistra,  a  magnificent  inscription 
in  honour  of  Caracalla  of  the  year  213  a.d.  has 
been  deciphered.  Traces  of  a  large  and  not  less 
splendid  inscription  have  been  found  on  the 
most  stately  of  the  four  gates,  the  Porta  Prse- 
toria,  but  it  is  in  too  broken  and  fragmentary  a 
condition  to  be  deciphered.  Numerous  silver 
coins  of  Caracalla,  Septimius,  and  Alexander 
Severus  have  come  to  light,  all  of  which  are  in 
excellent  preservation  ;  a  silver  arm-ring,  a 
primitive  leaden  arm-ring,  fragments  of  glass 
vessels  and  of  the  so-called  terra  sigillata.  In 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  Prretorium  was  found 
the  broken  head  of  a  genius  with  the  mural 
crown. 

A  NUMBER  of  Roman  graves  have  recently 
been  laid  bare  at  Cologne,  which  have  led  to 
the  discovery  of  a  large  graveyard.  The  place 
has  been  secured  from  spoliation  by  an  exten- 
sive enclosure. 

Students  of  Italian  ceramic  art  and  admirers 
of  maiolica  will  be  glad  to  hear  that  Prof. 
Federigo  Argnani's  new  volume,  which  will  be 
entitled  '  II  Rinascimento  delle  Ceramiche 
Maiolicate  in  Faenza,'  will  be  shortly  ready  for 
publication.  Like  the  professor's  former  volume 
it  will  be  copiously  and  spendidly  illustrated  in 
chromolithography.  It  will  contain  an  appendix 
of  "Document!  inediti "  contributed  by  Prof. 
Carlo  Malagola. 

As  the  French  have,  apart  from  the  Mus^e  de 
Cluny,  which  is  an  archaeological  paradise  not 
distinguished  by  the  systematizing  of  its  con- 
tents, started  a  sort  of  South  Kensington 
Museum,  so  our  neighbours  are  now,  in  the 
Mus6e  des  Arts  De'coratifs,  promoting  another 


330 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


eifort  in  a  similar  direction  which  is  likely  to 
be  of  service.  The  Union  Centrale  des  Arts 
Decoratifs  is  likewise  initiating  a  competi- 
tion for  prizes  to  be  awarded  to  successful 
designs  for  articles  intended  for  common 
domestic  service,  such  as  jugs,  mugs,  chairs, 
and  flower-pots.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
new  movement  of  the  Union  will  not  repeat  the 
error  on  which  the  hopes  of  the  English  Arts 
and  Crafts  Society  came  to  grief,  that  is, 
in  producing  countless  objets  d'art  which 
are  articles  of  luxury,  such  as  costly  ingle- 
nooks,  cabinets,  vases  of  price,  and  jewelled 
porcelain  quite  removed  from  daily  service,  and 
not  such  as  a  workman  could  rest  in  after  his 
daily  labour,  fetch  his  beer  in,  or  keep  his 
household  treasures  in.  Many  years  ago  Sir 
Henry  Cole  and  his  friends  attempted  some- 
thing of  the  kind  when  they  promoted  an 
exhibition  of  what  was  absurdly  enough  called 
democratic  jewellery  —  an  exhibition  which, 
apart  from  a  few  good  things  with  nothing 
democratic  about  them,  could  not  be  called  a 
success. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall. — Promenade  Concerts. 

It  was   left   to  Mr.   Robert  Newman  to 
prove   that   the   frequenters  of  promenade 
concerts    are     sufficiently    educated    in    a 
musical  sense  to  prefer  the  works  of   the 
great  masters,  well  executed,  to  the  trivial 
effusions  in  which  faith  was  chiefly  placed 
a  generation  ago.     In  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood 
the  Queen's  Hall  has  a  conductor  who  must 
be  regarded  as  second  to  none  of  English 
birth.  He  has  taken  special  pains  this  season 
with   the   selection  of   the  band,  rejecting 
some  players  who  may  have  been  competent 
at  one  time,  but  who  have  not  either  the 
skill   or   the   inclination   to   render   justice 
to   the  works   of  such  modern  masters  as 
Dvorak,  Tschaikowsky,  and  Wagner.     The 
result   of   the  pruning  process   is   the  for- 
mation  of   an   orchestra   which   in   a  very 
short    time    should    not    be    deserving   of 
reproof    on    any   ground.     Last    Saturday 
some  measure  of  roughness  was  perceptible 
at  times,  for  Mr.  Wood  seems  to  delight  in 
violent  contrasts,  and  after  passages  delivered 
in  the  tenderest  manner  lets  his  brass  have 
the  freest  possible  play.     This,  in  such  an 
item    as    Wagner's    '  Walkurenritt,'   is,    of 
course,    permissible,     and     there    was    no 
ground   for   surprise    that    the    movement 
was  vehemently   redemanded.     Tschaikow- 
sky's   piquant    '  Capriccio  Italien';    two  of 
Grieg's   '  Scandinavian   Dances,'   originally 
written    for    pianoforte     for     four    hands, 
and  orchestrated  by  Herr  Hans  Sitt ;  sec- 
tions of  the  light  and  pleasant  music  from 
Delibes's  ballet  '  Coppelia';  Sir  Arthur  Sul- 
livan's tuneful  and,  in  a  musicianly  sense, 
satisfying  overture  '  Di    Ballo,'   and    other 
compositions  of  small  calibre  were  included 
in  the  programme,  and  were,  on  the  whole, 
commendably   played ;    but   the  vocal  and 
instrumental  solos   contributed   by  Messrs. 
Herbert  Grover,  W.  H.  Squire,  and  A.  W. 
Payne,     and     Madame    Belle     Cole     were 
inferior,  in  selection  at  any  rate,  if  not  in 
execution,  to  the  instrumental  portion  of  the 
programme. 

Monday  was  chiefly  devoted  to  Wagner, 
and  Tuesday  was  a  so-called  "popular 
night,"  a  term  that  has  no  longer  any 
special  significance.      It   was    also    some- 


what misleading  to  denominate  Wednesday 
a  Tschaikowsky  night,  for  only  two  works 
by  the  lamented  Kussian  composer  were 
included  in  the  programme.  These,  how- 
ever, were  the  piquant  suite  'Casse-Noisette' 
and  the  ever- welcome  '  Symphonic  Pathe- 
tique,'  of  which  an  excellent  performance 
was  secured.  Other  items  were  Mr.  F.  H. 
Cowen's  pretty  '  Four  Old  English  Dances,' 
Gounod's  '  Funeral  March  of  a  Marionette,' 
and  a  suite  in  six  brief  movements  by  Cesar 
Cui,  performed  for  the  first  time  in  England. 
This  composer  is  a  prominent  member  of 
the  modern  Russian  school,  and  perhaps 
deserves  to  be  better  known  than  he  is  at 
present  in  this  country.  The  suite  (Op.  20) 
played  on  Wednesday,  however,  is  very 
trivial,  and  might  have  been  penned  by  any 
musician  of  ordinary  ability.  The  pro- 
grammes during  the  past  week  have  been 
uniformly  of  a  high-class  nature,  and  the 
audiences  satisfactorily  large. 


There  is  a  probability  of  the  presentation 
of  serious  opera  during  the  autumn  season 
at  Covent  Garden,  Her  Majesty's,  and  the 
Olympic  theatres.  The  last-named  spacious 
house  is  undergoing  alteration  and  renovation, 
and,  if  report  may  be  trusted,  will  be  reopened 
in  mid-October  under  an  operatic  syndicate. 
What  is  to  be  done  under  the  new  management 
does  not  yet  appear. 

It  is  now  said  that  Herr  Rosenthal  is  in 
good  health,  and  will  give  his  promised  series 
of  seven  historical  pianoforte  recitals  in  London 
in  the  course  of  next  spring. 

Among  the  English  artists  who  will  appear 
in  Brussels  during  the  winter  season  are  Miss 
Marie  Brema,  Mr.  Leonard  Berwick,  and  Mr. 
Plunket  Greene. 

We  also  learn  that  Mr.  Plunket  Greene  will 
sail  on  October  13th,  immediately  after  the  Bir- 
mingham Festival,  for  a  tour  of  at  least  forty- 
five  recitals  in  Canada,  British  Columbia,  and 
California,  under  the  management  of  Mr.  C.  E. 
Harriss,  of  Montreal,  who  also  manages  Madame 
Albani's  tours  in  those  places.  Mr.  Greene  will 
not  return  to  England  before  the  end  of  January. 

The  Nottingham  Sacred  Harmonic  Society 
has  secured  the  services  of  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood 
as  conductor.  It  is  understood  that  the  arrange- 
ment will  not  preclude  Mr.  Wood  from  carrying 
out  his  duties  in  London. 

There  still  seems  some  uncertainty  as  to 
whether  performances  will  or  will  not  be  given 
at  Bayreuth  next  year  ;  but  it  is  confidently 
asserted  that  Madame  Emma  Eames  has  secured 
an  engagement  for  the  parts  of  Sieglinde  and 
Eva  in  1899.  She  is  well  qualified  for  both 
these  important  characters. 

We  have  on  more  than  one  occasion  advocated 
the  dissolution  of  the  district  Wagner  societies 
in  various  parts  of  the  world,  as  being  no  longer 
required,  owing  to  the  general  acceptance  of 
the  Bayreuth  master's  art  work.  At  a  general 
meeting  held  at  Bayreuth  on  July  2l8t  a  motion 
to  dissolve  was  negatived  by  a  large  majority,  on 
the  understanding  that  the  conditions  of  mem- 
bership might  be  modified  with  advantage. 

It  will  be  welcome  news  to  many  that  Signor 
Nicolini's  health  has  improved,  and  that  Madame 
Adelina  Patti  has,  therefore,  made  arrangements 
for  a  brief  autumnal  tour,  to  commence  at  Buxton 
on  the  20th  prox. 

A  NEWLY  invented  prompter's  box  is  in  use 
at  some  of  the  principal  Russian  theatres.  It 
is  so  enclosed  that  it  can  be  sunk  much  lower 
than  the  ordinary  prompter's  box,  which  is  an 
annoyance  alike  to  the  eye  and  the  ear  of 
the  audiences  in  this  country,  and  likewise  in 


France  and  Italy,  but  is  not  nearly  so  much 
in  evidence  at  the  court  and  municipal  theatres 
in  Germany. 

A  REPORT  is  circulated  to  the  effect  that  Herr 
Karl  Klindworth  will  shortly  publish  a  new 
edition  of  fifty-two  of  dementi's  studies  from 
'  Gradus  ad  Parnassum,'  revised  for  the  use  of 
teachers  at  the  present  time. 

Among  works  bearing  upon  music  that  will 
shortly  appear  is  one  that  will  have  the  title  of 
'Stories  of  the  Great  Operas.'  It  will  consist 
of  no  fewer  than  ten  quarto  volumes,  luxuriously 
printed  and  bound,  and  the  contents  will  be 
an  introduction  by  Verdi,  a  succinct  history  of 
opera,  sketches  of  the  lives  of  the  be.st  com- 
posers who  have  dealt  with  this  form  of  art, 
and  the  libretti  of  fifty  operas.  The  author  is 
Mr.  J.  W.  Buel. 

According  to  authentic  returns,  in  1882 
elementary  musical  education  was  in  England 
and  Wales  taught  by  ear  in  22,352  departments, 
and  in  only  4,329  departments  was  either  the 
staff  or  the  tonic  sol-fa  notation  utilized.  A 
change  for  the  better  commenced  at  once  and 
culminated  recently,  the  departments  in  which 
the  useless  ear  system  still  prevails  having 
fallen  to  7,892,  and  those  in  which  some  form 
of  notation  is  adopted  risen  to  22,302. 


DRAMA 


Das   GriecMsche  Theater.     Von  W.  Diirpfeld 
und  E.  Reisch.     (Athens,  Earth.) 

(Second  Notice.) 

In  our  former  notice  we  considered  the  pro- 
blem of  the  Greek  theatre  as  affected  by 
recent  excavations,  and  showed  that,  owing 
to  the  large  number  (fourteen)  of  theatres 
now  discovered  and  laid  bare,  a  compara- 
tive study  of  these  buildings  had  become 
possible,  and  that  it  was  from  such  a  study 
that  Dr.  Dorpfeld  had  derived  his  novel 
view  that  the  actors  of  the  great  Greek 
plays  were  upon  no  stage,  but  played  (with 
occasional  and  special  exceptions)  upon  the 
level  of  the  orchestra,  and  practically  upon 
the  same  level  as  that  occupied  by  the 
chorus.  Dr.  Dorpfeld  tells  us  that  his  early 
doubts  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  current 
view  took  shape  on  the  occasion  of  his  read- 
ing J.  Hopke's  dissertation  (1884)  on  the 
Attic  theatre  of  the  fifth  century  b.c,  in 
which  that  author,  on  the  strength  of  the 
literary  evidences  drawn  from  the  plays, 
declared  that  actors  and  chorus  could  not 
have  been  separated  by  a  difference  of  ten 
feet  in  level,  and  that  therefore  we  must  get 
rid  of  the  passage  in  Vitruvius  which  asserts 
that  they  were.  Thus  the  first  statement 
of  the  new  theory  was  not  based  upon 
architectural  considerations,  but  in  Dorp- 
feld's  hands  this  side  of  the  argument  not 
only  corroborated  the  other,  but  has  even 
ousted  it  from  the  first  place.  The  actual 
remains  are  a  clearer  and  safer  starting- 
point  than  any  mere  allusions  in  the  extant 
classical  dramas. 

But  quite  apart  from  these  there  is  the 
formal  comparison  made  by  Vitruvius,  a 
Roman  architect  with  many  theatres  before 
him,  between  the  Greek  and  Roman  types, 
and  the  distinct  statement  that,  while  the 
Roman  stage  was  deep  and  low,  the  Greek 
was  shallow  and  high,  at  least  1 0  ft.  and  not 
more  than  12  ft.  over  the  surface  of  the 
orchestra.  Vitruvius's  descriptions  of  both 
kinds  of  theatre  are  very  explicit  and 
technical,  and  as  such  have  been  hitherto 
assumed    as     of     indisputable     authority. 


N°3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  M 


331 


Hopke,  therefore,  had  recourse  to  the  subter- 
fuge of  an  interpolation,  by  which  an  absurd 
statement  was  foisted  upon  a  trustworthy 
authoritj'.  Dorpfeld,  re-examining  the  same 
text,  fortified  with  other  and  decisive  objec- 
tions, goes  much  further,  and  roundly 
charges  Vitruvius  with  a  grave  blunder, 
from  his  ignorance  of  the  practical  working 
of  the  Greek  drama.  The  whole  passage  is 
printed  in  pp.  158-60  of  the  present  work, 
•with  an  instructive  commentary,  showing 
that  Vitruvius  had  no  inkling  of  any 
historical  filiation  of  the  one  from  the  other, 
whereas  Dcirpfeld's  demonstration  that  the 
Eoman  grew  out  of  the  Greek  is  not  only 
proved  beyond  the  smallest  doubt,  but  is  in 
itself  almost  certain  from  general  historical 
considerations.  When  the  Romans  were 
borrowing  every  kind  and  form  of  art  from 
the  Greeks,  it  would  have  been  indeed  sur- 
prisingif  their  theati-e  had  no  such  parentage. 
Though,  therefore,  the  description  of  details 
and  measurements  in  Vitruvius  is  tech- 
nically accurate,  his  understanding  of  the 
Greek  building  need  not  have  been  really 
intelligent ;  and  seeing  a  high  and  narrow 
platform  in  about  the  same  part  of  the 
building  as  the  Roman  stage,  he  concluded 
that  this  teas  the  Greek  stage,  whereas  it 
was  really  the  flat  roof  of  the  colonnade 
which  formed  the  back  of  the  Greek  acting- 
place,  for  Greek  stage  there  was  none. 
Occasionally  gods  —  possibly  also  orators, 
when  public  meetings  were  held  in  these 
theatres  —  may  have  occupied  this  upper 
platform,  which  he  calls  Xoyuov.  This  he 
may  have  known  or  seen ;  but  in  any  case 
he  did  not  understand  the  Greek  pla}',  and 
so  made  a  far  -  reaching  blunder  in  his 
description. 

Since  that  time  there  are  signs  of  even  a 
further  advance  in  the  campaign  against 
Vitruvius  as  we  possess  him.  An  able 
Dutch  professor  alarmed  the  architects  in 
England,  who  were  bred  in  this  gospel,  with 
the  theory  that  our  Vitruvius  is  a  mere  late 
and  ignorant  compilation,  falsely  bearing  a 
respectable  name,  and  that  the  actual  author 
not  only  writes  bad  Latin,  but  did  not 
understand  the  older  text  from  which  he 
plagiarized.  Pending  the  further  discus- 
sion of  these  sceptical  views,  which  were 
introduced  to  us  by  Prof.  Aitchison  in 
the  Athenceum  of  April  17th,  we  may  go 
so  far  as  to  say  that  the  description  of 
Vitruvius,  formerly  thought  decisive,  can 
no  longer  be  so  considered. 

Can  we  find  better  support  in  the  many 
stage  notes  of  the  Greek  scholiasts  who 
commented  on  the  plays,  or  in  the  explana- 
tions given  by  Greek  grammarians  of  the 
technical  words  used  for  the  various  parts 
of  the  theatre  of  the  Attic  drama  ? 

This  part  of  the  problem  has  been  amply 
discussed  by  Dr.  Eeisch  in  the  fifth  chapter 
of  the  work  before  us,  where  an  article 
(after  the  manner  of  an  encyclopeedia)  is 
devoted  to  each  of  these  terms.  It  is  to  be 
remembered  that  here  too,  as  in  the  case  of 
Vitruvius,  we  are  dealing  with  the  evidence 
of  learned  men  who  lived  long  after  the 
representation  of  Greek  plays  was  dead, 
and  who  therefore  speak  as  antiquaries, 
not  as  frequenters  of  such  a  theatre.  The 
few  scholia  which  may  date  from  Alex- 
andrian times  show  a  very  different  quality, 
and  are  often  strongly  opposed  to  those  of 
later  days.     Thus  an  excellent  Greek  note 


to  '  Ajax,'  1.  328,  shows  how  the  appear- 
anc  eof  Tecmessa  and  her  invitation  to  the 
chorus  to  enter  the  tent  of  Ajax  were  a  sort 
of  stage  device,  and  only  so  intended  by  the 
poet.  When  we  come  to  the  late  gram- 
marians, who  deal  with  the  Greek  drama  as 
antiquaries,  the  case  is  very  different.  Dr. 
Reisch  has  collected  with  exceeding  dili- 
gence the  descriptions  and  definitions  of 
these  writers,  Greek  and  Latin,  on  each 
term,  and  the  first  thing  that  strikes  the 
reader  is  the  extraordinary  uncertainty 
which  attaches  to  almost  every  one  of 
them.  'Opxyo-rpa — which,  by  the  way,  we 
have  not  found  anywhere  in  the  old  comedy 
used  for  any  part  of  the  theatre,  though 
that  use  is  common  from  Isocrates  onward 
—  was  originally,  as  Photius  tells  us,  used 
for  quite  another  place  at  Athens,  and 
ultimately  appears  used  by  Greek  writers 
in  the  sense  of  pulpitum,  the  Roman  staje. 
Qvjj.kXr],  which  ought  clearly  to  be  confined 
to  the  altar  in  the  middle  of  the  circular 
orchestra  (at  which  pipers,  &c.,  took  their 
place  in  musical  performances,  so  that 
thymelic  are  even  formally  contrasted  with 
scenic  performances),  was  so  vaguely  used 
when  the  Atticist  Phrynichus  came  to 
discuss  it,  that  he  says  the  word  had  bettor 
be  dropped,  for  Xoydov  is  the  place  for  acting, 
opxi^o-rpa  the  place  for  music,  and  these 
amply  cover  all  the  ground. 

When  we  come  to  (tki]vi']  the  case  is  even 
worse.  Originally  the  tent  in  which  the 
players  kept  their  properties  and  from  which 
they  issued  to  play  upon  the  orchestra,  it 
became  gradually  a  fixture  made  of  wood 
and  stone,  a  house  at  the  open  end  of  the 
circle  of  the  theatre,  with  an  ornamental 
front  {TTpoo-Kt]VLov)  and  doors  from  which  the 
actors  issued,  and  through  which,  if  they 
did  not  march  out  at  the  sides,  they  left  the 
acting  ground.  But  then  the  word  came  to 
be  used  not  only  for  the  acting  ground,  but 
even  for  the  locality  in  which  the  play  was 
supposed  to  lie. 

The  advocates  of  a  high  Greek  stage 
naturally  put  great  stress  on  the  phrases 
aTTo  uKrjv^j'i  and  kwl  cr;<Tjv7y?,  used  regarding 
monodies  of  the  actors  and  the  actors  gener- 
ally. Surely  these  phrases  ought  to  mean 
"down  from  the  stage"  and  "on  the 
stage."  A  closer  examination,  however, 
makes  even  this  more  than  doubtful.  The 
former  may  and  does  mean  in  Demosthenes 
coming  from  the  stage,  and  could  mean 
coming  out  of  the  stage  (building).  "Let 
me  suppose  you  [^schines]  not  an  ordinary 
hero,  but  one  of  those  famous  ones  from  the 
stage  [aTro  ttJs  a-K-qvrj'f]^ "  ;  and  the  many 
allusions  to  the  monodies  so  sung  in 
Aristotle's  '  Poetics  '  may  be  understood  of 
songs  sung  from  (the  front  of)  the  stage  as 
opposed  to  choric  songs  in  the  orchestra. 

The  phrase  ctti  (tki]v^]<;  seems  to  us  more 
difiicult  to  dispose  of.  But  it  is  certain  that 
it  may  mean  "  at  the  scene  "  as  well  as  "  ow 
the  scene."  The  discussion  of  the  phrase  in 
the  book  before  us  (p.  285)  does  not  seem 
satisfactory,  for,  in  the  first  place,  the  uses 
of  €7rt,  with  its  three  following  cases  (geni- 
tive, dative,  accusative),  are  jumbled  together, 
and  the  phrases  with  the  dative  cited  from 
Sophocles,  Euripides,  Aristophanes,  do  not 
prove  the  case  for  the  phrase  in  ques- 
tion ;  in  the  second  place,  an  important 
use  of  €7rt  with  the  genitive,  k-rrl  ^Loj>avov<i, 
before  Diophanes  as  judge,  as  we  should 


say 
the 


"  The  case  was  argued  before 
Chief  Justice,"  is  omitted.  This 
use  is  quite  common  in  the  earliest  Greek 
papyri.  But  there  are  numerous  instances 
adduced  where  the  phrase  can  only  mean 
"  at  the  scene,"  or  "  beside  the  scene,"  in  a 
general  sense.  The  Latin  uses  of  sccena  need 
not  have  been  cited  in  this  connexion,  as 
the  Latin  actors  confessedly  came  forward 
on  a  stage  raised  above  the  Roman  orchestra. 
The  uses  of  the  Roman  theatre  must,  how- 
ever, be  kept  constantly  in  mind  when 
reading  the  late  Greek  writers.  Thus,  in 
the  case  of  TrpocrKryvtov,  Dr.  Reisch  quotes 
(p.  293)  a  remark  of  Athenasus  Mech., 
who  wrote  about  the  time  of  Hadrian,  and 
who  is  discussing  the  storming  ladders  used 
in  sieges  :  "  The  kinds  of  ladders  are  very 
like  those  placed  in  theatres  by  the  actors 
against  the  proscenia."  These  words  at  first 
sight  seem  to  mean  that  the  connexion 
between  orchestra  and  stage,  for  which  no 
fixed  provision  has  yet  been  found  in  any 
Greek  theatre,  was  carried  out  by  means  of 
wooden  ladders,  though  we  find  it  hard  to 
imagine  a  stuffed-out  tragic  actor  walking 
up  and  down  a  ten-foot  ladder  to  and  from 
his  chorus  with  any  but  comic  effect.  But 
the  Roman  theatre,  which  this  writer  had 
before  him,  was  provided  with  a  short  and 
convenient  stone  staircase  up  from  the 
orchestra  (as  may  now  be  seen  at  Athens), 
and  therefore  something  else  must  be 
intended. 

It  would  take  us  beyond  our  limits  to 
enter  further  into  these  necessarily  dry 
details.  This  part  of  the  book  is  the  only 
one  which  may  fairly  be  called  tedious,  but 
it  is  hard  to  see  how  such  a  discussion  could 
well  be  avoided  by  the  advocates  of  the  new 
view.  A  good  many  of  the  terms  discussed 
do  not  occur  in  the  literature  of  the  classical 
epoch  as  we  have  it,  and  some  of  them, 
such  as  Aoyeioi',  seem  to  be  of  Hellenistic 
origin.  The  outcome  of  this  chapter  seems 
to  us  to  be  a  partially  successful,  perhaps 
tolerably  successful,  parrying  of  the  argu- 
ments from  the  grammarians  in  favour  of 
a  Greek  stage. 

We  come  lastly  to  the  arguments  to  be 
gathered  from  direct  allusions  in  the  extant 
classical  dramas.  These  may  either  be 
special  allusions  or  general  presuppositions 
in  the  structure  of  the  plays.  Strange  to 
say,  the  special  allusions  are  extremely  few, 
and  the  only  direct  ones  are  not  in  the 
tragics,  but  in  Ai-istophanes.  Thus  dvajSaiveiv 
and  Karafiaiveiv  are  each  used  once  in  a 
sense  which  seems  to  imply  coming  up  and 
going  down  from  a  raised  stage.  But  the 
first  ('Vespse,'  1342)  is  capable  of  quite 
another  interpretation,  which  we  need  not 
here  discuss;  the  second  ('Vesp?e,'  1514, 
arap  KarajSareov  y'  €7r'  avrovs  fioi)  is  rightly 
to  be  translated  "  enter  the  fray,"  as  we 
say  "  enter  for  a  prize,"  &c.,  without  any 
implication  that  we  perform  any  such 
action.  The  frequent  complaint  of  a  chorus 
of  old  people  that  they  have  made  a  steep 
ascent  to  their  position  means  that  the 
side  entrance  or  TrapoSos  leading  to  the 
orchestra  was  assumed  to  be  an  upward 
incline,  and  was  so  in  most  cases.  And  so 
it  is  with  some  other  such  allusions. 
Though  at  first  sight  serious,  they  can  be 
disposed  of  by  a  reasonable  interpretation. 

When  we  turn,  on  the  other  hand,  to  the 
general  conditions  presupposed  by  the  plays, 


332 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


•we  must  say  that  our  authors  have  it  all 
their  own  way ;  for  thoy  show  that  the 
whole  tone  of  the  texts  implies  the  chorus 
and  the  actors  on  the  same  level  and  in 
close  relation.  In  the  *  Eumenides '  the 
chorus  even  rush  out  of  the  palace  at  the 
back  of  the  "stage"  on  to  the  orchestra. 
The  chorus  constantly  threatens  to  inter- 
fere, and  sometimes  actually  interferes,  with 
the  action.  The  chorus  and  actors  fre- 
quently leave  the  theatre  together  in  pro- 
cession, and  as  the  chorus  certainly  started 
from  the  orchestra,  the  actors  must  have 
been  near  them  on  the  same  level.  When 
we  further  reflect  that  the  whole  drama 
grew  out  of  the  chorus,  from  which  the 
first  actor  was  merely  distinguished  as  the 
questioning  or  answering  member,  who 
probably  occupied  the  step  of  the  central 
altar,  it  would  be,  indeed,  a  curious  deve- 
lopment if  he  should  have  been  removed  to 
a  platform  at  least  ten  feet  above  the  stage. 
The  escape  from  the  difiiculty  which  some 
have  suggested,  that  though  origiuallj^  the 
actors  and  choruses  were  practically  on 
the  same  level,  with  the  disappearance  of 
the  chorus  the  stage  was  raised,  so  that 
Vitruvius  mayhave  been  correctly  describing 
a  Hellenistic,  though  not  a  Hellenic  theatre 
— even  this  subterfuge  will  not  suffice,  for 
our  authors  have  produced  ample  epigraphic 
evidence  that  the  chorus,  though  diminished 
from  motives  of  economy,  was  still  in  use 
in  Hellenistic  days,  and  also  that  revivals 
of  the  old  masterpieces  of  the  "  Tragic 
Three"  were  common  in  the  later  daj's  of 
Greece.  Lycurgus  certainly  had  this  use 
chiefly  in  view  in  his  famous  reconstruction 
of  the  Theatre  of  Dionysus  at  Athens. 

Our  estimate  of  this  remarkable  book  as 
a  whole  may,  therefore,  be  briefly  summed 
up  as  follows  :  it  is  longer  than  it  need 
be,  the  principal  points  being  frequently 
reiterated,  after  the  fashion  of  experienced 
lecturers,  who  feel  that  they  must  not  only 
state,  but  insist  upon,  what  is  vital  to  their 
argument.  Any  one  who  has  heard  Dr. 
Dorpfeld  lecture  to  an  open-air  audience  on 
the  Acropolis  will  recognize  this  feature 
in  the  book.  But  as  regards  the  matter,  it 
seems  to  us  that  while  all  the  arguments  of 
the  old  school  have  been  rudely  shaken,  the 
arguments  from  the  actual  structures  we 
have  recently  recovered  have  not  been 
answered  at  all.  An  attempt  was  made  by 
able  scholars  in  the  case  of  the  theatre  of 
Megalopolis,  where  traces  of  a  wooden  stage 
seemed  to  exist,  but  there  are  few  candid 
readers  of  this  controversy  who  will  not 
admit  that  Dr.  Dorpfeld,  giving  his  own 
explanation  in  accordance  with  his  theory, 
had  far  the  best  of  the  argument. 

"We  want,  therefore,  a  new  handbook  in 
English  of  the  Attic  theatre,  not  merely 
modified,  but  revolutionized  by  this  remark- 
able work,  just  as  every  new  writer  on  Greek 
palaeography  must  now  write  his  first 
chapter  from  the  Petrie  papj'ri.  These 
things  are  a  splendid  illustration  of  the 
truth  that  classical  research  is  a  progres- 
sive study,  in  which  the  results  attained  by 
former  generations  may  often  be  modified 
or  superseded  by  the  discovery  of  new 
evidence,  and  this  again  is  one  of  the 
strongest  recommendations  of  this  study  to 
ambitious  minds  in  the  rising  generation. 


Somewhat  earlier  than  usual,  the  winter 
season  begins  this  evening  with  the  i-eopening 
of  the  Ilaymarket.  Sticklers  for  precedent  may 
postpone  the  date  until  Drury  Lane  unfolds 
its  doors,  which  will  not  be  for  nearly 
a  fortnight  yet.  Next  to  Drury  Lane  and 
Covent  Garden  the  Haymarket  is,  how- 
ever, the  oldest  of  London  theatres  with 
directly  transmitted  traditions,  and  the  per- 
formance thereat  is  not  due — like  that  at  Her 
Majesty's  directly  opposite,  which,  curiously 
enough,  opens  the  same  day — to  a  temporary 
occupation,  but  marks  the  resumption  of 
regular  entertainments.  Interesting  as  is  the 
programme  promised  at  the  Lyceum,  it  stands 
in  a  different  category,  while  the  Adelphi,  the 
Strand,  and  the  Comedy,  at  which  novelties 
are  imminent,  have  always  (the  first  especially) 
been  independent  of  time  and  seasons. 

'  Onk  Summer's  Afternoon'  is  the  title — sug- 
gestive rather  of  an  idyl  than  of  a  drama — of 
the  play  by  Mr.  Esmond  with  which  the  Comedy 
will  reopen  on  the  15th  inst. 

In  order  to  avoid  a  collision  with  Drury  Lane, 
which,  according  to  present  arrangements,  will 
produce  '  The  White  Heather  '  on  the  IGth,  the 
Adelphi  management  is  anticipating  the  date 
fixed  for  its  novelty,  which  will  be  given  on 
Thursday  next.  The  title  of  this,  '  In  the  Days 
of  the  Duke,'  has  a  remote  suggestion  of  Corporal 
Brewster  and  '  A  Stoiy  of  Waterloo.' 

An  adaptation  of  'Francillon,'  in  which  Mrs. 
Brown  Potter  and  Mr.  Kyrle  Bellew  will 
reappear,  is  in  rehearsal  at  the  Duke  of  York's 
Theatre,  which  has  passed  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Messrs.  Musgrove  and  Williamson. 

In  the  repertory  with  which  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Kendal  begin  on  Monday  at  Blackpool  a  country 
tour,  extending  over  the  autumn,  are  '  The 
Elder  Miss  Blossom,'  a  three-act  comedy,  by 
Messrs.  Ernest  Hendrie  and  Metcalfe  Wood  ; 
a  new  play,  unnamed  as  yet,  of  Mr.  Walter 
Frith  ;  and  '  A  Cruel  Heritage,'  as  has  been 
rechristened  Mr.  Allen  Upward's  '  Flash  in  the 
Pan.' 

There  is  a  probability  that  the  Princess's, 
the  full  control  of  which  has  been  obtained  by 
Mr.  Gilmer,  will  reopen  in  October  with  '  Two 
Little  Vagabonds,'  the  most  successful  melo- 
drama it  has  known  since  'The  Silver  King.' 
After  the  run  of  this  is  over  the  house  will  be 
reconstructed  and  redecorated  with  a  view  to 
competing  once  more  on  equal  terms  with  West- 
End  houses.  Its  huge  stage  seems  to  qualify  it 
specially  for  popular  and  spectacular  melodrama. 
Its  well-like  construction  is  a  defect  not  easily 
remedied. 

The  open-air  performance  of  '  As  You  Like 
It '  by  Daly's  company,  begun  on  Thursday  in 
last  week  in  the  grounds  of  the  Memorial 
Theatre,  Stratford,  had  to  be  concluded  within 
the  building,  heavy  rain  compelling  Rosalind 
(Miss  Ada  Rehan)  and  her  "  co  -  mates  and 
brothers  "  in  what  she  no  longer  regards  as 
"exile"  to  make  a  precipitate  retreat  under 
shelter.  Among  the  spectators  of  the  perform- 
ance was  Miss  Mary  Anderson  (Madame  de 
Navarro),  mindful,  doubtless,  of  similar 
triumphs. 

'  Under  the  Red  Robe  '  was  produced  on 
Monday  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  with  Mr.  Herbert 
Waring  in  his  original  part  of  Gil  de  Berault, 
with  Miss  Lily  Hanbury  as  Rende,  Mr.  C.  W. 
Garthorne  as  Capt.  Larolle,  and  Mr.  Mollison 
as  the  Cardinal. 

'My  Lady's  Orchard,'  a  one-act  drama  of 
medifeval  life  by  Mrs.  Oscar  Beringer,  has  been 
given  in  Glasgow,  Miss  Vera  Beringer  playing 
the  heroine  and  Miss  Beringer  a  troubadour 
lover,  whose  attentions  to  her  bring  about  his 
death  at  the  hands  of  her  husband. 


To   Correspondents.  —  P.   K.— F.    S.    K.— A.   T.    M.- 
received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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NAVAL  ADMINISTRATIONS, 

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British  llevietc. 

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NOW  READY,  PRICE  1.'. 

SCRIBNERS   MAGAZINE. 

SEPTEMBER  NUMBER. 
Contents. 

MAGUA'S  HARANGUE.    (The  Last  ol  the  Mohicans  )    Scenes  from 
the  Great  Novels.    IX.    Drawn  by  C.  D.  Gibson.    Frontispiece. 

LORD  BYRON  in  the  GREEK  REVOLUTION.    F.  B  Sanborn.    Illus- 
trated with  Portraits  and  Photographs. 

SAN  SEBASTIAN,  the  SPANISH  NEWPORT.  -NViUiam  Henry  Bishop. 
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West  Point.    Walter  A.  Wyckoff.    (To  be  continued  ) 

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and  Capital  )    Octave  Thanet.    Illustrated. 

AT  a  WINDOW.    Gertrude  Hall. 


TO    the    SHORES    of    the  MINGAN    SEIGNIORY 

Illustrated. 
A  MISUNDERSTOOD  DOG.    Bradley  Gilman. 
The  RHINE  GOLD.    Prelude. 
SOME    NOTES    on    TENNESSEE'S    CENTENNIAL. 

Smith.    Illustrated. 
AT  the  FOOT  of  the  ROCKIES.    Abb«  Carter  Goodloe.    Illustrated. 
"The    DURKET   SPERRET."     Chaps.    1-5.    Sarah    Barnwell   Elliott, 

Author  of  •  Jerry.'    (To  be  concluded  in  Three  Parts.; 
&c.  &c.  *c. 


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N° 3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 THE     ATHEN^UM  333 

AT  ALL    BOOKSELLERS'   AND    RAILWAY    BOOKSTALLS. 

BENTLEY'S    FAVOURITE    NOVELS. 

Each  Work  can  be  had  separately,  price  6s. 
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The  OLD,  OLD  STORY.    By  Kosa  N.  Carey, 

DEAR  FAUSTINA.    By  Rhoda  Broughton.  isecond  Edition, 

The  MISTRESS  of  BRAE  FARM.    By  Rosa  N.  Carey. 

MY  LADY  NOBODY.    By  Maarten  Maartens. 

DIANA  TEMPEST.    By  Mary  Cholmondeley. 

The  MADONNA  of  a  DAY.    By  L.  Dougall. 

By  ROSA  N.  CARE Y.— Sir  Godfrey's  Grand-daughters.— Nellie's  Memories.— Barbara  Heathcote's  Trial.— 

Heriot's  Choice. — Mary  St.  John. — Not  Like  Other  Girls. — Only  the  Governess— Queenie's  Whim. 

Robert  Ord's  Atonement.— Uncle  Max.— Wee  Wifie. — Wooed  and  Married.— For  Lilias.— Lover  or 
Friend  ? — Basil  Lyndhurst. — The  Mistress  of  Brae  Farm. 

By  RHODA  BROUGHTON.— Dear  Faustina.— Scylla  or  Charybdis  ?— A  Beginner.— Mrs.  Bligh.— Cometh 
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Rose  is  She. — Second  Thoughts. — Belinda. — Alas! — "Doctor  Cupid." 

By  MAARTEN  MAARTENS.— My  Lady  Nobody.— The  Sin  of  Joost  Avelingh.— An  Old  Maid's  Love  — 
''  God's  Fool."— The  Greater  Glory. 

By  JESSIE  FOTHERGILL  — The  "First  Violin."— Aldyth.— Probation.— Borderland.— Kith  and  Kin.— 
From  Moor  Isles. 

By  MARY  CHOLMONDELEY.— Sir  Charles  Danvers.-Diana  Tempest. 
By  ANTHONY  TROLLOPE— The  Three  Clerks. 

By  MARY  LINSKILL.— Between  the  Heather  and  the  Northern  Sea.— Tlie  Haven  under  the  Hill.— In 
Exchange  for  a  Soul.— Cleveden.— Tales  of  the  North  Riding. 

By  W.  E.  NORRIS.— Major  and  Minor. 

By  Mrs.  W.  K.  CLIFFORD.— Aunt  Anne. 

By  HELEN  MATHERS.— Comin'  thro'  the  Rye. 

By  FLORENCE  MONTGOMERY.— Misunderstood.— Thrown  Together.— Seaforth. 

By  J.  SHERIDAN  LE  FANU.— Uncle  Silas.— The  House  by  the  Churchyard.— In  a  Glass  Darkly. 

By  Mrs.  ANNIE  EDWARDES.— Leah:  a  Woman  of  Fashion.— A  Girton  Girl.— Susan  Fielding. 

By  HAWLEY  SMART.— Breezie  Langton. 

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By  MARCUS  CLARKE.— For  the  Term  of  His  Natural  Life. 

By  LADY  G.  FULLERTON.— Too  Strange  Not  to  be  True. 

By  Mrs.  NOTLEY.— Olive  Varcoe. 

By  Mrs.  RIDDELL.— George  Geith  of  Fen  Court.— Berna  Boyle. 

By  BARONESS  TAUTPH(EUS.-The  Initials.-Quits. 

By  E.  WERNER.— Fickle  Fortune.— Success :  and  How  He  Won  It. 

By  JANE  AUSTEN.—Emma.— Lady  Susan  and  The  Watsons.— Mansfield  Park.— Northanger  Abbey  and 
Persuasion.— Pride  and  Prejudice.— Sense  and  Sensibility.  ^ 

London:  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON,  New  Burlington  Street, 

PiibiisJiers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Qtieen. 


334 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  iE  U  M 


N°3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


"  A    FASCINATING     PAGE    OF    LITERARY 
HISTORY."— Illvstrated  London  A'ews. 


In  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  24#. 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM; 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 

"  We  have  put  before  us  a  valuable  collection  of 
materials  for  the  future  history  of  the  Victorian 
era  of  English  literature." — Standard. 

"  No  other  fifty  years  of  English  literature  contain 
60  much  to  interest  an  English  reader."— lyeeman. 

"  A  mine  of  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  literature  for  the  last  fifty  years." — JEcho. 

"  Rich  in  literary  and  social  interest,  and  afford  a 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  nation."— Leeds  Mercury. 

"  This  literary  chronicle  of  half  a  century  must  at 
once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  reference." 

Publishers''  Circular. 

"  The  entire  work  affords  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremely  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A   worthy  monument  of  the    development    of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman, 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  life  of  John 

Francis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  Mercury, 

"Our  survey  nas  been  unavoidably  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  the  first  volume  ;  indeed,  any- 
thing like  an  adequate  account  of  the  book  is 
impossible,  for  it  may  be  described  as  a  history  in 
notes  of  the  literature  of  the  period  with  which  it 
deals.  We  confess  that  we  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Examiner. 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  suspect  that  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference." 

Liverpool  Mercury. 

"  The  book  is,  in  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
chronicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  the  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  piquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"No  memoir  of  Mr.  Francis  would  be  complete 
without  a  corresponding  history  of  the  journal  with 

which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  persons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  indicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  be  of  incalculable  service." 

Dookseller. 

London :  RICHAED  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington  Street,  W., 
Publishers  in  Ordinary/  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen, 


THE  ATHENiEUM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


Last  Week's  ATJIE^'MVU  contains  Articles  on 
SOCIAL  ENGLAND. 
liianSH  BALLADS  and  SONGS. 
CICEUOS  LErrERS. 
The  FOllTY-SECOND  HIGHLANDERS. 
ruOF.  LEGER  on  the  SLAVS. 
The  REIGN  of  HENRY  III. 

The  HIGHER  CRITICISM  of  the  OLD  TESTAMENT. 
A  IlIULIOGRAPHY  of  ARISTOTLE. 
NEW  NOVELS:— 'The  Christian',    'A  Flirtation  with  Truth';  'Good 

Mrs    Hypocrite';    'By  Stroke  of  Sword';    'One  Heart  One  Way'; 

'  L'Accusateur.' 

BOOKS  on  EDUCATION. 

RECENT  VERSE. 

AFRICAN  PHILOLOGY. 

FOLK-LORE. 

ANTIQUARIAN  LITERATURE. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY. 

REPRINTS. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE.— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

'  A  TALE  of  TWO  TUNNELS  ';  The  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON  ; 

PROF.  SAINTSBURY  on  the  MATTER  of  BRITAIN  ;  The  SONS 

of  EDMUND  IRONSIDE. 

Also- 
literary  GOSSIP. 
SCIENCE  :— Life  of  Thomas  Wakley  ;  Library  Table ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS  —Constable's  Life  and  Lc^tters ;  The  British  Arch«-olo»ical 
Association  ;  The  Cambrian  Archa'ological  Association  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— Recent  Publications ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA  :— The  AVeek  ;  Gossip. 


The  ATHEX^TVM  for  August  21  cuutains  Articles  on 

R    L    STEVENSON. 

The  REIGN  of  HENRY  VIII. 

MORE  RECOLLECTIONS  of  the  CRIMEAN  WAR. 

GAELIC  POETRY. 

MODERN  CRICKET. 

SIR  THOMAS  COPLEY'S  LETTERS. 

SOURCES  for  GREEK  HISTORY. 

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LOCAL  HISTORY. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

CONTINENTAL  HISTORY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

UNUM  est  NECESSARIUM;  The  CLERK  of  the  SHIPS;  PROF. 
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of  NAPOLEON';    "PRAISE-GOD   BAREBONES";   TKELAWNY 

at  USK. 

Atiio — 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE;  — Sir  John  Evans's  Address   to  the    British    Association; 

Library  Table ;  Geographical  Literature ,  Entomological  Literature  ; 

Geolop;ical   Literature;    The  Literature  of    Physics;    The    Mathe- 
matical Congress  ;  Astronomical  Notes. 

FINE  ARTS;— Life  and  Letters  of  Jean  Francois  Millet;  Cambrian 
Archicolo^ical  Association  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— Recent  Publications  ;  Bayreuth  Festival ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA :— Molifre  Dictionary;  The  Week  ;  Gossip. 


Tlie  ATHUXJEVM  tor  August  U  contains  Articles  on 
R.  L.  STEVENSON. 

The  LITERARY  HISTORY  of  the  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 
STUDIES  in  MEDIiEVAL  HISTORY. 
The  WAR  in  THESSALY. 

MR.  COURTHOPE'S  HISTORY  of  ENGLISH  POETRY. 
BALZAC  in  ENGLAND. 
A  MEDIAEVAL  BISHOP. 
BOOKS  of  TRAVEL. 

CONTRIBUTIONS  to  the  HISTORY  of  OXFORD. 
OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE —LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 
'A  TALE  of  TWO  TUNNELS';  ADAM  ASNYK;    The  CLERK  of  the 

ships;  chaucer's  "baptus"  of  cecilia  chaumpaigne. 

Also- 
literary  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE:— Joret  on  Plants  in  Antiquity;  Library  Table  ;  Prof.  Victor 
Meyer;  Astronomical  Notes ;  Gossip. 

FINE    ARTS :— Miniatures    in    Montagu  House;     The  Archaeological 
Societies ;  'Phe  Royal  Archa;ological  Institute  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC :— Bayreuth  Festival ;  Mr.  William  Smallwood  ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA:— Das  Griechische  Theater;  Gossip. 


THE  ATHENjEUM,  every  SATURDAY, 

PEICB  THREEPENCE,  OF 

JOHN     C.     FRANCIS, 

AthencEum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane, 

B.C. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEK'StlUMBER  contains— 
NOTES  :— Francesca  dc  (haves— Peter  Thellusson- Death  of  Voltaire- 
Lady  Monson  — Incident  in  '  Pickwick '-Episcopal  Families  — G. 
Winstanley— Lcwkners  Lane. 

QUERIES;- Mayhew  — F.  G  Waldron  —  Mrs.  Webb  — Rainsford  — 
Gentleman  Porter —  Engraving  —  English  Prisoners  —  Heraldic  — 
"Scholar  in  Chaucer" — Davy  Family— Fairy  Abunde— Marks  for 
Signatures  — Hulme  — Montague  — Scottish  Coins— Manwood  and 
Kettle— "Cooper  "  —  J.  Rilley  — Characters  in  I>ickens—  "Droo" — 
Sermon  by  Luther— Origin  of  Aphorism— Newspaper  Cuttings — 
Archbishops'  Signatures— Wife  of  Hon.  W.  Spenser  — Authors 
Wanted. 

REPLIES :— John  Cabot  an-i  the  Matthew— Tern— Green's  '  Gnide  to  the 
Lakes'  —  Foster  of  Ramborough  —  "  Tally-ho  "—Division  of  New 
Testament —  "  When  sorrow  sleepeth"  — Etiuivalents  of  English 
Proverbs— "  Marriage  Lines" — Hatchments  in  Churches — Ennis  : 
Denis  —  "Hansard  "  :  "Hanse"  —  "  Matrimony  "  —  "  Bundling" — 
Bees  and  Rose  Leaves— Clarkson  Stanfield—"  Mow  Land" — Loss 
of  the  Eurydice— Pai-ish  Records— Fireless  Peoples -Standards  of 
Measurement— Red,  White,  Blue— "  Sovereifjn  c»f  Helfast"— Byron's 
Birthplace — "  Does  your  motherknowyou  're  out?  "—Black  Hole  of 
Calcutta— Bar  Sinister— Rummer  —  "Gurges"— Cockade  ;  Escallop 
— Baronet's  Widow — Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS ;— Farmers  'National  Ballad  and  Song'— Rye's 
'Norfolk  Pedigrees'—  Worthy's  'Devonshire  Wills' — Rushton's 
'Shakspearean  Archer  '—Harper's  '  Shakespeare  and  the  'Ihames  ' — 
Morrall's  Ran  beck's  'Saints  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict ' — 'Camden 
Miscellany,' Vol.  IX. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUJIBERfAvgu'tiSJ  contains— 

NOTES;— City  Names  in  Stows  '  Survey '—O.  W.  Holmes  and  the 
Word  "Pry" — Scallop  in  Heraldry —  Church  Row,  Hampstead — 
Anglo-Saxon  MSS  — "ODeus  Optime  "—Local  Phrases— "  Whom " 
—English  Measure. 

QUERIES  :—Burlinghame  —  Charles  Keene  —  Swifts.  Sparrows,  and 
Starlings — Skelton— Plantagenet— Sir  W.  Hendley — Clock  at  Rouen 
—Parkhurst  Family— Evona— Folk-lore  of  the  Moon— Song  Wanted 
^Daily  Service — J.  T.  Busby— Reigate  Church  —  Tern— Armorial 
China— Letter  from  Douglas  Jerrold—' Austria  as  it  is  ' — Volunteers 
— Owen  ap  Lewis— Chitteuing—"  Obey  "—History  of  Huntingdon— 
"Godard";  "Lagman." 

REPLIES  ;— Tradition  of  St  Crux— "  To  cha'  fause  "—New  South  Wales 
Bibliography  — Gretna  Green  —  Diamond  Jubilee  Service  —  Gram- 
marsow — 'English  A'ers-'  Structure'  —  Twenty -four  Hour  Dials — 
Handicap  —  Decadents  and  Symbolistes  —  Oldest  'Prees- Military 
Colours—  "Dick  s  Hatband  "  —  Type  writers  —  Charlton  Family- 
Cheney  Gate— Ulster  Plantation— Descendants  of  Jones  the  Regi- 
cide— King's  Messengers— B.  Scrope— H.  J.  H.  Martin — Hare  and 
Eggs— Nine  Men's  Morris— Burning  Christmas  Decorations — A. 
Smith — 'Prials  of  Animals— Enid  —  Cape  Gooseberry — Heanfeast — 
LivingSign — Methven  Pedigree— Early  Headstones-Copeand  Mitre 
— Smoking  before  Tobacco  -Earls  of  Derby— Invention  of  the  Guil- 
lotine—" Apparata"  "  Aceldama"— Miss  Wallis- Rhymes  in  Latin 
Classics— Knights  Templars  in  Pembroke—"  Havelock  "—Howard 
Medal— Holly  Meadows— Polling  Bridge-Old  Ruft— 'The  Bible  ol 
Nature." 

NOTES  on  BOOKS;— Heckethorn's  'Secret Societies'— Stubbs's  'Eegis- 
trum  Sacrum  Anglicanun^' — Grenfell  and  Hunt's  *  Sayir  gs  of  Our 
Lord'  —  'Authors  and  Publishers  '  —  'Robinson  on  Gavelkind' — 
*Capt.  Cueller's  Adventures  ' — Ward's  '  Guide  to  Stratford-on-A von* 
— Henslow's  '  Bible  Plants' — Dallinger's  'Nominations  for  Office 
in  the  United  States '— Harrisse's  '  Discovery  of  North  America.' 


niE  KU31BER  TOR  AUGUST  21  contains— 

NOTES;— The  Dove— " Slipper-iiath  "—Names  and  the  Survey— Arabic 
Star  Names  —  Cockade  :  Escallop  —  Epitaph  —  Marriage  Custom — 
"Bushton" — "Peace  with  honour"— Sieur  du  Bartas—' Dictionary 
of  Dates  '  and  the  Calendar — Mammoth  Remains— Ancient  Font — 
Curious  Custom  —  Dickens  in  Russian  —  Parallels  —  Confirmation 
Rite— Disfigured  Landmarks— Colours  in  Action. 

QUERIES  :—"  With  a  wet  linger"- Miss  Vandenhoff— 'Labyrinth  ol 
Life  ' — "  Hung  " ;  "  Hanged  "—Somersetshire  Assizes— R.  J.  Clark — 
Cromlechs— Carrick — Baronet's  W  idow— "  Kingale  " — Bacon  Family 
— Church  of  Scotland  —  -on  the  knees  of  the  gods" — Making 
Burghers— Reference  Sought — P  as  a  Numeral— Bowing  to  a  Sweep 
— '  De  Imitatione  Christi  ' — Warming  Cards  —  Parkhurst  Forest — 
"  Godgeometrtzes"- Sir  J.  Bennet— Lynch  Family— H.  Clay — Livery 
Lists— Charters— Ghosts— Wilkinson =Conyers— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES:— "A  Crowing  Hen  "—Fall  of  Angels— Royal  Arms  of  Scot- 
land— "  Snipers  "—English  Game  Laws  —  East  Windows— Church 
Tower  Buttresses—  "  Hawcubite"—' The  Giaour'— "Fly  on  the 
chariot  wheel  "—"  Cyclist ":  "Bike" — Literary  Women— "Harpe 
pece  " — Sanctuary  Lists  —  Amphillis  —  Poetry — Fit  ^Fought—"  No 
birds  in  last  year's  nest  "—French  Prisoners— Hogg  and  Tannahill 
— "  Ruffin  "  Drop— "  BoBtrakize  "— P.  Harrison — "Crattle":  "  Sul- 
low  "  —  " 'I'eetotal  "  —  De  Medici  —  Longest  English  Words  —  R. 
Woolsey — Old  Estate— Avignon— Glamorganshire  and  Carmarthen- 
shire Families— H.  Cornish— J.  F.  Neville  — Ancient  Cornish- 
Curfew— Helm— Tice-Admiral  Parker— County  Council  English— 
"Belly-Can" — Dies  Veneris  —  Queen's  Watermen  — B  Franklin — 
Burial  of  Horse  and  Owner— Canonization— Superstition. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS ;— Bedford's  '  Blazon  of  Episcopacy  '— Dasent's 
'Acts  of  the  Privy  Council '—Mrs.  Gamlin's  'Twixt  Mersey  and 
Dee"— i'easey's  'Ancient  English  Holy  Week  Ceremonial '— Boore's 
'Wrekin  Sketches'— Morris's  'Struggle  between  Carthage  and 
Rome,'  &c. 

THE  NUMBER  FOR  AUGUST  U  contains— 

NOTES  :— Dr.  Chance— George  Robins— Anaconda— Mr.  A.  Ballantyne— 
J.  and  G.  Smith— Cigars  — Charles  Lamp's  Library— Epitaphs— S. 
Webbe— Ship  Henri  Grace  de  Dieu-"  Mow  Land  "—Lion  and  Uni- 
corn. 

QUERIES  :— Officers  of  Wellington's  Army— Last  Century  Physicians- 
Archbishop  Ussher— Quarles's  '  Emblems '—Lord  of  Allerdale— 
Stanwood  Family — Martin  I^uther- Commission  by  Prince  Charles 
Edward— Miss  Wallis— Death  of  Genei-al  Wolfe— Tradition  at  St. 
Crux— Armorial— ■■  Snipers'— Peter  Egerton  — Greene  Family — 
Belt  of  Bossal— English  Game  Laws— Bees  and  Rose  Leaves— Isle 
of  Man—"  Bundling  "— "  Footle  "-Rewards  to  Inventors— Counsels 
of  Perfection— "Sovereign  of  Belfast  "-Loss  of  the  Eurydice— 
Howard  Medal— Luttrell. 

REPLIES  :— John  Cabot— Macaulay  and  Montgomery— Pocket  Nutmeg- 
graters— "  Civis  Komanus  Sum" — "Careerin" — Ancestors — Source 
ol  Quotation— "  Skiagraphy  "--"Does  your  mother  know  you're 
out?"— Local  Areas— Author  Wanted—  Rimes  Ollendorfflennes  ' — 
'  Guide  to  the  Lakes ' — Wooden  Saxon  Church— Proverb— Motto — 
Social  Amenities  at  Bath— Holly  Meadows— Women's  Pockets- 
Luck  Money— "Jesu,  Lover  of  my  soul  "—"  Burvil  "—Reference 
Sought— Sir  J.  Sanderson— Description  of  Surrey— Cockney  Dialect 
—  Obscure  Parish  Register —"  Not'a  patch  upon  it"  — Church 
Registers— Holy  Stones— "Cocame  " 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS—  Royal  Berkshire  Militia— Engel's  'Gesehichte 
der  Englischen  Littera'iur '— Baring-Gould's  '  Lives  of  the  Saints," 
Vols.  IV.  and  V -Payne's  'Harvey  and  Galen '—Lynn's  'Celestial 
Motions,'  'Remarkable  Comets,'  and  'Remarkable  Eclipses' 
— Reviews,  Magazines,  &c. 

Price  id,  each  ;  by  post,  i^d,  each. 


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Adjutant-General.     With  20  Maps.  

"  This  brilliant  and  fascinating  little  book." 

•  •  o-    17     1       i.r     J.  Daily  Chronicle. 

bir  ttvelyn  Wood  is  to  be  congratulated  on  his  excellent 
•  ^:  .^^''f  service  may  also  be  congratulated  that  amongst 
Its  hield-Marshals  and  General  Officers  on  the  active  list  are 
so  many  who  can  emphasize  their  leading  in  the  field  by 
their  literary  counsels  in  peace.  Among  that  band  of  able 
writers  the  Quartermaster-General  [now  Adjutant-General] 
to  Her  Majesty's  Forces  well  holds  his  own."— Times. 


ROYAL  NAVY  HANDBOOKS. 

EDITED   BY 

Commander  CHARLES  N.  ROBINSON,  R.N. 
NEW  VOLUME,  crown  8vo.  5s. 

NAVAL  GUNNERY :  a  Description 

and  History  of  the  Fighting  Equipment  of  a  Man-of- 
War.  By  Captain  H.  GARBETT,  K.N.  With  125  Illus- 
trations. 

"The  book  can  be  confidently  recommended  as  an  excellent 
treatise  on  the  Development  of  British  Naval  armaments, 
and  a  valuable  addition  to  the  admirable  series."— Times. 

NAVAL   ADMINISTRATION.     By 

Admiral  Sir  R.  VESEY  HAMILTON,  G.C.B.  With 
Portraits  and  other  Illustrations,  5s. 

The    MECHANISM    of    MEN-OF- 

WAR.  By  Fleet-Engineer  REGINALD  C.  OLDKNOW. 
R.N.     With  61  Illustrations,  5s. 

TORPEDOES    and    TORPEDO 

VESSELS.  By  Lieutenant  G.  E.  ARMSTRONG,  late 
R.N.    With  53  Illustrations,  5s. 

The  BRITISH  FLEET :  the  Growth, 

Achievements,  and  Duties  of  the  Navy  of  the  Empire. 
By  Commander  CHARLES  N.  ROBINSON,  R.N., 
Assistant-Editor  of  the  Army  and  Navy  Gazette.  With 
140  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 


Second  Edition,  crown  8vo.  3s.  6rf. 

GOLF  in  THEORY  and  PRACTICE  : 

some  Hints  to  Beginners.     By    H.   S.  C.  BVERARD. 
A  Practical  Manual.     With  22  Illustrations  from  Life. 

"  One  of  the  very  best  books  of  its  class."— iJe/eree. 


Royal  8vo.  2  vols.  25s.  net. 

MEMORIALS  of  CHRISTIE'S.    By 

W.  ROBERTS,  Author  of  '  The  Book-Hunterin  London,' 
'Printers'  Marks,'  &e.  With  75  Collotype  and  other 
Illustrations,  and  a  full  Index. 

"Mr.  Roberts's  book,  from  the  authenticity  of  its  record, 
is  full  of  interest  for  the  collector,  as  from  its  easy  style  and 
varied  information  it  is  sure  to  gratify  the  larger  class  who 
like  to  hear  the  gossip  of  the  auction  mart.  It  thus  appeals 
to  two  publics,  the  few  and  the  many,  and  should  satisfy 
both." — Daily  News. 


Crown  8vo.  600  pages,  3s.  6rf. 

ELOCUTION  and  the  DRAMATIC 

ART.  By  DAVID  J.  SMITHSON.  New  Edition,  Re- 
vised by  the  Rev.  C.  R.  TAYLOR,  M.A.,  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  Professor  of  Elocution  at  King's 
College,  London. 

"  The  book  has  been  considered  a  standard  work  on  the 
subject  for  many  years."— Gtes^ow;  Herald. 


NEW  and  REVISED  EDITION,  post  8vo.  2  vols.  15s. 

SLANG,   JARGON,   and   CANT:    a 

Dictionary  of  Unconventional  Phraseology,  comprising 
English,  American,  Colonial,  Tinkers',  Yiddish,  Pidgin, 
and  Anglo-Indian  Slang.  With  Philological  Notes  and 
Illustrative  Quotations.  .Compiled  and  Edited  by  Pro- 
fessor ALBERT  BARRERB,  R.M.A.,  Woolwich,  and 
CHARLES  G.  LELAND,  M.A.,  Hon.  F.R.S.L.,  Author 
of  '  The  English  Gypsies  and  their  Language,'  &c. , '  Hans 
Breitmann,'  &c. 

London :  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS, 
York  Street,  Covent  Garden, 


336 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3645,  Sept.  4,  '97 


GASSELL   &    COMPANY'S   ANNOUNCEMENTS. 


NEW    VOLUMES. 


FAMILIAR  WILD  FLOWERS. 

By  F.  E.  HULME,  F.L.S.  F.S.A.  With  200  beautifully  Coloured 
Plates.     Fifth  and  Concluding  "Volume,  3s.  6d,  [A'o?y  ready. 

SCIENCE  FOR  ALL. 

Cheap  Edition.  Edited  by  Dr.  ROBERT  BROWN,  M.A.  F.L.S.,  &c., 
assisted  by  Eminent  Scientific  Writers.  With  about  1,700  Illustrations, 
complete  in  5  vols,  3s.  6d.  each. 

VOL.    I.  NOW  READY. 

VOL.  n.  READY  SEPTEMBER  15, 

BRITISH  BATTLES  ON  LAND  AND  SEA. 

By  JAMES  GRANT.  With  about  800  Illustrations,  complete  in  4  vols. 
3s.  6d.  each. 

RECENT  BATTLES  NOW  READY. 

VOL.  I.  (1066-1743)  READY  SEPTEMBER  15. 

CHEAP  EDITION  OF 

BISHOP  ELLICOTT'S  COMMENTARY 

FOR  ENGLISH  READERS. 

Embracing  the  OLD  and  NEW  TESTAMENTS. 
Complete  in  8  vols.  4s.  each,  or  the  Complete  Set,  30s. 

The  OLD  TESTAMENT.     5  vols.     4s.' each. 
The  NEW  TESTAMENT.     3  vols.     4s.  each. 

VOL.  L  READY  SEPTEMBER  8. 

VOL.  II.  READY  SEPTEMBER  15. 


LIBRARY    EDITION    OF    WORKS    BY    ROBERT 
LOUIS   STEVENSON. 

SIX      SHILLINGS      EACH, 

TREASURE  ISLAND. 

NOW  READY. 

THE  MASTER  OF  BALLANTRAE. 

READY  ABOUT  SEPTEMBER  15. 


FAMILIAR  GARDEN  FLOWERS. 

By  F.  E.  HULME,  F.L.S.  F.S.A.    With  beautifully  Coloured  Plates. 
Popular  Edition,  complete  in  5  vols.  3s.  6d.  each, 

VOL,  I.  READY  SEPTEMBER  15. 


NOVELS    FOR    HOLIDAY    READING. 

NOTICE.— The  First  Large  Edition  of  MY  LORD 
DUKE,  hij  E.  W.  HORNUNG,  having  been 
exhausted,  a  SECOND  EDITION  has  been 
prepared,  and  is  now  on  sale,  price  6s. 

"There  is  no  question  that  Mr.  Ilornung  can  tell  a  capital  story,  and  to  our  mind 
'My  Lord  Duke'  is  perhaps  the  best  he  has  ever  told." — Times,  August  2d,  1897. 


FRANK  STOCKTON'S  NEW  WORK. 

NOTICE.— k  STORY-TELLER'S  PACK,  by 
FRANK  STOCKTON,  Author  of  'The  Adven- 
tures of  Captain  Horn^  '  Rudder  Grange,^  &c.,  is 
now  on  sale,  price  6s. 

"Widow  Ducket's  story  of  her  voyage  is  a  fragment  of  perfect  Stoektonese,  which  I 
recommend  to  all  who  are  willing  to  be  led  into  the  pleasant  paths  of  frivolity  by  this 
delightful  writer." — Academy, 

J.  M.  BARRIE. 

SENTIMENTAL  TOMMY.    Forty-third  Thousand.    6s. 
The  LITTLE  MINISTER.    6s. 

Q. 

lA :  a  Love  Story.    3s.  6d. 

WANDERING  HEATH.  6s. 

DEAD  MAN'S  ROCK.  5s. 

"  I  SAW  THREE  SHIPS."  5s. 

NOUGHTS  and  CROSSES.    5s. 

The  SPLENDID  SPUR.    5s. 

HISTORY  of  TROY  TOWN.    5s. 

The  DELECTABLE  DUCHY.    5s. 

The  BLUE  PAVILIONS.    5s. 

ADVENTURES  in  CRITICISM.    6s. 

STANLEY  WEYMAN. 

FROM  the  MEMOIRS  of  a  MINISTER  of  FRANCE.    6s. 

The  STORY  of  FRANCIS  CLUDDE.    6s. 

The  MAN  in  BLACK.    3s.  6d. 

FRANK  STOCKTON. 

MRS.  CLIFF'S  YACHT.    Second  Edition.    6s, 

ADVENTURES  of  CAPTAIN  HORN.    6s. 

POMONA'S  TRAVELS.    3s.  6d. 

ANTHONY  HOPE. 

FATHER  STAFFORD.    3s.  6d. 

H.  RIDER  HAOaARD. 

KING  SOLOMON'S  MINES.    3s.  6d. 


CLARK  RUSSELL. 

WHAT  CHEER!    6s. 

LIST.   YE   LANDSMEN !    a  Romance  of  Incident. 

Edition.     3s.  6d. 


Cheap 


NEW    AND    ENLARGED    EDITION. 
PART  1  ready  SEPTEMBER  8,  price  6d. 

THE      QUEEN'S      LONDON. 

(Dedicated  by  Permission  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  with  nearly  500  Full-Page  Pictures  artistically  reproduced  from  beautiful  Photographs.) 

*j^*  This  celebrated  Work  will  be  Enlarged  by  the  addition  of  nearly  100  additional  Pictures,  in  order  that  it  may  be  fully  representative  of  London 
and  its  Environs  in  the  Diamond  Jubilee  Year,  and  thus  possess  a  permanent  interest  for  all  time.  Part  1  of  the  New  Issue  will  be  exclusively  devoted  to 
portraying  the  Scenes  of  Diamond  Jubilee  Day  (June  22),  so  that  a  pictorial  and  descriptive  record  of  this  unique  event  may  be  preserved. 

(TO  BE  COMPLETED  IN  FIFTEEN  WEEKLY  PAKTS.) 

CASSELL  &  COMPANY,  Limited,  London,  Paris,  and  Melbourne. 

Editorial  Commanications  shoald  be   addressed  to   "The  Editor "  — Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "The  Publisher" — at  the  Office,  Bream's  rnildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
Printed  by  Johm  Edwa»d  Fkancis,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Bnildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C;  and  Published  by  Johm  C.  Francis  at  Bream's  Baildln;3,  Clumcerr  Lane,  E.C. 
Agents  tor  Scotlind,  Messrs.  Bell  ft  Bradlute  and  Mr.  John  Henzies,  Edinburj^b.— Sattirday,  September  4,  1897. 


1 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


Sonmaf  of  iJEnglisfi  anft  i?ore%it  Hiteraturf,  Stitntr,  fte  dffne  arts,  iMusic  antr  tbt  Prama. 


-I 


/ 


No.  3646. 


SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBP:R    11,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

RBGISTKKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


''FHE    LONDON    LIBRARY    will    be    CLOSED 

t  from  the  13th  to  the  "JSth  inst..  both  days  inclusive,  to  enable  the 
Itooks  to  be  removed  into  the  Kook  Store,  which  will  be  ready  for  use 
on  the  15th.  No  Hooks  will  be  issued  between  the  dates  mentioned. 
The  Temporary  Entrance  to  the  Library  will  be  at  No  9,  Duke  Street. 

NEWS  VENDORS'     BENEVOLENT     and 
PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Established  1839. 
OBJECTS  OF  THE  SOCIETY. 

1.  (a)  To  prant  "pensions  and  temporary  assistance  to  masters  or 

servants  engaged  in  the  sale  of  newspapers,  or  to  the  widows 

of  such  masters  or  servants  " 
(6)  Publishers  of  newspapers  and  periodicals,  wholesale  agents, 

and  retail  newsagents,  whether  man  or  woman,   master  or 

servant,  thus  are  all  eligible    members,  provided  they  are 

engaged  in  the  sale  of  newspapers 
(c)  Payment  of  3^   35.  constitutes   a   life    membership,   and  five 

shillings  an  annual  membership. 

2.  Newsvendora  (as  above  described),  in  all    parts    of    the  United 

Kingdom,  are  eligible  members  of  this  Society. 

3.  (a)  Pensions  are  granted  to  members  not  less  than  55  years  of 

age  ;  To  men  20/  each,  and  to  women  15/.  each  per  annum  for 
life.    Candidates  must,  however,  have  been  members  of  this 
TnstitutioQ  (by  subscription  as  previously  stated)  for  not  less 
than  the  ten  consecutive  years  preceding  their  candidature. 
<6)  Subject  to  strict  Investigation,  temporary  assistance  is  granted 
to  members  and   to  non-members,  provided  the  applicants 
have  been  engaged  in  the  news  trade. 
The  Trustees  and  Committee  of    Management  are  elected   by  the 
members  at  the  annual   general    meeting,  and   their    representative 
character  may  be  gauged  by  a  glance  at  their  present  constitution  :— 

On  newspaper  staff  employ  (publishers,  &c.) 10^ 

Retailers  and  assistant  retailers 11  [Total  33 

Wholesalers  and  their  assistants 11  j 

There  are  now  15  men  receiving  (life)  pensions  of  201.  a  year  each, 
and  18  women  15/  a  year  each.  The  recipients  of  these  benefits  include  : 

i^'S  (  4  publishers  for  newspaper  staff  employ(?sj       £80 

^j- J  20  retailers  or  assistant  retailers £335 

SS  I   ^  wholesalers  and  their  assistants £155 

X^l  

Total  Pension  List,  1897    . .    £570 
Any  further  information  can  be  obtained  on  application  to 

AV.  VV.  JONES,  Secretary. 
Memorial  Hall  Buildings,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E  C. 

EDITOR  of  several  years*  experience,  and  with 
recommendations  from  the  highest  literary  authorities,  desires 
RE-ENGAGEMENT  on  the  Stafl  of  some  Magazine  or  Publishing  Firm. 
— Address  L.  M..  61,  Grove  Lane,  Handsworth,  Birmingham. 

SECRETARY    (LADY)   desires  ENGAGEMENT. 
Well  educated.  Stenographer,  Typist,  &c— Apply  P.,  Secretarial 
Bareau,  9,  Strand,  yv.C. 

SECRETARY.— Experienced  ;  Shorthand  ;  Type- 
writing  ;  Modern  Languages  ;  Classics  ;  accustomed  to  Press  Worli. 
Excellent  references  —Box  150,  Penson's  Advertising  otHces,  100,  Fleet 
Street,  EC. 

ADVERTISER,  with  practical  knowledge  of 
Journalism,  Printing,  and  Publishing,  would  like  to  hear  o! 
SITUATION  where  assistance  is  required  in  Sub-Editorial-Reading 
Department,  or  services  of  handy  man  would  be  useful.— J.,  43,  Great 
Urniond  Street,  W.C. 

TNDEXING,  PROOF-READING,  &c.~Gentleman, 

-1-  with  many  years"  experience,  has  spare  time  for  further  work. — 
Catalogues  undertaken.— Write  Alpha,  care  of  Watson's,  lao.  Fleet 
Street,  E  C. 

EDITORS  and  AUTHORS.— Good  Reader,  with 
practical  knowledge  of  Printing  and  business  principles,  desires 
SITUATION  as  ASSISTANT  to  EDITOll  or  AUTHOR —Address  B., 
8,  Wetherwell  Koad,  South  Hackney.  N.E. 

ADVERTISEMENTS. —A  Gentleman  of  many 
years'  successful  experience  is  prepared  to  treat  with  Newspaper 
and  Magazine  Proprietors  for  the  COLLECTION  of  ADVERTISE- 
MENTS on  COMMISSION.- Beta,  2G,  Gray's  Inn  Chambers,  High 
Holborn,  W.C. 

WANTED,  FORTNIGHTLY  SOCIAL  LETTER 
for  COLONIAL  PAPER.  Club  Man  preferred.  Must  write 
well  and  have  good  Information —Address  Anglo-Indian,  care  of 
Messrs.  Street  &  Co.,  30.  Cornhill,  E.C. 

IITERARY — Unique  opportunity  for  educated 
i  LADIf  to  ENTER  EXCLUSIVE  LUCRATIVE  PROFESSION. 
Literary  inclination  and  business  aptitude  necessary.  —  Fiction 
Streachan's,  295,  Strand,  W  C. 

GRADUATE  REQUIRED  on  STAFF  of 
LITERARY  OFFICE.  Able  to  superintend  when  Principal 
absent.  Thorough  training  given  in  Shorthand,  Reporting,  Type- 
Writing,  Proofs,  Translations,  <Sc  ,  with  salary  later.— Graduate, 
Victoria  Chambers,  W.C. 


D 


OMUM     satis     uitidam     in     vico     suburbano 

HAMP.STEAD  nuncupato,  sub  clivo  collis  illius  Comitialis,  qui 
sibi  sedeni  amojnam  acquisiverit.  vir  generosus,  scientiie  historic, 
litterarum  amans,  cunttorum  denique  deorum  cnltor,  CjELEHS  Sini 
SOCIUM  DESIDERAT.— Hescribe.  lector  benevole,  ad  G  H  8  curi 
Mrl.  J.  W.  Hewetson,  bibliopolse,  Numero  Undecimo  in  Alta  Via. 

ERBATIM    REPORTER    REQUIRED   for    ihe 

PORT  of  SPAIN  GAZETTE,  a  Daily  Paper  published  in  Port  of 
♦ipain,  Trinidad,  H  W  I.  Must  be  a  fair  Paragraphist  and  Descriptive 
Writer,  with  a  knowledge  of  Sports,  and  of  very  temperate  habits  He 
will  be  expected  to  assist  in  correcting  proofs  and  generally  in  preparing 
news  for  the  paper.  The  engagement  to  be  for  three  years  certain  at  a 
salary  of  2C0(.  per  annum— Apply,  with  testimonials,  age  and  photo- 
graph, toT.  R.  N.  LiiGiiLtN,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  B  W.I. 

pITY  of  LEEDS.— ORGANIST.— The  Corporation 

\y  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
ORGANIST  for  the  TOWN  HALL.  Salary  200).  per  annum  Particulars 
of  duty  and  conditions  may  be  obtained  from  the  rowN  Clerk  Canvass- 
ing Members  of  the  Corporation  will  disqualify  Candidates.— Applica- 
tions, with  three  testimonials,  to  be  endorsed  "  Organist,  "  and  sent  to 
the  '•  Corporate  Property  Committee,  Town  Hall,  Leeds,"  not  later  than 
September  16, 


RELIGIOUS     PICTURE      CANVASSER 
REQUIRED  to  take  Picture  and  Lecture  round  the  Country. 
State  qualification  and  salary  -Address  T.  M.,  Morley's  Hotel,  London. 

MUNICIPAL      TECHNICAL       SCHOOL, 
ACCllINGTON. 
PUPIL  TEACHERS'  CENTRAL  CLASSES. 
WANTED,  a  thoroughly  competent  MISTRESS  to  take  charge  of  the 
above  Classes,  now  being"  formed,  and  numbering  about  One  Hundred 
Students.    Salary  150/. 
Application  Forms,  and  full  particulars,  may  be  obtained  from 

JNO    RHODES,  Secretary. 


4IE 


URBAN     DISTRICT    COUNCIL     of 

WATERLOO  with  SEAFORTH. 


LADY  LIBRARIAN. 
The  Urban  District  Council  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for 
the  appointment  of  a  LADY  LIBKARIAN.  to  take  charge  of  the  NEW 
READING-ROOM  and  REFERENCE  LIBRARY  in  thelOWN  HALL. 
WAFEKLOO.  Salary  5o;  per  annum.  The  Library  will  he  open  to  the 
Public  each  weekday  "from  2  to  10  p.m.  with  one  exception,  when  it  will 
remain  open  from  2  to  4  p  m.  only.  Preference  will  be  given  to  a  Candi- 
date who  has  had  experience  of  Public  Library  work— Applications,  in 
Candidate's  own  handwriting,  endorsed  "  Librarian,"  and  accompanied 
by  not  more  than  three  recent  testimonials,  to  be  delivered  to  me  not 
later  than  Monday,  the  20th  day  of  September  instant  Canvassing 
Members  of  the  Council  will  be  a  disqualification. 

I!y  order, 
JOHN  I    THO.MPSON,  Clerk  to  the  Council. 
Town  Hall.  Waterloo,  near  Liverpool, 
September  7, 1897. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 


YATES  LECTURESHIP  IN  ARCHAEOLOGY. 


The  Council  is  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  this  Lectureship. 
The  endowment  is  loor.and  the  Lecturer  will  be  required  to  give  a 
Course  of  Lectures  on  some  special  subject.  The  appointment  will  be 
for  (>ne  Year — Candidates  are  requested  to  send  in  their  applications. 
stating  the  subject  and  time  which  they  propose  for  their  Lectures,  lo 
The  SECRErrA.RY  of  the  CoLLEfiK  before  September  15. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE 

ABERYSTWYTH. 


of       WALES, 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  temporary  ASSISTANT 
LECTURER  in  the  DEPARTMENT  of  GREEK  The  Lecturer  will 
be  required  to  undertake  part  of  the  work  of  the  Department  during 
the  Session  1897-8.  being  the  term  of  office  of  the  Principal— who  is 
also  Professor  of  Greek— as  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of  AVales. 

Applications,  with  testimonials,  should  be  sent  not  later  than 
"Wednesday.  September  15.  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained.         T.  MORTIMER  GKEEN.  Registrar. 

OXFORD  B.A.,  about  to  START  CHURCH 
WEEKLY,  moderate,  desires  to  meet  with  another  willing  to 
join  in  the  enterprise.— Address  X.,  care  of  Davles  &  Co  ,  Advertising 
Agents,  Finch  Lane.  Cornhill.  ' 

HIGH-CLASS  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS.— 
FOR  SALE,  a  well-established  and  High-Class  PUBLISHING 
BUSINESS,  holding  some  valuable  Plant  and  Copyrights  Whole  or 
part  Stock  may  be  taken,  and  part  of  purchase  money  can  remain, 
under  sufficient  guarantee. — Full  paiticulars  of  Messiis.  U.  Larner  & 
Co  ,  Expert  Copyright  Valuers,  48,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 

A  RT  CLASS.— Mr.  E.  CONSTABLE  ALSTON'S 

-L\.  COSrUME  CLASS  for  PAINTING  and  DRAWING  REOPENS 
on  MONDAY,  October  4.  Mr  Alston's  Pupils  took  Six  ont  of  Sixteen 
Prizes  at  the  Royal  Academy  Schools  in  18%.  anil  Eight  of  Eighteen 
in  1895.  Both  Medals  for  Painting  of  a  Head  from  Life  in  1895  were  won 
by  his  Pupils. — Address  The  Studio,  30,  Osnaburgh  Street,  Regent's 
Park,  London,  N.W. 

ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINATION  for 
filling  up  about  TWENTY  VACANCIES  on  the  FOUNDATION 
will  be  held  on  the  14th,  X5th,  16th,  17th,  and  20th  SEPTEMBER  NEXr. 
-For  information  apply  to  the  Bubs.vb,  St.  Paul's  School,  West 
Kensington,  W. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN.  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME  SCHOOL  for  limited 
number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors  ;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate:  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Heiss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 

TREBOVIR      HOUSE      SCHOOL, 
1,  IrebOYir  Road,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
Principal— Mrs.  W.  R.  COLE. 
The  NEXT  TERM  will  COMMENCE  MONDAY,  September  20. 
Prospectuses  and  references  on  application. 

SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  Coombe  ffiil  House,   East 
Grinstead,  Sussex.    Principal— Miss  CLARK. 
Moral  training  is  substituted  for  religious  teaching,  and  an  all-round 
development  of   the  individual   for   mere   lesson-learning.      Physical 
training  and  hand-work  form  a  deBnite  part  of  the  .School  course. 
The  AUTUMN  TERM  BEGINS  on  WEDNESDAY,  September  15. 

POTSDAM,  near  BERLIN. —  Friiulein  von 
BRIESEN  and  Friiulein  Z\HN  RECEIVE  a  LIMITED  NUMBER 
of  YOUNG  LADIES  In  their  High-Class  SCHOOL.  They  offer  all  the 
advantages  of  a  Continental  Education  and  a  comfortable  home  Terras, 
Fifty  Guineas  References  and  Prospectus  through  Friiulein  Giffhoin, 
Corra  Linn.  EttricW  Road,  Edinburgh,  former  Lady  Principal  of  this 
School,  who  is  willing  to  give  every  Information,  and  take  Pupils  back 
with  her  at  the  end  of  September. 

MOUNT  VIEW,  HAMPSTEAD.— The  NEXT 
TERM  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  September  23.  Reference 
is  kindly  allowed  to  the  Rev.  Canon  Ainger,  DD.  Master  of  the  lemple, 
E  C.  ;  Professor  G.  Carey  Foster,  F  R  S..  18.  Daleham  Gardens,  N  W  ■ 
Professor  John  Rnskin,  LL  D  ,  Brantwood,  Coniston  ;  and  ethers.— For 
Prospectus  apply  to  Miss  Helen  E.  Batnes. 


FRANCE. —The  ATHEN><EUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES.  BEAULIEU- SUli  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, liOULOGNE-SUR-MER.  CALAIS.  CANNES.  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK,  HAVRE,  LILLE.  LYONS.  MARSEILLES.  MENl'ONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris. 

nnUDOR    HALL     SCHOOL,     Forest    Hill,    S.E. 


Principal— Mrs.  HAMILTON  (Girton.  Cambridge,  Historical  Tripos 
1 5 c  Class) 

Professors— H.  G.  Seeley.  F  R  S.,  J  W  Hales.  M.A..  H  G  Maiden, 
M  A  ,  G  Garcia,  R.A  M  ,  Dr.  Dittel  (Heidelberg),  Mons.  Pradeau  (Paris 
Conservatoire),  Mons  Larpent,  B.-f's  I.  ,  Herr  I.oman,  L.AM.,  Herr 
Paul  Stoeving  (Leipsic).  J.  Allanson  Cull.  Esq  ,  &c. 

Large  house  and  grounds  Gymnasium,  Tennis,  Swimming.  Riding. 
Reference  kindly  permitted  to  Miss  Welsh,  Mistress  of  Girton  College, 
and  many  Clergy  and  Medical  Men.    Prospectus  on  application. 

NEXT  TERM  SEPTEMBER  1'8. 

OVEBDALE"  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  SETTLE, 
YORKSHIRE  —On  the  Moors,  ijrfl  feet  above  the  sea  level. 
.Specially  suited  for  Delicate  Children.  Indian  and  Colonial  Children 
taken  Head  Mistress— Miss  E.  M.  PICKARD  (Classical  Tripos,  189.3, 
Newnham  College).  Resident  Foreign  and  English  Governesses 
German  spoken  throughout  the  house  part  of  every  day  Individual 
Coaching  in  preparation  for  Cambridge  and  Oxford  Universities. 
Several  hours  set  aside  daily  for  out-door  life— Swedish  Drill,  Games. 
Gardening,  and  Natural  History  Expeditions  Fees  including  Music 
and  Drawing,  Seventy  Guineas  NEXT  rEllM  BEGINS  SEPTEM- 
BER 21.  Reference  kindly  permitted  to  Miss  Helen  Gladstone, 
Hawarden  Castle,  &c.— London  Business  Manager,  Miss  PirrHERiiRiDGE 
(Newnham  College),  Secretarial  Bureau,  9,  Strand,  W.C. 

I? DUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
J  can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO  .  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements.— 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

DVICE   as  to  CHOICE   of  SCHOOLS.— The 

Scholastic  Association  la  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad.— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Ijincaster  Place, 
Strand,  London.  W.C. 

nro    AUTHORS.— MESSRS.    DIGBY,    LONG    & 

1.  CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual,'  3s.  6d.  net,  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form.— Address  18,  Bouverie 
Street.  Fleet  Street.  London 

For  List  of  DIGBY,  LONG  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOICS,  see  p  367  of  this 
Journal. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS.,  or  otfcring  to  place  MSS  ,  without  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  a  friend  who  has  experience  of  the  advertiser  or  the 
advice  of  the  Society     By  order.    G.  HERBERT  THRING,  Secretary. 
4.  Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 

N.B  — The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6<i.,  l>y  Horace  Cox,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

rj^UE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

JL  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  1,  Paternoster  Row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors  MSS.  placed 
with  Publishers.  'Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  pi-actical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
jree— 'Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuROHca,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster  Row. 

T'O    AUTHORS.— The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

JL  Limited,  15,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE 
MANUSCRIPTS  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
before  the  Trade,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public.  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 

T>      ANDERSON   &    CO.,    Advertising  Agents, 

XX,        14,  COCKSPUR  STREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S.W., 

Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,   Magazines,  Ac,  at  the  lowest 

Sossible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,   Schools,  Publishers, 
[annfacturers,  &c  ,  on  application. 

C  MITCHELL  J>  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.  Card 
of  Terras  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 


nPHE  MERCANTILE  TYPE-WRITING  OFFICE 

(Manageress,  Miss  MORGAN), 

158,  LEADENHALL  STREET,  LONDON,  EC. 

Authors'  MSS.  carefully  copied  from  10<i.  per  1.000  words  Special 
terms  for  Contract  Work.  All  descriptions  of  Type-writing,  Shorthand, 
and  'Translation  Work  executed  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.— 
Confidential  Secretary.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  Tripos. 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dntch  I'l-anslator  to  the  India  Office  Permanent 
Staff  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries.  Expert  Stenographers 
and 'Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work.  Verbatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  Congresses,  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  translations 
into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialities:  Dutch 'I'ranslations,  Foreign 
and  Medical  Type-writing,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Libraries 
Catalogued.  .  ,  „,    , 

Pupils  'Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

TYPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

X  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  'Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd  per  1,000  words.— N.  TAiLoa, 
74,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  Established  1884,  Telephone  690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator,  London." 


338 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N%3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


u 


NIVERSITY        of        DURHAM. 


SCHOLAllSHIPS  FOR  WOMEN,  OCTOBER.  1807. 
70).  in  Scholarships  will  be  offered  Jor  competition  by  Women 
Students  who  commence  residence  at  Durham  in  Octoher,  18<)7.  I  he 
EXAMINATION  DEOINS  on  OCIOURR  1.3  Notice  of  intention  to 
re'side  should  be  sent,  not  later  than  September  :io.  to  Pnor.  S^mison, 
The  Castle.  Durham,  from  whom  all  information  as  to  cost  of  residence, 
&c.,  may  also  be  obtained. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
York  Place,  Ilaker  Street.  W. 
Principal-Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
The  SESSION  1KI7-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.    Stu- 
dents are  requested  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  r  m.  on 

^Vhe'^lnaugural  Address  will  be  delivered  on  THURSDAY,  October  7, 
at  4  30  r.M  ,  by  Mrs    FAWCETf. 

Further  information  on  application.        c,»»,».,,^ 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


''|'»HE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of     SCIENCE, 

_L  NEWCASTLEUPON-TYNE. 

Principal-Rev.  H.  P.  GURNEY,  MA.  DC  L. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  rniver- 

sitv  Deerees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sejtes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science. 

complete  Courses  are    provided   in    Agriculture.  Engineering    Naval 

Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 

^"Rcsidentol  Hostels  lor  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached  to 

**'Th'?'TWENTY-SEVEN TH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  27,  1897. 
Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.  4(i).-Prospectu8es  on  applica- 
tion to  the  SECRETAnv.  

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS.— The 
TWENTY-FOURTH  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  HEGIN  on  OCTOBER  5,  and  the  SIXTY- 
SEVENTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  OCTOBER  1, 

^^The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions  :-Chemi8try  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  sanitary  Engineeiing,  Coal  Mining  Textile 
Industries.  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  leach- 
ing. Medicine,  and  Surgery.  ,..,.,,         l.„„    „»    Arf<, 

University  Degrees   are   also  conferred  in  the  Faculties  ol  Arts, 
Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 
Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students  residence. 
Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Ruois^rRAR. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 
The    GENERAL    COURSE    of    LECTURES,    by   Prof.    W.    F.     R. 
TVELDON,  F.R.S.,  will  COMMENCE    on    WEDNESDAY,  October  6, 

*  These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparing 
for  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  to  those  ol 
students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
courses  Of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  du^rin^^the^Sessuinwill^^^^^^^ 

UNIVERSITY     OF     LONDON. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

T  ONDON    HOSPITAL    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 


SPECIAL  CLASSES  are  "eld  i"  t'-e  subjects  reqn  red  lor  the 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  M  B.  (London)  EXAMIN  A  HON. 

BOTANY  and  ZOOLOGY.   By  P.  Chalmers  Mitchell,  ^LA  Oxon.  F.Z.S. 

CHEMISTRY  and  PHYSICS.    By  Hugh  Candy,  B  A.  B  Sc.  Lond. 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course.  Ten  Guineas. 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  M.B.  Lond.  and 
Primary  F.K.C.S.,  and  other  Examinations. 

These  Classes  will  COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital. MUNRO  SCOTT,  AVarden. 

QT.    BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL    and 

K5  COLLEGE. 

PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  CLASS. 
Systematic  Courses  of  Lectures  and  Laboratory  Work  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Preliminary  Scientific  and  Intermediate  B.Se  Examinations  of 
tte  Unlve^lty  of  London  will  commence  on  OCTOBER  I,  and  continue 

^'ree^or  the  whole  Course.  21!.,  or  18!.  18,-.  to  Students  ol  the  Hospital ; 
or  single  subjects  may  be  taken.  . 

There  is  a  Special  Class  for  the  January  Examination. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  the  Warden  of  the  Coii.ege,  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  London.  EC. 

A  Handbook  forwarded  on  application. 

CT.    BARTHOLOMEW'S    HOSPITAL    and 

j!^  COLLEGE. 

OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

Four  Scholarships  and  One  Exhibition,  worth  ISO!.,  75!  75!.,  50'^./"'' 
"0!  each  tenable  for  one  year,  will  be  competed  lor  on  September  27, 
i8'J7-viz  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  75!.  will  be 
•iwardcd  io  the  best  candidate  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics  and 
Chemistry  One  Senior  Open  Scholarship  of  the  va  ue  ol  7o!  will  be 
awlrted  to  the  best  candidate  (il  of  sufficient  merit)  m  Biology  and 
Physiology  candidates  for  these  Scholarships  must  be  under  twenty- 
fi  vlyears  of  age.  and  must  not  have  entered  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Practiceof  any  London  Medical  School  »„j  „„„  T>ro 

One  Junior  Open  Scholarship  in  Science,  value  1501  and  one  Pre- 
liminarv  SdentiHc  Exhibition,  value  50!,  will  be  awarded  to  the  best 
candidates  under  twenty  years  of  age  (if  of  sufficient  merit)  in  Physics, 
Chemistry.  Animal  Biology,  and  Vegetable  Biology. 

The  Jeaffreson  Exhibition  (value  20/.)  will  be  competed  for  at  the 
same  time  The  subjects  of  examination  are  Latin,  Mathenialics.  and 
any  one  of  the  three  following  Languages-Greek,  French,  and  Germain 
The  Classical  subjects  are  those  of  the  London  University  Matriculation 
Examination  of  July,  1897.  ...         .,.  ,.  -a 

The  successful  Candidates  in  all  these  Scholarships  will  be  required 
to  enter  to  the  full  course  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  the  October 
succeeding  the  Examination.  ^     ,  ..       ,„ 

For  particulars,  application  may  be  made,  personally  or  by  letter,  to 
the  Warden  of  the  College.  St.  Bartholomews  Hospital,  E.C. 


G 


UY'S     HOSPITAL     MEDICAL    SCHOOL. 


The  -WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  MON'DAY.  October  4. 

Entrance  Scholarships  of  the  combined  value  of  410!.  are  awarded 
annually,  and  numerous  Prizes  and  Medals  are  open  lor  competition  by 
Students'of  the  School.  ,    .,     .      ,     .  „j„j 

The  number  of  patients  treated  in  the  wardsdunng  last  yearexceeded 

All  Hospital  Appointments  are  made  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
merits  of  the  Candidates,  and  without  extra  payment  I  here  are 
Twenty-eight  Resident  Appointments  open  to  Students  of  the  Hofpital 
annually  without  payment  of  additional  lees,  and  numerous  Non-Kesi- 
dent  Appointments  in  the  General  and  .Special  Departments.  Ihe 
Queen  \*ictoria  Ward,  recently  re-opened,  will  provide  additional 
accommodation  lor  Gyna>cological  and  Maternity  cases. 

The  College  accommodates  about  Sixty  Students,  under  the  super- 
vision of  a  Resident  Warden.  ,      ,  .,,*!. 

The  Dental  School  provides  the  lull  curriculum  required  lor  the 
L.D.S.,  England.  ..  .,  ... 

The  Clubs  Union  Athletic  Ground  IS  easily  accessible.  ,,„^.„, 

A  Handbook  ol  information  for  those  about  to  enter  the  Medical 
Profession  will  be  forwarded  on  application    . 

For  the  Prospectus  of  the  School.  conUining  lull  particulars  as  to 
fees,  course  of  study  advised,  regulations  of  the  College,  &c  ,  apply, 
personally  or  by  letter,  to  the  Dsan,  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  b.E. 


Cr.  THOMAS'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

^    '  Albert  Embankment,  London.  S  E. 

The    WINTER    SESSION    of  1897-98  will    OPEN   on    SAT  UBDAY 
October   2     when    the    Pii/es    will  be  distributed,  at  3  p  >..,  in  the 

"Thre"e''Kn"ance  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  in 
Sentcmher  vi/  ,  One  of  l.W!  and  One  of  601.  in  Chemiftry  and  Physics, 
with  either  Physiology.  Botany,  or  Zoology,  tor  First  ><=»,■;?. ^t^^^"^,^,; 
oie  (!f  60!  in  AnaLmiy.  Physiology,  and  Chemistry,  for  rhird  Year  8 

'^'^H.:^  Z>^:^rv^e.  n,  ,he  value  of  .3(X>!  are  awarded  at 

Scientific  and  Intermediate   M  B.  Examinations  of  the  University  of 

^°a"i'|' "Hospital  Appointments  are  open  to  St-'lcnt'""'"^"!;, jl^^.T ' 
Club-Hooms  and  an  Athletic  Ground  are  provided  '»••  ^"^^»>^«-,i„„  ,„ 
The  School  Buildings  and  the  Hospital  can  be  seen  on  application  to 

''■The^ees  mav'^'pald  in  one  sum  or  by  instalments  Entries  may  be 
ntadesenaratelv  to  Lecture  or  to  Hospital  Practice,  and  special  arrange- 
ments aremadVfor  Students  entering  from  the  Universities  and  lor 

*'l''ifetis''ter'=of"app™ved  Lodgings  is  kept  by  the  Medical  Secre^ry 
who  also  has  a  list  of  local  Medical  Practitioners,  Clergymen,  and  others 
who  receive  Students  into  their  houses  .>,„  vto.i;„ai 


C 


HOICB 


QTataloflttt*. 
and    VALUABLE 


BOOKS. 


Fine  Library  Sets-Works  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson 
*^_First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  raodern)-Early 
Inglilh  Liteiuture-iinuminated  and  other  MSS.-  Portraits-Engravings 
—Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Works  on  English.  Scotch,  Insn.  »"« 
Welsh  Topography,  Heraldry,  and  Family  History  Iree  on  application. 
MAGGS  BROS., 
159,  Church  Street,  Paddington,  London,  W. 


FOREIGN     BOOKS    and     PERIODICALS 

promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 

DULAU    &   CO.    37,    SOHO   SQUARE. 


QUARITCH'S    OLD   BOOK   CATALOGUES.— A 
considerable  COLLECTION  of  my  CATALOGUES  of  Old.  B"e, 
Curious   and  Scientific  Books,  many  with  Engravings  and  Woodcuts 
mav  be  had  for  2...  6d.  ;  a  smaller  Collection  for  6d  ;  of  a.  Special  Class 
fSr2<i  in  postage  stamps  -Hebnvrd  Qlaritch.  15.  Piccadilly  London 
Nearly  ?eady^  'rwO^CATALOGUES  of   WORKS   ol  SCIENCE  and 

^I'Ji'^I^^ES'll'TJASfY^  -fYPOGR  APHY.  English  and  Foreign  the 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  of  Early  Printed  Books  ever  oflered  lor 
Sale,  price  2f. ._ 

ILLIAMS      &      NORGATE, 

,  IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 

14  HenrettaStreet.Covent  Garden.  London;  20.  South  Frederick 
Street,  Edinburgh  ;  and  7,  Broad  Street,  Oxford. 
CATALOGUES  on  application. 


w 


EW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21.— Drawings  by  Hunt, 

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N°  3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


839 


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340 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3646,  Sept. 


11,  '97 


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342 


THE     ATIIEN7EUM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &   SON'S 
LIST. 


NOTICE. 


THE  TWO  LATEST  ADDITIONS 


TO 


BENTLEY'S 
FAVOURITE    NOVELS 


AEE 


THE  OLD,  OLD  STORY. 

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AND 

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[^Second  Edition. 

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The  Mistress  of  Brae  Farm. 

Sir  Godfrey's  Grand- daughters. 

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Lover  or  Friend  ? 

For  Lilias. 

Nellie's  Memories. 

Barbara  Heathcote's  Trial. 

Heriot's  Choice. 

Not  Like  other  Girls. 

Only  the  Governess. 

Queenie's  Whim. 

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By  RHODA  BROUGHTON. 

Scylla  or  Charybdis  ? 

A  Beginner. 

Mrs.  Bligh. 

Cometh  up  as  a  Flower. 

Good-bye,  Sweetheart ! 

Joan. 

Nancy. 

Not  Wisely,  but  Too  WeU. 

Red  as  a  Rose  is  She. 

Second  Thoughts. 

"  Doctor  Cupid." 

Belinda. 

Alas! 

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THE     A  T  II E  N  tE  U  M 


343 


SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER  11,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

An  Old  Soldier's  Reminiscences 

Luther's  Primary  Works  in  English 

Woman  under  the  English  Law 

A  French  Writer  on  Positivism 

Some  Books  on  Dante         

Sir  George  Rooke's  Journal      

New   Novels    (Liza  of  Lam  bet  li ;    A  Rash 
Stapleton's  Luck ;   The  Choir  Invisible 
Singer;    Seeing   Him    Through;    The   Coming   of 
Chloe ;     Lady    Mary's    Experiences ;    The     Type- 


PAGZ 

343 
Zii 
344 
345 
346 
347 


Verdict ; 
A  Welsh 


Writer  Girl) 

Plautine  Literature  

Local  History  , 

Scandinavian  Philology 

Our  Library  Tablk— List  of  New  Books 

The   Alleged   Bigamy   of   Thomas   Percy  ; 
Arabella  Stuart  ;    Sir  Thomas  Malory 
Congress  of  Orientalists  ;   The  Autumn 
LiSHiNG  Season;  Pseudo-Dickens  Rarities 

Literary  Gossip         

Science— Capt.  Cook's  Voyages  ;  Botanical  Lite- 
rature; Astronomical  Notes;  Gossip    ...      357 

Fine  Arts— Pliny  on  the  History  of  Art  ;  Library 
Table;  Strafford  Portraits;  The  Tomb  of 
David;  Gossip       .359 

Music-The  Week;  Library  Table;  Gossip        362 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip       363 


347—348 
348 
350 
350 
352 


,      351- 

Lady 
;  The 

PUB- 

352- 


355 

356 

—359 


■362 
363 
-364 


LITERATURE 


An  Old  Soldier's  Memories.  By  S.  H.  Jones- 
Parry,  J.P.,  D.L.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
The  public  has  been  favoured  with  many 
old  soldiers'  memories  lately  ;  but  the  appe- 
tite for  such  literature  does  not  seem  to  be 
satiated,  and  the  book  before  us  is  a  good 
specimen  of  the  sort.  It  is  written  with 
genial  freshness,  and  as  the  author  saw  no 
little  service  in  Burmah,  in  the  Crimea  (with 
the  Turkish  Contingent),  and  during  the 
Indian  Mutiny,  he  has  much  to  tell.  He 
was  fortunate  enough  to  be  posted  soon 
after  his  arrival  in  India  to  the  1st  Madras 
Fusiliers,  having  first  done  duty  for  a  few 
months  with  the  52nd  Madras  Native  In- 
fantry. On  the  day  he  reached  the  head- 
quarters of  the  former  regiment  there  was 
a  great  ball  given  to  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  ;  he  had  a  somewhat  curious  experi- 
ence : — 

"A  gentleman  seeing  me  in  the  uniform  of 
the  Fusiliers  came  up  and  asked  for  an  intro- 
duction to  a  very  pretty  girl.  I  told  him  I  had 
only  joined  that  very  day  and  knew  no  one,  but 
would  ask  one  of  our  stewards  to  do  the  needful. 
The  introduction  was  accomplished,  the  next 
day  he  proposed  and  was  accepted  ;  then  con- 
tinued his  journey  to  Madras,  came  back  to 
Bellary,  and  was  married  after  a  couple  of  days. 
Things  were  done  quickly  in  those  times." 

A  great  deal  of  misconception  exists 
with  regard  to  the  regimental  officers  of 
fifty  years  ago,  especially  those  in  the  Com- 
pany's service.  Capt.  Jones-Parry  entered 
the  army  in  1849,  and  his  opinion  of  his 
comrades,  from  an  intellectual  point  of  view, 
is  distinctly  favourable  to  them  : — 

"Here  let  me  say  one  word  about  the  old 
Company's  officer  of  that  day.  1  can  safely  say 
I  heard  more  good  conversation  in  those  days 
amongst  soldiers  than  I  have  ever  heard  since. 
I  heard  my  dear  old  Brigadier  at  Vellore  cap 
quotation  against  quotation  with  the  Bishop  of 
Madras  till  my  ears  tingled  with  delight ;  of 
course  I  thought  the  soldier  won.  Sir  Mark 
Cubbon  at  Bangalore,  so  charmingly  alluded  to 
by  Lady  Canning,  was  a  finished  classic.  I  have 
heard  Anstruther  of  the  Artillery,  Paddy  Poole 
commanding  the  5th  Native  Infantry,  and  Arnold 
of  Ours  kept  a  large  mess-party  spellbound  by 


their  classical  lore  when  at  Tonghoo.  I  tliink 
we  were  by  no  means  inferior  to  any  class  (bar 
the  University  men)  in  our  general  education, 
modern  languages  excepted  ;  in  those  we  were 
deficient." 

As  to  the  modern  languages,  we  know  from 
our  own  experience  that  in  "  Queen's  regi- 
ments" there  were  in  every  regiment  two 
or  three  officers  who  were  able  to  converse 
fluently  in  French  or  German. 

In    September,    1852,    the    1st    Madras 
landed  at  Rangoon,  and  were  followed  soon 
after   by  the   1st   Bengal   Fusiliers,  which 
had,   nearly   a   hundred    years   previously, 
been   formed — as    a    nucleus — by   the   left 
wing  of  the  Madras  Fusiliers.     Both  were 
fine  regiments.   As,  however,  the  1st  Bengal 
Fusiliers   had   lost  412  killed  or   wounded 
out  of  650  at  Ferozeshah  and  Sobraon  six 
years   previously,  there  were  many  young 
soldiers  in  their  ranks,  and  the  1st  Madras 
Fusiliers   presented   the   finer    appearance. 
"  We   stood,"    says    the    author,    "  at   the 
General's   inspection    1,001    bayonets,    and 
our  average   height  was  5  ft.  8  in."      The 
capture  by  our  troops  of  Pegu  and  its  sub- 
sequent defence  are  described  in  two  inter- 
esting chapters,  and  it  is  evident  that  the 
successful  resistance  of  the  garrison  was  a 
feat  of  which  too  little  has  been  made  in 
British  military  history.    Lieut.- General  Sir 
John   Spurgin,    K.C.B.,  Cols.   Daniell   and 
Brown,  and  the  author  of  this  book  are  the 
only  survivors  of  the  officers  then  engaged. 
Being    at    home    on    leave    during    the 
Crimean  War,   the  author  volunteered  for 
the    Turkish   Contingent,    and    during    the 
war  filled  several  staff  appointments  with 
that   force.      On   the  breaking  out  of  the 
Indian  Mutiny  he  was  recalled  to  his  regi- 
ment.      On    reaching    Cawnpore    he    was 
attached   to   the   75th   till   the   Alumbagh, 
where  a  portion  of  the  Ist  Madras  Fusiliers 
were,    had   been   reached.      In    Sir    Colin 
Campbell's  relief  this  fraction,  and  with  it 
the  author,  formed  part  of  the  fii-st  battalion 
of  details,  which,  with  the  93rd  Highlanders 
and  the  Loodianah  Sikhs,  constituted  Col. 
the  Hon.  Adrian  Hope's  brigade.     In  the 
attack   on   the   Dilkoosha    he   noticed    the 
following  incident,  extremely  creditable  to 
the  93rd  :  — 

"The  enemy  retired  firing;  their  shot  fell 
amongst  us.  I  remember  a  round  shot  falling 
amongst  the  93rd  Highlanders,  who  were  on  our 
right.  It  did  considerable  damage  ;  in  its  course 
it  struck  the  musket-barrel  of  one  of  these 
splendid  fellows,  and  drove  it  clean  through  his 
head.  Three  were  killed  and  many  wounded. 
After  the  first  second  there  was  not  a  move  in 
the  ranks  ;  the  officer  called  out,  '  Tell  off  again 
from  the  right,'  and  it  was  done  as  quietly  as 
on  parade.  Col.  Grseme,  in  speaking  of  this 
incident,  said  it  made  on  his  mind  the  impres- 
sion of  a  large  stone  being  thrown  into  still 
water  ;  a  disturbance  where  it  fell,  and  then  in 
a  few  seconds  all  still  and  placid  again." 

A  few  hours  after  the  capture  of  the 
Secunder  Bagh  Sir  Colin  Campbell  attacked 
the  Shah  Nujjif.  It  was  found  to  be  a 
tough  and  murderous  job,  and  the  diffi- 
culty was  increased  by  the  fact  that  one 
side  of  the  walls  was  covered  by  a  row  of 
mud  huts  which  not  only  helped  to  protect 
the  wall  in  that  part,  but  gave  shelter  to 
the  enemy's  skirmishers.  Sir  Colin  called 
for  a  party  to  advance  and  burn  the  huts 
in  question.  Lieut.  Jones-Parry  and  nine 
of  his  men  volunteered  : — 


"Sir  Culin  himself  told  me  what  to  do,  and 
to  get  a  piece  of  port-fire  from  Capt.  Peel.  This 
I  did,  and  off  we  set.  The  distance  we  had  to 
traverse  was  insignificant.  As  soon  as  ever  I 
got  into  the  first  hut  I  put  the  port-fire  to  the 
roof  and  fired  the  grass,  then  on  to  the  next ; 
but,  alas  !  no  sooner  was  a  blaze  well  established 
than  my  men  seized  lighted  brands  right  and 
left,  and  set  fire  to  every  hut  around.  We  were 
instantly  in  a  circle  of  fire.  The  dry  materials 
blazed  like  tinder  ;  one  of  my  men's  pouches 
blew  up,  and  what  with  fire  and  smoke  it  was 
impossible  to  go  further,  so  I  ordered  a  retreat. 
Just  as  I  got  on  the  main  road,  who  should  I 
meet  but  Sir  Colin  himself  with  some  of  his 
Staff.  He  called  me,  and  said,  '  You  have  not 
half  burned  the  huts,  sir.'  I  answered  that  I 
could  not  burn  more  on  account  of  the  fire.  Sir 
Colin  turned  on  me  like  a  wild  tiger,  shouting, 

'  D your  eyes,  sir,  I  will  not  allow  you  or 

any  other  man  to  tell  me  the  fire  is  too  hot ! ' 
I  was  simply  speechless  ;  I  felt  as  if  I  could  cry. 
I  looked  at  General  Mansfield,  who  happily 
caught  my  meaning,  for  he  said,  '  I  think  the 
officer  means  the  lire  of  the  burning  huts.' 
'Yes,' I  cried,  'I  was  not  afraid  of  the  other 
fire,  but  one  of  my  men's  pouches  blew  up,  and 
we  were  so  surrounded  by  flames  that  I  thought 
it  better  to  retire.'  Sir  Colin  said,  'All  right, 
sir,  it  was  my  mistake,'  and  so  I  returned 
terribly  crestfallen.  I  lost  three  men  out  of  the 
nine  who  accompanied  me  in  this  work." 

The  author  was  naturally  disgusted  at  in- 
curring, instead  of  credit,  abuse  for  his 
gallant  action,  but  the  incident  was  charac- 
teristic of  the  fiery  veteran,  as  was  also  his 
subsequent  amends : — 

"  I  made  my  way  back  to  the  place  where  our 
men  were  sheltering.  I  had  hoped  to  get  some 
credit  for  the  work  I  had  done,  but  I  got  nothing 
but  growls.  Just  then  Sir  Colin  came,  and,  dis- 
mounting, sat  down  near  us  under  shelter.  He 
recognized  me,  and  called  to  me  and  said  :  '  You 
must  not  mind  what  I  said  just  now  ;  I  quite 
mistook  your  meaning ;  sit  down.'  Then,  point- 
ing to  McBean,  the  Adjutant  of  the  93rd,  who 
was  sitting  near,  said  :  '  Let  me  introduce  you 
to  my  friend  McBean,  a  good  Highlander,  and  a 
grand  soldier.'  Accordingly  we  nodded  to  each 
other.  I  shall  never  forget  the  broad  Scotch 
accent  in  which  he  spoke  those  words.  Thinking 
I  was  no  longer  wanted,  I  saluted  and  retired. 
T  think  Sir  Colin  grew  impatient  at  the  losses 
we  had  sustained  in  our  attempts  on  this  place." 

Sir  Colin,  at  the  close  of  the  day,  made  still 
further  reparation ;  for,  seeking  out  the 
detachment  of  the  Madras  Fusiliers,  he 
highly  praised  them,  made  special  mention 
of  Jones  -  Parry's  exploit,  and  ordered 
them  to  form  his  guard  that  night.  In 
his  account  of  the  eventual  capture  of  the 
Shah  Nujjif  Capt.  Jones-Parry  is  in  error 
as  to  the  means  by  which  that  capture  was 
effected.  He  says  that  Lieut.  Nowell 
Salmon,  E.N.,  and  a  coloured  sailor,  having 
climbed  some  palm  -  trees,  discovered  the 
enemy  evacuating  the  place  by  a  gateway 
on  the  far  side,  and  that  the  93rd  there- 
upon rushed  to  the  main  entrance  and  blew 
it  in.  The  true  facts  of  the  case  are  that 
a  corporal  of  the  93rd  Highlanders,  accom- 
panied by  two  or  three  of  his  comrades, 
while  prowling  about  the  walls  discovered  a 
small  passage  ;  entering  by  this,  they  found 
that  the  enemy  had  disappeared.  They 
informed  the  rest  of  the  force  of  this  good 
fortune,  so  that  the  place  was  at  once  occu- 
pied without  further  opposition.  For  this 
daring  reconnaissance  the  corporal  was 
rewarded  by  the  Victoria  Cross. 

In  an  extract  from  a  letter  written  just  be- 
fore the  military  amalgamation  was  effected 


,34  i 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N-'SGiO,  Sept.  11,  '97 


some    observations  will  atill   be   read  with 
interest : — 

"You  ask  tne  whether  there  is  any  marked 
difference  between  the  Queen's  and  the  Com- 
pany's officers.  I  do  not  think  that  there  is  any 
difference  in  the  class  from  which  our  officers 
and  those  of  the  Queen's  army  are  selected  ; 
every  man  in  the  Company's  service  has 
brothers,  father,  or  relations  in  the  Queen's, 
but  I  think  the  constant  active  service,  and  the 
numerous  independent  commands  which  fall  to 
the  lot  of  the  Company's  subaltern  officers  out 
here,  make  them  the  better  soldiers  of  the  two. 
They  are  not  so  agreeable  or  polished,  owing  to 
the  long  absence  from  home  and  its  associations. 
I  do  not  believe  that  more  jealousy  exists  be- 
tween us  and  Queen's  men  than  exists  between 
us  and  our  comrades  attached  to  native  regi- 
ments. Of  course  we  consider  ourselves  supe- 
rior to  sepoy  officers,  though  only  the  merest 
accident  places  us  to  European  regiments  ;  still 
a  greater  amount  of  discipline  is  necessary  with 
Europeans,  and  English  instincts  are  more 
closely  preserved.  We  have  better  chances  of 
seeing  service,  and  the  greater  advantage  of 
being  always  in  good  stations  with  other  troops 
under  the  eye  of  a  general  officer,  which  of 
course  prevents  our  growing  lax." 

The  following  extract,  taken  from  the  close  of 
the  author's  account  of  his  military  career, 
is  also  worthy  of  notice  : — 

^'Esprit  de  corps  is  the  key-note  of  the  British 
Army  ;  it  is  made  up  of  trifles,  but  trifles  sacred 
in  the  eyes  of  Tommy  Atkins  and  his  officers. 
Soldiers  are  emblem  worshippers.  Why  inter- 
fere with  a  harmless  idiosyncrasy  ?  Too  much 
is  done  in  that  way  under  the  guise  of  making 
the  soldier  more  comfortable.  Men  worked  in 
the  Punjaub,  in  Burmah,  and  during  the  Mutiny 
without  blue  spectacles  or  mosquito  curtains, 
and  all  such  trash  will  go  where  it  ought  to  go 
after  a  couple  of  days  of  real  campaigning.  The 
British  Army  is,  I  think,  better  to-diiy  than  it 
was  when  I  left  it ;  the  men  are  better  looked 
after,  and  the  officers  very  niuch  better  up  in  pro- 
fessional matters.  As  to  fighting,  the  men  will 
fight  as  well  in  1900  as  they  did  in  1800  ;  it  only 
wants  twenty-four  hours  of  bullets  flying  about 
to  make  the  men  of  to-day  as  good  as  those  who 
won  Waterloo,  held  Inkerman,  and  captured 
Delhi  and  Lucknow. " 

We  are  glad  to  read  so  favourable  an 
•opinion  of  the  army  of  to-day  from  an  old 
soldier  who  has  seen  much  service. 


Luther's  Primary  IVorks,  together  with  his 
Shorter  and  Longer  Catechisms.  Trans- 
lated into  English.  Edited,  with  Theo- 
logical and  Historical  Essays,  by  Henry 
Wace,  D.D.,  and  C.  A.  Buchheim,  Ph.D. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

TJjvDEK  this  title  Dr.  "Wace  and  Prof.  Buch- 
heim have  published  a  translation  of  the 
three  important  treatises  which  Luther 
issued  in  1520 — the  'Address  to  the  Christian 
Nobility,'  the  '  Babylonish  Captivity  of  the 
Church,'  and  the  treatise  '  Concerning 
Christian  Liberty '  —  together  with  the 
'  Ninety-five  Theses,'  and  Luther's  Shorter 
and  Greater  Catechisms,  with  an  essay  by 
Dr.  Wace  upon  the  primary  principles  of 
Luther's  theology,  and  one  by  Prof.  Buch- 
heim upon  the  political  course  of  the 
Peformation  in  Germany. 

The  translations  have  been  prepared  with 
great  care  by  Miss  Buchheim,  Prof.  Buch- 
heim, and  the  late  Eev.  E.  S.  Grignon,  and 
have  been  carefully  revised  by  the  editors, 
and  are  throughout  excellent  in  point  of 
style.  The  translators  have,  indeed,  suc- 
ceeded   in  preserving    s.mething    of    that 


picturesque  and  forcible  directness  which 
stamps  these  works  with  Luther's  own 
individualit}'.  We  find  occasionally 
a  little  stiffness  ;  but  this  will  readily  be 
pardoned  by  any  who  know  the  almost 
insurmountable  difficulties  of  rendering 
German  into  English. 

The  essays  appended  to  the  translations 
are  of  somewhat  unequal  value.  That  on 
the  history  of  the  politics  of  the  German 
Reformation  presents  a  clear  and  well-con- 
densed account  of  the  main  events  of  the 
time,  but  seems  scarcely  adequate  when  we 
consider  the  greatness  and  complexity  of  the 
subject.  It  would  be  well  if  all  historical 
students  would  remember  that,  though  there 
may  be  much  which  may  in  the  future  be 
added  to  Ranke's  treatment  of  the  subject, 
his  analysis  of  the  political  conditions  and 
forces  in  Germany  during  the  period  of  the 
Reformation  has  not  yet  been  superseded, 
and  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  ever  can 
be.  The  essay  on  Luther's  theology  is 
excellent,  and  it  is  creditable  to  English 
scholarship  that  there  should  be  at  least  one 
scholar  in  England  who  has,  in  no  merely 
partisan  sense,  a  just  appreciation  of  the 
religious  conceptions  of  Luther  and  of  their 
relations  to  the  conceptions  of  the  great 
theologians  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  editors  have  rendered  a  real  service 
to  English  students  of  history  and  theology 
in  i)ubli8hing  these  treatises  in  this  con- 
venient form.  The  mass  of  Luther's  work 
is  great,  and  it  is  difficult  to  know  where  to 
begin  in  studying  it.  And  it  is  unfortunately 
the  case  that  among  English  students 
the  knowledge  of  Luther's  writings,  and 
even  of  Luther's  general  positions,  is  of 
a  most  elementary  kind.  It  is,  indeed, 
scarcely  creditable  that  English  writers 
and  theologians  should  allow  themselves 
to  talk  loosely  about  Luther's  anti- 
nomianism  ;  such  provincial  eccentricities 
can  only  be  explained  by  the  supposition 
that  there  has  been  an  almost  complete 
absence  of  the  study  of  his  reasoned  state- 
ments upon  the  relation  of  faith  and  con- 
duct, and  consequently  a  failure  to  under- 
stand the  half-humorous  paradoxes  of  a 
man  who  was  much  more  than  a  scholar 
or  even  a  philosopher,  a  leader  of  men,  the 
man  Mho  more  than  any  other  in  modern 
times  set  free  men's  souls. 

Luther's  treatise  '  Concerning  Christian 
Liberty  '  serves  well  to  bring  out  the  central 
elements  of  Luther's  truly  revolutionary 
spirit  and  work.  In  the  '  Address  to  the 
Christian  Nobility '  he  asserted  the  freedom 
and  equality  of  all  classes  of  men  in  the 
Christian  Church,  by  denying  the  doctrine 
that  the  clergy  in  their  own  right  possessed 
any  other  powers  than  those  which 
belonged  to  the  layman.  In  the  treatise 
on  Christian  liberty  he  considers  the  nature 
of  this  liberty  in  itself.  He  contends  that 
in  his  relation  to  God  man  is  not  free 
until,  being  brought  by  faith  into  a  new 
relation  to  God,  he  learns  to  do  the  works 
which  God  requires,  not  by  the  constraint 
of  an  external  law,  but  by  reason  of  the 
new  principle  of  life  within  himself.  Luther, 
that  is,  in  the  field  of  religion,  anticipates 
the  great  principle  of  the  Revolution,  that 
a  man  to  be  himself  truly  must  have 
freedom,  but  that  freedom  means,  not  the 
surrender  to  the  chance  passion  or  caprice 
of    the    moment,    but    the   voluntary   and 


joyful  surrender  of  a  man  to  his  true  self, 
in  reading  Luther  we  are  constantly 
reminded  of  that  profound  saying  of 
Schiller  in  his  letter  to  Goethe  on  the 
"  Bekenntnisse  einer  schonen  Seele,"  that 
the  distinguishing  characteristic  of  the 
Christian  religion  is  the  substitution  of  the 
principle  of  a  free  choice  for  that  of  submis- 
sion to  an  external  law. 

Luther  was  often  a  controversialist,  and 
as  such  surpasses  his  contemporaries 
only  in  the  force  and  clearness  of  his 
conceptions  and  presentation  of  his  sub- 
ject. But  he  was  also  something  much 
greater  than  a  controversialist :  he  was  a 
positive  and  constructive  thinker,  who  began 
the  emancipation  of  men's  minds  from  that 
Judaic  legalism  which  had  overcome  them 
in  the  decay  of  media2val  life  and  thought, 
which,  indeed,  tends  at  all  times  to  cramp 
and  obstruct  the  progressive  elements  in 
human  nature. 


Woman  under  the  English  Law,  from  the  Land- 
ing of  the  Saxons  to  the  Present  Time.  By 
Arthur  Rackham  Cleveland.  (Hurst  & 
Blackett.) 

The  author  of  this  small  but  interesting 
work  takes  his  start  thus  early  because  he 
fears  that  if  he  began  later  he  could  not 
give  a  general  outline  of  his  subject  with 
any  regard  to  thoroughness.  The  book  is 
rather  an  historical  treatise  on  a  particular 
branch  of  law  than  a  law-book  dealing 
directly  with  that  branch.  The  historical 
sketch  is  divided  into  four  "parts"  or 
periods  of  very  unequal  length :  the  first, 
from  the  landing  of  the  Saxons  to  the 
Norman  Conquest ;  the  second,  from  the 
Conquest  to  the  twenty  -  fifth  year  of 
Henry  VIII.  (a  date  selected,  no  doubt, 
as  being  practically  that  of  the  final 
breach  with  Rome  and  the  consequent 
decline  of  the  canon  law)  ;  the  third,  from 
the  date  last  mentioned  to  the  accession 
of  Queen  Victoria ;  the  fourth,  from  the 
accession  of  Her  Majesty  to  the  year 
1895.  Each  of  the  first  three  parts  con- 
sists of  five  chapters  dealing  with  the  sub- 
ject in  its  various  aspects,  and  a  sixth 
chapter  giving  a  brief  "summary";  the 
fourth  part  is  rather  differently  arranged, 
but  ends,  like  the  other  parts,  with  a  sum- 
mary, including  in  this  particular  case  a 
peep  into  the  future,  which  the  author 
thinks  will  witness  (whether  for  good  or 
for  evil  he  cautiously  declines  to  predict) 
the  virtual  elevation  of  woman,  whether 
married  or  single,  to  a  legal  equality  with 
man.  We  shall  be  as  cautious  as  the  author 
with  respect  to  the  question  of  good  or 
evil ;  we  quite  agree  with  him  in  thinking 
that  the  progress  of  women,  whatever 
forms  and  degrees  it  may  take,  must  not 
be  confined,  as  some  half-hearted  advocates 
would  maintain,  to  those  who  have  failed 
to  secure  a  male  partner  in  life.  We  have, 
we  trust,  aU  proper  respect  for  "old 
maids  "  and  their  mission  in  life,  but  we 
see  neither  sound  logic  nor  true  sentiment 
in  elevating  them  above  their  married 
sisters. 

There  may  be  some  doubt  whether  Mr. 
Cleveland's  chronological  division,  as  above 
described,  is  altogether  convenient ;  but  it 
seems  uncertain  whether  any  better  division 
could  have  been  made,  or  whether,  on  the 


N%3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


345 


other  hand,  it  would  have  been  more  con- 
venient to  have  no  divisions  at  all.  The  first 
period  seems  to  be  almost  barren  of  positive 
law  on  the  subject ;  the  second  is  so  fraught 
with  shifting  developments  of  laws  and 
manners  that  it  is  impossible  to  assign  to  it 
any  marked  and  continuous  characteristics; 
the  latter  remark  seems  to  hold  good  also 
as  to  the  third.  Yet,  taking  the  book  as  a 
whole,  it  may  be  considered  a  serviceable 
introduction  to  a  subject  which  is  worthj'  of 
the  close  attention  of  students  of  human 
nature  and  progress.  The  first  thing, 
perhaps,  that  strikes  one  forcibly  on  turning 
over  Mr.  Cleveland's  pages  is  that,  if  other 
European  countries  have  been  as  bad  as 
England,  the  treatment  of  women  in  modern 
times  (until,  roughly  speaking,  about  a 
hundred  years  ago)  has  been  a  disgrace 
to  civilized  humanity ;  the  next,  that  the 
growth  of  civilization  has  not  always  been 
accompanied  by  amelioration  of  that  treat- 
ment, though  the  advanced  civilization  of 
the  present  century  has  been  so  accompanied 
in  a  marked  degree.  The  horrible  punish- 
ment of  burning  women  alive  seems  to  have 
existed  in  Saxon  England,  but  perhaps 
only  in  the  case  of  slaves.  Under  the 
Norman  rulers  any  woman,  bond  or  free, 
who  killed  her  husband,  was  burnt  alive ; 
and  the  same  punishment  for  this  crime, 
and  also  for  high  treason,  and  even  for 
coining  and  other  minor  offences,  continued 
or  arose  from  time  to  time  through  the 
second  and  third  periods  until  it  was 
abolished  by  Act  of  Parliament  in  1790,  the 
last  actual  execution  of  this  kind  having, 
however,  taken  place  six  years  earlier.  The 
whipping  of  women  for  various  offences 
continued  even  later;  public  whipping  was 
not  abandoned  until  1817,  and  cases  of 
private  whipping  occur  as  late  as  1820. 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  we  think,  that  the 
savage  human  instinct  of  cruelty  had  some- 
thing to  do  with  the  barbarous  punishments 
above  mentioned.  As  the  old  Roman  public 
longed  for  the  carnage  of  the  circus,  as  the 
Spanish  populace  crowded  to  the  auto-da-fe 
in  the  flourishing  days  of  the  Inquisition,  so 
the  lower  (perhaps  not  only  the  lower)  strata 
of  English  nationality  took  delight  in  witness- 
ing tortures  which,  in  all  probability,  were 
devised  and  kept  up  partly  for  their  enter- 
tainment. Mr.  Cleveland  tells  us  that  Judge 
Jeffreys,  in  sentencing  a  woman  to  be 
whipped,  is  reported  to  have  said  : — 

"Hangman,  I  charge  you  to  pay  particular 
attention  to  this  lady.  Scourge  her  till  her 
blood  runs  down.  It  is  Christmas  time,  a  cold 
time  for  madame  to  strip;  see  that  you  burn  her 
shoulders  thoroughly." 

So  much,  for  the  sentiments  of  a  famous 
judge — one,  however,  whom  it  would  be 
scarcely  fair  to  take  as  an  average  specimen 
of  his  class  as  regards  the  tempering  of 
justice  with  mercy.  As  to  the  feelings  of 
the  common  people,  we  read  that  when  a 
woman  named  Barbara  Spencer  was  found 
guilty  of  coining  she 

' '  was  bound  to  a  stake  at  Tyburn  and  burnt, 
the  crowd  which  thronged  to  the  place  of  execu- 
tion, more  savage  and  pitiless  than  any  that 
filled  the  old  Roman  amphitheatre,  pelting  the 
unfortunate  victim  with  stones  and  breaking 
ribald  jests  around  the  burning  faggots." 

From  this  humiliating  branch  of  the  sub- 
ject we  pass  for  a  moment  to  the  civil  rights 
and  status   of  women  at  different  periods. 


These  are  treated  by  Mr.  Cleveland  rather 
slightly,  but  perhaps  at  as  great  length  as 
can  be  expected  in  a  popular  treatise.  His 
theory  that  the  licence  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution promoted  the  general  elevation  of 
women  in  England  is,  we  think,  of  doubtful 
value ;  another  theory,  that  the  example  of 
the  age  of  chivalry  may  claim  credit  for  the 
existence  of  good  manners  at  the  present 
day,  such  as  "  the  tendering  of  his  seat  by 
a  man  to  a  woman  in  an  over-crowded 
railway  carriage,"  is  still  less  likely  to  gain 
acceptance.  The  march  of  the  "  dames  de 
la  Halle,"  the  deliverance  of  France  from 
one  of  her  tyrants  b}'  poor  Charlotte  Corday, 
the  temporary  worship  of  a  "  Queen  of 
Love  and  Beauty,"  the  breaking  of  a  lance 
in  honour  of  a  possibly  imaginary  lady- 
love, can  have  little  to  do,  we  think,  with 
the  condition  of  Englishwomen  at  the  end 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  But  it  is  enough 
that  the  author  tells  us  fairl}"-,  in  a  few 
words,  what  that  condition  is  ;  we  may  for- 
give him  for  indulging  his  fancy  a  littlo  in 
respect  of  the  motive  forces  which  have 
produced  it. 

In  conclusion  we  cannot  refrain  from 
giving  our  readers  the  benefit  of  a  curious 
anecdote  about  "  espousals,"  which  at  one 
time  were  held  in  law  to  bind  the  parties 
to  a  future  actual  marriage.  William 
Walford,  the  author  tells  us,  was  allowed^ 
after  entering  into  this  sort  of  engagement 
with  one  Joan  Packman,  to  withdraw  from 
it  "  for  secret  causes,  and  especially  for  that 
the  said  Joan  was  not  sound  in  body  nor 
had  any  hair  on  her  headP 


Le  Ifouvement  Positiviste  et  la  Conception 
Sociologique  dii  Monde.  Par  Alfred 
Fouillee.  (Paris,  Alcan.) 
That  M.  Fouillee  is  a  voluminous  and 
indefatigable  writer  is  a  fact  with  which 
all  students  of  contemporary  philosophy 
must  be  tolerably  familiar,  for  in  the 
multitude  of  works  which  solicit  their 
attention  he  is  responsible  for  a  good 
many  which  deserve  it.  He  writes  with 
astonishing  ease  and  rapidity,  or,  rather, 
he  is  successful  in  giving  his  readers  the 
impression  that  he  does  so.  This  is  a  high 
compliment  to  pay  to  any  one  who,  like 
M.  Fouillee,  makes  a  serious  attempt  to 
grapple  with  the  intricate  problems  of  the 
day.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  twelve  months 
since  his  lucid  treatment  of  the  modern 
idealistic  movement,  especially  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  reaction  against  the  methods  of 
positive  science,  was  discussed  in  these 
columns  (No.  3592,  August  29th,  1896), 
and  hard  on  the  heels  of  it  comes  another 
volume  from  his  pen,  completing  a  review  of 
the  general  philosophical  movement  at  the 
close  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  aim 
of  both  volumes  is  to  show  that,  in  M. 
Fouillee's  opinion,  the  two  main  currents  of 
philosophic  thought  are  in  our  time  tending 
to  establish  a  similar  result,  whether  in  the 
domain  of  theory  or  of  practice.  They 
coalesce,  he  believes,  in  a  view  of  the  world 
which  may  be  called  sociological,  a  view 
which  regards  the  specidations  designated 
by  that  word  as  affording  a  key  to  the 
solution  of  some  main  problems  in  psy- 
chology. 

M.  Fouillee  can  best,  perhaps,  be  described 
as  an  idealist  who  is  always  seeking  to  come 


to  terms  with  the  exponents  of  positive 
science.  His  doctrine  that  the  fundamental 
reality  is  an  "idea  force"  is  significant 
of  his  whole  philosophic  endeavour.  It  is 
his  contribution  towards  the  attainment  of 
that  to  which  all  philosophers  aspire — the 
formulation  of  some  unifying  principle.  In 
his  former  works  M.  Fouillee  has  explained 
what  he  means  by  this  doctrine,  and  it  is 
clear  that  he  has  been  profoundly  influenced 
by  some  aspects  of  Schopenhauer's  chief 
theory,  however  widely  he  may  differ  from 
the  German  writer  in  the  use  that  is  made 
of  it.  Both  agree  in  regarding  will  as  the 
most  original  element  of  all  existence ;  but 
Schopenhauer  argues  that  it  is  one  and 
identical  in  all  its  manifestations,  whereas 
M.  Fouillee  simply  takes  it  as  his  psy- 
chological basis.  It  is  effort,  he  contends 
— effort  meeting  with  resistance — which 
produces  the  notions  of  subjectivity  and 
objectivity  as  well  as  of  pleasure  and  pain; 
and  he  endeavours  to  unite  the  spiritual  and 
material  aspects  of  this  original  "effort"  by 
describing  it  at  once  as  a  "  force  "  and  an 
"idea."  The  material  aspect,  however, 
seems  to  be  subordinate  in  his  scheme,  and 
the  last  word  of  his  philosophy  is  that  all 
existence  is  capable  of  being  expressed  in 
psychical  or  spiritual  terms. 

In  the  interesting  and  lucid  introduction 
to  this  volume  M.  Fouillee  briefly  reviews 
the  answers  that  have  been  given  to  the 
first  of  all  philosophic  questions,  "What  is 
the  unity  of  the  subject  and  object?  what 
element  of  existence  can  furnish,  as  he  puts 
it,  an  integral  synthesis  of  facts  at  once 
cosmic  and  psychic?  There  are,  he  says, 
only  three  possible  syntheses  :  the  mechani- 
cal, the  biological,  the  cosmological.  The 
mechanical  conception  of  the  universe, 
according  to  M.  Fouillee,  defeats  itself. 
Originally  it  is  a  mere  statement  of 
quantitative  relations.  To  understand  phe- 
nomena the  material  philosopher  is  com- 
pelled to  reduce  them  to  elements,  such  as 
mass,  movement,  space,  number,  and  so  on, 
thus  depriving  phenomena  of  those  very 
sensible  qualities  to  which  alone  he  allows 
any  true  reality.  The  mechanical  conception 
of  the  universe  is  thus  transformed  into  an 
ideal  conception;  it  is  "the  silhouette  of 
the  universe  projected  on  our  thought." 
The  biological  conception  is  superior,  inas- 
much as  it  recognizes  a  living  organism. 
But,  urges  M.  Fouillee,  the  biological  con- 
ception is  an  application  of  the  mechanical 
conception  on  one  side  and  of  the  psycholo- 
gical on  the  other,  and  the  highest  point  of 
view  is  attained,  in  his  opinion,  by  the 
sociological  conception,  which  implies  the 
j)sychological,  and  furnishes  the  best  type 
and  the  most  important  laws  of  a  uni- 
versal synthesis.  He  shows,  too,  how  the 
Positivism  of  Auguste  Comte  made  a  slight 
advance  in  the  direction  of  such  a  synthesis, 
but  did  not  follow  it  up  or  give  it  a  philo- 
sophic basis.  In  Comte' s  hands  this  socio- 
logical monism  became  purely  a  theory  of 
practice,  a  scheme  of  utility.  It  was  open 
to  the  fatal  objection  that  it  aimed  at 
explaining  experience  by  that  which  was 
not  intelligible  except  as  the  product  of  a 
mental  function,  and  no  mental  function  is 
to  be  explained  as  the  product  of  a  world  of 
objects  acting  and  reacting  on  one  another. 
Nay,  the  very  objects  with  which  the 
Positivist  deals,   are  they  not  themselves 


346 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


mental  constructions,  representations,  at 
least  in  part?  No  pliilosoplij',  concludes 
M.  Fouillee,  can  be  true  which,  does  not 
look  to  psychology  for  its  ultimate  elements, 
and,  he  adds,  to  sociology  for  its  funda- 
mental laws. 

What,  then,  does  M.  Fouillee  mean  by  a 
sociological  conception  of  existence  ?  It  is 
not,  he  says,  suflBcient  to  admit  that  society 
is  an  organism  or  that  the  greater  part  of 
morality  is  of  a  social  complexion  ;  we  must, 
he  declares,  go  further  ;  we  must  regard 
existence  itself  as  social,  and  the  universe 
as  an  infinite  society  based  on  the  law  of  a 
reciprocity  of  will  and  action.  The  fact  on 
which  M.  Fouillee  seems  to  take  his  stand 
in  enunciating  this  formula  is  the  ubiquity 
of  will  and  sensation,  or,  as  he  puts  it,  the 
ubiquity  of  consciousness,  for  in  the  vital 
movement  of  any  organism  he  sees  nothing 
but  the  external  manifestation  of  some 
psychical  process,  issuing  in  discernment  of 
and  preference  for  that  which  is  necessary 
to  the  development  of  the  organism.  Psycho- 
logy, he  says,  will  end  by  recognizing  the 
continuity  of  all  modes  of  psychical  energy ; 
philosophy  in  general  will  end  by  recog- 
nizing that  all  modes  of  phj'sical  energy  are 
the  expression  of  psychical  energy,  that  is 
of  will ;  and  the  psycho-sociological  monism 
of  the  future  will  conceive  the  world  as  a 
vast  society  where  the  elements  are  all 
endowed  with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of 
sensibility  and  will.  The  vague  agnosticism 
of  the  present  day  will  give  place  to  "  a  kind 
of  immanent  pantheism." 

M.  Fouillee  follows  out  this  conception 
and  tests  its  value  by  discussing  it  in  con- 
nexion with  the  general  Positivdst  movement 
of  the  century.  He  enters  into  great  detail 
in  his  examination  of  certain  special  sciences, 
and  demonstrates  that  his  scientific  equip- 
ment is  the  result  of  thorough  study  and 
long  acquaintance  with  the  most  approved 
methods  of  research.  His  work  may  be 
recommended,  not,  perhaps,  so  much  for  any 
finality  attaching  to  his  views  and  theories 
as  for  its  lucid  portrayal  of  the  conflicting 
tendencies  of  modern  philosophy.  It  is  not 
given  to  philosophers  to  solve  ultimate  pro- 
blems, but  it  is  some  service  to  succeed  in 
stating  them  clearly. 


SOME   BOOKS   ON   DANTE. 

Banters    Vita   Nova.     Kritischer    Text   von 

Friedrich      Beck.      (Munich,    Piloty     & 

Loehle.) 
Die  Metapher  bei  Dante.  Von  Friedrich  Beck. 

(Neuburg  a.  d.  D.,  Griessmayer.) 
The  Treatment  of  Nature  in  Dante.  By  L.  Oscar 

Kuhns.     (Arnold.) 

Herr  Beck's  two  books  furnish  an  admirable 
example  of  the  strength  and  the  weakness 
respectively  of  German  methods.  These  we 
take  to  be,  on  the  one  hand,  unsparing 
diligence  and  unimpeachable  accuracy  in 
the  collection  of  facts  ;  and  on  the  other,  a 
marked  incapacity  of  seeing  the  bearing  and 
relative  value  of  the  facts  when  collected. 
His  critical  edition  of  the  '  Yita  Nuova  '  is 
an  excellent  and  thorough  piece  of  work. 
Either  in  his  own  person  or  through  a 
trustworthy  deputy  he  has  investigated  all 
the  thirty-five  MSS.  extant  of  the  work,  and 
has  given  the  various  readings  in  great 
abundance,  besides  a  short  description  of 
each    codex.     These    are    of    considerable 


variety  in  point  of  date,  coming  down  well 
into  the  sixteenth  century,  for  the  '  Vita 
Nuova,'  curiously  enough,  was  not  printed 
till  157G.  Herr  Beck  states  with  confidence 
that  most  of  these  later  MSS.  are  copied 
from  the  now  missing  one  written  by  Boc- 
caccio, which  he  calls  a  ;  and  here  we  seem 
to  find  evidence  of  the  weakness  above 
referred  to.  This  particular  MS.  was  accord- 
ing to  him  the  source  of  several  dating  from 
the  fifteenth  and  early  sixteenth  centuries. 
It  is,  however,  assumed  to  be  impossible  that 
the  very  latest  can  have  been  taken  from  any 
of  these,  because  the  earlier  ones  show  gaps 
which  are  correctly  filled  up  in  the  later  ;  it 
may  even  be  said  to  be  taken  as  an  abso- 
lute canon  that  a  more  complete  MS.  can 
never  be  descended  from  a  less  complete,  or 
indeed  a  less  complete  from  a  more  complete. 
But  is  it  quite  out  of  the  question  that  other 
scribes  may  have  done  what  Herr  Beck 
assumes  the  writer  of  one  existing  MS.  to 
have  intended  to  do,  viz.,  copy  the  bulk  of 
his  work  from  a  MS.  which  was  easily 
accessible  to  him,  supplementing  deficiencies 
or  improving  the  text  by  reference  to 
another,  perhaps  at  a  distance  ?  People 
are  apt  to  talk  as  if  it  was  reserved  for 
nineteenth  century  scholars  to  travel  about 
or  to  send  letters.  Again,  before  we  can 
say  confidently  that  because  e,  f,  or  /  was 
not  taken  from  L,  N,  or  S,  it  must  therefore 
have  been  taken  straight  from  a,  we  have 
to  show  that  we  still  possess  every  MS.  ever 
written  of  the  work.  Herr  Beck  says,  cor- 
rectly no  doubt,  that  the  editio  princeps  was 
based  on  a  MS.  belonging  to  his  group 
a.  We  know  more  than  that  about  it. 
The  MS.  from  which  it  was  printed 
was  put  into  the  hands  of  the  editor 
Sermartelli  by  one  Nicolo  Carducci.  One 
would  think  that  it  ought  to  be  identifiable, 
if  it  were  any  one  of  those  known  to  exist. 
Assuming  that  Sermartelli  followed  it  faith- 
fully, it  had  in  §  29  the  reading  "  comu- 
nione"  for  "  comune  opinione."  This  is 
found,  according  to  Herr  Beck,  in  ten  of  the 
existing  MSS.,  but  of  none  of  these  ten  does 
his  description  point  to  its  identity  with 
Carducci' s  MS.,  while  in  nearly  all  of  them 
it  excludes  such  identity.  Either  then 
Carducci's  MS.  is  lost,  and  it  may  have 
been  the  missing  link  between  a  and 
some  of  tliose  which  are  confidently  asserted 
to  have  been  copied  directly  from  that  MS., 
or  else  Sermartelli's  text  is  based  on  a  colla- 
tion ;  and  if  his  text,  why  not  any  of  the 
MSS.  after  the  first  two  or  three?  The 
search  for  "families  of  manuscripts"  is, 
we  are  convinced,  in  most  cases  a  snare  and 
a  delusion. 

As  affording  contiguous  examples  of  un- 
sound and  sound  reasoning,  one  could  not 
do  better  than  quote  a  note  of  Herr  Beck's 
to  §  41.  In  expounding,  in  his  sententious 
way,  a  line  in  the  following  sonnet,  Dante 
observes  that  in  presence  of  the  souls  of  the 
blessed,  our  intellect  is  in  the  position  of 
"  s'  abbia  si  come" — weak  eyes  towards 
the  sun.  On  the  strength  of  a  rare  v.l., 
saglia,  some  ingenious  if  dullish  person 
suggested  as  a  further  improvement 
"  s'  abbaglia."  This,  says  Herr  Beck,  can- 
not stand  for  two  reasons :  ( 1 )  because 
Dante  elsewhere  uses  aversi  in  the  same 
sense ;  (2)  because  in  the  passage  of 
Aristotle  here  referred  to  the  Latin  version 
has  "  quemadmodum  ......  oculi  ad  lumen 


se  hahent,  ita  et  intellectus,"  &c.  The  first 
reason  is,  of  course,  absurd.  AVas  Dante 
always  bound  to  use  the  same  form  of  ex- 
pression ?  On  the  other  hand,  the  second  is 
simply  conclusive. 

This  last  instance  is  an  excellent  case  of 
what,  as  Herr  Beck  points  out,  and  as  has  often 
been  said  in  these  columns,  seems  to  afford 
by  far  the  best  chance  of  definitively  estab- 
lishing the  text  in  many  doubtful  passages 
of  Dante,  viz.,  to  ascertain  whether  he  was 
following  a  suggestion  derived  from  his 
encyclopaedic  reading,  and  carefully  note 
the  words  of  the  earlier  author.  Dr.  Moore 
in  his  recent  work  has  done  much  to  further 
this  branch  of  study ;  and  the  second  book 
of  Herr  Beck's  which  we  have  before  us  is  a 
modest  essay  in  the  same  line.  He  confines 
himself  to  the  metaphors,  and  occasionally 
is  happy  in  noting  a  coincidence.  As  a  rule, 
however,  he  is  content  to  parallel  passages 
merely  on  the  strength  of  one  or  two  words 
common  to,  or  similar  in,  both ;  and  sometimes 
he  passes  over  the  obvious  origin  of  a  phrase 
or  metaphor  in  favour  of  something  com- 
paratively farfetched.  The  common  figure 
under  which  this  life  is  spoken  of  as  a  road, 
a  journey,  a  pilgrimage,  and  the  like  may 
be  traced  directly  to  one  or  two  well-known 
passages  in  the  New  Testament,  more  espe- 
cially Hebrews  xi.  14  ;  and  there  was  not  the 
least  need  to  drag  St.  Bonaventura  into  the 
question.  The  idea  was  a  commonplace 
centuries  before  Bonaventura  was  born. 
The  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  again,  rather 
than  any  passage  of  Isaiah,  is  clearly  re- 
sponsible for  the  word  splendor  in  '  Par,' 
xiii.  53,  Sometimes  the  suggested  con- 
nexion is  merely  grotesque,  as  when,  in 
illustration  of  Dante's  words, 

COS!  lo  santo  viso 

A  se  tracli  con  1'  antica  rete, 

we  find  '\funes  peccatorum  circumplexi  sunt 
me  "  from  the  Psalms.  However,  it  is  satis- 
factory to  learn  that  Herr  Beck  read  the 
Bible  from  1884  to  1889. 

Under  metaphors  drawn  from  the  sea  we 
find  in  a  note  a  reference  to  the  sonnet 
"Guido,  vorrei,"  from  which  w^e  are  sorry  to 
learn  that  on  the  great  Beatrice  question  be 
holds  with  the  fantastic  views  of  Bartoli 
rather  than  with  the  common  sense  of  hia 
countryman  Gaspary. 

Dr.  Kuhns' s  little  book  must  have  been 
pleasant  to  write,  but  perhaps  it  is  the 
kind  of  thing  which  Dante  students  would 
do  better  to  write  for  themselves  as  an  exer- 
cise than  to  read  in  the  writing  of  another. 
All  that  really  needed  to  be  said  on  the  sub- 
ject was  said  long  ago  by  Dr.  Church  in  a 
few  pages  of  his  essay,  which  every  student 
knows,  or  ought  to  know.  It  was  hardly 
necessary  to  collect  every  passage  in  which 
Dante  alludes  to  any  natural  object  or 
phenomenon.  Dr.  Kuhns  has,  however, 
called  attention  to  some  interesting  verbal 
coincidences  between  Dante  and  earlier 
writers  in  various  tongues,  though  here  he 
has  not  always  made  the  best  use  of  his 
materials.  He  illustrates,  for  instance,  the 
allusion  to  the  cold  nature  of  Saturn  at  the 
beginning  of  '  Purg.'  xix.  by  a  quotation 
from  Claudius  Ptolemseus  which  obviously 
should  have  been  connected  with  'Par.'  xxii. 
145-G.  Again,  on  the  next  page,  apropos  of 
the  beautiful  line  "  Par  tremolando  mattu- 
tina  Stella,"  he  quotes  first  (irrelevantly) 
Eev,    xxii,    16,    and    then   a  Middle  High 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


347 


German  line,  "  Lvihten  sin  ougen  sam  ther 
morgensterre,"  which  is  practicall}' identical 
with  '  Inf.'  ii.  55,  and  should  have  been 
given  with  it.  It  is  all  very  well  to  say 
that  Dante  "could  not  have  been  in  any 
way  influenced"  by  certain  other  mediasval 
writers ;  but  there  is  reason  to  think  that  he 
may  have  been  more  familiar  than  is  gener- 
ally supposed  with  recent  and  contemporary 
German  books. 

Dr.  Kuhns  gives  a  list  of  passages  in 
which  Dante's  natural  history  was  clearly 
derived  from  the  '  Tresor '  of  Brunette  ;  and 
any  one  who  has  looked  into  that  work 
could  add  more.  Yet  he  quotes  without 
comment  the  sapient  remark  of  a  Dr.  Schiick, 
in  a  work  with  the  promising  name  of 
*  Jahrbiicher  fiir  Philologie  und  Piidagogik,' 
to  the  effect  that  it  is  not  clear  "whether 
Dante,  who  knew  the  work,  can  have  made 
any  special  use  of  it."  We  can  only  rejoin 
that  he  certainly  did  use  it. 

We  had  noted  several  places  where  the 
book  shows  signs  of  insufficient  care  in 
verification,  but  it  is  hardly  necessary  to 
recount  them  all.  We  should  like,  how- 
ever, to  ask  Dr.  Kuhns  where  he  finds  the 
Eoman  Empire  "mystically  represented  as 
an  apple-tree."  Quoting  '  Purg.'  xviii.  78, 
he  says,  "  Some  texts  read  secchione."  Can 
he  refer  to  a  single  text  of  any  authority 
that  reads  anything  else  ? 


TJie  Journal  of  Sir  George  Roohe.  Edited  by 
Oscar  Browning.  (Navy  Eecords  Society.) 
The  Navy  Eecords  Society  may  be  con- 
gratulated on  this  addition  to  their  meri- 
torious publications.  Sir  George  Eooke's 
journal  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  brief 
and  technical  entries.  But  it  includes  copies 
of  some  interesting  correspondence  as  well, 
while  Mr.  Oscar  Browning's  introduction 
will  enable  the  reader  to  get  a  clear  idea 
of  its  general  purport.  Of  the  two  episodes 
in  Eooke's  career  with  which  the  volume 
deals,  his  bombardment  of  the  Danish  fleet 
before  Copenhagen  has  not  been  made 
of  much  account  by  historians.  Failure, 
however,  would  have  meant  war  between 
Sweden  and  Denmark,  and  might  have  pre- 
cipitated a  general  European  collision.  The 
ambitious  designs  of  Frederick  IV.  of  Den- 
mark upon  Sleswick-Holstein  had,  indeed, 
already  put  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  on  his 
mettle,  while  the  Danish  king  was  looking 
towards  Eussia  and  Saxony.  The  interven- 
tion of  William  III.  of  England  as  one  of 
the  guarantors  of  the  Treaty  of  Altona  be- 
came, therefore,  a  measure  of  statesmanlike 
precaution.  The  operations  that  followed 
are  described,  we  must  confess,  with  a  good 
deal  more  spirit  in  the  extracts  given  by  Mr. 
Browning  from  the  despatches  of  Mr.  Eobin- 
son,  our  envoy  at  the  Court  of  Stockholm, 
than  in  Eooke's  dry  summary  of  events. 
The  naval  expert,  however,  will  find  profit 
in  his  record  of  the  difficulties  attending  the 
junction  between  the  Swedes  and  the  Anglo- 
Dutch  fleet.  The  bombardments  were  not 
exactly  successes,  and  the  second  was  pro- 
bably intended  less  to  damage  the  capital 
than  to  bring  the  Danish  king  to  reason. 
It  remained  for  Charles  XII.  to  accomplish 
that  feat  by  throwing  a  detachment  of  his 
army  across  the  Sound  into  Seeland.  The 
descent  was  cleverly  covered  by  the  allied 
fleets,  and  Frederick  IV.  speedily  came  to 


terms.  Eooke  upheld  the  traditions  of  the 
navy  for  courtesy  by  the  elaborate  compli- 
ments he  addressed  to  the  Swedish  admiral, 
and  by  a  letter  in  which  he  regretted  that 
"  cette  incomparable  Princesse  la  Eeine 
Mere "  had  been  disturbed  by  the  bom- 
bardment. He  apologized  profusely,  and 
in  more  than  tolerable  French.  His  prudence 
appears  in  the  precautions  taken  for  securing 
the  safe  retirement  of  the  Swedes,  even 
though  the  Danes  had  signed  the  treaty  of 
peace. 

The  attempt  on  Cadiz  was,  of  course,  the 
somewhat  inglorious  opening  of  the  war 
of  the  Spanish  succession.  Eooke,  it  is 
clear,  disliked  the  enterprise  from  the  first. 
He  commented  for  Mr.  Secretary  Vernon's 
instruction  on  the  danger  of  coming  into  the 
Channel  in  the  winter  season  ;  and  on  French 
l^rivateers,  which  would  "insult"  our  coast 
after  the  fleet  had  set  sail.  Later  on  he 
told  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords 
that  "the  taking  Cadiz  is  more  difficult 
than  the  taking  Brest  or  Toulon,  though 
I  don't  say  either  of  them  is  seizable." 
He  may  have  entertained  doubts  as  to  the 
fitness  of  the  Duke  of  Ormonde  as  a  military 
colleague,  but,  if  so,  he  kept  them  to  him- 
self. His  qualms,  at  any  rate,  were  justified 
by  the  event,  for  though  tho  expedition 
captured  an  unimportant  fort  or  two,  no 
impression  whatever  was  made  on  the  town 
itself.  In  spite  of  the  vigorous  protest  of 
Prince  George  of  Hesse,  the  Council  of  War 
determined  that  the  Austrian  cause  must  be 
abandoned  to  its  fate.     "  If,"  he  wrote, 

"we  should  sail  straight  away  for  England, 
not  only  the  Austrian  interest  would  be  lost 
for  ever,  and  with  this  all  those  extirpated 
that  are  well  inclined,  and  the  promoters  of 
them,  but  the  kingdom  of  Portugal  will  declare 
again  for  France,  the  trade  of  England  and 
their  allies  will  be  much  weakened,  and  perhaps 
obliged  to  a  shameful  peace." 

The  Council  of  War  resolved  that  no  regard 
should  be  paid  to  the  prince's  memorials, 
though  it  had  great  esteem  for  his  person, 
and  all  due  respect  and  honour  for  his 
quality,  because  he  was  not  even  mentioned 
in  Sir  George  Eooke's  instructions.  By  a 
great  stroke  of  luck  there  came  the  capture 
of  the  Plate  fleet  in  Vigo  Bay  to  brighten 
up  bedimmed  reputations.  On  that  occa- 
sion the  land  and  sea  forces  co-operated  to 
good  purpose.  Ormonde  landed  and  took 
a  coast  battery  in  the  rear,  while  Eooke 
burst  through  the  boom,  and  after  a  two 
hours'  engagement  annihilated  the  French 
and  Spanish  vessels.  He  returned  to  find 
himself  the  hero  of  the  nation  for  the  time 
being.  The  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  adroitly  disposed  of  the  failure 
before  Cadiz  by  the  easy  argument  that 
somebody  or  other  had  been  corrupted  by 
French  gold.  Eooke  must  have  experienced 
some  uncomfortable  moments  before  the 
Committee  of  the  Lords.  He  met  his  ques- 
tioners adroitly,  however,  and,  when  in  a 
corner,  referred  them  to  the  decisions  of  the 
Council  of  War,  which  certainly  did  its 
best  to  bungle  the  business.  In  the  result 
they  reported  that  he  "had  done  his  duty, 
and  behaved  like  a  worthy  and  brave  com- 
mander, with  honour  to  the  nation." 


NEW  NOVELS. 

Liza  of  Lambeth.      By   William    Somerset 

Maugham.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Twelve  months  of  the  life  of  a  young 
factory  girl  living  in  Lambeth  are  depicted 
by  Mr.  Maugham  with  uncompromising 
fidelity  and  care.  Her  lovers,  her  only  rela- 
tive (a  drunken  mother),  her  holidays,  and 
finally  her  death,  are  described  and  dis- 
cussed in  singularly  unvarnished  language. 
Indeed,  readers  who  prefer  not  to  be  brought 
into  contact  with  some  of  the  ugliest  words 
and  phrases  in  the  language  should  be 
warned  that  Mr.  Maugham's  book  is  not  for 
them.  On  the  other  hand,  those  who  wish 
to  read  of  life  as  it  is,  without  exaggeration 
and  without  modification,  will  have  little 
difficulty  in  recognizing  the  merits  of  the 
volume.  One  scene  alone  will  illustrate  our 
meaning.  Liza,  who  has  been  corrupted 
by  a  neighbour  (a  married  man),  is  dying ; 
in  the  next  room  her  mother  and  a  midwife 
are  drinking,  and  the  two  older  women 
discuss  the  merits  of  rival  undertakers,  and 
congratulate  each  other  that  the  girl's  life 
is  insured.  The  scene  is  described  with 
some  skill  and  without  effort.  'Liza  of 
Lambeth'  is  emphatically  unpleasing  as 
literature. 

A  Rash  Verdict.     By  Leslie  Keith.     2  vols. 

(Bentley  &  Son.) 
'  A  Eash  Verbict  '  is  in  some  respects  as  good 
as  the  average  novel,  in  others  better.  One 
reason  why  it  perhaps  fails  to  arouse  interest 
is  that  it  wears  a  slightly  out-of-date  air 
and  manner,  not  sufficiently  so  to  be  quaint 
or  amusing.  To  learn  that  the  story  had 
been  written  perhaps  twenty  years  ago,  and 
had  only  now  been  drawn  from  obscurity 
and  a  little  remodelled,  would  surprise  no 
one.  It  deals  with  a  man's  ungenerous 
action,  a  woman's  mistake  resulting  there- 
from, and  what  followed  on  these  incidents. 
The  dialogue  is  quite  undistinguished,  but 
the  author  is  not  wholly  without  some  under- 
standing of  the  phases  of  human  nature. 
The  characters  are  quietly,  carefully,  and 
not  always  unsuccessfully  drawn.  A  few 
are  natural  and  consistent  onougL,  others 
are  less  so. 

Stapleton^s  Luck.   By  Margery  Hollis.  2  vols. 

(Bentley  &  Son.) 
TnEKE  is  not  much  romance  or  illusion  in 
the  narrative  which  describes  the  good  and 
bad  luck  of  Ealph  Stapleton  ;  but  the  reader 
will  find  a  well-constructed   plot,  straight- 
forward movem-^nt,  and  a  natural  sequence 
of    cause    and    effect.      Out    in   Australia 
Stapleton   has   lost  his  employer's  money, 
which  he  was  bringing  from  the  bank  in 
the  shape  of  a  bundle  of  notes.     With  it  he 
lost  his  situation,   and  to  some  extent  his 
character ;    and  the  greater   part  of   these 
two  volumes    is    occupied  in  detailing  the 
efforts  which  he  made  to  trace  the  missing 
notes.     With  such  a  plot,  all  depends  upon 
the  play  of  motive,  the  delineation  of  per- 
sons, and  the  brightness  of  the  incidents. 
Where  the  hinge  of  a  story  is  an  invisible 
pocket-book  rather  than  a  poetic  idea  or  a 
psychological  study,  there  is  no  very  exact- 
ing demand  upon  the  talents  of  the  author. 
The  author   tells   her   tale   with    adequate 
care   and   spirit.      It  is  interesting,  if  not 
specially  exciting. 


348 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


The  Choir  Invisible.     By  James  Lane  Allen. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  novel  of  considerable  charm.  The 
historic  sense  is  strong  in  Mr.  Allen,  who 
reproduces  the  Kentucky  of  1795  with  many 
characteristic  touches  of  life  and  manners. 
The  actors,  too,  in  his  quiet  drama  are  not 
wanting  in  interest.  Kitty  the  wayward 
— in  view  of  her  rejected  lover's  later  career 
we  had  almost  added  the  wise — the  black- 
smith, and  the  parson  are  no  less  attractive, 
though  lightly  sketched,  than  the  fuller  study 
of  the  cultivated  and  hard-working  gentle- 
woman Mrs.  Falconer.  John  Gray,  the 
hero  of  the  story,  is  good  too,  with  his  gift 
of  high  seriousness,  and  his  rejection  by 
Kitty  is  very  proper  and  satisfactory.  But 
his  later  failure  to  secure  his  real  love  by 
waiting  seems  unnatural  and  inconsistent 
with  his  steady,  uncompromising  character. 
Most  of  the  writing  is  excellent,  and  full  of 
effective  touches.  If  anything,  Mr.  Allen 
is  a  little  too  fond  of  the  grand  style,  which, 
however,  he  manages  very  well.  There  is  a 
delicate  literary  flavour  about  many  of  his 
images  ;  sometimes  they  seem  too  directly 
reminiscent,  as  when  he  aa.js,:  "It  is  the 
woman  who  bursts  the  whole  grape  of 
sorrow  against  the  irrepressible  palate." 
To  "flirt  a  person"  sounds  a  little  odd  to 
an  English  ear,  and  suggests  the  idiom  of 
the  old  lady  who  could  not  go  to  church 
because  "there  was  a  party  as  sneered  her 
boots." 

A  Welsh  Singer.  By  Allen  Eaine.  (Hutchin- 
son &  Co.) 

An  idyl  requires,  to  be  genuine,  the  charac- 
teristics of  a  delicate  picture  or  statuette : 
simple  form,  lifelike  representation,  finished 
workmanship,  artistic  tone,  and  pleasant 
expression.  Allen  Eaine' s  story  comes  very 
near  to  the  possession  of  all  these  qualities ; 
but  the  author  is  content  to  label  it  as  a 
novel,  and  no  doubt  that  is  a  more  accurate 
description.  The  Welsh  scenes,  and  those 
which  are  centred  in  the  two  principal 
Welsh  characters,  Mifanwy  and  leuan,  are 
truly  idyllic.  They  are  weU  conceived,  true 
to  life,  and  worked  oat  in  a  dainty  spirit. 
The  increments  of  the  story,  which  lengthen 
and  harden  the  idyl  into  a  novel,  are  the 
less  essential  characters  and  incidents  in 
London,  after  the  brown-skinned  Welsh 
shepherdess  has  been  converted  into  a 
refined  and  cream-faced  popular  contralto; 
the  unnaturally  jealous  soprano,  who  locks 
up  her  rival  in  the  burning  theatre,  leaving 
her  to  apparently  certain  death  ;  the  hero's 
unconvincing  uncle  and  aunt ;  the  shadowy 
Mrs.  Eoose,  invented  in  order  that  Mifanwy 
may  be  known  as  "la  beUe  Eusse,"  and 
give  her  silly  name  to  a  hybrid  cigarette. 
There  is  some  crude  drawing  in  these  ex- 
crescences;  and  leuan's  blindness  in  not 
recognizing  the  love  of  his  boyhood,  in 
spite  of  the  growing  of  her  wings,  is  not 
altogether  probable.  But  the  manner  in 
which  his  eyes  are  opened  at  last  is  tho- 
roughly romantic,  and  almost  restores  the 
idyllic  effects  of  the  earlier  chapters.  On 
the  whole,  it  may  be  said  that  Allen  Eaine 
has  produced  a  very  charming  and  delicate 
story. 


N°  3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


Seeing     Him     Through.      By    Nat     Gould. 

(Eoutledge  &  Sons.) 
TuE  author  of  this  "Eacing  Story,"  as  it  is 
further  entitled,  is  well  known  among  a  cer- 
tain "horsey"  class  of  readers,  from  whom 
he  has  met  with  no  small  acceptance.  All  the 
wickedness  of  the  turf  is  print  to  him,  and 
ho  is  an  expert  in  everything  else  that  apper- 
tains to  horse-racing,  both  in  this  country 
and  in  Austi'alia,  where  he  was  engaged 
for  some  years  as  editor  or  reporter,  or 
both,  for  a  sporting  newspaper  or  news- 
papers. He  appears  also  to  have  been 
thrown  into  some  sort  of  theatrical  society 
at  the  Antipodes.  No  wonder,  then,  that 
he  colours  his  story  Australian,  and  intro- 
duces personages  who,  for  the  most  part, 
have  more  or  less  connexion  with  race- 
horses and  the  drama,  or  perhaps  it  would 
be  more  correct  to  say  melodrama.  On  the 
present  occasion  there  is  far  less  horse-racing 
than  the  sub-title  would  have  led  us  to  ex- 
pect, but  what  little  there  is  has,  of  course, 
the  full  flavour  of  that  villainy  without 
which  any  episode  relating  to  the  turf  would 
lose  more  than  thi-ee-quarters  of  its  interest. 
The  tale  is  in  the  main  theatrical,  one  may 
say,  because  the  elucidation  of  a  mystery 
that  hangs  about  the  parentage  of  a  certain 
beautiful,  clever,  and  successful  actress  must 
be  considered  the  chief,  if  not  the  only  object 
of  this  not  particularly  artistic  composition. 
There  is,  however,  a  little  scientific  inter- 
mixture in  the  use  which  is  made  of  a  mar- 
vellous drug,  for  the  identification  whereof 
the  author  wisely  omits  to  offer  any  instruc- 
tions. It  has  the  miraculous  property  of 
making  the  person  to  whom  an  infinitesimal 
portion  is  administered  surrender  free 
agency,  and  forget  and  remember  exactly 
what  is  convenient  for  the  author,  and  of 
causing  dogs  that  have  been  subjected  to 
its  influence  to  do  precisely  what  they  are 
bidden  by  a  stranger  speaking  a  language 
not  understood  by  them. 

The  Coming  of  Chloe.     By  Mrs.  Hungerford. 
(White  &  Co.) 

We  had  so  recently  an  opportunity  of  esti- 
mating the  work  of  the  late  Mrs.  Hunger- 
ford  that  it  is  suSicient  to  say  the  present  book 
in  no  way  alters  our  opinion  of  her  merits, 
except  that  in  '  The  Coming  of  Chloe,'  who 
is  one  of  the  most  piquant  of  the  lively  girls 
in  whom  the  author  delighted,  considerable 
ingenuity  has  been  expended  upon  the  plot. 
The  question  who  Chloe  is  is  very  carefully 
complicated,  and  we  are  as  much  in  the 
dark  as  the  family  of  that  gentle  lady  Mrs, 
Fitzgerald,  into  whose  circle  the  audacious 
but  womanly  coquette  is  launched  as  a 
"  paying  guest."  In  that  circle  she  enjoys 
herself  greatly,  and  manages  to  have  all 
the  men,  including  the  saturnine  Tom  Lloyd, 
at  her  beck  and  call.  The  love-making 
between  Tom  and  Olivia,  and  Chloe  and 
Granby,  is  quite  in  the  writer's  best  manner. 
The  clumsy  jest  about  fig-trees  is  also  un- 
fortunately characteristic. 

Ladtj  Mary\  Experiences.     By  Mrs.  Eobert 

Jocelyn.  (White  &  Co.) 
Lady  Mary  Merton  is  a  very  charming 
3'oung  widow,  who  spends  some  of  her  large 
fortune  in  exploring  and  discovering  the 
secrets  of  a  haunted  house.  She  is  accom- 
panied by  a  woman  friend  of  much  moral 


courage,  who  is  physically  supported  by  a 
revolver,  and  by  a  bulldog  of  uncertain 
temper  and  pedigree.  With  the  help  of 
the  landlord  and  his  brother  they  manage 
to  picnic  not  uncomfortably  in  the  Grey 
Hall.  The  excessive  prolixity  with  which 
their  life  there  is  detailed  makes  the  book 
heavier  reading  than  one  expects  from  the 
author,  and  there  is  a  sort  of  embarrass- 
ment in  dealing  with  the  characters,  the 
rather  promising  Annie  Cuthbert,  the  care- 
taker's daughter,  being  introduced  only  to 
be  dropped,  and  the  imbecility  of  old  Mrs. 
Worthington,  the  nurse,  proving  a  poor 
substitute. 

The    Type-Writer    Girl.       By   Olive    Pratt 
Eayner.     (Pearson.) 

A  STORY  that  is  nearly  devoid  of  construc- 
tive skill,  and  yet  fuU  of  amusing  passages, 
does  not  present  many  features  of  interest 
to  the  critic.  To  the  general  reader  we 
imagine  it  will  have  much  more  attraction, 
especially  to  the  "  ten  thousand  type- writer 
girls"  who  "crowd  London  to-day,"  and 
whose  lives  are  said  to  be  deficient  in 
"love-interest."  "I  am  but  an  amateur 
story-teller,"  says  the  American  writer  of 
the  volume,  and  she  asks  the  reader  to  "let 
me  tell  it  in  my  own  wayward  vray,"  with 
an  amusing  disregard  for  grammar,  and  at 
the  risk  of  enriching  the  language  with 
many  a  new  preterite.  '  The  Type- Writer 
Girl '  is  a  story  of  to-day.  It  is  wholesome 
in  tone,  and  merits  a  better  title  than  that 
with  which  it  is  provided. 


PLAUTINE     LITERATURE. 


PlauH  Bacchides.  Edited  by  J.  McCosh, 
M.A.  (Methuen  &  Co.)— Great  toil,  as  we 
gladly  acknowledge,  has  been  expended  upon 
this  edition  of  a  rarely  edited  play,  and  a 
genuine  love  for  classical  literature  is  con- 
spicuous throughout  the  volume.  But  a  careful 
perusal  has  forced  upon  us  the  conclusion  that 
all  the  editor's  industry  and  enthusiasm  have 
enabled  him  to  secure  but  little  fruit.  He  has 
thumbed  his  Plautus  as  few  scholars  have  ;  and 
he  has  read  much  of  the  best  literature  bearing 
upon  the  author.  But  his  critical  faculty  has 
not  been  sufficiently  trained,  and  his  general 
knowledge  is  not  wide  enough  or  sound  enough 
to  guarantee  success.  Future  editors  will  do 
well  not  to  neglect  the  material  which  he  has 
gathered  ;  but  it  cannot  be  profitably  used 
without  the  utmost  caution.  The  best  service 
which  Mr.  McCosh  has  performed  lies  in  his 
examples,  collected  from  Plautus  himself,  of 
Plautine  phrases  and  usages.  But  they  are  put 
together  without  due  regard  to  disputed  or  con- 
flicting readings  ;  and  they  often  do  not  illus- 
trate the  points  in  respect  of  which  they  are 
quoted.  For  example,  on  p.  li  reference  is 
made  to  'Persa,'  4,  4,  21,  for p-oinde  used  before 
a  consonant ;  but  the  Ambrosian  palimpsest 
there  gives  proin,  not  proinde  ;  and  on  p.  92  a 
number  of  passages  are  collected  in  illustration 
of  qui  (how  ?),  some  of  which  contain  uses  of 
qui  that  are  quite  different.  There  is  often  a 
want  of  lucidity  about  the  notes — due  partly  to 
roughness  in  the  English,  and  partly  to  laxness 
in  arrangement  and  reasoning — which  is  some- 
what trying  to  the  reader.  Mr.  McCosh  stands 
forward  as  an  uncompromising  champion  of  the 
MSS.  against  the  critics.  But  the  informa- 
tion which  he  supplies  concerning  the 
MSS.  themselves  leaves  at  many  points 
much  to  be  desired.  On  p.  xxiv  there  is  an 
odd  statement  about  the  "  vetus  codex"  (B) : 
"It  contains  the  whole  twenty  comedies,  and 
also  the  names  of  two — the  'Vidularia  '  and 
the  'Querolus' — which  have  been  lost."    The 


V, 

I 


N''3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


349 


*Querolus  '  is,  of  course,  no  play  of  Plautus,  and 
is  so  far  from  being  lost  that  this  very  MS.  B 
gives  its  text  in  full.     Considering  the  labour 
which  the  editor  has  devoted  to  many  portions 
of  his  task,  it  is  strange  that  he  should  not  have 
taken    more  trouble  to  ascertain  precisely  the 
readings  of  the  Ambrosian  palimpsest  (A)  and 
to  weigh  their  value.     According  to  A,  v.  517 
ends  with  narret  (or  narres)  loctos.    This  is  made 
absolutely  clear  by  Goetz  (1887)  and  by  Stude- 
mund  in  his  '  Apographum'  (1889)  ;  but  in  Mr. 
McCosh's  note  Goetz  is  represented  as  resting 
narrel  (as  the  reading  of  A)  on  the  authority  of 
Geppert,  whereas  he  expressly  refers  to  Stude- 
mund,  and   only  mentions  Geppert  as  having 
given  at  this  point  an  imperfect  report  of  A  ; 
and,    again,    Mr.   McCosh   states   that   iocos   is 
found  in  A.     Nothing  whatever  is  said  by  the 
editor  about  the  important  omission  of  eleven 
lines  in  A  (vv.  541  sq.),  or  about  the  fact  that 
A  has  vv.  668-9  in  the  right  order.     And  in 
many  other  places   where    the   evidence    of  A 
jfi  important  it  is  either   imperfectly  given   or 
ignored.     The  critical  principles  of  the  editor 
are,    as   has   been   stated,    ultra  -  conservative. 
Practically    (excepting   at    a    few   points)   the 
readings  of  B  are  taken  as  infallible.     The  con- 
tention is  not  the  familiar  one  that  whatever 
f-aults  B  may  have,  we  cannot  with  any  certainty 
correct  them  ;  but  rather  "  B  "  and  "Plautus  " 
are     convertible     terms.     Emendations    which 
proceed  on  metrical  grounds  are  treated  with 
even  greater  contempt  than   others.     Scarcely 
any  metrical   obstacles   are   too  great   for    the 
editor    to    overleap.     He    is   not   troubled    by 
an     iambic      line      which      ends      with      the 
words     "una    ut     sit,"    and    this    ending    he 
places  on  a  level  with  "qualis  sit,"  "  occidistis 
me,"   and   the    like  (p.    xxxii).     Any   amount 
©f     hiatus     is     deemed     admissible.      Indeed, 
it  is  proposed  (not  exactly  in  accordance  with 
the  MSS.)  to  begin  one  line  (222)  with  domi  \ 
est,  and  to  end  another  (227)  with  tetnli  |  aureos. 
lu  view  of  these  instances,  and  much  else  in  the 
edition,  it  is  not  easy  to  see  why  ilia  should 
have  been  changed  to  iliac  in  v.  578,  all  that 
is  gained  thereby  being  the  avoidance  of  hiatus. 
Oftentimes  some  further  information  about  the 
scansion   of   particular  lines  would  have   been 
welcome.      In    v.  798,  for   example,   it   seems 
hard  to  avoid  making  the  last  syllable  of  elio 
long,  an   unparalleled   quantity  for   the  word. 
Among  curious  pronouncements  about  matters 
metrical  is  the  following  :   "  iocon  and  viden  can 
be  accounted  for  by  the  rule  that?i  final  is  short, 
when,    of  course,    the   vowel   must   be   short " 
(p.  xlix).      And  the  following:    "We  have  no 
authority  for  a  word  termentum  with  the  mean- 
ing of  detrimentum  except  Festus.     Why  is  it 
not  written  trimentum,  as  detrimentum.  from  the 
same  root  is  written  ?   A  plausible  answer  would 
be    that   termentum    is    pronounced    with    first 
syllable   long,  and  trimentum  would    have  the 
first  short  "  (note  on  v.  924).    In  connexion  with 
the  passage  last  quoted  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  the  editor  attacks  some  readings  because 
they  involve  usages  unexampled  in  Plautus  or 
in  Latin  altogether,  and  defends  others  in  spite 
of  their  being  open  to  the  same  objection.     One 
of  the  commonest  errors  in  MSS.  is  dii  for  di, 
&nd  Mr.  McCosh  has  been  constrained  himself 
to  correct  this  error  in  several  places.     But  in 
V.  252  he  takes  it  upon  him  to  defend  it  by 
assuming  that  dJi  is  nominative  plural  of  a  noun 
dlus,  with  the  sense  of  deus.     The  only  support 
he  provides  for  this  monstrosity  is  the  phrase 
medins fidius,  and  he  remarks  :  "It  is  no  objec- 
tion to  the  explanation  of  dii  given  here  that 
Plautus  does  not  use  it  elsewhere."     After  this, 
what  need  to  object  to  forms  like  accipitrina 
(v.  271)  for  the  reason  that  they  are  unusual  ? 
Among  weapons  used  in  the  defence  of  MSS.,  per- 
haps the  most  time-worn  is  that  of  forced  trans- 
lation, and  it  is  in  this  volume  often  employed  on 
desperate  service.     Thus  in  v.  138  the  reading 
accepted  is   "  quom  hie  intus  intu3  ait  et  cum 
arnica  adcubet,"  and  the  speaker  is  supposed  to 


point  to  his   breast  and  say,  "  When  this  man 
here  within  (my  very  self)  is  within  (the  house)." 
In  V.  937,  "ita  res  successit  meliusque  adhuc," 
the  last  words  are  construed  "and  pretty  well 
so  far."    A  still  more  extraordinary  rendering  is 
that  of  "  pedibus  tormentum  "  in  v.  924,  "tor- 
ture by  vermin."     Sometimes  the  attempts  to 
prop  up  MS.  readings  amount  to  nothing  but 
trifling   with    language  ;    for   this    a    note    on 
"solvam  militera  "  in  v.  1056  may  be  consulted, 
and  another  on  v.  960.     Sometimes  very  feeble 
support  is  called  in  from  outside,  as  when  it  is 
sought  to  bolster  up  the  expression  "  male  con- 
sulere    aliquem,"    with    the    sense   of    "  m.    c. 
alicui,"  by  an  appeal  to  an  unspecified  passage 
of    Festus   (note   on    v.    561).       Probably    the 
allusion  is  to  certain  words  in  the  excerpts  of 
Paulus  (p.  41):  "  consulas  antiqui  ponebant  non 
tantum  pro  consilium  petas  et  perconteris,  sed 
etiam  pro  indices  et  statuas."     But  this  has  evi- 
dently no  bearing  on  the  matter.     Perhaps  the 
most  remarkable  defence  of  a  MS.  corruption 
which  the  editor  makes  is  that  of  Theothinuim  in 
V.  303.     Plautus  is  said  to  have  substituted  th 
for  t  in  this  word,  because  it  befitted  the  vulgar 
style  of  the  slave  who  is  the  speaker.     But  if 
Mr.   McCosh    had  carried  out  strictly  his  oft- 
enunciated     principles,    he    would     not     have 
adopted   any   emendation,    even    of    the    most 
trivial   kind.     We  read  in  a  note   on  v.  450  : 
"  R[itschl],  Fleck[eisen],  and  Uss[ing]  condemn 
the  reading  ;  as  they  have  nothing  to  substitute 
but   conjectures,    I    gladly   follow    the    MSS." 
What  can  any  scholar  substitute  for  a  corrupt 
traditional  text  but  conjectures  ?     Again  (note 
on  V.  252),  "transposition  is  the  most  objection- 
able method  of  emendation."     In  face  of  the 
facts  of  palaeography  such  a  doctrine  is  start- 
ling ;    and    the   writer   himself    is    more    than 
once    driven     to     adopt     "the     most     objec- 
tionable      method      of       emendation."        The 
grammatical     notes    are    often    mistaken    and 
often  difficult  to  understand.     Thus  it  is  hard 
to  make  anything   of  the  assertion  that  ^^ quid- 
quid  is  used  by  Plautus  as  an  emphatic  interro- 
gative substantive"  (p.  86);  or  that  ^^faxo  is 
followed  by  future,  with  nt  omitted"  (p.  148)  ; 
or  that  "  the  Latin  for  '  he  ought  to  have  been  ' 
is    not    esse    oportuit  or    oportebat,   but    fnibse 
oportet  "  (p.  175).     On  p.  137  there  is  a  discus- 
sion of  esse  as  "  a  verb  of  complete  predication  " 
which   we   have    found    utterly    unfathomable. 
On  p.  129,  remarking  on  the  curious  sequence 
in  uelim...dederit  (for  which  duit  has  been  often 
substituted),  the  editor  writes  :   '^  dederit :  for  a 
f  ut. ;  a  principal  verb  ;  not  a  subordinate  depen. 
on  ut  to  be   supplied."      But  the  translations 
given  in  the  remainder  of  the  note  (which  is 
hard  to  comprehend)  imply  a  dependent  verb 
and  nothing  else  ;    and   not  a  word  is    said  of 
other  unusual  sequences  which  occur  in  archaic 
Latin.     Commenting  on  the  verbs  deynpsit  and 
reddidit  in  the  following  passage  (vv.  659,  660), 
"sed  lubet   scire  quantum    aurum  erus  sibi  | 
dempsit    et    ecquid    suo    reddidit  patri,"   Mr. 
McCosh  remarks,  "  The  verbs  and  their  subjects 
are  not  dependent  on  scire,  hence  the  indica- 
tive."    The    explanation,    of    course,    explains 
nothing. 

The  Fseudolns  of  Plautus.     Edited  by  H.  W. 
Auden.     (Cambridge,    University    Press.)  —  It 
has  become  within  the  last  twenty  years  a  com- 
paratively easy  matter  for  a  careful  scholar  to 
produce  a  satisfactory  school  edition  of  aPlautine 
play.     Mr.  Auden  has  accomplished  his  task  in 
a  workmanlike  fashion,  but  his  edition  is  hardly 
so  good  as  several  English  school  editions  of 
other  comedies  which  have  appeared  in  recent 
years.     There  are  some  marks  of  haste  about 
the  book,  both  in  the  introduction  and  in  the 
commentary,  and  the  attention  of  the  reader  is 
not  drawn  to  a  good  many  important  points  in 
the  metre  and  language  of  the  play.     Two  or 
three    pages  added   to   the   notes   might   have 
served  to  make  the  edition  greatly  more  useful. 
The    utility    of     the    "critical    appendix"    is 
seriously  impaired  by  its  incompleteness  in  two 


respects  :  the  readings  of  A  and  occasionally  of 
the  other  MSS.  are  not  made  sufficiently  clear, 
and  the  source  of  the  corrections  incorporated 
in  the  text  is  often  not  stated.     Thus  v.  68  is 
rightly  said  tobeabsent  from  Band  C,  but  nothing 
is  said  of  A ;  from  this,  and  from  the  fact  that  only 
the  last  letter  of  the  line  is  printed  in  italic  type 
in  the  text,  it  might  be  concluded  that  the  whole 
line,  as  printed  in  the  text,  may  be  read  in  A, 
which  is  not  the  case.     We  do  not  know  what 
is  the  meaning  of  the  marks  over  the  vowels  in 
alia  alia,  given  as  the  reading  of  C  in  v.  47,  and 
in  magnfific,  the  reading  of  A  in  v.  166.     The 
introduction  contains  some  vague  statements,  to 
which  it  is  hard  to  attach  a  precise  meaning  ; 
thus  (p.    xv)   "there   seems   little   doubt   that 
Cicero  in  his  speeches  and  philosophical  works 
was  a  mere  stylist,    whose  perversions  of   the 
Latin   language  even  his  contemporaries  were 
surprised    at."     Where    is    the   evidence    that 
Cicero    was    regarded    by   his    contemporaries 
as    a    "  perverter    of     the    Latin    language"? 
Some  of  them  deemed  him  a  bad  rhetorician, 
and  others  objected  to  his  introduction  of  new 
phrases   to    represent    Greek   technical    terms. 
But  these  matters  cannot  be  what  Mr.  Auden 
has  in  view.     Again,  what  is  meant  by  calling 
Cicero  "  a  mere  stylist "  ?     In  what  sense  is  he 
more  or  less  so  than  Livy,  Tacitus,  or  hundreds 
of  other  great  writers  ?     In  the  notes  there  are 
not  a  few  points  which  challenge  dissent.     At 
V.   68  it  is  stated  that  there  was  once  a  coin 
named  lihella  ;  but  the  probabilities  are  against 
this,  see  the   '  Dictionary  of  Antiquities  '  (new 
ed.),  s.v.      In    v.   287,    "si  amabas,    invenires 
mutuuin,"    Mr.    Auden    calls    the   subjunctive 
"jussive."     It  is  hard  to  see  why  any  subjunc- 
tive in  a  complete  conditional  sentence  should 
be  called  by  this  name  ;  nor  is  it  advisable  to 
teach  students  to  confound  such  a  subjunctive 
with    one     like    that    in   "  tu    ctictis,    Albane, 
maneres."     Some  of  the  parallels  quoted  are  no 
parallels  at  all,  from  any  point  of  view.     There 
is  nothing  to  distinguish  "quae  si  non  essent, 
vererer,"  in  Cicero,  'Pro  Plancio,'  §   72,  from 
hundreds  of  other  conditional  sentences.     It  is 
surprising  to  find  Hofmann's  idea  of  "absolute 
and  relative  time "  set  before  the  reader  in  a 
note  on  v.  477,  without  a  hint  of  the  destructive 
criticism   to  which   the  notion    has    been    sub- 
jected, particularly  by  Prof.  W.  Gardner  Hale. 
In   commenting   on  the  phrase  bona  scaeva  in 
V.   1141  the  editor  says,  "  we  should  have  ex- 
pected it  to  be  used  of  bad  omens  especially," 
thus  ignoring  the  abundant  evidence  there  is  to 
show  that  in  early  Roman  times  a  sign  appearing 
on    the  left  of  the  observer  was    regarded  as 
auspicious. 

An  Introduction  to  Latin   Textual  Emenda- 
tion, based  on  the  Text  of  Plautus.     By  W.  M. 
Lindsay.     (Macmillan.) — Mr.   Lindsay   has    ex- 
panded some  lectures  given  at  Oxford  into  an 
admirable    little    book.     It  fills    a  gap  in  the 
series  of  text  books  accessible   to  the  English 
student  ;  and  even  in  foreign  languages   there 
is  nothing  which  covers  the  same  ground.     The 
principle  of  basing  an  elementary  treatise  upon 
the    text    of    a    single  author  is  undoubtedly 
sound,  and  there  is  no  other  author  whose  texc 
would  serve  the  purpose  half  so  well  as  that  of 
Plautus.      Mr.  Lindsay  first  supplies  an  intro- 
duction describing  the  condition  of  the  Plautine 
text  ;    then  seven  chapters,  each  devoted  to  a 
particular  class  of  errors   found  in  the  MSS. ; 
then  three  appendices — one  on  the  archetype  of 
the  Palatine  codices  of  Plautus  ;    another  con- 
taining   a    specimen    of    a   critical    apparatus, 
written   with  constant  reference  to  the  facts  of 
palaeography  ;  while  the  last  provides  practical 
directions  for  collating  a  Latin  MS.     The  whole 
constitutes    an    introduction    to    Latin   palseo- 
graphy  on  which  it  will  be    hard  to    improve, 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  small  volume  will  be 
thoroughly    absorbed    by    English    editors     of 
classical  texts  as  well  as  by  advanced  university 
students.     The  most  attractive  portions  of  the 
book  are  those    in  which  Mr.  Lindsay  applies 


350 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


paliieographical  principles  to  corrupt  Plautine 
lines  and  produces  emendations  of  his  own. 
These  are  often  works  of  art  in  their  way. 
Thus,  in  the  'Truculentus,'  1.  50,  the  Pala- 
tine MS.  B  gives  a  puzzling  word  iteca.  This 
is  explained  as  a  contraction  of  iiitercepta,  witli 
an  appeal  to  1.  583  of  the  same  play,  where 
accepta  appeared  in  the  archetype  as  aca 
or  acca.  Take,  again,  'Stichus,'  1.  700,  "amica 
uter  utri  accumbamus.  Abi  tu  sane  superior." 
Two  slaves  who  are  going  to  carouse  with  a  lady 
are  discussing  how  they  are  to  settle  the  ques- 
tion who  is  to  preside  at  the  feast.  Mr.  Lindsay 
reads  mica,  the  imperative  of  micare{sc.  digitis). 
The  slaves  may  well  have  settled  their  doubt  by 
resort  to  the  game  of  "  mora,"  just  as  we  resort 
to  the  tossing  of  a  coin.  Any  copyist  might  in 
the  circumstances  introduce  amica  here.  Of 
Mr.  Lindsay's  numerous  emendations  every  one 
has  a  rational  basis  ;  all  are  ingenious  ;  not  one 
is  absurd.  He  shows  himself  a  complete  master 
of  Plautine  criticism. 


LOCAL   HISTORY. 


Gloucestershire  Notes  and  Queries.     Vol.  VIL 
Parts  I.-IIL      (London,    Phillimore ;    Bristol, 
George. )  —  The   '  Notes   of   the   Quarter  '  is   a 
commendable  feature,   for  as  the  years  go  on 
we  shall  have  a  useful  chronicle  of  noteworthy 
events  which  have  occurred  in  the  county.     We 
all  of   us    know  how   difficult  it  is  to  procure 
information  regarding  local  events  of  only  a  few 
years  ago.     Commonly  the  single  resource  we 
have   is   a   file   of   some   newspaper,    and   that 
usually  can  be  examined   only  at  the  office  of 
the  publisher  or  in  the  British  Museum.     The 
record  of  the  monumental  brasses  of  the  county 
is  still  continued,  and  will — as  it  is  paged  sepa- 
rately— form  an  attractive  and  useful  handbook 
when  it  is  complete.     The  engravings  are  rather 
fragmentary,  but  seem  to  be  accurate,  and  the 
descriptions   are   clear   and  concise.     It  is  im- 
portant  to    have    trustworthy   descriptions    of 
these    old   memorials    of   the    dead,    especially 
of  those  wherein  portraiture  has  been   striven 
after.      Not   to   mention  higher   motives,  they 
are   invaluable   as   helps   for    the    students    of 
costume.     At  Northleach  there  is  a  brass  com- 
memorating John  Taylour  and  .Joan  his  wife. 
He  was   a    "wolman."      The  date  is  given  as 
about  1490.      It  furnishes  another  instance  of 
prayer-beads  of  a  different   arrangement  from 
those  now  in  use.     On  Taylour's  left  side,  we 
are  told,  is  "a  rosary  of  twelve  beads,  i.e.,  five 
small  beads  and  one  large  one  on  each  string  ; 
one  end  terminates  in  a  tassel,  and  to  the  other 
end  is  attached  a  signet  ring."     The  practice 
of  utilizing  the  rosary  for  carrying  the    signet 
is   curious  ;   we  think,   but  are   not  sure,  that 
other  examples  of  the  custom  are  known.     On 
a  sixteenth  century  brass  at  Minchinhampton, 
commemorating    John    Hampton,   gent.,    nine 
children  arc  represented  ;  one  of  them,  Alice,  is 
dressed  as  a  nun.     The  figure  is  of  interest  as 
showing  what  nuns  were  like  in  the  last  days 
of  English  monasticisra.     We  wonder  whether 
any  expert,  from  the  little  engraving  here  given, 
can  identify  the  order  to  which  Alice  Hampton 
belonged.      "She  wears  the  veil   headdress,  a 
cape  over  her  shoulders,  a  mantle  open  in  front, 
revealing  her  gown  with  tight  sleeves,  and  girt 
with  a  loose  hip  girdle,  from  which  hangs  in 
front  a  rosary  of  14  beads."     The  brass  of  a 
civilian  at  Sevenhampton,  circa  1490,  also  shows 
prayer-beads,  but  they  were  probably  arranged 
after    the    modern    fashion.       The    interesting 
account  of  St.  Mary's,  Cheltenham,  records  the 
removal  of  the  rood-loft  in  1813.     Among  the 
things  not  swept  away  at  that  time  was  an  oak 
communion   table,    dated   1638.      It   is   in   the 
church    still,    and   we   trust   will   be    carefully 
preserved,  for  communion  tables  which  can  be 
proved  to  be  of  an  earlier  date  than  the  Restora- 
tion are  very  rare.     The  late  Mr.  John  Henry 
Parker,  indeed,  seemed  to  question  their  very 
existence.      He   was   wrong,    however,   as   the 


Cheltenham  table  proves.  Another  dated  ex- 
ample occurs  at  Bottesford,  near  Brigg,  Lincoln- 
shire, which  is  inscribed  on  the  front  ledge 
"The  gift  of  Mrs.  Edyth  Parkins,  who  died 
May  17,  1G33."  We  are  thankful  for  the  en- 
graving of  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  and  for 
the  external  and  internal  views  of  St.  Mary's, 
Cheltenham,  but  would  gladly  have  dispensed 
with  the  things  which  bring  St.  Paul's  College 
in  that  town  before  us.  There  are  many  objects 
of  interest  in  Gloucestershire  which  await  illus- 
tration ;  it  is  therefore  hardly  becoming  in  an 
historical  journal  to  trouble  us  with  views  of 
buildings  which  have  neither  art  nor  antiquity 
to  recommend  them. 

Oxford  and  its  Colleges,  by  Mr.  J.  Wells,  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  Edmund  H.  New(Methuen&Co.), 
is  a  pretty  little  book,  resembling  in  its  contents 
the  work  entitled  'The  Colleges  of  Oxford,'  by 
various  authors,  which  Mr.  Andrew  Clark  edited 
six  years  ago,  and  to  which  the  present  writer 
makes  due  acknowledgment.      But  Mr.   Wells 
has  done  a  good  deal  more  than  compile  from 
his  predecessors.      His  accounts  of  the  archi- 
tectural growth   of   the   college  buildings  bear 
evidence  of  careful  personal  study,  though  of  a 
somewhat  one-sided  taste ;  and  into  his  historical 
sketches  of  the  different  colleges  he  has  infused 
a  certain  unity  of  spirit  which  was  wanting  in 
Mr.    Clark's    book.      Writing,   of  course,  on  a 
much  smaller  scale,  he  has  been  able  to  omit 
a  great  deal  of  the  details  of  the  history  and  to 
fix  his  attention  upon  those  features  of  it  which 
appear  to  him  still  to  possess  a  living  interest. 
He   has   produced   a   capital    guide-book,    well 
printed  on  thin  paper  and  handy  for  the  pocket. 
It  is  remarkably  accurate  in  its  facts,  and  we 
have  noticed  but  few  mistakes,  and  these  of  no 
great  importance  ;    there  are,  however,  a  good 
number  of  misprints,  of  which  "Raphael  Meuss" 
(for  Mengs),  on  p.  145,  is  an  obvious  example. 
Within  his   limits   it   was   impossible   for   Mr. 
Wells  to  go  very  deep  into  the  history  of  the 
Oxford  colleges.      No  one  will  gain  any  clear 
idea  from  him  of  the  fundamental  differences 
in  the  constitutional  types  they  represent,  dif- 
ferences which,  until  recent  changes,  gave  each 
of  them  an  individual — one  may  almost  say  a 
personal— character.     The  fellows  and  scholars 
are  mentioned  from  time  to  time,  but  we  are 
not   told   that   the   two   terms  were  originally 
synonymous,  and  that  the  lower  range  was  only 
differentiated  in  the  course  of  centuries.     Oriel, 
for  instance,  had  no  scholars  until  some  forty 
years  ago,    and   the  Balliol  scholars   were   de- 
veloped out  of  servitors.    It  is  only  in  the  more 
modern  colleges  that  the  twofold  arrangement 
is  definitely  organized.    On  the  other  hand,  Mr. 
Wells   misses   no  opportunity  of  showing  how 
college  teaching  began  and   grew  up,   and   he 
throws  life  into  his  narrative  by  grouping  the 
history  of  each  college  round  the  great  names 
associated  with  it,  though  inevitably  this  record 
of  famous  men  tends  to  degenerate  at  times  into 
a  mere  catalogue.      His  chief  fault  is  that  he 
cannot  resist  the  temptation,  which  besets  the 
popular  lecturer,  of  dragging  in  tags  of  general 
English  history  in   season  and   out  of  season. 
What,  for  instance,  without  further  explanation, 
is  the  use  of  the  following  remark  appended  to 
an  account  of  Laud's  work  at  Oxford  and  for 
Oxford?— 

"  At  the  same  time  it  must  be  admitted  that  Laud 
did  not  extend  to  divergences  of  ritual  the  liberty 
which  he  was  ready  to  grant  to  religious  thought ; 
his  methods  for  suppressing  his  opponents  were 
those  of  his  age.  With  political  liberty  he  had 
little  sympathy.  Hence  it  was  natural  that  Oxford 
should  be  the  Royalist  capital  of  England." 

Surplusage  of  this  sort  occurs  too  often,  and 
makes  one  feel  that  Mr.  Wells  is  rather  "writing 
down"  to  an  audience — perhaps  to  the  Univer- 
sity Extension  meeting  at  Oxford,  for  which 
the  publication  of  his  book  appears  to  have  been 
appropriately  timed.  On  the  other  hand,  his 
remarks  on  recent  Oxford  characters  and  events 
and  his  criticisms  of  recent  "new  buildings" 


are  entertaining  and,  as  a  rule,  just,  though 
here  and  there  one  meets  with  a  sentence  which 
comes  rather  strangely  from  one  who  holds  at 
the  moment  the  office  of  Senior  Proctor.  The 
illustrations  by  Mr.  New,  though  not  always 
well  chosen,  are  a  charming  addition  to  the 
book.  We  do  not  know  why  Exeter  and  Brase- 
nose,  Pembroke  and  Hertford  Colleges  should 
alone  be  unrepresented  in  these  drawings.  The 
view  of  Exeter  from  the  fellows'  garden  is  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  in  Oxford  ;  and  that 
of  the  Camera  from  the  north-west  corner  of 
Brasenose  quadrangle  is  far  more  striking  than 
that  from  the  back  quadrangle  of  All  Souls', 
which  is  here  given.  Pembroke  and  Hertford 
are,  no  doubt,  more  difficult  subjects  ;  but  the 
o!d  hall  of  the  former — now  the  library — might 
at  least  have  been  shown,  as  the  smallest  speci- 
men of  its  class. 


SCANDINAVIAN   PHILOLOGY. 


Friesch  Woordenboek.     Bewerkt  door  Waling 
DijkstraenF.BuitenrustHettema,benevensLijst 
van  Friesche  Eigennomen  bewerkt  door  Johan 
Winkler.     (Leeuwarden,  Meijer  &  Schaafsma.) 
—  Modern  Frisian  is  now  chiefly  represented  by 
the  West  Frisian  peasant  dialect  spoken  in  the 
Dutch  province  of  Friesland,  especially  in  its 
western  portion,  extending  from  Hindelopen  to 
Leeuwarden  and  Franeker  and  the  adjacent  dis- 
tricts.    What  is  generally  called  East  Frisian — 
that  is  to  say,  the  language  of  the  people  dwell- 
ing between  the  Ems  and  the  Weser — is,  for  the 
most   part,   Low   German,   while  the   so-called 
North  Frisian,  still  spoken  on  the  west  coast  of 
Sleswick   and   South   Jutland,  is  more  or  less 
obliterated  by  Danish  and  Low  German  elements, 
and,  except  in  the  remote  islands  of  Sylt,  Fohr, 
and    Amrum,   is   rapidly   disappearing.      Very 
different  is  the  case  with  the  West  Frisian  dia- 
lect.    This  last  relic  of  the  once  far-extending 
old   Frisian   tongue   still   lives   a  vigorous   life 
within  a  narrow  area.     For  more  than  two  cen- 
turies it  has  successfully  resisted  the  inroads  of 
Dutch  ;    it   can  boast  of  at  least  half  a  dozen 
remarkable  poets    and  novelists  ;    it  has  more 
than  one  special  organ  to  champion  its  cause, 
a  learned  academy  (Selskip  for  Friske  Tael  end 
Skriftenkennisse)  as  the  special  custodian  of  its 
purity  ;    and  a  group  of  distinguished   Frisian 
philologists,  assisted  by  the  Estates  of  Friesland, 
are  now  doing  their  best  to  provide  it  with  a 
standard  lexicon.     The  initiative  in  this  respect 
was  taken  indeed,  some  twenty  years  ago,  by 
Justus  Halbertsma  ;  but  death  interrupted  the 
work,  and  his  '  Lexicon  Frisicum,'  published  at 
the  Hague  by  his  son  Tiallangius  in  1874,  is  but  a 
noble  fragment  :  it  ends  in  the  middle  of  letter 
F.     Halbertsma  bequeathed  to  the  Estates  of 
his  native  province  his  rich  MS.  lists  of  Frisian 
words,  proverbs,  idioms,  &c.  — which,  during  the 
course  of  a  long  life,  he  had  laboriously  collected, 
partly  from  the  mouths  of  the  people,  partly 
from  the  works  of  Frisian  authors— with    the 
request   that  the  Estates  would  publish  these 
philological  treasures  either    independently  or 
as    a  continuation  of    his  'Lexicon  Frisicum.' 
After  a  somewhat  long  delay  the  legatees  decided 
to   adopt   the   former   course,  and  a   junto    of 
scholars  was  appointed  to  compile  a  complete 
and  independent  dictionary,  the  first  number  of 
which  is  now  before  us.   So  far  as  one  can  judge 
from  a  mere  particle,  the  work  promises  to  be 
excellent.     In  arrangement  and  classification  it 
marks    a    great    advance     upon   Halbertsma's 
'Lexicon,'  the  best  part  of   which,   moreover, 
is  to  be  incorporated  in  the  present  dictionary. 
For    it    cannot    be  denied  that    Halbertsma's 
method  of  arrangement  was    often   confusing, 
not  to  say  irritating,  while  his  system  of  ortho- 
graphy   appears    painfully  antiquated  already. 
The  new  dictionary  is  entirely  free  from  these 
defects.     It  is  compiled  on  the  best  scientific 
principles,  and  no  scholar  who  consults  it  has 
any   one   but   himself   to   blame  if  he  has  the 
slightest  difficulty  in  finding  the  word  he  wants. 


N''3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


351 


The  present  editors  have  also  acted  wisely  in 
giving  in  many  cases  Latin,  French,  English, 
and  German  equivalents  of  Frisian  words  in 
addition  to  the  running  Dutch  interpretation. 

Abriss  dcr  altnordischen  (altisldndischen) 
Grammatik.  "Von  A.  Noreen.  (Halle,  Nie- 
meyer.) — We  reviewed  in  these  columns,  a 
little  more  than  two  years  ago,  Prof. 
Holthausen's  excellent  '  Altisliindisches  Ele- 
mentarbuch,'  one  of  the  first  manuals  for  the 
study  of  Old  Norse  published  in  German.  Prof. 
Noreen's  '  Abriss  '  is,  as  its  title  implies,  a  still 
more  elementary  essay  in  the  same  direction. 
As  might  have  been  expected  from  its  distin- 
guished author's  mastery  of  his  subject,  it 
is  a  most  thorough  and  scholarly  compendium, 
■equally  lucid  and  exact.  Even  advanced 
students  of  Icelandic  will  find  it  useful,  while 
beginners  should  make  it  a  stepping-stone 
to  the  more  elaborate  '  Altnordische  Gram- 
matik,'  bjf  the  same  author. 

Flores  Saga  ok  Blankifleur.  Herausgegeben 
von  Eugeni  Kolbing.  (Halle,  Niemeyer.)  — 
Herr  Kolbing,  whose  excellent  editions  of  the 
more  notable  of  the  old  French  romances  and 
chansons  de  geste  and  their  derivatives,  the 
so-called  lygi-sogur  or  fable  sagas,  are  held  in 
high  esteem  by  all  students  of  medieval  litera- 
ture and  philology,  now  gives  fresh  proof  of 
careful  and  lucid  scholarship  by  his  present 
•contribution  to  the  well-known  "Altnordische 
Saga-Bibliothek. "  A  new  edition  of  the  Ice- 
landic version  of  '  Floire  et  Blanceflor'  was 
•certainly  wanted.  The  one  other  existing 
edition,  published  nearly  fifty  years  ago  by 
Brynjolfr  Snorrason,  was  not,  indeed,  with- 
out its  merits  ;  but  Snorrason  was  frequently 
■careless,  and  his  work  stood  very  much  in  need 
of  revision.  The  present  editor  has  evidently 
used  the  somewhat  fragmentary  documents  at 
his  disposal  with  extreme  care,  and  the  result 
of  his  labours  is  as  approximately  correct  a  text 
as  can  reasonably  be  expected.  Into  the  interest- 
ing but  difficult  question  of  the  source  of  the 
original  romance  Herr  Kolbing  —  wisely,  we 
think — resists  the  temptation  of  entering.  Most 
literary  historians,  following  Du  Me'ril,  are  now 
in  favour  of  a  Byzantine  origin,  although  others 
point  rather  to  Spain  or  Southern  France  as  its 
birthplace.  From  the  fact  that  versions  of  the 
romance  exist  in  almost  every  European  lan- 
guage (including  Bohemian)  it  is  evident  that 
the  Rose  Youth  and  the  Lily-white  Maid  (for 
that,  of  course,  is  the  real  interpretation  of 
Floire  and  Blanceflor)  were  as  popular  with 
mediaeval  readers  or  hearers  as  were  those 
other  famous  couples,  Tristram  and  Isolt  and 
Dido  and  ^neas.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  Icelandic  adapter,  while,  in  the  main, 
conscientiously  following  his  original,  has 
endeavoured  to  give  the  almost  too  gentle 
Flores  something  more  of  a  martial  temperament 
than  he  possesses  in  the  old  French  versions, 
and  we  quite  agree  with  Herr  Kolbing  that  the 
slight  Icelandic  variations  of  the  original  story 
are  distinct  improvements. 

Norges  Gamle  Lov  indtil  1387:  Femte  Bands  2 
■de  Hefte  indeholdende  Glassarinm  og  Anhaiig. 
Udgivet  ved  Gustav  Storm  og  Ebbe  Hertzberg. 
■(Christiania,  Grondahl.) — The  present  volume 
concludes  the  edition  of  Norway's  ancient  laws 
up  to  1387,  the  preceding  volume  of  which  was 
reviewed  in  these  columns  on  February  11th, 
1893.  It  consists  of  an  imposing  glossary,  more 
than  eight  hundred  large  octavo  pages  in  length, 
compiled  by  Prof.  Ebbe  Hertzberg,  with  whose 
juridical  studies,  notably  '  De  Nordiske  Rets 
Kilder,'  all  students  of  Norwegian  jurisprudence 
are,  we  hope,  by  this  time  sufliciently  familiar. 
The  work,  which  represents  the  labour  of  many 
years,  and  is  supplemented  by  (1)  a  register  of 
the  Latin  words,  and  (2)  a  list  of  the  personal 
and  place  names  occurring  in  the  original  texts, 
is  without  doubt  a  most  valuable  contribution 
to  Old  Norse  lexicography,  and  can  fairly  take 
its  place  beside  the  great  dictionaries  of  Cleasby 


and  Fritzner.  We  congratulate  all  concerned 
on  the  accomplishment  of  this  monumental 
enterprise,  and  trust  that  the  Storthing  will 
speedily  enable  the  present  editors  to  carry  out 
their  original  plan  of  publishing  a  second  series 
of  the  laws  of  Norway,  embracing  the  period 
between  1387  and  1C87,  by  liberally  supplying 
them  with  the  funds,  especially  as  we  are  given 
to  understand  that  the  project  has  already 
received  the  royal  sanction. 

Det  Arnamagnoianske  HaandskriftSlO  quarto: 
Saga  Olafs  Ko'mmgs  Tryggvasonar  er  ritadi  Oddr 
muncr.  Udgivet  for  det  Norske  Historiske 
Kilderskriftfund  af  P.  Groth.  (Christiania, 
Grondahl.)— Cod.  Am.  310,  quarto,  to  give 
this  important  MS.  its  technical  title,  is  in- 
teresting historically  as  one  of  the  main  sources 
of  the  biography  of  King  Olaf  Tryggvason  (974-- 
1000  ?)  (as  such  it  was  largely  used  by  Snorri 
Sturluson  and  earlier  writers),  and  linguistically 
on  account  of  its  many  peculiarities  of  style  and 
spelling,  which  point  to  the  fact  of  its  being  a 
direct  translation  or  adaptation  of  a  lost  Latin 
original.  We  have  no  space  to  follow  the  learned 
editor  through  his  exhaustive  analysis  of  the 
MS.  :  suffice  it  to  say  that,  after  the  most  care- 
ful examination,  he  arrives  at  the  conclusion, 
supported  by  very  close  and  cogent  reasoning, 
that  it  was  written  in  Norway,  or,  at  any  rate, 
by  a  Norwegian,  certainly  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  very  probably  in  the  earlier  part 
of  that  century.  Thus  Oddr's  work,  as  Dr.  Groth 
rightly  insists,  is  an  original  document  of  the 
first  rank.  We  think  also  he  has  succeeded  in 
vindicating,  to  some  extent,  the  literary  value 
of  the  monk  of  Thingeyre's  history  as  against 
the  disparaging  verdict  of  Prof.  Storm,  who 
held  that  Oddr  was  little  better  than  a  jejune 
copyist.  Tiie  man  who  gave  the  story  of  the 
great  sea-fight  at  Svoll^r  its  classical  form  has 
certainly  some  claim  to  be  regarded,  if  not  as  a 
master  of  style,  still  at  least  as  a  good  handi- 
craftsman in  that  difficult  art. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE, 

TiTE  preface  to  Sir  Walter  Scott  (Oliphant, 
Anderson  &  Ferrier)  shows  that  Prof.  Saints- 
bury  feels  the  need  of  some  justification  for 
"  another  little  book  about  Scott,"  and  to  furni&h 
it  he  points  to  the  recent  publication  of  the 
'Journal,'  the  'Familiar  Letters,'  and  Mr. 
Lang's  'Lockhart.'  But  he  does  not,  and,  in- 
deed, in  a  book  written  on  this  scale  could  not, 
make  any  considerable  use  of  these  authorities. 
The  best  justification  must  lie  in  the  character 
of  the  "little  book"  itself.  As  it  happens, 
Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  has  just  proved,  in  the 
'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,'  that  it  is 
possible  to  condense  within  a  few  pages  an 
account  of  Scott  and  to  make  it  interesting. 
Prof.  Saintsbury  is  less  successful.  His  most 
conspicuous  merits  are  generosity  of  criticism 
and  a  judgment  sober  and  generally  sound. 
His  defence  of  Scott's  treatment  of  the  old 
ballads  is  excellent ;  and  there  is  good  sense  in 
what  he  says  about  the  publishing  risks  which 
Scott  took  and  induced  others  to  take.  With 
reference  to  the  vexed  question  of  the  Ballan- 
tynes  he  accepts  in  substance  the  account  of 
Lockhart,  and  takes  a  view  considerably  more 
favourable  to  Scott  than  that  of  Mr.  Leslie 
Stephen.  The  literary  criticism  is  the  best  part 
of  the  book,  yet  there  are  some  judgments  that 
provoke  dissent.  Thus  Prof.  Saintsbury  seems 
to  set  'The  Pirate'  above  'The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel ';  and  most  of  those  who  are  familiar  with 
Scotland  and  the  Scotch  dialect  will  marvel  to 
find  ascribed  to  national  prejudice  Lockhart's 
judgment  that  '  Ivanhoe '  is  "less  in  genius 
than  its  purely  Scottish  predecessors."  A 
strange  remark  on  p.  18  and  a  strange  note  on 
p.  19  suggest  that  the  want  of  such  familiarity 
may  explain  Prof.  Saintsbury 's  own  judgment. 
He  thinks  it  necessary  to  account  for  the  use  of 
the  word  "  whomled  "  in  '  The  Pirate'  by  quoting 
a  story  that  Scott  had  overheard  it  from  a  scold 


in  the  Grassmarket,  and  afterwards  adds  in  a  note 
that  it  has  been  pointed  out  to  him  that  Fer- 
gusson  has  "  whumble  "  in  'The  Rising  of  the 
Session.'  But  why  all  this  pother  ?  The  word 
is  in  common  use,  colloquially,  to  the  present 
day,  and  there  is  literary  evidence  of  its  use 
through  a  period  of  more  than  three  hundred 
years.  Scott  may  have  heard  the  word  in  the 
Grassmarket,  but  he  knew  it  from  a  dozen  other 
sources  as  well.  Prof.  Saintsbury  has  several 
irritating  tricks  of  style.  He  is  too  fond  of 
references  and  quotations,  and  also  of  the 
use  of  the  personal  pronoun  I.  Moreover, 
the  structure  of  his  sentences  is  sometimes 
too  familiar  and  colloquial,  sometimes  heavy 
and  lumbering.  The  following  is  a  specimen, 
somewhat  worse  than  usual :  — 

"  That  the  end  is  even  more  than  usually  huddled, 
that  the  beginning  may  perhaps  have  dawdled  a 
little  over  commercial  details  (I  do  not  think  so 
myself,  but  Lady  Louisa  Stuart  did),  and  that  the 
distribution  of  time,  which  lingers  over  weeks  and 
months  before  and  after  it  devotes  almost  the  major 
part  of  the  book  to  the  events  of  forty-eight  hours, 
is  irregular,  even  in  the  eyes  of  those  who  are  not 
serfs  to  the  unities,  cannot  be  denied." 

We  are  accustomed  to  obtain  from  the  United 
States  remarkable  books  on  the  philosophy  of 
European  institutions  and  on  their  working. 
The  Faculty  of  Political  Science  of  Columbia 
University  in  the  city  of  New  York  is  one  of 
the  bodies  which  have  done  most  towards  the 
publication  of  excellent  volumes  bearing  on 
such  themes.  The  first  number  of  the  ninth 
volume  of  the  "Studies  in  History,  Economics, 
and  Public  Law"  is-sued  by  this  faculty  is 
before  us,  and  is  entitled  English  Local  Govern- 
ment of  To-day:  a  Study  of  the  Relations  of 
Central  and  Local  Government,  by  Dr.  Milo 
Roy  Maltbie.  This  treatise  is  a  most  weighty 
and  admirable  piece  of  work,  which,  if  it  errs 
at  all,  errs  only  in  presenting  a  slightly  too 
official  view  of  English  local  government,  or  one 
too  completely  satisfactory  to  the  departments 
concerned,  such  as  the  Local  Government  Board, 
the  Education  Department,  the  Home  Office, 
and  the  Board  of  Trade.  In  their  annual  reports 
the  departments  have  to  justify  themselves  to 
Parliament  and  to  England  or  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  as  the  case  may  be,  while  Dr.  Maltbie 
justities  them  to  the  world  at  large.  "Local- 
Government  pure  and  simple  has  been  proven 
inefficient."  "England,  and  France  and  Ger- 
many, although  starting  from  diametrically 
opposite  points  of  view,  have  gradually  ap- 
proached the  same  ultimate  position."  The  latter 
of  these  statements  is  unfortunately  true  ;  and 
when  we  remember  what  our  fathers  thought 
of  Bonaparte's  institutions,  which  are  the  foun- 
dation of  the  "local-government"  of  France 
and  Germany,  it  is  startling  it  should  be  true. 
The  virtual  suppression  of  private  bill  legis- 
lation by  municipal  corporations,  which  has 
recently  been  accomplished  by  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  is  a  change  hailed  with  delight  by 
Dr.  Maltbie,  and  in  accordance  with  the  pre- 
valent tendency  in  the  United  States,  but 
opposed  to  the  opinion  which  many  here  still 
entertain.  Dr.  Maltbie's  literary  style  is  vile 
—"quite  extensively,"  "quite  slight,"  "quite 
similar,"  "quite  far,"  and  such  like  gems 
stud  all  his  pages.  But  his  book,  though  we 
are  inclined  to  difler  from  his  conclusions,  is 
a  really  great  piece  of  work. 

Messrs.  Gibbings  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  neat 
and  well  printed  translation  of  Rousseau's  Con- 
fessions, in  four  volumes,  and  as  the  book  is 
somewhat  hard  to  procure  r.t  a  moderate  price, 
this  edition  should  be  popular.  The  few  illus- 
trations are  well  executed.— Messrs.  Bliss,  Sands 
&  Co.  have  published  a  good  cheap  Don  Quixote, 
with  illustrations,  and  added  Bijron  to  their 
"Apollo  Poets." 

The  sixteenth  volume  of  that  useful  and 
thorough  work,  Meyers  Konversatiom- Lexicon 
(Leipzig,  Bibliograpiiisches  Institut),  is  as  full 
of  information  and  illustration  as  its  prede- 
cessors.   There  are  excellent  articles  on  spinning 


352 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°3646,  Sept.  11, '97 


and  telegraphs.  The  accouni  of  R.  L.  Stevenson 
is  rather  deficient.  It  ignores  'Kidnapped,' 
'Catriona,'  'The  Master  of  Ballantrae,'  and  — 
perhaps  happily — all  the  works  in  which  the 
hand  was  not  entirely  his  own.  Alfred  Stevens, 
the  English  sculptor,  ought  certainly  to  have 
been  mentioned.  Theocritus  receives  very  bad 
treatment,  and  more  space  is  given  to  Tiro  the 
grammarian.  We  notice  that  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen 
and  other  distinguished  living  Englishmen  find 
a  place  in  the  volume. 

It  was  a  good  idea  to  add  to  the  "Scott 
Library "  a  volume  of  Criticisms,  Mejicctiuns, 
and  Maxims  of  Goethe  (Scott).  Goethe  said 
and  wrote  a  number  of  good  things,  though 
not  so  many  as  are  attributed  to  him.  Mr. 
W.  B.  Ronnfeldt  has  performed  the  duty  of 
translator  satisfactorily ;  but  his  introduction 
is  not  so  sound,  and  his  critical  powers  do  not 
warrant  his  depreciation  of  earlier  and  abler 
workers  in  the  same  field. 

It  is  not  our  custom  to  notice  periodical 
publications,  but  a  special  "Marine  Number" 
of  Cassier's  Magazine,  written  by  distinguished 
specialists  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  of  the 
United  States,  merits  an  exception  in  its  favour. 
All  who  are  interested  in  war  navies,  in  ship 
construction,  engineering,  and  navigation  will 
need  to  see  the  articles  of  Sir  William  White 
and  others,  and  the  admirable  illustrations  by 
which  they  are  adorned.  To  judge  from  adver- 
tisements V.  hich  we  have  seen,  there  has  been 
some  delay  about  the  publication,  and  some  of 
the  contributions  bear  signs  of  having  been 
written  in  the  autumn  of  last  year.  They  are 
not,  however,  spoilt  by  keeping. 

Mk.  Aqbrey  Stewart's  little  book  of  Epi- 
grams and  EpitapJts  (Chapman  &  Hall)  is  an 
entertaining  volume,  and,  by  drawing  on  some 
lesser  known  university  wits,  he  gets  off  with 
a  less  hackneyed  selection  than  usual,  though 
much  of  his  matter  has  no  business  where  it  is. 
For  instance,  "  Gather  ye  rosebuds  while  ye 
may  "  is  neither  epigram  nor  epitaph. 

The  little  paper  book  which  Mr.  J.  B.  Lamb 
has  entitled  Fractical  Hints  on  Writing  for  the 
Press  (Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.)  is  not  to  be 
commended.  A  minimum  of  education  and 
common  sense  will  suggest  a  good  many  of  its 
precepts  ;  others  are  distinctly  debatable. 

We  have  on  our  table  Three  Visits  to  Iceland, 
by  Mrs.  D.  Leith  (Masters), — Tlie  Story  of  George 
Washington,  by  G.  Barnett  Smith  (S.S.U.), — 
Lectiires  in  the  Lyceum;  or,  Aristotle's  Ethics  for 
English  Readers,  edited  by  St.  George  Stock 
(Longmans),  —  Calendar  of  Vie  Royal  Universitii 
of  Ireland,  1897  (Dublin.  Thorn),— ilfii/wt's 
•Samson  Agonistes,  edited  by  E.  K.  Chambers 
(Blackie),  —  Zellers  Aristotle  and  the  Earlier 
Feri2}atetics,  translated  by  B.  F.  C.  Costelloe 
and  J.  H.  Muirhead,  2  vols.  (Longmans),  —  The 
Return  to  Nature,  by  J.  F.  Newton  (The  Ideal 
Publishing  Union), — Scarlet  and  Steel,  by  E.  L. 
Prescott  (Hutchinson), — Heroines  of  the  Cross, 
by  Frank  Mundell  (S.S.V.),  —  Behind  the 
Stars,  by  E.  L.  Dames  (Fisher  Unwin), — 
Stephen  Lcscombe,  B.A.,  by  J.  H.  Hurst 
(Putnam), — Pacific  Tales,  by  Louis  Becke 
(Fisher  Unwin), —  Major  Carlile,  by  H.  Foil 
(Digby  &  Long),— T/te  Way  of  a  Woman,  by 
L.  T.  Meade  (F.  V.  White),— Sermois  for  the 
Commemoration  of  Queen  Victoria,  1837-97,  by 
the  Very  Rev.  F.  W.  Farrar  and  others  (Skef- 
fington),  —  Who  tvas  Jesus  Clirist  ?  and  other 
Questions,  by  F.  W.  Aveling,  M.A.  (Kegan 
Paul),  —  The  Prayer-Book  Articles  and  Homilies, 
by  J.  T.  Tomlinson  (Stock),  —  Beaumarchais,  by 
A.  Hallays  (Hachette), — and  La  Fee  Surprise, 
by  Gyp  (Paris,  L^vy).  Among  New  Editions 
we  have  A  Text-Book  of  Geology,  by  W.  J.  Har- 
rison (Blackie),  —  From,  our  Dead  Selves  to 
Higher  Things,  by  F.  J.  Gant  (Bailliere,  Tindall 
<fe  Cox),  —  and  Modern  Dogs,  by  R.  B.  Lee, 
2  vols.  (Cox). 


LIST  OF  NBW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theologi/, 

Browne's  (Uight,  Rev.  G.  F.)  Theodore  and  WiUrilh,  3/6  cl. 
Dennis's  (Kev.  J.  S.)  Cliristian  Missions  and  Social  Progress, 

Vol.  1.  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Hodges's  (G.)  Faith  and  Social  Service,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
McCorinick'e  (J.)  What  is  Sin  ?  Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Thornton's  (M  )  Afiica  Waiting,  or  the  Prohlem  of  Africa's 

Kvangelization,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Wright's   (D.)   The   Power  of   an   Endless  Life,   and  other 

Sfrraof.s,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Law. 
Willis's  (W.   A.)  The  Woikmeu's  Compensation  Act,  1897, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  net. 

/I'ne  Art  and  Archeology. 
Documents  relating  to  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Winchester 
in   the   Seventeenth  Century,  edited  hy  Stephens  and 
Madge,  royal  8vo.  \b/  net,  cl. 
Stephenson   (U.)  and  Suddards's  (F.)A  Text-Book  dealing 
with  Ornamental  Designs  for  Woven  Fabiics,  8vo.  7/6 cl. 
Ward's  (J J  Historic  Ornament,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 

Pcetrt/. 
Gordon  League  Ballads  for  Working  Men  and  Women,  by 
Jim's  Wife,  cr.  8vo.  2,6  cl. 

rhilosophi/. 
Guyau's  (M.)  The  Non- Religion  of  the  Future,  17/  net,  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Dawson's  (W.  H.)  Social  Switzerland,   Studies  of  Present- 
Day  Social  Movements,  &c.,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Dutt's  (R.  C.)  England  and  India,  a  Record  of  Progress,  6/ 
Fitch's   (Sir  J.)   Ihomas   and   Matthew  Arnold   and   their 

Influence  on  English  Education,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Grant,  U.  S.,  by  W.  b'.  Church,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl.    (Heroes  of  the 

Nations.) 
Rolfe's  (W.  J.)  Shakspeare  the  Boy,  with  Sketches  of  the 

Home  and  School  Life,  &c.,  of  tile  Time,  cr.  8vo.  .^/6cl. 
Ross's  (P.)  Kingcraft  in  Scotland,  and  other  Essays,  6/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Gadow's  (a.)  In  Northern  Spain,  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Journal  of  a  Tour   in  the  L'nittd  States,  &c.,  by  Winifred, 

Lady  Howard  of  Glossop,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Peery's  (R.  B.)  Uhe  Gist  of  J^pan,  the  Islands,  their  People 

and  Missions,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Philology. 
Encyclopaidic   Dictionary  of  English  and  German,  edited 

by  Prof.  Muret  and  Prof.  Sanders:    English- German, 

2  vols,  royal  8vo  42/  cl. 
Wallers 's  (W.  C.  F.)  First  Steps  in  Continuous  Latin  Prose, 

cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. ;   Hints  and  Helps  iu  Continuous  Greek 

Prose,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Science. 
Brightweu's  (Mrs.)  Glimpses  into  Plant  Life,  illus.  3  6  cl. 
Carrington's  (E  )  Animals'  Ways  and  I'laims.  4to.  3/  cl. 
Cross's  (D.  K.)  Health  in  Africa,  a  Medical  Handbook  for 

European  Travellers,  &c.,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Humane  Science,  Lectures  by  Various  Authors,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Kneipp's  (S.)  A  Codicil  to  My  Will, ■for  the  Healthy  and  the 

Sick,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Scott's  (VV.  B.)  An  Introduction  to  Geology,  cr.  8vo.  8/  net. 

General  Literature. 
Armstrong's  (B.)  Mona  St.  Claire,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Barr's  (A.  E  )  Prisoners  of  Conscience,  cr.  8io.  6/  cl. 
Beatt.v's  (W.)  The  Secretar,  founded  on  the  Story  of  the 

Casket  Letters,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Blackmore's  (K.  D.)  Dariel,  a  Romance  of  Surrey,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 
Cook's  (E.  C.  and  E.  T.)  London  in  the  Time  of  the  Diamond 

Jubilee,  13mo.  6/  net,  roan. 
Crawford's  (J.  H.)  A  Girl's  Awakening,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Davies's  (A.  K.)  Pharisees,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
De  Quincey's  Colleottd  Works,  Vol.  12,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Dowden's  (K.)  A  History  of  French  Literature,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Earle  s  (J.)  Microcosmog^aphy,  or  a  Piece  of  the  World  Dis- 
covered, cr.  8vo.  6/  ntt,  cl. 
Frost's  (W.  H  )  'ihe  Court  of  King  Arthur,  Stories  from  the 

Land  of  the  Round  Table,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Gerald  and  Dolly,  by  D'Bsterre,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Hall's  (().)  Jetsam,  cr.  8vo.  'ijo  cl. 

Hope's  (A  )  Half-Text  History,  Chronicles  of  School  Life,  5/ 
Hyiie's  (C.)  The  Paradise  Coal  Boat,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Lees's  (B.  R.)  High-Class  and  Economical  Cookery  Receipts, 

cr.  8vo.  2/  bds. 
Macartliur's  (H  )  Realism  and  Romance,  and  other  Essays, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net. 
Marsh's  (R.)  The  Crime  and  the  Criminal,  illus.  3/6  cl. 
Merrick's  (L.)  C\  nihia,  a  Daughter  of  Ihe  Philistines,  3/6 cl. 
M.vrtle's  (W  )  The  Plagiarist,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Faj  ll'^  (J  )  A  County  family,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Posterity,   its   Verdicts  and    its   Methods,   or   Democracy, 

A  l)."210U,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Prescott's  (W.  L.)  The  Rip's  Redemption,  a  Trooper's  Story, 

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Roberts's  (.\1  )  The  Adventure  of  the  Broad  Arrow,  3/6  cl. 
Rotebud  Annual,  18'.I8.  4to.  4/  cl. 

Sandow's  (E  )  Strength  and  how  to  Obtain  It,  2/6  net,  cl. 
Scott's  (Sir  W.)  Count  Robert  of  Paris,  Standard  Ed.  2/6  cl. 
Sharp's  (B.)  The  Making  of  a  Schoolgirl,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
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Welton's  (J.)  Forms  for  Criticism  Lessons.  4to.  3/6  bds. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 

Commentar  zu  den  Spriichen  der  Vater  (Pirke  Aboth),  aus 

Machsor  Vitry,  m.  Beitiiigen  v.  A.  Berliner,  4m. 
Nowack  (D.  W.):  Die  kicineii  Propheten,  iibers.  u.  erkliirt, 
8m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Amtliche  Sammlung  der  Acten  aus  der  Zeit  derhelvetischen 

Republik,  Vol.  6,  Part  9  (1800-May,  1801),  12m. 
Fleury  (Le  Comte)  :  Carrier  .i  Nantes  (1793-4),  7fr.  50. 
Masson  (F.)  :  Marie  Walewska,  Ifr. 

Regetta    Imperii   XI.  :    Die    Urkunden    Kaiser  Sigmunds, 
1  verzeichnet  v.  W.  Altmaun,  Vol.  2,  Part  1,  Um. 


Geography  and  Travel. 
Bastian  (A.) :  Lose  Blatter  aus  Indien,  I.,  4m. 

Science. 
Gasc-Desfosses  (E.) :  Magnetisme  Vital,  6fr. 

General  Literature. 
Guy  (F.  de)  :  Ren6e,  3fr.  iiO. 
Hansen  (J.)  :  L'AUiance  Franco-Russe,  2fr.  50. 


THE  ALLEGED  BIGAMY  OF  THOMAS  PERCY. 
THE  CONSPIRATOR. 

My  attention  has  been  drawn  by  Father 
Taunton  and  Father  Camm  to  a  certified  copy 
of  the  examination  of  a  priest,  John  Roberts, 
taken  on  December  2l8t,  1607,  preserved  in  the 
Convent  of  the  Good  Shepherd  at  Hammer- 
smith, an  extract  from  which  has  been  printed  in 
the  current  number  of  the  Movdh.  The  words 
throwing  light  on  Percy's  marriage  are  as 
follows  :— 

"  Being  demanded  whether  he  continued  at  liberty 
and  unajiprehended  from  the  time  of  his  said  coming 
into  England  until  the  day  of  the  discovery  of  the 
gimpowder  treason,  he  saith  that  he  thinketh  it  not 
convenient  for  him  to  answer  thereunto  :  That  upon 
the  said  clay  he  was  taken  in  the  upper  end  of  Hol- 
born,  in  the  house  of  Thomas  Pircie  his  first  wife." 

After  this  I  am  no  longer  at  liberty  to  dispute 
Percy's  bigamy,  though  I  think  that  I  was  jus- 
tified in  doing  so  on  the  evidence  before  me  two 
months  ago. 

It  may  still,  however,  be  asked  how  it  was 
that  the  Government,  having  this  black  story  to 
tell  against  Percy,  did  not  make  use  of  it ;  and, 
even  more  pertinently,  how  it  was  that  the  two 
Wrights  should  have  remained  on  terms  of  inti- 
macy with  the  man  who  had  seduced  their 
sister  under  pretext  of  marriage.  Father 
Camm  has  suggested  as  a  solution  of  the  latter 
problem  that  Percy 

''  may  have  deceived  the  first  poor  lady  by  a 
marriage  which,  owing  to  one  of  the  numerous 
impediments  of  Canon  Law,  was  really  null  and 
void,  and  gave  him  the  excuse  to  throw  her  over. 
She  being  in  good  faith  would  deserve  pity,  nc* 
blame,  and  a  priest  may  have  spoken  of  her  as 
'  Percy's  first  wife  '  without  compromise  to  prin- 
ciple. This  would  explain  the  acquiescence  of  the 
Wrights,  which  certainly  otherwise  seems  incredible, 
and  jwsnihly  the  silence  of  the  Government,  as  they 
could  not  convict  Percy  of  real  bigamy." 

On  the  other  hand,  the  first  Mrs.  Percy  not 
only  speaks  of  Thomas  Percy  as  her  husband, 
which  she  would  be  likely  to  do  in  any  case,  but 
in  saying  that  she  had  not  seen  her  husband  for 
some  time  appears  to  imply  that  she  had  seen 
him  a  few  months  before  the  fatal  date  of 
November  5th.  She  does  not,  however,  say 
directly  that  he  had  lived  with  her  in  the  early 
part  of  the  year,  and,  indeed,  it  is  not  likety 
that  she  would.  Samuel  R.  Gardiner. 


LADY  ARABELLA  STUART. 


Florence. 


The  number  of  the  Edinburgh  Review  for 
October,  1896,  publishes  the  translation  of  some 
passages  touching  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  con- 
tained in  the  despatches  of  the  Venetian 
ambassadors  in  London  during  the  years  1603- 
1615.  I  have  found  a  few  more  particulars 
about  that  unhappy  lady  in  the  unpublished 
letters  of  Ottaviano  Lotti,  who  was  Florentine 
secretary  in  London  from  April,  1603,  to  May, 
1614,  and  I  give  them  here,  translated  into 
English,  in  the  belief  that  they  may  interest 
English  readers.  The  letters  were  addressed  to 
Cardinal  Vinta,  Secretary  of  State  and  Coun- 
sellor to  Cosimo  II.  de'  Medici,  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany,  and  are  now  kept  in  the  Medicean 
archives  in  Florence. 

The  first  mention  of  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  in 
the  Florentine  papers  is  contained  in  an  anony- 
mous communication  written  in  Italian,  entitled 
' '  Sopra  la  successione  del  Re  di  Scotia  al  Regno 
d'  Inghilterra,"  and  dated  1600  :— 

"The  King  of  Scotland  affirms  that  he  is  the  next 
heir  to  the  kingdom  of  England,  and  this  ovYing  to 
his  degree  of  consanguinity  and  of  relationship  to 
the  queen.  The  Lady  Arabella  is  further  removed 
than  he  by  one  degree,  the  king  and  the  said  lady 
descending,  one  from  a  brother  and  the  other  from 


N<>3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


353 


a  sister  of  the  blood  royal,  both  heirs  to  the  crown, 
but  the  brother  from  whom  the  king  descends  was 
older  than  the  sister  who  was  the  Lady  Arabella's 
ancestor," 

namely.  King  James  V.  of  Scotland  and  Mar- 
garet Douglas,  children  of  Margaret  Tudor, 
eldest  daughter  of  Henry  VII. 

"The  Eail  of  Essex  was  formerly  a  great  friend 
of  King  James,  but  disagreement  and  disturbances 
have  lately  arisen  between  them,  so  that  the  king 
declared  himself  discontented  with  the  earl,  and  in 
such  a  way  that  a  reconciliation  between  them 
cannot  take  place  consistently  with  the  king's 
honour,  unless  the  earl  consent  to  ask  for  it.  Any- 
how the  king  would  little  trust  him.  The  said  earl 
has  no  other  claim  to  tlie  succession  than  his  own 
ambition  and  his  audacity.  He  is  well  beloved  by 
the  soldiers,  and  one  can  truly  say  the  master  of  the 
whole  military  forces  of  the  kingdom  of  England. 
Besides,  between  the  Lady  Arabella,  who  is  faid  to 
be  twenty-two  years  old  (and  of  great  beauty  and 
good  health),  and  the  said  earl  tliere  is  continual 
intercourse,  and  they  are  secretly  making  arrange- 
ments for  their  marriage  and  advancement  to  the 
crown." 

A  genealogical  table  follows  on  the  next  page, 
showing  the  descent  of  both  James  and  Arabella 
from  King  Henry  VII. ;  a  very  curious  genea- 
logical tree  comes  next,  designed  to  the  same 
end,  on  a  page  adorned  with  funny  birds, 
flowers,  a  tortoise,  and  a  windmill. 

In  his  letter  from  London,  January  14th, 
1609,  Ottaviano  Lotti  writes  : — 

"  In  these  last  days  the  Lady  Arabella,  jirincess 
of  the  blood  royal,  was  accused  to  the  king  and 
commanded  not  to  leave  her  own  room,  but  to 
remain  thpre  as  a  prisoner.  Sir  Robert  Douglas,  her 
great  conlidant,  was  also  imprisoned,  but  now  they 
are  both  at  liberty.  The  true  reason  of  this  is  not 
verj'  clear  ;  people  try  to  explain  it  in  different 
ways.  Some  say  that  this  lady  wanted  to  get 
married  to  the  said  Douglas  ;  others  state  that,  being 
in  her  heart  a  Roman  Catholic,  she  had  made  a 
design  of  escape  into  France  ;  others  say  that,  dis- 
contented at  not  being  treated  with  that  respect 
which  is  due  to  her  and  at  not  being  allowed  to 
make  use  of  her  own  money,  she  had  tried  to  stir 
up  a  revolution  in  this  kingdom  by  means  of  those 
Puritans  who  consider  her  their  proper  chief.  Be 
that  as  it  may,  she  is  free  now,  and  people  say  that 
she  has  so  well  justilied  herself  that  this  matter 
will  only  help  her  to  advance  in  that  about  which 
she  is  so  anxious.  I  am  just  told  that  extraordinary 
guards  are  seen  walking  about  in  London,  anil 
nobody  knows  the  reasou  why." 

And  in  his  letter  of  January  28th,  1610  : — 
"1  have  lately  been  with  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

In  walking  as  usual  through  the  gallery,  which 

is  full  of  portraits,  Her  Majesty,  turning  her  eyes  to 
the  portrait  of  the  Lady  Arabella,  spoke  with  com- 
passiou  of  the  misery  of  that  lady." 

The  next  letter  of  Ottaviano  Lotti  to  Cardinal 
Vinta  is  dated  January  29th,  1610.     He  writes  : 

"The  king  and  the  Council  have  come  to  a 
decision  and  condemned  the  Lady  Arabella  to 
perpetual  exile.  She  is  to  live  in  Durham,  a  town 
situated  near  the  Scottish  borders,  iu  charge  of  that 
bishop,  as  if  in  honourable  imprisonment,  and  will 
be  kept  just  as  if  she  were  in  her  own  home.  She 
must  soon  depart  thither,  if  Death  do  not  deliver 
her;  people  say  that  grief  brings  her  well-nigh  to 
depart  from  life.  Her  husband,  Seymour,  is  con- 
demned to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  the  Tower  of 
London " 

On  April  7th  of  the  same  year  our  secretary 
writes  : — 

"The  king  and  the  prince  have  returned  from 
the  country,  but  not  on  Friday  ;  they  returned  on 
Saturday,  as  His  Majesty  had  designed  long  before. 
He  had  sent  word  that  he  would  not  come  back 
until  he  had  heard  of  the  I>ady  Arabella's  departure 
for  her  exile  (of  her  having  betn  commanded  to 
depart  I  wrote  to  you  some  time  ago),  and  so  this 
lady  set  out  on  Friday  night,  two  hours  after  sunset, 
and  went  as  far  as  four  miles  from  London,  whence 
she  is  to  continue  her  journev,  and  1  am  told  she 
has  already  gone  further,  but  so  sorrowful  and 
dejected  that  there  is  little  hope  for  her  life  :  still, 
people  tell  of  her  outcries  and  protests  agaiust  the 
king  and  everybody,  and  ihey  say  that  she  cannot 
be  led,  but  must  rather  be  drapged  away  by  force, 
and  almost  be  borne  along  as  a  dead  weight." 

On  June  23rd,  1611,  twenty  days  after  the 
Lady  Arabella's  escape,  Ottaviano  Lotti 
writes  : — 

"The  proclamation  about  the  escape  of  the  Lady 
Arabella   and  her   husband    Seymour,  of  which  I 


spoke  in  my  last  of  the  15th  of  this  month,  is  quite 
true  and  still  in  force,  especially  that  part  which  com- 
mands all  subjects,  under  heavy  penalties,  to  reveal 
where  the  lady  is,  what  has  become  of  her,  and  any 
other  particular  about  her,  to  reveal  the  names  of 
such  as  might  be  able  to   trace  her  out  or  to  letain 
her  in  case  she  should  not  yet  have  left  this  king- 
dom.   The  proclamation  gives  now  the  names    of 
three  gentlemen  who  attended  the   same    lady  as 
authors  of    and  helpers  to  this  escape— Markham, 
Crompton,  and    Rodney — and    orders  them    to    be 
likewise    apprehended    if     possible.      Sir    Willinm 
Monson,  Vice-Admiral,  was  dispatched   with  great 
diligence,  so  that  setting  off  to  sea  with  great  haste 
he  should  try  his  best  to  api)rehend   the  lady,  the 
husband,    and     the    others.      This     has     been     a 
very  curious  and    interesting    week    for  the    fine 
conjectures  and  observations  made  by  the  Court,  the 
people,  and  by  everybody  about  this  event.    The 
Lady  Arabella  was  greatly  praised  for  her  resolution, 
for  having  dressed  herself  in  man's  attire,  for  having 
so  well  contrived  to  arrange  how  to  deliver  her  hus- 
band from  the  Tower,  disguised  as  a  merchant,  for 
getting  the  ships  ready,  and  for  having  deceived, 
under  i)retext  of    being   ill,  those  :uen  who  were 
appointed  to  guard  her  person  and  her  house.     One 
of    her  maids  for  two  days  kept  on    carrying  the 
meals  into  the  room  of  the  lady  and  acting  as  if  she 
were   busy  performing   all  the   other   services  for 
the  lady  there  ;  everything  has  been  carried  on  so 
secretly  that  the  lady  was  able  to  set  bail  without 
auy  impediment.     ITrom  the  least  to  the  greatest, 
every  one  rejoiced  over  this  escape  and  showed  so 
great  an  affection  to  the  Lady  Arabella  that  it  nearly 
surpassed  convenience,  and  the  people  said  aloud, 
'May   God  accompany   her!'    'May   God    protect 
her!'    'Can  it  be  true  that,  because   she   has  got 
married,  such  a  great  lady  has  to  be  so  ill  treated  ?  See, 
now  she  will  be  able  to  enjoy  her  liberty  and  live  with 
her  husband,  in   spite  of  everybody.'    And  it  is  the 
oi)inion  of  the  English  people  that  she  is  persecuted 
by  (he  Council  and  that  she  has  never  offended  the 
king.    Both  the  king    and    the  Council  were  dis- 
pleased   with    this    flight,    and    they    immediately 
ordered   the   Countess  of    Shrewsbury,   a    lady   of 
great  merit,  aunt  of  the  Lady  Arabella,  to  be  kept 
as  a  prisoner  at  his  Grace  the  Lord  Arclibishop  of 
Canterbury's.     This  lady  is  a  Roman  Catholir",  and 
it  might  be  presumed  with  all  leason  that  she  had 
helped  her  niece  to  escape.     Much  was  s.-'id  about 
where  the  Lady  Arabella  n)ight  have  gone  to,  and 
it  was  held  as  undoubted  that   she  had  embarked 
together  with  her  husband  on  a  French  ship,  having 
had  a  whole  twenty-four  hours    to    travel  without 
being  followed.     Ever)-  one    was  anxious  to  know 
by  what  prince  she  could  have  been  received  and 
kept  in  safet)'.    In  the  States,  it  was  generally  be- 
lieved, she  would  not  have    been    safe,  though   it 
would  have  been  quite  the  contrary  at  the  arch- 
duke's.    As    for    France,    people    were    in    doubt. 
About    the  religion  of  the  Lad)'    Arabella  people 
talk     in      different     wa)'s  —  public     opinion     has 
always     considered     her     as      tlie     greatest     of 
Puritans,     but    her     great     intimacy      with     the 
Countess    of    Shrewsbury    gives     rise    to    a    dif- 
ferent    opinion  ;     besides,     privately     with    some 
ambassadors    she    has    declared    herself    a   Roman 
Catholic,    and  has  had    intercourse   with  some   of 
our  priests  and  also  given  presents  to  them.    The 
fact  is  that  this  point  remains  as  yet  undecided  in 
the  minds  and  opinions  of  the  people.    While  such 
things  were  being  said  and  people  were  expecting  to 
hear  of  the  arrival  of  the  Lady  Arabella  on  the  otlier 
side  of  the  sea,  the  Earl  of  Salisbury  arrived  in  great 
haste,   and    he   was    immediately   seen   to   set   off, 
together  with  others  of  the  Council,  for  Greenwich, 
where  the  king  now  resides,  and  there  was  a  report 
that  the  Lady  Arabella  had  been  retaken  prisoner. 
The  people  were  greatly  disappointed  at  this  news, 
which  they  did  not  like  to  hear,  and  they  were  so 
carried  away  by  their  passion  that  they  began  to  say 
that  this  was  by  no  means  true  and  tliat  they  would 
never  believe  it.     Some  said  that  this  was  a  false 
report  spread  about  on  i)urpose,  others  that  it  was 
another  lady   who  was  likewise  escaping  who  had 
been   taken  at    sea,   and   not   the    Lady   Arabella. 
Others     said     other     things,     but     all     concluded 
that  the  Lady  Arabella  had  not  been  retaken  pri- 
soner ;  and  even  after  she  had  been  recommitted  to 
the  Tower  some  have  offered  to  bet  a  great  sum, 
maintaining  that  this  was  not  true.    The  fact  is  that 
she  was  taken  by  one  of  the  shijis  of  the  king  near 
Calais,  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  where  appa- 
rently she  will  remain  to  the  end  of  her  life.    On 
the  very  same  day  of  her  arrival  there,  the  Council 
went    to    examine    her,    and     with     courage    she 
answered  that  she  had  been  going  away  to  enjoy 
her  liberty  and  her  husband  without  a  thought  of 
offending   their    majesties  or    the    State.    Shortly 
before  this  she  had  shown  little  concern  about  being 
taken  prisoner,  because   she   had  heard    that    her 
husband  was  safe.    Now  she  is  reported  to  be  lying 
in  bed,  extremely  ill.     Her  jewels  and  her  money 
were  taken  from  her,  and  are  now  kept  under  the 


king's  own  custody.  Things  are  at  this  point  now. 
The  Countess  of  Shrewsbury  is  being  examined  to 
make  clear  whether  she  was  an  accomplice  and  had 
known  about  the  escape.  Two  of  the  said  gentlemen 
— Markham  and  Crompton  —  are  imprisoned  with 
her.  It  is  not  true  tliat  Seymour  embarked  with 
the  Ijady  Arabella  ;  they  were  in  two  different  ships, 
and  although  very  nigh  to  getting  together,  just 
while  they  were  sending  word  to  know  who  should 
go  to  visit  the  other,  a  great  wind  arose  and  pre- 
vented them  from  seeing  each  other  ever  more. 
This  happened  near  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 
Seymour  followed  his  journey,  but  the  lady  did  not 
know  it,  and  she  waited,  waited  long  for  him,  as 
she  did  not  wish  to  leave  him  behind.  The  con- 
sequence of  this  was  that  she  has  been  taken 
prisoner  through  stopping  too  long.  He  is  on  the. 
other  side  of  the  sea,  people  say  that  he  has  landed 
at  Ostend.  The  above-named  Rodney  is  with  him. 
Rodney  is  the  eldest  son  of  a  father  who  has  12,000 
crowns  income.  About  Seymour  being  out  of  Eng- 
land the  Court  here  give  themselves  little  trouble, 
especially  because  he  is  only  the  second  son  ;  the 
Lady  Arabella  is  far  away  from  him  and  that  suf- 
fices them.  Some  have  not  failed  to  say  that  the 
Council  knew  of  the  Lady  Arabella's  device  to 
escape,  and  that,  sure  as  they  were  of  getting  hold 
of  her,  they  let  her  run  away  to  aggravate  her 
offence." 

On    June    29ih    following    Ottaviano    Lotti 
writes  : — 

•'  The  matters  with  the  Lady  Arabella  are  just  at 
the  same  point  where  they  were  on  the  23rd  inst, 
when  I  last  wrote  to  )'0'i,  the  onlv  difference  con- 
sisting in  this,  that  the  Countess  of  Shrewsbury  has 
been  comtnitted  to  the  Tower,  and  will  be  kept 
there  as  a  prisoner.  I  am  told  that  this  lady 
answered  very  boldly  to  the  Council  who  examined 
her,  and  especially  that  when  asked  she  answered  thatf 
she  really  had  at  her  disposal  20,00(il.  in  ready  money, 
but  that  this  was  not  much,  considering  that  she 
was  the  wife  of  the  Eirl  of  Shrewsbury.  She  added 
that  she  was  not  obliged  to  say  whence  she  had  the 
money,  nor  what  she  wanted  to  do  with  it.  Enough 
that  she  had  not  coma  by  it  to  the  prejudice  of  her 
fellow  creatures,  nor  by  corruption,  not  even  having 
built  up  a  house  and  demolished  it  again  and  again, 
intending  so  to  reproach  some  of  those  gentlemen. 
The  old  Earl  of  Hertford,  the  grandfather  of  Sej'- 
mour,  husband  ot  the  Lady  Arabella,  was  summoned 
to  Court,  being  presumed  to  have  helped  that  escape. 
People  did  not  expect  much  good  from  this,  especially 
the  earl  being  very  rich,  but  he  was  treated  by  the 
king  with  great  benignity  and  honoured  more  than 
usual,  so  that  it  is  now  believed  that  the  king  may 
have  changed  his  mind  and  have  a  design  of  par- 
doning the  Lady  Arabella  and  recalling  Seymour, 
and  allowing  them  to  live  together  and  enjoy 
perfect  peace.  I  am  told  that  the  said  Earl  of 
Hertford  has  already  written  to  his  grandson, 
persuading  him  to  behave  so  as  to  deserve  the  full 
pardon  ot  the  king;  and  if  a  similar  course  should 
be  adopted  with  the  Lady  Arabella,  it  is  believed 
that  this  would  have  the  special  effect  of  reconciling 
in  some  way  the  feelings  of  the  populace,  spoilt  by 
the  habit  of  murmuring  in  too  licentious  a  waj'. 
I  send  your  lordship  a  distich  mide  by  Andrewr 
Melville  (the  poetical  Scots  minister,  lirst  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  for  his  verses  on  the  caudles, " 
the  hook,  and  the  cushions  upon  the  altar  in  the 
King's  Chapel),  and  given  to  the  above-named 
Seymour  when  he  first  entered  the  Tower.  The 
distich  alludes  to  the  name  Arabella  :  — 

Communis  mihi  causa  est  carceris;  Ara 
Bella  tibi  :  causa  est  Araque  sacra  mihi. 

I    am     told    that    through     this    Ambassador 

Foscarinithe  king  asked  the  State  of  Venice  to  keep 
Seymour,  the  husband  of  the  Lady  Arabslla,  iu  case 
he  should  have  sought  refuge  there,  and  not  to 
allow  him  to  depart,  and  that  the  re  public  have  already 
answered  that '  they  would  show  their  care  in  giving 
His  Majesty  satisfaction.'  From  another  side  I  am 
told  that  those  gentlemen  are  quite  sure  that  Sey- 
mour will  never  go  as  far  as  their  territory." 

Eugenia  Levi. 


SIB  THOMAS  MALOKY. 


Clifton,  August  27,  1897. 

Having  been  recently  engaged  in  editing 
some  selections  from  '  Le  Morte  d'Arthur,'  I 
have,  in  common  with  many  others,  been 
anxiously  looking  for  information  which  may 
throw  light  on  the  identity  of  the  author.  Mean- 
while Miss  M.  T.  Martin,  while  engaged  on 
work  of  her  own,  has  found  at  Somerset  House 
a  will  which  appears  with  very  little  doubt  to 
be  that  of  Sir  Thomas  Malory.  It  is  contained 
in  a  contemporary  parchment  register,  of  which 
the  first  will  is  dated  1463  (Register   Godyn, 


354 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


fol.  28).     It  is  in  Latin,  and  is  dated  at  Pappe- 
worth,    September    16th,    1469.     The    testator 
styles  himself  "Ego  Thomas  Malory  de  Pappe- 
worth    in    Comitatu    Huntingdon."     The    pro- 
visions of  the  will  are  briefly  as  follows  :  The 
testator's  body  is  to  be  buried  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  Mary's,  Huntingdon.     A  chaplain  is  to  say 
mass  for  one  year  in  the  Priory  of  Huntingdon. 
To  Alice,  Elena,  and  Elizabeth,  his  daughters, 
he  leaves  201.  each.     Robert,  his  son,  is  to  be 
under  the  care  of    the  Abbot  of  Sawtre,    "si 
voluerit  esse  presbiter  aut  non."    His  executors 
are  to  provide  for  John,  his  son  and  heir,  "  ad 
scolas     literales     et     ad     curiam     sciencie     et 
erudicionis     legis     Anglie     quousque     sit     ex- 
pertus      in      sciencia     racionabili. "       William, 
his     son,     is    to    be    apprenticed     "ad    artem 
pannoriorum  "  in  London,  and  to  be  educated 
until  expert  "  in  rationabili  sciencia."     His  son 
Antony  is  to  be  under  the  care  of  the  testator's 
mother  or  of  his  brothers  (i.  e. ,  brothers-in-law). 
His   sons    Christofer    and  Edward    are    to    be 
educated  until  expert  "in  intellectu  vel  erudi- 
cione  si  voluerint  esse  presbiteri  sen  capellani 
aut  non."     John  ("  filius  mens  iunior  ")  is  to  be 
put  out  to  nurse  with  an  honest  woman,  and, 
if  he  lives,  is  to  be  educated.     He  leaves  small 
sums  to  churches  at  Pappeworth  and  Stewcley, 
and  to  Robert  Wete  his  servant.     To  Margaret 
Stewkley    his  kinswoman,  and    to   the  wife    of 
John  Wakys,  his  kinswoman,  he    leaves   belts 
adorned  with  gold  and  silver,  and  to  Anne,  his 
sister,  the  best  green  gown  lately  belonging  to 
his  wife.    To  the  Prior  and  Convent  of  Hunting- 
don he  leaves  a  small  grove  called  Crappes  "to 
pray  for  his  soul."     The  executors  are  Edmund 
Shireff"  and   Richard  Ward,    "clerici,"  W^illiam 
and    Robert     Palmer,    "  armigeri "    (testator's 
brothers-in-law), Thomas  Marres,  "capellanus," 
and  John  Berton.      John    Stewcley  and  John 
Wake,  "  armigeri  "  are  appointed  "supervisors" 
of  the  executors  ;  and  the  witnesses  are  Thomas 
Burton  de  Brampton,  vicar  of  Stewcley,   John 
Wylkyng,      William      Quadryng,     and      John 
Gardyner. 

The  will  was  proved  at  Lambeth  the  27th  of 
October,  1469,  and  the  death  of  the  testator, 
therefore,  took  place  between  this  date  and  the 
16th  of  September  of  the  same  year. 

The  reference  to  the  testator's  mother  shows 
that  he  could  not  have  been  an  aged  man,  and 
the  provision  for  the  nursing  of  the  infant  John 
would  seem  to  imply  that  the  will  was  made  in 
the  expectation  of  immediate  or  speedy  death. 
This  is  of  some  importance,  for  it  tends  to  the 
identiBcation  of  the  testator  with  the  "Thomas 
Malorie  miles  "  who  is  expressly  excepted  from 
the  pardon  of  Edward  IV.,  August  24th,  anno 
regni  8,  as  quoted  by  Mr.  T.  Williams  in  his 
letter  to  the  Athenaitm  of  July  11th,  1896. 

The  identification  of  either  or  both  of  these 
Malorys  with  the  author  cannot  be  regarded  as 
certain,  but  it  would  seem  to  be  unlikely  that 
there  should  be  three  different  men  of  the  same 
Christian  name  and  surname  living  at  the  same 
time;    and  inasmuch  as    'Le  Morte  d'Arthur' 
was  finished  in  the  same  year  (9  Ed.  IV.)  as 
that  in  which   this  will  was  made,  the  closing 
words  may  well  have  a  special  significance  :   "  I 
pray  you,  all  gentlemen  and  gentlewomen  that 
read  this  book  of  Arthur  and  his  knights  from 
the  beginning  to  the  ending,  pray  for  me  while 
I  am  on  live  that  God  send  me  good  deliverance, 
and  when  I  am  dead  I  pray  you  all  pray  for  my 
soul."     If  the  author  and  the  testator  are  one 
and  the  same,  '  Le  Morte  d'Arthur  '  was  finished 
between   March  and  September,   1469,  shortly 
before  the  author's  death,  and  the  prayer  "God 
send    me   good    deliverance "   will    be  no  mere 
formality  if  the  author  is  the  Lancastrian  knight 
expressly  excepted  from  the  pardon  referred" to 
above.     It  may  well    be   that    Malory  died   in 
prison    or   was    executed,    a    supposition   that 
would     be    supported     by    the     short    time- 
six     weeks    only— that     elapsed    between    the 
making  and  proving  of  the  will.     The  careful 
provisions   for  the   education  of   the  testator's 


sons  as  well  as  the  bequests  and  references  to 
the  Church  are  all  in  keej)ing  with  the  tone  and 
attitude  of  the  author.     Further  investigation, 
it  is  to  be  hoped,  may  throw  light  on  this  ques- 
tion of  identity,  but  meanwhile  this  will  is  of 
the  utmost  importance,  inasmuch  as  it  definitely 
associates  a  family  of    Malorys  of  this  period 
with    the    counties   of  Huntingdon   and    Cam- 
bridge, and  so  furnishes  fresh  clues,  which,  if 
followed   up,  may  lead   to  further   discoveries. 
Papworth  is  a  hundred  of  Cambridgeshire  con- 
taining ten  parishes,  one  of  which,  St.  Agnes, 
is  partly  in  Huntingdon.     If  this  identification 
holds  good,  it  is  a  little  odd  to  find  the  home 
of  the  author  so  close  to  the  reputed  birthplace 
of  the  printer,   for  both   Papworth  St.    Agnes 
and  Papworth  St.  Everard  are  within  four  miles 
of  Caxton,  a  place  whose  claims  to  be  the  birth- 
place of  the  printer  appear  to  be  unfounded. 
Great  and  Little  Stukeley  are  within  two  miles 
of  Huntingdon,  and  Sawtry,  to  whose  abbot  the 
care  of  the  testator's  son  Robert  was  entrusted, 
is  no   doubt  the   Cistercian    abbey  founded  by 
the  Earl  of  Huntingdon  in  1146. 

A.  T.  Martin. 


THE  CONGRESS  OP  ORIENTALISTS. 
The  eleventh  session  of  the  Congress  of 
Orientalists  was  opened  on  Monday  last 
in  Paris,  the  city  in  which  these  congresses 
originated  in  1873  The  present  gathering 
is  of  fully  international  character,  Austria, 
Germany,  Holland,  and  Great  Britain  being 
all  strongly  represented.  The  sections  most 
numerously  attended  have  been  those  of 
India  and  of  les  lanaues  et  archeologie  musul- 
manes.  The  opening  meeting  was  presided  over 
by  M.  Rambaud,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
and  consisted  of  the  formal  speeches  and  pre- 
sentations usual  on  such  occasions.  The  same 
minister  kindly  entertained  the  members  at  his 
residence  in  the  evening. 

In  Section  la.  (India)  the  president  elected 
was  Lord  Reay,  with  Profs.  Biililer,  Pischel, 
and  Kern  as  vice-presidents.  Prof.  H.  Olden- 
berg  opened  with  a  brilliant  paper  on  Taine's 
essay  on  Buddhism,  which  led  to  suggestive 
criticisms  from  Profs.  Rhys  Davids,  Biihler, 
and  others.  On  Tuesday  Mr.  R.  Sewell  gave 
a  short  paper  on  South  Indian  poetry  and  anti- 
quities, leading  to  remarks  from  Dr.  Burgess 
and  others.  Dr.  Geiger  gave  an  account  of  his 
recent  investigations  amongst  the  much-dis- 
cussed foresters  of  Ceylon,  the  Veddas,  regard- 
ing them  as  closely  allied  to  the  Sinhalese 
people.  Don  M.  de  Z.  Wikramasimha  and  Prof. 
Davids  joined  in  the  ensuing  debate. 

In  Section  16.  (Iran)  the  president  was  Prof. 
Hiibschmann,  of  Strasbourg  ;  in  Ic.  (Linguis- 
tique)  the  Comte  de  Gubernatis. 

In  Section  Ha.  (China)  the  president  was  the 
Chinese  Ambassador  in  Paris,  H.E.  Ching- 
Chang  ;  in  lib.  (Indo-China,  a  characteristic 
addition  to  a  congress  held  in  France)  Dr.  Kern 
presided.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  direc- 
tions of  the  local  committee,  under  which  French 
members  were  excluded  from  presiding,  were 
complied  with. 

A  notice  of  the  remaining  five  sections, 
together  with  the  conclusion  of  the  proceedings 
in  the  Indian  Section,  is  reserved  for  the  next 
issue.  B. 


the   Greeks,'  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Grueber,  — 'Sixty 
Years  of  Empire:  a  Symposium,'     and  'Robert, 
Earl     Nugent,'    by    Mr.    C.    Nugent.     In    the 
"Literatures  of  the  World  "  Series:   'English 
Literature,'  by  Mr.  E.  Gosse  ;   'Italian  Litera- 
ture,' by  Mr.  R.  Garnett  ;  '  Spanish  Literature,' 
by    Mr.     .J.     Fitzmaurice  -  Kelly  ;     '  Japanese 
Literature,'   by  Mr.    W.    G.    Aston;     'Modern 
Scandinavian  Literature,'  by  Dr.  G.  Brandes  ; 
'  Sanscrit  Literature,'  by  Mr.  A.  A.  Macdonell  ; 
'  Hungarian  Literature,'  by  Dr.  Zolthan  Brothy; 
'German  Literature,'  by  Dr.    C.   H.   Herford  ; 
and  '  Latin  Literature,'  by  Dr.  A.  W^  Verrall. 
In   Travel   and   Adventure :     '  Cuba    in    War- 
time,'   by    Mr.    R.     H.    Davis, —  ' With    the 
Fighting   Japs,'   by   Mr.   J.    Chalmers,  —  'My 
Fourth    Tour   in   Western    Australia,'    by   Mr. 
A.     F.     Calvert,  —  and     '  A    History    of     the 
Liverpool  Privateers,'  by  Mr.  C.  Williams.     In 
Criticism,  Poetry,  &c.  :   '  William  Shakespeare, 
a   Critical  Study,'  by  Dr.    G.   Brandes,— '  The 
Non-Religion  of  the  Future,'  from  the  French 
of  M.  Guyau, — '  Studies  in  Frankness,'  by  Mr. 
C.   Whibley,  —  ' Lumen,' by  M  C.  Flammarion, 
— 'The  Works  of  Lord  Byron,' edited  by  Mr. 
W.  E.  Henley,  Verse,  Vol.   I., — 'A  Selection 
from  the  Poems  of  W.  S.  Blunt,'  with  an  intro- 
duction   by    Mr.    W.    E.    Henley,  —  'Poems 
from     the     Divan     of     Hafiz,'     translated    by 
Miss   G.    L.    Bell, — 'The   Princess     and    the 
Butterfly,'   by  Mr.  A.  W.  Pinero,— and  'The 
Weavers  '  and  '  Lonely  Folk,'  by  Gerhart  Haupt- 
mann.  In  Fiction:  a  new  novel  by  Madame  Sarah 
Grand, — '  Marietta's  Marriage,'  by  Mr.  W.  E. 
Norris,— '  What  Maisie  Knew,' by  Mr.  Henry 
James, —'The    War  of    the   Worlds,'  by  Mr. 
H.     G.     Wells, —  'The     Master- Knot,'     by 
Mr.    J.    G.    Stewart,— '  The    Gadfly,'    by   Mr. 
E.   L.  Voynich,— 'The  Gods  Arrive,'  by  Miss 
A.  E.  Holdsworth, — 'The  Freedom  of   Henry 
Meredyth,'  by  Mr.  M.  Hamilton,— 'The  Nigger 
of   the    Narcissus,'  by   Mr.   J.    Conrad, — "The 
Drones    must    Die,'    by   Max    Nordau, — 'The 
Fourth     Napoleon,'    by     Mr. 
'The   Lake  of  Wine,'  by  Mr. 
'Ezekiels   Sin,'  by  Mr.  J.   H. 
John     Forster,'    by     Mr.     C. 
Champion   of   the   Seventies,' 
Barnett,  —  'God's    Foundling,' 


C.  Benham, — 
B.  E.  Capes, — 
Pearce, — '  Mrs. 
Granville, — 'A 
by  Miss  E.  A. 
by   Mr.    A.    J. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
Mr.  Heinemann's  announcements  for  the 
autumn  season  include  :  — In  Art  :  'An  Alphabet,' 
and  '  The  Almanac  of  Twelve  Sports  for  1898,'  by 
Mr.  W.  Nicholson.  In  History  and  Biography  : 
'  Unpublished  Letters  of  Napoleon  I.,'  a  selec- 
tion from  the  letters  suppressed  by  the  Imperial 
Commission  of  1858-60,  translated  by  Lady 
Mary  Loyd,  — '  Caterina  Sforza  :  a  Study,' by 
Count  Pasoldui,  —  'A  History  of  Dancing,  from 
the  Earliest  Ages  to  our  own  Times,'  from  the 
French  of  Gaston  Vuillier,  —  '  Women  of 
Homer,'  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Perry,— 'The  Story  of 


Dawson,—'  The  Londoners,'  by  Mr.  R.  Hichens, 
— new  volumes  by  Mr.  Stephen  Crane,  Mr. 
Harold  Frederic,  and  Mr.  E.  W.  Pugh,— 
'Dreamers  of  the  Ghetto,'  by  Mr.  I.  Zangwill, 
— '  In  the  Permanent  Way,  and  other  Stories,' 
by  Mrs.  F.  A.  Steel,— 'Last  Studies,'  by  Hubert 
Crackanthorpe,  with  an  introduction  by  Mr. 
Henry  James, — '  A  Romance  of  the  First 
Consul,'  from  the  Swedish  of  Mailing,— 'The 
Old  Adam  and  the  New  Eve,'  from  the  German 
of  Richard  Golm,  — '  Niobe,'  by  Jonas  Lie, — 
'  The  Torrents  of  Spring,'  by  Ivan  Turgenev, — 
'  Capt.  Mansana,  and  Mother's  Hands,'  and 
'Absalom's  Hair,  and  A  Painful  Memory,' by 
Bjornstjerne  Bjornson, — and  'A  Man  with  a 
Maid,'  by  Mrs.  Henry  Dudeney. 

Messrs.  Skefiington  &  Son  will  publish  this 
month  the  following  novels  :  'Sheilah  McLeod,' 
by  Mr.  Guy  Boothby,—  'The  Beetle :  a  Mystery,' 
by  Mr.  R.  Marsh,  — '  Menotah  :  a  Tale  of  the 
Canadian  North  -  West  Rebellion,'  —  'The 
Misanthrope's  Heir,'  by  Mr.  Cyril  Gray,  — 
'  Amy  Vivian's  Ring,'  by  Major  H.  M.  Green- 
how,— a  new  story  for  children,  entitled  '  Prue 
the  Poetess,'  by  Louisa  H.  Bedford, — and  '  The 
Gordon  League  Ballads  for  Working  Men  and 
Women,'  by  "Jim's  Wife." 

Mr.  Edward  Arnold's  announcements  for  the 
coming  season  include  '  Old  English  Glasses,' 
by  Mr.  A.  Hartshorne,— '  The  Autobiography 
of  John  Arthur  Roebuck,'  edited  by  Mr.  R.  E. 
Leader,  —  'The  Recollections  of  Aubrey  de 
Vere,'  a  '  Memoir  of  Miss  Clough,'  the  Prin- 
cipal of  Newnham  College,  by  her  niece,  Miss 
B.  Clough,  — 'The  City  of  Blood  :  an  Account 
of  the  Benin  Expedition,'  by  Commander  R.  H. 
Bacon,— a  book  on  '  Style,' by  Prof.  Raleigh, 
—  'Rome  :  the  Middle  of  the  World,'  by  Miss 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


355 


Alice  Gardner,  — 'Fifty  Suppers,'  by  Col. 
Kenney  Herbert,  —  '  The  Chippendale  Period 
in  English  Furniture,'  by  Mr.  K.  W.  Clouston, 
— '  Ballads  of  the  Fleet,'  by  Mr.  Rennell  Rodd, 
—  'More  Beasts  (for  Worse  Children),'  by 
H.  B.  and  B.  T.  B.,  —  in  Fiction:  'Paul 
Mercer,'  by  the  Rev.  James  Adderley  ;  'Job 
Hildred,'  by  Mrs.  E.  F.  Pinsent ;  'The  King 
with  Two  Faces,'  by  Miss  M.  E.  Coleridge  ; 
'  The  Son  of  a  Peasant,'  by  Mr.  E.  McNulty  ; 
and  'Netherdyke,'  by  Mr.  R.  J.  Charleton,— 
and  two  new  volumes  in  "  The  Sportsman's 
Library,"  the  Hon.  G.  F.  Berkeley's  'Reminis- 
cences of  a  Huntsman  '  and  Scrope's  '  Art  of 
Deer-Stalking.' 

Messrs.  Methuen  &  Co. 's  announcements  for 
the  forthcoming  season   include  : — In   Poetry  : 
'  Shakespeare's  Poems,'  edited  by  Mr.  G.  Wynd- 
ham,  M. P., —  'English  Lyrics,'   edited  by  Mr. 
W.  E.  Henley, — 'Nursery  Rhymes,'  illustrated 
by  Mr.    F.    D.   Bedford,— and  the  Odyssey  of 
Homer,  translated  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Cordery.     In 
History,  Biography,  and  Travel  :   '  The  Massacre 
in  Benin,'  by  Capt.  Boisragon, — 'From  Tonkin 
to  India,'  by  Prince  Henri  of  Orleans,  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  H.  Bent, — 'Three  Years  in  Savage 
Africa,'  by  Mr.  L.  Decle,  — '  With  the  Mounted 
Infantry  in  Mashonaland,'  by  Lieut. -Col.  Alder- 
son, — '  The  Hill  of  the  Graces  :  the  Great  Stone 
Temples  of  Tiipoli,'  by  Mr.   H.  S.  Cowper, — 
'Adventure    and    Exploration    in   Africa,'    by 
Capt.   A.    St.   H.    Gibbons, — 'Roman    Egypt' 
(forming   the  fifth  volume  of  the  '  History  of 
Egypt '),  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Milne,—'  A  History  of 
the   Great  Northern  Railway,'  by  Mr.   C.  H. 
Grinling,  — '  A    History    of    English    Colonial 
Policy,'    by    Mr.    H.    E.    Egerton,— Zenker's 
'History    of    Anarchism,'    translated    by    Mr. 
H.    de    B.    Gibbins,  —  '  The    Life    of    Ernest 
Renan,'    by   Madame    Darmesteter,  —  'Life    of 
Donne,'  by  Dr.  Jessopp,  —  'Old  Harrow  Days,' 
by  Mr.  C.  H.  Minchin,— '  A  History  of  the  Art 
of  War,'  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Oman,  — 'A   Short  His- 
tory of  the  Royal  Navy,'  by  Mr.  David  Hannay, 
—  and    'The   Story  of  the   British  Army,'  by 
Lieut. -Col.    Cooper   King.      In   Theology   and 
General  Literature:   'A  Primer  of  the  Bible,' 
by  Prof.  Bennett, — 'Light  and  Leaven,'  by  the 
Rev.    H.    Henson, — '  The    Confessions   of    St. 
Augustine,'    translated    by    Dr.    Bigg,  —  'The 
Holy  Sacrifice,'  by  the  Rev.  F.  Weston, — '  The 
Old   English   Home,'  by  the   Rev.   S.   Baring- 
Gould, — 'Voces    Academicse,'    by    Mr.    C.    G. 
Robertson, — 'A    Primer    of  Wordsworth,'   by 
Mr.  Laurie  Magnus, — '  Neo-Malthusianism,'  by 
Mr.  R.   Ussher, — 'Primaeval    Scenes,'    by   the 
Rev.  H.   N.   Hutchinson, — 'The  Wallypug    in 
London,' by  Mr.  G.  E.  Farrow,— and  'Railway 
Nationalization,'  by  Mr.  C.  Edwards.     In  Edu- 
cational Works  :   'Evagrius,'  edited  by  Prof.  L. 
Parmentier  and  M.  M.  Bidez, — '  The  Odes  and 
Epodes    of  Horace,'  translated  by    Mr.  A.   D. 
Godley,  —  '  Ornamental    Design     for    Woven 
Fabrics,'   by    Mr.    C.  Stephenson  and  Mr.  F. 
Suddards, — '  Essentials  of   Commercial  Educa- 
tion,'by  Mr.   E.  E.    Whitfield,— 'Passages  for 
Unseen  Translation,'  by  Mr.  E.   C.  Marchant 
and  Mr.   A.    M.   Cook, — 'Exercises  on    Latin 
Accidence,' by  Mr.  S.  E.  Winbolt, — 'Notes  on 
Greek  and  Latin  Syntax,'  by  Mr.  G.  B.  Green, 
— and  '  A  Digest  of  Deductive  Logic,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Barker.  In  Fiction  :   '  Lochinvar,'  by  Mr.  S.  R. 
Crockett, —'  The  Lady's  Walk, '  by  Mrs.  Oliphant, 
— '  Traits  and  Confidences,'  by  the  Hon.  E.  Law- 
less,- '  Bladys,'  by  the  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould, — 
'The  Pomp  of  the  Lavillettes,'  by  Mr.  Gilbert 
Parker,—'  A  Daughter  of  Strife,'  by  Miss  J.  H. 
Findlater,— 'Over  the   Hills,'  by    Miss  Mary 
Findlater,— '  A  Creel  of  Irish  Tales,'  by  Miss  J. 
Barlow, -'The  Clash  of  Arms,'  by  Mr.  J.  B. 
Burton,  —  '  A  Passionate  Pilgrim,' by  Mr.  Percy 
White, — 'Secretary  to  Bayne,   M.P.,'  by  Mr. 
W.  Pett  Ridge,-' The  Builders,'  by  Mr.  J.  S. 
Fletcher,  —  'Josiah's    Wife,'   by   Miss   Norma 
Lorimer,  —  'The  Singer  of  Marly,' by  Miss  Ida 
Hooper,— and  'The  Fall    of  the  Sparrow,'  by 
Mr.  M.  C.  Balfour. 


Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co. 's  announcements 
include  'The  Early  Life  of  Wordsworth,'  by 
M.  E.  Legouis,  translated  by  Mr.  J.  W. 
Matthews, — 'Atlas  of  Classical  Portraits,'  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse, — 'Pictures  and  Studies 
of  Greek  Landscape  and  Architecture,'  by  Mr. 
J.  FuUeylove,— 'The  Fall  of  the  Nibelungs,' 
from  the  German  by  Miss  M.  Armour,  — 
'Baboo  Jabberjee,  B.A.,'  by  F.  Anstey, — 
'Animal  Land  where  there  are  no  People,'  by 
Misses  S.  and  K.  Corbet,  — '  Cats,'  by  Mrs. 
Chance, — a  volume  of  verse  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Har- 
man,  —  'Meadow  Grass,'  stories  by  Miss  A. 
Brown, — 'American  Land  and  Letters,'  by 
Mr.  D.  S.  Mitchell, — new  editions  of  the 
"  Waverley  Novels  "  and  the  'Spectator,' — and 
several  new  volumes  in  the  "Temple  Classics,' 
"Temple  Dramatists,"  and  Balzac's  '  Comedie 
Humaine.' 

Messrs.  Swan  Sonnenschein's  announcements 
include  : — In  Philosophy  and  Science  :  '  Aris- 
totle's Psychology,  with  the  Parva  Naturalia,' 
and  Ueberweg's  '  History  of  Contemporary 
Philosophy,'  both  translated  by  Prof.  W.  A. 
Hammond,— translations  of  '  Ethics  '  and  '  Phy- 
siological Psychology,'  by  Prof.  Wundt,  — '  Prac- 
tical Ethics,'  by  Prof.  H.  Sidgwick,—' Novum 
Repertorium  Ecclesiasticum  Parochiale  Lon- 
dinense,'  by  the  Rev.  G.  Hennessy, — '  The 
Mathematical  Psychology  of  Gratry  and  Boole,' 
by  Miss  M.  E.  Boole, — 'The  Secret  History  of 
the  Oxford  Movement,'  by  Mr.  W.  Walsh,— 
'A   Student's   Text-Book  of  Zoology,'  by  Mr. 

A.  Sedgwick, — '  Palteontology  for  Zoological 
Students,'  by  Mr.  T.  T.  Groom,— 'Embryology,' 
by  Drs.  Korschelt  and  Heider,  translated  by 
Mrs.  Bernard, — 'Practical  Plant  Physiology,' 
by  Prof.  W.  Detmer,  translated  by  Prof.  Moor, 
—'Radiation,'  by  Mr.  H.  H.  F.  Hyndinan, 
— and  several  new  volumes  in  the  "Young 
Collector  Series."  In  History,  Travel,  &c.  : 
'  A  History  of  England  to  the  Death  of  Stephen,' 
by  Sir  J.  Ramsay, — a  translation  of  'A 
History  of  Switzerland,'  by  E.  Diindliker, — 
'Alien  Immigrants,'  by  Prof.  W.  Cunningham, 
in  the  "Social  England  Series," — 'Specimens 
of  Bushman  Folk-lore,'  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Bleek 
and  Miss  L.  C.  Lloyd, — 'A  Run  round  the 
Empire,'  written  out  by  Dr.  Alex.  Hill, — 'The 
History  of  England  in  Verse,'  edited  by  R.  B. 
Johnson, — '  A  Dictionary  of  Quotations  (Greek 
and  Latin),'  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Harbottle,  — 
'Chronicles  of  the  Bank  of  England,' by  Mr. 

B.  B  Turner, — 'The  History,  Principles,  and 
Practice  of  Heraldry,'  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Hulme,— 
'The  Adventures  of  St.  Kevin,'  by  Mr.  R.  D. 
Rogers, — '  Supplement  to  the  Coinage  of  Con- 
tinental Europe,'  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Hazlitt,  — 
'Greek  Vases,' by  Miss  S.  Horner, — 'Claudia, 
the  Christian  Martyr,'  a  play,  by  the  Rev. 
G.  E.  Mason, — and  '  Pansies,' verses,  by  Mr. 
M.  C.  Hyde.  In  Social  Economics  and  Educa- 
tion :  '  Children  under  the  Poor  Law,'  by  Mr. 
W.  Chance,  —  translations  of  Rodbertus's 
'  Theory  of  Crises '  and  of  '  The  Economic 
Foundation  of  Society,'  by  A.  Y.  Loria,— 'The 
Progress  and  Prospects  of  Political  Economy,' 
by  Prof.  J.  K.  Ingram, — '  University  Extension/ 
by  Mr.  M.  E.  Sadler,- '  Labour  Colonies,' by 
Prof.  Mavor,—' School  Method,'  by  Miss  C. 
Dodd, — translations  of  Herbart's  '  Lectures  on 
Pedagogy  '  and  '  Letters  on  the  Application  of 
Psychology  to  the  Science  of  Education,' — 
'  An  English-Latin  Gradus,'  by  Mr.  S  C.  VVood- 
house,^ — and  '  A  Welsh  Grammar,'  by  Prof.  E. 
Anwyl. 

Messrs.  C.  A.  Pearson's  list  of  announcements 
includes  'The  Invisible  Man,'  by  Mr.  H.  G. 
Wells,—'  The  Raid  of  the  Detrimental,'  by  the 
Earl  of  Desart,— 'In  Joyful  Russia,'  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Logan,  jun., — '  Queen  of  the  Jesters,'  by 
Mr.  Max  Pemberton, — 'The  Zone  of  Fire,'  by 
Headon  Hill, — 'Van  Wagner's  Ways,'  by  Mr. 
W.  L.  Alden, — '  An  Episode  in  Arcady,'  by  Mr. 
H.  Sutcliffe,  —  '  The  Skipper's  Wooing,'  by 
Mr.  W.  W.  Jacobs, — 'John  of  Strathbourne,' 
by  Mr.   N.   D.   Chetwode,— 'Her  Royal  High- 


ness's  Love  Affairs,'  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Cobban, — 
'  The  Duke  and  the  Damsel,'  by  Mr.  R.  Marsh, 
—'The  Iron  Cross,'  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Sherard,— 
and  '  The  Virgin  of  the  Sun  '  and  '  Men  who 
have  Made  the  Empire,'  both  by  Mr.  G.  Griffith. 


PSEUDO-DICKENS  RARITIES. 
There  are  certain  little  books  which,  because 
the  authorship  has  been  ascribed  to  Charles 
Dickens,  possess  considerable  value  in  the  eyes 
of  the  collector  and  the  dealer.  In  particular 
instances  there  was,  no  doubt,  some  justification 
for  this  ascription,  as  will  presently  be  explained ; 
but  additional  light  has  lately  been  thrown  upon 
the  origin  of  these  literary  trifles,  which  suffices 
to  prove  that  the  famous  novelist  ought  not  to 
be  saddled  with  the  responsibility  of  having 
produced  them. 

In  1836,  the  year  in  which   '  Pickwick  '  first 
saw  the   light,  the   firm  of    Messrs.  Longman, 
Rees,  Orme,  Brown,  Green  &  Longman  issued  a 
curious  little  work  entitled  '  Hints  on  Etiquette 
and   the  Usages  of  Society  :    with  a  Glance  at 
Bad  Habits,'  the  writer  of  which  disguised  his 
identity    in    the    Greek    pseudonym    Aywyos. 
This  booklet  purports  to  be  a  seriously  written 
"guide  to  good  manners,"  and  it  is  believed 
that  the  author  was  a  tailor  who,  although  he 
had  come  down  in  the  world,  always  dressed 
with  fastidious  care,  so  that  he  appeared  quite 
a   model   of    respectability.      Such   a   treatise, 
explaining   the   proper   method   of    conducting 
oneself  under  varying  circumstances,   is  likely 
to  provoke  a  smile  even  amongst  the  most  sedate, 
so  that  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  some  humourist 
"  poking  fun  "  at  the  little  book  and  its  author. 
Two  years  after  it  was  launched  from  the  press, 
the  imprint  of  Mr.  Charles  Tilt,  a  well-known 
Fleet  Street  publisher,  appears  upon  the  title- 
page  of  a  work,  identical  in  almost  every  detail 
with   that   above    described,   which    bears   the 
designation,  '  More  Hints  on  Etiquette,  for  the 
Use  of  Society  at  large,  and  Young  Gentlemen 
in  Particular,'  the  writer  also  adopting  a  Greek 
nam  de  guerre  similar  to  his  predecessor's,  viz., 
IlaiS  aywyo?.     This  production  is  an  amusing 
skit   upon   the   little   tome   issued   by  Messrs. 
Longmans  &  Co.,  and  an  artistic  value  is  im- 
parted thereto   by  means  of   a  series  of   nine 
woodcuts  drawn   by  George    Cruikshank.      Its 
chief   interest,    however,  seems    to   be  due  to 
the  supposition  that  a  portion  of  the  contents 
emanated  from  the  pen  of  Charles  Dickens — a 
supposition  based  upon  the  fact  that  when  the 
original  manuscript  was  discovered  a  few  years 
ago   at  a  private  house  in  Islington  (so  I  am 
informed),  there  was  found  among  the  leaves 
a    sheet   (numbered    2)    covered   on    one   side 
with  the  unmistakable  handwriting  of  the  great 
novelist,  written  (it  may  be  safely  surmised)during 
the    '  Oliver   Twist '    period.      The    remainder 
of  the   manuscript   is  evidently  a  rough  draft 
of  the  printed  matter  contained  in   the  book. 
The  autograph  much  resembles  that  of  Cruik- 
shank  himself,  and   the   first  chapter,  headed 
"Hints     on     Good     Manners,"    opens    thus: 
"  We   have    been    mainly  induced    to    publish 
this  little  book  in  consequence  of  the  appear- 
ance of  an  anonymously-written  work  entitled 
'  Hints  on  Etiquette,  and  the  Usuages  [sic]  of 
Society,  with  a  Glance  at  Bad  Manners  '  " — not 
"Habits,"  as  printed  on  the  title-page  of  the 
earlier   production.     On   the   backs  of    two  of 
the   sheets   Cruikshank   has  roughly   sketched 
some    fancies   for   his   familiar   illustration    in 
'  Oliver    Twist '   depicting    the   youthful    hero 
on  the  memorable  occasion  when  he  "plucks 
up  a  spirit  "and  vigorously  castigates  his  enemy 
Noah  Claypole.     The  principal  attraction,  how- 
ever, is  the  page  in  Dickens's  handwriting,  the 
subject  of  which  evidently   appertains   to   the 
theme  dealt  with  in  the  rest  of  the  manuscript, 
thus  giving    rise    to    the    conclusion    that   the 
novelist  had  a  share  in  the  production  of  the 
work.    On  that  assumption,  too  hastily  formed, 
the  batch  of  manuscript  changed  hands  for  a 


356 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


substantial  sum,  while  the  little  book,  '  More 
Hints,'  «S:c.,  began  to  be  sought  after  by  col- 
lectors as  a  most  desirable  Dickens  item,  a  copy 
occasionally  figuring  in  booksellers'  catalogues 
at  a  fancy  price.  Having  had  the  opportunity 
of  carefully  comparing  the  matter  contained 
in  the  Dickens  autograph  with  the  printed 
text,  I  am  enabled  to  assert  most  positively  that 
in  the  latter  will  be  found  no  such  passages, 
nor  anything  approximating  thereto,  as  those 
in  the  particular  page  of  manuscript,  which, 
however,  treats  the  subject  of  etiquette  in 
the  same  humorous  way.  Whether  the  latter 
ever  appeared  in  print  yet  remains  a  mystery, 
but  there  is  certainly  no  further  reason  for  sup- 
posing that  it  constitutes  any  portion  of  '  More 
Hints,'  or  for  the  belief  that  Dickens  in  any  way 
collaborated  in  the  production  of  that  work. 

In    1835,    when    the    future    novelist     first 
arrested   public    attention    by  his    remarkable 
'Sketches  in  London,'  then  appearing   in  the 
Eveniiuj  Chronicle,  he  received  a  letter  from  Mr. 
Thomas  Tegg,  a  London  publisher  of  repute, 
asking  him  upon  what  terms  he  would  consent 
to  supply  the  letterpress  to  a  sort  of   "picture 
of  the  world,"  in  which  would  be  given  descrip- 
tions of  remarkable  buildings,  events,  countries, 
&c. ,  as  seen  by   children  in  a  portable  peep- 
show.     It  transpired  that  the    proposed  work 
was  to  be  embellished  with  woodcuts  (by  George 
Cruikshank  and  others)  in  Mr.  Tegg's  possession, 
which   probably    had    already    done   service  in 
other  directions,  and  these  were  to  be  "  written 
up  to  "  if  a  sufhciently  attractive  and  a  not-too- 
expensive  writer  could  be  found  to  undertake 
this  share  of  the  project.     The  publisher's  son, 
the  late  Mr.  William  Tegg  (also  known  as  "  Peter 
Parley"),    had    read    and     admired    "  Boz's " 
'  Sketches '    in     the     JSvening    Chronicle,    and 
discerned  in  the  writer  the  very  man   for  the 
purpose  ;      whereupon    the    above  -  mentioned 
tetter  was   forwarded    to  Dickens,   who  agreed 
to   do   what   was   required   for  the   sum   of    a 
hundred    and     twenty    pounds,    and     further 
intimated  that  he  agreed  with  his  correspondent 
"in   not   wishing    the    name    of    '  Boz '    to    be 
appended  to  the  work."     The  price,  however, 
was  subsequently  reduced  to  a  hundred  pounds. 
The  little  16mo.  volume,  comprising  more  than 
four  hundred  pages,  duly  appeared  in  1839,  and 
was   entitled    'Sergeant    Bell   and    his    Karee 
Show.'     In  Walford's  Antiquarian,  July,  1887, 
the  late  Mr.  Richard  Heme  Shepherd,  the  well- 
known  bibliographer,  endeavoured  to  trace  the 
history    of    this   curious   production,    and    was 
strongly  inclined  to  the  belief  that  Dickens  was 
the  author  of  certain  chapters,   viz.,   those  in 
which  the  showman  introduces  himself,  for  he 
considers  that  they  are  written  in  a  true  Pick- 
wickian spirit.     "The  internal  evidence  of  the 
contents, "remarks  Mr.Shepherd,  "tends  tosup- 
port  and  lend  weight  to  the  strong  presumption 
of  Dickens's  partialauthorshipalready  established 
in  ourarrangement  of  externalevidence  " ;  he  also 
directs  attention  to  the  resemblance  of  certain 
subjects  and  the  treatment  of  them  to  passages 
in  '  A  Child's  History  of  England,'  which  could, 
he   thinks,    hardly   be   accidental.     Mr.  Percy 
Fitzgerald,  who  well  remembers  the  appearance 
of  this  story-book,  remarks  that  the  only  thing 
which   supports   Mr.  Shepherd's   theory  is  the 
stipulation  that   "Boz's"  name  as  the   author 
should  be  suppressed.   As  to  Dickens's  assumed 
connexion  with  the  work,  we  cannot  but  rely 
implicitly    upon    the     statement    subsequently 
made  by  Mr.  William  Tegg  (at  whose  suggestion 
the  novelist  was  first  approached  anent"it),  to 
the   efl'ect   that   all   negotiations    with   Charles 
Dickens    respecting    the    book     fell    through. 
Copies  of  '  Sergeant  Bell  and  his  Raree  Show  ' 
are  now  very  seldom  met  with — indeed,   it  is 
said  that  not  more  than  a    dozen  impressions 
(perfect  and  otherwise)  are  in  existence,   this 
scarcity  being  probably  due  to  the  destructive 
treatment  to  which  it  was  subjected  by  juvenile 
readers.     It  occasionally  happens  that  a  copy  is 
disposed  of  at  public  auction,  when  it  realizes 


two    to    three    pounds,    principally    on   account 
of  its  presumed  association  with  Dickens. 

'  The  Irving  Offering  '  for  1851,  published  in 
New  York,  is  also  much  in  request  by  collectors 
of  the  writings  of  the  great  novelist.  It  con- 
tains a  story  entitled  '  Lizzie  Leigh,'  the  author- 
ship of  which  is,  for  some  inscrutable  reason, 
here  attributed  to  Dickens.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  '  Lizzie  Leigh '  was  written  by  Mrs. 
Gaskell,  and  published  anonymously  in  House- 
hold Words  during  the  year  1850,  the  initial 
chapter  appearing  in  the  first  number.  The 
above-mentioned  American  reprint  is  apparently 
somewhat  scarce,  as  copies  have  been  valued  at 
five  pounds  ;  but  I  have  recently  seen  it  cata- 
logued at  as  many  shillings. 

There  are  two  little  pamphlets  the  titles  of 
which  are  invariably  included  in  Dickens  biblio- 
graphies, but  with  these  productions  it  has  been 
conclusively  shown  that  the  novelist  had  com- 
paratively nothing  to  do.    The  first,  entitled  'A 
Curious   Dance   Round   a   Curious   Tree,'  is   a 
description  of  some  Boxing  Day  festivities  at 
St.   Luke's   Hospital  for  Lunatics  in   St.   Bar- 
tholomew's, London  ;  it  was  written  by  Mr.  W.  II. 
Wills  for   Houseliold    IVords,  and  published   in 
that  journal  on  January  I7th,  1852.     Doubtless 
this  paper  was  inspired  by  Dickens,  and  in  all 
probability  he    interpolated    certain    passages, 
thus  imparting  to  it  a  touch  of  his  own  literary 
style —a    practice    which    he,    in    his    editorial 
capacity,  frequently  followed.    During  the  same 
year  the  Hospital  Committee,    with  an  eye  to 
the  interests   of  the  institution,  reprinted  the 
article  in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet,  inserting  on 
the  wrapper  the  name  of  Charles  Dickens  as  the 
author.      This   must    have  been   effected   with 
the   knowledge    and    sanction  of  the  novelist, 
who  perhaps  considered   the    little   subterfuge 
justifiable  in  the  cause  of  charity,  for  it  cannot 
be    gainsaid     that    greater    importance    would 
attach  to  the  pamphlet  through  this  association. 
In  18G0  the  sketch  was  included  in  a  collection 
of  similar  papers  by  Mr.  Wills,  contributed  by 
him  from  time  to  time  to  Hoiiseliold  Words,  and 
entitled  '  Old  Leaves  :  gathered  from  Household 
Words.'     That    Dickens    to    some    extent    co- 
operated in  their  production  is  indicated  in  the 
author's    dedication  :     "To  the    Other    Hand, 
whose  masterly  touches  gave  to  the  Old  Leaves, 
here  freshly  gathered,   their    brightest    tints." 
'  A  Curious  Dance  Round  a  Curious  Tree '  has 
been  reprinted  twice  by   the    hospital    autho- 
rities  since    its    first  appearance    in  pamphlet 
form,   viz.,  in  1860  and  1880,    each   of    these 
issues  being  brought  up  to  date   by  means  of 
additional  printed  matter.     A  copy  of  the  first 
issue,  comprising  only  twelve  pages    of    letter- 
press,  has    been    catalogued    at    five    pounds, 
while  an  impression  of    the  18G0  edition  has 
realized  nearly  twice  that  sum  in  the  auction- 
room  ! 

A  like  story  appertains  to  another  hrochiire 
of  a  similar  character,  entitled  '  Drooping  Buds,' 
descriptive  of  a  visit  to  the  Children's  Hospital, 
then  newly  founded,  in  Great  Ormond  Street. 
This  has  also  been  reverently  described  as  a 
Dickens  rarity,  and  in  1889  Mr.  C.  P.  Johnson 
discovered  at  a  London  bookseller's  shop  what 
was  believed  to  be  a  unique  copy  (dated  1866) 
of  the  pamphlet  which  bore  the  novelist's  name 
as  the  author.  Full  particulars  were  printed 
in  the  Athenceum  (November  16th,  1889),  with 
the  result  that  the  editor  received  a  commu- 
nication from  the  actual  author,  Mr.  Henry 
Morley,  who  explained  that  the  sketch  was 
written  by  him  after  a  visit  to  the  Children's 
Hospital,  which  visit  was  made  at  Dickens's 
request,  and  constituted  his  act  of  assistance  to 
that  excellent  institution.  Mr.  Morley  further 
states  that  the  novelist  increased  so  much  the 
value  of  the  paper  by  the  insertion  of  the  para- 
graph beginning  "  O  !  Baby's  dead,  "that  he,  Mr. 
Morley,  omitted  the  entire  article  from  a  selec- 
tion of  his  writings  published  in  1857.*     As  in 

*  Athcnmtm,  December  14th,  1889. 


the  case  of  '  A  Curious  Dance  Round  a  Curious 
Tree,'  Mr.  Morley's  sketch  was  prepared  for 
Household  Words,  where  it  appeared  on 
April  3rd,  1852.  In  1860  it  was  issued  as 
a  pamphlet  in  aid  of  the  hospital  funds,  and 
again  six  years  later,  being  printed  on  the 
latter  occasion  "for  private  circulation  by  the 
Royal  Infirmary  Dorcas  Society,  to  awaken 
interest  in  a  hospital  for  such  children  in 
Glasgow."  The  fact  that  the  1866  edition  bore 
upon  the  wrapper  the  name  of  Charles  Dickens 
naturally  led  to  the  conclu.sion  that  he  was  the 
author,  the  result  being  that  the  presumably 
unique  copy  was  catalogued  at  fifteen  guineas  ! 

I  have  seen  an  impression  of  another  rare 
pamphlet,  much  resembling  '  Drooping  Buds,' 
which  might  with  equal  justice  be  considered  as  a 
Dickens  item.  It  is  entitled  '  Between  the  Cradle 
and  the  Grave,'  and  presents  a  second  report  on 
the  Hospital  for  Sick  Children,  Great  Ormond 
Street.  This  little  production,  dated  1862,  is 
an  acknowledged  reprint  of  an  article  in  All 
the  Year  Round  of  that  year,  and  does  not 
attempt  to  mislead  collectors  by  pretending  to 
have  emanated  from  the  pen  of  Charles  Dickens. 

F.    G.    KlTTON. 


Hitetare  ©ossip. 

'  All  the  World's  Fighting  Ships  '  is 
tlie  title  of  a  comprehensive  work  by  Mr. 
Fred  T.  Jane,  the  first  annual  issue  of  which 
will  be  published  this  autumn  by  Messrs. 
Sampson  Low  &  Co.  The  text  will  be  in 
English,  French,  German,  and  Italian,  and 
a  special  point  will  be  made  of  noting  any 
slight  differences  of  detail  between  sister 
ships  or  characteristic  peculiarities. 

The  use  of  auxiliary  "  shall"  and  "  will" 
is  proverbially  difficult  to  members  of  the 
Irish  and  Scottish  nationalities.  A  brief 
and  highly  entertaining  treatise  on  the 
subject,  entitled  'The  Irish  Difficulty: 
Shall  and  Will,'  by  the  Right  Rev.  Mon- 
signor  Molloy,  Rector  of  the  Catholic 
University  of  Ireland,  Dublin,  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son.  The 
author  has  gathered  together,  from  a  very 
wide  range  of  writers  and  speakers,  ex- 
amples of  the  future  auxiliary,  and  he  is 
able  to  show  that  the  English  usage  itself 
is  very  far  from  being  uniform. 

The  tale  of  '  St.  Ives  :  being  the  Adven- 
tures of  a  French  Prisoner  in  England,'  by 
the  late  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  which  has 
been  running  serially  in  the  Pall  Mall  Maga- 
zine, is  to  bo  published  in  book  form  at  the 
end  of  this  month  by  Mr.  Heinemann  in 
London  and  Messrs.  C.  Scribner's  Sons  inNew 
York.  The  last  six  chapters  are  the  work 
of  Mr.  A.  T.  (iuiller  Couch,  who  in  supply- 
ing the  concluding  incidents  has  followed 
the  hints  of  the  author's  intentions  commu- 
nicated by  his  stepdaughter  and  amanu- 
ensis Mrs.  Strong.  Other  and  much  briefer 
fragments  of  historical  romance  which  occu- 
pied the  author  during  his  last  years  at 
Samoa  are  those  of  '  Heathercat '  and  *  The 
Young  Chevalier.'  Each  of  these  consists 
of  a  few  opening  chapters  merely,  hitherto 
unpublished.  Both  will  be  printed,  together 
with  the  more  considerable  fragments  of 
'The  Great  North  Road'  and  'Weir  of 
Hermiston,'  in  vol.  xxvi.  of  the  Edinburgh 
edition. 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  has  in  the  press 
'Two  Essays  upon  Matthew  Arnold,  with 
his  Letters  to  the  Author,'  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Galton.  They  are  mainly  reprinted  from 
the  Uohly  Horse. 


N''3046,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


357 


Within  a  week  or  two  Mr.  Grant  Richards 
will  publish  a  volume  entitled  '  The  Tenth 
Island :  being  some  Account  of  Newfound- 
land, its  People,  its  Politics,  its  Problems, 
and  its  Peculiarities,'  by  Mr,  B.  Willson, 
who  was  last  year  a  special  correspondent 
in  North-Western  America.  Sir  William 
Whiteway  contributes  an  introduction  of 
some  length,  and  Lord  Charles  Beresford 
has  written  an  appendix  on  Newfoundland 
and  the  Navy.  The  volume  will  also  con- 
tain a  map  of  the  colony,  and  will  in- 
corporate in  the  preface  a  letter  by  Mr. 
Eudyard  Kipling. 

The  Eev.  J.  Fisher,  of  Euthin,  is  pre- 
paring for  the  press  a  diplomatic  repro- 
duction (with  introduction  and  notes)  of 
two  MS.  volumes  of  Welsh  poetry  written 
principally  during  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mr.  W.  Lloyd,  of  Oefncoch, 
Denbighshire.  Fully  three-fourths  of  one 
of  the  MSS.  is  believed  to  be  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Capt.  Thomas  Prys,  of  Plas 
lolyn,  and  contains  as  many  as  fifty  of 
his  poems,  none  of  which  has,  apparently, 
been  hitherto  published.  There  is  another 
volume  of  Prys's  poems  preserved  at  the 
British  Museum,  and  this  has  been  recently 
transcribed  for  the  Guild  of  Graduates  of 
the  Welsh  University,  with  a  view  to  pub- 
lishing, though  not  immediately,  a  complete 
edition  of  Prys's  poetical  works. 

Messrs.  Houghtox,  Mifflix  &  Co.  have 
in  the  press  *  A  Correspondence  between 
John  Sterling  and  Ealph  Waldo  Emerson,' 
edited,  with  a  sketch  of  Sterling's  life,  by 
Emerson's  son,  Mr.  E.  W.  Emerson.  Most 
of  these  letters  have  appeared  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  but  the  volume  will  contain  new 
information  concerning  Sterling  gathered 
from  Emerson's  papers.  The  same  pub- 
lishers will  issue  a  diary  kept  by  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  in  boyhood,  beginning  with  his 
twelfth  year.  This  diary  was  printed  in 
1872  and  1873  in  the  Portland  (Maine) 
Transcript.  The  curious  story  of  its  dis- 
covery in  the  possession  of  a  Virginia  negro 
will  be  told  in  the  volume  by  Mr.  S.  T. 
Pickard,  the  biographer  of  Whittier. 

Pr  appears  that  the  late  Dr.  Jakob  Burck- 
hardt,  of  Bale,  left  a  considerable  mass  of 
manuscript  ready  or  almost  ready  for  the 
press.  His  literarj'  executors  announce 
the  forthcoming  publication  of  treatises 
*  Zur  Geschichte  der  italienischen  Eenais- 
sance '  and  '  Erinnerungen  an  Eubens.' 
Several  portions  of  his  work  on  the  history 
of  Greek  culture  are  also  found  to  be  suf- 
ficiently completed  to  be  published  at  an 
early  date.  An  essay  '  Ueber  den  hellen- 
ischen  Menschen  in  seiner  zeitlichen  Eut- 
wickelung,'  of  which  he  spoke  much  to  his 
friends,  may  also  possibly  be  published, 
notwithstanding  the  incomplete  condition 
in  which  Dr.  Burckhardt  left  it. 

Continental  papers  report  that  the 
manuscripts  of  the  poet  Giacomo  Leopardi 
have,  at  the  intervention  of  the  Italian 
Government,  been  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  National  Library  of  Naples.  The 
two  aged  Neapolitan  female  servants  into 
whose  hands  the  manuscripts  had  come  by 
chance  refused  to  deliver  them  up,  from 
religious  motives,  until  the  Italian  Govern- 
ment interfered.   It  is  expected  that  some  of 


the  hitherto  unpublished  works  of  the  poet 
will  now  make  their  appearance. 

The  '  Eecords  of  the  Borough  of  North- 
ampton,' which  are  being  edited  by  Mr. 
Christopher  Markham  and  Dr.  J.  Charles 
Cox  for  the  Corporation  of  the  town,  will 
be  ready  for  issue  to  subscribers  by  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock  very  shortly.  The  work  will 
be  in  two  volumes.  The  first  will  contain 
extracts  from  Domesday  Book,  the  charters, 
and  the  Liber  Custumorum.  The  second 
will  be  based  mainly  on  the  Orders  of 
Assembly  and  more  modern  records. 

Messrs.  Warne  &  Co.  will  publish  early  in 
the  ensuing  season  Mrs.  Hodgson  Burnett's 
new  novel.  The  book  is  to  be  called  '  His 
Grace  of  Osmonde  :  being  a  Story  of  that 
Nobleman's  Life  omitted  from  the  Narrative 
given  to  the  World  of  Fashion  under  the 
Title  of  "  A  Lady  of  Quality."  '  While  not 
in  any  way  a  sequel  to  this  well-known 
book,  it  is,  so  to  speak,  the  complement  of 
it,  being  the  man's  side  of  a  story  of  which 
the  woman's  side  has  been  told. 

It  is  worth  while,  if  only  as  a  matter  of 
curiosity,  to  follow  up  the  long  course  of 
the  resistance  offered  by  St.  Andrews  to 
the  action  of  the  Universities  Commissioners 
in  the  matter  of  the  affiliation  of  Dundee 
College.  The  Privy  Council  will  soon  be 
called  upon  to  decide  as  to  the  legality  of 
the  acts  of  the  University  Court  since  the 
majority  declined  to  recognize  the  ordinances 
of  the  Commissioners  approved  by  the 
Queen  on  January  15th. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Edinburgh, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-three,  of  Mr.  Thomas  B. 
Johnston,  who  was  the  head  of  the  firm  of 
W.  &  A.  K.  Johnston  and  did  much  for 
the  cause  of  geography. 

Dissatisfaction  is  being  expressed  in 
some  quarters  overthe  modifications  recently 
introduced  by  the  Senate  into  the  scheme  of 
examinations  for  the  London  arts  degree — 
notably  the  abandonment  of  mechanics  as 
a  compulsory  subject  at  matriculation,  and 
the  addition  of  a  viva  voce  test  in  modern 
languages  at  the  Intermediate  examina- 
tion. 

Mr.  Frank  CAMruELL  writes  to  point 
out  that  the  four  pages  we  refer  to 
in  our  last  week's  review  of  his  '  Cata- 
logue of  Bibliographical  Works  relating 
to  India'  are  exceptional  in  their  non- 
bibliographical  character,  and  not  a  fair 
sample  of  the  xvhole  'Catalogue.'  We 
have  no  wish  to  convey  the  impression  that 
they  are,  and  have  searched  his  book  in 
vain  for  the  "special  reason"  he  gives  for 
inserting  these  and  other  entries. 

The  death  is  announced  at  Norwich,  in 
his  seventy  -  second  year,  of  Mr.  James 
Spilling,  the  editor  of  the  Eastern  Daily 
Press,  who  was  associated  with  East  Anglian 
journalism  for  upwards  of  forty  years. 

Emeritus  Professor  Vallauri,  who  died 
at  Turin  on  September  2nd,  in  his  ninety- 
fourth  year,  was  generally  reputed  by 
European  scholars  as  one  of  the  greatest 
living  masters  of  Latinity.  He  was  a 
representative  of  the  "rhetorical,"  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  "scientific,"  school  of 
classical  philology  and  scholarship.  His 
prefaces,  inscriptions,  and  inaugural  lec- 
tures in  the  University  of  Turin  have  been 
highly  praised  by  competent  judges. 


Among  recent  Parliamentary  Papers  are 
the  Statement  exhibiting  the  Moral  and 
Material  Progress  of  India  during  1895-6, 
which  is  late  this  year  (2.s.) ;  the  Twenty- 
ninth  Eeport  of  the  Keeper  of  State  Papers 
in  Ireland  :  Eecords  {2,(1.) ;  the  Sixth  Eeport 
of  the  Eoyal  Commission  on  Vaccination, 
Evidence  and  Appendices  (14?.  3f7.)  ;  Ee- 
port for  1897  by  Sir  H.  Craik  on  Higher 
Class  Schools  in  Scotland  (\d.);  and  Eeports 
from  University  Colleges  participating  in 
the  Parliamentary  Grant  (Is.  9d.). 


SCIENCE 


capt.  cook's  voyages. 

Capt.  Cook's  Three  Voyages  round  the  World. 
Edited  by  Lieut.  C.  R.  Low.  (Routledge  & 
Sons.)— It  is  noticeable  that  the  title-page  of 
Lieut.  Low's  book  bears  no  date  ;  whilst  to  the 
future  bibliographer,  who  consults  the  opening 
paragraph  on  p.  17,  it  will  appear  as  if  the 
volume  had  been  printed  in  1883,  or  even  in 
1875,  for  the  editor  commences  his  story  thus  : 

"During  the  past  year  the  governments  and  scien- 
tific men  of  all  civilized  nations  were  vying  with 
each  other  as  to  which  should  contribute  most 
to  the  observation  of  one  of  the  rarest  and  most 
interesting  of  astronomical  phenomena.  Number- 
less expeditions  were  organised  under  the  auspices, 
and  at  the  expense,  of  governments,  learned 
societies,  and  munificent  private  individuals,  and 
were  despatched  to  some  of  the  most  remote  and 
inaccessible  spots  and  islands  oa  the  face  of  the 
globe,  for  the  purpose  of  observing  the  transit  of 
Venus  over  the  sun's  disc." 

As  the  last  transits  of  Venus  took  place  in  1882 
and  1874  it  seems  as  if  the  manuscript  from 
which  tlie  above  paragraph  was  printed  had  been 
pigeon-holed  for  some  years.  Lieut.  Low  pro- 
ceeds to  state  that  the  narrative  of  Cook's 
voyages  has  been  edited  by  numerous  hands, 
and  never  so  well  as  when  the  original  text  of 
Capts.  Cook  and  King  has  been  most  closely 
adhered  to.  This  course,  he  says,  "we  have 
adopted,  abbreviating  freely,  and  where  neces- 
sary throwing  into  modern  language  the  some- 
what antiquated  phraseology  of  the  early  edi- 
tions." By  way  of  fulfilling  these  conditions 
he  provides  abstracts  of  the  first  and  second 
voyages  written  in  the  third  person,  which  he 
cleverly  manages  to  compress  within  250  pp  ; 
whilst  he  prefers  giving  the  narrative  of  the  last 
voyage  in  the  first  person,  with  occasional  re- 
marks and  abbreviations  —  a  course  which  he 
hopes  "will  commend  itself  to  the  approval  of 
the  reader."  The  result  is  certainly  not  satis- 
factory either  to  student  or  critic  ;  whilst  to  the 
ordinary  reader,  for  whom  no  map  of  any  kind 
is  provided,  the  effect  must  be  bewildering. 
The  illustrations  are  poor —some  of  them  childish 
—and  the  editing  is  most  careless.  For  example, 
we  find  under  date  June  22nd,  1770  :  — 

"Saw  a  mouse-coloured  animal,  very  swift  and 

about  the  size  of  a  greyhound.     On  the  23rd This 

day  many  of  the  crew  saw  tlie  animal  above  men- 
tioned, which  was  afterwards  discovered  to  be  a 
huge  black  bat,  about  the  size  of  a  partridge." 

A  popular  summary  of  Cook's  voyages  ought  at 
least  to  have  a  portrait  of  the  navigator,  if  not 
an  index.  This  edition,  whose  only  merit  lies 
in  its  cheapness,  lacks  both  portrait  and  index. 

Capt.  Cook's  Voyages  round  the  World.  By 
M.  B.  Synge.  (Nelson  &  Sons.)— At  the  end 
of  the  last  century  M.  de  la  Borde,  a  prominent 
French  financier,  whose  two  sons  perished  in 
the  expedition  under  La  Pe'rouse,  erected  in 
the  park  of  his  chateau  at  Me'rt^ville  (Seine  et 
Oise)  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Capt. 
Cook.  According  to  Prince  Roland  Bonaparte, 
who  has  lately  described  it,  the  sarcophagus  of 
this  cenotaph  is  of  handsome  marble,  on  the 
face  of  which  is  the  bust  of  our  hero,  above  a 
bas-relief  representing  a  lion  devouring  an  eagle, 
whilst   it   is   surmounted  by  an   urn  with  the 


358 


THE    ATHENJ5UM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11, '97 


dedicatory  inscription.  At  the  four  angles  are 
figures  of  South  Sea  islanders,  and  the  whole  is 
protected  by  a  dome  supported  on  four  Doric 
columns.  We  notice  this  monument  because 
it  seems  to  have  been  entirely  overlooked  by 
Cook's  English  biographers,  who  ought,  we 
think,  to  have  drawn  attention  to  this  extra- 
ordinary memorial,  erected  at  a  time  when 
international  animosity  was  excited  to  the 
utmost,  whilst  to  this  day  the  great  circum- 
navigator is  not  represented  by  a  national 
structure  in  any  of  our  public  places.  Of  course 
we  can  remember  Woolner's  fine  statue,  which 
stood  for  awhile  —  during  the  "Peace-with- 
honour "  season — some  eighteen  years  ago,  in 
front  of  the  Athenoeum  club-house,  before  being 
shipped  off  to  Sydney  Heads,  where  it  now 
stands  confronting  the  Tasman  Sea,  through 
which  Cook  so  pertinaciously  pushed  the  old 
Endeavour  from  Cape  Farewell  to  Botany  Bay  ; 
and  we  recall  how  Allingham  celebrated  the 
occasion  with  some  lines,  which  appeared  in 
the  Athencerim,  July  6th,  1878,  beginning  :  — 

Cook,  mariner  of  Whitby,  gave  the  chart 
Another  England  in  the  great  South  Sea; 
Lo,  re-embodied  now  by  Woolner's  art 

Since  none  of  our  leading  publishers  or  societies 
lead  the  way  by  bringing  out  a  really  satisfactory 
work  on  Cook's  voyages,  we  could  wish  that 
the  Admiralty  might  commission  their  Hydro- 
graphic  Department  to  compile  adefinitiveedition 
of  British  voyages  of  circumnavigation,  begin- 
ning, say,  with  those  of  Byron,  Wallis,  Carteret, 
and  Cook.  Of  Messrs.  Nelson's  abridged  edi- 
tion not  much  need  be  said.  It  makes  no  pre- 
tensions to  be  other  than  a  condensed  reprint 
from  Admiral  Wharton's  transcript  and  from 
what  the  editor  calls  "the  folio  volumes  of  his 
[Cook's]  own  journals."  The  illustrations  are, 
we  regret  to  say,  somewhat  paltry,  and  the  maps 
well-nigh  useless  for  purposes  of  reference. 
Why  are  publishers  generally  so  thrifty  in  the 
matter  of  illustration  when  means  of  reproduc- 
tion of  original  charts  and  drawings  are  cheap  ? 
To  attract  even  juvenile  minds,  nowadays,  the 
best  work  should  be  employed. 


BOTANICAL    LITERATURE. 


The  Yeto-Trees  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
By  John  Lowe,  M.D.  Illustrated.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.)  — This  is  a  very  interesting,  but  not  par- 
ticularly well-arranged  book.  It  begins  with  an 
introduction  concerning  things  in  general  to- 
gether with  details  relating  to  yews,  clipped  or 
otherwise,  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The 
first  chapter  gives  a  very  meagre  account  of 
the  botany  of  the  yew  (which  recent  inves- 
tigations in  the  nearly  allied  Ginkgo  render 
the  more  interesting),  and  winds  up  with  the 
epithets  applied  by  various  authors  to  the 
tree.  In  the  next  chapter  the  geographical 
distribution  is  touched  on.  Then  follow  two 
chapters  relating  to  the  rate  of  growth  of  the 
tree  and  the  various  methods  devised  to  measure 
it,  none  of  which  can  be  considered  entirely 
satisfactory.  The  extensive  list  of  trees  with 
their  measurements  given  in  chapter  vi.  is 
valuable,  although  naturally  incomplete.  In 
another  edition  it  would  be  desirable  to  give 
as  many  details  as  possible  about  the  soil  and 
subsoil  in  which  these  trees  are  growing.  In 
the  South  we  are  apt  to  associate  these  trees 
with  a  chalky  or,  at  least,  a  limestone  soil  ;  but 
it  is  evident  from  Dr.  Lowe's  records  that  the 
tree  has  no  exclusive  preference  for  limestone 
soils,  and  the  many  churchyards  in  Romney 
Marsh  contain  as  tine  yew-trees  as  can  be  seen 
on  the  chalk  or  greensand  downs  which  limit  the 
"Marsh."  In  the  seventh  chapter  the  author 
discusses  the  reasons  which  may  have  induced 
the  planting  of  the  yew  in  churchyards.  None 
seems  more  valid  than  that  derived  from  the 
character  of  the  tree — the  sombre  coloration, 
from  one  point  of  view,  befitting  the  mournful 
circumstances  under  which  it  is  placed  ;  the  ever- 
green foliage,    on  the   other   hand,    suggesting 


immortality.  In  some  cases  the  yew  is  con- 
sidered with  more  or  less  probability  as  being 
of  at  least  approximately  the  same  age  as  the 
church  it  overshadows.  This  may  be  true  in  a 
few  instances,  but  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  is 
evident  that  there  is  no  synchronism  between 
the  architecture  of  the  tree  and  that  of  the 
church.  Neither  can  the  yews  along  the 
"Pilgrims'  Way  "  from  Winchester  to  Canter- 
bury be  chronologically  associated  with  the  time 
of  such  pilgrimages.  In  most  cases,  so  far  as 
we  have  seen  them,  the  trees  are  much  younger. 
A  chapter  of  two  pages  only  is  devoted  to  the 
characters  and  uses  of  the  wood  of  the  yew, 
which  might  well  have  been  incorporated  with 
the  following  chapter,  which  is  concerned  with 
tiie  formation  and  employment  of  the  bow. 
Next  comes  a  chapter  on  the  poisonous  nature 
of  the  yew,  after  which  we  are  whisked  back 
to  the  poetical  allusions  and  literary  references 
alluded  to  in  previous  pages.  A  long  chapter, 
entitled  "Notes,"  gives  descriptive  details  con- 
cerning many  of  the  more  remarkable  yews 
throughout  the  country,  a  subject  already 
partially  treated  of  in  at  least  two  preceding 
chapters.  In  spite  of  his  discursive  method, 
due  probably  to  the  interruptions  caused  by 
the  claims  of  his  professional  work,  Dr. 
Lowe  has  produced  a  book  which  will  be  de- 
lightful to  the  lover  of  trees,  whilst  the  statistics 
which  he  has  collected  with  much  care,  and, 
as  far  as  we  see,  accuracy,  will  be  valuable  to 
foresters  and  others  concerned  with  the  rate  of 
growth  of  trees.  An  index  and  a  bibliography 
facilitate  the  reader's  research,  and  the  illustra- 
tions are  well  selected. 

Pot-Pourri  from  a  Surrey  Garden.  By  Mrs. 
C.  W.  Earle.  With  an  Appendix  by  Lady 
Constance  Lytton.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)— We 
do  not  know  how  to  review  this  book.  We  do 
not  believe  it  can  be  done  in  any  orderly,  sys- 
tematic way  without  such  a  prying  analysis  as 
would  spoil  the  reader's  pleasure  and  con- 
tribute to  no  useful  end.  The  book  is  well 
named  ;  it  is  a  delightful  medley  of  all  sorts 
— gardens,  books,  cookery,  women-gardeners, 
sundials,  colour-blindness,  the  management  of 
boys,  rain-water,  smoking,  schoolgirls,  and  we 
know  not  what  beside.  Of  course  such  a  book 
bristles  with  points  on  which  differences  of 
opinion  may  fairly  exist.  There  is  a  certain 
want  of  proportion  about  the  author's  state- 
ments that  would  lead  us  to  hesitate  before 
accepting  them ;  but,  as  we  have  said,  the  book 
defies  criticism.  The  best  plan  is  to  commend 
it  to  the  reader  as  a  delightful  one  to  take  up 
in  spare  moments,  but  not  as  one  to  pin  one's 
faith  upon. 

Open- Air  Studies. — Botany :  SJcetches  of  British 
Wild  Flowers  in  their  Homes.  By  R.  Lloyd 
Praeger.  (Griffin  &  Co.^' — In  this  book,  we  are 
told, 

"an  attempt  Las  been  made  to  exliibit  by  means  of 
familiar  scenes  in  our  own  islands  glimpses  of  i)]ant- 
life  ;  interpreted  not  by  the  examining  of  micro- 
scopic slides  in  the  laboratory,  nor  yet  by  the 
conning  of  plant  mummies  in  the  herbarium,  but 
by  the  study  of  actual  scenes  from  nature.  Thus 
only  can  we  hope  to  comprebend  the  life  of  a  plant 
or  of  a  plant  community,  and  appreciate  the  condi- 
tions under  which  each  species  lives,  and  the  adap- 
tations by  which  each  is  abla  to  maintain  its  position 
in  the  plant  world  and  fulfil  its  proper  functions." 

The  author  has,  we  think,  succeeded  in  his 
attempt.  He  takes  the  reader  with  him  on  his 
rambles  in  the  meadows  or  by  the  river,  along 
the  hedgerows  or  over  the  shingle  ;  and,  fasci- 
nating his  willing  victim  after  the  fashion  of 
the  Ancient  Mariner,  he  contrives  to  convey  a 
great  deal  of  information  on  the  natural  history, 
as  it  used  to  be  called,  of  plants.  It  is  rather 
amusing  to  note  the  patronizing  way  in  which 
writers  of  the  modern  school,  to  which  our 
author  belongs,  speak  of  their  predecessors. 
They  assume,  or  seem  to  assume,  that  previous 
to  their  own  advent  there  were  no  "  naturalists," 
and  that  even  field  botany  was  mere  collecting 
or  index  -  making.     A  glance  at  the  'Amoeni- 


tates  Academicie,'  published  under  the  auspices 
of  Linnreus,  would  suffice  to  dispel  that  idea, 
and  a  little  more  investigation  of  affinities 
would  prevent  the  possiVjle  figments  of  the 
imagination  from  being  accepted  as  positive 
truths.  To  attain  good  results  the  rough-and- 
ready  methods  of  field-work  require  to  be  con- 
trolled by  the  more  exact  information  derived 
from  actual  experiment  in  the  laboratory,  as 
well  as  from  the  study  of  "sections"  and  the 
comparative  investigation  of  "plant  mummies." 
What  amount  of  field-work,  for  instance,  would 
of  itself  have  sufficed  to  give  us  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  action  of  bacteria  in  pro- 
viding a  supply  of  nitrogen  for  leguminous 
plants  ?  In  fact,  no  one  department  of  botany 
can  afford  to  dispense  with  the  aid  and  assist- 
ance of  others.  Specialists  there  must  be,  but, 
instead  of  sneering  at  one  another,  they  can  all 
work  together  for  a  common  aim.  Mr.  Lloyd 
Praeger's  is  one  of  the  most  accurate  as  well  as 
interesting  books  of  the  kind  we  have  seen.  It 
has  plenty  of  references  to  standard  works,  is 
beautifully  illustrated,  and  has  a  good  index. 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 


Although  the  number  of  spots  on  the  sun 
continues  progressively  to  diminish  (an  epoch 
of  minimum  being  due  some  time  next  year) 
there  have  been  several  instances  lately  of  large 
spots,  occasionally  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  One 
of  these  was  observed  last  month,  and  a  descrip- 
tion pf  it,  with  drawing,  is  given  in  the  current 
number  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  Soci^te  Astrono- 
mique  of  France.  Its  longest  diameter  amounted 
to  about  54,500  kilometres,  or  more  than  four 
times  that  of  the  earth.  It  was  surrounded  by 
a  large  and  irregular  penumbra,  which  appeared 
to  be  in  a  state  of  great  commotion,  indicating 
by  its  changes,  when  last  seen,  the  approaching 
decay  of  the  spot. 

Prof.  Schaeberle,  of  the  Lick  Observatory, 
has  noticed  (Astronomical  Journal,  No.  411) 
during  the  recent  opposition  of  Saturn  a  partial 
division  in  the  inner  bright  (or  B)  ring  which 
had  not  previously  been  visible.  "  The  width," 
he  says,  "of  the  division  is  about  the  same  as 
that  of  the  Cassini  division  ;  but  while  the  latter 
is  always  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  ring- 
system,  the  new  division  is  evidently  not  com- 
plete, for  it  contains  matter  which  reflects  light 
to  such  an  extent  that  when  the  conditions  of 
seeing  are  not  fair,  this  new  division  would  be 
overlooked." 

The  Report  of  the  Government  Astronomer 
at  Madras  (Mr.  C.  Michie  Smith)  for  the  twelve- 
month which  ended  on  March  31st  has  been 
received.  That  year  was  remarkable  for  ex- 
ceptionally heavy  rainfalls,  which  injured  the 
houses  connected  with  the  observatory  con- 
siderably. The  usual  observations  for  deter- 
mination of  time  have  been  carried  on,  and  the 
investigation  of  the  errors  of  division  of  the 
meridian  circle  has  been  completed  after  in- 
volving a  large  amount  of  labour.  The  Govern- 
ment has  sanctioned  the  revival  of  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  chief  assistant,  which' will  shortly  be 
made  ;  and  also  the  provision  of  funds  for  an 
expedition  to  observe  the  total  eclipse  of  next 
.January,  Karad  having  been  selected  as  the 
most  suitable  station  for  the  purpose. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  publish  almost 
almost  immediately  a  little  book  by  Sir  Norman 
Lnckyer,  under  the  title  of  '  Recent  and  Coming 
Eclipses,  being  Notes  on  the  Total  Solar  Eclipses 
of  1893,  1896,  and  1898.' 

We  have  received  the  sixth  number  of  the 
Memorie  della  Societd  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani 
for  the  present  year.  It  contains  an  obituary 
notice,  with  portrait,  of  Arminio  Nobile,  Second 
Astronomer  of  the  Capodimonte  Observatory 
(where  he  was  born  in  1838),  and  Professor  of 
Geodesy  at  the  Royal  University  of  Naples  ;  a 
note  l)y  Dr.  Rizzio  on  the  absolute  measures 
of  solar  heat  made  at  the  erection  "Regina 
Margherita  "  on  Monte  Rosa  ;  and  another  by 


N''3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


359 


Prof.  Tacchini  on  the  distribution  in  latitude 
of  the  solar  phenomena  as  observed  at  Rome 
during  the  second  quarter  of  the  present  year. 


A  BRONZE  statue  in  honour  of  Marcello 
Malpighi,  the  famous  doctor  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  was  unveiled  on  Wednesday,  Sep- 
tember 8th,  at  Crevalcore,  near  Bologna.  The 
Royal  Society  of  London,  whose  relations  with 
Malpighi  in  the  seventeenth  century  were  very 
intimate,  and  who  published  many  of  his  notable 
contributions  to  microscopic  anatomy  and  vege- 
table histology,  sent  an  address  of  congratula- 
tion Dr.  D.  H.  Scott  was  to  have  attended 
the  festival  ceremony  on  behalf  of  the  Society, 
but  at  the  last  moment  was  prevented  from 
doing  so.  A  memorial  volume,  '  Malpighi  e 
1'  Opera  sua,'  edited  by  Dr.  Vallardi,  will 
shortly  appear,  and  will  contain,  among  other 
articles,  a  note  by  Prof.  M.  Foster. 

Messes.  George  Kewnes  have  in  hand  a 
volume  devoted  to  'The  Story  of  Germ  Life,' 
by  Mr.  H.  W.  Conn.  It  aims  at  giving  a  read- 
able outline  of  what  is  known  about  bacteria, 
and  showing  that  these  organisms  may  be 
regarded  not  primarily  as  enemies,  but  as 
benefactors  to  mankind. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Meier  Pliny'' s  Chapters  on  the  History  of 
Art.  Translated  by  K.  Jex-Blake.  With 
Commentary  and  Historical  Introduction 
by  E.  Sellers  ;  and  additional  Notes  con- 
tributed by  Dr.  H.  L.  Urlicbs.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

This  volume  constitutes  the  first  attempt  in 
any  language  to  gather  around  the  text  of 
Pliny,  on  whom  wo  are  to  so  great  an  ex- 
tent dependent  for  our  knowledge  of  the 
history  of  ancient  art,  the  vast  accumulation 
of  facts  and  theories  that  illustrate  or  correct 
his  statements.  Miss  Sellers  has  before  now 
deserved  well  of  English  readers  by  present- 
ing them  with  the  results  of  German  re- 
search in  a  readable  form  ;  in  this  case  the 
labour  of  compiling  from  so  unwieldy  and 
so  ill- arranged  a  mass  of  literature  must  have 
been  very  great,  and  the  result  appears  to 
approach  very  near  to  completeness. 

The  introduction  gives,  in  about  eighty 
pages,  a  clear  summary  of  the  results  of 
recent  research  as  to  the  sources  from  which 
the  information  given  us  by  Pliny  is  derived. 
If  we  are  often  unable  to  accept  the  over- 
subtle  distinctions  and  the  fine-drawn  theo- 
ries of  German  industry  and  ingenuity,  we 
are  none  the  less  grateful  to  have  them 
made  accessible  in  so  convenient  a  form. 

The  nature  of  Pliny's  compilation  is  at- 
tested by  his  own  words  and  by  the  descrip- 
tion of  his  nephew,  both  quoted  on  the  page 
facing  the  introduction.  Every  moment  of 
his  life,  even  while  he  was  eating  or  travel- 
ling or  performing  his  toilet,  he  read  or  was 
read  to,  and  made  or  dictated  extracts,  and 
in  this  waj',  as  he  himself  says,  he  gathered 
matter  "  from  some  two  thousand  books,  but 
few  of  which  are  known  to  the  learned,  owing 
to  the  absti'use  nature  of  their  contents, 
and  from  one  hundred  chief  authorities." 
He  also  gives,  for  each  book  of  his  own  work, 
a  list  of  the  chief  authorities,  which,  however, 
makes  no  pretension  to  be  exhaustive.  During 
the  last  half  century  many  German  scholars 
have  been  attempting  the  Herculean  task 
of  unravelling  the  tangled  mass  of  informa- 


tion with  which  Pliny  has  filled  his  books 
on  art,  and  of  assigning  to  his  various 
authorities  what  he  has  borrowed,  directly 
or  indirectly,  from  them.  We  must  remem- 
ber that  of  some  of  these  authorities  little  or 
nothing  is  left  except  what  may  inf erentially 
be  attributed  to  them  among  Pliny's  com- 
pilations ;  moreover,  the  investigators  have 
been  led  to  believe  that  "  Antigonus  in- 
corporated the  treatise  of  Xenocrates  into 
his  own  work,"  and  that  "  Pol  em  on' s  whole 
book  was  merely  the  comprehensive  criti- 
cism, the  improvement,  and  enlargement  of 
that  of  Antigonus,"  while  Pasiteles  and 
Varro  have  to  come  in  as  intermediaries 
before  the  result  filters  through  to  Pliny. 
Yet  the  character  and  the  predilections  of 
each  of  these  writers,  and  of  many  others, 
have  been  evolved  by  a  process  in  which 
one  is  at  a  loss  whether  to  admire  more  the 
industry  or  the  imagination  of  the  critics, 
and  almost  every  fact  or  anecdote  in  Pliny's 
history  is  assigned  dogmatically  to  one  or 
other  of  his  predecessors  as  its  ultimate 
authority,  though  often  to  different  authori- 
ties by  different  critics.  As  we  read  Miss 
Sellers's  introduction,  we  seem  to  realize 
the  personality  of  each  of  the  various  authors 
from  whom  Pliny's  facts  are  derived ;  it  is 
only  when  we  investigate  the  foundations 
on  which  the  whole  structure  is  reared  that 
our  admiration  gives  way  to  scepticism. 
Those  who  have  to  study  Pliny's  text  as  a 
basis  for  the  history  of  art  will  do  well  to 
consider  his  sources,  if  only  to  learn  caution 
as  to  the  way  in  which  they  quote  his  state- 
ments ;  but  they  will  be  rash  indeed  if  they 
draw  any  inferences  from  the  supposition 
that  any  particular  writer  was  his  authority 
for  any  particular  fact. 

The  translation  is  readable  and,  so  far  as 
we  have  been  able  to  test  it,  accurate.  The 
notes  are  very  full  in  their  references  to 
recent  literature.  The  dogmatism  with  which 
passages  are  assigned  to  earlier  authors  as 
their  source  is  defended  in  the  introduction  ; 
it  is  matched  by  a  corresponding  tendency  to 
recognize  purely  conjectural  identifications 
of  statues  such  as  can  be  no  help  towards 
a  scientific  study.  There  is  throughout  too 
great  a  tendency  to  prefer  novelty  to  pro- 
bability. This  reaches  its  climax  in  Miss 
Sellers's  own  attempt  to  deny  to  Praxiteles 
the  authorship  of  the  Hermes  at  Olympia, 
an  attempt  which,  however  ingenious  in 
argument,  cannot  be  taken  seriously.  It 
is  to  be  feared  that  these  defects  will  tend 
to  diminish  the  permanent  value  of  a  work 
which,  though  it  might  have  shown  more 
discretion  in  preferring  fact  to  theory,  will 
not  easily  be  superseded. 

Dr.  Urlichs's  notes  are  somewhat  dis- 
appointing, especially  since  it  is  stated  that 
his  own  edition  of  these  books  will  not  now 
appear.  The  book  meets  a  need  that  has 
long  been  felt ;  and  it  will  be  most  beneficial 
in  its  effect  if  it  leads  those  who  study  the 
history  of  Greek  art  to  read  their  Pliny  con- 
secutively, and  so  to  appreciate  the  nature 
of  his  compilation  more  thoroughly  than  if 
they  read  him  only  in  a  collection  of  extracts. 


Les  Ivoires.  Par  E.  Molinier.  Illustrated. 
(Paris,  E.  Levy  &  Cie. ;  London,  C.  Davis.) — 
This  handsome  and  beautifully  as  well  as  amply 
illustrated  folio  has  no  parallel  in  English.  It 
is  the  work,  too,  of  one  of  the  best  living  autho- 
rities on  the  archaeology,  not  less  than  the  art, 


of  an  extremely  curious  and  interesting  subject. 
It  is  true  that  we  have  in  English  some  excellent 
works  treating  more  or  less  incidentally  of  the 
art,  such  as  those  of  Westvvood,  Digby  Wyatt, 
Maskell,  Mr.  Oldfield,  and  a  few  others  of  less 
note,  to  say  nothing  of  translations  of  the  writ- 
ings of  Labarte,  Stephens,  Waagen,  Lenormant, 
and  Gori,  which  have  helped  to  establish  among 
us  a  general  appreciation  of   the  subject  ;  but 
these   are    either   mere   outlines,    like    the    ex- 
cellent South    Kensington  manual  of    the  late 
Mr.   Maskell  ;    catalogues  with  terse  introduc- 
tions,   such     as    Westwood's     '  Fictile     Ivory 
Casts '  ;    or    monographs    on    sections    of    the 
history   of    the  matter.      Most   of  the  last  are 
scattered    in    the    publications    of  antiquarian 
societies.     None  of  these  has  effected  what  the 
volume   before   us   achieves.      It   is   the    more 
remarkable  that  our  literature   should   lack   a 
work  of  this  kind,  seeing  that,  apart  from  many 
rare  and    beautiful    specimens  in    the    British 
Museum,  South  Kensington  owns  more  than  a 
thousand  (!)  instances,  originals  and  fictile  casts 
which   are    as  valuable    for    artistic  studies  as 
their  originals  themselves,  and  form  a  collection 
unequalled    for  purposes    of   instruction.       We 
have,    too,    the    Fejervary   Collection,    now  at 
Liverpool,   a  gift   to  that  city  of   Mr.   Mayer, 
a    great  public   benefactor    in   this   and    other 
ways.      Seeing  that  we  have  not  such  a   book 
as   this,    it    is   to    be    hoped    an    enterprising 
publisher    will    produce    a    translation    of    M. 
Molinier's  text,  enriched,   as  in    many  similar 
cases,    with   all    the    spirited  and    sympathetic 
drawings  on  wood  here  printed  with  the  type, 
as  well    as  those  clear,   faithful,   and   brilliant 
larger  plates  for  which  photography  has  been 
used  with  the  best  results.     For  artists   even 
more  than  for  antiquaries  two  sections  of  M. 
Molinier's  book  possess  exceptional  attractions  : 
that  which  treats  of  the  Byzantine  and  Roman- 
esque styles  and  relics  of    ivory  carving,    and 
that   devoted    to   the   lovely  mediaeval   art,   of 
which  the  renowned  '  Vierge  et  I'Enfant  J^sus,' 
formerly  in   La  Sainte  Chapelle,  a  masterpiece 
dating  from  c.  1305,  is  the  crowning  specimen. 
It  belongs  to  that  school  of  design  of  which  we 
in    this   country   retain    precious    nearly   con- 
temporary relics  in  the  statues  in  the  taber- 
nacles of  the  Eleanor  Crosses,  on  a  few  tombs, 
in     the     faqades     of     certain      "  unrestored " 
cathedrals,  as  well  as    in  various  monumental 
brasses,  as  at  Cobham    and    elsewhere.      The 
charming     specimen     which     seems     to     have 
belonged    to    St.    Louis    illustrates    a    period 
the    art    of    which,    as    our    author    suggests 
with  less  emphasis    than    we   looked   for   from 
so    accomplished    a    student,    had    reached   a 
somewhat    florid   stage    of    development,    and 
thus,    as    in    all    other    cases,     indicated    the 
approach  of  that  exaggeration  which  is  neither 
more  nor  less  than  a  decadence.   In  this  respect 
it  differs   from   the  idealized  effigies  of   Queen 
Eleanor  and  the  quasi-portraits  incised  in  brass 
at  Cobham,  none  of  which  is  at  all  flamboyant  in 
its  design  and  execution,  but  graceful  and  pure. 
St.  Louis's  'Vierge,'  too,  belongs  to  a  type  of 
sculpture   (whether  in   ivory,   wood,    or    stone 
matters  not)  the  numerous  specimens  of  which 
still  existing  affirm  that  it  had  nearly   passed 
into  a  state  of  almost  hieratic  formalism,  with 
conventions  more  beautiful,  indeed,  but  not  at 
all  less  restricted,  than  those  which  constrained 
the   Egyptian   carvers   of   the   hieratic    epoch. 
M.    Molinier,    who,    by    the    way,    seems    to 
have  overlooked  the  analogies  of  the   Eleanor 
Crosses  and  English  tombs,  astutely  points  out 
the  existence  and  nature    of    these   numerous 
later  instances,  and  thus,  if  such  a  proof  could 
be  called    for    of  his  broad   views  and   ample 
knowledge    of    his    subject,    enables    students 
warmly     to    commend      'Les     Ivoires.'      The 
author  says   somewhere   (but  we  have  not,  in 
defect  of  anything  like  an  index  to   his  book, 
been    able    to    recover   the   passage)   that   the 
exceeding    beauty,    freedom,    and    adaptability 
to  fall  in  long  and   elegant  lines,  with  perfect 


360 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


facility  for  adjusting  themselves  to  the  forms 
within,  of  the  dresses  universally  worn  by  both 
sexes  of  the  upper  classes  in  France,  Eng- 
land, and  Italy  during  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries,  gave  great  advan- 
tages to  the  sculptor  who  carved  men  and 
angels  with  a  truly  classic  grace,  as  ap- 
pears in  'Le  Couronnement  de  la  Vierge,'  a 
French  carving  in  ivory  which  is  one  of  the 
greatest  treasures  the  last  decade  of  the  thir- 
teenth century  bequeathed  to  the  Louvre.  In 
the  section  on  "  Les  Ivoires  de  I'fipoque 
Gothique,"  M.  Molinier  notices  that  in  the 
Collection  Benjamin  Fillon,  sold  in  1882,  "  se 
trouvait  jadis  une  grande  figure  de  la  Vierge 
portant  I'Enfant  Jt^sus  dont  la  pose  encore 
hi^ratique  participait  de  I'art  roman  "  (i.e., 
what  we  call  Romanesque  art),  and  he  observes, 
too,  that  the  dates  ascribed  to  this  and  a  similar 
example  are  questionable.  The  fact  is  that  it 
is  not  difficult  to  draw  the  line  which  separates 
"le  style  roman"  from  "le  style  gothique"  in 
ivory  carving  ;  students  have  always  found  it  to 
be  so  when  sculpture  of  other  sorts  is  in  view. 
Romanesque  examples  and  their  analogues,  the 
Byzantine  ivories  which  remain  to  us,  are,  as 
might  be  expected  from  the  length  of  time 
during  which  these  styles  prevailed,  much  more 
numerous  than  those  in  which  we  can  discover 
transitional  elements  of  the  change  which  cul- 
minated c.  1290.  M.  Molinier  indicates  the 
previous  subordination  of  carving  in  ivory 
as  well  as  in  stone  to  the  architecture  of 
the  Transitional  period,  whence  the  advance 
was  brief  and  rapid  to  that  which  gave  us 
the  innumerable  purely  Gothic  monuments. 
From  these  last  the  sculptor's  freedom  from 
hieratic  trammels  maybe  said  to  date.  Further 
on  the  author,  with  patriotic  zeal,  maintains 
the  reputation  of  his  countrymen  as  sculptors 
against  those  who,  on  the  strength  of  a  pas- 
sage in  the  '  Diversarum  Artium  Schedula ' 
of  Theophilus,  have  confused,  to  the  disadvan- 
tage of  France,  the  artistic  production  of  that 
country  and  Italy  during  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries.  "  C'est  I'art  franfais  qui 
tient  la  premiere  place,"  says  he,  and  effectively 
appeals  to  unchallengeable  evidence  of  style 
in  both  countries.  It  is  sufficient  for  this  pur- 
pose to  compare  the  exquisite  French  cross- 
heads  in  ivory  engraved  on  p.  194  with  that 
almost  contemporaneous  one  which  faces  them 
on  Planche  XIX. 

Manchester,  Old  and  New.  By  W.  A.  Shaw. 
3  vols.  Illustrated.  (Cassell  &  Co.)— As  is 
befitting,  Mr.  Shaw  believes  in  Manchester.  To 
him  there  is  no  exaggeration  or  satire  in  the 
saying  that  "  the  Manchester  of  to-day  is  the 
England  of  to-morrow."  In  fact,  he  claims 
toe  mi'.ch  for  his  city  ;  for  example,  he 
avers  that  the  woodwork  of  the  cathedral 
chancel  "  affords  probably  the  finest  samj)le 
of  carving  to  be  found  in  England."  Of 
this  we  are  not  sure  ;  in  truth,  we  know  better. 
There  is  room,  it  seems — and  we  are  sorry  to 
hear  it  on  the  authority  of  the  city's  patriotic 
historian — 

''for  one  quality  to  transform  her  intellectual 
lead[!]  into  a  hif<her,  and  make  her  capable  of 
leadmg  the  nation  in  spiritual  matters  as  in 
commerce  and  enteri>rise." 

Surely  this  is  rather  hard  upon  Bishop  Moor- 
house,  who,  nevertheless,  may  not  have  had 
time  for  the  purpose  in  question  ;  he  was  only 
appointed  in  1886.  It  must  not,  however,  be 
supposed  that  Mr.  Shaw  is  not  a  friend  of  the 
clergy  ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  manifest  from  his 
account  of  this  body  that  Manchester  has  a 
most  desirable  Chapter,  and  of  the  "inferior 
clergy"  an  admirable  staflf ;  nor  are  the 
municipal  authorities  less  worthy  of  admiration. 
Indeed,  of  nearly  everybody  of  note  con- 
nected with  his  subject  our  author  takes  bene- 
volent views,  and  thus  helps  his  reader  to  study 
volumes  so  large  and  loaded  with  personal  and 
local  details  as  these  are.  These  notices  are 
generally   written  in  a  lively  and  sympathetic 


manner,  so  that,  although  they  often  relate  to 
matters  of  small  consequence,  even  when  local 
patriotism  may  fairly  make  the  most  of  them, 
the  reader  need  not  grumble  about  their  number 
or  their  smallness ;  nor  does  it  much  matter 
that,  when  antiquarian  details  are  set  forth  in 
his  text,  Mr.  Shaw  is  not  accurate  to  a  super- 
human degree.  Thus,  speaking  (p.  38)  of  Dr. 
Dee's  show-stone,  where  the  Doctor  pretended 
to  see  the  future  "in  crystallo,"as  he  styled  it, 
our  author  says  it  was  "a  concave  glass  or  magi- 
cal mirror,"  whereas  he  ought  to  have  known 
that  this  curious  apparatus  was,  or  is,  a  sphere 
about  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter  ;  nor 
does  it  much  matter  that  none  of  Madox  Brown's 
noble  but  unequal  series  of  pictures  in  the  Town 
Hall  at  Manchester  is,  strictly  speaking,  a  fresco  ; 
nor  can  they  be  said  to  be  executed  in  one 
method  only.  A  more  serious  defect  is  the 
little  said  about  the  Assize  Courts,  which  surely 
deserved  praise.  Woolner'snoble  statueof  Moses, 
which  surmounts  the  principal  gable  of  that 
important  building,  is  not  even  mentioned.  It 
is  a  mistake  to  describe  the  great  hall 
therein  as  having  a  close  resemblance  to  West- 
minster Hall.  Although  our  historian  is  not  too 
hard  upon  the  uglier  and  more  sordid  buildings 
of  the  city,  he  is  capable  of  appreciating,  and 
not  over-praising,  Manchester's  numerous  good 
and  handsome  structures,  both  old  and  new,  and 
his  praise  is  justified.  He  is  too  ready,  perhaps,  to 
suppose  that  Manchester  is  very  nearly  the  centre 
of  civilization,  to  say  nothing  of  public  virtue. 
Apart  from  such  exaggerated  views — which, 
after  all,  are  natural — we  can  cordially  and 
thoroughly  recommend  the  volumes  before  us 
as  a  useful,  comprehensive,  and  well-arranged 
work,  replete  with  matter  every  Manchester 
man  may  be  expected  to  care  about.  The  his- 
tory of  every  one  of  the  city's  public  institu- 
tions, churches  of  note,  societies,  theatres, 
clubs,  canals,  and  what  not,  is  epitomized 
with  care  and,  to  the  best  of  our  know- 
ledge, correctness  and  completeness.  Nor,  in 
a  general  way,  is  the  history  of  Manchester's 
leading  crafts  and  trades  neglected.  The  leaders 
of  the  city's  life,  from  Dr.  Dee  to  Cobden,  from 
John  Byrom  to  the  present  High  Master  of  the 
College,  from  Dalton  to  the  chemistry  teachers 
of  our  own  day,  are  successively  dealt  with, 
while  scores  of  portraits,  nearly  all  of  them 
veracious  and  full  of  character,  represent  tlie 
worthies  of  the  city,  from  John  Syddall,  who 
was  hanged  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  to 
Madox  Brown.  In  addition  to  these  illustra- 
tions there  is  a  large  number  of  excellent  views, 
maps,  and  plans. 

L'Art  Pratique:  Der  Formcn-Schatz.  (Munich, 
Hirth.)— This  is  the  volume  for  1896,  of  which 
we  noticed  the  forerunner  for  1895  on  the  loth 
of  August  last  year,  and  then  in  general  terms 
described  the  character,  objects,  and  contents 
of  the  work  as  a  whole.  The  instalment  now 
before  us  fully  justifies  the  praises  we  bestowed 
upon  its  predecessor.  Its  plates — 192  in  all — 
represent  a  much  greater  number  of  objects, 
and  the  latter  are  at  least  as  various  and  in- 
teresting to  students  as  those  to  which  we  have 
already  referred.  They  consist  of  a  perfect 
treasury  of  memoranda  of  all  sorts,  such  as  the 
antique  Ganymede  noAV  at  Naples  ;  bacchic 
cups  in  bronze  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale, 
Paris  ;  Dutch  armorial  engravings  in  the  manner 
of  Albert  Diirer  ;  a  child's  head,  drawn  by 
Da  Vinci,  now  in  the  Louvre  :  the  '  Prudence  ' 
of  G.  Delia  Robbia  ;  a  Pieta,  by  Bazzi,  in  red 
chalk  ;  a  sumptuous  '  Vt^nus  '  in  marble,  by 
Pierre  Mounot  ;  the  Ludovisi  'Juno  '  at  Rome  ; 
Gothic  genre  sculpture  from  Rheims  ;  decora- 
tive works  in  gilt  bronze  of  the  time  of 
Louis  Seize  ;  pictures  by  P.  Perugino,  Michael 
Angelo,  Rembrandt,  Tintoiet,  and  other  famous 
artists  ;  engravings  by  Gravelot,  B.  Picart, 
Van  der  Meulen,  Rembrandt,  Marillier,  and 
Cherubini.  Not  only  works  of  art  proper, 
but  "  objets  d'art "  and  specimens  of  crafts- 
manship of  the  more  intelligent  kinds  abound 


here,  such  as  a  fine  Etruscan  casque  in 
bronze,  German,  French,  and  Italian  pieces  of 
hammered  iron,  majolica,  and  ebony  and  ivory 
carvings.  The  examples  are  not  classed  accord- 
ing to  their  nature  and  origin,  but  classified 
indexes  help  the  student.  It  is  a  pity  that  the 
inscriptions  at  the  foot  of  each  plate  are  so  large 
as  to  confuse  the  observer,  and  that,  when  read, 
they  do  not  describe  or  give  the  proper  names 
of  the  examples,  but,  instead  of  that,  refer  to 
the  index,  which  gives  needless  trouble. 

Egyptologist.s  and  lovers  of  the  work  and 
art  of  ancient  Egypt  will  welcome  Mr.  F.  G. 
Hilton  Price's  Catalogue  of  the  Egyptian  Anti- 
quities (Quaritch)  in  his  possession,  and  many 
will  be  glad  to  read  quietly  at  their  leisure  an 
account  of  the  treasures  which  have  for  some 
time  past  been  familiar  to  the  greater  number 
of  those  who  are  interested  in  such  things. 
He  was  wise  to  follow  the  example  set  by  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  Lady  Meux,  and  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Loftie,  all  of  whom  have  published 
catalogues  of  their  collections,  and  he  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  the  appearance  of  the  sump- 
tuously printed  volume  now  before  us.  Mr. 
Price's  '  Catalogue  '  contains  nearly  four  thou- 
sand entries,  which  describe  a  representative 
collection  of  small  Egyptian  antiquities, 
that  is  to  say  scarabs,  shahti  figures,  bronze 
gods  and  sacred  animals,  objects  in  faience, 
&c.  Naturally,  as  he  himself  says,  his  collec- 
tion contains  neither  large  stone  monuments, 
nor  mummies,  nor  objects  the  proper  place  for 
which  is  a  public  museum.  Messrs.  Harrison's 
hieroglyphic  types  have  been  freely  used,  and 
antiquities  of  special  interest  are  illustrated 
either  by  plates  or  wood-blocks  inserted  in  the 
text.  It  is  a  hopeful  sign  for  the  future  of 
Egyptology  in  this  country  that  private  col- 
lectors are  recognizing  the  importance  of  making 
their  collections  more  generally  known,  and  we 
trust  that  those  who  have  not  already  done  so 
may  sec  their  way  to  issue  catalogues  at  the 
earliest  convenient  opportunity  ;  they  will 
thereby  assist  in  the  advancement  of  science, 
and  will  incidentally  enhance  the  market  value 
of  their  possessions. 

A  Book  of  Fifty  Drawings,  by  A.  Beardsley, 
with  an  Iconography  by  A.  Vallance  (Sinithers), 
comprises  a  number  of  Mr.  Beardsley's  draw- 
ings which  have  previously  served  as  cuts  in 
books  and  wall  posters,  and  are  remarkable  for 
the  pains  the  draughtsman  has  expended  in  the 
search  for  ugliness  and  deformities.  For  in- 
stance, 'Atalanta'  is  a  gaunt  and  ill-proportioned 
figure,  without  passion,  energy,  or  grace,  in  a 
much-curled  wig  and  a  huge  hat  and  plumes, 
and  holding  a  puny  bow.  "Wishing  to  design 
grotesques,  Mr.  Beardsley  yet  lacks  force  of 
imagination.  Performances  like  '  Atalanta  '  are 
the  more  to  be  regretted  because  there  are  a  few 
really  clever  borders  and  headpieces  for  books 
in  this  collection. 

Tlie  Chant  of  a  Lonely  ISoiil.  Written  by 
I.  Osgood.  Illustrated  by  R.  Machell.  (Gay 
&  Bird.) — Before  now  we  have  had  to  do  with 
books  of  many  sorts — with  books  in  hideous 
bindings  of  all  kinds  of  colours,  bedizened 
with  gold,  copper,  or  silver  ;  we  have 
reviewed  oval  books,  triangular  volumes, 
and  tomes  that  took  the  shapes  of  spades ; 
it  has  been  our  troublesome  fortune  to  have 
to  do  with  printed  matter  which  disdained 
book-form  at  all,  and  was  given  on  long  slips  of 
paper  rolled  on  cylinders  at  the  ends,  just  as 
the  Hebrew  Torah  is  rolled  ;  and  we  have  read 
publications  which  were  printed  upon  separate 
leaves  through  which  cords  were  passed,  and 
thus  kept  them,  like  Tamil  manuscripts,  within 
stiff  covers  ;  but  this  is  the  first  time  that  we  have, 
thanks  to  Miss  Irene  Osgood,  had  todo  with  a  book 
which,  like  her  purely  nonsensical  '  Chant,'  was 
strongly  scented — was,  in  fact,  a  sort  of  literary 
sachet,  the  typography  being  bound  between 
padded  and  odoriferous  covers.  Of  course  we 
knew   that   some   of   the   old  French    binders 


N«3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


361 


scented  their  books,  as  with  musk  or  camphor, 
the  perfume  of  which  two  or  three  centuries 
have  not  entirely  abolished.  The  old-fashioned 
prejudice  in  favour  of  binding  "  in  russia  "  may 
derive  from  this  practice,  and  it  is  not  easy  to 
forget  that,  especially  in  Italy  during  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries,  articles  of 
attire,  such  as  gloves — those  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
to  wit — were  often  strongly  perfumed.  Miss 
Osgood,  who,  we  believe,  comes  from  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  leaves  us  to  wonder 
why  we  have  at  her  hands  this  new  expe- 
rience, because  the  scent  of  her  '  Chant '  is 
neither  natural  nor  wholesome.  But  all  wonder 
vanished  when  we  came  to  read  the  astound- 
ing nonsense— whether  it  be  verse  or  only  ill- 
printed  prose  we  cannot  say— of  her  text,  which 
begins  thus,  the  "  lonely  Soul,"  while  still  par- 
tially sane,  chanting: — 

"  I  am  hovering  over  my  own  grave,  while  the 
Sun  is  going  down  to  its  home  in  the  West.  The 
weary  old  world  is  all  in  a  glory  of  hues,— pinks, 
mauves,  silver,  and  gold.  There  where  the  sky  is 
restless,  a  billow  of  tawny  red  and  saffron  brown  is 
throbbing  itself  to  rest." 

So  far  it  is  all  right,  only  we  think  we  have 
heard  of  such  things  before.  But  Miss  Osgood 
passes  through  many  unquotable  paroxysms 
before  she  reaches  the  final  agony,  and  records 
the  catastrophe  in  the  lines  : — 

"Ah  !  give  me  just  one  caress,  you  sleepy 
luscious  rose,  flow  strange  it  is  that  pain  will  not 
leave  me,  for  I  have  heard  that  the  souls  of  the  dead 
have  rest." 

It  appears  that  in  this  fashion  catalepsy 
seizes  Miss  Osgood,  and,  as  an  original 
writer,  she  is  mute.  Returning  to  common 
sense,  the  lady  next  appears  with  what  she 
calls  an  "adaptation  from  the  French  of 
Comte  H.  de  Montesquoiu  -  Fezensac's  [sic] 
'  Les  Chauves-Souris,' "  entitled  'Litanees  to 
Tanit,'  a  series  of  moonstruck  lines,  comprising 
rhapsodical  addresses  to  Luna  under  her 
diversely  coloured  aspects.  Strange  to  tell 
readers  of  the  lady  s  'Chant,'  threads  of 
relevance  and  something  that  is  not  far  removed 
from  sense  run  through  her  version  of  the 
"Comte's"  lunacies,  and  we  are  not  quite 
bewildered  when  we  reach  the  final  appeal :  — 

O  bubble  moon,  the  morning  softly  breaks 
The  dreaming  night  for  our  mad  sakes. 

O  Moon  ! 

Mr.  Machell,  who  appears  to  be  quite  sane  and 
not  a  bad  draughtsman,  caught  something  of 
Blake's  inspiration  when,  in  his  designs  in 
monochrome,  he  attempted  to  give  form  and 
substance  to  his  ideas  of  what  Miss  Osgood 
might  have  in  her  fragment  of  a  mind. 

Q\ieer  People.  By  P.  Cox.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
— There  is  a  good  deal  of  labour  and  a  certain 
amount  of  cleverness — for  neither  of  which  do 
we  care  much — in  the  vignettes  and  other  cuts 
printed  with  the  thin  and  juvenile  verses  in 
which  the  author  describes  what  he  calls 
"queer  people,"  their  actions  and  their  sur- 
roundings. Mr.  Cox  is  at  immense  pains  to  be 
amusing,  and  sometimes  he  succeeds. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Old  Italian 
Masters  in  the  National  Gallery  (Hibberd)  com- 
prises a  number  of  cuts  which  we  seem  to  have 
seen  before  in  cheap  publications,  and  which 
are  now  too  black  and  badly  printed.  The 
notes,  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Hev/lett,  are  not  particu- 
larly valuable. 

Thk  fourth  edition  of  Sir  E.  Poynter's  Lec- 
tures on  Art  (Chapman  &  Hall)  contaias  two 
additional  addresses,  one  on  decorative  art  and 
the  other  delivered  at  the  distribution  of  prizes 
at  the  Manchester  School  of  Art. 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  George  Allen 
two  neat  volumes,  being  the  first  instalment 
of  a  reissue  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  Modern  Painters 
in  small  form. 


STKAFFORD    PORTRAITS, 

In  a  letter  to  his  wife,  written  from  London 
in  June,  1636,   the  Lord    Deputy  Wentworth 


says,  "  My  picture  in  great  you  shall  have,  and 
one  in  little,  if  I  can  possibly  procure  it,  but 
Mr.  Hawkins  hath  so  much  work,  I  fear  he  will 
not  have  time  to  spare  ;  however,  if  I  possibly 
can  you  shall  have  one  "  (Cooper's  '  Life  of 
Straflford,'  i.  380). 

That  the  picture  "  in  little  "  was  executed  we 
have  reason  to  believe,  because  it  is  probably 
"the  picture  enamelled  "  sent  by  the  widowed 
Lady  Straflbrd  to  the  Queen  of  Bohemia  in 
1641  (Lardner's  '  British  Statesmen,'  vi.  72). 

The  Queen  of  Bohemia  bequeathed  her  pic- 
tures and  books  to  her  faithful  adherent  Lord 
Craven,  so  possibly  at  Combe  Abbey,  or  in 
some  other  private  collection  in  England,  this 
miniature  still  remains.  Perhaps  some  reader 
of  the  Athenaum  may  know  of  its  existence. 

Also,  perhaps  some  one  can  tell  me  if  an 
engraving  or  photograph  has  been  executed  of 
either  of  the  two  pictures  of  Strafford's  second 
wife,  Arabella  Holies.  The  originals  are  at  Went- 
worth Woodhouse,  and  were  described  in  the 
Atliemeiim  in  'Private  Collections  of  England.' 
One  of  these  pictures  was  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  some  years  ago. 

Of  the  two  portraits  of  Strafford,  one — that 
in  armour — was  painted  in  1636,  but  I  much 
wish  to  know  when  the  other — that  which 
represents  him  dictating  to  his  secretary — was 
painted.  A.  F.  L. 

THE   TOMB    OF   DAVID. 

The  chief  problem  of  Hebrew  archjsology  is 
without  a  doubt  the  discovery  still  to  be  made 
of  the  tomb  of  David  and  the  kings  of  Judah. 
This  question,  so  many  times  mooted  without 
result,  has  been  once  more  raised  by  a  passage 
in  the  last  report  of  Dr.  Bliss,  published  in  the 
Statement  of  the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund 
(July,  p.  180).     In  this  we  read  : — 

"  Jt  has  been  svggested  that  the  apparently  un- 
necessary curve  in  the  Siloam  Tunnel  before  it 
enters  the  pool  was  made  in  order  to  avoid  the 
Tomb  of  the  Kings.  Accordingly  we  have  made  a 
large  clearance  to  the  Rock  of  Ophel  in  a  field  to 

the  east  of  the  pool,  south  of  this  curve Our  hope 

was  to  find  a  pit  entrance  to  the  tombs,  but  the 
clearance  has  been  completed  this  morning,  and  no 
such  discovery  has  rewarded  our  toil." 

The  attempt  of  Dr.  Bliss  has  led  incidentally 
to  the  discovery  of  an  interesting  small  cornelian 
seal  of  scarab  shape,  with  an  inscription  in 
Israelitish  Phoenician  characters  dating  before 
the  Exile,  of  which  I  will  speak  later.  But  it 
has  failed  completely  to  realize  the  splendid 
object  in  view — the  discovery  of  the  Tomb  of 
the  Kings.  The  result  could  not  have  been 
otherwise,  for  reasons  which  I  shall  explain. 

First,  1  may  be  allowed  to  remark  that 
the  suggestion,  whose  author  Dr.  Bliss  does 
not  name,  is  mine.  I  am,  therefore,  re- 
sponsible for  it  ;  and  as  the  event  seems  to 
have  proved  it  to  be  wrong,  it  only  gives 
me  a  greater  right  to  examine  the  means 
adopted  for  verification.  The  theory  of  the 
close  connexion  of  the  extraordinary  deviation, 
up  till  then  unexplained,  of  the  Tunnel  with 
the  position  of  the  Tomb  of  the  Kings,  was  ex- 
pounded by  me  at  length  ten  years  ago  in  the 
Recue  Critique  (October,  1887,  pp.  329-343), 
and  supported  by  a  schematic  plan,  which  even 
marked  on  the  ground  the  point  where,  as  I 
calculated,  the  royal  vault  ought  to  be  concealed. 
As  I  am  unable  here  to  reproduce  this  plan,  I 
will  content  myself  with  an  explanatory  de- 
scription. The  place  is  between  the  southern 
curve  of  the  Tunnel  and  the  intersection  of  the 
path  which  descends  from  the  south-east  angle 
of  tiaram  to  the  Pool  of  Siloam,  with  the  level  of 
2,179  in  the  map  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  on 
the  scale  of  1  :  2,500  (towards  the  bend  made  by 
the  path).  I  pointed  it  out  more  than  once  to 
members  of  the  committee  of  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund,  and  I  have  every  reason  to 
believe  that  it  was  owing  to  instructions  given 
by  the  committee  to  Dr.  Bliss  that  he  attempted 
this  excavation  in  extremis,  unhappily  at  the 
moment  when  the  firman  granted  by  the  Porte 


was  expiring.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  I  was 
not  consulted  on  that  occasion,  for  I  could  have 
furnished  indications  which  might,  perhaps, 
have  not  been  useless  towards  achieving  success 
and  avoiding  a  failure  of  a  sort  calculated  to  dis- 
credit my  theory.  In  fact,  if  my  article  was 
known  either  to  Dr.  Bliss  or  to  those  who  in- 
spired his  efl'orts,  its  conclusions  were  misunder- 
stood, and,  consequently,  it  is  only  my  bare 
duty  as  a  scholar  to  explain  things. 

The  digging  was  made  on  the  south — that  is, 
outside  the  convex  side  —  of  the  curve  of  the 
Tunnel,  which  I  regarded  as  due  to  the  necessity 
of  avoiding  the  vault,  which  lay  full  on  the 
straight  line  of  the  source  of  the  Fountain  of 
the  Virgin  at  the  Pool  of  Siloam.  Now,  on  the 
contrary,  it  is,  as  I  have  expressly  indicated, 
on  the  north  of  this  curve — that  is,  inside  the 
concave  side — that  the  digging  should  have  been, 
and  must  be  in  the  future,  made,  for  the  curve 
naturally  encloses  and  partly  envelopes  the 
obstacle  interposed,  since  it  is  meant  to  pass 
round  it.  Dr.  Bliss  has  then,  one  can  see,  pro- 
ceeded to  do  exactly  the  opposite  of  what  he 
ought  to  have  done. 

I  may  be  allowed  also  to  claim  the  authorship 
of  the  idea  of  which  Dr.  Bliss  speaks  in  passing 
as  if  it  was  an  obvious  datum,  viz.,  that  the 
entry  of  the  Tomb  of  the  Kings  should 
be  a  pit,  by  which  descent  was  made 
into  the  royal  vault.  This  idea,  which 
I  submitted  at  the  time  to  M.  Perrot,  was 
adopted  and  briefly  mentioned  by  him  in  his 
'  History  of  Art  in  Antiquity  '  (vol.  iv.  p.  336)  ; 
it  is  to  be  found  stated  at  greater  length  with 
reasons  in  the  same  article  of  the  Revue  Critique 
of  1887.  And  this  was  no  gratuitous  conjecture 
of  mine  due  to  pure  imagination.  It  rests,  in 
fact,  on  the  reasonable  interpretation  of  a 
particular  passage  of  Josephus  ('Ant.  Jud.,' 
xvi.  7,  1),  the  bearing  of  v/hich  had  not 
up  to  that  time  been  recognized.  This  pas- 
sage says  that  Herod,  after  having  desecrated 
and  pillaged  the  royal  vault,  constructed  a 
monument  to  atone  for  his  conduct  on  the  mouth 
of  the  vav.lt  (eTTt  tw  oTo/itw).  This  characteristic 
expression  ctto/jliov  implies  expressly,  to  my 
mind,  an  entry,  not  in  the  form  of  a  door  made 
in  the  rock  of  a  vertical  shape,  as  every  one 
supposed,  but  an  entry  in  the  form  of  a  pit.  I 
need  not  insist  on  the  importance  of  these  data, 
so  material  to  guide  the  digger  who  would  make 
an  attempt  on  the  ground  in  the  right  place  ;  we 
must  look  here  not  for  a  vertical  entry  consist- 
ing of  a  gate  more  or  less  monumental,  ana- 
logous to  that  of  the  ordinary  Jewish  tombs, 
leading  to  a  series  of  mortuary  chambers  sunk 
horizontally  in  the  mass  of  the  hill,  but  the 
mouth  of  a  pit,  probably  rectangular,  relatively 
of  very  small  dimensions,  perhaps  not  more  than 
two  metres  long  and  a  metre  wide,  that  is,  large 
enough  to  pass  in  a  sarcophagus.  It  is  easy  to 
understand  that  an  opening  so  small  is  very 
likely  to  escape  notice,  unless  great  care  is 
taken  ;  and  this  is  perhaps  why  the  entry  to  the 
vault  has  defied  all  attempts  at  discovery  up  to 
our  times.  This  pit,  analogous  to  the  mortuary 
pits  of  Phoenicia  and  Egypt,  must  descend  into 
the  vast  chambers  of  the  vault,  which  possesses 
probably  several  stories,  and  plunges,  if  my 
theory  is  sound,  into  the  depth  of  the  hill,  at 
least  down  to  the  level  of  the  Tunnel  of  Siloam. 

This  is  the  thing  to  look  for  and  the  place  to 
look  for  it.  With  a  few  thousand  francs,  a  new 
firman  authorizing  operations,  and  six  weeks' 
work,  any  one  can  satisfy  himself.  I  present 
amateurs  with  the  suggestion.  Well-founded 
hopes  of  discovering  the  sarcophagus  of  David, 
Solomon,  and  their  successors,  with  the  in- 
scriptions which  must  have  been  engraved 
there,  will  surely  make  the  small  outlay  worth 
while. 

Lastly,  I  will  say  a  few  words  about  the 
ancient  Israelite  seal  so  happily  discovered  by 
Dr.  Bliss  in  the  course  of  this  last  excavation. 
It  is  reproduced  in  the  same  number  of  the 
Statement  with  various  attempts  to  interpret  it. 


362 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11, '97 


Like  several  other  Israelite  seals  of  the  same 
archaic  date  which  I  have  had  occasion  to  study 
in  former  times,*  this  one  bears  two  proper 
names  in  simple  juxtaposition,  without  being 
preceded  by  the  lamed  possessoris  or  con- 
nected by  an  indication  of  patronymic  or  other- 
wise. The  first  name  is  easily  read  "Ishmael." 
Not  so  the  second,  which  has  been  variously 
rendered  :  by  Pere  Lagrange,  n''"i3,  Bariach  ; 
by  Prof.  Sayce,  first  IH"'  13,  Bar-Yahu,  then 
IIT'ID,  Paryahu.  None  of  these  readings  appears 
to  me  satisfactory.  I  recognize  in  the  second 
letter  a  daleth  in  place  of  a  resh  (the  two 
characters  have  the  same  form  in  this  archaic 
Israelitish  alphabet),  and  I  propose  to  read 
this  difficult  name  thus  :  inHD.  Pedayahu. 
This  is  an  excellent  Israelitish  name,  found 
exactly  so  written  in  1  Chron.  xxvii.  20, 
and  in  the  shortened  form  nns,  Pedayah, 
in  2  Kings  xxiii.  36  ;  Neh.  iii.  25, 
viii.  4,  xi.  7  ;  1  Chron.  iii.  18.  It  is  clearly 
formed  from  the  rootnlD.  "to  deliver,"  and 
the  divine  title  of  Jehovah  (Yahu)  :  "  Yahu  has 
delivered."     It    is     closely    related     to     other 

Biblical  names  of  the  same  family,  7Xm2, 
Pedahel  ;  "ilVms.  Pedahsur,  and  to  that  which 
I   have   deciphered  on   a   very  old   Phoenician 

seal  :  7X1D.  Pedael.  Clermont-Ganneau. 


^m^-^irl  dxrasigr. 

We  cannot  but  regret  that  it  has  been  deter- 
mined to  remove  the  standing  life-size  statue 
(attributed  to  Grinling  Gibbons)  of  James  II. 
from  its  original  and  appropriate  site  at  the 
back  of  the  Banqueting  House,  Whitehall, 
where  all  its  surroundings  were  suitable.  It  is 
somewhat  surprising  that  many  persons  have 
not  discovered  its  merits  of  design  and  execu- 
tion earlier.  During  more  than  two  hundred 
years  this  beautiful  figure  occupied  its  original 
pedestal,  and  stood  where  the  good  judgment 
and  sense  of  proportion  of  its  author  placed  it. 
Its  situation  is,  apart  from  this,  historical  and 
apt,  and  far  superior  to  that  which  has  been 
found  for  it  near  the  foot  of  the  Victoria  Tower, 
close  to  the  mediocre  group  of  Richard  I., 
which,  as  a  work  of  art,  is  hardly  superior  to 
the  groups  in  ormolu  one  sees  on  the  tops  of 
French  timepieces. 

An  exhibition  of  the  works  of  Arnold  Bocklin 
will  be  opened  in  Bale,  where  his  earliest  works 
were  painted,  on  September  20th,  and  will  close 
on  October  24th,  the  day  after  the  painter's 
seventieth  birthday.  There  will  probably  never 
be  a  better  opportunity  for  the  study  of  his 
works  at  every  period.  The  committee  have 
received  promises  already  of  nearly  ninety 
pictures  from  Swiss,  German,  and  Austrian 
owners.  A  second  Bocklin  medal,  in  addition 
to  that  of  Munich,  is  also  to  be  struck  in  com- 
memoration of  the  forthcoming  "  Bocklin-Feier  " 
in  Bale.  The  model  has  been  prepared  by 
Hans  Sandreuther,  one  of  Bocklin's  pupils. 

The  ceremony  of  placing  the  statue  (by  M. 
Marcel  Jacques)  of  J.  F.  Millet  in  the  site 
appropriated  to  it  at  the  painter's  birthplace  at 
Greville  (La  Manche)  has  been  unavoidably 
postponed  from  the  present  month  until  next 
year.  It  seems  that  the  subscriptions  of 
Millet's  innumerable  admirers  have  fallen 
much  short  of  the  sum  needed  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  work,  and  that  the  Department  as 
well  as  the  town  of  Cherbourg  were  called  upon 
to  supplement  them. 

Important  excavations,  under  the  able  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Gibson,  of  Hexham,  are  being  made 
by  the  Newcastle  Society  of  Antiquaries  at 
^sica  (Great  Chesters)  on  the  Roman  Wall. 
Last  week  two  altars  (one  dedicated  to  Jupiter 
Dolichenus)  and  two  inscribed  stones  were  dis- 

*  See  my  '  Recueil  d'Archeologie  Orientale,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  27 
anrl  116.  On  the  second  seal  the  two  names,  notoriously 
Israelite,  Ahaz  and  Pekhai,  are  in  .juxtaposition,  ■without 
heing  preceded  by  the  lamed  possessoris,  as  in  the  newly 
discovered  seal. 


interred,  besides  some  denarii  of  the  earlier 
emperors.  An  investigation  of  the  masonry  and 
the  bonding  of  the  north-west  turret  confirms 
the  belief  that  the  Murus  and  the  camp  are 
of  the  same  date. 

From  Italy  two  remarkable  archieological 
discoveries  are  announced — that  of  an  Etrusco- 
Gallic  temple  at  Civita  Alba,  near  Arcevia,  and 
that  of  a  Longobardic  necropolis  at  Gualdo 
Tadino.  The  decorations  of  the  temple  consist 
of  fine  terra-cotta  figures,  representing  both 
mythological  and  historical  scenes,  of  very  pecu- 
liar workmanship.  The  grave  goods  of  the 
necropolis  look  like  those  of  the  well-known 
Longobardic  treasury  of  Castel  Trosino,  now 
in  the  Museo  delle  Terme  in  Rome,  but  are 
more  original  and  exceptionally  interesting  in 
kind  and  style. 

The  Roman  excavations  undertaken  by  Herr 
Meyer  at  Boden,  in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  have 
been  continued  throughout  the  present  summer. 
The  front  of  the  complex  of  buildings  along  the 
ancient  Roman  road  has  now  been  laid  bare. 
The  foundations  of  a  long  colonnade  of  pillars, 
extending  for  some  distance  along  the  side  of 
the  road,  have  been  unearthed,  which  goes  far 
to  confirm  the  belief  that  Herr  Meyer  has  struck 
upon  the  site  of  some  great  public  building.  A 
short  time  ago  he  began  excavations  upon  a  fresh 
spot,  to  the  south-west  of  the  place  where  he 
has  hitherto  been  at  work,  and  though  the 
new  enterprise  is  only  in  an  initial  stage  some 
valuable  "finds,"  chiefly  in  the  shape  of  bronze 
utensils,  have  already  come  to  light.  The  finest 
of  these  is  a  bronze  candelabrum  standing  on 
four  feet  upon  a  square  block  of  polished  granite. 
A  bronze  figure  of  a  faun,  about  18  centimetres 
high,  found  on  the  same  spot,  is  said  to  be  of 
excellent  workmanship. 

Among  the  artistic  remains  of  the  distin- 
guished sculptor  Hans  Baur  a  number  of  valu- 
able sketches,  plans,  and  models  are  said  to 
have  been  discovered,  which  the  town  autho- 
rities of  Constance  have  acquired  by  purchase 
for  the  purpose  of  assigning  to  them  a  special 
room  in  the  Rotgarten  Museum. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Her  Maje.«tv's  Theatre. — Opening  of  Mr.  Hedmondt's 
Opera  Season  :  •  Rip  van  Winkle,'  by  Mr.  William  Akerman 
and  Signer  Franco  Leoni. 

That  the  latest  lyrical  version  of  the 
American  legend,  insured  of  longevity  by 
Washington  Irving,  will  attain  the  same 
popularity  as  the  setting  by  M.  Planquette 
in  a  light  but  by  no  means  frivolous 
score  is  not  probable.  Mr.  Hedmondt 
may  have  had  good  reasons  for  com- 
mencing his  autumn  opera  season  in  the 
Hay  market  last  Saturday  with  a  work 
by  a  composer  known  chiefly  up  to  the 
present  time  by  unpretentious  and  tuneful 
songs  ;  and  certainly  every  aspirant  anxious 
to  excel  in  the  purest  forms  of  musical  art 
should  receive  due  encouragement.  Whether 
an  operatic  manager  should  inaugurate  a 
serious  enterprise  with  a  novel  version  of 
a  trite  story  is,  nevertheless,  a  matter  open 
to  question.  The  strange  book  has  proved 
itself  fascinating  to  stage  writers,  and 
it  presents  favourable  opportunities  for 
dramatic  treatment,  though,  unfortunately, 
it  can  be  made  little  more  than  a  one- 
part  piece.  In  the  delightful,  if  rather 
trivial  score  of  Planquette,  for  which  MM. 
Meilhac  and  Gille  furnished  the  foundation, 
Eip's  wife  is  presented  not  as  a  scold,  but 
a  charming  young  woman,  so  that  her 
errant  husband  has  no  excuse  for  his 
misdeeds.     Following  on  the  same  ground, 


Mr.  Akerman  gives  us  pretty  pictures  of 
Gretchen  in  the  first  and  second  acts,  and  of 
the  young  girl  Alice  in  the  third  act.  The 
central  figure,  however,  is  Kip,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  and  Mr.  Hedmondt  recalls  memories 
of  Jefferson  and  Fred  Leslie.  He  has 
music  of  a  more  serious  nature  to  sing 
than  that  provided  by  Planquette ;  and 
if,  perhaps,  he  is  a  trifle  too  grave  in 
the  first  act — which,  by  the  way,  is  too 
protracted — he  rises  to  dramatic  intensity  in 
the  third,  when  the  prematurely  old  man 
recovers  his  senses,  and  with  feeble  steps 
ascends  the  hill  in  the  direction  of  his  old 
home.  This  is  done  in  pantomime,  the 
orchestra  only  supplying  the  due  colouring 
to  the  situation.  As  regards  the  rest  of  the 
cast  at  Her  Majesty's  there  is  little  to  be 
said,  as  the  characters  are  one  and  all  unin- 
teresting. Miss  Attalie  Claire  as  Gretchen, 
Miss  Ada  Davies  as  Alice,  and  Mr.  Homer 
Lind  as  Derrick,  made  the  most  of  ungrate- 
ful parts,  and  Miss  Eoss-Selwicke  was 
charming  in  a  pas  de  fascination.  The 
orchestra  and  chorus  were  well  in  hand, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  T.  P.  Wad- 
dington.  As  to  Signor  Franco  Leoni's 
music  it  is  impossible  to  do  more  than 
generalize  at  present,  for  the  score  is  not 
on  our  table.  It  is  characteristically  Italian 
in  phraseology,  and  put  together  with 
excellent  taste.  In  form  it  is  thoroughly 
modern,  running  on  with  very  few  breaks, 
so  that  the  abominable  system  of  encoring 
is  rendered  practically  impossible.  The  best 
that  can  be  said  of  the  opera,  however,  is 
that  at  present  the  composer  has  little  to 
say,  but  words  it  prettily.  He  is  young, 
and  in  due  course  his  unquestionable 
abilities  should  develope  satisfactorily. 


Musical  Memories.  By  A.  M.  Diehl.  (Bentley 
&  Son.) — This  compact  volume  is  dedicated  to 
musical  aspirants,  artists,  and  amateurs,  to 
whom  it  should  prove  at  once  instructive  and 
entertaining.  Mrs.  Diehl,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Alice  Mangold,  has  experience  as  an  author, 
not  only  on  musical  subjects,  and  although  she 
adopts  a  comparatively  light  and  diverting  style, 
her  words  are  pithy  and  suggestive,  and 
we  are  often  able  to  endorse  her  opinions. 
The  book  commences  with  a  sketch  of  artistic 
Paris  in  the  early  sixties,  when  there  was  little 
indication  of  the  approaching  decline  and  fall  of 
the  Napoleon  regime.  We  have  brief  but  graphic 
sketches  of  the  Conservatoire,  with  Auber, 
Massart,  Pasdeloup,  Duvernoy,  and  many  other 
musicians  honoured  in  their  time,  on  the  staff. 
The  works  of  the  old  masters,  with  the  singular 
exceptions  of  Handel  and  Bach,  were  then  pre- 
ferred to  those  of  later  composers,  and  while 
Gounod  had  little  appreciation,  Wagner  was  "an 
unknown  quantity."  Still  Paris  was  regarded 
as  the  head  centre  of  musical  art : — 

"'You  must  go  to  Paris 'was  the  advice  of  the 
autocrat  of  chamber  music  in  London,  the  little 
gentleman  who  would  have  seemed  like  Punch 
redivivus,  if  only  he  had  possessed  a  hump  and  a 
screech— Prof.  John  Ella.  '  You  cannot  come  Tiere 
without  credentials.    You  must  go  to  Paris.'  " 

Many  readable  stories  Mrs.  Diehl  has  to  tell 
with  reference  to  her  early  experiences  in  the 
French  capital,  and  interesting  memoirs  of 
Chopin  follow,  relating  as  much  to  his  per- 
sonality as  an  artist  as  to  his  idiosyncrasies  as 
a  man.  .His  relations  with  George  Sand  are 
lightly  dealt  with,  the  faults  on  both  sides 
being  glossed  over  with  a  kindly  hand.  Of 
Berlioz  much  is  likewise  said,  and  with  no 
sense  of  injustice  : — 

"  Had  not  his  life  been  so  hard,  so  full  of  bitter- 
ness, what  might  he  not  have  been  !  As  it  is,  his 
disappointed,  despairing  muse  is  scarcely  ever  less 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


863 


than  great,  even  in  her  shrillest  cries— and  thera  are 
moments  when  that  cry  is  shrill  indeed." 

Agreement  with  this  may  be  expressed,  but  it  is 
questionable  whether  Berlioz  would  have  done 
better  under  more  favourable  pecuniary  circum- 
stances and  with  greater  contemporary  apprecia- 
tion. The  chapter  on  music  in  England  in  the 
sixties  throws  rather  a  lurid  light  on  thecondition 
of  public  taste  in  this  country  at  the  time.  The 
Mendelssohn  fever  Avas  still  raging,  and  such 
greater  masters  as  Schumann  and  Wagner  were 
practically  ignored.  At  the  Opera  it  was  not  a 
question  as  to  what  work  was  in  the  programme, 
but  who  was  to  appear  as  the  prima  donna. 
We  have  made  much  progress  within  the  past 
twenty  years,  and  Mrs.  Diehl  gladly  acknow- 
ledges it  ;  but  she  does  not  deal  with  such  con- 
temporary masters  of  British  birth  as  Hubert 
Parry,  Villiers  Stanford,  and  Hamish  MacCunn, 
for,  as  she  somewhat  pathetically  says,  "  Many 
honourable  names  among  British  composers  come 
flocking  to  the  mind  at  this  juncture,  but  they 
must  be  reluctantly  relegated  to  some  future 
recorder."  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  author 
will  once  more  take  her  pen  in  hand  ;  for,  if 
it  is  not  possible  in  every  instance  to  endorse 
her  opinions,  cordial  acknowledgment  must  be 
rendered  to  her  genial  style,  her  obvious  sincerity 
coupled  with  knowledge,  and  her  excellent  advice 
to  young  and  inexperienced  musicians. 


The  repertory  of  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Com- 
pany during  tlieir  London  season,  which  is  to 
commence  on  October  2nd  at  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  will  include  Wagner's  music  dramas 
'Tannhjiuser,'  'Lohengrin,'  'Die  Walkiire,' 
'Siegfried,'  'Die  Meistersinger,'  and  'Tristan 
und  Isolde.'  Puccini's  'Bohemians'  will,  of 
course,  be  given,  and  should  prove  a  conspicu- 
ous success.  No  prospectus  of  the  London 
performances  is  yet  to  hand. 

The  orchestral  rehearsals  for  the  Hereford 
Musical  Festival,  which  takes  place  next  week, 
were  fixed  for  Wednesday  and  Thursday  this 
week  at  the  Queen's  Hall.  The  new  works — 
which  will,  of  course  be  discussed  in  detail — are 
a  '  Te  Deum  and  Benedictus  '  in  f  and  an  '  Im- 
perial March,'  both  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Edward 
Elgar;  a  somewhat  elaborate  '  Hymn  of  Thanks- 
giving,' by  Dr.  Charles  Harford  Lloyd  ;  and  a 
'  Magnificat,'  by  Dr.  Hubert  Parry.  The  scores 
of  these  additions  to  the  repertory  of  choral 
societies  are  already  to  hand,  and,  so  far  as  can 
be  judged,  the  works  will  not  prove  unw^orthy 
of  a  Three  Choirs  Festival.  Further  particulars 
concerning  the  gathering  have  been  announced. 

Mr.  Hugh  Blair  has  resigned  his  appoint- 
ment as  organist  of  Worcester  Cathedral,  and 
the  post  has  been  accepted  by  Mr.  Ivor  Atkins, 
who  will  presumably  conduct  at  the  next  musi- 
cal festival,  which  will,  in  due  course,  be  held 
in  September,  1899. 

The  season  of  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts  at 
Leipzig  will  commence  on  the  7th  prox.  with  a 
programme  dedicated  entirely  as  an  in  memoriam 
performance  to  Johannes  Brahms. 

The  tide  of  Wagner  literature  shows  no 
symptom  of  ebbing.  We  now  learn  that  Messrs. 
Schott  will  shortly  publish  a  new  edition  of 
Wagnerian  texts,  with  notes  in  music  type  of 
the  leading  themes  at  the  margin  of  each  im- 
portant sentence. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Haymaeket.— Revival  of  'A  Marriage  of  Convenience,' 
Comedy  in  Four  Acta.  Adapted  from  '  Un  Manage  sou's 
Louis  XV.'  by  Sydney  Grundy. 

Globe.—'  Miss  Francis  of  Yale,'  a  Farcical  Comedy  in 
Three  Acts.    By  Micliael  Morton. 

Upon  its  revival  '  A  Marriage  of  Conveni- 
ence,' Mr.  Grundy's  not  too  happily  named 


adaptation  of  Dumas's  brilliant  comedy,  im- 
presses one  more  favourably  than  when 
it  was  first  seen.  It  has,  indeed,  given 
Mr.  Grundy  but  little  trouble,  the  dialogue 
being  Dumas  and  the  modifications  gra- 
tuitously introduced  of  no  special  signifi- 
cance. Diluted  as  it  is  (for  almost  all 
translation  from  the  French  is  dilution),  it 
remains  a  delightful  and  captivating  work, 
which  may  be  seen  with  the  certainty  of 
amusement.  Our  dramatists  seem  as  a  rule 
to  have  lost  touch  with  the  last  century. 
We  have  had  an  Olivia  based  upon  Gold- 
smith's '  Vicar  of  Wakefield  ';  E.  L.  Steven- 
son and  Mr.  Henley  have  shown  us  the  beaux 
and  belles  upon  the  Pantiles ;  Mr.  Henry 
James  has  made  an  effort,  very  churlishly 
received  by  an  ungracious  public,  to  lead 
us  to  older  days ;  and  Mr.  Buchanan 
has  dramatized  the  adventures  of  Sophia 
Western  and  the  stormier  passages  of 
the  loves  of  Sheridan  and  Miss  Linley. 
A  few  lights  serve  only,  however,  to  make 
us  sensible  of  the  darkness,  and  the  comedy 
of  patch  and  powder  seems  as  dead  as  that 
of  cape  and  sword.  It  is  worth  reviving. 
We  have  of  late  gone  back  to  the  romantic 
drama,  and  pieces  which  Scribe  might  have 
fathered  have  been  given  at  the  Haymarket 
and  the  St.  James's.  Experiments  have 
also  been  made  at  the  Haymarket  and  Her 
Majesty's  with  last-century  comedy.  These, 
however,  are  in  both  cases  translations. 
Cannot  our  dramatists  give  us  something 
original  in  the  same  line  ?  The  problem  play 
has  fallen  into  disfavour — almost,  it  may 
be  said,  into  disgrace — and  our  best  drama- 
tists are,  like  Othello,  "perplexed  in  the 
extreme."  As  with  him,  too,  their  occupa- 
tion seems  gone.  They  might  do  worse 
than  give  us  an  English  '  Marriage  of  Con- 
venience.' It  is,  of  course,  the  business  of 
the  dramatist  to  present  us  with  the  life  of 
the  day.  With  no  other  will  the  public  be 
permanently  contented.  The  end  of  the 
stage  is,  we  have  it  on  the  best  authority, 
to  show  "  the  very  age  and  body  of  the  time 
his  form  and  pressure."  As  a  four  de  force, 
however,  one  of  our  dramatists  might  do  for 
once  for  English  eighteenth  century  life  what 
Dumas  did  for  that  of  France  in  '  Un  Mariage 
sous  Louis  XV.'  and  '  Mademoiselle  de  Belle- 
Isle.'  If  it  serve  no  other  purpose,  it  may 
keep  our  actors  in  practice  in  a  style  of  art 
that  seems  in  danger  of  disappearing.  In 
Miss  Winifred  Emery  they  have  an  artist 
who  could  play  to  perfection  a  new  Melantha, 
as  she  plays  to  perfection  a  Oomtesse  de 
Candale.  In  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  the  Hay- 
market possesses  what  might  easily  become 
an  ideal  Lord  Foppington.  Miss  Adrienne 
Dairolles  seems  designed  by  nature  and  art 
to  play  Pert.  Shortcomings  there  are  in 
the  performance  of  '  A  Marriage  of  Conve- 
nience.' Hurried  as  he  is  to  rejoin  the 
Comtesse,  M.  de  Candale  should  find  time 
to  wipe  and  sheath  the  sword  with  which 
he  has  pinked  his  adversary.  Still  the  per- 
formance at  the  Haymarket  is  so  good  as 
to  inspire  a  hope  that  further  exhibitions  of 
the  kind  may  be  in  store.  Miss  Emery 
realizes  perfectly  the  character  of  the  Com- 
tesse, and  is  a  delightful  picture.  Mr. 
Cyril  Maude  has  modified  his  conception  of 
the  Chevalier  de  Valclos,  of  which  he  is 
now  a  satisfactory  representative.  Mr. 
Frederick  Harrison, who  replaces  Mr.  Terriss 
as  the  Comte,  wants  the  lightness  of  touch 


of    his    predecessor,    but    is   less   self-con- 
scious. 

Wholly  mechanical  in  construction  and 
trivial  in  design  is  the  new  farce,  supposed 
to  present  a  picture  of  life  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity, which  has  reached  us  from  America. 
Nothing  whatever  can  be  urged  in  its 
favour,  except  that  a  friendly  audience 
laughed  itself  into  fits.  Rarely  in  the  case 
of  pieces  of  any  description  has  a  first 
night's  public  shown  itself  so  pleased  and 
exhilarated.  The  spectators  seemed  to 
realize,  with  the  change  of  a  single  word, 
the  famous  description  of  Beaumont : — 

As  if  that  every  one 

Had  meant  to  put  his  whole  sovl  in  a  jest 

And  had  resolved  to  live  a  fool  the  rest 

Of  his  dull  life. 

In  this  may  be  found  an  encomium  of  the 
piece.     We  have  none  other  to  bestow. 


T/te  Five  Great  Skeptical  Dramas  of  History. 
By  the  late  John  Owen.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 
— This  volume  has  the  merits  and  defects  of  Mr. 
Owen's  earlier  work.  It  displays  much  reading, 
especially  among  authors  and  periods  compara- 
tively little  known,  great  openness  of  mind, 
and  many  interesting  ideas.  At  the  same  time 
it  is  not  well  constructed.  The  connexion  that 
is  traced  among  the  subjects  brought  together 
often  seems  forced.  The  form  is  better  than 
that  of  '  Skeptics  of  the  Renaissance,'  in  so  far 
as  the  exposition  is  continuous  and  not  in  dia- 
logue ;  but  the  manner  is  still  extremely  dis- 
cursive, and  the  reader  who  desires  to  get  at 
the  distinctive  points  in  what  Mr.  Owen  has  to 
say  will  find  it  necessary  to  read  through  much 
miscellaneous  matter  affording  nothing  particu- 
larly new.  Perhaps  it  is  a  case  where  Pascal's 
saying  is  applicable,  that  if  he  had  had  a  longer 
time  he  could  have  made  it  shorter.  The  dramas 
discussed  are  the  '  Prometheus  Vinctus '  of 
^schylus,  the  Book  of  Job,  Goethe's  'Faust,' 
Shakspeare's  'Hamlet,'  and  Calderon's  'El 
Magico  Prodigioso. '  In  the  title  they  are  called 
"  Five  Great  Skeptical  Dramas  "  ;  yet  the  pur- 
port of  the  last  essay  is  that  the  drama  of 
Calderon  is  not  at  all  a  great,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  rather  a  minor  "skeptical  drama." 
The  "k"  in  "skeptic,"  it  must  be  noted,  is 
used  by  Mr.  Owen  to  indicate  that  particular 
shade  of  meaning  which  he  would  have  liked  to 
attach  to  the  word.  A  "  skeptic  "  is  any  seeker 
for  truth  who  is  more  or  less  in  revolt  against 
authority,  not  simply  a  philosophical  sceptic, 
Pyrrhonist  or  Academical.  Mr.  Owen,  however, 
includes  under  "skepticism"  members  of  the 
Greek  schools  just  referred  to,  and  modern 
sceptics  like  Montaigne.  What  he  really  intends 
is  to  make  search,  and  not  final  suspension  of 
judgment,  the  mark  of  the  sceptic.  Thus  the 
properly  "  sceptical"  schools  of  philosophy  would 
be  included  as  a  subdivision  under  the  general 
head.  The  most  conclusive  argument  against 
the  attempt  is  that  it  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  favourably  received  anywhere.  In  the 
case  of  a  name  eveiy thing  depends  in  the  long 
run  on  general  consent  to  use  it  with  a  certain 
meaning.  Now  no  one  seems  willing  either  to 
attach  two  different  meanings  to  different  modes 
of  spelling  the  word  "sceptic,"  or  to  change  it 
back  to  a  more  generalized  meaning.  That  the 
word  as  used  by  Mr.  Owen  has  been  generalized 
even  to  indistinctness  is  easily  seen  from  the 
nature  of  his  parallels  between  the  protagonists 
of  the  various  dramas.  At  bottom  he  sees 
clearly  enough  that  the  types  of  thought  and 
of  resistance  to  authority  represented  offer  more 
contrasts  than  similitudes,  yet  there  is  a  con- 
stant forcing  of  parallels.  Take  the  parallel 
between  the  'Prometheus'  and  the  Book  of 
Job,  for  example.  Mr.  Owen  in  more  than  one 
place  puts  very  well  the  essential  difference. 
For  ./Eschylus  the  problem- in  whatever  way 
he  solved  it— was  to  identify  the  impersonal 


864 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


N«3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


law  manifested  in  the  'iniverse  with  a  law  of 
justice.  To  this  both  men  and  i;ods  have  to 
conform  ;  and  if  Zeus  is  spoken  of  with  rever- 
ence in  other  dramas,  though  represented  under 
the  image  of  a  tyrant  in  the  *  Prometheus,'  there 
is  no  real  inconsistency.  The  supreme  problem 
with  the  Greek  dramatists  is  not  the  relation 
of  man  to  a  personal  deity.  The  will  of  the 
gods  prevails  when  it  is  conformable  with  the 
law  of  things,  but  not  otherwise.  The  com- 
pletion of  the  '  Prometheus  '  must  have  shown 
how  this  conformity  was  brought  about.  In 
Job  the  problem  is  different.  The  law  of  the 
universe,  whatever  it  may  be,  is  regarded  as 
identical  with  a  personal  will.  The  problem  is, 
How  can  the  actual  course  of  things  be  recon- 
ciled with  the  religious  belief  that  this  will  is 
good  ?  No  doubt  is  felt  about  the  supremacy 
of  the  divine  will.  The  doubt  is  about  the 
dealings  of  God  with  man  ;  and  the  whole 
problem  is  concentrated  in  this  personal  rela- 
tion to  the  Deity.  By  putting  together  passages 
in  Mr.  Owen's  two  essays  it  might  be  shown 
that  he  has  complete  possession  of  this  view. 
Yet,  as  has  been  said,  he  draws  out  all  sorts  of 
forced  parallels.  Further,  he  introduces  into 
both  essays  matter  that  is  quite  irrelevant  to 
the  moral  and  metaphysical  conduct  of  the 
dramas,  in  the  form  of  disquisitions  on  the 
origin  of  Aryan  and  Semitic  "  Titanomachies  " 
in  natural  phenomena.  The  topics  here  discussed 
are  far  removed  from  scepticism  (in  any  sense)  in 
Greek  or  Hebrew  literature.  When  we  come  to  the 
modern  dramas,  we  find  that  '  Faust '  is  a  drama 
of  scepticism  displayed  in  the  search  for  specu- 
lative truth  ;  '  Hamlet '  is  a  drama  of  scepticism 
in  action  ;  the  '  Magico  Prodigioso  '  is  a  drama 
in  which  is  portrayed  exactly  as  much  scepticism 
or  free  thought  as  was  imaginable  by  a  Spanish 
Catholic — this  being  very  little.  Faust  is — 
with  deviations — a  seeker  of  every  kind  of 
truth ;  Hamlet  is  a  thinker  in  whom  speculation 
has  injured  the  capacity  for  action  ;  the  hero  of 
the  '  Magico  Prodigioso  '  is  a  pagan  of  the  third 
century  who  has  to  become  sceptical  about  the 
existence  of  Jupiter  before  he  can  be  converted 
to  Christianity.  Here,  again,  the  parallels  are 
very  often  forced  ;  yet  it  might  easily  be  shown, 
as  before,  that  Mr.  Owen  sees  clearly  the  differ- 
ences in  the  tone  of  thought  of  the  poets  and  in 
the  types  of  character  represented.  In  all  three 
essays  there  is  much  to  arouse  interest,  though 
in  the  case  of  the  essays  on  Shakspeare  and 
Goethe  the  mere  preliminaries  take  up  too 
much  space.  Mr.  Owen  is  at  his  best  with  a 
subject  like  Calderon's  drama — of  manageable 
dimensions  and  not  too  well  known.  Here  his 
knowledge  of  paths  of  study  that  are  little  fre- 
quented and  his  independence  of  judgment  get 
full  scope.  On  more  hackneyed  lines  of  work 
he  is  apt  to  be  somewhat  undiscriminating,  as 
when  he  attributes  to  Shakspeare  and  Goethe 
a  "common  dislike  of  metaphysics,"  or  when 
he  remarks  that  "Goethe  disliked  the  'high 
a  priori  road'  of  truth  research,  and  was  content 
to  pursue  the  slower  but  surer  path  of  the  expe- 
rience philosophy  of  Bacon  and  Descartes." 
Bacon  and  Descartes  were,  of  course,  both  in 
their  manner  pioneers  of  modern  science,  but 
their  starting-points  as  regards  "experience" 
were  conspicuously  different ;  and  the  meta- 
physical element  in  Shakspeare's  imagination 
is  a  familiar  topic.  Indeed,  Mr.  Owen  has 
something  to  say  upon  it  himself. 

The  School  for  Scandal,  edited  with  a  preface 
and  notes  by  G.  A.  Aitken,  is  the  last  addition 
to  the  "Temple  Dramatists"  (Dent  &  Co.). 
Mr.  Aitken  has  done  his  part  more  conscien- 
tiously than  Mr.  Birrell  did  when  writing  an 
introduction  to  the  edition  of  Sheridan's  plays 
published  not  long  ago.  Nevertheless,  Sheri- 
dan's masterpiece  does  not  deserve  public  atten- 
tion in  its  present  form,  owing  to  the  text  being 
so  faulty.  Mr.  Aitken's  preface  is  a  condensed 
account  of  the  author.  We  have  observed 
several  slips.  The  name  of  the  heroine  in  the 
novel    by    Mrs.    Frances  Sheridan   was    spelt 


Bidulph,  not  "Bidduljjh,"  while  Sheridan's 
friend's  name  was  Halhed,  not  "Halked." 
Sheridan  did  not  "bring  out"  a  farce  and  a 
comic  opera  at  Covent  Garden  ;  he  wrote  both  ; 
and  Mr.  Harris,  the  manager,  brought  them 
out.  Neither  did  "Sheridan  and  his  friend " 
buy  Garrick's  share  in  Drury  Lane  ;  the  pur- 
chase was  effected  by  Sheridan,  Mr.  Linley, 
and  Dr.  Ford.  Mr.  Aitken  states  that  the 
Prince  Regent  sent  money  to  Sheridan  in  his 
last  illness  ;  he  ought  to  have  known  and  added 
that  the  money  offered  was  declined  because  it 
was  not  required.  What  Mr.  Aitken  calls  "a 
well-known  story "  of  Sheridan's  procrastina- 
tion is  pure  fiction,  as  he  is  prepared  to  admit. 
Why  then  repeat  a  story  which,  like  many  told 
by  Moore  and  others,  is  senseless  as  well  as 
untrue  1  The  verses  entitled  '  A  Portrait  ; 
addressed  to  Mrs.  Crewe,'  are  pre6xed  to  the 
comedy  in  this  edition,  as  in  several  others. 
They  have  always  been  incorrectly  printed. 
Sheridan  was  annoyed  when  he  saw  them 
in  print,  and  he  remarked  that  they  were 
not  in  their  original  form.  Why  is  it  that  no 
critic  or  editor  of  his  works  has  pointed  out  the 
imperfection  (due  to  blundering  on  some  one's 
part)  of  this  line,  which  is  the  second  after  that 
beginning  "  Come,  gentle  Amoret  "  ? — 

Come — for  but  thee  who  seeks  the  Muse  ?  and  while. 
With   better   materials   at   his   command,  Mr. 
Aitken  might  have  deserved  greater  praise. 

M.  BiK^LAS  has  sent  us  a  third  edition  of  his 
excellent  translations  of  Shalcspeare's  Plays 
(Athens,  Kasdones)  into  modern  Greek.  Each 
dramais  printed  separatelyand  theform  is  handy. 
The  plays  are  '  Hamlet,'  '  Othello,'  '  Romeo  and 
Juliet,'  'Macbeth,'  'The  Merchant  of  Venice,' 
and  '  King  Lear.' 

Mr.  Cohn  has  sent  us  his  most  useful  Shake- 
speare Bibliographie.  This  issue  includes  1894, 
1895,  and  189C. 


'The  Tarantula,'  by  Miss  Mary  Affleck 
Scott,  which  serves  as  lever  de  rideau  at  the 
Haymarket,  is  a  rather  inept  farce,  in  which 
Mr.  Brandon  Thomas  presents  a  Scotch  pro- 
fessor of  a  sufficiently  conventional  type.  Mr. 
Thomas  is  droll,  but  the  piece  is,  in  fact,  naught. 

An  adaptation  by  a  Mr.  Williams,  an  Ame- 
rican, of  Mr.  Stanley  Weyman's  '  The  Man  in 
Black'  has  been  given  for  copyright  purposes 
at  the  Vaudeville. 

When  given  for  the  five  hundredth  time  at 
the  Vaudeville  on  Wednesday,  'A  Night  Out,' 
the  prosperous  adaptation  of  '  L'Hotel  du  Libre 
Echange '  of  MM.  Feydeau  and  Desvalli^res, 
proved  to  have  lost  little  of  its  vitality.  The 
principal  male  characters  are  still  in  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Giddens,  Mr.  Sugden,  and  Mr.  Wyes. 
Miss  Phyllis  Broughton  is  now,  however,  Mar- 
celle,  and  Miss  M.  A.  Victor  Madame  Pinglet. 

Sir  Henry  Irving  and  the  Lyceum  company 
have  been  playing  during  the  week  at  the 
Borough  Theatre,  Stratford,  in  'The  Bells' 
and  'A  Story  of  Waterloo.' 

A  NEW  comedietta  by  Mr.  Preston  Hope, 
entitled  'A  Bit  of  Drapery,'  has  been  given  by 
Mr.  Shine  at  the  Metropole  Theatre. 

'Victims;  or,  the  Eternal  Masculine,' 
a  comedietta  by  Mr.  Horace  Newte,  has  been 
produced  by  the  Miss  Beringers  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Glasgow. 

'  Oh,  Susannah  ! '  a  farcical  comedy  by  Mr. 
Mark  Ambient,  has  been  produced  at  Brighton, 
with  Mr.  Alfred  Maltby,  Mr.  Charles  Glenney, 
and  Miss  Louise  Freear  in  the  principal  parts. 

Mr.  Willard  and  his  company  sail  to-day 
from  Southampton  to  New  York. 


To  Correspondents.— J.  B.— J.  B.  S.— F.  C— G.  H.  K.— 
J.  S.  F.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 

NEW   BOOKS. 

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fifth  edition  now  ready  at  all  libraries. 

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it  will  seem  to  most  readers  tantalizingly  short." — Truth.. 

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She  has  chosen  to  depict  modern  society  as  it  has  come 

to  be  in  its  latest  phases Ouida's  hand  has  not  lost  its 

cunning." — Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney  in  the  Daitj/  Telegraph. 

"'The  Massarenes  '  is  a  capital  story One  of  the  best 

things  she  has  done Will  be  extremely  popular  at  the 

libraries." — >!>'(.  James's  Gazette. 

JOURNAL  OF  A  TOUR  IN 
CANADA, 

The  United  States,  and  Mexico. 

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British  Review. 

POPULAR    ROYALTY.     By 

ARTHUR  H.  BEAVAN,  Author  of  '  Marlborough  House 

and  its  Occupants.'    Royal  8vo.  beautifully  illustrated, 

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Daily  Telegraph. 

TWO  NEW  WORKS. 

By  F.  JULIEN,  Offlcier  d'Acadfimie  (Univ.  Gallic), 
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F.  JULIEN.    Oblong,  limp  cloth.  Is.  net. 


NOW  READY,  PRICE  ONE  SHILLING. 

SCRIBNER'S   MAGAZINE. 

SEPTEMBER   NUMBER.      Contents. 
MAGJA'S  HARANGUE.    (The  Last  o(  the  Mohicans  )    Scenes  from 

the  Great  Novels.    IX     Drawn  by  C.  D.  Gibson.    Frontispiece. 
LORD  BYRON  in  the  GREEK  REVOLUTION.    F.  B.  Sanborn.    Illus- 
trated with  Portraits  and  Photographs, 
SAN  SEBASTIAN,  the  SPANISH  NEWPORT.  ■yViUiam  Henry  Bishop. 

Illustrated.  ,   ^ 

The  WORKERS.    An  Experimer.t  in  Reality.    II.  A  Day-Labonrer  at 

West  Point.    Walter  A.  Wyckoff.    (To  be  continued.) 
The  WAY  of  an  ELECTION.    (The  Second  of  Five  Stories  of  Labour 

and  Capital.)    Octave  Thanet.    Illustrated. 
AT  a  WINDOW.    Gertrude  Hall 
TO   the    SHORES    of   the  MINGAN    SEIGNIORY.    Frederic  Irland. 

Illustrated. 
A  MISUNDERSTOOD  DOG.    Bradley  Oilman. 
The  RHINE  GOLD.    Prelude. 
SOME    NOTES    on    TENNESSEE'S    CENTENNIAL.     F.    Hopkinson 

Smith.    Illustrated. 
AT  the  FOOT  of  the  ROCKIES.    Abbe  Carter  Goodloe.    Illustrated. 
•■The    DURKET    BPERRET."    Chaps.    1-5.    Sarah    Barnwell   Elliott, 

Author  of  '  Jerry.'    (To  be  concluded  in  Three  Parts.) 
&c.  &c.  &c. 


London : 

SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  COMPANY,  Ltd., 

St.  Dunstan's  House,  Fetter  Lane,  E.G. 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


365 


CHATTO    &   \5yNDUS;S_NEVS^   BOOKS. 

UNIFORM  WITH  THE  LIBRARY  EDITIOIif  OF  THE  FIRST  FOUR  VOLUMES. 

Demy  8vo.  cloth,  12s. 

A    HISTORY     OF     OUR     OWN     TIMES 

FROM     1880    TO     1897. 
By  JUSTIN  McCarthy,  m.p. 

"  Mr.  McCarthy  is  his  own  and  only  rival The  historian  has  kept  his  very  best  wine  till  the  last The  volume  is  marked  by  those  fine  literary  qualit'es,  that  rare  power  of 

condensation  without  loss  of  colour,  that  established  the  enduring  fame  of  the  earlier  volumes.    Some  of  the  characterizations  of  public  men  are  marvels  of  accuracy,  models  of  style." 

Punch. 

"  This  up-to-date  appendix  to  a  brilliant  and  deservedly  popular  work  is  wholly  admirable,  and  lacks  none  of  the  high  qualities  which  have  been  so  deservedly  applauded  in  the 
preceding  volumes.     The  volume  is  worthy  of  its  predecessors,  and  forms  an  invaluable  contribution  to  later  Victorian  history." — IVorid. 

"  The  volume  shows  no  mark  whatever  of  the  slightest  failure  of  all  the  old  charm  and  all  the  old  strength.  It  is  not  surprising,  under  the  circumstances,  to  hear  that  the  public 
has  extended  to  the  new  volume  of  the  history  the  same  enthusiastic  welcome  it  gave  to  the  old  ;  and  that  already,  within  a  few  days  of  the  issue  of  the  first  edition,  a  second  has  been 
demanded." — Weekly  Sun. 

"  In  every  respect  a  worthy  sequel,  both  in  matter  and  in  manner,  to  its  four  companions.    It  has  all  the  eloquence,  all  the  clearness  and  precision,  all  the  admirable  impartiality, 

il  the  vigour  which  have  been  so  much  admired  in  the  earlier  volumes  of  this  comprehensive  work." — Daily  Mail. 


and  all  i 


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Hennessy.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6rf. 


By  Austin  Dobson.      A  New  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 


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cloth,  3s.  6a!. 
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published  during  the  year  Just  completed." — Literary  World. 

ALL    SORTS    and    CONDITIONS    of   MEN.       By  Walter    Besant,  Author  of  '  Children  of  Gibeon.'      Popular  Edition. 

Medium  8vo.  6d.  ;  cloth,  Is. 

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Contents.— \.  First,  the  Critics  :  and  then  a  Word  on  Dickens.— 2.  Charles  Reade.— 3.  Robert  Louis  Stevenson —4.  Living  Masters  :  Meredith  and  Hall  Caine.— 5.  Rudyard  Kipling. 
—6.  Under  French  Encouragement— Thomas  Hardy.— 7.  George  Moore. — 8.  Mr.  S.  li.  Crock«tt— laa  Maclaren.— 9.  Dr.  Mac  Donald  and  Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie.— 10.  The  Problem-Seekers— Sea- 
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RECENT    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


A  FOUNTAIN  SEALED.    By  Waltee  Besant.    With 

a  Frontispiece, 

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NULMA.     By  Mrs.  Campbell  Peabd. 


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HIS  DEAD  PAST.    By  C  J.  Wills. 


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CURIOSITIES  of  PURITAN  NOMENCLATURE.     By  Charles  Wareing  Bardsley,  M.A.,  Author  of  '  English  Surnames  : 

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'  The  Reader's  Handbook,'  &c.    New  Edition.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6i.  iSept.  16. 


London:  CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  111,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  W.C. 


?M 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


"A    FASCINATING     PVGE    OF    LITERARY 
HISTORY."— lUvstraU'd  London  News. 


In  2  vols,  crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  24». 

JOHN  FRANCIS 
AND     THE     '  ATHEN^UM; 

A  LITERARY   CHRONICLE   OF 

HALF  A  CENTURY. 

By    JOHN    C.    FRANCIS. 


"We  have  put  hefore  us  a  valuable  collection  of 
materials  for  the  future  history  of  the  Victorian 
era  of  English  literature." — Standard. 

"  No  other  fiftj'  years  of  English  literature  contain 
80  much  to  interest  an  English  reader."— /Veewiaw. 

"A  mine  of  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  literature  for  the  last  fifty  years." — Echo, 

"  Rich  in  literary  and  social  interest,  and  afford  a 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  nation." — Leeds  Mercury. 

"  This  literary  chronicle  of  half  a  century  must  at 
once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  reference." 

Publishers'  Circular. 

"  The  entire  work  affords  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremely  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A  worthy  monument  of  the    development   of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— IScotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

"The  volumes  abound  with  curious  and  interesting 
statements,  and  in  bringing  before  the  public  the 
most  notable  features  of  a  distinguished  journal 
from  its  infancy  almost  to  the  present  hour, 
Mr.  Francis  deserves  the  thanks  of  all  readers  inter- 
ested in  literature." — Spectator. 

"  It  was  a  happy  thought  in  this  age  of  jubilees  to 
associate  with  a  literary  chronicle  of  the  last  fifty 
years   a  biographical   sketch  of  the  life   of  John 

i'rancis As  we  glance  through  the  contents  there 

is  scarcely  a  page  which  does  not  induce  us  to  stop 
and  read  about  the  men  and  events  that  are  sum- 
moned again  before  us." —  Western  Daily  AJercury. 

"Our  survey  bas  been  unavoidably  confined 
almost  exclusively  to  the  first  volume  ;  indeed,  any- 
thing like  an  adequate  account  of  the  book  is 
impossible,  for  it  may  be  described  as  a  history  in 
notes  of  the  literature  of  the  period  with  which  it 
deals.  We  confess  that  we  have  been  able  to  find 
very  few  pages  altogether  barren  of  interest,  and  by 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  book  will  be  found 
irresistibly  attractive  by  all  who  care  anything  for 
the  history  of  literature  in  our  own  time." 

Manchester  Examiner, 

"  It  is  in  characters  so  sterling  and  admirable  as 

this  that  the  real  strength  of  a  nation  lies The 

public  will  find  in  the  book  reading  which,  if  light 

and  easy,  is  also  full  of  interest  and  suggestion 

We  suspect  that  writers  for  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  will  find  out  that  it  is  convenient  to  keep 
these  volumes  of  handy  size,  and  each  having  its 
own  index,  extending  the  one  to  20  the  other  to  30 
pages,  at  their  elbow  for  reference," 

Liverpool  Mercury. 

"  The  book  is,  in  fact,  as  it  is  described,  a  literary 
chronicle  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals,  and  a 
chronicle  put  together  with  as  much  skill  as  taste 
and  discrimination.  The  information  given  about 
notable  people  of  the  past  is  always  interesting  and 
often  piquant,  while  it  rarely  fails  to  throw  some 
new  light  on  the  individuality  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  refers." — Liverpool  Daily  Post. 

"  No  memoir  of  Mr.  Francis  would  be  complete 
without  a  corresponding  history  of  the  journal  with 

which  his  name  will  for  ever  be  identified The 

extraordinary  variety  of  subjects  and  persons  re- 
ferred to,  embracing  as  they  do  every  event  in  litera- 
ture, and  referring  to  every  person  of  distinction  in 
science  or  letters,  is  a  record  of  such  magnitude  that 
we  can  only  indicate  its  outlines.  To  the  literary 
historian  the  volumes  will  be  of  incalculable  service." 

£ookseller, 

London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  tc  SON, 

New  Burlington  Street,  W., 
Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


Last  Week's  ATHEXJEUM  eontnins  Articles  on 

ST.  AUGUSTINE'S  MISSION  to  ENOLANL). 

The  FRENCH  llEVOLUTION. 

The  LIFE  0(  lilSHOP  BAVENANT. 

GUEGOKOVIUS  on  HOME  in  the  MIDDLE  AGES. 

A  FRENCH  RECORD  ol  BOOK-PRICES. 

NEW  NOVELS  —'The  Fascination  of  the  King';  'The  Octave  ol 
Claudius';  '  Where  the  Surf  Breaks ';  'Mallertoa';  'His  Daughter.' 

THREE  CLAN  HISTORIES. 

OLD  TESTAMENT  CRIIICISM. 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  LIlEH.VrURE. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE.— LIST  of  NEW  HOOKS. 

AQUILA'S  VERSION  of  the  OLD  TESTAMENT;  The  AUTUMN 
PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Also 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  :— Sir  John  Evans  on  Stone  Implements  ;  Agricultural  Litera- 
ture 1  Medical  Books  ;  The  Calculus  for  Engineers  ;  Astronomical 
>*ote8. 

FINE  ARTS :— Year-Book  oJ  the  Prussian  Art  Collections;  Library 
'rable ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC— The  Week;  Gossip. 

DRAMA  ;— 'The  Greek  Theatre  ,  Gossip. 


Tlie  ATUENJEUM  for  Augiisl  28  conlaiiis  Articles  on 

SOCIAL  ENGLAND. 

BRITISH  BALLADS  and  SONGS. 

CICERO'S  LETTERS. 

The  FORTY-SECOND  HIGHLANDERS. 

PROF.  LEGER  on  the  SLAVS. 

The  REIGN  of  HENRY  III. 

The  HIGHER  CRITICISM  of  the  OLD  TESTAMENT. 

A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  of  ARISTOTLE. 

NEW  NOVELS — 'The  Christian';    'A  Flirtation  with  'Truth';  'Good 

Mrs    Hypocrite';    'By  Stroke  of  Sword',    'One  Heart  One  Way'; 

'L'Acciisateur.' 

BOOKS  on  EDUCATION. 

RECENT  VERSE. 

AFRICAN  PHILOLOGY. 

FOLK-LORE. 

ANTIQUARIAN  LITERATURE. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY. 

REPRINTS. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE.— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

'  A  TALE  of  TWO  TUNNELS  ';  The  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON  ; 

PROF.  SAIN  TSBURY'  on  the  MATTER  of  BRITAIN  ;  The  SONS 

of  EDMUND  IRONSIDE. 

Also — 
LITERARY'  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  :— Life  of  Thomas  Wakley  ;  Library  'Table;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS  :— Constable's  Life  and  Letters ;  The  British  Archo-ologieal 
Association  ;  The  Cambrian  Archa>ological  Association ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— Recent  Publications ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA  ;— The  Week  ;  Gossip 


The  ATIIEKMUM  for  August  21  CMitains  Articles  on 

R    L.  STEVENSON. 

The  REIGN  of  HENRY  VIII. 

MORE  RECOLLECTIONS  o:  the  CRI.HEAN  WAR. 

GAELIC  POETRY. 

MODERN  CRICKET. 

SIR  'THOMAS  COPLEY'S  LETTERS. 

SOURCES  for  GREEK  HISTORY. 

NEW  NOVELS  :— An  Altruist ,  Rose  of  Dutchor's  Coolly. 

LOCAL  HISTORY. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

CONTINENTAL  HISTORY'. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE.— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

UNUM  est  NECESSABIUM;  The  CLERK  of  the  SHIPS;  PROF. 
SAIN'TSBURY  on  the  MATTER  of  BRITAIN  ;  SLOANE'S  'LIFE 
of  NAPOLEON';  "PRAISE-GOD  BAREBONES";  TBELAAVNY 
at  USK. 

Also— 

LrTEB.4RY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE:  —  Sir  John  Evans's  Address  to  the  British  Association; 
Library 'Table;  Geographical  Literature  ;  Entomological  Literature  ; 
Geological  Literature;  The  Literature  of  Physics;  'The  Mathe- 
matical Congress ;  A-itronomical  Notes. 

FINE  ARTS:— Life  and  Letters  of  Jean  Franfois  Millet;  Cambrian 
Archaeological  Association ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— Recent  Publiiations  ;  Bayreuth  Festival ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA:— Molitre  Dictionary;  The  Week;  Gossip. 


THE  ATHENuEUM,  EVERY  SATURDAY, 

PRICE  THKBEPENCE,  OF 

JOHN     C.     FRANCIS, 

Athenceum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane, 

E.G. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


Tins  WEEK'S  KUMBER  cotitaim— 
NOTES  :— City  Names  in  Stoiv's  '  Survey  '—Boers  and  the  Bible— Poem 
by  Tennyson- -Rabsaris— Naval  Crests  — Russian  lolk-tales- Her- 
ring-bone Charm— Grimthorped    Welsh   Customs- "  Overtune  " — 
Split  Infinitive. 

QUERIES  :— Due  d'Epernon— Author  Wanted -Forests  and  Chases— 
*■  Mv."  "His."  applied  to  Authors— Piscina— Roman  Numerals — 
Picture  by  Zoffany— Author  of  Book— Construction  with  a  Partitive 
— Chess  and  the  Devil  —  Overseers  —  Lettering  Bindings  —  Lord 
Mayor's  Fool— Cranmer's  New  i'estament —  "  Derbyshire  wise'- 
Vulgar  Errors— Engravings— Musical  Boxes— Dancing  upon  Bridges 
— Green  'Table. 

REPLIES:— John  Cabot  and  the  Matthew— Flags- Miss  Vandenhoff- 
Wonderful  Word— Luther,  Irish  Surname — Ancestors — Avignon — 
Superstition— Green  Room— Pinchbeck- Grub  Street— P  Harrison  — 
Cigars- Pocket  Nutmeg-Grater— Cause  of  Death— "  Mad  as  a  hatter" 
—  Lord  of  Allerdaie — '•  Footle  "  — "  Jesu,  Lever  of  my  soul  " — ''  Have- 
lock  " — Stanwood  Family — Portreeve  — Isle  of  Man— Maeaulay  and 
Montgomery — Cagots— Registering  Mirths  and  Deat^is- "  Alierot  " 
Burlinghame  —  Eye-rhymes-  -"  Returns  " — "  Harpe  pece  " — French 
Prisi)ners  in  England— Burial  of  Horse  with  Owner— "Ken" — 
Questions  on  Rubric— Reigate  Parish  Church — Monkish  Latin — 
Bibliography  of  New  South  Wales. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  —Hume's  ■  .Sir  Walter  Ralegh '-Lang's  'Book  of 
Dreams  and  Ghosts'— Wyatt's  'Elementary  Old  English  Grammar  ' 
—Magazines  of  the  Month. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  ( September  i)  cohUiins— 
NOTES  :— Francesca  de  Chaves— Peter  Thellusson— Death  of  Voltaire- 
Lady  Monson  — Incident  in  'Pickwick'  —  Episcopal  Families  — G. 
Winstanley — Lewkners  Lane. 

QUERIES:— Mayhew  —  F.  G.  Waldron  —  Mrs  Webb  — Rainsford  — 
Gentleman  Porter  —  Engraving  —  English  Prisoners  —  Heraldic  — 
"  Scholar  in  Chaucer  "—Davy  Family— Fairy  Abunde-Marks  for 
Signatures  —  Hulme  —  Montague  — Scottish  Coins  — Manwood  and 
Kettle— "Cooper"  — J.  Rilley  —  Characters  in  Dickens —  "  Droo  " — 
Sermon  by  Luther— Origin  of  Aphorism— Newspaper  Cuttings- 
Archbishops'  Signatures— Wife  of  Hon.  W.  Spenser  —  Authors 
Wanted 

REPLIES  —John Cabot  ani  the  Vatlhew— Tern— Green's  'Guide to  the 
Lakes'  —  Foster  of  Bamborough  —  "'Tally-ho" — Division  of  New 
'Testament —  "  When  sorrow  sleepeth  "  —  Equivalents  of  English 
Proverbs— "  Marriage  Lines  "—Hatchments  in  Churches — Ennis  : 
Denis  —  "  Hansard  "  :  "  Hanse  "  —  "  Matrimony  "  —  "  Bundling  " — 
Bees  and  Rose  Leaves— Clarkson  Stanfield—"  Mow  Land  "—Loss 
of  the  Eurydlce— Parish  Records— Fireless  Peoples -Standards  of 
Measurement— Red.  White,  Blue— "  Sovereign  of  Belfast  "—Byron's 
Birthplace—"  Does  your  mother  know  yon 're  out?  "—Black  Hole  of 
Calcutta — Bar  Sinister—Rummer  —  "Gurges"- Cockade  :  Escallop 
—Baronet's  Widow— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Farmers  'National  Ballad  and  Song '-Rye's 
'Norfolk  Pedigrees'—  Worthy's  'Devonshire  Wills '  — Kushton's 
'  Shakspeare  an  Arcber  ' — Harper's  '  Shakespeare  and  the  'Thames  ' — 
Morrall's  Ranbeck's  '  Saints  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict  — '  Camden 
Miscellany,'  Vol.  IX. 

THE  NUMBER  FOR  AUGVST  28  contains— 
NOTES :— City  Names    in   Stow's  '  Survey  '— O.   W.   Holmes  and  the 
Word   "Pry" — Scallop  in  Heraldry  —  Church    Row.    Hampstead  — 
Anglo-Saxon  MSS— "ODeus  Optiine  "—Local  Phrases— "  Whom" 
^English  Measure. 

QUERIES  :— Burlinghame -Charles  Keene  —  Swifts.  Sparrows,  and 
Starlings— Skelton—Plantagenet— Sir  W.  Hendley— Clock  at  Rouen 
— Parkhurst  Family — Evona— Folk-lore  of  the  Moon— Song  Wanted 
—Daily  Service— J.  'T.  Busby— Reigate  Church  —  Tern— Armorial 
China-^Letter  from  Douglas  Jerrold— '  Austria  as  it  is  ' — Volunteers 
— Owen  ap  Lewis— Chittening—"  Obey  " — History  of  Huntingdon  — 
"Godard";  "Lagman." 

REPLIES :— Tradition  of  St  Crux— "  To  cha' fause  "—New  South  Wales 
Bibliography  —  Gretna  Green  —  Diamond  Jubilee  Service —  Gram- 
marsow—' English  Verse  Structure'  —  'Twenty -four  Hour  Dials — 
Handicap  —  Decadents  and  Symbolistes  —  Oldest  'Trees— Military 
Colours— "Dick's  Hatband"  —  'Typewriters  —  Charlton  Family — 
Cheney  Gate— Ulster  Plantation— Descendants  of  Jones  the  Regi- 
cide—king's Messengers— B.  Scrope— H.  J.  H.  Martin— Hare  and 
Eggs — Nine  Men's  Morris— Burning  Christmas  Decorations — A. 
Smith— Trials  of  Animals— Enid  — Cape  Gooseberry— Beanfeast- 
Living  Sign — Methven  Pedigree— Early  Headstones— Cope  and  Mitre 
—Smoking  before  Tobacco- Earls  of  Derby— Invention  of  the  Guil- 
lotine—" Apparata"  — "  Aceldama" — Miss  Wallis- Rhymes  in  Latin 
Classics— Knights  Templars  in  Pembroke— "  Haveloek  "—Howard 
Medal-Holly  Meadaws— Felling  Bridge-Old  Ruflf-'The  Bible  of 
Nature.' 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Heckethorn's  '  Secret  Societies '—Stnbbs's  'Regis 
trum  Sacrum  Anglicantim '— Grenfell  and  Hunt's  '  Sayigs  of  Our 
Lord'- '  Authors  and  Publishers' — 'Robinson  on  Gavelkind'— 
'Capt.  Cueller's  Adventures'— Ward's  'Guide to Stratford-on-A von' 
— Henslow's  'Bible  Plants'— Dallinger's  'Nominations  for  Office 
in  the  United  States "— Harrisse"s  '  Discovery  of  North  America.' 


THE  NUMBER  FOR  AUGUST  21  contains— 
NOTES:— The  Dove— "Slipper-bath '"—Names  and  the  Survey— Arabic 
Star  Names  — Cockade  :  Escallop  — Epitaph  —  Marriage  Custom— 
"  Bushton  "—"  Peace  with  honour  "—Sieur  du  Bartas—' Dictionary 
of  Dates'  and  the  Calendar — Mammoth  Remains — Ancient  Font — 
Curious  Custom  — Dickens  in  Russian  — Parallels  — Confirmation 
Rite— Disfigured  Landmarks— Colours  in  Action. 

QUERIES  :—"  With  a  wet  finger"- Miss  Vandenhoff— ' Labyrinth  of 
Life  '— "  Hung  ":  "  Hanged  "-Somersetshire  Assizes— R.  J  Clark — 
Cromlechs-Carrick— Baronet's  Widow— "Kingale  "—Bacon  Family 
—Church  of  Scotland  — "  On  the  knees  of  the  gods  "—Making 
Burghers— Reference  Sought — P  as  a  Numeral— Bowing  to  a  Sweep 
-De  Imitatione  Christi'— Warming  Cards  —  Parkhurst  Forest— 
"  God  geometrizes"- Sir  J.  Bennet— Lynch  Family— H.  Clay— Livery 
Lists— Charters— Ghosts— Wilkinson  =Conyers— Authors  Wanted. 

REPLIES — "  A  Crowing  Hen  "—Fall  of  Angels— Royal  Arms  of  Scot- 
land—"  Snipers  "—English  Game  Laws  — East  Windows— Church 
'Tower  Buttresses— "Hawcubite"— "The  Giaour'— "Fly  on  the 
chariot  wheel  "—"  Cyclist  " :  "Bike"— Literary  Women— "Harpe 
pece  "—Sanctuary  Lists  — Amphilli8  —  Poetry—Fit=Fought— "No 
birds  in  last  year's  nest  "—French  Prisoners— Hogg  and  'Tannahill 
— "Ruffin"  Drop— "  Bostrakize  "— P.  Harrison— "  (;rattle  " :  "  Sul- 
low  "  —  "  Teetotal  "  — De  Medici  —  Longest  English  Words  —  R. 
■Woolsey— Old  Estate— Avignon-Glamorganshire  and  Carmarthen- 
shire Families— H.  Cornish— J.  F.  Neville  — Ancient  Cornish- 
Curfew— Helm— Vice-Admiral  Parker— County  Council  English— 
"  Belly-Can '"—Dies  Veneris  — Queen's  Watermen  — B  Franklin- 
Burial  of  Horse  and  Owner— Canonization— Superstition. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS :— Bedford's  '  Blazon  of  Episcopacy  '— Dasent's 
'Acts  of  the  Privy  Council '—Mrs.  Gamlin's  "Twixt  Mersey  and 
Dee '— Feasey's  '  Ancient  English  Holy  Week  Ceremonial '— Boore's 
'^Vrekin  Sketches"— Morris"s  'Struggle  between  Carthago  and 
Rome,"  &c.  

Price  id.  each  ;  by  post,  i\d,  each. 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 


N°3646,  Sept.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


367 


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THE     ATPIEN^UM 


N°3646,  8ept.  11, '97 


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work.  Age  about  20.— Apply,  stating  salary  required,  to  the  Librarun, 
Public  Library,  Watford. 


A  GENTLE  MAN,  residing  alone  in  his  distinctly 
superior  Country  House  fone  hour  from  London),  desires  a 
PERMANENT  GUEST  of  congenial  and  refined  tastes  (Lady  or  Gentle- 
man), who  would  have  the  run  of  his  delightful  secluded  gardens  and 
of  the  entire  premises  equally  with  himself,  and  who  would  appreciate 
the  retirement  of  a  quiet  home  —Write  fully,  stating  age,  habits  pro- 
fession (if  any),  &c..  Box  204,  Sell's  Offices,  167,  Fleet  Street 


TO  WhITERS.— WANTED  at  once  for  Popular 
NEW  WEEKLY,  War  Stories  and  Incidents,  about  2  000  words 
Stones  of  Indian  and  Colonial  Life,  1  000  to  2.5<i0  words  ■  Hunting 
Stories,  about  500  to  1,000  words;  Cycling  Stories,  about  500  to  1  50O 
words;  Humorous  Sketches,  about  500  to  1500  words  ;  Interesting  and 
Instructive  Articles  on  Popular  Subjects  about  600  words  ;  Anecdotes 
of  Famous  Men,  about  200  to  300  words  ;  and  Life  Stories  of  Successful 
Men,  about  1,000  to  1,600  words.  Acceptance  or  return  of  MSS 
guranleed,  but  stamps  for  postage  and  registration  must  be  enclosed.- 
All  Contributions  to  be  addressed  to  the  EnrroR,  Stories.  Ltd  36  Essex 
Street,  Strand,  W  C. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME   SCHOOL  for  limited 

KJ  number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors;  University  Lectures 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  large  grounds  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise.— Mlle.  Heiss,  Waldheim  Berne 


SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  -Thorough  education 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns —For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Phincip.vl 


SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  Coombe  Hill  House,  East 
Grinstcad,  Sussex.    Principal- Miss  CLARK. 
Moral  training  is  substituted  for  religious  teaching,  and  an  all-round 
development  of  the  individual  for  mere   lesson-learning      Physical 
training  and  hand-work  form  a  definite  part  of  the  School  Course 
The  AUTUMN  TERM  BEGAiJ  on  AVEDNESDAY,  September  15. 


MOUNT  VIEW,  HAMPSTEAD.— The  NEXT 
•TERM  Will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  September  23  Reference 
is  kindly  allowed  to  the  Rev.  Canon  .Ainger.  D  D  .  Master  of  the  '  emple, 
EC  ;  Professor  G  Carey  Foster.  F  R  S..  18,  Daleham  Gardens,  N  W  ; 
I'rofessor  John  Ruskin,  LL  D  .  Brantwood,  Coniston  ;  and  others.- For 
Prospectus  apply  to  Miss  Helen  E.  Bavnes. 

POTSDAM,  near  BERLIN. —  Fraulein  von 
BRIRSEN  and  Frflnlein  Z\HN  RECKIVE  a  LIMITED  NU.MBER 
of  YOUNG  LADIES  in  their  High-Class  SCHOOL  They  offer  all  the 
advantages  of  a  Continental  Education  and  a  comfortable  home  Terms, 
Fifty  Guineas  References  and  Prospectus  through  FrSulein  GiflThoin, 
care  of  Mrs.  Payne,  Edgehill  Lodge.  Worple  Road.  Wimbledon.  Surrey, 
former  Lady  Principal  of  this  School,  who  is  willing  to  give  every 
information,  and  take  Pupils  back  with  her  at  the  end  of  September. 

SUPERIOR  SCHOOLS  for  GIRLS.— Miss 
LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  good  Schools  from 
personal  knowledge,  England  and  Continent.— Central  Registry  for 
Teachers,  25,  Craven  Street,  Charing  Cross. 


G 


OVERNESSES    for    PRIVATE    PAMILIES.- 

Miss  LOUIS.A  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSES  for  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements.  —  Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven  Street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

pOACHRS  and  VISITING  TEACHERS.— 

Vy  MEMBERS  of  the  UNIVERSITY  ASSOCIATION  of  WOMEN 
TEACHERS,  all  fully  qnalifled  and  experienced  University  Women 
(Cambridge  Triposes,  including  Double  Firsts.  Oxford  Final  Honour 
Schools.  London  M  A.  and  B.Se  ).  are  OPEN  to  ENGAGEMEN  IS  in 
London.  Cambridge,  Oxford,  Dorking.  'Tunbridge  Wells,  Liverpool. 
Manchester.  Bristol,  and  neighbourhoods  Subjects ;  Mathematics, 
Classics,  Literature.  Philology,  Mediseval  and  Modern  Languages, 
History.  Economics,  Mental  and  Moral  Science.  Natural  Science. 
Preparation  for  Degree,  Scholarship,  and  other  Examinations,  orally 
and  by  correspondence.  Classes  taken  at  Schools,- Ayply  to  the  Hon. 
Sec  ,  48,  Mall  Chambers,  Kensington,  W. 

ADVICE  fis  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  'Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requireme.nts 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bexvor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO  .  who.  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  it  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements— 36,  SackvlUe  Street,  W. 

ART  CLASS.— Mr.  E.  CONSTABLE  ALSTON'S 
COSTUME  CLASS  for  PAINTING  and  DRAWING  REOPENS 
on  MONDAY,  October  4.  Mr  Alston's  Pupils  took  Six  out  of  Sixteen 
Prizes  at  the  Royal  -Academy  Schools  in  1896  and  Eight  of  Eighteen 
in  1895.  Both  Medals  lor  Painting  of  a  Head  from  Life  in  1895  were  won 
by  his  Pupils —Address  'The  Studio,  30,  Osnaburgh  Street,  Regent's 
Park,  London,  N.W. 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURE  and 
kindred  subjects —MISS  DREWRY  will  resume  her  Courses  of 
Lectures  and  Lessons  in  SEPTEMBElt.  She  has  time  for  more  School 
Classes  and  Private  Pupils.  She  also  conducts  a  Reading  Society  for 
Home  Students —143,  King  Henry's  Road.  London,  N.W. 

rj.REEK  (Ancient  and  Modern),  LATIN,  ARABIC, 

vX  HINDUSTANI,  and  all  Modern  Languages.  Rapid  and  thorough 
tuition  by  GOUIN  SERIES  METHOD.  Classes  Morning.  Afternoon, 
and  Evening  Specimen  Lesson  free  —For  particulars  apply  Secretarv, 
Central  School  of  Foreign  Tongues,  Howard  House,  Arundel  Street, 
Strand. 

^'HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY,      Established  1879. 

-L  Proprietor.  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8.  1,  Paternoster  Row.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers.  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  piactical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free. — 'Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BcRGHES,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster  Row. 

T'^O  AUTHORS.  — The  ROXBURGHE  PRESS, 
Limited,  15.  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  are  OPEN  to  RECRIVE 
MANUSCRIPTS  in  all  Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a 
view  to  Publishing  in  Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Works 
before  the  Trade,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public.  Illustrated 
Catalogue  post  free  on  application. 

nC'O    AUTHORS.— MESSRS.    DIGBY,    LONG    & 

1  CO.  (Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual.'  3s.  6rf.  net.  Ninth 
Edition)  are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature 
with  a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form —Address  18,  Bouverle 
Street,  Fleet  Street.  London. 

For  List  of  DIGBY,  LONG  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS,  see  p.  399  of  this 
Journal. 

9,  Hart  Street,  Bloomsburt,  Londom. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Panl,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  annonnce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

C  MITCHELL  &;  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
•  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valnations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &e.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  B.C. 

R     ANDERSON   &   CO.,   Advertising  Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR  STREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  S  W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers,  Magazines,  &c.,  at  the  lowest 
possible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,   Schools,  Fablishers, 
Manulacturers,  &c.,  on  application. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHENiEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR  -  MER,  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE-SUR-MER.  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUN- 
KIRK,  HAVRE.  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  RivoU,  Paris. 

1''0  AUTHORS  and  Others.— MSS.  Copied,  Type- 
written, 9d.  per  1,000  words.- Address  Mr.  J.  G.  Rogers,  9,  Buxton 
Road,  Chingford. 

TYPE-WRITING  by  CLERGYMAN'S 
DAUGHTER  and  ASSISTANTS.— Authors'  MSS.  Is  per  1,000 
words.  Circulars,  Ac,  by  Copying  Process. — Miss  Sikes,  West  Kensing- 
ton Type  writing  Agency,  13,  Wolverton  Gardens,  Hammersmith.  W. 

'l^'YPE-WRITER.- AUTHORS'  MSS.,    Plays,    Re- 

1  views.  Literary  Articles,  &c.,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 
Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies— Address  Miss  E.  Tioar,  23,  Maltland 
Park  VUlas,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W.    Established  1884. 

TYPK-WRITING,   English   and  Foreign  (French 
a  speciality).     Usual  terms.     Authors'  MSS.  carefully  copied. — 
Miss  D'Arcv,  42,  Lancaster  Road,  Notting  Hill,  London,  W. 

TYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 
of  72  words.    References  to  Authors.— Misa  puLSDixa,  23,  Lans- 
downe  Gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

'1'<YPE-WRITING.— Over  5,000  words  Is.  per  1,000. 

I  Special  terms  for  larger  quantities.  MSS.  carefully  Revised. 
Testimonials,  Reports.  &c..  duplicated.  Translations. — E.  Graham, 
Surrey  Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C. 

HE  MERCANTILE  TYPE-WRITING  OFFICE 

(Manageress,  Miss  MORGAN), 

158,  LEADENHALL  STREET,  LONDON,  E  C. 

Authors'  MSS.  carefully  copied  from  lOcf.  per  1,000  words.  Special 
terms  for  Contract  Work.  All  descriptions  of  'Type-writing,  Shorthand, 
and  'Translation  Work  executed  with  accuracy  and  despatch. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.— 
Congdential  Secretary,  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  'Tripos. 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dutch  Translator  to  the  India  OfHce  Permanent 
StaH^  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries  Exoert  Stenographers 
and  'Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work,  A'erbatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  Congresses,  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  'Translations 
into  and  from  all  Languages  Specialities  :  Dutch  Translations,  Foreign 
and  Medical  Type-writing,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Librarien 
Catalogued. 
Pupils  Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

'I'^YPE-WRITERS    and   CYCLES.— The   standard 

X  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanfred.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  «ash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words. — N.  Taylor, 
74.  Chancery  Lane,  London.  Established  188i.  Telephone  690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator.  London." 


T 


U 


NIVERSITY 


of 


DURHAM. 


SCHOLARSHIPS  FOR  WOMEN,  OCTOBER.  1897. 
70;.  in  Scholarships  will  be  offered  for  competition  by  Women 
Students  who  commence  residence  at  Durham  in  October,  1897.  'The 
EXAMINATION  BEGINS  on  OCTOBER  13  Notice  of  intention  to 
reside  should  be  sent,  not  later  than  September  30,  to  Prof.  Sampson, 
The  Castle.  Durham,  from  whom  all  infarmation  as  to  cost  of  residence, 
&c.,  may  also  be  obtained. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 

The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES,  by  Prof.  W.  F.  R. 
WBLDON,  F.R.8.,  Will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  6, 
at  1  p  M. 

'These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparing 
for  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
Students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
Courses  of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  during  the  Session  will  be  given 
later.  J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  MA  ,  Secretary. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
Principal— Miaa  EMILY  PENROSE. 

The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.  Stu- 
dents are  expected  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  p  u  on 
Wednesday.  October  6  Mrs.  FAWCETT  will  deliver  the  Inaugural 
Address  at  4.30  p  m.  on  Thursday,  October  7. 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  branches  of  general  and  higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically  they  form  a  connected  and  progressive  course,  but 
a  Single  Course  of  Lectures  in  any  subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  for  all  the  University  of  London  Examinations  in 
Arts  and  Science,  for  the  Teachers'  Diploma  (London),  and  for  the 
Teachers'  CertlBcate (Cambridge). 

Six  Laboratories  are  open  to  Students  for  Practical  Work. 

The  Art  School  is  open  from  10  to  4  Students  can  reside  in  the 
College.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

THE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE, 
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 
Principal— Rev.  H.  P.  GURNEY,  MA.  D.C  L. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  &c. 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached  to 
the  College. 

The  TWENTY-SEVENTH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  27,  1897. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.  4rf).— Prospectuses  on  applica- 
tion to  the  SECRETARr. 


370 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


VICTORIA  l;^lVERSITY. 

'■PHE    YORKSHIRE    COLLEGE,    LEEDS.— The 

JL  TWrNTY-FOUKTH  SKSSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SOIKNCE, 
TECHNOI.OOY,  and  ARTS  will  HEGIN  on  OC'l'OBER  5,and  the  SIXTY- 
SEVENTil  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  Of  MEDICINE  on  OCTOBER  1, 
3897. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions  :— Chemistry,  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining.  Textile 
Industries.  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Registrar. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

NIVERSITY  COLLEGE  LIVERPOOL. 


u 


ARTS  AND  SCIENCE  DEPARTMENT,  SESSION  1897-8. 
Full  Curriculum  for  VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY  and  LONDON  UNI- 
VERSITY DEGREES  in  ARi'S  and  SCIENCE.    Students  also  prepared 
for  Civil  Service.  Cambridge  Higher  Local,  and  other  Examinations. 

SPECIAL  CURRICULA  ARE  PROVIDED  FOR  STUDENTS  PRE- 
PARING FOR  KUSINESS  LIFE,  FOR  TECHNOLOGICAL  CHE- 
MLSTRY.  FOR  ENGINEERING,  ELECTRO-TECHNICS,  AND  ARCHI- 
TECTURE. 

Physical,  Engineering,  Biological,  and  Chemical  Laboratories.  Prac- 
tical Laboratory  Work  for  Professional  and  other  Students. 

All  Classes  open  to  Male  and  Female  Students  of  Sixteen  and  upwards. 
Students  admitted  in  their  sixteenth  year  subject  to  Preliminary  Exami- 
nation. 

PROFESSORS  AND  LECTURERS. 

Greek— Professor  Rendall,  MA.  D.Litt. 

Latin— Professor  Strong,  M  A.  LL.B. 

French— Victor  H.  Friedel.  H  -ds-L.  Ph.D. 

Teutonic  Languages— Professor  Kuno  Meyer,  Ph.D.  M.A. 

Italian— Chevalier  Londini.  D  C.L 

English  Language  and  Anglo-Saxon— R.  Priebsch,  Ph.D. 

Modern  Litei'ature— Professor  Raleigh,  M.A. 

English  History— Professor  Mackay,  M.A. 

Philosophy— Professor  MacCunn,  M  A. 

Art  of  Education— \V.  H.  Woodward,  B.A. 

Political  Economy  and  Commercial  Science— Professor  Conner,  M..\. 

.Architecture— Professor  Simpson. 

Law— Professor  Emmott. 

Mathematics— Professor  Carey,  MA. 

Physics— Professor  Oliver  Lodge,  LL.D.  D.Sc.  I'.R.S. 

Electro-technics- A.  Hay.  I)  Sc. 

Engineering— Professor  Hele  Shaw,  LL.D,  Mem.Inst.C.E. 

Chemistry— Professor  Campbell  Brown.  D  Sc. 

Physiology- Professor  C  S  Sherrington.  MA.  M.D.  F.R.S. 

Biology— Professor  Herdman,  D.Sc.  F.R  S.  F  L  S. 

Botany— Professor  R  J.  Harvey  Gibson,  M.A.  F.L  S. 

Physiography— J.  L  Howard,  D  Sc. 

An  Entrance  Examination  for  intending  Students  in  their  Sixteenth 
year  will  be  held  on  October  1  and  2 

SESSION  COMMENCES  OCTOBER  4.  Registration  of  Students  11  tol 
and  2  to  4  September  SO ;  10  to  1  and  2  to  4  October  1 ;  and  10  to  1  on 
October  2. 

EVENING  CLASSES  COMMENCE  OCTOBER  11. 

Full  Prospectus  on  application  to  the  CoLLiicE  Rzgisthir, 

UNIVERSITY     OF     LONDON. 
SPECIAL  CLASSES. 

T  ONDON    HOSPITAL    MEDICAL    COLLEGE, 


K 


SPECIAL  CLASSES  are  held  in  the  subjects  required  for  the 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC  M  B.  (London)  EXAMINATION. 

BOTANY  and  ZOOLOGY.    By  P.  Chalmers  Mitchell,  MA  Oxon.  F.Z  S. 

CHEMISTRY  and  PHYSICS.    By  Hugh  Candy,  B  A.  B  Sc.  Lond. 

Fee  for  the  whole  Course,  Ten  Guineas. 

Special  Classes  are  also  held  for  the  Intermediate  M.B,  Lond.  and 
Primary  F.R.C.S.,  and  other  Examinations. 

These  Classes  will  COMMENCE  in  OCTOBER,  and  are  not  confined 
to  Students  of  the  Hospital.  MUNRO  SCOTT,  Warden. 

ING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON.— STUDENTS  in 

Arts  and  Science,  Engineering,  Architecture,  and  Applied 
Sciences,  Medicine,  and  other  Branches  of  Education,  will  be  AD- 
MITTED for  the  NEXT  TERM  on  TUESDAY,  September  28.  EVEN- 
ING CLASSES  commence  THURSDAY,  September  30. 

Students  are  classed  on  entrance  according  to  their  proficiency,  and 
Terminal  Reports  of  the  I'rogress  and  Conduct  of  Matriculated  Students 
are  sent  to  their  Parents  and  Guardians.  There  are  Entrance  Scholar- 
ships and  Exhibitions. 

Students  who  are  desirous  of  studying  any  particular  Subject  or 
Subjects,  without  attending  the  Complete  Courses  of  the  various 
Faculties,  can  be  admitted  as  Non- Matriculated  Students  on  payment 
of  the  separate  fees  for  such  Classes  as  they  select 

The  College  has  an  entrance  both  from  the  Strand  and  from  the 
Thames  Embankment,  close  to  the  Temple  Station, 

For  Prospectuses  and  all  information  apply  to  the  SECRrr.iRT,  King's 
College.  London,  W.C. 

S~T.  BARTHOLOMEW'S  HOSPITAL  and 
COLLEGE. 

The  WINTER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  FRIDAY,  October  1. 1897. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College  within  the  Hospital  walls,  subject 
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I 


N"  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


371 


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NOW  READY. 

PHILOSOPHICAL     TRANSACTIONS     of     the 
ROYAL     SOCIETY     of     LONDON,     1898. 

Contents. 

Series  A.    Vol.  189.    Price  1(. 

1.  A  MAGNETIC  DETECTOR   of  ELECTRICAL  WAVES  and  some 

of  its  APPLICATIONS.    By  E.  Rutherford. 

2.  COMPLETE  FREE-ZING-POINT  CURVES  of  BINARY  ALLOYS 

containing  SILVER  or  COPPER  together  with  another  METAL 
By  C.  T.  Heycock  and  F.  H.  Neville. 

3.  ON    the    RELATIONS    between    the    VISCOSITY    (INTERNAL 

FRICTION)  of  LIQUIDS  and  their  CHEMICAL  NATURE 
Part  II.  By  T.  E.  Thorpe  and  J.  W.  Rodger.  With  an  Appendix 
on  the  Preparation  of  Ethers.    By  R  E.  Barnett 

4.  ON  the  CAPACITY  and  RESIDUAL  CHARGE  of  DIELECTRICS 

as  affected  by  TEMPERATURE  and  TIME  By  J.  Hopkinson 
and  E  Wilson. 

5.  IMPACT  with  a  LIQUID  SURFACE.  STUDIED  by  the  AID  of 

INSTANTANEOUS  PHOTOGRAPHY.  By  A.  M.  Worthington 
and  R.  S.  Cole. 

6.  EXPERIMENTS    on     the    ABSENCE    of    MECHANICAL     CON- 

NEXION between  ETHER  and  MATTER.    By  Oliver  Lodge. 

7.  An  ATTEMPT  to  DETERMINE  the  ADIABATIC  RELA'lIONS  of 

ETHYL  OXIDE.  By  E.  P.  Perman,  W.  Karasay,  and  J.  Rose- 
Innes. 

8.  ON  the  RELATION  between  MAGNETIC  STRESS  and  MAGNETIC 

DEFORMATION  in  NICKEL.    By  E.  Taylor  Jones. 

9.  ON    the    APPLICATION    of    HARMONIC     ANALYSIS    to    the 

DYNAMICAL  THEORY  of  the  TIDES  Part  I.  On  Laplace's 
'  Oscillations  of  the  First  Species,'  and  on  the  Dynamics  of  Ocean 
Currents.    By  S.  8.  Hough. 

10.  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  on  the  RESULTS  obtained  in  NOVAYA 
ZEMLYA  with  the  PRISMATIC  CAMERA  during  the  ECLIPSE 
of  the  SUN,  AUGUST  0,  1S96     By  J,  Norman  Lockyer. 
CONDENSATION   of   WATER   VAPOUR    in   the    PRESENCE    of 
DUST-FREE  AIR  and  other  GASES.    By  C.  T  R   Wilson. 
London  :  Harrison  &  Sons,  45,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  W  C. 


11 


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372 


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BIBLICAL  PHILOLOGY  AND   ARCHJEO- 
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The    DOCUMENTS    of  the   HEXA- 

TEUCH.  Translated  and  arranged  in  Chronological 
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FOLK-LORE  AND  MEDIEVAL   ROMANCE, 

CELTIC  LITERATURE. 

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world,'  by  Alfred  Nutt,  was  published  in  1895,  at  10s.  6rf. 

No.  7.  The  LEGEND  of  SIR  GAWAIN. 

studies  upon  its  Original  Scope  and  Significance.  By 
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A  DICTIONARY  of  BRITISH  FOLK- 

LORE.  Parti.:  The  Traditional  Games  of  England,  Sc<it- 
land,  and  Ireland.    With  Tunes,  Singing-Rhymes,  and 
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lected and   Annotated  by  ALICE  BERTHA    GOMME. 
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Editor  and   G.  LAWRENCE  GOMME.  upon   the  Dis- 
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giving  a  Classified  List  of  the  most  useful  Works  for  the 
English-speaking  Student  of  Folk-lore,  will  be  issued  of 

An  INTRODUCTION  to  FOLK-LORE. 

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STUDIES   in   IRISH  EPIGRAPHY. 

A  Collection  of  Revised   Readings  of  the  Ancient  In- 
scriptions of  Ireland.     With  Introduction  and  Notes  by 
R.  A.  STEWART  MACALISTER,  M.A.      Part  I.,  con- 
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dare.    Demy  8vo.  96  pages,  cloth,  3s.  dd.  net  (3s.  9rf.  post 
free). 
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in  which  are  preserved  forms  of  the  language  dating  from 
the  Fourth  to  the  Seventh  Centuries. 

GOLSPIE.     Contributions   to   its 

Folk-lore  by  ANNIE  and  BELLA  CUMMINQ,  JANB 
STUART,  WILLIE  W.  MUNRO,  ANDRKW  GUNN, 
HENRI  J.  MACLEAN,  and  MINNIK  SUTHERLAND 
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LUINNEAGAN    LUAINEACH. 

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MACGREGOR,  M.D.,  Director  and  Honorary  Bard  to 

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*»*  Consists  of  nearly  sixty  poems  and  songs,  mostly  in 

Gaelic,  but  with  a  few  English  ones  at  the  end  of  the  book, 

intended  to  correspond  with  some  poems  in  the  previous 

Gaelic  portion. 

In  the  NORTHERN  LIBRARY  will  be  issued  :— 
Vol.  III. 

HAMLET  in  ICELAND.    Being  the 

Icelandic  Romantic  Ambales  Saga.    Edited  and  Trans- 
lated, with  Extracts  from  five  Ambales  Rimur  and  other 
Illustrative  Texts,  for  the  most  part  now  first  print.ed, 
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Lecturer  in  English  at  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
4to.  about  350  pages,  bound,  10s.  Brf.  net  (before  publica- 
tion). 
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and  unexpected  light  upon  the  origin  and  pristine  signifi- 
cance of  the  Hamlet  story,  whilst  the  Appendices  contain 
much  Icelandic  matter,  both  in  prose  and  verse,  practically 
unknown  hitherto,  and  of  great  interest.    The  Saga  itself  ia 
a  most  curious  piece  of  later  mediseval  romance. 

Mr.  ISRAEL  GOLLANCZ,  Reader  in  English  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  will  supplement  his  Edition,  with 
accnnipanying  rendering  into  Modern  English  Verse,  of 

PEARL:   an  English  Poem  of  the 

Fourteenth  Century  (1891,  14s.net).  by  a  Second  Volume, 

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&c. 

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purchasers  of  the  1891  edition  as  do  not  care  for  the  collotype 

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OR  AGUS  OB.    Hymns  and  Incan- 

tations,  with  Introductions  and  Notes  on  Natural  His- 
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Orally  collected  in  Gaelic  throughout  the   Highlands 
and   Islands  of  Scotland,  and  literally  Translated  into 
English  by  ALEXANDER  CARMICHABL. 
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The  TIMES  says  :  - 
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CONTAINIKG 

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374 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


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MB.  FITZGERALD  MOLLOY'S  NEW  BOOK. 

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i-oe.      ine  "oiaen  urocodile    (a  combination  as  original  as  '  Le  Cormoran  Vert'  of  Jules  Verne's  story  of  the  South  Pole)  is  a  gold  mine.    Tales  of  the  gold-fields  have  a  great  charm  for 
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N°  36-17,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


375 


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SATURDAY,   SEPTEMBER  18,  1897. 


377 
378 
379 
381 

381 


CONTENTS. 

A  Reprint  of  Darley's  Nepenthe       

The  Congo  State        

New  Catalogues  of  Persian  MSS 

The  Saored  History  of  Sulpicius  Severus 
Mr.    Whympkr's    Guide    to     Zermatt    and    t: 

Mattekhorn  

New  Novels  (The  Claim  of  Anthony  Lockhart ;    A 

Sweet  Sinner;    Merely   Players;    When    Passions 

Eule) 382-383 

Books  of  Travel        383 

school-books     384 

Books  for  the  Young  384 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      335-386 
The   Etymology  of  "Crease";    The  Congress  of 

Orientalists  ;  Thk  Autumn  Publishing  Season  ; 

Tennyson  Bibliography         386—388 

Literary  Gossip         389 

Science— Pioneers  of  Evolution  ;  Medical  Books  ; 

Gossip  391—392 

Fine   Arts— Muntz  on  Tuscany;  Library  Table; 

Gossip  392—394 

Music -Hereford  Festival;  Gossip     394— .395 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip  395—393 


LITERATURE 

Nepenthe :  a  Poem  in  Two  Cantos.  By 
George  Darley.  "With  an  Introduction 
by  R.  A.  Streatfeild.     (Mathews.) 

Poet,  mathematician,  critic,  George  Darley 
was  a  remarkable  man,  and  Mr.  E.  A. 
Streatfeild  has  done  well  to  reprint  from 
the  British  Museum  copy,  which  is  probablj', 
as  he  says,  unique,  the  two  cantos  of  the 
incomplete  '  Nepenthe,'  which  their  author 
printed  for  private  circulation  in  1839. 

Fate  has  treated  Darley  somewhat  hardly, 
as  the  verdicts  of  his  own  day  suggest. 
Tennyson  offered  at  his  own  expense  to 
print  his  poetry ;  Carlyle  —  never  over 
generous  of  good  words  for  his  contempo- 
raries— thought  him  a  considerable  mathe- 
matician ;  and  his  critical  power,  well  known 
to  his  brilliant  circle  of  friends,  contributed 
much  to  the  London  Magazine — then  at  its 
zenith,  with  "Elia"  and  other  stars  as  con- 
tributors— and  more  to  the  Athenceum,  for 
which  he  did  good  work  till  the  day  of 
his  death,  though  this  side  of  his  literary 
activity  seems  to  have  escaped  Mr.  Streat- 
feild. And  to-day,  except  as  the  author  of 
the  words  "I've  been  roaming,"  associated 
with  a  fine  old  English  tune,  he  is  pro- 
bably almost  unknown.  The  reason  is  not 
far  to  seek.  An  impediment  in  his  speech, 
an  exquisite  and  fantastic  taste,  an  out- 
spoken temper  at  war  with  the  pretentious, 
and  intolerant  of  sham,  all  led  Darley  to 
shrink  from  a  world  which  he  feared  would 
not  understand  him.  Writing  often  under 
varying  pseudonyms,  he  courted  retirement 
as  eagerly  as  some  writers  have  sought 
advertisement.  Hence  to  the  world  of  to- 
day Darley,  dead  more  than  fifty  years  since, 
is  almost  a  new  poet,  and  the  critic  may 
hesitate  between  two  ways  of  reviewing. 
One  is  appropriate  to  a  poet  unknown  or 
little  known ;  the  other  to  a  poet  dead,  or 
else  a  living  poet  of  settled  reputation.  In 
the  case  of  a  new  poet  the  critic  directs  the 
reader  to  his  beauties,  and  dwells  on  his 
performance  and  promise  of  performance, 
emphasizing  his  defects  only  so  far  as  to 
give  the  poet  himself  a  chance  of  removing 
them.     But  from  a  poet  dead  there  is  no 


more  to  hope,  and  accordingly  we  judge 
him  by  the  stricter  standard  of  his  absolute 
achievement.  But,  again,  George  Darley  is 
probably  to  the  present  generation  a  new 
poet,  and  therefore  readers  may  expect  us  to 
judge  him  by  the  laxer  standard.  Yet,  also, 
he  is  a  dead  poet,  and  a  poet  long  dead,  who 
claims  therefore  to  be  criticized  in  regard 
to  his  relative  place  among  the  poets  of  the 
century.  From  this  latter  and  stricter 
standpoint  it  is  our  intention  to  view  him. 
But  in  order  to  avoid  injustice  in  a  case  so 
anomalous,  let  us  first  state  how  we  regard 
him,  judged  by  the  laxer  standard.  If, 
then,  '  Nepenthe '  were  the  work  of  a  new 
writer,  we  should  rank  George  Darley 
among  the  most  promising  poets  of  the  day. 
But  having  stated  so  much  we  must  needs 
go  on  to  review  him  as  one  whose  promise 
can  come  to  no  further  fulfilment,  whose 
bud  must  be  estimated  as  blossom. 

Yet  bud  it  is.  Had  it  been  otherwise  we 
should  not  now  be  treating  him  as  a  poet 
unknown.  We  have  read  '  Nepenthe  '  with 
amazement.  It  is  young  as  crocus  and 
daffodil ;  it  "  smells  April  and  May."  Yet 
it  is  the  work  of  a  man  of  middle  age. 
Something  there  is  of  Shelley,  but,  in 
the  main,  it  foUows  the  'Endymion'  of 
Keats,  not  wisely,  but  too  well.  Conceive 
a  poet  of  forty-four  imitating  'Endymion,' 
with  all  its  youthful  beauties.  Evidently 
Darley  at  forty-four  was  very  young- 
younger  than  the  Keats  of  the  'Lamia' 
volume,  younger  than  the  Shelley  of  '  Pro- 
metheus'  and  'Hellas.'  He  died  five 
years  afterwards,  having  never  grown  old. 
'Nepenthe'  has  more  wandering  incon- 
sequence than  'Endymion,'  which  is  by 
comparison  orderly,  a  poem  with  a  back- 
bone. Darley's  poem  has  the  merest  pious 
desire  of  a  plan,  of  an  argument ;  and  he 
adds  confusion  by  occasional  vague  aspira- 
tions after  an  allegory,  mere  doubtful  hints 
introduced  to  satisfy  his  conscience,  when 
he  would  have  done  better  frankly  to  own 
that  he  was  following  the  unforeseen  mean- 
derings  of  his  wild  and  untrained  fancy. 
His  style  lavishes  itself  in  every  wilful 
extravagance  the  most  youthful  beginner 
can  hit  upon.  Yet  he  is  a  poet,  and 
'  Nepenthe '  would  be  pronounced  by  all 
full  "of  luxuriant  promise,  had  it  only  been 
the  work  of  twenty-four,  instead  of  forty- 
four. 

The  first  canto  opens  with  great  charm  of 
expression  and  fancy;  but  before  long  it 
passes  into  a  rhapsody,  wherein  the  poet's 
powers  are  overstrained  to  a  degree  of 
almost  insane  abandonment.  Yet  always 
it  is  overstrained  power,  not  overstrained 
weakness.  Here  is  a  passage  ardent  in 
fancy  and  fine  in  diction  (though  not  quite 
free  from  occasional  slight  violence),  which 
immediately  prefaces  the  overstrained 
portion  : — 

Light-skirt  dancers,  blithe  and  boon. 
With  high  hosen  and  low  shoon, 
'Twixt  sandal  bordure  and  kirtle  rim 
Showing  one  pure  wave  of  limb, 
And  frequent  to  the  cestus  fine 
Lavish  beauty's  undulous  line, 
Till  like  roses  veiled  in  snow 
'Neath  the  gauze  your  blushes  glow; 
Nymphs  with  tresses  which  the  wind. 
Sleekly  tosses  to  its  mind, 
More  deliriously  dishevelled 
Than  when  the  Naxian  widow  revelled 
With  her  flush  bridt-groom  on  the  ooze, 
Hurry  me,  Sisters,  where  ye  choose  ! 


Is  not  this  true  and  fervid  poetry  ?  And 
even  in  the  height  of  his  wildest  rant  he 
outflows  suddenly  into  this  passage  of  beauti- 
ful expression  married  to  lovely  music  ;  — 

Eternity's  bright  clime  ! 

Where  this  fierce  joy 

I  feel,  shall  aye  subside, 

Like  a  swoln  bubble  on  the  ocean-tide, 

Into  the  river  of  bliss,  Elysium-wide ; 

And  all  anooy 

Lie  drowned  with  it  for  ever  there, 

And  never-ebbing  Life's  soft  stream  with  confluent 

wave 
My  floating  spirit  bear 
Among  those  calm  Beatitudes  and  fair, 
That  lave 

Their  angel  forms,  with  pure  luxuriance  free, 
In  thy  rich  ooze  and  amber-molten  sea. 
Slow-flooding  to  the  one  deep  choral  stave — 
Eterne  Tranquillity  1 
All-blessing,  blest,  eterne  Tranquillity  1 

There  is  here  a  certain  anticipation  of  that 
exquisite  metrical  harmony  which  was  after- 
wards to  animate  a  supreme  passage  in 
'  Maud '  and  some  of  the  odes  of  the  '  Un- 
known Eros.' 

But  the  finest  portion  of  the  poem  is 
the  second  canto.  There  is  still  the 
same  inconsequence  of  so-called  narrative  ; 
there  is  still  abundant  violence  of  diction 
and  fancy  pushed  beyond  its  pitch.  But 
here,  more  than  in  the  first  canto,  there  are 
'  Endymion  '-like  compensations  —  descrip- 
tive fantasies  ardently  visioned  and  vividly 
expressed.  If  violence  every  now  and  again 
makes  you  overlook  the  richness  of  the  dic- 
tion, yet  richness  is  constantly  seducing  you 
to  overlook  the  violences  of  diction.  Eead 
with  forbearance  and  patience,  and  you  will 
not  go  unrewarded.  Though  we  have  dwelt 
so  much  on  the  degree  to  which  Darley 
is  inspired  by  '  Endymion,'  he  is  no  mere 
imitator,  and  there  are  distinct  individualities 
in  '  Nepenthe.'  He  has  by  no  means 
Keats's  power  of  imagery.  His  peculiar 
power  lies  in  descriptive  fantasy.  He  was 
born  into  the  period  when  the  Spasmodic 
School  was  prevalent,  and  shares  its  cha- 
racteristics. Tennyson  said  of  Alexander 
Smith  that  he  had  fancy,  but  not  imagina- 
tion. It  was  a  saying  true  of  all  the  school 
to  which  Alexander  Smith  belonged,  and  it 
is  true  of  Darley.  The  power  of  the 
second  canto  of  'Nepenthe'  consists  in  a 
luxuriant  fancy,  which  shows  itself  not  by 
way  of  imagery,  but  by  way  of  description. 
The  description  is  not  the  direct  transcript 
from  nature  of  the  Wordsworthian  school, 
but  what  we  may  call  phantasmal  descrip- 
tion, expressed  in  the  most  glowing  diction. 
Again,  the  metre  is  mainly  the  metre 
of  'Endymion,'  with  much  of  its  loose- 
ness ;  but  there  are  passages  which  show 
a  quite  personal  sense  of  metre,  which 
might  have  come  to  something  very  perfect 
and  distinctive.  Here  are  fragments  from 
a  lyric  put  into  the  mouth  of  Memnon 
addressing  the  dawn,  full  of  luxurious 
music  and  exquisite  phrasing  : — 

Winds  of  the  West,  arise  I 
Hesperian  balmy  airs,   O  waft  back  those  sweet 
sighs 
To  her  that  breathes  them  from  her  own  pure 

skies, 
Dew-dropping,   mixt    with    dawn's    engoldened 
dyes. 

O'er  my  unhappy  eyes  1 
From  primrose-bed  and  willow-bank,  where  your 

moist  cradle  lies, 
0  from  your  rushy  bowers,  to  waft  back  her  sweet 
sighs, 

Winds  of  the  West,  arise  1 


378 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


Over  the  ocean  Llown, 
Far-winnowing,  let  my  soul  be  luingled  with  licr 
own, 
By  sighs  responsive  to  each  other  known  ! 
Bird  unto  bird's  loved  breast  lias  often  flown 
From  distant  zone  to  zone  ; 
Why  must  the   Darling  of  the   Morn  lament  him 

here  alone  ? 
Shall  not  his  fleeting  spirit  be  mingled  with  her 
own, 

Over  the  ocean  blown  ? 

Passage  follows  passage  wliicli  we  should 
like  to  quote.  Yet  this  we  must  quote, 
though  it  contains  one  or  two  of  Parley's 
worst  perversities  of  diction  : — 

Striding  the  rough  mountain  mane 
Of  Earth,  her  forelock  now  I  gain. 
Whence  I  behold  the  luoid  spheres 
As  thick  as  ocean  dropt  in  tears 
(  n  the  sapphire-paven  ciel. 
That  close  now  to  my  head  doth  wheel. 
Brighter  the  Moon,  and  brighter  glows  ! 
Broader  and  broader  still  she  grows  ! 
On  that  steepling  pinnacle 
With  glance  rocks  silver-slated  down, 
Her  radiant  ball  sits  tangible, 
Huge  pearl  of  Afric's  mountain  crown  ! 
Ponderous  jewel  of  Earth's  crest  1 
There,  slar-studded  she  doth  rest, 
Filling  every  vale  and  lea 
From  her  lucid  fountain  free, 
Bank  high,  as  with  a  crystal  sea. 
Flooded  bright  each  woodland  moves 
Crisp  as  the  sounding  coral  groves. 
And  each  emerald  lane  doth  seem 
Bed  of  a  diamond- watered  stream. 
But  lo  I  what  mighty  shadows  cast 
Their  lengths  upon  the  glittering  vast 
Portentous,  as  with  giant  reach 
Eclipse  thro'  fields  of  air  did  stretch, 
Printing  the  lunar  hills  upon 
Earth's  disk  in  darkest  colours  dun  ! 

What  a  lucent  passage  this  is,  set  forth 
in  what  gleaming  diction!  "Ciel"  is,  of 
course,  debatable.  It  seems,  at  first  sight, 
a  French  word  bodily  transplanted.  But 
we  are  inclined  to  regard  it  as  a  sj'nonym 
for  "ceiling,"  and  it  has  Scriptural  sanction. 
"Glance  rocks"  is  intolei-able.  Either 
there  is  some  barbarous  ellipsis  or  Darloy 
has  used  an  unprecedented  adjective  in 
"  glance  rocks "  for  "  glancing  rocks." 
But,  for  all  that,  it  is  a  passage  glitter- 
ing with  moonlight.  Then  consider  this 
fine  extract  —  fine  both  in  wording  and 
metre,  though  with  an  unfortunate  ambi- 
guity which  may  obscure  it  for  many 
readers : — 

Two  pools  in  mist  and  murmur  bubble  before  mine 

eyes. 
Black-watered  that :  right  o'er 
Its  cave,  a  bust  of  Mauritanian  mood, 
Thick-liptand  carved  in  negro  curls,  as  rude 
As  the  grim  lake  itself  in  wavy  tresses  wore  : 
This  ripples  in  soft  ringlets,  and  sleek  folds 
Of  milky  undulance,  eastward  oozing 
The  hill's  green  shoulders  down,  diffusing 
His  wealth  of  waters  down  the  humble  wolds  : 
Not  like  his  dark  Brother  making 
His  chasmy  way,  by  choice,  nor  taking 
Precipitous  steps  into  the  Atlantic  holds. 

A  passage  of  rich,  harmonious,  and  classic 
mood ! 

This  true  and  ardent  poet  has  faults  of 
manner  over  and  above  those  we  have  ex- 
plicitly noticed.  He  is  often  obscure  through 
sheer  loose  grammar,  a  too  impetuous  .  and 
inartificial  hurrying  on  of  unconsidered 
clauses,  hunched  anyhow  on  each  other's 
shoulders,  or  through  curious  perversities  of 
construction.  "  Bridges  swung  gorge  over  " 
means  "over  gorges,"  and  so  on.  His 
Latinisms  and  archaisms  may  appal  the 
most  daring.  We  delight  in  Latinisms  and 
archaisms ;  but  they  must  be  archaisms  and 


Latinisms.  Darley  has  a  greatly  daring 
way  of  inventing  would-be  Latinisms  in 
light-hearted  defiance  of  scholarship,  such 
as  "  reptilous  "  and  "  deluginous."  And  if 
he  has  no  archaism  to  hand,  he  forges 
archaisms  with  blissful  unconcern.  "  Bor- 
dure  "  seems  to  us  suspicious;  and  "bittern" 
— not  as  the  name  of  a  bird,  but  as  a 
synonym  for  "bitter" — has  not  a  prece- 
dent to  stand  on.  He  exposes  many  such 
forged  archaisms  to  the  searching  eye.  But 
we  are  little  disposed  to  insist  on  them. 

George  Darley,  in  conclusion,  seems  to 
us  an  extraordinary  phenomenon  in  lite- 
rature. How  did  it  come  to  be — by  what 
baffling  from  circumstance,  by  what  in- 
scrutable whim  of  nature — that  a  poet  of 
luxuriant  j'outhful  power  and  promise  was 
to  the  last  a  poet  of  luxuriant  youthful 
power  and  promise ;  that  the  author  of 
'  Nepenthe  '  wrote  '  Nepenthe ' — at  forty- 
four  ?  It  is  useless  to  speculate.  We  can 
read  '  Nepenthe,'  and  be  thankful  for 
what  we  have,  yet  sorrowful  for  what  we 
have  not.  Could  we  ever  have  had  it  ?  If 
Darley  had  been  born  thirty  years  later — 
perhaps  yes. 

En  Congolie.  ParEdmondPicard.  (Brussels, 

Lacomblez.) 
L'Etat  Independant  du   Congo  a  V Exposition 

de   Bruxelles-Tcrvueren,   1897.     (Brussels, 

Lebegue  &  Cie.) 

Several   books   have   been   written   about 
Belgian  Congoland  by  travellers  and  others 
in  the  service  of  the  Congo  Free  State,  the 
latest  being  Mr.  Hinde's  '  Fall  of  the  Congo 
Arabs,'  which  was  noticed  in  these  columns 
a  few  months  ago.     But  independent  critics 
or  chroniclers  who  can  speak  from  personal 
observation  are  rare.     Very  welconie,  there- 
fore,  is  the  volume    in   which  M.  Picard, 
who    prides   himself   on   being   a    Socialist 
Senator  in  the  Belgian  Parliament,  gives  a 
lively  account  of   the  visit   which  he  paid 
last    autumn    to    this    famous     sphere    of 
European  exploitation  in  Africa.  He  passed 
only  some  five  weeks  in  the  country,  and 
went  no  further  inland  than  to  Tumba,  the 
stage  then  reached  by  the  railway  that  is 
being    constructed    between    Matadi    and 
Stanley   Pool.      As   he   travelled   with   his 
eyes  and  ears  open,  however,  and  appears 
to   have  learnt  nearly  as  much  from  talk 
with  fellow  voyagers  out  and  home  again 
as  from  his  own  experience,  his  statements 
are  not  devoid  of  interest,  and  furnish  an 
instructive   corollary  to  the   larger  volume 
which  has  been  issued  by  the  Congo  Govern- 
ment as  a  guide  to  the  Congo  section  of  the 
Brussels  Exhibition. 

This  latter  is  much  more  than  a  catalogue. 
The  catalogue,  indeed,  fills  but  a  few  pages, 
and  as  such  is  very  meagre.  All  the  perma- 
nent value  of  the  work  is  in  its  summing 
up  in  over  500  stout  pages  of  a  mass  of 
official  information  about  the  ten  or  twenty 
million  savages  of  West  and  Central  Africa 
whom  the  Congo  State  has  undertaken  to 
control,  and  about  the  machinery  devised 
with  that  object.  In  it,  under  the  direction 
of  Commandant  Liebrechts,  the  Home 
Secretary  of  the  Congo  Government,  Lieut. 
Masui  and  a  number  of  experts  have  made 
use  of  nearly  everything  that  had  previously 
been  printed  on  the  subject  as  well  as  of 
unpublished  official    documents,    and    the 


result  is  the  most  compact  and  comprehen- 
sive account  of  Belgian  Congoland,  its 
people  and  its  administration,  which  has  as 
yet  been  produced. 

The  official  volume,  of  course,  tells  onlj' 
so   much   as   King   Leopold   and  his   sub- 
ordinates care  that  the  public  should  know 
concerning   their    great    enterprise.      AVith 
the  help  of  good  maps,  abundant  copies  of 
photographs,  and  other  illustrations,  it  de- 
scribes the  various  native  tribes  and  com- 
munities,  their  manners  and   customs,  the 
physical  conditions  of  their  existence,  and 
the  resources  of  the  districts  they  inhabit 
and  make  scant  use  of,  from  the  mouth  to 
the  source  of  the  Congo,  up  to  Lado  in  the 
north-east,  and  down  to  Kassai  and  Katanga 
in  the  south.     The  great  majority  of  these 
people  are  more  or  less  of  Bantu    origin, 
differing  widely  in  their  habits  and  modes 
of  savage  life,  according  to  the  necessities 
imposed  upon  them  by  residence  in  swampy 
plains   by   the  waterside   or   in    the   great 
forest  which  covers  more  than  half  of  the 
Congo  State's  territory.     Scattered  about  in 
several  parts  of  the  forest,  and  perhaps  in 
-much  larger  numbers  than  have  yet  been 
ascertained,  are  the  dwarfs,  presumably  the 
actual  aborigines,  who  have  been  cramped 
and  hampered  in  every  way  by  centuries  of 
encroachment    from   the    sturdier    Bantus. 
These  Bantus  are  at  their  best  in  the  south, 
where  they  approximate  to  the  tribes  that 
Sir  Harry  Johnston  has  been  befriending  in 
British   Central  Africa,    and   even    to    the 
Matabele   and   Zulus.      In   the   north   and 
west,    on   the    Sudan    side    and    near    the 
Atlantic  coast,  the  Negro  type  shows  itself, 
but  nearly  everywhere  the  mixture  of  races 
is    confusing     to     ethnologists,    and      has 
brought    about    many    similarities,    along 
with   striking    divergences,    among    tribes 
both  far  apart  from  one  another  and  in  close 
contact.  For  hundreds  of  years  before  white 
men  knew  anything  about  them,  these  suc- 
cessive  millions   of    blacks — made   blacker 
than  ever  by  the  scorching  sun  in  the  open 
country,  or  losing  some  of  their  blackness  in 
the  perennial  gloom  of  the  forest — must  have 
struggled  on  in  their  native  savagery,  scarcely 
touched  by  the  waves    of    Arab   influence 
and  conquest  that  stretched  across  the  con- 
tinent to  the  north  of  them  and  inundated 
the  east.     It  was  not  till  about  the  begin- 
ning  of    this    century   that    the    so-called 
Arabs   of    the    Zanzibar    district,    led    by 
Tippu-Tib's  grandfather,  began  to  intrude 
upon  them,   and  the  intrusion  was    slight 
until  the  advances  of  the  Congo  State  pro- 
voked Tippu-Tib  and  his  partners  to  assert 
dominion  over  regions  that  they  regarded 
as    their   legitimate    hunting-ground    for 
ivory  and  slaves.     Far  away  on  the  other 
side,   near  the  mouth  of  the  Congo,  Euro- 
pean slavedealers    and   other   traders   had 
long  ago   established  themselves,  but    the 
cataracts  above  Matadi  had  barred  progress 
from  the  west  until  Mr.  Stanley  pointed  the 
way  that  the  Congo  State  has  been  follow- 
ing for  the  past  dozen  years.     Since  1885, 
and  especially  since    1891,   we  have    seen 
widespread  and    increasing  disturbance   of 
the  savage  institutions  that  had  previously 
met  with  little  interference. 

It  is  partly  to  show  how  necessary  and 
beneficial  has  been  this  disturbance,  in  the 
opinion  of  those  responsible  for  it,  that 
Commandant  Liebrechts' s  volume  has  been 


N«  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


379 


compiled.  Its  description  of  the  native 
populations  in  eacli  of  the  seventeen  dis- 
tricts into  -which  Belgian  Congoland  has 
been  portioned  out  for  administrative  pur- 
poses is  followed  by  a  flattering  account  of 
the  civil  and  military  organizations  set  up 
for  "civilizing"  them,  and  of  the  progress 
already  made  in  obtaining  for  European 
use  the  ivory,  rubber,  and  other  marketable 
commodities  of  which  there  are  almost 
limitless  stores,  and  the  coffee,  tobacco, 
and  other  articles  of  which  it  is  supposed 
that  the  supply  will  be  as  plentiful  and  as 
profitable  so  soon  as  proper  methods  of 
cultivation  have  been  adopted,  and  as,  by 
help  of  the  railway  that  is  to  skirt  the 
cataracts,  the  great  waterways  of  the  in- 
terior can  be  brought  into  safe  and  easy 
communication  with  the  coast.  It  is  no  less 
in  the  interests  of  the  natives  than  in  those 
of  theii'  new  rulers,  we  are  assured,  that 
the  vast  resources  of  the  country  are  being 
developed  and  turned  to  account.  The 
natives  are  being  converted  from  fetishism 
and  cannibalism,  encouraged  to  wear 
European  clothes,  and  compelled  to  work 
as  European  masters  direct,  for  their  own 
good  as  well  as  for  the  gain  of  the  Congo 
State  and  the  people  of  Belgium. 

M.  Picard  shares  the  view  of  the  official 
panegyrists  as  to  the  commercial  value  of 
Congoland,  and,  unlike  most  of  the  poli- 
ticians with  whom  he  is  generally  associated, 
looks  forward  eagerly  and  hopefully  to  the 
time  when  it  will,  if  his  countrymen  consent, 
become  a  Belgian  colony.  But  he  is  a  severe 
critic  of  the  present  regime.  He  agrees  with 
the  Englishman  who  said  to  him,  "Your 
king  is  the  biggest  ivory  and  caoutchouc 
merchant  in  the  world  "  ;  and  in  all  he  saw 
and  heard  in  the  course  of  his  travels  he 
finds  evidence  that  the  whole  machinery  of 
government  is  devised  and  worked  for  the 
immediate  advantage  of  its  head  and  those 
who  are  allied  with  him  and  possess  special 
privileges,  without  regard  for  the  claims  of 
other  Belgians,  still  less  for  the  rights  of  the 
natives.  There  must  be  a  complete  change, 
the  author  considers,  when  Belgium  takes 
over  the  Congo  State  from  King  Leopold,  if 
not  before,  and  the  longer  the  necessary 
reforms  are  delayed,  the  greater  will  be  the 
accumulation  of  mischief  to  be  repaired. 

M.  Picard  reached  Boma  just  a  year  ago, 
and,  after  studying  the  shoddy  civilization 
there  attempted,  went  on  to  Matadi,  and 
thence,  by  train,  to  Tumba,  where  he  looked 
around : — 

"  In  a  long  walk  we  pass  from  timber-yard  to 
tfcaber-yard,  in  which  everywhere  there  is  the 
bustle  of  labour.  Many  hours  we  go  thus,  from 
heap  to  heap,  by  escarpments  and  excavations, 
by  trunks  of  trees  which  indicate  the  mutilation 
of  the  forest.  The  cruel  impression  of  the 
devastation  is  intensified  in  places  where  quite 
recently  native  villages  held  their  own,  hidden 
and  protected  by  the  thick  wood  and  tall  grass. 
The  inhabitants  have  fled.  They  have  fled  in 
spite  of  friendly  palavers,  of  promises  of  peace 
and  goodwill.  They  have  burnt  their  huts,  and 
the  sites  are  marked  by  large  patches  of  cinders 
in  the  midst  of  abandoned  palm-groves  and 
battered  banana  gardens.  The  terrors  caused 
by  the  prospect  of  inhuman  plunder,  of  mas- 
sacres, of  violations  and  abductions,  haunt  their 
poor  frightened  brains,  and  force  them  to  seek 
refuge  in  the  recesses  of  the  forest,  or,  further 
ahead,  in  Portuguese  or  French  Congo,  not  yet 
troubled  by  such  toils  and  such  scares,  in  some 
new  retreat,  quite  out  of  the  track  of  the  white 


men,  those  fatal  fetishes,  and  their  mysterious 
and  disquieting  habits." 

That  the  fears  of  the  natives  were  war- 
ranted he  was  convinced  by  the  treat- 
ment accorded  to  such  of  them  as  had 
been  coerced  into  the  service  of  the  State, 
and  were  employed  on  the  caravan  traffic 
with  the  interior  : — 

"We  constantly  came  upon  these  carriers, 
going  singly  or  in  Indian  file,  blacks,  blacks, 
wretched  blacks,  the  only  garment  a  hideously 
dirty  loin-cloth,  the  bent  and  bare  head  sup- 
porting a  box,  bale,  ivory-tusk,  basketful  of 
rubber,  or  barrel — for  the  most  part  feeble, 
tottering  under  a  load  aggravated  by  weariness 
and  by  insufiicient  feeding  on  a  handful  of 
rice  and  rotten  dried  fish  —  pitiable  walking 
caryatides,  beasts  of  burden  with  legs  as  slender 
as  monkeys;  shrivelled-up  forms,  and  eyes  fixed 
and  round  from  the  eflbrt  to  keep  their  balance 
and  from  constant  exhaustion.  They  go  and 
return  thus,  by  thousands,  organized  in  a 
system  of  human  transport,  requisitioned  by 
a  State  armed  with  its  irresistible  force  pub- 
lique,  supplied  by  headmen  whose  slaves  they 
are  and  who  appropriate  their  wages — thread- 
ing their  way  like  insects  across  hills  and  valleys 
in  their  Sisyphean  task — dying  on  the  road  or, 
the  road  being  traversed,  retiring  to  die  of 
overwork  in  their  villages." 

These  things,  and  worse,  the  author  says 
that  he  saw  in  the  small  part  of  Congoland 
where  it  is  asserted  that  civilized  rule  has 
been  established.  We  can  guess  how  he 
would  have  described  the  arrangements  of 
the  interior  had  they  come  under  his  notice. 
He  would  probably  have  used  language 
stronger  than  that  employed  by  the  late  Mr. 
E.  J.  Glave  in  the  journals  from  which 
further  extracts  are  given  in  this  month's 
Centvry  Magazine.  In  the  early  part  of 
1895  Mr.  Glave  travelled  from  Nyangwe  to 
Matadi,  where  he  died,  and  his  matter-of- 
fact,  half- apologetic  account  of  the  cruelties 
practised  by  Belgians  of  his  acquaintance 
supports  M.  Picard' s  allegations  as  to  the 
brutal  conduct  of  many  of  the  State 
functionaries,  traders,  and  others  towards 
the  natives,  their  drunken  and  dissolute 
habits,  and  the  various  way?  in  which 
they  degrade  themselves  as  well  as  add 
to  the  degradation  of  their  victims.  The 
pictures  M.  Picard  draws  of  the  white 
man's  life  in  Congoland  are  painful  reading, 
and  on  the  ground  of  expediency  if  not 
of  morality,  in  the  interests  of  the  white 
masters  if  not  of  the  despised  blacks,  his 
warnings  should  be  heeded  by  those 
of  his  countrymen  who  are  anxious 
to  build  up  a  great  colonial  empire 
in  Africa.  Such  an  empire,  he  con- 
tends, can  never  be  built  up  by  the 
methods  now  in  vogue  and  by  agents  of 
the  sort  now  employed.  The  Lower  Congo 
is  being  depopulated  by  its  rulers  ;  when 
the  Upper  Congo  is  really  brought  under 
subjection,  if  ever  that  happens,  it  will 
share  the  same  fate  unless  wiser  and  more 
humane  tactics  prevail.  White  men  cannot, 
as  a  rule,  live  long  in  Central  Africa,  nor 
can  they  thrive  there  without  black  men's 
help;  but  "if  ever  the  negro  is  to  become 
a  fellow  worker  with  the  white  man,  he 
must  believe  in  his  justice ;  at  present  he 
believes  only  in  his  cruelty  and  his  im- 
morality." 


NEW    CATALOGUES    OF   PERSIAN   MSS. 

Supplement  to  the  Catalogue  of  the  Persian 
Manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum.  By 
Ch.  Eieu.  (Published  by  Order  of  the 
Trustees.) 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Persian  Manuscripts  in  the 
Lihrary  of  the  University  of  Camhridge.  By 
E.  G.  Browne.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) 

Our  knowledge  of  Persian  literature,  so 
immensely  widened  during  the  last  fifteen 
years  by  the  elaborate  description  of  the 
vast  treasures  of  the  British  Museum,  the 
Bodleian  Library,  the  Eoyal  Library  of 
Berlin,  and  of  some  minor  collections — for 
instance,  that  of  the  Institut  des  Langues 
Orientales  in  St.  Petersburg — has  received 
a  new  and  highly  welcome  addition  in  two 
works,  edited  respectively  for  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum  and  the  Syndics  of 
the  Cambridge  University  Press.  Both  are 
compiled  with  the  same  scrupulous  care  and 
the  same  attention  to  the  minutest  detail 
which  are  the  surest  signs  of  mature 
scholarship. 

Dr.  Eieu's  '  Supplement '  naturally  occu- 
pies the  foremost  place,  as  no  institution  in 
the  world  can  rival  the  British  Museum 
either  in  the  funds  at  its  disposal  for  obtaining 
new  and  costly  MSS..  or  in  the  vigilance  and 
unflagging  zeal  with  which  its  numerous 
agents  in  all  parts  of  the  world  endeavour 
to  enrich  its  stores.  A  striking  ex- 
ample of  such  a  watchful  and  active 
agency  is  furnished  by  this  catalogue,  for 
out  of  its  425  entries  more  than  one-half, 
viz.  240,  were  collected  during  the  years 
1884-1894  by  Mr.  Sidney  Churchill,  late 
Persian  Secretary  to  Her  Majesty's  legation 
in  Teheran,  to  whose  wide  linguistic  know- 
ledge and  ready  kindness  in  supplying  in- 
formation and  in  procuring  rare  specimens 
of  the  Persian  printing  press  many  scholars 
of  this  country  are  greatly  indebted  for 
valuable  assistance.  The  remaining  MSS. 
were  partly  presented,  partly  purchased  at 
auctions  and  elsewhere,  both  in  London  and 
on  the  Continent.  The  amount  of  abso- 
lutely unique  material  that  has  been  placed 
by  these  new  acquisitions  at  the  disposal 
of  all  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  the 
Persian  language  and  literature  may  be 
gathered  from  the  following  remarks.  In 
the  realm  of  poetry — the  hunting-ground  of 
Persian  genius ^ar  excellence — we  meet  at  the 
very  outset  with  a  series  of  rare  epic  poems 
and  divans,  either  complete  or  fragmentary, 
which  illustrate  the  earliest  times  of  Persian 
literature.  The  cycle  of  legends  clustering 
round  the  heroes  of  the  '  Shahname '  is 
represented  bj  copies  of  the  important 
'  Garshaspname  '  of  the  younger  Asadi ;  the 

*  Bahmanname  '  (which  is  ascribed  to  Jamall 
Mihrijirdi,  and,  as  we  learn  here  for  the 
first  time,  must  have  been  composed  before 
A.H.  495) ;  the  '  Kiishname '  of  the  same 
author,  and  an  abridgment  of  the  same,  the 

*  Azarbarzinname ' ;    the  '  Barzuname ' ;  the 

*  Faramujzname,'  &c.;  and  Firdausi  himself 
by  the  so-called  Bland  copy  of  his  later 
epopee,  '  Yiisuf  u  Zallkha,'  a  very  modern, 
but  in  many  respects  invaluable  tran- 
script, which  has  been  adopted  by 
Prof.  Ethe  as  the  basis  for  his  critical 
edition  of  the  poem,  now  in  the  press. 
Among  the  later  heroic  epopees  which  are 
classed  with  the  imitations  of  the  'Shah- 


380 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N"  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


name/  tvro  hitherto  unknown  works  are 
presented  to  us — the  '  Zafarname  '  of  Ham- 
dulliih  Mustaufl,  the  well-known  author  of 
the  '  Ta'rikh-i-Guzlde/  and  the  '  Shahan- 
shahname '  of  Ahmad  of  Tabriz.  The 
former  (which,  by  the  way,  is  omitted  in 
the  index  of  titles)  is  a  Muslim  chronicle  in 
verse  and  completed  a.ii.  735,  the  latter  a 
rhymed  history  of  ChingTzkhan,  composed 
three  years  later,  A.n.  738. 

Among  the  divans  of  the  court  poets 
of  the  Ghaznavides  and  Saljuqs  those  of 
Parrukhl  (a  defective  copy  of  which  in  the 
India  Office  was  hitherto  the  only  one 
existing  in  Europe),  'Unsurl,  and  Hakim 
Qatran  or  Qataran  are  especially  welcome  ; 
the  last  of  these  three  enables  us  for  the 
first  time  fully  to  investigate,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  corroborate,  the  remark  of 
various  tadhkires  that  many  lyrical  poems 
commonly  ascribed  to  EudagT,  the  oldest 
Persian  classic  under  the  Samanides,  are 
in  reality  productions  of  Qatran.  Another 
much-disputed  point  is  also  finally  settled 
by  the  contents  of  a  new  copy  of  Sanu'l's 
divan,  viz.,  the  date  of  the  poet's  death, 
which  is  usually  fixed  in  A.u.  525.  The 
statement  made  already  by  Prof.  Ethe  in 
the  Bodleian  Catalogue  that  Sana'l  wrote 
an  elegy  on  the  demise  of  Mu'izzI  in 
A.H.  542,  and  could,  therefore,  not  have 
died  seventeen  years  before  that  event,  is 
borne  out  by  the  appearance  of  three  similar 
pieces  in  the  new  MS.  Or.  3302.  Extremely 
valuable  is  the  short  collection  of  mystic 
poems  by  'All  Baba  Kuhl,  who  died  a.h.  442  ; 
they  give  us  a  much-needed  clue  both  to 
the  time  and  the  manner  in  which  the  old 
ascetic  -and  orthodox  Arabic  mysticism, 
dating  from  the  earliest  times  of  Islam, 
has  expanded  itself  into  the  higher  heretical 
mysticism,  the  truly  pantheistic  Sufism  of 
the  Persians,  fostered  by  the  admixture 
chiefly  of  Neo-Platonic  ideas  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  leading  features  of  the  Indian 
Yedanta  system  on  the  other,  to  which  already 
at  an  early  period  the  Buddhistic  doctrine 
of  nirvaua  (the  Sufic/awa)  was  added. 

There  appear,  besides,  in   this  '  Supple- 
ment '  a  large  number  of  other  poets  like- 
wise unknown  or  unrepresented  hitherto  in 
any  European  collection,  particularly  poets 
belonging   to   the   present  century.      They 
possess  no  great  artistic  value,  but  we  ought, 
nevertheless,    to    be    thankful    for   having 
now  within  our  reach  such  a  splendid  array 
of  works  illustrating  the  newest  phase  of 
intellectual    activity   in    Persia.      For   the 
historical   student   no  period  in  a  nation's 
literature,  be  it  ever  so  dull,  is  altogether 
uninteresting  or   unimportant.      And  after 
all,  though  the  realm  of  the  Shah  cannot 
boast  of   having  produced   any  great   and 
original   genius   during   the   last    hundred 
years,  it  has  by  no  means  been  so  utterly 
forsaken    by   the    Muses    as    is   generally 
assumed.     We  make  here  for  the  first  time 
the   acquaintance   of   such   court   poets    of 
Path  'Allshah  as  Mijmar,  Parrukh,  Qatrah, 
Khavarl(who  wrote,  besides,  a  comprehensive 
history  of  his  royal  patron  under  the  title 
of     *  Ta'rikh-i-Dhulqarnain,'    described    ia 
No.    71    of    this    'Supplement'),    and    the 
Shah's  own   fourteenth    son,   Haidar   Quli 
Mirza  Khavar.     We  are  also  favoured  with 
the  extensive  royal  divan  of  Shuja'-ulmulk, 
the  Durrani  King  of  Afghanistan  (who  died 
1842),  and  the  less   exalted,  but  perhaps 


more  valuable,  lyrical  compositions  of  many 
later  poets  of  this  century ;  for  instance, 
Qa'rml,  who  is  usually  styled  the  greatest  of 
the  modern  minstrels  of  Persia  (died  1854), 
Vaqar  of  Shiraz,  Mahram,  'Amil-uddin,  and 
GhamamI  (died  1878).  Of  peculiar  interest 
are  the  lyrical  and  epic  poems  of  Hidayat 
(died  1871),  i.e.,  Eiza  Qullkhan,  the  re- 
nowned author  of  the  largest  and  most 
important  tadhldre  of  Persian  poets,  the 
'  Majma'-ulfusaha '  (printed  in  two  folio 
volumes  in  Teheran,  1877),  an  earlier  re- 
cension of  which  is  included  in  this  collec- 
tion, together  with  the  same  industrious 
writer's  '  Piyaz-urfirifln  '  on  Sufic  poets. 

Other  tadhkires  of  intrinsic  value,  which 
were  before  only  known  from  quotations  in 
more  familiar  works,  make  their  first  ap- 
pearance here,  foremost  among  them  NizamI 
'Aruzl's  '  Chahar  Maqfde '  or  four  discourses 
(in  two  copies),  describing  inter  alia  the 
author's  visit  to  the  tomb  of  FirdausI  in 
A.n.  510,  and  giving  an  interesting  account  of 
that  great  poet's  life,  theoldest  record  we  pos- 
sess (published  some  years  ago  from  a  later 
work,  in  which  this  account  was  quoted  in 
extenso,  by  Prof.  Ethe  in  the  German  Zeit- 
schrift,  and  utilized  with  great  critical 
acumen  by  Noldeke  in  his  biographical 
sketch  of  FirdausI  in  Triibner's  '  Grundriss 
der  iranischen  Philologie').  Likewise 
unique  iu  this  line  are  Mir  Husain's  '  Khair- 
ulbayan  '  and  Hasan  Tihranl's  '  Maikhane ' 
or  '  Kharabat,'  both  belonging  to  the  first 
half  of  the  eleventh  century  of  the  Hijre,  as 
well  as  the  numerous  works  dealing  with 
the  poets  of  Path  '  Allshah's  reign,  viz., 
Huma's  '  Zlnat-ulmada'ih,'  Fazil'a  '  An- 
juman-i-Khaqan,'  Mahmud  Mirza's  '  Gul- 
shan-i-Mahmud  '  and  '  Saflnat-almahmud,' 
and  'Abd-urrazzaq's  '  Nigaristan-i-Drira.' 
Greatly  to  be  appreciated  are  another  copy 
of  the  '  Makhzan-ulghara'ib  '  of  A.n.  1218, 
with  its  3,148  notices  of  Persian  poets  and 
their  works,  and  Raunaq's  '  Hadlqat  -  i  - 
Amau-ullahi,'  which  gives  the  first  account 
of  the  poetical  activity  of  Sinandij  or  Sinna, 
the  capital  of  Persian  Kurdistan. 

If  we  turn  now  to  the  field  of  history,  we 
meet,    besides   many   familiar   works,  with 
several     most    valuable     histories     of    the 
Safavis,    among    them    the    '  Pauzat-ussa- 
faviyye,'  a  general  record   or   the  dynasty 
to   the    beginning    of    Shah    Safl's    reign, 
A.n.  1038  ;   a  work  without  a  special  title 
on  the  reigns   of    Shah  Isma'll    and  Shah 
Tahmasp,  by  the  great  historian  Khvaud- 
amlr's  son  Amir  Mahmud,  who  appears  here 
for  the  first  time  in  a  literarj^  capacity  ;  the 
'  Afzal-uttavarikh '  on  Shah  Tahmasp  alone, 
by  an  anonymous  author ;  a  portion  of  the 
'  Khuld-i-barin,'  containing  the  history  of 
Shah  Safi  and  Shah  'Abbas  II.,  by  a  brother 
of  the  well-known  court  chronicler  of  the 
latter  Shah,  Muhammad  Tahir  Vahid ;  and 
the     '  Dastur-i-Shahriyarau '     on     the    last 
Safavl    ruler.    Sultan    Husain,    from    A.n. 
1105  to  1110.    The  Zand  dynasty  of  modern 
Persia,  which  preceded  that  of  the  Qajars, 
the  present  reigning  house,  is  represented 
by  Ibn  Mu'izz-uddin    Muhammad's   '  Gul- 
shan  i-Murad,'  which  goesdown  to  a.k.  1203; 
and  that  of  the  Qajars  itself,  among  several 
others,  by  the  '  Ta'rikh-i-SahibqiranI,'  com- 
posed   by   Fath    'Allshah's    fifteenth    son. 
Prince  Mahmud  MirzJi  Qajar.     A  copy   of 
the    rare     history     of     the     Uzbek    ruler 
'Abdullah-khan  by  Hafiz  Tanish,  an  edition 


of  which  has  long  been  promised  by 
Veliaminov-Zernov,  but  has  not  come  to 
light  yet,  is  also  found  among  the  new 
treasures  of  the  British  Museum,  which 
include,  besides,  a  number  of  unique  local 
histories ;  for  instance,  the  old  historical 
and  topographical  account  of  the  city  of 
Qum,  which  was  translated  from  an  Arabic 
original  of  A.n.  378  by  Hasan  bin  al-Hasan 
'Abdulmalik  in  A.n.  825  ;  the  history  of  the 
district  of  Baihaq,  which  was  completed 
A.n.  563  ;  and  two  more  modern  works  on 
Sistan  (' Ihya-ulmuluk ')  and  Kashan 
(' Mirat-ulqasan '),  by  Suhail  Qasanl.  Im- 
portant, although  not  unique,  are  some  new 
copies  of  a  volume  of  Hafiz-i-Abru's  rare 
universal  history,  the  'Zubdat-uttavarikh'; 
of  the  abridged  Persian  version  of  Nar- 
shakhl's  Arabic  history  of  Bukhara  (lately 
edited  by  Schefer,  Paris,  1892)  ;  and  two 
modern  geographical  works  by  Zain-ul'a- 
bidln  ShirvanI,  the  '  Riyaz-ussiyahat '  and 
the  '  Bustan-ussiyahat,'  both  written  in  the 
first  decades  of  the  present  century. 

Many  interesting  and  curious  relics  in  all 
the  other  departments  of  arts  and  sciences 
might  be  reviewed  here  in  detail;  but  we 
must  confine  ourselves  to  the  mention  of 
a  few  prominent  ones — the  '  Mu'ajjam,'  one 
of  the  oldest  Persian  treatises  on  metre, 
rhyme,  and  rhetorical  figures,  interspersed 
with  a  number  of  verses  of  all  j)oets,  based 
on  a  previous  Arabic  work  of  his  own  by 
Shams  -  i  -  Qais  in  the  first  half  of  the 
thirteenth  century ;  the  Persian  version 
of  the  Arabic  work  of  Ibn  Bubavaih, 
*  Kamal-uddin,'  which  is  identical  with 
the  famous  story  of  Buddhist  origin 
known  in  Europe  as  '  Barlaam  and 
Josaphat';  the  '  Marzbanname,'  a  modern- 
ized version  of  a  collection  of  fables  in  imi- 
tation of  '  Kalllah  and  Dimnah,'  written 
originally  in  the  dialect  of  Tabaristan  ;  and 
the  *  Diirabname,'  a  romance  of  the  prolific 
novel-writer  Abu  Tahir  AttarsusI  or  Attar- 
tusl,  several  of  whose  lengthy  prose  epics 
are  found,  either  in  a  Persian  or  in  a 
Turkish  garb,  in  the  Bodleian  and  India 
Office  collections. 

The  number  of  unique  MSS.  in  the  Cata- 
logue of  the  Cambridge  University  Library 
is,  of  course,  small  in  comparison  with  the 
wealth  of    Dr.  Eieu's  '  Supplement ' ;    but 
even  here  rare  gems  are  found  which  have 
been  described  with  a  fulness  and  accuracy 
that  reflect  the  highest  credit  on  the  author's 
Per-ian  scholarship.     A  precious  document, 
especially  in  its  linguistic  aspect,  is  the  old 
Persian  commentary  on  the    Quran,  a  full 
and  detailed  account  of  which,  with  valu- 
able contributions  to  Persian  lexicography, 
has  been  given  by  Mr.  Browne  himself  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic   Society, 
1894,  pp.  417-524.     It 'is  evidently  of  pre- 
Firdausian    origin,    belonging  to  the  time 
at  which    the    Persian    Tabarl    and    Abu 
Mansur  Muvaff  aq's  '  Materia  Medica '  were 
composed,     i.e.,    the     fourth     century     of 
the   Hijre,    and    is    consequently    of    ex- 
ceptional   importance    for    the    history    of 
Persian  philology.     Equally  precious  is  the 
rare    '  Javidan-i-Kablr '    on    the    doctrines 
of  the   Isma'ilites   by  Fazl-ullah   bin   Abl 
Muhammad  Alhurufl  (put  to  death  a.h.  804), 
which,    like  the  commentary  just   noticed, 
opens  a  wide  field  for  lexicographical  re- 
search, a  task  already  partly  performed  by 
M.  Clement  Huart  in  the  Journal  Asiatique, 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


381 


1889,    pp.   238-70,   and    continued    by   the 
author  of  the  present  Catalogue,  who  has 
also  added  some  extremely  interesting  ex- 
tracts taken  from  the  text.     Important  for 
the  history  of  the  Ta'ziye,  or  rather  the  pre- 
liminary stage  of  it,  the  mere  recitation  of 
pieces  in  prose  and  verse  in  mournful  re- 
membrance of  the  martyrs  of  Karbala  during 
the  first  ten  days  of  the  month  Muharram, 
which   afterwards   developed   into    regular 
passion  plays,  is  the  collection  described  in 
detail  on  pp.  122-42.     From  the  pen  of  the 
renowned  author  of  the  mystical  romance  of 
*  Mihr  u  Mushtarl,'  or  *  Sun  and  Jupiter,' 
Muhammad  'Assdr  (who  died  A.n.  784),  a 
hitherto  unknown  tract  on  rhyme  is  presented 
to  us  here,  and  from  that  of  the  versatile 
author  Husain    bin     'All    alvu'iz    alkashifi 
(who  died  A.n.  910)  a  treatise  on  the  figures 
and  tropes  employed  by  poets.     Of  the  first 
book  of  the  '  Javahir-ulasrar,'  a  famous  com- 
mentary on  Jalal-uddin  Eumi's  '  Mathnavl,' 
Mr.  Browne  gives  an  interesting  and  detailed 
description  on  pp.  321-26.    Other  noticeable 
MSS.  are  the  '(ihurar-uddurar,'  or  'Lustrous 
Pearls,'  by  'Abdulbarakat   Muhammad  al- 
Husainl,  a  unique   collection  of   traditions 
and  anecdotes  of  holy  persons ;  Fazil  Mu- 
hammad's 'Ghara'ib-ulmasa'il,'  or  'Curious 
Questions  on  Ethical  and  Religious  Topics,' 
composed   a.h.   976  ;    a   general  history  of 
the  world    to   A.n.   655,  styled    *  Ta'rlkh-i- 
Muhammadshahl' ;   the  autograph  copy  of 
the  '  Burhan-ulmaathir '  ;    a  history  of  the 
Bahmani  and  NizamshilhT  dynasties  of  the 
Deccan    (a.h.   742-1004);    and  a  very  fine 
copy   of   Sa'dl's    '  KulliyyTit,'    or    complete 
works,  with  the  date  A.n.  700,  which  makes 
it   superior   even   to  the  India  Office   MS. 
No.    876,    from   a.h.    728,  the  oldest  copy 
formerly  known. 


La  CJironiqiu  de  Sulpice  Severe.  Texte 
Critique,  Traduction,  et  Commentaire. 
Livre  I.  Avec  Prolegomenes  sur  Sulpice, 
sur  ses  Ecrits,  et  sur  son  Maitre  Martin 
de  Tours.  Par  Andre  Lavertujon,  Senateur 
de  la  Gironde.     (Hachette  &  Cie.) 

M.  Lavertujon  has  accomplished  a  remark- 
able feat.  He  has  produced  a  beautifully 
printed  post  quarto  volume  of  440  pages  to 
illustrate  a  very  simple  and  unjjretending 
text  which  by  itself  would  extend  to  perhaps 
50  pages.  M.  Lavertujon  is  evidently  a 
man  of  leisure.  He  has  also  a  mission  to 
glorify  the  patrician  of  Aquitaine,  of  whom 
the  world  knows  too  little.  We  fear  the 
good  Sulpicius  Severus  has  small  cause  to 
thank  his  benefactor.  M.  Lavertujon  is 
full  of  "ideas,"  but  few  of  them  have  any 
relation  to  his  subject.  He  uses  Sulpicius's 
chronicle  as  a  peg  on  which  to  hang  his 
multifarious  lucubrations  on  original  sin, 
human  sacrifices,  comparative  morality,  the 
"higher  criticism,"  and  other  topics  too 
various  to  enumerate.  Now,  what  is  this 
chronicle  of  Sulpicius  Severus  ?  It  is  an 
historical  compendium,  of  which  the  first 
book  here  printed  extends  from  the  Creation 
down  to  the  captivity  under  Nebuchadnezzar. 
It  is  a  perfectly  unadorned  abridgment  of 
the  Biblical  narrative  written  in  remarkably 
pure  Latin,  and  it  leaves  on  the  mind  one 
prevailing  impression,  namely,  of  the  extra- 
ordinary good  sense  of  the  writer,  who  con- 
tented himseK  with  summarizing  his  original 
and  avoided  temptations  to  afiegory  or  to 


reading  into  his  text  anything  which  he  did 
not  find  there.  On  the  rare  occasions  \\here 
he  makes  a  comment  and  where  allegory 
might  seem  inevitable,  he  usually  is  careful 
to  shelter  himself  under  the  authority  of 
others.  When,  for  instance,  he  has  to  speak 
of  Lamech,  "  a  quo  juvenis  occisus  traditur, 
nee  tamen  nomen  refertur  occisi,"  he 
guardedly  adds:  "Quod  quidem  futuro 
mysterio  fuisse  prasmissum  a  prudenti- 
bus  sestimatur."  No  writer  offers  fewer 
opportunities  to  the  commentator.  M. 
Lavertujon,  however,  has  managed  to  fill 
out  his  volume  (he  threatens  us  with  four 
more  on  the  same  scale)  by  interpreting 
adhesion  to  the  literal  text  in  any  given 
passage  as  designed  opposition  to  its  figura- 
tive exposition,  and  by  understanding  the 
omission  of  doctrinal  references  to  imply  a 
protest  against  particular  doctrines.  Sul- 
picius, for  instance,  relates  the  expulsion  of 
Adam  and  Eve  from  Eden  as  follows  :  — 

"Sed  constituti  in  paradiso,  cum  interdicta 
sibi  arbore  degustassent,  in  nostram  velut  exules 
terram  ejecti  sunt." 

To  this  is  appended  a  note  nearly  four  pages 
long  on  original  sin,  St.  Augustine  and 
Pelagius,  and  "  ce  que  Sulpice  lui-meme  en 
a  pu  penser."  M.  Lavertujon  triumphantly 
exclaims  (modesty  in  expressing  opinions  is 
not  a  marked  characteristic  of  his),  "  Je  suis  le 
premier  a  en  parler."  Again,  when  Sulpicius 
simply  tells  us  that  Eachel  "  patris  idola 
furto  abstulit,"  we  are  treated  to  more  than 
eight  pages  of  disquisition  on  fetishism. 
When  he  understands  "  Satan  "  in  the  book 
of  Job  as  meaning  "  the  devil,"  our  com- 
mentator notes,  "  Sulpice  anticipo  la  nais- 
sance  du  diable,"  and  expatiates  at  large 
on  the  development  of  the  idea  of  the  devil 
according  to  modern  lights.  In  another 
place  M.  Lavertujon  is  much  struck  by 
the  fact  that  the  chronicler  only  mentions 
Isaiah  incidentally  in  three  places  : — 

"  Je  ne  sais  s'il  y  a  dans  toute  la  '  Chronique  ' 
un  trait  aussi  caract^ristique  du  precede  de 
travail  de  notre  auteur,  Qu'il  passe  sous 
silence  Amos,  Os^e  et  les  autres  prophetes, 
soit ;  niais  Isaie  si  vivant,  si  sup^rieur,  si 
attirant  dans  sa  singuliere  dualite  !  " 

Here  follows  an  account  of  the  two  Isaiahs 
(M.  Lavertujon,  who  is  so  eager  to  be 
abreast  with  the  higher  criticism,  knows 
only  of  two)  and  their  conspicuous  differ- 
ences. 

"Or,  Sulpice  n'a  ^tudi^  ni  I'un  ni  I'autre  de 
ces  deux  prophetes  ;  pas  plus  celui  de  la  veille 
que  celui  du  lenderoain  de  I'exil.  S'il  avaifc 
surmont^  les  difficult^s  qu'ofFrait  alors  une  telle 
lecture  peut-etre  y  e<it-il  trouve  le  contrepois  k 
son  biblicisme  si  littoral  et  si  dtroit." 

Passing  by  the  comical  suggestion  that 
Sulpicius  might  have  guessed  that  there 
were  two  Isaiahs,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
point  out  that  his  three  references  to  the 
prophet  in  ch.  xlvii.  3,  1.  6,  li.  3,  are  taken 
from  2  Chron.  xxvi.  22  and  2  Kings  xix., 
XX.  He  was  writing  his  compendium  of 
Hebrew  history  from  the  historical  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  and  it  was  no  part  of 
his  extremely  limited  purpose  to  attempt  an 
analysis  of  the  prophetical  books.  It  is 
futile  either  to  deny  or  to  assert  what  he 
had  read  outside  his  immediate  field. 

M.  Lavertujon  is  so  genial  in  his  digres- 
sions that  it  is  perhaps  ungracious  to  say 
that  in  the  guise  of  a  commentary  on 
Sulpicius    he    has    given   us    a    series    of 


desultory  essays  on  anthropology.  Biblical 
criticism,  and  ecclesiastical  history.  If  ho 
expounds  not  so  much  what  Sulpicius  says 
as  what  he  might  have  said,  or  what  may 
with  more  or  less  violence  be  inferred  from 
his  silence,  none  the  less  his  observations 
are  those  of  a  versatile  and  widely-read  man 
who  is  -profoundly  interested  in  the  history 
of  religion.  Still,  we  have  a  right  to  com- 
plain that  so  very  small  a  percentage  of  his 
remarks  serves  in  any  way  to  explain  or  illus- 
trate his  text.  M.  Lavertujon  thinks,  for  in- 
stance, that  Sulpicius  used  the  Septuagint, 
not  the  so-called  "  Itala,"  as  his  basis; 
but  he  cites  only  one  piece  of  evidence 
in  his  favour.  It  is,  however,  the  first 
point  which  an  editor  of  the  '  Chronicle ' 
ought  to  establish.  The  volume,  again, 
has  no  preface,  but  a  series  of 
rambling  prolegomena.  The  real  preface — 
on  the  manuscript  and  previous  editions  of 
the  work — appears  in  the  form  of  a  dis- 
cursive note  to  chap,  xl.,  which  does  not 
supply  all  the  information  required  and  is 
chiefly  interesting  for  the  autobiographical 
reminiscences  which  it  contains. 


A  Guide  to  Zennatt  and  the  Matterliorn.     By 

E.  Whymper.  (Murray.) 
The  title  of  this  work  fails  to  give  an  exact 
idea  of  its  contents.  It  is  not  primarily  a 
guide-book  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the 
term,  for  its  main  subject  is  not  so  much 
Zermatt  or  the  Zermatt  district  as  a  whole, 
as  the  history  of  the  Matterhorn  and  Mr. 
Whymper's  connexion  with  it.  The  volume, 
which  is  issued  in  a  convenient  pocket  form 
and  paper  cover,  as  a  companion  to  the 
author's  '  Chamonix,'  consists  of  a  chapter 
on  the  antiquities  of  the  Vispthaler,  an 
abridgment  of  the  author's  '  Story  of  the 
Matterhorn,'  and  a  guide-book  proper  which 
occupies  a  little  over  half  the  space,  and 
is  limited  to  such  excursions  as  can  be  made 
in  a  day  from  either  Zermatt  or  Saas,  or 
other  points  in  their  valleys. 

The  interesting  chapter  on  the  antiquities 
of  the  Vispthaler  is  based  mainly  on  docu- 
ments which  were  published  some  years  ago 
in  five  volumes  by  M.  I'Abbe  Grimaud. 
The  publication  is  now  being  continued  with 
Government  aid.  Many  curious  details  are 
brought  to  light  as  to  the  obscure  contests 
of  this  borderland  and  the  domestic  quarrels 
between  the  Bishop  of  Sion  and  the  local 
seigneurs,  the  De  la  Tours  of  Earon, 
the  Counts  of  Biandrate,  who  were  lords 
of  Val  Sesia  and  Visp,  and  the  Counts  of 
Savoy.  Both  the  Visp  valleys  were  in- 
habited, and  their  passes  were  in  frequent 
u.se,  from  very  early  times.  A  large  find  of 
Roman  coins  of  the  third  and  fourth  centuries 
was  made  in  1895  close  to  the  top  of  the 
St.  Theodul;  and  Prato  Borno — the  former 
name  of  Zermatt — is  frequently  mentioned 
in  documents  from  the  thirteenth  century 
downwards.  St.  Niklaus  was  Chanson  ;  the 
oldest  hamlet  in  the  valley  is  still  known 
as  Torbel ;  Saas  was  Sasso,  or,  more  pro- 
bably, Sopra  Sasso,  above  the  defile.  Such 
changes  in  the  local  nomenclature  may  serve 
as  a  key  to  the  early  history  of  the  dis- 
trict. A  Teutonic  incursion  has,  it  would 
seem,  ousted  an  earlier  race,  which  used 
a  Romance  dialect.  Mr.  Whymper  does 
not  draw  this  obvious  inference.  But  he 
prudently  abstains  from  paying  any  heed 


382 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


to  the  ingenious  speculations  of  the  wise 
men  who  once  found  in  local  names  capable 
of  far  easier  explanations  a  ground  for 
planting  a  Saracenic  colony  in  the  Saasthal. 
He  might  well  have  told  his  tourist-reader." 
that  Monte  Rosa  has  nothing  to  do  with  ihe 
Rose  of  Dawn,  nor,  as  a  German  professor 
would  have  it,  "  with  the  Keltic  ros,  a  head- 
land," but  is  simply  the  conversion  into 
modern  Italian  of  the  old  Val  d'Aostan  name 
"  les  Monts  Roeses,"  roesa  (or  ruize,  the  form 
used  by  De  Saussure)  being  the  local 
equivalent  for  glacier.  The  name  covered 
the  whole  range  to  the  St.  Theodul  Pass, 
the  "  Gletscher  Mons "  of  Simler,  whose 
detailed  description  of  glacier  travel  and 
guides  in  the  sixteenth  century  might  have 
been  once  more  reprinted  with  advantage. 
We  regret  also  the  absence  of  any  reference 
to  that  most  useful  storehouse  of  informa- 
tion the  '  Swiss  Travel '  of  Mr.  Coolidge, 
who  has  anticipated  Mr.  Whymper  in 
framing  (and  with  a  larger  historical  grasp) 
a  chapter  on  the  early  history  of  the  Visp- 
thiiler. 

Over  the  pages  devoted  to  the  oft-told  tale 
of  the  Matterhoru  we  need  not  linger  here. 
Mr.  Whymper  is  fully  justified  in  asserting 
that  "  the  publicity  given  by  the  Times 
newspaper  to  an  account  of  the  first  ascent — 
a  relation  reprinted  throughout  the  world, 
from  which  millions  of  people  heard  the 
names  of  Zermatt  and  the  Matterhorn  for 
the  first  time ' ' — caused ' '  a  notable  au  gm  enta- 
tion  "  in  the  number  of  visitors  to  the  valley. 
His  share  in  that  disaster,  and  the  fre- 
quency with  which  he  has  recalled  it  to  the 
public  mind,  have,  in  fact,  made  him  play 
a  part  in  the  development  of  Zermatt  as  a 
tourist  centre  comparable  to  that  played  a 
quarter  of  a  century  before  by  Albert 
Smith  in  the  vulgarization  of  Chamonix 
and  Mont  Blanc.  However  unlike  the  two 
men  and  their  methods  —  and  they  are 
very  dissimilar — the  result  of  their  activity 
has  been  almost  identical :  to  introduce  the 
"  polluting  multitude  "  to  the  sanctuaries  of 
the  Alps.  Fastidious  persons  may,  perhaps, 
also  be  found  to  regret  that  so  sad  a  tale 
should  come  to  serve  as  an  advertisement, 
but  Mr.  Whymper  is  no  doubt  right  in  his 
belief  that  the  children  of  the  "millions" 
whoreadhis  letter  to  the  Times  and  his  earlier 
publications  demand  and  will  welcome  a 
popular  edition  of  his  '  Story  of  the  Matter- 
horn.'  And  he  is  beyond  question  the 
person  best  qualified  to  supply  the  public 
demand.  The  vivid  directness  of  his  nar- 
rative forms  an  agreeable  contrast  to  any- 
thing that  would  be  likely  to  be  supplied 
by  a  writer  not  an  eye-witness,  and  less 
restrained  in  expression. 

Given  the  writer's  point  of  view,  from 
which,  as  we  have  already  hinted,  the 
Matterhorn  somewhat  undul}'  overshadows 
all  its  neighbours,  the  "guide-book"  por- 
tion of  the  volume  is  carefully  and  tho- 
roughly executed.  Mr.  Whymper's  dis- 
tinctive quality,  whether  as  a  writer  or  an 
illustrator,  is  that  he  spares  no  pains  in 
procuring  the  best  material,  and  in  making 
the  most  of  it  that  his  means  allow.  He 
is  careful  wherever  possible  to  get  his  in- 
formation at  first  hand  and  from  the  most 
trustworthy  sources.  He  has,  for  example, 
succeeded  in  obtaining  some  novel  and 
curious  details  as  to  the  first  ascent  of 
Monte   Rosa.      His  pages    are    constantly 


enlivf^ed  and  increased  in  interest  by 
various  scraps  of  information — biographical, 
hi-jtorical,  or  scientific.  They  resemble 
more  the  digressive  hints  to  be  picked  up 
in  conversation  from  an  intelligent  traveller 
than  the  mechanical  items  of  a  German 
handbook,  which  presupposes  readers  who 
care  for  little  beyond  distances,  refresh- 
ments, and  prices.  The  volume  will  be  found 
invaluable  on  wet  days  in  Alpine  huts,  and 
as  "improving"  as  it  is  entertaining.  No 
tourist  can  rise  from  its  perusal  without 
having  learnt  something  of  the  real  dangers 
of  the  Alps,  of  the  criminal  folly  of  urging 
guides  to  continue  expeditions  when  the 
weather  or  the  condition  of  the  snow  is 
adverse,  of  the  childishness  of  walking  on 
a  71CVC  with  the  rope  round  your  arm.  These 
lessons  are  taught  rather  by  example  than 
precept,  and,  since  capital  punishment  is 
shown  to  be  in  most  cases  the  penalty  of 
neglect,  are  thereby  made  more  striking. 

When  we  turn  to  minute  criticism  we 
discern  a  certain  number  of  points  where 
additions  or  alterations  would  improve  the 
guide.  The  secondary  summits  of  Monte  Rosa 
are  dismissed  in  the  most  summary  manner, 
and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  hut  on  the 
Signal  Kuppe,  despite  the  fact  that  the 
Queen  of  Italy,  whose  adventures  elsewhere 
are  chronicled,  once  spent  a  night  in  this, 
the  highest  habitation  in  Europe,  unless 
the  hardly  habitable  observatory  on  the 
top  of  Mont  Blanc  is  taken  into  account. 
Huts,  indeed,  are  imperfectly  treated.  For 
example,  those  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Lysjoch,  as  well  as  the  Col  d'Olen  inn,  are 
left  out.  There  is  no  hint  that  a  traveller 
may  descend  from  the  Lysjoch  to  Alagna 
as  easily  as  to  Gressoney,  or  that  the  best 
and  safest  way  up  the  Lyskamm  is  by  the 
southern  rocks.  No  route  is  indicated  from 
Zermatt  to  Arolla,  now  a  frequented  halting- 
place.  The  Turtmannthal  and  the  inn  at 
Gruben  deserve  mention  at  least  as  much 
as  the  alternative  track  from  the  Rhone 
Valley  to  St.  Niklaus  by  the  Ginanz  Thai, 
discovered  by  Mr.  Whymper  himself.  We 
find  no  reference  to  the  Schwarzhorn,  a 
peak  between  these  routes  (long  ago  made 
accessible  by  a  path)  which  commands  one 
of  the  noblest  views  obtainable  from  any 
minor  peak  in  the  Alps.  Why  should  Val 
d'Herens  and  Evolena  be  ignored,  offering 
as  they  do  a  direct  and  beautiful  route  to 
Zermatt  ?  We  are  not  reminded  that  the 
route  of  the  Macugnaga  Weissthor  of 
early  books,  in  which  the  Arete  Blanche 
figured  conspicuously,  left  the  watershed  on 
the  south  at  the  same  point  as  the  Schwarz- 
berg  Weissthor,  the  ordinary  pass  to  Matt- 
mark,  does  on  the  north — a  long  way  east, 
that  is,  of  the  pass  now  used.  The  times 
of  the  first  crossers  of  the  Mischabel  Joch 
are  misleading,  inasmuch  as  they  did  not  hit 
on  the  best  track.  That  pass  is  not  neces- 
sarily longer  than  the  Alphubel.  The  Fee 
Valley  surely  derives  its  name  not  from 
fairies,  but  from  hay ;  compare  the  Fex 
Thai,  the  great  hayfield  of  the  Upper 
Engadine.  The  very  judicious  critical 
remarks  on  scenery  interspersed  in  Mr. 
Whymper's  pages  might  have  been  ex- 
tended to  summit  views,  in  which  there  is 
a  vast  difference.  In  this  district  all  the 
peaks  that  command  both  Italy  and  the 
Central  Alps  are  far  preferable  to  those 
west  of  Monte  Rosa.     That  summit  itself  is 


singularly  favoured.  To  those  who  do  not 
care  to  climb  much  the  Strahlhorn  should 
be  particularly  recommended.  It  is  a  pity 
that  the  printers  should  have  been  allowed 
throughout  to  follow  the  vulgar  British 
habit  of  circumflexing  the  a  in  "chalet," 
and  to  add  a  superfluous  c  to  the  well-known 
name  of  Mr.  Hinchliff. 

These  are  the  principal  flaws  our  "  micro- 
scopic eye"  detects,  or  fancies  it  detects,  in 
Mr.  Whymper's  pages.  If  in  any  case  we 
do  him  injustice,  it  is  his  own  fault  for 
having  failed  to  supply  his  readers  with  an 
index.  We  have  felt  it  a  duty  to  make 
suggestions  for  use  in  future  editions.  But 
we  must  not  be  taken  therefore  to  imply 
that  in  our  opinion  his  '  Guide '  in  its  pre- 
sent form  is  other  than  a  very  thorough 
piece  of  work  by  a  highly  skilled  and  con- 
scientious craftsman. 

The  illustrations  are  numerous  and  appro- 
priate, and  in  point  of  execution  leave  nothing 
to  be  desired — praise  that  can  be  but  too 
rarely  given  in  these  days  of  cheap  processes. 
In  the  matter  of  maps  we  find  no  mention 
of  the  special  coloured  issue  of  the  Zermatt 
sheet  of  the  Siegfried  Karte,  perhaps 
the  most  admirable  picture  of  a  mountain 
region  yet  produced  by  cartography.  These 
maps  can  be  obtained  in  London  and  Bern 
as  well  as  at  Geneva.  Mr.  Reilly's  maps 
are  no  longer  on  the  market,  but  we  regret 
the  absence  in  the  historical  article  of  any 
mention  of  him  and  his  labours  "among 
the  people  who  have  been  associated  with 
the  place."  Maps  which  cover  most  of  the 
text  are  provided  with  the  volume. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Claim  of  Anthony  LocliJiart.     By  Adeline 
Sergeant.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

The  plot  of  Miss  Sergeant's  new  novel  sug- 
gests that  the  story  of  a  Scotch  mediaeval 
legend  has  been  adapted  to  the  incidents  of 
nineteenth  century  life.  Thus  we  have  a 
Scotch  castle  with  secret  chambers  hewn  out 
of  solid  rock  ;  a  villain  who,  by  cunning  and 
deceit,  forces  his  will  on  the  earl  and  his 
family ;  a  sort  of  conseil  de  famille  in  the 
concluding  chapters  in  which  various  wrongs 
are  righted,  and  after  which  justice  is  done 
to  all  and  sundry.  With  all  its  exaggera- 
tions and  impossibilities  '  The  Claim  of 
Anthony  Lockhart '  has  considerable  attrac- 
tions. The  first  scene  of  all  is  excellent,  and 
is  worth  recounting.  A  party  of  mounted 
officers  and  men  are  retreating  after  a 
disastrous  skirmish  on  the  Indian  frontier  ; 
the  enemy  are  seen  in  the  distance  pursuing, 
and  the  retreat  is  hastened.  One  officer  who 
is  wounded  falls  behind,  and  only  after  an 
interval  does  one  of  the  fugitives — a  news- 
paper correspondent — turn  back  to  share  the 
fate,  whatever  it  may  be,  of  the  wounded  man. 
They  have  not  long  to  wait ;  the  pursuers 
rapidly  overtake  and  surround  them  in  the 
dusk,  and  it  is  found  they  are  not  enemies, 
but  a  detachment  of  native  cavalry  who  had 
been  sent  out  to  succour  the  fugitives.  So  the 
hero,  the  correspondent,  and  his  friend  the 
wounded  officer,  are  brought  safely  to  camp. 
The  rest  of  the  story  takes  place  chiefly  in 
Scotland.  The  whole  can  be  recommended 
as  an  unaffected  and  healthy-toned  novel. 


N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHENE  t^ 


383 


A     Siveet     Shuier.       By     Hume      Nisbet. 

(White  &  Co.) 
"She  was  a  charming  and  complaisant 
nymph,  with  all  the  characteristics  of  a 
Greek  minor  deity."  This  young  Greekish 
moralist  hails,  it  is  needless  to  say,  from 
Australia,  a  country  with  which  Mr. 
Nisbet  is  more  familiar  than  Scotland  ;  but 
it  is  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  Scottish 
city  that  the  daughter  of  the  returned  mil- 
lionaire leads  her  remarkable,  if  tragically 
short  career.  It  is  her  misfortune  to  have 
compromised  herself  with  her  music-master, 
to  whom  she  has  had  the  folly  to  write 
letters  which,  coupled  with  her  conduct, 
would  establish  a  legal  marriage,  at  the 
very  time  when  she  is  encouraging  the 
legitimate  love  of  young  Gordon,  a  very 
true  -  hearted  gentleman,  who  is  charac- 
teristically supposed  by  the  author  to  owe 
his  fragile  constitution  to  his  ancient  race. 
This  young  man  is  retiring  and  modest  in 
his  love,  from  a  consciousness  that  its 
success  would  be  welcomed  by  his  friends 
as  the  means  of  restoring  the  family  for- 
tunes ;  but  he  is  not  inclined  to  think  evil 
of  Kate,  whom  he  looks  upon  as  a  pure 
product  of  colonial  nature,  even  when  she 
goes  through  her  remarkable  performance 
at  the  billiard-table  for  his  benefit :  — 

"Her  violet  eyes  glowed,  now  like  sapphires, 
now  like  rubies,  as  the  downpouring  light  from 
the  shaded  globes  struck  upon  them.  She 
cooed  like  a  dove  to  the  ivory  balls  as  she 
touched  them  caressingly  with  her  cue,  and 
made  them  drop  softly  into  the  pocket.  She 
laughed  merrily  as  she  struck  the  ball  with 
force,  and  sent  it  rolling  rapidly  when  force 
was  required." 

There  are  more  extraordinary  evolutions,  but 
it  is  not  often  our  author  indulges  in  such 
a  purple  patch  as  this,  though  there  are 
signs  in  the  story  of  considerable  pains- 
taking and  fewer  gross  grammatical  blunders 
than  usual.  Nor  has  he  obtruded  much  false 
philosophy  or  politics.  The  story  is  com- 
plicated with  a  good  deal  of  incident,  and 
there  is  much  realism  of  low  life.  The 
hypocritical  burglar,  Sandy  Murdoch,  study- 
ing the  Shorter  Catechism,  is  a  happy  touch, 
as  is  the  action  of  Pat  Maguire,  who 
destroys  the  compromising  letter  he  has 
come  to  show  Gordon  when  he  finds  him  at 
his  dying  wife's  bedside.  Mr.  Nisbet  should 
know  that  the  "  crowner's  'quest"  is  a 
purely  English  institution.  The  "fiscal" 
would  have  made  inquiries  into  such  a  death 
as  Hardtmann's. 

Merely  Players.     By  Mrs.  Aylmer  Gowing. 
(White  &  Co.) 

There  is  more  than  average  promise  about 
Mrs.  Gowing's  second  venture  in  fiction. 
She  has  a  fair  literary  style,  writes  probable  if 
not  sparkling  dialogue,  and  in  the  present 
instance  shows  some  technical  knowledge  of 
the  functions  and  art  of  the  player.  Her 
study  of  the  imaginative  and  emotional,  but 
pure-hearted  and  womanly  actress,  drawn 
by  the  bent  of  her  genius  to  the  stage  from 
the  unpromising  environment  of  a  Non- 
conformist parsonage,  is,  if  a  little  idealized, 
no  bad  representation  of  the  aims  and 
accomplishment  characteristic  of  the  best 
class  of  our  actresses.  The  figure  of  the 
indulgent  and  liberal-minded  pastor,  her 
father,  ever  urged  by  a  spirit  too  wide  in  its 
humanity  for  the  sectarian  bonds  and  con- 


gregational jealousies  which  circumsv^^ibe 
his  actions,  is  also  lifelike  and  pathetic. 
The  narrowness  of  other  members  of  ih^ 
family  at  Watercombe  is  possibly  not 
exaggerated;  but  we  trust  the  Eev.  Mr. 
Hellier  is  an  over-drawn  specimen  of 
bigotry,  though  we  know  what  mischief 
has  been  actually  wrought  in  matters  like 
the  anti- vaccination  craze  by  just  such 
graceless  performers  on  the  drum  eccle- 
siastic. It  is  pleasant  to  be  assured  that 
the  cultured  inmates  of  the  Close  at 
Witanbourne  showed  a  better  example  both 
in  dramatic  and  sanitary  matters.  There  is 
a  sufficient  and  well-managed  love  story, 
and  the  wider  life  of  London  society  is 
touched  with  some  knowledge  and  no 
affectation  of  exhaustiveness.  For  a  per- 
fect worldling,  Lord  Southernwood  comes 
off  with  more  credit  than  he  deserves.  But 
Ena  and  her  father  are  the  only  characters 
that  impress  the  memory. 


When    Passions    Rule.      By    Frank    Hart. 

(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
We  can  find  nothing  in  this  novel  that 
merits  favourable  criticism.  The  wicked 
baronet  is  rarely  found  in  fiction  to  be  so 
wicked  and  malicious,  and  yet  so  clumsy  in 
his  villainy,  as  Sir  Howard  Beach.  The 
book  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  impossible 
situations,  and  shows  no  literary  capacity. 
In  one  place  we  find  the  author  commenting 
thus  on  the  villain :  "Wretched  man!  he  had 
never  been  taught  to  keep  his  body  under, 
and  therefore  small  wonder  that  it  ruled 
him — and  ruled  him  with  a  rod  of  iron." 
There  are  many  things  even  more  foolish 
to  be  found  in  the  volume. 


BOOKS   OF   TRAVEL. 


Indian  Gup:  Untold  Stories  of  the  Indian 
M^lt^ny.  By  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Baldwin.  (Bee- 
man.)— The  first  title  describes  the  book  accu- 
rately ;  the  second  does  not,  for  Mr.  Baldwin 
has  little  to  tell  about  the  Indian  Mutiny. 
The  work  is  a  collection  of  desultory  jottings, 
some  of  which  will  recall  to  old  Anglo-Indians 
the  conditions  of  their  early  life,  while  impart- 
ing a  certain  amount  of  information  both  to 
those  who  have  never  visited  India  and  those 
who  have  only  known  it  during  the  last  quarter 
of  a  century.  Unfortunately,  not  only  is  the 
author's  English  slovenly,  but  sometimes  abso- 
lutely ungrammatical.  Also,  the  utmost  dis- 
regard is  shown  for  the  feelings  of  the  friends 
and  relations  of  many  persons  unfavourably 
mentioned.  It  is  true  that  initials  only  are 
used,  but  the  identity  of  the  people  referred  to 
must  be  obvious  to  many.  Moreover,  the  work 
of  proof-reading  has  been  very  carelessly  per- 
formed. In  an  early  part  of  the  book  Mr, 
Baldwin  is  guilty  of  an  inaccuracy.  Appointed 
chaplain  at  Lucknow  in  1858,  he  writes  of  "  the 
Residency,  in  which  the  brave  Havelock  died. " 
As  a  matter  of  fact.  Sir  Henry  Havelock  died  in 
a  tent  at  the  Alumbagh,  several  miles  outside 
the  city.  Perhaps,  however,  Mr.  Baldwin 
wrote  by  mistake  "Havelock"  for  Lawrence. 
Of  Kavanagh,  who  performed  one  of  the  most 
gallant  deeds  which  ever  won  the  Victoria 
Cross,  he  with  doubtful  taste  writes  : — 

" 'Lucknow  Kavanagh,' as  he  was  called, who, 

though  he  did  a  brave  deed,  and  brought  himself  to 
the  notice  of  the  authorities,  was  one  of  the  most 
conceited  persons  I  ever  knew,  vide  '  How  I  won 
the  Victoria  Cross.'  I  remember  seeing  V.C.  on  his 
slippers,  as  well  as  on  all  other  articles  in  ordinary 
use." 

Unfortunately  great  gallantry  and  excessive 
self-approval  do  sometimes  go   together.      We 


could  quote  well-known  names  in  support  of 
our  assertion  if  we  cared  to  do  so.  Mr.  Baldwm 
speaks  of  "one  very  muddle-headed  officer. 
General  A.,  when  commanding  at  Lucknow.' 
4s  probably  only  about  a  dozen  or  twenty 
gt»aeral  officers  have  commanded  at  Lucknow, 
sevfc^l  of  whom  are  still  alive,  Mr.  Baldwin 
might  \iave  spared  his  vituperation.  Writing  of 
the  time  just  after  the  Mutiny,  he  says  : — 

"  At  the  ti\Qe  of   which    I    am   speaking    there 
was  almost  as  wide  a  division   between   civil  and 

military  as  between  tVie  black  and  white  races 

The  soldiers,  who  considered  that  they  had  con- 
quered and  still  held  the  country  by  force  of  the 
sword,  felt  it  to  he  a  wrong  that  they  should  rank 
below  civilians,  officers  of  experience  and  mature 
years  ranking  after  young  civil  servants  of  a  few 
years'  standing." 

Of  course,  where  civil  matters  were  concerned, 
the  civilians,  as  representatives  of  the  Governor- 
General,  were  supreme,  but  as  regards  social 
precedence  the  civilians  had  not  so  much  the 
advantage  as  Mr.  Baldwin  would  make  out. 
As  to  the  gulf  between  soldiers  and  civilians 
about  1860,  it  is  greatly  exaggerated. 
The  civilians  generally  lived  in  the  civil 
lines  at  some  distance  from  cantonments, 
and  in  the  course  of  their  work  were 
often  absent  in  the  district.  When,  however, 
the  two  classes  were  brought  together  there 
was  generally  very  friendly  intercourse.  Mr. 
Baldwin  asserts  that  the  "animosity,"  as  he 
terms  it,  in  Lucknow,  was  aggravated  by  the 
fact  that  the  chief  civil  authority — whose  name 
we  could  give — had  a  wife  who  was  "  pert,  pre- 
tentious, and  pretty,"  and  who  quarrelled  with 
the  wife  of  the  general.  The  two  husbands  took 
the  part  of  their  respective  wives.  Mr.  Baldwin 
does  not  merely  hint,  but  distinctly  asserts,  that 
the  general  and  the  civilian  "  set  spies  on  one 
another."  We,  in  the  absence  of  proof,  dis- 
believe this  statement.  We  also  disbelieve  the 
accusation  that  the  general  inspired  the  articles 
in  the  Oude  Gazette  against  the  abortive  income- 
tax.  How  careless  and  inaccurate  the  author  is 
may  be  gathered  from  the  following  extract  : 
"Some  time  after  this  Lord  Elgin,  visiting  the 
Bolan  Pass  [the  italics  are  our  own],  was 
attacked  by  a  serious  illness,  and  was  detained 
at  Dhurmsala,"  where,  we  may  add,  he  shortly 
after  died.  Notwithstanding  the  blemishes  of 
which  we  have  given  samples,  the  book  contains 
many  passages  of  value.  In  connexion  with 
clerical  matters  Mr.  Baldwin  tells  a  good  story. 
Writing  of  the  tea  planters  near  Darjiling,  he 
relates  : — 

"At  the  out-station  of  H ,  Mr.  J.  S ,  an  old 

and  respected  tea-planter,  was  churchwarden,  and 
had  charge  of  the  Church  and  the  arrangements  for 
service.  To  his  old  bearer  had  been  committed  for 
years  the  task  of  preparing  the  holy  table  for  the 

Lord's  Supper.    Mr.  J.  S was  on  the  occasion  in 

question  absent  from  the  station  on  leave,  and  his 
place  was  supplied  by  a  planter  not  so  conversant 
with  Church  matters.  Accordingly  having  received 
notice  of  the  chaplain's  intended  visit,  he  ordered 
his  bearer  (a  very  unecclesiastical  person  as  it 
turned  out)  to  prepare  the  Church  for  the  Padre 
Sahib.  Fir  Buksh  had  no  idea  what  to  do,  and 
therefore  went  to  a  brother  Mahomedan  to  consult 
with  him  on  the  subject.  Both  of  them  had  heard 
that  on  these  occasions  a  clean  white  cloth  was 
spread  on  the  table  with  bread  and  wine.  This 
suggested  the  whole  arrangement.  Imagine  then 
the  vexation  of  the  chaplain  and  churchwarden, 
and  surprise  and  probably  amusement  of  the  con- 
gregation to  find  knives,  forks,  plates,  and  cold 
chicken,  as  well  as  bread  and  wine." 
When  chaplain  of  Lahore  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  father  of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling,  and 
he  expresses  his  astonishment  at  the  son's  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  barrack-room  life.  The 
explanation  is  simple.  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling 
gathered  his  knowledge  in  the  course  of  frequent 
visits  to  sergeants'  messes  and  the  regimental 
canteens.  Mr,  Baldwin  winds  up  by  saymg  : 
"At  the  same  time  that  I  admit  his  genius,  I 
must  take  exception  to  his  false  presentment  of 
Indian  society."  So  do  we  ;  so  does  any  P"-® 
really  acquainted  with  Indian  society,  of  which, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  knew 


384 


THJ^    ATHEN^UM 


N%3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


nothing,  and  so  wrote  it  a  venture.  Mr. 
Baldwin  asserts  that  of  course  unfaithful  wives 
are  to  be  found  in  India  as  elsewhere,  but  that 
during  his  twenty-one  years  in  India  he  knew 
of  fewer  scandals  than  would  take  place  in 
London  in  a  single  season.  This  is  all  the  mor*^ 
creditable  to  Indian  morality,  seeing  the  "-'r- 
cunistances  of  society  in  the  hills.  We  quite 
endorse  Mr.  Baldwin's  statement  on  the  subject, 
and  think  Mr.  Kipling's  sketches  ->f  Anglo- 
Indian  society  are  hardly  fair  representations. 

Jo^irneys  among  the  Gentle  Japs.  By  the  Rev. 
J.  LI.  Thomas.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.)  — 
This  little  record  of  a  clerical  globetrotter's 
experiences  in  Japan  is  more  attractively 
written  than  most  of  its  fellows.  It  repeats, 
of  course,  largely  the  experiences  of  previous 
travellers,  and  is  dibtigured  more  or  less 
by  the  usual  uninstructed  adulation  of  the 
Japanese,  whom  a  certain  class  of  Europeans 
are  never  tired  of  regarding  as  moral  mon- 
strosities. Those  who  know  them  are  of  a  very 
different  opinion,  and  so  are  the  Japanese  them- 
selves, as  any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble — 
a  good  deal  of  trouble  is  needed — to  read  their 
newspapers  will  readily  discover.  But  our 
author  does  not  exaggerate  in  his  laudation  of 
Jajjanese  politeness  of  manner — he  is  wrong 
in  comparing  it  with  European  usages,  to 
the  disadvantage  of  the  latter  ;  it  is  only  with 
the  vulgarity  of  England  and  still  more  of 
America  that  the  odious  comparison  should  have 
been  made.  The  book  adds  little  to  our 
knowledge,  and  furnishes  no  criterion  for  an 
adequate  judgment  of  the  Japanese  as  a  people. 
There  are,  in  fact,  two  peoples  in  Japan — as 
there  are  in  Russia,  in  Turkey,  in  Egypt  — a 
few  thousand  officials  Europeanized,  but  not  so 
deep  down  as  the  rete  mncosuyn,  and  the  millions 
who  among  somewhat  different  properties  play 
the  same  parts  as  their  forefathers  did  on  the 
same  stage.  Mr.  Thomas  is,  however,  wrong 
in  saying  that  the  external  appearance  of  the 
population  of  Tokio  presen's  few  traces  of 
Western  influences.  To  those  who  knew  Kiu 
Nihon  the  differences  are  considerable — head- 
dress, footgear,  and  so  forth  are,  save  among 
the  coolie  class,  ugly  imitations  of  Western 
types.  In  fact,  there  is  a  gulf — wide  but  not 
deep — between  the  Japs  of  '  Two  Years  in  the 
Capital  of  the  Tycoon'  and  the  so-called 
"gentle  Japs"  of  Mr.  Thomas's  book. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Cicero  pro  Plancio.  Edited  by  H.  W.  Auden. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.)— At  the  end  of  the  introduc- 
tion to  this  volume,  several  pages  of  which  are, 
in  our  copy,  misplaced,  Mr.  Auden  seems  to 
show  reason  for  editing  this  speech  in  the  lack 
of  English  commentators,  but  on  the  other  side 
of  the  page  is  noted  in  small  print,  among  other 
editions,  that  of  Holden  (Cambridge,  1881), 
which  has  since  been  twice  reprinted.  There 
is,  in  fact,  no  room  for  a  new  edition  of  this 
speech  in  English.  Holden's  work  is  exhaustive, 
and  a  comparison  of  his  notes  with  those  of 
this  edition  shows  that  they  are  fuller  in  illus- 
tration, and  quite  as  satisfactory  in  exposition. 
Thus  Mr.  Auden  writes  no  notes  on  Sora, 
Casinum,  and  Aquinum  (§  22),  and  no  explana- 
tion of  "qui  carnem  petant "  (§  23),  which 
really  needs  annotation  ;  and  his  index  is  poor. 
All  these  points  receive  attention  in  Holden's 
work.  The  later  editor  has  a  slight  advantage 
in  the  matter  of  text,  though  he  should  state  in 
the  notes  or  at  the  foot  of  the  page  divergences 
from  the  MS.  reading,  and  he  adds  some  interesting 
Ijhilological  notes.  But  we  must  really  object 
to  such  references  as  that  to  Stolz  in  I.  Miiller, 
'Handbuch,'  p.  270  (p.  81).  It  may  be  con- 
venient to  make  German  erudition  into  English 
Kchool-books,  but  in  notes  for  boys  reference 
should  be  made  to  some  standard  English 
classical  dictionary. 

Selections  from  Wordsworth.  Edited  by 
W.  T.  Webb.     (Macmillan  &  Co.)— Mr.  Webb 


has  produced  a  useful  and  interesting  volume. 

His  -^election  includes  most    of    Wordsworth's 

Dofeible    performances,    and    the     introduction 

p.'ates  clearly  the  salient  points  of  thepoet's  style, 

without  at  the  same  time  glossing  over  defects, 

as  many  editors  think  it  necessary  to  do.     We 

should  have  liked  to  read  more  (>f  Coleridge's 

connexion  with  Wordsworth  and  the  influence 

he    exerted    over    him.      With  regard  to    the 

phrase  in  '  There  was  a  Boy,' 

/  believe  that  tlirre 
A  long  half  hour  together  I  have  stood, 

and  a  similar  qualification  in  the  next  poem 
'  Nutting,'  such  expressions  certainly  read 
rather  weakly  in  English,  but  we  may  note  that 
both  these  poems  were  written  in  Germany, 
where  the  phrase  is  much  more  natural,  as  in 
the 

Ich  glaube  die  Wellen  verschlingen 

of  the  'Lorelei.'  It  is  hardly  fair  on  Virgil's  Sibyl 
to  make  her  in  English  "ampler  to  behold';  and 
to  say  of  King's  Chapel,  Cambridge,  that  "  the 
sense  aches  again  at  the  beauty  and  splendour 
and  variety  that  everywhere  meet  the  gaze  " 
seems  a  little  extravagant  for  such  a  book. 

A  Midsximmer  Night's  Dream.  Edited  by 
E.  K.  Chambers.  (Blackie  &  Son.)— This 
edition  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  '  Warwick 
Shakespeare '  series  that  we  have  seen,  and, 
though  sold  at  a  cheap  price,  contains  a  thorough 
and  satisfactory  exposition  of  the  play.  The 
notes  are  fuller  than  usual,  and  the  glossary  too, 
while  the  many  students  of  the  popular  science 
of  folk-lore  will  find  a  special  appendix  devoted 
to  fairies.  The  only  criticism  we  have  to  make 
is  that,  where  words  are  used  in  an  unusual 
sense,  now  obsolete,  as  "favour"  for  appear- 
ance, and  "  fancy  "  for  love  in  "  fancy-free,"  the 
student  should  be  referred  in  the  notes  to  the 
glossary,  where  they  are  duly  explained  ;  other- 
wise he  may  not  realize  the  proper  sense.  On 
botanical  difHculties  Mr.  Chambers's  judgment 
is  particularly  sound  ;  but,  in  spite  of  his  note 
on  p.  Ill  and  Browning,  we  think  the  cuckoo's 
song  is  more  often  a  major  than  a  minor  third, 
though,  of  course,  the  interval  varies  as  the 
season  gets  on. 

Shakespeare :  Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 
Edited  by  L.  W.  Lyde.  (Black  )— This  edition 
has  the  advantage  of  the  '  Warwick  Shake- 
speare '  in  print  and  appearance,  but  the  intro- 
duction and  notes  are  nothing  like  so  complete, 
so  that  the  volume  will  need  a  good  deal  of  oral 
addition  by  the  teacher.  Thus  "  plain-song  " 
(III.  i.  118)  should  certainly  have  been  ex- 
plained, and  the  "Limander"  of  Pyramus  may 
well  be  Alexander,  not  Leander.  The  examina- 
tion paper  appended  will  be  useful. 

Longman's  English  Classics.  —  Maca\day : 
Essay  on  Milton.  —  Washington  Irving:  Tales 
of  a  Traveller.  Edited  by  G.  R.  Carpenter. 
(Longmans  &  Co.) — This  series,  produced  under 
the  superintendence  of  an  American  professor, 
has  also  been  edited  for  use  in  England,  and  sup- 
plied with  a  general  preface  by  Mr.  P.  A.  Barnett. 
With  his  contention  that  teachers  must  make 
pupils  enjoy  their  reading-books  rather  than 
regard  them  as  a  medium  for  imparting  learned 
notes  we  are  entirely  in  sympathy.  The  days 
are,  it  may  be  hoped,  past  when  English  litera- 
ture was  regarded  as  chiefly  English  philology, 
and  the  present  volumes,  with  their  brief  and 
sensible  notes  and  short  accounts  of  the  authors, 
which  are,  however,  rather  too  laudatory,  may 
be  commended  to  teachers,  for  whom  special 
suggestions  are  also  supplied. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Lessing's  comedy 
Minna  von  Barnhelm,  edited  by  Dr.  C.  A. 
Buchheim  for  the  Clarendon  Press,  has  reached 
a  seventh  edition.  The  present  volume  has  been 
thoroughly  revised,  and  is  a  model  of  what  an 
annotated  edition  should  be. 

The  Ionic  Revolt  and  the  Persian  War.  By 
C.  C.  Tancock.  (Murray.)— Mr.  Tancock  has 
selected  from  Herodotus,  as  translated  by  Raw- 
linson,   a  continuous  narrative  of    the  Persian 


war,  and  made,  with  the  aid  of  plans  and  illus- 
trations, an  attractive  little  book,  which  may 
well  serve  as  a  stepping-stone  to  other  and 
severer  historical  reading. 


BOOKS    FOE,   THE    YOUNG. 


Matthew  Flinders;  or,  IJoio  we  have  Aus- 
tralia. By  Robert  Thynne.  (Hogg.) — The 
adventures  of  Capt.  Flinders  afford  a  theme 
particularly  well  suited  to  excite  an  interest 
among  boys  in  the  romance  of  the  surveying 
branch  of  the  navy.  Mr.  Thynne  gives  a  read- 
able version  of  the  wreck  of  the  Porpoise,  as 
recorded  by  Matthew  Flinders  himself  in  his 
'Voyage  to  Terra  Australis  in  1801-3';  but  it 
would  need  the  pen  of  a  first-rate  hand  to  do 
full  justice  to  all  the  incidents  during  the  cruise 
of  the  Investigator  and  the  passage  across  the 
Indian  Ocean  in  a  small  thirty- ton  schooner, 
the  Cumberland.  Two-thirds  of  the  book 
before  us  deal  with  the  proceedings  of  Capt. 
Flinders  during  his  tedious  confinement  in  the 
Isle  of  France,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
author  does  not  seem  to  have  any  personal 
acquaintance  with  the  colony  of  Mauritius. 
Little  bits  of  local  colouring,  such  as  a 
description  of  Flinders  Point,  where  the  un- 
happy navigator  was  wont  to  resort,  overlooking 
the  magnificent  gorge  of  the  Tamarin  falls,  might 
have  been  effectively  introduced.  Several  small 
mistakes  might  also  have  been  avoided  :  thus 
"Port  Jacotel"  is  given  for  Port  Jacotet; 
"Grand  Baie,  about  twelve  miles  south  of  Port 
Louis,"  should  read  "Grande  Baie,  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Port  Louis,"  or  better,  "of  Port 
Napoleon,"  which  was  then  the  official  name  of 
the  town.  The  well-known  Baron  d'Unienville 
appears  as  "Dunienville,"  and  there  are  other 
mistakes  and  misprints  which  show  a  want 
of  revision  ;  whilst  without  a  track  chart  it  is 
almost  impossible  for  schoolboys  to  understand 
the  true  courses  of  the  French  and  English 
expeditions,  especially  as  Mr.  Thynne  him- 
self appears  somewhat  confused.  No  period 
throughout  the  history  of  the  Isle  of  France  has- 
been  better  illustrated  than  that  during  the 
governorshii3  of  General  Decaen,  who,  after 
La  Bourdonnais,  was  the  best  of  all  the  French, 
administrators  of  the  colony.  We  would  recom- 
mend Mr.  Thynne  to  study  Milbert's  '  Voyage 
Pittoresque  k  I'lle  de  France '  and  Tombe's 
'  Voyage  aux  Indes  Orientales  '  or  Dr.  Brunet'& 
book  for  information  on  this  subject ;  whilst 
the  military  details  of  the  capture  of  the  island 
by  Abercromby  have  quite  lecently  been  pub- 
lished in  Paris  by  Col.  H.  de  Poyen.  Capt. 
Flinders  landed  with  a  mere  boat's  crew  in  an 
obscure  corner  of  the  Isle  of  France — rightly- 
regarded  by  Decaen  as  "la  clef  de  la  defense 
des  infarcts  frangais  dans  la  mer  des  Indes." 
He  was  arrested,  and  his  papers  being  found 
irregular  —  indeed,  he  was  actually  carrying 
despatches  —was  confined,  but  otherwise  well 
treated  by  his  captors.  The  British  were 
cruising  in  the  vicinity,  the  island  was  in  a 
state  of  siege,  and  in  these  circumstancea 
Decaen  was  well  within  his  rights  in  detaining 
his  prisoner  so  long  as  he  might  deem  necessary 
for  the  safety  of  his  command.  Even  after  the 
official  order  for  release  arrived  the  general's 
secret  instructions  gave  him  large  discretionary 
powers.  The  brusque  attitude  assumed  by  poor 
Flinders  was  not  calculated  to  conciliate  the 
undoubtedly  amiable  and  courteous  Governor 
of  the  Isle  of  France. 

The  Young  Pioneers ;  or,  \oith  La  Salle  on  the 
Mississippi.  By  Evelyn  Everett-Green.  (Nelson 
&  Sons.)  —  It  is  difficult  to  understand  how 
a  practised  writer  with  such  an  excellent  story 
to  tell  can  have  produced  a  book  so  dull  as  'The 
Young  Pioneers.'  Even  if  Miss  Everett-Green 
had  been  trying  a  'prentice  hand  we  should  have 
felt  bound  to  protest  against  such  a  waste  of 
good  material.  There  are  at  least  half  a  dozen 
incidents  which  might  have  been  thrilling.  As 
it  is  we  doubt  whether  the  wettest  of  Sunday 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


385 


afternoons  would  be  enlivened  by  Father  Fritz. 
Such  monotonous  excellence  was  certainly  never 
before  attained  to  in  the  Great  North-West, 
except,  perhaps,  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Campbell 
of  famous  memory  ;  and  Capt.  Marryat  took 
care  that  in  '  The  Settlers  in  Canada '  there 
should  always  be  some  one  ready  to  cut  that 
good  gentleman  short  when  he  had  sufficiently 
improved  the  occasion,  whereas  Father  Fritz  is 
invariably  listened  to  with  pious  reverence  and 
attention  by  explorers  and  Indians  alike.  We 
must  confess,  however,  to  knowing  more  about 
early  French  colonization  in  North  America 
than  we  did  before  reading  this  account  of  La 
Salle's  tragic  exploits. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  issue  of  Mr.  Le  Gallienne's  edition 
of  The  CompUat  Angler  (Lane)  has  come 
to  an  end,  and  the  lover  of  choice  books 
can  dwell  with  satisfaction  on  the  stout 
paper,  old-fashioned  fount  of  types,  and  wide 
margins  which  render  this,  the  hundred  and 
twenty-first  edition  of  a  much  loved  book,  so 
charming.  The  text  is  a  reprint  of  the  fifth 
edition,  the  last  which  Walton  himself  revised, 
and  the  illustrations  (as  has  before  been  noticed) 
are  mostly  topographical,  some  from  Mr.  E.  H. 
New's  own  pen-and-ink  sketches,  others  from 
archaic  and  scarce  prints.  As  for  what  may  be 
termed  the  furniture  of  an  edition  of  Walton, 
Mr.  Le  Gallienne  has  accumulated  a  complete 
bibliography  of  the  book,  together  with  notes, 
chiefly  selected  from  previous  editors,  and  an 
"Angler's  Calendar."  This  seems  calculated 
for  the  meridian  of  Ireland,  as  it  is  put  to- 
gether by  Hi  Regan  (who  has  written  on  Irish 
fishing),  and  oddly  enough  entirely  neglects  to 
state  that  trout-fishing  in  England  begins  legally 
on  February  1st  and  ends  on  October  2nd.  The 
impatient  reader  will  turn  to  the  introduction 
to  find  Mr.  Le  Gallienne's  own  writing,  and 
will  not  be  disappointed.  Much  of  it  is  plea- 
santly put  together,  but  the  editor  is  too  flippant 
when  he  speaks  of  Walton's  religious  beliefs, 
deeming  "a  saint,  as  of  necessity,  somewhat 
inhuman."  He  confesses  himself  no  angler, 
and  therefore  can  have  but  scant  sympathy  for 
Walton,  but  most  anglers  would  demur  to 
the  following:  "One  might  as  well  consult  a 
fifteenth  century  pharmacopoeia  on  Russian 
influenza  as  consult  '  Honest  Izaak '  on  any  of 
the  higher  branches  of  his  art."  Still  there  is 
something  bright  and  fanciful  here,  as  always 
in  Mr.  Le  Gallienne's  work,  to  make  up  for 
his  want  of  appreciation  of  the  patron  saint  of 
angling. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  publish  for  the 
(New  York)  Columbia  University  Press  Muni- 
cipal Problems,  by  Prof.  Frank  Goodnow.  The 
volume,  which  reaches  a  high  standard  of  excel- 
lence, is  chiefly  filled  by  a  review  of  recent 
English  statutes  and  practice,  and  is  favourable 
to  central  control  over  municipalities.  The 
weakest  point  in  the  new  view  is  that  it  neglects 
the  deteri(*ration  in  the  class  of  men  composing 
local  elective  bodies,  and  the  tendency  to  leave 
the  work  more  and  more  to  oflicials,  produced 
by  increasing  central  control. 

The  matters  dealt  with  in  Social  Sivitzerlancl, 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Dawson,  published  by  Messrs. 
Chapman  &  Hall,  are  hardly  as  wide  as  the 
title.  The  author  has  taken  much  trouble  to 
find  out  on  the  spot  all  about  the  working  of 
the  Swiss  labour  laws,  the  licensing  system,  and 
so  forth.  He  does  not  seem  to  be  acquainted 
with  the  writings  of  those  who  have  done 
similar  work  before  him,  or  does  not  name 
them,  and  he  does  not  seem  to  know  much 
of  what  has  been  done  elsewhere,  as,  for 
example,  in  Victoria  as  regards  labour.  The 
out-of-work  insurance  law  of  St.  Gall  has  an 
American  university  literature  of  its  own 
already,  which  is  not  mentioned  here.  Indus- 
trial life  insurance  in  connexion  with  the  State 


is  discussed  without  reference  to  the  jnore  com- 
plete New  Zealand  system.  Switzerland  is 
referred  to  as  "  the  laboratory  of  political  ex- 
periment for  Europe,"  which  it  is.  But  political 
matters  are  not  dealt  with  in  this  volume,  and  as 
regards  labour  legislation  that  country  is  rather 
behind  others  than  in  the  front  rank.  Germany, 
Norway,  and  even  Austria  are  in  many  matters 
more  advanced.  We  have  passed  our  Compen- 
sation Act  while  Switzerland  has  been  thinking 
about  one  ;  and  as  respects  factory  legislation, 
except  in  the  matter  of  child  labour,  Switzerland 
is  now  behind  France  and  most  other  European 
states. 

With  the  unfortunate  exception  of  criticisms 
on  the  British  army,  which  are,  unhappily,  still 
true,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  any  letters  more 
out  of  date  than  those  addressed  by  Karl  Marx 
to  the  New  York  Tribune  during  the  Crimean 
war,  and  now  edited  by  Mrs.  Eleanor  Marx 
Aveling  and  Dr.  Aveling,  and  published  by 
Messrs.  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  under  the  title 
The  Eastern  Question.  The  editors  in  their 
introduction  claim,  indeed,  accuracy  in  prophecy 
for  the  author.  The  example  chosen  is  his 
certainty  that  if  Louis  Napoleon  went  himself 
to  the  Crimea  he  and  his  dynasty  would  fall. 
The  editors  say  this  did  happen  in  1871  (it 
should  be  1870),  "when  Bonaparte  did  go 
personally  to  the  Franco-German  war."  But, 
unhappily  for  the  illustration,  "Bonaparte" 
went  in  1859  to  the  war  against  Austria,  aiid 
came  back  from  it  with  a  noteworthy  increase  in 
strength,  and  so  he  would  have  done  if  he  had 
attended  the  fall  of  Sebastopol  as  well  as  the 
victories  of  Magenta  and  Solferino.  The  fatal 
consequences  of  the  neglect  of  the  condition  of 
the  French  army  and  of  the  warnings  of  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  as  to  his  inability  to  move 
before  May,  1871,  would  have  upset  any  govern- 
ment which  happened  to  be  then  directing 
affairs  in  France;  but  the  fall  of  "Bonaparte" 
was  not  the  result  of  the  causes  which  were  in 
Marxian  minds. 

M.  J.  Hansen,  a  Dane  who  was  a  French 
agent  under  M.  Thiers,  and  has  been  employed 
by  the  French  Foreign  Office  in  later  years, 
has  written  a  pamphlet,  U Alliance  Franco- 
Eusse  (Paris,  Flammarion),  which  has  to 
be  used  with  discretion.  It  is  possible  that  a 
conversation  with  Gambetta  is  correctly  reported 
in  which  Gambetta  says  that  when  the  French 
army  is  reconstituted  he  will  be  in  favour  of 
a  Russian  alliance.  But  Gambetta  was  too 
thorough  a  friend  of  Greece  —  too  strong  a 
supporter  of  Turkey  at  Constantinople  —  too 
old-fashioned  in  his  Radicalism — to  love  Russia. 
His  intention,  as  expressed  to  friends  more 
intimate  than  M.  Hansen,  was  to  use  Russia 
to  frighten  Germany  ;  but  he  contemplated  a 
German  alliance  under  certain  eventualities, 
and  thought  it  a  mistake  for  France  to  bind 
herself  to  Russia.  His  party,  after  his  death, 
under  M.  Ferry,  took  its  orders  from  Berlin. 
M.  Hansen  omits  all  reference  to  the  serious 
war  scare  of  1875,  and  believes  in  a  risk  of  war 
in  1886-7  which  had  no  foundation.  He  treats 
the  Schnfebele  incident  as  a  provocation  by 
Germany,  whereas  it  was  a  case  of  an  unavoid- 
able "frontier  difficulty  "calmed  by  the  courtesy 
of  the  old  German  Emperor.  He  is  misin- 
formed, also,  as  to  the  assurances  given  to  Italy 
by  Lord  Salisbury,  which  were  not  "  that  in  case 

of   war England    would    intervene    against 

Russia and  against  France"  (pp.  83-4). 

The  little  bits  of  studies  which  Mr.  J.  S. 
Fletcher  calls  God's  Failures  (Lane)  would  do 
very  well  for  scenes  in  novels,  but  none  of  them 
would  make  the  fortune  of  a  novel.  It  seems 
hardly  worth  while  to  publish  scraps  of  this 
sort,  which  are  but  sketches  or  episodes  to  be 
worked  up  —  gloomy  trifles  from  a  novelist's 
note-book.  An  author  commonly  puts  his  best 
piece  foremost,  and  the  first  piece  in  this  volume 
is  as  good  as  any.  It  describes  the  return  of 
a  fallen  woman  to  her  native  village,  and  the 


description  is  certainly  not  less  well  done  thari 
dozens  of  living  novelists  could  do  it.  But  this 
sketch  and  others  in  the  volume  suggest  that 
Mr.  Fletcher  is  a  student  of  Mr.  Hardy's  works. 
Of  course  Mr.  Fletcher  can  only  be  commended 
for  choosing  such  a  model,  but  his  work  shows 
the  amateur's  power  of  imitation  rather  than 
the  originality  of  an  artist. 

A  SUGGESTIVE  piece  of  book-making  is  Burns's 
Clarinda  (Edinburgh,  Grant),  in  which  Dr.  J.  D. 
Ross  has  decorated  the  letters  of  the  poet  to 
Agnes  M'Lehose  with  transcripts  of  the  views 
of  those  who  from  time  to  time  have  commented 
on  that  curious  ebullition  of  sentimental  rhap- 
sody. Prof.  Blackie,  Dr.  Hately  Waddell, 
Principal  Shairp,  and  others  have  thought  it 
worth  while  to  express  their  estimates  of  the 
incident — one  which,  while  assuredly  it  is  note- 
worthy in  any  review  of  Burns's  character,  has 
in  the  hands  of  thoroughgoing  devotees  been 
unduly  emphasized,  to  the  detriment  of  the 
gilding  of  their  idol.  It  is  given  to  few  mortals, 
certainly  to  few  of  the  genus  irritabile  vatum, 
that  their  thoughts  should  always  be  worthy  in. 
the  veriest  mental  undress.  The  fact  being 
remembered  that  these  curious  outpourings  were 
not  intended  for  publication,  but  were  really 
an  exercise  in  fine  writing,  stimulated  by  more 
or  less  of  passion,  and  maintained  on  their  fervid 
level  by  the  ability  of  the  other  correspondent 
to  cap  each  extravagance  without  any  suspicion 
of  burlesque,  there  is  nothing  very  discredit- 
able or  very  wonderful  in  these  productions. 
Clarinda,  we  may  take  it,  was  "a  gloriously 
amiable  fine  woman,"  whose  good  taste  was  not 
on  a  i^ar  with  her  ability,  her  measure  of  culture, 
and,  let  us  add,  the  honest  strength  of  her 
affection.  Burns  was — Burns  :  one  of  the  poets 
of  all  time,  but  not  a  moralist,  nor  by  heredity 
or  cultivation  a  model  of  refinement.  His 
nobler  part  is  immortal  ;  but  it  is  to  some  of 
his  lesser  traits — his  crude  democratic  petulance, 
his  impetuous  levity  in  love — that  he  owes  the 
allegiance  of  many  of  his  less  educated  wor- 
shippers. To  Clarinda  who  would  not  feel  a 
thrill  of  gratitude  for  '  Ae  Fond  Kiss  '  and  '  My 
Nannie  's  Awa  '  ? 

The  new  instalment  of  Messrs.  Constable  s 
handsome  edition  of  Mr.  George  Meredith's 
works  contains  One  of  our  Coyiquerors,  which, 
we  notice,  has  not  been  subjected  to  the  revision 
some  of  its  predecessors  underwent.  The 
vagaries  of  genius  are  still  visible  both  in 
grammar  and  spelling,  but  these  aie  easily  out- 
weighed by  the  excellent  humour  of  the  "night 
piece  "  wherein  Tasso,  the  lapdog,  figures,  and 
other  delightful  things. 

Messrs.  Blackwood  &  Sons'  reprint  in  paper 
covers  of  George  Eliot's  admirable  Scenes  of 
Clerical  Life  is  a  good  sixpennyworth  which 
should  be  widely  appreciated. 

That  lively  little  guide  The  Continong  (Dent 
&  Co.)  has  now  reached  a  third  edition, 
and  contains,  though  overloaded  with  borrowed 
humour,  a  great  deal  of  practical  information^ 
especially  for  cyclists. 

Messrs.  W.  &  A.  K.  Johnston  have  sent  us 
a  useful  and  cle?r  war  map  of  the  North- West 
Indian  frontier. 

We  have  received  that  useful  publication 
The  School  Calendar  (Whittaker  &  Co.)  and  The 
Jeunsh  Year-Book,  edited  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs 
(Greenberg  &  Co.),  which  is  a  very  complete 
aff'air,  with  a  list  of  Jewish  celebrities  of  the 
nineteenth  century  and  a  useful  glossary  of 
Jewish  terms.  —  The  Universal  Directory  of 
liailway  Officials  (The  Directory  Publishing 
Co.)  has  been  carefully  revised  and  added  to  in 
the  1897  edition. 

We  have  received  catalogues  from  Mr.  Baker 
(two),  Mr.  Dobell  (interesting),  Mr.  Edwards, 
Messrs.  Ellis  &  Elvey  (engravings,  good),  Mr. 
Gowans,  Mr.  Higham  (two,  theology),  Messrs. 
Luzac  &  Co.  (Oriental  books),  Messrs  Maurice  & 
Co,  (two),   Mr.  Menken  (two  general  and  one 


386 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


art-books),  Messrs.  Myers  &  Co.,  Messrs.  Par- 
sons &  Sons  (good),  Dr.  Scott  (two  autographs), 
Mr.  Spencer  (interesting),  Messrs.  Suckling  & 
Co.,  and  Mr.  Watkins  (occult  books).  We  nave 
also  catalogues  from  Mr.  Wild  of  Burnley,  Mr. 
Murray  of  Derby  and  Nottingham  (two  good), 
Messrs.  Douglas  &  Foulis  and  Mr.  Grant  of  Edin- 
burgh, Mr.  Goldie  of  Leeds  (good),  Mr.  Howell 
and  Messrs.  Young  &  Sons  of  Liverpool,  and 
Messrs.  Hitchman  &  Co.  of  Sheffield.  From 
abroad  Messrs.  Baer  &  Co.  of  Frankfort  have 
sent  us  catalogues  dealing  with  penal  law  and 
educational  subjects. 

We   have    on    our    table  Richard    Wagner  s 
Letters  to  August  Eoeckel,  translated  by  E.  C. 
Sellar   (Bristol,   Arrowsmith), —  Wagner's  Ming 
of  the  Nibelung,   and  the  Conditions    of   Ideal 
Manhood,  by  D.  Irvine  (Grevel),— T/ie  '  Blach- 
iL'ood '  Group,  by  Sir  George  Douglas  (Oliphant, 
Anderson  &  Ferrier), — T/ie   Alemoirs  of  Lord 
Edward  Fitzgerald,  by  T.  Moore,  with  a  Preface 
by  M.  MacDermott  (Downey  &  Co.),— ^  Short 
Popular    History    of    Crete,  by    J.    H.   Freese 
(Jarrold), — The  Greek,  the  Cretan,  and  the  Turk, 
by  O.  Mitchell  (Aldine  Publishing  Co.),— With 
the  Trade-Winds,  by  I.  N.  Morris  (Putnam), — 
Livy:     Book    VI.,    edited    by  W.    F.   Masom 
(Clive), — Manual    of  Bebreio   Syntax,    by  the 
Rev.  J.    D.    Wijnkoop   (Luzac),  —  First   Stage 
Fhysiography,    by    A.    M.    Davies    (Clive),  — 
Counterpoint,  by  A.  L.   Hirst  (W.  Reeves),  — 
Questions  on  '  The  Tempest, '  by  T.  D.  Barnett 
(Relfe  Brothers), — The  Revolutionary  Tendencies 
of  the  Age  (Putnam), — Problems  of  Nature,  by 
G.  Jaeger,  M.D.,  edited  by  H.   G.   Schlichter 
(Williams  &  Norgate),— r;ie  Story  of  the  Earth's 
Atmosphere,  by  D.  Archibald  (Newnes), — Hints 
on  Stable  Management,  by  Capt.  M.  F.  Riming- 
ton  (Gale  &  Polden), — Household  Economics,  by 
H.  Campbell  (Putnam), — How  to  Grow  Begoyiias, 
by   G.    A.    Farini    (Low),  —  The    Elements    of 
Electro -Chemistry,  by  Dr.  R.  Liipke  (Grevel), — 
Trials  of  a  Staff-Officer,  by  Capt.  Charles  King 
(Lippincott), — A   French  Volunteer  of  the  War 
of  Independence,    edited    by    R.    B.    Douglas 
(Paris,  Carrington),— ^  Man's  Value  to  Society, 
by  N.  D.  Hillis  (Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier), 
— Castle  Meadow,  by  Emma  Marshall  (Seeley), 
—  Heldai's     Treasure,      by      F.      H.      Wood 
(S.P.C.K.),  —  The     Queen's     Reign   for    Chil- 
dren,   by    W.     C.    Hall     (Fisher    Unwin),  — 
The  Prime  3Iinister  of  Wiirtemburg,  by  Eller 
(Andrews  &  Co.), — Fate  and  a  Heart,  by  F. 
Vance  (Ward  &  Downey), — A  Frisky  Matron, 
by    P.    Lysle    (Routledge),  —  Allanson's    Little 
Woman,    by   E.    Kidson   (Jarrold),—^    Royal 
Smile  (Bentley),— Mrs.  Keith  Hamilton,  M.B., 
by  Annie  Swan  (Hutchinson),— T/ie  Adventures 
of  John  Johns,   by  F.  Carrel  (Bliss,   Sands   & 
Go.),— Tales  from  the  Isles  of  Greece,  translated 
from     the    Greek    of  Argyris    Ephtaliotis    by 
W.  H.  P.  Rouse  (Dent),— .4  Peakland  Faggot, 
by  R.  M.  Gilchrist  (Grant  Richards),— ^n  Exile 
from   London,   by   Col.    R.   H.  Savage   (Rout- 
ledge), — The    Master- Beggars,  by    L.    C.   Corn- 
ford  (Dent), — Circumstantial  Evidence,  by  J.  H. 
Swingler  (Digby  &  Long),— The  Power  of  the 
Purse,  by  "  Actinotus  "  (Sonnenschein),— Poems 
dedicated  to  National  Independence  and  Liberty, 
by  Wm.  Wordsworth,  with  an  Introduction  by 
Stopford  A.  Brooke  (Isbister),— TAe  Acid  Sisters, 
and    other    Poems,   by  T,   Wright    (OIney,  the 
Author), — A2}hr6essa,  a  Legend  of  Arqolis,  and 
other  Poems,  by  G.  Horion  (Fisher  Unwin),— 
The  Protestation   of  the  English  Romanists    in 
1788,    edited    by    the    Rev.    A.    J.    C.    Allen 
(S.P.C.K.),— 27ie  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools: 
The  Books  of  Joel  and  Amos,  edited  by  the  Rev. 
S.    R.    Driver,    D.D.    (Cambridge,     University 
Press),— iV^oics    on    the    Prophet   Jeremiah,    by 
C.  H.  Waller,  D.D.  (Eyre   &  Spottiswoode),— 
Outlines     of    the    History    of    the    Theological 
Literature    of  the    Church    of  England,  by    J. 
Dowden,  D.D.  {S.'P.G.K.),—Massilia-Carthago 
Sacrifice  Tablets  of  the  Worship  of  Baal,  edited 
by   the   Rev,    J.    M,    Macdonald   (Nutt),— and 
Then    and    Nov),    by     John     G,    Witt,    Q.C. 


(Bentley).  Among  New  Editions  we  have  T7ie 
Heroes  of  the  Arctic,  by  F.  Whymper  (S.P.C.K.), 
— Algebra  for  Beginners,  by  I.  Todhunter  and 
S.  L.  Loney  (Macmillan), — Notes  on  English 
Grammar,  by  A.  A.  Brockington  (lielfe 
Brothers), — The  New  Book  of  Kings,  by  J.  M. 
Davidson  (W.  Reeves),  —  The  Money-Lender 
Unmasked,  by  T.  Farrow  (Roxburghe  Press), — 
The  Manchester  Man,  by  Mrs.  G.  L.  Banks 
(Simpkin),  —  and  Veterinary  Notes  for  Horse 
Owners,  by  M.  H.  Hayes  (Thacker). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 


TTieology. 
Andrews's  (Rev.  F.  R.)  Yet,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Hiley's  (R.  W.)  A  Year's  Sermons,  Vol.  3,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Simeon's   (Rev.   A.   B.)   Ad  Lucem,  or  the  Ascent  of  Man 
through  Christ,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 


Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Actor's  Art,  Theatrical  Reminiscences,  &c.,  edited  by  J.  A. 

Hamerton,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Meredith's  (Q-.)  Select  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Molloy's  (J.  F.)  The  Romance  of  the  Irish  Stage,  2  vols.  21/ 
Tupper's  (late  J.  L.)  Poems,  selected  by  W.  M.  Rossetti,  5/ 

Alusic. 
Wagner,   R.,   by  H.  S.  Chamberlain,  translated  by  G.  A. 
Hight,  25/  net,  cl. 

Bibliography. 
Heckethorn's  (C.  W.)  The  Printers  of  Basle  in  Fifteenth  and 
Sixteenth  Centuries,  imp.  8vo.  21/  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography . 
Chronicles  of  the  Royal  Borough  of  Woodstock,  compiled 

by  A.  Ballard,  cr.  8vo.  2/  swd. 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  Vol.  52,  roy.  8vo.  15/  net. 
Life  Story  of  a  Village  Pastor  (Robert  Pool),  related  by  his 

Son.  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Marx's  (K.)  Eastern  Question,  Reprint  of  Letters  written 

18-53-1856,  10/6  cl. 
Memorial  of  Stoke  Bishop,  its   Church  and  First  Vicar, 

4to.  5/  net,  cl. 
Sergeant's  (L.)  Greece  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  10/6  cl. 
Shelley's  (H.  C.)  The  Ayrshire  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Burns, 

12mo.  .5/  cl. 
Sichel's  (E.)  The  Household  of  the  Lafayettes,  15/  net,  cl. 
Smith,  R.  B.,  the  Leader  of  the  Delhi  Heroes,  by  11.  M. 
Vibart,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 

Hcience. 
Brown's  (H.)  Economics,  Anaesthetics,  &c.,  in  the  Practice 

of  Midwifery.  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Clarke's  (J.  J  )  Surgical  Pathology  and  Principles,  10/6  cl. 
Dowling's  (J.  B.)  Handbook  of  Health  and  Hygiene,  2/  cl. 
Byre's    (J.  J.)  Dr.    Mendini's    Hygienic  Guide  to    Rome, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Lehmann  (K.  B.)  and  Neeman's  (R.)  Atlas  and  Essentials  of 

Bacteriology,  12/6  cl. 
Lippincott's  Medical  Dictionary,  roy.al  8vo.  31/6  cl. 
Mackay's  (W.  J.  S.)  Lawson  Tail's  Perineal  Operations,  3/6 
Marshall's  (C.  F.)  Elementary  Physiology  for  Nurses,  2'  cl. 
Mathematical  Psychology  of  Gratry  and  Boole,  translated 

by  M.  B.  Boole,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 
Mathematical    Questions    from    the  '  Educational    Times,' 

Vol.  67,  cr.  8vo.  6,6  cl. 
Newhall's  (C.  S.)  The  Vines  of  North-Eastern  America,  10/6 
Stoker's  (G.)  The  Oxygen  Treatment  for  Wounds,  roy.  8vo.  2/ 
Sykes'a  (W.  J.)  The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Brewing,  21/ 
Thermo  Geographical  Studies,  4to.  30/  net,  cl. 
Thornton's  (J.)  Elementary  Practical  Physiology,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Waller's  (A.  D.)  Lectures  on  Physiology,  First  Series   ou 
Animal  Electricity,  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Boothby's  (G.)  Sheilah  McLeod,  a  Heroine  of    the   Back 

Blocks,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Bullock's  (S.  F.)  The  Charmer,  a  Seaside  Comedy,  3/6  cl. 
Cox's  (M.  B.)  Jack's  Mate,  illus.  royal  16mo.  3/6  cl. 
Dickens's  Works,  Gadshill  Edition  :  Barnaby  Rudge,  2  vols. 

8vo.  12/  cl. 
Don's  (I.)  A  Strong  Necessity,  cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 
Bady's  (K.  M.)  The  Boys  of  Huntingley,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Hall's  (S.  B.)  Sybil  Fairleigh,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Hart's  (F.)  When  Passions  Rule,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Harte's  (B.)  Three  Partners,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Heerwart's  (E.)  Froebel's  Theory  and  Practice,  .5/  net,  cl. 
Henham's  (B.  G.)  Menotah,  a  Tale  of  the  Riel  Rebellion,  6/ 
Hume's  (P.)  Claude  Duval  of  Ninety-five,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
In  the  Days  of  Good  Queen  Bess,  the  Narrative  of  Sir  A. 

Trafford,  cr  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
James's  (H.)  What  Maisie  Knew,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Kernahan's  (C.)  The  Child,  the  Wise  Man,  and  the  Devil, 

Edition  de  Luxe,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
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Verses?  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
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Marsh's  (R.)  The  Beetle,  a  Mystery,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  6/cl. 
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Nightingale's  (V.)  The  Devil's  Daughter,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
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collected  by  his  Grandson,  illustrated,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Oxley's  (J.  M.)  In  the  Swing  of  the  Sea,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Parker's  (G.)  The  Pomp  of  the  Lavillettes,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Pellissier's  (G.)  The  Literary  Movement  in  France  during 

the  Nineteenth  Century,  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Pollard's  (B.  F.)  Esther  Dunbar,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 


Hands's  (W.   B.)   Lilliput    Lectures,   12mo.   2/6  cl. ;     Lazy 

Lessons  and  Essays  on  Conduct,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Rogers's  (K.  D.)  The  Adventures  of  St.  Kevin,  and  other 

Irish  Tales,  cr,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
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Stuart's  (E.)  Tangled  Tlireads,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Symons's  (A.)  Studies  in  Two  Literatures,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Thompson's  (C.  J.  S.)  The  Mystery  and  Romance  of  Alchemy 

and  Pharmacy,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
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cr.  8vo.  .3/6  cl. 
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Winter's  (J.  S.)  Everybody's  Favourite,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

FOEEIGN. 

Theology. 

Berger    (IE.) :    Les    Registres    d'Innocent    IV.    (1242-1254), 

Part  11,  15fr.  50. 
Buttenwieser  (M.) :   Die  hebraische    Elias-Apokalypse    u. 

ihre  Stellung  in  der   apokalyptischen    Litteratur    des 

rabbinischen  Schrifttums  u.  der  Kirche,  Part  1,  3m. 
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ischen  Litteratur,  6m.  50. 

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thums :    I.   Kambyses  u.   die   Uberlieferg.    des    Alter- 
thums,  6m. 

Philosophy. 
Mikailhowsky  (N.) :  Qu'est-ce  que  le  Progrgs  ?  Exaraen  des 
Idees  de  M.  Herbert  Spencer,  2fr.  60. 

Philology. 
Kums  (A.)  :  Les  Choses  Naturelles  dans  Horaere,  5fr. 
Muret  (B.) :  Bncyklopadisches  Worterbuch  der  englischen 
u.  deutschen  Sprache  :  Part  1,  Englisch-Deutsch,  36m. 
Science. 
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patiques,  3fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Amiable  (L.) :  Une  Loge  Mafonnique  d'avant  1789,  6fr. 
Courteline  (G.)  :  Le  Train  de  8  H.  47,  3fr.  50. 
Enilec  (C.  d') :   Herbe  FoUe,  3fr.  50. 


THE    ETYMOLOGY  OF  "  CREASE.' 

It  is  curious  that  the  etymology  of  the  word 
crease,  in  the  sense  of  a  line  or  mark  produced 
by  folding  a  piece  of  paper,  is  wholly  unknown. 
At  the  same  time  there  is  an  excellent  account 
of  it  in  the  '  New  English  Dictionary,'  and  the 
suggestion  there  made  is  one  which,  as  I  hope 
to  show,  is  perfectly  correct. 

The  history  shows  that  the  word  had,  at  first, 
a  final  t,  and  was  spelt  creast ;  and  it  is  further 
shown  in  the  '  Dictionary '  that  creast  was  a 
variant  of  crest. 

We  have  to  discuss  two  points  :  (1)  the  form  ; 
and  (2)  the  meaning. 

As  to  form  :    the    e  of  crest  was  sometimes 
lengthened,   and   so   became   the  long  open  c, 
denoted    in    Tudor    spelling   by  ea ;   and,    by 
dropping   the  final  t,  the  form  creas  or  crease 
resulted  at  once.     The  loss  of  the  final  t  was 
due    to    the   length  of    the   vowel.     In  many 
dialects    of    England    the    word   joist    is    pro- 
nounced   jice.        Now,     it      is     not     a     little 
odd    that    the    final    t    in     crest     is     actually 
dropped  in  modern  ProvenQal.  Mistral  gives  the 
Provengal  forms  crest,  crist,  creis,  cres,  meaning 
the  crest  of  a  mountain,  the  ridge  of  a  house- 
roof,  a  summit.     I  do  not  suggest  that  we  got 
the  word  from   Provencal  ;    but  I  may  fairly 
insist  that  a  phonetic  alteration  which  can  take 
place  in  Provence  can  also  take  place  here.     To 
this  position  no  objection  can  be  taken.  Observe 
also    that    the    Prov.    creis,    which    doubtless 
rhymes   to   the   E.   grace,   represents   a   sound 
which   the   E.   crease   certainly  had   some   two 
hundred  years  ago.    Hence,  as  to  form,  there  is 
no  difliculty. 

As  to  the  sense,  the  difficulty  is  explicable. 
When  a  piece  of  paper  is  folded  in  half  and  so 
creased,  it  can  be  partially  opened  and  placed 
upon  a  table  so  that  the  fold  or  crest  has  a  fair 
resemblance  to  the  ridge  of  a  roof.  This  is 
fanciful,  of  course  ;  but  I  can  show  that  such  a 
notion  was  really  adopted. 

The  Provenqal  also  has  a  diminutive  form 
crestel,  signifying  likewise  a  crest,  ridge,  summit, 
ridge  of  a  roof.  In  the  Walloon  dialect  of  Mons, 
according  to  Sigart,  this  takes  the  remarkable 
shape  kertiau,  answering  to  O.  French  cresteau, 
one  of  the  battlements  of  a  wall.  Now  this 
Walloon  kertiau  means  (1)  the  space  comprised 


N°  3647,  Sept. 


18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


387 


between  the  battlements  and  the  outside 
boundary  of  a  town  ;  and  (2)  a  fold  (or  crease) 
made  in  linen  by  passing  an  iron  over  it.  At 
Lille  is  used  the  verb  kerchir  (a  form,  as  I  take 
it,  of  O.  French  crester),  with  the  senses  "  chif- 
fonner,  rider,  plisser."  Even  in  O.  French, 
Godefroy  notes  the  use  of  the  pp.  creste,  with 
the  sense  of  wrinkled  or  ruffled  (ride),  in 
speaking  of  the  surface  of  water,  which  suggests 
the  use  of  crease  to  represent  a  wrinkle  or 
rising  crest  on  water. 

Again,  Grandgagnage,  in  his  dictionary  of 
the  Walloon  dialect,  gives  :  "  Cretelai,  faux-pli, 
ride  ;  [pronounced  in  N.  (Namur)  as]  cretia." 
Also:  ^^  Greteler,  grimacer,  etre  plisser  de 
travers,  goder."  This  suggests  yet  another  way 
of  forming  creases,  viz.,  by  wrinkling  the  fore- 
head in  parallel  crests. 

Thus  we  have  sufficient  evidence  of  the  two 
facts  to  be  proved,  viz.  (1)  that  crease  is  a  form 
of  crest ;  and  (2)  that  a  crease  was  supposed  to 
be  like  the  crest  of  a  wave,  or  a  pucker  on  the 
forehead,  or  the  ridge  of  a  roof  ;  which  explains 
why,  in  West  Cornwall,  the  word  crease  means 
precisely  "  a  ridge-tile."  And  it  is  by  no  means 
unlikely  that  these  notions  were  imported  from 
some  French  dialect  of  the  north  of  France  or 
of  Flanders  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  when 
we  certainly  imported  several  words  from  the 
Dutch.  Walter  W.  Skeat. 


THE  CONGRESS   OF  ORIENTALISTS. 
(Second  Notice.) 

Resuming  the  account  of  Section  la.  (India) 
commenced  in  the  last  issue,  it  may  be  noted 
that  a  paper  by  Count  Pulle  on  some  ancient 
Italian  maps  of  India  led  to  a  resolution  calling 
on  the  various  geographical  societies  and  on  the 
India  Office  to  assist  in  the  classification  and 
publication  of  early  maps  of  Eastern  countries. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  M.  Grosset 
presented,  with  excellent  explanatory  remarks, 
the  first  volume  of  his  edition  of  the  highly 
important  '  Bharatiya-naiya-s'astra.'  A  demon- 
stration was  given  by  Surgeon-Major  Waddell 
of  photographs  from  Grseco-Buddhistic  sculp- 
tures recently  rescued  by  him  for  the  Calcutta 
Museum  from  the  Swat  Valley,  where,  in  spite 
of  the  efibrts  of  Major  Deane  and  others,  the 
treatment  of  the  numerous  examples  of  this 
beautiful  school  during  the  recent  expedition 
seems  to  have  been,  to  say  the  least,  unduly 
rough.  The  section  voted  six  resolutions  con- 
cerning this  and  other  fields  of  archaeology  : — 

1.  Thanks  to  the  Government  of  India  and  to 
Sir  C.  Elliott,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal 
(present  at  the  Congress),  for  measures  already 
taken  for  preservation  of  art  treasures  in  the 
Swat  Valley  and  neighbourhood,  with  an  urgent 
request  for  further  precautions  against  irre- 
sponsible private  collectors. 

2.  Recognition  of  the  eminent  services  to 
archaeology  of  Major  Deane  in  this  region. 

3.  The  establishment  of  an  international 
society,  with  headquarters  in  London,  for  the 
furtherance  of  archaeological  exploration,  to  be 
called  the  "India  Exploration  Fund,"  with  a 
provisional  committee  consisting  of  Lord  Reay, 
Sir  A.  Lyall,  M.  S^nart  (France),  Hofrath 
Biihler  (Austria),  Prof.  Pischel  (Germany), 
Prof.  Oldenberg  (Russia),  and  Count  Pulle 
(Italy). 

4  and  5.  Thanks  to  the  Government  of  India 
and  to  that  of  Nepal  for  help  in  the  recent  dis- 
coveries in  the  Tarai  of  the  traditional  birth- 
place of  Buddha,  "  une  des  decouvertes 
arch^ologiques  les  plus  importantes  du  siecle. " 

6.  Thanks  to  the  Government  of  Bengal, 
especially  to  Sir  C.  Elliott,  Lieutenant-Governor, 
for  the  recently  established  "  Asoka  Gallery  "  in 
the  Calcutta  Museum,  in  which  casts  of  the  oldest 
inscriptions  are  collected,  and  copies  made 
available  for  other  institutions. 

Dr.  Winternitz  noted  some  peculiarities  in 
the  South  Indian  MSS.  of  the  'Mahabharata,' 
■which   he   is   now   cataloguing    for   the   Royal 


Asiatic  Society.  The  desirability  of  a  critical 
edition  of  the  great  epic  was  debated.  MM. 
Sdnart  and  Oldenberg  described  the  fragments 
of  an  early  recension  of  the  '  Dhammapada,' 
hitherto  known  only  as  a  Pali  work  from 
modern  MSS.,  but  now  discovered  in  an  archaic 
Prakrit  text  in  Central  Asia,  written  in  Kharoshti 
characters  (hitherto  only  found  in  inscriptions 
before  about  a.d.  300),  and  thus  forming  pro- 
bably the  oldest  Indian  MS.  in  existence.  Por- 
tions exist  both  at  Paris  and  St.  Petersburg. 
Prof,  C.  Bendall  gave  an  account  of  the 
new  series  of  texts  "Bibliotheca  Buddhica," 
published  by  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg,  presenting.',  with 
explanatory  remarks,  the  first  number  of  the 
series,  the  '  Cikshasamuccaya '  (edited  by  him- 
self), a  mediaeval  anthology  from  early  Buddhist 
texts  now  mostly  lost.  The  thanks  of  the  section 
were  accorded  to  the  Academy  for  its  munificent 
scheme.  Dr.  Stein  gave  a  demonstration  of  his 
topographical  researches  in  Kashmir  in  con- 
nexion with  his  edition  of  the  '  Rajatarangini. ' 
A  motion  in  furtherance  of  Dr.  Stein's  work 
was  subsequently  adopted. 

The  attention  of  the  Madras  Government  was 
called  to  the  need  of  exploration  of  the  early 
Buddhist  topes  in  the  Presidency,  Thanks 
were  accorded  to  the  Indian  Government  for 
the  linguistic  survey  now  commenced  under  Mr. 
Grierson  with  a  hope  that  it  maybe  fully  carried 
out.  As  the  result  of  Don  M.  de  Z,  Wikrama- 
simha's  paper  on  the  early  Sinhalese  alphabet, 
thanks  were  voted  to  the  Ceylon  Government 
for  their  services  to  archaeology.  An  interesting 
paper  on  Buddhist  psychology  by  Mrs.  Rhys 
Davids  was  read  (in  her  absence)  by  her 
husband. 

In  Section  16.  (Iran)  far  less  work  was  to  be 
done.  A  paper  of  Mr.  A.  W,  Jackson  may  be 
mentioned,  following  out  Darmesteter's  idea  of 
the  connexion  between  the  Indian  epics  and  the 
early  Persian  legends. 

In  Section  Ila.  (China,  &c.)  maybe  noticed 
M.  D^veria's  paper  on  the  Manichaeans  in  China, 
M.  Boell  also  made  some  notes  on  the  Lolo 
script. 

In  Section  lib.  (Indo-China)  M.  Aymonier's 
paper  on  King  Yas'ovarman  and  M.  Feer's 
notes  on  illustrations  of  the  Jatakas  in  Siam 
deserve  mention. 

In  the  far  larger  Section  III.  (langues 
musulmanes),  presided  over  by  Prof,  de  Goeje, 
the  proceedings  commenced  by  a  paper  pro- 
posing a  new  derivation  of  the  word  zendik  from 
the  Aramaic  sadiq.  The  prominent  feature 
of  the  section's  sittings  was,  however,  the 
announcement  by  Prof.  Goldziher  of  a  detailed 
project  for  the  revival  of  the  great  encyclopaedia 
of  Islam  originally  conceived  by  the  late  Prof. 
Robertson  Smith.  The  President  communicated 
notes  on  two  MSS.  of  the  important  work  of  the 
Arab  historian  Ibn-al-Mujawir.  The  communica- 
tions of  MM.  Karaba^ek  and  Houdas,  confirm- 
ing the  Indian  origin  of  the  Arabic  numeral 
figures,  were  noteworthy.  Mention  was  also 
made  of  recent  works  undertaken  for  the  study 
of  the  mosques  and  of  the  basilicas  existing  in 
Tunisia. 

In  Section  IVa.  (Semitic),  where  Prof,  Guidi 
presided.  Dr.  Ginsburg  presented  a  fragment  of 
a  Hebrew  MS.  of  Ecclesiasticus  discovered  by 
Mrs.  Lewis  and  her  sister.  Later  on  M.  Hale'vy 
called  attention  to  the  great  importance  of  the 
discovery  for  the  literary  history  of  the  Bible. 
A  resolution  was  passed  in  furtherance  of  a 
critical  edition  of  the  Talmud.  On  the  follow- 
ing day  another  resolution  was  passed  in  favour 
of  a  meeting  in  1899  of  Semitic  scholars  in 
Palestine.  The  communications  of  M.  Schwab 
on  the  Meghillat  Tanit  and  Dr.  Haupt  on  the 
Hebrew  plnralis  majestatis  also  deserve  mention. 

In  the  small  Section  TVb.  (Assyriology)  the 
president  was  Dr.  Tille,  with  Messrs.  Pinches, 
Hommel,  and  Haupt  as  vice-presidents.  M, 
Scheil  gave  an  account  of  his  recent  discoveries 
in  the   East,    and    Mr.    Pinches   spoke  of    his 


proposed  series  of  texts  from  private  collections. 
The  thanks  of  the  section  were  voted  to  Hamdi 
Bey,  the  Turkish  director  of  excavations,  for  his 
services  to  archaeology. 

In  Section  V,  (Egypt  and  African  Languages) 
M.  Naville  presided.  Here  the  great  event  was 
the  description  (already  foreshadowed  at  the 
general  sitting  on  Monday)  by  Dr.  Erman  of  his 
proposed  Thesaurus,  to  be  published  by  the 
German  Government  and  directed  by  a  com- 
mittee of  the  academies  of  Berlin,  Leipzig, 
Gottingen,  and  Munich.  It  is  to  deal  with 
words  from  hieroglyphic  and  hieratic  texts,  and 
its  full  publication  will  take  some  sixteen  years, 
M.  Sethe's  paper  on  the  alleged  occurrence  of 
the  names  of  Ousaphais  and  Mibis  on  certain 
early  vases  excited  considerable  interest. 

The  sections  of  Grece-Orient(VI.)  and  Ethno- 
graphy (VII.)  were  presided  over  by  M.  Bik^las 
and  Dr.  Vambdry  respectively. 

The  sectional  work  was  above  the  average, 
especially  in  Section  I.,  both  in  quantity  and 
quality.  Here,  as  in  some  other  sections,  the 
desire  to  give  these  gatherings  a  practical  turn 
was  evinced  by  the  number  of  resolutions 
passed.  The  new  discoveries  announced  and 
new  literary  works  described  were  also  more 
numerous  than  usual.  The  co-operation  of 
many  scholars  in  several  of  the  latter  shows 
the  practical  utility  of  these  congresses. 

Great  hospitality  was  shown,  both  public  and 
private.  To  the  previous  notice  of  the  former 
may  be  added  the  receptions  by  Prince  Roland 
Bonaparte  and  by  the  Conseil  Municipal  at  the 
Hotel  de  Ville.  As  an  example  of  the  latter 
may  be  mentioned  the  Baron  de  Grandmaison's 
invitation  of  a  number  of  English  members  to 
his  chateau  after  the  close  of  the  Congress. 

The  next  Congress  is  to  meet  in  Italy.      B, 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING   SEASON. 

The  Clarendon  Press  have  in  hand  amongst 
others  the  following  books  : — In  Theology, 
Classics,  &c.  :  the  fifth  fasciculus  of  St.  Jerome's 
version  of  the  New  Testament,  edited  by  Bishop 
Wordsworth  and  Mr.  H.  J,  White,— '  The 
Peshitto  Version  of  the  Gospels,'  edited  by 
Mr.  G.  H.  Gwilliam,  Part  L,— 'The  Coptic 
Version  of  the  New  Testament  in  the  Northern 
Dialect  (otherwise  called  Memphitic  and  Bo- 
hairic),' — 'Samaritan  Liturgies,' edited  by  Mr. 
A,  E,  Cowley, — '  Latin  Versions  of  the  Canons 
of  the  Greek  Councils  of  the  FourLh  and  Fifth 
Centuries,'  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Turner, — 'Sancti 
Irenaei  Novum  Testamentum,'  edited  by  Dr. 
Sanday, — 'The  Key  of  Truth:  a  Paulician 
Ritual  and  Catechism,'  edited  by  Mr.  F.  C, 
Conybeare, — '  Legenda  Angliae,'  edited  by  Dr. 
C,  Horstmann, — 'The  Politics  of  Aristotle,' 
edited  by  Mr,  W,  L,  Newman,  Vols,  III,  and 
IV., — 'Indices  to  Andocides,  Lycurgus,  and 
Dinarchus,' by  Mr.  L.  L.  Forman, — 'Horace,' 
a  miniature  text,  edited  by  Dr.  Wickham, — 
'Ovid,  Heroides,'  edited  by  Mr.  A.  Palmer, — 
'Caesar,  De  Bello  Gallico,'  edited  by  Mr. 
St.  George  Stock, — 'The  Agricola  of  Tacitus,' 
edited  by  Mr.  H.  Furneaux,  —  the  tenth 
fasciculus  of  the  'Thesaurus  Syriacus,'  — 
'An  Abridged  Syriac  Lexicon,'  by  Mrs.  Mar- 
goliouth.  Part  II., — 'A  Hebrew  and  English 
Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testament,'  edited  by  Drs. 
F.  Brown,  S.  R.  Driver,  and  C.  A.  Briggs, 
Part  VI., —  'A  Catalogue  of  the  Turkish, 
Hindustani,  and  Pushtu  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian,' 
by  Prof.  Eth4,  Part  II., — and  of  the  Armenian 
MSS.  in  the  same  library,  by  Dr.  S.  Baronian, 
In  General  Literature,  Englitih,  &c. :  '  Manners, 
Institutions,  and  Ceremonies  of  the  Hindus,' 
translated  from  the  French  by  Mr.  H.  K. 
Beauchamp, — '  A  Summary  Catalogue  of  Bod- 
leian MSS.,'  by  Mr.  F,  Madan,  Vol,  IV,,— 
'  Dictionary  of  Proper  Names  and  Notable 
Matters  in  the  Works  of  Dante,'  by  Mr.  Paget 
Toynbee,  —  '  ^^tolia  :  its  Geography,  Topo- 
graphy, and  Antiquities,'  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Wood- 
house,  with  maps  and  illustrations, — '  A  Cata- 


388 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


logue  of  the  Antiquities  in  the  Cyprus  Museum,' 
by  Mr.  J.  L.  Myres  and  Dr.  Ohnefalsch  Richter, — 
'  Bosworth's  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary,' Part  IV., 
Section  2,  edited  by  Mr.  T.  N.  Toller,— '  King 
Horn,'  edited  by  Mr.  Joseph  Hall, — Shak- 
speare's  'King  Henry  IV.,  Part  I.,' edited  by 
Mr.  Aldis  Wright,  —  'Studies  in  International 
Law,'  by  Mr.  T.  E.  Holland,— '  Selections  from 
the  Whitefoord  Papers,'  edited  by  Mr.  W.  A.  S. 
Hewin.s, — '  The  Landndma-Boc,'  edited  by  the 
late  G.  Vigfusson  and  Mr.  York  Powell, — '  His- 
torical Atlas  of  Modern  Europe,  from  the 
Decline  of  the  Roman  Empire,'  edited  by 
Mr.  R.  L.  Poole,  Part  XI.,— 'The  Flora 
of  Berkshire,'  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Druce,  — 
in  the  "  Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
'The  (Satapatha-Brahmajia,'  translated  by  Mr. 
J.  Eggeling,  Part  III.;  and  '  Pahlavi  Texts,' 
translated  by  Mr.  E.  VV.  West  :  Part  V. 
'Marvels  of  Zoroastrianism,'  —  and  in  the 
"  Anecdota  Oxoniensia,"  Firdausi's  '  Yiisuf  and 
Zalikha,' edited  by  Prof.  Ethd  ;  '  Kknva.  Sata- 
patha  Brahmana,'  edited  by  Mr.  J.  Eggeling  ; 
'The  Letters  of  Abu'  I'Ala  El  Maarri,'  edited 
by  Mr.  D.  S.  Margoliouth  ;  Bale's  'Index 
Britanniae  Scriptorum,'  edited  by  Mr.  R.  L. 
Poole  and  Miss  Mary  Bateson  ;  '  Old  English 
Glosses,'  edited  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Napier  ;  and  '  The 
Dialogue  between  Athanasius  and  Zacchceus,  a 
Nomodidascalus  of  the  Jews,'  edited  by  Mr. 
F.  C.  Conybeare. 

Messrs.  W.  &  R.  Chambers  will  publish 
shortly  two  works  of  reference,  which  they 
have  had  in  preparation  for  some  years  : 
a  new  dictionary  of  universal  biography 
from  the  remotest  times  to  the  present 
<Jay,  edited  by  Dr.  D.  Patrick  and  Mr. 
F.  H.  Groome,  and  a  new  library  dictionary  in 
one  volume,  pronouncing,  explanatory,  and 
etymological,  edited  by  Mr.  T.  Davidson, — in 
their  series  of  prize-books,  &c.,  'Meg  Lang- 
holme,'  by  Mrs.  Molesworth  ;  '  Vince  the 
Rebel,'  by  Mr.  G.  M.  Fenn  ;  '  Wild  Kitty,'  by 
Mrs.  L.  T.  Meade  ;  '  Hunted  through  Fiji ;  or, 
'Twixt  Convict  and  Cannibal,'  by  Mr.  R. 
Horsley  ;  '  Hoodie,'  by  Mrs.  Molesworth  ;  '  The 
Rover's  Quest,'  by  Mr.  H.  St.  Leger  ;  'A 
Daughter  of  the  Klephts,'  by  Miss  I.  F.  Mayo  ; 
'Four  Hundred  Animal  Stories,'  selected  by 
Mr.  R.  Cochrane;  'Elsie's  Magician,'  by  Mr. 
F.  Whishaw  ;  '  Wallace  and  Bruce,'  by  Miss  M. 
Cochrane  ;  '  William  Shakespere  :  the  Story  of 
his  Life  and  Times,'  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Cuthbertson ; 
'A  Fairy  Grandmother,'  by  Mr.  L.  E.  Tidde- 
man ;  'Young  King  Arthur';  and  'Twelfth 
Night  King,' — and  several  readers  in  their 
educational  series. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus's  announcements 
mclude  '  More  Tramps  Abroad,'  by  Mark 
Twain,  —  'The  Little  World'  and  'Tales 
and     Poems,'     by     Mr.    D.    Christie    Murray, 

—  '  Three  Partners,'  by  Bret  Harte,  —  '  The 
Three  Disgraces,'  by  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy, 
—'Tales  from  the  Veldt,'  by  Mr.  E.  Glanville, 

—  'The  Secret  of  Wyvern  Towers,'  by  Mr. 
T.  V/.  Speight,— 'Jetsam,'  by  Mr.  O.  Hall,— 
'  The  Witch- Wife,'  by  Miss  S.  Tytler,— a  trans- 
lation of  M.  Zola's  'Paris,'— 'Rie's  Diary,'  by 
Miss  A.  Coates,  -  '  The  Life  of  Napoleon  III.,' 
by  Mr.  Archibald  Forbes,— Vols.  III.  and  IV. 
of  'The  French  Revolution,'  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
McCarthy, — '  Historic  Studies  in  Vaud,  Berne, 
and  Savoy,'  by  General  Meredith  Read, — and 
'  War  and  a- Wheel :  the  Groeco-Turkish  War  as 
seen  from  a  Bicycle, '  by  Mr.  W.  Pollock. 

Messrs.  Seeley  &  Co.'s  announcements 
include  'Mountain,  Stream,  and  Covert,' 
by  Mr.  A.  I.  Shand, — '  Marriage  Customs  in 
Many  Lands,'  by  the  Rev.  H.  N.  Hutchinson, 
— '  Albrecht  Diirer,'  from  the  Portfolio,  by  Mr. 
L.  Cust, — 'Nights  with  an  Old  Gunner,'  by 
Mr.  C.  J.  Cornish,— 'In  the  Choir  of  West- 
minster Abbey,'  a  story  by  Mrs.  Marshall,— 
'In  Lincoln  Green,' a  tale  of  Robin  Hood,  by 
Mr.  E.  Gilliatt,— and  'Baptism:  What  saith 
the  Scripture?'  by  the  Rev.  D.  H.D.  Wilkinson. 

Mr.  D.  Nutt  will   publish  shortly,  amongst 


other  books,  'The  Imperial  Jubilee  Souvenir,' 
edited  by  Prof.  Salmon^,  —  a  translation  of 
Asbjornsen's  '  Fairy  Tales  from  the  Far  North,' 
— '  The  First  Book  of  Krab,'  by  Judge  Parry,— 
'The  Giant  Crab,  and  other  Tales  from  Old 
India,'  retold  by  Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse, — a 
translation,  by  Mr.  A.  Lang,  of  '  The  Miracles 
of  Madame  St.  Katherine  of  Fierbois,' — a  fac- 
simile edition  of  Wordsworth's  '  Poems  in 
Two  Volumes,  1807,'  by  Mr.  T.  Hutchin- 
son,— the  first  volume  of  the  critical  edition 
of  'Don  Quixote'  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Kelly,— 
'A  Question  of  the  Land  and  the  Water,' 
translated  from  Dante  by. Mr.  C.  H.  Bromby, — 
'  A  New  Quest,' — '  Letters  from  Heaven,'  edited 
by  Mr.  G.  E.  Watts,—'  The  Child  of  the  Bond- 
woman, and  other  Verses,'  by  Miss  J.  C. 
Graham, — 'The  Greek  Anthology,  Book  V.,' 
edited  by  Mr.  W.R.  Paton, — 'Gossip  from  a  Muni- 
ment Room,'  edited  by  Lady  Newdigate-Newde- 
gate, — '  Jewish  Portraits,'  by  Lady  Magnus, — 
Wagner's  'Tristan  and  Isolde,'  translated  by 
Mr.  A.  Forman, — '  Babylonian  Influence  on 
the  Bible  and  Popular  Beliefs,'  by  the  Rev. 
A.  S.  Palmer,— in  the  "Grimm  Library,"  'The 
Voyage  of  Bran,'  Vol.  II.,  and  '  The  Legend  of 
Sir  Gawain,'  studies  by  Miss  J.  L.  Weston, — 
'  A  Dictionary  of  British  Folk-lore,'  Vol.  II., — 
'  Luinneagan  Luaineach,'  verses  by  Lieut. -Col. 
J.  Macgregor, — 'Golspie:  its  Folk-lore,' edited 
by  Mr.  E.  W.  B  Nicholson,  —  'Hamlet  in  Ice- 
land,' edited  by  Mr.  I.  GoUancz, — 'Or  Agus  Ob: 
Hymns  and  Incantations,'  translated  by  Mr.  A. 
Carmichael, — Colville's  translation  of  Boethius's 
'  Consolation  of  Philosophy  '  in  the  "  Tudor 
Library," — and  'A  Russian-English  and  English- 
Russian  Dictionary  of  Technical  Military  Terms,' 
by  Lieut.  A.  Mears. 

Mr.  John  C.  Nimmo's  announcements  include 
a  new  edition  of  the  "  Border  Waverley  Novels," 
and  of  the  'Spectator,'  edited  by  Mr.  G.  A. 
Aitken,  — '  Stories  of  Famous  Songs,'  by  Mr. 
S.  J.  Adair  Fitzgerald,—'  The  Maiden  and 
Married  Life  of  Mary  Powell,'  with  the  sequel, 
'Deborah's  Diary,'  by  the  late  Miss  Manning, 
— '  George  Thomson,  the  Friend  of  Burns,  his 
Life  and  Correspondence,'  edited  by  Mr.  J.  C 
Hadden,— and  '  The  English  Black  Monks  of 
St.  Benedict,'  by  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Taunton. 

Mr.  James  Bowden's  forthcoming  books  in- 
clude :  '  And  Shall  Trelawney  Die  1 '  by  Mr.  J. 
Hocking,  '  The  Charmer, '  by  Mr.  S.  F.  Bullock, 
— '  A  Deserter  from  Philistia, '  by  Mr.  E.  P.  Train, 
—  'Pictures  from  the  Life  of  Nelson,' by  Mr. 
W.  Clark  Russell,  '  Manners  for  W^omen,'  bv 
Mrs.  Humphry  ("Madge"  of  Truth), —' U  l 
were  God,'  by  Mr.  R.  Le  Gallienne, — '  Work- 
a-day  Sermons,'  by  the  Rev.  F.  B.  Meyer, — a 
commemoration  edition  of  '  The  Child,  the  Wise 
Man,  and  the  Devil,'  by  Mr.  C.  Kernahan, — 
'  Lazy  Lessons  and  Essays  on  Conduct '  and 
'Lilliput  Lectures,'  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Rands, 
edited  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Johnson,  —  '  The  Adventures 
of  Mabel,'  a  new  wonder-book  for  boys  and  girls, 
— '  Concerning  Teddy,'  by  Mrs.  Murray  Hick- 
son, — 'The  Ape,  the  Idiot,  and  other  People,' 
by  Mr.  W,  C.  Morrow,  — 'Victorian  Literature  : 
Sixty  Years  of  Books  and  Bookmen,'  by  Mr. 
C.  K.  Shorter,— 'Ideals  for  Girls,'  by  the  Rev. 
H.  R.  Haweis, — 'Tom  Ossington's  Ghost,'  by 
Mr.  R.  Marsh,  — and  'The  Last  Lemurian,'  by 
Mr.  G.  F.  Scott. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall's  announcements 
include  : — In  Fiction  and  Travel  :  '  Unkist, 
Unkind.' by  Miss  Violet  Hunt,— 'His  Chief's 
Wife,'  by  the  Baroness  d'Anethan, — 'A  Day's 
Tragedy,'  a  novel  in  rhyme  by  Mr.  A.  Upward, 
— 'Bushy.'  by  Miss  C.  M.  Westover, — 'Stories 
and  Play  Stories,'  by  Miss  Violet  Hunt,  Lady 
Ridley,  and  others,  — '  Sport  and  Travel  in 
India  and  Central  America,'  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Bagot, — 'Nature  and  Sport  in  South  Africa,' 
by  Mr.  H.  A.  Bryden, — and  '  In  Jutland  with 
a  Cycle,'  by  Mr.  C.  Edwardes.  In  Biography, 
History,  &c.  :  '  Aquitaine  :  a  Traveller's  Tales,' 
and  '  Dante  :  a  Defence  of  the  Ancient  Text  of 
the    "Divina   Commedia,"'  by   Mr.  Wickham 


Flower,— 'The  Journals  of  Walter  White,'— 
'Chronicles  of  Blackheath  Golfers,'  by  Mr. 
W.  E.  Hughes,— 'The  Art  of  Painting  in  the 
Queen's  Reign,'  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Temple, — 
'Modern  Architecture,'  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Statham, 
—'The  Building  of  the  Empire,'  by  Mr.  A.  T. 
Story,-'  The  Song  of  Solomon,'  by  Mr.  H.  G. 
Fell,—'  What  is  Life  ? '  by  Mr.  F.  Hovenden,— 
'Bimetallism  Explained,'  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Roth- 
well,— 'Verse  Fancies,'  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Levetus, 
—  'The  Manufacture  of  Boots  and  Shoes,'  by 
Mr.  F.  Y.  Golding, — '  Carpentry  and  Joinery,' 
by  Mr.  T.  J.  Evans,— and  '  Physics,'  by  Dr. 
R.  H.  Jude  and  M.  H.  Gossin. 


TENNYSON  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Pakt  II.— Complete  Volumes  of  Biography 
AND  Criticism. 

1. 

Anti-Maud.  |  By  |  A  Poet  of  the  People.  I 
London  :  |  E.  Churton,  26,  Holies  Street,  j 
Cavendish  Square.  |  1855. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  23  :  consisting  of 
Title-page  (with  imprint  on  reverse),  pp.  1-2  ;  and 
Text,  pp.  .S-23. 

Issued  in  green  paper  wrappers,  on  front  page  of 
which  is  a  reprint  of  the  title,  with  "  Price  Six- 
pence "  added. 

A  second  edition  of  'Anti-Maud'  was  issued,  in 
1856,  by  L.  Booth,  307,  Regent  Street,  London. 
Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  30:  consistiDg  of 
Half-title  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  1-2;  Title-page 
(with  note  on  reverse)  pp  3-4;  and  Text,  pp.  5  30. 
'Anti-Maud'  is  the  composition  of  Dr.W.  C.  Bennett. 

2. 
Tennyson's     '  Maud  '  |  Vindicated  :  |  an     ex- 
planatory   Essay.  |  By   Robert    James    Mann, 
M.D.,  F.R.A.S.,  &c.,  I  Author  of  '  A  Guide  to 
the  Knowledge  of  Life ' ;  |  [&c.,  &c.]  |  London  : 
I  Jarrold  &  Sons,  47,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  78  :  consisting  of 
Title-page  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  1-2  ;  and  Text, 
pp.  3-78. 

Issued  in  pink  paper  wrappers,  with  the  title 
reproduced  on  the  front  cover,  the  published  price 
— "  One  Shilling  "—being  added  at  foot. 

3. 

An  I  Index  |  to  |  'In  Memoriam.'  |  London  : 
I  Edward  Moxon  &  Co.,  Dover  Street.  |  1862. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  iv  and  40  :  con- 
sisting of  Title-page  (with  imprint  in  centre  of 
reverse),  pp.  i-ii ;  Preface  (with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  iii-iv  ;  and  Text,  pp.  1-40. 

Issued  ia  limp  claret  -  coloured  cloth  boards, 
lettered  in  gilt  on  front  cover  "  Index  |  to  |  la 
Memoriam."  The  published  piice  was  two  shillings, 
or  one  shilling  and  sixpence  for  binding  up  with 
'  In  Memoriam.'  This  '  Index  '  was  not  improbably 
the  work  of  Mr.  Barron  Brightwell,  author  of  the 
'  Concordance  to  Tennyson,'  1869. 

4. 
Alfred  Tennyson  :  |  a  Lecture,  [  delivered  at 
the  Town  Hall,  Prahran,  |  October  10th,  1864. 
I  By  I  Henry   Edward    Watts.  |  Melbourne  :  | 
Samuel  Mullen,  Collins  Street  East.  |  1864. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  37  :  consisting  of 
Title-page  (with  imprint  on  reverse),  pp.  1-2 ;  and 
Text,  pp.  3-37. 

Issued  in  white  paper  wrappers,  on  front  page  of 
which  is  a  reprint  of  the  title,  with  "  Price  One 
Shilling"  added  at  foot. 

5. 
Tennysoniana.    |   Notes    Bibliographical   and 
Critical    on  |  Early    Poems    of   Alfred  and  C. 
Tennyson.  |  [&c.,  &c.]  i  Basil  Montagu  Picker- 
ing I  196  Piccadilly  London  W.  |  mdccclxvi. 

Collation  :— Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  x  and  140  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  and  Title-page  (each  with  blank 
reverse),  pp.  i-iv  ;  Preface,  pp.  v-vii  ;  Errata,  p.  viii; 
Contents,  pp.  ix-x  ;  Text.  pp.  1-138  ;  and  Index, 
pp.  139-140.  The  pagination  of  the  book  is  irre- 
gular. 

Issued  in  green  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the  back  "  Tennyson  |  -iana."  The  published  price 
was  five  shillings.  'Tennysoniana'  was  the  work 
of  the  late  Richard  Heme  Shepherd. 

6. 

A  Study  of  the  Works  |  of  |  Alfred  Tennyson, 
D.C.L.,  I  Poet  Laureate,  |  By  |  Edward  Camp- 


N**  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


389 


W     bell   Tainsh.  |  London  : 
193.  Piccadilly.  I  1868. 


Chapman   and    Hall, 


Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  25(5  :  consisting  of 
Half-title  (with  imprint  on  reverse),  pp.  i-ii  ;  Title- 
page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ; 
Dedication  and  Prefatory  Note  (each  with  blank 
reverse),  pp.  v-viii;  Contents,  pp.  ix-x  ;  and  Text, 
pp.  11-256. 

Issued  in  green  cloth  boards,  lettered  across  the 
back  "A  Study  |  of  |  Tennyson  |  Tainsh  I  Loudon  | 
Chapman  &  Hall." 

7. 

A  I  Concordance  |  to   the  |  Entire  Works  |  of 
I  Alfred   Tennyson,  |  P.L.,  D.C.L.,   F.R.S.  | 
By  I   D.    Barron    Brightwell.    |   London  :   |   E. 
Moxon,  Son,  &  Co.,  Dover  Street,  W.  |  1869. 

Collation  :— Octavo,  pp.  xiv  and  477  :  consisting  of 
Half-title  (with  quotation  from  Spenser  on  reverse). 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse). 
pp.  iii-iv  ;  Preface,  pp.  v-vi  ;  Index  of  Works, 
pp.  vii-viii ;  Table  of  Line?,  pp.  ix-xiv  ;  and  Text, 
pp.  1-477.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last 
page. 

Issued  in  green  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the  back  '•  A  I  Concordance  |  to  the  Works  |  of  | 
Alfred  |  Tennyson  |  D.G.L  |  D.Barron  |  Brightwell. 
I  E.  Moxon,  Son  &  Co."  Facing  the  title  page  is  a 
portrait  of  the  poet,  a  facsimile  from  a  photograph 
by  W.  Jeffrey,  Esq ,  of  Great  Kussell  Street. 

8. 

The    Laureate  |  and    his  |  'Arthuriad.'  |  Re- 
printed from  the  London  Quarterly  Review,  | 
January,    1870.   |   For    Private    Circulation,    j 
London  :  |  Printed    by    James    Beveridge,  |  9, 
iO  &  11,  Fullwood's  Rents. 

Collation  :-Octavo,  pp.  34:  consi.'^ting  of  Title- 
page,  as  above,  p.  1  ;  and  Text,  pp.  2-34. 

This  review  was  written  by  Mr.  H.  Buxton 
Forman. 

9. 

Notes   and   Marginalia,  |  Illustrative  of  |  the 
Public  Life  and  Works  of  |  Alfred  Tennyson,  | 
PoetLaureate.  |  By  |  Jephson  Huband Smith.  | 
[Tennyson's  Welsh    motto.]  |  London  :  |  .James 
Blackwood  &    Co.,  8,  Lovell's  Court,  |  Pater- 
noster Row.  I  All  rights  reserved.     [1873.] 

Collation  : — Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  xxaud  202  :  con- 
sisting of  Title-page  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-ii  ; 
Preface,  pp.  iiixii  ;  Contents,  pp.  xiii-xix  ;  p.  xx  is 
blank  ;  and  Text,  pp.  1-202. 

Issued  in  violet  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt 
across  the  back  "Notes  I  on  |  Tennyson." 

10. 

Tennyson's  |  '  Queen  Mary  '  :  |  A  Criticism.  | 
By  G.  M.  Brody.  |  Edinburgh  :  j  Maclachlan  & 
Stewart,    |    Booksellers    to    the    University.  | 
London  :  Simpkin,  Marshall,  &  Co. 

Collation  :— Large  octavo,  pp.  iv  and  44  :  consisting 
of  Half-title  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-ii  ;  Title- 
page,  as  above  (with  imprint  on  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ; 
and  Text.  pp.  1-44. 

Issued  in  buff  paper  verappers,  on  front  page  of 
which  is  a  reprint  of  the  title,'"  Price  One  Shilling" 
being  added  at  foot. 

11. 

Studies   in    the    Idylls  |  An  Essay   on    Mr. 
Tennyson's  |  '  Idylls  of  the  King  '  |  by  |  Henry 
Elsdale  |  Henry  S.   King  and  Co.,  London.  | 
1878. 

Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  197  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  (with  advertisement  on  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title- j)age  (with  "  Copyright"  on  reverse), 
pp.  iii-iv  ;  Preface,  pp.  v-vi  ;  Contents,  pp.  vii-viii  ; 
and  Text,  pp.  1-197.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of 
the  last  page. 

Issued  in  puce  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 

the  back  "  Studies  |  in  the  |  Idylls  |  Henry  |  Elsdale 

I  C.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.,"  also  on  front  cover  "  Studies 

in  the  Idylls  |  Henry  Elsdale."    The  published  price 

was  five  shillings. 

12. 

Lecture  on  Tennyson  |  by  |  Edith  Heraud,  | 
as  delivered  by  her  at  |  Unity  Church  ;  Barns- 
bury  Hall  ;  I  and  before  |  the  Society  for  the 
Fine  Arts.  |  [Quotation  from  Longfellow.]  |  Lon- 
don :  I  Simpkin,  Marshall,  &  Co.,  |  Stationers' 
Hall  Court. 

Collation  :— Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  23  :  consisting  of 
Title-page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  1-2  ; 
Text,  pp.  3  20  ;  and  Opinions  of  the  Press,  pp.  21-23. 
The  imprint  is  on  the  reverse  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in  lavender  paper  wrappers,  on  the  front 
page  of  which  is  a  reprint  of  the  title,  the  date 
*' 1878  "and  "Price  One  Shilling"  being  added  at 
foot. 


13. 

Tennysoniana  |  Second  Edition  |  Revised  and 
Enlarged   |    [Publishers'    device    and    motto]  | 
London  |  Pickering  and   Co.  |  196  Piccadilly  j 

MDCCCLXXIX. 

Collation  :— Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  208  : 
cou.sisting  of  Half-title,  Title-page,  and  Dedication 
(each  with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-vi ;  Contents, 
pp.  vii-viii  ;  Text,  pp.  1-204  ;  and  Index,  pp.  205- 
208.     The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in  dark-green  cloth  boards,  with  white- 
paper  label  on  back.  The  published  price  was  six 
shillings. 

14. 

A  Key  |  to  [  Tennyson's  |  'In  Memoriam':  | 
being  |  a   Lecture   delivered   at   Sheffield  |  and 
Liverpool,  |  in  the   Winter   of    1878-9,  |   by  | 
Alfred  Gatty,  D.D.,  |  Vicar  of  Ecclesfield  and 
Sub-Dean  of  York.    |   Sheffield  :    |    Clark  and 
Greenup,  Printers,  Flat-st.,  Market-st.  |  1879. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  ii  and  45  :  consisting 
of  Title-page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Dedication  to  Alfred  Tennyson  (with 
"Errata'"  on  reverse),  pp.  1-2;  Text,  pp.  3-42  ;  and 
Notes,  pp.  43-45. 

15. 

Vox  Clamantis  |  a  Comparison  |  Analytical 
and  Critical  |  between  the  |  '  Columbus  at 
Seville'  |  of  JosephElIis — Pickering,  1st  Edition, 
1869  I  2nd  Edition,  1876  |  and  the  |  'Columbus' 
I  of  the  Poet  Laureate  — Kegan  Paul  &  Co., 
1880  I  by  I  Eric  Mackay  |  London  |  W.  Stewart 
&  Co.,  41,  Farringdon  Street,  E.C. 

Collation  :  — Square  octavo,  pp.  32  :  consisting  of 
Title-page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  1-2  ; 
and  Text,  pp.  3-32. 

Issued  in  mottled-grey  paper  wrapper,  on  the  first 
page  of  which  is  printed  "  Vox  Clamantis  !  |  The 
Poet  Laureate.  |  By  I  Eric  Mackay.  j  '  This  clamant 
word  I  Broke  through  the  careful  silence  '  |  Keats." 
This  title  is  enclosed  in  a  single-ruled  frame.  "'  Price 
Sixpence  "  is  added  at  foot. 

16. 

Alfred  Tennyson  |  his  Life  and  Works  |  by  | 
Walter  E.   Wace  |  Edinburgh  |  Macniven    and 
Wallace  |  1881. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  203  :  con- 
sisting of  Title-page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  iii  ;  Prefatory  Note,  pp.  iii-iv  ;  Contents, 
pp.  v-vii  ;  p.  viii  is  blank  ;  and  Text,  pp.  1-203.  A 
portrait,*  engraved  by  J.  C.  Armytage  after  S. 
Lawrence,  with  facsimile  autograph,  faces  the  title- 
page.    The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in    scarlet  cloth  boards,   lettered   in    gilt 
across  the  back   •'  Alfred  |  Tennyson  |  Edinburgh  | 
Macniven  and  Wallace,"  and  on  front  cover  "Alfred 
Tennyson  |  [DevieefJ  |  his   Life  and  Works."    The 
published  price  was  six  shillings. 

17. 

Laureate  Despair  |  A  Discourse  given  at  | 
South  Place  Chapel  |  December  11th.  1881.  | 
By  I  Moncure  D.  Conway,  M.A.  London  | 
11,  South  Place  Finsbury  ]  Price  Twopence. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  19  :  consisting  of 
Title-page,  as  above  (with  imprint  on  reverse), 
pp.  1-2  ;  and  Text,  pp.  3-19. 

Issued  stitched,  without  wrappers. 

18. 

Atheism  and  Suicide.  |  A  Reply  to  |  Alfred 
Tennyson,  Poet  Laureate.  |  By  |  G.  W.  Foote. 

Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  8.  Drop-title  as 
above.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last  page. 
The  pamphlet  is  dated  November  14th,  1881,  and 
was  issued  at  the  price  of  one  penny. 

19. 

Tennyson  :  |  a  Lecture,  |  delivered  before  the 
Exeter  Literary  Society,  |  by  |  T.  W.  Chignell, 
I  and  printed  from  a  Shorthand  Report.  |  Two- 
pence. I  Printed  at  the  '  Devon  Weekly  Times  ' 
Office,  226,  High  Street,  Exeter  |  1881. 

Collation  :- Small  octavo,  pp.  15:  consisting  of 
Text.  pp.  1-15. 

Issued  in  white  paper  wrappers.  The  title  appears 
only  on  the  front  wrapper. 

23 
Mr. Tennyson's  'Despair.'  |  A  Lecture  I  on  its 
I  Religious  Significance.  |  By  |  Thomas  Walker. 

*  Originally  published  in  Mr.  R.  H.  Home's  '  New  Spirit 
of  the  Age,'  and  reproduced  as  frontispiece  to  vol.  i.  of  the 
Boo/cman. 

T  Part  of  Somersby  Cross. 


I  [Quotation  from  F.  Myers.]  |  London:  |  Elliot 
Stock,  62,  Paternoster  Row.  |  mdccclxxxii. 

Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  32:  consisting  of 
Title-page,  as  above  (with  ''Note"  on  reverse), 
pp.  1-2  ;  and  Text,  pp.  3-32. 

Issued  in  lavender  paper  wrappers,  on  the  front 
page  of  which  is  a  reprint  of  the  title,  "Price  Six- 
pence "  being  added  at  foot. 

21. 

Analysis  of  Mr.  Tennyson's  |  'In  Memoriam.' 
I  By  the  late  |  Rev.  Frederick  W.  Robertson  | 
of   Brighton.  |  Eleventh    Edition.  |  London  :  j 
Kegan    Paul,    Trench,    &   Co.,    1    Paternoster 
Square.  |  1882. 

Collation  :— IToolscap  octavo,  pp.  x  and  44  :  con- 
sisting of  Title-page  (with  "copyright"  notice  on 
reverse),  pp.  i-ii  ;  Dedication  to  Alfred  Tennyson 
(with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ;  Preface,  pp.  v-ix  ; 
p.  X  is  blank  ;  and  Text,  pp.  1-44.  The  pages  are  not 
numbered.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last 
page. 

Issued  in  black  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  up 
the  back  "  Tennyson's  'In  Memoriam' Robertson," 
also  on  front  cover  "Analysis  of  Mr.  Tennyson's  | 
'  In  Memoriam  '  |  The  Rev.  F.  VV.  Robertson."    The 
published  price  was  two  shillings. 

22. 

Harborne  and  Edgbaston  Institute.  |  The 
Earlier  and  Less-Known  Poems  |  of  |  Alfred 
Tennyson,  |  Poet-Laureate.  |  An  Address  | 
Delivered  before  the  Members  of  the  Harborne 
and  Edgbaston  Institute  |  by  |  C.  E.  Mathews, 
I  President,  |  30th  January,  1883.  |  Birming- 
ham :  I  Printed  at  the  Herald  Press,  Union 
Street. 

Collation  :—Octivo,  pp.  34  :  consisting  of  Title- 
page,  as  above  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  1-2;  Title 
(with  Introduction  on  reverse),  pp.  3-4  ;  and  Text, 
pp.  5-34. 

Issued  stitched,  and  without  wrappers. 

23. 

Lord  Tennyson  ]  A  Biographical  Sketch  |  by 
I  Henry  J.  Jennings  |  Author  of  'Cardinal  New- 
man ;  the  Story  of  His  Life,'  |  '  Curiosities  of 
Criticism,'  etc.  |  [Publishers'  device.]  |  With  a 
Portrait*  |  London  |  Chatto  and  Windus, 
Piccadilly  |  1884  |  All  rights  reserved. 

Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  270  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  and  Title-page,  as  above  (each 
with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-iv  ;  Preface,  pp.  v-vii  ; 
p.  viii  is  blank  ;  Text,  pp.  1-264 ;  and  Index, 
pp  265-270.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last 
page. 

Issued   in  green    cloth    boards,    lettered    in    gilt 
across    the    back    "  Lord   |  Tennyson   |  Jennings  | 
Chatto  and  Windus."    The  published  price  was  six 
shillings. 

THOMAa   J.  WiSK. 


Utterarp  gossip. 

It  was  well  known  that  Mr.  Richard  Holt 
Hutton  had  been  failing  seriously  in  health 
for  some  time,  but  his  death  last  week 
comes  nevertheless  as  a  shock  to  his  many 
friends  and  to  the  world  of  journalism,  in 
which  he  had  won  for  himself  so  honourable 
a  place  by  his  long  and  successful  connexion 
with  the  Spectator.  As  he  was  ever  chary  of 
communicating  personal  details  to  the  outside 
world,  and,  indeed,  expressly  forbade  his 
colleagues  to  write  a  memoir,  we  cannot 
but  regard  his  wish  as  sacred  now  that  he 
is  gone.  He  has,  however,  given  an  in- 
teresting picture  of  his  life  at  University 
College,  London,  in  his  memoir  of  his  friend 
Walter  Bagehot,  and  the  early  contributions 
which,  thrown  together  by  Unitarian  con- 
nexions, they  made  to  the  Inquirer.  Even 
then — more  than  fifty  years  ago — he  ex- 
hibited those  wide  sympathies  and  that 
ample  endowment  of  the  best  culture  which 
distinguished  him  as  a  man  of  letters  in  his 
books  no  less  than  as  a  journalist.  His 
style  —  weighty,    subtle,    and    occasionally 

*  From  a  photograph  by  the  London  Stereoscopic  Com- 
pany, with  facsimile  of  signature  beneath. 


390 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3647,  Sept.  18, '97 


rather  prolix — was,  though  not  wanting  in 
insight,  hardly  incisive  enough  for  a  modern 
taste ;  but  there  was  a  soundness,  a  depth 
of  thought,  which  more  than  compensated 
for  the  lack  of  excursions  into  brilliant 
paradox  or  exaggerated  epigram.  He 
never  wrote  anything  of  the  flimsy,  in- 
effectual sort.  Always  a  keen  thinker  on 
religious  questions,  he  deserted  the  Uni- 
tarian ideas  of  his  youth  to  become  a 
member  of  the  English  Church.  For  a  long 
time  he  cherished  the  idea  of  giving  up  his 
active  work  as  a  journalist,  and  devoting 
the  concluding  years  of  his  life  to  the  com- 
position of  an  elaborate  theological  work  : 
a  dream  never  realized.  Apart  from  his  many 
and  thoughtful  books,  the  position  which  his 
perfect  fairness,  his  independence,  his  readi- 
ness to  receive  new  ideas,  won  for  the 
Spectator,  and  assured  by  his  long  service, 
must  always  rank  as  a  remarkable  achieve- 
ment. 

The  forthcoming  volume  of  the  '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography,'  to  be 
published  next  Saturday,  extends  from 
Shearman  to  Smirke.  Mr.  Robert  Dunlop 
writes  on  Richard  Lalor  Shell ;  the  Rev. 
W.  H.  Hutton  on  Archbishop  Gilbert  Shel- 
don ;  Mr.  Richard  Garnett  on  Shelley  ;  Mr. 
G.  A.  Aitken  on  Shenstone ;  Mr.  C.  Alex- 
ander Harris  on  Sir  Theophilus  Shepstone, 
of  South  Africa ;  Mr.  G.  S.  Layard  on 
Thomas  Sheraton,  the  furniture  maker ; 
Mr.  Fraser  Rae  on  Richard  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan ;  the  Rev.  Alexander  Gordon  on  Bishop 
Thomas  Sherlock ;  Mr.  E.  C.  Marchant  on 
Shilleto,  the  classical  scholar;  Dr.  A.  W. 
Ward  on  Shirley,  the  dramatist ;  Mr.  W.  A.  J. 
Archbold  on  Jane  Shore,  Edward  IV. 's  mis- 
tress ;  Prof.  Laughton  on  Sir  Cloudesley 
Shovell ;  Col.  Vetch  on  Henry  Shrapnel, 
inventor  of  the  shrapnel  shell ;  Mr. 
T.  F.  Henderson  on  Sir  Robert  Sibbald, 
the  physician  and  antiquary ;  Mr.  Joseph 
Knight  on  Mrs.  Siddons;  Mr.  C.  H. 
Firth  on  Algernon  Sidney ;  Mr.  Sidney 
Lee  on  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and  John 
Skelton,  the  poet;  Sir  Henry  Trueman 
Wood  on  Sir  William  Siemens ;  the  Rev. 
A.  R.  Buckland  on  Charles  Simeon,  the 
Evangelical  divine  ;  Mr.  A.  F.  Pollard  on 
Lambert  Simnel,  the  impostor ;  Miss  E.  B. 
Simpson  and  Dr.  Berry  Hart  on  Sir  James 
Simpson,  the  discoverer  of  chloroform  as 
an  anaesthetic ;  Mr.  Ernest  Clarke  on  Sir 
John  Sinclair,  first  President  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture;  Sheriff  Mackay  on  W.  F. 
Skene,  the  historian ;  Dr.  Norman  Moore 
on  Sir  Hans  Sloane ;  Mr.  Thomas  Seccombe 
on  Christopher  Smart ;  Prof.  Hudson  Beare 
on  John  Smeaton,  the  engineer ;  and  Mr. 
F.  M.  O'Donoghue  on  Sir  Robert  Smirke, 
the  architect. 

To  the  October  Cornhill  Magazine  the  Hon. 
John  W.  Fortescue  contributes  an  anni- 
versary study  on  the  battle  of  Agincourt, 
while  Col.  E.  Vibart  continues  the  personal 
narrative  of  his  miraculous  escape  from 
Delhi  in  May,  1857.  Mr.  Andrew  Lang, 
in  an  article  on  *  Some  Spies,'  devotes 
special  attention  to  the  Irish  informers,  and 
concludes  with  the  query,  "  Are  there  no 
lady  spies  ?  "  Pelota,  the  famous  Basque 
game  which  has  attained  such  pojoularity 
in  Spain  and  South  America,  is  described  at 
length  by  Mr.  Charles  Edwardes.  Mr.  Grant 
AUen  discourses  on  '  The  Romance  of  Race,' 


and  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  writes  on  Gorvase 
Markham,  the  "  Stonehenge  "  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan age.  Short  stories  by  Mr.  M.  P. 
Shiel  and  Mr.  E.  G.  Henham,  an  article  on 
'The  Mechanism  of  the  Stock  Exchange,' 
the  usual  instalment  of  '  Pages  from  a 
Private  Diary,'  and  the  concluding  chapters 
of  Mr.  H.  S.  Merriman's  serial  '  In  Kedar's 
Tents  '  complete  the  contents  of  the  number. 

More  than  thirty  years  ago,  while  editing 
Chamlers's  Journal,  Mr.  James  Payn  passed 
some  seven  or  eight  extra  Christmas  numbers 
through  his  hands,  to  which  he  contributed 
the  introductory  framework  and  various 
stories  suitable  for  the  season.  After  an 
interval  of  several  years  we  hear  that  another 
special  extra  number  of  Chamhcrs  is  in  pre- 
paration, which  will  be  incorporated  with 
the  December  part  of  the  magazine,  and 
complete  the  volume  one  month  earlier  than 
usual.  Mr.  Guy  Boothby,  Mr.  J.  A.  Barry, 
Mr.  Roger  Pocock,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Cule  will 
contribute  complete  stories,  while  the  same 
part  will  contain,  amongst  the  usual  contri- 
butions, articles  entitled  '  Some  Memories 
of  Charles  Dickens,'  'Modern  Treasure- 
Seeking,'  and  a  paper  on  '  Early  Contri- 
butors to  Chambers's  Journal,'  which  will  in- 
clude a  review  of  the  magazine  from  its 
start  in  1832,  and  quote  interesting  letters 
from  John  Gait,  Carlyle,  De  Quincey  (from 
the  Sanctuary,  Holyrood),  Thackeray,  and 
R.  L.  Stevenson. 

Next  month  the  Atlantic  Monthly  com- 
pletes its  fortieth  year,  and  an  unusually 
strong  number  is  promised,  with  an  impor- 
tant article  on  Africa  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Stanley. 

The  discontinuance  of  the  Progressive 
Review  is  balanced  (though  only  in  a 
numerical  sense)  by  the  appearance  of  the 
Anglican,  the  first  number  of  which  will  be 
published  next  week. 

Last  Saturday,  in  his  seventy-sixth  year, 
died  Mr.  Colin  Rae-Brown,  who  was  in- 
strumental fifty  years  ago  in  founding 
the  North,  British  Mail,  the  first  daily 
paper  published  north  of  the  Tweed.  He 
also  had  a  hand  in  founding  the  Daily 
Bulletin  in  1855,  and  two  weekly  Glasgow 
journals.  He  published  some  poetry,  and 
his  literary  tastes  secured  him  the  friendship 
of  De  Quincey  and  "  Christopher  North." 

The  novelist  Mr.  W.  D.  Howells,  who  has 
not  visited  this  country  for  many  years,  is 
expected  in  London  towards  the  close  of  this 
month. 

Dr.  Moses  Coit  Tyler,  Professor  of 
American  History  in  Cornell  University,  the 
new  volume  of  whose  work  on  colonial  life 
in  the  United  States  we  recently  reviewed, 
has  undertaken  to  write  the  American 
volume  in  the  series  of  short  histories 
of  literature  which  Mr.  Gosse  is  editing 
for  Mr.  Heinemann. 

The  first  edition  of  Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert's 
'  Bab  Ballads  '  was  published  in  book  form 
more  than  thirty  years  ago.  The  illustra- 
tions are  now  almost  worn  out,  and  the  time 
has  arrived  when  the  author  has  thought 
it  desirable  to  rearrange  the  book  and  to 
incorporate  many  of  the  songs  which  have 
appeared  in  the  different  operas  that  have 
been  presented  at  the  Savoy.  A  complete 
edition,  with  new  illustrations,  is  announced 
by  Messrs.  Routledge. 


The  fourth  and  concluding  volume  of  the 
"Centenary  Bums"  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Jack,  of  Edinburgh,  on  the  25th 
inst.  The  volume  will  contain  miscellaneous 
songs  and  unauthorized  poems,  biblio- 
graphical and  critical  notes,  and  indices. 
Mr.  Henley  will  contribute  an  essay  on  the 
poet  of  some  length. 

General  McLeod  Innes,  whose  books 
on  'Lucknow  and  Oado  in  the  Mutiny'  and 
'  The  Sepoy  Revolt '  are  favourably  known 
to  the  public,  is  writing  a  memoir  of  Sir 
Henry  Lawrence  for  the  "  Indian  Statesmen 
Series." 

A  PROPOSAL  is  being  considered  to  estab- 
lish at  Swansea,  as  a  great  manufacturing 
centre,  a  branch  university  college,  in 
association  with  either  Aberystwyth  or 
Cardiff,  as  the  Newcastle  College  is  asso- 
ciated with  Durham.  The  suggestion  is 
that  scientific  and  technical  courses  might 
be  taken  at  Swansea  in  preparation  for  the 
Welsh  University  degree. 

Mr.  F.  S.  Ellis  has  entirely  rewritten 
his  metrical  version  of  '  Reynard  the  Fox,' 
bringing  it  more  strictly  into  accordance 
both  with  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  old 
English  translation  than  the  edition  he 
brought  out  in  1894.  The  new  version 
will  shortly  be  published  by  Mr.  Nutt. 

A  memorial  tablet  has  been  affixed  to 
the  house  in  the  Augustiner-strasse,  Gotha, 
in  which  the  two  poets  Ludwig  Andreas 
Gotter  and  his  grandson  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
Gotter  lived  and  died.  The  former,  the 
once  popular  religious  poet,  died  in  1735, 
The  latter,  who  was  visited  in  this  house  by 
Goethe,  Wi eland,  Lavater,  and  other  famous 
men  of  the  period,  died  in  1797. 

The  Historische  Verein  der  V.  Orte  (the 
four  Lake  Cantons  and  Canton  Zug)  has 
held  its  yearly  meeting  at  Zug.  Herr  Weber, 
the  Landamman  of  the  canton,  read  an  in- 
teresting essay  upon  the  early  manufacture 
of  paper  in  Switzerland,  with  particular 
reference  to  Zug.  He  illustrated  his  lecture 
by  exhibiting  several  early  Swiss  documents 
upon  paper,  which  had  been  lent  by  the 
different  cantonal  and  municipal  archives ; 
the  majority  of  them  belonged  to  the  Luzern 
Staatsarchiv. 

A  SUM  of  10,000  francs  has  been  sub- 
scribed towards  the  erection  of  the  proposed 
Hebel-Denkmal  in  Bale. 

Felix  Dahn's  new  work  '  Ebroin,'  which 
is  shortly  to  be  published  at  Leipzig,  is 
described  as  "a  social  romance  of  the 
seventh  century  after  Christ." 

The  sum  of  110,000  marks  having  been 
collected  for  the  Melanchthonhaus,  the  pro- 
jected building  of  which  we  mentioned  last 
year,  its  erection  may  now  be  considered 
secured. 

A  committee  has  been  formed  at  Weimar 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  monument  to 
Prof.  Karl  Hase.  It  is  expected  that  the 
ceremony  of  unveiling  it  will  take  place  in 
the  year  1900,  which  will  be  the  centenary 
of  his  birth. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Evidence  taken  by  the  Uni- 
versities and  Colleges  Estates  Acts  Com- 
mittee (8(^.) ;  the  Supplement  to  the  Report 
of  the  Science  and  Art  Department  for 
1895-6  (2s.  lOr?.) ;  and  the  Report  on 
National  Education  in  Ireland  for  1896. 


N''3C47,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


391 


SCIENCE 


Pioneers  of  Evolution  from  Tholes  to  Huxley  : 
with  an  Intermediate  Chapter  on  the  Causes 
of  Arrest  of  the  Movement.  By  Edward 
Clodd.     (Eichards.) 

In  this  age  of  little  books  it  is  surprising 
that  no  one  has  anticipated  Mr.  Clodd  in 
the  attempt  to  write  a  concise  and  popular 
account  of  the  growth  and  development  of 
thetheorj'of  evolution.  The  consideration  that 
the  task  is  not  easy  can  hardly  have  deterred 
any  one,  for  those  who  undertake  to  treat  of 
great  subjects  in  brief  outline  and  in  a  manner 
that  shall  be  satisfactory  alike  to  the  scholar 
and  to  the  man  in  the  street  are  seldom 
lacking  in  courage.  Yet  to  succeed  in  the 
attempt  demands  abilities  rare  in  them- 
selves and  still  more  rarely  found  in  one 
and  the  same  writer.  To  produce  such  a 
work  a  man  requires,  in  the  first  place,  to 
have  thoroughly  mastered  his  subject,  and 
in  the  second,  to  be  acquainted  with  its 
limits  and  rigidly  to  hold  to  them.  It  is 
well  for  him  to  know  something  of  the 
arts  of  exposition  and  to  possess  a  simple, 
lucid,  and  attractive  style ;  but  he  must 
keep  his  literary  talents  in  hand ;  he  must 
make  sure  that  they  do  not  run  away  with 
him,  that  they  always  assist  comprehension 
and  never  obscure  it.  Above  all,  he  must 
have  a  fine  sense  of  proportion.  He  must 
see  for  himself,  and  he  ought  to  be  able  to 
make  his  readers  see,  the  features  of  the 
subject  that  are  important  and  those  that 
are  trivial  and  barren.  He  must  avoid 
useless  discussions  and  points  of  minor  con- 
sequence. If  he  has  any  personal  sym- 
pathies and  prejudices  he  will  be  wise  to 
suppress  them. 

These  are  obvious  maxims,  but  they  find 
little  illustration  in  Mr.  Clodd' s  volume. 
The  history  of  the  theory  of  evolution 
assuredly  forms  a  subject  that  is  none  too 
large  to  fill  by  itself  some  two  hundred 
and  fifty  pages ;  but  he  has  committed  the 
unfortunate  mistake  of  interspersing  his 
exposition  with  a  large  number  of  un- 
complimentary remarks  about  Christianity. 
So  much  attention  does  he  devote  to  Chris- 
tianity that  it  seems  as  though  the  whole 
aim  and  purpose  of  the  volume  were  to 
attack  theology  rather  than  to  present  a 
calm  and  accurate  statement  of  a  scientific 
theory  and  the  course  of  its  development. 
The  object  which  he  sets  before  himself  is 
plainly  polemical.  It  ought  to  be  histo- 
rical and  critical.  "Where  is  the  use  of  an 
acquaintance  with  the  method  pursued  by 
the  great  masters  of  natural  science  if  it 
does  not  impart  to  a  man  something  of  the 
spirit  in  which  he  ought  to  write  of  it  him- 
self —  if  it  does  not  teach  him  that  the 
investigation  of  physical  phenomena  may 
be  none  the  less  fruitful  and  effective  for 
being  unaccompanied  by  attacks  on  the  reli- 
gious consciousness  of  mankind  ?  There 
are  no  such  attacks  in  the  books  that  have 
made  modern  science  what  it  is ;  there  are 
none  in  Copernicus's  '  Revolutions,'  nor  in 
Bacon's  'Novum  Organon,'  nor  in  Descartes's 
*  Discours,'  nor  in  Newton's  '  Principia,'  nor 
in  Darwin's  '  Origin.'  The  writers  of  these 
books  were  all  great  men,  and  it  would  be 
well  for  Mr,  Clodd  if  he  were  not  superior 
to  their  example. 

There  is  certainly  room  for  a  short  history 


of  the  theory  of  evolution  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  present  day.  A  work  of  this 
description  would  supply  a  demand.  It 
might  be  instructive  ;  if  it  were  fairly  well 
written  it  would  be  sure  to  be  popular.  Mr. 
Clodd  has  missed  a  good  opportunity  of 
providing  it.  To  begin  with,  he  devotes 
only  a  brief  chapter  to  the  speculations  on 
nature  entertained  by  the  earliest  philo- 
sophers, from  Thales  to  Lucretius.  He 
gives  an  extremely  short  and  imperfect 
account  of  their  leading  doctrines,  wherein 
ho  fails  to  draw  a  clear  distinction  between 
those  which  can  properly  be  called  evolu- 
tionary and  those  which  are  little  but 
guesses  at  the  character  of  some  imagined 
primary  substance.  It  is  true  that  he 
warns  lis  against  reading  modern  meanings 
into  ancient  speculations ;  but  what  we 
expect  from  him,  and  expect  in  vain,  is  a 
precise  and  accurate  statement  of  the  con- 
tributions, if  there  be  any,  made  by  Greek 
and  Roman  philosophers  to  the  modern 
doctrines  of  organic  and  inorganic  evolu- 
tion. The  summary  of  these  contributions 
which  Mr.  Clodd  appends  to  his  chapter 
goes  much  further  than  is  warranted  by  the 
facts,  and  is  drawn  up  in  a  way  that  does 
not  assist  the  reader  to  pay  much  regard  to 
the  aforesaid  warning.  For  instance,  some 
ancient  writer  makes  the  obvious  remark 
that  water  is  a  necessary  condition  of  life ; 
therefore,  argues  Mr.  Clodd,  we  may  say 
that  the  ancients  made  an  approximation 
to  the  general  theory  that  life  had  its 
beginnings  in  water.  Again,  another  philo- 
sopher asserts  that  some  monstrous 
organisms  lacked  the  power  to  propagate, 
and  so  disappeared  from  the  earth ;  here, 
says  Mr.  Clodd,  lay  the  crude  germ  of  the 
modern  doctrine  of  the  survival  of  the 
fittest.  Lucretius  is  placed  among  what  are 
called  the  pioneers  of  evolution,  because 
he  conceived  that  the  human  race  was 
primitively  in  a  savage  state,  and  that  the 
belief  in  a  soul  and  a  future  life  is  explained 
by  the  apparitions  that  appear  in  dreams. 

When  Mr.  Clodd  comes  to  deal  with  the 
causes  which  arrested  scientific  inquiry  he 
gives  the  fullest  play  to  his  anti-theological 
prejudices.  He  protests  that  to  explain  is 
not  to  attack,  nor  is  narration  the  appor- 
tioning of  blame.  The  question  which  he 
ought  to  consider  is  not  whether  he  is 
explaining  or  attacking,  but  whether  it  is 
right  and  fitting  to  introduce  his  account 
of  the  origin,  early  stages,  and  varying 
fortunes  of  the  Christian  religion  into  a 
volume  ostensibly  dealing  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  theory  of  evolution.  He  does, 
indeed,  raise  the  question,  and  he  answers 
it  by  asserting  that  the  Christian  religion 
calls  for  so  much  notice  because  it  arrested 
inquiry  for  sixteen  centuries.  This  is  a 
very  loose  and  misleading  assertion,  but 
Mr.  Clodd  makes  it  with  the  same  com- 
placent confidence  with  which  he  might 
enunciate  a  self-evident  proposition.  Roman 
tyranny  and  superstition  were  often  antago- 
nistic to  the  march  of  science,  and  every  one 
is  familiar  with  the  story  of  Bruno  and  of 
Galileo.  But  Mr.  Clodd  would  have  us 
believe  that  from  a.d.  50  to  a.d.  1600  "  the 
nepenthe  of  dogma  drugged  the  reason"; 
in  other  words,  that  but  for  Christianity 
the  world  would  have  witnessed,  in  those 
centuries  a  regular  and  gradual  advance  in 
the  knowledge  of   nature,   and  a  due  suc- 


cession of  Bacons,  Newtons,  and  Darwins. 
He  does  not  appear  to  recognize  that 
science,  like  art  and  literature,  is  mostly 
the  product  of  sporadic  genius  and  individual 
effort.  Who  is  there  with  any  knowledge 
of  the  actual  history  of  any  of  the  three 
who  can  assert  that  the  existence  of  men 
who  will  advance  them  is  directly  dependent 
on  the  presence  or  absence  of  certain  forms 
of  religious  belief  ? 

Half  of  Mr.  Clodd's  volume  is  given  up 
to  the  speculations  of  recent  times.  The 
several  parts  played  by  Darwin  and  Mr. 
Wallace  in  the  elaboration  of  the  theory  of 
natural  selection  are  set  forth  with  a  due 
regard  to  the  work  that  was  done  by  Mr. 
Wallace,  who  is  described,  however,  as 
having  "  dropped  out  of  the  ranks  of 
pioneers  of  evolution,"  because  he  believes 
that  natural  selection  does  not  explain  the 
origin  of  man's  spiritual  and  intellectual 
nature.  The  account  of  Mr.  Herbert 
Spencer's  philosophy  of  evolution  is  far 
too  brief  and  condensed  to  be  generally 
intelligible.  There  is  a  great  deal  about 
Huxley  that  is  sufficiently  interesting,  but 
much  of  it  would  find  a  more  appropriate 
place  in  a  paper  of  personal  reminiscences 
than  in  an  account  of  a  scientific  theory. 
The  author's  treatment  of  Huxley's  later 
views  on  the  relation  between  evolution  and 
ethics  is  very  meagre,  and  he  does  not  seem 
to  be  alive  to  the  difficulties  involved  in 
those  views  or  to  their  logical  incoherence. 

The  volume  is,  in  fact,  very  unequal. 
Now  and  then  there  are  interesting  state- 
ments of  scientific  theory  and  some  general 
observations  that  are  not  without  value  and 
importance  ;  but  there  is  also  much  that  is 
pure  gossip  and  much  declamation  that 
hardly  rises  above  the  level  of  the  last 
agnostic  periodical.  The  style  is  at  times 
forcible  and  eloquent,  but  it  is  not  infre- 
quently slipshod,  and  the  writer's  fondness 
for  the  semicolon  betrays  him  into  the  most 
astonishing  errors  of  punctuation.  The 
slipshod  character  of  the  style  is  curiously 
illustrated  in  the  title  of  the  work.  Thales 
and  Huxley  are  described  as  pioneers  of 
evolution.  It  would  be  equally  accurate  to 
speak  of  Harvey  as  the  pioneer  of  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood,  or  of  Lord  Kelvin  as 
the  herald  of  electricity.  Mr.  Clodd,  of 
course,  does  not  suppose  that  a  certain 
cosmical  movement  would  never  have  pro- 
ceeded but  for  the  men  whom  he  names, 
but  he  surely  ought  to  be  aware  that  evolu- 
tion is  not  quite  the  same  thing  as  the 
theory  of  it.  He  ascribes  many  misfortunes 
to  the  spread  of  the  Christian  religion,  but 
none  more  surprising  than  he  seems  to  indi- 
cate when  he  speaks  of  it  as  arresting  that 
movement. 


MEDICAL    BOOKS. 


Wounds  in  War:  the  Mechmiism  of  their  Pro- 
duction and  their  Treatment.  By  Surgeon-Col. 
W.  F.  Stevenson.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — English 
surgery  has  long  required  a  monograph  upon 
gunshot  wounds.  The  teaching  of  Clowes  and 
Wiseman,  of  Ranby  and  Guthrie,  was  based 
upon  the  experience  of  other  days  and  other 
manners,  yet  until  quite  recently  it  was  autho- 
ritative with  military  surgeons  for  want  of  any 
other.  Sir  Thomas  Longmore's  classical  work  on 
gunshot  injuries  did  something  for  modern  mili- 
tary surgery,  but  it  has  been  left  to  Surgeon-Col. 
Stevenson  to  bring  his  branch  of  the  profession 
to  a  level  with  the  knowledge  of  the  civil  prac- 


392 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


titioner.  The  character  of  the  wounds  met  with 
in  civilized  warfare  has  been  completely  changed 
by  the  use  of  small-bore  weapons  and  moditied 
charges.  The  methods  of  treatment  have  altered 
as  completely  as  the  wounds  themselves.  Anti- 
septics have  been  found  as  useful  in  wounds 
inflicted  in  battle  as  in  civil  practice,  and  even 
in  lighting  with  savages  the  principles  of  their 
application  are  still  available.  Surgeon-Col. 
Stevenson  concerns  himself  chiefly  with  gunshot 
injuries,  though  he  m.entions  incidentally  sword 
and  bayonet  wounds.  The  theory  of  gunshot 
injuries  is  considered,  and  good  use  is  made  of 
the  latest  discoveries  in  connexion  with  the 
passage  of  bullets  through  the  air  and  of  their 
action  when  stopped.  The  treatment  of  each  main 
form  of  local  injury  is  discussed  temperately  and 
by  the  light  of  the  best  scientific  knowledge. 
There  is  an  interesting  chapter  on  the  effects  of 
the  use  of  modern  small  arms  in  wars  of  the 
future,  in  which  are  given  some  interesting 
statistics  of  the  total  loss  per  cent,  of  strength 
in  various  battles.  At  Blenheim  in  1704  the 
total  losses  of  the  Gallo-Bavarians  reached  the 
astounding  number  of  66  per  cent,  in  an  army 
of  60,000  men,  whilst  in  the  Franco-German 
war  the  whole  German  army  of  887,876  men 
lost  13  2  per  cent.  The  last  chapter  in  the  work 
deals  with  the  Geneva  Convention,  and  Col. 
Stevenson  very  properly  says  : — 

"  Persons  who  mark  themselves  or  their  goods 
with  the  Red  Cross  make  use  of  a  sign  to  which 
they  have  no  right  or  title.  The  Red  Cross  is  as 
purely  a  military  distinctive  mark  as  is  any  regi- 
mental badge  worn  as  a  part  of  a  soldier's  uniform. 
The  people  who  now  misuse  the  sign  of  the  Geneva 
Convention  might  just  as  well,  and  with  as  little 
propriety,  have  adopted  '  the  grenade '  of  the 
Grenadier  Guards  or  the  'harp  and  crown'  of  the 
8th  Hussars.  These  are  both  military  badges;  so 
also  is  the  Red  Cross  a  military  badge,  though  it  is 
one  more  universally  used.  It  is  the  badge  agreed 
upon  amongst  civilized  governments  whereby  cer- 
tain establishments  in  their  armies,  which  shall  not 
be  subject  to  capture  or  interference  in  the  per- 
formance of  their  duties  during  a  campaign,  shall 
be  recognized.' 

The  work  is  to  be  thoroughly  recommended  to 
all  military  surgeons.  It  may  be  of  service, 
too,  to  those  novelists  and  playwrights  who  wish 
to  make  their  characters  die  realistically  and 
not  according  to  preconceived  ideas.  Col. 
Stevenson  has  not  always  verified  his  references, 
for  on  p.  93  he  quotes  the  Proceedings  of  a 
society  which  issues  none. 

Roman  Fever :  the  Results  of  an  Inquiry  during 
Three  Years'  Residence  on  the  Spot  into  the 
Origin,  History,  Distribution,  and  Nature  of  the 
Malarial  Fevers  of  the  Roman  Campagna.  By 
W.  North,  M.A.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.)— Most 
physicians  at  the  present  day  agree  with  Marchia- 
fava  and  Laveran  that  tertian  ague  and  most  of 
the  fevers  acquired  in  malarial  regions  are  due 
to  the  presence  in  the  blood  of  an  animal  para- 
site. The  researches  of  Dr.  Patrick  Manson 
have  done  much  to  confirm  this  view,  and  his 
recent  Gulstonian  lectures  have  made  it  well 
known  to  the  medical  profession  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  Mr.  North's  book  is  an  example  of 
the  kind  of  work  which  the  mere  endowment  of 
research  is  liable  to  encourage.  His  investiga- 
tions were  carried  on  by  the  aid  of  a  research 
scholarship  founded  by  the  Grocers'  Company, 
and  the  book  which  he  has  produced  is  copious, 
elaborate,  painstaking,  full  of  maps  and  tables, 
well  printed,  well  bound,  and  well  indexed,  but 
nevertheless  of  little  permanent  value,  owing  to 
the  unfortunate  circumstance  that  the  author, 
though  learned  in  physiology  and  fairly  well 
read  in  ancient  history,  has  only  a  superficial 
acquaintance  with  clinical  medicine.  He  pro- 
bably learned  much  in  his  inquiry,  but  he 
teaches  very  little,  and  his  book  is  a  display  of 
industry  rather  than  a  valuable  addition  to 
medical  knowledge.  He  concludes  that  malarial 
fever  is  probably  "a  purely  nervous  disorder,  a 
break-down  of  the  heat-controlling  mechanism 
of  the  body  under  severe  strain  " — a  conclusion 
which  will    be    accepted    by  no   one  who   has 


watched  the  parasites  present  in  the  blood  of  a 
patient  during  an  attack  of  malarial  fever  or 
even  who  has  observed  the  effects  of  quinine 
on  nervous  diseases  in  general  and  compared 
them  with  its  result  in  ague.  The  geographical 
distribution  of  Roman  fever,  the  nature  and 
drainage  of  the  soil,  and  the  daily  temperature 
are  fully  described  from  original  notes,  but  the 
chapter  on  pathological  anatomy  shows  no 
original  acquaintance  with  the  subject,  and  in 
the  discussion  of  the  symptoms  many  points 
which  would  occur  to  physicians  are  untouched. 
Mr.  North  does  not  show  any  great  learning 
in  his  summary  of  the  allusions  to  malarial 
fever  in  Latin  literature,  and  does  not  seem  to 
have  read  the  three  chapters  in  which  Q.  Serenus 
Samonicus  describes  in  verse  the  three  chief 
varieties  of  ague,  viz.  Quartan  : — 

Nee  tu  crede  levem  dilate  tempore  febretn 

Qu3D  spatium  sibi  dat,  magis  ut  cessando  calescat, 

Leihali  qujc  grassatur  quartana  calore 

Ki  medicas  adbibere  manus  curemus  et  herbas  ; 

Tertian  : — 

Est  etiam  alternie  febris  rtdiviva  diebus 
Tempora  discernens,  quasi  justae  pondere  librae  ; 

and  Quotidian  : — 

At  qui  continuis  non  cessat  adire  diebus, 
Sed  tantuin  certas  morbus  discriminat  horas. 

In  short,  the  historical  no  less  than  the  physical 
part  of  this  laborious  work  must  be  described  as 
elaborate  rather  than  thorough.  It  adds  little  to 
medical  knowledge,  and  will  not  in  the  future 
be  reckoned  a  work  of  authority  on  its  subject. 

Memorials  of  the  Faculty  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  Glasgoiv,  1590-1850.  By  Alexander 
Duncan.  (Glasgow,  MacLehose.) — Peter  Lowe, 
a  surgeon  who  settled  in  Glasgow  after  a  long 
residence  in  France,  and  Robert  Hamilton,  a 
physician,  obtained  from  James  VI  of  Scot- 
land a  charter,  dated  November  29th,  1599, 
founding  the  Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  Glasgow,  by  giving  them  and  their  successors 
"full  power  to  call,  sumonnd  and  convene 
before  thame,  within  the  said  burgh  of  Glasgow, 
all  personis  professing  or  using  the  said  airt  of 
chirurgie,  to  examine  thame  upon  their  litera- 
ture, knowledge,  and  practice."  No  name  is 
given  to  the  corporation  in  the  charter,  and  it 
was  not  till  after  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  that 
the  present  title  was  fully  established  by  usage. 
The  medical  school  of  Glasgow  was  really  begun 
about  1751  by  the  famous  Dr.  Cullen,  though 
there  had  been  one  or  two  nominal  professors  of 
medicine  in  the  University  before  that  time. 
The  school  has  steadily  grown,  and  was  probably 
never  more  productive  of  good  teaching  and 
excellent  original  work  in  medicine,  surgery, 
and  the  history  of  medicine  than  it  is  at  the 
present  day.  There  are  few  schools  of  medicine 
where  more  interesting  and  original  contribu- 
tions have  been  made  to  the  last  subject  than 
those  of  Dr.  James  Finlayson  at  Glasgow. 
Most  of  what  Mr.  Duncan  has  to  say  of  Peter 
Lowe  is  taken  from  Dr.  Finlayson's  elaborate 
biography.  The  account  of  the  subsequent 
growth  of  medical  study  in  Glasgow  would 
have  been  more  interesting  if  it  had  been 
written  by  a  physician  or  surgeon,  for  Mr. 
Duncan,  who  is  the  secretary  and  librarian  of 
the  faculty,  is,  of  course,  unable  to  do  more 
than  record  the  titles  of  books  and  give  the 
date  of  appointments,  with  the  regulations  of 
each  period.  He  does  this  generally  with  care, 
though  he  sometimes  leaves  the  reader  to  wish 
for  more  definite  historical  information.  The 
most  valuable  part  of  the  book  is  the  complete 
roll  of  members  (1599-1851),  to  which  Mr. 
Duncan  has  added  a  long  series  of  accurate  and 
interesting  notes.  A  careful  index  makes  all 
the  information  in  the  book  easily  accessible, 
and  compensates  for  some  want  of  lucid  arrange- 
ment in  the  history. 

Dissections  Illustrated :  a  Graphic  Hand- 
book for  Students  of  Hiiinan  Anatomy.  By 
C.  Gordon  Brodie,  F.R.C.S.  With  Plates 
drawn  by  Percy  Highley.  (Whittaker  &  Co.) — 
Mr.  Brodie  was  for  some  time  senior  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  at  the  Middlesex  Hospital, 


and  is,  therefore,  in  every  way  competent  to 
prepare  anatomical  plates  with  descriptions. 
The  four  parts  of  his  book  describe  respectively 
the  upper  limb,  the  lower  limb,  the  head,  neck, 
and  thorax,  and  the  abdomen,  and  they  contain 
in  all  seventy-three  coloured  plates  of  dissections, 
accurate  and  clear.  Such  plates  are  of  no  scien- 
tific value,  but  they  are  most  useful  to  a  student 
reading  for  an  examination,  who  is  able  by  their 
aid  to  refresh  his  memory  of  the  parts  he  has 
dissected.  The  small  cost  of  the  four  parts  and 
their  convenient  shape  make  the  work  likely  to 
be  largely  used  by  students. 


Three  more  small  planets  have  been  dis- 
covered by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice:  two  on  the 
25th  ult.,  and  a  third  on  the  27th.  These  are 
all  the  discoveries  of  the  kind  which  have  yet 
been  made  in  the  present  year  ;  their  definitive 
numbering  and  naming  are  deferred  until  those 
of  previous  ones  have  been  settled. 

The  Centralfest  of  the  Swiss  Alpenklub  was 
held  this  year  at  La  Chaux-de-Fonds  from  the 
4th  to  the  6th  of  September.  The  local  manu- 
facturers resolved  that  the  visitors  should  retain 
a  pleasant  memory  of  their  gathering  in  the 
centre  of  the  watch-manufacturing  industry,  and 
not  only  every  member  of  the  club,  but  every 
guest  received  the  unexpected  present  of  an 
excellent  Chaux-de-Fonds  watch.  The  Swiss 
Alpenklub,  according  to  the  annual  report,  now 
numbers  about  5,000  members  in  40  sections. 
During  the  year  1896  442  new  members  were 
admitted.  The  club  has  in  hand  a  fund  of 
16,460  fr.  30  cents.  The  Alpina,  its  periodical, 
will  in  future  be  published  at  Zurich  and  in 
a  more  convenient  form.  The  members  also 
received  the  thirty  -  second  volume  of  the 
Jahrbuch. 


FINE    ARTS 


Florence  et  la  Toscane  :  Paysages  et  Monuments^ 
Ifceurset  Souvenirs  Historiqxies.  Par  Eugene 
Miiatz.     (Hachette  &  Cie.) 

There  is  probably  no  territory  on  the  world's 
surface  of  equal  size  possessing  such  a  pro- 
fusion of  artistic  treasures  as  Tuscany.  One 
phase  of  art,  and  that  perhaps  the  highest, 
it  is  true  is  lacking  :  there  are  no  architec- 
tural monuments  of  the  same  type  as  those 
few  still  existing  in  Greece,  Sicily,  and 
Magna  Grtecia.  But  in  all  other  forms,  in 
stone  or  marble,  in  bronze  or  mural  decora- 
tion, fictile  or  textile,  the  art  of  Tuscany 
stands  foremost  since  that  of  antiquity. 
None  other  has  exerted  a  deeper  or  more 
tunic  influence  on  its  fellows ;  none  other 
has  evoked  a  more  fervid  devotion  in 
Western  Europe.  When  strong  and  sane 
and  pure,  art  is  of  all  civilizing  influences 
of  human  invention  the  most  beneficent. 
These  qualities  are  the  special  and  distinc- 
tive attributes  of  the  creations  of  that 
masculine  race  of  indefatigable  workers 
who  built  and  decorated  the  civil  and 
religious  monuments  adorning  the  cities 
of  Tuscany.  It  is  there  that  artists, 
poets,  the  cultivated  of  all  lands  for 
centuries  past  have  gone  as  learners,  to 
gain  strength  or  to  seek  inspiration.  Hence 
much  that  is  best  in  our  modern  civilization, 
and  in  that  of  the  past  five  hundred  years, 
is  due  to  those  Tuscan  artists.  Europe 
would  not  only  have  been  duller  without 
them,  it  would  also  have  been  baser. 

The  admiration    for  Tuscan   art  has,  of 
course,  not  always  remained    at  the  same 


N"3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


393 


degree  of  intensity  ;  it  has  been,  however, 
an  increasing  quantity  during  the  last  half 
century.  The  number  of  works  which 
have  appeared  in  that  period  dealing  with 
various  phases  of  the  subject  is  legion. 
The  latest  is  the  one  before  us,  and  all 
familiar  with  *  L'Histoire  de  I'Art  pendant 
la  Renaissance '  will  agree  that  the  writer 
is  thoroughly  competent  to  present  a  clear 
and  satisfactory  picture  of  the  art  which 
included  in  its  practice  the  earliest  efforts 
and  nearly  all  the  mature  accomplishment 
of  the  epoch  of  which  M.  Miintz  is  the 
historian.  Before  a  sculptured  faQade,  a 
frescoed  cloister,  or  a  storied  pulpit  he 
stands  the  discriminating  yet  also  sym- 
pathetic critic ;  and  further,  as  he  knows 
all  that  has  been  written  on  the  object,  the 
information  he  offers  respecting  its  his- 
tory may  be  accepted  as  trustworthy.  On 
this  occasion  M.  Miintz  surveys  the  cities  of 
Tuscany  separately  and  in  detail,  and  in 
each  he  takes  upon  himself  the  office  of 
cicerone — if  a  word  (in  itself  a  good  one) 
may  be  permitted  which  is  unpleasantly 
associated  in  the  minds  of  the  tourist  in 
Italy  with  an  individual  whose  function 
it  is  to  repeat  a  formula  in  which  every 
statement  is  inaccurate.  The  author  sketches 
in  rapid  outlines  the  scenery  which  sur- 
rounds the  city,  together  with  its  local 
characteristics  and  present  aspect.  He  also 
gives  a  brief  notice  of  its  history  and  the 
influences  which  have  moulded  and  modified 
its  art.  He  then  describes  and  critically 
examines  its  monuments. 

It  would  have  been  well  if  M.  Miintz 
had  stopped  here,  only  amplifying  the  treat- 
ment of  his  subject.  His  volume,  with  its 
numerous  and  generally  admirable  illus- 
trations, would  then  have  been  a  useful 
compendium  of  the  important  monuments 
and  works  of  art  to  be  found  in  Tuscany  ; 
but  his  impressions  de  voyage  are  scarcely 
of  the  quality  to  add  to  its  attractive- 
ness. In  describing  an  altarpiece  his  pen 
is  firm  and  sure,  but  when  he  comes  out 
into  the  piazza  it  seems  to  lose  purpose. 
When  he  writes  about  the  art  of  the  past  it 
is  with  judgment,  learning,  and  good  taste. 
The  same  cannot  always  be  said  when  he 
criticizes  modern  work.  Noticing  the  portrait 
of  Overbeck  by  himself  in  the  Gallery  of 
Portraits  at  the  Ufiizi,  he  says  :  "  Overbeck, 
le  chef  de  I'Ecole  nazareenne,  ressemble — la 
comparaison  n'est  pas  de  moi — a  un  lapin 
qui  ronge  un  chou."  The  portrait  itself  is 
dry  and  ineffective,  but  it  is  carefully  drawn 
and  suggestive  of  nothing  ridiculous.  And 
the  art  of  Overbeck  at  least  displayed  re- 
fined design  and  an  elevated  ideal.  If  the 
remark  in  the  first  instance  was  vulgar  and 
ill  natured,  to  repeat  it  was  mean.  How- 
ever, on  his  own  ground  M.  Miintz  can 
quote  aptly  enough,  speaking  thus  of  the 
pulpit  in  Santa  Croce  by  Benedetto  da 
Majano : — 

"Un  autre  quattrocentiste,  Benedetto  da 
Majano,  s'est  eflforc^,  dans  ses  bas-reliefs  de  la 
chaire,  retra^ant  I'Histoire  de  saint  rran9ois 
d'Assise,  de  rivaliser  avec  la  peinture  :  il  nous 
ofFre  des  tableaux  k  la  fois  sobres  et  mouve- 
mentes,  eb  surtout  bien  en  cadre.  Le  regrett^ 
Perkins  d^ja  a  constats  que  I'un  d'eux,la  '  Mort 
de  saint  Frangois  '  diifere  peu  du  meme  sujet 
peint  par  Domenico  Ghirlandajo  pour  la  chapelle 
Sassetti,  dans  I'eglise  de  la  Trinity.  Ce  fait, 
ajoute-t-il,  t^moigne  a  quel  degr^  les  deux  arts 
se  confondirent  entre  les  mains  des  sculpteurs 


du  XV«  siecle.  Benedetto,  dans  son  bas-relief, 
comme  Ghirlandajo  dans  son  tableau,  repre'sente 
le  saint  couched  sur  un  brancard  au  milieu  de 
I'eglise  d'Assise  "  ; 

and  so  on,  continuing  the  description  of  the 
two  compositions. 

As  an  example  of  M.  Miintz's  criticism  at 
its  best  we  may  cite  a  passage  where  in 
clear  and  well-chosen  language  he  offers  a 
just  estimation  and  appreciation  of  the  art 
of  Cimabue  :  — 

"II  est  indispensable  de  se  rappeler 
cet  enthousiasme  pour  juger  ^quitablement 
Cimabue.  Aujourd'hui  ses  ouvrages  ne  semblent 
pas  difFt^rer  beaucoup  de  ceux  des  Byzantins,  ses 
maitres.  Mais  reportons-nous  au  XIIP  sifecle  ; 
ils  marquaieiit  v^ritablement  un  progres.  Si  le 
cadre  est  rest^  essentiellement  hie'ratique,  les 
figures  ont  gagn^  en  souplesse,  en  beauts,  en 
animation.  Elles  offrent  quelque  chose  de 
la  grande  tournure  qui  caract^rise  les 
statues  grecques  de  la  bonne  epoque.  L'^motion, 
pour  etre  contenue,  n'en  est  pas  moins  com- 
municative. Comparees  aux  Madones  de  son 
eleve  Giotto,  celles  de  Cimabue  ont  plus  de 
grandeur,  sinon  autant  de  vie  et  autant  de 
puissance  dramatique.  Ses  anges,  au  type 
byzantin  fort  accentue,  se  distinguent  par  la 
purete  de  leur  ovale  non  moins  que  par  la 
noblesse  de  leur  expression.  Cimabu^  a  cherche 
h.  rehausser  Teftet  de  ces  augustes  scenes  en 
chargeant  d'ornements  le  trone  sur  lequel  a 
pris  place  le  reine  des  cieux.  Est-il  ndcessaire 
d'ajouter  qu'il  ne  saurait  etre  question  de 
gamme  dans  ces  ven^rables  incunables  de  la 
peinture  :  de  meme  que  tous  ses  contemporains, 
Cimabue  ignorait  I'art  d'opposer  les  tons  les  uns 
sur  les  autres  ;  il  se  bornait  h.  les  juxtaposer,  sans 
chercher  plus  loin  ?  C'est  a  I'effet  du  temps,  tres 
certainement,  qu'il  faut  attribuer  le  contraste 
entre  les  carnations,  qui  sont  rest^es  trfesclaires, 
eb  la  robe  de  la  Vierge,  qui  est  devenue  toute 
noire." 
Nothing  in  its  way  could  be  better  than  this. 

As  stated  above,  the  work  is  copiously 
illustrated  in  various  styles  of  production, 
the  most  satisfactory,  in  our  opinion,  being 
the  woodcuts.  The  French  artists  still 
maintain  their  high  reputation  in  this 
method  of  engraving.  Their  rendering  of 
form  and  texture  in  the  sculpture  and 
architectural  subjects  deserves  the  highest 
praise.  Likewise  the  studies  of  landscape 
illuminated  by  the  brilliant  Italian  sunshine 
form  a  series  of  charming  pictures,  recalling 
many  pleasant  souvenirs  to  the  Italian 
tourist.  One  complaint  we  have  to  make. 
In  a  work  of  this  size,  describing  such  a 
large  number  of  monuments  and  works  of 
art,  an  index  is  indispensable.  It  is  singular 
that  this  omission  has  escaped  the  attention 
of  the  author  and  publisher. 


Hall-Marlis  on  Gold  and  Silver  Plate.  By 
W.  Chaffers.  With  Introductory  Essay  by  C.  A. 
Markham.  Illustrated.  (Reeves  &  Turner.) — 
As  this  is  the  eighth  edition,  with  Mr.  Mark- 
ham's  valuable  essay  added,  of  the  elaborate 
work  of  the  late  Mr.  Chaffers,  we  need  hardly 
repeat  the  praises  we  gave  the  book  on  its  first 
appearance  in  1863.  It  is  a  handbook  of  the 
indispensable  sort.  Each  successive  edition 
contained  more  new  matter  than  its  forerunner ; 
gaps  have  been  filled  up  in  the  tables  of  Assay 
Office  letters  which  Mr.  O.  Morgan,  the  first 
follower  of  the  work  of  an  anonymous  printer 
of  exactly  two  hundred  years  ago,  supplied. 
Mr.  Morgan's  tables  were  of  great  value,  bub 
they  were  incomplete,  and  not  too  faithfully 
illustrated  with  what  were  then  called  facsimiles 
of  stamps  and  signatures  derived  from  the 
old-fashioned  punches  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 
pany of  London.     Provincial,  Scottish,  Irish, 


and  even  continental  poingons  have  been  col- 
lected and  added  to  the  work  from  time 
to  time.  This  really  monumental  eighth 
edition  also  comprises  tables  of  date-letters  of 
the  Assay  Offices  of  Birmingham  (where  half 
the  gold  and  silver  work  in  this  realm  i-s 
made),  Chester,  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  Exeter, 
Glasgow,  London,  Newcastle,  Sheftield  (to 
which  the  renown  of  what  is  called  "old 
Sheffield  plate  "  still  clings),  and  York.  It  is 
a  matter  of  history  that  some  of  these  assay 
offices  are  of  considerable  antiquity.  Chester  is 
mentioned  in  Domesday  Book  as  occupying  not 
fewer  than  seven  "mint  masters.  "  Though 
their  principal  function  was  coin-making,  which 
was  then  purely  a  handicraft,  in  1573  there  was 
an  order  that  no  "  brother"  should  fail  to  put 
his  "touche"  upon  all  the  plate  "by  him 
wrought,"  the  fine  for  failing  bo  do  so  being 
3s.  4J.  per  article  unsbamped.  How  necessary 
these  stamps  were,  and,  even  in  our  virtuous 
days,  remain,  may  be  understood  by  means  of  a 
"modern  instance"  Mr.  Chaffers  added  to  his 
earlier  editions.     He  says  :  — 

■'  Deception  is  practised  ia  many  ways.  For  in- 
stance, an  antique  silver  bas-relief  %vith  its  Hall- 
mark is  soldered  into  the  centre  of  a  salver,  the 
border  being  modern  and  very  heavy,  the  former 
weighing  perhaps  no  more  than  5  or  6  ounces,  and 
worth  40,v.  to  50s.  per  oz.,  the  latter  20  or  30  ounces 
made  at  a  cost  of  about  8s.  per  oz.  The  new  Hall- 
mark is  erased,  leaving  only  the  old  one  visible,  and 
the  purchaser  is  deceived,  thinking  the  whole 
salver  antique.  In  old  times  the  Beef-eaters  (as  they 
are  termed)  of  the  Tower,  when  in  their  pride  of 
office,  with  the  old  Stuart  costume,  wore  on  their 
left  arms  a  large  silver  badge  or  cognisance  having 
the  arms  of  the  Ordnance  (three  mounted  cannons) 
in  a  handsome  scroll  border,  measuring  about 
10  inches  by  8,  of  oval  form.  From  motives  of 
economy  the  late  administration  ordered  these 
emblems  to  be  sold  for  their  intrinsic  value.  The 
purchaser  having  about  twenty  of  these  silver 
medallions  conceived  the  idea,  in  preference  to 
melting  them  down  into  ingots,  of  converting  them 
into  articles  of  general  use  ;  so  by  adding  silver 
branches  with  nozzles  for  candles  on  the  lower  parts 
of  ths  badges,  transmogrified  them  into  very  hand- 
some sconces  to  hang  upon  the  walls  ;  the  old  Hall- 
marks upon  the  medallions  proving  incoiitestably 
to  an  unwary  purchaser  the  antiquity  of  these 
cleverly  adapted  articles." 

Theintroductionsupplied  by  Mr.  Markham,  which 
was  the  longest  and  most  imporbanb  addibion 
bo  bhe  seventh  edition  of  the  book,  is  a  compre- 
hensive and  concise  history  of  gold  and  silver 
working  from  the  earliest  times  as  recorded  and 
illusbrabed  by  the  mural  paintings  In  distemper 
upon  walls  at  Beni-Hasan,  c.  2500  b.c.  This 
essay  is,  even  as  a  sketch,  rather  insuflicient  as 
a  record  of  the  earlier  epochs,  especially  as  to 
Egyptian  toreutic  art  and  its  allies  of  the  Tigris 
and  Euphrates,  of  Tyre,  Sidon,  Cyprus,  and, 
later,  of  Etruria  and  Sardinia.  Even  the  gold- 
smithery  of  Greece  is  scarcely  mentioned. 
We  read  nothing  of  the  custom  (which  is  quite 
in  keeping  with  the  theme  of  this  work)  of 
inscribing  gold  and  silver  objects  with  the 
names  of  their  makers  as  well  as  of  their 
owners.  On  votive  inscriptions  and  that  queer 
practice  of  antiquity  which,  even  in  funereal 
jewellery,  permitted  the  making  of  sham  orna- 
ments, say  ear-rings,  with  thin  films  of  beaten 
gold  enclosing  balls  of  clay,  Mr.  Markham  is  also 
silent.  Among  bhe  remarkable  relics  of  gold- 
smithery  Europe  has  produced  in  attesting  the 
overwhelming  influence  of  Byzantium  are  those 
astonishing  specimens  which,  found  in  Ireland, 
were  doubtless  the  works  of  artificers,  probably 
monks,  who  lived  (though  there  is  no  evidence 
that  they  were  born,  or  at  least  educated)  in 
bhe  sisber  island,  surrounded  by  nabive  bribes 
in  a  sbate  of  barbarism.  Of  these  remarkable 
relics,  though  some  of  bhem  acbually  bear  bheir 
makers'  names,  Mr.  Markham  tells  us  nothing. 
When  we  come  bo  later  and  Gothic  days 
he  is  more  communicative,  and  careful  bo 
bell  us  much  bhab  concerns  his  subject,  e.g., 
that  a  charber  of  bhe  first  year  of  King 
Edward  III.  mentions  bhe  leopard's  head,  that 
Planbagenet   signature,  as    even    then   an   old 


394 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


mark  on  silver.     In  1336  the  ordinances  of  the 
Company   of   Goldsmiths  of   London    speak  of 
three  marks  :    "  the  owner's  [i.  e.,  maker's]  and 
soyer's  marks,  and  the  Liberdshede  crowned." 
This  is  the  first  mention  of  the  leopard's  head 
■with  a  crown.     As  we  said  before  when  writing 
upon  this  subject,  the  touch  of  Paris  was  set  up 
as   a   sort   of  standard   for   the    London    gold- 
smiths.    "Gold  of  the  touch   of   Paris,"  says 
Mr.  Markham,  "and  silver  of  the  sterling  of 
England  were  both,  at  that  time,  everywhere, 
the  recognized  standards  for  precious  metals." 
It   was    not   till    1477    that   the   eighteen-carat 
standard     was     accepted     and      legalized     for 
gold.       Mr.      Markham,      after      his      general 
history    is     concluded,    judiciously    takes     up 
his     subject   according  to   the    nature   of    the 
objects  bearing  date-marks   and  signatures   of 
various    kinds.      Thus   we    have   an   essay   on 
ecclesiastical    plate,    with  many   records   of  its 
destruction  and  spoliation  at  the  Reformation  ; 
"Coronation  Plate,"  which  follows,   is  a  very 
poor  outline  of  the  theme  ;    it  is  succeeded  by 
sections   on   domestic  plate,    including  mazers, 
cups,  tankards,  ewers,  basins,  salts,  spoons,  and 
forks.    We  are  told  there  are  no  examples  exist- 
ing of  the  last-named  kind  older  than  those  at 
Cothele,  1687.  These  have  three  prongs.    Four- 
pronged  forks  were  first  made  in  1726,  a  state- 
ment which  should  be,  we  think,  considerably 
qualified.     With  "candlesticks"  Mr.  Markham 
concludes    an    interesting    introduction,   which 
proves  him  capable  of   writing  on  the  subject 
with   the   greater   elaboration    it    undoubtedly 
deserves.     The   present   work   wants   a    larger 
index,  a  summary  of  its  contents,  and  an  ample 
bibliography  of  authorities,  foreign  and  English. 


By  the  will  of  Miss  E.  E.  Gibson,  who 
recently  died  in  Durham,  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery  will  become  possessed  of  a  very  fine 
example  of  Romney's  art.  This  painter  did 
not  often  introduce  several  figures  into  one 
picture,  but  in  this  there  are  four  or  five.  Miss 
Gibson  was  the  sister  of  Mr.  William  Sidney 
Gibson,  whose  'Tynemouth  Priory'  and  other 
works  are  well  known,  and  the  picture  contains 
portraits  of  their  distinguished  grandfather, 
Adam  Walker  (Philosopher  Walker,  author  of 
'  The  Original '),  and  of  his  wife  and  baby  and 
two  grown-up  sons.  He  is  exhibiting  an  orrery 
to  them  by  strong  artificial  light,  and  the  effect 
is  very  striking  ;  the  grouping,  too,  is  excellent. 
In  fact,  this  is  an  extremely  valuable  bequest. 

The  remarkable  and,  until  now,  unrestored 
west  front  of  Exeter  Cathedral — a  sort  of  screen 
of  niches  filled  with  statues  —  is  under  repair, 
with  considerable  renewals  of  the  sculptures. 
As  this  involves,  of  course,  renovation  of  this 
valuable  work  of  art  as  a  whole,  no  antiquary 
or  artist  need  stop  at  Exeter  in  order  to  see 
what  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  century  carving  was 
like. 

By  the  death  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Tomlinson  on 
the  21st  ult.  Yorkshire  has  lost  a  zealous  anti- 
quary, who  will  be  especially  remembered  for 
his  indefatigable  secretarial  work  in  connexion 
with  the  Yorkshire  Archaeological  Society  during 
a  period  of  twenty-one  years.  He  had  in  hand 
a  valuable  collection  of  notes  for  a  history  of 
Huddersfield,  to  which  he  had  devoted  much 
research. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  will  publish 
shortly  an  English  version  of  '  The  Life  of  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,'  illustrated  by  over  five 
hundred  designs  by  James  Tissot,  whose  pictures 
created  such  a  sensation.  The  same  artist  has  just 
finished  a  colossal  figure  of  'The  Christ  of  the 
Dominicans,'  of  which  the  face  alone  measures 
two  metres.  He  appears  in  the  double  attitude 
of  preaching  and  benediction.  This  work  is  in 
the  Chapel  of  the  Dominicans,  Rue  du  Faubourg 
St.  Honore',  Paris,  and  will  be  shown  publicly 
in  October. 


The  death  at  Chelsea  is  announced  of  Mr. 
J.  Milo  Griffith,  a  sculptor  who,  after  many 
laborious  years,  had  begun  to  make  his  mark  in 
this  country.  Born  in  Pembrokeshire,  he  was 
originally  a  carver  of  architectonic  decorations, 
including  capitals  of  columns  required  for  the 
restored  cathedral  of  LlandafF.  Later  he  pro- 
duced statues  of  John  Batchelor  at  Cardiff  and 
of  Sir  Hugh  Owen  at  Carnarvon.  He  was  an 
occasional  exhibitor  at  the  Academy  and  Liver- 
pool Art  Gallery  of  genre  subjects,  portraits, 
and  ornamental  sculptures. 

Sir  E.  J.  Poynter's  long-delayed  design,  the 
second  of  his  portion  of  the  decorations  of  the 
lobby  of  the  House  of  Commons,  is,  we  are  glad 
to  hear,  to  be  proceeded  with  at  once. 

The  Birmingham  Society  of  Artists'  Autumn 
Exhibition  is  now  open,  and  contains  some  note- 
worthy pictures,  with  many  more  which  hardly 
deserve  attention.  Among  the  finer  things  are 
the  P.R.A.'s  '  Horse  Seren?e,'  which  was  at  the 
Academy  last  year,  and  was  engraved  for 
the  London  Art-Union  ;  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones's 
'  Dream  of  Lancelot  '  ;  Mr.  Holman  Hunt's 
'May  Morning  on  Magdalen  Tower'  ;  Mr.  A. 
East's  beautiful  'Lonely  Road,' recently  at  the 
Academy  ;  and  Mr.  Val.  Prinsep's  '  Theodora.' 

Mr.  a.  J.  Evans  writes  from  Oxford 
pointing  out  an  excellent  collection  of  ivories 
Avhich  our  review  last  week  did  not  mention  : — 

"Thanks  to  the  liberality  of  Mr.C.D.E.  Fortnum, 
the  collection  of  fictile  ivories  which  was  the  result 
of  Prof.  Westwood's  lifelong  energy  and  researches 
lias  been  acquired  for  the  Ashmoleaa  Museum  at 
Oxford.  The  whole  series,  which  in  many  ways  is 
unique  of  its  kind,  has  now  been  set  out  in  a  revised 
and  methodical  system  in  such  a  way  that  both 
the  relief  and  its  full  description  are  ia  every  case 
brought  conveniently  within  the  sight  of  the  student. 
It  is  not  claiming  too  much  to  say  that  no  such  ex- 
position of  the  subject  and  its  continuous  develop- 
ment is  to  be  seen  elsewhere,  either  in  this  country 
or  on  the  Continent." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  recent  sale  by 
auction  of  the  famous  "  Brompton  Boilers," 
which  occurred  in  front  of  the  Museum  at 
South  Kensington,  is  the  first  step  towards 
improving  the  whole  building  at  that  place, 
its  completion,  and  thorough  defence  against 
fire.  The  officials  to  whom  will  be  entrusted 
the  proper  and  systematic  arrangement  of  the 
contents  of  the  Museum  will  have  much  to  do. 
When  this  work  is  done,  if  not  earlier,  it  will  be 
necessarytoremedytheblunderwhich.in  order  to 
popularize  certain  art  manufactures  of  tapestries 
and  embroideries,  relegated  the  magnificent  col- 
lection of  casts  from  the  antique  from  the  hall 
where,  although  overcrowded,  they  could  be 
seen,  to  a  perfectly  unfit  corridor,  where  only 
light  reflected  from  the  ground  could  reach 
them. 

Mr.  B.  T.  Batsford's  forthcoming  publica- 
tions include  'Later  Renaissance  Architecture 
in  England,'  by  Mr.  J.  Belcher  and  Mr.  M.  E. 
Macartney,  the  second  and  concluding  parts, — 
'The  Influence  of  Materials  on  Architecture,' 
by  Mr.  B.  F.  Fletcher,  — 'Examples  of  Old 
Furniture,  English  and  Foreign,'  drawn  by  Mr. 
A.  E.  Chancellor, — 'Windows:  a  Book  about 
Stained  and  Painted  Glass,'  and  'Alphabets 
Old  and  New,'  by  Mr.  L.  F.  Day,— and  'Exam- 
ples of  Greek  and  Pompeian  Decorative  Work,' 
measured  and  drawn  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Watt. 

The  members  of  the  Society  of  Dilettanti, 
now  in  the  hundred  and  sixty-fifth  year  of  its 
existence,  determined  some  time  ago  to  compile 
and  print,  from  the  archives  of  the  Society,  a 
full  history  of  its  activity  since  its  foundation. 
The  work  was  entrusted  to  Mr.  Lionel  Cust, 
under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Sidney  Colvin,  who 
was  secretary  of  the  Society  from  1891  to  1896. 
It  will  show  fully  the  place  which  the  Society 
has  held  both  in  the  promotion  and  publica- 
tion of  archseological  discoveries,  and  in  the 
social  history  of  the  country,  and  will  be  illus- 
trated with  photogravures  of  some  fifteen  of  the 
Society's  historical  portraits,  including  the  three 


famous  Sir  Joshuas,  seven  or  eight  by  George 
Knapton,  two  by  Lawrence,  the  admirable 
portrait  of  J.  S.  Morritt  by  Shee,  and  the  well- 
known  'Sir  Edward  Ryan'  of  the  late  Lord 
Leighton.  A  limited  number  of  copies  will  be 
offered  during  the  present  autumn  to  the  general 
public  through  Messrs.  Macmillan. 

A  CAPITAL  picture  of  '  Corfe  Castle,'  by  Mr. 
F.  C.  Cotman,  has  been  added  to  the  gallery  at 
Ipswich  ;  it  is,  with  other  paintings,  a  gift  of 
the  mayor  of  the  town. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

FESTIVAL    OF   THE   THREE   CHOIRS. 

Many  now  living  can  recall  the  time  when 
little  in  the  way  of  artistic  excellence  was 
to    be  looked   for   at   the   West  -  Country 
musical   festivals.     New   works   were    pre- 
sented from  time  to  time,  but  the  manner 
of   their  interpretation  was,  for   the  most 
part,    irritating     to     musicians,    and     the 
evening    sec.ular    concerts    were    generally 
devoid    of    serious    interest.     Now    all    is 
changed,  and  for  the  better.     The  secular 
concerts  are  reduced  to  one,  and  the  pro- 
gramme of  that  is  of  a  high-class  character. 
Again,    cathedral   organists   who    have   to 
descend  from  the  organ-loft  once  in  three 
years  and  face  a  fully  equipped  orchestra 
and     choir    have    far    more    facilities    for 
making   themselves    acquainted    with    the 
standard  works  of  the  great  masters  than 
were  open  to  their  predecessors.    Gratifying 
results  have  been  displayed  at  the  meeting 
at  Hereford  during  the  past  week,  which 
opened   auspiciously  on   Tuesday  morning 
in  the   cathedral  with  what  was  termed  a 
"  Special  Thanksgiving  Performance  for  the 
Queen's  Eeign."    In  Mr.  G.  E.  Sinclair  the 
little  city  on  the  Wye  possesses  a  musician 
not    of    the    "  dry  -  as  -  dust  "    order,    but 
well   acquainted   with  modern   works   and 
modern  methods.     We  have  already  given 
an    outline   of    the   programme,    and   can, 
therefore,  proceed  at  once  to  deal  with  the 
performances.    The  choir  this  year  has  been 
mainly  gathered  from  the  shires  of  Glou- 
cester, Worcester,  and  Hereford,  with,  how- 
ever, a  small  contingent  from  Leeds.     Its 
excellent  quality  was  at  once  displayed  in 
Handel's   Coronation  Anthem   *  Zadok   the 
Priest,'  though  the  balance  of  parts  was  not 
quite  perfect,  the  sopranos  being  slightly 
weak,  while  the  tenors  showed  themselves  a 
strong  body  of  voices.  Beethoven's  Symphony 
in  c  minor,  which  followed,  scarcely  showed 
Mr.  Sinclair  at  his  best  as  a  conductor,  for 
the  first  and  second  movements  were  dragged, 
but  the  Jinale  was   interpreted  with   much 
spirit,  and  the  effect  in  the  cathedral  was 
exceedingly   impressive.     Of    Dr.    Harford 
Lloyd's  new  work  'A  Hymn  of  Thanksgiving 
for  the  Queen's  Long  Reign  '  we  can  speak 
highly,  for  if   it  is  what  Wagner  termed 
Kapellmeister   music,  it    is    Kapellmeister 
music    at    its    best.       The    composer    has 
selected  his  words  from  the  Bible  and  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  in  the  first 
and  last  fugal  movements    he  has  made 
felicitous  use  of  the  old  psalm  tune  known 
as    '  Bedford,'    employing   it   as   a   choral, 
somewhat  after  the  manner  of  Bach.     The 
work  is  in  five  movements,  all  displaying 
the    highest    class    of     musicianship,    and 
special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  third, 


N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


395 


a  so-called  "  Litany,"  in  ■which  preces  and 
responses  from  the  Prayer  Book  are  set  to 
music  in  an  entirely  novel  manner.  A  solo 
voice  and  the  chorus  answer  each  other  as 
in  the  Church  of  England  service  ;  but  the 
setting  is  far  more  elaborate  than  that  of 
Tallis,  and  the  effect  when  the  voices  are 
divided  into  eight  parts  is  excellent.  Only 
two  solo  voices  are  required,  and  the  music 
allotted  to  these  received  the  fullest  justice 
from  Madame  Albani  and  Mr.  Edward 
Lloj-d.  The  general  result  under  the  com- 
poser's direction  left  little  to  be  desired. 

The  over  -  lengthy  first  part  of  the 
performance  concluded  with  M.  Saint- 
Saens's  setting  of  Psalm  xix.,  first  per- 
formed in  this  country  not,  as  the  writer 
of  the  pithy  notes  in  the  programme  book 
imagines,  at  the  Norwich  Festival  in  1887, 
but  at  one  of  the  concerts  of  the  defunct 
Sacred  Harmonic  Society  in  St.  James's 
Hall.  It  was  fully  noticed  in  the  Athenccum 
at  the  time,  and  therefore  no  detailed  descrip- 
tion is  now  required.  Suffice  it  to  say  that 
it  is  a  very  clever  and  effective  composition, 
and  the  French  master's  suggestions  of 
Handelian  phraseology  are  probably  in- 
tentional. The  quintet  and  chorus  "More 
to  be  desired  are  they  than  gold,"  and  the 
soprano  solo  "Thou,  0  Lord,  art  my  pro- 
tector," are  perhaps  the  best  numbers.  The 
latter  is  really  beautiful,  and  it  was  sung 
with  much  feeling  by  Miss  Anna  Williams. 
The  curious  quartet  for  four  basses  was 
delivered  with  vigour  by  Messrs.  Daniel 
Price,  W.  J.  Ineson,  Plunket  Greene,  and 
"Watkins.  Mendelssohn's  '  Lobgesang  ' 
formed  the  second  part  of  the  perform- 
ance, and  was  generally  well  interpreted. 

The  evening  concert  in  the  Shire  Hall 
does  not  require  to  be  treated  at  length,  as 
the  programme  did  not  contain  any  novel- 
ties ;  but  the  material  was  excellent,  offer- 
ing a  strong  contrast  to  the  entertainments 
which  were  thought  desirable  in  order  to 
please  the  local  public  in  former  years.  The 
chorus  was  not  employed  on  this  occasion, 
so  that  the  whole  of  the  orchestral  force 
could  be  accommodated  on  the  platform. 
Mozart's  Overture  to  '  Die  Zauberfiiite  '  and 
two  items  from  Berlioz's  *  Faust '  were  in- 
cluded in  the  first  part,  and  were  well 
played.  Mr.  Oscar  Meyer,  who  is  a 
personal  friend  of  Grieg,  rendered  the 
Scandinavian  composer's  Pianoforte  Con- 
certo in  A  minor  with  charming  taste  and 
with  perfect  accuracy.  This  artist  should 
be  heard  in  London  at  no  distant  period. 
The  second  part  consisted  of  "Wagnerian 
excerpts  familiar  to  London  frequenters  of 
concerts.  They  were  intelligently  rendered 
under  Mr.  Sinclair,  who  thoroughly  compre- 
hends Wagner's  music.  The  vocal  selec- 
tions throughout  the  evening  were  admir- 
ably sung  by  Madame  Albani,  Miss  Marie 
Brema,  and  Mr.  Plunket  Greene.  Of  the 
rest  of  the  festival,  which  in  some  respects 
demands  leisurely  treatment,  we  shall  speak 
next  week. 


being  organized  in  his  honour,  though  the  time 
of  year  is  scarcely  suitable  for  a  meeting  of  this 
nature. 

Among  the  visitors  to  Munich  for  the  Mozart 
and  Wagner  cycles  is  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan. 

The  first  monument  in  memory  of  Johannes 
Brahms  will  most  probably  bo  erected  at  Mein- 
ingen.  An  enthusiastic  admirer  of  the  composer 
has  already  sent  for  the  purpose  the  sum  of 
1,000  marks  to  the  Duke,  who  takes  a  lively 
interest  in  the  project. 

An  autograph  score  of  Gluck's  little-known 
operetta  '  The  Enchanted  Tree,'  first  performed 
at  Paris  in  1758  and  subsequently  at  Vienna  in 
1762,  has  been  secured  by  the  Parisian  Con- 
servatoire of  Music.  So  far  as  can  be  ascertained 
this  brief  work  has  not  been  performed  in  public 
for  thirty  years. 

DRAMA 


We  regret  to  learn  that  the  Cardiflf  Festival 
is  abandoned,  owing  to  lack  of  support.  This 
is  discreditable  to  the  district  ;  but  we  under- 
stand that  efforts  will  be  made  to  resuscitate 
the  undertaking  in  due  course. 

Hekr  Lesohetizky  is  about  to  visit  London 
for  a  few  days.     It  is  said  that  a  reception  is 


THE  WEEK. 

Lyceum. — '  Hamlet..' 

Adelphi. — '  In  the  Davs  of  the  Duke,"  a  Drama  in  a  Pro- 
logue and  Four  Acts.  By  Haddon  Chambers  and  Comyns 
Carr. 

Gradually,  but  surely,  the  natural  and 
realistic  style  of  acting  in  tragedy  is  over- 
powering the  conventional  and  declamatory'. 
Sticklers  for  the  old  style  of  acting  as  prac- 
tised by  the  Kembles,  were  such  alive, 
would  stand  aghast  at  the  Hamlet  of  Mr. 
Forbes  Robertson.  In  this  actor  the  latest 
theories  of  acting  find  their  highest  develop- 
ment. That  gain  attends  modern  methods 
most  will  hold.  The  question  arises.  Is  it, 
however,  all  gain  ?  Somewhere  or  other 
convention  has  to  come  in.  So  long  as  a 
man  reveals  in  soliloquy  his  most  secret 
thoughts  or  aspirations  we  must  be  conven- 
tional, How  would  a  man  reveal  to  him- 
self his  own  innermost  mind  ?  —  dropping 
pensively  and  picturesquely  into  a  chair, 
standing  up  facing  the  audience  with,  pos- 
sibly, one  hand  thrust  into  his  shirt-front 
after  the  fashion  of  Macready  or  Phelps,  or 
stalking  impetuously  about  the  stage  as  a 
man  would  be  apt  to  do  who  was  speaking 
aloud  his  intentions  ?  Who  shall  say  ?  As 
now  rendered  by  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson 
there  is  a  gain  in  beauty  accompanied,  as  it 
seems,  by  a  proportionate  loss  of  strength. 
Seeing  Kean  act  in  tragedy  was,  said 
Byron,  like  reading  Shakspeare  by  flashes 
of  lightning,  an  illustration  the  full  signifi- 
cance of  which  we  have  not  grasped.  Seeing 
Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  act  is  receiving  a  set 
of  helpful  and  cultivated  artistic  illustra- 
tions of  the  text.  We  are  gratefully  pleased 
and  stirred,  meditate  afresh  on  the  full 
significance  of  the  most  marvellous  dialogue 
man  has  written,  but  we  are  not  fired.  Mr. 
Robertson  is  too  statuesquely  faultless.  We 
catch  the  ripple  of  unequalled  music,  are 
captivated  by  spectacles  of  excellent 
beauty,  but  miss  the  confiict  of  passion 
and  soul  which  is  Hamlet.  Mr.  Robert- 
son's moods  are  too  like  the  swift  suc- 
ceeding changes  of  an  April  sea. 
We  lose  the  fixed  gloom,  the  weird 
oppression  of  one  who  is  charged  with  a 
ghostly  mission,  the  execution  of  which  he 
may  defer,  but  of  which  he  can  never  divest 
himself.  Mr.  Robertson's  Hamlet  is  all  that 
is  princely,  scholarly,  interesting.  It  is 
plaintive  at  times,  and  at  times  almost 
debonair.  We  would  fain  be  the  Horatio 
whom  he  would  clasp  in  his  heart  of 
hearts  and  we  should  strive  to  make  him 


abandon  altogether  his  blunted  purpose, 
and  perhaps  succeed  in  our  effort,  pace  the 
ghost.  Concerning  the  sanity  of  Mr, 
Robertson's  Hamlet  there  is  no  question. 
So  sweetly  reasonable  is  it  that  one  marvels 
at  the  uneasiness  of  the  king,  attributing  it 
wholly  to  a  guilty  conscience.  There  is  not 
even  an  "  antic  disposition."  What  there 
is  is  an  exquisite  delivery  of  speech  and 
soliloquj',  faultless  elocution,  a  dignified, 
youthful,  and  picturesque  presence,  and  a 
scholarly,  undefiled,  and  vigorous  text,  the 
last  a  matter  for  which  we  are  devoutly  thank- 
ful. There  are  excisions,  the  reasons  for 
which  perplex,  and  there  are  restorations 
which  we  accept  with  equanimity.  There 
is  a  respectable  amount  of  illustration  from 
dress  and  scenery,  and  there  are  an  effortless 
grace  and  serenity  and  an  avoidance  of  new 
readings  greatly  to  be  commended.  Almost 
the  only  instance  in  which  a  mistake  is  made 
is  in  the  scene  with  Osric,  in  which  Hamlet 
should  enter  covered.  It  would  be  im- 
possible for  him  repeatedly  to  bid  Osric 
put  his  "bonnet  to  hia  right  use"  while 
Hamlet  himself  stands  bare-headed.  It  may 
be  said,  then,  that  in  the  reflective  and 
meditative  passages  there  is  almost  every- 
thing to  admire,  and  that  in  the  scenes  of 
vehemence  and  action  there  is  a  want.  Mrs. 
Patrick  Campbell  plays  Oj)helia  in  the  right 
spirit,  and  is  poetical  and  plaintive.  In  the 
general  cast  there  are  no  features  of  special 
excellence,  but  the  level  is  fairly  high. 

The  new  Adelphi  drama  of  Messrs. 
Chambers  and  Carr  hits  precisely  the  taste 
of  the  public  to  which  it  appeals.  In  this 
lies  its  strongest  claim  on  attention.  It 
displays,  moreover,  considerable  ingenuity 
of  a  rather  perverse  kind,  and  has  some 
new  and  dramatic  situations  without  any 
very  abiding  interest.  Its  chief  defects  are 
artificiality  and  want  of  dramatic  sequence. 
Separate  scenes  are  telling  and  inspiriting, 
others  extravagant  and  inconceivable.  Up 
to  the  close  of  the  third  act,  counting  the 
prologue  as  one,  some  progress  is  made  with 
a  story.  Thenceforward  it  develop  es  into 
spectacle,  closing  with  the  wild  idea  of 
bringing  into  the  Chateau  of  Hougoumont 
two  ladies,  thinly  clad  and  bonnetless, 
picking  their  way  through  the  dead  in 
search  of  the  hero,  who  is  not  likely  to  be 
there.  Against  this,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  popular  melodrama,  we  have  nothing  to 
urge.  It  is  important  to  reunite  two  lovers 
and  a  mother  and  child,  and  unless  they 
find  their  way  somehow  on  to  the  clos- 
ing scene,  which  is  at  Waterloo,  an 
act  will  have  to  be  superadded  to 
a  play  already  too  long.  Useful  as  it  is, 
however,  this  arrangement  lets  the  play 
drop  into  melodrama.  It  can  be  nothing 
else.  What  is  most  artificial  is  the  chase 
after  not  one  but  various  "pattes  de 
mouches."  Two  compromising  letters  are 
in  existence,  and  are  eagerly  sought  after 
by  various  characters.  They  pass  from 
hand  to  hand,  reaching  ultimately  those  in 
which  presumably  they  bhould  be  of  most 
service.  Nothing  whatever  comes  of  them 
at  any  time,  and  the  explanations  which 
restore  a  persecuted  hero  to  honour  and  the 
enjoyment  of  life  are  volunteered  by  the 
villains  in  the  moment  of  death.  The  scraps 
of  paper  serve  thus  no  purpose  except  to 
lead  the  spectator  on  a  false  scent.  Some 
superb   acting  by  Miss  Marion  Terry  and 


396 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


Mr.  Cartwriglit  raised  one  scene  into 
intensity.  Mr.  Beveridgo,  moreover,  as- 
signed a  very  effective  physiognomy  to  an 
Irish  adventurer.  Miss  Millward  was 
acceptable  as  the  heroine,  and  Mr.  Terriss 
looked  well  as  the  hero.  In  the  prologue, 
however,  the  effect  when  he  walks  up  and 
down  his  own  room  with  his  sword  drawn 
and  no  foeman  in  sight  is  whimsical  rather 
than  impressive. 


Drury  Lane  season  began  on  Thursday  with 
the  production  of  '  The  White  Heather '  of 
Messrs.  Raleigh  and  Hamilton,  a  notice  of 
which  will  appear  next  week. 

'  One  Summer's  Day,'  a  prettily  named  play 
by  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond,  has  been  produced  at 
the  Comedy  Theatre  by  Mr.  Charles  Hawtrey, 
whom  it  shows  in  a  sentimental  character.  Mr. 
Hawtrey 's  success  in  this  was  not  conspicuous, 
and  in  spite  of  some  clever  acting  by  Miss 
Constance  Collier,  Miss  Eva  Moore,  Mr.  Kemble, 
and  Mr.  Hendrie,  the  piece  holds  out  few  pro- 
spects of  prolonged  prosperity. 

'  The  Purser,'  a  three-act  farce  by  Mr.  John 
T.  Day,  first  played  a  few  weeks  ago  in  the 
country,  has  been  transferred  to  the  Strand. 
Its  entire  action  passes  on  board  an  Australian 
liner,  and  presents  the  uncomfortable  experi- 
ences of  a  purser  who,  having  to  sail  on  the 
day  of  his  marriage,  induces  his  wife  to  embark 
under  her  maiden  name,  and  endeavours  when 
in  company  to  treat  her  as  a  stranger.  Naturally 
the  other  officers  pay  the  fair  bride  much  atten- 
tion, and  will  allow  of  no  interference  by  her 
husband,  who  is  ultimately  locked  up  for  in- 
subordination. This  trifle  was  well  played  by 
Miss  Kate  Phillips,  Mr,  Righton,  and  Mr. 
Grahame. 

'The  Greek  Soprano,' a  one-act  piece  of  a 
rather  nondescript  type,  also  given  at  the 
Strand,  seems  intended  as  a  satire  upon  Ameri- 
can journalistic  proceedings.  A  sentimental 
interest  neither  too  sympathetic  nor  too  pro- 
bable is  in  the  end  developed.  Mr.  Nye  Chart 
and  Miss  Florence  Fordyce  played  the  principal 
parts. 

This  evening  witnesses  the  reopening  of  the 
Duke  of  York's  by  Mr.  Kyrle  Bellew  and  Mrs. 
Brown  Potter  with  an  anonymous  adaptation 
of  '  Francillon.' 

'A  Bachelor's  Romance,' a  drama  by  Miss 
Martha  Morton,  has  been  successfully  produced 
by  Mr.  Hare  in  Edinburgh. 

Report  credits  Mrs.  Kendal  with  the  inten- 
tion of  g' ving  at  Christmas  a  lecture  on  '  Hamlet ' 
and  a  series  of  recitals  from  '  As  You  Like  It.' 

The  Court  Theatre  will  reopen  before  long, 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Arthur  Chud- 
leigh,  with  a  musical  comedy. 

The  Avenue  Theatre  is  to  be  opened  by  Mr. 
Fitzroy  Gardner  with  a  triple  bill,  one  of  the 
items  of  which  will  be  Mrs.  Beringer's  '  My 
Lady's  Orchard,'  recently  given  in  Glasgow. 

Madame  Bernhardt  is  credited  with  the 
intention  of  playing  Fortunio  in  Musset's 
'Chandelier,'  and  Nero  in  M.  Harancourt's 
'  Adolescence  de  N^ron.' 

It  is  reported  that  Signora  Eleonora  Duse 
will  appear  next  month  at  Amsterdam  in  the 
eternal  'Dame  aux  Camillas,'  in  '  Magda,'  and 
in  '  La  Femme  de  Claude.' 

An  anonymous  play  in  one  act,  called  '  Schloss 
Kronborg, '  which  is  announced  for  performance 
at  the  Frankfort  Schauspielhaus,  is  said  in 
theatrical  circles  to  be  the  work  of  King  Oscar 
of  Sweden  and  Norway. 


To  Correspondents. —J.  MeC— J.  H.  L.— received. 

J.  M.— J.  P. — More  suitable  for  Notes  Sf-  Queries. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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flually  her  death,  are  described  and  discussed  In  singularly  unvarnished 
language. . .  .Those  who  wish  to  read  of  life  as  it  is,  without  exaggera- 
tion and  without  modifluatlon,  will  have  little  difliculty  In  recognizing 
the  merits  of  the  volume." — Athenawn. 

BY  JOHN  OLn'ER  HOBBES. 

The    GODS,    some    MORTALS,    and 

LORD    WICKENHAM.       By    JOHN    OLIVER    HOBBES.       New 
Edition.    (Unwin's  Green  Cloth  Library.)    6s. 

London : 
T.  FISHER  UNWIN,  Paternoster  Square,  E.G. 


N°  3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


397 


MESSRS.    BLISS,    SANDS   &   CO. 

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ART. 

JAMES  M.  HOPPIN,  Professor  of  the  History  of  Art  in  the  Yale  University. 

GREEK  ART  on  GREEK  SOIL.     With  12  Illustra- 


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398 


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N°3647,  Sept.  18,  '97 


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Jee.  CUTKDERT  BARNEY. 

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"  Slaine  by  Honoure  "  JACQUES  DE  BOYS. 

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St.  Ives.    Chaps.  33-34. 

A.  T.  QUILLER  COUCH  (after  Stevenson's  Notes). 

A  Plaint.  DOROTHY  VASA. 

Illustrated  by  J.  W.  West. 
In  the  Library. 

EAKL  OF  DARTMOUTH  and  DOWAGER  MARCHIONESS  OF 
HERTFORD. 

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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  NU3IBER  contains— 
NOTES  :— Ashburnham  House— First  Folio  Shakspeare  -'  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography '  Notes— Yellow  Springs  of  the  Underworld- 
Wreaths  and  Garlands— 'Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau '—' Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Nuts  to  Crack '— "  All  alive  "—Oakham  Castle. 

QUEKIES  —"  Shall  "  and  "  Will  "—Portrait— Horset— Manor  of  Leny 
—Signification  of  Bas-reliefs— Gondola  of  London— 'The  Forty-hfth 
Laddie '—Quotation  by  Carlyle— Old  Church— 'Shrub  of  Parnassus' 
— J.  B.  Vrints— Device  on  Seal—"  Rainfall "  of  Seeds- Stalls  in 
Theatres—'  The  Chimes  '—Launch  of  Man-of-war— Davis  Family— 
Dr.  S.  Ford— Quotation  in  Longfellow— "Pure  Well"— Bozier's 
Court. 

REPLIES  :— Counties  of  England— Life  of  St.  Alban— Curfew— Forests 
and  Chases— Flags— Women's  False  Pockets— 'rhe  Dove — "Hell  is 
paved  with  good  intentions"- "Havelock  "— Hurlinghame— Crom- 
lechs—Chappallan— Oldest  Trees- Songs  on  Sports— Angela  as  Sup- 
porters—Carrick-S.  Huffam — Robins.  Auctioneer— Livery  Lists— 
A -S.  Manuscripts — Port  Royal  Inscription — Epitaph— St.  Patrick — 
Longest  Words  in  English— Helm— Alius  Severus— "  With  a  wet 
finger  "  —  "  Droo  "  —  Remains  of  Lord  Byron  —  Burning  Bush  — 
"  Snipers"— "Gurges"- Butter  at  AVedding  Feasts  —  Politician- 
Foster  ot  Bamborough  —  Gentleman  Inciter- "Cooper''  —  Postage 
Stamps  Reversed— H.  J.  H.  Martin— Enid-Church  Row,  Hampstead 
—County  Council  English— Great  Clock,  Kouen. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Jackson's  '  Church  ot  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Oxford  ' 
— Firth's  'Clarke  Papers'  —  Lewis's  'Pedes  Finium  ' — 'Edmund 
Routledge's  Date-Book.' 

Notices  Co  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  (SepUmher  11;  contains— 

NOTES  :— City  Names  in  Stow's  '  Survey  '— Boerb  and  the  Bible— Poem 
by  rennyson- -Rabsaris- Naval  Crests  — Russian  Folk-tales— Her- 
ring-bone Charm— Grimthorped  Welsh  Customs  —  "  Overtune  " — 
Split  Infinitive. 

QUERIES  :— Due  d'Epernon— Author  Wanted —  Forests  and  Chases— 
"My,"  "His,"  applied  to  Authors— Piscina— Roman  Numerals- 
Picture  by  Zoftany— Author  of  Book— Construction  with  a  Partitive 
—Chess  and  the  Devil  —  Overseers  —  Lettering  Bindings  —  Lord 
Mayor's  Fool— Cranmer's  New  'restament  — "  Derbyshire  wise'' — 
Vulgar  Errors— Engravings— Musical  Boxes— Dancing  upon  Bridges 
—Green  Table. 

REPLIES  :— John  Cabot  and  the  Matthew— Flags— Miss  Vandenhoff— 
Wonderful  Word— Luther,  Irish  Surname— Ancestors— Avignon- 
Superstition— Green  Room— Pinchbeck— Grub  Street— P.  Harrison— 
Cigars— Pocket  Nutmeg-Grater- Cause  of  Death—"  Mad  as  a  hatter" 
—Lord  of  Allerdale— "  Footle  "—"Jesu,  Lover  of  my  soul  " — "Have- 
lock"— Stanwood  Family — Portreeve— Isle  ot  Man — Macaulay  and 
Montgomery— Cagots— Registering  Births  and  Deaths— "  Alierot  " 
Hurlinghame  —  Kye-rhymes— "  Returns  "— "  Harpe  pece  " — French 
Prisoners  in  England — Burial  of  Horse  with  Owner— "Ken" — 
Questions  on  Rubric— Reigate  Parish  Church— Monkish  Latin- 
Bibliography  of  New  South  Wales. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Hume's  '  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  '—Lang's  '  Book  of 
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Aihenaum. — "These  ballads  are  spirited  and  stirring ;  such  are 'The 
Fall  of  Harald  Hardrada,' '  Old  Benbow,' '  Marston  Moor,'  and  '  Corporal 
John.'  the  soldier's  name  for  the  famous  Duke  of  Marlborough,  which  is 
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NEXT  TERM  SEPTEMBER  28 

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ment and  special  facilities  for  Weekly  Newspapers.  Owing  to  recent 
fires,  their  Plant  and  Machinery  is  new  and  up  to  date— Address  27, 
Pilgrim  Street.  London,  E.C.  Stationery  Department,  15,  Queen 
Victoria  Street,  EC.    Telegraph,  "  Unwin,  London." 


T:)ECITALS.— "  A   Prince  among  Elocutionists." 

JLA/  "A  highly  talented  B\oc\itiomst."— Cambridge  Chronicle.  "Mar- 
vellous powers  of  Elocution."— Rugby  Adivrtiser.  "In  front  rank  of 
living  Elocutionists."— Petei-6orou5r/i  Express.  "  Held  the  audience  spell- 
bound."—t7t«rs«o«  l\>M)s— B\RNisH  B.tRN5D\LE,  Elocutionist,  Rochdale. 

ROYAL    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE,    LONDON, 
with  which  is  incorporated 
THE  ROYAL  SCHOOL  OF  MINES. 
Dean— Professor  J.  W.  JUDD,  C.B.  LL.D.  F.R.S. 
SESSION  1897-98. 
The  SESSION  OPENS  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  oth,  at  10  am. 
There  will  be  a  Distribution  of  Prizes  and  Medals  and  an  Address 
by  Professor  W.    C.  ROBERTS- AUSTEN,   C.B.   F.R.S.,  in    the    Lec- 
ture Theatre  of  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  South  Kensington, 
at  2  30  P.M. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
Vork  Place,  Baker  Street.  W. 
Principal— Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 
The  SESSION  1897-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.    Stu- 
dents are  reouested  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  p  u.  on 
WEDNESDAY,  October  a.  „„„T.o-r..  •>,  «  .  v      , 

The  Inaugural  Address  will  be  delivered  on  THURSDAY,  October  7, 
at  4  30  p.M  ,  by  Mrs    FAWCETT. 
Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
york  Place,  Baker  street,  ■\v, 
ART  SCHOOL. 
Visltor-HUBERT  HERKOMER,  R.A. 
Professor— E.  BOROUGH  JOHNSON,  R.B.A. 
The  STUDIO  REOPEN.:  on  MONDAY,  October  11. 

Further  information  on  application. 

LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  LONDON. 


LECTURES  ON  ZOOLOGY. 

The  GENERAL  COURSE  of  LECTURES,  by  Prof.  W.  F.  R. 
WELDON,  F.R.S.,  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  6, 
at  1  P.M. 

These  Lectures  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  Students  preparini; 
for  the  Examinations  of  the  London  University,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
Students  wishing  to  study  Zoology  for  its  own  sake.  Notice  of  other 
Courses  of  Lectures  to  be  delivered  during  the  Session  will  be  given 
later.  J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS.— The 
TWENTY-FOURTH  SESSION  of  the  DEP.A.RTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  OCTOBER  5,  and  the  SIXTY- 
SEVENTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  Od'OBER  I, 
1897.  „,    ., 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining,  Textile 
Industries,  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing, Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  BEoisTiua. 


402 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''3648,  Sept.  25, '97 


U 


N  I  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y 


of 


D  U  R  H  A  M. 


SCHOLARSHIPS  foil  WOMEN,  OCTOItFU.  1897. 
70/.  in  Scholarships  will  be  oftured  for  coinpplition  by  "Wijmfn 
Students  who  conimonce  residence  at  Durham  in  October,  'j8:)7.  Tlie 
EXAMINAIION  liKGlNS  (in  ourOliHK  l.i  Notice  of  intention  to 
reside  should  be  sent,  not  later  than  September  '30,  10  Vnov  S^mi-son, 
'J'hc  Castle.  Dui-ham,  from  whom  all  information  as  to  cost  of  residence, 
&c  ,  may  also  be  obtained. 

'■rHE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of     SCIENCE, 

J-  NE\VCASrl,E-UPON-TYNE. 

Principal-Rev.  H.  V.  GUKNEY,  MA.  DC  L. 
The  Collese  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Hurham.  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes, 
in  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Ajjriculture,  Engineering?.  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages, Fine  Art,  &c. 

Kesidcntial  Hostels  for  Men  and  for  Women  Students  are  attached  to 
tlie  College. 

■J'he  TWENTY-SEVENTH  SESSION   REGINS  SEI'TEMBKR  17,  1897. 
Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curi-icula  in  wcienee  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.  iU  ).— Prospectuses  on  applica- 
tion to  the  Secreiary. 


AUTOGRAPH   LETTERS,   &c.,    of  all   kinds 
PURCHASED       A  large  Assortment  for   Sale.     Lists  free  — 
Rcorr.  17,  Crondace  Road,  Fulham,  S.W. 

ELZEVIRS  FOR  SALE  in  ONE  LOT.— Over 
(iOO  vols,  of  Willpms.  1608  numbers  fno  actual  Duplicates),  and 
further  IOO  vols,  by  Contemporary  Printers,  many  of  which  are 
mentioned  in  Willemss  ■  Annexes.— Elzlvtiis,  care  of  Kejnell  44 
Chancery  Lane,  W  C. 

n^O  INVALIDS.— A    LIST    of    MEDICAL    MEN 

l  in  all  parts  RECEIVING  RESIDENT  PATIENTS  sent  gratis  with 
full  particulars.  Schools  also  recommended.— Medical.  &c  .  Association, 
Limited,  8,  Lancaster  J'lace.  Strand.  W  C.  Telegraphic  Address,  "Tri- 
form, London."    Telephone  No  18:4,  Gerraid. 

I'^HE      AUTHOR'S      HAIRLESS      PAPER-PAD. 
(The  LEADENHAJLL  PRESS,  Ltd.,  50,  Leadenhall  Street, 
London.  E.C. ) 
Contains    hairless   paper,  over  which    the   pen   slips  with    perfect 
Ireedom.    Sixpence  each.    5.<  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

A  MEMBER  of  a  Learned  Profession,  residing^ 
in  a  •\Vest-CentraI  Square,  has  a  SITTING  ROOM  and  TWO 
BED-ROOMS  (Furnished)  to  spare.  Would  suit  Literary  Man  or  Two 
Friends  of  quiet  habits  Terms  moderate  —Address  F.  D  ,  care  ol 
Hopptf  &  Sowdon,  30,  Great  James  Street,  W.C. 

HIGHGATE,  rear  PARLIAMENT  HILL —TO 
BE  LET,  a  good  FAMILY  RESIDENCE,  containing  Eight 
Red-Rooms,  Rath  and  Dressing  Rooms,  large  Dining  and  Drawin" 
Rooms,  Library  and  ample  Ottices ;  charming  Garden  with  Conserva^ 
toryi  near  tram  and  rail;  decorationsto  suit  tenant.  Rent  100  Guineas 
— lUi.CH,  l'2j,  Kentish  Town  Road,  N.W. 

Il'URNISHED  APARTMENTS  in  one  of  the 
most  pleasant  positions  in  TUNBRIDGE  WELLS.  South  aspect 
good  view,  three  minutes'  walk  from  the  town  and  common  —Write 
K.  G.,  18,  Claremont  Road,  Tunbridge  Wells. 


M  U  D  I  E '  S 

SELECT 

LIBRARY. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  ONE  G  UINEA  per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY. 

Books  can  be  exchanged  at  the  residences  of  Sub- 
scribers in  London  by  the  Library  Messengers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO  GUINEAS 
per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S     SELECT     LIBRARY. 

COUNTRY  SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO 
GUINEAS  per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S  FOREIGN  LIBRARY. 

All  the  Best  Works  in  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  are  in  circulation. 

CATALOGUES  of  English  or  Foreign  Books, 
Is.  6d.  each. 

Prospectuses  and  Clearance  Lists  of  Books  on  Sale, 
postage  free. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30  to  34,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  London. 

Branch  Offices: — 

241,  Brompton  Road  ;  and  48,  Queen  Victoria  Street, 

E.C.  (Mansion  House  End). 

Also  10-12,  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


THE  HANFSTAENGL 

GALLERIES, 

16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 
(nearly  opposite  the  National  Gallery), 

Inspection  invited. 

REPRODUCTION  IN  CARBON  PRINT 

AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

GALLEKY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
in  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLES 
L.  BASTLAKE,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.     Price  to  Subscribers,  71.  10s. 

\_Part  IV.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.     By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
Reproductions  of  the  Famous  Drawings  at  Windsor 
Castle,  bound  in  Artistic  Cover.    Price  5i.  5s. 


The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
NATIONAL  GALLERY,  LONDON;  AMSTERDAM, 
BERLIN,  BRUSSELS,  CASSEL,  DRESDEN,  HAAG, 
HAARLEM,  MUNICH,  VIENNA. 


LEADING   ARTISTS  of  the   DAY. 

9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BURNE  JONES, 
WATTS,  ROSSETTI,  ALMA  TADEMA,  SOLOMON, 
HOFFMAN,  BODENHAUSEN,  PLOCKHORST,  THU- 
MANN.  &c. 

CATALOGUES  POST  FREE. 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 

THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 
PRODUCERS  AND  PUBLISHERS  OF 

PERMANENT    CARBON    PHOTOGRAPHS   OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART. 


Catalogues  and  Price  Lists  u])on  apjjUcation. 

The  NORWICH  SCHOOL  of  PAINT- 

ING.  A  Series  of  Plates,  printed  in  various  Colours, 
after  Cotman,  Crome,  Stark,  Vincent,  Leman,  Lound, 
Bright,  &c.  [  Will  be  ready  shortly. 

The    TATE    COLLECTION 

(NATIONAL  GALLERY  of  BRITISH  ART) :  a  large 
number  of  the  Pictures  now  exhibited  at  Millbank  have 
been  published  in  Autotype,  including  the  chief  Works 
of  G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.  Further  additions  are  being 
made,  and  will  be  announced  shortly. 

BRITISH    ARTISTS    of   the   VIC- 

TORIAN  ERA,  from  the  recent  Guildhall  Loan  Col- 
lection.    Average  size,  18  by  15  inches.     Price  12s. 

PAINTINGS,   DRAWINGS,  and 

SCULPTURE  by  the  OLD  MASTERS.  A  large  Col- 
lection of  Permanent  Photographs  of  the  chief  treasures 
of  Art  contained  in  the  Public  and  Private  Collections  of 
Europe.  Paintings  and  Sculpture  in  one  uniform  size, 
price  12s.  ;  Drawings  on  the  scale  of  the  Originals  at 
prices  ranging  from  Is.  6rf.  to  10s.  each. 


The  Autotype  Company  will  be  pleased  to  advise 
upon,  and  to  undertake,  the  REPRODUCTION  of 
WORKS  of  ART  of  every  character,  both  for  Book 
Illustration  and  on  a  larger  scale  for  the  Portfolio, 
or  for  Mural  Decoration.  Price  Lists  and  Estimates 
free  upon  application. 


THE     AUTOTYPE     COMPANY, 

FINE  ART  GALLERY, 
74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


PICTURES.— The  CLEANING  and  RESTORA- 
TION of  PAINTINGS  by  a  well-known  Expert  Hesiorcr  and 
\'aluer.  Willi  hi^lie^t  credentials  from  noljility  and  gentry  and  autho- 
rities in  art.  Advertiser  is  open  to  undertake  sanic  in  'I'own  or 
Country,  also  to  make  Valuations  for  Probate  and  Insurance,  Cata- 
logues, and  effect  Sales,  Everything  done  persnoally  and  in  strict 
contidence.  Opinion  given  on  PaintingB  and  reliable  advice.  Moderate 
charges— .\ddre6s  Art  Expekt,  44,  Chancery  Lane,  W  C 

THACKERAY      HOTEL       (Temperance), 
Facing  the  British  Museum, 
GREAT  IIUSSELL  STKEET,  LONDON, 
This  npwly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
the  requirements  of  those  who  desire  all  the  conveniences  and  advan- 
tages of  the  larger  modern  licensed  hotels  at  moderate  charges. 

Passenger  Lift.     Electric  Light  in  all  rooms,    liath-Roonis  on  every 
floor. 

SP.iCIOUS  DINING,  DRAWING.  WRrPING,  READING, 

AND  SMOKING  ROOM.S. 

All  Floors  Fireproof.    Perfect  Sanitation,    Night  Porter. 

Full  Tariff  and  Testimonials  post  free  on  application. 

Proprietor— J,  TKCSLOVE, 
Telegraphic  Address— "Thackeray,  London," 


Catalogue*. 
'OREIGN     BOOKS     and     PERIODICALS 

promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms, 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 

DULAU    &   CO.    37,    SOHO   SUUAHE. 

ILLIAMS      &      NORGATE, 

IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 

14,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London ;  20,  Bonth  Frederick 

Street,  Edinburgh ;  and  7,  Broad  Street,  Oxford. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 


W 


NEW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21,— Drawing.*  by  Hunt, 
Prout.  Dc  Wint,  and  others— Turner's  Liber  Studiorum— Things 
recommended  for  study  by  Prof.  Ruskin— scarce  Kuskin  Etchings. 
Engravings,  and  Books.  Post  free,  Sixpence.  — Wm.  Wakd,  2,  Church 
Terrace,  Kichmond,  Surrey. 


E 


LLIS  &  ELVEY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Rare  Books,  MSS,,  and  Engravings, 

CATALOGUES  issued  at  frequent  intervals. 

Libraries  Arranged.  Catalogued,  Valued,  and  Purchased, 

29,  New  Bond  Street.  London,  W, 


I7IRST    EDITIONS    of     MODERN    AUTHORS, 

A  including  Dickens.  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G  and  K.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Bowlandson.  Leech,  &c.  The 
largest  and  chdicest  Collection  ofiered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bought. — 
"Walter  T.  Spencer,  27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  "W.C. 


c 


CHOICE     and    VALUABLE     BOOKS. 


Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  Crnikshank,  Rowlandson, 
&c —First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  modern)— Early 
English  Literature— Illuminated  and  other  MSS.—  Poitraits- Engravings 
—Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Works  on  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and 
Welsh  Topography,  Heraldry,  and  Family  History  free  on  application. 

MAGGS  BROS., 
159,  Church  Street,  Paddington,  London,  W, 

/^HEAP    BOOKS.— THREEPENCE     DISCOUNT 

V^  in  the  SHILLING  allowed  from  the  published  price  of  nearly 
all  New  Books,  Bibles,  Prajer-Kooks,  and  Annual  Volumes,  Order's 
by  post  executed  by  return.  CATALOGUES  of  New  Books  and  Re- 
mainders gratis  and  postage  free.- Gilbert  &  Field,  67,  Moorgate 
Street,  London,  E.C, 


(Saks  bB  3^ttction. 


Miscellnneous   BooI«,   including  tlie  Library  of  the  late  Sir 
MOliELL  MACKENZIE,  M.D.—FJVE  DAVS'  SALE. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  WC.,  on  MONDAY, 
October  4,  and  Four  Following  Ua.TS.  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELLANEOUS 
ROOKS,  comprising  Catesby's  Carolina,  2  vols  — Coleman's  Mont  Blanc 
—Eleven  Drawings  by  Otto  Weber— Vertue's  Heads — Notesand  Queries, 
1849  to  1897,  100  vols. — Meyrick's  Antient  Armour,  3  vols.- IMranesi  and 
Pinelli's  Roman  Views— Hamilton's  Hedaya.  4  vols.— Buskin's  Stones 
of  Venice,  &c.,  II  vols.— Oxford  Historical  Society.  43vols. — Astronomi- 
cal Society's  Notices,  1827-94— Merivale's  Romans,  7  vols —Medical, 
Surgical,  and  other  scientific  Treatises— Books  on  Touring,  Yachting, 
VoyHges,  Travels,  and  Biographies— upwards  of  1:^,000  volumes  of 
Recent  Novels  by  English  and  French  'Writers— Selection  from  an 
Editor's  Library,  &c. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


FURTHER     ANNOUNCEMENTS    of    FORTH- 

COMING  MISCELLANEOUS  and  MODERN   SALES  will  be  made  in 
due  course. 

THE  CONDUIT  SI'REET  AUCTION  GALLERIES, 
For  the  Sale  of  Family  Jewels,  old  Silver  Plate.  Furniture,  Pictures, 
Engravings,  Books,  Coins,  War  Medals,  China,.  ^Miniatures,  Furs, 
Lace,  Guns,  Harness,  'Wines,   and  other   Property  intended   for 
PUBLIC  AUCTION.- MESSRS. 

KNIGHT,  FRANK  &  RUTLEY'S  Great 
Galleries,  9,  Conduit  Street,  and  23a,  Maddox  Street,  W.,  are 
OPEN  DAILY  for  the  receipt  of  the  above.  Valuations  prepaied. 
Sales  held  at  Private  Residences  in  Town  or  Country. 

THE  CONDUIT  STREET  AUCTION  GALLERIES. 
By  order  of  a  Gentleman. 
A  Choice  Collection  of  Engravings,  Etchings,  and  Drawings,  by  the 
Masters  of  Italy,  Germany,  and  the  Low  Countries,  comprising 
Specimens  of  the  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  and  Eighteenth  Centuries, 
many  being  rare,  and  including  'Works  by  V'illamena,  Goltzius, 
Agostino  Veneziano,  Kaimondi,  Rota.  Fontana,  Baldung,  Jost 
Amman,  Galle,  Sadeler,  Van  Sichem,  Bolswert,  Salvator  Rosa,  Delia 
Bella,  Breemberg.  Guide  Reni,  Peter  Clouet,  CaWot,  Bosse- Later 
Examples  of  the  French  and  English  Schools— Portraits  of  Eminent 
Men-Early  Engraved  Arms— Heraldic  Plates  of  Celebrated  Persons 
—Colonial  Settlers— Old  Maps,  &c.— MESSRS, 

KNIGHT,  FRANK  &  RUTLEY  will   SELL  by 
AUCTION,    on   WEDNESDAY,  October  0,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  a  COLLECTION  of  RARE  ENGRAVINGS,  at  1  o'clock  each  day. 
On  view  October  2,  3,  and  4,    Catalogues  free. 
9,  Conduit  Street,  and  23.i,  Maddox  Street,  'W, 


N«  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


403 


M 


TUESDAY  NEXT. 
Curios  and  A^atural  History  Specimens. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Great  Konms,  38,  King  Street.  Covent  OarJen.  on 
TUESDAY  NKXr.  September  28,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  a 
•COLLECTION  of  C'UUIOS  from  many  parts— Antiquities— Kelics— Arms 
and  Armour— I'ictures— Books— Native  Weapons.  &e  ;  also  Insects— 
Hirds'  Skins— Minerals— Fossils— Shells— Animal  Heads  and  Horns  and 
€kins,  &c. 

On  view  the  day  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
tiad. 

FHIDA  Y  NEXT. 

1,00  Lots  of  Miscellanemis   Property,   including    Photographic 
Apparatus,  Scientific  Instruments,  Lanterns  and  Slides,  ^c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUf  TION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
•OQ  FRIDAY  NKXr,  Octooer  1,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
bad. 

TmE    GRANT    MAUSOLEUM,    NEW    YORK; 
Sculpture,  Pont  Mirabeau,  Paris;  The  Sanitury  Congress  and  the 
Health  Exhibition  at  Leeds  ;   I  he  Ancient  Architecture  of  Ireland,  &c. 
See  the  BUILDER  of  September  25,  post  free,  ihd. 
The  Publisher  of  the  Builder,  46.  Catherine  Street,  London,  W.C. 

Just  published,  price  3s. ;  free  by  post,  3s.  id. 

THE    OWENS     COLLEGE    CALENDAR    for 
SESSION  1807-8. 
London  :  Macmillan  &  Co.    Manchester  :  Jas.  E.  Cornish. 

CHRIST     in     SHAKSPEARE.       By    Charles 
ELLIS.    Victorian    Edition,    leatherette,  3s.  6d.     "A  very  valu- 
.■able  addition  to  Sliaksjtearian  literature."— .'^c/tooi  Guardian. 
London  :  Houlston  &  Sons,  Paternoster  Square. 

SECOND  EDITION,  price  Fourpence, 

RIEF      LESSONS     in      ASTRONOMY. 

By  W.  T    L'XNN,  B.A.  F.R  A  S. 

"  Conveys  a  great  deal  of  information  without  being  in  any  way  dry 
or  technical." — Keuti.^h  Mercury. 

G.  Stoneman.  39,  Warwick  Lane,  E  C. 
SECOND  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo.  cloth,  price  Sixpence, 

REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES:  a  Sketch  of  the 
most  interesting  Circumstances  connected  with  the  Observation 
of  Solar  and  Lunar  Eclipses,  both  in  Ancient  and  Modern  Times.  By 
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404 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


JOHN    C.    NIMMO'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


CHEAP  ILLUSTRATED  EDITION  IN  24  VOLS.  OF  THE 

LARQB-TYPB  BORDER  WAVBRLBY  NOVELS. 

Edited,  with  Introductory  Essays  and  Notes, 

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THE  LARGE-TYPE 

BORDER    EDITION 

OP   THE 

WAVERLEY    NOVELS. 

With  Introductory  Essays  and  Notes  by  ANDREW  LANG, 
supplementing  those  of  the  Author. 


ORDER  OF  PUBLICATION  OF  THE  VOLUMES. 

1 

Waver  ley. 

15.  Peveril  of  the  Peak. 

2. 

Guy  Mannering. 

16.  Queutin  Durward. 

3. 

The  Antiquary. 

17.  St.  Ronan's  Well. 

4. 

Rob  Roy. 

18.  Redgauntlet. 

h. 

Old  Mortality. 

19.  The    Betrothed  and  The 

6. 

The  Heart  of  Midlothian. 

Talisman. 

7. 

A  Legend  of  Montrose  and 

20.  Woodstock. 

The  Black  Dwarf. 

21.  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth. 

8. 

The  Bride  of  Lammermoor 

22.  Anne  of  Geierstein. 

9. 

Ivanhoe. 

2i.  Count    Robert   of     Paris 

10. 

The  Monastery. 

and      The      Surgeon's 

11. 

The  Abbot. 

Daughter. 

12. 

Kenil  worth. 

24.  Castle  Dangerous,  Chro- 

1,3. 

The  Pirate. 

nicles    of    the    Canon- 

14. 

The  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

gate,  &c. 

Any  Vohome  may 

he  had  separatelij. 

SOME  OF  THE  ARTISTS  CONTRIBUTING  TO 
THE  "BORDER  EDITION." 

Sir  J.  B.  Millais,  Bart.,  P.R.A.— Lockbart  Bogle— Gordon 
Browne  —  D.  Y.  Cameron  —  Frank  Dadrl,  IM.— Herbert 
Dicksee— M.  L.  Gow,  R.I.— W.  B.  Hole,  R  S,  A.— John  Pettie, 
H.A.— Sir  James  D.  Linton.  P.R.I.  —  Ad.  Lalauze— J.  E. 
Lauder,  R.S.A.— W.  Hatherell,  R.I.— Sam  Bough.  R.S.A.— 
W.  E.  Lockbart,  R.S.A.  —  R.  W.  Macbeth,  A.R.A.  —  H. 
Macbeth-Raeburn  —  J.  Macwhirter,  A.R.A.  R  S.A.— W.  Q. 
Orchardson,  R.A.  — James  Orrock,  R.I. —Walter  Paget— Sir 
George  Reid,  P.R.S.A. -Frank  Short— Sir  Henry  Raeburn, 
E.A.  P.R  S.A.— Arthur  Hopkins,  A.R.W.S.— R.  Herdman, 
B.S.A. — D.  Herdman — Hugh  Cameron,  R.S.A. 

NEW  LIBRARY  EDITION  OF 

Steele  and  Addison's  '  Spectator.' 

In  Bight  Volumes,  extra  crown  8vo.  with  Original  Engraved 

Portraits  and  Vignettes,  buckram  cloth,  Is.  net 

per  Volume. 

THE     SPECTATOR. 

Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes, 

By  GEORGE  A.  AITKEN, 

Author  of  '  The  Life  of  Richard  Steele,"  &c. 

From  the  Editor's  Pre/ace. 

"  The  present  edition  of  the  '  Spectator '  has  been  printed 
from  a  copy  of  the  original  collected  and  revised  edition 
published  in  1712-15,  with  the  exception  that  nnodern  rules 
of  spelling  have  been  followed.  The  principal  variations 
between  the  text  as  corrected  by  the  authors  and  the  original 
version  in  the  folio  numbers  have  at  the  same  time  been 
indicated  in  the  notes  ;  it  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to 
point  out  slight  differences  of  no  importance.  In  the  notes 
I  have  aimed  at  the  greatest  conciseness  compatible  with  the 
satisfactory  explanation  of  the  less  obvious  allusions  to 
literary  or  social  matters.  Many  of  the  older  notes  were 
obsolete,  or  needed  correction  in  the  light  of  subsequent 
knowledge.  I  have  endeavoured  to  preserve  what  is  of 
value,  without  burdening  the  pages  with  the  contradictions 
and  inaccuracies  which  are  inevitable  in  a  variorum 
edition." 

DATES  OF  PUBLICATION  OF  THE  EIGHT 
VOLU.MES. 


Vol.     I.  October  15,  1897. 
Vol.    II.  November  15,  1897. 
Vol.  III.  December  15, 1897. 
Vol.  IV.  January  15, 1898. 


Vol.       V.  February  15,  1898. 
Vol.      VI.  March  15,  1898. 
Vol.    VII.  April  16,  1898. 
Vol.  VIII.  May  15,  1898. 


Sniscribers^  Names  for  the  Eight  Vohimes  only 
accepted. 


In  crown  8vo.  with  an  Introduction  by  the  Rev.  W.  H. 
HUTTON,  B.D.,  and  26  Illustrations  by  John  Jellicoe 
and  Herbert  Railton,  6s.  cloth  elegant,  gilt  top, 
uniform  with  'The  Household  of  Sir  Thomas  More'  and 
'  Cherry  and  Violet :  a  Tale  of  the  Great  Plague.' 

THE  MAIDEN  AND  MARRIED 
LIFE  OF  MARY  POWELL 

(AFTERWARDS  MISTRESS  MILTON); 

And  the  Sequel  thereto, 
DEBORAH'S   DIARY. 

Extract  from  Mr.  Hutton's  Introduction. 

"  It  is  the  rare  merit  of  Miss  Manning's  sensitive  imagina- 
tion that,  in  '  The  Maiden  and  Married  Life  of  Mary  Powell' 
and  '  Deborah's  Diary,'  while  she  has  caught  our  sympathies 
for  her  heroines,  she  has  never  made  us  lose  our  love  for 
Milton.  She  has  woven,  too,  into  her  imaginary  diary,  with 
a  singular  skill,  the  facts  that  are  known  as  to  the  step- 
mother, the  daughters,  and  the  servant,  with  just  those 
touches  of  fancy  that  may  make  the  picture  live. 

"  The  two  stories  are  now,  I  think,  very  happily  reprinted 
together.  'The  Maiden  and  Married  Life  of  Mary  Powell,' 
which  has  always  been  the  most  jjopular  of  her  works,  first 
appeared  in  1851,  and  went  through  many  editions.  'De- 
borah's Diary  '  was  published  in  18b0. 

"  I  have  seen  the  drawings  from  which  the  illustrations 
for  this  book  are  to  be  printed,  and  I  cannot  but  feel  that 
both  artists  have  experienced  to  the  full  the  attraction  of  the 
subject.  To  Mr.  Jellicoe  has  been  given  the  difficult  duty 
of  drawing  the  Miltun  whose  portrait  we  all  know,  and  his 
young  bride,  of  whose  fair  face  we  have  no  record.  He  has 
had  to  show  us,  too,  the  old  blind  man  dictating  to  his 
daughter;  and  it  could  not  have  been  done  more  happily. 
To  Mr.  Railton  it  has  fallen  to  sketch,  as  it  was  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  one  house  still  standing  where 
Milton  lived,  and  the  harder  task  to  image  the  places 
which,  with  little  or  no  visible  survival  of  his  days,  we  still 
associate  with  his  memory  ;  and  so  he  has  given  us  these 
delightful  pictures  of  Forest  Hill,  and  the  Barbican,  and 
Bunhill  Fields,  instinct  with  true  feeling  for  the  past." 

1  vol.  extra  crown  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  7s.  6rf. 

STORIES  of  FAMOUS  SONGS. 

By  S.  J.  ADAIR  FITZ-GERALD. 

Extract  from  Author's  Introduction. 

"  While  aiming  all  the  time  at  accuracy  and  truth  as  to 
the  development,  of  the  world's  famous  musical  ballads,  my 
object  has  been  to  produce,  not  so  much  a  pedantic  reference 
guide  or  dictionary  for  the  library,  as  an  entertaining, 
amusing,  and  instructive  work  that  shall  appeal  to  the 
hearts  and  sympathies  of  all  true  lovers  of  songs  and  music." 

Consents  .—Chap.  1.  'Home,  Sweet  Home.'  2.  'Robin 
Adair  '  and  '  Eileen  Aroon.'  3.  '  Auld  Lang  Syne.'  4.  '  La 
Marseillaise.'  5.  '  The  Mistletoe  Bough.'  6.  '  Ever  of  Thee.' 
7.  '  Die  Wacht  am  Rhein,'  '  Die  Schwertleid.'  '  Kutschke 
Lied.'  and  other  German  Songs.  8.  '  The  Star-Spaugled 
Banner,'  '  Yankee  Doodle,'  and  other  American  Songs.  9. 
'  Auld  Robin  Gray '  and  '  Les  Constantes  Amours  d'Alix  et 
d'Alexis.'  10.  '  Kathleen  Mavourneen  '  and  '  Katty  Avour- 
neen.'  11.  •  The  Last  Rose  of  Summer,'  '  The  Bells  of  Shan- 
don, 'and  '  The  Exile  of  Erin.'  12.  Concerning  some  Favourite 
Songs.  13.  Henry  Russell's  Songs.  14.  About  some  more 
Favourite  Hongs.  15.  Some  Old  Songs  and  some  New.  16. 
Some  Continental  Songs.  17.  Concerning  some  Welsh  Songs. 
18.  Some  Scottish  Songs.  19.  Irish  Songs,  Ancient  and 
Modern.    20.  The  National  Anthem,  '  God  Save  the  Queen.' 

IN  THE  PRESS. 

1  vol.  demy  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  with  a  Portrait  of  Thomson 

after  Raeburn's  Painting,  lO.s.  firf.  net. 

GEORGE    THOMSON: 


HIS 


The  Friend  of  Burns. 

LIFE    AND   CORRESPONDENCE. 


By  J.  CUTHBERT  HADDEN. 

Note. — To  students  and  admirers  of  Burns,  and  indeed  to 
all  well-informed  lovers  of  Scottish  song,  it  is  unnecessary  to 
introduce  the  name  of  George  Thomson.  The  letters  which 
passed  between  Burns  and  Thomson  are  generally  familiar, 
and  the  fact  that  the  poet  wrote  a  considerable  number  of 
his  finest  songs  for  Thomson's  Collection  of  Scottish  Music 
is  also  well  known.  Notwithstanding  all  this,  the  man 
Thomson  himself  remains  a  somewhat  unknown  personality  ; 
and  it  is  for  the  i^rst  time  that  his  life,  in  all  its  ascertainable 
detail,  is  now  being  told. 

Nor  is  this  all.  His  correspondence,  which  has  been 
placed  in  the  author's  hands  by  his  descendants,  shows  that, 
besides  the  Burns  letters,  which  have  hitherto  alone  repre- 
sented his  correspondence,  a  very  large  number  of  letters 
from  Scott,  Hogg,  Byron,  Moore,  Campbell,  Joanna  Baillie, 
and  others  have  been  waiting  the  light.  These,  together 
with  the  letters  from  Beethoven,  Haydn,  Hummel,  Weber, 
and  other  composers,  will  be  found  of  much  general  interest, 
while  to  the  musical  student  the  latter  will  have  a  special 
value.  Several  letters  from  Mrs.  Burns  and  other  members 
cf  the  poet's  family  are  given  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 


NEW  WORK  ON  ENGLISH  MONASTIC  HISTORY. 
In  Two  Volumes,  demy  8vo.  cloth,  21s.  net. 

THE   ENGLISH  BLACK 
MONKS  OF  ST.  BENEDICT. 

A  Sketch  of  their  History  from  the  Coming 

of  St.  Augustine  to  the  Present  Day. 

By  the  Rev.   ETHELRED    L.    TAUNTON. 

Contents  {Yo\.  I.)  :— Chap.  1.  The  Coming  of  the  Monks. 
2.  The  Norman  Lanfranc.  3.  The  Benedictine  Constitution. 
4.  The  Monk  in  the  World.  5.  The  Monk  in  his  Monastery. 
6.  Women  under  the  Rule.  7.  Chronicles  of  the  Congrega- 
tion (1.).  8.  The  Downfall.  9.  John  Fecknam,  Abbat. 
10.  The  State  of  Errglish  Catholics,  1559-1601.  Appendix. 
The  Consuetudinary  of  St  Augustine's,  Canterbury. 

Contents  (Vol.  II.):— Chap.  11.  The  Benedictine  Missioiu 
12.  Douai  and  Dieuleward.  13.  The  Renewal  of  the  English 
Congregation.  14.  Dom  Leander  and  his  Mission.  15.  Chro- 
nicles of  the  Congregation  (II.).  16.  St.  Gregory's  Monastery. 
17.  St.  Lawrence's  Monastery.  18.  St.  Edmund's  Monas- 
tery. 19.  St.  Malo,  Lambspring,  and  Cambrai.  20.  Other 
Benedictine  Houses,  Denizen  and  Alien. 

Extract  from  Author's  Introduction. 
"In  these  two  volumes  I  venture  to  bring  before  the  notice 
of  English  readers  the  history  of  the  English  Benedictines, 
or  '  Black  Monks,'  as  they  were  calledin  the  olden  times.  To 
the  student  the  names  are  well  known  of  men  who  have 
devoted  large  and  costly  books  to  the  past  glories  of  the 
monks  of  ttiis  country.  These  works,  however,  are  difficulS 
of  access  ;  and  from  their  very  multiplicity  of  detail  require 
a  mastery  of  the  subject  (to  be  gained  only  by  long  and 
patient  study)  before  a  just  and  general  idea  of  the  history 
as  a  whole  can  be  obtained.  Besides,  such  works  as  the- 
'  Monasticon  '  of  Dugdale,  and  others  of  the  school  of  anti- 
quaries connected  with  his  labours,  professedly  deal  only 
with  the  Black  Monks,  among  other  orders,  up  to  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII.  Their  sub- 
sequent history,  known  but  to  a  very  few  even  of  their 
dfscendants,  has  in  course  of  time  become  obscured  by  a 
legendary  growth  which  does  not  bear  the  test  of  research. 

But  here  for  the  first  time  is  given  a  definite  account  of 

the  history,  for  the  last  thirteen  hundred  years,  of  men  who 
have  played  no  mean  part  in  the  making  of  England,  and 
whose  names  have  ever  been  revered  and  cherished." 

NEW  ILLUSTRATED  EDITION  INT    MONTHLY 

VOLUMES. 

Volumes  I.  to  VIII.  now  ready. 

In  extra  crown  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  ,5s.  per  vol.  net. 

THE  REV.  S.  BARING-GOULD'S 

LIVES  OF  THE  SAINTS. 

With  a  Calendar  for  Every  Day  in  the  Year, 

New  Edition,  Revised,  with  Introduction  and  Additional 
Lives  of  English  Martyrs,  Cornish  and  Welsh  Saints,  and  a 
full  Index  to  the  entire  Work. 

Illustrated  by  over  400  Engravings. 

SOME  PRESS  NOTICES. 

Daily  Chronicle. — "When  it  is  remembered  that  in  these 
two  volumes  (January  and  February)  the  biographies  of 
more  than  four  hundred  saints  are  to  be  found,  and  that  in 
every  case  the  authorities  from  which  they  are  derived  are 
set  forth  ;  that  in  the  Introduction  the  reader  is  furnished 
with  a  succinct  account  of  the  literature  of  the  subject  whicU 
is  the  best  resume  that  we  have  in  English ;  that  errors  in 
the  previous  edition  are  not  left  uncorrected— it  will  be  seen 
how  much  is  to  be  expected  from  this  new  issue  of  Mr. 
Baring-Gould's  wonderful  work,  and  how  much  will  be  found 
in  the  sixteen  volumes  which  will  be  required  to  complete 

it No  student  of  history— to  go  no  further—can  dispense 

with  such  a  valuable  book  of  reference.  There  is  nothing 
like  it  in  our  language." 

Standard.— "  The  earlier  volumes  of  the  new  edition  are 
before  us,  and    even  a  cursory  examination  is  enough  to 

show  that  the  work   has  been  thoroughly   revised The 

book  is  of  real  value,  since  it  is  written  with  scholarly  care, 
imaginative  vision,  and  a  happy  union  of  charity  and 
courage." 

Guardian. — "  Whoever  reads  the  more  important  lives  in 
the  sixteen  volumes  of  which  this  new  edition  is  to  consist, 
will  be  introduced  to  a  region  of  which  historians  for  the 
most  part  tell  him  little,  and  yet  one  that  throws  constant 
light  upon  some  of  the  obscurest  points  of  ordinary  histories. 
For  this,  and  for  the  pleasure  and  profit  thence  derived,  he 
will  have  to  thank  Mr.  '  aring-Gould." 

Scotsman.— "  Mr.  Baring- Gould,  Anglican  priest  though 
he  be,  fulfils  the  promise  of  his  original  edition  in  so  far  as 
he  does  not  obtrude  either  prejudice  or  sectarianism  into  his 
record  of  these  saints." 

Notes  and  Queries. — "It  is  impossible  to  mention  the  various 
sources  whence  have  been  drawn  the  illustrations,  which 
will  render  this  work,  to  those  to  whom  the  subject  appeals, 
the  most  acceptable,  as  it  is  certainly  the  handsomest,  of 
existing  editions." 

Bookman.—"  No  English  book  on  the  subject  can  compete 
with  it.  It  should  be  in  every  library,  and  whatever  shelf 
holds  it  will  be  frequently  visited." 


London :  JOHN  C.  NIMMO,  14,  King  William  Street,  Strand. 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


405 


MESSRS.     HUTCHINSON     &    CO. 

Beg  to  announce  that  they  will  publish  on  MONDAY  NEXT  a  New  Novel,  'AT 
the  CROSS-ROADS/  in  cloth  gilt,  6s,,  hj  F.  F,  MONTBESOR,  Author  of 
those  very  successful  stories  '  The  One  Who  Loohed  On '  (Sixth  Edition)  and  '  Into 
the  Highivays  and  Hedges'  (Tenth  Edition).  Also  on  the  SAME  DAY  a  New 
Story  by  BOSA  NOUCHETTE  GABEY,  entitled  'DR.  LUTTRELL'S 
FIRST  PATIENT/  in  cloth  gilt,  5s,  Also  THIS  DAY  a  New  Novel  by  Mrs. 
BOBEBT  JOCELYN,  entitled  '  ONLY  a  LOVE  STORY/  in  silver  gilt,  6s. 


A  NEW  AND  MOST  INTERESTING  VOLUME. 

THE      SAVAGE     CLUB     PAPERS. 

Edited  by  J.  E.  MUDDOCK. 

Literary  and  Art  Contributions  by  (amongst  others)  E.  J.  GOODMAN,  E.  E. 
PEACOCK,  G.  MANVILLE  FBNN,  ARTHUR  MORRISON,  'MAC- 
KENZIE BELL,  G.  A.  HENTY,  LORD  CHARLES  BERESFORD, 
EDWARD  DRAPER,  HARRISON  WEIR,  T.  H.  HEMY,  Sir  J.  D. 
LINTON,  COULSON  KERNAHAN,  PAUL  MERRITT,  AARON  WATSON, 
HENRI  VAN  LAUN,  W.  H.  J.  BOOT,  R.I.,  YEEND  KING,  HERBERT 
JOHNSON,  PAUL  FRENZINI,  W.  RALSTON,  J.  F.  SULLIVAN 
PHIL  MAY,  T.  B.  HARDY,  &c. 

In  fcap.  4to.  fancy  cloth  cover,  designed  by  Albert  W.  Warren,  with  many 
""'""''  ""  INext  reeek. 


Illustrations,  6s. 


"Wales  has  waited  long  for  her  novelist,  but  he  seems  to  have  come 
at  last  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Allen  Raine,  who,  in  his  perfectly  beautiful  story 
'  A  Welsh  Singer,'  has  at  once  proved  himself  a  worthy  interpreter  and  exponent 
of  the  romantic  spirit  of  his  conntry."~Daily  Mail. 

A  SECOND  LARGE  EDITION  OF 

A      WELSH      SINGER. 

By  ALLEN  EAINE. 

In  cloth  gilt,  6s. 

"  If  you  are  in  the  mood  for  a  novel  I  can  recommend  to  you  strongly  a 
really  charming  pastoral,  '  The  Welsh  Singer.'  "—Trutfi. 

"  A  capital  tale,  written  with  vigour  and  ability.  The  novel,  as  a  whole, 
arouses  great  expectations.' — Daily  Telegraph. 

"As  pretty  a  bit  of  romance  as  we  have  read  for  many  a  day." 

Al Gffi chdiitcT*  CowrisT* 
_    "  Truly  idyllic,  well  conceived,  true  to  life,  and  worked  out  in  a  dainty 
spirit.     Allen  Raine  has  produced  a  very  charming  and  delicate  story." 

J^  thSTtCEUlTh 

"  Mr.  Raine  bids  fair  to  have  a  right  to  lay  claim  to  Wales  as  his  special 
preserve.  A  delightful  and  clever  picture  of  Welsh  village  life  ;  the  result  is 
excellent." — Vanity  Fair. 

SECOND    EDITION    NOW    READY    OF 

"RITA'S"  NEW  NOVEL, 

GOOD     MRS.     HYPOCRITE. 

In  cloth  gilt,  3s.  6d. 
"'Rita'  has  displayed  once  more,  and  perhaps  more  than   ever,  rare 
subtlety  m  the  drawing  of  character,  and  has  produced  a  powerful  novel 
which  should  increase  the  number  of  her  admirers."— Pa^^  Mall  Gazette  ' 

^  ,.  ''^i^^   comedy  in   'Good  Mrs.   Hypocrite'  is  excellent.     Tibbia  is  quite 
delightful.  — Punch. 

NEW  VOLUME  OF 

HUTCHINSON'S  SELECT  NOVELS. 

THE    IDOL    MAKER. 

By    ADELINE     SERGEANT. 

In  handsome  cloth  gilt,  Zs.  6d. 

CHEAP  EDITION  OF  FRANK  AUBREY'S  SUCCESSFUL  STORY 

THE  DEVIL  TREE  OF  EL  DORADO. 

In  cloth  gilt,  3s.  6d.    With  Illustrations  by  Fred  Hyland. 
CHEAP  EDITION  OF  6MILE  ZOLA'S  NOVEL 

A     LOVE     EPISODE. 

In  crown  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  3s.  6d.     With  91  Wood  Engravings. 


A  SECOND  LARGE  EDITION  NEARLY  READY  OF 

BY     RIGHT      OF      SWORD. 

By  ARTHUR  W.  MARCH  MONT. 

In  cloth  gilt,  6s.     With  Full-Page  Illustrations. 

"  The  author  of  '  By  Right  of  Sword '  has  written  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  and  lively  romances  we  have  met  for  many  months.  Here  is  proof 
that  modern  Europe  can  supply  all  the  material  for  which  Mr.  Weyman  and 
others  commonly  go  back  a  few  centuries." — Yorkshire  Post. 

"  An  exciting  and  fascinating  story,  teeming  with  spirited  adventure,  and 
thoroughly  alive  from  beginning  to  end." — Liverpool  Post. 

"  This  is  a  story  which  the  lover  of  stirring  romance  will  relish  immensely. 
Eminently  readable.     The  characters  are  real  live  flesh-and-blood  personages." 

Olasgow  Herald. 

"  A  thrilling  and  well-written  story  of  adventure.  The  book  is  so  full  of 
vigorous  life  that  it  carries  us  along  with  it  in  delightful  self-abandonment. 
Mr.  Marchmont  will  never  lack  readers  so  long  as  he  can  produce  work  of  this 
\\nd.."— Sheffield  Telegraph. 

FOURTH  AND  CHEAP  EDITION   OF 

THE       CAVALIERS. 

By  S.  R.  KEIGHTLEY. 
In  cloth  gilt,  3s,  6d.    With  Illustrations  by  S.  H.  Vedder. 


A   NEW  ROMANCE  BY 

MORLEY    ROBERTS. 

THE  ADVENTURE  OF  THE  BROAD  ARROW. 

In  cloth  gilt,  3s.  6d. 
With  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  A.  D.  McCormick. 

"A  straightforward,  dashing  yarn  of  adventure  is  'The  Adventure  of  the 

Broad  Arrow.'     Has  a  horrible  realism  which  grips  you  by  the  throat , 

Worth  reading.  The  whole  book  shows  the  remarkable  force  of  Mr.  Roberts's 
direct  and  unvarnished  style."— PaZ^  Mall  Gazette. 

"The  author's  style  is  realistic  and  forcible,  his  situations  are  planned 
with  much  ingenuity,  and  the  book  promises  unstinted  satisfaction  to  as  many 
as  like  an  adventure  story." — Yorkshire  Post. 


A  NEW  AND  ORIGINAL  STORY. 

THAT    TREE    OF    EDEN. 

By  NICHOLAS   CHRISTIAN. 

In  cloth  gilt,  3s.  6d. 

"  The  author  works  out  his  thesis  with  great  skill.  There  is  a  good  deal 
of  food  for  reflection  to  be  gleaned  from  '  That  Tree  of  Eden,'  apart  from  its 
intrinsic  merits  as  a  story."— PaW  Mall  Gazette. 


MILES'S   STANDARD  ELOCUTIONIST. 

In  large  crown  8vo.  half-bound  leather  and  gilt,  640  pp.  3s,  6d. 

Comprising  a  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Hygiene 
of  the  Vocal  Organs,  with  Illustrations  by  Lennox  Browne,  F.R.C.S.  A 
Chapter  on  the  Art  of  Introducing  Musical  Accompaniments  into  Elocutionary 
Recitals,  by  CLIFFORD  HARRISON,  with  Musical  Examples.  An  Essay  on 
the  Principles  of  Elocution,  on  Public  Speaking,  the  Selection,  Study,  and 
Delivery  of  Recitations,  and  upwards  of  500  Pieces,  forming  a  Graduated 
Series  for  Study,  selected  from  the  best  Authors,  including  Modern  Writers, 
by  ALFRED  H.  MILES. 

"  The  best  all-round  book  that  we  have  yet  seen  placed  at  the  serrice  of 

elocutionists." — School  Board  Chronicle, 


London:  HUTCHINSON  &  CO.  Paternoster  Pow. 


40C  T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M  N°  3C48,  Sept.  25,  '9 


'o?- 


UNIFORM    WITH    HIS    OTHER   WORKS. 

MESSES,  METHUEN  beg  to  announce  that  they  have  just  published,  in  1  vol, 

crown  8vo,  3s,  6cL,  a  New  Romance  by  GILBERT  PARKER,  entitled 

THE    POMP    OF    THE    LAVILETTES. 

GILBERT    PARKER'S    NOVELS. 

"  He  has  the  instinct  of  the  thing:  his  narrative  has  distinction,  his  characters  and  incidents  have  the 
picturesque  quality,  and  he  has  the  sense  of  the  scale  of  character-drawing  demanded  by  romance,  hitting 
the  happy  mean  betiveen  lay  figures  and  over-analyzed  '  souls.'  " — St.  James's  Gazette. 

UNIFORM     EDITION  -Grown  8vo.  6s.  each. 

PIERRE     AND     HIS      PEOPLE. 

POUllTH  EDITION. 
"  Stories  happily  conceived  and  finely  executed.     There  is  strength  and  genius  in  Mr.  Parker's  style." — Daily  Telegraph. 

M  E^^      F  A  L  C  H  I  0  N. 

FOURTH  EDITION. 

"  A  splendid  study  of  character." — Athenwum.  "  A  very  striking  and  admirable  novel." — St.  James's  Gazette. 

"But  little  behind  anything  that  has  been  done  by  any  writer  of  our  time." — Pali  Mall  Gazette. 


THE    TRANSLATION    OF     A    SAVAGE. 

"  The  plot  is  original  and  one  difiicult  to  work  out ;  but  Mr.  Parker  has  done  it  with  great  skill  and  delicacy.     The  reader  who  is  not 
interested  in  this  original,  fresh,  and  well-told  tale  must  be  a  dull  person  indeed." — Daily  Chronicle. 


THE    TRAIL    OF    THE    SWORD. 

FIFTH  EDITION. 

"  Everybody  with  a  soul  for  romance  will  thoroughly  enjoy  'The  Trail  of  tbe  Sword.'" — St.  James's  Gazette. 

"A  rousing  and  dramatic  tale.     A  book  like  this,  in  which  swords  flash,  great  surprises  are  undertaken,  and  daring  deeds  done,  in  which 
men  and  women  live  and  love  in  the  old  straightforward  passionate  way,  is  a  joy  inexpressible  to  the  reviewer." — Daily  Chronicle. 


WHEN    VALMOND     CAME     TO    PONTIAC : 

THE   STORY   OF  A  LOST   NAPOLEON. 

FOURTH  EDITION. 

"  Here  we  find  romance — real,  breathing,  living  romance,  but  it  runs  flush  with  our  own  times,  level  with  our  own  feelings.  The 
character  of  Valmond  is  drawn  unerringly ;  his  career,  brief  as  it  is,  is  placed  before  us  as  convincingly  as  history  itself.  The  book  must  be 
read,  we  may  say  re-read,  for  any  one  thoroughly  to  appreciate  Mr.  Parker's  delicate  touch  and  innate  sympathy  with  humanity." 

"  The  one  work  of  genius  which  1895  has  as  yet  produced." — New  Age.  Pall  Mall  Gazette. 


AN    ADVENTURER     OF     THE     NORTH: 

THE  LAST  ADVENTURE  OF  "PRETTY  PIERRE." 

SECOND  EDITION. 

"The  present  book  is  full  of  fine  and  moving  stories  of  the  great  North,  and  it  will  add  to  Mr.  Parker's  already  high  reputation." 

Glasgow  Herald. 

THE   SEATS    OF   THE    MIGHTY. 

Hlustrated.     EIGHTH  EDITION. 

*'  The  best  thing  he  has  done  ;  one  of  the  best  things  that  any  one  has  done  lately." — St.  James's  Gazette. 

"  1\  r  Parker  seems  to  become  stronger  and  easier  with  every  serious  novel  that  he  attempts ...  .In  '  The  Seats  of  the  Mighty '  he  shows 
the  matured  power  which  his  former  novels  have  led  us  to  expect,  and  has  produced  a  really  fine  historical  novel.  .  .  .Most  sincerely  is  Mr. 
Parker  to  be  congratulated  on  the  finest  novel  he  has  yet  written." — Athenaeum. 

"  Mr.  Parker's  latest  book  places  him  in  the  front  rank  of  living  novelists.  'The  Seats  of  the  Mighty  '  is  a  great  book." — Black  and  White. 

"One  of  the  strongest  stories  of  historical  interest  and  adventure  that  we  have  read  for  many  a  day ...  .A  notable  and  successful  book." 

Speaker. 

MESSRS.  METHUEN'S  NEW  CATALOGUE  and  BOOK  GAZETTE  sent  to  any  address. 

METHUEN  &  CO.  36,  Essex  Street,  W.C. 


N°3648,S.PT.  25.^97  THE     ATHEN^TTM ^^^ 

MESSRS.    METHJJEN'S^N 

J^^ESSBS.  METHUEN  heg  to  anno^^tr^i^^lj^thejni^^^ 

1.  A  M.,.nornan..  ,,  S.  BAUmO-GOULD,  enMea  'BLADYS/  ..,.W  ,,  ,.  n.   To^^s^^a,  o,.« 

^.  A  Ne,o  Book  hy  the  late  Mrs.  OLIPHANT,  '  The  LADY'S  WALK,'  erown  Svo.  es. 
1       A     TV         „  ^     ,  ,  "^^^  ^^JLL  PUBLISH  ON  SEPTEMBER  27- 

^"''  /^«««"'^^  «/ ^rf««(«™  %  IDA  HOOPER,  cntitkd  'The  SINGER  of  MART V-   li    ,    ,   , 
hy  W.  C.  Cooke,  crown  Svo.  6s.  i3i«UJ!iK  01  MARLY,    illustrated 

.?•  The  FALL  of  the  SPARROVy^g^  M.  a  BALFOmtj^,  s,o.  es. 
The  POMP  of  the  LAVTT  pttf^""  b  °'^°iu  ■■•^"«« -f  ™»° ^""'o,, m t„b p„kss. 

The  HTABL.  MAKy.    B,  E..„.  B~SC"  %■ .,.  M«  .,  AW;    Sec.na  «... 

:;  ^'^^f^^l^^:i^^J:Zt^^:;,J,^'S:^^^^  -^■•^'^t  ^  it  and  .uch  hu„>our."-Z>«..  C/..../. 
A  ser.es  of  p.cLures  of  a  etnke  vbich  have  rarely  be'eu  equalled  in  brilliancy."-«ar     "  ''"  ''^""'^"t.ftory  fiUed  ^ith  lifelike  pictures."- Wa.^ou,  Herald 

Sympatbet.c  to  a  rare  degree,  it  has  both  power  and  pathos. "-GVcJe 

RV   ^^TRH'K'P    «.P  Qtxrn-n-Tk       -r.       .      ,        ^^^^i^  edition  nearly  keady. 

"^  ■fi.t^t!,  °ll^SS"'    ^y  Andrew  Balfour.    Illustrated  by  W.  C.  Cooke     Crown  8vn   fi, 
::j,:.:i-L';S-SSS!^'.'i£:^";i--r  crown  8vo.  6s. 

^^S^EEn!S:.„?y  ^^^yj,^!}^^',  Author  of  'The  Moving  Finger.'    Crown  Svo   6s 

A  very  spiruedand  agreeab  e  tale  "— GZasom/-  //^,„;,/  -.  •      °  v/xv/»irii     \JV\J.     Uo. 

''1:1^!^^:'^'''^^^^  '^°^-^-   wi^"''"' 'and  Portrait.  Crown  Svo.  3s.  6d 
*  ?.S™er.l?ef  ,?^..,^^,^^?;    By  Prof.  W.  H.  Bennett.    Crown  Svo  2s  6d 
WITH    the    GREEKS   in    TWTTqqatv      t>     ttt    t^. 

''!?5- '  "'  ''™'^"'  ^^'^'^^^^    ^y  «■  ^-g-  S-™e.    Crown  Svo.  350  pp.,  paper  Is  • 

»,S  "^"™™  ."»^^«......  Ilf '^.?  £■  l.^;..I?°vi„H-i  JS'if  „l„?^^^^^^  fioWsmiths' 

A  IuTTj'^T'T'  a  T      t\  "n  oi  T  <^ »»     X. r  7<_    .       ■ 


nr»XT  A  Hyrm^Tm  «  ^  --^^-^--wux^^r.    «anuB00KS.   Edited  by  Prof.  GABNETT  and  P,of 

ORNAMENTAL  DESIGN  for  WOVEN  FARPTpq     d     n    o^    i  ''''"''■ 

JrS~t"^  ACCIDENCE.     By  S.  E.  Winbolt,  B.A.,  Assistant  Master  in  Christ's 

l.T^  mm «  ■"      ™' '°  accompany  the  shorter  Latin  Primer.  iliead,. 

NOTES  on  GREEK  and  LATIN  SYNTAY     n.r  r    t>    m     ,   ^ 

MESSPS.  METUITEN'S  NE^^^^F^J^^^rF^J^TAWOUj,  sent  to  an,  address. 

METHUEN  &  CO.  36,  Essex  Street,  W.C. 


408 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


MR.  HEINEMANN'S  LIST. 

THE  NON-RELIGION  OF  THE 
FUTURE. 

From  the  French  ot  MiRIK  JEAN  GUYA.U. 
1  vol.  demy  8vo.  17s.  uet. 

LUMEN. 

By  CAMILLB  FLAMSIARION.     1  vol.  crown  8vo.  3s.  Cd. 

[IVednesday. 

THOMAS  AND  MATTHEW  ARNOLD 

And  their  Influence  on  English 
Education. 

Bv  Sir  JOSHUA  FITCH.  LL.D.  M.A.,  formerly  Her 
Majesty's  Inspector  of  Training  Colleges.  1  vol.  crown  8vo. 
55_  IGreit  Educators. 

*,,*  A  List  of  this  Series  will  be  sent  on  application. 

LITERATURES  OF  THE  WORLD. 
A  Series  of  Short  Histories. 

Edited  by  EDMUND  GOSSE. 
Vol.  II.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

■  A  HISTORY  OF  FRENCH 
LITERATURE. 

By  EDWARD  DOWDBN.D.C.L.  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Oratory 
and  English  Literature  in  the  University  of  Dublin. 
\*  A  Prospectus  of  this  Series  will  be  sent  on  application. 

N  EW    FICTION. 
ST.  IVES. 

Bv  ROBERT  LOUIS  STEVENSON.    1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 

[October  2. 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

By  HALL  CAINE.     1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 

The  FIRST  EDITION,  of  50,000  copies,  exhausted  exactly 
a  month  after  publication.  The  SECOND  EDITION,  of 
20,000,  now  ready. 

Mr.  Gladstone  writes:— "I  cordially  hope  your  work 
may  have  all  the  results  with  a  view  to  which  it  has  ob- 
viously been  composed." 

GOD'S  FOUNDLING. 

Bv  A.  J.  DAWSON,  Author  of  '  In  the  Bight  of  Benin.' 
1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s.  [Next  week. 

THE  GADFLY. 

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N''8648,  Sept.  25, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


411 


SATUBDAY,   SEPTEMBER  25,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

Greece  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  

Prof.  Knight's  Wordsworth       

Greek  Papyri  from  Egypt  

Mr.  H.  D.  Traill's  Essays  

The  Bible  and  its  Transmission  

New  Novels  (The  Martian  ;  Jetsam ;  On  the  Knees  of 
the  Gods  ;  Prisoners  of  Conscience;  Lady  Rosalind  ; 
The  Plagiarist;  The  Rip's  Redemption;  A  Girl's 
Awakening;  A  Man's  Undoing;  The  Invisible 
Man ;  Fortune's  Footballs)         415- 

Antiquarian  Literature 

Anthologies      

Our  Library^  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      417- 

The  Etymology  of  "Crease";  Tennyson  Biblio- 
graphy; The  Autumn  Publishing  Season       419- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science  —  Roger   Bacon's   Opus   Majus  ;    Library 

Table;  Astronomical  Notes;  Gossip  ...  422- 
FiNE     Arts  —  Life      of      Frederick      Walker; 

Gossip  424- 

Music  —  Hereford    Festival;     Library    Table; 

Gossip  426- 

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip         427- 


page 

411 
412 
413 
414 
414 


-416 
416 

417 
-418 

-420 
421 

-424 

■426 

-427 
-428 


LITERATURE 


Greece  in  the  Nineteenth  Century :  a  Record 
of  Hellenic  ^Emancipation  and  Progress, 
1821-1897.  By  Lewis  Sergeant.  With 
Map  and  Twenty  -  four  Illustrations. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

Mr.  Lewis  Sergeant's  title  is  not  quite 
accurate,  nor  is  it  in  harmony  with  the 
prefatory  statement  that  this  volume  "is 
neither  a  history  altogether  nor  exclusively 
a  plea,  but  it  combines  the  features  of  both. 
It  is  also  an  accretion,  for  it  includes  as 
much  as  seemed  to  be  worth  repeating  of 
a  volume  on  '  New  Greece,'  published  in 
1878."  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  a  reissue 
of  '  New  Greece ' — a  timely  and  valuable 
book  when  it  appeared — with  some  correc- 
tions and  additions,  and  a  preliminary 
pamphlet  on  'The  European  Crisis  of  1897.' 
Had  Mr.  Sergeant  gone  over  the  whole 
ground  afresh,  making  full  use  of  all  the 
information  that  has  been  accumulated 
within  the  past  twenty  years,  and  giving 
due  prominence  both  to  the  events  of 
that  period  and  to  their  bearings  on  the 
present  situation,  he  might  have  produced 
a  more  satisfactory  ''record"  or  "history," 
and  also  a  more  convincing  "  plea,"  while 
the  book  would  have  been  much  less  of  an 
"accretion."  As  it  stands,  however,  it  is 
an  important  contribution  to  the  political 
literature  of  the  day,  and  should  bring 
many  recruits  to  the  Philhellenic  party  in 
England,  for  which  it  is  intended  to  serve 
as  a  sort  of  text-book. 

Its  main  purpose  is,  apparently,  to  show 
how  shamefully — in  the  writer's  opinion  — 
the  claims  of  modern  Greeks  to  recognition 
as  successors  and  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Greeks  have  been  neglected  and  betrayed 
by  the  European  nations  that  owe  an  incal- 
culable debt  to  the  pioneers  of  the  race, 
and  especially  by  England.  Perhaps  Mr. 
Sergeant  overstates  his  case :  he  fails,  at 
any  rate,  to  make  it  clear  on  all  points. 
He  assumes  that,  because  in  pre-Christian 
days  Greek  colonies  were  planted  far  and 
wide,  and  wherever  they  were  established 
laid  the  foundations  of  civilization,  and 
because  afterwards  the  Greek  Church  ob- 
tained millions  of  adherents  in  regions  never 


occupied  by  Greeks,  the  Greece  of  to-day 
ought  to  be  one  of  the  great  European 
Powers.  He  does  not  go  so  far  as  to 
claim  Italy  as  an  appanage  of  Greece,  or 
all  the  Slavs  who  are  Greek  Catholics  as 
rightful  subjects  of  King  George  ;  but  his 
ideal  Greece,  based  on  the  presence  in  it 
of  "recognisable  Greeks,"  covers  a  much 
larger  area  than  there  is  any  reasonable 
hope  of  its  ever  acquiring,  even  if  any 
ethnological  or  other  warrant  can  be  found 
for  the  acquisition.  Quoting  M.  Elisee 
Reclus's  estimate  of  1875,  he  says  : — 

"The  vast  preponderance  of  Greek  Catholics 
(previous  to  the  political  conversion  of  the  Bul- 
garians) is  a  fact  well  worthy  of  our  attention, 
for  it  speaks  eloquently  of  the  enduring  influ- 
ence of  the  Greek  spirit  amongst  all  the  Euro- 
pean subject  races  of  Turkey.  The  conclusion 
at  which  we  might  arrive,  judging  from  these 
statistics  alone,  would  be  that  the  recognis- 
able Greeks,  in  Greece  and  Turkey  together, 
amounted  to  something  under  four  millions — 
excluding  the  Albanians  (' Pelasgians ').  More 
liberal  estimates  have  been  made  by  other 
authorities  ;  but  the  simple  fact  is  that  the 
precise  enumeration  of  the  Hellenic  race  is,  in 
the  circumstances  of  the  case,  impossible.  The 
Greek  descent  is  overlaid  and  obscured  by  the 
lapse  of  time,  and  by  the  blighting  efi"ect  of 
Turkish  oppression  ;  but  it  is  absurd  to  suppose 
that  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  and 
of  the  colonists  who  settled  on  the  JEge&n.  and 
Levantine  shores,  and  over  the  whole  region  of 
Asia  Minor,  are  included  in  the  handful  of  men 
represented  by  the  foregoing  figures.  Under 
one  name  or  another  the  Greeks  must  be  far 
more  numerous  ;  and  let  it  not  be  forgotten 
that  the  supple  genius  of  the  race  has  prompted 
a  certain  proportion  of  the  Sultan's  Greek  sub- 
jects to  adopt  the  turban,  for  their  own  greater 
freedom  and  security,  as  men  have  accommo- 
dated their  religious  professions  to  their  circum- 
stances in  every  age  and  clime." 

The  author's  line  of  argument  might 
be  followed  with  almost  equal  force  by  an 
attempt  to  prove  that  Great  Britain  and 
her  possessions  ought  to  be  German  pro- 
perty by  virtue  of  the  Teutonic  migrations 
long  ago,  or  French  property  by  virtue  of 
the  subsequent  Norman  conquest,  or  at 
least  that  South  Africa  should  be  handed 
over  to  Holland,  because  its  first  European 
appropriators  were  Dutch  Boers,  and  be- 
cause their  offspring:  are  still  plentiful  in 
Cape  Colony  as  well  as  in  the  Transvaal. 
He  is  on  safer  ground  when  he  urges  that 
the  four  million  Greeks  in  European  and 
Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Crete  and  the  other 
islands,  are  entitled  to  good  government  and 
liberty  to  work  out  their  own  salvation — to 
win  independence  from  Turkish  rule  if 
they  can,  and  to  attach  themselves  to  the 
present  kingdom  of  Greece  if  they  will ; 
and,  above  all,  that  their  efforts  and  desires 
to  improve  their  condition,  along  with  those 
of  their  already  "liberated"  kinsmen,  de- 
serve far  more  generous  and  honest  support 
from  the  civilized  and  Christian  nations  of 
Europe  than  they  have  yet  received. 

Mr.  Sergeant  reviews  with  some  detail, 
though  not  so  comprehensively  or  chrono- 
logically as  to  supply  an  adequate  history, 
the  antecedents  of  the  insurrection  of  1821, 
the  fitful  struggle  that  followed  it  until  the 
accident  of  the  battle  of  Navarino  secured 
for  the  Greeks  an  advantage  they  had  not 
been  able  or  allowed  to  win  for  themselves, 
and  the  cruel  embarrassments  that  were 
consequent  on  their  being  placed  under 
the  incompetent  kingship  of  Prince  Otto  of 


Bavaria,  without  opportunities  for  the 
national  development  which  more  favour- 
able conditions  might  have  ensured.  The 
progress  of  events  under  the  present  regime 
is  also  touched  upon,  but  more  briefly.  Mr. 
Sergeant  shows  that,  in  spite  of  all  hin- 
drances, the  Greeks  have  done  much  to  re- 
construct out  of  long  suppressed  forces  and 
materials  an  enterprising  nation,  to  effect 
many  reforms,  and  to  achieve  many  successes. 
But  he  pays  more  attention  to  the  hindrances 
than  to  the  achievements,  and  for  this  he  is 
only  to  be  blamed  in  so  far  as  he  exposes 
himself  to  the  charge  of  throwing  on  the 
avowed  enemies  and  false  friends  of  "New 
Greece"  the  sole  responsibility  for  failures 
in  which  she  had,  at  any  rate,  a  share. 
Byron's  old  lamentation  about  "  hereditary 
bondsmen,"  and  his  warning  that  "  who 
would  be  free  themselves  must  strike  the 
blow,"  can  be  repeated  with  some  excuse 
even  to-day.  It  is  not  the  fault  of  the 
Greeks,  either  within  the  limits  of  the 
small  nation  they  have  rebuilt  or  in 
the  outlying  parts  where  they  are  still 
waiting  for  independence,  that  they  and 
their  forefathers  for  centuries  are,  or  were, 
hereditary  bondsmen,  or  that  their  pro- 
longed ill-treatment  has  unfitted  them  for, 
in  all  respects  and  without  training,  pru- 
dent assertion  of  the  rights,  or  wise  use  of 
the  privileges,  of  freedom.  Yet  these  in- 
evitable defects,  which  Mr.  Sergeant  does 
not  ignore,  must  be  taken  into  account,  not 
only  in  excusing  their  shortcomings,  but 
also  in  partly  excusing  the  caution  of  the 
European  statesmen  who  shrank  from 
affording  them  opportunities  that  it  was 
feared  they  might  misuse. 

The  Machiavellian  policy  of  Russia  ia 
its  variable  and  unsatisfactory  "  protection  '  ' 
of  the  Greeks,  and  its  much  more  effective 
befriending  of  the  Slav  communities  on  the 
south  of  the  Danube,  since  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  is  lucidly  set  forth  by  Mr. 
Sergeant,  and  there  is  humiliation  for  Eng- 
lishmen in  his  review  of  the  less  plausible 
and  consistent  policy,  if  it  can  be  called 
policy,  of  Lord  Castlereagh  in  one  crisis, 
of  Lord  Palmerston  in  another,  and  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield  in  a  third.  He  is  no  less  out- 
spoken in  his  review  of  the  conduct  of  the 
European  concert,  and  of  Lord  Salisbury's 
share  in  it  last  year  and  this.  But  here  he 
trenches  upon  questions  that  do  not  call  for 
discussion  in  these  columns.  We  are  on 
more  appropriate  ground  in  commending  the 
concluding  chapter,  in  which  he  traces  the 
educational  and  literary  revival  in  Greece 
which  has  been  steadily  and  rapidly  going 
on  through  the  past  two  generations.  In 
one  page  he  writes  : — 

"The  fact  which  governs  and  controls  the 
literature  of  modern  Greece  is  that  the  language 
has,  for  a  considerable  time  past,  been  under- 
going a  peculiar  process  of  change.  The  speech 
of  the  Hellenic  race  has  been  regenerated  with 
the  race  itself  ;  and  this  important  modification, 
which  began  in  some  sort  before  the  outbreak 
of  the  insurrection  in  1821,  is  not  yet  complete. 
The  history  of  language  offers,  perhaps,  no  more 
striking  instance  of  a  race  of  men  setting  itself 
deliberately  to  reconstruct  its  own  ancestral 
grammar  and  vocabulary,  and  discarding,  in  the 
course  of  a  generation  or  two,  the  corruptions 
of  centuries.  Yet  that  is  what  the  Greeks  have 
attempted,  and  with  no  small  measure  of  success. 
As  the  revival  of  national  life  involved,  for 
Greece,  the  revival  of  learning,  so,  with  equal 


412 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


necessity,  the  revival  of  Iciriiing  implied  the 
return  of  the  race  towards  the  classical  ei)och 
of  its  language.  From  1820  forwards,  the 
Greeks  began  to  make  it  almost  a  point  of 
honour  to  emjiloy  the  more  archaic  forms,  and 
especially  to  strip  from  the  speech  of  Pericles 
and  ^^schylus  the  ungainly  Turanianisms  of 
their  oppressors.  To  take  a  single  instance  : 
the  Turkish  name  for  a  gun,  tovfek,  had  been 
the  word  most  freijuently  used  in  Greece  for 
that  invention  of  modern  times.  In  this  case 
the  ancient  Greek  did  not  supply  a  name  for 
the  complex  idea  ;  but  it  instantly  resumed  its 
vital  energy  in  obedience  to  the  instinctive 
demand,  and  thenceforth  the  gun  of  the  Greek 
patriot  was  his  tclevudon,  that  which  carried  his 
missile  far,  when  he  aimed  it  at  the  heart  of  his 
enemy.  The  change  eflfected  is  already  a  radical 
one;  and  the  consequence  is  that  there  are  now 
in  Greece  two  distinct  forms  of  speech.  More 
precisely,  we  may  say  that  there  are  a  score  of 
different  forms,  from  the  classicalism  of  the 
University  to  the  rudest  patois  of  Boeotia  or 
of  the  Maina.  We  have,  therefore,  two  distinct 
kinds  of  modern  Greek  literature,  the  Romaic 
(as  the  corrupt  Greek  has  commonly  been 
called),  and  the  neo-classical." 

That  in  both  kinds  of  literature  there  is 
a  distinct  and  most  encouraging-  Greek 
revival  is  made  clear  by  Mr.  Sergeant's 
very  interesting  book,  which  is  provided 
with  some  striking  illustrations. 


N"3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


The  Poetical  Works  of  miliam  Wordsworth. 
Edited  by  William  Knight.  Vol.  VIII. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

We  regret  to  observe  that  the  editing  of 
this  volume,  the  last  of  the  'Poems,'  is 
little,  if  at  all,  better  than  that  of  the 
preceding  ones.  An  entire  sonnet,  "By 
Moscow  self -devoted  to  a  blaze,"  has  been 
omitted ;  at  any  rate,  it  is  not  to  be  found 
in  the  indices  nor  amongst  the  poems  of 
the  time  at  which  it  was  written.  The 
sonnet  "Said  Secrecy  to  Cowardice  and 
Fraud"  and  'Grace  Darling'  are  placed 
among  the  poems  "not  included  in  the 
edition  of  1849-50,"  and  there  is  a  note  to 
the  former  stating  that  it  was  "never  re- 
published by  Wordsworth."  It  is  in  the 
edition  of  1845,  and  both  pieces  were  included 
in  the  edition  of  1849-50.  The  Professor 
informs  us  that  all  doubt  as  to  the  frag- 
ments which  he  prints  on  pp.  224-231 
"being  originally  intended  to  form  part 
of  '  Michael '  is  set  at  rest  by  a  letter  from 
Wordsworth  to  Thomas  Poole,  of  Nether 
Stowey,  written  from  Grasmere  on  the 
9th  April,  1801."  One  of  these  fragments, 
however,  beginning. 

But  soon  as  Luke  full  ten  years  old  could  stand, 
has,  word  for  word,  formed  part  of  'Michael ' 
since  1801.  It  was  omitted  by  a  printer's 
error  in  1800,  but  the  omission  was  subse- 
quently rectified  by  an  erratum.  Nor  does 
the  letter  to  Poole  cover  all  the  fragments. 

Many  of  the  Professor's  notes  are  useless 
and  absurd.  We  are  referred  at  the  foot 
of  p.  20  to  "  Talfourd's  '  Final  Memorials  of 
Charles  Lamb,'  2^assim,''  on  the  supposition 
that  we  shall  not  understand  the  allusion 
to  the  "troubles  strange"  of  Lamb's  life. 
The  sonnets  composed  on  the  Alban  Hills 
looking  towards  Eome  and  near  the  Lake 
Thrasymene  are  thus  annotated  : 

" Fallen  Power, 

Thy  fortunes,  twice  exalted 

(The  ancient  Classic   period,   and   that   of   the 
Renaissance. — Ed.) " 


"  • The  third  stage  of  thy  great  destiny. 

(This  period  seems  to  have  been  already  entered. 
Compare  Mrs.  Browning's  '  Poems  before  Con- 
gress,' passim. — Ed.)  " 

"  When  here  with  Carthage  Home  to  conflict  came. 
(The  Carthaginian  general  Hannibal  defeated 
the  Roman  Consul  C.  Flaminius,  near  the  lacus 
Trasimenus,  217  B.C.,  with  a  loss  of  15,000  men. 
(See  Livy,  book  xxii.  4,  &c.)— Ed.)" 
And  we  are  asked  to  compare  with 

An  earthquake,  mingling  with  the  battle's  shock, 
five  lines  from  '  Hannibal :  a  Historical 
Drama,'  by  the  late  Prof.  John  Nichol,  in 
which  this  earthquake  is  mentioned.  On 
the  nest  page  we  are  again  told  by  note  to 
the  sonnet  '  Near  the  same  Lake '  that  the 
"vanquished  chief"  was  0.  Flaminius,  and 
there  are  twenty  lines  in  small  type,  mostly 
from  Baedeker,  describing  Laverna.  If 
we  are  not  content  with  Baedeker,  we  are 
to  study  Herzog's  '  Eeal-Encyclopiidie  fur 
protestantische  Theologie  und  Kirche.'  All 
this  Baedeker  and  Herzog  because  Words- 
worth heard  a  cuckoo  at  Laverna  ! 

When,  however,  information  might  be  ex- 
pected we  do  not  get  it.  We  are  left  to  find 
out  for  ourselves  why  Mr.  Walker  (p.  33)  was 
called  the  "  Eidouranian  philosopher,"  and 
from  what  poem  read  "nearly  forty  years 
ago"  by  Wordsworth  to  Sir  Walter  Scott 
(p.  43)  the  lines  beginning  "  Places  forsaken 
now"  were  taken.  There  is  nothingto remind 
usthat  "  Glendoveers"  (p.  141)  were  Hindoo 
spirits,  and  that  Wordsworth  was  probably 
indebted  for  what  he  knew  about  them  to 
Southey's  'Curse  of  Ivehama.'  "Internal 
evidence,"  says  the  Professor  in  a  preface 
to  '  The  Eecluse,'  "  (see  the  numerous  allu- 
sions to  Dorothy,  and  the  reference  to  John 
Wordsworth)  shows  that  this  canto  of  *  The 
Recluse '  was  written  at  Grasmere,  not  long 
after  Wordsworth's  arrival  there,  and  cer- 
tainly before  his  marriage."  This  is  a  fair 
specimen  of  the  Professor's  slovenly  handi- 
work. Wordsworth  was  married  on  the 
4th  of  October,  1802.  Lines  648-661  show 
that  '  The  Eecluse '  must  have  been  com- 
posed after  John  Wordsworth  came  to 
Grasmere  and  before  Coleridge  went  there, 
that  is  to  say,  between  January  and  the 
end  of  April,  1800.  Another  specimen 
may  be  found  in  the  following  note  (p.  130) 
to  one  of  the  sonnets  on  recent  histories 
of  the  French  Eevolution  :  "Wordsworth 
wrote  this  sonnet  against  Carlyle's  '  French 
Eevolution '  in  particular,  Carlyle  knew  it, 
and  this  may  in  part — although  only  in 
part— account  for  Carlyle's  indifference  to 
Wordsworth."  Carlyle  may  have  known 
it,  but  why  does  not  the  Professor  tell  us 
how  he  knows  that  Carlyle  knew  it?  It  is 
odd  that  Carlyle's  criticism  of  Wordsworth 
written  in  1867,  and  recorded  by  Prof.  Norton 
in  the  '  Eeminiscences,'  is  much  more  favour- 
able than  the  criticism  of  earlier  years 
before  these  sonnets  were  written. 

But  the  Professor  is,  perhaps,  most  pro- 
voking when  he  omits  to  tell  us  whence 
he  derives  his  hitherto  unpublished  matter. 
Surely  there  is  not  another  living  soul  who 
would  suppose  that  critics  and  the  public 
would  be  content  that  in  a  "  monumental" 
edition  of  a  man  like  Wordsworth  no  autho- 
ritj,  not  even  the  customary  mysterious 
"MS.,"  should  be  given  for  a  poem  they 
had  never  seen  before.  In  several  instances, 
however,  poems  appear  for  the  first  time  in 
typo  without  any  reference  to  an  authority, 


and,  where  a  semblance  of  a  reference  is 
given,  it  is  often  of  no  value.  For  example, 
we  are  presented  with  no  fewer  than  206 
lines  alleged  to  have  been  written  when 
Wordsworth  thought  he  would  be  obliged 
to  leave  Grasmere.  The  Professor  vouch- 
safes the  information  that  "the  following 
lines  were  written  by  Wordsworth  in  1820." 
There  is  not  a  syllable  to  say  where  the 
MS.  was  found.  We  can  refresh  his  memory 
conjecturally  with  regard  to  (p.  265) "  Brook, 
that  has  been  my  solace  days  and  weeks." 
This  is  his  note  thereon,  and  it  is  inter- 
esting : — 

"  The  following  version  of  the  sonnet  beginning 
'  Brook  !  whose  society  the  Poet  seeks,'  probably 
written  in  1806  and  first  published  in  1815  (see 
vol.  iv.  p.  52),has  come  to  light  since  that  volume 
was  issued.  The  variants  throughout  are  suffi- 
cient to  warrant  its  publication  here.  Had  I 
received  it  earlier  they  would  have  appeared  in 
vol.  iv.— Ed." 

It  so  happens  that  this  version  is  exactly 
that  in  the  '  Description  of  the  Wordsworth 
and  Coleridge  Manuscripts  in  the  Possession 
of  Mr.  T.  Norton  Longman.' 

The  chronological  arrangement  of  the 
poems  has  been  so  far  violated  that  the 
'  Ode  :  Intimations  of  Immortality  '  has  been 
placed  last  as  the  "  High  Altar  of  his 
(Wordsworth's)  poetic  Cathedral,"  and  "  as 
the  greatest"  of  the  poems,  "and  that  to 
which  all  others  lead  up."  With  this  judg- 
ment, which  the  Professor  quotes,  he  appa- 
rently agrees,  and  it  is  his  opinion  that  "  no 
l^oem  of  Wordsworth's  bears  more  evident 
traces  in  its  structure  at  once  of  inspiration 
and  elaboration."  We  do  not  assign  this 
superior,  or  rather  this  supreme  position  to 
the  '  Ode,'  and  it  indicates  a  misconception 
of  Wordsworth  to  say  that  all  his  poems 
lead  up  to  it.  His  work  converges  to  no 
point.  It  is  human,  all-embracing,  and 
incapable  of  condensation  into  a  dogma, 
philosophical  or  theological.  The  'Ode' 
is  popular  because  it  hits  the  taste  of  a 
number  of  people  to  whom  it  is  a  pleasure 
to  repose  in  dreams  of  pre  -  existence,  and 
to  strengthen  their  faith  thereby  in  a  life 
after  death ;  but  it  is  desultory,  will  not 
stand  examination  (as  Coleridge  pointed  out) 
by  the  reason,  and  lacks  the  simplicity  of 
such  masterpieces  as  '  The  Euined  Cottage  ' 
or  '  Laodamia.'  In  his  notes  to  the  '  Ode  ' 
the  Professor  departs  from  his  usual  plan, 
and  attempts  to  interpret  a  doubtful  passage. 
"  The  winds  "  which  "  come  to  me  from  the 
fields  of  sleep  "  are,  according  to  him,  "  the 
morning  breeze  blowing  from  the  fields  that 
were  dark  during  the  hours  of  sleep,"  a  poor, 
loose  explanation.  If  it  be  correct,  the  line 
is  unworthy  of  Wordsworth,  for  the  winds 
gain  nothing  poetically  because  they  come 
from  fields  that  were  dark,  and  as  all  the 
fields  were  dark  no  particular  wind  is  in- 
dicated. The  time  (line  44)  is  supposed  to 
be  morning,  and  we  venture  to  think  that 
Wordsworth  meant  the  west  wind,  that  is  to 
say,  the  wind  blowing  from  the  fields  on 
which  the  sun  had  not  risen.  One  most 
difficult  passage  (lines  71-76),  beginning 

The  Youth,  who  daily  further  from  the  east, 
the  Professor  does  not  attempt  to  elucidate. 
We  would  gladly  have  exchanged  his  long 
quotations  from  Euskin  and  Keble,  and  the 
information  that  Wordsworth  was  indebted 
to  Plato  for  the  thought  in  the  line 

Our  birth  is  but  a  sleep  and  a  forgetting, 


N"  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


413 


for  a  dozen  words  to  show  what  the  youth 
was  doing. 

Th-e  poems  not  previously  printed  which 
the  Professor  has  gathered  together  were,  for 
the  most  part,  not  worth  saving,  but  certainly 
an  exception  is  to  be  made  in  favour  of  one 
•of  those  fragments  to  which  we  have  already 
referred,  designed  for  '  Michael,'  but  thrown 
aside  : — 

had  you  then 

Discoursed  with  him 

Of  his  own  business,  and  the  goings-on 
Of  earth  and  sky,  then  truly  had  you  seen 
That  in  his  thoughts  there  were  obscurities. 
Wonder,  and  admiration,  things  that  wrought 
Not  less  than  a  religion  in  his  heart. 

The  word  "goings-on,"  which  sounds 
rather  comic  to-day,  is  elsewhere  found  in 
Wordsworth,  and,  like  "female"  used  for 
■"  woman,"  was  common  in  his  day.  Miss 
Austen  talks  about  "  goings-on,"  and  calls 
a  woman  a  "  female." 


Greelc  Papyri.  Series  II.  Edited  by  B.  P. 
Grenfell  and  A.  S.  Hunt.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

Ix  this    second  volume  Mr.  Grenfell,   who 
has   now  associated   with   him   Mr.   A.   S. 
Hunt,  also  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  has 
given  us  a  new  and  splendid  instalment  of 
the  treasures  which  he  brings  back  yearly 
from   the   soil  of   Egypt.     It   is   no  secret 
that  the  amount  of  these  treasures  is  now 
enormous,  and  that  they  will  fill   a  whole 
series  of  volumes  like  the  present.     But  it 
is  said  that  the  papyri  of  Oxyrynchus,  found 
last   winter,   from  which  we  have    already 
«een  the  '  Logia '  which  have  excited  such 
interest,  are  all  of  the  Eoman  period.     If 
8o,  we  can  hardly  expect  such  curiosities  as 
some  of  those  here  exhibited — fragments  of 
the  Iliad  from  the  third  century  B.C.  (before 
the  Alexandrian  critics  had   established  a 
text),  and  a  scrapof  Pherecydes'snei/Te/xt);^os, 
all  of  which  have  already  given  rise  to  a  lite- 
rature in  Germany.     The  theory  propounded 
by  Prof.  Mahaffy  upon   the  first  of   these 
«arly  scraps  from  the  Iliad  (published  in  the 
'  Petrie  Papyri  'J  was  that  the  considerable 
divergences  from  our  current  texts  pointed 
to  a  loose   and   floating  tradition  wherein 
many  more  lines  existed  than  we  now  know, 
and    that    these    had    been    cut    away   by 
the    pruning-knife    of    Aristophanes    and 
Aristarchus.     This  theory  was  very  gener- 
ally  controverted,    especially   in   Germany, 
and  the  considerable  additions  in  the  Petrie 
scrap,  where  about  one  line  in  seven  was 
new  to  us,  were  ascribed  to  chance  or  care- 
lessness.   The  texts  now  printed  from  about 
the  same  date  by  Mr.  Grenfell,  as  well  as 
a   Geneva    scrap   which   Prof.   Nicole   has 
■edited,  show  that  the  first  discoverer's  theory 
was  right,  and  that  in  the  non- vital  parts  of 
the  epic  narrative  there  was  a  considerable 
redundancy,    which    disappeared   after   the 
labours  of  the  Greek  critics.    The  specimens 
of   these    early  hands  which   Mr.  Grenfell 
-gives  in  his  first  plate  are  highly  interest- 
ing, though  his  \a  does  not  seem  to  us  with 
any  certainty  so  old  as  he  considers  it.  There 
is  a  certain  air  of  calligraphy  about  it  which 
might  possibly  arise  from  a  scribe,  say,  of  the 
middle  of  the  third  century  B.C.,  imitating  an 
older  hand.  Nor  are  we  at  all  convinced  that 
the  '  Oath  of  Artemisia,'  which  so  long  stood 
alone  as  an  early  papyrus  without  any  rival, 


is  so  archaic  as  former  palaeographers  have 
regarded  it  to  bo.  The  rudeness  in  this  case 
may  be  the  archaism  of  ignorance,  of  which 
there  are  specimens  among  the  rougher 
hands  in  the  Petrie  papyri. 

The  number  and  variety  of  the  docu- 
ments brought  together  in  this  volume 
make  it  impossible  for  us  to  notice  them 
in  detail,  especially  as  the  best  of  them,  e.g., 
the  fragment  of  Pherecydes,  which  is  now 
generally  held  to  be  old  and  genuine, 
cannot  be  handled  without  a  discussion  of 
some  length.  We  feel,  from  the  other 
snatches  of  poetry  and  philosophy  to  which 
we  have  now  no  clue,  what  a  great  litera- 
ture must  have  been  current  in  Greek 
Egypt,  even  in  the  country  parts,  from 
which  we  had  not  even  a  faint  echo 
hitherto. 

Any  one  who    knows    how  careful   and 
intelligent  Mr.  Grenfell  is  as  a  decipherer 
will  have   great  confidence  in  his  readings. 
He   does    not,    like   M.   Eugene   Eevillout, 
give   us   nothing   but   his  own  transcripts, 
and    ask   us  to  accept   doubtful   Greek   or 
still   more   doubtful   demotic   on   the  mere 
authority    of    his    ipse   scripsit.     So    far    as 
possible  in  view  of  the   expense,   we  have 
autotype  specimens  of  the  hands,  done  by 
the   excellent   process   now   in   use    at    the 
Clarendon    Press.      But    in    some    of    the 
texts  not  so  reproduced  we  fancy  here  and 
there  that  there  is  still  an  emendation  to 
be  made.  Thus,  p.  27,  1.  13,  we  are  tempted 
to  read  (iovKoXuiv   ko/j.t^i';  for  Mr.  Grenf ell's 
doubtful  KttAws.    On  p.  28  it  is  possible  that 
the    title    which    should     be    supplied     is 
a-vyypaifjo(f>vXa^,    not    dp\icrujiJLaTo4i.,   though 
there  is  room  for  the  latter  word.     But  its 
occurrence,  as  Mr.  Grenfell  remarks,  would 
be  an   anachronism,  if   we   may  trust   the 
silence  of  the  Petrie  papyri.     In  the  very 
interesting  xv.,   dated  in  the  reign  of  the 
ninth  Ptolemy  (Euergetes  11),  there  occurs, 
col.  1,  1.  13,  the  strange  phrase  a  Persian 
TiovHroXinaiov  Kal  tu)v  vlCii',  which  naturally 
puzzles  Mr.  Grenfell.     But  it  seems  to  us 
that  the  second  part  of  the  phrase  does  not 
belong  to  the  title,  but  refers  to  the  woman 
who  sells  the  property  with  her  husband,  a 
Persian  of  Ptolemy's  lot,  and  her  sons,  and 
then  the  next  man  is  a  Persian  of  the  same 
lot,  reading  tmv  avrtov  (?)  for  Mr.  Grenfell's 
riov  '[vt'](ov.     The  list  of  kings  and  queens  at 
the  opening  of  this  document  is  interlarded 
with  such  curious  novelties — the    ^rj/xa    of 
Dionysus,  the  Justice  of  King  Philometor, 
apart  from  the  king  himself — that  we  must 
await  some  further  cases,  such  as  that  of  the 
dedication    to  Demeter,   Kore,   and  Justice 
(E.  Miller,  liev.  Arch.,  1874,  p.  49),  to  under- 
stand how  the  "  King's  Justice"  was  set  up 
with  a  distinct  cult,  and  arrayed  among  the 
Ptolemies. 

These  and  many  other  difficulties  make 
the  book  before  us  all  the  more  attractive. 
There  are,  and  must  be,  in  this  sort  of 
work  many  gaps,  which  will  be  filled  up  by 
our  progress  in  knowledge.  No  one  has 
filled  up  more,  for  his  age,  than  Mr.  Gren- 
fell, and  we  heartily  congratulate  his  college 
on  taking  the  lead  in  this  new  line  of 
classical  study.  Prof.  Sayco  was  one  of  the 
earliest  workers ;  then  came  Prof.  Mahaffy 
(an  honorary  Fellow  of  Queen's  College) ; 
now  Mr.  Grenfell,  taking  up  the  torch,  and 
calling  on  Mr.  Hunt  to  assist  him,  promises 
to  do  more  than  all  of  them  put  together. 


On  one  point  wherein  he  differs  from  our 
review  of  his  former  book  he  writes  an 
appendix  to  show  that  we  misunderstood  an 
argument  of  Prof.  Wilcken  on  the  question 
of  recto  and  verso  in  papyri.  In  its  simplest 
and  most  obvious  form  the  distinction  is 
this :  in  ninety  -  nine  out  of  a  hundred 
Ptolemaic  papyri  written  on  one  side  only 
the  writing  runs  along  the  fibres  of  the 
papyrus.  We  may,  therefore,  assume  that 
this  was  the  front  side,  intended  for  first 
use,  and  that  the  other  side,  where  the 
second  layer  of  fibres  is  laid  at  right 
angles  with  the  front  to  make  the  leaf, 
and  is  thus  at  right  angles  with  the  writing 
(if  in  the  same  direction),  is  the  verso.  So 
well  established  is  this  rule  for  the 
Ptolemaic  age  that  when  we  find  a  new 
scrap  we  may  at  once  call  that  the  recto 
where  the  fibres  run  with  the  writing,  and 
so  determine  the  two  texts,  if  both  sides 
have  been  employed,  as  recto  and  verso.  But 
we  pointed  out,  and  so  did  Prof.  Mahaffy, 
that  there  was  an  occasional  exception, 
e.ff.,  the  Papyrus  CCCCI.  of  the  British 
Museum,  which  will  presently  be  published 
in  facsimile,  and  is  a  considerable  and 
complete  text  written  on  a  leaf  of  which 
the  height  is  considerably  greater  than  the 
breadth,  and  across  the  fibres.  The  papyrus, 
if  we  remember  rightly,  is  mounted,  which 
would  not  have  been  done  had  there  been 
any  writing  at  all  on  the  other  side. 

But  Mr.  Grenfell  brings  in  a  new  prin- 
ciple, and  tells  us  that  in  every  case  the 
height  of  a  leaf,  looked  at  on  the  recto  side, 
and  with  the  fibres  set  horizontally  to  the 
eye,  must  be  greater  than  the  width,  and 
the  junctions  of  leaves  must  run  vertically 
to  the  fibres  regarded  in  this  way.  In 
pasting  together  a  roll  of  leaves  this  may 
be  so,  but  there  is  no  proof  known  to  us 
that  a]l  single  sheets  of  papyrus  were  made 
in  this  form.  There  are  strips  in  the  Petrie 
papyri  with  letters  written  on  them  where 
the  height  is  very  small  in  proportion  to  the 
length,  and  yet  these  letters  &eem  written 
on  the  recto. 

No  doubt  Prof.  Wilcken  is  right  in  saying 
that  the  verso  is    generally   rougher,   and 
that  this  is  also  a  test,  but  it  is  by  no  means 
an  invariable  one,  as  might  be  shown  from 
many  specimens  of  the  more  delicate  work- 
manship.     And  there  is  yet    a  third  test, 
which  is  this :  if  the    several  leaves  were 
made    to   be    joined   together  into   a    roll 
(which  was  only  sometimes   the  case),  the 
junction  was  always  at  right  angles  with 
the   course  of  the  fibres  on  the  recto.     To 
use  a  modern   illustration.     We  have  had 
books    printed    on    ribbed    paper— a    dis- 
agreeable  fancy  which    is    now  well-nigh 
abandoned.      In    such    cases    the    ribbing 
always  ran  with  the  print,  not  across    it, 
and  we  should  determine  the  position  of  a 
blank  page  in  any  such  book  (1)  by   the 
height   being  supposed    greater    than   the 
width;    and    (2)    by    the    ribbing     being 
assumed  to  be  horizontally  set  in  the  book. 
But  supposing  that  our  paper  was  so  made 
that  the  ribbing  ran  vertically  on  the  back 
of  the  page,  and  we  found  a  square  page 
of  such  paper,  we  might  fairly  be  at  a  loss 
to  determine  which  way   it  was   set  in  its 
book.     In  such  a  case,  if  there  was  print  on 
one  side,  running  with  the  ribs,  we  should 
have   our    doubt   resolved.      If   there   was 
print  on  both  sides,  on  one  running  with, 


414 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


on  the  other  across,  the  ribs,  we  should  cer- 
tainly call  the  former  the  recto.  But  if 
there  was  print  found  running  vertically 
across  the  ribbing,  and  the  other  side  was 
blank,  we  should  fairly  say  that  this  was 
an  exception  to  the  general  law,  and  that 
here  the  verso  had  been  used,  though  it 
might  possiby  be  the  case  that  the  printer 
had  chosen  to  print  up  the  page  instead  of 
across  it.  But  by  introducing  these  subtle- 
ties, by  assuming  that  every  page  of 
papyrus  was  meant  for  a  book  in  roll  form, 
&c.,  a  simple  and  useful  rule  gets  blurred 
and  becomes  useless  of  application.  This 
is  the  practical  result  of  Mr.  Grenf ell's 
attempt  to  establish  the  absolute  univer- 
sality of  Wilcken's  law. 

We  have  exhausted  our  space  without 
criticizing  the  latter  and  larger  part  of  the 
volume — the  documents  of  the  Roman  and 
those  of  the  Byzantine  periods.  Of  these  the 
papyri  relating  to  the  early  Christian  Church 
are,  of  course,  far  the  more  interesting,  and 
will  give  theologians  matter  for  much  new 
reflection  and  doubtless  for  new  contro- 
versies. Such  a  work  cannot  fail  to  attract 
specialists  in  various  fields,  and  so  secure 
for  itself  the  attention  of  many  sections  of 
the  literary  world. 


The  New  Fiction,  and  other  Essays.  By  H.  D. 
Traill.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Critics  are  of  as  many  kinds  as  the  writers 
upon  whom  they  sit  in  judgment.  There 
are  "slipshod  and  roughshod"  critics, 
fantastic  critics,  dainty  critics,  critics  who 
"pay  attention  to  style,"  and  many  other 
varieties.  Hare,  but  eminently  refreshing 
when  we  come  across  him,  is  the  common- 
sense  critic  —  not,  indeed,  the  kind  that 
parades  that  quality,  and  is  apt  to  lapse 
into  uncommon  nonsense,  but  he  who,  with 
powers  of  expression  beyond  the  average, 
tries  to  put  himself  at  the  point  of  view 
occupied  by  the  average  intelligent  man. 
Of  this  class  Mr.  Traill  has  long  been  the 
ablest  living  representative.  It  is  not  per- 
haps the  most  popular  form  of  literary 
criticism,  and  Mr.  Traill  has — unfortunately, 
may  we  say? — squandered  on  political  jour- 
nalism, for  the  proper  objects  of  which  they 
are  worse  than  useless,  a  large  share  of  the 
wit  and  humour  which  might  have  been 
better  bestowed  in  quarters  where  they 
would  have  been  more  valued.  Consequently 
his  name  may  be  less  familiar  to  the 
"general  reader"  than  those  of  some  other 
literary  critics  of  not  half  his  merit. 

Curiously  enough,  Mr.  Traill  himself, 
in  one  of  the  essaj's  contained  in  this 
book  — that  on  'The  Political  Novel'  — 
has  a  remark  illustrative  of  the  effect  of 
humour  in  connexion  with  political  themes, 
all  the  more  convincing  because  at  first 
sight  it  seems  diametrically  opposed  to  the 
view  expressed  above  :  — 

"  By  far  the  most  serious  attempt  at  a  political 
novel  which  has  been  adventured  since  Disraeli's 
time  is  that  which  has  just  been  made  by  the 
accomplished  author  of  '  Robert  Elsmere.'  Per- 
haps the  word  '  serious  '  may  not  seem  a  very 
apt  adjective  to  apply  to  the  spirited  enterprise 
which  has  borne  fruit  in  '  Sir  George  Tressady  '; 
but  the  truth  is  that  it  is  only  too  appropriate. 
'  Sir  George  Tressady  '  is  a  serious — a  very 
serious — effort  in  a  department  of  fiction  in 
which  to  be  too  serious— or,  at  any  rate,  to  be 
nothing  besides  serious — is  inevitably  to   miss 


complete  success ;  and  the  first  and  most 
potent  cause  of  Mrs.  Ward's  comparative 
failure  as  a  political  novelist  is  to  be  found  in 
her  lack  of  humour." 

Yes;  but  "failure"  to  do  what?  Failure 
to  come  up  to  Mr.  Traill's  standard  of  what 
a  political  novelist  ought  to  be,  or  failure 
"laudari  et  posci  "  ?  It  is  surely  just  this 
absence  of  humour  which  has  made  the 
fortune — let  us  be  "up  to  date,"  and  say 
the  extraordinary  success — not  only  of  the 
novels  mentioned  above,  but  of  half  a  dozen 
more  which  any  one  who  has  had  his  eye 
on  contemporary  fiction  could  name.  "Pro- 
blems"— political,  social,  ethical — are  in, 
and,  as  a  necessary  consequence,  humour  is 
out.  And  what  says  Mr.  Traill,  again,  on 
'  The  Future  of  Humour '  ?— 

"The  Dickensian  humour,  it  would  seem, 
is  'off';  the  American  droll,  after  a  vogue  of 
a  good  many  years,  is  apparently  ceasing  to 
amuse ;  the  '  inverted  aphorism '  had  but  a 
short  popularity,  and  ultimately  perished  in 
calamitous  and,  indeed,  unmentionable  cir- 
cumstances ;  and  nothing  seems  growing  up  to 
take  its  place.  The  new  generation  '  knocking 
at  the  door '  rat  -  tats  with  quite  portentous 
gravity.  This  is,  no  doubt,  an  improvement  on 
the  older  generations,  who  thought  it  a  first-rate 
stroke  of  wit  to  wrench  off  the  knocker  ;  but 
their  successors  are  surely  carrying  a  virtue  to 
excess.  Tt  seems  a  pity  that  they  should  be 
unable  to  laugh,  but  the  most  respected  and 
intellectual  among  them  cannot." 

The  t^o  essaj's  from  which  we  have 
quoted  are  the  second  and  the  last  in  a  most 
readable  collection  of  eleven,  a  good  deal 
of  which  may  be  familiar  to  discriminating 
readers  of  the  magazines.  They  deal  with 
subjects  all  more  or  less  literary — Richard- 
son, Matthew  Arnold,  Pascal,  Lucian. 
Some  of  them  are  cast  in  the  form  of 
dialogues,  a  form  in  which  it  is  less  easy 
than  might  be  supposed  to  achieve  success. 
Mr.  Traill,  who  has  not  read  his  Lucian 
for  nothing,  always  manages  the  dialogue 
very  well ;  and  as  a  rule  he  avoids  the 
frequent  error  of  giving  all  the  best  of 
the  argument  to  one  of  the  contending 
parties.  In  '  The  Politics  of  Literature,' 
indeed,  he  adopts  the  artifice  of  introducing 
a  third  party,  who,  as  one  of  the  two 
champions  complains,  "  seems  to  have  done 
nothing  but  amuse  himself  by  knocking 
their  two  heads  together,  which  is  not  diffi- 
cult when  two  men  are  wrestling,"  and 
whose  attitude  doubtless  reflects  that  of  his 
inventor.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  dia- 
logue on  '  Newspapers  and  English,'  the 
names  given  to  the  disputants,  "  Scrip- 
torius"  and  "Minutius,"  seem  to  indicate 
at  least  a  disposition  to  deprecate  any  over- 
refinement  of  criticism  in  dealing  with 
journalistic  modifications  of  the  language, 
to  put  it  mildly.  Here,  perhaps,  "  common 
sense"  will  hardly  settle  the  question;  and 
here  again  the  question  is  largely  one  of 
definition.  Before  we  can  decide  whether 
newspapers  are  corrupting  English  style,  we 
must  agree  as  to  what  corruption  of  style 
is.  The  other  day  we  read  in  a  newspaper 
of  "an  event"  which  "rejoiced  in  the 
designation  of  the  Diamond  Jubilee 
Carnival";  and  every  day  we  may  see  an 
accident  resulting  in  some  one's  death  called 
a  "  fatality."  Are  these  and  the  like 
departures  from  the  historical  use  of  words, 
as  Mr.  Traill's  Scriptorius  maintains, 
"but    the    symptoms of    one    of    those 


changes  which  languages  at  certain  periods 
of  their  history  are  bound  to  undergo"? 
And  if  this  be  so,  the  further  question 
arises.  Are  educated  people  to  welcome  and 
hasten  the  approaching  change,  or  to  lament 
it,  and  delay  it  by  all  the  means  in  their 
power  ?  The  former  is,  perhaps,  the  wiser 
attitude,  though  some  horrible  and  incre- 
dible words  of  to-day  are  enough  to  make 
all  educated  persons  conservatives  in  this 
matter. 

At  any  rate,  little  injury  has  so  far  been 
done  to  Mr.  Traill's  own  style,  though  he 
allows  his  printer  to  insert  a  worse  than 
superfluous  e  into  "forgo,"  and  once  uses 
"prevent"  in  the  sense  of  avoid.  If  he 
has  a  fault  it  is,  perhaps,  a  somewhat 
too  free  indulgence  in  the  use  of  metaphor. 
But  it  must  be  owned  that  his  metaphors 
are  nearly  always  telling. 


The  Bille  and  its  Transmission :  being  an 
Historical  and  Bihliographical  View  of  the 
Sehrew  and  Greek  Texts,  and  the  Greek, 
Latin,  and  other  Versions  of  the  Bille  {both 
MS.  and  Printed)  prior  to  the  Reformation. 
By  W.  A.  Copinger,  LL.D.  (Sotheran 
&Co.) 

Dr.  Copinger  is  evidently  not  afraid  of 
the  proverb  concerning  a  jikyo.  fSi(3kiov,  for 
his  history  of  the  Bible  text  is  arrayed  in 
all  the  magnificence  of  an  edition  de  luxe. 
It  has  large  pages,  large  margins,  large  print, 
full-sized  facsimiles,  and  everything  hand- 
some about  it.  It  is  printed  from  fine  seven- 
teenth century  type  in  the  possession  of  the 
Oxford  University  Press,  and  is  (figuratively) 
resplendent  in  purple  and  tine  linen.  In 
all  that  concerns  externals  it  is  well  fitted 
to  lie  on  a  book-lover's  table,  always  sup- 
posing the  table  to  be  large  enough.  Indeed, 
this  may  be  supposed  to  be  the  end  which. 
Dr.  Copinger  has  had  in  view.  He  cannot 
intend  his  book  for  specialists,  since  he  lays 
no  claim  to  originality  in  his  summary  of 
textual  history,  and  a  specialist  is  not  likely 
to  pay  five  guineas  for  a  book  which  only 
gives  him  information  which  he  can  get 
more  thoroughly  elsewhere.  Nor  can  it  be 
intended  for  the  general  public,  out  of 
whose  reach  it  is  placed  by  its  price  and 
the  limited  number  of  copies  issued. 

Seeing  then  that  the  book  is  intended 
rather  to  be  a  thing  of  beauty  than  a 
contribution  to  science,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  discuss  its  character  very  closely.  Dr. 
Copinger  has  consulted  a  large  number 
of  authorities,  and  much  of  his  history  is 
made  up  of  quotations  from  them,  not 
always  chosen  with  much  judgment  or 
with  much  discrimination  as  to  the  value 
of  the  writers  cited.  His  treatment  of  the 
great  problems  round  which  the  textual 
history  of  the  Bible  centres,  such  as  the 
relation  of  the  Septuagint  to  the  Hebrew 
text  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  genealogical 
theory  of  Westcott  and  Hort,  or  the  cha- 
racter and  value  of  the  Western  versions 
of  the  New  Testament,  is  confused  and 
inadequate.  For  instance,  while  many 
pages  are  devoted  to  an  enumeration  of 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  century  Latin  ver- 
sions of  the  Bible,  the  Curetonian  Syriac 
version  is  dismissed  with  a  page  and  a  half, 
in  which  the  author,  who  shows  no  sign 
of  having  studied  the  subject,  expresses  a 
dogmatic   preference   for    Scrivener's   view 


N"  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


415 


that  tlie  Pesliitto  is  the  older  translation. 
The  main  facts  about  the  principal  manu- 
scripts are  correctly  given  from  the  recog- 
nized authorities ;  but  Dr.  Copinger  does 
not  appear  to  be  at  homo  with  the  subject, 
or  to  exercise  an  independent  judgment  in 
•dealing  with  his  materials. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  right  to  add 
that  he  has  collected  a  great  quantity 
of  bibliographical  information  about  early 
printed  editions  of  the  Bible  in  various 
languages,  and  here  he  has  the  advantage 
of  having  personally  owned  most  of  the 
editions  which  he  mentions.  Much  labour 
has  evidently  been  spent  upon  the  collection 
of  materials  for  this  part  of  the  work,  and 
its  usefulness  is  greatlj'  increased  by  the 
addition  of  a  full  index.  In  fact,  we  are 
<3isposed  to  think  that  Dr.  Copinger  would 
have  done  better  if  he  had  confined  himself 
within  the  limits  of  bibliography,  instead 
of  plunging  into  critical  questions  which 
he  cannot  be  said  to  have  mastered. 

Dr.  Copinger's  statements  of  fact,  how- 
ever, are  not  always  accurate.  For  example, 
papyrus  did  not  "give  way  to  parchment 
in  the  first  half  of  the  second  century  before 
Christ"  (p.  12),  but  was  the  principal 
material  for  books  for  some  four  or  five 
■centuries  subsequently.  It  will  surprise  most 
people  to  hear  that  "we  have  still  in  existence 
inscriptions  carved  in  the  rocks  by  the 
Israelites  of  the  Exode  "  (sic).  It  can  hardly 
be  said  that  Montfaucon's  is  the  best  edition 
of  Origen's  Hexapla  (p.  31)  in  view  of  the 
existence  of  Field's  work.  The  colleague 
of  Eusebius  in  editing  the  Septuagint  was 
not  named  "  Pamphilius "  (p.  77).  The 
number  of  manuscripts  collated  for  Holmes 
and  Parsons's  Septuagint  is  not  135  (p.  78), 
but  about  325.  The  fire  which  destroyed 
the  Cottonian  MS.  of  Genesis  was  not  at 
^'  Cotton"  House  (p.  91).  The  name  of  the 
■great  Dutch  scholar  Cobet  is  twice  printed 


as 


Colet ' 


(p.  117).  Woide's  facsimile 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  from  the 
Codex  Alexandrinus  was  not  issued  in  1876 
(p.  120),  but  in  1786.  The  treatises  of 
Ephrem  Syrus  which  are  written  over  the 
Greek  text  of  the  Codex  Ephrsemi  are  said 
on  p.  90  to  be  Greek,  on  p.  122  to  be  Syriac. 
The  Greek  MSS.  of  the  New  Testament  are 
described  in  no  intelligible  order,  either  of 
date  or  of  alphabetical  nomenclature ;  and 
the  Syriac  versions,  as  above  mentioned, 
are  inadequately  treated.  The  Vatican 
and  Sinaitic  MSS.  are  rightly  assigned  to 
the  fourth  century,  but  a  Syriac  MS.  of  the 
fifth  century  is  said  to  be  "  at  least  as  ancient 
as  any  of  the  celebrated  uncial  Greek  MSS. 
of  the  New  Testament "  (p.  273),  On  coming 
to  the  English  Bible  the  reader  is  surprised 
by  the  statements  that  "we  have  no  MS. 
of  our  English  Bible  earlier  than  the 
fourteenth  century"  (p.  301),  and  that 
"  the  first  portion  of  the  Bible  translated 
into  English  prose  was  the  Psalter,  by 
Eichard  Eolle,  hermit  of  Hampole"  (p.  302) ; 
but  the  explanation  is  found  a  few  pages 
further  on,  when  it  appears  that  all  earlier 
versions  ai-e  regarded  as  "Saxon,"  not 
English.  The  history  of  the  English  Bible 
is  cut  off  abruptly  at  the  Great  Bible, 
since  Dr.  Copinger's  scheme  only  includes 
versions  "prior  to  the  Peformation." 

If  Dr.  Copinger's  book  were  intended 
either  as  a  contribution  to  science  or  for 
the  instruction  of    students,   it   might  be 


necessary  to  examine  its  statements  more 
fully,  not  so  much  with  the  view  of  collecting 
errors  of  detail,  which,  in  a  work  covering  so 
much  ground  and  containing  such  a  large 
number  of  statements  of  fact,  are  very 
excusable  if  not  too  numerous,  but  with 
reference  to  the  general  adequacy  of  its 
treatment  of  the  subject.  But  in  a  book 
which  primarily  aims  at  being  an  article 
of  luxury  a  lower  standard  of  efficiency  is 
admissible,  and  from  this  point  of  view 
Dr.  Copinger  may  be  held  to  be  sufficiently 
successful.  A  strong  point  about  the  book 
is  the  facsimiles,  which  have  the  advantage 
over  almost  all  similar  productions  of  being 
full- sized.  About  half  of  them  are  taken 
from  manuscripts,  the  rest  (with  one  ex- 
ception) from  early  printed  editions,  the 
earliest  English  printed  Bibles  being  rather 
strangely  omitted.  It  is  unfortunate  that 
the  facsimile  of  the  Mazarin  Bible,  which 
forms  the  frontispiece,  is  apparently  taken 
from  a  stained  and  discoloured  page ;  but 
as  a  rule  the  reproductions  are  clear 
and  satisfactory.  On  the  whole,  it  may  be 
said  that  the  printers  and  publishers  have 
produced  a  very  handsome  book,  and  that 
the  author  has  exerted  a  good  deal  of 
diligence  in  compiling  material  to  furnish 
its  contents. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

The  Ifartian.  By  George  du  Maurier.  With 
Illustrations  by  the  Author.  (Harper  & 
Brothers.) 
If  we  are  to  believe  the  preface  of  'The 
Martian,'  which  is  signed  hy  Eobert 
Maurice,  Mr.  du  Maurier  was  only  its 
editor  and  illustrator.  Mr.  Maurice  him- 
self wrote  this  genial  account  of  his  friend 
Barty  Josselin,  whom  he  had  known  and 
loved  for  fifty  years.  He  met  him  first  at 
a  private  school  in  Paris  : — 

"He  was  in  the  class  below  mine,  and  took 
up  with  Laferte'  and  little  Bussy-Rabutin,  who 
were  first-rate  boys,  and  laughed  at  everything 
he  said,  and  worshipped  him.  So  did  every- 
body else,   sooner  or  later His  beauty  was 

absolutely  angelic he  had  a  charming   gift 

of  .singing  little  French  and  English  ditties 

accompanying    himself   quite    nicely   on   either 
piano  or  guitar he  could  draw  caricatures." 

In  addition  to  this  he  sang 

"comic  songs  of  his  own  invention was  a 

born   histrion could    see    the    satellites    of 

Jupiter  with  the  naked  eye his  sense  of  hear- 
ing was  also   exceptionally  keen could  tell 

every  boy  by  the  mere  smell  of    his   hair,  or 

his  hands,  or  his  blouse Barty  knew  by  an 

infallible   instinct  where  the  north    was,  to   a 
point." 

Having  plotted  out  his  hero  in  this  fashion, 
in  three  or  four  pages  of  superlatives,  Mr. 
du  Maurier  (or  his  friend  Mr.  Maurice)  is 
quite  happy ;  he  has  worked  himself  into 
his  creative  mood  of  enthusiasm,  and  every 
word  of  his  story  is  aglow  with  admiration 
and  bonhomie.  In  order  to  enjoy  what  he 
writes,  the  reader  must  fall  in  with  his 
mood,  worship  his  hero,  accept  all  his  cha- 
racters as  first-rate,  and  become  an  imper- 
turbable optimist.  As  for  Barty  Josselin's 
instinct  of  the  north,  that  is  one  of  Mr. 
du  Manner's  little  allegories  ;  _  and  '  The 
Martian'  is  decidedly  allegorical.  The 
worship  of  mortals  is  not  sufficient  for  this 
adorable  hero ;  he  is  worshipped  by  an  in- 
visible spirit  who  haunts  him  through  life,  I 


puts  grand  thoughts  into  his  head,  and 
writes  him  pen-and-ink  letters,  in  one  of  which 
she  describes  herself  as  "a  disembodied 
conscience,"  and  signs  herself  "  Martia." 
She  writes  just  like  Mr.  du  Maurier,  too, 
with  the  same  gush  of  enthusiasm,  the 
same  rollicking  humanity,  the  same  fami- 
liarity and  suspicion  of  slang.  It  appears, 
on  Martia's  word,  that  Barty  was  once  a 
Martian,  but  that  the  Martians  are  the  salt 
of  this  inferior  world.  As  poor  Martia  can- 
not get  near  to  him  in  any  other  way,  she 
tells  him  that  she  is  to  inhabit  the  body 
of  his  next  child  ;  but  meanwhile, 

"for  another  night  or  two  you  will  be  my  host, 
and  this  splendid  frame  of  yours  my  hostelry  ; 
on  y  est  tres  bien.  Be  hospitable  still  for  a 
little  while— make  the  most  of  me  ;  hug  me 
tight,  squeeze  me  warm  ! " 
Martia  was  probably  intended  to  represent 
Barty  Josselin's  inspiration,  or  his  con- 
science ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether 
Mr.  du  Maurier  knew  or  did  not  know  pre- 
cisely what  he  meant  by  her,  or  whether 
lie  meant  anything.  She  is  the  pervading 
vagueness  of  a  fanciful  and  somewhat 
elusive  story,  which  recalls  '  Peter  Ibbet- 
son '  rather  than  the  franker  bohemianism 
of  '  Trilby.'  No  doubt  the  most  attractive 
feature  of  the  book  for  the  majority  of  its 
readers  will  be  its  many  pictures,  some- 
times very  happy  in  an  old  familiar  style, 
sometimes  painfully  early  -  Victorian  and 
grotesque.  With  all  its  vagueness  the  story 
has  many  charms ;  and  one  of  its  greatest 
charms  is  the  candid  optimism,  without 
flaw  or  misgiving,  which  appeals  to  George 
du  Maurier's  friends  through  the  voice 
which  they  will  hear  no  more. 

Jetsam.  By  Owen  Hall.  (Chatto  &  Windus.) 
Those  who  have  agreeable  recollections  of 
Mr.  Owen  Hall's  novel  entitled  'In  the 
Track  of  the  Storm'  will  not  be  disappointed 
with  his  latest  story.  The  technique  of 
'Jetsam'  is  excellent,  and  the  subject  is 
one  which  readily  attracts  the  reader.  In 
two  respects  the  story  offers  difficulties,  but 
both  sets  of  difficulties  are  well  surmounted. 
That  the  villain  of  the  story  should  be  the 
father  of  the  hero  is  a  feature  which,  though 
no  novelty  in  fiction,  is  unquestionably  an 
irksome  and  even  disadvantageous  element. 
Again,  the  story  is  told  in  the  first  person, 
and  the  person  who  tells  it  is  constantly 
changing.  But  here  Mr.  Owen  Hall  shows 
no  little  skill,  and  the  result  is  in  no  sense 
weak  or  poor.  The  story  is  one  of  upwards 
of  forty  years  ago,  and  the  climax,  which 
occurs  in  India  at  the  opening  of  the 
Mutiny,  is  natural  and  forcible. 

On    the   Knees   of  the   Gods.     By  A.   F.   P. 

Harcourt.  2  vols.  (Bentley  &  Son.) 
Nothing  can  be  much  duller  than  the  dull 
novel  of  the  Anglo-Indian  type.  '  On  the 
Knees  of  the  Gods'  answers  but  too  well 
to  this  description.  There  is  nothing  in  it 
to  recommend  it  to  any  reader  but  the 
totally  undiscriminating  one,  who  grows,  or 
should  grow,  daily  rarer.  The  story  is 
not  well  written  ;  it  lacks  interest,  as  do 
the  characters.  One  man  acts  in  a  way  no 
one  of  average  common  sense  (a  quality 
supposed  to  be  included  in  his  composition) 
could  possibly  act.  But  it  is  not  necessary 
to  indicate  blots  on  what  is  less  a  picture 
than  a  mere  blur. 


416 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N^3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


Pruoners  of  Conscience.     By  Amelia  E.  Barr. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

A  CURIOUS  picture  is  drawn  in  '  Prisoners  of 
Conscience '  of  tlie  influence  of  Calvinism 
upon  the  stern  and  imaginative  Shetlanders 
of  a  couple  of  generations  ago.  The  strange 
ancestral  curse  that  afflicts  Liot  Borsons's 
family,  according  to  a  tradition  drawn  from 
the  old  Viking  sagas,  works  an  additional 
complication  in  the  gloomy  mind  of  the 
mystic.  His  son  David  manages  to  throw 
off  the  yoke  which  pressed  his  father's  con- 
science so  terribly  ;  but  the  refusal  of  Nanna 
to  marry  him  lest  she  should  have  children 
who  might  not  be  "the  elect"  is  a  very 
typical  instance  of  the  force  of  fanaticism. 
The  author  has  to  some  extent  defaced  her 
pages  by  the  adoption  of  American  spelling. 


Lady  Rosalind.  By  Emma  Marshall.  (Nisbet 

&Co.) 
Mrs.  Marshall  always  gives  good  measure 
and  orthodox  theology.  Her  present  work 
is  not  below  the  usual  standard  of  her  re- 
ligious tales,  and  sets  forth  how  a  gracious 
lady,  the  unmarried  daughter  of  an  earl's 
house,  composed  the  feuds  of  a  disorganized 
and  unpromising  family,  and  in  the  process 
of  doing  the  best  for  all  around  her  found 
consolation  for  her  own  disappointments. 


The  Plagiarist.     By  William  Myrtle.     (Oli- 
phant,  Anderson  &  Terrier.) 

Mr.  Myrtle's  volume  would  have  been  the 
better  for  concentration.  The  storj'  of  the 
young  author  who  steals  a  manuscript  from 
his  principal's  strong-room  and  makes  him- 
self famous  by  utilizing  the  contents  has  to 
be  furnished  forth  with  so  much  padding 
— descriptions  of  the  Parliament  House  in 
Edinburgh,  opinions  upon  well  -  known 
authors,  references  to  the  stage  and  to 
Miss  "Helen"  Terry  —  that  its  modest 
proportions  are  lost  in  the  surrounding 
garniture.  The  opinions  are  generally 
sound,  as  far  as  they  go,  and  the  de- 
scriptions accurate ;  but  we  do  not  find 
Gilbert  Heath  an  interesting  hero,  and  the 
amiable  Gertrude,  who  is  condemned  to  find 
out  his  shortcomings  and  remain  his  widow, 
seems  rather  unjustly  treated. 


The  Rip's  Redemption.      By  E.  Livingston 

Prescott.  (Nisbet  &  Co.) 
The  details  of  contemporary  life  among  the 
troopers  of  the  1st  and  2nd  Lifeguards 
have  formed  the  subject  of  more  than  one 
novel  by  Mr.  Prescott.  '  The  Rip's  Pedemp- 
tion '  is  described  as  a  trooper's  story,  and 
there  are  indications  that  the  senior  of  the 
two  famous  regiments  is  that  to  which 
Trooper  Vann  belongs.  There  is  a  love 
story  of  unsubstantial  dimensions  attached 
to  the  narrative ;  but  the  real  interest  of 
the  volume  is  limited  to  the  descriptions 
of  daily  life  in  barracks,  to  the  jealousy 
and  rivalry  of  the  men,  and  their  peculiar 
ways  of  annoying  each  other.  The  fact 
that  a  non-commissioned  officer  is  in  league 
with  a  bully,  and  that  they  both  seek  to 
gratify  their  spite  against  a  "gentleman- 
ranker,"  is  the  theme  of  this  as  of  a  previous 
novel  by  the  same  author.  The  book  is 
written  easily  and  pleasantly ;  there  are 
passages  of  some  pathos,  and  the  reader 
only  occasionally  finds  words  to  which  ex- 


ception  may  be    taken    as    of    indifierent 
authority. 

A   GirVs  AtvaJcening .     By  J.  H.   Crawford. 

(Macqueen.) 
A  RRETTY  and  idyllic  stiidy  is  *A  Girl's 
Awakening.'  Mr.  Crawford's  feeling  for 
nature  stands  him  in  good  stead,  and  the 
background  of  his  picture  in  the  Scottish 
village  is  as  harmoniously  fitted  with  the 
central  figures,  Alan  Fordyce  and  his  com- 
panions, as  one  of  George  Eliot's  own  draw- 
ing. Indeed  '  The  Mill  on  the  Floss  '  almost 
avowedly  has  given  a  hint  for  the  present 
book.  But  Narcisse,  though  touched  by 
passion  as  we  understand,  is  never  scathed 
thereby ;  partl.y,  we  are  bound  to  say,  by 
virtue  of  the  delicacy,  bordering  on  weakness, 
of  Alan,  who  is  ever  gratifying  sentiment 
by  evolcing  the  responses  of  the  maiden, 
without  being  touched  any  deeper  than  his 
festhetic  outside  by  her  love  and  grace. 
There  is  much  beauty  of  execution  in  the 
picture,  but,  we  are  bound  to  say,  little 
vitality.  Gwendolen  and  Margaret,  the  two 
"daylight"  beauties  who  shake  Alan's 
allegiance  to  his  romantic  companion  of 
those  seductive  night  walks,  are  not  more 
than  sketches,  but  stronger  than  the  heroine. 

A  Mail's  Undoing.    By  Mrs.  Lovett  Cameron. 

(White  &  Co.) 
The  man's  undoing  consisted  in  marrying 
a  girl  socially  beneath  him,  who  was  addicted 
to  private  drinking.  She  duped  hitn  into 
marrying  her,  though  he  loved  another 
woman.  The  result,  of  course,  was  misery. 
The  woman's  vice  grew,  and  she  finally 
maimed  her  infant  and  doomed  him  to  an 
early  death,  at  the  same  time  committing 
suicide.  Meanwhile  the  man  has  become 
the  object  of  affection  to  a  young  girl,  who 
has  to  be  drowned  in  order  that  he  may 
have  an  opportunity  of  marrying  the  woman 
he  loved  first  and  last.  This  is  not  an  agree- 
able story,  and  none  of  the  characters  is 
calculated  to  interest  readers. 


The  Invisible  Man.    By  H.  G.  Welle.    (Pear- 
son.) 

Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  correctly  speaks  of  this 
volume  as  a  grotesque  romance.  Halfway 
through  the  book  we  are  told  that  the  in- 
visible man  is  Mr.  Griffin,  a  medical  student 
of  University  College,  who  by  strictly  scien- 
tific methods  has  succeeded  in  rendering 
himself  invisible.  His  clothes  he  cannot 
deal  with  in  the  same  manner,  and  the  story 
tells  how  many  and  various  are  the  com- 
plications which  follow.  As  a  literary  tour 
de  force  the  book  has  considerable  merit ; 
but  it  does  not  become  interesting  or 
attractive  at  any  point.  The  writer's  skill 
in  depicting  the  conduct  of  the  inhabitants 
of  a  village  in  which  the  invisible  man  en- 
deavours to  reside  in  peace  is  hardly  equal 
to  the  occasion. 

Fortune's     Fuothalls.       By    G.    B.    Burgin. 

(Pearson.) 
Mr.  Burgin's  story  opens  with  an  ingenious 
incident,  but  its  later  development  is  dis- 
appointing. Though  the  plot  is  not  badly 
put  together,  the  humour  and  the  characters 
— which  seem  occasionally  written  a  long  way 
after  Dickens — do  not  hold  the  attention. 
They  are  far  too  like  commonplace  cari- 
catures.   We  know  the  benevolent  aunt  and 


the  lugubrious  landlady  so  well  by  this  time 
that  they  grow  wearisome.  The  conceited 
actor-manager  and  the  bibulous  playwright 
also  seem  overdrawn,  and  we  must  strongly 
object  to  the  liberties  taken  with  the  name& 
of  theatrical  critics  of  to-day.  Such  reaUsm 
is  a  cheap  and  Philistine  method  of  attempt- 
ing to  make  a  book  lifelike.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  there  are  indications  that  the  author'a 
knowledge  of  theatrical  life  is  not  great. 


antiquarian  literature. 

Ads  of  the  Privy  Council,  1587-1588: 
(Stationery  Office.) — Only  twelve  months  are 
covered  by  this  volume  of  the  Acts,  which  begins 
in  March,  1587.  The  materials  for  history  which 
it  contains  are  very  slight,  but  their  editor,  Mr. 
Dasent,  has  made  the  most  of  them,  as  usuaL 
Such  allusions  as  it  makes  to  the  preparations  foE 
thti  coming  of  the  Sjjanish  Armada  suggest  puny 
efforts  to  set  the  national  defences  in  order. 
False  alarms  that  the  fleet  was  in  sight  were 
followed  by  an  equally  false  impression  that  ifc 
was  not  coming  after  all.  Every  pound  was 
grudged  for  the  land  or  sea  forces.  Elizabeth 
kept  her  own  hand  tight  on  the  national  purse- 
strings  ;  we  see  her  "  myslyking  greatlie  "  the 
expenditure  on  her  troops  in  Holland,  and  the 
Council  only  hoping  "  to  prevaile  so  far  forthe 
with  her  Majestie  "  as  to  secure  a  small  increase. 
On  questions  of  religion  and  the  treatment  of 
recusants  there  is  not  much  to  note  save  the 
doubt  whether  seminary  priests  could  be 
"charged  with  any  misdemeanour  towards  the 
State  "  (Estate)  for  refusing  "  to  yield  to  con^ 
formity  in  Religion."  A  scheme  for  translating 
the  New  Testament  into  Erse  is  deserving  of 
mention,  and  the  doubts  expressed  as  to  the 
impartiality  of  Welsh  and  Iri.sh  juries  are  of 
interest  as  illustrations  of  deeply  rooted  ten- 
dencies. An  allusion  to  "the  supper  and 
dynner  to  be  kept  at  Peterborowe  for  the 
funeralles  of  the  late  Scottyshe  Queene "  is 
one  of  those  quaint  touches  for  which  the  Acts 
are  more  remarkable  than  for  historical  informa- 
tion. Mr.  Dasent  is  surprised  that  the  regula- 
tions against  eating  flesh  in  Lent  were  enforced 
by  the  secular  authorities,  not  by  the  Church  ; 
but,  as  we  have  explained  before,  they  were 
really  enforced  in  the  interest  of  the  fishing 
industry.  Among  the  matters  to  which  his 
preface  does  not,  we  think,  allude  is  the  per- 
formance of  "  a  plaie  "  before  the  queen  on 
"Shrove  Sunday  at  night,"  1587,  although 
we  find  the  Council  restraining  "  plaies 
and  interludes  on  the  Sabaoth  Dale "  some 
months  later,  an  order  which  was  specially 
difficult  to  enforce  "within  the  Libertie  of 
the  Clincke  and  in  the  parish  of  St.  Saviour's, 
in  Southwarke."  It  may  even  be  suspected 
that  the  prohibition  of  performances  in 
"  theaters,"  in  May  of  this  year,  on  account  of 
the  heat,  was  prompted  less  by  fear  of  physical 
than  of  moral  "infeccion";  for  such  name* 
as  Repent  Hubbard  and  perhaps  Evangelist 
Constantine  remind  us  that  Puritanism  was. 
becoming  a  power  in  the  land.  The  detested 
system  of  monopolies  is  here  illustrated  by  the 
strange  one  of  keeping  the  gaols  and  prisons  ii> 
Kent.  The  index  to  this  volume  seems  to  be 
carefully  compiled  :  we  have  only  noted  thab 
"Tavling"  should  perhaps  be  Tarling,  now 
Terling. 

The  Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  Ireland.  Vols.  IV.,  V.,  and  VI. 
(Dublin,  Hodges  &  Figgis.) — The  successive 
volumes  issued  by  this  Society  invariably  con- 
tain much  valuable  information  on  Irish  topo- 
graphy and  history.  One  of  the  most  interest- 
ing papers  in  vol.  iv.  is  by  Mr.  W.  Frazer  on 
the  shamrock.  This  national  emblem  of  the- 
Irish  seems  to  have  originated  from  the  trefoils 
on  the  coins  of  English  kings.  It  is  never  men- 
tioned in  old  Irish  literature  as  a  symbol  of  Ire- 
land or  of  the  Milesian  race,  and  in  the  accounta 


N"  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


417 


of  the  kings  who  reigned  at  Tara  no  shamrock 
is  ever  mentioned  as  a  regal  decoration  or  badge. 
Thomas  Moore  the  poet,  like  some  modern 
writers  on  Irish  history,  had  never  studied  its 
original  sources  or  he  would  not  have  written 
tlie  lines — 

When  her  kings  with  the  standard  of  green  unfurled 
Led  the  lied  Branch  Knights  to  danger, 

for  there  is  no  evidence  that  Maelsechlainn 
MacDomhnaill,  who  died  in  1022,  the  last 
undoubted  king  of  all  Ireland,  or  any  of  his 
predecessors  bore  a  green  standard,  while  the 
red  branch  was  probably  not  botanical,  like  the 
golden  bough  of  Neri,  but  was  the  crobhdearg  or 
red  hand  still  borne  by  O'Neill,  who  displays  it 
because  it  is  the  symbol  of  the  most  ancient 
sovereignty  of  Ulster,  and  also  borne  by  the 
baronets  who  were  created  to  maintain  the  most 
modern  rulers  of  that  region.  Thomas  Moore's 
Irish  blazonry  was  no  less  erroneous  when  he 
spoke  of  the 

Cliosen  leaf  of  bard  and  chief, 
Old  Krin's  native  shamrock, 

for  the  works  of  the  Irish  bards  from  the 
time  of  the  famous  lomarbadh,  or  conten- 
tion of  all  the  bards  of  Ireland  at  the  be- 
ginning of  James  I. 's  reign,  backwards  to 
the  time  of  Torna  Eigeas  himself,  are  almost 
silent  about  this  plant.  Some  uncertainty  pre- 
vails as  to  which  plant  ought  to  be  called 
shamrock.  Out  of  forty -nine  authenticated  sham- 
rocks from  as  many  districts,  twenty-four  were 
Trifoiinm  repens,  twenty-one  Trifuliicm  minus, 
two  Trifuliiim  pratense,  and  two  Medicago 
lupulina.  It  would  be  interesting  if  Mr. 
Frazer  would  investigate  the  Irish  harp,  which 
some  antiquaries  believe  to  be  no  more  than 
a  development  of  the  triangle  surrounding  the 
head  of  King  John  on  his  coins  used  in  Ireland. 
Mr.  Westropp  continues  his  useful  and  exact 
topographical  and  architectural  studies  in  Clare, 
and  he  has  also  contributed  a  valuable  survey  of 
the  earthworks  visible  at  Tara.  Lord  Annesley 
in  vol.  V.  publishes  some  excellent  photographs 
of  cromlechs  on  his  estate  in  co.  Down,  and 
Mr.  Westropp  has  printed  the  cow  legend  of 
Corobin,  co.  Clare,  an  interesting  piece  of  folk- 
lore. Vol.  vi.  contains  a  plan  and  careful  topo- 
graphical description  of  the  battle-field  of  Ben- 
burb,  where  on  June  5th,  1646,  Owen  Roe 
O'Neill  defeated  the  British  army  under 
General  Monro.  Miss  Walkington  prints  a 
legend  which  she  heard  from  the  natives  at 
Bundoran  about  a  monster  which  came  out  of 
a  stream  and  sucked  the  blood  of  a  woman  who 
was  washing  clothes  therein.  The  monster 
was  called  a  "dhuraghoo,"  a  word  v/hich 
Miss  \Valkington  does  not  identify.  It  is 
plainly  dobhar-chu,  from  dobhar,  water,  and  cv, 
hound,  an  old  word  for  the  otter,  now  generally 
replaced  in  that  part  of  Ireland  by  the  more 
modern  madr'-uisce,  from  madra,  a  form  of 
madadh,  dog,  and  uisce,  water.  Besides 
separate  papers,  the  volumes  contain  full 
accounts  of  the  meetings  and  excursions  of  the 
Society,  some  of  which,  as  that  to  the  Aran 
isles,  are  of  great  interest. 

Pedigree  of  the  Magennis  (Guiness)  Family. 
By  Richard  Linn.  (Christchurch,  N.Z.,  Caygill 
&  Maclaren.) — The  chief  interest  of  this  booklet 
is  found  in  its  colonial  origin  ;  its  get-up  is 
highly  creditable  to  its  New  Zealand  publishers. 
Mr.  Linn's  modest  preface  almost  disarms 
criticism  ;  but  the  plain  truth  must  be  told. 
The  Magennises  were  an  ancient  Ulster  race,  of 
whom  the  head  obtained  an  Irish  viscountcy  in 
1623.  From  a  younger  son  of  this  nobleman 
the  family  of  Guiness,  according  to  the  author, 
is  directly  descended.  We  can  only  say  that, 
so  far  as  actual  evidence  is  concerned,  it  is 
no  more  descended  from  him  than  it  is 
from  the  man  in  the  moon.  The  pedigree  of 
the  Dublin  family  commences  with  a  Richard 
Guiness,  agent  to  an  Irish  prelate,  who  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  Even 
in  Burke's  '  Peerage,'  in  spite  of  some  loose 
adornment,    no   attempt  is  made  to   carry  the 


pedigree  further.  Consecjuently,  all  Mr.  Linn's 
information  about  the  old  Magennises  has  no 
business  here.  Quite  unconsciously  no  doubt, 
he  gives  away  his  case  by  carefully  recording 
the  grant  of  arms  to  the  Dublin  family  in  1814, 
which  proves  that  even  in  the  dark  days  of  the 
Irish  Oflice  of  Arms — when,  as  Deputy-Ulster, 
Betham  proclaimed  the  fudged  Montmorency 
descent  to  be  "established  on  evidence  of  the 
most  unquestionable  authority  "— theGuinesses 
were  not  allowed  to  take  the  arms  of  Magennis. 
The  case  is  only  of  interest  as  a  type  of  the 
tricks  that  are  still  being  played  with  the  names 
of  historic  houses.  As  lords  of  the  district  of 
Iveagh,  the  ennobled  Magennises  were  known 
as  Viscounts  Iveagh  rather  than  Viscounts 
Magennis.  The  "revival"  of  the  title  of 
Iveagh  ("of  Iveagh")  in  favour  of  its  pre- 
sent bearer,  who  is  not  lord  of  the  district, 
and  cannot  prove  descent  from  its  chiefs,  was  an 
obvious  attempt  to  suggest  such  descent,  and  a 
distinct  wrong  to  the  heirs  of  the  ancient  lords. 
With  much  better  taste  Lord  Ardilaun  selected 
a  new  title.  It  is  very  significant  that  in 
Burke's  'Peerage'  it  is  felt  necessary  to  apologize 
almost  for  his  brother's  choice  of  the  Iveagh 
title.  Mr.  Linn,  we  are  sure,  has  written  in 
perfect  good  faith  ;  but  in  these  days  no  one 
has  a  right  to  "  utter"  spurious  pedigrees,  even 
with  ignorance  fur  his  plea.  We  have  quite 
enough  of  them  already. 


ANTHOLOGIES. 


With  a  volume  devoted  to  Sacred,  Moral,  and 
Religious  Verse  Mr.  Alfred  H.  Miles  brings  to  a 
close  his  big  undertaking,  "The  Poets  and  the 
Poetry  of  the  Century"  (Hutchinson  &  Co.). 
If  it  cannot  be  said  that  he  has  kept  his  best 
wine  to  the  last,  that  is  because  of  the  nature  of 
his  subject.  That  English  poetry  is  weakest  on 
its  "  sacred,  moral,  and  religious  "  side,  at  least 
in  the  sense  in  which  those  adjectives  are  gener- 
ally taken,  has  long  been  a  truism.  The  fact 
was  painfully  impressed  upon  us  when  Lord 
Selborne  brought  out  his  well-known  antho- 
logy ;  it  is  borne  in  upon  us  with  not  less  force 
now  that  Mr.  Miles  has  covered  the  ground 
between  James  Montgomery  and  living  writers. 
Of  course  there  are  bright  gleams  amid  the 
gloom.  With  much  that  is  absolutely  unprosaic 
and  a  good  deal  which  is  merely  "  morality 
charged  with  emotion,"  Mr.  Miles  gives  us  here 
of  the  best — in  this  kind — of  J.  H.  Newman, 
of  Aubrey  de  Vere,  of  Mr.  George  Mac  Donald, 
of  Christina  Rossetti  ;  while  the  professional 
hymn-writers  (so  to  call  them)  are  well  re- 
presented by  Bishop  Heber,  H.  F.  Lyte, 
Sarah  F.  Adams,  Dean  Alford,  Dr.  Bonar, 
F.  W.  Faber,  J.  M.  Neale,  Mrs.  Alex- 
ander, and  so  forth.  Special  attention,  one 
notes,  is  given  to  the  verse  of  Mrs.  Clive  and 
Henry  Ellison,  who  do  not  usually  figure  in 
collections.  Both  are  exploited  here  by  Dr. 
Grosart,  who  thinks  of  the  latter "s  work  much 
more  highly,  we  confess,  than  we  do.  Other 
comparatively  unhackneyed  names  are  those  of 
Thomas  Toke  Lynch,  Thomas  Hornblower  Gill, 
and  Henry  Septimus  Sutton,  all  brought  before 
the  reader  in  this  instance  by  Mr.  Garrett 
Horder.  The  editor  himself,  besides  under- 
taking some  three  dozen  notices  and  criticisms, 
is  responsible  for  an  appendix  in  which  he 
gathers  up  the  fragments  that  remain — a  large 
and  varied  assortment,  ranging  from  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld  to  Sarah  Doudney,  and  illustrating  the 
anxiety  to  be  comprehensive,  not  to  say  exhaus- 
tive, which  is  Mr.  Miles's  most  obvious  edi- 
torial characteristic.  For  when  he  has  done 
with  his  producers  of  "sacred,  moral,  and 
religious  verse,"  he  starts  off  with  yet  another 
appendix,  in  which  he  endeavours  to  repair  the 
errors  of  omission  committed  in  the  nine 
previous  volumes.  And  truly,  in  a  work  pro- 
fessing to  embrace  all  the  "  poets  of  the  cen- 
tury," it  would  have  been  strange  not  to  find 
mention   (now  first  made)  of  such   writers   as 


W.  L.  Bowles,  the  Rev.  Charles  Wolfe, 
Edwin  Waugh,  the  Rev.  George  Croly,  Miss 
Mitford,  Charles  Swain,  Father  Prout,  Allan 
Cunningham,  D.  M.  Moir,  J.  G.  Lockhart, 
Thomas  Aird,  Lord  Southesk,  and  so  on,  and  so 
on.  On  the  whole,  it  would  be  difficult  to  indi- 
cate any  verse-writer  of  the  period — not  of  the 
most  obscure — whom  Mr.  Miles  has  not  brought 
into  his  very  wide-spread  net.  In  the  index  of 
authors  dealt  with  in  the  ten  volumes  of  the  work 
now  completed  there  are,  we  calculate,  about 
four  hundred  and  fifty  names.  Happy  is  the 
century  which  can  present  so  remarkable  a  show 
of  singers  !  Mr.  Miles  has  done  well  to  be 
hospitable  rather  than  exclusive.  If  his 
leviathan  anthology  is,  in  a  sense,  a  paradise 
of  poetasters,  it  is  also  a  treasury  containing 
much  fine  poetry  and  much  interesting  verse, 
together  with  a  measure  of  biography  and  com- 
ment which,  if  unequal  in  value,  includes  a  good 
deal  that  is  sound  and  useful. 

From  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  comes  the  third 
series  of  Elizabethan  Sonnet  Cycles,  edited  by 
Martha  Foote  Crow.  This  time  the  "sequences" 
reproduced  are  the  '  Idea '  of  Drayton,  the 
'  Fidessa  more  chaste  than  kind '  of  B.  Griffin, 
and  the  '  Chloris  '  of  William  Smith.  The  first 
of  these  should  be  familiar  to  the  youngest 
reader,  for  it  was  reprinted  so  recently  as  1887 
in  a  volume  of  Drayton's  poems  edited  by  Mr. 
Henry  Morley.  It  is,  indeed,  so  easy  of  access 
that  its  inclusion  in  the  present  volume,  though 
welcome  enough,  was  scarcely  called  for.  The 
other  two  "  cycles  "  are  in  different  case.  The 
edition  of  '  Fidessa  '  brought  out  by  Dr.  Bliss 
in  1815  ran  to  one  hundred  copies  only,  while 
only  fifty  copies  were  issued  of  the  reprint 
superintended  in  1876  by  Dr.  Grosart.  '  Fidessa' 
was  always  a  rare  book,  and  many  will  be  glad 
to  possess  it  in  the  shape  here  presented.  So 
with  the  '  Chloris,' now  for  the  first  time  put 
witliin  the  reach  of  the  general  public.  That 
either  '  Chloris  '  or  '  Fidessa  '  has  great  literary 
meri  t  will  hardly  be  argued  by  any  competent  critic. 
Theinterestattachingtothem  is  mainly  historical. 
In  '  Chloris  '  is  a  lyric  (not  a  sonnet)  which  had 
the  distinction  of  being  included  in  'England's 
Helicon  '  (1600  and  1614).  For  the  sonnets  with 
which  that  lyric  is  associated  no  more  is  to  be 
said  than  that  they  illustrate  a  phase  of  the  in- 
tellectual life  of  the  "  young  England  "  of  Eliza- 
beth. '  Fidessa  '  (1596)  lives  almost  wholly  on 
the  fact  that  a  variant  on  one  of  the  sonnets  in 
it  ("Venus,  and  young  Adonis  sitting  by  her") 
was  introduced  into  '  The  Passionate  Pilgrim  ' 
(1599),  and  has  been  ascribed  by  some  to  Shak- 
speare.  '  Fidessa '  certainly  rises  to  loftier 
levels  than  are  ever  reached  by  'Chloris,' but 
to  say  that  is,  after  all,  to  say  lout  little.  For 
the  rest,  this  volume  of  '  Sonnet  Cycles  '  is  as 
neatly  presented  as  its  predecessors,  and  the 
editor's  prefaces  are  brief  and  mostly  to  the 
point.  They  have  the  great  attraction  of  not 
being  dryasdust  ;  they  are  pleasantly  written, 
and  not  more  enthusiastic  in  tone  than  is  to  be 
expected  when  an  editor  is  describing  his  own 
wares. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Early  Long  Island:  a  Colonial  Study,  by 
Martha  Bockde  Flint  (Putnam's  Sons),  is  a 
valuable  contribution  to  the  topographical 
literature  of  America.  The  author's  work 
is  thorough,  as  nine  pages  filled  with  the 
titles  of  works  consulted  testify,  and  as  in- 
teresting as  it  is  valuable.  Curiously  enough, 
the  name  by  which  the  island  is  com- 
monly known  is  not  that  which  it  legally 
bears.  In  1693  Governor  Fletcher  moved  in 
the  New  York  City  Hall  that,  in  complimenfe 
to  William  IIL,  "the  best  of  kings,"  a  Bill 
should  pass  "  for  the  calling  of  Long  Island  the 
Island  of  Nassau."  A  Bill  to  that  effect  was 
introduced,  read  three  times,  and  received  the 
consent  of  the  Council.  The  author  writes  a4 
p.    326,   "As   this   legislation   has   never   been 


418 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3648,  Skpt.  25,  '97 


repealed,  Nassau  if?  still  tho  legal  name  of  our 
island."     The  vicissitudes  in  the  island's  history 
have  been  many.     It  was  successively  under  the 
dominion  of  the  Dutch  and  the  English,  while 
its    inhabitants    suffered    severely   during    the 
Revolutionary  War,  vt^hether  the  troops  of  the 
motherland  or  of  Congress  had  the  upper  hand. 
Most  terrible,  however,  were  the  hardships  in- 
flicted upon  the  United  Empire  Loyalists  after 
American  Independence  was  acknowledged  and 
peace  was  signed.   Hundreds  of  the  best  families 
were  exiled  and  their  lands  conGscated.    An  Act 
of  the  New  York  Assembly  passed  on  October 
22nd,  1779,  is  said   by  the  author  to  be  "  but 
vaguely  known,"  and  it  must  be  stigmatized  by 
all  right-minded  men  as   infamous.     It  was  a 
measure  of  attainderand  confiscation  againstthose 
who  were  styled  "  enemies  of  the  State,"  and 
were  condemned  to  suffer  death  without  benefit 
of  clergy  and  to  have  their  property  transferred 
to  the  State  of    New  York.      These  men  had 
been  loyal  to  the  crown  under  which  they  were 
born  and  bred,  and  they  had  large  possessions. 
Not  till  after  the   conclusion  of  peace  did  this 
cruel  and  scandalous  piece  of  legislation  take 
effect,   and    then  the  selected  victims  escaped 
death   by  flight  and   lost  their  all.     The  result 
was  the  depopulation  of  Long  Island,  while  the 
sons  of  her  Loyalists  have  been  found 

"wherever  the  Cross  of  Saint  George  greets  the 
rising  sun.  B)' the  Saint  John  and  the  Gaspereaux, 
in  the  shadow  of  the  Selkirks,  or  on  the  sound  of 
Puget,  steadfast  at  Kars,  or  leading  the  forlorn  hope 
in  the  death-assault  of  an  African  fort,  their  blood 
is  true  to  the  traditions  of  their  fathers  on  the 
Hempstead  Plains,  and  Long  Island  well  may 
honour  lier  expatriated  children." 

Several  pieces  of  useful  information  give  an 
added  charm  to  these  pages.  The  cherries 
which  flourish  on  Long  Island  grow  from  plants 
imported  from  England  ;  on  the  estate  of  the 
Moores  originated  the  matchless  Newtown 
Pippin  apple  ;  while  the  American  breed  of 
Maltese  cats  is  due  to  the  shipwreck  of  an 
Italian  bark  on  the  southern  shore  of  the  island 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  the  sole  survivors 
being  two  cats,  which  were  floated  ashore  on  a 
broken  spar.  At  pp.  429  and  437  the  mistake  is 
made  of  writing  "Lord  Germaine  "  instead  of 
Lord  George  Germain  ;  while  the  words  "basal" 
on  p.  318  and  "pivotal"  on  p.  372  are  not 
classical  English.  However,  the  slips  are  very 
few,  and  the  writing,  on  the  whole,  is  good. 
Sometimes  a  pointed  and  happy  phrase  occurs, 
such  as  "Abuse  is  the  logic  of  the  ignorant." 
The  book  deserves  to  be  read  with  care. 

An  entertaining  illustrated  American  volume 
on  Russia,  by  Mr.  John  A.  Logan,  jun.,  of 
Washington,  is  published,  under  the  title  Jn 
Joyful  Mussia,  by  Messrs.  Pearson  &  Co.  As 
its  title  implies,  the  work  is  laudatory,  but,  we 
have  to  r,dd,  not  written  by  one  who  has  really 
studied  Russia,  either  personally  or  in  litera- 
ture. All  Cossacks,  for  example,  are  Cossacks 
to  the  writer,  though  they  differ  in  these  days 
as  much  as  do  English  peasants  from  Afridi 
irregulars.  But  the  book  will  suit  the  general 
reader,  for  it  is  bright. 

The  essays  and  characters  which  Bishop  Earle, 
a  seventeenth  century  Theophrastus,  styled 
Microcosmofjraphij,  and  Dr.  Bliss  annotated  so 
carefully  m  1811,  have  been  reprinted  from 
that  edition  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Irwin  (Bristol, 
Hemmons),  who  adds  a  preface  and  supplemen- 
tary appendix.  The  new  editor's  contribution 
is  interesting,  but  rather  too  discursive.  The 
characters  certainly  suggest  that  their  author 
was  occasionally  "sharp"  in  temper,  in  spite 
of  the  testimonies  quoted.  These  should  have 
been  all  put  together  instead  of  occurring  in 
various  places.  A  little  management  might 
have  reduced  the  somewhat  bulky  character  of 
this  well-printed  volume. 

Mr,^  Richard  Davey  has  translated  from 
About's  French,  and  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  has  in- 
troduced. The  King  of  the  Mountains  (Heine- 
mann).     Clever    and    unscrupulously   witty  as 


About's  satire  is,  it  seems  rather  overdrawn 
today.  Mr.  Lang's  introduction  compares,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  the  klephts  of  Greece 
with  the  Border  mosstroopers  and  the  High- 
landers of  that  much  exploited  date  1745.  To 
talk  of  About  on  the  same  page  with  Swift,  as 
a  master  of  satire,  seems  absurd. 

DaMAS  is  long  dead,  but  though  many 
writers  have  since  followed  his  style  and 
methods,  he  is  unapproachable,  and  his  place 
is  secure  as  a  master  of  romance.  We  welcome 
the  handsome  and  well-printed  volumes,  each 
provided  with  a  striking  photo-etching,  which 
Messrs.  Routledge  have  sent  us,  and  which 
contain  those  delectable  stories.  The  Three 
Musketeers,  Twenty  Years  After,  and  The 
Vicomte  de  Bragelonne.  Among  the  many 
reprints  of  these  masterpieces  this  edition 
should  take  a  front  place. 

The  same  firm  have  also  sent  us  a  fine  copy 
of  Ainsworth's  romance  The  Toner  of  London, 
which  has  Cruikshank's  illustrations  and  a  good 
index. 

We  have  received  a  popular  edition  of  Slatin 
Pasha's  Fire  and  Sword  in  tlie  Sudan,  trans- 
lated by  Col.  Wingate  (Arnold).  Now  published, 
with  the  omission  of  much  of  the  historical 
matter,  at  the  price  of  a  one-volume  novel, 
these  pages  of  personal  narrative  are  in  the 
adventures  and  atrocities  they  record,  no  less 
than  the  marvellous  escape  of  the  narrator, 
more  like  thrilling  fiction  than  fact.  The  pic- 
tures, some  of  which  are  highly  sensational, 
not  benig  a  record,  like  the  narrative,  of  things 
seen  by  a  survivor,  rather  spoil  the  effect  of 
reality. 

Messrs.  Service  &  Paton  have  sent  us 
capital  and  cheap  editions  of  Vanity  Fair,  illus- 
trated by  Miss  Chris  Hammond,  and  Rob  Boy, 
illustrated  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Townsend.  Both  of 
these  artists  have  done  good  service  to  their 
themes  :  Mr.  Townsend  is  especially  successful 
in  scenes  of  action  ;  Miss  Hammond  has  been, 
we  think,  too  generous  to  the  famous  Becky 
Puppet  in  the  matter  of  good  looks.  We  feel 
sure  that  her  features  betrayed  more  of  her 
machinations. 

Messrs.  Jarrold  &  Sons  have  added  to  their 
series  of  translations  from  Jdkai's  romances  a 
reprint  of  Mr.  R.  Nisbet  Bain's  very  free 
rendering  of  Pretty  Michal.  The  original 
issue  of  this  translation  was  fully  noticed  in  the 
Athenoium  for  February  20th,  1892. 

We  have  on  our  table  Lord  Stratford  de  Red- 
diffe:  a  Sketch,  by  A.   L.   Lee  (Nisbet), — The 
Private   Life   of    the    Queen,    by   One    of    Her 
Majesty's  Servants  (Pearson), — My  Father  as  I 
Recall   Him,    by   Mamie   Dickens   (Roxburghe 
Press), —T/ie    History   of   Hove,    Ancient  and 
Modern,    by    H.    C.    Porter    (Hove,   Porter), 
—  The  Temple  Reader,  edited   by  E.  E.  Speight 
(Marshall), — Juvenal:     Satires     XL,     XIIL., 
XIV.,  edited  by  A.  H.  Allcroft  (Clive),— (7om- 
ponnd  Interest,   by  A.  S.  Smith  (E.  Wilson), — 
The  Real  History  of  Money  Island,  by  M.  Fliir- 
scheim  ('Clarion'   Office), —Pape?-s   and    Notes 
on  the  Genesis  and  Matrix  of  the  Diamond,  by 
the  late  H.   C.   Lewis,   edited  by  Prof.  T.  G. 
Bonney  (Longmans), — Handbook    to    Christian 
and     Ecclesiastical     Rome,     by     H.     M.     and 
M.    A.    R.    T.,    Part   I.    (Black),  —  Rameau's 
Nephew,    a   translation    from    Diderot's    auto- 
graphic text  by  S.  M.  Hill  (Longmans),— Pro- 
ceedings  of  the  National  Conference  of  Charities 
and   Correction,  held  in  Grand  Rapids,   Mich., 
1S96,  edited  by  Isabel  C.  Barrows  (P.  S.  King), 
—  The  Platitudes  of  a  Pessimist,  by  the  Author 
of   'The  Life  of  a  Prig'  (Kegan  Paul),— ^Ae 
Logical   Copula  and  Quantification  of  the  Pre- 
dicate, by  E.  Adamson  (Nutt), — The  Outlines  of 
Physics,   by  E.  L.   Nichols  (Macmillan),  —  An 
Elementary   Text  -  Book  of  Hygiene,   by  H.  R. 
Wakefield  (Blackie),  —  Bidletin   of    the  United 
States  National  Museum:  No.  1^1,  The  Fishes  of 
North  and  Middle  America,  by  D.  S.  Jordan 
and    B.   W.   Evermann,  Part  I.    (Washington, 


Government   Printing   Oftice),— //tts6a?id   and 
Wife,  by  S.  Wright  (Snxon),— Essays  from  the 
Chap-Book  (Gay  &  Bird),— The   Value  of  Life, 
by    C.    E.    Burke    (Catholic   Truth    Society),— 
Sybil    Foster's    Love    Story,    by    Lady    Watkin 
Williams  (Chapman    &  Hall),  — T/ie    Scpnre    of 
Lonsdale,   by  Edith  C.  Kenyon  (Warne),— T/te 
Wooing  of    May,    by   Alan   St.    Aubyn  (F.   V. 
White),  —  While  the  Billy  Boils,  l)y  H.  Lawson 
(Simpkin), — The   Chronicles   of  Micliael   Dane- 
vitch,  by  Dick  Donovan  (Chatto  &  Windus), — 
Only   an   Angel,   by  F.   Gribble   (Innes),  — T/te 
House    of    Dreams    (Bowden),   —  Little    3Iiss 
Lustring,  by  Agnes  Giberne  (Marshall,  Russell 
&    Co.), — The   Birthright,   by  Joseph    Hocking 
(Bowden), — Our  Laddie,  by  O.  Smeaton  (Bliss, 
Sands    &   Co.), — In   the   Name   of  Liberty,  by 
Florence  Marryat  (Digby  &  Long), — A  Triumph 
of  Destiny,  by  J.  H.  Twells,  jun.  (Lippincott), 
— The    Blindness   of   Madge    Tyndall,    &c. ,    by 
Silas   K.  Hocking  (Warne), — III  -  Gotten   Gold,, 
by  W.   G.   Tarbet  (Cassell), — Father   Hilarion, 
by  K.  D.  King  (Hutchinson), — Selections  from 
the  Works  of  Sir  Lewis  Morris  (Kegan  Paul), — 
Thoughts    and    Fancies,    poems    by   J.    Cotton 
(Simpkin), — English   Lyric   Poetry,   1500-1700, 
with    an     Introduction    by    F.     I.     Carpenter 
(Blackie), — Mammon,  a  Spirit  Song,  by  L.  M. 
Elshemus  (New  York,  Lewis), — Thoughts  from 
the  Drama  of  Life,  by  Alice  C.  Burnett  (Exeter, 
Pollard), — Beginnings  of  the  English  Church  and 
Kingdom,  by  T.  Moore  (SkeflSngton), — My  Life 
in    Christ,   by    "Father   John,"   translated   by 
E.  E.  Goulaeff  (Cassell)  —The  Lessons  of  Holy 
Script^ire,   by   the   late   Rev.   J.    H.  Wanklyn, 
Vols.    V.    and    VI.    (Bemrose), — Explanatory 
Analysis  of  St.  PauVs  First  Epistle  to  Timothy, 
by   H.   P.    Liddon,    D.D.    (Longmans), — Doux 
Pays,  by  Forain  (Paris,  Plon), — and  Squelettes 
Fleuris,    by   T.    Klingsor  (Paris,    'Mercure   de 
France  ').     Among  New  Editions  we  have   Der 
Kampf  um   die  neue    Kunst,   by  C.   Neumann 
(Berlin,   Walther),— ^    History  of  England,  by 
C.  Oman,  Parts  I.  and  II.  (Arnold), — The  House 
of    Cromwell,    by    J.     Waylen    (Stock), — John 
Ruskin :  his  Life  and   Teaching,  by  M.  Mather 
(Warne), — Thimm's  Spanish  Self-Taught  (Marl- 
borough),— The  Value  of  Electrical  Treatment, 
by  J.  Althaus,  M.D.  (Longmans), — English  Prac- 
tical Banking,  by  T.  B  Moxon  (John  Hey  wood), 
— Into  an   Unknown   World,   by  J.   S., Winter 
(F.   V.  White),— ff is   Excellency,    by   E.  Zola, 
with   a  Preface  by  E.   A.  Vizetelly  (Chatto  & 
Windus), — England's  Wealth,  Ireland's  Poverty, 
by   T.    Lough,'   M.P.    (Downey   &    Co.),— and 
Gathered  Fragments,  poems  by  E.  Vyne  (Dobell). 


LIST   OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Anderson's  (R.)  The  Silence  of  God,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Baring-Qould's   (S.)   Lives   of    the    Saints,  Vola.   7   and  8, 

cr.  Svo.  .5/  each  net,  el. 
Bennett's  (W.  H.)  A  Primer  of  the  Bible,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Brinton's   (D.   G  )   American  Lectures  on  the  History  of 

Religions,  Second  Series,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Kveuing  Thoughts  on  Holy  Writ,  by  Countess  of  Strafford, 

cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Harnack's  (Dr.  A.)  History  of  Dogma,  Svo.  10/6  cl. 
Headland's  (E.)  Brief  Slcetches  ot  C.M.S.  Workers,  3/6  cl. 
HoUings's  (G.  S.)  The  Heavenly  Stair,  cr.  Svo.  3/(5  cl. 
Lewis's  (Rev.  F.  W.)  Jesus,  Son  of  God,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Little's  (W.  J.  Knox)  St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  Svo.  10/6  cl. 
Murphy's  (J.  B   C.)  The  Service  of  the  Master,  cr.  Svo.  .Vcl. 
O'Mear's  (Rev.  D.)  Inspired  through  Suffering,  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Pierson's  (A.  T.)  Seven  Years  in  Sierra  Leone,  Story  of  the 

Work  of  W.  A.  B.  Johnson,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl 
Randolph's  (B.  W.)  The  Threshold  of  the  Sanctuary,  3/6  cl. 
Ridding's  (G.)  The  Revel  and  the  Battle,  and  other  Sermons, 

cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Waterhouse's  (C.  H.)  Lectures  on  the  Gospel  in  the  Penta- 
teuch, cr.  Svo.  2/  sewed. 

Law. 
Jones's  (C.)  Book  of  Practical  Forms  for  Use  in  Solicitors' 
Oflfices,  Part  1,  cr.  Svo.  5/  net,  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Dies  Dominica,  Hymns  and  Metrical  Meditations,  4/6  cl. 
Hendry's  (H  )  Red  Apple  and  Silver  Bells,  a  Book  of  Verse 

for  Children,  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Mangan,  J.  C,  Selected  Poems,  with  a  Study  by  the  Editor, 

L.  I.  Guiney,  cr.  Svo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Tabb's  (J.  B.J  Lyrics,  16mo.  4/6  net,  cl. 

Philosophy. 
Sabatier's  (A.)  Outlines  of  a  Philosophy  of  Religion,  7/6  cl. 
Tide's  (C.  P.)  Elements  of  the  Science  of  Religion  :  Part  1, 
Morphological,  or.  Svo.  7/6  net,  cl. 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


419 


Political  Economy, 
Rothwell's  (W.  T.)  Bimetallism  Explained,  cr.  8vo.  5/  ol. 
Webb's  (M.  de   P.)   The   Great  Power,  the  Necessity   for 
Monetary  Reform,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography, 
Allingbam's  (H.)  Capt.  Cuellar's  Adventures  in  Connaugbt 

and  Ulster,  158S,  8vo.  2/  net,  sewed. 
Boisragon's  (Capt.  A  )  The  Benin  Massacre,  cr.  8vo.  3/d  cl. 
Evaiis  (A.  J.)  and  Fearenside's  (C.  S  )  England  under  the 

Later  Hanoverians,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Perkins's  (J.  B.)  France  under  Louis  XV.,  2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  16/ 
Sargent's  (H.  H.)  The  Campaign  of  Marengo,  or.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Shaw's  (Uev.  G.)  Old  Grimsby,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Taunton's    (Kev.   B.    L.)    The     English    Black    Monks    of 

St.  Benedict,  2  vols,  royal  8vo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Twelve  Years  of  a  Soldier's   Life,   from   Letters  of    Major 

W.  T.  Johnson,  edited  by  his  Widow,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bagot's  (A.   G.)  Sport  and  Travel  in   India  and    Central 

America,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Bigelow's  (P.)  White  Man's  Africa,  illus.  8vo.  16/  ei. 
Thirlmere's  (R.)  Idylls  of  Spain,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  net,  cl. 

Philology. 
Granville's  (W.  E.  M.)  ABC  Handbook  of  French  Corre- 
spondence, cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Julien's  (F.)  Oral  and  Conversational  Method,   Un  Peu  de 

Tout,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Michaud's  Histoire  de  la  Premifire  Croisade,  edited  by  A.  V. 

Houghton,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Niif's  (O.  C. )  A  Comprehensive  French  Manual,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
Key's  (H.)  A  Complete  Course  of  Frencli  Composition,  ,3/6 
Tamil  Proverbs,  Classified  Collection  of,  by  H.  Jensen,  8/cl. 

Science. 
Biggs's    (C.   H.   W.)  First    Principles    of    Electricity    and 

Magnetism,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Davies's  (S.  W.)  Physiography,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Dobbs's  (W.  J.)  Elementary  Geometrical  Siatics,  cr.  8vo.  8/6 
Jameson's  (A.)  A  Text-Book  on  Applied  Mechanics,  Vol.  2, 

cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Nagle's  (G.)  A  Field  Manual  for  Railway  Engineers,  12/6net. 
Romanes's  (G.  J  )  Darwin  and  after  Darwin,  Part  3,  5/  cl. 

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Andrews's  (W.)  The  Church  Treasury  of  History,  Custom, 

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Balzac's  Cousin  Betty,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Baring-Gould's  (S.)  Perpetua,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
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Bramston's  (M  )  Told  by  Two,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
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THE  ETYMOLOGY  OF    "CREASE." 

Warrington,  Sept.  20,  1897. 

Pkof.  Skeat's  letter  in  the  last  number  of 
the  Athenn'um  on  the  etymology  of  the  word 
"crease"  brings  to  my  mind  an  amusing  bit 
of  dialect. 

A  Cheshire  husbandman  signing  a  document 
in  my  office  was  asked  to  sign  his  name  in  a 
certain  place  where  there  happened  to  be  a 
crease  in  the  paper.  He  looked  at  it  and  in- 
quired, "Mun  (must)  I  sign  i'  that  riggott  ?  " 
A  riggott  is  a  small  furrow  made  in  a  wet 
meadow  to  let  off  the  water,  and  "  riggott  "  was 
the  word  he  used  for  a  crease. 

Robert  Davies. 


TENNYSON   BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Part  II.— Complete  Volumes  of  Biography 
AND  Criticism. 

24. 

A    Study  ;  |  with    Critical    and   Explanatory 
Notes,     I    of    Lord    Tennyson's    Poem    |    The 
Princess  |  by  |  S.  E.  Dawson.  |  Second  Edition. 
I  Montreal  :  |  Dawson  Brothers,  Publishers.  | 
1884. 

Collation  :- Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  xviii  and  120  : 
consisting  of  Half-title  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-ii ; 
Title-page  (with  "Copyright"  on  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ; 
Dedication  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  v-vi  ;  Preface, 
pp.  vii-xvii  ;  p.  xviii  is  blank  ;  Text,  pp.  1-58  ;  and 
Notes,  pp.  59-120. 

Issued  iu  violet  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the  back  "Study  |  of  the  |  Princess,"  also  on  the 
front  cover  "  A  Study  of  |  '  The  Princess.'  "  A  long 
and  interesting  letter  from  Lord  Tennyson  on  '  The 
Princess,'  addressed  to  the  author  of  this  '  Study,'  is 
printed  in  the  Preface  ;  the  letter  is  dated  Aldworth, 
Haslemere,  Surrey,  Nov.  21st,  1882. 

25. 

Tennyson's  In  Memoriam  |  Its  Purpose  and 
Its  Structure  |  A  Study  |  by  |  John  F.  Genung 
I  London  :  |  Macmillan  and  Co.  |  1884. 

Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  199  :  consisting  of 
Title-page  and  Dedication  (each  with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  i-iv  ;  Contents,  pp.  v-vi :  and  Text,  pp.  7-199. 

Issued  in  blue  cloth  board.^,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the  back  "  Tennyson's  |  In  |  Memoriam  |  Genung  | 
Macmillan." 

26. 

A  Key  to  ]  Lord  Tennyson's  |  '  In 
Memoriam.'  |  By  Alfred  Gatty,  D.D.,  |  Vicar 
of  Ecclesfield  |  and  |  Sub-Dean  of  York.  |  Third 
Edition.  |  London  :  |  George  Bell  &  Sons,  York 
Street,  |  Covent  Garden.  |  1885. 

Collation  -.—Small  octavo,  pp.  xxx  and  148  :  con- 
sisting of  Portrait  of  Arthur  H.  Hallam,  from  a  bast 
by  Chantrej',  pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page  and  Dedication 
(each  with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-vi  ;  Preface,  pp.  vii- 
xxvii ;  Note,  p.  xxviii  ;  1<  ly-title,  pp.  xxix-xxx  ;  and 
Text,  pp.  1-148.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the 
last  page.  . 

Issued  in  parchment-covered  boards,  lettered  m 

red  on  the  back  "  A  Key  |  to  |  In  Memoriam  |  Gatty 

I  G.    Bell  I  &  I  Sous,"    and    on    the    front    cover 

"A  Key  to    Tennyson's  |  In    Memoriam.  |  Alfred 

Gatty,  D.D." 

27. 
'Locksley     Hall.'    |    An      Appeal    |    from  | 
'Locksley     Hall     Sixty    Years     After'  |  to   | 
'Locksley    Hall.'  ]  By  |  W.    C.    Bennett.  1  Re- 
printed from  I  '  The  Liberal  Home    Ruler '  of 
Jan.  15,  22,  and  29,  1887-  |  Price  Threepence.  | 
London  :  |  Hart  &  Co.,  22,  Paternoster  Row,  | 
1887. 


Collation  :— Octavo,  pt>.  14  :  consisting  of  Title- 
page,  as  above  (with  blanii  reverse),  pp.  1-2  ;  and 
Text,  pp.  8-14. 

Issued  in  green  paper  wrappers,  with  the  title 
reproduced  on  the  front  cover. 

28. 

A  Companion  |  to  |  In  Memoriam  |  by  |  Eliza- 
beth Rachel  Chapman  |  author  of  |  '  "The  New 
Purgatory  and    other    Poems,'  etc.  |  London  | 
Macmillan  and  Co.  |  and  New  York  |  1888  |  All 
rights  reserved. 

Collation  :  — Foolfcap  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  72  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  (witli  quatrain  ou  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page,  Prefatory  Note,  and  Inscription 
(each  with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-viii  ;  and  Text, 
pp.  1-72.  The  imprint  is  at  the  foot  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in  green  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the     back    "  A  |  Companion  |  to  |  In  |  Memoriam  | 
E.  R.  1  Chapman  |  Macmillan." 

29. 

The  I  Homes  and  Haunts  |  of  |  Alfred,  Lord 
Tennyson,  |  Poet  Laureate.  |  I  would  the  great 
world  grew  like  thee.  |  Printed  for  Private 
Circulation  by  |  James  Maclehose  &  Sons, 
Glasgow.  I  1889. 

Collation  :— Royal  octavo,  pp.  xii  and  5.5  :  consist- 
ing of  Half-title  (with  certilicate  of  issue  on  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page,  Couteut,=,  and  List  of  Plates 
(eacb  with  blank  reveise),  pp.  iii-viii;  Preface, 
pp.  ix-xi  ;  p.  xii  is  blank  ;  and  Text,  pp.  1-55.  There 
are  fourteen  plates,  including  a  portrait  of  Lord 
Tennyson  as  frontisi)iece. 

Issued,  in  a  limited  edition  of  one  hundred  copies, 
in  "roxburgh"  binding,  with  green  cloth  sides. 
Lettered  across  the  back  "  Homes  |  and  |  Haunts  | 
of  Tennyson  |  1889."  The  author  of  'The  Homes 
and  Haunts  of  Tennyson  '  is  Mr.  G.  G.  Napier,  of 
Orchard,  West  Kilbride,  Ayrshire. 

30. 

In  Tennyson  Land  |  being  |  a  brief  account 
of  the  Home  and  Early  Surroundings  |  of  the 
Poet  Laureate  and  an  attempt  to  |  identify  the 
Scenesand  trace  the  |  Iniiuencesof  Lincolnshire 
I  in  his  Works  |  By  |  John  Cuming  Walters  | 
[Quotation from  'Ode  to  Memory.']  |  [Quotation 
from  Mrs.  Browning.]  |  With  Twelve  Plates  | 
London  |  George  Redway  |  1890. 

Collation  :— Demy  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  108  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title,  Title-page,  and  Preface  (each 
with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-vi  ;  Contents,  pp.  vii-viii  ; 
Text,  pp.  1-103  ;  Appendix,  pp.  104-lOC  ;  and  Index, 
pp.  107108. 

Issued  in  white  cloth  board?,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the  back  ■'  In  |  Tennyson  |  Land  |  Redway,"  also  on 
the  front  cover  '"  In  |  Tennyson  |  Land  |  [Illustra- 
tion.] I  J.  Cuming  Walters."  The  published  price 
was  live  shillings.  A  large-paper  edition  of  one 
hundred  copies  was  also  issued  in  blue  paper 
wrapper  with  thirteen  illustrations  on  Japanese 
vellum. 

31. 

The  I  Poetry  of  Tennyson  |  by  |  Henry  Van 
Dyke  |  London  ]  Elkin  Mathews,  Vigo  Street, 
W.  I  1890. 

Collation  :— Crown  octavo,  pp.  xvi  and  296  :  con- 
sisting of  Title-page  (with  imprint  on  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii ;  Dedication  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ; 
Preface,  pp.  v-xiii  ;  p.  xiv  is  blank  ;  Contents  (with 
blank  reverse),  pp.  xv-xvi  ;  Text,  pp.  1-254;  Chrono- 
logy, pp.  255-272  ;  and  Biblical  Quotations,  pp.  273- 
296. 

Issued  in  indigo-blue  buckiam  boards,  lettered  in 
gilt  across  the  back  "The  |  Poetry  of  |  Tennyson  | 
Henry  Van  |  Dyl.e   |  Elkiu  Mathews."    The    pub- 
lished price  was  six  shillings. 

32. 

Illustrations  of  Tennyson  |  by  |  JohnChurton 

Collins  I  Author  of  'Bolingbroke  :  a  Historical 

Study  '   etc.  |  [Quotations    from    Terence,    Dr. 

Johnson,  and  Tennyson.]  |  [Publishers'  device.] 

I  London  |  Chatto  &  Windus,  Piccadilly  |  1891. 

Collation  :  — Crown  octavo,  pp.  xii  and  186:  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  (with  imprint  on  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ; 
Preface,  pp.  v-ix  ;  pp.  x  and  xii  are  blank  ;  Contents, 
p.  xi ;  Text,  pp.  1-178  ;  and  Index,  pp.  179-186. 

Issued    in   dark-blue    cloth    boards,  lettered    in 
gilt  across  the  back  "Illustrations  I  of  |  Tennyson  | 
Churton  |  Collins  1  Chatto  &   Windus."     The  pub- 
lished price  was  six  shillings. 

33. 
Lord    Tennyson  |   and   |  The    Bible.  |   By  | 
George    Lester.    ]    London  :    |   Howe    &    Co., 
23,  St.  Paul's  Buildings,  |  Paternoster  Row. 


420 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3648,  Sept. 


25,  '97 


Collation  :— Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  152  :  consisting 
of  Half-title  (with  advertisement  on  reverse),  i)p.  1- 
2  ;  Title-page  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  3-4  ;  I'rf.face, 
pp.  5-6  ;  Contents,  pp.  7-10  ;  and  Te.xt,  pp.  11-1.52. 

Issued   in    1891   in    black    cloth  boards  with  gilt 
ornamentation,  lettered   across  the   back   "  Lord  | 
Tennyson  |  &  |  the  |  Bible  |  Howe  &  Co.,"   and    on 
front    cover   "Lord    Tennyson  |  and  |  The    Bible  | 
George  Lester."    The   published  price  was  half-a- 
crown. 

34. 
Alfred  |  Lord  Tennyson  |  A  Study  of  his  Life 
I  and  Work  |  by  |  Arthur  Waugh  |  B.A.  Oxon. 
I  [Publisher's     device.]    |    London    (    Williann 
Heinemann  |  mdcccxcii. 

Collation  :— Demy  octavo,  pp.  xii  and  328  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  (with  "  Copyright"  on  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page,  as  above  (with  imprint  on 
reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ;  Dedication  (with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  v-vi  ;  Preface,  pp.  vii-viii  ;  Contents,  pp.  ix-x  ; 
List  of  Illustrations  (26  in  number),  p.  xi  ;  p.  xii  is 
blank  ;  Text,  pp.  1-312  ;  and  Index,  pp.  313-328. 
Between  the  text  and  the  index  is  inserted  a 
facsimile  of  a  letter,  dated  November  16,  1882,  from 
Mr.  Tennyson  to  Mr.  Hall  Caine  respecting  'The 
Promise  of  May.'  The  imprint  is  repeated  at  the 
foot  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in  crimson  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt 
across  the  back  "  Alfred  |  Lord  |  Tennyson  | 
Arthur  Waugh  |  Heinemann."  The  front  cover  is 
ornamented  in  gilt  with  a  wreath  enclosing  facsimile 
autograph  "A.  Tennyson."  The  published  price 
was  eight  shillings. 

35. 

Tennyson  |  and  |  '  In  Memoriam  '  |  an  Appre- 
ciation   and    a    Study  |  by  |  Joseph    Jacobs  | 
[Quotation  from  M.  Arnold's  '  Scholar  Gipsy.'] 
I  London  |  David  Nutt  in  the  Strand  |  1892. 

Collation  :  — Foolscap  octavo,  pp.  x  and  108  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  and  Title-page  (each  with  blank 
reverse),  pp.  i-iv ;  Prefatory  Letter  to  E.  G. 
Moultou,  pp.  v-viii  ;  Contents  (with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  ix-x;  Alfred  Tennyson:  an  Appreciation, 
pp.  1-24:;  A  Study  of  'In  Memoriam,' pp.  25104  ; 
Appendix,  pp.  105-108.  Facing  p.  86  is  a  Chart  of 
'In  Memoriam.' 

Issued  in  maroon  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt 
across  the  back  "  Tennyson  |  and  |  In  Memoriam  j 
Jacobs  I  D.  Nutt,"  also   on    front  cover    "Joseph 
Jacobs  I  Tennyson  &  In  Memoriam  |  D.  Nutt." 

36. 

Mv>//xoi/«u£r€  Twv  rjyovfievwv.  |  A  Sermon  | 
Preached  in  the  Chapel  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  |  on  October  16th,  1802  |  in  re- 
ference to  the  death  of  |  Lord  Tennyson  | 
Honorary  Fellow  of  the  College.  |  By  |  H. 
Montagu  Butler,  D.D.  |  Master.  |  Cambridge  : 
I  Macraillan  and  Bowes.  |  1892  |  (Printed  by 
Request.) 

Collation  :  Octavo,  pp.  16  :  consisting  of  Title- 
page,  as  above,  and  Dedication  (each  with  blank 
reverse),  pp.  1-4  ;  and  Text,  pp.  5-16.  The  imprint 
i?  at  the  foot  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in  white  paper  wrapper,  the  front  page  of 
which  contains  a  reprint  of  the  title. 

37. 
Tennyson  |  as  a  Thinker.  |  A  Criticism.  |  By 
Henry  S.  Salt.  |  London  :  |  William  Reeves,  I 
185,  Fleet  Street,  E.C.  i  1893. 

Collation  :— Small  octavo,  pp.  iv  and  49  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  (with  advertisements  on  re- 
verse), pp.  i-ii;  Title-page  (with  imprint  on 
reverse),  pp.  iii-iv;  and  Text,  pp.  1-49.  (The  text 
ie  paged  9-57.) 

Issued  in  pink  paper  wrappers,  on  the  front  page 
of  which  the  title  is  reproduced  with  slight  varia- 
tions. Large-paper  copies  were  issued  at  the  price 
©f  one  shilling  and  sixpence.  The  greater  part  of 
this  "  Criticism  "  appeared  in  Time,  October,  1890. 

38. 

Tennyson:  |  His  Art  and  Relation  to  |  Modern 
Life   I    By  |   Stopford   A.   Brooke   |  London   | 
Isbister     and    Company    Limited  |  15     &     16 
Tavistock  Street  Covent  Garden  |  1894. 

Collation  :  —  Large  octavo,  pp.  490  :  consist- 
ing of  Half-title  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-ii  ; 
Title-page,  as  above  (with  imprint  on  reverse)^ 
pp.  iii-iv  ;  Contents,  pp.  v-vi ;  Text,  pp.  7-483  • 
p.  484  is  blank  ;  and  Index,  pp.  485-490. 

Issued  in  blue  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the    back    "Tennyson  |  Stopford    A.  |   Brooke  | 
Isbister."    The  published  price  was  seven  shillings 
and  sixpence. 


39. 
The  I  De  Profundis  |  of  |  Alfred  Tennyson.  | 
Remodelled  |  by  |  Metamorphosis.  |  London  :  | 
E.    W.   Allen,    |   Stationers'  Hall   Court.  |  One 
Shilling. 

Collation  :— Small  square  octavo,  pp.  7  :  consisting 
of  Title-page  (as  above),  p.  1  ;  Preface,  p.  2  ;  and 
Text,  pp.  3-7. 

Issued  stitched,  without  wrappers. 

40. 
The  I  Bibliography   of    Tennyson  |  a   Biblio- 
graphical List  I  of  the  |  Published  and  Privately- 
Printed  Writings  j  of  |  Alfred  (Lord)  Tennyson 

I  Poet  Laureate  |  from  1827  to  1894  inclusive  | 
With  his  Contributions  to  Annuals,  Magazines, 

I  Newspapers,  and  other  Periodical  |  Publica- 
tions I  and  I  a  Scheme  for  a  final  and  definitive 
Edition  |  of  the  Poet's  Works  |  By  |  the  Author 
of  '  Tennysoniana  '  |  London  |  Printed  for  Sub- 
scribers only  I  1896. 

Collation  :— Small  square  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  88  : 
consisting  of  Half-title  (with  "  Note  "  on  reverse), 
pp.  i-ii  ;  Title-page  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  iii-iv  ; 
la  Memoriam  Mr.  Richard  Heme  Shepherd, 
pp.  v-viii  ;  and  Text,  pp.  1-88.  The  imprint  is  at 
the  foot  of  the  last  page. 

Issued  in  French  grey  wrappers  by  Frank  Hol- 
lings,  7,  Great  Turnstile,  Holborn,  London,  at  the 
price  of  five  shillings. 

41. 
A  Primer  of  Tennyson  |  with  [  a  Critical 
Essay  |  By  |  William  Macneile  Dixon  |  Litt.D., 
A.M.,  LL.B.  I  Professor  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage and  Literature  in  Mason  |  College,  Bir- 
mingham, Author  of  '  English  Poetry  |  from 
Blake  to  Browning.'  |  Methuen  &  Co.  |  36  Essex 
Street,  W.C.  |  London  |  1896. 

Collation  :  — Crown  octavo,  pp.  viii  and  189  :  con- 
sisting of  Half-title  (with  blank  reverse),  pp.  i-ii  ; 
Title-page  (with  imnrint  on  reverse  "  Colston  &  Coy. 
Limited,  Printers,  Edinburgh  "),  pp.  iii-iv  ;  Dedica- 
tion—to Edward  Dowden  (with  blank  reverse), 
pp.  v-vi  ;  Contents,  p.  vii  ;  p.  viii  is  blank  ;  Text, 
pp.  1-143  ;  p.  144  is  blank  ;  List  of  Dates  and  Biblio- 
graphy, pp.  145-189. 

Issued  in  green  cloth  boards,  lettered  in  gilt  across 
the  back  "  A  |  Primer  |  of  |  Tennyson  |  W.  M.  Dixon 
I  Methuen."    The  published  price  was  two  shillings 
and  sixpence. 

Thomas  J.  Wise. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Messrs.    Macmillan    &    Co.    will     publish 
shortly  'A  Memoir  of  Tennyson,' — 'Memorials 
by  the  Earl  of  Selborne,'  Part  II.,— 'Life  of 
Dean   Butler  of  Lincoln,' — 'Lectures  and  Re- 
mains of  R.  L.  Nettleship,' — 'Life  of  Edward 
Thring,'— 'Cambridge,'  by    Mr.  T.   D.   Atkin- 
son,—  'South  Africa  of    To-day,'   by  Capt.   E. 
Younghusband,  — '  Impressions  of  South  Africa,' 
by  Mr.  Bryce,  M.P.,—' West  African  Studies,' 
by  Miss  M.  Kingsley, —  ' Old  Virginia  and   her 
Neighbours,'  by  Mr.  J.  Fiske,—' History  of  the 
Society    of    Dilettanti,' —  'France    since    the 
Revolution,'  by  Mr.  J.  E    C.  Bodley, — four  new 
volumes  in  the  "Foreign  Statesmen  Series,"— 
'  A   History  of   Rome  for   Beginners,'  by  Mr. 
E.  S.   Shuckburgh, — 'Captains  Courageous,'  by 
Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling,  and  an  edition  de  luxe  of 
the  same  writer's  books,  — '  Highways  and  By  ways 
of  Devon  and  Cornwall,'  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Norway, 
— '  Miss  Mouse  and  her  Boys,'  by  Mrs.  Moles- 
worth,—'  The  Story  of  a  Red  Deer,'  by  the  Hon. 
J.  W^  Fortescue,—' Master  Skylark,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Bennett, — 'Sketches    from    Old    Virginia,'    by 
Mr.  A.  G.  Bradley, — 'Corleone,'  by  Mr.  Marion 
Crawford,  —  'For  Prince  and  People,'  by  Mr. 
E.  K.   Sanders,— 'The  Eversley  Bible,' edited 
by  Mr.  J.  W.  Mackail,  — 'Christian  Aspects   of 
Life,' by  Bishop  Westcott,  —  'Mysteries  Pagan 
and    Christian,'   by   Archdeacon    Cheetham, — a 
volume  of  sermons  by  the  Bishop  of  Southwell, 
— 'Pausanias's   Description  of   Greece,'  edited 
by  Mr.  J.   G.   Frazer, — 'An   Historical   Greek 
Grammar,'  by  Dr.   A.  N.   Jannaris, — 'Marcus 
Antoninus  to  Himself,' by  Prof.  Rendall, — 'A 
Dictionary  of  Australasian  Words  and  Usages,' 
by  Mr.  E.  E.  Morris,— text-books   of   botany, 


zoology,  and  metallurgy, — 'Infinitesimal Analy- 
sis,' by  Dr.  W.  B.  Smith, — 'On  Laboratory 
Arts,'  by  Mr.  R.  Threl fall,— and  'The  State 
and  Charity,'  by  Mr.  T.  Mackay. 

Mr.  George  Redway's  autumn  books  include 
'The  Stamp  Collector,'  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Hardy,— 
'  A  Tragedy  of  Grub  Street,'  by  Mr.  S.  J.  A. 
Fitz-Gerald, — 'The  Morality  of  Marriage,  and 
other  Essays,'  by  Mona  Caird, —  'Sporting 
Society,' edited  by  Mr.  F.  Russell,  — '  Curiosities 
of  Bird  Life,'  by  Mr.  C.  Dixon, — '  Notes  on  the 
Margins,'  by  Mr.  Clifford  Harrison, — 'To  be 
read  at  Dusk,'  and  other  uncollected  stories 
by  Charles  Dickens, — 'Common  Ailments  and 
their  Cures,'  by  Dr.  A.  Wilson, — '  How  to  Pub- 
lish a  Book,' by  Mr.  L.  Wagner,  —  'Rhymes  of 
Ironquill,'  edited  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hammerton, — 
'Reminiscences  of  Miss  Betham  Edwards,' — 
'Early  Days  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  by 
Mr.  W.  C.  Sydney, — '  Concise  Dictionary  of 
English  Literature,'  by  Mr.  R.  F.  Sharp,— 
'Old  Violins,'  by  the  Rev.  H.  R.  Haweis, 
— '  The  Symbolism  of  the  East  and  West,' 
by  Mr.  H.  Murray-Aynsley,  —  '  The  Sym- 
bolism of  Heraldry,'  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Wade, 
—and  in  the  "  Occult  Series,"  'The  Book  of 
Black  Magic  and  of  Pacts,'  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Waite; 
'The  Catechism  of  Palmistry,'  by  Madame  I. 
Ellis;  'Human  Magnetism,'  by  Prof.  Coates  ; 
'New  Manual  of  Astrology,'  by  Mr.  W.  Old  ; 
and  'The  Gift  of  the  Spirit,'  by  Mr.  P. 
Mulford. 

Messrs.   Putnam's   Sons'   announcements  in- 
clude   'The   Cid   Campeador,'   by   Mr.    H.    B. 
Clarke,— 'President    Grant,'    by    Mr.    W.    C. 
Church,— '  Robert    E.    Lee,'   by   Prof.    H.    A. 
White, — 'A  History  of  American  Literature  in 
the  Colonial  Period,'  by  Prof.  M.  C.  Tyler,— 
'  Nippur  :  Explorations  on  the  Euphrates  (1880- 
1890),'  by  Dr.  J.  P.  Peters,— 'The  Historical 
Development  of  Modern  Europe,'  by  Prof.  C.  M. 
Andrews, — '  The  Vines  of  North-Eastern  Ame- 
rica,' by  Mr.   C.  S.   Newhall,  —  '  Religions   of 
Primitive  Peoples,'  by  Prof.  D.  G.  Brinton, — 
'  Chronicles  of  a  Kentucky  Settlement,'  by  Mr. 
W.  C.  Watts,— 'The  Last  Days  of  Knickerbocker 
Life  in  New  York,'  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Dayton, — 'Evo- 
lution and  Religion,'  by  Mr.  J.  Bascom, — 'The 
Writings  of  James  Monroe,' edited  by  Mr.  S.  M. 
Hamilton, —  ' The    Life    of    Charles    Carroll,' 
edited     by    Miss     K.    M.     Rowland,  —  '  An 
Introduction    to    Literature,'    by    Mr.    L.    E. 
Jones,  —  '  Sound     Money     Monographs  '     and 
'Greenbacks   and   Currency   Reform,'   by   Mr. 
W.  C.  Cornwell,— '  The  Life  of  H.  B.  Plant,' 
by  Mr.  G.  H.  Smyth,— '  Historic  New  York,'— 
'The    Professor's    Dilemma,'   by   Miss   A.    L. 
Noble, — 'Some  Colonial  Homesteads,' by  Miss 
M.    Harland, — 'The    Occasional   Address,'   by 
Prof.    L.    Sears,  —  '  Modern     English     Prose 
Writers,'   by   Mr.  F.  P.  Stearns,  — '  Monetary 
Problems  and   Reform,'  by  Mr.   C.  H.  Swan, 
iun.,  —  'Nullification    and    Secession     in    the 
United    States,'  by  Dr.   E.   P.   Powell,— 'The 
American   College    in  American  Life,'  by  Mr. 
C.    F.    Thwing,— '  John   Marmaduke,'  by  Mr. 
S.   H.    Church, — 'American   Finance,'  by  Mr. 
A.  D.  Noyes,— 'On  the  Ocean,'  by  M.  E.  de 
Amicis — '  A  Notebook  in  Northern  Spain, '  by  Mr. 
A.  M.  Huntington,  —  'The  Painters  of  Central 
Italy,' by  Mr.  B.  Berenson,— and  '  The  Works 
of  Samuel  Adams,'  edited  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Cushing. 
Mr.  Elkin  Mathews's  announcements  include 
the   following  :     '  Two   Essays    upon   Matthew 
Arnold,  with  his  Letters  to  the  Author,'  by  Mr. 
A.  Galton, — 'The  Canon  :  an  Exposition  of  the 
Pagan    Mystery   perpetuated    in    the    Cabala,' 
with  an  introduction  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Cunninghame 
Graham,— 'Idylls  of  Spain,'  by  Mr.  R.  Thirl- 
mere, — '  An  Attic  in  Bohemia  :  a  Diary  without 
Dates,'  by  E.  H.  L.  Watson,— 'The  Joy  of  my 
Youth,'    a    novel,    by    Mr.    C.    Nicholson,  — 
'Selected  Lyrics   from   Roden  Noel,' — '  Gesta 
Typographica  :  a  Collection  of  Printers'  Sayings 
and  Doings,'  by  Mr.  C.  T.  .Tacobi, — 'Ireland, 
with  other  Poems,'  by  Mr.  Lionel  Johnson, — 
'The  Wind  among  the  Reeds,'  by  Mr.  W.  B. 


N*'  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


421 


Yeats, — '  Bad  Lady  Betty,  a  Drama  iti  Three 
Acts,'  by  Mr.  W.  D.  Scull,— 'Baby  Lays,'  by 
Miss  A.  Stow,  —  '  Admirals  All,  and  other 
Verses,'  by  Mr.  H.  Newbolt,— and  'English 
Lands,  Letters,  and  Kings  :  the  Later  Georges 
to  Victoria,'  by  Ik  Marvel. 

Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stoughton's  autumn  list 
includes  '  The  Providential  Order  of  the  World,' 
by  Prof.  A.  B.  Bruce,— 'The  Clerical  Life  :  a 
Series  of  Letters  to  Ministers,'  by  Dr.  John 
Watson  and  other  writers, — a  translation  of 
•On  the  Threshold  of  Central  Africa,'  by  M.  F. 
Coillard,  —  'Sunday  Afternoon  Verses,' by  Dr. 
W.  Robertson  Nicoll,  —  '  Side  -  Lights  from 
Patmos,'  by  Dr.  G.  Matheson,—  '  The  Righteous 
Father  and  the  Living  Christ,'  by  the  Rev. 
P.  T.  Forsyth,  — 'From  Strength  to  Strength,' 
by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Jowett,— '  The  Silence  of 
God,'  by  Mr.  R.  Anderson,— '  The  Life  of 
Bishop  Wynne,'— 'The  Ritschlian  Theology 
and  the  Evangelical  Faith,'  by  Prof.  J.  Orr, 
—  '  Personal  Friendships  of  Jesus '  and 
'By  Still  Waters,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Miller, 
D.D.,— 'The  Gospel  in  the  Fields,'  by  the 
Rev.  R.  C.  Fillingham,— '  A  Guide  to  Bib- 
Heal  Study,'  by  Prof.  A.  S.  Peake,  — 'Yet 
Speaking,'  by  the  late  Rev.  A.  J.  Gordon, — 
'  The  Ministry  of  the  Holy  Ghost,'  by  the  Rev. 
J.  Morgan,— 'The  Greater  Gospel,' by  Mr  J.  M. 
Bamford, — '  Essays  and  Addresses,'  by  the  late 
Prof.  Drummond,- '  The  Potter's  Wheel,'  by 
the  Rev.  J.  Watson, — '  Other  People's  Lives,' 
by  Miss  R.  N.  Carey,  — '  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,'  by  Mr.  D.  H.  Fleming, —  ' Through 
Lattice  Windows,'  by  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Dawson, 
—'To  the  Angel's  Chair,'  by  the  Rev.  J. 
Thomas,  —  '  Autobiography  of  a  Highland 
Minister,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  Whyte,— '  The  Auto- 
biography of  Sydney  Watson,' — '  The  Doctor's 
Dilemma,'  by  Miss  H.  Stretton, — '  Chronicles 
of  the  Parish  of  Taxwood,'  by  Dr.  J.  R. 
Macduff,—'  The  Church  of  England  before  the 
Reformation,'  by  the  Rev.  D.  Hague,  —  'Wil- 
liam Taylor,  of  California,'  an  autobiography, — 
'Chirrupee,'  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Bayly, —  ' Ivy 
Meredith,'  by  Miss  C.  Armagh,— 'In  Strange 
Quarters,'  by  Mr.  E.  Hodder,— 'The  Lost  Gold 
of  the  Montezumas,'  by  Mr.  W.  0.  Stoddart, — 
'  The  Gentlemanly  Giant,  and  other  Denizens 
of  the  Never  Never  Forest,'  by  Miss  B.  Francis, 
— and  'Dorothy  Darling,'  by  Mrs.  G.  A.  PauU. 

The  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ledge has  in  hand  the  following  books:  — 
'An  Historical  Church  Atlas,'  by  the  Rev.  E. 
McClure, — 'The  Liturgy  and  Ritual  of  the 
Ante-Nicene  Church,'  by  the  Rev.  F.  E. 
Warren, — 'The  Machinery  of  the  Universe,' 
by  Prof.  A.  E.  Dolbear, — '  Christian  Life  in 
Song  (Te  Deum  Laudamus),' by  the  late  Mrs. 
R.  Charles, — 'The  Anglican  Ordinal,'  by  the 
Rev.  B.  Jackson, — 'Stafford  House  Lectures,' 
by  the  Bishop  of  Stepney  and  others, — 'The 
Anglican  Communion , '  by  the  Archbishop  of  Cape- 
town and  others,  —  'The  Papal  Conclaves,'  by 
Canon  Pennington, — 'Missions  to  the  Jews  :  an 
Historical  Retrospect,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  L.  Wil- 
liams,—'The  Fatherly  Hand,'  by  Canon  E.  T. 
Vaughan, — 'The  Son  of  Man,'  by  the  Rev. 
Harry  Jones, — 'Goals  and  Tries,'  by  Mr.  V. 
Brooke-Hunt,  —  '  The  Queen's  Reign  and  its 
Commemoration,' by  Sir  W.  Besant, — 'Frank 
and  Saxon,'  by  Mr.  G.  M.  Fenn,  — 'By  Sartal 
Sands,'  by  Mr.  E.  N.  Hoare— 'The  Faith  of 
his  Father,'  by  Miss  H.  Shipton,  — '  The  Home- 
ward Voyage,'  by  Mr.  H.  Collingwood, — 'Miss 
Carr's  Young  Ladies,'  by  M.  Bramston,  —  'The 
Parting  Ways,'  by  Mrs.  Newman,  —  '  Seaton 
Court,'  by  Miss  M.  Carew,- 'The  Carrier's 
Cart,'  by  Miss  C.  E.  Mallandaine,— 'The  Great 
Gold-Mine, '  by  C.  E.  M. ,—'  Heroes  of  the  Chitral 
Siege,'  by  Miss  A.  F.  Jackson,  — '  The  Parish 
Clerk,'  by  Mr.  A.  R.  Hope,  —  'Panacea,'  by 
Mr.  E.  M.  Mason,  — '  Alfendeane  Rectory,'  by 
Lady  Dunboyne, — and  'Ogres  and  Workers,' 
by  Lady  Laura  Ridding. 

Messrs.  T,  &  T.  Clark's  announcements 
include     '  A    History   of    Christianity   in    the 


Apostolic  Age,'  by  Prof.  A.  C.  McGiffert,— 
'  Commentary  on  the  Philippians  and  the 
Epistle  to  Philemon,'  by  Prof.  M.  R.  Vin- 
cent,— 'Commentary  on  the  Ephesians  and 
Colossians,'  by  Prof.  T.  K.  Abbott, —  ' St. 
Paul's  Conception  of  Christ,'  by  the  Rev. 
D.  Somerville,  —  '  The  Christ  of  History 
and  of  Experience,'  by  the  Rev.  D.  W.  For- 
rest,—a  translation  of  '  Homiletic  :  Lectures 
on  Preaching,'  by  Prof.  Christlieb,  —  ' Studies 
of  the  Mind  in  Christ,'  by  the  Rev.  T.  Adam- 
son, — 'The  Age  of  the  Renascence,'  by  Mr. 
P.  Van  Dyke,— and  'The  New  Dictionary  of 
the  Bible,'  edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  Hastings. 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  &  Co.  have  in  hand, 
amongst  others,  the  following  books  : — '  Joseph 
Arch,  his  Life,  told  by  Himself,'  edited  by 
the  Countess  of  Warwick,  —  'Human  Sacrifice 
amongst  the  Eastern  Jews,'  by  Sir  Richard 
Burton,  edited  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Wilkins,—' Pic- 
turesque Dublin,  Old  and  New,'  by  Miss 
Frances  Gerard, — 'Beauty  Culture,'  by  Miss 
H.  E.  Browning, — the  first  volume  of  "Lives 
of  the  Leaders  of  Men,"  entitled  'Peter 
the  Great,'  by  Mr.  O.  Browning, —  ' Astro- 
nomy,' by  Mr.  J.  E.  Gore,  Miss  A.  M. 
Gierke,  and  Mr.  A.  Fowler,  — '  That  Tree  of 
Eden  :  a  Study  in  the  Real  Decadence,'  by  Mr. 
N.  Christian,— 'The  Household  Oracle,'  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Wood,  Dr.  Gordon  Stables,  and 
other  writers,  — 'A  New  Cookery  -  Book  on 
Ancient  and  Modern  Cookery,'  by  Mrs.  H. 
de  Salis,  —  '  Kings  of  the  Turf,'  anec- 
dotes and  memoirs,  — and  'The  Modern  Mar- 
riage Market,'  by  Mrs.  F.  A.  Steel,  Miss 
Marie  Corelli,  and  others.  In  Fiction  :  new 
novels  by  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore  and  Mr.  Joseph 
Hatton,— 'At  tlie  Cross-Roads,'  by  Miss  F.  F. 
Montr^sor,  —  '  Poor  Max,'  by  Iota, —  'The 
Prince  of  Mischance,'  by  Mr.  T.  Gallon, — 
'The  Sinner,' by  Rita,— 'The  Ne'er-do- Weel,'^ 
by  Annie  S.  Swan,  — '  Woman  and  the  Shadow,' 
by  Miss  A.  Kenealy, — '  A  Smile  within  a 
Tear,'  by  Lady  G.  Ramsden, — 'Dr.  Luttrell's 
First  Patient,'  by  Miss  R.  N.  Carey,— 'The 
Lady  Charlotte,'  by  Miss  A.  Sergeant,— 'The 
Blood  of  the  Vampire,'  by  Miss  Florence 
Marryat,  — 'A  Knight  of  the  Nets,'  by 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Barr,  —  '  A  Lonely  Little 
Lady,'  by  Mr.  D.  Wyllarde,  —  'Three 
Comely  Maids,'  by  Miss  M.  L.  Rendered, — 
'  For  Love  of  a  Bedouin  Maid,'  by  Le  Voleur, — 
'The  Barn-Stormers,'  by  Mrs.  H.  A.  William- 
son,—  'In  our  Hours  of  Ease,'  by  Mr. 
Frankfort  Moore,  —  ' The  Great  Jester,'  by 
Mr.  M.  Roberts, —  'The  Prince's  Diamond,' 
by  Mr.  E.  Hulme-Beaman, — 'The  Diamond 
Fairy  Book,'  by  Xavier  Marmier  and  others, 
—a  translation  of  'Bijou'  by  Gyp,  — '  Only 
a  Love  Story,'  by  Mrs.  R.  Jocelyn,—' Fifty- 
two  Stories  of  Duty  and  Daring  for  Boys,' 
by  Mr.  G.  A.  Henty,  Mr.  G.  M.  Fenn, 
and  others, — 'Fifty-two  Stories  of  Duty  and 
Daring  for  Girls,'  by  Mrs.  L.  T.  Meade,  Miss 
Sarah Doudney,  and  others, — 'Fifty-two  Stories 
of  the  Army,'- and  'Verses  and  Lyrics,'  by 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Burnside. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.'s  autumn  list 
includes  a  translation  of  M.  Tissot's  '  Life  of 
Christ,'— 'The  American  Navy,'  by  Lieut.- 
Commander  Kelley,  —  ' Roughing  it  in  Siberia,' 
by  Mr.  R.  L.  Jefferson,— 'The  Faroe  Islands,' 
by  Mr.  J.  Russell-Jeaffreson, — 'The  Gospel  in 
the  Epistles,'  by  Dr.  J.  Guinness  Rogers, — 
'  How  I  Shot  my  Bears,'  by  Mrs.  R.  H.  Tyacke, 
—  'On  the  Indian  Hills,'  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Arnold,— 
'The  Two  Captains,'  by  Mr.  W.  Clark  Russell, 
— '  Hcrnani  the  Jew,'  by  Mr.  A.  N.  Homer,— 
'The  Carstairs  of  Castle  Craig,'  by  Mr.  H. 
Carmichael,  —  'The  Story  of  John  Ship, 
Mariner,'  by  M.  Knarf  Elivas,— 'The  Great 
K.  and  A.  Train  Robbery,'  by  Mr.  P.  L.  Ford, 
— '  The  Life  of  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,'  by  Mrs. 
J.  T.  Fields,— 'A  History  of  China,'  by  Mr. 
F.  W.  Williams,— 'The  Assemblies  of  Hariri,' 
by  Dr.  F.  Steingass,— '  With  the  Flag'  and 
'  Clovis  Dardentor,'  by  M.  Jules  Verne,— 'The 


Gold  Ship,"  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Holmes,— 'A  Hand- 
book to  British  Military  Stations  Abroad,'  by 
Mr.  L.  C.  R.  Duncombe-Jewell, — '  Lost  Pro- 
perty,' by  Mr.  T.  H.  Biylis,  Q.C,  — 'The 
English  Catalogue  of  Books,  1890  to  1896,'— 
and  several  new  editions  of  well-known  works. 

Mes.srs.  Innes  &  Co.'s  forthcoming  publica- 
tions include  "Eighteenth  Century  Letters,"  a 
new  series  edited  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Johnson,  the 
first  volume  being  devoted  to  Swift,  Addison,  and 
Steele,  and  the  second  to  Johnson  and  Chester- 
field,— '  Through  the  Famine  Districts  of  India,' 
by  Mr.  F.  H.  S.  Merewether, — in  the  "  Isthmian 
Library,"  '  Rowing,'  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Lehmann 
and  others;  'Boxing,'  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Winn; 
'  Ice  Sports  '  ;  and  '  Figure  Skating,'  by  Mr.  S. 
Monier  Williams, — '  The  Life  of  Sir  Ranald 
Martin,'  by  Sir  Joseph  Fayrer,— '  Twelve  Years 
of  a  Soldier's  Life,'  from  the  letters  of  Major 
W.  P.  Johnson,  edited  by  his  widow, — 'The 
Coldstream  Guards  in  the  Crimea,'  by  Lieut. - 
Col.  Ross-of-Bladensburg, — 'The  Successors  of 
Homer,'  by  Prof.  W.  T.  Lawton,— '  Poems,'  by 
Mr.  G.  Cookson, — and  four  new  novels  :  '  Law- 
rence Clavering,'  by  Mr.  A.  E.  W.  Mason  ; 
'  The  Lordship,  the  Passen,  and  We,'  by  Mr. 
F.  T.  Jane;  'Katharine  Cromer,'  by  Lady  H. 
Craven;  and  '  Deilie  Jock,'  by  Mr.  C.  M. 
Campbell.  

HitErarg  gossip. 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.  will  shortly  pub- 
lish a  new  volume  of  poems  by  tlie  Eev. 
S.  J.  Stone,  author  of  '  The  Knight  of  Inter- 
cession,' &c.  Under  the  title  '  Lays  of  lona  ' 
will  be  included  ( 1 )  some  prefatory  matter 
in  prose  and  verse,  dealing  specially  with 
the  relation  of  the  Anglican  to  the  Celtic 
Church ;  (2)  the  chief  poem  of  the  volume, 
in  seven  cantos,  interspersed  with  lyrics, 
&c. ;  (3)  some  paraphrases  from  the  reputed 
Gaelic  and  Latin  poems  of  St.  Columba, 
notably  the  '  Altus  Prosator ';  and  (4)  a 
miscellaneous  series  of  lyrics,  East-End  and 
elegiac  poems,  and  hymns. 

TuE  long  legal  and  political  career  of  the 
late  Sir  John  Simon,  serjeant-at-law,  for- 
merly M.P.  for  Dewsbury,  is  to  be  treated 
in  a  memoir  now  being  prepared  by  his  son 
Mr.  Oswald  John  Simon.  This  will  com- 
prise much  interesting  correspondence 
extending  over  half  a  century,  while  the 
active  and  influential  part  taken  by  the  late 
Serjeant  in  relation  to  Jewish  affairs  all 
over  the  world  will  form  an  important 
section  of  the  work. 

We  are  authorized  to  state  that,  owing 
to  the  death  of  Mr.  Hutton,  Mr.  St.  Loe 
Strachey  has  succeeded  to  the  post  of  joint- 
editor  and  joint-proprietor  of  the  Spectator. 
This,  unhappily  for  the  Cornhill  Magazine, 
has  deprived  it  of  his  editorial  services, 
but  we  learn  that  satisfactory  arrangements 
have  been  made  for  the  future  conduct  of 
the  well-known  monthly. 

The  October  number  of  MacmillarCs  Maga- 
zine will  contain  an  article  called  '  How  the 
Electric  Telegraph  saved  India,'  in  which 
the  story  of  the  message  sent  from  Delhi 
to  Umballah  on  the  morning  of  May  11th, 
1857  —  the  message  which  Sir  Herbert 
Edwardes  subsequently  declared  to  have 
saved  India — is  now  accurately  told  for  the 
first  time  in  England.  The  author  is  Mr. 
P.  V.  Luke,  CLE.,  late  Leputy-Director- 
General  of  Telegraphs  in  India. 

A  supplement  to  Dr.  Neubauer's  *  Cata- 
logue of  the  Hebrew  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian 
Library   and   in   the   College   Libraries   of 


422 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N%3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


Oxford'  (publislied  in  1»8G)  is  in  course  of 
preparation  at  the  Clarendon  Press.  To 
facilitate  its  use  in  libraries  and  by  scholars 
generally,  portions  will  be  issued  from  time 
to  time  at  the  uniform  price  of  sixpence  net 
per  sheet  of  eight  quarto  pages.  The  supple- 
ment will  contain  a  register  of  all  acquisi- 
tions made  in  this  department  by  the 
Bodleian  Library  since  188(5,  and  con- 
tinues the  main  work,  which  ended  with 
MS.  No.  2G02.  The  first  part,  recording 
the  MSS.  2603-26 15,  is  now  ready  for  im- 
mediate publication. 

The  October  number  of  the  Genealogical 
Magazine  will  contain,  among  others,  articles 
on  '  The  Beresford  Ghost,'  by  Major 
E.  C.  de  la  Poer  Beresford  ;  '  The  Investi- 
ture of  the  Duke  of  York ';  and  '  The 
Eccles  Family  and  the  Lane  Eelics,'  by 
Viscountess  Bangor. 

With  the  eighth  volume  of  'English 
Minstrelsie,'  which  Messrs.  Jack,  of  Edin- 
burgh, will  publish  on  the  30th  inst.,  Mr. 
Baring- Gould  will  bring  to  an  end  his 
monumental  work  on  English  national  song. 
In  all  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  songs 
are  printed,  with  numerous  antiquarian 
notes. 

The  little  monthly  magazine  To-morrow, 
which  has  been  discontinued  for  a  couple  of 
months,  is  to  appear  again  in  October,  with 
the  same  editors.  There  will  be  no  change 
in  its  appearance  or  character,  but  it  wiU 
now  be  published  by  Mr.  Grant  Eichards. 

In  America  Prof.  James  Wood  Davidson 
is  nearing  the  completion  of  his  magnum 
opus,  a  '  Dictionary  of  Southern  Authors.' 
The  work  has  been  in  progress  for  twenty 
years,  and  will  contain  over  four  thousand 
articles  on  literary  persons  born  in  the 
southern  portion  of  the  United  States. 

Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett  will  publish 
in  the  course  of  October  a  new  novel  by 
Miss  Beatrice  Whitby,  entitled  '  Sunset,' 
and  a  new  story  by  Mr.  F,  W.  Eobinson, 
entitled  '  Little  Nin.'  Both  will  be  in  one- 
volume  form. 

The  death  is  announced  at  Frankfort,  in 
his  seventy- eighth  year,  of  Prof.  Wilhelm 
Wattenbach,  the  well-known  historian  and 
palaeographer.  Born  in  1819  at  Eanzau, 
he  studied  at  Bonn,  Gottingen,  and  Berlin. 
In  1843  he  was  employed  on  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  celebrated  '  Monumenta  Ger- 
manieo  Historica,'  which  were  later  under 
his  control.  In  1855  he  was  appointed 
archivist  of  Silesia,  and  in  1862  Professor 
of  History  at  Heidelberg,  which  he  left  in 
1873  to  join  the  Berlin  faculty  as  Professor 
of  Mediaeval  History,  During  his  long  life 
he  produced  many  important  books,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  his  '  Contribu- 
tions to  the  History  of  the  Christian  Church 
in  Bohemia  and  Moravia,'  his  introductions 
to  Greek  and  to  Latin  palajography,  his 
'  Schriftwesen  im  Mittelalter,'  and  '  His- 
tory of  the  Papacy,'  while  several  books 
recorded  his  impressions  of  travel  in 
Algeria,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Sweden. 

On  the  18th  inst.  a  bronze  bust,  modelled 
by  Uphues,  of  Berlin,  was  attached  to  the 
house  at  Dresden  where  the  historian 
Treitschke  was  born.  We  also  learn  that 
his  political  and  historical  lectures  delivered 
at  the  University  of  Berlin  will  be  published 
shortly  under  the  title  of  '  Politik.' 


A  NEW  work  in  two  volumes,  entitled 
'  France  under  Louis  XV.,'  by  Mr.  James 
Breck  Perkins,  the  author  of  '  France  under 
the  Eegency,'  will  be  published  next  week 
by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  in  this  coun- 
try, and  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
in  America. 

The  University  of  Dorpat,  so  long  known 
as  a  seat  of  German  learning,  will,  from 
next  year,  be  entirely  Eussianized.  The 
institution  will  be  placed  under  Government 
control,  and  will  contain  orthodox  priests 
and  students  only. 

Mr.  T.  B.  Dilks  writes  from  Taunton, 
pointing  out  scientific  usage  as  the  origin 
of  Darley's  expression  "  glance  rocks,"  noted 
as  strange  in  our  last  number,  and  suggest- 
ing "that  he  had  in  his  mind  the  word  as 
attached  to  the  name  of  certain  minerals 
which  have  a  metallic  or  pseudo-metallic 
lustre,  as  glance-coal,  lead- glance,  &c." 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the 
week  include  British  Museum  Eeport  and 
Accounts  for  1896-97  (9^.)  ;  Fisheries  (Ire- 
land) Eeport  for  1896  (Is.  Id.);  Changes 
in  Hours  of  Labour  and  Wages  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  1896  (Is.  Q>d.)  ;  Eeforma- 
tory  and  Industrial  Schools  (Ireland),  Ee- 
port for  1896  {bd.);  United  States  (No.  4), 
Correspondence  respecting  the  Seal  Fisheries 
in  the  Behring  Sea  (Is.  2d.). 

SCIENCE 

The  Opus  Majus  of  Roger  Bacon.  Edited,  with 
Introduction  and  Analytical  Table,  by 
John  Henry  Bridges,  sometime  Fellow  of 
Oriel  College.  2  vols.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) 

Mr.  Bridges  is  already  favourably  known 
to  students  by  his  '  Considerations  on  the 
Death-Eate  of  Bradford '  and  by  his  trans- 
lations from  Comte,  and  we  were  therefore 
disposed  to  welcome  him  in  a  new  field  of 
work,  the  more  especially  as  he  is  the  first 
among  Oxford  men  to  help  towards  making 
known  the  work  of  one  of  the  greatest  of 
Oxford's  sons.  Six  hundred  years  have 
passed  since  Bacon's  death.  Germans, 
Frenchmen,  and  Cambridge  and  London 
graduates  have  written  on  him  and  printed 
his  works,  but  till  now  his  own  university 
has  neglected  him. 

The  edition  before  us  has,  at  first  sight, 
much  in  its  favour.  An  analysis  has  been 
provided  which  students  will  find  very  use- 
ful ;  the  seventh  section  has  been  printed 
for  the  first  time  (Charles  gave  specimens 
only) ;  and  the  interpolated  treatise  '  De 
Multiplicatione  Specierum'has  been  removed 
to  the  end  of  the  work.  The  introduction, 
too,  while  not  strikingly  original,  is  gener- 
ally trustworthy  in  its  account  of  the  bear- 
ings of  Bacon's  philosophy.  It  is  a  pity 
that  the  resume  of  the  author's  life  is  not 
more  full  and  that  some  definite  evidence 
has  not  been  sought  for  the  legendary 
accounts  of  Bacon's  imprisonments  and 
university  career. 

When,  however,  one  leaves  the  field  of 
generalities  and  enters  on  questions  of 
scholarship,  one  feels  a  change  of  atmo- 
sphere. Mr.  Bridges  seems  to  be  abso- 
lutely ignorant  of  any  of  the  questions  a 
study  of  the  'Opus  Majus'  inevitably 
raises.     Was  there  ever  an  '  Opus  Majus ' 


at  all  ?  There  is  no  doubt  that  Bacon  at 
one  period  planned  out  such  a  work,  but  it 
is  very  probable  that  before  ho  had  pro- 
ceeded far  in  its  execution  he  had  modified 
his  plan,  and  utilized  his  materials  for  his 
'  Compendium  Studii  Philosophiae,'  as  he 
afterwards  did  for  his  '  Compendium  Studii 
Theologiae.'  The  earliest  known  MS.  of  the 
'Opus  Majus'  is  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
but  there  are  thirteenth  century  MSS.  of  its 
parts — MSS.  which  bear  no  trace  of  the 
division  afterwards  adopted.  For  example, 
the  two  earliest  known  MSS.  of  Sec- 
tions I. -IV.,  Vatican  4086  and  Julius  D.  v., 
are  not  divided  into  sections,  and  are 
not  described  as  parts  of  a  larger  work. 
Yet  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  that 
these  MSS.  have  passed  through  Bacon's 
hands. 

An  argument  in  favour  of  the  separate 
existence  of  the  '  Opus  Majus '  may  be 
founded  on  the  statements  of  the  '  Opus 
Tertium '  no  doubt,  but  before  this  argument 
can  be  admitted  it  will  have  to  be  shown 
that  the  '  Opus  Tertium '  was  ever  actually 
published — that  it  is  not  one  of  the  drafts 
Bacon  was  in  the  habit  of  preparing.  The 
scheme  of  the  '  Opus  Tertium,'  too,  leaves 
no  room  for  the  treatise  on  the  '  Computus ' 
that  Bacon  prepared  in  1268,  and  the  '  Per- 
spectiva '  depends  on  the  '  De  Multiplica- 
tione Specierum,'  and  that  again  on 
unprinted  treatises  of  the  '  Compendium.' 
The  first  duty,  then,  of  an  editor  of  the 
'Opus  Majus'  is  to  examine  its  MSS.  and 
those  of  the  'Opus  Tertium,'  and  to  estab- 
lish the  authenticity  of  the  latter  as  a  pub- 
lished work.  Of  this  duty  Mr.  Bridges 
seems  unaware — he  does  not  seem  even  to 
have  taken  the  trouble  to  find  out  what 
MSS.  of  the  '  Opus  Majus'  still  exist.  Thus 
Eenan  (quoted  by  Charles)  mentions  a  MS. 
of  the  '  Opus  Majus '  containing  a  passage 
which  Mr.  Bridges  does  not  print,  yet  of 
which  he  should  not  have  been  ignorant. 

On  the  contrary,  Mr.  Bridges  does  not 
even  give  an  intelligible  accoxmt  of  the 
MSS.  available  in  England.  The  only  MS. 
of  importance  giving  the  seven  sections  of 
the  'Opus  Majus'  (with  two  other  tracts) 
is  a  fifteenth  century  MS.  now  in  the 
Bodleian  (Digby  235).  It  has  been  copied 
several  times,  and  from  one  of  these  tran- 
scripts, made  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
Jebb  printed  his  edition  of  1733.  Till  the 
discovery  by  Dr.  Gasquet  of  a  MS.  in  the 
Vatican,  for  the  unrestrained  use  of  which 
we  have  to  offer  him  our  thanks,  the  authori- 
tative MS.  for  Sections  I.-IV.  was  Julius 
D.  V.  in  the  British  Museum,  a  MS.  much 
injured  by  fire.  It  dates  from  about  1267, 
and  bears  on  its  margin  (f.  84)  the  man's 
head  mentioned  by  Bacon  as  intended  to 
mark  important  passages.  Its  lower  margin 
and  sides  bear  notes  in  a  rough  hand,  often 
partly  erased  and  copied  by  the  scribe, 
which  were  possibly  written  by  Bacon  him- 
self. We  have  used  it  for  our  study  of  Mr. 
Bridges's  text.  Section  V.  is  to  be  found  in 
a  contemporary  MS.  (Brit.  Mus.  7  F.  viii.) 
of  the  same  form  as  the  Vatican  MS.  No 
contemporary  MS.  of  Section  VI.  seems  to 
be  described,  nor  of  Section  VII.,  though 
7  F.  vii.  contains  two  chapters  of  it  in  a  four- 
teenth century  handwriting.  Since  obviously 
we  want  what  Bacon  wrote,  and  not  what  a 
succession  of  copyists  made  of  his  writings, 
it  is  to  the  earliest  MSS.  that  an  editor  who 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


423 


had  resolved  to  print  the  'Opus  Majus' 
instead  of  Bacon's  "opus  principale" — the 
'  Compendium  Studii  Philosophiae ' — should 
have  gone. 

One  can  easily  understand  why  Jebb,  who 
knew  of  these  earlier  manuscripts,  should 
have  decided  to  print  from  a  seventeenth 
century  transcript.  In  the  jS.rst  place,  an 
editor  naturally  prefers  a  complete  MS.  to 
fragments,  and,  in  the  second,  the  science  of 
palceography  was  not  sufficiently  studied  to 
enable  him  to  read  the  older  texts  with 
facility.  These  considerations  no  longer 
hold.  An)''  person  who  undertakes  to  edit 
a  thirteenth  century  treatise  should  be  able 
to  read  a  thirteenth  century  MS.,  and,  as 
far  as  early  manuscripts  exist,  they  should 
be  utilized.  Mr.  Bridges  professes  to  have 
"founded"  his  text  on  a  fifteenth  century 
MS.  (Digby  235)  at  Oxford,  aided  by  the 
seventeenth  century  transcript  from  it  at 
Dublin.  Of  the  right  of  a  person  unknown 
as  a  mediajval  scholar  to  "  found  "  a  text  on 
a  manuscript  instead  of  printing  it  much 
might  be  said ;  but  let  it  pass.  AVe  re- 
gret to  saj',  however,  that  an  attentive 
study  of  this  edition  has  led  us  to  the 
belief  that  Mr.  Bridges  has  simply  re- 
printed Jebb's  text  without  even  com- 
paring a  great  part  of  it  with  the  Oxford 
MS.  If  he  has  compared  it,  he  is  culpably 
remiss.  For  example,  on  p.  74  Jebb,  the 
Oxford  MS.,  and  Mr.  Bridges  make  hope- 
less nonsense  of  the  first  sentence  by  omitting 
half  a  clause.  This  omission  has  been  sup- 
plied in  full  on  the  margin  of  the  Oxford 
text  by  a  sixteenth  century  hand,  pro- 
bably that  of  John  Dee,  to  whom  the 
world  is  indebted  for  the  preservation  of 
most  of  the  Bacon  MSS.,  notably  that  of 
the  unique  '  Opus  Minus '  in  the  British 
Museum.  A  hasty  collation  of  the  MS. 
shows  a  great  number  of  mistakes  which 
might  have  been  corrected  from,  it ;  in 
thirteen  pages  taken  at  random  we  have 
noted  nineteen  errors  which  could  have  been 
corrected  by  the  Oxford  text  (pp.  2,  10,  13, 
20,  22,  23,  28,  31,  33,  34,  46,  71,  74). 
Moreover,  this  MS  ,  like  all  others,  shows 
that  the  tract  on  astrology  (i.  376)  is  not  a 
part  of  the  *  Opus  Majus '  at  all :  it  was 
probably  intended  to  come  in  the  missing 
third  part  of  Section  VI. 

But  assuming  that  the  book  is  what  it 
purports  to  be,  a  copy  of  Digby  235,  of  what 
value  is  the  text  ?  Mr.  Bridges  answers 
correctly  enough  that  it  is  far  from  perfect, 
especially  in  the  third  and  sixth  sections 
(he  is  also  very  properly  severe  upon  the 
way  in  which  "contractions  of  the  most 
ordinary  kind  are  misinterpreted").  He 
might  have  added  that  the  first  and  second 
sections  are  equally  defective.  Why  has  he 
not  supplied  these  defects,  or  at  least  noted 
their  existence  ?  In  no  part  is  Jul.  D.  v. 
so  injured  that  an  editor  is  unable  to  com- 
pare the  text  with  it  sufficiently  to  mark  the 
omissions  of  Jebb  or  Mr.  Bridges.  Mr. 
Bridges  has  not  hesitated  to  mark  an  hiatus 
where  he  has  observed  it ;  indeed,  he  has 
created  one  (p.  76)  by  the  simple  expedient 
of  reading  "  et  licet"  for  et  secundae.  It  is 
fair,  however,  to  add  that  occasionally  he  has 
completed  his  text,  and,  when  he  does  so, 
he  makes  the  ordinary  reader  wish  he  had 
not.  Here  is  an  example  giving  side  by 
side  the  text  and  Mr.  Bridges's  printed  copy 
of  it   ("The   following  pasaage  ....  is 


omitted  in  0.  and  D., 

from  Jul.,"  note,  p.  8 

Jul.  n.  V. 

"  QM«m  proouldubio  in 
greco  a  qwo  sumptum  est, 
geniti'yus  casu.v  huius  nomims 
hora  iaveiiitur  lioras,  et 
aspiratwr  ta.m  apud  greeum 
quam  latinuw,  serf  03  oris  non 
asspiratiii'.  hoc  enim  women 
hora  est  grecu)«,  Meet  \MitM 
inoredeclinatu»isici<£clo«!tna. 
Serf  g)-ecws  declinat  sic,  hora 
horas  hora  horara  hora.  Uiirfe 
nomiiiatiuus  et  datiuus  et 
vocatt'uus  similes  sunt,  Accusa- 
tive in  an.  genitiuKS  in  as, 
ablatiy«m  non  habent  greci 
Kt  hoc  in  greco  es(  horas; 
siciiC  ego  legi  diligenter,  et 
quitibet  potest  probare  qz«irf  scit 
grecum,  et  in  antlquts  inveni- 
tur  asspiratio.  Hec  e.xewpla 
vohii  afferre  ut  qui  qua  pro- 
batio  innuatur,  quorf  necesse 
est  Uiiguas  alienas  sciri  prop- 
ter textKs  latini  coruptioiie/«, 
tarn  in  thi^ologia.  quam  in  plit^j- 
sophia,.  Quomorfo  vero  decur- 
rit plana probatio.et  in  special! 
per  omnes  coruptiones  biblie 
in  uliud  tempus  differtur, 
propter  rei  magniturfinem, 
que  potest  cu)n  volueritis 
iubere  vestre  sanctitati  pre- 
sentari,  serf  non  per  me  ut 
sufficiat  serf  magis  peralt»ni, 
quam  vobt's  in  seqiientibus 
explicabo." 


and  has  been  supplied 
1):- 

Bridges,  p.  81. 
"  [Quutn  proculjiiubio  in 
Graeco,  a  quo  suniptus  est 
genitivus  hujus  noininis 
horn,  invenitur  horas,  et 
aspiratur  tarn  apud  Graecnm 
quani  apud  Latinum.  Scilicet 
(Js,  oris  non  aspiratur.  Hoc 
enim  verbum,  hora,  est  Grae- 
cuni  licet  Latino  nomine 
declinatur,  sicut  Domiiia: 
sed  Graecus  declinat  sic, 
flora,  horas,  hora,  horam,  hora. 
Unde  nominativuset  dativus, 
et  vocativus,  similes  sunt : 
accusativus  in  am,  genitivus 
in  as,  ablativum  non  liabent 
Graeci.  Et  hoc  in  Graeco 
est  horas,  sicut  Ego  legi  dili- 
genter et  omnibus  possim 
probare  qui  sciunt  Graecum, 
et  in  Graeco  invenitur  aspi- 
ratio.  Haec  exempla  volui 
assumere  u  t  quae  pro  ban  t  quod 
necesse  est  linguas  sciri  prop- 
ter textus  Latini  corrup- 
tionem  tam  in  theolngia 
quam  in  philosophia.  Quo- 
raodo  vere  de  corruptione 
plene  probo  et  in  speciali 
per  omnes  corruptiones 
bibliae,  in  aliud  tempus 
differtur  propter  rei  magni- 
tudinem  quae  potest  vestrae 
sanctitati  praesentari,  sed 
non  nunc  ut  sufficiat,  sed 
magis  per  alium  in  sequenti- 
bus  explicabo." 

For    the    purpose  of   thoroughly  testing 
the  merits   of  this  book,  a  careful  study  of 
the  first  four  sections   has   been  made  ;  the 
fifth  has  been  tested  in  several  passages ; 
and  the  seventh  has    been  compared  with 
the    manuscript    in    the    first    two    parts. 
The  results   are  almost    incredible.      From 
pp.  30  to  96  inclusive  there  are  forty-four 
pages  with  serious  omissions,  ranging  from 
two  lines  to  whole  pages.     On    the    other 
hand,  lengthy  passages  on  pp.   16,  31,  51, 
and    97  are  not  found  in  the  early    MSS. 
But  worse  still  is  the  wanton  way  in  which 
Bacon's  meaning  is  absolutely  falsified,  e.cf., 
p.  10,   "Arcana  sapieutiae  non  toti  mundo 
sed    plebi  philosophantium    revelaverunt " 
should  read  arcana  s.n.t.  mwido    solum    sed 
p.  ]).    velavcrunt.      On   the  same  page    the 
editor  substitutes  "quia"  for  quare;  erffoand 
igitur  are  commonly  mistaken  for  each  other, 
uhi    for    nisi,    sed    for    scilicet,    metaphysica 
for  mathematica,  even  when  the  text  corrects 
itself,  as  on  p.  7 1 .  On  p.  54  Mr.  Bridges  passes 
the  following  addition:  17+3+20+43=66. 
On  p.  1 3  he  leaves  out  Priscianus,  thus  attri- 
buting  a  new  work  to  Seneca.     On  p.  15 
he  reads  for    alihi  pluries    "alii    plures," 
altering  a  whole  clause.     On  p.  20  all  the 
MSS.  agree  per  Jvicennam  et  Averrotjs  ex- 
posit  is ;   he  alters  it  to   "per  Avicennae  e. 
A.  expositores."      On  p.  22  "  20  "  should  be 
30,  and  (1.  9  from  bottom)  a  most  import- 
ant remark,    quorum  4,   is   omitted.     P.  31, 
"minorem"  is  majorem,   "  miserabillus "   is 
mirahilius.     P.   34,   the  quotation  from  the 
'  De  Fide  Christiana,'   which    Mr.  Bridges 
usually  reads  "  De  Fide  Christi,"  is  totally 
wrong.     P.   35,   "sine  potestate  "  is  stib  p. 
P.   39,    "  corjDoribus "    is  coloribus.      P.  46, 
"  super  partem  coeli  et  mundi "  is  s.  princi- 
pium    c.    et  m.;  "juniores"    is    minores,    a 
mistake  elsewhere  repeated.      P.  49,   "  de- 
cessores"  is  praedecessores.  P.  47,  "Machus" 
is  Inachus,  "sub  legum  institutis  "  is  sub  eo 
legum  i.,  and  "post"  is  prius.     P.  60,   "  im- 
putato    ore"  is  impurato    ore,    "suum"   is 
sanctum,  "  scinditur  "  is  scindetur.     On  p.  61 
the    words    "per    sacerdotem    mercatorum 
Januensium  "  are  left  out  after  "  baptizatus 
est,"  robbing  the  story  of  a  characteristic 
touch.      P.    62,    "miracula"    is    mirabilia. 


P.  64,  "Cap.  xviii."  is  Cap.  xiv.  P.  67, 
"mendici"  is  medii.  P.  69,  "novitae"is 
novitate,  "saginali"  is  originali,  "  initium  " 
is  inimicum.  P.  71,  "  mathematicis "  is 
moralibus.  P.  73,  "eas"  is  consequens, 
"libris"  is  litteris.  P.  76,  "iota"  is 
ita  (17),  "distaret"  is  diccret.  P.  78,  the 
reference  to  Jerome  is  given  unintelligibly, 
and  later  "  Damascenum "  is  Bamasum, 
"sunt"  is  scilicet,  "  correctione  "  is  corrup- 
tione. P.  80,  "negationem"  is  negotium, 
"  sonat"  isjigurat.  P.  81,  "  ad  cujus  ore" 
is  ad  tempus  {h)ore.  P.  82,  "  penes"  is  per, 
"  explicatione  "  is  ex  pronunciatione.  P.  83, 
"Sarith"  is  Sarah.  P.  85,  "inimicum"  is 
pellem,  "partes  omnes  Priscianus  accepit " 
is  partes  orationis  P.  a.;  "  difficultas  et 
utilitas"  is  made  the  subject  to  "est." 
P.  86,  "  scriptum  "  is  se  ipsum,  "  et  in"  is 
eum,  "ago"  is  ager,  "  probarentur"  is 
praebentur.  After  quoting  a  remark  of 
Jerome,  Mr.  Bridges  goes  on  "  et  saepius 
dicit,"  &c.,  where  the  text  gives  et  Servius 
dicit ;  "  graviter "  is  communiter.  P.  87, 
"Hugo"  is  Ilugutio,  "Ita  aestimamus " 
is  Quum  autem  scimus,  "potest  habere" 
is  recipit,  "  absurdam "  is  latinam.  We 
might  multiply  examples,  but  to  what  pur- 
pose ?  Let  us  turn  to  another  page  and 
try  again.  In  one  paragraph  in  vol.  ii. 
p.  248  we  note  the  following  errors  :  "  con- 
secuti"  is  assecuti,  "0  nomen  "  is  Quoniam, 
"tuum"  is  tmum,  "  amorem  "  is  auctorem, 
"  dulciora "  is  disciora,  "nobis"  is  nos, 
"  sensum,  rationera,  et  intelligentiam  "  are 
in  the  ablative,  "indagemus"  is  indigemus, 
"  consecrare  "  is  confertare,  "te"  is  inserted 
and  "  bonum  bonitatis  tuae"  omitted: 
thirteen  errors  in  twenty-two  lines.  It  may 
be  as  well  to  add  that  Charles's  readings  of 
this  part  of  the  text  are  untrustworthy. 

The  average  reader  will  no  doubt  imagine 
that  there  must  be  compensations  ;  that  an 
editor  of  a  Latin  treatise  whose  work  leaves 
the  impression  that  he  cannot  and  does  not 
wish  to  construe  a  Latin  sentence  must  have 
made  up  for  it  in  some  way  or  other.  Mr. 
Bridges  has  not.  He  makes  elementary 
mistakes  in  the  names  of  works  of  the 
Fathers  ;  he  has  verified  scarce  one  percent, 
of  the  quotations  ;  he  gives  no  information  as 
to  the  translations  Bacon  used  himself  ;  and, 
worse  than  all,  when  he  makes  a  definite 
statement  in  the  notes  it  cannot  be  depended 
on.  We  do  not  refer  to  mistakes,  but  the 
note  on  p.  269  is  an  example  :   "  The  next 

sixteen    pages    are    omitted    in    0 The 

Cottonian  MS.  [Jul.]  supplies  them."  The 
reader  will  learn  with  astonishment  that 
this  MS.  is  imperfect,  and  stops  at  p.  241 
of  Mr.  Bridge-^'s  text.  The  punctuation  is 
often  misleading,  and  sometimes  renders  a 
plain  passage  unintelligible. 

One  of  the  greatest  opportunities  a 
student  of  mediaeval  science  could  have 
had  has  thus  been  frittered  away.  An 
historian  would  have  given  us  an  examina- 
tion of  the  legends  that  have  gathered  round 
Bacon,  would  have  told  us  of  the  correspon- 
dence said  to  have  taken  place  between  him 
and  St.  Bonaventure,  or  found  some  evi- 
dence of  the  trial  and  imprisonment  of 
the  great  doctor  by  his  order.  A  critic, 
a  scholar,  would  have  traced  for  us  the 
eneyclopsedic  schemes  which  succeeded  each 
other  in  Bacon's  mind,  and  have  told  us 
how  far  they  found  shape  in  writing.  A 
competent  copyist  would  have  given  us  a 


424 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°8648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


transcript  of  what  Bacon  wrote.  A  cheap 
publisher  would  have  given  us  an  accurate 
reprint  of  Jebb's  edition.  Mr.  Bridges  has 
done  none  of  these.  Instead,  ho  has  pre- 
sented to  European  scholars  the  extra- 
ordinary spectacle  of  one  of  the  oldest 
universities  in  Europe  issuing  from  its 
press  a  work  in  which  a  man  who  has 
taken  honours  in  its  class  lists  makes  mis- 
takes in  a  Greek  declension,  in  history  and 
grammar — a  work  which  the  most  casual 
reference  to  the  manuscript  shows  is  cha- 
racterized by  unusual  incompetence  and 
gross  negligence.  Good  intentions,  signal 
and  unrewarded  industry,  are  no  excuse 
for  the  production  of  such  a  lasting  blot 
upon  English  scholarship. 


The  Mystery  and  Romance  of  Alchemy  and 
Pharmacy.  By  C.  J.  S.  Thompson.  (Scien- 
tific Press  ) — Since  this  little  work  is  appa- 
rently written  by  a  pharmacist,  and  as  we 
gather  from  the  preface  that  a  part  of  it  at 
any  rate  has  been  written  for  pharmacists, 
we  may  excuse  the  writer  for  some  vague 
statements  of  the  history  of  the  subject,  such 
as  that  Arnold  of  Villanova  and  Bacon  were 
contemporaries,  or,  elsewhere,  that  Bacon  was 
excommunicated  by  Pope  Nicholas  ;  but  the 
author  should  surely  have  known  what  the  Crocus 
martis  and  Crocus  veneris  were.  A  very  readable 
account  of  the  charms  and  eccentric  medicaments 
of  the  Tudor  and  Stuart  periods  is  included, 
and  the  statement  that  dragon's  blood  is  still 
used  as  a  love-charm  in  the  North  of  England  is 
interesting.  The  book  is  rather  above  the 
average  of  its  class,  is  illustrated  with  reproduc- 
tions of  some  sixteenth  century  woodcuts,  and, 
though  it  cannot  be  used  as  an  authority, 
will  serve  as  an  interesting  collection  of  popular 
legends  concerning  its  subjects. 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Satukn  is  the  only  planet  which  will  be 
visible  in  the  evening  next  month,  and  that  but 
for  a  short  time  after  sunset,  very  low  in  the 
south-western  part  of  the  sky,  being  in  the  con- 
stellation Scorpio.  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest 
western  elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  7th, 
about  which  time  he  will  be  visible  before  sun- 
rise near  the  eastern  boundary  of  Leo  ;  he  will 
be  in  close  conjunction  with  Jupiter  on  the  6th. 
Venus  is  also  a  morning  star,  and  will  be  in 
conjunction  with  Jupiter  on  the  19th,  in  the 
western  part  of  Virgo  ;  both  these  planets  will 
be  near  the  moon  (when  within  two  days  of 
being  new)  on  the  morning  of  the  24th. 

We  have  received  the  seventh  number  of 
this  year's  volume  of  the  Memorie  della  Societd 
degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  containing  papers 
on  the  variable  stars  r;  Aquilae  and  fS  Lyne  (in 
the  latter  M.  Tikhofl'  suggests  a  new  explana- 
tion of  its  variability),  a  note  by  Prof.  Tacchini 
on  the  distribution  in  latitude  of  the  solar  spots 
during  the  second  quarter  of  the  present  year, 
and  a  continuation  of  the  spectroscopic  diagrams 
of  the  sun's  limb  to  the  end  of  February,  1896. 

Nos.  3445-6  of  the  Astronomische  Nachrichten 
contain  an  elaborate  series  of  meridian  observa- 
tions of  the  moon's  limbs  and  of  the  brilliant 
crater  Mosting  A,  which  is  situated  near  the 
deep  ring-plain  Mosting,  a  few  degrees  to  the 
east  of  the  moon's  centre.  These  observations 
were  made  by  Dr.  F.  Ristenpart  at  the  Grand- 
ducal  Observatory  of  Karlsruhe. 


Dr.  B.  W.  Quartey-Papafio,  a  near  relative 
of  the  present  king  of  the  Ga  nation  on  the 
Gold  Coast,  has  written  a  valuable  memoir  on 
malarial  hremoglobinuric  fever  from  his  own 
observations,  and  the  Colonial  Office  has  wisely 


printed  the  work,  with  temperature  charts, 
tables,  and  maps,  for  the  use  of  the  Government 
of  the  Gold  Coast  Colony. 

Mes.sks.  L.  Reeve  &  Co.  have  in  preparation 
a  new  illustrated  work  on  the  '  Potamogetons 
of  the  British  Isles,'  by  Mr.  A.  Fryer,  also  an 
illustrated  monograph  on  the  genus  Teracolus, 
by  Miss  E.  M.  Bowdler  Sharpe.  The  final 
part  of  the  'Flora  of  British  India,'  by  Sir 
Joseph  Hooker,  will  be  issued  in  October.  New 
parts  of  the  'Flora  Capensis,'  the  'Flora  of 
Tropical  Africa,'  and  of  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett's 
'Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Isles'  are  in  the 
press. 

Messrs.  Crosby  Lockwood  &  Son's  announce- 
ments include  'Submarine  Telegraphs,'  by  Mr. 
C.  Bright,— 'The  Gas  Engineer's  Pocket-Book,' 
by  Mr.  H.  O'Connor,  —  'Hydraulic  Machinery,' 
by  Mr.  G.  C.  Marks,— 'Iron  and  Steel  Bridges 
and  Viaducts,'  by  Mr.  F.  Campin,  — and  'Prac- 
tical Forestry,'  by  Prof.  C.  E.  Curtis. 


FINE    ARTS 


Life  and  Letters  of  Frederick  Walker,  A.Ji.A. 
By  J.  G.  Marks.  Illustrated.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Marks,  an  old  and  trusted  friend  of 
"Walker's,  is  in  close  sympathy  with  his 
theme.  Being,  further,  abundantly  assisted 
by  all  the  painter's  family  and  companions 
in  art,  he  has  compiled  this  very  readable 
biography  with  exceptional  advantages. 
Arranging  his  materials  compactly,  with 
Walker's  letters  as  a  sort  of  base,  he 
has  given  us  an  itinerary  of  years, 
which,  of  course,  includes  the  story  of  the 
principal  designs  on  wood  and  pictures  in 
oil  and  water,  to  the  production  of  which 
the  life  of  "Freddy,"  as  his  comrades 
delighted  to  call  him,  was  exclusively 
devoted. 

Temperate,  careful,  and  affectionate  as 
the  record  is,  it  is  in  no  respect  more 
fortunate  than  where  the  author  has 
allowed  Walker  to  speak  for  himself  by 
means  of  the  letters  which  are  the  staple  of 
the  book.  This  is  the  more  desirable  because 
the  painter,  though  without  the  slightest 
pretensions  to  scholarship,  as  far  as 
that  much-abused  term  refers  to  litera- 
ture only,  had  a  happy  way  of  express- 
ing himself  with  clearness,  animation,  and 
brevity,  while  he  never  failed  in  taste,  and 
was  careful  to  be  accurate  in  regard  to 
details  and  moderate  in  his  opinions.  It 
is  not,  however,  as  literary  exercises  that 
most  of  us  will  care  for  the  letters  so 
much  as  because  they  represent  the  man  as 
the  painter  and  poet  he  really  was.  In 
these  capacities  it  is  easy  to  study  the  life  of 
Walker  by  means  of  this  book,  compact  as 
it  is  of  the  outpourings  of  his  often-varying 
mood,  rich  in  personal  details  of  his  humour, 
as  well  as  in  notices  of  the  methods — peculiar 
to  himself — by  which  he  prepared  the  mate- 
rials of  his  pictures,  and  last,  but  not  least, 
his  technical  processes,  which  were  anything 
but  commonplace.  For  example,  take  the 
following  extract  (p.  62)  from  a  letter  written 
by  Walker  from  Hurley  to  his  much-beloved 
sister  Mary  in  October,  1865,  while  the  pic- 
ture of  'The  Bathers,'  on  which  the  painter's 
reputation  was  chiefly  established,  was  in 
hand.  "  I  have  taken  a  room  there,"  said 
he,  referring  to  the  lock-keeper's  house, 
"from  next  Thursday,  and  before  I  come 
back  I'll  have  done  something,  you  '11  see." 


"Haven't  I  been  primitive  for  the  last  week, 
that 's  all — eating  steak  and  onions  with  such  a 
relish,  and  everything  like  an  ogre — I  never 
knew  mystlf  to  eat  so  much,  and  with  an  iron 
spoon,  too,  —  this  last  rn.'x.st  .shock  you  !  But  I 
get  on  with  the  picture,  that's  one  little  com- 
fort ;  and  I  think  it  may  be  a  real  good  success  ; 
I  feel  inclined  to  cuddle  myself,  though,  my 
dear,  it 's  fetching  work — such  tramping  over 
fields  with  the  horrid  great  canvas — it 's  all 
warped,  having  been  wetted  through  once  or 
twice.  I  pull  up  in  the  boat  to  the  scene  of 
action,  and  then  have  to  take  all  the  things 
across  a  great  meadow  ;  and  a  mob  of  long-faced 
horses  have  once  or  twice  become  so  excited, 
rushing  about  in  circles  and  kicking  each  other, 
then  stopping  close  to  look  at  me,  and  I  let  one 
come  quite  close,  and  sniff  the  canvas.  You  see 
I  have  to  cook  the  composition  up,  taking  a  bit 
here  and  a  bit  there.  1  have  to  drag  the  canvas 
to  all  manner  of  places,  and  nearly  put  a  hole  in 
it  getting  over  a  hedge  this  evening  ;  my  poor 
nail-less  fingers  were  numbed.  I  've  got  a  pair 
of  splendid  shooting  boots,  and  leather  gaiters 
up  to  the  knee,  and  my  riding  breeches  with 
the  little  pearl  buttons  at  the  side,  and  a  vel- 
veteen hat  of  a  dark  cinnamon  colour,  and  look 
as  much  like  a  countryman  as  I  can,  but  it 
won't  do  ;  the  few  people  I  have  met  are  fright- 
fully respectful,  and  will  wish  me  'good  day.' 
I  've  got  my  tackle  here,  but  have  only  caught 
two  perch  ;  however,  I  shall  try  for  a  jack  to- 
morrow before  work.  This  is  a  funny  little 
house,  and  the  boats  pass  through  the  lock 
under  the  windows  ;  and  there  is  a  parrot  that 
laughs  the  most  horrible  sardonic  laugh,  like  a 
wicked  old  woman,  and  talks  like  one.  The 
lock-keeper  is  a  butcher  as  well,  and  has  a  shop 
at  the  side  of  the  cottage,  about  a  yard  and  a 
half  wide.  He  is  fond  of  music,  and  has  a  bass- 
viol  hanging  up  that  he  used  to  play  in  church. 
I  have  been  tootling  to  him,  and  gave  him 
'  Romance  '  to-night  ;  he  knew  '  Rose  softly 
blooming'  quite  well." 

Here  we  have  what,  taken  with  other 
similar  notes,  may  be  called  an  admirable 
likeness  of  Walker  sketched  by  himself. 
Here  it  is  easy  to  discover  his  passionate 
devotion  to  his  work,  the  prodigious  pains 
he  took  with  it,  his  occasional  lapses  (as 
when  "  tootling  "  on  his  flute  for  the  benefit 
of  the  lock-keeper,  who  played  on  the 
bass-viol,  and  was  a  butcher  to  boot)  into 
idleness,  further  indicated  by  the  intention 
to  "  try  for  a  jack  to-morrow  before  work  "  ; 
his  paroxysms  of  energy  were  displayed  in 
dragging  the  big  canvas  over  hedge  and 
ditch  in  the  October  weather  that  numbed 
his  fingers.  His  curiously  nervous  trick  of 
biting  his  nails  when  anything  excited  him 
is  illustrated  as  clearly  as  the  naive  vanity 
which  led  him  to  attire  his  neat  and  com- 
pact little  person  in  the  "  splendid  "  boots, 
and  the  breeches  with  "pearl  buttons  at 
the  side."  Nor  is  there  any  defect  of  naivete. 
in  the  wonder  with  which  Walker  regarded 
the  respectful  manners  of  those  who  saluted 
the  genial  wearer  of  this  by  no  means 
entirely  rustic  attire.  Walker's  affection  for 
the  flute  on  which  he  "tootled"  'Romance* 
is  manifest  here  ;  that  instrument  appealed 
to  him  as  his  own  dear  bagpipes  did  to 
Charles  Keene.  The  best  passage  referring 
to  the  flute,  on  which  Walker  was  a  skilful 
and  sympathetic  performer,  describes  his 
joy  when  he  was  possessed  of  a  really  fine 
instrument.  He  speaks  of  it  as  follows  in 
a  letter  quoted  on  p.  60  : — 

"I    had    another   lesson   of   Pratten   [a   dis- 
tinguished   flautist],   and   my  flute    has    had    a 
polish  up  and   the  keys  looked  to.     If  it  was 
lovely  before,  guess  the  blaze  of  delight  now 
I  'm  almost  afraid  to  open  the  case  !  " 


N''3648,  Sept.  25, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


425 


Walker's    devotion    to    liis     art    is     as 
manifest   in   all  his   acts   as    in   the   notes 
quoted  above  on  the  noble  picture  which  is 
a  leading  ornament  in  one  of  the  public  col- 
lections in  Europe,  where  it  never  fails  to 
show  that  he  had  mastered  more  than  one 
of   the   greatest   secrets   of    painting,    and 
achieved  a  place  in  the  first  rank  of  the  artists 
of  the  nineteenth  century.     It  was  always 
our  opinion  that  Walker  was  not— at  least 
while   '  The   Bathers '   was   in   hand — fully 
aware    of  the  greatness  of    this    technical 
achievement  of  his.  In  later  years  no  doubt 
he  knew   better,    but   it   is   probable   that 
even   then   neither   he  nor,  of   course,  the 
public     at     large,     fully    appreciated    the 
merits    of  this   fine   picture    of   his   youth. 
The     subjects     and     profoundly     pathetic 
motives,  even  more  than  the  technique,  of 
'  The  Harbour  of  Eefuge'  and  '  The  Plough' 
have,   no  doubt,  rather   overshadowed   the 
distinction  of  '  The  Bathers.'    Of  the  former 
two  pictures  the  records  contained  in  this 
'  Life  and  Letters '  illustrate  the  innumerable 
changes   that  Walker  made   in   these   and 
other  fine  works  during  their  progress,  and 
his    almost    childlike    delight    in    whatever 
concerned  the   beauty  of  Nature,  the  care 
with  which  he  selected  her  charms,  and  the 
astounding   fortitude   with   which — in  this 
respect  rivalling  Mr.  Alma  Tadema  himself 
—  he    obliterated   from   his    canvases    the 
work  of  days,  or  even  weeks,  in  favour  of 
improved    variants    or     later     and     better 
thoughts.      Whoever     helped     him     won 
Walker's  heart.     His    extreme   carefulness 
in    selection,    not  less    than    his    exacting 
practice  of  combining  the  materials  of  his 
designs  —  the   backgrounds   of    his    land- 
scapes   and    the    attitudes    of    his    figures 
included — are    well   displayed   on   pp.    252 
and  253  in  regard  to  that  masterpiece  which, 
in    1872,  it  was   the   duty  of   the   present 
writer   to   describe    as    "an    aggregate   of 
gems,  the   splendour  of  which    has  rarely 
been  approached."    We  refer  to  the  famous 
drawing  in  water  colours  called  '  A  Fish- 
monger's   Shop,'    which   was    in    progress 
during     October,     1872.      Of     it     Walker 
wrote : — 

"I'm  working  hard  at  a  fishmonger's  shop, 
with  a  great  slab  of  fish  [or  marble],  and  a  fair 
buyer." 

"In  making  sketches  of  the  shop,"  Mr. 
Marks  has  added, 

"he  worked  from  the  inside  of  a  four-wheeled 
vehicle — cab  or  brougham,  and  again  found 
a  model  for  the  female  figure  in  his  sister 
Mary.  Accounts  diflfer  as  to  the  locality 
of  the  shop.  The  drawing  was  subsequently 
etched  by  Mr.  Macbeth,  and  in  the  circular 
announcing  the  etching  it  was  positively 
stated  that  the  shop  was  situate  in  Ara- 
bella Row,  near  Buckingham  Palace  ;  but  on 
what  authority  I  am  unable  to  ascertain.  No 
single  site,  however,  furnished  all  the  material 
■which  Walker  required.  My  own  impression, 
confirmed  by  Mr.  North  [a  great  friend  and 
frequent  companion  of  Walker],  is  that  the  slab 
of  fish  was  taken  from  a  shop  in  Bond  Street. 
Mr.  North  tells  me  that  a  shop  at  Hampton 
Court  suggested  the  cornice  and  balustraded 
entablature." 


We     learn     that,     having 


delighted 


the 


artistic  world  in  the  gallery  of  the  "  Old 
Society,"  the  '  Fishmonger's  Shop,'  which,  as 
painting,  is  finer  than  an  Ostade,  which  it 
resembles,  was  sold — it  measures  141  in. 
by  22f  in. — for  GOO  guineas. 


The  text  further  and  amply  illustrates  the 
lovable  and  tender  nature  of  Walker  as  a 
friend,  a  brother,  and,  above  all,  as  a  son. 
In  the  last-named  capacity  he  was  constantly 
writing  to  his  "Mummy,"  "the  old  'un," 
his  "dear,"  his  "darling  missus,"  and  so 
on,  in  sympathetic  and  affectionate  fashion. 
Nor  as  a  brother  was  he  less  tender  when- 
ever there  was  a  kindness  to  be  done,  a 
fruit  of  forethought  to  be  secured  on  be- 
half of  the  sisters  who,  almost  as  fully  as 
their  mother,  were  slavishly  devoted  to 
their  ever  dear  brother.  As  a  friend 
Walker  was  not  less  happy.  A  hundred 
comrades  called  him  dear,  and  they  included 
many  a  man  of  note  among  his  seniors, 
such  as  Thackeray  and  Millais,  who  was  at 
once  Walker's  mentor,  model,  and  friend. 
To  these  are  to  be  added  his  nearer  con- 
temporaries Mr.  P.  H.Calderon,  known  in  the 
innermost  circle  as  "the  Doge";  Mr.  H.  S. 
Marks;  the  latter's  brother,  who  is  the  author 
of  this  book ;  Mr.  Armstead,  who,  as  a  labour 
of  love,  designed  and  carved  the  monument 
which  commemorates  his  dead  friend  in 
Cookham  Church ;  Mr.  North,  who  went 
with  Walker  to  Algiers ;  Mr.  G.  D.  Leslie, 
a  f rec|uent  companion  and  correspondent ; 
Mr.  E.  W.  Macbeth;  and  Mr.  W.  Q. 
Orchardson. 

Of   Walker's    social    relations    and    his 
position  among  the  leaders  of  a  certain  dis- 
tinguished grade  of   society,  as    at    Little 
Holland  House,  where  it  is  understood  that 
he  lost  his  heart  to  a  damsel  of  high  degree, 
as  well  as  with  regard  to  his  place  among 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy  and  the  Old 
Society  of  Water-Colour  Painters,  this  book 
tells    little  or   nothing.     This  is    due   pro- 
bably to  the  artist's  characteristic  shyness 
whenever  the  outer  world,  and  not  his  own 
circle,  was  concerned.     Mr.  Marks  rightly 
dilates    upon    the    powerful     influence    of 
Walker's  youthful  studies  from  the  antique, 
at  the  British  ]\Iuseum  most  of  all  (where 
he  devoted  much  time,  chiefly  to  the  Elgin 
Marbles),  at  Leigh's  in  Newman  Street,  and 
in  a   less   degree   at   the   Eoyal  Academy, 
where  he  worked  neither  long  nor  ardently. 
Undoubtedly  Walker's  notions  of  style  in 
design  and  form  (as  regards  "the  figure" 
and   the   treatment  at  large  of  his  works) 
were    throughly  based  upon   the    Phidian 
sculptures.     We  see  this  in  *  Autumn,'  in 
'  The  Harbour  of  Eefuge,'  and  distinctly, 
too,    in    the    beautiful   tickets     of    invita- 
tion   Walker    designed     for     Mr.    Arthur 
Lewis's  "  Saturdays  "  at  Moray  Lodge  ;  and 
it  is  manifest  in  the  cartoon  he  designed  as 
a  poster  to  call  attention  to  Wilkie  Collins's 
'  Woman  in  AVhite,'  which  remains  to  this 
day,  though   a   quarter   of   a   century  has 
elapsed  since  it  inaugurated  the  use  of  art 
in  posters,  by  far  the  best  and  finest  thing 
of  its  kind  in  design.     In  short,  from  '  The 
Old     Gate'    of     1863,    'Bathers'    (1867), 
and    'Vagrants'  (1868),  to  'At   the   Bar,' 
Walker's  last  and    unfinished   masterpiece 
of    1872,  the  influence  of    the  art  of    the 
Parthenon    is   everywhere   recognizable   in 
the  style,  composition,  and  other  formative 
elements  of  these  examples. 

As  a  water-colour  painter  Walker's  ante- 
type  was  A.  Van  Ostade,  upon  whose  art 
he,  consciously  or  otherwise,  improved 
wherever  colour,  strong  tonality,  and  bril- 
liance were  required.  The  influence  of 
Millais  was  the  crowning  force  from  the 


time  when  Walker  worked  with  him  in 
illustrating  Once  a  JVeekani  the  Com/till,  and 
even  before  that  epoch,  when  the  younger 
artist  had  not  yet  come  into  personal  con- 
tact with  his  illustrious  senior.  This  in- 
fluence is  irresistibly  distinct  wherever  the 
naturalism,  pathos,  and  (largely)  the  colora- 
tion and  tonality  of  his  paintings  are  con- 
cerned ;  it  is,  in  fact,  so  potent  that  '  Philip 
in  Church,'  '  The  Mushroom  Gatherers,' 
'  The  Old  Gate,'  and  '  The  Unknown  Land  ' 
(one  of  Walker's  most  imaginative  pieces) 
might  almost  be  credited  to  Millais  at  his 
best  period,  so  large  in  treatment,  rich  in 
style,  colour,  and  tone,  so  nobly  naturalistic, 
and  so  pathetic  are  they  all.  In  our  opinion 
Mr.  Marks  hardly  does  justice  to  this 
obvious  influence  of  Millais  and  his  art 
upon  Walker,  whose  honour  (there  being 
no  question  of  the  entire  originality  and 
power  of  the  junior  painter)  does  not  suffer 
in  the  least  degree. 

As  a  designer  in  black  and  white,  as  a 
painter  proper  in  oil   as  well  as  in  water 
colours.    Walker's  position    is  high  in  the 
first  rank  of  English  masters.    His  art  is  at 
once  so    sound,   accomplished,   resourceful, 
and  wholesome  that  time  will  surely  have 
no  other  effect  upon  it  than  that  of  exalting 
it ;  indeed,  it  is  our  opinion  that  the  public 
will    place    him  on    a  higher    level   as    a 
colourist  than  heretofore ;    in   this   respect 
he  is  one  of  the  few  ffetire  painters  of  the 
naturalistic  strain  who  may  fairly  be  com- 
pared with  Leslie   on    the   one   hand   and 
Millais  on  the  other.      As  a  stylist  Walker 
deserves  as  much  praise  as  is  due  to  him 
as  a  designer  of  rare  powers.      Whenever 
pathos  (whether  of  the  sad,  tragic,  sombre, 
homely,  or  ingenuous  sort,  it  mattered  not) 
was   in  demand — whenever  a  deeply  poetic 
strain  of  thought,   as    in    'The    Unknown 
Land '  and  not  a  few  of  his  book  designs, 
was    in     question  —  few     Englishmen     of 
our    time    could    approach    him.     Indeed, 
some    of  those  fine  things   are    as    subtly 
tender  and  poetic  as  they  can  be,  equalling 
Mr.  Arthur    Hughes's    '  April    Love '   and 
'A  Huguenot'  of    Millais.      The    English 
School  has,  moreover,  especial    reason    to 
boast  of  Walker's  merits,  insomuch  as,  like 
Leslie,  Millais,  Hughes,  Macliso,  Mulready, 
and,    in    this    matter,    Eossetti,    he    owed 
nothing  to  foreign  teachers,  and  was  never 
out  of  England  until  after  he  had  secured 
recognition,  and  was  fitter  to  teach  than  to 
be  taught.     It  was  doubtless  his  own  fault 
that  Parisian  honours,  which  are  so  much 
coveted    by    English    painters,    and    were 
freely  given  to  so  many  of  his  set,  never  fell 
to   him.     At   the   Salon   in   its   best   days, 
that  is  during  Walker's  life,  his  art — being 
of  the  art,  artistic — was  sure  of  the  warmest 
appreciation  and  frankest  praises. 

Among  the  leading  facts  of  our  subject's 
life  which  this  biography  states  for  the  first 
time,  or  confirms  our  knowledge  of,  is  that 
he  was  born  at  90,  Great  Titchfield  Street, 
Marylebone,  May  26th,  1840,  the  elder  of 
twins,  the  fifth  son  and  seventh  child  of  a 
by  no  means  well-to-do  jeweller,  who  died 
when  the  boy  was  seven  years  old,  and 
left  his  widow  so  poorly  endowed  that  she 
worked  at  embroidery  for  a  living.  In  due 
time  her  son  Frederick  was  sent  to  a  school, 
as  to  which  Mr.  Marks  writes,  "It  appears 
from  a  prize  book  that  he  was  at  '  Oleve- 
I  land  Academy '    (wherever  that  may  have 


426 


THE    ATHEN7EUM 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


been)  in  1851."  "Wo  are  able  to  enlighten 
Lim  on  this  point.  '' Cleveland  Academy  " 
was  a  somewhat  humble  school  for  boys,  kept 
by  a  person  named  Simmonds  or  Simpson,  at 
that  which  is  now  No.  46  (then  No.  7),  on 
the  east  side  of  Cleveland  Street,  Fitzroy 
Square,  the  second  house  from  Howland 
Street,  going  south.  It  was  in  the  first 
floor  of  this  house  that  in  1818-50  Dante  G. 
Eossetti  shared  a  studio  with  Mr.  W.  Holman 
Hunt ;  here  the  former  painted  his  first 
picture,  '  The  Girlhood  of  Mary,  Virgin,' 
and  the  latter  '  The  Death  of  Eienzi's 
Brother.'  It  is  most  probable  that  Walker 
was  a  pupil  in  this  "  Academy  "  during  the 
tenancy  of  the  now  famous  P-R.B.s. 

Later  Walker  went  to  a  more  advanced 
school    in    Camden    Town,    a    fact    which, 
taken  with  our  knowledge  of  his  frequent 
rambles  to  Primrose  Hill  and  Hampstead, 
indicates  that  the  widow  and  her  numerous 
brood  had  departed  from  Great   Titchfield 
Street.     In  1855  Walker  was  in  the  ofiice  of 
Mr.  Baker,  an  architect,  and  did  not  distin- 
guish himself   by  his  industry.      In   1856, 
having  made  some  designs  of  the  pictorial 
sort,  he  showed  them  to  Maclise,  and  seems 
to  have  won  no  very  warm  praises  from  the 
distinguished  Academician.     Soon  after  this 
we  find  him  a  pupil  of  the  desultory  order 
at  the  British    Museum,  at    "Leigh's"  in 
Newman  Street,  and  later  at  the  Academy. 
His  friends  were  at  this  period  by  no  means 
assured  of  his  success  as  an  artist;   indeed, 
many  and  anxious  were  his  mother's  doubts 
on  this  head.     Nevertheless,  we  find  that  in 
November,  1858,  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr. 
J.  W.  Whymper,  of  Lambeth,  a  well-known 
wood    engraver,    and    was,    besides,    well 
enough    advanced   to    practise   painting  in 
oil  with  some  success.     In   1859  he  seems 
to  have  ceased  to  work  at  "  Leigh's,"  and 
joined    "The    Langham,"    a    well-known 
artists'    society.      Mr.    Whymper   sent   his 
pupil   into   the    country  to   make   sketches 
and    otherwise    put    him    in    the    way   to 
succeed  as  an  illustrator  of  books,  so  that, 
about  1860,  Walker's  career  may  be  said  to 
have  begun.     The  cuts  from  designs  made 
at  this  epoch  distinctly  affirm  how  consider- 
able his  promise  then  already  was. 

Mr.  Marks  is  able  to  give  the  true 
account  of  Walker's  connexion  with 
Thackeray  as  an  illustrator  of  the  CornJiill, 
an  account  which  is  honourable  to  both 
parties,  and  the  more  to  be  desired  because 
it  was  not  long  since  our  painful  duty  to 
comment  severely  upon  a  grossly  unjust 
history  of  the  matter.  This  account  is  aptly 
illustrated  by  a  facsimile  of  a  sketch  of 
Thackeray  himself  made  by  Walker  as  a 
proof  that  "he  could  draw"  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  then  editor  of  the  Cornhill. 
The  correspondence  here  printed  between 
the  latter  and  Walker  is  very  interesting 
and  characteristic.  Further  notes  illustrate, 
among  other  things.  Walker's  happiness 
whenever  anything  helped  him  in  his  work  ; 
his  almost  boyish  delight  in  fishing,  especi- 
ally when  he  landed  a  big  salmon — delight 
which  amounted  to  a  craze  ;  and  his  vigorous 
hatred  of  what  he  called  "the  tourist 
beast ' 


■i.e.,  the  vulgar  tripper — whose 
sordid  and  noisy  tricks  olfended  him. 
Walker's  outbursts  of  petulance  are  manifest 
in  this  text,  and  not  always  unlovable  ;  nor 
is  his  proud  reserve  at  times  wholly  un- 
worthy of  praise — at  least  when  it  enabled 


him  to  bear  with  the  meddling  dullards  who 
often  troubled  him.  For  thus  delineating 
this  true  portrait  of  his  friend  Mr.  Marks 
deserves  our  grateful  thanks.  It  is  his 
happy  fortune  to  have  succeeded  in  the 
intention  which  is  expressed  in  the  last 
sentences  of  this  book:  "to  give  a  true 
picture  of  the  man  as  he  was." 


gxm-^ti  (iassigr. 

There  is  a  scheme  on  foot,  analogous  to  that, 
which  was,  happily,  defeated  at  Chelsea,  for 
embanking  with  a  granite  wall,  the  cost  of 
which  will  be  immense,  the  side  of  the  Thames 
at  Battersea.  The  only  good  of  these  schemes 
seems  to  be  that  they  supply  masons  and 
labourers  with  work. 

The  vulgarization  proceeds  apace  of  historic, 

legendary,  and  beautiful  sites,  of  which  perhaps 

the  most  flagrant   example  is    the  building  at 

Tintagel  of  a  huge  hotel  "in  the  castellated  style" 

as  it   is  understood   by  Mr.   Silvanus    Trevail, 

P\R.  I.B.A.     It  is  now  proposed  by  a  syndicate, 

acting   under  the  auspices  of  the  same  person, 

to  erect  similar  hotels  on  several  more  of  the 

noblest  headlands  of    the    Cornish    coast.      A 

peculiarly  hideous  building  of  this  sort  already 

exists  on  a  promontory  at  Newquay,  where  it 

intrudes    itself     upon    the    lover     of     natural 

beauty.     As  if  this  were  not  enough,  a  second 

similar  structure  is  designed  by  Mr.  Trevail   to 

be  built  close  to  the   existing  one,   a    scheme 

which  has  already  met  with  local   opposition  of 

a  very  violent  and   unfortunate  kind,  involving 

actual  assaults  upon    the    F.R.  I.B.A.      Legal 

proceedings     being     contemplated  —  as     in     a 

similar      case      at      Bude  —  to      restrain     the 

patrons  of  the    new   venture,   which   is  purely 

commercial,     we    shall    say    no    more    on    this 

head.     But  it  is  worth  while  to  protest  against 

speculations  calculated  to  deform  and  vulgarize 

any  more  Cornish  headlands  with  such  structures 

as   those  of  Tintagel  and  Newquay.       If  such 

hotels  are  wanted,  they  might  surely  be  built 

where   they  will   not  be  eyesores.      Of   course 

every  offence  of  the  sort  reduces  the  attractions 

on  which  its  promoters  must  needs  rely  to  secure 

customers  and  lodgers  who  go  to  see  beauty  and 

nature  undeformed.      The  South-Western  and 

Great    Western    railway    companies,    who    are 

largely  interested    in   the    Cornish   schemes  to 

which  we  refer,  may  well  think  of  this  side  of 

the  question. 

Other  modern  and  incongruous  works  of  one  | 
kind  or  another  are  rapidly  defacing  the  fine 
coast  of  England  elsewhere.  Lynton,  in  North 
Devon,  has  its  cliff  scarred  by  an  ugly  cliff  rail- 
way. The  East  Cliff  at  Hastings  is  dread- 
fully injured,  and  a  railway  threatens  what  the 
new  harbour  there  may  not  destroy.  At  Scar- 
borough what  looks  like  a  monstrous  railway  em- 
bankment is  being  constructed  round  the  base  of 
the  famous  and  often-painted  Castle  Hill,  so  that 
the  north  side  of  the  base  of  that  grand  cliff  is 
already  irretrievably  ruined  ;  and  worse  must 
follow  the  progress  of  the  municipal  Folly,  which 
is  to  cost  about  100,000L  By  the  part  removal 
of  a  vulgar  advertisement  from  the  sides  of  the 
Shot  Tower  at  Waterloo  Bridge,  we  are  only 
half  delivered  from  an  offence  to  the  good  taste 
of  London. 

The  widow  of  G.  P.  Boyce  has  presented  to 
the  Chelsea  Public  Library  his  drawing  of 
St.  Bride's  Church,  Fleet  Street,  in  18G7,  which 
was  recently  on  loan  at  South  Kensington. 
Mrs.  Boyce  selected  it  in  memory  of  her  hus- 
band, who  lived  twenty-eight  years  in  Chelsea. 

His  friends  will  be  glad  to  know  that  Mr. 
J.  B.  Burgess,  who  had  been  out  of  health 
for  some  time  past,  is  now  much  better  and  able 
to  work  as  usual. 

Mr.  Hook  has  returned  from  the  North  in 
excellent  health,  and  has  made  much  progress 
with  the  pictures  he  took  in  hand   during  his 


sojourn,  some  of  which  will  probably  appear  at 
next  season's  Academy  Exhibition. 

The  exhibition  of  the  works  of  the  late 
C.  P.  Knight  at  Bristol,  to  which  we  have 
already  referred,  having  been  postponed  for  a 
few  weeks,  will  be  opened  in  that  city  on  the 
27th  inst.  It  includes  nearly  all  the  painter's 
most  important  landscapes  and  a  considerable 
number  of  sketches  and  studies.  Most  of  the 
subjects  are  coast,  harbour,  and  sea  views, 
painted  with  brilliance,  and  attractive  for  their 
learning  and  solidity.  These  works  will  pro- 
bably be  exhibited  in  London  later  in  the 
season. 

The  Palais  des  Champs  Elysees,  in  which 
during  many  years  the  French  Salons  have 
been  held,  has  now  been  entirely  demolished. 

It  is  stated  that,  with  a  view  to  the  complete 
restoration  of  the  building,  the  Hermitage  at 
St.  Petersburg  is  to  be  closed  for  a  year. 

The  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  Board  of  Manufactures  in  Scot- 
land, for  the  year  ending  with  September, 
1896  {sic),  has  been  published.  This  belated 
document  states  that  nearly  94,000  persons 
visited  the  National  Gallery  during  the  year  ; 
that  there  were  460  students  in  the  School  of 
Art  ;  that  nearly  75,500  persons  were  admitted 
to  the  Royal  Institution  ;  and  that  25,615  per- 
sons went  to  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  All 
these  institutions  are  in  Edinburgh.  23,225  per- 
sons have  visited  Dunblane  Cathedral  since  1893, 
when  it  was  opened  to  the  public. 

Mr  W.  Cronin  writes  to  point  out  that  the 
Walker  of  the  Romney  picture  we  spoke  of 
last  week  was  not  "Philosopher"  Walker,  but 
Adam  Walker,  wdio  died  before  the  former's 
work  '  The  Original '  was  published. 

Messrs.  Bell  announce  the  following  illus- 
trated   books  :  —  'A    History    of    Renaissance 
Architecture  in  England,    a.d.    1500-1800,'   by 
Mr.  R.  Blomfield,  — 'A  History  of  Gothic  Art 
in    England,'   by  Mr.    E.    S.   Prior,  — '  AVilliam 
Morris  :  his   Art,  his  Writings,  and  his  Public 
Life,'   by    Mr.   A.   Vallance,  —  'Thomas    Gains- 
borough :  his  Life  and  Works,'  by  Mrs.  A.  Bell 
(N.  D'Anvers),  — 'The  Glasgow  School  of  Paint- 
ing,' by  Mr.  D.  Martin, — '  The  Bases  of  Design,' 
by    Mr.    Walter    Crane, — in    the    "  Endymion 
Series,"  '  Poems  by  John  Keats,'  illustrated  by 
Mr.    R.    A.    Bell  ;     and    '  Poems    by    Robert 
Browning,'  illustrated  by  Mr.  B.  Shaw, — in  the 
"Connoisseur  Series,"  'British  Historical  Por- 
traits,' by  Mr.  H.  B.  Wheatley  ;  and  'Portrait 
Miniatures,'  by  Dr.  G.  C.  Williamson,  —  in  the 
"  Ex-Libris  Series,"  'Decorative  Heraldry,'  by 
Mr.    G.   W.    Eve,— and   in    "Bell's   Cathedral 
Series,"     'Exeter,'    by     Mr.     P.    Addlesh.aw  ; 
'Norwich,'  by  Mr.   C.  II.  D.  Quennell  ;   'Lich- 
field,' by  Mr.  A.  B.  Clifton  ;    'Peterborough,' 
l)y  the  Rev.  W.  D.  Sweeting;  '  Hereford,' by 
Mr.  A.  H.  Fisher  ;  'Winchester,'  by  Mr.  P.  W. 
Sergent  ;   'Southwell,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  Dimock  ; 
'Durham,'  by  Mr.   J.  E.  Bygate  ;   'Wells,'  by 
the  Rev.  P.  Dearmer  ;    'St.   David's,'  by  Mr. 
P.  Robinson  ;  'Ely,'  by  Mr.  T.  D.  Atkinson; 
'  Worcester,'    by    Mr.    E.    F.    Strange  ;     and 
'York,'  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Brock. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

THE   FESTIVAL    OF   THE   THREE    CnOIRS. 

Hereford  may  be  congratulated  on  the 
artistic  and  financial  results  of  the  celebra- 
tion held  this  week,  for  it  must  rank  among 
the  most  successful  in  this  district  alike 
in  a  musical  and  monetary  sense.  In  be- 
ginning our  final  record,  we  must  first 
mention  the  performance  on  Wednesday 
morning,  which  commenced  with  Bach's 
cantata    '  Ein'    Feste  Burg.'     Founded    on 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UIVI 


427 


Lutlier's    well  -  known     liymn     tune,    this 
cantata  ranks  among  the  finest  penned  by 
the  prolific    Leipzig  cantor,   the   treatment 
of   the    ancient   choral,   used    not   only   by 
Bach,  but  by  Meyerbeer  and  AVagner,  show- 
ing  musicianship   worthy    of    the    highest 
praise.     Among  the  master's  multitudinous 
church    cantatas,  many   of   which  are    un- 
fortunately lost,  '  A  Stronghold  Sure  '  takes 
a  foremost  place,  and  it  was  well  rendered 
under   the    direction    of    Mr.    Sinclair,    the 
soloists    being  Miss  Anna  Williams,   Miss 
Jessie    King,   Mr.   Lloyd  Chandos  (who  is 
steadily  advancing  as  an  oratorio  singer), 
and  Mr.   Pluuket  Greene.     Following  this 
came  the  most    important   novelty  of    the 
festival.  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  Latin  '  IMagni- 
ficat '  in  F.     There  is  no  perceptible  falling 
off   in    the   latest    utterance    of   the    gifted 
English    composer,    who,    it    may   be   said 
without   much   fear    of    contradiction,    can 
claim    equality    with     any    musician    now 
living.     Dr.  Parry  makes  extensive  use  of 
the    plain  -  song  intonation   associated    for 
many  centuries  with  the  '  Magnificat,'  bvit, 
of  course,  he  treats  it  with  modern  embel- 
lishments.    His  work  is  for  soprano  solo, 
chorus,   and  orchestra,    and    opens    in    the 
most  joyous  spirit.  The  solo  "  Quia  respexit 
humilitatem "     is    melodious    and     almost 
singularly  diatonic.     Far   more   charming, 
however,  is    the   next   number,   a    chorus, 
"Et  misericordia,"  with  a  violin  ohhligato, 
slightly  suggestive  of     the   "  Benedictus  " 
in      Beethoven's      Mass      in      d.        Here 
we    have    one    of   Dr.    Parry's  most    deli- 
cate  inspirations.      The   florid    air    "Fecit 
potentiam,"     which     comes     next,     recalls 
the  phraseologj'  of  Handel  and  Bach.     In 
the  final  section,  "Suscepit  Israel,"  there  is 
in  the   first   place  a  serious  chorus  in  six 
parts,  followed  by  a  bright   and  straight- 
forward fugue,  "  Sicut  locutus."     Then  the 
soloist    re-enters    with     the     '  Magnificat ' 
figure,    and   the  work   closes  with   an   im- 
posing cadence    in   the    original   key.     No 
finer  setting  of  the  canticle  has  ever  been 
penned,    and   the   performance,    with   Mies 
Anna  Williams  in  the  principal  part,  was 
in  all  respects  praiseworthy.     Mr.  Sinclair, 
who  is  an  ardent  admirer  of  Wagner,  and 
has  done  his  best  to  win  appreciation  for 
the   master's    genius   in    Hereford,  secured 
permission    for    the     performance    in    the 
cathedral   of   the   Good   Friday  music  and 
the  first  sacramental  scene  from  '  Parsifal.' 
Much  pains  had  been  taken  to  produce  as 
commendable  a  rendering  as  possible  with- 
out scenic  accessories ;  and  as  Mr.  Sinclair 
evidently  understood  Wagner's  intentions, 
and    took    great    trouble    at    rehearsal,  the 
strangely  religious  music  wrought  its  full 
effect.      The  nuances   were   duly   observed, 
and  the  vocal  solo  parts,  which  are  quite 
unimportant,  were  safe  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Lloyd  Chandos    and   Mr.  Plunket  Greene. 
The  arran  gemen  t  of  the  chorus  was  completely 
successful,  the  effect  of  the  boys'  voices  in  the 
choir,  far  away  from  the  principal  body  of 
executants,  being  perfect.      Spohr's    '  Last 
Judgment,'  so  frequently  included  in  these 
festivals,    formed   the     second     part,     and 
'  Elijah'  was  given  in  the  evening. 

On  Thursday  morning  Beethoven's  Mass 
in  D  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  scheme, 
and  received  a  worthy  interpretation.  This 
colossal  work  is  no  longer  regarded  as  im- 
practicable, and  as  the  choir  displayed  the 


utmost  enthusiasm  concerning  its  prepara- 
tion, and  expressed  willingness  to  attend 
further  rehearsals  if  needed,  all  went  well, 
owing  partially  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  Sinclair, 
with  rare  wisdom,  had  the  entire  Mass 
transposed  a  semitone  lower  than  written, 
so  that  the  pitch  approximated  to  that  of 
Beethoven's  time,  and  the  terrible  strain 
on  the  voices  was  perceptibly  diminished. 
Tschaikowsky's  '  Symphonie  Pathetique '  in 
the  second  part  was  carefully  played,  and 
its  effect  in  the  cathedral  was  extremely 
fine.  With  these  words  record  of  the 
festival  may  be  regarded  as  nearly  com- 
plete. '  The  Redemption '  was  performed 
on  Thursday  evening,  and,  as  usual,  'The 
Messiah'  on  Friday  morning.  The  total 
attendance  numbered  over  11,200  persons, 
which  is  much  above  the  average.  Thanks 
are  due  to  the  hon.  secretary,  the  Rev. 
G.  E.  Ashley,  for  his  courtesy  to  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  press. 


Britiah  Musical  Biography.  By  James  D. 
Brown  and  Stephen  IS.  Straiten.  (Derby, 
Chadfield  &  Son.) — This  closely  printed  octavo 
volume  of  nearly  five  hundred  pages  is  a  dic- 
tionary of  musical  artists,  authors,  and  com- 
posers born  in  Great  Britain  and  its  colonies, 
and  is  dedicated  to  the  Incorporated  Society  of 
Musicians.  So  much  musical  work  is  now  pro- 
ceeding in  this  country,  and  increasing  yearly 
by  strides,  that  it  was  quite  time  a  work  of  this 
nature  should  be  issued.  The  manner  in  which 
it  has  been  compiled  resembles  the  arrangement 
of  Biemann's  '  Dictionary '  rather  than  that  of 
Sir  George  Grove's  more  bulky  work  ;  that  is 
to  say  the  musicians,  whether  composers  or 
performers,  are  scarcely,  if  at  all,  criticized,  the 
object  of  the  authors  having  been  to  provide  a 
book  of  reference,  matters  of  opinion  being 
subordinated  to  the  presentment  of  facts.  It  is 
further  said  that  some  names  of  honest  workers 
in  the  art,  now  relegated  to  obscurity,  have 
been  included.  This  is  true,  and,  in  fact,  many 
musicians  of  whom  those  of  the  present  day  pro- 
bably have  never  heard,  find  a  place  in  this  book. 
The  mere  statement  bears  testimony  to  the  zeal 
and  industry  of  the  compilers  in  hunting  out 
information  which,  of  course,  may  prove  useful 
to  students  of  every  degree.  The  exact  number 
of  names  included  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  state, 
but  it  certainly  exceeds  four  thousand,  and  the 
measure  of  accuracy  in  every  respect  is  worthy  of 
great  praise.  The  additions  and  corrections  put 
into  print  occupy  less  than  one  page,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  trifling.  The  general  style  is  so 
succinct  that  no  one  would  think  of  reading  the 
volume  from  first  to  last  without  pause  ;  but 
nevertheless  this  is  a  very  valuable  addi- 
tion to  English  musical  literature,  and  our 
unstinted  thanks  are  due  to  Messrs.  Brown 
and  Stratton.  '  British  Musical  Biography '  will 
probably  be  reprinted  from  time  to  time,  with 
such  additions  as  may  be  needful.  Certainly 
nothing  better  in  its  way  has  ever  emanated 
from  the  Midlands. 


^usiral  (ixrssijf. 

Next  week  we  shall  resume  our  regular 
calendar  of  weekly  musical  performances  in 
London.  Many  have  been  already  arranged, 
and  the  season  promises  to  be  the  busiest  on 
record. 

The  success  of  Mr.  Ben  Davies,  whose  sixth 
continental  tour  will  commence  at  Vienna  on 
January  11th  next  year,  has  induced  Mr.  Ernest 
Cavour  to  engage  for  the  Continent  Mr.  D. 
Ffrangcon  Davies,  who  will  make  his  debut 
shortly  in  Berlin. 

The  London  orchestral  rehearsals  for  the 
Birmingham  Festival  will    take    place   at    the 


Queen's  Hall  on  Monday  and  the  three  follow- 
ing days.  General  rehearsals  will  follow  on 
Saturday  next  at  Birmingham,  and  on  the 
following  Monday.  With  so  much  preparation 
fine  performances  are  practically  assured. 

While  he  is  continuing  the  Promenade  Con- 
certs with  full  energy  at  the  Queen's  Hall,  Mr. 
Bobert  Newman  has  thought  it  well  to  com- 
mence Sunday  afternoon  orchestral  concerts  at 
the  Queen's  Hall  before  the  end  of  the  summer 
season.  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood  will  conduct  the 
permanent  orchestra  this  season,  and  his  force 
of  ninety  performers  was  very  little  short  of 
perfect  last  Sunday  in  Tschaikowsky's  '  Sym- 
phonie Pathetique,'  Sullivan's  overture  '  Di 
Ballo,'  and  the  prelude  to  the  third  act  of 
'  Lohengrin.' 

The  concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall  under  the 
direction  of  M.  Lamoureux,  with  the  full 
orchestra  of  103  performers,  are  to  be  divided 
into  three  series.  The  first  will  be  held  on 
Wednesday  evenings  November  3rd,  10th,  and 
24th,  and  December  1st  ;  the  second  on  Febru- 
ary 2nd  and  16th,  and  March  2nd  and  16th  ;  and 
the  third  on  April  20th  and  May  4th  next  year. 

A  SERIES  of  symphony  concerts  will  be  given 
on  Saturday  afternoons  at  the  same  place, 
lasting  from  October  30th  to  the  middle  of 
March  next  year. 

On  the  4th  prox.  the  Crystal  Palace  will  com- 
mence afternoon  and  evening  orchestral  concerts, 
with  occasional  performances  of  popular  ora- 
torios. On  Saturday  evenings  there  will  be 
promenade  concerts  ;  and  operas  frequently  on 
Tuesday  and  Thursday  afternoons.  The  regular 
Saturday  afternoon  concerts  will  commence  on 
the  9th  of  October,  as  already  announced. 

Fraulein  Marie  Brema  is  said  to  have 
accepted  an  engagement  at  the  Opera  Comique 
of  Paris. 

Last  week  we  announced  that  Brahms  is 
likely  to  have  his  first  monument  at  Meiningen, 
and  now  we  hear  that  a  committee  has  been 
formed  at  his  native  town  Hamburg  for  the 
same  purpose.  It  is  also  said  that  the  Russian 
Musical  Society  is  arranging  a  Brahms-Feier  to 
be  held  next  November  at  Moscow. 

Dr.  Otto  Gunther,  born  in  1822  at  Leipzig, 
died  there  on  the  12th  inst.  He  had  been 
director  of  the  Conservatorium  der  Musik 
since  1881,  and  displayed  great  activity  in  this 
capacity.  As  Stadtrat  he  contributed  much 
to  the  improvement  and  embellishment  of  his 
native  town. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  Mr.  George  Kitchin, 
owing  to  continued  illness,  will  be  unable  to 
conduct  the  concerts  of  the  Stock  Exchange 
Orchestral  and  Choral  Society  during  the  winter 
season.  His  place,  however,  will  be  again  taken 
by  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Payne. 

According  to  the  printed  figures  the  pupils 
at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music  paid  into  the 
exchequer  no  less  a  sum  than  31,797/.  for  tuition, 
and  the  fees  paid  to  the  professors  amounted  to 
25,570L 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Dhury  Lane — 'The  White  Heather,' a  Drama  in  Four 
Acts.     By  Cecil  Raleigh  and  Henry  Hamilton. 

Duke  of  York's —' Francillon,'  a  Play  in  Tliree  Acts. 
From  the  French  of  Alexandre  Dumas ^7s. 

It  is  difficult  to  apply  any  recognizable 
standard  of  criticism  to  a  Drury  Lane 
drama.  It  is  always  a  case  with  the 
dramatist  of  vn-iting  up  to  Mr.  Crummles's 
real  pump.  Given  a  scene  of  cycling  at 
Battersea  Park,  a  view  of  Boulter's  Lock  on 
a  fine  holiday,  a  representation  of  the  Stock 
Exchange  on  a  day  of  crisis,  and  a  spectacle 
of  deadly  combat   under  the  sea  between 


428 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


two  enemies  equipped  in  divers'  costumes, 
and  the  task  of  Messrs.  Raleigh  and 
Hamilton  in  linking  them  together  seems 
akin  to  that  of  the  filler-up  of  bouts-rimes. 
Under  these  conditions  the  dramatists  may 
he  held  to  have  acquitted  themselves  mar- 
vellously well.  They  have  provided  a  tale 
of  a  Scottish  marriage  which  is  interesting 
and  even  stimulating,  and  not  wholly  im- 
probable, and  this  is  much  to  have  done. 
There  is,  of  course,  no  reason  whatever 
why  any  person  at  any  given  time  should 
be  at  one  place  instead  of  another.  Boulter's 
Lock  is  chosen  instead  of  Eamsgate  sands, 
but  only  because  it  is  held  to  offer  more 
attractions.  Now  and  then,  but  not  often, 
our  experts  come  to  grief.  The  bringing 
on  of  the  heroine,  who  claims  to  be 
Lady  Angus  Cameron,  with  her  son  in 
Battersea  Park  without  money  to  pay  for 
the  food  she  has  consumed  is  a  clumsy 
device.  It  is,  moreover,  rather  startling  to 
find  a  man  rushing  into  the  ball-room  at  a 
ducal  house  and  expecting  to  be  hailed  as 
the  bearer  of  good  news  because  he  brings 
intelligence  that  the  brother  of  his  host  and 
the  heir  to  the  dukedom  has  been  killed. 
These  things  signify  little  or  nothing.  More 
often  we  admire  the  skill  and  plausibility 
with  which  the  whole  has  been  arranged, 
and  the  ease  with  which  the  elaborate 
machine  is  moved.  Much  too  long  is 
the  play,  and  some  of  its  scenes  are  defi- 
cient in  significance.  In  these  cases,  how- 
ever, the  excessive  length  is  due  to  the 
effort  to  find  time  for  setting  the  heavy 
scene  which  is  to  follow.  '  The  White 
Heather'  may  take  a  foremost  place 
among  pieces  of  its  class.  It  is  well 
acted,  moreover.  Nothing  can  be  brighter 
or  more  comic  than  Mrs.  John  Wood's 
presentation  of  Lady  Janet.  The  female 
characters  are  all  ladies.  Miss  Beatrice 
Lamb  is  imperial  in  beauty  as  Lady 
Hermione,  Miss  Kate  Eorke  all  that  is 
most  touching  as  Lady  Angus,  and 
Miss  Pattie  Browne  all  that  is  sauciest 
in  a  rather  music-hall  fashion  as  Lady 
Molly.  After  playing  scores—  it  may  even 
be  hundreds — of  heroes  Mr.  Henry  Neville 
acquits  himself  capitally  as  a  villain.  The 
parts  generally  are  adequately  rendered, 
and  the  entertainment  as  good  as  is  to  be 
expected. 

On  its  first  production  in  an  English 
translation  '  Francillon '  stirred  some  not 
very  formidable  opposition.  This  protest, 
we  are  disposed  to  believe,  was  in  its  origin 
artistic  rather  than  moral.  The  plot  is,  as 
Dumas  himself  said,  ratde — more  ratde  even 
than  'The  Case  of  Eebellious  Susan,'  with 
which  it  is  natural  to  compare  it,  or  the 
Palais  Royal  vaudeville  of  Labiche  and 
Marc-Michel  '  Si  Jamais  je  te  Pince.'  In 
all  three  pieces  the  woman  threatens 
reprisals  for  marital  infidelity.  In  one  only 
does  she  carry  them  into  effect.  It  is  to  be 
in  all  cases,  she  says,  "  an  eye  for  an  eye, 
a  tooth  for  a  tooth,"  a  "  coup  de  canif  "  for 
a  "coup  de  canif."  So  long  as  this  idea 
is  confined  to  discussion  or  to  menace, 
nothing  need  be  urged  against  it.  Lady 
Susan  Harabin  executes  her  vengeance, 
and,  though  leaving  the  matter  a  little 
in  doubt,  obtains  forgiveness.  Fran- 
cillon, on  the  other  hand,  avows  that  her 
vengeance  is  complete.  It  is  eminently  dra- 
matic,  and  in  the  way  of    reprisal  is    a 


masterpiece  of  ingenuity.  Granting  the 
feminine  argument,  it  is  exactly  the  proper 
kind  of  thing  to  make  a  husband  smart. 
But  it  is  deliberate  prostitution,  and 
the  woman  who  has  done  what  Francillon 
declares  herself  to  have  done  can  never  be 
readmitted  into  her  husband's  house  or 
embrace,  or  hold  up  her  head  in  the  pre- 
sence of  her  own  sex.  She  has  not  done  it, 
however,  and  so  cadit  qucestto.  The  transla- 
tion— it  is  little  more — is  inept.  In  taking 
from  the  Baroness  Smith  the  surprise  scene 
in  which  Francillon  allows  the  truth  to  be 
extorted  from  her,  and  giving  it  to  the  hero, 
the  translator  deprives  the  play  entirely  of 
vraisemblance,  and  indeed  of  possibility.  Le 
Comte  de  Eiverolles  is  just  the  one  person 
in  the  play  with  whom  an  experiment  of  the 
kind  would  not  work.  This  is  not  the  only 
case  in  which  very  inexpedient  alterations 
have  been  made.  Mr.  Bellew  plays  the 
Count  in  ideal  fashion,  and  his  return  is  a 
gain  to  our  stage.  There  is  now  no  trace  of 
mannerism  or  affectation  in  his  style.  In 
favour  of  the  general  performance  little  can 
be  said.  A  want  of  distinction  is  sensible. 
Mrs.  Potter  meanwhile  plays  the  heroine 
exactly  as  we  would  not  have  it  played — with 
a  want  of  repose  that  we  cannot  understand 
and  with  a  broken  speech  which  is  equally 
incomprehensible  and  exasperating. 


Mr.  Horniman's  season  at  the  Criterion 
comes  to  an  end  to-night,  when  '  The  Sleeping 
Partner '  is  played  for  the  last  time.  The  house 
returns  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Wyndham,  who 
will  begin  the  rehearsals  of  Mr.  Jones's  new 
play  'TheTriflers.' 

Last  Saturday  night,  in  consequence  of  an 
accident  to  the  hydraulic  appliances,  no  per- 
formance could  be  given  at  Drury  Lane,  and 
the  large  audience  that  had  assembled  had  to 
be  dismissed. 

Mr.  Chudlkigh  has  in  reserve  for  the  Court 
Theatre  new  plays  by  Mr.  Pineroand  Mr.  Sydney 
Grundy. 

A  performance  of  a  farce  by  Messrs.  H.  A. 
Du  Souchet  and  Charles  T.  Vincent,  not  too 
happily  named  '  The  Swell  Miss  Fitzswell,'  has 
been  given  for  copyright  purposes  at  the  Adelphi. 
A  second  performance  of  '  A  Virginian  Court- 
ship,' by  Mr.  Eugene  W.  Tresbury,  has  been 
given  for  the  same  reason  at  the  same  house. 

'  Never  Again,'  an  American  farce,  in  which 
Miss  Agnes  Miller  will  reappear  in  England, 
will  be  the  next  novelty  at  the  Vaudeville. 

With  the  performance  of  '  Francillon '  on 
Saturday  last  at  the  Duke  of  York's  the  busiest 
fortnight  that  September  can  ever  have  known 
came  to  a  close.  It  has  been  followed  natur- 
ally by  a  species  of  collapse.  The  present  week 
has  been  devoid  of  dramatic  novelty,  and  the 
next  seems  destined  to  be  like  it,  unless  this 
Saturday  brings  with  it,  as  is  possible,  the 
reopening  of  the  Avenue  under  Mr.  Fitzroy 
Gardner. 

'KoNiGSKiNDER,'     the     Mdrchendrama     by 
Rosmer-Humperdinck,   had  a  brilliant  success 
at  its  first  performance  in  the  Hamburg  Stadt-^ 
theater  on  September  7th. 


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480 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^3648,  Sept.  25,  '97 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 


(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


Tins  WEEK'S  KUMIiER  contains— 
NOTKS  :— Heraldic  Au^niontations— C  F  Blackburn  — Gillian  of  Croy- 
don—ItimiinR  of  Magazines— Record  Gravedigger— J.  llird — Itagnian 
Koll— "Kesi,  but  do  not  loitei"  "—Conveyance  of  Troops— "Nether 
Heedum  "— St  Augustine's  J.anding-place— Parish  Itegistrar  circa 
Cromwell— Kussian  riencli  — Hullington  Church. 

QUEUIES:—"Cloit"—" Light  of  our  salvation"— The  Wandering  Jew 

—  Nonsense  Verses  —  '  Ulackbeny  Gatherers '  — Armorial— Latin 
(iuotation  —  St  Cowsland  —  Aiabella  Fernior— B<^vesiers— 'Kilton 
Uasilik(^'  —  Popocatepetl  —  Juvenile  Authors  —  Howth  Castle  — 
*'  Kypeck  "— llrass  Seal 

ItEPLIES  :— Miss  rairbrother—  Due  d'Epernon  — Luther  Family  in 
Essex— Mr.  A.  Pallantytio— (  he-^s  and  the  Devil  — Grub  Street— 
Ked.  Whit ',  lilue  —  "  Careerin  "-Folk-lore— Military  Fanners- 
Tradition  at  St  Crux  -Armorial  China— Physicians  of  Last  Century 

—  Cheney  Gate— Pish'^pric  of  Ossory— Peter  Thellusson— Haron 
Perryn- Skelton— Sir  W.  Hendley— Pelling  Bridge- O.  W.  Holmes 
and  "Pry  "—City  Names— Sinai  Palimpsest— Counsels  of  Perfection 
—Green's  'Guide  to  the  Lakes '—Poem  by  Tennyson— History  of 
Huntingdon— Swifts.  Spirrovvs.  and  Starlings-"  Bounded  "— ■  De 
Imitatione  Christi  '—  "  Apparata"— Plantagenet— "  Who  fears  to 
speak  of  '98?"—"  Making  Bur;;her9  "— "Obey  "  in  Marriage  Service 
—Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Smith's  '  Expeditions  of  Henry  IV.  to  Prussia  and 
the  Holy  Land '—Royds's  '  Parish  Registers  of  Felkirk'— Wa>  len's 
'House  of  Cromwell '—Venn's  '  Gonville  and  Caius  College'— 
Hempl's  '  German  Orthography  and  Phonology  '-Law's  '  Arohpriest 
Controversy '—'TheQuoen's  London  '— Fraser's  '  Waterloo  Ball.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEK'S  KU3IBER  f September  18 J  contains— 
NOTES  :— Ashburnham  House-First  Folio  Shakspeare -*  Dictionary  of 
National  Jhography  '  Nines-Vellow  Springs  of  the  Unde:worid— 
Wreaths  and  Gailands—' Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau  ' — '  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Nuts  to  Crack  '— "  All  alive  " — Oakham  Castle. 

QUERIES  1— "Shall"  and  "  Will"— Portrait— Horset— Manor  of  Leny 
— Signification  of  Bas-reliefs- Gondola  of  London— 'The  Forty-fifth 
Laddie '-Quotation  by  Carlyle— Old  Church— 'Shrub  of  Parnassus' 
— J.  B.  Vnnts— Device  on  Seal — " Kamfall "  of  Seeds— Stalls  in 
Theatres— '  Tlie  Chimes '—Launch  of  Man-of-war— Davis  Family— 
Dr.  S.  Ford— Quotation  iu  Longfellow— "Pure  Well" — Bozier's 
Court. 

REPLIES  :— Counties  of  England— Life  of  St.  Alban— Curfew— Forests 
and  Chases— Flags— Women's  False  Pockets— The  DoTe— "  Hell  is 
paved  with  good  intentions"— 'Havelock  "— ]!urIinghame—Crom- 
Jechs—Chappallan— Oldest,  Trees— Songs  on  Sports— Angels  as  Sup- 
porters- Carrick— S  Huflam— Robins,  Auctioneer— Livery  Lists  — 
A  -S.  Manuscripts— Port  Royal  Inscription- Epitaph— St.  Patrick- 
Longest  Words  in  English— Helm— Alius  Severus— "  With  a  wet 
finger" —  "  Droo"  —  iteniams  of  Lord  Byron — Burning  Bush — 
"  Snipers"-"  Gurges  "  — liutter  at  Wedding  Feasts -Politician- 
Foster  of  Bamborough  —  Gcutlenian  Porter— '■  Cooper  " —  Postage 
Stamps  Reversed— H  J  H  Martin— Enid— Church  Row,  Hampstead 
—County  Council  English— Great  Clock,  Rouen. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  -.—Jackson's  '  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Oxford  ' 
—Firth's  'Clarke  Papers  "- Lewis's  'Pedes  Finium '— 'Edmund 
Routledge's  Date-Book.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


THE  NUMBER  TOR  SEPTEMBER  11  confmns- 

NOTES  :— City  Names  in  Stow's  '  Survey  '--Boers  and  the  Bible— Poem 
by  Tennyson- -Rabsaris— Naval  Crests  — Russian  Folk-tales— Her 
rin^-bone  Charm— Grimthorped  Welsh  Customs —  "  Overtun  " — 
Split  Infinitive. 

QUERIES:— Due  d'Epernon— Author  Wanted —Forests  and  Chases— 
"My,"  "His,"  applied  to  Authors— Piscina— Roman  Numerals- 
Picture  by  Zoffany— Author  of  Book— Construction  with  a  Partitive 
— Chess  and  the  Devil  —  overseers  —  Lettering  Itindings  —  Lord 
Mayor's  Fool— Cranmer's  New  Testament  —  "Derbyshire  wise"— 
Vulgar  Errors— Engravings-Musical  Boxes— Dancing  upon  Bridges 
— Green  Table, 

REPLIES:— John  Cabot  and  the  Matthew— FJags-Miss  Vandenhoff- 
W^onderful  Word— Luther,  Irish  surname— Ancestors— Avignon- 
Superstition— Green  Koom—Pinchbeck— Grub  Street— P  Harrison— 
Cigars— Pocket  Nutmeg-Gi-ater— Cause  of  Death—"  Mad  as  a  hatter" 
—Lord  of  Allerdale—"Footle"~"Jesu,  Lover  of  my  soul"— "Have- 
lock "—Stanwood  Family— Portreeve— Isle  of  Man— Macaulay  and 
Montgomery— Cagots— Registering  Births  and  Deaths— "  Alierot  " 
Burlinghame  —  Kye-r)iymes-  -"  Returns  "— ■*  Harpe  pece  " — French 
Prisoners  in  England — Burial  of  Horse  with  Owner—"  Ken  " — 
Questions  on  Rubric— Reigate  Parish  Church- Monkish  Latin- 
Bibliography  of  New  South  Wales. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS:— Hume's  'Sir  Walter  Ralegh '-Lang's  'Book  of 
Dreams  and  Ghosts '—Wjatt's  'Elementary  Old  English  Grammar  ' 
— Ma|~azines  of  the  Month. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


THE  NUMBER   lOR   SEPTEMBER  4  contains— 
NOTES  :— Francesca  de  (  haves- Peter  Thellusson— Death  of  Voltaire- 
Lady  Monson —  Incident  in  'Pickwick'  —  Episcopal  Families  — G. 

Winstanley- Lcwkners  Lane. 

QUERIES:— Mayhew  —  F,  G.  Waldron  -Mrs.  Webb  — Rainsford  — 
Gentleman  Porter—  Engraving  —  Knglish  Prisoners  — Heraldic — 
"Scholar  in  Chaucer  "—J  lavy  Family— Fairy  Abunde— Marks  for 
Signatures  — Hulme  —  Montague  — Scottish  Coins  — Manwood  and 
Kettle— "Cooper"  — J.  Itillcy  — Characters  in  Dickens — "Droo"— 
Sermon  by  Luther — Origin  of  Aphorism- Newspaper  Cuttings — 
Archbishops'  Signatures  — Wife  of  Hon.  W.  Spenser  — Authors 
Wanted. 

REPLIES:— John  Cabot  anUhe  Vatthew— Tern— Green's  'Guidetothe 
Lakes'  — Foster  of  Bamborough  — "  Tally-ho"— Division  of  New 
Testament —  '■  When  sorrow  sleepeth"  —  Equivalents  of  English 
Proverbs-"  Marriage  Lines  "—Hatchments  in  Churches — Ennis  : 
Denis  —  "  Hansard  "  :  "  Hanse  "  —  "  Matrimony  "  —  "  Bundling  " — 
Bees  and  Rose  Leaves— Clarkson  Stanfield— "  Mow  Land"— Loss 
of  the  Eurydice- Parish  Records— Vireless  Peoples-Standards  of 
Measurement— Red,  White,  Blue  —  "  Sovereign  of  Belfast  "—Byron's 
Birthplace— "Does  your  mother  know  you 're  out?  "—Black  Hole  of 
Calcutta— Bar  Sinister  -Rummer  —  "  Gurges  "—Cockade  :  Escallop 
—Baronet's  W  idow— Au'ihor.s  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Farmer's  'National  Ballad  and  Song'— Rye's 
'Norfolk  Pedigrees'—  Worthy's  'Devonshire  Wills  ' —  Kushton's 
'  Shakspeare  an  Archer  '-Harper's  '  Shakespeare  and  the  Thames  '— 
Morrall's  Ran  beck's  Saints  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict'— 'Camden 
Miscellany,"  Vol.  IX. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


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Just  published,  Vol.  II.  of  the  Third  Year. 
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A    HISTORY  of  DOGMA.    Vol.  III. 

By  Dr.  ADOLPH  HARNACK,  Ordinary  Professor  of 
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Royal  Aca<lemy  of  Science,  Berlin.  Translated  from  the 
Third  German  Edition  by  the  Rev.  NEIL  BUCHANAN. 
Edited  by  Rev.  Dr.  A.  B.  BUUCE.  With  a  Preface 
specially  written  for  this  Edition  by  the  Author. 

Earlier  Volumes  of  the  Aew  Series : — 

HISTORY    of   DOGMA.      Translated 

fiom  the  Tliird  Geiman  E.tition  by  Itcv.  NKIL  liLCHANAN. 
Edited  by  Kev.  Dr.  A.  11  IIKUCE.  witli  a  Preface  speoiaily  written 
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The  HISTORY  of  the  HEBREWS.    By 

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The  APOSTOLIC  AGE  of  the  CHRIS- 
TIAN CHURCH,  liy  CARL  VON  WEIZSACKLH,  Professor  of 
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AGINCOURT:  an  Anniversary  Study.    By 

the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue. 
The  SEPOY    REVOLT   at    DELHI.    MAY, 

18.57  :  a  Personal  Narrative.    Pan  II.    By  Col.  E. 

Vibart. 
The  ROMANCE  of  RACE.    By  Grant  Allen. 
The  FROZEN  MAN.  By  Ernest  G.  Henham. 
The    MECHANISM    of   the    STOCK 

EXCHAJSIGE. 


A  NIGHT  in  VENICE.    By  M.  P.  Bhiel. 

PELOTA.    By  Charles  Edwardes. 

SOME  SPIES.     By  Andrew  Lang. 

A  GENTLE  ADVISER.    By  E.  V.  Lucas. 

PAGES  from  a  PRIVATE  DIARY. 

IN  KEDAR'S  TENTS.  Chaps.  28-30.  (Con- 
clusion. )  By  Henry  SetoD  Merriman,  Author  of 
'The Sowers,'  &c. 


NEW  VOLUME  OF  '  THE  DICTIONARY  OP 
NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY.' 

READY  THIS  DAY,  15s.  net,  in  cloth ;  or  in  half-morocco,  marbled  edges,  20s.  net. 
Volume  52  (SHEARMAN— SMIRKE)  of  the 

DICTIONARY   OF    NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY. 

Edited  by  SIDNEY  LEE. 

*«*  Volume  I.  was  published  on  January  1,  1885,  and  a  further  Volume  will  be  issued 
Quarterly  until  the  Completion  of  the  Work. 


FOURTH  EDITION,  large  crown  Svo.  7s.  6rf. 

POT-POURRI    FROM   A    SURREY   GARDEN. 

By  Mrs.  C.  W.  EARLE. 
With  an  Appendix  by  LADY  CONSTANCE  LYTTON. 

Prom  the  GUARDIAN. — "It  is  impossible  to  read  a  page  of  this  book  without  being 
struck  by  its  vigorous  freshness,  its  helpfulness,  and  its  human  kindliness." 

From  the  ■'SPECTATOR.—"  Space  fails  to  show  the  excellence  in  every  department  of 
Mrs.  Earle's  practical  advice ;  but  no  woman  who  loves  her  house,  her  garden,  and  her 
children  should  fail  to  read  this  book." 


The  LETTERS  of  ELIZABETH  BARRETT  BROWNING. 

In  2  vols.     With 
[On  Oct'^ber  19. 


Edited,  with  Biographical  Additions,  by  FREDERIC  G.  KENYON. 
Portraits.     Crown  Svo. 


DEEDS  that   WON   the  EMPIRE.     By  the  Rev.   W.   H. 

FITCHETT.     With  12  Plans  and  13  Portraits.     Crown  Svo.  Cs.  [hi  October. 

The  STORY  of  the  CHURCH  of  EGYPT :  being  an  Outline 

of  the  History  of  the  Egyptians  under  their  Successive  Masters  from  the  Roman  Con- 
quest until  now.  By  ii.  L.  BUTCHER,  Author  of  'A  Strange  Journey,'  'A  Black 
Jewel,'  &c.     In  2  vols,  crown  Svo.  16s.  [/n  October. 

The  LIFE  of  SIR  JOHN  HAWLEY  GLOVER,  R.N.  G.C.M.G. 

By  LADY  GLOVKR.  Edited  by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  RICHARD  TEMPLE,  Bart., 
G. C.S.I.  D.C.L.  LL.D.  F.R.S.    With  Portrait  and  Maps.    Demy  Svo.  lis. 

The    AUTOBIOGRAPHY    of   ARTHUR    YOUNG.     With 

Selections  from  his  Correspondence.  Edited  by  M.  BETHAM-EDWARDS.  With 
2  Portraits  and  2  Views.     Large  crown  Svo.  12s.  6d. 

The  WAR  of  GREEK  INDEPENDENCE,  1821-1835.     By 

W.  ALISON  PHILLIPS,  M. A.  late  Scholar  of  Merton  College,  Senior  Scholar  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford.    With  Map.    Large  crown  Svo.  7s.  6d. 

TWELVE  YEARS  in  a  MONASTERY.    By  Joseph  McCabe, 

late  Father  Antony,  O.S.F.    Large  crown  Svo.  7s.  6d. 

LORD  COCHRANE'S  TRIAL  BEFORE  LORD  ELLEN- 

BOROUGH  in  1814.  By  J.  B.  ATLAY.  With  an  Introduction  by  HENRY  TOWRY 
LAW  and  EDWARD  D0WNB8  LAW.    Svo.  ISs. 

A  SIMPLE  GRAMMAR  of  ENGLISH  NOW  in  USE.     By 

JOHN  EARLE,  MA.,  Rector  of  Swanswick,  formerly  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Oriel 
College,  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  Author  of  'English 
Prose  :  its  Elements,  History,  and  Usage,' '  The  Philology  of  the  English  Tongue,'  &c. 
Crown  8vo.  6s.  

NEW   NOVELS. 

JAN :    an  Afrikander.    By  Anna  Howarth.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
The  MILLS  of  GOD.  By  Francis  H.  Hardy.    Crown  Svo.  6s. 
DEBORAH  of  TODS.  By  Mrs.  De  la  Pasture.  Crown  Svo.  6s. 


London:    SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  AVaterloo  Place,  kS.W. 


Editorial  Commnnications  sbonld  be  addressed  to  "The  Editor"  —  AdTertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "The  Publisher" —at  the  Office,  Bream's  limldings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
Frinted  by  Johk  Edwird  FaiNcrs,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Bnildingg,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. ;  and  Published  by  Johm  C.  Feancis  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
Agents  «or  Scotland,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradtnte  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  September  25,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

Sfournal  of  (ZBnsU^fD  antr  d^orefgn  Hiterature,  Science,  tfie  dFine  ^m,  iWusaitc  anb  tfie  ilrama* 


No.  3649. 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER    2,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

EBGISTKKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


•'rilE        LIBRARY       ASSOCIATION, 

J-  20,  Hanover  Square,  W. 

rresident— Mr   Alderman  HARRY  RAWSON. 

President-Elect-H.  R.  TEDDER.  Esq. 

Hon  Secretary-J.  Y    W.  MAC  ALISTER,  Esq. 

The  TWENTIETH  ANNUAL,  MEETING  of  this  Association  will  be 
"held  in  Lomlon  on  OCI'OBEK  20,  21,  22  next,  for  the  ti-ansaction  of  the 
annual  business  of  the  Association,  and  for  the  Reading  of  I'apers,  and 
Discussions. 

A    LADY,   youn^   and   well   educated,    knowing 
Frenchand  German,  wishes  forEMPLOYMRNTas  SECRErAUV. 
—Apply,  by  letter  only,  to  E.  D.,  at  S),  Holland  Villas  Road,  \V. 

SECRETARY  and  INDEXER  (LADY),  specially 
trained  in  Indexing  at  the  India  Office,  good  Stenogrrapliei*  and 
Typist,  REQUIKIitS  POST.— Apply  Secretaui.vl  Bureau,  9,  Strand. 

A  LINGUIST,  connected  with  several  Learned 
Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECRETARIAL  "WORK.  Translations 
V'Prench,  German.  Dutch.  Italian,  Spanish,  Scandinavian  Lang^uages),  Re- 
search Notes,  &c,— Write  K.  Genus,  4;J,  Southampton  Row.  London. Svc. 

WANTED,  ADVANCED  LESSONS  in  NOVEL 
WRI  riNG  bv  CORRESPONDENCE.— Write  FICTION,  Adyertis- 
ing  OSces.  10,  High  Holborn,  London,  W.C. 

SUB-EDITOR  of  PROVINCIAL  DAILY  desires 
SIMIL.\R  POST  or  CHARGE  of  WEEKLY.  Experienced  Reporter 
a/nd  careful  Reader.  Good  Original  Writer.  Highest  references  — 
J.T.  D.  H.iiFonD,  East  Hergholt,  Suffolk. 

EXPERIENCED  and  fully  qualified  JOUR- 
NALIST,  at  present  Assistant  Editor  of  important  Provincial 
Daily,  desires  EDITORSHIP  or  ASSISTANT  EDITORSHIP  in  healthy 
BRITISH  COLONY.  Vniversity  Graduate ;  good  linguist;  thorough 
literary  and  scientific  ti-aining  ;  accustomed  to  entire  Editorial  super- 
vision,Leader-Writin^r.  Reviewing.  &c.  Would  take  share  in  progressive 
property.— Reply  X  ,  Messrs.  Street.  30,  Cornhill,  London,  E.G. 

TRAVELLER  WANTED  in  large  PUBLISHING 
HOUSE.  Good  salary  given.  First-CIass  references  required.— 
Address  Box  80,  care  of  T."B.  Browne's  Advertising  Offices,  Id-'J,  Queen 
Victoria  Street,  EC. 

G.ENTLEMAN  (32),  Student  of  Art  and  Archieo- 
Ingy  would  take  as  BOARDER  and  HELP  YOUNG  GENTLE- 
MAN, Collector  or  Student  of  same  subjects.  Conitortaijle  home  in 
country,  near  London.  References  exchanged.— C.  Cole,  Mayland, 
Sutton,  Surrey. 

CITY  of  LEEDS.— ORGANIST.— The  Corporation 
are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
ORGANIST  for  the  TOWN  HALL  Salarv  200?  per  annum —Particulars 
of  duty  and  conditions  may  be  obtained  from  the  Town  Ct.ekk  Canvass- 
iog  Members  o(  the  Corpoi-atto  i  will  disqualify  Candidates  — Applica- 
tions, with  three  testimonials,  to  be  endorsed '■  Organist."  and  sent  to 
the  "Corporate  Property  Committee,  Town  Hall,  Leeds,"  not  later  than 
November  6. 

'T'ECHNICAL     COLLEGE,     HUDDERSFIELD. 

The  LECTURESHIP  in  ART  is  VACVNT.  Salarv  250/.  per  annum. 
— Applications  must  be  sent  in  not  later  than  October  25  to  the 
PaiNcip.vr,     Statement  of  duties  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

THO.MAS  THOKP,  Secretary. 

q^HE  PROFESSORSHIP   of    FRENCH   at   UNI- 

X  VERSITY  COLLEGE.  NOTriNGHAM.  will  be  VACANT  at 
CHRISTMAS.  —  Pai  ticulars  from  the  Secretarv.  Applications  by 
October  U. 


w 


ELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT. 


MONTGOMERYSHIRE  COUNTY  SCHEME 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  Post  of  HEAD  MISTRESS  of  the 
NEWTOWN  COUNTY  GIRLS'  SCHOOL  Salary  120/.  Capitation 
Pee  21.  ^ 

The  School  was  opened  in  18.94,  and  there  are  now  40  Scholars. 

The  Head  Mistress  must  be  (a)  a  Graduate  of,  or  have  passed 
Examinations  which  would  have  entitled  her.  if  a  Man,  to  proceed  to 
Graduation  in  some  University  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  (ft)  have 
been  trained  or  had  experience  in  Secondary  Teaching. 

Thirty  printed  copies  of  the  letter  of  application,  and  of  the  testi- 
monials, to  be  sent  to  me  not  later  than  October  10. 

Copies  of  the  Scheme  can  be  obtained  from  me,  price  6(/..  or  post  free 
7d.  Candidates  are  requested  to  mention  which  of  the  Subjects  of  the 
Curriculum  they  can  themselves  teach. 

Candidates  canvassing  directly  or  indirectly  will  be  disqualified. 

GEO.  D.   HARRISON. 
Clerk  to  the  County  Governors,  Welshpool. 

q^O  WRITERS.— WANTED  at  once  for  Popular 

X  NEW  WEEKLY,  War  Stories  and  Incidents,  about  2.000  words  ; 
Stories  of  Indian  and  Colonial  Life.  1.000  to  2,500  words  ;  Hunting 
Stories,  about  500  to  1.000  words;  Cycling  Stories,  about  50O  to  1.500 
words  ;  Humorous  Sketches,  about  500  to  1.500  words  ;  Interesting  and 
Instructive  Articles  on  Popular  Subject?,  about  500  words  ,  Anecdotes 
of  Famous  Men,  about  200  to  300  words  ;  and  Life  Stories  of  Successful 
Men,  about  l.OOO  to  1,500  words.  Acceptance  or  return  of  MSS. 
guaranteed,  but  stamps  for  postage  and  registration  must  be  enclosed.— 
All  Contributions  to  be  addressed  to  the  Editor,  Stories,  Ltd.,  ;i6,  Essex 
Street,  Strand,  W.C 

EDUCATION.— Private  High  School  for  Young 
Ladies.  BRUNSWICK.  GERMANY— Greatest  educational  advan- 
tages Home  comforts.  Highest  refs.  Pupil-Teacher  received  on  half- 
.terms  — Fil.  Tolle,  7,  Montague  Place,  London.  At  home,  1-4,  except 
Saturdays. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME  SCHOOL  for  limited 
number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music,  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors  ;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate;  beautiful  situation;  and  large  ground's.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise —Mlle.  Heiss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.- For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Pbincip.vi.. 


EDUCATION. -BRUNSWICK,  GERMANY.— 
School  of  Cookery  and  Domestic  Economy.  Thorough  instruction 
in  every  branch  of  Hou-iCkeepingand Cookery  ;  home  comforts  ;  highest 
refs  ;  terms,  including  German  and  French  Conversation, 40/.  perannum. 
— Frl.  ToLLE,  7,  Montague  Place,  W  C.    At  home,  1-4,  except  Saturdays. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO..  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  il  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements. — 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

"OOYAL    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE,    LONDON, 

S\>  with  which  is  incorporated 

THE   ROYAL  SCHOOL  OF   MINES. 
Dean— Professor  J.  W.  JUDD,  C.B.  LL.D.  F.B.S. 
SESSION   1897-98. 
The  SESSION  OPENS  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  6th.  at  10  \u. 
There  will  be  a  Distribution  of  Prizes  and  Medals  and   an  Address 
by  Professor  W.    C.  ROBERTS -AUSTEN,   C.B.   F.R  S..   in    the    Lec- 
ture Theatre  of  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Art,  South  Kensington, 
at  2  30  p  M. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
Principal-Miss  EMILY  PENROSE. 

The  SESSION  lS'J7-8  will  BEGIN  on  THURSDAY,  October  7.  Stu- 
dents are  expected  to  enter  their  names  between  2  and  4  p  m.  oh 
Wednesday.  October  0  Mrs.  FAWCETT  will  deliver  the  Inauguial 
Address  at  4. .30  p  m.  on  Thursday,  October  7. 

Lectures  are  given  in  all  branches  of  general  and  higher  Education. 
Taken  systematically  they  form  a  connected  and  progressive  course,  but 
a  Single  Course  of  Lectures  in  any  subject  may  be  attended. 

Courses  are  held  for  all  the  University  of  London  Examinations  in 
Arts  and  Science,  for  the  Teachers'  Diploma  (London),  and  lor  the 
Teachers'  Certificate  (Cambridge). 

Six  Laboratories  are  open  to  Students  for  Practical  Work. 

The  Art  School  is  open  from  10  to  4  Students  can  reside  in  the 
College.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE,     LONDON. 


M.ATHEMATICAL  THEORY  OF  STATISTICS. 
Professor  KARL  PE.VRSON,  F  R.S  ,  and  Mr.  YULE. 

Provision  will  be  made  for  Four  Hours'  Work  on  this  subject  Weekly 
—Two  Hours  Lectures  and  'rwo  Hours  Practical  Class.  Times  and 
Subjects  will  be  selected  to  suit  those  desiring  to  attend,  who  are 
requested  to  meet  the  Professor  on  WEDNESD.W,  October  6,  at 
12  o'clock. 

LECTURES. 

These  will  consist  of  either  an  Elementary  Course  dealing  with  the 
General  Theory  of  Statistics.  Normal  and  Skew  Variation,  Normal 
Correlation.  &c.,  or  a  more  Advanced  Course  on  Special  Applications  of 
the  Theory  to  the  Problem  of  Evolution 

PRACTICAL  CLAS.S. 

Students  will  be  taught  on  actual  Statistical  data  to  calculate  various 
types  of  Statistic  al  Measurements  and  Coerticients  ;  they  will  be  shown 
the  use  of  Tables  and  .Mechanical  Calculators  ;  or  if  they  have  already 
attended  a  Junior  Course  they  will  be  assisted  in  Research  Work  suited 
to  their  stage  of  progress. 

FEKS— For  the  Lectures:  lor  the  Session,  6(.  6s.;  lor  the  Term, 
21.  12s  6d.  ,         ^      ,., 

For  the  Practical  Class:  lor  the  Session,  6(.  6s.;  lor  the  lerm, 
21   12s.  6d. 

For  both  Lectures  and  Practical  Class  :  lor  the  Session,  9(.  9s. ;  for 
the  Term,  3i.  13s.  ed. 

J.  M.  HORSBURGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 

^''HE    DURHAM    COLLEGE    of    SCIENCE, 

X  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Principal-Rev.  H.  P.  GURNEY,  MA.  D.C  L. 

The  College  forms  part  of  the  University  of  Durham,  and  the  Univer- 
sity Degrees  in  Science  and  Letters  are  open  to  Students  of  both  sexes. 

In  addition  to  the  Departments  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science, 
complete  Courses  are  provided  in  Agriculture,  Engineering,  Naval 
Architecture,  Mining,  Literature,  History,  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages. Fine  Alt,  &c. 

Residential  Hostels  for  Men  and  lor  Women  Students  are  attached  to 
the  College 

The  TWENTY-SEVENTH  SESSION  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  27,  1897. 

Full  particulars  of  the  University  Curricula  in  Science  and  Letters 
will  be  found  in  the  Calendar  (price  Is.  4iZ.).— Prospectuses  on  applica^ 
tion  to  the  SECRErrARV. 

VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  COLLEGE,  LEEDS.— The 
TWENTY-FOURTH  SESSION  of  the  DEPARTMENT  of  SCIENCE, 
TECHNOLOGY,  and  ARTS  will  BEGIN  on  <>C1'0BER  5,  and  the  SIXTY- 
SEVENTH  SESSION  of  the  SCHOOL  of  MEDICINE  on  OCTOBER  1, 
1897. 

The  Classes  prepare  for  the  following  Professions  :— Chemistry.  Civil, 
Mechanical,  Electrical,  nd  Sanitary  Engineering,  Coal  Mining,  Textile 
Industries.  Dyeing,  Leather  Manufacture,  Agriculture,  School  Teach- 
ing. Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

University  Degrees  are  also  conferred  in  the  Faculties  of  Arts, 
Science,  Medicine,  and  Surgery. 

Lyddon  Hall  has  been  established  for  Students'  residence. 

Prospectus  of  any  of  the  above  may  be  had  from  the  Registrar. 

UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE     of    WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 
(One  of  the  Constituent  Colleges  of  the  University  of  Wales  ) 
TRAINING  DEPARTMENT  FOR  SECONDARY  TEACHERS, 
MEN  AND  WOMEN. 
Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Teachers'  Training  Syndicate. 
Professor  of  the  Theory,  Practice,  and  History  of  Education— FOSTER 

WATSON,  M..4.  Lond. 
Assistant  Lecturer-Miss  ANNA  ROWLANDS,  B.A.  Lond. 

Preparation  for  (a)  the  Degrees  in  Arts  and  Science  of  the  University 
of  Wales,  the  curriculum  for  which  includes  the  I'heory  and  History  of 
Education  as  an  optional  subject  in  the  Third  Year;  (/))  Cambridge 
'I'eachers'  Certificate,  Theory  and  Practice ;  (<•)  London  University 
Teachers'  Diploma;  (d)  College  of  Preceptors'  Diplomas. 
Composition  Fee  for  the  Session  (including  Lectures  and  Practice),  10!. 
Men  Students  reside  in  registered  lodgings  in  the  town.  Some  of  the 
Men  Students  are  able,  with  economy,  to  limit  the  cost  of  board  and 
residence  to  25/.  perannum. 

Women  Students  reside  in  the  Hall  of  Residence  for  Women  Students. 
Terms  from  ;jl  to  40  Guineas. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to 

T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHEN^UM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France :  — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU- SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNESUR-MER.  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUN. 
KIRK,  HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Riyoli,  Paris. 

"PHONETICS      and     ANGLO-SAXON. 


Mr.  H.  SWEET,  M.A.  Ph  D.  LL  D..  will  begin  Courses  of  Sys- 
tematic Instruction  in  iheabovein  MICHAELMAS  TERM  (beginning 
about  October  20)  —For  particulars  apply  to  Mr  Sweet.  38.  Norham 
Road,  Oxford.  Graduated  Certificates  will  be  attainable  by  those  who 
go  thiough  a  lull  Course  with  satisfactory  results. 

nj^YPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    Id.   per  folio 

-L  of  72  words  References  to  Authors.— Miss  GLiDDiMO,  28,  Lang- 
downe  Gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

T>YPE-WRIT1NG.— Over  5,000  words  Is.  per  1,000. 
Special  terms  lor  larger  quantities.  MSS.  carefully  Revised. 
Testimonials.  Reports.  &c  .  duplicated.  Translations.— E.  Graham, 
Surrey  Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.— 
Confidential  Secretary.  Miss  PEPHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos. 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dutch  Translator  to  the  India  Office  Permanent 
Staff  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries  Expert  Stenographers 
and  Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work.  Verbatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  Congresses.  &c.  Literary  and  Conimerci.il  Translations 
into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialities  ;  Dutch  Translations,  Foreiga 
and  Medical  Type-wiiting,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Libraries 
Catalogued. 
Pupils  Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

'^rYPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

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434 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


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Gallery — Walton  and  Cotton's  Complete  Angler,  Pickering's  Edition 
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Proof  Etchings— a  large  quantity  ol  AVATER-COLOUR  DRAWINGS, 
many  fine— and  OIL  PAINTINGS, 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


435 


Library  of  the  late  T.  C.  BABING,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C.,  on 
^VEDNESDAY.  November  3,  and  Two  Follow-in;?  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIHKARY  of  the  late  T  C  JSAUING,  M  A.. 
■eomprisinff  Standard  Kdhions  of  English  and  Foreign  Historical  and 
Biographical  Works— a  remarkable  Series  of  Eaily  rublications  from 
the  Aldine  and  Elzevir  Presses— County  Histories— Important  Works 
on  Natural  History  and  Kotany,  &c  .  including  Gould's  Trochilidn? — 
Mammals  of  Austr-alia  —  IUrds  of  New  Guinea  — Hirds  of  Asia— Clouet's 
French  Portraits  — Claude  a  Liber  Veritatis— Cussans's  Hertfordshire, 
Large  Paper— skelton's  Antiquities  of  Oxfordshire.  Presentation  Copy — 
JJu  Cange.  Glossariuni.  8  vols.,  Hest  Edition— Demosthenes  orationes, 
Aldus,  15M— Platonis  Opera.  Aldus.  15i:i-English  Chronicles,  1'8  vols, 
tnorocco  extra— Dante  Commedia,  1491  — BibliaGrjcca.  bound  by  Derome, 
with  his  Ticket,  1518- Anstotelis  Opera.  6  vols  ,  Aldus.  H1J5-8— Thu- 
cydides.  1502.  in  Cne  Inlaid  Hinding  by  Hardy— Homer,  Ilias.  Odyesea, 
'2  vols  in  old  Venetian  Hinding.  I.'j^l- Virgilius  Opera,  Aldus,  ISn.'i- 
Horalius.  Aldus.  15l'7— Opusculum  de  Herone  et  Leandro  fFlrst  Produc- 
tion of  the  Aldine  Press)  1494 -Horatius  Opera,  Aldus.  1.501— A'Kempis. 
3)e  Imitatione  Chiisti,  Elzevir,  s  d. — Thiers's  Consulate  and  Empire, 
I'O  vols —Dickens's  Works.  fMition  de  Lu«o,  30  vols —Society  d'Aqua- 
rellistes  Franvaises.  Edition  de  I  uxe—Stow's  Survey,  by  Strype,  2  vols  . 
il7M— Long's  Roman  Republic.  5  vols.— Defoe's  Novels,  20  vols — Lin- 
j^ard's  England.  10  vols  — De  Quincey's  Works,  16  vols  —Hook's  Lives 
of  the  Archbishops,  12  vols  —Hell's  Itritish  Poets.  33  vols.  morocco- 
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Chips  from  a  Gern.an  Workshop.  4  vols —Sacred  Hooks  of  the  East. 
35  vols  —Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  II  vols  —  Gardiner's  Fall  of  the 
Monarchy,  I'rince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage,  Great  Civil  War, 
England  under  Huckingham-KancrottsUnited  States.  10  vols  —Gibbon's 
Roman  Empire,  8  vols. —Conch's  Fishes  of  the  Hritish  Islands.  4  vols  — 
Ititson's  Works,  mostly  First  Editions.  29  vols  — Jonsons  Works,  by 
Oiflbrd— Prescott's  Works.  15  vols.- Hu  Val,  Genera  dcs  Coli'optires, 
4  vols  — Sowerby's  English  Hotany.  U  vols —Lowe's  Ferns,  8  vols — 
Freeman  s  Norman  Conquest.  5  vols  —Yule's  Marco  Polo,  2  vols. — 
Motley's  Works,  9  vols. ;  the  majority  of  which  are  in  choice  Morocco 
and  Calf  Bindings,  some  with  Arms  on  sides. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


M 


Ex-Libris. 
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NOVEMBER,  an  extensive  COLLECTION  of  EX-LIBRIS,  comprising 
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bad. 

Miscellaneous   Books,    including  the   Library  of  the   late   Sir 
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keray.  Surtees,  Ainswoith  Jesse,  Miss  Freer,  Dr  Doran.  Walpole, 
fireville.  Macaulay.  Mahon.  Froude,  Prescott,  Motley,  Cailyle.  &c.— 
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John  Mytton — Carey's  Life  in  Paris- Burton's  Arabian  Nights  12  vols!— 
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BLACKWOOD'S  MAGAZINE. 

No.  984.    OCTOBER.  1897.    2s.  6d. 
DARIEL  :  a  Romance  of  Surrey.    Conclusion.    By  R.  D.  Blackmore. 

FRIEDRICH  NIE'TZSCHE  :  his  Life  and  Works.    By  Profe350r  Andrew 
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OUR  NATIONAL  COLLECTIONS  of  MANUSCRIPTS.     The  Harleian 
Library.    By  J.  M.  Stone. 

The  CALENDAR  of  SCOTTISH  CRIME.    Part  I.    By  the  Right  Hon. 

Sir  Herbert  Maxwell,  Bart,  M.  P. 
CHINESE  CENSORS. 
FAVOURITES  in  FRENCH  FICTION. 
The  FAILURE  of  FLIPPERTY.    By  Zack. 

FRENCH  and  ENGLISH  in  the  BASIN  of  the  NIGER.    With  Map. 
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n^HE      CONTEMPORARY      REVIEW. 

J-  Contents  for  OCTOBER. 

KICHARD  HOLT  HUTTON.    By  Julia  Wedgwood. 

The  PROSPECTS  of  RHODESIA.    By  F.  Catesby  Holland. 

'  The  CHRISTIAN.'    By  Dean  Farrar. 

BIMETALLISM  and  the  BANK.    By  Corn  Hill. 

The  CRISIS  in  the  EAS  T.    By  Canon  MaeColl. 

An   AUSTRALIAN   in  EUROPE  THIRTY  YEARS  AGO      By  Sir  C 
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The  CELTIC  MIND.    By  .Sophie  Bryant,  D  Sc. 

BEAUTY  and  UGLINESS.     I.     By  Vernon  Lee  and  C.  Anstrather- 
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I^HE      NINETEENTH       CENTURY. 
No.  248.     OC'TOHER.  1897. 
The  BREAKDOWN  of  the    'FORWARD"  FRONTIER  POLICY      By 

Sir  Lepel  Griffin.  K  c;  S  I. 
A    MOSLEMS    VIEW    of   the    PAN-ISL.\M1C    REVIVAL.      By    the 
Moulvie  Ratiuddin  Ahmad. 

The  COMING  REVOLT  of  the  CLERGY.     By  the  Rev.  Heneage  H. 

Jebb. 
The  LAW  of  the  BEASTS.    By  Frederick  Greenwood. 
JOHN  DAY.    liy  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne. 
FIFTY    YEARS   of    the    ENGLISH    COUNTY    COURTS.     By    His 

Honour  Judge  Snagge. 

CONSUMPTION    in  CATTLE   CONVEYABLE    to    MAN.     By  Jame 
Long. 

WANTED  :  a  HOWTON  HOUSE  for  CLERKS.    By  Robert  White 

SPECIMENS  of  IT.\LIAN  FOLK-SONG   Translated  by  Mrs.  Wi  Ift'ohn. 

•The  PROTECTION  of  WILD  BIRDS.    By  Harold  Russell. 

PHILO-ZIONISTS  and  ANTI-SEMITES.    By  Herbert  Bentwich. 

OUR   CUSTO.M  -  HOUSE   REGULATIONS.     By  the    Right  Hon.   Sir 
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The  PROMISED  IRISH  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  BILL.     By  John  E. 
Redmond,  M  P. 

ART  and  the  DAILY  PAPER.    By  Joseph  Pennell. 

BRITISH  SUZERAINTY  in  the  TRANSV.\AL.    By  Edward  Dicey.  C  H. 

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n"*  H  E      FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW. 

i  Edited  by  W.  L.  COURTNEY'. 

OCTOBER. 
KHARTOUM  in  SIGHT.    By  Major  Arthur  Griffiths. 
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■The  LORD-LIEUTENANCY  and  a  ROYAL  RESIDENCE  in  IRELAND. 
By  J.  G.  Swift  MacNeill,  Q  C.  M  P. 

IMAGINATION  in  MODERN  ART.    By  Vernon  Lce. 

An  OBJECT  LESSON  in  POLITICS.    By  W.  S.  Lilly. 

SOME  RECENT  FRENCH  LITERATURE  — 

I.  Madame  GeofTrin  and  her  Daughter.    P,y  Janet  E,  Hcgarth. 

2    The  Hates  of  Napoleon.     By  Charles  Wibley. 

3.  Love  Letters  of  Guy  de  Maupassant.    By  Hannah  Lynch. 
A  STATESMAN'S  AUTOBIOGRAPHY.     By  T.  H   S.  Escott. 
SCANDINAVIA  and  her  KING.    By  Constance  Sutc'ifTe. 
The  SPEED  of  WARSHIPS  :  a  Reply.    By  Sir  W.  H.  White.  K  C.B. 
An  APOLOGY  for  UNPRINCIPLED  TijRYIS.M      By  A  A  Baumana 
The  TRIUMPH  of  the  COSSACK.    By  Diplomaticus. 


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VIOLET  HUN  T.-Unkist.  Unkind:    (Conclusion  i 
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JAMES  WORKMAN. -The  Scarlet  Butterfly. 
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E.  and  H   HERON.— Things  that  Are. 
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I^HE    NEW    REVIEW.      Price   One  Shilling. 
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Contents.  OCTOHEIt,  1897. 
PORTRAIT  of  RUDYARD  KIPLING.    W.  Nicholson. 
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'The  NIGGER  of  the  "NARCISSUS.  "    Chaps  4-5.    Joseph  Conrad. 
'The  BOUNDER  in  LITEBA'TURE.    John  Dalgleish. 
The  CRISIS  in  the  CIVIL  SERVICE.    Vindex. 
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TWO  PRINCIPLES  in  RECENT  AMERICAN  FICTION.    James  Lane 
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The  FRENCH  MASTERY  of  STY'LE.    Ferdinand  Brunetiere. 

CALEB  WEST  :  a  Novel.    1-4     F.  Hopkinson  Smith. 

FOR  EVER  and  a  DAY' :  a  Song.    'Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich 

RECENT   DISCOVERIES    RESPECTING    the    ORIGIN   of  the    UNI- 
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SARGASSO  WEED.    Edmund  Clarence  Stedman. 

A  RUSSIAN  EXPKRIMENT  in  SELF-GOVERNMENT.    Geo.  Kennan 

GABRIELE  D'ANNUNZIO  the  NOVELIST.    H.  D  .Sedgwick,  Jun. 

MARTHA'S  LADY  :  a  Complete  Story.    Sarah  Orne  Jewett. 

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The  UPWARD  MOVEMENT  in  CHICAGO.    Henry  B.  Fuller. 

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TAPPING     FOREST.      By    Edwaud    North 

Ij  BUXTON,  Verderer.  With  New  Chapters  on  Forest  Manage- 
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JOURNAL  of  the  INSTITUTE  of  ACTUARIES. 

O  No.  CLXXXVII.    OCTOBER,  1897.    Price  2a.  6d. 

Contents. 
Dr.  T.  B.  Sprague  on  Lost  Policies,  Certitled  Copy  Policies.  Certificates 

of  'Title,  Po>si.Msion  of  a  Policy,  Notice,  Bankruptcy  and  some  other 

Practical  (.'onsidcrations  witii    regard    to    the  'Titles  to  Policies. 

With  Discussion. 
Dr.  'Theodor  Wittstein.  of   Hanover,  on    the    Mathematical  Law  of 

Mortality     'Ti-anslated  by  Mr.  D.  A.  Bumsted. 
Actuarial  Note 
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.\dditions  to  the  Library. 
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London  :  C.  &  E.  Layton,  Farringdon  Street. 

THE     RELIQUARY    and    ILLUSTRATED 
ARCH.'EOLOGIST.     Edited    bv   J.    ROMILLY    ALLEN,   F  S.A. 

Price  2s  6</  Quarterly.     The  OCTOBER  Part  contains:  — 

BELL  CASTING  in  the  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.  By  N.  Heneage 
Legge.    3  Illustrations. 

NORWEGIAN  WOOD  CARVINGS.  TANKARDS  and  MANGLES.  By 
Rd  Quick.    12  Illustrations. 

OBSOLETE  WELSH  CHURCH  CUSTOMS.  By  Elias  Owen,  MA. 
F  S  A.    6  Illustrations 

PircUR  and  its  MERRY  ELFINS  By  David  MacRitchie.  2  Illustra- 
tions. 

DISCOVERY'  of  INTERMENTS  of  the  EARLY  IRON  AGE  at  DANE  8 
GRAVES,  near  DRIFFIELD.  YORKSHIRE     Illustrated. 

CUP-MARKED  STONE  founfl  near  EDINBURGH.    2  Illustrations. 

LEAIlEN  CISTEHN  at  BRADLEY  COURT,  near  WOTTON  UNDER- 
EDGF.  OLOUCESTEHSHIRE     With  an  Illustration. 

FUUNI  lURE  Sll'PORTS      With  an  Illustration. 

LEADEN  FONT  at  WALTON-ON-THE-HILL,  SURREY'.  With  aik^ 
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BRONZE  DAGGER  with  ORGINAL  HANDLE  found  near  CAS'TLE- 
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SCIENTIFIC  CRITICISM  :  Mr  J  M.  Robertson's  New  Book. 
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The  YOUNGEST  of  SCIENCES:  The  New  Psychology. 
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HERESY  in  FICTION. 
DID  MARK  FOLLOW  MATTHEW? 
GOETHE'S  GREAT  THOUGHTS. 

PROF    GOLDWIN  SMITH  INTERVIEWED:  The  Progress  of  Agnos- 
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LITERARY  SHRINES  anj  PILGRIMAGES.    1.— The  Grave  ot  Mary 

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The  STUDY  <.f  DARWIN:  a  Concise  Guide  to  Darwinology. 
RANDOM  JOTTINGS  ;  and  the  Usual  Features. 

Also  a  Four-Page  Supplement,  containing  a  Review  and  Criticism,  by 
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London  :  Watts  &  Co  17,  Johnson's  Court,  Fleet  Street,  EC. 

PHILOSOPHICAL     TRANSACTIONS     of     the 
ROYAL     SOCIETY'     of     LONDON,     1897. 

Series  R.    Vol.  188.    Price  19s.  Gd. 
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1.  CROONIAN  LECTURE  -OBSERVATIONS  on  ISOLATED  NERVE 

(with  particular  reference  to  Carbon  Dioxidej.  By  Augustus  D. 
Waller. 

2.  PHENOMENA  resulting  from  INTERRI  PTION  of  AFFERENT  and 

EFFEItENT  TRACTS  of  the  CEREBELLUM  By  J.  S.  Risien 
Russell. 

3    The  MENSTRUATION  and  OVULATION  of  MAC.ICUS  RIIESUS. 

witi  Observations  on  the  Changes  undergone  by  the  Discharged 

Follicle     Part  II.    By  Walter  Heape. 
4.  ON  the  ACTION  of  LIGHT  on  DIASTASE,  and  its  BIOLOGICAL 

SIGNIFICANCE.    By  J.  Reynolds  Green. 

5  INVESTIGATIONS  into  the  SEGMENTAL  REPRESENTATION  Of 

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TION by  GUNSHOT  INJURIES  of  the  CEREBRAL  HEMI- 
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436 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


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SOCIETY  FOR  PROMjOmG^HRISTIAN  KNOWLEDGE. 

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Notes.     Demy  4to.  3Z.  3s.  net. 

HILL   (A.).— A   RUN    ROUND    the 

EMPIRE:  being  the  Log  of  Two  Young 
People  who  Circumnavigated  the  Globe. 
Written  out  by  their  Father,  ALEX.  HILL, 
M.A.  M.D.,  Master  of  Downing  College  and 
Vice-Chancellor  Elect  of  the  University  of 
Cambridge.     With  Illustrations, 

HORNER    (SUSAN).  — GREEK 

VASES:    Historical   and    Descriptive.      With 
a   Prefatory   Note   by   Dr.    A.    S.    MURRAY. 
45  Illustrations  of  Vases  in  the  Louvre  and- 
British  Museum,  and  a  Map, 

RAMSAY    (Sir   JAS.,    Bart.).— A 

HISTORY  of  ENGLAND  to  the  DEATH  of 
STEPHEN.  With  Maps  and  Illustrations. 
Large  Svo. 

SEDGWICK    (A). —A    STUDENT'S 

TEXT.  BOOK  of  ZOOLOGY.  By  ADAM 
SEDGWICK,  M.A.  F.R.S.,  Fellow  and  Tutor 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Reader  of 
Animal  Morphology  in  the  University,  and 
Editor  of  Claus's  'Elementary  Text-Book  of 
Zoologv.'    Illustrated.     Vol.  I. 

SIDGWICK   (Prof.    HY.).-- PRAC- 
TICAL ETHICS. 

WUNDT    (Prof,    W.).-ETHICS. 

Vol.  II.  ETHICAL  SYSTEMS.  By  Prof.  M. 
WASHBURN.  Vol.  III.  The  PRINCIPLES 
of  MORALITY  and  the  SPHERE  of  THEIR 
VALIDITY.     By  Prof.  E.  B.  TITCHENER. 

WUNDT    (Prof.    W.).-PHYSIO- 

LOGIUAL  PSYCHOLOGY.  Translated  from 
the  Fourth  Germ.in  Edition  by  Prof.  E.  B. 
TITCHENER.     2  vols.  Svo. 


SWAN  SONNENSCHEIN  &  CO.,  Limited,  London. 


438 THE     ATHEN^UM N" 3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 

MR.     T\     FISHER     UNWIN'S 

SELECTED  AUTUMN  ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

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Cloth.  5s.    Being  the  First  Volume  of  a  New  Series  entitled  "  Builders  of  Greater  Britain,"  Edited  by  H.  F.  WILSON,  formerly  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

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Pain. 
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La  RENAISSANCE  DRAMATIQUE  en  ESPAGNE.    Clement  Rochel. 

Le  LIVRE  i  PARIS,    fimile  Fagaet. 

Le  THfiA'lRE  ft  PARIS.    Jules  Lemaitre. 

REVUE  du  MOIS.    Francis  de  Pressens^. 


Die  TOTEN  SCHWEIGEN.    Arthur  Schnitzler. 

Aus  MOLTKES  MILITARISCHEK  CORRESPONDENZ.    I.  von  Verdy 

du  Vernois 
Die  SOZtALEN  AUFOABEN  des   MODERNEN   STAATES.    Rudolph 

Sohm. 
ERNST   UURTIUS    und    HEINRICH    TOn   TREITSCHKE.      Herman 

Grimm. 
DEUTSCHE  BtJCHER.    Anton  Bettelheim. 
Das  THEATER  In  BERLIN.    Otto  Neumann-Hofer. 
POLITISCHES  in  DEUTSCHER  BELEUCHTUNO.    "Ignotus." 


Loddon:    T.  FISHER  UN  WIN,  Paternoster  Square. 


N"  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


439 


MR   MURRAYj;S jyST^^ 

REDUCTION     IN    THE    PRICE    OF    DR.    SMILES' 

SELF-HELP     SERIES. 

The  following  well-known  and  popular  Works,  which  have  hitherto  always  been  sold  at  6s. ,  will, 

early  in  October,  be  issued  at  3s.  6d.  each  : — 


Self  Help.         I         Thrift. 

Industrial  Biography. 

Life  of  Thomas  Edward. 

Life  of  Wedgwood. 

Boy's  Voyage  round  the  World. 


Character.         |         Duty. 
Men  of  Invention  and  Industry. 
Life  of  James  Nasmyth. 
Life  of  Jasmin. 
Life  and  Labour. 


With  Portrait  and  Maps,  crown  8vo.  9.?.     This  day. 


With  Portrait  and  Illustrations,  demj'  8vo.  18.?.     This  day. 


UNDER  the  RED  CRESCENT:  Adventures  and  The   LIFE    of  WILLIAM    PENGELLY,    of 


Experiences  of  an  English  Surgeon  in  the  Service  of  the  Turkish 
Government  during  the  Sieges  of  Plevna  and  Erzeroum,  1877-78. 
Related  by  CHARLES  S.  RYAN,  M.B.  C.M.Edin.,  in  Association  with 
his  Friend,  JOHN  SANDES,  B.A.Oxon. 

With  Maps  and  Illustrations  from  the  Author's  Photographs, 
2  vols,  large  crown  8vo. 

KOREA  and  HER  NEIGHBOURS :  a  Narrative 

of  Travel,  and  an  Account  of  the  Vicissitudes  and  Present  Position  of  the 
Country.     By  Mrs.  BISHOP  (ISABELLA  BIRD). 

8vo. 

MINISTERIAL   PRIESTHOOD:    Six  Chapters 

Preliminary  to  the  Study  of  the  Ordinal.  With  an  Enquiry  into  the 
Truth  of  Christian  Priesthood  and  an  Appendix  on  the  Kecent  Roman 
Controversy.  By  R.  C.  MOBERLY,  D.D.,  Regius  Professor  of  Pastoral 
Theology  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  Canon  of  Christ  Church, 

With  Portraits  and  Maps,  crown  8vo.  12s.     Nearly  ready. 

"RODDY  OWEN"  (late  Brevet  -  Major,  Lanca- 

shire  Fusiliers,  D.S.O.).     A  Memoir.     By  his  Sister,  Mrs.  A.  G.  BOVILL, 

and  G.  R.  A«KWITH,  M.A.  F.R.G.S. 
"  Roddy "  Owen  was  well  known  as  a  dashing,  resolute  rider,  whose 
quickness  to  grasp  the  situation,  knowledge  of  the  capability  of  his  horse,  and 
judgment,  not  only  over  the  fences,  but  at  the  finish,  secured  him  a  long  list 
of  brilliant  wins.  The  same  qualities  which  he  displayed  on  the  racecourse 
marked  his  career  as  a  soldier.  In  the  Jebu  Campaign  of  1892,  in  Uganda, 
at  Chitral,  among  the  Pamirs,  and  on  the  march  to  Dongola,  he  had  shown 
those  gifts  of  mind  and  body  which  have  made  and  maintained  the  British 
Empire. 

Crown  8vo. 

The  CHILDHOOD  and  YOUTH  of  OUR  LORD. 

Based  on  the  Gospel  Narrative  and  Illustrated  from  the  Information  as 
to  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Jews  of  Palestine  which  Recent 
Discoveries  have  brought  to  light.  By  the  Rev.  J.  B.  BKOUGH,  M.A., 
Chaplain  to  the  Forces. 

This  work  describes  the  ordinary  life  of  a  child  in  Palestine  at  the  time  of 
Our  Lord's  early  years.  It  is  an  attempt  to  collect  information,  now  scattered 
through  a  number  of  works,  and  concentrate  it  upon  a  picture  of  the  surround- 
icgs  in  the  midst  of  which  Our  Lord's  childhood  was  passed. 

With  Portrait,  crown  8vo. 

The  LIFE  and  LETTERS  of  the  REV.  JOHN 

BACCHUS  DYKES,  M.A.  Mus.Doc,  late  Vicar  of  St.  Oswald's, 
Durham.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  JOSEPH  T.  FOWLER,  Vice-Principal 
of  Hatfield  Hall,  Durham,  &c. 

As  the  composer  of  fifty-five  of  the  Hymn-tunes  which  are  used  in  'Hymns 
Ancient  and  Modern,'  and  of  upwards  of  two  hundred  others  which  are  fre- 
quently used  in  churches  and  chapels,  Dr.  Dykes  has  given  a  powerful  impulse 
to  the  religious  life  of  this  country.  A  man  of  saintly  character  and  deep 
devotional  feeling,  he  was  able  to  give  to  such  Hymns  as  "  Lead,  kindly  Light," 
"  I  heard  the  voice  of  Jesus  say,"  "  Eternal  Father,  strong  to  save,"  or  "Now the 
labourer's  task  is  o'er,"  that  living  voice  of  music  which  intensifies  their  fullest 
meaning.  The  same  spiritual  insight  which  is  shown  in  his  musical  composi- 
tions was  displayed  in  his  letters  on  the  trials  and  difficulties  of  religious  life. 
The  collection  of  spiritual  letters,  with  which  the  volume  closes,  will,  it  is 
hoped,  be  useful  in  circumstances  and  conditions  which  must  ever  repeat 
themselves. 


Torquay,  F.R.S.,  Geologist.  With  Selections  from  his  Correspondence. 
By  his  Daughter,  HESTER  PENGELLY.  And  a  Summary  of  his 
Scientific  Works,  by  Professor  BONNEY,  F.R.S.  F.G.S.,  &c. 

With  Portraits  and  Maps,  large  crown  8vo.  9s.    Just  out. 

The  BATTLEFIELDS   of  THESSALY.     With 

the  Personal  Experiences  in  the  late  War  between  Turkey  and  Greece 
of  Sir  ELLIS  ASHMEAD  BARTLETT,  M.P. 

"When  Sir  Ellis's  politics  are  not  immediately  concerned,  his  book  is  rot 
only  an  interesting  but  a.  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  late  war." 

Da  ill/.  A  ens. 
"We  are  not  obliged  to  agree  with  him  in  his  pro-Turkish  entliasiasm  or 
his  vituperation  of  certain  great  Powers  ;  but  we  may  find  entertainment  in  his 
animated  sketches  of  the  people  he  met  and  the  places  he  visited,  and  of  his 
personal  experiences  of  a  short  and  cot  too  glorious  campaign." 

Western  Morning  Ncn-s. 

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A     FLOWER -HUNTER    in     QUEENSLAND. 

Illustrations  of  Wanderings  in  Queensland  and  also  in  New  Zealand. 
By  Mrs.  ROWAN. 

Mrs.  Rowan  has  penetrated  into  some  almost  ttnknown  recesses  of  tropical 
Queensland,  and  in  her  pursuit  of  flowers  has  encountered  many  adventures. 
A  minute  observer  of  Nature,  whether  animate  or  inanimate,  she  has  dashed 
off  in  familiar  letters  vigorous  pictures  of  strange  varieties  of  human  being's, 
birds,  be^ists,  fishes,  and  insects.  It  is  believed  that  to  many  untravelled 
readers  the  beauties  of  tropical  Queensland  will  come  almost  as  a  revelation, 
while  the  experiences  that  may  be  met  with  in  its  more  untrodden  districts 
will  be  scarcely  less  surprising. 

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TWELVE    INDIAN    STATESMEN:     Charles 

GRANT,  SIR  HENRY  LAWRENCE,  JOHN  (LORD  LAWRENCE), 
SIR  JAMES  OUTRAM,  SIR  DONALD  McLEOD,  SIR  HLNRY 
MARION  DURAND,  LIEUT.-GBNERAL  COLIN  MACKENZIE,  SIR 
HERBERT  EDWARDES,  JOHN  CLARK  MARCHMAN,  SIR  HENRY 
MAINE,  SIR  HENRY  RAMSAY,  SIR  CHARLES  U.  AIICHISON. 
By  Dr.  GEORGE  SMITH,  CLE. 

With  Portrait  and  Illustrations,  demy  Svo.  18«. 

The   LIFE   of  the   REV.   SOLOMON   C^SAR 

MALAN,  D.D.,  Scholar,  Linguist,  Artist,  Divine;  formeily  Vicar  of 
Broadwindsor,  Dorsetshire.  With  Extracts  from  his  Correspondence. 
By  his  Son,  the  Rev,  A.  N.  MALAN. 

With  Portraits.     Svo. 

The  LIFE  of  JOHN  NICHOLSON,  Soldier  and 

Administrator.  Based  on  Private  and  hitherto  Unpublished  Docu- 
ments.    By  Captain  L.  J.  TROTTER. 


With  Portrait,  fcap.  Svo.  5s.     This  day. 

WOMEN  OF  THE  COLONIAL  AND  REVOLUTIONARY 

TIMES  SERIES. 

MARTHA    WASHINGTON    (Wife    of    George 

WASHINGTON).    By  ANNE  HOLLINGSWORTH  WHARTON,  Author 
of  '  Through  Colonial  Doorways '  and  '  Colonial  Days  and  Dames.' 


JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle  Street. 


440 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3649,  Oct.  2, '97 


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story  writers,  for  his  novels  have  now  reached 
a  point  where  they  represent  a  total  sale  of  a 
million  copies.  His  stories  are  always  re- 
freshingly wholesome,  always  highly  moral 
in  tone,  without  being  goody-goody;  their 
tendency  is  often  religious,  but  never 
preachy;  and,  more  than  all,  they  are  dis- 
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some novels  to  a  baker's  dozen  of  the  average 
kind  which  vex  the  weary  reviewer ;  they 
betray  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
workings  of  the  human  heart  and  mind,  and 
prove  the  author  to  be  an  unusually  keen 
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I  "  Should  Mr.  Hocking  write  no  more,  his 
I  niche  in  English  literature  is  now  filled. 
Taken  in  every  way,  the  book  ia  great. 
Arrestive,  suslaineci,  idyllic,  powerfully 
dramatic,  it  lays  hold  of  the  reader  from  the 
lirst  and  holds  him  as  with  a  spell.  "The 
Heart  of  Man'  is  true  to  its  title.  We  are 
face  to  face  with  the  issues  of  life,  but  we  are 
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"Mr.  Silas  K.  Hocking's  novels  have  a 
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marked,  learned,  and  inwardly  digested  as 
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gospel  of  humanity.  'The  Heart  of  Man' 
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442 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


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N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 THE     ATHEN^UM 443 

MR.    EDWARD    ARNOLD'S 

LIST    OF    NEW    AND    F  OJRTJI C  0  MIN  G    BOOKS. 

DEDICATED  BY  SPECIAI,  PERMISSION  TO  HER  MAJESTY  THE  QUEEN. 

OLD  ENGLISH  GLASSES.    An  Account  of  Glass  Drinking- Vessels  in  England  from  Early  Times 

to  the  End  of  the  XVIIIth  Century.    By  ALBERT  HARTSHOKNE,  F.S.A.    Illustrated  by  about  70  Tinted  Plates  and  several  Hundred  Illustrations  in  the  Text.    Super-royal 
4to.  -M.  3s.  net.       "  t'^'^'"*'^''  *• 

RECOLLECTIONS  of  AUBREY  DE  VERE.    Demy  8vo.  with  Photogravure  Portrait,  16s.     loctours. 
The  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  and  LETTERS  of  the  RIGHT  HON.  JOHN  ARTHUR  ROEBUCK,  Q.C.  M.P. 

Edited  by  ROBERT  BADON  LEADER.    With  Two  Portraits.    Demy  8vo.  Us.  [November. 

A  MEMOIR  of  ANNE  J.  CLOUGH,  Principal  of  Newnham  College,  Cambridge.     By  her  Niece, 

BLANCHE  CLOUGH.    With  Two  Portraits.    8vo.  12s.  6u;.  INovember. 

BENIN,  the  CITY  of  BLOOD.    An  Account  of  the  Benin  Expedition.    By  R.  H.  Bacon,  Commander, 

R.N.    Illustrated  by  W.  H.  Overend.    Demy  8vo.  Is.  6d.  [NwemOer. 

STYLE.     By  Walter  Raleigh,  Professor  of  English  Literature  at  University  College,  Liverpool. 

/-,  o        .  [Ociuter  8, 

Crown  8vo.  os.  '• 

The  CHIPPENDALE  PERIOD  in  ENGLISH   FURNITURE.     By  K.  Warren  Clouston.     With 

20y  Illustrations  by  the  Author.    Demy  4to.  handsomely  bound,  21s.  net.  ^Aoi^'  reudy. 

WILD  NORWAY :  with  Chapters  on  the  Swedish  Highlands,  Spitzbergen,  and  Denmark.    By  Abel 

CHAPMAN,  Author  of  '  Wild  Spain,'  &c.    Fully  illustrated  by  the  Author  and  Ch.arles  Whymper.    Demy  8vo.  16s. 

The  CHANCES  of  DEATH,  and  other  Studies  in  Evolution.    By  Karl  Pearson,  F.R.S.,  Author  of 

'  The  Ethic  of  Free  Thought,'  &c.    In  2  vols,  demy  8vo.  with  Illustrations,  25s.  net. 

ROME :  the  Middle  of  the  World.    By  Ahce  Gardner,  Lecturer  in  History  at  Newnham  College. 

With  Illustrations  and  Map.    Crown  8vo.  3s.  6rf.  [October  8. 

BALLADS  of  the  FLEET.    By  Rennell  Rodd,  C.B.  C.M.G.    Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6s. 

LESSONS  in  OLD  TESTAMENT  HISTORY.      By  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  Aglen.     Crown  8vo. 

cloth,  4s.  ed. 

FIRE  and  SWORD  in  the  SUDAN.     By  Slatin  Pasha.     Translated  and  Edited  by  Lieut.-Col. 

WINGATB,  C.B.    A  New,  Revised,  and  Cheaper  Edition  of  this  Famous  Work.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  6s.  t^""'  readi/. 


NEW    NOVELS. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  ■  STEPHEN  REMARx.  !  The  KING  WITH  TWO  FACES.     By  M.  E.  Coleridge, 

Authorof 'The  Seven  Sleepers  of  Ephesus.'    Cloth,  6s.  [October  10. 

By  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  JAMES  ADDERLEY?  Cloth,  3s.  6d.        "  ;  tfj^g  gQN  of  a  PEASANT.    By  Edward  McNulty,  Author 

of  '  Misther  O'Ryan,' &c.     Cloth,  6s.  [October  10. 

NETHERDYKE.    By  R.  J.  Charleton,  Author  of  '  New- 


PAUL  MERCER.    A  Tale  of  Repentance  among  Millions. 

By  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  JAMES  ADDERLEY.    Cloth,  3s.  6d. 

JOB   HILDRED,  Artist   and   Carpenter.     By   Ellen   F. 


PINSENT,  Author  of '  Jenny's  Case,'  '  No  Place  for  Repentance,'  &c.    Cloth,  Ss.  6c( 

[October  15, 


castle  Town,"  &c.    Cloth,  6s.  [October  10. 


TWO    NEW    VOLUMES    OF    "THE    SPORTSMAN'S    LIBRARY." 

Edited  by  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  HERBERT  MAXWELL,  Bart.,  M.P. 

The  REMINISCENCES  of  a  HUNTSMAN.     By  the  Hon.  Grantley  F.  Berkeley.     With  the 

Original  Illustrations  by  John  Leech,  and  several  Coloured  Plates  and  other  Illustrations  by  G.  H.  Jalland.    Large  8vo.  handsomUy  bound,  los. ;  Large-Paper  Edition   liraUed 
to  200  copies,  21.  2s.  net.  '■ 

The  ART  of  DEER  STALKING.    By  William  Scrope.    With  Frontispiece  by  Edwin  Landseer  and 

9  Photogravure  Plates  from  the  Original  Illustrations.    Large  8vo.  handsomely  bound,  15s. ;  Large-Paper  Edition,  limited  lo  200  copies,  21.  2s.  net.  [Aovtmber  11. 


VOLUMES  ALREADY  ISSUED. 
Yol.    I.    The   LIFE    of  a   FOX    and  the   DIARY    of  a 

HUNTSMAN.    By  THOMAS  SMITH. 


Vol.    II.    A   SPORTING   TOUR   THROUGH   the 

NORTHERN  PARTS  of   ENGLANl 
LAND.     By  Col.  T.  THORNTON,  o 

Vol.  III.   The    SPORTSMAN   in    IRELAND.     By  a  CosmopoUte. 


NORTHERN  PARTS  of   ENGLAND   and  the   HIGHLANDS  of   SCOT- 
LAND.   By  Col.  T.  THORNTON,  of  Thornville  Royal. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHORS  OF  '  THE  BAD  CHILD'S  BOOK  OF  BEASTS.' 

MORE  BEASTS  (for  WORSE  CHILDREN).    By  H.  B.  and  B.  T.  B.    4to.  3s.  6d. 

EDWARD  ARNOLD,  London  and  New  York. 


444 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  M U  U 


N"3G49,  Oct.  2,  '97 


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N"  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


445 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  2,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

PAOE 

The  Ckntenary  Burns         4-15 

Major  Hume's  SiK  Walter  Kalegii     4i6 

Mr.  Arthur  Symons's  Poetrv      447 

The  Dutch  Church  ix  London 448 

The  Roxburghe  Ballads 449 

N.EW  Novels  (The  Pomp  of  the  Lavilettes ;  The  Gods 
Arrive;  A  Fair  Deceiver;  A  Child  in  the  Temple; 
Sheilah  McLeod  ;  Lawrence  Clavering  ;  Daughters 
of    the    City;    Forbiddoa    by    Law;    The    Devil's 

Daughter)      450-4ol 

Foreign  Bibliographv        451 

Short  Stories 432 

Translations     453 

Oriental  Philology  453 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      454—455 
The  'Eversley  Wordsworth';    The  Autumn  Pub- 
lishing Season     45G 

I/iterary  Gossip         4fi7 

Science  —  Books  on  Natural  History;   Meetings; 

Gossip  453 

Fink   Arts— Books   on  Painting   and    Sculpture; 

Gossip  4.59—460 

Music -The  Week;   Gossip;   Performances   Next 

Week  4tU 

Drama— Books  ON  Actors  AND  Acting  ;  Gossip      4iil— 4>i2 


LITERATURE 


The    Poetry   of   Rohert    Burns.     Edited   by 

W.    E.    Henley   and    T.    F.    Henderson. 

Vol.  IV.  (Edinburgh,  Jack.) 
We  have  at  length  before  us  the  concluding 
volume  of  "The  Centenary  Burns."  It  is 
right  to  record  that  to  the  end  the  editors 
have  maintained  the  standard  of  scholarship, 
the  wealth  of  comparison,  the  painstaking 
fidelity  of  examination,  with  which  they  set 
forth  on  a  congenial  enterprise.  Some  pre- 
■oonoeptions  may  have  received  a  shock, 
where  the  zeal  of  the  devotee  has  been 
untempered  bj'  knowledge ;  for  the  notes 
have  justified  the  thesis — not  original  on  the 
.part  of  the  present  editors,  but  unfamiliar 
to  the  mass  of  readers — that  of  all  poets 
■of  the  first  rank  Burns  owed  the  most  to 
•example  and  heredity.  Shakspeare  alone, 
probably,  approached  the  Ayrshire  poet  as 
an  assimilator ;  from  Boccaccio  and  else- 
where he  obtained  the  handles  of  his 
bi-ooms  ;  but  the  later  artist  often  stole  his 
brooms  ready-made,  and  by  judicious  re- 
arrangement converted  them  into  ideal 
implements. 

That  he  was  the  flower  and  culmination 
of  the  noble  school  "  which  begins  with 
Eobert  Henryson,"  that  he  was  the  greatest 
master  of  its  tongue  and  spirit  since 
Dunbar,  that  he  was  the  heir  of  poetic  ages, 
and  that  to  the  forms,  the  strains  of  thought, 
the  national  genius  which  he  inherited,  he 
added  nothing  but  his  own  artistic  person- 
ality, and  thereby  stereotyped  for  all  ages 
his  country's  contribution  to  universal  lite- 
rature, is  no  deduction  from  his  personal 
glory,  and  a  further  point,  if  one  consider 
the  matter  sanely,  to  the  credit  of  his  native 
land. 

In  the  present  volume  the  test  of  the 
eongs  is  concluded,  the  characteristic  and 
unfortunate  '  Lass  of  Ballochmyle,'  '  The 
Lass  of  Cessnock  Banks,'  "  There  was  a  lad 
was  born  in  Kyle,"  and  the  lines  to  Jessie 
Lewars,  which  Mendelssohn  has  joined  to 
immortal  music,  being  the  most  important 
Eumbers. 

There  is  an  amusing  and  somewhat 
malicious  note  on  '  The  Primrose,'  stated 
by  "a  modern  Burnsite"  to  be  "more 
Burns's  than  Ramsay's,"  and  shown  in  the 


present  volume  to  have  no  counterpart  in 
Eamsay,  but  to  be  derived  from  Carew  and 
Herrick. 

The  bibliographical  note  is  principally 
occupied  with  the  "improbable"  numbers 
included  in  the  volume  (among  which  we 
are  glad  to  find  reckoned  such  trash  as 
'  The  Tree  of  Liberty'),  and  with  downright 
spurious  ascriptions,  derived  often  from 
Johnson's  '  Museum,'  to  which  the  poet  was 
in  the  habit  of  sending  any  casual  pieces, 
original  or  otherwise.  With  the  pertinacity 
which  is  so  pleasant  a  feature  in  our  editors, 
they  also  endeavour  at  some  length  to 
justify  their  insertion  in  vol.  ii.  of  the 
verses  on  '  The  Duchess  of  Gordon's  Eeel- 
Dancing,'  relying,  as  it  seems,  principally 
on  Burns's  timid  attitude  to  the  Star.  In- 
geniously as  the  evidence  is  employed  for 
this  view,  we  incline  to  abide  by  his  denial, 
giving  him  the  benefit  of  a  presumption  in 
favour  of  that  chivalry  which,  we  are  aware, 
was  not  invariably  his  instinct. 

And  hero  we  may  perhaps  be  allowed  an 
allusion  to  an  onslaught  on  ourselves  by  the 
editors  in  a  letter  to  the  Athe7i(eiim,  No.  3621 
(March  20th  of  this  year).  On  the  first  two 
points  in  that  letter  it  appears  that  we  are 
in  fact  in  agreement  with  them.  In  the 
matter  of  the  word  "  lyart,"  on  the  other 
hand,  some  strong  language  has  been 
applied,  even  as  to  a  "common  Burnsite" 
or  "a  blethering  &c."  Now  the  gist  of 
our  contention  was  that  "lyart"  was  an 
expression  characteristic  of  colour,  grey  or 
faded,  and  that  "withered"  did  not  ex- 
press it ;  and  to  this  wo  confidently  adhere. 
We  offered  no  translation  of  the  word.  For 
the  derivation,  we  are  aware  that  the  word 
is  used  in  Middle  English ;  but  that  a  form 
of  it  also  exists  iu  Irish  (and  Scotch) 
Gaelic  is  surely  not,  as  Jamieson  charac- 
teristically and  unscientifically  says,  "an 
accidental  resemblance."  Jamieson,  with 
all  his  merit,  is  ever  defending  a  thesis,  the 
Scandinavian  origin  of  Lowland  Scotch, 
and,  as  has  been  well  said,  would  compass 
sea  and  land  to  avoid  a  Celtic  derivation. 
We  did  not  put  the  case  so  high  ("con- 
nexion "  was  the  word  we  used),  and  if  in 
error  are  content  to  err  with  such  a  philo- 
logist as  the  late  Dr.  Cameron. 

As  to  James  ACacpherson,  the  freebooter, 
our  impressions  were  purely  traditionary, 
and  we  consulted  neither  gazetteer  nor 
'  In  Gipsy  Tents.'  It  is  clear  that  Cramond 
disbelieves  the  story,  but  he  certainly  does 
not  disprove  it.  Poor  James  was  put  down 
for  oppressing  the  lieges  "  in  ane  bangstrie 
manner,"  and  no  doubt,  being  half  "an 
Egiptian,"  and  in  such  company  as  that 
of  Peter  Brown  "  that  notour  loon,"  would 
be  an  object  of  horror  to  the  burgesses  of 
Banff.  He  was  accordingly  ordered  to  be 
hanged  at  the  Market  Cross  upon  the 
market  day.  But  there  is  no  record  of  the 
execution  having  taken  place  on  the  spot 
designed  ;  and  from  regard  to  the  previous 
action  of  the  Grants,  or  in  consequence  of 
the  circumstances  of  the  moment,  the  scene 
may  have  been  changed.  It  is  precisely  a 
case  in  which  tradition  is  probably  more 
trustworthy  than  the  mere  silence  of  oflicial 
documents. 

To  return  to  the  present  volume  :  the 
glossary  has  the  excellent  feature  of  occa- 
sional references  to  parallel  uses  of  words 
in  English  poetry.     On  one  occasion  {suh  v. 


"crummock,"  "cummock")  the  glossarist 
has  attempted  a  Celtic  flight,  and  naturally 
tumbled.  Camon  (catnan)  is  not  "  Irish 
hockey,"  but  the  curved  stick  with  which 
Irish  and  Highland  camanackd  is  played. 
We  doubt  if  (jrunzie  =  snout ;  it  is  rather 
the  nose  and  region  round  it,  as  the  word 
is  used  in  East  Anglia.  The  Southron 
surely  does  not  need  an  explanation  so  ele- 
mentary as  hang  =  thump,  or  so  erroneous  as 
be  =  alone.  The  English  language  has  not 
altogether  lost  its  vernacular  under  board- 
school  influence.  As  for  the  Scotch,  pace  the 
shade  of  John  Skelton,  and  in  spite  of  some 
recollections  of  a  redaction  of  '  The  Casket 
Letters,'  Mr.  Henderson  knows  a  good  deal 
about  it,  and,  on  the  whole,  may  be  con- 
gratulated on  an  effective  glossary. 

But  the  crowning  feature  of  the  volume 
is,  of  course,  Mr.  Henley's  essay  on  the  poet 
and  the  man.  Of  the  man — the  typical 
"peasant  of  genius  perverted  from  his  peasant- 
hood,  thrust  into  a  place  for  which  his  peasant- 
hood  and  his  genius  ahke  unfitted  him,  denied 
a  perfect  opportunity,  constrained  to  live  his 
qualities  into  defects,  and  in  the  long-run  beaten 
by  a  sterile  and  unnatural  environment," — 
our  essayist's  estimate  is  more  just  than 
that  of  those  who  dream  of  a  "  tame, 
proper,  figmentary  Burns,"  and  more 
favourable  than  the  colder  appreciation 
of  others  who  cannot  quite  forgive  the 
peasantly  limitations,  even  in  consideration 
of  the  essential  grandeur  of  Mr.  Henley's 
"  inspired  faun."  No  unjust  parallel  is 
that  suggested  with  Mirabeau.  Great  and 
gross  and  incontinent — these  terms  are  true 
of  both.  Generosity,  tenderness,  sympathy, 
intolerance  of  injustice,  matched  with  egot- 
ism, recklessness  in  action,  absence  of  self- 
control,  lack  of  chivalry  to  women — these 
are  the  conflicting  elements  of  Burns,  the 
peasant  or  the  faun.  So  "  the  bad  was  bad 
enough  to  wreck  the  good."  Mr.  Henley 
believes  strongly  that  Jean  from  first  to  last 
was  her  husband's  real  love,  will  have  none 
of  Mary  CampbeU,  and  damns  the  fancy  for 
Clarinda  with  the  epithet  Arcadian — on  the 
whole,  an  estimate  which,  however  each  one 
may  modify  it  for  himself,  is  sane,  consistent, 
and  generous.  Burns's  best  friends  believed 
that  his  poetry  was  not  the  biggest  part  of 
him.  But  for  the  world  that  is  his  abiding 
monument.  And  hereof  Mr.  Henley  dis- 
courses in  masterly  fashion.  The  first  point 
clearly  established  is  that  indicated  above, 
that,  "  genius  apart.  Burns  was  no  miracle, 
but  a  natural  development  of  circumstance 
and  time." 

"The  Poet  springs  from  a  compost  of 
ideals  and  experiences  and  achievements, 
whose  essences  he  absorbs  and  assimilates, 
and  in  whose  absence  he  could  not  be  the 
Poet.  This  is  especially  true  of  Burns." 
Again,  Mr.  Henley  well  insists  on  the  emu- 
lation which,  by  the  poet's  own  account, 
vivified  the  ideas  and  the  style,  which  every- 
where represented  borrowed  capital : — 

"Hamilton  of  Gilbertfield  and  Allan  Ramsay 
conventionalise  the  Rhymed  Epistle  ;  and  he 
accepts  the  convention  as  it  left  their  hands, 
and  produces  epistles  in  rhyme  which  are 
glorified  Hamilton-Ramsay.  Fergusson  writes 
'Caller  Water,'  and  '  Leith  Races,'  and  'The 
Farmer's  Ingle,'  and  '  Planestanes  and  Causey,' 
and  the  'Ode  to  the  Gowdspink';  and  he 
follows  suit  with  'Scotch  Drink,'  and  the 
Saturday  Night,'  and  'The  Holy  Fair,'  and 
'The  Brigs  of  Ayr,' and  the  'Mouse,' and  the 


446 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


'Mountain  Daisy.'  Sempill  of  Beltrees  starts 
a  tradition  with  '  The  Piper  of  Kilbarchan  ';  and 
his  effect  is  plain  in  the  elegies  on  Tarn  Samson 
and  Poor  Mailie.  Ramsay  sees  a  Vision,  and 
tinkers  old,  indecent  songs,  and  writes  comic 
tales  in  glib  octo-syllabics  ;  and  instinctively 
and  naturally  Burns  does  all  three.  It  is  as 
though  some  touch  of  rivalry  were  needed  to 
put  him  on  his  mettle  :*  as  though,  instead  of 
writing  and  caring  for  himself  alone— (as  Keats 
and  Byron  did,  and  Shelley  :  new  men  all,  and 
founders  of  dynasties,  not  final  expressions  of 
sovranty) — to  be  himself  he  must  still  be 
emulous  of  some  one  else.  This  is  not  written 
as  a  reproach  ;  it  is  stated  as  a  fact.  On  the 
strength  of  that  fact  one  cannot  choose  but 
abate  the  old,  fantastic  estimate  of  Burns's 
originality.  But  originality  (to  which,  by  the 
way,  he  laid  no  claim)  is  but  one  element  in  the 
intricately  formed  and  subtly  ordered  plexus, 
which  is  called  genius  ;  and  I  do  not  know  that 
we  need  think  any  the  less  of  Burns  for  that  it 
is  not  predominant  in  him.  Original  or  not, 
he  had  the  "Vernacular  and  its  methods  at  his 
fingers'  ends.  He  wrote  the  heroic  couplet  (on 
the  Dryden-Pope  convention)  clumsily,  and 
without  the  faintest  idea  of  what  it  had  been 
in  Marlowe's  hands,  without  the  dimmest  fore- 
shadowing of  what  it  was  presently  to  be  in 
Keats's  ;  he  had  no  skill  in  what  is  called  '  blank 
verse  ' — by  which  I  mean  the  metre  in  which 
Shakespeare  triumphed,  and  Milton  after 
Shakespeare,  and  Thomson  and  Cowper,  each 
according  to  his  lights,  after  Shakespeare  and 
Milton  ;  he  was  a  kind  of  hob-nailed  Gray  in 
his  use  of  choric  strophes  and  in  his  appre- 
hension of  the  ode.  But  he  entered  into  the 
possession  of  such  artful  and  difficult  stanzas 
as  that  of  Montgomerie's  '  Banks  of  Helicon ' 
and  his  own  favourite  sextain  as  an  heir  upon 
the  ownership  of  an  estate  which  he  has  known 
in  all  its  details  since  he  could  know  anything. 
It  was  fortunate  for  him  and  for  his  book,  as  it 
was  fortunate  for  the  world  at  large— as,  too, 
it  was  afterwards  to  be  fortunate  for  Scots  song 
— that  he  was  thus  imitative  in  kind  and  thus 
traditional  in  practice.  He  had  the  sole  ear  of 
the  Vernacular  Muse  ;  there  was  not  a  tool  in 
her  budget  of  which  he  was  not  master  ;  and  he 
took  his  place,  the  moment  he  moved  for  it,  not 
so  much,  perhaps,  by  reason  of  his  uncommon 
capacity  as,  because  he  discovered  himself  to  his 
public  in  the  very  terms — of  diction,  form, 
style,  sentiment  even — with  which  that  public 
was  familiar  from  of  old,  and  in  which  it  was 
waiting  and  longing  to  be  addressed." 

We  do  not  think  any  one  will  seriously 
dispute  the  literary  preference  of  '  Tarn  o' 
Shanter,'  '  Halloween,'  and  *  The  Jolly 
Beggars '  to  the  decorous  and  laboured 
'  Cottar's  Saturday  Night.' 

Religious  sentiment  has  given  the  last  its 
popularity,  much  as  democratic  sentiment 
has  exaggerated  the  merit  of  "  A  man's  a 
man  for  a'  that,"  and  both  have  contributed 
to  the  posthumous  divine  honours  paid  by 
statesmen  and  by  crowds  to  a  Burns  whom 
Burns  himself  would  not  have  recognized  : 

"  For  the  master-quality  of  Burns,  the  quality 
•which  has  gone,  and  will  ever  go,  the  furthest 
to  make  him  universally  and  perennially  accept- 
able— acceptable  in  Melbourne  (say)  a  hundred 
years  hence  as  in  Mauchline  a  hundred  years 
syne — is  humour." 

*  "  It  was  vfith  '  emulating  vigour '  that  he  strung  his 
'  wildly-sounding  rustic  lyre ';  and  he  read  Ramsay  and 
Fergusson  not  '  for  servile  imitation '  but  '  to  kindle  at 
their  flame.'  Another  instance,  or  rather  aiiotlier  sugges- 
tion, from  himself,  and  I  have  done.  It  'exalttd,'  it 
'  enraptured  '  him  '  to  walk  in  the  sheltered  side  of  a  wood, 
or  high  plantation,  in  a  cloudy  winter  day,' and  hear  the 
wind  roaring  in  the  trees.  Then  was  his  '  best,  season  for 
devotion,'  for  then  was   his  mind  'rapt  up  in  a  kind  of 

enthusiasm  to  Him  who "walks  on  the  wings  of  the 

wind."'  The  '  rapture'  and  the  '  exaltation  '  are  but  dimly 
and  vaguely  reflected  in  his  '  Winter.'  But  if  some  ancestor 
had  tried  to  express  a  kindred  feeling,  then  had 'Winter' 
been  a  masterpiece." 


Herein  Mr.  Henley  has  said  the  truest 
word  in  all  his  essay.  A  harder  saying  is 
that  we  must  not  go  to  Burns  for  beauty, 
though  if  by  this  is  meant  "  perfections  of 
human  utterance  "  the  phrase,  though  too 
sweeping,  may  stand.  The  realism  of  his 
natural  descriptions,  which  was  as  vivid  as 
his  realism  of  life,  often  in  a  line  or  a 
phrase,  to  our  thinking,  imparts  a  quint- 
essentially  beautiful  idea. 

A  word  on  the  vexed  question  of  the 
vernacular.  Some  Englishmen  hold  that 
Burns  except  in  his  comic  vein  wrote  but  in 
English,  and  that  the  Scottish  tongue  had 
little  to  do  with  the  permanence  of  his 
achievement.  There  is  a  half-truth  in  this. 
Some  of  the  songs  in  '  The  Jolly  Beggars,' 
some  of  the  lines  in  '  Tam  o'  Shanter,'  even, 
perhaps,  the  appeal  of  Bruar  Water  for  her 
plantations,  show  that  Burns,  when  "  he 
wrote  English  without  knowing  it,"  could 
maintain  his  eminence.  Yet  there  is  a  far 
more  vital  truth  in  the  position  that  the 
national  folk-speech  is  the  proper  medium 
for  the  utterance  of  the  national  spirit,  and 
that  Burns's  nationality  was  his  motive 
force  even  when  least  specifically  vernacular. 

In  this,  again,  we  are  at  one  with  Mr. 
Henley,  and  rather  doubt  whether,  in  fact, 
the  Anglicizing  critics  can  appreciate  the 
cardinal  points  of  the  poet  at  all.  Let  us 
conclude  our  notice  of  a  monograph  so  im- 
portant and  generally  so  just  by  a  last 
quotation  on  this  very  matter  : — 

"It  [the  Scots  school]  is  the  most  individual 
asset  in  the  heritage  bequeathed  by  '  the  Bard  '; 
and  still  more,  perhaps,  than  the  Songs,  it 
stamps  and  keeps  him  the  National  Poet.  The 
world  it  pictures  — the  world  of  'Scotch  morals, 
Scotch  Religion,  and  Scotch  drink  ' — may  be 
ugly  or  not  (as  refracted  through  his  tempera- 
ment, it  is  not).  Ugly  or  not,  however,  it  was 
the  world  of  Burns  ;  to  paint  it  was  part  of  his 
mission  ;  it  lives  for  us  in  his  pictures  :  and 
many  such  attempts  at  reconstruction  as  '  The 
Earthly  Paradise  '  and  '  The  Idylls  of  the  King' 
will  'fade  far  away,  dissolve,'  and  be  quite 
forgotten,  ere  these  pictures  disfeature  or  dis- 
limn.  He  had  the  good  sense  to  concern 
himself  with  the  life  he  knew.  The  way  of 
realism  lay  broad-beaten  by  his  ancestors,  and 
was  natural  to  his  feet  ;  he  followed  it  with 
vision,  with  humour,  with  '  inspiration  and 
sympathy,'  and  with  art ;  and  in  the  sequel  he 
is  found  to  have  a  place  of  his  own  in  the  first 
flight  of  English  poets  after  Milton,  Chaucer, 
Shakespeare." 


Sir  Walter  Ralegh:  the  British  Dominion  of 
the  West.  By  Martin  A.  S.  Hume. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

This  is  the  first  volume  of  a  series  to  be 
known  as  "The  Builders  of  Greater  Britain," 
though  it  has  been  difficult  for  Major  Hume, 
and  it  will  be  as  difficult  for  many  of  the 
other  writers  whose  themes  are  announced, 
to  show  in  what  sense  the  heroes  of  their 
narratives  have  a  claim  to  the  somewhat 
ambitious  title — in  what  sense  Sir  Thomas 
Maitland.  for  instance,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
or  Cabot  in  North  America,  was  a  "builder 
of  Greater  Britain."  With  these,  however, 
we  are  not  now  concerned ;  but  quite  as 
little  as  they  was  Sir  Walter  Ealegh  a 
"builder  of  Greater  Britain."  A  builder 
is  a  man  who  builds,  not  a  man  who  thinks 
he  would  like  to  build,  or  who  hopes  that 
some  day  he  may  build  ;  and  Ralegh  built 
nothing.     This  will,  of  course,  be  reckoned 


rank  heresy  by  those  who  have  accustomed 
themselves  to  believe  that  it  was  Ralegh's 
head  which  directed,  Ralegh's  hand  which 
achieved,  whatever  was  done  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth ;  that  he  founded  colonies,  made 
discoveries,  fought  the  Spaniards,  formed 
the  fleet,  and  commanded  it  against  the 
Armada.  Major  Hume  rightly  points  out 
that  there  is  no  evidence  that  Ralegh  had 
anything  to  do  with  the  fleet  or  the  fighting 
of  1588.  He  leaves  it  to  be  gathered  from 
the  course  of  the  narrative  that  Ralegh  never 
saw  North  America ;  that  his  share  in 
colonizing  was  merely  that  of  a  man  who 
adventured  money,  as  many  a  merchant 
of  London  or  Bristol  adventured  it,  in  the 
hope  of  a  large  profit ;  and  that  his 
vicarious  attempts  to  found  colonies  ended 
in  disaster. 

Tlie  popular  idea  of  Ralegh  is  that  of  a  man 
who  spent  his  whole  life  in  warring  with 
or  thwarting  the  designs  of  the  Spaniards. 
In  point  of  fact,  so  far  as  warring  with 
them  went,  he  did  very  little.  The  pirates 
of  Smerwick  he  treated  as  pirates ;  and 
his  sole  experiences  of  war  against  the 
Spaniards  were  in  the  "Islands'  Voyage'" 
of  1597,  where  he  quarrelled  with  his  com- 
mander-in-chief, and  in  the  sack  of  Cadiz^ 
where,  according  to  his  own  account,  he  was 
the  guiding  mind  in  the  council  and  the  fore- 
most sword  in  action,  though  Sir  William 
Monson,  who  was  there  present,  tells  a 
different  story. 

Major  Hume  says  that  Ralegh  served  in 
the  counter-Armada  of  1589.  "Ralegh,"' 
he  says,  "  was  one  of  the  contributors  to  the 
adventure  and  accompanied  the  expedition." 
And  again  :  "  Drake  was  for  forcing  the 
entrance  of  the  Tagus  and  sailing  up  in 
front  of  the  city.  In  this  he  was  supported 
by  Ralegh."  It  is  an  unfortunate  feature 
of  this  and  other  series  intended  for  mere 
popular  reading  that  no  references  are  given. 
It  is  a  direct  inducement  to  slovenly  work 
and  loose  statements.  We  doubt  very  much 
whether  Major  Hume  would  have  written 
that  Ralegh  "  accompanied  the  expedition  '^ 
if  he  had  been  bound  to  give  a  reference  for 
the  statement.  Can  he  support  it  by  any 
evidence  ?  It  is  indeed  stated  by  Oldys,  but 
is  virtually  contradicted  by  all  the  evidence 
of  the  State  Papers.  What  part  does  Major 
Hume  suppose  Ralegh  to  have  had  ?  H& 
had  no  command  ;  he  had  no  authority  ;  he- 
was  not  a  seaman  ;  and  Drake  was  certainly 
not  the  man  to  tolerate  any  officious  inter- 
ference. But  Ralegh  was  a  fighting  man,  a. 
soldier  of  some  experience,  and  the  presump- 
tion is  that  had  he  been  where  fighting  was 
going  on  he  would  have  been  well  to  the 
front.  Major  Hume  has  himself  written 
the  story  of  this  campaign  and  the  failure 
under  the  walls  of  Lisbon.  Did  he  find  any 
evidence  of  Ralegh  having  been  there  ? 
Surely  the  admirers  of  Ralegh  must  see 
how,  by  loose  assertions  of  this  kind,  they 
are  lowering  their  hero's  reputation  ;  for  as 
his  name  is  absolutely  unmentioned  in  the 
letters  of  Howard  or  Drake  in  1588  and  of 
Drake  or  Norreys — not  Norris — in  1589,  it 
is  very  evident  that  if  Ralegh  was  present 
his  conduct  called  for  no  notice.  Is  it  possible 
that  a  man  of  Ralegh's  rank  at  Court  and 
repute  as  a  soldier  would  not  have  taken 
part  in  the  council  of  war  ?  Cumberland  did 
in  1588,  and  Ralegh  was  a  bigger  man  than 
Cumberland. 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


447 


But  then  it  is  urged,  as  a  proof  of 
Ealegli's  unquenchable  hostility  to  Spain, 
that  he  spent  lavishly  in  the  equipment  of 
ships  of  war.  So  did  Cumberland,  and  with 
equal  bad  luck.  It  was  the  fashionable  form 
of  gambling.  As  yet  the  Two  Thousand  or 
the  Derbj'  was  not,  and  instead  of  backing 
the  favourite,  the  plunger  of  the  day  put 
his  money  on  a  privateer.  If  he  could  take 
part  in  the  expedition  himself,  the  excite- 
ment was  all  the  greater.  Rich  prizes  were 
sometimes  won ;  but  in  the  long  run 
Ualegh,  as  well  as  Cumberland,  lost 
heavily.  Now  all  this  ought  to  be  taken 
into  consideration,  for  in  weighing  the 
evidence  against  Ralegh  as  an  accessory  to 
the  Main  plot,  it  is  usual  to  speak  of  the 
charge  as  absurd,  in  view  of  Ralegh's  life- 
long hatred  of  Spain.  That  hatred  was 
quite  mythical ;  in  the  hostility  there  was 
nothing  personal.  As  an  enemy  Spain 
was  to  be  plundered,  as  a  friend  she  was 
to  be  cajoled ;  in  either  case  she  was  the 
source  of  wealth,  and  Ralegh  was  too 
extravagant  not  to  be  greedy.  Major  Hume 
has  shown  that  this  greed  was  the  habit 
of  the  age.  From  Cecil  downwards,  every 
one  who  could  get  a  pension  from  Spain  got 
it — Ralegh  amongst  others.  But  in  this 
there  was  no  intention  of  treason,  though 
we  may  doubt  if  the  act  was  always  level 
with  the  intention.  Of  the  case  in  point, 
however,  Major  Hume  says  : — 

*'  A  careful  consideration  of  such  documentary 
evidence  as  exists  convinces  me  that  Ralegh 
was  not  a  party  to  any  plot  to  depose  James  by 
the  help  of  Spain,  but  that  he  was  quite  willing 
to  accept  a  pension  from  the  latter  ;  and  that, 
before  Elizabeth's  death,  he  belonged  to  the  very 
large  party  in   England  which  was  opposed  to 

tiie  Scottish  domination  of    their  country 

Ralegh  was  far  too  worldly  wise  and  ambitious 
to  oppose  established  facts  ;  and  I  am  convinced 
that,  after  James'  accession,  he  did  not  plot  to 
depose  him." 

When  Major  Hume  refers  to  the  "  docu- 
mentary evidence"  he  does  so  with  an 
authority  that  goes  far  to  establish  even  the 
negative.  His  reference  to  Ralegh's  worldly 
wisdom  and  ambition  is  not  quite  so  con- 
clusive ;  and  he  seems  to  forget,  for  the 
moment,  that  Ralegh  had  received  insults 
and  injuries  from  the  king  sufficient  to 
have  convinced  him  that  under  James  his 
career  was  ended ;  the  very  ambition  to 
which  Major  Hume  refers  must  have  sug- 
gested a  desire  to  see  James  in  Scotland, 
or  anywhere  out  of  London. 

One  point  which  Major  Hume  makes, 
where  he  seems  to  establish  what  other 
writers  have  only  suggested,  is  the  cause 
of  the  Spanish  determination  that  Ralegh 
should  be  put  to  death.  "  Dr.  Gardiner," 
he  says, 

"has  to  some  extent  lifted  the  veil,  but  the 
exact  process  and  reasons  of  Ralegh's  ruin  by 
Gondomar  have  hitherto  never  been  set  forth 

in  Gondomar's  own  words It  was  no  private 

revenge,  it  was  with  no  desire  to  inflict  punish- 
ment for  the  injury  actually  done  on  the  last 
Guiana  voyage,  that  led  [.sic]  Gondomar  to  hound 
Ralegh  to  death,  for  he  was  practically  con- 
demned before  he  sailed,  but  to  serve  as 
an  object  lesson  to  England  that  all  South 
America,  at  least,  belonged  to  Spain." 

Major  Hume  is  no  admirer  of  James  I., 
and  describes  his  toleration  of  Gondomar's 
insolence,  his  subservience  to  Gondomar's 
arrogance,  in  very  plain  terms.    But  we 


had  not  now  to  learn  that  James  was 
deficient  in  courage,  dignity,  truth,  and 
common  sense,  to  an  extreme  degree.  If 
James  had  been  able  to  take  in  respect  of 
Ralegh  the  same  attitude  that  Elizabeth 
had  taken  in  respect  of  Drake,  the  line  of 
the  Stuarts  might  have  kept  the  throne 
much  longer,  not  through  the  popular  love 
of  Ralegh— which,  indeed,  at  the  time  was 
not  very  great — but  because  they  and  their 
race  would  have  possessed  the  attributes  of 
kings  of  England. 

We  regret  that  one  who  has  so  much 
that  is  interesting  and  valuable  to  say 
should  fall  at  times  into  the  slipshod  style 
which  happens  to  be  illustrated  by  our  last 
extract. 

Anion's      ricfima.       By     Arthur     Symons. 

(Smithers.) 
Mr.  Symons  in  his  preface  desires 
"that  his  book  may  be  read  as  a  single  poem, 
not  as  a  collection  of  miscellaneous  pieces.     It 

is  an  attempt  to  deal  imaginatively  with a 

typical  phase  of  modern  love,  as  it  might  affect 
the  emotions  and  sensations  of  a  typical  modern 
man,  to  whom  emotions  and  sensations  represent 

the  whole  of  life No  poem  has  been  included 

without  reference  to  the  general  scheme  of  the 
book — the  general  psychology  of  the  imaginary 
hero." 

It  may  be  said  at  once  that  the  personality 
of  the  "  imaginary  hero  "  is  very  much  more 
tolerable  than  that  of  those  heroes  whom 
Mr.  Symons  formerly  had  the  temerity 
to  introduce  to  the  public.  "  Amoris  Vic- 
tima,"  with  all  his  faults,  seems  to  have  been 
capable  of  experiencing  love — or  at  least  a 
part  of  love — and  of  being  made  exceedingly 
uncomfortable  by  it.  The  depth  and  per- 
manence of  his  discomfort  are  indeed  such 
as  to  make  it  almost  respectable.  Further, 
under  the  influence  of  his  passion  the  hero 
seems  to  have  gone  out  of  doors  now  and 
then,  or  at  least  sometimes  to  have  had  the 
window  open  for  a  few  inches  at  the  top. 
He  has  looked  out  and  seen  the  sea  and  the 
sky,  the  trees  and  the  rooks,  the  green  hill 
and  the  little  town.  Though,  even  as  when  Mr. 
Symons  "  sipped  every  flower  and  changed 
every  hour,"  there  is  still  much  "fever  "  and 
"  softness  "  and  "  love's  too  keen  delight," 
yet  these  are  not  suffocatingly  heaped  upon 
his  verses  ;  and  powerless  though  he  still  be 
to  abjure  patchouli  altogether,  we  are  not 
choked  with  it  as  heretofore. 

Mr.  Symons's  choice  of  subjects  for  his 
art  has  ever  been  a  source  of  regret  to  all 
who  perceived  how  delicately  beautiful  that 
art  could  be.  His  power  of  presenting  the 
elusive  essence  of  a  fleeting  impression  is 
a  power  tolerably  rare — at  least,  in  the 
degree  to  which  Mr.  Symons  possesses  it 
—  and  it  has  seemed  sad  to  see  that 
power  misused  in  recording  impressions  of 
scenes  where  the  unpleasant  engages  with 
the  commonplace  in  an  equal  struggle. 

The  following  bears  the  stamp  of  pas- 
sionate sincerity  of  longing  :  — 

I  cannot  do  without  }'ou:  you  have  been 

Too  long  my  only  slave,  my  only  queen. 

I  cannot  do  without  you  :  you  have  grown 

Part  of  my  flesh,  and  nearer  than  my  own. 

I  need  you  !    Speak,  be  silent,  frown  or  smile, 

Only  be  with  me  for  a  little  while, 

And  let  your  face  and  hands  and  hair  be  kissed, 

And  let  me  feel  your  fingers  on  my  wrist. 

I  cannot  do  without  you.     Other  men 

Love,  bid  goodbye,  and  turn  to  love  again  ; 


I  only  know  I  want  you,  only  you. 

Only  because  I  want  you.     If  you  knew 

How  DQuch  I  want  you  !     If  you  knew  how  much 

I  hunger,  should  I  hunger,  for  your  touch  ? 

An  interesting  psychologic  experience  is 
set  before  us  in  XIV.  :  — 

The  way  of  all  transgressors  is  not  hard, 

As  rame  is.     Other  men  have  lightly  sinned, 

And  joyously  accepted  their  reward  ; 

And  Memory,  whistling  as  an  idle  wind, 

Sang  nothing  in  their  ears  to  follow  them 
Down  the  despairing  hollow  of  their  nights. 
Here  Mr.  Symons  errs.  The  experience  is 
not  so  rare  as  he  seems  to  think.  Memory 
whistles  much  the  same  air  to  most  of  us. 
Mr.  Symons  is  really  just  like  other  men 
in  these  emotional  crises  of  his — other  men 
feel  all  that  he  expresses  —  but  his  is 
the  distinction  of  expressing  what  other 
men  feel,  a  distinction  far  higher  than  the 
one  he  claims  for  himself,  of  being  unlike 
other  men,  and  of  expressing  only  his  own 
isolated  sentiments. 

'  Mundi  Yictima,'  by  far  the  longest 
poem  in  the  book,  is  at  the  same  time  the 
most  interesting.  It  is  the  careful  analysis 
of  a  tortured  soul,  and  contains  many  pas- 
sages of  sterling  truth  and  beauty,  though 
here  and  there  we  fall  headlong  into  com- 
monplace, tripped  by  such  a  stumbling-block 
as  "one  who  knows,"  a  phrase  which  is 
unfortunate  in  its  reminiscences. 

In  '  Amoris  Victima  '  Mr.  Symons  records 
impressions  that  are  worth  recording,  and 
he  sets  them  before  us  with  that  fineness 
and  delicacy  of  which  he  is  a  master.  Cer- 
tain subtle  shades  of  emotion  and  sentiment, 
certain  elusive  qualities  of  atmosphere  and 
landscape,  are  caught  by  his  hand,  and 
transferred  to  his  canvas.  And  it  may  be 
owned  that  these  shades,  these  qualities, 
could  not  have  been  more  fitly  and  faithfully 
presented  by  any  other  living  poet.  As  an 
example  of  a  lyric  picture  at  once  of  a  scene 
and  of  a  mood  '  In  the  Bay '  may  aptly  be 
quoted : — 

The  sea-gulls  whiten  and  dip. 
Crying  their  lonely  cry, 
At"  noon  in  the  blue  of  the  bay  ; 
And  I  hear  the  slow  oars  drip 
As  the  fisherman's  boat  drifts  by, 
And  the  cuckoo  calls  from  the  hillside  far  away 
The  white  birds  cry  for  the  foam, 

0  white  birds  crying  to  me 
The  cry  of  my  heart  evermore, 
By  perilous  seas  to  roam 

To  a  shore  far  over  the  sea, 
And  I  would  that  my  ship  went  down  within  sight 
of  ihe  shore  ! 
Many  of  the  poems  in  this  book  are 
models  of  grace;  few  could  have  been 
spared ;  one  and  all  are  decorous  in  form, 
and  in  fancy  graceful.  '  The  Return '  will 
linger  in  the  memory  :  — 

A  little  banc"  is  knocking  at  my  heart, 

And  I  have  closed  the  door. 
"  I  pr-vy  thee,  for  the  love  of  God,  depart. 

Thou  shilt  come  in  no  more." 
"  Open,  for  I  am  weary  of  the  way. 

The  night  is  very  black. 
I  have  been  wandering  many  a  night  and  day. 

Open.    I  have  come  back." 
The  little  hand  is  knocking  patiently. 

1  listen,  dumb  with  pain. 

"  Wilt  thou  not  open  any  more  to  me  ? 

I  have  come  back  again." 
"  I  will  not  open  any  more.     Depart. 

I,  that  once  lived,  am  dead." 
The  hand  that  had  been  knocking  at  my  heart 

Was  still.    "  And  I  ?  "  she  said. 
There  is  no  sound,  save,  in  the  winter  air, 

The  sound  of  wind  and  rain. 
All  that  I  loved  in  all  the  world  stands  there, 

And  will  not  knock  again. 


448 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


Mr.  Symons's  was  never  a  cheerful  Muse,  ' 
and  it  will  be  seen  that  in  '  Amoris  Vic- 
tima '  she  is  true  to  her  old  faith,  "  There 's 
nothing  new  and  there  's  nothing  true,  and 
it  don't  matter."  Melancholy  becomes 
wearisome  when  it  appears  as  the  back- 
ground, more  or  less  covered,  of  every  pic- 
ture. But  when  it  is  boldly  treated,  as  in 
itself  a  sufficient  subject,  it  becomes  striking 
and  impressive.     Witness  '  The  Eat ': — 

Pain  gnaws  at  my  heart  like  a  rat  that  gnaws  at 
a  beam 
In  the  dusty  dark  of  a  ghost-frequented  house ; 
And  I   dream  of  the  days  forgotten,  of  love  the 
dream, 
The   desire   of   her    eyes    unappeased,   and  the 
peace  of  her  brows. 

I  can  hear  the  old  rat  gnaw  in  the  dark  by  night, 
In  the  deep  overshadowing  dust  that  the  years 
have  cast ; 
He  gnaws  at  my  heart  that  is  empty  of  all  delight, 
He  stirs  the  dust  where  the  feet  of  my  dreams 
had  passed. 

Mr.  Symons's  poems  will,  we  fear,  always 
lack  the  breadth  of  treatment  and  the  variety 
of  theme  which  distinguish  the  work  of  the 
great  poet.  But  the  charm  of  his  graceful 
and  tender  verse  is  not  to  be  destroyed  even 
by  the  persistence  of  its  subjective  note ; 
and,  indeed,  to  a  certain  class  of  readers  the 
very  intensity  and  dominance  of  this  note 
will  prove  an  additional  attraction. 


Letters  and  Documents  of  the  Dutch   Church 

of  London,  U62-187I^,     Edited  by  J.  H. 

Hessels,   M.A..      Vol.  III.      (Cambridge, 

University  Press.) 
The  discovery  of  a  vast  number  of  additional 
letters  and  documents  after  vol.  ii.  of  the 
'Archivum,'  edited  by  Mr.  Hessels,  was  in 
type,  which  was  supposed  to  have  exhausted 
the  collection  of  letters  of  the  Dutch  Church 
of  London,  induced  the  Consistory  to  con- 
tinue the  magnificent  work  which  they  had 
undertaken.  This  is  now  complete  by  the 
publication  of  vol.  iii  in  two  immense  quarto 
parts,  containing  3149  pages,  the  importance 
of  which  to  students  of  State,  ecclesiastical, 
and  domestic  records  cannot  be  overrated. 
The  Rev.  A.  D.  Adama  van  Scheltema  and 
the  other  members  of  the  Consistory,  as  well 
as  Mr.  Hessels.  are  to  be  congratulated  by 
literary  circles,  both  here  and  abroad,  on  the 
great  and  valuable  work  they  have  achieved. 

The  letters  that  were  already  given  in 
vol.  ii.  are  incorporated  chronologically, 
with  references  to  tlieir  contents,  in  this 
new  issue,  so  that  all  the  correspondence 
(now  remaining)  concerning  the  London 
Dutch  Church,  consisting  of  4,413  letters 
and  documents  to  the  year  1874,  is  com- 
plete. The  act-books  of  the  Consistory,  the 
synods,  the  Cootus  of  the  foreign  churches  of 
England,  and  the  registers  of  members, 
marriages,  baptisms,  and  burials,  with  the 
accounts  connected  with  the  relief  of  their 
poor,  together  with  the  letters,  have  been 
arranged  by  Mr.  Hessels  and  bound  in 
respective  series.  These  are  deposited  in  an 
iron  strongroom  lately  built  in  the  Austin 
Friars  Church,  so  that,  with  due  consent, 
this  unrivalled  collection  can  be  readily 
inspected.  Probably  no  church  in  the 
world  cau  boast  of  such  large  and  com- 
plete archives,  covering  the  period  prac- 
tically from  15.50  to  the  present  time,  so 
systematically  arranged.  These  record  fully 
the  history  of  the  Netherland  strangers 
who   so  amply   repaid    by  their  good  con- 


duct, industry,  and  trading  abilities  the 
benefits  of  shelter  in  this  country  and  free- 
dom from  religious  oppression. 

The  London  Dutch  Church  being  the 
mother  foreign  Reformed  Church  of  Eng- 
land, the  correspondence  of  the  church 
communities  at  home  and  abroad  contains 
a  good  deal  of  interest  and  importance. 
It  gives  also  the  history  of  the  Dutch  and 
to  some  extent  that  of  the  French  churches 
of  England.  Recourse  to  the  law  courts 
was  always  deprecated  by  the  foreign 
churches,  consequently  all  disputes  came 
before  the  consistories. 

Much  correspondence  proves  clearly  that 
the  superintendence  of  the  bishops  was 
not  by  any  means  nominal.  This  was  not 
only  imposed  on  the  established  foreign 
churches  of  England  by  civil  law,  but  was 
confirmed  by  the  decree  of  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commission  of  the  English  Church  in  1571. 
Serjeant  Pengelly  gave  an  opinion  in  1721 
that  "there  must  be  a  Superintendent,  who 
is  the  head  of  the  Corporation,  and  without 
which  they  [the  Dutch  Church]  cannot  act 
as  a  body  corporate."  Later  Dr.  Howley, 
Bishop  of  London,  was  formally  recognized 
as  superintendent,  and  acted  as  such  to 
settle  a  dispute  between  the  two  ministers 
of  the  Austin  Friars  Church  in  1821. 

As  the  Dutch  and  French  churches  were 
expressly  excepted  from  the  penalties  of  the 
Act  of  Uniformity,  and  were  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  bishops,  it  would 
appear  that  these  Calvinist  communities 
are  more  or  less  within  the  pale  of  the 
Anglican  Church. 

The  Dutch  churches  refused  to  vary  their 
discipline  when  the  Root  and  Branch  Bill 
for  the  abolition  of  Episcopacy  was  intro- 
duced into  Parliament  shortly  before  1641. 
Laud  was  then  in  prison,  and  the  royal 
authority  growing  weak.  The  archbishop 
had  done  all  in  his  power  to  destroy  the 
foreign  churches  in  England,  as  is  fully 
shown  in  the  '  Archivum.'  The  French 
Church  of  Threadneedle  Street,  always  more 
impulsive  than  the  Dutch  Church,  struck 
out  from  their  discipline  in  1642  all  con- 
nected with  superintendents.  This,  how- 
ever, did  not  alter  the  powers  conferred  on 
the  bishops  by  Church  and  State  when  they 
deemed  it  necessary  to  exercise  them. 

The  foreign  churches  fell  into  line  with 
the  Parliamentary  party.  Monsieur  de  la 
Marclie,  minister  of  the  London  French 
Church,  even  advocating  the  death  of  the 
king  in  his  sermons  when  preaching  in  1646 
on  Joshua  viii.  The  members  of  the  Col- 
chester Dutch  Church,  although  against  the 
Royalists,  were  compelled  to  provide  6,000/., 
being  one- half  of  the  ransom  levied  by 
Fairfax  on  the  town  by  the  articles  agreed 
on  August  27th,  1648,  they  being  allowed 
no  participation  in  the  sum  of  2,000/.,  part 
of  this  ransom,  allowed  for  the  relief  of 
those  most  distressed  by  the  results  of  the 
siege.  The  letter  complaining  of  this  treat- 
ment gives  important  details  of  the  siege  of 
Colchester.  The  London  Church  in  reply 
sent  the  sum  of  523/.  16s.,  provided  by  a 
collection,  as  a  token  of  their  sympathy. 

It  is  not  to  bo  wondered  at  after  this 
experience,  and  the  general  trouble  and 
decrease  of  trade,  that  the  Austin  Friars 
Church  complained,  in  1655,  of  the  horrible 
confusion,  the  want  of  uniformity  and 
purity  of  doctrine,  the  inroad  of  pernicious 


heresies,  and  the  corruption  of  morals.  The 
Sandwich  Church  also  testified  to  the  fact 
that  "  everybody  does  as  he  pleases."  On 
September  15th,  1658,  the  Yarmouth 
Church  wondered  that  "the  pillars  of  the 
country  should  have  shaken  so  much  on  the 
death  of  the  Protector." 

The  solicitous  care  of  the  poor  of  these 
churches,   minutely  arranged   for    by  their 
discipline,   the   cost   of   which  was   wholly 
defrayed    by  the   members,   cannot  fail  to 
have  been  considered  when  the  Poor  Law 
of   1601  was  passed.     Though  they  had  to 
pay  all  the  parish,  poor,  and  church  rates, 
no  preaching  or   prayers   in   English  were 
allowed,   and   the   ministers   by  their    own 
rule  were   to   abstain   from   interfering   in 
State   or   Church    politics.     The   privileges 
conferred  by  membership  were  real    ones. 
No  stranger  could  procure  work,  or  at  first 
even  remain  in  a  town  where  licence  from 
the  Crown  permitted  him  to   reside,  with- 
out   his    certificate   of    membership.      Oa 
grave  moral  or  other  offences  being  com- 
mitted deprivation  of  membership  ensued. 
This  gave  the  foreign  churches  great  control 
over  those  who  were  under  their  discipline. 
In  vol.  ii.  of  the  '  Archivum '  is  found  a 
long  and  interesting  letter  from  Dean  Hall, 
dated  from  Worcester,  February,  1622,  to 
the  Bishop  of  Spalatro  on  the  unity  of  the 
Christian  churches.     In  vol.  iii.   is  a  long 
letter  written    between    1629    and    1639   to 
Ctesar   Calandrin,    minister   of   the   Austin 
Friars  Church,  giving  an  opinion  on  the  posi- 
tions of  the  various  churches  in  this  matter. 
It  is  thus  summarized  by  Mr.  Hessels  : — 

"The  '  confession '  of  the  Patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople  appearing  to  stand  entirely  aloof 

from  the  Roman  Church  and  to  stretch  out  to- 
ns the  hand  of  brotherhood,  since  he  conforms, 
in  every  fundamental  point  to  the  confession  of 

our  Catholic  Apostolic  Protestant  Churches 

the  Lutheran  [Church],  which  covers  all  Germany 
under  different  Princes,  with  the  Calvinistic  in 
Switzerland  and  the  Low  Countries,  and  next  the 
Anglican,  which  partakes  of  both  and  extends 
into  all  the  dominions  of  our  King." 

We  learn  that  the  Consistory  o£ 
the  London  Dutch  Church  was  de.- 
puted  to  receive  subscriptions  and  manage 
matters  connected  with  "pirate  money" 
for  the  liberation  of  captives  taken  by 
Algerine  pirates,  and  the  large  contribu- 
tions made  in  all  churches  and  chapels  of 
the  country  for  the  churches  and  exiled 
ministers  of  the  Palatinate  by  briefs  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  The  fullest  details  are 
to  be  found  in  the  ample  correspondence  on 
these  subjects. 

Col.  Nicholas  Bayard,  who  had  been  in 
America  one  of  the  king's  councillors,  a 
mayor,  and  also  deacon  and  elder  of  the 
Dutch  Church  in  New  York,  brought  letters 
from  their  Consistory  in  1698  to  the  London 
Dutch  Church.  These  give  many  parti- 
culars and  names  of  members.  It  is  in- 
teresting to  know  that  several  of  the  nam© 
of  Ba  jart  and  Beyaerts  were  members  of  the 
Austin  Friars  Church  at  early  dates.  Can, 
these  have  been  the  ancestors  of  his 
Excellency  the  late  American  ambassador? 
The  first  settlers  in  the  city  of  New  York 
(then  called  New  Amsterdam)  were  Flemish, 
Walloons,  and  French,  in  about  the  year 
1623.  In  the  'Archivum'  are  letters  of 
1043  connected  with  New  England.  The- 
French  Church  of  New  York  is  also  re- 
ferred to. 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


449 


Appeals  for  help,  liberally  responded  to, 
were  made  to  the  London  foreign  churches 
by  those  of  Geneva,  the  valleys  of  Piedmont, 
Hungary,  and  elsewhere  abroad.  Their 
letters  give  interesting  information  on  many 
subjects.  The  London  Dutch  Church  re- 
fused to  establish  relations  with  the  reformed 
Dutch  Church  at  Cape  Town  in  1818  on  the 
ground  that  their  constitution  did  not  allow 
of  this.  We  also  learn  particulars  of  the 
early  English  churches  in  Holland,  which 
were  supported  by  the  local  authorities  and 
the  payments  of  the  members.  Several 
of  these  churches  still  remain  on  the  old 
footing. 

In  the  historical  introduction  to  the 
registers  of  the  Austin  Friars  Church, 
printed  by  Mr.  Moens  in  1884,  is  a  copy 
•of  1611  of  an  affidavit  by  Emmanuel  van 
Meteren,  in  which  was  revealed  the  fact 
that  the  Coverdale  Bible  was  printed  in 
Paris  as  well  as  in  London.  Mr.  Hessels  has 
found  amongst  the  documents  the  original 
affidavit  in  Van  Meteren's  autograph.  He 
came  to  England  with  his  father  in  1550, 
and  received  letters  of  denization  under  the 
<xreat  Seal,  6  Edward  VI.  He  was  the 
Consul- General  for  the  Netherlands,  taking 
a  leading  part  in  all  connected  with  the 
strangers.  Being  the  son  of  Jacob  van 
Meteren,  at  whose  cost  this  Bible  was 
translated  and  printed,  and  of  Ottilia  Ortels, 
ihis  wife,  who  was  aunt  to  Abraham  Ortelius, 
the  celebrated  geographer  and  writer  of 
Antwerp,  Emmanuel  van  Meteren  must  have 
known  all  matters  connected  with  its  history. 
It  would  be  an  interesting  matter  to  prove 
the  suggestion  that  has  been  made  that 
Prangois  Regnault  was  the  printer  of  the 
first  edition  of  1535.  Regnault  did  print  at 
Paris  in  1534  '  Psalmorum  Omnium  Juxta 
Hebraicam  Yeritatem  Paraphrastica  Inter- 
pretatio  Autore  Joanne  Campensi,'  &c.,  for 
the  London  printer  Thomas  Berthelet,  and 
he  was  often  employed  to  print  English 
religious  books.  He  also  put  in  type  the 
Oreat  Bible  of  1539.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  suggest  the  name  of  another  printer  than 
that  of  Regnault  if  any  dependence  is 
placed  on  the  fact  deposed  to  by  Emmanuel 
van  Meteren,  that  the  Coverdale  Bible  was 
printed  in  Paris.  Other  early  editions  of 
the  Bible  are  alluded  to  in  the  '  Archivum,' 
and  Calandrin  had  charge  of  the  issue 
of  a  Lithuanian  version  printed  in  London 
in  1662.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether 
this  edition  was  completed,  as  in  1681 
the  archbishop  authorized  the  payment 
of  the  money  derived  from  the  sale  of 
the  paper  '■'■formerly  provided  for  print- 
ing of  the  Lithuanian  Bible  "  to  Nicholaus 
Minwid  for  the  benefit,  with  other  sums 
collected,  of  the  distressed  Protestant 
churches  in  Lithuania.  We  also  learn  par- 
ticulars of  Dutch  booksellers,  printers,  and 
compositors  in  London.  Several  treatises 
on  religious  subjects  and  poems  on  military 
successes  of  the  Dutch  are  to  be  found  in 
the  collection. 

The  other  various  items  of  interest  are  too 
numerous  to  mention  here,  but  the  Huguenot 
Society  of  London  will  find  ample  sources 
ior  papers  on  their  special  subjects. 

Mr.  Hessels's  index  of  181  pages  is  a 
remarkably  good  one,  although  fuller  sub- 
ject-references would  be  an  assistance  in 
consulting  these  gigantic  volumes.  The 
constant  references  backwards  and  forwards, 


and  annotations  to  the  letters  are,  however, 
a  guide  to  the  student.  It  is  much  to 
be  regretted  that  Mr.  Hessels  has  aban- 
doned (it  is  hoped  only  for  the  present)  his 
intention  to  write  a  history  of  the  Dutch 
churches  of  England.  No  one  could  do  this 
better,  as  he  has  spent  over  thirteen  years 
constantly  labouring  on  the  work  which  he 
has  so  ably  completed.  No  library  of  any 
importance  can  afford  to  be  without  this 
publication.    

The  Roxburghe  Ballads.  Part  XXV. 
Vol.  VIII.  Edited  by  Joseph  WoodfaU 
Ebs worth,  M.A.     (Ballad  Society.) 

What,  after  all,  is  the  antepenultimate 
part  of  the  final  volume  of  the  '  Roxburghe 
Ballads '  now  makes  its  appearance  under 
the  same  spirited  and  zealous  editor  who 
for  over  twenty  years  has  borne  on  his  back 
the  burden  of  the  Ballad  Society.  The  work 
of  the  Society  is  so  far  complete  that  the 
whole  of  the  '  Roxburghe  Ballads '  are  now 
in  the  hands  of  the  subscribers,  what  yet 
remains  to  be  done  in  order  that  its  labours 
shall  be  at  an  end  consisting  of  the 
editor's  introduction  to  the  eight  volumes 
of  '  Roxburghe  Ballads,'  additional  notes 
to  the  same,  a  list  of  accredited  authors,  a 
ballad  index  to  the  eighth  volume,  and  some 
three  score  ballads,  the  provenance  of  which 
we  wait  to  learn.  It  will  be  a  subject  of 
regret  if  the  complete  index  concerning 
which  we  have  heard  is  not  furnished,  even 
if  it  should,  as  seems  would  be  necessary, 
constitute  with  other  matter  a  ninth  volume. 
Whether  this  will  be  forthcoming  depends 
upon  the  subscribers.  These  constitute  a 
diminished  body.  All  who  have  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  the  establishment  and 
conduct  of  learned  societies  know  that 
the  task  of  keeping  them  alive  is  always 
arduous,  and  not  seldom  impossible.  Not 
irreverently,  it  may  be  said  of  them,  as 
Wordsworth  said  of  poets,  that  they 

begin  in  gladness, 

But  thereof  comes  in   the  end   despondency  and 
madness. 

Those  most  interested  in  the  initial  pro- 
ceedings die  off  in  years,  and  their  places 
are  hard  to  fill.  As  a  national  undertaking, 
however,  the  Ballad  Society  has  received 
as  subscribers  many  of  the  most  important 
libraries  of  two  continents,  and  it  is  scarcely 
conceivable  that  the  work  will  be  left  incom- 
plete when  nothing  but  the  coping-stone  is 
needed.  On  the  nature  of  the  services  ren- 
dered by  the  chief  editor  and  illustrator — 
services  wholly  gratuitous — we  have  pre- 
viously commented.  It  is  little  likely  when 
those  services  can  no  longer  be  commanded 
that  any  chance  of  such  completion  as  is 
now  within  reach  will  be  obtained. 

With  few  exceptions  the  contents  of  the 
twenty-fifth  part  consist  of  what  Mr.  Ebs- 
worth  calls  "  The  Rogueries  of  Millers  "  and 
"  A  Group  of  Female  Ramblers."  The  two 
are  to  some  extent  connected.  That  honesty 
is  not  always  so  characteristic  of  the  miller 
as  stoutness,  in  the  sense  of  courage,  and 
other  virile  qualities,  is  shown  in  proverbial 
lore  as  well  as  in  ballad  literature.  Indi- 
cating, it  may  be  supposed,  the  rarity  of 
any  high  standard  of  commercial  morality 
among  miUers,  a  proverb  declares  that 
"an  honest  miller  hath  a  golden  thumb," 
while    a    second,   with  less   veiled    satire, 


says:  "Put  a  miller,  a  weaver,  and  a 
tailor  in  a  bag  and  shake  them ;  the  first 
that  comes  out  will  be  a  thief."  This  is 
the  view  of  the  matter  entertained  by  the 
balladist.  Before  his  death  the  miller  asks 
his  three  sons  in  turn  what  toll  each  will 
take  should  he  be  left  the  mill.  The  eldest 
pledges  himself  to  take  a  peck  from  every 
bushel  he  grinds,  and  the  second  to  take 
half,  while  the  youngest  proclaims  : — 
Before  I  will  a  good  living  lack 
I  '11  take  it  all,  and  forswear  the  sack. 

From  the  delighted  father  this  wrings  an 
expression  of  approval : — 

"  Thou  art  my  boy  !  "  the  old  man  said, 
"  For  thou  hast  well  learn'd  thy  trade  ; 
This  mill  to  thee  I  'M  give  !  "  he  cry'd  ; 
And  then  he  clos'd  up  his  eyes,  and  dy'd. 

Throughout  the  ballads  it  is  maintained  that 
the  miller,  happy,  lusty,  or  what  not, 
When  a  pudding  for  dinner  he  lacks, 
He  cribs  without  scruple  from  other  men's  sack?. 

For  delinquencies  of  another  kind,  for 
which  Mr.  Ebs  worth's  "  Female  Ramblers" 
—  a  much  to  be  commended  euphemism 
that  would  probably  have  secured  the 
approval  of  Polonius — are  responsible,  the 
reader  may  turn  to  '  Grist  Ground  at  Last ' 
or  '  Ill-gotten  Goods  seldom  Thrive,'  or 
the  illustrations  quoted  in  part  only  from 
the  gay  'PiUs  to  Purge  Melancholy'  of 
Durfey.  Bitter  opponent  as  he  is  of  those 
who  scent  offence  in  every  freedom  of 
folk  utterance,  Mr.  Ebsworth  is  compelled 
to  modify  somewhat  the  outspokenness  of 
some  of  his  favourite  ballads.  In  dealing 
with  the  adventures  of  the  fair  Cyprians, 
the  buxom  lasses  of  Northamptonshire  and 
of  Yoel  (Yeovil),  the  wenches  of  Wiltshire, 
"  the  unhappy  ladies  of  Hackney,"  and  of 
other  places  north,  south,  east,  and  west, 
he  is  compelled  to  substitute  phrases  and 
rhymes  for  others  that  he  holds  too  naive  or 
too  crude.  These  passages  he  places  in 
brackets.  If,  as  is  not  to  be  desired,  this 
portion  of  the  collection  comes  into  hands 
other  than  those  for  which  it  is  intended, 
these  alterations  will  be  of  advantage. 
Those  meanwhile  who  are  familiar  with  the 
drolls  and  the  merriments  of  the  Restora- 
tion will  have  little  difficulty  in  supplying 
the  ancient  for  the  amended  version. 

Less  light  than  was  obtained  from  previous 
parts  is  cast  by  these  sections  of  the  ballads 
upon  the  final  years  of  the  Stuarts  the  col- 
lection is  held  to  illustrate.  Upon  many 
aspects  of  social  life  there  is  an  illumina- 
tion. The  ways  depicted  are,  however, 
familiar  in  all  ages  and  literatures.  Some 
few  ballads  deal  from  a  Puritan  stand- 
point with  religious  themes.  Such  is 
'  The  Dream  of  Judas'  Mother  Fulfilled.' 
The  horrors  assigned  in  this  to  the  great 
betrayer  recall,  as  is  suggested,  those  of 
(Edipus,  Laius,  and  Jocasta.  The  poem  is, 
however,  not  without  interest  to  the  studentof 
folk-lore.  Another  ballad  altogether  unique, 
but  losing  part  of  its  authority  because  it 
is  made  up  of  mutilated  fragments,  and 
therefore  to  some  extent  conjectural,  is  '  The 
Complaint  of  a  Sinner,'  a  very  pious  com- 
position sung,  in  anticipation  of  future 
movements,  to  the  tune  of  '  The  Bonny 
Broome.'  It  has  an  interesting  record, 
having  been  given  by  John  Selden  to 
Samuel  Pepys.  Also  quoted  from  the 
Pepysian  collection  is  *  The  New  Broome,' 
where   a  chorus  closely   allied  to   that  in 

9 


450 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '9^ 


'  The  Complaint  of  a  Sinr.er  '  is  given.  It 
refers,  however,  wholly  to  human  love  as 
opposed  to  Divine. 

Mr.  Ebsworth  supplies  once  more  the 
quaint  illustrations  which  have  been  an 
acceptable  feature  in  successive  volumes. 
Apart  from  his  statements  concerning  the 
laxity  of  subscribers,  he  fills  his  notes  with 
the  zealous  and  rather  fantastic  Jacobinism 
to  which  he  has  accustomed  his  readers, 
adds  many  curious  verses  of  his  own,  and 
ventilates  his  opinions  on  things  and  per- 
sons with  characteristic  outspokenness  and 
sincerity. 

NEW  NOVELS. 

T/m   Pomp   of  the    Lavilettes.      By    Gilbert 
Parker.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Paricee  has  given  us  in  Ferrol,  the 
declasse  ofl&cer  and  gentleman,  who  ends  an 
adventurous  life  in  an  old-world  village  of 
Lower  Canada,  a  very  forcible  example  of 
the  "double-minded  man,  unstable  in  all 
his  ways."  "The  Hon.  Mr.  Ferrol  had  no 
morals  to  speak  of,  and  very  little  honour. 
He  was  the  penniless  son  of  an  Irish  peer, 
who  was  himself  well-nigh  penniless."  His 
best  points  are  a  reminiscence  of  soldierly 
loyalty  and  his  love  for  his  sister,  whom 
he  maintains  by  sundry  devious  methods. 
Driven  from  New  York,  from  Quebec, 
from  Montreal,  stricken  with  hopeless  lung 
disease,  he  is  invited  by  the  buckish  Nicolas 
Lavilette  to  make  a  visit  to  his  family. 
Unfortunately  there  are  two  sisters  at  the 
Manor  Casimbault.  Of  these  Christine, 
self-willed,  impulsive,  and  energetic,  soon 
attracts  and  is  attracted  by  the  plausible 
and  easy-tempered  stranger ;  Sophie,  gentle, 
"docile,  soft-eyed,"  though  newly  married 
on  the  strictest  business  principles  to  a 
wealthy  farmer,  has  also  points  about  her 
which  appeal  to  Ferrol's  sensations.  Nic, 
the  brother,  is  found  to  be  tampering  with 
treason — the  petty  treason  of  Papineau's 
abortive  rising ;  and  the  fact  that  he  is  the 
consignee  of  the  funds  of  the  insurgents 
becomes  known  to  his  guest.  The  result 
of  which  circumstances,  as  presented  to 
Ferrol,  deeply  pondering,  seems  to  shape 
itself  thus : — 

"It  was  a  strange  sport  altogether,  in  which 
some  people  were  bound  to  get  a  bad  fall,  him- 
self probably  amongst  the  rest.  He  intended 
to  rob  the  brother,  he  had  set  the  government 
going  against  the  brother's  revolutionary  cause, 
he  was  going  to  marry  one  sister,  and  the  other 
— the  less  thought  and  said  about  that  matter 
the  better." 

For  an  idle  conversation  on  a  sensuous 
summer  afternoon  (the  interview  in  Magon's 
house  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  many  good 
situations  in  the  book)  has  broken  the 
tranquil  current  of  life  for  poor  Sophie, 
though  it  has  made  little  impression  on  her 
visitor.  His  attention,  justly  enough,  is 
engrossed  by  the  fiery  devotion  of  Chris- 
tine, to  whom  in  all  gratitude  he  owes  his 
fealty.  But  when  the  day  comes  on  which 
he  meets  Sophie  after  his  marriage  to  her 
sister:  — 

"Out  of  the  irresponsibility  of  his  nature, 
out  of  the  moral  ineptitude  to  ■which  he  had 
been  born,  moral  knowledge  came  to  him  at 
last.  Love  had  not  done  it ;  neither  the  love 
of  Christine,  as  strong  as  death,  nor  the  love  of 
his  sisier,  the  deepest  thing  he  ever  knew — but 
the  look  of  a  woman  wronged." 


The  "infamous  bad  taste"  that  has  marked 
his  life  is  borne  in  upon  his  soul.  To  die 
fighting  is  his  only  refuge,  and  the  last 
scene,  in  which  he  sacrifices  himself  for 
Nic's  escape,  has  at  any  rate  the  dignity  of 
sincerity.  Though  we  have  dwelt  upon  this 
very  lifelike  study  of  the  incontinent  man  and 
his  devious  ways,  the  minor  characters  are 
for  the  most  part  well  worth  notice.  It  is 
obviously  a  true  picture  of  the  French 
Canadians  as  they  were  and  are,  though 
the  spirit  of  the  "Regimental  Surgeon" 
has  happily  modified  antagonism  to  their 
English  neighbours. 


The  Gods  Arrive.    By  Annie  E.  Holdsworth. 

(Heinemann.) 
The  title  selected  for  this  novel  forms  the 
last  line  of  Emerson's  poem  "Give  all  to 
love  ;  obey  thy  heart."  Emerson  charac- 
teristically argues  that  the  loss  of  the 
human  half-god  will  be  compensated  by 
that  which  is  wholly  divine.  The  writer 
of  'Joanna  Traill,  Spinster,'  and  of  'The 
Years  that  the  Locust  hath  Eaten '  writes 
with  skill  and  effect  on  a  portion  of  the 
theme  suggested,  and  with  more  suc- 
cess than  in  the  case  of  either  of  her 
earlier  novels.  We  purposely  say  that  a 
portion  only  of  Emerson's  theme  is  dealt 
with,  for  the  element  of  compensation  on 
which  Emerson  loved  to  dwell  is  not  pro- 
minent in  the  present  novel.  It  might 
have  been  otherwise,  had  not  the  hero 
(presumably  the  human  "half-god")  been 
addressing  a  public  meeting  :  — 

"While  he  spoke,  the  hand  in  his  pocket 
tore  Katherine's  letter  to  shreds,  rolling  up  the 
pieces  into  little  pellets.  He  did  not  know  he 
destroyed  the  postscript  that,  written  overleaf, 
he  had  missed  : — 'I  love  you  with  all  my  heart. 
Tell  me  you  will  trust  me  till  I  can  explain.'  " 

So  Katherine,  the  heroine,  has  to  do  without 
her  compensation  for  a  very  long  time, 
because  her  lover  does  not  know  that  a 
postscript,  the  most  important  part  of  a 
lady's  letter,  is  written  "overleaf."  The 
story,  though  nearly  always  interesting  and 
sympathetic,  is  lacking  in  consistency. 


A    Fair    Deceiver.        By    George    Paston. 
(Harpers.) 

TuE  position  of  a  young  lady  engaged  to  a 
gentleman  who  ought  to  be  engaged  to  her 
elder  sister  is  unenviable.  It  is  described 
with  much  skill  by  George  Paston  in 
an  attractive  and  clever  little  volume. 
Lesbia  le  Marchant,  the  younger  niece  of 
the  old  vicar  of  a  parish  in  the  Eastern 
Counties,  is  the  "Fair  Deceiver"  whose 
character  is  sketched  in  a  story  that  would 
have  well  borne  more  substantial  treatment. 
The  writing  is  polished  and  often  brilliant ; 
there  is  appreciation  of  art  and  artistic  sub- 
jects ;  there  is  sympathy  with  beauty  of 
scene  and  colour  ;  and  there  is  taste  in  every 
page  of  the  volume.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  catastrophe  might  with  advantage  have 
been  precipitated  by  means  other  than  those 
here  employed. 

A  Child  in  the  Temple.    By  Frank  Mathew. 

(Lane.) 
Amongst  his  other  qualities   Mr.  Mathew 
has    the   captivating,   alluring   touch    that 
converts  apparent  nothings  into  somethings 
of  a  rich  and  rare  kind.     'A  Child  in  the 


Temple'  is  extremely  slight,  almost  too- 
vague  and  misty,  yet  charming.  One  wants- 
to  know  more  of  Kilmorna  Castle,  Curly 
Adair,  Kitty  Moroney,  the  brawling  Terence, 
and  other  strongly  Irish  personalities  and 
places.  If  they  are  not  to  reappear  at 
some  future  date,  we  can  but  look  with 
interest  for  any  other  persons  and  places- 
of  which  Mr.  Mathew  may  vouchsafe  us- 
visions. 

Sheikh  McLeod :  a  Heroine  of  the  Bad 
Blocks.  By  Guy  Boothby.  (SkeffingtoDu 
&  Son.) 

Mr.  Boothby  teUs  his  story  in  a  clumsy- 
sort  of  wa3^  "Looking  back  on  it  now," 
he  begins,  "I  can  recall  every  circumstance 
connected  with  that  day  just  as  plainly  as  if 
it  had  all  happened  but  yesterday."  That 
is  an  approved  fashion  of  dropping  into  an 
adventurous  romance,  and  it  prepares  the 
reader  for  a  certain  amount  of  shuddering- 
excitement.  Then  what  is  the  "all"  that 
happened  on  "  that  day,"  which  Mr.  Boothb}' 
remembers  so  vividly  ?  Mainly  that  a  vessel 
called  at  "  Yakalavi  in  the  Samoan  group," 
and  that  Mr.  Boothby  told  his  story  of 
three  hundred  pages  to  the  skipper  and 
the  supercargo  while  they  drank  gin  and 
smoked  tobacco.  It  is  the  yarn  of  murder 
in  Queensland,  and  of  the  innocent  hero 
suffering  for  the  guilty,  which  is  to  make 
the  reader  shudder  with  excitement,  not  the 
few  pages  of  prologue  at  Yakalavi.  After 
this  false  start  the  narrative  proceeds 
briskly  enough,  and  it  is  worth  reading  on 
its  own  account — though  the  hero's  father 
does  call  himself  his  son's  "paternal  parent," 
and  the  hero  exclaims  in  italics,  at  the  most 
critical  moment  of  his  life,  "  and  ivho  should 
he  ushered  in  than  Whispering  PeteP  Per- 
haps we  have  laid  a  finger  on  Mr.  Boothby 
at  his  weakest.  He  really  tells  a  moving 
tale,  and  the  heroine  of  the  Back  Blocks- 
deserves  her  magniloquent  name. 

Latorence   Clavering.     By  A.  E.  W.  Mason^ 

(Innes  &  Co.) 

The  historical  novel,  so  called,  still  flourishes,, 
but  is  hardly  as  interesting  as  it  was. 
Whether  this  lack  of  interest  is  due  to  a 
diminution  of  the  reader's  appetite  or  of  the 
author's  skill  is  not  very  material.  *  Law- 
rence  Clavering'  will  hardly  succeed.  It  is 
a  dull  but  painstaking  romance  of  the^ 
Jacobite  rising  of  1715.  The  story  occupies 
about  twelve  months.  It  is  narrated  in  the 
first  person  by  one  who  has  to  recollect  all 
the  details  of  long  and  complicated  con- 
versations, though,  fortunately,  there  are- 
none  in  which  the  narrator  did  not  take- 
part.  His  memory  is  only  equalled  by  his 
loquacity ;  and  we  are  glad  when  in  the- 
last  chapter  he  is  assisted  to  escape  from 
prison  and  marry  his  lady  love.  The  story 
is  long,  difficult,  and  diSuse. 


Baucjhters  of  the  City.  By  the  Author  of  'The- 
Spirit  of  Love.'     (Roxburghe  Press.) 

'  Daughters  of  the  City  '  is  almost- 
unpermissibly  and  impossibly  dreary.. 
The  leading  motive  seems  to  be,  no 
physique,  no  happiness  —  for  individuals- 
or  for  the  race.  It  also  demonstrates-' 
that  city  dwellers  are  not  likely  to  acquire 
the  necessary  physique,  and  that  if  they  de 
it  will  not  be  the  right  sort — witness  th© 


N**  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


451 


too   muscular  "William,  and  the  overblown 
Polly.      It   is    a    depressing    outlook,    not 
■without  a  measure  of  truth ;    there  is  also 
truth  in  the  author's  talk  of  the  evils  of  an 
imperfect  civilization.     A  medical  tract  or 
a  sociological  treatise  would,  however,  have 
been  a  better  medium  than  a  novel  for  the 
conveyance  of  such  truths.     Besides,  there 
is   in   the   writer   much  of   the   crudity  of 
thought  and  badly  trained  reasoning  powers 
conspicuous  in  the  neuralgic  heroine  her- 
self.     The   matter    and    outlook — not    the 
actual  writing,  for  it  leaves  a  great  deal  to 
be  desired — are  reminiscent  of  Mr.  Gissing. 
Had     he     chosen    the     theme     it    would 
have     been     sordid,    but    it    would    have 
been  better  considered,  less  hysterical,  and 
redeemed    by    a    large    supply    of    sound 
common  sense  and  the  strongest  visualiza- 
tion.    A  perfect  solidarity,  if  one  may  use 
the  expression,   would  have  existed  in  the 
group  of  persons  represented.     They  would 
have   been   transferred,   as  it  were,  like  a 
grassplot,   holding  together   by  every  root 
and  fibre  of  nature  and  environment.     But 
this  habit  of  selection  and  transference  is 
not  exactly  an  every-day  gift.     It  belongs 
to     but    few.     '  Daughters    of    the    City ' 
shows   some  perception  and  power  of  sus- 
taining   exaggerated   characteristics.      The 
enormous  difference  in  their  mental,  moral, 
and  social  standpoint  must,  however,  have 
sufficed   in   real   life   to    keep    apart   such 
people  as  the  grocer  brothers,  the   young 
doctor,  Clement  and  his  sister  Sybil.     They 
do  not  fuse  together  as  they  should.     The 
study   of    the   runaway   neuralgic   wife   of 
the  grocer  is  overdone ;   her  reflections  on 
the  world  and  destiny  (in  a  diary)  are  out 
of  keeping  with  her  upbringing.     The  book 
is  more  displeasing  than  powerful ;   but  it 
is  only  fair  to  say  it  has  some  character  and 
cleverness.       The   inexorable    hopelessness 
put  into  the  life,  and  especially  the  death, 
of  the  other  grocer's  wife  (also  of  ruined 
constitution)  is  rather  remarkable. 


Ftyrhidden  hy  Law.     By  Major  A.  Griffiths. 

(Jarrold  &  Sons.) 
More  than  one  of  Major  Griffiths's  novels 
are  based  on  crimes  which  have  formed  the 
subject  of  judicial  investigation.  His  latest 
publication  deals  with  a  set  of  latter-day 
smugglers  who 'successfully  "ru.n"  cargoes 
of  contraband  tobacco  on  the  north  coast 
of  Lincolnshire.  If  the  effort  to  invest 
these  proceedings  with  an  air  of  romance 
is  not  altogether  successful,  the  story  is  one 
"which  can  yet  be  read  with  interest,  but  it 
could  have  been  improved  by  compression. 


TJie  DeviVs  Daughter.     By  Val  Nightingale. 
(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 

Folly  is  said  to  be  bound  up  in  the  heart 
of  a  child.  If  there  is  any  over  it  is  bound 
up  in  '  The  Devil's  Daughter.'  It  is  a  very 
foolish  attempt  in  the  mode  of  devilry  and 
supernaturalism  —  a  transient  fashion  in 
fiction  quite  on  the  decline.  It  always 
required  at  least  a  show  of  talent  and  taste 
to  carry  off  its  manifest  absurdities  or  ugli- 
nesses. 'The  Devil's  Daughter'  has  no  such 
adjuncts.  It  is  vulgar,  stupid,  and  badly 
written. 


FOREIGN   BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Catalogue  Geniral  des  Incnnables  des   Biblio- 
thiqnes  PnhUques  de  France.  ParM.  Pellechet. — 
Ahano-Biblia.     (Paris,  Picard.) — In  compliance 
with  an  exhortation  sent  out  in  1886  from  the 
Ministry  of    Public   Instruction,  most    of    the 
public  libraries  in  France  which  possess  books 
printed  during  the  fifteenth  century  have  been 
busy  cataloguing   them,  and   several   of   these 
catalogues  have  appeared   in  print  during  the 
last  few  years.     With  the  help  of  the  Ministry 
a  further  step  has  now  been  taken,  in  the  shape 
of  a  general  catalogue  of  the  fifteenth  century 
books   in   all   the   public   libraries   in   France, 
including   the   great   collection   at   the   Biblio- 
theque  Nationale,  and  those  of  the  three  other 
important  Paris  libraries,  the  Ste.  Genevieve, 
Mazarine,  and  Arse'nal.    The  advantages  of  this 
course  need  hardly  be  pointed  out.     We  have 
here  a  catalogue  of  the  incunabula,  not  of  one 
library,  but  of  over  a  hundred  and  fifty,  with 
the   result    of    an   enormous   saving  of    labour 
and  space,  and  a  uniformity  and  excellence  of 
treatment  which  could  have  been  attained  in 
no  other  way.     The  name  of  the  enthusiastic 
worker    to    whom    this     important     task    was 
entrusted  has  been  made  familiar  to  students 
of    incunabula   by   a    series    of    catalogues    of 
individual  collections,  but  the  form  of  signature 
adopted   in   them   has  prevented  many  biblio- 
graphers from  recognizing  that  it  is  a  lady  by 
whose  industry  they  have  been  profiting,  and 
who  is  now  well  advanced  in  a  work  little,  if  at 
all,  inferior  in  importance  to  those  of  Panzer 
and  Hain.  As  is  well  known,  the  really  valuable 
part  of   Hain's   '  Repertorium  '  consists  in  the 
entries  to  which  an  asterisk  is  attached,  showing 
that  he  had  himself  collated  the  books,  most  of 
which    he    found  in   the  splendid  collection  at 
Munich.  Of  his  entries  without  asterisks,  derived 
from  second-hand  information,  a  large  propor- 
tion are  either   so  vague   as   to   be  useless,  or 
obviously  erroneous  descriptions  no  books  cor- 
responding to  which  have  ever  been  found.     In 
Mile.  Pellechet's  catalogue,  on  the  other  hand, 
nearly  every  book  has  been  seen  by  herself,  and 
thus  the  fact  that  in  this  first  portion  of  her 
catalogue   she    enumerates    2,386    editions,    as 
against  3,158  in  the  corresponding  portion  of 
Hain,  betokens  a  far  greater  completeness  in 
her  book,  and  a  far  greater  wealth  of  incunabula 
in  French  libraries,  than  at  first  sight  might  be 
inferred.     So  far  as  we  can  judge,  her  entries 
cover  almost  as  many  genuine  editions  as  those 
of  Hain,  and  the  fact    that  to  every  entry  is 
appended  a  list  of  the  French  libraries  in  which 
a  copy  of  the  book  can  be  found  gives  the  cata- 
logue  a    solid   basis,  the   value   of   which   can 
hardly  be  over  estimated.    Hain,  moreover,  had 
few  opportunities  for  becoming  acquainted  with 
the  incunabula  in  the  French  language,  and  thus 
this  catalogue  supplements  his  '  Repertorium  ' 
where  it  is  weakest.     Of  the  skill  and  industry 
which   Mile.  Pellechet  has  brought  to  her  task 
it  would  be  difficult  to  speak  too  highly.     In 
addition  to  the  information  as  to  the  libraries 
in  which  copies   are    to    be    found,  notes    are 
appended  to  nearly  every  entry  giving  references 
to  the  chief    bibliographies   and    monographs, 
especially  to  those  which  contain  facsimiles  illus- 
trating the  type  in  which  the  book  is  printed. 
The  form  of   collation  adopted    is    nearly  the 
same  as  that  used  by  Campbell  in  his  '  Annales 
de  la  Typographie  Neerlandaise  au  XV  Siecle.' 
Contractions  and  majuscules  are  carefully  repro- 
duced, though  Mile.  Pellechet  has  reasonably 
refused  to  discriminate  between  the  short  and 
long  s  and  the  two  forms  of  r.     The  omission  to 
state  the  number  of   leaves  in  each  gathering 
is  the  only  declension  we  have  observed  from 
the    highest    bibliographical    ideal.      For    the 
general  arrangement  of    her    book   Mile.   Pel- 
lechet has  adopted  the  alphabetical  order,  by 
the  names  of  authors  and  titles  of  anonymous 
books,  to  which   Hain  has  lent  his  authority. 
For  ready  reference  this  system  is  incomparably 


the  best,  but  its  use  renders  indispensable  a 
full  index  of  printers  and  places,  and  this,  we 
are  glad  to  understand,  will  follow  as  soon  as 
the  author-catalogue  is  completed.  But  this 
first  volume  contains  over  six  hundred  pages, 
and  as  it  answers,  roughly,  to  the  sixth  part  of 
Hain's  '  Repertorium,'  the  complete  work  with 
the  index  will  hardly  occupy  less  than  seven  or 
eight  volumes.  Mile.  Pellechet  has  thus  still 
a  heavy  task  before  her,  and  we  hope  that  she 
may  bring  it  to  a  speedy  and  successful  con- 
clusion. 

Notice  snr  les  Maniiscrits  Originanx  d^Ademar 
de  Chabcmnes.    Par  M.  Leopold  Delisle.    (Paris, 
Klincksieck.) — Ad^mar    de    Chabannes   was    a 
learned    monk   who    died   on   a   pilgrimage   to 
Jerusalem  in  1034.     Educated  at  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Martial  at  Limoges,  he  devoted  his  life  to 
upholding  the   legend  which    attributes  to  St. 
Martial,  a  companion  of  St.  Peter,  the  honour 
of  having  introduced  Christianity  into  some  of 
the  provinces  of  the  centre  and  south-west  of 
Gaul.     On  his  departure  for  Jerusalem  he  pre- 
sented to  his  monastery  several  books  which  he 
had  written  or  copied  with  his  own  hand,  one  of 
which  still  survives,  with  an  anonymous  note, 
written  shortly  after  the  donor's  death,  stating 
the  circumstances  of  its  presentation.     In  other 
manuscripts  his  name  appears  as  the  copyist, 
and    from   the    knowledge  thus  gained  of   his 
handwriting,  and  with  the  fact  of  his  abounding 
enthusiasm  for  St.  Martial  as  a  further  guide, 
M.  Leopold  Delisle  has  been  able  to  identify  a 
dozen   manuscripts  as  wholly  or  in  part  from 
his  pen.     Ten  of  these  are  in  the  Bibliotheque 
Nationale;   the   eleventh,  which    contains   the 
note   already  mentioned,  is  at  Leyden  ;   while 
the  twelfth,  after  having  been  long  preserved  in 
the  Jesuit  College  of  Clermont  at  Paris,  passed 
into  the  collection  of  Sir  Thomas  Phillipps,  and 
thence  to  the  Royal  Library  at  Berlin.     Bede, 
Isidore,  Theodulphus,  and  Jerome  appear  to  have 
been  the  writers  whom  Ad^mar  chiefly  cared  to 
copy  ;  but,  for  the  most  part,  he  is  himself  not 
merely  scribe,  but  author,  and  we  have  many 
of  his  sermons,  a  fragment  of  the  first  recension 
of  his  chronicle,  and  notes  of  matters  relating  to 
Limoges,  all  in  his  autograph.     M.  Delisle  has 
examined  these  manuscripts  with  that  industry 
of  genius  which  marks  all  his  work,  and  has 
picked  out,   if   the  phrase  may  be  permitted, 
some  of  his  author's  "plums"  in  the  shape  of 
an  account  of  the  Synod  of  Limoges  in  1031,  a 
reference  to  the  use  of  anoesthetica,  and  other 
curiosities.    His  monograph  is  itlso  accompanied 
by  six  autotypes,  which  show  that  Ad^mar,  if 
not   exactly  a  calligrapher,  wrote  an  excellent 
hand. 

Katalog  der  Freiherrlich  von  Lipperheide' schen 
Sammlung  fur    Kostiimnnssenschaft.      (Berlin, 
Lipperheide.)— Although   labelled   as   the   first 
half  of  the  first  volume  of  the  third  section,  this 
instalment  of  the  catalogue  of  the  great  collec- 
tion of  illustrations  of   the  history  of  costume 
brought    together     by    Freiherr    von    Lipper- 
heide at  Berlin  is  the    first  yet   issued.      The 
collection  itself  has  been  in  process  of  formation 
since  1870,  and  now  consists  of  upwards  of  a 
thousand  pictures  and  miniatures,  some  thirty 
thousand  "single  sheets  "  of  drawings,  engrav- 
ings, photographs,  &c.,  four  thousand  books  and 
a  few  manuscripts,  and  numerous  almanacs  and 
new.spapers  especially  devoted  to  dress  and  its 
fashions.      It  is  now  open  to  the  public    five 
days  a  week,    and  an   exhaustive   catalogue  is 
being  prepared  of  each  of  the  different  sections. 
The  books  have  been  the  first  thus  honoured, 
and  this  half-volume    of   three  hundred   pages 
describes  and  illustrates  some  six   hundred  of 
them,  or  rather  more  than  one-seventh  of  the 
number  at  present  in  the  library.  With  upwards 
of  half  of  a  large  page  devoted  to   each  book, 
it  is  needless  to  say  that  the  system  of   cata- 
loguing   is    sufficiently    elaborate.      Unluckily 
the  elaboration  is  that  of  a  painstaking  biblio- 
grapher rather  than   of  an  expert  in  costume, 
and  much  space,  which  might  have  been  use- 


452 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


fully  employed  in  giving  a  hotter  idea  of  the 
practical  value  of  the  books  for  the  history  of 
eostume,  is  wasted  on  elaborate  collations  and 
other  details  which  should  have  been  left 
to  be  dealt  with  elsewhere.  The  enthusiasm 
which  has  contributed  facsimiles  of  old  types 
and  of  printers'  devices  to  the  illustrations 
seems  to  us  equally  misdirected.  These  matters 
<ire  of  interest  to  students  of  printing,  not 
to  students  of  costume,  and  it  is  a  waste  of 
energy  to  illustrate  them  in  the  wrong  place. 
But  though  the  catalogue  is  thus  cumbered 
with  some  superfluities,  it  remains  an  admirable 
piece  of  work.  The  arrangement  is,  of  course, 
by  classes,  beginning  with  general  treatises  on 
dress  in  chronological  order,  and  thence  pro- 
ceeding to  treatises  on  the  costumes  of  different 
periods  and  countries,  thence  to  monographs  on 
different  articles  of  attire,  to  the  costumes 
appropriated  to  different  professions,  to  cos- 
tumes of  ceremony,  to  the  sesthetics,  hygienics, 
and  jurisprudence  of  dress,  and  to  the  arts  and 
industries  connected  with  it.  A  classification 
of  this  kind  may,  perhaps,  be  found  a  little 
bewildering  by  visitors  to  the  library,  but  as 
indices  both  of  authors  and  subjects  are  pro- 
mised, the  scientific  arrangement  which  renders 
the  catalogue  of  use  all  over  the  world  is 
abundantly  justified.  It  only  remains  to  be 
said  that,  as  far  as  this  instalment  of  the  cata- 
logue enables  us  to  judge,  Freiherr  von  Lipper- 
heide's  costume-library  is  rich  in  the  quality  as 
well  as  quantity  of  its  books. 

Bibliographie  Coreenne  :  Tableau  Litteraire  de 
la  Core'e.    Par  Maurice  Courant.  3  vols.    (Paris, 
Leroux.) — These  three  handsome  volumes  con- 
tain   a    vast    amount    of     carefully   compiled 
information  on  a  subject  about  which  very  little 
is  generally  known.     It  is  only  of  late  that  from 
various  sources  we  have  become  acquainted  with 
that  secluded   corner  of    the  earth    known  to 
the  Chinese  as  Kaoli,  to  the  Japanese  as  Kori, 
and  to  ourselves  as  Korea;  nor  can  it  be  denied 
that  the  picture  thus  drawn  for  us  is  sombre  in 
the  extreme.     The    time  was  when  Korea  was 
one  of  the  most  enlightened  kingdoms  of  the 
East,   when  art  and  literature  flourished,  and 
when  industry  brought  prosperity  and  comfort 
to  the  homes  of  the  people.     Now  this  is  all 
changed.     The  artistic  taste  of  the  natives  has 
deteriorated    lamentably ;     the    works    issuing 
from   the   presses    are   few   and    evil   in   their 
tendencies  ;  and  the  corrupt  system  of  govern- 
ment has  suppressed  all  commercial  enterprise 
by  robbing  the  traders  of  the  legitimate  fruits 
of  their  labours.    It  is  common  knowledge  that, 
like  Japan,  Korea  received  its  first  enlighten- 
ment from  China,  and  that,  like  the  Japanese, 
the    Koreans    accepted    bodily    the    literature 
and  faiths  of  their  powerful   neighbours.     M. 
Courant's   researches   show   that    the    Chinese 
written    characters  were  first   introduced    into 
Korea  during  thefifth  century,  and  that  with  them 
came  a  knowledge  of  Buddhism.     By  the  un- 
instructed  people  of  the  peninsula  the  flood  of 
light  which  thus  crossed  their  paths  was  eagerly 
welcomed,   and  not  only  Buddhism   but   Con- 
fucianism  and   Taoism   became  by  a  generous 
adoption   their   composite    faiths.     From    this 
time  onward  to  the  fifteenth  century  the  Chinese 
characters    were     the     only    literary    medium 
current    in   the  land,   but  during  that  epoch 
the    people    made    an    advance   which    placed 
them  in  the  forefront  of  all  the  nations  of  the 
extreme  East.  Like  the  Egyptians,  the  Chinese 
proceeded  from  the  adoption  of    hieroglyphics 
to  the  invention  of  ideographic    and  phonetic 
characters,  but  beyond  this  stage  they  failed  to 
advance.     The  Japanese  with  their  more  nimble 
intellects  went  a  step   further    and    devised  a 
syllabic  writing,  but  it  was   reserved    for   the 
Koreans  alone  of  all  the  peoples  in  that  part  of 
the  world  to  invent  an  alphabet.     The  alphabet 
thus  formed  is  of    the    simplest  kind,  and   is 
admirably  adapted  to  represent   the  words   of 
the    language.      Unhappily,    however,   Chinese 
influence  was  even  more   powerful    in    Korea 


than    in   Japan,    and    the   superior  culture   of 
the     Middle     Kingdom     gave     such     weight, 
not    only     to    the     literature    which    was    in- 
troduced  from    her  shores,   but    to  the    cum- 
brous medium  by  which  it  was  expressed,  that 
Korean  scholars,  discarding  their  own  writing, 
were  led  to  cultivate  the  habit  of   expressing 
their  thoughts  in  Chinese  characters.     A  more 
reasonable  procedure  was  followed  by  authors 
who  catered  more  directly  for  the  popular  taste, 
for  they  published  their  tales  and  romances  in 
the  native  letters,  to  the  delight  of  all  those  who 
had  not  drunk  deep  at  the  Chinese  fountain  of 
knowledge.     In  Japan  a  precisely  similar  class 
of   literature,   published  in  the  native  syllabic 
script,    is    known   as    "women's    books,"   and 
meets  with  the  same  contempt  which  attaches 
to     Korean     works     which     appear      in      the 
alphabetic  writing.     All    the    scholarly   litera- 
ture   of     the    country    is,    therefore,    printed 
in   Chinese    characters,    and    a    large    propor- 
tion  of    it  is  Chinese.      In   some    instances  a 
Korean  version  is  printed  side  by  side  with  the 
Chinese  text.      There  are   several  well-known 
instances  of  this  in  books  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  and  such  works  are  often 
accompanied  by  woodcuts.  The  date  of  the  intro- 
duction of  printing  into  Korea  is  uncertain,  but 
it  was  probably  about  the  sixth  century  of  our 
era  that  the  art  was  first  known.     Sir  Ernest 
Satow,  in  one  of  the  scholarly  papers  which  he 
contributed  to  the  Asiatic   Society  of    Japan, 
further  considers  that  printing   from  movable 
type  was  first  practised  in  1317.     M.   Courant, 
however,  brings  forward  evidence  to  show  that 
the   invention   was    not   introduced   until    the 
beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century.  An  examina- 
tion of   the  work  on  which  Sir  Ernest  Satow 
based  his  conclusions  inclines  us  to  agree  with 
M.   Courant  in  his  opinion  that   the  work   in 
question  was  printed  from  wooden  blocks  and 
not  from  movable  type.     On  these   and    other 
subjects  M.  Courant  discourses  at  length  in  an 
exhaustive  preface  which  forms  a  fitting  intro- 
duction to  his  bibliography.  With  equal  fulness 
he  treats  of  all  works  of  importance  included  in 
the  3,240  entries  contained  in  his  pages.    These 
entries  are  carefully  classified  under  a  series  of 
well-chosen  headings,  and  the  entire  work,  which 
forms  an  important  contribution  to  our  know- 
ledge of  Eastern  literature,  is  fully  indexed. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

The  fashion  perhaps  first  set  agoing  by  '  A 
Window  in  Thrums '  has  had  hosts  of  successful 
followers.     Methodist  Idylls,  by  Harry  Lindsay 
(Bowden),  is  a  volume  of  short  sketches  on  the 
now  familiar  plan  of  method  and  presentment. 
The    locality    is    not,    however,    Scotch,    but 
the  heart  of  Gloucestershire.     The  mental  and 
spiritual   environment    is   Wesleyan,    and    the 
social  position  and  outlook  of  the  people  who 
figure  in  its  pages  are  coloured  by  this  particular 
form  of  belief  and  worship.    It  may  be  surmised 
that  the  author   himself   belongs   to  the  same 
ecclesiastical  circle.  He  writes  not  merely  as  the 
"looker-on"  whose  aim  is  to  get  well  outside 
his  subject,  to  treat  it  from  an  entirely  literary 
and  artistic  point  of  view,  an  attitude  just  now 
common  in  authors  when  they  describe  social 
and  religious  phases  and  movements.     In  these 
fragments  of  village  life  and  the  spiritual  ex- 
periences of  the  villagers  there  is  a  warmer  and 
more  personal  note  of  understanding  and  sym- 
pathy, though  a  certain  monotony  and  sameness 
in  the  "cases."      The  book  serves  at  least  to 
confirm  a  rather  vague  impression  that  Method- 
ists are,   as  a  rule,  a  self-respecting,  sensible, 
unsensational  body  of  men,  not  entirely  neglect- 
ful of   "culture,"  who  eschew  mixed   religion 
and   politics.      Tough    old    fellows    like   Jesse 
Stallard,  Simeon  Tandy,  and  others  are  whole- 
hearted  in   their   belief  and  practice,  and   un- 
worldly and  unambitious  in  their  views.     The 
vernacular   is  pretty  strong   in   the   speech  of 
these   and   others   of    the    more   old-fashioned 


"Brethren."  The  author  also  discovers  the 
"dour  "  and  irreconcilable  side  of  the  Methodist 
nature  in  his  sketches  of  the  "faithful,"  as  well 
as  the  gentle  human  qualities  that  flourish  along- 
side of  it.  A  certain  narrowness  of  outlook 
and  possibilities  of  rather  alarming  vigilance, 
not  to  say  interference  with  the  private  con- 
cerns of  church  members  and  probationers,  are 
not  passed  over.  Though  each  idyl  is  complete 
in  itself,  the  same  characters  run  through  the 
book.  It  is  pleasantly  written,  perhaps  with 
more  sentiment  and  tenderness  than  humour. 
But  '  A  Member  of  the  Boord  '  has  touches  of 
the  quality  the  others  lack. 

Old  Times  in  Middle  Georgia.  By  R.  M, 
Johnston.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— Most  of  these 
stories  have  already  appeared  in  the  Century  or 
elsewhere.  They  number  fifteen  sketches  not 
without  merit  of  some  kind.  They  are,  how- 
ever, too  fragmentary  and  vague  to  allow  of 
much  criticism,  favourable  or  the  reverse.  An 
idea  is  no  sooner  presented  than  finished  off. 
A  good  deal  of  American  humour,  not  of  the 
too  extreme  and  extravagant  sort,  and  some 
quiet  sentiment  are  striking  features.  '  Mr. 
Eben  Bull's  Investments '  belongs  to  the  first 
category,  '  Mr.  Pate's  Only  Infirmity '  shows  a 
blend  of  both.  Others  partake  of  the  qualities 
in  mixed  proportions,  but  all  are  so  slight  and 
evanescent  in  nature,  so  lacking  in  form,  as  to 
be  almost  void  of  any  real  impression.  The 
local  dialogue  is  peculiar,  at  times  a  little 
troublesome  to  the  uninitiated. 

The    Paradise    Coal-boat,    by    Mr.    Cutclifle 
Hyne  (Bowden),  is  a  collection  of  fifteen  short 
stories,  many  of  which  deal  with  seafaring  life, 
some  with  sporting  adventures,  but  all  of  which 
are  bright  and  often  witty.     The  ships  of  which 
the  writer  tells  many  tales  are  mostly  British- 
owned  iron  steamships,  and  these  he  seems  to 
know  well.     The  countries  with  which  he  deals 
are  mostly  those  of  West  Africa  and  of  Central 
America.     But  the  contents  of  the  volume  are 
extremely   varied,    and   this    summary   of    the 
nature  and  subject  of  the  collected  stories  is 
by     no     means     exhaustive.       In     one     story 
(which  is  sadly  lacking  in  punctuation)  an   in- 
genious substitute   for   duelling    is   suggested  : 
"Each  man  pledged  his  honour  that  if  he  lost 
he  would  contrive  not  to  be  in  the  land  of  the 
living   seven   weeks    from    the    day   when   we 
span  [sic}  that  unpleasant  coin  " ;   which  seems 
to  offer  possibilities  to  those  who  write  sensa- 
tional fiction.     In  another  of  these  papers  we 
find  a  sentence,  "The  lord  of  the  soil  laid  claim 
to  the  other  /era'  naturoi,"  which  suggests  that 
the  author  has  not  fully  appreciated  the  meaning 
of  the  Latin  words.     But  there  are  few  faults 
to  be  found  with  a  volume  which  contains  at 
least  a  dozen  well-told  and  interesting  stories, 
the  first   of  which    gives   its  name  to  the  col- 
lection. 

The  Ski2)per's  Wooing  and  The  Brown  Man's 
Servant.  By  W.  W.  Jacobs.  (Pearson  &  Co.) — 
We  do  not  remember  any  previous  attempt  to 
exploit  the  language  and  modes  of  thought  of 
the  East  Coast  smacksmen.  The  rather  farcical, 
but  honest  and  successful  wooing  of  Capt. 
Wilson  of  the  Seamew  is  wholesome  and  plea- 
sant reading,  in  spite  of  the  occasional  failures 
of  his  devoted  crew  (of  three  men  and  a  boy)  to 
second  his  endeavours.  These  simple  mariners 
expose  themselves  to  many  adventures,  and 
frequent  lapses  from  such  cardinal  virtues  as 
truth-telling  and  sobriety,  in  their  quest  for  the 
missing  parent  of  the  fair  Annis,  whose  hand  is 
to  be  the  reward  of  success.  It  is  possible  to 
read  these  studies  in  humble  life  without  the 
sadness  and  loathing  which  attend  other  realistic 
descriptions  of  latter-day  social  phenomena. 
'The  Brown  Man's  Servant'  is  a  short  and 
vivid  description  of  a  recondite  and  horrible 
murder,  thrown  in  apparently  as  a  contrast  to 
the  pleasant  fooling  of  the  longer  story. 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


453 


TRANSLATIONS. 

Dream  Tales  and  Prose  Poems.  By  Ivan 
Turgenev.  Translated  from  the  Russian  by 
Constance  Garnett.  (Heinemann.) — In  the 
concluding  volume  of  her  translation  of  the 
works  of  Tourguenief,  Mrs.  Garnett  maintains 
the  same  high  standard  as  in  the  preceding 
ones.  We  have  here  the  last  writings  of  the 
great  novelist  :  some  short  stories  in  which  his 
mystic  side  is  conspicuous,  a  characteristic  of 
all  Slavonic  authors  ;  and  the  clever  little 
gnomic  pieces  to  which  he  afhxed  the  title 
'Poems  in  Prose.'  It  appears  to  be  a  rule  in 
the  case  of  these  translations  that  no  notes  are 
allowed  ;  but  we  cannot  help  wondering  what 
the  English  reader  will  make  of  the  allusion  to 
James  Bruce  (p.  4),  the  friend  of  Peter  the 
Great,  or  of  Tatiana's  letter  in  'Yevgeni  Oniegin' 
(p.  17),  or  of  Stchedrin  (p.  19),  the  nam  de 
guerre  of  the  genial  Saltikov.  These  quotations, 
however,  are  eclipsed  by  the  extraordinary  word 
"  Mitskevitch "  (p.  79).  Is  it  possible  that 
Mrs.  Garnett  has  never  heard  of  the  famous 
Polish  poet  Mickiewicz,  that  she  presents  us 
with  this  travestied  form  of  his  name  1  And 
while  we  are  fault-finding  we  will  suggest 
that  "Bancho"  (p.  218)  should  be  Banquo. 
In  these  slight  sketches  the  characteristics  of 
Tourguenief's  writings  are  everywhere  apparent 
— the  picturesqueness,  the  wide  sympathy,  and 
the  profound  knowledge  of  human  nature. 
There  are  occasionally  passages  of  great  power, 
as  when  he  speaks  thus  : — 

"  These  human  flies  a  thousand  times  paltrier  than 
flies,  their  dwellings  glued  together  with  filth,  the 
pitiful  traces  of  their  tiny  monotonous  bustle,  of 
their  comic  struggle  with  the  unchanging  and 
inevitable,  how  revolting  it  all  suddenly  was  to 
me!" 

a  truly  Swiftian  passage.  In  the  '  Poems  in 
Prose  '  some  very  high  notes  are  sounded  :  at 
one  time  it  is  the  voices  of  the  peaks  of 
the  Alps  intercommuning  as  they  stand  im- 
mutable during  their  thousands  of  years,  just 
as  the  English  poet  described  the  Amazon 
rolling  its  waves  with  only  the  sun  and  moon 
for  ages  as  witnesses.  Many  of  these  gnomic 
pieces  deal  with  Death,  who  is  introduced  as 
an  old  woman.  We  must  remember  that  smert 
is  feminine  in  Russian,  like  mort  in  French. 
In  the  poem  on  Pushkin's  line,  "Thou  shalt 
hear  the  world's  judgment,"  we  seem  to  catch 
the  echo  of  the  author's  own  discontents.  It 
is  like  the  verses  of  Tennyson  : — 

Up  there  came  a  flower  ! 
The  people  said  a  weed. 

The  story  of  Masha,  the  wife  of  the  poor 
izmstchik,  is  in  Tourguenief's  best  manner.  It 
is  wonderfully  pathetic.  '  The  Sphinx  '  pro- 
poses to  us  the  riddle  of  what  Russia  and  the 
Russians  mean.  'To-morrow,  To-morrow,'  is 
a  variant  of  the  motif  of  the  famous  lines  of 
Shakspeare  in  '  Macbeth.'  Splendid,  however, 
as  the  lines  of  Tourguenief  are,  we  think  the 
older  poet  surpasses  him.  The  book  winds  up 
with  the  noble  eulogy  of  the  Russian  language 
which  has  been  so  often  quoted. 

Choice  Poems  of  Heinrich  Heine,  translated 
by  Mr.  J.  W.  Oddie  (Macmillan  &  Co.),  is  a 
dainty  little  volume,  well  printed,  with  rough 
edges  and  a  grass-green  cover.  On  the  whole, 
too,  Mr.  Oddie  has  acquitted  himself  not  I 
without  grace  and  ingenuity.  His  versions 
are  not  ambitious.  He  is  content  to  render 
Heine  rather  than  translate  him,  trusting  that 
the  indestructible  spirit  of  the  original  will 
carry  the  reader  across  the  borderland  where 
German  ends  and  English  begins.  It  is,  there- 
fore, the  more  serviceable  to  point  out  certain 
blemishes  which  can  be  remedied  in  a 
new  edition.  Of  all  the  dangers  that  lie  in 
wait  for  Heine's  translators,  the  least  forgiv- 
able is  loss  of  ease,  and  here  Mr.  Oddie  is  often 
at  fault.  Heine's  melody  flows  so  smoothly 
that  his  art  is  entirely  betrayed  if  the  music  be 
detected  in  the  making.  It  is  even  better  to 
add  a  neutral  word,  like  Mr.  Oddie's  "golden  " 


on  p.  5G,  than  to  produce  an  inharmonious 
verse.  Take  the  following  examples.  Heine 
wrote  quite  simply  : — 

Und.  verstrickt  in  eignen  Faden, 
Wird  zum  Krnste  mir  raein  Sclierz. 

Mr.  Oddie  writes  almost  unintelligibly  (p  75)  : 

I  in  my  own  toils  am  struggling. 
Earnest  now,  my  jesting  past. 
In  the  same  poem,  too,  "  Nahn  sich  mir  die 
Hcillenmachte,"  where  the  emphasis  is  laid  on 
the  approach  of  the  infernal  powers,  is  mis- 
translated, "Powers  of  hell— they  grip  me 
tightly."      Again,    Heine    quite    transparently 

said  :  — 

Ich  aber  hab,  sie  g'jlernet, 
Und  ich  vergesse  sie  nicht. 

Mr.   Oddie,  wanting  a  rhyme  to  "face,"  writes 

on  p.  21 : — 

This  unforgettable  learning 
To  make  my  own  I  had  grace. 

Once  more  : — 

Acb,  hSrstdu  wie's  pochet  in  Kiimmerlein? 

appears  in  Mr.  Oddie's  version  (p.  8)  as  : — 

Do  you  in  that  small  room  a  great  knocking  bear  ? 
It  is  with  difficulty  that  any  rhythm  can  be 
beaten  out  of  such  a  line,  and  the  antithetical 
epithets,  on  which  the  stress  falls,  are  them- 
selves an  importation.  Mr.  Oddie  should  also 
avoid  the  temptation  to  inverted  phrases.  Turn- 
ing to  the  cruxes  of  translation,  "Du  bist  wie 
eine  Blume "  is  rendered  "Thou  art  a  very 
flower."  Perhaps  this  is  as  near  as  can  be  got ; 
but  the  alternation  of  "  So  hold,  und  schon,  und 
rein"  with  "So  rein,  und  schon,  und  hold," 
and  the  consequent  variation  of  rhyme  in  the 
two  stanzas,  should  not,  as  in  Mr.  Oddie's  ver- 
sion, altogether  disappear.  On  the  other  hand, 
"Mein  Kind,  wir  waren  Kinder,"  and  "Du 
hast  Diamanten  und  Perlen "  (except  the  first 
line)  are  prettily  turned.  And  once,  at  least, 
Mr.  Oddie  scores  a  genuine  success.  The  trans- 
lation, on  p.  104,  of  "  Im  Morgenglanze  ruht 
das  Meer "  is  Heine  in  English  poetry.  Its 
excellence  makes  us  hope  that  Mr.  Oddie  will 
have  the  opportunity  of  revising  some  of  the 
points  which  we  have  indicated,  and  getting  rid 
of  the  jolting  effect  of  many  of  his  metres. 


ORIENTAL   PHILOLOGY. 

An  Introductory  Course  in  Japanese.  By  C. 
MacCauley,  A.M.  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) — The 
introduction  to  this  book  is  of  considerable 
interest,  tracing  as  it  does,  briefly  yet  lucidly, 
the  history  of  the  Japanese  language  so  far  as 
needful  to  throw  light  upon  the  modern  colloquial 
tongue  of  Tokyo,  which  bids  fair  to  become  the 
standard  language,  spoken  and  written,  of  Dai 
Nihon.  But  to  some  of  Mr.  MacCauley's  state- 
ments we  are  unable  to  assent.  It  cannot  truly 
be  said  that  Chinese  "  has  fallen  in  Japan."  It 
is,  indeed,  one  of  the  oddest  phenomena  of 
Shin  Nihon  (New  Japan),  that  while  Chinese 
civilization  has  fallen  out  of  favour,  the  voca- 
bulary of  Japan,  and,  if  possible,  the  scripts 
are  more  Chinese  than  ever.  The  articles  in 
newspapers,  magazines,  &c.,  are  largely  written 
in  impure  Chinese,  bearing  the  same  relation 
to  the  Chinese  of  the  Sung  dynasty  that 
mediaeval  Latin  bears  to  the  language  of  Livy 
and  Cicero.  Even  when  the  language  (written) 
of  the  day  is  employed,  it  will  be  found  to  con- 
sist in  great  part  of  Chinese  compounds  pro- 
nounced japonice,  and  more  or  less  arranged 
to  suit  Japanese  grammar.  But  even  Japa- 
nese modern  grammar,  as  revealed  in  the 
constructions  of  the  phrase  and  sentence,  shows 
numerous  traces  of  Chinese  influence.  The 
one  native  characteristic  that  has  remained 
absolutely  unchanged  through  all  the  centuries 
is  the  rigid  relegation  of  the  verb  to  the  end  of 
the  sentence.  It  could  scarcely  be  otherwise. 
When  Chinese  civilization  was  introduced  in 
the  earlier  centuries  of  the  Christian  era  Japan 
had  no  literature,  and  the  literature  of  the 
later  centuries  drew  not  merely  most  of  its 
language,  but  its  inspiration,  style,  and  sub- 
stance, from  that  of  the  Middle  Kingdom.  The 
mind  and  tongue  of  Japan  thus  alike  suffered 


an  arrest  of  development,  and  the  island  empire 
was  content  for  more  than  ten  centuries  to 
regard  China  as  the  supreme  mistress  and 
teacher  of  the  world  in  civilization  and  letters^ 
"The  Japanese  language,"  says  Mr.  MacCauley, 
"  is  quite  different  in  structure  and  character 
from  the  languages  of  the  West."  This  state- 
ment, though  not  quite  accurate,  is  suthciently 
near  the  truth  to  condemn  the  author's 
mode  of  forcing  the  grammar  of  Japanese  into 
a  Western  mould.  It  would  have  been  less 
confusing  to  the  student  and  more  philo- 
sophical to  categorize  its  vocabulary  into 
words  uninflected  and  words  (more  or 
less)  inflected.  Thus  the  student  would  learn 
to  mould  his  thought  in  conformity  with 
Japanese  modes  of  expression.  The  endeavour 
to  pass  one's  ideas  through  one's  own  language 
into  a  foreign  tongue  is  never  successful  ;  the 
research  after  equivalent  forms  of  speech  is  for 
the  most  part  lost  labour.  The  whole  of  the 
Japanese  language,  viewed  in  relation  to  Western 
languages,  is  idiomatic.  Not  a  single  phrase  of 
the  former,  probably,  can  correctly  be  rendered 
by  direct  literal  translation  into  any  of  the 
latter,  and  the  reverse  process  is  still  less 
possible.  The  "conversations"  which  take 
up  more  than  half  the  volume  constitute  its 
most  valuable  portion.  They  are  sufficiently 
varied  and  copious,  and  as  far  as  we  have 
examined  them  the  colloquial  idioms  are  cor- 
rectly given  and  rendered.  Still  there  are  far 
more  "  watakushis  "  and  "  anatas  "  than  one 
hears  (or  heard  some  eighteen  years  ago)  in 
native  conversations.  The  rule  is  (or  was) 
never  to  use  a  personal  pronoun  except  in  the 
last  resort.  Moreover,  in  many  cases  sufficient 
explanations  are  not  given — the  English  sentence 
is  not  a  translation  of,  but  an  equivalent  for  the 
Japanese  phrase  ;  and  the  learner  requires  to 
be  told  how  and  why  it  is  an  equivalent.  In  a 
word,  the  notes  on  the  first  few  conversa- 
tions should,  in  proper  measure,  have  been 
extended  to  all  of  them.  Much  more  really 
useful  than  hundreds  of  pages  of  conversations 
would  have  been  well-chosen  extracts  from  books 
and  periodicals  written  in  the  colloquial  tongue, 
and,  above  all,  parliamentary  and  other  public 
speeches,  accompanied  by  a  sufficient  commentary. 
The  great  difficulty  of  the  student,  and  one  with 
which  he  is  confronted  from  the  outset,  is  the 
manipulation — that  is,  the  syntax — of  the  lan- 
guage. The  accidence  is  easy  enough,  nor  is  a 
tolerably  full  vocabulary  so  very  difficult  of 
acquirement. 

TheEAtim  Tai,  or  Uatimat-ra'iy  of  the  more 
minute  transliterator — whom  we  gladly  recog- 
nize in  the  title-page  of  the  recently  issued 
Der  Diwdn  des  arabischen  Dichters  Hdtim  Tej 
nehst  Fragmenten,  herausgegeben,  iibersetzt,  und 
erlautert  von  Dr.  Friedrich  Schulthess  (Leipzig, 
Hinrichs) — is  a  character  so  frequently  alluded 
to  in  Eastern  writings  that  before  inspecting 
him  in  his  new  dress  it  may  be  well  to  recall 
some  English  accounts  of  him  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  English  readers.  According  to  Pal- 
grave,  who  calls  him  "the  well-known  model, 
half  mystic  and  half  historical,  of  Arab  hospi- 
tality and  exaggerated  generosity,"  i/aiim  wa3 
a  chief  residing  near  the  Solma  range  of  hills, 
which  are  situated  south  of  the  Syrian  desert, 
or  midway  between  Kosseir  and  Bushahr.  He 
flourished  about  a  hundred  years  or  less  before 
the  Mohammedan  era  ;  but  whether  he  belonged 
to  the  Christian  branch  of  his  tribe  or  not  the 
distinguished  Arabist  finds  it  hard  to  affirm, 
though  he  admits,  in  the  friendly  mode  of  his 
dealing  with  the  Greeks,  a  presumption  of 
affinity  of  religion.  "The  verses  ascribed  to 
him,"  he  writes,  "if  genuine,  show  him  to  have 
added  the  graces  of  poetry  to  his  other  numer- 
ous accomplishments."  On  the  other  hand,  it 
is  stated  in  Hughes's  'Dictionary  of  Islam' 
that  ndtim  was  a  Christian  Bedouin  Arab, 
" celebrated  for  his  hospitality";  that  he  lived 
in  the  "time  of  ignorance,"  that  is  to  say,  the 
time  preceding  the  birth  of  Mohammed ;  and  that 


454 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''3649,  Oct.  2, '97 


his  son  'Adi  l)ocaiiio  a  Muslim,  and  is  nuniUered 
amongtlio "Companions."  Tiielast-noteddistinc- 
tion  refers  to  the  A  sltdb,  of  whom,  we  are  informed 
by  Abu  '1-Fida,  there  are  no  fewer  than  thirteen 
chisses.     Anecdotes   of  Hiifun's  generosity  and 
self-sacrifice  are  to    be  gathered    from    several 
sources.     These,  while  doubtless  founded  upon 
a  groundwork  of   truth,  are  somewhat  morbid 
illustrations  of  the  higher  qualities  of  a  desert 
sheikh   who,   by  his  disregard  of    avarice    and 
ambition,  was  unconsciously  practising  the  doc- 
trine of  his  possible  contemporary  Pythagoras. 
The  most  notable  of  the  traditionary  tales  is  to 
be    found    in    an   appendix    to    Mr.    Clouston's 
'  Arabic  Poetry  for  English  Readers,'  privately 
printed   at  Glasgow  (1881).     It  relates  the  dis- 
patch, to  the  chief's  desert  home,  of  an  officer 
of  Na'man,  King  of  Yaman,  for  the  purpose  of 
murdering  Hdtim.     The  emissary  is  so   struck 
by  the   generous  reception  accorded    him    that 
he  discloses  the  nature   of   his    mission  to  his 
host,  who,  on  learning  the  state  of   the  case, 
uncovers   his    bosom   and   enjoins   the   man  to 
fulfil  his  behest  before  he  can  be  discovered  by 
outsiders.     The  scene  is  dramatic,  and  supplies 
good    material    to   the   dramatist.     One    might 
almost   imagine    that    Shakspeare's    too    little 
remembered  '  Timon  of  Athens  '  was  fashioned 
on  some  such  type  as  this,  for  it  is  said  of  the 
hero  : — 

no  need  but  be  repays 

Sevenfold  above  itself  ;  no  gift  to  him 
But  breeds  the  giver  a  return  exceeding 
All  use  of  quittance. 


the  present  volume  is 
full  linguistic  survey 


But  Sheikh  Sa'di  of  Shiraz,  the  Persian  poet 
and  moralist,  had,  some  four  centuries  before, 
singled  him  out  by  name  as  a  pattern  for  future 
ages.     We  read  in  the  '  Gulistan  ': — 

Though  //atim  Tai  live  not,  by  noble  deeds 
His  name  lives  on  for  aye  in  high  repute : 
Freely  give  alms  from  thine  excessive  store. 
For  more  the  vintner  prunes,  the  more  the  fruit. 

Dr.  Schulthess's  compilation  of  the  writings  and 
sayings  of  the  generous  Arab  is  a  worthy  speci- 
men of  the  admirable  manner  in  which  Oriental 
works  of  every  kind  are   prepared  by  German 
scholars  and    produced  by  German  publishers 
for  the  use  of  students.     Not  only  is  the  trans- 
lation careful    and    elegant,   but  the   editing  is 
thorough,   and    the    printing    neat    and    clear, 
both  in  the  ordinary  and  punctuated  passages. 
Had  we  room   for  a  lengthy  review,   there    is 
much  which   merits  extract.     As  it  is,  we  can 
only  call  attention  to  the  following  short  "frag- 
ments," savouring  of  desert  life,  taken  more  or 
less  at  random,  and  roughly  rendered  from  the 
Arabic  text  and  German  translation  combined  : 
"  I  and  my  neighbour  have  one  and  the  same  fire, 
and  for  him  I  put  down  my  kettle  on  the  hearth.     I 
have  promised  him  my  protection,  so  it  matters  not 
to  him  should  liis  door  have  no  curtain.    I  make 
myself  blind  when  his  wife  goes  forth,  and  until 
she  returns  to  the  woman's  room." 

"It  is  related  that  77;i<im  directed  one  of  his 
slaves  to  go  in  the  darkness  of  night  to  a  hill  in 
the  neighbourliood  and  light  a  fire  there,  so  that 
strangers  might  be  guided  thereby,  and  said  to 
him  : — 

Light  thee  a  fire,  for  cold  the  night  will  be  : 
Perchance  a  passer-by  that  fire  may  see  ; 
If  he  be  drawn  thereto,  thou  shalt  be  free." 

A  word  of  special  welcome  must  be  given  to 
Specimen  Traiislations  in  Variovs  Indian  Lan- 
ffuages,    by   the    indefatigable    philologist    Dr. 
G.  A.  Grierson.     The  book,  which  has  recently 
appeared  at  the  Government    Printing   Office, 
Calcutta,  consists  of  the  parable  of  the  Prodigal 
Son  translated  into  sixty-five  Indian  languages. 
A  special  feature  of  the  book  is  the  addftion  to 
each  page  of   Oriental  type  of  a  second  page 
showing  not  only  the  transcription  on  scientific 
principles,  but  also,  what  in  some  cases  (e.^.,  in 
Bengali)  diflfers  widely,  the   pronunciation.     In 
many  instances  (especially  for  non- Aryan  speech) 
the  construction  is  also  admirably  shown  by  a 
literal  English  retranslation.     A  work  like  the 
present  has  long  been  wanted  as  much  by  the 
scholar  as  the  practical  man,  whether  officer  or 
missionary,  and  it  is  to  be  earnestly  hoped  that 
no  temporary  embarrassment  will    hinder  the 
Government  of   India  from  fully  carrying  out 


the  great  work  of  which 
a  promising  instalment,  a 
of  our  Indian  empire. 

VocaJndaire  de  I'Angeologie,  d'apres  les  Manu- 
scrits  Hehreux  de  la  Bibliothhque  Nationale.  Par 
Moise    Schwab.       (Paris.)  —  M.    Schwab's    new 
work,    which   is   due   to    the    Academy    of   In- 
scriptions  and   Belles-Lettres,  supplies   a   real 
want,  and  it  is,  therefore,  sure  of  a  welcome. 
The     subject     is,    indeed,     one    on    which    it 
is   rather   difficult   to   summon   up   any  appre- 
ciable   degree    of    enthusiasm.       In    order    to 
understand  the  very  long  array  of   names   re- 
corded in  the  book  one  must  possess  some  more 
or  less  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  curious 
system  of  Jewish  occultism  which  is  known  by 
the  name  of    "Kabbalah";    but  only  a  small 
number  of  Semitists  can  make  up  their  minds  to 
devote  sufficient  time  to  the  subject,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  only  the  very  "select"  to  whom  the 
present  work  will  directly  appeal.    To  the  larger 
number  of    students  its  usefulness  will  lie   in 
the  light  which  it  occasionally  throws  on  other 
branches  of  study.     Some  of  the  names  treated 
on  are  found  in  early  inscriptions  of  more  general 
archteological  value,  and  M.  Schwab's  alphabetical 
list  will  in  such  cases  be  found   a  very  handy 
guide   indeed.      The  first  thirty-four   pages  of 
the  book  are   taken  up  with  a  dissertation  on 
the  Kabbalistic  methods  of  forming  designations 
for  the  various  beings  imagined  by  the  mystic. 
The    Hebrew    forms    of     these     names    cover 
upwards  of  two  hundred  and  thirty  pages,  and 
about  forty-five  pages  more  are  occupied  by  the 
same    or  similar  names    in  their   Greek  garb. 
The  explanations  offered  are  in  a  large  number 
of  cases  very  doubtful,  and  it  would  have  been 
better  if   the  formula  "origin   unknown"  had 
been  used  in  such  instances.     It  should  also  be 
mentioned  that    the   "bibliography"  given  on 
pp.  33,  34,  is  far  from  being  complete.     As  an 
instance  of  omission  Mr.  Kenyon's  '  Catalogue 
of   the  Greek  Papyri   in  the  British  Museum ' 
may  be  recorded.     It  is  a  real  surprise  to  find 
the    abbreviation   *13X")   (Rabad)   explained   as 
"Abraham  Ab  Beth-din"  (Abraham,  chief  of 
the  tribunal),    whereas  it  is  known  to  all  that 
its  true  solution  is  "Abraham  ben  David,"  who 
in   this   instance   is    an  uncertain    or   perhaps 
fictitious  personage. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

We  to  go  on  with  Latin  Verses  ?  (Long- 


In  Are 
mans)  the    Hon.  E.    Lyttelton  has    written   an 
able  and  ingenious  defence  of  that  form  of  com- 
position.    Till  now,  as  he  says,  there  has  been 
"  invective  without  argument  on  the  one  side, 
and  silence  on  the  other,"  so  that  it  was  high 
time  for  an  expert  to  speak  for  the  Muses.  Con- 
sidering  verse-making   from    its    initial    stages 
onwards,  the  head  master  of  Haileybury  makes 
several    strong  points  in  its  favour,  the  most 
notable  of  which  is,  perhaps,  the  superior  com- 
mand  of   vocabulary  which  it  gives  compared 
with  prose.     On  one  point  we  are  incredulous. 
We  should  be  glad  to  believe  that  clever  boys 
have  ceased  to  assist  more  obtuse  souls,  but  we 
cannot.     The  wily  schoolboy  does,  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  and  always  will,    circumvent  his  teachers 
with  borrowed  matter.  Another  ingenious  claim 
here  advanced  is  that  verse-making  gives  the 
satisfaction    of    something  done,    as  a  finished 
athletic  game  does,  even  to  the  beginner,  and 
conceals   the    real    intellectual    poverty    which 
puts  him  out  of  countenance  and  humour  with 
himself   in    his    English    paraphrasing    or    his 
English  essay.     A    number  of  translations  of  a 
poem  by  O.   W.  Holmes  which  are   appended 
show  what  widely  difl:erent  renderings  modern 
verse-writers  make      But  we  are  surprised  to 
find  an  expert  like  the  author  carping  at  Ovid 
as  the  model.    Well,  one  may  see  a  finer  rhythm 
in 

Utque  rosre  puro  lacte  natant  folia 

than  in  anything  of  Ovid's,  but  the  fact  remains 
that  we  are  brought  up  on  Ovid    because  he 


writes  better  stuff  for  boys  to  read  than  Pro- 
portius,  great  artist  and  poor  creature  of  a  per- 
petual passion.  And  Catullus  for  boys  of  fif- 
teen is  still  more  objectionable.  The  Ovidian 
limitations  are  not  so  much  a  mistake  as  the 
hopelessly  un-Latin  themes  so  often  given  to 
boys  to  make  Ovidian.  This  brilliant  essay 
deserves  to  be  read,  but  we  fear  the  verses  must 
go! 

Prof.  Sully  has  selected  from  his  '  Studies 
of  Childhood '  the  more   popular   and    simpler 
essays,    and    published    them    under   the   title 
Children's    Ways  (Longmans   &  Co.).     He  has 
dealt  with  the  subject  under  two  aspects,  accord- 
ing as  his  children  are  viewed  at  work  or  at 
play,   and   under  rather  fanciful  titles  he   has 
gone  over  many  of  the  most  noteworthy  points 
in  the  psychology  of  children.     Thus   the   be- 
ginnings of  the  moral  and  lesthetic  sentiments, 
the  growth  of  the  knowledge  of  self  and  of  the 
external   world,    the    first    struggles   with    the 
vernacular,    all  receive   attention.       But    Prof. 
Sully   does   not   obtrude   his    psychology,    and 
deals  with  his  fascinating  theme  by  no  means 
in  an  absti-act  way.     Indeed,  his  book  consists 
in  large  measure  of  a  number  of  anecdotes  of 
children's  quaint  sayings  and  doings,  arranged 
so  as  to  illustrate  the  operations  of  their  minds. 
It    is   a   book   perhaps    specially   intended   for 
parents  and  guardians,  but  it  has  its  appeal  to 
all  those  who  retain  an  interest  in  their  child- 
hood's days  and  ways.     Some  of  these  anecdotes 
are  delightful — as,  for  instance,  of  some  children 
who  wrote  to  the  family  doctor  asking  for   a 
baby  "fat  and  bonny,  with  blue  eyes  and  fair 
hair,"  for  the  mother's  next  birthday.     In  the 
postscript    it   was    asked,    "Which   would    be 
cheaper,  a  boy  or  a  girl  ? "     Or  again,  the  boy 
who  on  being  told  he  would  not  go  to  heaven 
said,  "I  do  not  care,"  and  added    for  reasons 
best   known   to  himself,    "Uncle    won't   go,    I 
will  stay  with  him."      Prof.    Sully  refers  to  a 
sort   of    Master   Gamp   who   invented    a    lady 
named  Mrs.  Cock,  who  was  much  kinder  to  her 
boys.      When    refused  a   paint-box   he  would 
say,   "Mrs.  Cock  always   gives  paint-boxes  to 
her  little  boys  :    I  fink  she  loves   them  vewy 
much."       On    the    other    hand,    some   of    the 
youngsters  mentioned  in  this  book  are  terrible 
little  prigs,   and  on    one   occasion    even   Prof. 
Sully  recognizes  that  the  mental  processes  show 
signs  of  aberration.     It  is  needless  to  say  that 
Prof.  Sully  is  fully  aware  of  the  scientific  value 
of  the  facts  and  anecdotes  he  has  collected,  but 
he  has  carefully  avoided  definite  notice  of  those 
sides  of  the  question  which  were  treated  of  in 
his   fuller  book  with   reference   to  their  peda- 
gogics,   their   folk-lore,  and   their  psychology. 
The  careful  study  of  the  young  child's  mind  is  of 
the  greatest  value  for  all  these  disciplines,  and 
a  book  such  as  this  is  likely  to  attract  many 
parents  to  the  fascinating  study,  for  which  they 
have   the   example    of  Darwin    and   of  Taine. 
Under    the    circumstances    Prof.    Sully   might 
have  given  as  an  appendix  to  his  book  a  ques- 
tionnaire   directing    parents'   attention    to   the 
points  on  which  information  is  wanted.      But 
perhaps  he  judged  rightly  in  keeping  the  book 
as  readable  as  possible,   and  certainly  he  has 
succeeded  in  this  aim. 

The  Religio7i  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians.  By 
A.  Wiedemann.  (Grevel.) — The  appearance  of 
Dr.  Wiedemann's  contribution  to  the  '  Darstel- 
lungen  aus  dem  Gebiete  der  nichtchristlichen 
Religionsgeschichte  '  in  an  English  dress  will  be 
heartily  welcomed  by  many,  for  public  interest 
in  things  Egyptian  grows  yearly,  and  few  people 
in  these  days  are  prepared  to  accept  the  state- 
ments of  the  Greek  writers  on  the  religion  of 
the  Egyptians  unless  they  are  supported  by  the 
testimony  of  the  hieroglyphics.  This  little 
book  consists  of  ten  chapters  and  an  introduc- 
tion, which  treat  of  sun-worship,  solar  myths, 
and  the  passage  of  the  sun  through  the  under- 
world ;  of  the  gods  of  the  Egyptians  and  the 
worship  of  animals  ;  of  the  cycle  of  Osiris  and 
the  Osirian  doctrine    of   immortality  ;   and    of 


N''3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


455 


magic,  sorcery,  and  amulets.  Each  chapter  is 
illustrated  by  a  number  of  diagrams,  figures, 
&c.,  and  by  brief  notes  and  references  to  stan- 
dard works  on  the  subjects  discussed  therein. 
Unlike  some  of  the  authors  of  the  German 
works  selected  for  translation  into  English,  Dr. 
Wiedemann  took  care  to  bring  his  book  up  to 
date  before  it  appeared  in  its  foreign  dress, 
and  we  can  recommend  it  as  a  pleasantly  written 
and  accurate  intx-oduction  to  a  fascinating 
study.  Dr.  Wiedemann  does  not  claim  for 
the  Egyptian  all  the  known  Christian  virtues, 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  he  does  not  depict  him 
as  a  savage  with  cannibalistic  and  wholly  bestial 
instincts.  It  is  pleasant  to  find,  too,  that  he 
does  not  explain  all  his  beliefs  by  ancient  Indian 
religions,  nor  illustrate  all  hiscustoms  by  parallels 
drawn  from  those  of  the  lowest  types  of  the 
human  race  known  to  exist  in  the  world.  It 
seems  to  us  that  the  religious  literature  of  the 
Egyptians  reveals  the  existence  of  a  series  of 
layers  of  belief,  some  of  which  belong  to  early 
savage  times,  and  others  to  the  various  periods 
during  which  the  Egyptian  was  forcing  his  way 
slowly  up  the  ladder  of  civilization.  There  is 
no  evidence  whatever  that  they  are  corruptions 
of  earlier  beliefs  only.  Any  candid  thinker  will 
admit  that  the  best  features  of  the  Egyptian 
religion  exhibit  spiritual  views  and  concep- 
tions which  compare  favourably  with  those 
made  known  by  the  positive  and  negative 
precepts  of  the  Pentateuch,  and  the  Egyptian 
doctrine  of  immortality  is  not  unlike  our  own. 
We  are  pleased  to  see  that  the  translator  has 
added  an  index,  which,  by  the  way,  was  wanting 
in  the  original  work. 

Mr.  W.  Addington  Willis  publishes  through 
Messrs.  Butterworth  &  Co.  and  Messrs.  Shaw 
&  Sons  The  B'^orkmen  s  Compe'usation  Act,  with 
notes  and  an  appendix  containing  the  Employers' 
Liability  Act.  The  volume  is  useful  and  handy, 
but  is  not  flattering  either  to  the  Compensation 
Act  itself  or  to  the  Parliament  which  passed  it. 
The  language  of  the  Act  in  the  numerous  points 
in  which  it  was  altered  over  and  over  again  is 
shown  to  be  sadly  obscure,  and  the  harvest  of 
the  lawyers  out  of  the  appeal  cases  on  its  mean- 
ing will  be  early  and  bountiful. 

The  Anglican  (37,  Norfolk  Street,  Strand) 
starts  well  in  its  October  number  with  liberal 
views  and  a  strong  list  of  contributors. 

With  the  advance  of  mining  enterprise  the 
Mining  Mamial  fur  1S07,  by  Mr.  W.  R. 
Skinner  (26,  Nicholas  Lane,  Lombard  Street), 
has  also  advanced,  and  now  contains  an  immense 
mass  of  information,  which  has  been  well  revised 
and  should  make  this  bulky  volume  indispens- 
able. 

We  are  glad  to  have  a  well-printed  reissue 
of  Sorrow's  Lavettgro  (Newnes),  in  which  the 
absence  of  annotation  by  a  living  author  is  a 
pleasant  change. 

Mr.  Elliot  Stock  has  sent  us  a  luxurious 
reprint  of  Blades's  genial  work  The  Unemies 
of  Books,  with  a  lively  introduction  by  Mr. 
Richard  Garnett. 

We  have  on  our  table  British  Ne^v  Guinea, 
by  Sir  William  Macgregor  (Murray), — The  Rise 
of  the  Empire,  by  Sir  Walter  Besant  (Horace 
Marshall),  —  Wrekin  Sketches,  by  E.  Boore 
(Stock), — On  the  Threshold  of  Three  Closed 
Lands,  by  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Graham  (Black), — 
Twenty  Years  07i  the  Saskatchewan,  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Newton  (Stock), — The  Mornings  of  the 
King  of  Prussia,  translated  from  the  French 
by  Col.  S.  H.  S.  Inglefield  (Gibbings),— T/ie 
Battles  of  Frederick  the  Great,  edited  by  C. 
Ransome  (Arnold), — Thirty  Years  of  Teaching, 
by  L.  C.  Miall  (Macmillan),— Selected  Transla- 
tions into  Latin  and  Greek  Verse,  by  C.  S. 
Jerram  (Oxford,  Sheppard), — Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  Book  II.,  edited  by  F.  Gorse  (Blackie), — 
The  Poems  of  Horace,  translated  by  A.  H. 
Bryce,  LL.D.  (Bell), — Pscndo- Philosophy  at  the 
End  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  by  H.  M.  Cecil 
The  University  Press,  Limited), — Introduction 


to  Philosophv,  by  O.  Kiilpe,  translated  from  the 
German  by  W.  B.  Pillsbury  and  E.  B.  Titchener 
(Sonnenschein),  —  The  Alternating-Current  Cir- 
cuit, by  W.  P.  Maycock  (Whittaker), — Elements 
of  Descriptive  Astronomy,  by  H.  A.  Howe  (New 
York,  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.),— How  to  Sing  at 
Sight,  by  J.  Taylor  (Philip),— -S/.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital  Reports,  edited  by  S.  West,  M  D.,  and 
W.  J.  Walsham,  Vol.  XXXII.  (Smith  &  Elder), 
—Milk  and  its  Products,  by  H.  H.  Wing  (Mac- 
niillan),  —  Flowering  Plants,  by  Mrs.  A.  Bell 
(Philip),— T/ie  i>a/i/ia,  by  R.  Dean  and  others 
(Macmillan), — The  County  Cricket  Championship, 
1873  to  1896,  by  the  Rev.  R.  S.  Holmes  (Simp- 
kin), — Of  Dandyism  and  of  George  Brummell, 
translated  from  the  French  of  F.  A.  Barbey 
d'Aurevilly  by  D.  Ainslie  (Dent),  — I-ii-cs  of 
Tu-eli-e  Bad  Women,  edited  by  A.  Vincent 
(Fisher  Unwin), — Events  of  the  Queen's  Reign, 
by  G.  Barnett  Smith  (Rouiledge),— Popular 
Royalty,  by  A.  H.  Beavan  (Low),— Shakespeare 
a  Revelation,  by  ?  (Skefhngton),  — T/ie  Novels  of 
Charles  Dickens,  by  F.  G.  Kitton  (Stock),— 
From  the  Four  Winds,  by  J.  Sinjohn  (Fisher 
Unwin),  —  Fordham's  Feud,  by  B.  Mitford 
(Ward  &  Lock),— ^  Flame  of  Fire,  by  Mrs. 
Haweis  (Hurst  &  Blackett), — A  Daughter  of  the 
Kleplits,  by  Isabella  F.  Mayo  (Chambers),  — 
The  Great  Storm,  by  H.  Carlyon  (S.P.C.K.),— 
Angus  Murray,  by  H.  Davis  (Sonnenschein), 
—The  Land  of  the  Castanet,  by  H.  C.  Chat- 
field-Taylor  (Gay  &  BiTd),—Craiktrecs,  by  W. 
Dyke  (Fisher  Unwin), — Dinner  for  Thirteen,  by 
J.  Bridge  (Digby  &  Long), —  Where  the  Heather 
Grows,  by  G.  A.  Mackay  (A.  Gardner), — A 
Sordh  African  Boy,  by  Natalian  (Marshall, 
Russell  &  Co.),— Whited  Sepulchres,  by  F.  L. 
Green  (Saxon),— T/ie  Pink  Tulip,  by  C.  Stanley 
(Roxburghe  Press), — Impossibilities,  Fantasias, 
by  I.  Mondego  (Henry),  —  As  We  Soiv,  by 
C.  Hare  (Osgood,  Mcllvaine  &  Co.),  —  and  A 
Literary  Gent,  by  C.  Kernahan  (Ward  &  Lock). 


LIST   OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

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Raleigh's  (W.)  Style,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Revelations  of  a  Sprite,  edited  by  A.  M.  Jackson,  cr.  Svo.  3/6 
Robertson's  (F.  F  )  Odd  Stories,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Rouse's  (W.  H.  D.)  The  Giant  Crab  and  other  Tales  from 

Old  India,  illus.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Savage's  (R.  H.)  For  Her  Life,  cr.  Svo.  2/  bds. 
Scott's   (Sir  W.)  Waverley  Novels,  Border  Edition,  Cheap 

Reissue,   Vol.   1,   3/6  cl.  ;     St.   Ronan's  Well,   illus.   by 

Sauber,  7/6  cl.  „,,    , 

Scotter's  (C  J  )  Froggv,or  My  Lord  Mayor,  cr.  Svo.  3/b  cl. 
Spectator,  Text  annotated  by   G.  G.  Smitli,  Introductory 

Essay  by  A.  Dobson,  8  vols.  12rao.  21/  net,  bds 
Stables's  (G.)  In  the  Land  of  i  he  Lion  and  the  Ostrich,  3/6  Cl. 
Sullivan's  (J.  F.)  Here  They  Are,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Three  Aspects  of  Temperance,  Scriptural,  Economic,  and 

Physiological,  cr.  Svo.  3/  cl. 
Turgenev's  (I.)  The  Torrents  of  Spring,  12mo.  3/  net,  cl. 
Walker's  (H.)  The  Age  of  Tennyson.  12mo.  3/6  cl.  _ 

Westbury's  (A.)  Australian  Fairy  Tales,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  3/b  cl. 
Wilkins's  (M.  E.)  Jerome,  a  Poor  Man,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 


456 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  yE  U  M 


N°3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


FOUEIGN. 

Theology. 

lluinnielaiier    (F.     tie)  :     Comnientarius     in     Exodura     et 

I.eviticuin.  Hin. 
MiUtzew    (A.  V  ) :    Ditt-.  D.iiik-  u.  Weihe-Gottesdienste  rier 
orthodox  -  katLolisclieti     Kirche     des     Morgeiiliitides, 
deutsch  u.  slaviscli,  2Um. 

Law. 
Andrgani  :  La  Condition  des  Ktrangers  en  France,  5ir. 

fine  Art  and  Archteology . 
Italienische  Sculpturen  aus  den  konigl.  Miiseen  z\i   Berlin, 

Part  2,  IS.im. 
Jacobi    (L.):    Das    Komerkastell    Saalburg    bei    Honiburg, 

2om. 
Rembrandt,  Pliotngravuren  nach  Gtmiilden  in  der  Galerie 

zu  Dresden,  il'om. 
■Uzanne  (O.)  :  Lts  Modes  dc  Paris,  1797-1SP7,  SOfr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Blum  (II.) :  Die  deutscbe  lievolution,  1848-9,  Par(s  1  and  2, 

2m. 
Descobtes  (F.)  :  La  Rfivolution  Fran^aise  vue  de  I'Etranger, 
Mallet  du  Pan  a  Berne  et  a  Londres,  Tfr.  50. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Avelot  (H.)  :  Croquis  de  Greee  et  de  Turquie,  ISOo-T,  2fr. 
Sainte-Croix  (L.  de):  Onze  Moia  au  Mexique  et  au  Centre- 
Araerique,  4fr. 

Philology . 

Ac'.es   du  X.  Congrfes  International  des  Orientalistcs,  1894, 

Part  1,  3m. 
"Arib,  Tabarl  continuatus,  ed.  J.  de  Goe.je,  6m. 
Curto  (G.):    La  Beatiice  e  la  Donna  GeiUile  di  Dante  Ali- 

gbieri,  Im.  8t). 

General  Literature. 
Adam  (P  ) :  Lettrcs  de  Malaisie,  3fr.  .50. 
Ohampeville  (P.  de)  :  L'Impossible  BouLeur,  3fr.  50. 
Nansen  (P.)  :  Marie,  3ir.  50. 
Scbelle  (G.)  :  Vincent  de  Gournay,  3fr. 
Vitis  (C.  de)  :  Le  Roman  de  I'OuvriSre,  3fr. 


THE   'BVERSLEY  WORDSWORTH."  VOL.   VIII. 

A   PERSONAL  EXPLAXATION. 

September  20,  1897. 

In  a  characteristic  "Prefatory  Note"  to  this 
volume  Prof.  Knight  alludes,  with  evident  com- 
placency, to  the  aid  which  his  unique  opportu- 
nities of  access  to  the  poet's  MS.  remains  have 
enabled  him  occasionally  to  lend  to  less  fortu- 
nate editors  of  Wordsworth  ;  in  particular  to 
Prof.  Dowden,  Mr.  George  of  Boston,  and 
inyself.  One  is  loth  to  disturb  the  Professor's 
■self-satisfaction  ;  seeing,  however,  that  wh.at 
he  states  regarding  me  is  not  only  injurious, 
but  unfounded,  no  choice  is  left  me  but  to  point 
out  his  error  and  set  forth  the  facts. 

In  the  spring  of  1895,  while  the  '  Oxford 
Wordsworth '  was  in  preparation,  I  applied  to 
Prof.  Knight  for  leave  to  print  certain  pieces 
<ind  fragments  of  verse  which  appeared  for  the 
first  time  in  his  earliest  edition  of  the  poet 
^1882-6).  His  reply,  which  now  lies  before  me, 
was  as  follows.  For  convenience  of  comparison 
I  place  beside  it  the  statement  in  the  "Prefa- 
tory Note"  :  — 

"  Now,  as  to  permission  to  "  When  his  own  edition  of 

tise  the  copyright  material —  Wordsworth  was  being  pre- 

which  I  at  once,  and   most  pared  for  press,  Mr.  Hutchin- 

cordially.  gave  Prof.  Uowden  son  asked  permission  to  in- 

fhe  privilrge  of  using— it  is,  corporate  in  it  (m^erta/suAt'c/i 

alas!    out    of    my   power    to  u-ere  not  afterxcards   inserted. 

grant   it !      Any   privilege    I  This  I  granted  cordially,  as  a 

had  in  wh.tt  I  laboriously  dis-  similar  permission  had   been 

interred  and  printed  in  the  given  to  Prof.  Dowden  for  bis 

Edinburgh  (Paterson)  edition  Aldine  edition."  — '  Eversley 

of   W.    W.'s    poems,   I    have  Wordsworth.'  vol.  viii.,  Pref. 

parted  with   to   the   Messrs.  Note,  p.  xviii. 
Macmillan."  —  Letter    from 
Prof.  Knight  to  T.  Hutchin- 
son, March  Ist,  1895. 

The  italics  are  mine.  Really,  reminiscing 
becomes  kittle  wark  when  the  reminiscent 
happens  to  suffer  from  a  mischievously  freakish 
memory.  T.  Hutchinson. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
The  announcements  of  the  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press  include  :  —  Theology,  Oriental 
Literature,  &c.  :  a  facsimile  edition  of  the 
Codex  Bezse,— 'An  Introduction  to  the  Greek 
Old  Testament,'  by  Prof.  Swete,— 'The  Sarum 
Consuetudinary,'  edited  by  the  Rev.  W.  H. 
Frere,— an  edition  of  the  fragment  of  Aquila 
by  its  finder,  Mr.  F.  C.  Burkitt,— '  Midrash 
Haggadol,'  edited  from  several  Yemen 
MSS.  by  Mr.  S.  Schechter,  —  '  The  Parallel 
History  of  the  Jewish  Monarchy  in  the 
Text  of  the  R.V.,'  Part  I.,  by  Mr.  R. 
Somervell, — 'The  Pastoral  Epistles,' edited  by 
the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bernard,— 'The  First  Book  of 


Maccabees,'    edited    by    the     Rev.     W.    Fair- 
weather   and   Dr.    .J.    S.    Black,  —  'The    Books 
of  Ezra  and  Nelieiniah,'  edited  by  Prof.  Ryle, — 
'  Palladius :    Historia    Lausiaca,'  by    the    Rev. 
E.  C.  Butler, — 'A  Palestinian  Syriac  Lcctionary,' 
edited  by  Mrs.  A.  S.  Lewis,  —  in   the   "  Select 
Narratives  of  Holy  Women,"  'The   Stories  of 
Eugenia,    Euphrosyne,    and      Onesima,'     'The 
Stories   of    Barbara   and    Irene,'    'Tlie    Stories 
of  Euphemia  and  Sophia,'  by  Mrs.  Lewis  ;  and 
'The   Stories  of  Cyprian  and  Justa,'  by  Mrs. 
Lewis  and  Miss  M.  D.  Gibson,  — '  The  Jataka,' 
Vol.  IV.,  translated  by  Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse,— 
'  Tlie  Syriac  Version  of  the  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory of  Eusebius,'  edited   by  Prof.  W.  Wright 
and   Mr.   N.  McLean, — and    '  Selected    Poems 
from  the  Divani  Hamsi  Tabriz,'  edited  by  Mr. 
R.   A.   Nicholson.     Classical  :     '  Aristophanes  : 
Equites,'   edited  by  Mr.   R.  A.  Neil,— '  Plato  : 
Philebus,'  edited  by  Mr.  R.  G.  Bury,— 'Plato  : 
Republic,'      edited      by      Mr.      J.     Adam,  — 
'Sophocles:    The   Fragments'    and   'The  Text 
of  the  Seven  Plays,'  edited  by  Prof.  Jebb, — and 
'  An  Introduction  to  Greek  Epigraphy,'  Part  II., 
edited  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Roberts  and  Prof.  E.  A. 
Gardner.       Law,     History,       &c.    :        '  Previa 
Placitata,'    thirteenth    century    precedents    for 
pleading    in     the    King's    Courts,     edited    by 
Mr.    G.    I.    Turner,  —  '  Onomasticon     Anglo- 
Saxonicum  '  and   'Anglo-Saxon  Bishops,'  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  W.  G.  Searle, — 'The  Economical 
Works  of  Sir  William  Petty,'  edited  by  Prof. 
C.  H.  Hull,—'  The  Catalogue  of  the  Library  at 
Sion  Monastery,'  edited  by  Miss  M.  Bateson, — 
'Roman  Private  Law,'  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Roby,— 
'Biographical  History  of  Caius  College,' Vol.  I., 
1349-1713,  compiled  by  Dr.  J.  Venn,— 'Luard 
Memorial  Series  :    Grace  Book  A,'  containing 
records  of  the  University  of  Cambridge,  1454- 
1488,  edited  by  Mr.  S.  M.  Leathes,— in  "The 
Cambridga  Historical  Series,"     'The    Founda- 
tion  of   the   German   Empire,    1815-1871,'   by 
Mr.   J.   W.  Headlam;    'Italy  from    1815,'  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Stillman  ;  'Spain,'  by  Mr.  E.  Arm- 
strong and  Major  M.  A.  S.  Hume  ;   '  History  of 
the  French   Monarchy,'  by  Mr.    A.  J.  Grant; 
and  'An  Essay  on  Western  Civilisation  in  its 
Economic  Aspects  (Ancient  Times),'  by  Dr.  W. 
Cunningham, — 'A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the 
Manuscripts  in  the  Library  of  St.  Peter's  College, 
Cambridge, 'by  Dr.  M.  R.James. — 'TheTriumphs 
of  Turlogh,'  edited  by  Mr.    S.  H.  O'Grady,— 
'  Catalogue  of  Vases  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum,' 
by  Prof.  E.  A.  Gardner,— in  the    "Pitt  Press 
Series,"     'Earle:     Microcosmography,'    edited 
by  Mr.  A.  S.  West  ;  '  ^schylus  :   Prometheus 
Vinctus,'  edited  by  Mr.  H.  Rackham  ;  '  Demos- 
thenes :   The  Olynthiacs,' edited  by  Mr.  T.  R. 
Glover;    'Euripides:    Medea,'    edited    by  Mr. 
C.    E.    S.    Headlam;    'Aristophanes:    Nubes,' 
edited  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Graves  ;    'Juvenal,'  edited 
by   Mr.    J.  D.    Duff;    '  Plautus  :    Tiinummus,' 
edited   by  the   Rev.  J.   H.   Gray  ;    '  The  Early 
Age  of  Greece, 'by  Prof.  W.  Ridgeway  ;   'Gray's 
Poems,'  edited  by  the  Rev.  D.  C.  Tovey  ;  and 
'Goethe:    Iphigenie,'   edited    by    Dr.    K.    H. 
Breul,  — and   'King  Lear'  and  'The   Merchant 
of  Venice,'  edited  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Verity. 

Messrs.  Bemrose  &  Sons' list  includes  the  fol- 
lowing books  : — 'The  Ceramics  of  Swansea  and 
Nantgarw,'  by  Mr.  W.  Turner  and  Mr.  R.  Drane, 
—  'The  Oldest  Register  Book  of  the  Parish  of 
Hawkshead,  in  Lancashire,  1568-1704,'  by  Mr. 
H.  S.  Co wper,- 'Parson  Prince,'  by  Miss  F. 
Moore, — 'Our  Island  Home:  its  Church  and 
People,'  by  Mr.  G.  H.  F.  Nye,— and  several 
Diaries  and  Calendars. 

Mr.  Grant  Richards's  announcements  include 
two  anthologies  :  '  The  Flower  of  the  Mind,' 
compiled  by  Mrs.  Meynell  ;  and  *  A  Book  of 
Verses  for  Children,'  by  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas, — 
'  The  Old  Rome  and  the  Nevv,  and  other 
Studies,'  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Stillman,  — '  The  Evolu- 
tion of  the  Idea  of  God,'  by  Mr.  Grant  Allen, — 
'The  Inferno  of  Dante,'  translated  by  Miss 
E.  Lee  Hamilton, — 'Tom,  Unlimited,'  by  Mr. 
M.    L.    Warborough,  —  '  Rubaiyat    of     Omar 


Khayyam,'  a  paraphrase  by  Mr.  R.  Le  Gal- 
lienne,  —  'The  Flamp,  the  Ameliorator,  and  the 
Schoolboy's  Apprentice,'  by  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas, 
'  Realms  of  Unknown  Kings,'  poems  by  Mr. 
Lawrence  Alma  Tadema, — '  Cui  Bono,'  by  Mr. 
G.  Seymour, — 'Plays, Pleasant  and  Unpleasant,' 
by  Mr.  G.  B.  Shaw,— '  Convict  99,'  by  Miss 
M.  C.  Leighton  and  Mr.  R.  Leighton,— 'The 
Sub-conscious  Self  and  its  Relation  to  Educa- 
tion and  Health,'  by  Dr.  L.  Waldstein,  — 
'H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,' an  account  of 
his  career,  — and  new  parts  of  Mr.  W.  Rothen- 
stein's  'English  Portraits.' 

Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son's  new  books  include 
'Two  Duchesses:  Letters  of  Georgiana  and 
Elizabeth,  Duchesses  of  Devonshire,' — 'With 
Frederick  the  Great,'  'With  Moore  at  Corunna,' 
and  '  A  March  on  London,'  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Henty, 
— '  Lords  of  the  World,'  by  Prof.  A.  J.  Church, 
—'Paris  at  Bay,'  by  Mr.  H.  Hayens,—' The 
Golden  Galleon,'  by  Mr.  R.  Leighton,— '  Red 
Apple  and  Silver  Bells,'  a  book  of  verse,  and 
'Just  Forty  Winks,'  by  Mr.  H.  Hendry,— 
'Adventures  in  Toyland,'  by  Mr.  E.  K.  Hall, — 
'  With  Crockett  and  Bowie,'  by  Mr.  K.  Munroe, 
—'King  Olaf's  Kinsman,'  by  Mr.  C.W.  Whistler, 
— '  The  Naval  Cadet,'  by  Dr.  Gordon  Stables,— 
'A  Stout  English  Bowman,'  by  Mr.  E.  Picker- 
ing,—'A  Daughter  of  Erin,'  by  Miss  V.  G. 
Finny,— '  Nell's  Schooldays,'  by  Mr.  H.  F. 
Gethen,— and  'The  Luck  of  the  Eardleys,' by 
Miss  S.  E.  Braine. 

Messrs.  Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier's 
autumn  announcements  iiiclude  '  The  Gist  of 
Japan,'  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Peery,—' Christian  Mis- 
sions and  Social  Progress,'  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Dennis, 
—  'The  Plagiarist,'  by  Mr.  W.  Myrtle,— 
'Santa  Teresa:  an  Appreciation,'  by  Dr.  A. 
Whyte,— 'A  Handful  of  Silver,'  by  Mrs.  L.  T. 
Meade,— 'After  Pentecost,  What?'  by  Mr. 
J.  M.  Campbell, — 'The  Ten  ComiHandments,' 
by  Mr.  G.  .Jackson, — in  the  "Famous  Scots 
Series,"  'Kirkcaldy  of  Grange,'  by  Mr.  L. 
Barb^  ;  'Robert  Ferguson,'  by  Dr.  A.  B. 
Grosart  ;  and  'James  Thomson,'  by  Mr.  W. 
Bayne,  —  'John  Knox  and  his  House,' by  Mr. 
C.  J.  Guthrie,—'  The  Little  Lump  of  Clay,'  and 
other  talks  to  children,  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Shrews- 
bury,— and  several  new  editions  of  standard 
works. 

Messrs.  Warne  &  Co.'s  announcements  in- 
clude '  The  Flags  of  the  World,  their  History, 
Blazonry,  and  Associations,'  by  Mr.  F.  E. 
Hulnie, — 'The  Nursery  Rhyme  Book,'  edited 
by  Mr.  A.  Lang,— '  Stories  from  Shakspeare,' 
by  Mr.  M.  S.  Townesend, — 'Stories  from 
Dante,'  by  Mr.  N.  Chester,- in  "The  British 
Empire  Portrait  Gallery,"  Section  II.,  'India 
and  the  East,' — '  Federation  of  the  Powers,'  by 
Mr.  C.  D.  Farquharson, — 'John  Gilbert,  Yeo- 
man,' by  Mr.  R.  Soans,— '  Mona  St.  Claire,'  by 
Miss  Annie  E.  Armstrong, — 'In  Spite  of  Fate,' 
by  Mr.  S.  K.  Hocking, —  ' His  Grace  the  Duke 
of  Osmonde,'  by  Mrs.  F.  H.  Burnett,— 'The 
Stolen  Fiddle,' by  Mr.  W.  H.  Mayson,  — 'The 
World's  Coarse  Thumb,'  by  Miss  C.  Masters,— 
'The  Sprightly  Romance  of  Marsac,'  by  Mr. 
M.  E.  Seawell,— 'Red  Coat  Romances,'  by  Mr. 
E.  L.  Prescott,— 'Tales  of  a  Garrison  Town,' 
by  Mr.  A.  W.  Eaton  and  Mr.  C.  L.  Betts,— 
'Dinners  Up-to-Date,'  by  Miss  L.  E.  Smith, — 
and  in  juvenile  literature,  '  In  Quest  of  Sheba's 
Treasure,'  by  Mr.  R.  S.  Walkey  ;  'Icelandic 
Fairy  Tales,'  by  Mrs.  M.  Hall  ;  '  Natty's  Violin,' 
by  Mr.  C.  H.  Barstow  ;  '  The  Ruler  of  this 
House,'  by  Miss  Mary  H.  Debenham  ;  and 
several  new  toybooks. 

Mr.  John  Lane's  announcements  for  the 
forthcoming  season  include  '  The  Earth  Breath, 
and  other  Poems,'  by  A.  E., — 'Ordeal  by  Com- 
passion,'by  Mr.  V.  Brown, — 'Grey  Weather,' 
by  Mr.  J.  Buchan,— 'The  Duke  of  Linden,'  by 
Mr.  J.  F.  Charles,— '  Carpet  Courtship,'  by 
Mr.  T.  Cobb, —  ' Cinderella's  Picture-Book,' 
by  Mr.  Walter  Crane, —  ' Max,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Croskey,— 'Poor  Human  Nature,'  by  Miss  E. 
D'Arcy,  — 'Fantasias,'    by  George  Egerton,— 


N"  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


457 


*  Lullaby  Land  :  Poems  for  Children,'  edited  by 
Mr.  K.  Grahamo,  — 'The  Making  of  Matthias,' 
by  Mr.  J.  S.  Fletcher, —' London  as  Seen  by 
Mr.  C.  D.  Gibson,'— 'The  People  of  Dickens,' 
by  the  same, — '  The  Hymns  of  Prudetitius,' 
translated  by  Mr.  E.  Gilliat-Smith,  —  '  The 
Child  who  will  Never  Grow  Old,'  by  Mr.  K.  D. 
King,— 'Love  in  London,'  poems  by  Mr.  R. 
Le  Gallienne,— '  When  all  Men  Starve,'  by  Mr. 
C.  Gleig,— 'The  Happy  Exile,'  by  Mr.  H.  D. 
Lowry, — '  King  Longbeard,'  fairy  stories  by 
Mr.  B.  Macjregor, — 'Cecelia,'  a  novel  by  Mr. 
S.  V.  Makower, — 'The  Woman  with  a  Dead 
Soul,  and  other  Poems,'  by  Mr.  S.  Phillips,— 
'The  Making  of  a  Prig,'  a  novel  by  Miss  E. 
Sharp,  and  'All  the  Way  to  Fairyland,'  by  the 
same,  —  '  The  Fairy  Changeling,  and  other 
Poems,'  by  Mrs.  Clement  Shorter,— '  Death, 
the  Knight,  and  the  Lady,'  by  Mr.  H.  de  Vere 
Stacpoole,— 'The  Tree  of  Life,'  a  novel  by 
Miss  Netta  Syrett,— '  The  Heart  of  Miranda,' 
by  Mr.  H.  13.  M.  Watson,— a  new  volume  of 
poems  by  Mr.  William  Watson,— and  'Poems,' 
by  Mr.  T.  Watts-Dunton. 

Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen's  new  books  in- 
clude 'The  Encyclopsedia  of  Sport,' edited  by 
the  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  others,  —  '  Ser  Giovanni 
Fiorentino  :  The  Pecorone,'  translated  by  Mr. 
W.  G.  Waters,— in  "The  Anglers'  Library," 
'Coarse  Fish,'  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Wheeley  ;  'Sea- 
Fish,'  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Aflalo  ;  'Pike  and  Perch,' 
by  Mr.  A.  Jardine  ;  '  Salmon  and  Sea-Trout,'  by 
Sir  H.  Maxwell;  and  'Trout,  Char,  Ac.,'  by 
Mr.  T.  D.  Croft,— 'Football,'  by  Mr.  A.  Budd 
and  Mr.  C.  B.  Fry,— '  Cycling,'  by  Mr.  H. 
Graves,  Mr.  G.  L.  Hillier,  and  others,— '  Golf,' 
by  Mr.  G.  G.  Smith  and  Mrs.  Mackern,— '  The 
Badger,' by  Mr.  A.  E.  Pease,— '  Human  Odds 
and  Ends,'  by  Mr.  G.  Gissing,— 'The  Queen  of 
the  World,'  by  Mr.  S.  O'Grady,—' Among 
Thorns,'  by  Mr.  N.  Ainslie,- '  Wolfville,'  by 
Mr.  A.  H.  Lewis,  —  'Certain  Personal  Matters,' 
by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,— 'The  Silver  Fox,'  by  Mr. 
M.  Ross  and  Mr.  E.  (E.  Somerville,  —  ' Murray 
Murgatroyd,  Journalist,'— drawings  by  Mr.  F. 
Remington, — '  Minuscula,'  poems  by  Mr.  F.  W. 
Bourdillon,  —  'Marie  de  Mancini,'  from  the 
French, — 'Twelve  British  Soldiers,'  edited  by 
Mr.  S.Wilkinson, — and  'Twelve  British  Sailors,' 
edited  by  Prof.  Laughton. 

Mr.   George  Allen's  announcements    include 

*  Lectures  on  Landscape,'  by  Mr.  Ruskin, — 
'The  Principles  of  Criticism,'  by  Mr.  W. 
Basil  Worsfold, —  'Wisdom  and  Destiny,'  by 
M.  M.  Maeterlinck,  —  'Pansies  from  French 
Gardens '  (thoughts  from  Pascal,  La  Bruyere, 
Rochefoucauld,  &c.),  by  Prof.  Attwell,  — 
'  Aphorisms  of  Landor,'  by  Mr.  R.  B.  John- 
son,—  'Library  Administration,'  by  Mr.  J. 
MacFarlane,  — 'The  Prices  of  Books,'  by  Mr. 
H.  B.  Wheatley, — '  Wellington  :  his  Comrades 
and  Contemporaries,'  by  Major  A.  Griffiths, — 
'The  Hesperides  of  Robert  Herrick,'  set  to 
music  by  Mr.  .1.  S.  Moorat,  with  drawings, — 
'Milton's  Hymn  on  the  Nativity,'  illustrated 
by  Mr.  T.  H.  Robinson  and  Miss  E.  J.  Harding, 
—  'Spring  Fairies  and  Sea  Fairies,'  by  Miss  G. 
Mockler,— and  '  Renaud  of  Montauban,'  by  Mr. 
R.  Steele. 

Messrs.  Philip  &  Son's  forthcoming  publica- 
tions include  large-scale  maps  of  '  The  Indian 
Frontier'  and  the  'Klondike  Goldfields,'— 
'Brushwork,'  Part  II.,  by  Miss  E.  C.  Yeats,— 

*  Common-Sense  Method  of  Double  Entry  Book- 
keeping,' by  Mr.  S.  Dyer,— 'First  Facts  and 
Sentences  in  French,'  by  M.  V.  Betis  and 
Mr.  H.  Swan,  —  '  Scenes  of  English  Life : 
Book  I.,  Children's  Life,'  by  the  same,  — 
'Semi-Upright  Writing,' by  Mr.  G.  C.  Jarvis, 
— '  Cane  and  Rush  Weaving  on  Sloyd  Prin- 
ciples,' by  Mr.  W.  and  Miss  K.  Littlewood, — 
'  Sand  Modelling  for  Junior  Schools,'  by  Miss  M. 
Fletcher, — 'Pupil-Teacher's  Report  Book,' by 
Mr.  F.  N.  Polkinhorne,— and  '  Philips'  Certifi- 
cate Atlas  of  Europe.' 

Messrs.  Wells  Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.'s  list 
includes  '  Faith  and  Social  Service,'  by  the  Rev. 


G.  Hodges,— 'The  Closed  Door,'  by  the  late 
Bishop  Walsham  How,—'  Ad  Lucem  ;  or,  the 
Ascent  of  Man  through  Christ,'  by  the  Rev. 
A.  B.  Simeon, — '  Mohammedanism  :  Has  it  any 
Future?'  by  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Robinson,— '  In 
Double  Harness,'  by  the  Rev.  E.  A.  Newton,— 
'A  Parish  on  Wheels,'  by  the  Rev.  J.  H. 
Swinstead,  —  ' Christ  and  His  Friends,'  by  the 
Rev.  A.  F.  W.  Ingram,— 'The  Church  in  Eng- 
land,' by  Canon  Overton,  — 'The  Surprising 
Adventures  of  Sir  Toady  Lion  with  those  of 
General  Napoleon  Smith,'  by  Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett, 

—  'Zigzag  Fables,'  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Shepherd,— 
'Stories  from  the  Faerie  Queene,' by  Miss  M. 
Macleod,  — 'NiccolinaNiccolini,' by  the  author 
of  'Mile.  Mori,'— 'Under  the  Dragon  Throne,' 
by  Mrs.  L.  T.  Meade  and  Prof.  R.  K. 
Douglas,  — 'Jenny,'  by  Mrs.  E.  Cartwright,— 
'Jack's  Mate,'  by  Mr.  N.  West,  — '  English 
Ann  at  School  in  Blumbaden,'  by  Mr.  R. 
Ramsay,  — 'Young  Chris,'  by  Mr.  L.  E.  Tidde- 
man,— '  From  Story  to  Story, '  by  Miss  J.  Brock- 
man, — and  several  periodicals  and  annuals. 

Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Co.'s  autumn  list 
includes  'The  Dorrington  Deed-Box,' by  Mr.  A. 
Morrison,— 'Bushigrams,'  by  Mr.  G.  Boothby, 

—  'The  Crime  and  the  Criminal'  and  'The 
Mystery  of  Philip  Bennion's  Death,'  by  Mr.  R. 
Marsh,— 'Temptation,'  by  Graham  Irving,— 
'Princess  Sarah,  and  other  Stories,' by  John 
Strange  Winter,— 'At  Midnight,'  by  Miss  A. 
Cambridge,  —  '  Beacon  Fires  :  War  Stories  of  the 
Coast,'  by  Mr.  H.  Hill,— '  Australian  Fairy 
Tales,' by  Miss  A.  Westbury,- '  Miss  Bobbie,' 
by  Ethel  Turner,— 'The  Last  Stroke,'  by  Mr. 
L.  L.  Lynch,— among  books  for  boys:  'The 
Heir  of  Lancridge  Towers,'  by  Mr.  R.  M.  Free- 
man ;  '  The" Black  Man's  Ghost,'  by  Mr.  J.  C. 
Hutcheson  ;  '  The  Golden  Land,'  by  Mr.  B.  L. 
Farjeon  ;  and  several  volumes  by  Mr.  A.  L. 
Knight,— and  a  number  of  nursery  and  picture 
books. 


Hiternni  CSossip. 

We  understand  that  the  long-expected 
biography  of  the  late  Sir  John  Hawlej 
Glover,  whose  name  will  be  best  remem- 
bered in  connexion  with  the  Ashanti  War 
and  the  Gold  Coast  Colony,  will  be  pub- 
lished shortly  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.  Lady  Glover,  who  has  prepared  the 
memoir,  has  had  the  advantage  of  the  assist- 
ance of  Sir  Richard  Temple  and  other  well- 
known  officials. 

Messrs.  Hutchixsox  &  Co.  are  about  to 
publish  '  Kings  of  the  Turf,'  anecdotes  and 
memoir's  of  distinguished  owners,  backers, 
trainers,  and  jockeys  who  have  figured  on 
the  British  turf,  with  notes  recording  classic 
events  and  achievements  of  famous  horses. 
The  volume  will  contain  numerous  portraits. 
It  is  from  the  pen  of  the  veteran  sporting 
writer  "  Thormanby." 

The  Clarendon  Press  is  about  to  publish 
immediately  a  popular  and  cheap  edition  of 
Ecclesiasticus  xxxix.  15  to  xlix.  11,  trans- 
lated from  the  original  Hebrew,  and  arranged 
in  parallel  columns  with  the  English  Re- 
vised Version  of  1895,  by  the  editors  of  the 
Hebrew  test,  with  a  facsimile. 

The  Law  Quarterly  Review  for  October  will 
contain  articles  on  '  Government  by  Injunc- 
tion,' by  Mr.  W.  H.  Dunbar;  'The  Mystery 
of  Elizabeth  Canning,'  by  Mr.  Courtney 
Kenny;  'The  Mahomedan  Law  of  Wakf,' 
by  Sir  W.  C.  Petheram  ;  '  Nuisances  in 
Roman  Law,'  by  Chief  Justice  Melius  de 
Villiers  ;  '  The  Law  of  Divorce  in  England 
and  Germany,'  by  Mr.  Julius  Hirschfeld  ; 
'The  Married  Woman  Judgment  Debtor,' 
by  Mr.  T.  K.  Nuttall ;  '  The  Growth  of  the 


Debenture,'  by  Mr.  E.  Manson ;  and  'The 
Status  of  British  Companies  in  France,'  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Barclay. 

Messks.  Ward,  Lock  &  Co.  will  publisb 
on  the  15  th  inst.  a  new  novel  by  Mr.  H. 
Hill,  entitled  '  Beacon  Fires,'  and  wish  to 
acknowledge  the  courtesy  of  Messrs.  Bentley, 
who  have  kindly  waived  objections  to  the 
book  being  issued  with  this  title,  although 
they  themselves  publish  a  novel  of  the  same 
name. 

TuE  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould  is  at  present 
spending  some  time  in  Pembrokeshire, 
working  up  materials  for  an  historical  novel 
dealing  with  the  state  of  society  within  the 
diocese  of  St.  David's  in  the  twelfth  century. 
The  author's  aim  will  be  to  represent  the 
conflict  and  subsequent  assimilation  of  the 
Norman  invader  with  the  Welsh  people  of 
that  district,  and  especially  to  show  how 
the  natural  development  of  the  Welsh 
genius  was  arrested  under  the  influence  of 
the  Norman  character. 

Mr.  Edward  Peacock  has  written  a 
paper  on  the  '  Durham  Sanctuary '  for  a 
volume  to  be  edited  and  published  by  Mr. 
William  Andrews  under  the  title  of  '  Bygone 
Durham.' 

The  publisher  of  the  Brecon  County  Times 
announces  his  intention  to  publish  a  reprint 
of  Theophilus  Jones's  '  History  of  Breck- 
nockshire,' provided  a  sufficient  number  of 
subscribers  bo  forthcoming.  The  work, 
which  has  become  scarce  of  recent  years,  is 
the  best  history  ever  published  of  any 
Welsh  county,  and  particularly  rich  in 
genealogical  matter. 

Mr.  Andrew  Tuer's  '  History  of  the 
Horn-Book,'  in  two  volumes,  having  run 
out  of  print,  the  Leadenhall  Press  are  about 
to  reissue  it,  with  text  unabridged  and  the 
numerous  illustrations  retained,  in  a  single 
volume  at  a  popular  price.  Recessed  in  the 
cover  are  to  be  three  models  of  horn-books, 
including  one  of  ivory  of  a  type  hitherto 
unrecorded. 

A  NEW  volume  by  Miss  Eliza  Orne  White, 
the  author  of  '  The  Coming  of  Theodora,' 
&c.,  entitled  'A  Browning  Courtship,  and 
other  Stories,'  will  be  published  next  week 
by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  in  this 
country,  and  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.  in  America.  Two  of  the  stories 
originally  appeared  in  the  New  England 
Magazine  and  one  in  Harper^ s  Bazaar. 

The  Teachers'  Guild  intends  to  introduce 
a  new  feature  into  its  programme  of  "holi- 
day courses "  next  year  by  arranging  for 
educational  parties  in  Italy  and  Spain. 
There  is  doubtless  a  good  field  for  vacation 
study  in  the  south-western  countries  of  the 
Continent. 

A  SUGGESTION  made  by  a  French  Celtic 
scholar  for  a  new  university  devoted  to  the 
study  of  the  Celtic  language  and  literature 
is  attracting  some  attention  amongst  British 
Celts. 

The  University  College  of  North  Wales 
has  leased  a  farm  of  340  acres,  under  the 
approval  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  for 
the  training  of  agricultural  students,  and 
the  Drapers'  Company  have  made  a  con- 
ditional grant  towards  stocking  and  equip- 
ping it. 

The  Universities  are  giving  increased 
attention    to    the    specialized    training    of 


458 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


toacliers.  At  Aberdeen  tins  session  there 
■will  be  courses  for  the  preparation  of  teachers 
in  chemistry,  magnetism,  and  electricity. 

The  University  Court  of  the  same  city  has 
appointed  Dr.  Gloag  as  Lecturer  in  Biblical 
Criticism.  Future  ministers  of  the  Scottish 
Kirk  will  thus  have  an  opportunity  of 
making  their  choice  between  Dr.  Gloag's 
course  and  that  of  Dr.  Johnston,  who  has 
not  yet  retired  from  his  chair. 

The  'Tagebiicher'  of  Emin  Pasha  have 
come  into  the  possession  of  Herr  Schulz, 
the  Director  of  the  Pomeranian  Bank,  who 
purchased  them  from  the  guardians  of 
Emin's  daughter.  There  are  eight  volumes 
of  diaries  and  seven  volumes  of  scientific 
drawings.  It  is  generally  believed  that 
Herr  Schulz  intends  to  present  them  to 
some  public  library  or  museum,  so  that 
they  may  be  accessible  to  students. 

"VVe  hear  that  the  well-known  Dr.  Adolf 
Harnack  is  engaged  on  a  *  History  of  the 
Prussian  Academy  of  Sciences,'  which  is  to 
ajjpear  in  the  year  1900,  the  two  hundredth 
anniversary  of  its  foundation. 

The  Goethe-Gesellschaft  has  arranged,  in 
conjunction  with  the  Shakspeare-Gesell- 
schafr,  the  Schiller- Stiftung,  &c.,  a  Geduchtnis- 
feicr  on  a  large  scale,  to  be  held  on  the  8th 
inst.  at  Weimar,  in  honour  of  the  late  Grand 
Duchess  Sophie  of  Saxony,  the  great  patron 
of  German,  more  especially  of  Goethe  litera- 
ture. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  for  the  week 
include  Education,  England  and  Wales, 
Report  and  Appendix  (3s.  2d. ) ;  ditto. 
Grants,  &c.  (2s.  M.) ;  Mines  and  Quarries, 
Mineral  Statistics  for  189G  (1#.  9^.). 


SCIENCE 


BOOKS   ON   NATURAL   HISTORY. 

A  Sketch  of  the  Natural  History  of  Australia, 
U'ith  some  Notes  on  Sport.  By  F.  G.  Aflalo. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — In  this  unpretentious  little 
book  the  author  has  given  an  excellent  popular 
account  of  the  fauna  of  the  largest  island  in  the 
world.  He  deprecates  the  term  "scientific," 
and  it  would  be  unfair  to  attempt  to  pick  holes 
in  his  work  on  that  score  ;  but  he  lias  produced 
an  able  work,  and  one  which  will  prove  in- 
structive alike  to  the  colonist  and  the  inhabit- 
ants of  "the  old  country."  How  great  the 
ignorance  is  respecting  Australia  may  be  judged 
from  the  fact  that  an  author  who  has  enjoyed 
considerable  reputation  stated,  not  longer  ago 
than  1886,  that  there  were  no  bats,  nor  beasts 
of  prey,  nor  insect-eaters,  nor  rodents  found  in 
the  region  !  Mr.  Aflalo  has  no  difficulty  in 
showing  the  preposterousness  of  such  an  asser- 
tion. He  does  well  to  include  in  his  work  the 
dugong,  the  cetaceans,  and  the  seals  which 
inhabit  the  waters,  before  passing  to  the  marsu- 
pials and  monotremes.  By  an  oversight  it  is 
stated  that  a  pair  of  the  voracious  thylacine, 
or  Tasmanian  "  wolf,"  presented  to  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society  in  1849,  "are  long  since  dead,  and 
have  never  been  replaced,"  for  allusion  is 
made  on  the  very  next  page  to  the  nocturnal 
bowlings  of  one  then  living  in  the  Society's 
gardens,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  there  have  been 
four  in  the  last  thirteen  years.  It  is  sad  to  be 
told  that  the  duck-billed  platypus  is  becoming 
rare,  numbers  being  shot  for  the  sake  of  the 
fur,  which  is  made  into  rugs.  Among  the  birds, 
also,  the  work  of  destruction  goes  on,  and  it  is 
stated  in  the  Sydney  Morning  Herald  that  in 
the  year  1886  upwards  of  ten  thousand  emus 
were  destroyed  in  one  district,  while  fifteen 
hundred    of   their   eggs   were    broken    on    one 


estate,  because  the  farmers  allege  that  the  bird 
damages  the  grass  and  tears  the  fences.  By  the 
way,  it  is  inexcusable  in  Mr.  Aflalo  to  class 
the  emus  and  cassowaries— Struthiones — among 
the  waders  ;  while  it  is  rather  primitive  to 
place  the  kingfishers  among  the  Insessores.  In 
dealing  with  the  snakes  and  lizards  the  author 
has  been  aided  by  Mr.  Boulenger,  of  the  Natural 
History  Museum,  who  has  managed  to  keep 
matters  tolerably  straight.  Angling  is  the 
favourite  form  of  sport  in  the  Australian  capitals 
after  racing,  and  the  chapters  on  sea-  and  fresh- 
water fish  will  attract  considerable  attention. 
The  Invertebrates  are  dealt  with  in  an  appendix  ; 
to  people  who  have  no  scientific  tastes  the 
Insecta  are  generally  more  irritating  than  in- 
teresting. A  glossary,  an  index,  and  numerous 
illustrations  add  to  the  usefulness  of  this  little 
manual. 

Memories  of  the  Months.  By  Sir  Herbert 
Maxwell,  Bart.,  M.P.  (Arnold.)— In  his 
second  title  this  agreeable  and  prolific  writer 
informs  us  that  these  'Memories'  are  "pages 
from  the  note-book  of  a  field-naturalist  and 
antiquary,"  while  in  his  preface  he  states  that 
some  of  the  articles  — ninety-one  in  number — 
have  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  various 
newspapers.  As  a  rule,  such  collections  of 
ephemeral  scraps  are  wearisome,  but  excep- 
tion must  be  made  in  favour  of  Sir  H.  Maxwell's 
writings,  for  these  are  charming  in  language, 
and  at  the  same  time  so  varied  in  character  that 
they  never  become  tedious.  If  the  reader  does 
not  care  about  '  Anglo-Saxon  Month-Names  '  or 
Robert  Dick  (the  celebrated  geologist,  but 
inferior  "  baxter,"  of  Thurso),  then  the  chapter 
on  '  The  Choice  of  Food  by  Animals '  may 
prove  both  interesting  and  instructive,  for  it 
contains  the  experiences  of  a  lifelong  contest 
with  rabbits,  and  a  valuable  list  of  the  ornamental 
plants  which  may  be  relied  upon  to  withstand 
the  attacks  of  the  cony.  '  Ravening  Rooks  ' 
will  interest  the  game  preserver,  for  in  Scotland 
the  wart- faced  bird  is  nearly  as  bad  an  egg- 
stealer  as  the  carrion-crow  or  the  "hoodie," and 
a  subsequent  article,  'Wreck  among  Rooks,' 
will  be  read  with  grim  satisfaction.  In 
'  Revival  of  Primitive  Fauna  '  the  author  has 
the  courage  to  admit  that  he  has  introduced  the 
jay  in  his  woods  in  Galloway,  and  also  the 
badger  ;  but  he  had  scruples  about  the  pdecat, 
although  he  makes  out  a  good  case  for  the 
weasel,  and  points  to  the  evidence  given  by  the 
shepherds  of  Ettrick  and  Esdale  with  regard 
to  the  services  rendered  during  the  plague  of 
voles  a  few  years  ago.  An  accomplished  fisher- 
man, he  has  much  to  say  about  salmon 
and  trout ;  as  a  lover  of  sport  he  discourses 
admirably  on  deer  as  well  as  the  grouse  family, 
though  we  wish  that,  as  a  philologist,  he  would 
not  spell  capercaillie  "capercailzie"  ;  as  a  natu- 
ralist he  writes  of  useful  birds,  and,  in  fact, 
there  are  no  limits  to  his  many-sidedness.  We 
congratulate  him  on  the  production  of  a  very 
pleasant  book,  illustrated  by  five  photogravures 
and  several  woodcuts. 

The  Woodland  Life,  by  Edward  Thomas 
(Blackwood  &  Sons),  is  another  collection  of 
articles,  twelve  in  number,  some  of  them 
reprints  from  various  newspapers  or  magazines. 
As  specimens  of  word-painting  they  are  very 
pretty,  and  the  margins  to  the  pages  are 
wide,  so  that  there  is  not  too  much  matter 
for  the  reader.  The  author's  remarks  on  natural 
history  bear  the  stamp  of  being  derived  from 
personal  observation,  and  are  usually  correct : 
so  much  so  that  we  wonder  how  the  "  pied  fly- 
catcher's nest,  lodged  ten  feet  high  against  an 
elm-bole,"  could  have  been  identified,  for  that 
species  usually— if  not  invariably -lays  its  eggs 
in  a  hole  of  some  kind,  and  pretty  deeply,  too. 
Apart  from  this  slight  suspicion  of  a  mistake, 
the  '  Diary  in  English  Fields  and  Woods '  for 
1 895  is  excellent. 

In  Russet  Mantle  Clad :  Scenes  of  Bnral  Life, 
by  George    Morley  (Skeffington    &  Son),   is  a 


dainty  work,  printed  on  thick  paper,  with  wide 
margins,  photogravures,  and  vignettes.  The 
scenery  described  is  in  Warwickshire,  and 
chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of  Leamington,  Red 
House  Farm  being  the  central  locality.  The 
rustic  speech  and  characters  of  the  district  are 
well  rendered,  while  there  is  a  good  deal  in  the 
book  about  poachers  and  a  certain  terrible 
lurcher  which  is  "dark-brindled,"  "tiger- 
striped,"  "sour-looking,"  "serpent-like,"  "a 
sort  of  canine  imp,"  with  many  other  qualifica- 
tions too  numerous  for  mention.  Rabbits  are 
generally  called  "rodents,"  and  the  result  of 
netting  is  thus  described  : — 

"Almost  every  rodent  on  tlie  feediDg-ground  but 
a  few  minutes  ago  now  lies  lifeless  in  a  heap  beside 
each  poacher.  Some  of  them  are  still  shivering  and 
quivering  in  their  death  tremors  ;  never  to  rise 
again  to  that  full  flush  of  glorious  life  of  which  the 
poacher  has  bereft  them." 

Even  so  has  the  butcher  bereft  the  pole-axed 
bullock,  the  stuck  pig,  or  the  sheep  —  "the 
bulky  ovine,"  as  Mr.  Morley  calls  the  last-named 
food-producer;  but  then  these  are  not  "so 
engaging  in  their  habits  '  as  "  the  pretty  little 
rabbits."  The  above  is  a  very  fair  sample  of 
the  author's  word-painting,  and  to  readers  who 
like  that  kind  of  sentimental  description  the 
work  can  be  recommended. 

Birds  of  our  Islands,  by  F.  A.  Fulcher  (Mel- 
rose), is  an  illustrated  popular  book,  apparently 
written  for  children,  and  full  of  errors.  For 
instance  :  "The  gannet  is  the  whitest  member 
of  the  family  of  geese  [sic],  and  the  cormorant 
the  blackest  of  all  the  pelicans."  A  good  plate 
of  a  peregrine  on  a  mallard  is  lettered  '  Merlin 
and  its  Prey  '  ;  another,  showing  a  golden  eagle 
clutching  a  rabbit,  is  called  'White-tailed  Eagle,' 
probably  because  the  bird,  being  immature, 
shows  a  considerable  amount  of  white  at  the 
base  of  the  tail ;  but  the  above  name  is  usually 
reserved  for  the  sea- eagle.  This  kind  of  com- 
pilation is  becoming  painfully  common,  but 
hitherto  we  have  not  seen  anything  so  bad. 
Some  of  the  illustrations  are,  however,  extenuat- 
ing circumstances. 

Birds  of  our  Country,  by  H.  E.  Stewart, 
B.A.  (Digby,  Long  &  Co.),  is  at  least  better 
than  the  book  just  noticed.  The  author  appears 
to  have  passed  some  time  at  Queenwood,  in  the 
New  Forest  district,  where  he  made  many  ex- 
cursions with  boys.  But  when  we  are  told  that 
in  1874  a  nest  of  the  ring-ouzel  "was  taken  in 
our  kitchen-garden  at  Queenwood,  placed  in  a 
pear  tree  on  the  wall,"  we  know  what  strain  on 
our  credulity  may  be  expected.  The  passage 
quoted  in  full  from  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Kelsall's 
'  List  of  the  Birds  of  Hampshire  '  respecting  the 
destruction  of  the  honey-buzzard  in  the  New 
Forest  is  taken  verbatim  from  an  author  to 
whom  Mr.  Kelsall  gave  due  acknowledgment, 
an  example  which  Mr.  Stewart  would  have  done 
well  to  follow.  On  the  whole,  this  is  a  fairly 
innocuous  compilation. 


I 


Wld, 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Engineers,  TJ.— 'ruter  Presses  for  Sewage  Sludge,' Mr.  James 
Croll 

Entomological,  8. 


Sir  W.  H.  Flower,  as  President  elect  of  the 
International  Zoological  Congress  to  be  held  at 
Cambridge  on  August  23rd,  1898,  has  issued  a 
circular  letter  to  English  zoologists  inviting  them 
to  join  a  general  committee.  The  first  meeting 
will  be  held  shortly. 

The  scientific  publications  of  the  Cambridge 
University  Press  include  'Collected  Mathe- 
matical Papers,'  by  Prof.  P.  G.  Tait,— 'The 
Theory  of  Groups  of  a  Finite  Order,'  by  Mr. 
W.  S.  Burnside, — 'A  Treatise  on  Universal 
Algebra,'  by  Mr.  A.  N.  Whitehead,  Vol.  L,— 
'Octonions,'  by  Prof.  A.  McAulay,—' Spherical 
Astronomy,'  by  Sir  R.  S.  Ball,— 'Geometrical 
Optics,'  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Herman,— '  Fossil  Plants,' 
by  Mr.  A.   C.  Seward, — 'Vertebrate  Palteon- 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UIM 


459 


tology,'  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Woodward,— 'Sound,'  by 
Mr.  J.  W.  Capstick,  — '  Handbook  to  the  Geo- 
logy of  Cambridgeshire,' by  Mr.  F.  R.  C.  Reed,— 
'Crystallography,'  by  Prof.  Lewis, — and  'Geo- 
logy,' by  Mr.  J.  E.  Marr. 

We  learn  that  a  special  branch  is  to  be  estab- 
lished in  connexion  with  the  Hygienic  Institute 
of  Breslau,  devoted  to  the  scientific  preparation 
of  disinfectants. 


FINE    ARTS 


BOOKS   ON   PAINTING   AND   SCULPTURE. 

Modern  French  Masters.  Edited  by  J.  C. 
Van  Dyke.  Illustrated.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — 
This  is  a  handsome  volume,  excellently  printed 
in  the  best  style,  and  in  every  other  respect 
quite  acceptable,  if  it  were  not  for  the  eccen- 
tricities of  American  spelling  which  disfigure  its 
comely  pages.  The  majority  of  the  page  cuts 
have  considerable  merits.  They  represent  some 
renowned  landscapes  of  the  order  indicated  by 
the  title,  and  are  to  be  welcomed  as,  in  their 
way,  and  so  far  as  the  modern  practice  of  book- 
illustrating  allows,  fully  sufficient  for  their  pur- 
pose ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  praise  those  cuts 
which  actually  misrepresent  such  capital  pic- 
tures as  M.  Carolus  -  Duran's  '  Comtesse  de 
Vedal '  and  '  The  Wave  and  the  Pearl  '  of 
Baudry.  The  freshest  and  most  attractive 
part  of  the  letterpress  comprises  what  are 
rather  unfortunately  called  "  biographical 
and  critical  reviews."  Reviews  they  are  not 
in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term.  They  are 
more  aptly  denominated  by  Mr.  Van  Dyke 
in  his  preface  "  a  series  of  biographical 
and  critical  monographs  on  the  most  famous 
French  masters,  written  by  their  American 
pupils  and  admirers."  On  this  point  we  prefer 
to  accept  the  meaning  rather  than  the  literary 
style  of  that  further  description  which  states 
that  "  the  volume  has  been  specially  prepared 
to  voice  the  recollections  and  opinions  of  Ameri- 
can artists  about  French  artists  and  their 
work."  There  is  nothing  which  seems  to  us 
especially  "  American,"  or  even  peculiar  to 
the  artists  of  the  United  States,  in  the  always 
sympathetic  and  generally  competent  notices 
of  the  famous  French  masters  of  our  time.  It 
is  a  book  of  art-criticism  written  by  artists 
whose  training  in  Parisian  schools  qualifies  them 
to  perform  what  they  undertake.  There  is 
nothing  in  it,  except  an  occasional  jibe  at  the 
Britisher  or  at  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — 
jibes  of  no  consequence  and  mostly  free  from 
ill-nature  — which  any  Englishman  who  had  been 
trained  in  painting  in  modern  French  ateliers 
could  not  and  would  not  willingly  and  justly 
have  written  about  his  master  or  masters.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  criticisms  are  artistic,  such 
as  artists  prize,  and  by  no  means  "scientific," 
that  is,  such  as  no  painter  regards  at  all.  Besides 
these  criticisms,  '  Modern  French  Masters ' 
abounds  in  personal  details  concerning  illus- 
trious painters,  but  nothing  is  said  about  the 
sculptors  whose  achievements  have  done  so 
much  to  sustain  the  declining  reputation  of 
French  design.  A  sentence  or  two  upon  the 
sculpture  of  M.  Geroine  are,  so  far  as  we  have 
found,  the  sole  exception.  Mr.  W.  H.  Low, 
who  has  written  the  notice  of  M.  Gerome  and 
his  leading  works,  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  artists 
concerned  in  this  book.  He  is  not  only  in  very 
close  touch  and  sympathy  with  the  art  of  M. 
Ge'rome,  but  he  was  his  pupil  in  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux-Arts,  where  renowned  masters  officiate 
' '  for  the  munificent  sum  of  twelve  hundred  francs 
— twohundred  and  forty  dollars — perammm,most 
of  which  is  generally  left  to  swell  the  pension 
fund  of  the  Academy.''  As  Gerome  s  pupil,  Mr. 
Low  has  a  good  deal  to  tell  about  the  studies  he 
and  others  carried  on  at  the  Ecole,  and,  what  is 
more  interesting,  how  the  master  taught  his 
pupils,  what  they  learnt,  what  they  thought,  and 
how  they  reverenced  the  teacher.     We  proceed 


to  quote  a  fair  specimen  of  the  animated  and 
anecdotic  manner,  as  well  as  the  sound  technical 
views  which  characterize  the  more  accomplished 
sections  of  '  Modern  French  Masters.'  Mr. 
H.  W.  Watrous,  having  given  his  readers  a 
clear  and  well-considered  record  of  Meissonier, 
approaches  the  end  of  his  task  in  the  following 
manner  :  — 

"For  the  student  of  the  so-called  modern  school 
Meissonier's  methods  are  too  serious  [Mr.  Watrous 
evidently  employs  this  term  in  the  French  manner, 
as  became  his  Parisian  education].  Their  results  are 
not  soon  enough  apparent,  so  the  student  dabbles  in 
a  life  class  or  haunts  the  antique  long  enough  to 
learn  a  few  stock  phrases,  such  as  'plein  air,' 
'  suguestiveness,'  'vibration,'  'values,'  and,  too 
often,  'rot.'  Then,  with  this  little  knowledge  of 
drawing,  he  dashes  into  color,  and  promptly  holds 
up  to  the  admiring  gaze  of  his  similarly  incompetent 
circle  his  impression  of  something  as  somebody  else 
has  seen  it.  As  Cabanel  once  said  of  that  class  of 
artists.  '  They  are  like  boarding-school  misses  who 
write  flowing  hands  to  hide  bad  spelling.'  " 

The  great  French  master's  phrase  deserves  to 
be  remembered  and  applied  with  frequency 
to  the  young  men  who  illustrate  their  incom- 
petence in  London  exhibitions,  and  paint  "like 
Velazquez"  to  hide  bad  drawing.  Several  of 
these  notices  deserve  special  attention  on  ac- 
count of  the  details  they  preserve  of  the  inner 
circles,  even  the  domesticities  of  men  like 
Millet,  whose  life  and  work  at  Barbizon  are 
well  depicted  in  Mr.  W.  Eaton's  skilful  and  sym- 
pathetic portraiture  of  his  host  and  intimate. 
Of  the  notices  by  those  who  had  no  personal 
knowledge  of  their  illustrious  subjects  none  is 
better  than  that  which  Mr.  W.  A.  Coffin  has 
written  on  M.  Dagnan-Bouveret  and  his  art. 
Among  the  criticisms  none  is  sounder  than  Mr. 
Blashfield's  on  M.  Jean  Paul  Laurens.  Finally, 
let  us  say  that  we  know  nothing  so  hopeful 
of  the  future  of  art  in  the  United  States  as 
the  thoughtful  views  expressed  by  the  majority 
of  the  writers  of  this  work. 

The  Nude  in  Art.  With  an  Introduction  by 
C.  Lansing.  Illustrated.  (H.  S.  Nichols.)  — 
The  book  which  bears  this  rather  alarming  title 
contains  forty-five  photogravures  from  original 
paintings  in  which  nude  or  nearly  nude  female 
figures  are  leading  elements.  Of  course,  whether 
the  nude  is  objectionable  or  not  depends  entirely 
upon  how  it  is  treated,  for,  as  Mr.  Lansing  says, 
"the  figure  is  not  indecent  because  it  is  nude." 
In  Germany,  quite  as  often  as  in  France,  the 
study  of  the  nude  is  pursued  on  a  large  scale. 
Life-size  figures  are  the  delight  of  such  painters 
as  Herren  Makart,  Graef,  Kuntz,  and  Kraus, 
but  that  world  takes  them,  it  must  be  owned, 
very  coolly,  and  English  people  regard  Sir  E. 
Poynter's  'Venus  visiting  Esculapius,'  repro- 
duced in  this  book,  or  Ingres 's  '  La  Source ' 
(which,  by  the  way,  is  not  here),  or  M. 
Bouguereau's  'Springtime,'  with  equanimity. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  M.  Serres's 
'  Libation  to  Pan,'  a  statuesque  group, 
in  which,  by  the  way,  the  lady  turns 
away  from  the  term  of  the  god  whose 
gifts  she  implores.  Not  a  few  of  the  French 
examples  now  in  question  are  dramatic  in  a 
high  degree,  and  indicate  the  learning,  skill, 
and  indomitable  love  for  their  art  which  in- 
spired the  painters  of  such  ambitious  and 
powerful  works  as  M.  Rochegrosse's  spectacle, 
a  superb  example  of  the  art  of  the  theatre, 
here  called  'The  Fall  of  Babylon,'  which 
occupied  the  greater  part  of  one  side  of  the 
central  saloon  in  the  Salon  of  1893.  When  a 
famous  French  critic  pronounced  that  other 
enormous  spectacle  on  canvas,  Herr  Makart's 
'Charles  V.  entering  Antwerp,'  the  most 
effective  piece  of  brass-band  art  ever  painted, 
he  was  more  witty  than  entirely  just.  The 
fact  that  it  comprises  forty  life  -  size  figures, 
some  of  them  entirely  nude,  and  was  painted 
in  six  months,  is  not  the  least  interesting  part 
of  its  history.  The  production  of  so  brilliant 
a  piece  required  a  mine  of  ability  and  wealth 
of  resources  which  left  us  in  wonder  at  them, 
even  though  we  saw  that  the  bravura  of  Rubens 


had  been  outdone,  and  the  least  refined  ele- 
ments of  Herr  Makart's  methods  were  exercised 
to  excess.  The  reader  can  judge  the  picture 
fairly  well  in  plate  44  of  this  collection. 
Despite  its  exaggerations,  and  even  its 
occasional  offences  against  taste,  we  are  in- 
clined to  welcome  the  contents  of  such  a  book 
as  this,  while  it  remains  within  those  restric- 
tions the  promoters  have  set  before  themselves 
and  adhered  to.  As  it  is,  there  are  few  ex- 
amples we  could  wish  omitted,  and  it  is 
so  because  no  public  gallery  of  pictures  could 
give  less  offence  than  the  prints  which  repre- 
sent the  '  Profane  Music '  M.  G.  Dubufe 
painted  as  a  companion  to  the  equally  elaborate 
'  Sacred  Music  ' — works  which  together  adorn 
the  Paris  Opt^ra,  and  are  among  the  finest 
modern  examples  of  "the  nude  in  art,"  as 
applied  to  decoration  on  a  grand  scale.  M. 
Bouguereau's  '  Youth  of  Bacchus '  is  quite  in 
Leighton's  vein;  'The  Wasp's  Nest,'  'Nymph 
and  Satyr,'  and  even  the  inferior  '  Cupid  and 
Psyche,'  all  by  the  .same,  are,  if  not  the  most 
fervid  and  sumptuous  examples  of  their  kind, 
yet  conspicuous  proofs  of  culture.  With  these 
we  rank  plate  ix.,  although  it  gives  a  less  ade- 
quate idea  of  M.  Fran9ois  Flameng's  '  Ladies 
Bathing,'  a  most  admirable  specimen  of  its  kind, 
showing  how  happily  a  good  artist  can  adapt  him- 
self to  his  materials,  or  mould  his  materials  to  his 
purpose.  It  was  quite  possible  for  M.  Flameng 
to  have  worked  in  the  vein  of  Boucher  ;  but, 
with  better  taste  and  finer  judgment,  he  took 
Watteau  for  his  model,  and  utilizing  the 
beautiful  arcaded  fountain  and  the  large  basin 
which  adorn  the  garden  of  Versailles,  he  brought 
together  in  the  sunlight  a  charming  company  of 
fair  women,  and  showed  them  in  and  out  of  the 
water — one  just  arrived  in  her  sedan  chair, 
others  chatting  in  the  mode  of  Louis  XIV. 's 
time,  and  some  reposing  as  they  watch  the 
brilliant  bevy  round  about  the  pool.  The 
women  and  their  dresses,  the  gay  flowers,  the 
varied  foliage,  and  the  graceful  architecture, 
the  sunlight,  and  the  shining  water  com- 
bine in  a  delightful  whole  which  only  lacks 
the  tender  harmonies,  the  sparkling  tints, 
and  the  exquisite  touch  of  Watteau  to 
approach  perfection.  In  such  works  as  this 
'  The  Nude  in  Art '  is  found  at  its  best.  The 
'  Girl  or  Vase  ? '  of  M.  Siemiradzi  (plate  xxiv.) 
may  be  compared  with  Victor  Giraud's  very  fine 
'  Slave-Dealer,'  which  is  in  the  Louvre,  though 
its  style  is  not  quite  so  large,  its  colour  so  good, 
its  design  so  epical,  nor  its  treatment  so  excel- 
lent. M.  Paul  Jamin's  '  His  Share  of  the 
Spoil,'  a  Gothic  invader  entering  a  columbarium, 
where  half  a  dozen  beautiful  girls  have 
been  locked  up,  is  good  in  its  way,  which 
is  not  a  first  -  rate  one.  It  is  a  pity,  while 
Mr.  Lansing  was  selecting  his  subjects,  he 
did  not  include  pictures  by  M.  H.  Lefebvre, 
M.  Henner,  M.  Chaplin,  M.  Ge'rome,  Ingres 
(who  produced  many  fine  and  pure  nudities), 
and  half  a  dozen  other  modern  masters  of 
unexceptionable  powers.  Some  of  Leighton's 
figures  ;  a  few  good  Ettys,  such  as  that  capital 
'  Nymph  '  which  belongs  to  the  Academy  ;  and 
similar  pictures,  In  which  grace  and  beauty 
are  combined,  were  at  the  compiler's  hand. 
Equally  suitable  and  quite  as  accessible  are 
numerous  pieces  of  sculpture,  English  as  well 
as  French — '  La  Danse '  of  Carpeaux,  for  in- 
stance, and  dozens  more,  for  which  the  searcher 
need  go  no  further  than  the  Luxembourg.  All 
these  may  be  said  to  offer  themselves  to  enter- 
prising editors  bent  upon  illustrating  the  treat- 
ment of  the  nude  in  modern  art.  While  he 
was  about  it,  Mr.  Lansing  might  as  well  have 
also  employed  a  better  mode  of  reproducing  his 
examples.  That  which  he  has  selected  is  rarely 
sufficient  and  never  quite  successful.  Indeed, 
at  least  a  dozen  of  these  plates  are  libels  on  the 
originals. 

Les  Delia  Kohbia.  Par  Marcel  Reymond. 
(Florence,  Alinari  Freres.)— One  of  the  best 
exponents  of  the    work  of  this  family,   whose 


460 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N**  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


productions  extended  over  the  finest  century  of 
Italian  art,  observes  : — 

"Even  now,  tliough  defended  by  all  llie  arms  of 
criticism,  and  supported  by  State  documents,  are  we 
quite  sure  of  our  infallibility  ?  Are  we  quite  sure 
tliat  wecan  distinguish  clearly  a  Virgin  modelled  by 
Luca  in  the  last  years  of  his  artistic  life  from  a 
Virgin  modelled  by  Andrea  della  Robbia  ?  We 
lliink  it  would  be  hazardous  to  say  so  in  tliis  place  " 
—  Cavallucci  and  Molinier,  '  Les  Delia  Kobbia,'  p.  2. 
M.  Reymond,  however,  judges  differently, 
emboldened  by  the  belief  that  an  artist  cannot 
be  thoroughly  understood  till  his  work  has  been 
chronologically  classified.  His  decisions  in  this 
matter  will  doubtless  be  questioned.  But  there 
cannot  be  two  opinions  respecting  the  value 
and  charm  of  this  volume,  and  the  exquisite 
clearness  of  the  illustrations,  which  are  nearly 
two  hundred  in  number.  The  convenience  of 
its  size  compares  most  favourably  with  the 
bulky  dimensions  too  often  assumed  by  art 
publications  of  a  like  worth.  The  distinction 
here  made  between  the  manner  of  Luca,  founder 
of  this  artistic  dynasty,  and  that  of  his  insuffi- 
ciently apijreciated  nephew  Andrea,  is  best  given 
in  our  author's  words  :  — 

"Luca  started  with  a  style  somewhat  deficient  in 
grace,  with  a  certain  thickness  or  coarseness  in  his 
figures  and  heaviness  in  his  draperies;  the  entire 
process  of  his  evolution  consisted  in  the  refinement 
of  his  art  and  a  tendency  to  more  delicate  forms. 
Andrea,  on  the  contrary,  started  from  the  refined 
art  of  Luca  ;  hence  it  will  be  quite  natural  to  rank 
at  the  beginning  of  his  career  the  simplest  of  his 
works,  those  which  approach  nearest  to  the  art  of  his 
master.  Growing  older,  Andrea  follows  the  general 
evolution  of  the  Florentine  School ;  he  adopts  a 
more  complicated  style,  together  with  those  over- 
elaborate  draperies,  with  a  multitude  of  folds,  which 
Verrocchio  and  Pollaiuolo  brought  into  fashion. 
Later  still,  in  a  third  manner,  we  see  him  under- 
going the  influence  of  the  Kenaissance,  and  taking 
to  that  broader  method,  sometimes  too  heavy  or  too 
6ummar3-,  which  was  to  supersede  the  exquisite,  but 
often  too  minute  finish  of  the  masters  of  the 
fifteenth  century." 

A  delicate  mode  of  stating  that  the  work  was 
hurried  in  proportion  as  the  demand  for  it 
increased.  Passing  from  generalities  to  detail, 
M.  Reymond  attempts  the  affiliation  of  some 
of  the  innumerable  Madonnas  which,  as  they 
issued  from  the  Florence  factory,  were,  as  Vasari 
tells,  eagerly  bought  up  by  merchants  and 
dispatched  all  over  the  world.  We  are  bidden 
to  note  how  the  beautiful  wreaths  of  fruit  and 
flowers  with  which  Luca  encircled  so  many  of 
his  works  display  monotony  and  want  of  care 
when  imitated  by  Andrea,  whose  distinctive 
form  of  ornament  is  the  arabesque,  whilst 
Giovanni,  exhibiting  a  decadent  style  of  decora- 
tion, overloads  his  productions  with  the  wreaths 
of  his  great-uncle,  the  arabesques  of  his  father, 
the  friezes  of  cherubs'  heads  common  to  both 
those  artists,  and  the  pntLi  which,  if  borrowed, 
as  we  are  here  told,  from  Desiderio  da  Setti- 
gnano,  were  by  him  again  derived  from  pre- 
Christian  art.  The  more  variegated  the  colour- 
ing the  later  the  work,  argues  M.  Reymond, 
and  this  not  only  when  comparing  the  produc- 
tions of  the  three  relatives,  but  also  when 
determining  the  different  periods  of  Luca's  own 
compositions.  On  this  latter  point  we  cannot 
altogether  agree  with  our  author,  who  is  obliged 
by  this  rule  of  his  to  assign  a  much  later  date 
to  the  Evangelists  in  the  Pazzi  Chapel  than  we 
think  justified  by  the  general  type  of  their  com- 
position or  than  is  accorded  them  by  either 
Cavallucci  or  Bode  (Cavallucci  and  Molinier, 
p.  53).  M.  Reymond  traces  another  variation 
between  the  Madonnas  of  Luca  and  those  of 
Andrea  in  that  the  latter,  whenever  he  could, 
associated  with  the  Mother  and  Child  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  Holy  Trinity.  When  distinctive 
traits  are  thus  being  ascribed  to  each  member 
of  the  Delia  Robbia  triumvirate,  we  should 
like  to  be  told  how  to  account  for  the  dis- 
proportionate length  of  body  we  observe  in  so 
many  of  the  Madonnas  produced  respectively 
oy  Luca,  Andrea,  and  Giovanni.  Somewhat 
far-fetched  seems  the  allegation  that  "the 
exclusively  Christian  spirit  "  by  which  Andrea 


was  inspired  caused  him  to  be  the  first  among 
sculptors  to  adopt  that  idea  of  the  Madonna 
in  adoration  which  had  already  become  popular 
with  painters.  We  can  only  regard  the  innova- 
tion as  a  proof  of  the  eager  dexterity  with 
which  the  firm  utilized  to  its  purely  commercial 
interests  the  variations  of  fashion  in  art,  whether 
these  were  introduced,  as  in  this  case,  by  Gentile 
da  Fabriano  (Miintz,  '  L'Art  pendant  la  Re- 
naissance,' vol.  i.  p.  494),  or,  as  in  later  in- 
stances, by  A.  Rossellino,  Ghirlandajo,  Ver- 
rocchio, and  Raphael.  In  those  days  no  wrong 
was  seen  in  plagiarism.  M.  Reymond,  indeed, 
discovers  Giovanni  making  in  one  of  his 
Madonnas  a  literal  reproduction  of  Raphael's 
'  La  Belle  Jardiniere.'  He  concludes  his  sym- 
pathetic criticism  with  the  words : — 

"  During  an  entire  century  it  seems  that  they  [the 
Della  Robbia]  had  but  one  thought — that  of  writing  a 
poem  in  honour  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Without  making 
great  exertions  to  find  new  motives,  they  repeated 
untiringly  the  same  hymn  of  love ;  and  one  can  say 
in  very  truth  that  of  all  the  immortal  creations  of 
Italian  genius,  the  unosi;  tender  and  seductive  are 
the  litanies  of  the  Delia  Robbie." 
To  so  elegant  a  peroration  is  it  brutal  to  reply 
that,  after  all,  the  litanies  were  potboilers  ? 
It  was  only  because  Luca  found  legitimate 
sculpture  unremunerative  that  he  turned  to 
the  bastard  art  which  made  the  fortune  of  his 
house  and  his  name  the  synonym  for  a  potter's 
ware.  Beautiful  as  are  his  Madonnas,  his  in- 
dividuality as  an  artist  must  be  sought  in  the 
work  which  is  at  once  his  greatest  achievement 
and  the  earliest  of  which  the  date  is  known — the 
marble  bas-reliefs  of  the  singing  children.  In 
like  manner  the  spontaneity  of  Andrea's  genius 
appears  in  the  Innocenti.  We  are  glad  that 
Luca  is  relieved  of  the  paternity  of  the  South 
Kensington  series  of  medallions  representing 
the  months.  M.  Reymond  also  gives  careful 
reasons  for  doubting  the  authenticity  of  the 
Drury  Fortnum  Virgin  in  the  Oxford  Museum 
as  well  as  of  some  of  the  Madonnas  possessed  by 
the  Berlin  Museum.  On  the  other  hand,  he 
upholds  the  value  of  Mr.  Marquand's  find  at 
Impruneta,  where,  judging  from  the  illustra- 
tions here  given,  the  floating  angels  of  the 
tabernacle  of  the  Sta.  Croce  must  belong  to 
Luca's  best  style.  Our  author  attributes  to 
Andrea  the  beautiful  Visitation  in  the  S. 
Giovanni  Fuorcivitas  at  Pistoja,  a  work  usually 
assigned  to  Fra  Paolino,  whilst  he  takes  from 
Giovanni  the  credit  of  the  best  of  the  seven 
bas-reliefs  which  form  the  frieze  of  the  Ospedale 
del  Ceppo  in  the  same  city.  We  note  that  the 
Federighi  monument  by  Luca  is  here  assigned 
to  the  church  of  Sta.  Trinity,  Florence.  It  may 
have  been  moved  thither  recently,  but  it  used 
to  be  in  S.  Francesco  di  Paola  at  the  foot  of 
Bellosguardo.  We  hope  this  beautiful  volume 
will  meet  with  the  success  it  undoubtedly 
deserves.  It  does  great  credit  to  the  publishers, 
whose  house  has  hitherto  been  chiefly  connected 
with  the  production  of  photographs. 


Mr.  QuARiTCH  will  publish  next  month  in 
one  stout  volume  the  'Catalogue  of  Arabic 
Coins  in  the  Khedivial  Library  at  Cairo,'  which 
Mr.  Stanley  Lane-Poole  has  prepared  during 
two  recent  visits  to  Egypt,  The  collection, 
which  numbers  nearly  three  thousand  pieces, 
was  mainly  brought  together  by  the  late  E.  T. 
Rogers  Bey,  upon  whose  death  in  1884  it  was 
purchased  by  the  Egyptian  Government.  Since 
then  a  good  many  additions  have  been  made  by 
Yacoub  Artin  Pasha,  but  the  cabinet  is  still 
substantially  the  Rogers  collection.  It  is  espe- 
cially strong  in  issues  of  the  Eastern  Caliphs, 
and  naturally  in  the  coinage  of  the  Mohammedan 
dynasties  of  Egypt,  in  which  it  is  the  rival,  and 
even  the  superior,  of  the  British  Museum  and 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  both  of  which  lack 
a  large  proportion  of  the  rare  coins  contained 
in  the  Cairo  cabinet,  where  there  are  not  a  few 
specimens  believed  to  be  unique.    The  catalogue 


is,  of  course,  modelled  on  Mr.  Lane-Poole's 
'  Catalogue  of  Oriental  Coins  in  the  British 
Museum.' 

Mr.  J.  J.  Foster  has  been  engaged  for 
some  years  upon  a  work  on  '  British  Miniature 
Painters.'  His  book  will  contain  nearly  fifty 
photogravure  and  over  seventy  other  repre- 
sentative illustrations  from  the  Royal  Library, 
Windsor,  the  collection  of  the  Duchess  of 
Devonshire,  and  other  well-known  sources. 
It  will  also  include  several  valuable  appendices, 
containing  some  thousands  of  named  examples. 
Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  are  the  publishers. 

A  CONTROVERSY  has  been  going  on  for  some 
time  in  the  Munich  papers  over  Fritz  von 
Uhde's  picture  of  the  'Ascension  of  Christ,' 
which  was  bought  from  the  International 
Exhibition  by  the  Bavarian  Government  for 
the  Pinakothck.  The  Bavarian  Kultusminister 
has  criticized  the  figure  of  the  Saviour  as  un- 
dignified, and  it  appears  that  the  artist  has 
owned  the  justice  of  the  criticism,  and  offered 
to  repaint  the  central  figure.  This  has  roused 
an  angry  polemical  strife  in  the  artistic  circles 
of  Munich.  The  sum  of  25,000  marks  is  said  to 
have  been  paid  for  the  picture.  A  special  meet- 
ing of  the  Staats-Kommission  is  now  to  be  held 
for  reconsidering  the  question  of  its  purchase. 

A  REMARKABLE  discovery  has  been  made  in 
the  Brussels  Musee  de  Peinture.  In  the  year 
1845  the  State  bought  for  500  francs  a  picture 
attributed  to  Peeter  Brueghel,  the  so-called 
"  HoUen-Brueghel  "  (1564-1638),  representing 
the  fall  of  the  rebel  angels  from  heaven.  At  the 
new  ordering  of  the  pictures  in  1882  the  paint- 
ing was  ascribed  to  the  Flemish  artist  Hiero- 
nymus  Bosch  (1462-1516).  During  the  present 
year  a  fresh  arrangement  of  the  collection  was 
undertaken,  and  when  the  picture  was  taken  out 
of  the  frame  on  which  the  name  of  Bosch  was 
inscribed.  Prof.  Wauters  detected  at  the  very 
bottom  of  the  painting,  in  small  and  scarcely 
legible  characters,  the  inscription,  brvegel  . 
MULXii  (1562).  It  is  thus  evident  that  it  is  a 
work  of  the  old  Peeter  Brueghel,  the  so-called 
"Bauern-Brueghel"  (1520-1569),  whose  pictures 
are  extremely  rare. 

On  the  26th  of  April  next,  which  will  be  the 
centenary  of  the  birth  of  Eugene  Delacroix, 
there  will  be  "inaugurated"  at  Charenton- 
Saint-Maurice,  his  birthplace,  a  statue  of  the 
painter,  which  has  been  in  preparation  for  some 
time  past.  The  original  intention  to  erect  this 
work  on  the  site  of  the  house  in  which  the 
artist  was  born  has  been,  it  is  said,  definitely 
abandoned. 

The  Viennese  painter  and  professor  in  the 
Fine-Arts  Academy  of  the  Austrian  capital, 
Herr  A.  Schoenn,  is  dead,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
two  years.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Fuehrich  and 
Vernet,  and  during  a  long  period  worked  in 
the  East. 

An  "Exhibition  of  Heraldry"  is  to  be 
opened  at  Halle  from  October  17th  to  31st, 
under  the  management  of  the  Kunstgewerbe- 
Verein.  Intending  contributors  are  asked  to 
communicate  with  the  town  architect,  Bau- 
meister  Wolff,  Halle-a.-S. 

The  death  is  announced  of  the  distinguished 
landscape  painter  Prof.  Ludwig  Gurlitt,  who 
was  born  in  1812  at  Altona.  After  having 
studied  at  Hamburg,  he  travelled  in  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  Norway,  In  1839  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  at 
Copenhagen,  and  made  for  himself  a  name  by 
his  great  picture  representing  a  "Heath"  in 
Jutland.  After  various  travels  through  Italy, 
Spain,  and  other  countries,  he  settled  in 
1873  near  Dresden,  and  subsequently  at 
Berlin.  Gurlitt  is  reckoned  among  the  fore- 
most landscape  painters  of  Germany,  and  his 
pictures  are  to  be  found  in  a  number  of  public 
galleries  there. 

English  workers  in  metal  and  other  crafts- 
men, who  have  long  wished  to  discover  the 
secret    by    means    of    which     their    Japanese 


N"  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


401 


brethren  impart  to  bronze  the  marvellous 
patina  in  which  connoisseurs  delight,  will  hope 
the  report  of  the  German  papers  that  Herr 
Elkan  of  Berlin  has  solved  the  problem  is 
true. 

The  Forty-fourth  Report  of  the  Department 
of  Science  and  Art,  with  appendices,  and  the 
Supplement  to  the  same,  solid  octavo  volumes 
filled  with  close  type,  including  a  quantity  of 
rather  trumpery  details,  in  all  1186  pages, 
have  been  published.  In  respect  to  its  bulk, 
public  interest,  and  importance,  the  annual 
Return  of  the  British  Museum,  1897,  an  octavo 
of  156  pages,  which  is  before  us,  is  a  pleasing 
contrast  to  the  Report  and  its  Supplement. 

MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

Ker     Majesty's    Theatre. —  ' The    'Prentice    Pillar'; 
'  Hansel  and  Gretel  ' 
Qukkn's  Hall.— Promenade  Concerts. 

Whether  Mr.  Hedmondt  is  wise  in  the 
endeavour  to  rely  upon  two  or  three  works 
for  a  season  of  serious  opera  in  London  is 
a  question  oj^en  to  argument.  At  any  rate, 
it  may  be  said  without  hesitation  that  the 
revival  of  Humperdinck's  charming  opera 
'  Hansel  and  Gretel '  will  not  be  rendered 
more  successful  by  the  new  operetta  '  The 
'Prentice  Pillar,'  produced  for  the  first  time 
on  Friday  last  week.  Mr.  Guy  Eden  dis- 
plays little  ability  as  a  librettist,  and  Mr. 
Reginald  Somerville's  music  shows  no 
originalitj^  whatever  in  his  score,  though 
it  is  carefully  written,  and  the  young  com- 
poser may  do  well  if  he  perseveres.  The 
performance  may  bo  warmly  j^raised.  Miss 
Attalie  Claire,  Mr.  William  Paull,  Mr.  Homer 
Lind,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Winckworth  taking 
the  principal  parts.  Mr.  Max  Laistner 
proved  himself  an  able  conductor  in  'Hiiusel 
and  Gretel,'  and  after  the  first  night  or 
two,  when  every  one  seemed  nervous,  the 
charming  fairy  opera  went  very  well  indeed. 
Miss  Marie  Elba  as  Ha'nsel,  Miss  Edith 
Miller  as  the  witch,  and  Miss  Julia  Lennox 
as  the  mother  repeat  excellent  impersona- 
tions. _  Miss  Margaret  Ormerod  as  Gretel 
acts  with  due  vivacity,  but  she,  perhaps, 
might  do  well  to  have  a  little  more  tuition 
in  the  matter  of  vocal  methods.  Mr.  William 
Paull  is  admirable,  alike  vocally  and  drama- 
tically, as  the  bibulous  broom-maker. 

There  was  yet  one  more  "Eecord  Eeign" 
performance  on  Thursday  last  week  at^the 
Queen's  Hall.  As  Mr.  Jacques  says  in  his 
admirable  notes  in  the  Promenade  Concert 
programmes  :  "  When  Queen  Yictoria 
ascended  the  throne  Exeter  Hall  was  the 
only  building  available  for  concerts  on  a 
large  scale.  Things  musical  have  changed 
since  then,  and  it  is  peculiarly  appropriate 
that  the  longest  reign  in  British  history 
should  be  celebrated  in  a  hall  named  after 
Her  Majesty."  With  this  sentiment  few  will 
disagree,  and  no  fault  could  be  found  with  the 
programme,  the  National  Anthem  being  fol- 
lowed by  the  march  and  chorus  from  '  Tann- 
hauser,'  Beethoven's  '  Leonora '  Overture, 
No.  3,  and  Mendelssohn's  '  Lobgesang.'  In 
the  symphony  cantata  the  chorus  did  well, 
though  the  tenors  and  basses  were  superior 
to  the  female  sections  of  the  choir.  Madame 
Lucile  Hill,  a  conscientious  soprano,  should 
pay  more  attention  to  the  utterance  of  her 
words,  which  is  at  present  faulty.  Mr. 
Herbert  Grover  and  Miss  Anita  Sutherland 
were  commendable. 


Passing  over  Saturday's  orchestral  pro- 
gramme, which,  however,  contained  Mr. 
Herbert  Bunning's  '  Suite  Yillageoise,' 
Op.  45,  first  produced  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
last  year,  and  the  overtures  to  Mozart's 
'  Zauberflote'  and  Schubert's  '  Eosamunde,' 
we  must  mention  the  successful  first 
appearance  that  evening  of  Miss  Alice 
M.  Toothill,  a  young  soprano,  gifted 
with  a  sweet  voice,  well  trained,  and 
certain  of  development  in  due  time.  The 
Wagner  programme  on  Monday  was  note- 
worthy for  the  performance  of  the  Prelude 
to  '  Parsifal,'  to  which  was  attached  without 
break  the  closing  scene  from  the  sacred 
mvisic-drama.  This  was  a  clever  device  on 
the  part  of  Mr.  Henry  Wood,  for  it  made 
virtually  a  symphonic  poem.  We  have  the 
sacramental  themes  iu  their  pristine  sim- 
plicity, then  the  suffering  of  Amfortas,  and, 
finally,  the  return  of  the  Graal  motives  in 
their  glorified  form.  This  is  excellent,  and 
will  probably  become  a  precedent.  A  novelty, 
so  far  as  we  are  aware,  was  Isabella's  air 
"Kennstdudas  Leid,"  from  the  early  opera 
'  Das  Liebesverbot.'  in  which  traces  of  the 
genuine  Wagner  may  be  recognized,  oddly 
intermingled  with  Italian  florid  passages  in 
the  style  which  Eossiui,  Bellini,  aud  Doni- 
zetti made  so  popular.  The  song  was 
artistically  rendered  by  Madame  Lucile 
Hill,  and  Mr.  Louis  Frolich  was  also 
pleasing  in  his  vocal  selections.  No  fault 
whatever  could  be  found  with  the  orchestra. 


The  forty-second  series  of  the  Crystal  Palace 
Saturday  Concerts  will  commence  this  day 
week,  and  the  injurious  rumour  that  they  might 
be  discontinued  is,  therefore,  proved  to  have 
no  foundation.  Eight  performances  will  take 
place  before  Christmas,  and  the  pi'ogrammes 
are  certainly  not  wanting  in  attractiveness. 
The  novelties  include  Mr.  Edward  German's 
symphonic  poem  '  Hamlet,'  to  be  heard  for  the 
first  time  at  Birmingham  next  week  ;  three 
Bavarian  Dances  by  Mr.  Edward  Eigar  ;  the 
Vorspiel  to  the  opera  '  Gemot,'  by  Mr.  Eugene 
D'Albert  ;  a  ballad-overture,  '  The  Wreck  of 
the  Hesperus,'  by  Dr.  Charles  Vincent  ;  and 
'La  Mer,' a  suite,  further  entitled  "  Esquisses 
Symphoni(|ues,"  by  Mr.  Paul  Gilson.  The 
symphonies  to  be  performed  are  Schubert's  in 
c.  No.  9,  Beethoven's  in  c  minor,  Mendels- 
sohn's 'Italian,'  Tschaikowsky's  '  Pathstique,' 
Beethoven's  in  f,  No.  8,  Schumann's  in  c,  and 
Schubert's  '  Unfinished  '  in  b  minor.  Among  the 
artists  who  will  make  their  first  appearance  at 
Sydenham  are  the  little  child  pianist,  Bruno 
Steindel  (of  whom  wo  shall  speak  next  week 
after  his  appearance  at  the  Promenade  Concerts), 
Madame  Blanche  Marchesi,  M.  J.  Renard, 
violoncellist,  Miss  Clara  Butt,  M.  Jean  Ten 
Have,  M.  Gregorowitsch,  and  M.  Gabrilo- 
witsch. 

The  first  issue  for  the  sea.son  of  Mr.  Ba.sil 
Tree's  'Panel  Concert  List'  is  to  hand.  It 
shows  clearly,  what  we  have  already  indicated, 
that  the  number  of  high-class  performances  in 
London  during  the  next  three  months  will  be 
unprecedented. 

The  London  rehearsals  for  the  Birmingham 
Fe.stival  finished  on  Thursday  at  the  Queens 
Hall,  and  the  general  rehearsals  commence 
to-day  in  the  Birmingham  Town  Hall.  It  is 
too  soon  to  criticize  the  new  works,  but  we  do 
not  hesitate  to  say  that  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford's 
'  Requiem  '  is  his  masterpiece,  worthy  to  com- 
pare with  the  best  settings  of  the  Latin  Mass 
for  the  dead.  Everything  points  to  a  success- 
ful festival. 


At  the  three  autumnal  Philharmonic  Concerts 
Grieg,  Moszkowski,  and  Humperdinck  will  suc- 
cessively appear.  Tiie  directors  of  the  venerable 
society  spare  no  pains  now  to  render  their  per- 
formances worthy  of  the  attention  of  musical 
amateurs. 

Mr.  p.  Aramis  will  give  two  recitals  of 
popular  Greek  music,  with  vocal  and  choreo- 
graphic illustrations,  at  St.  James's  Hall  on 
Thursday,  the  28th  inst.,  and  Friday,  Novem- 
ber 5th. 

Those  strikingly  successful  Bayreuth  artists 
Frau  Gulbranson  and  M.  van  Rooy  will  appear 
for  the  first  time  in  London  at  Mr.  Schulz- 
Curtius's  Wagner  Concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall, 
the  first  of  which  will  take  place  on  Novem- 
ber 9th.  The  conductors  will  be  Herren  Felix 
Mottl,  Hermann  Levi,  Richard  Strauss,  and 
Felix.  Weingartner,  a  very  strong  combination. 

The  Royal  Choral  Society  at  the  Albert  Hall 
announces  eight  concerts  for  the  ensuing 
season.  As  usual,  'The  Messiah'  will  be  rendered 
twice  ;  that  is  to  say,  on  New  Year's  Day  and 
Good  Friday.  The  other  performances  will 
include  'Elijah,'  Berlioz's  'Faust,'  'The  Crea- 
tion,' 'The  Redemption,'  Beethoven's  not  fre- 
quently heard  music  to  '  The  Ruins  of  Athens,' 
a  new  cantata  '  The  Gate  of  Life,'  by  Mr. 
Franco  Leoni,  Prof.  Bridge's  'The  Flag  of 
England,' and  'The  Golden  Legend.'  The  list 
of  principal  artists  is  as  strong  as  it  could  well 
be,  and  Prof.  Sir  Frederick  Bridge  will,  of 
course,  remain  conductor. 

Mrs.  Paula  Plov.'itz-Cavour  will  give  her 
evening  concert  this  year  at  Steinway  Hall  on 
November  5th,  and  will  be  a.ssisted  by  Madame 
Irraa  Sethe,  Miss  Maude  Danks,  Miss  Lilian 
Stuart,  the  Misses  Klean,  and  Mr.  D. 
Ffrangcon-Davies. 


St,N. 
MON, 
Tl'L-S, 

■Wed. 

THlRi 

Fri. 
S-ir. 


PERF0KM.\NCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

CoTiccrt.  3  :;o,  Albert  Hall. 

Orchestral  Concert,  3  .'JU.  Queen's  Hall. 

I'romenade  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall  ( Wag:ner  Prngrraniuie). 

I'arl  Jios^  Opera.  '  Tannhiiuscr,'  8,  Covent  Garden 

Promenade  Concert.  8,  Queen  s  Hal!  (Plebiscite  Programme). 

Carl  Rosa  Oi  era,  *  Fau«t.'  8,  Covent  Garden 

I'romenade  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall  {  Wagner  Programme). 

Carl  Rosa  Opera,  '  La  Hohe-me,'  8,  Covent  Garden. 
.  Promenade  Concert,  8,    Queen's  Hall    (Gounod  and  Sullivan 
Programme). 

Carl  Itosa  Opera,  'Carmen,' 8,  Covent  Garden, 

Promenade  Concert,  8,   Queen's  Hall  (Beethoven  and  Wagner 
Progr-anime). 

Carl  Rosa  Opera,  'Romeo  and  Juliet,' 8,  Covent  Gai-den 

Carl  Rosa  Opera,  'Faust, 'J;  '  Lohengrin,' 8,  Covent  Garden. 

Promenade     Concert,    8,     Queen's     Hall    (Miscellaneous    Pro- 
gramme). 

0;chestral  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


BOOKS    ON    ACTORS    AND    ACTING. 

The  Romance  of  the  Irish  Stacje.  By  J.  Fitz- 
gerald Molloy.  2  vols.  (Downey  &  Co.) — 
Besides  constituting  amusing  reading,  Mr. 
Molloy's  new  work  adds  something  to  our 
knowledge  of  Irish  stage  history  as  revealed  in 
the  pages  of  Gilbert  and  Hitchcock.  No  great 
lovers  are  we  of  the  picturesque  reporting 
which  with  modern  Irish  chroniclers  does  duty 
for  stage  record,  and  we  should  have  been 
immeasurably  more  grateful  had  Mr.  Molloy 
given  us  a  new  edition  of  Hitchcock's  '  Irish 
Stage,'  corrected  and  eidarged  up  to  the  time 
when  Dublin,  like  Edinburgh  and  Bath,  ceased 
to  claim  a  stage  of  its  own,  and  became 
dependent  upon  that  of  London  or  upon  tra- 
velling companies.  Dublin  was  in  the  last 
century  the  best  recruiting  ground  for  London, 
and  supplied  us  with  more  actors  of  highest 
mark  than  Edinburgh,  Bath,  and  Bristol  put 
together.  In  this  respect  it  was,  as  regards  its 
own  fortunes,  heavily  handicapped.  It  produced 
good  actors,  but  it  could  not  keep  them.  Far 
too  tempting  baits  were  held  out  by  Drury  Lane 
and  Covent  Garden  to  allow  Smock  Alley, 
Aungier  Street,  and  Crow  Street  to  have 
much  of  a  chance.  The  record  of  the  Dublin 
theatres  is  accordingly  chequered,  the  black 
squares  predominating  largely  over  the  white. 
It  is,  perhaps,  for  that  reason  very  picturesque. 


462 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


Bankru2)tcy  and  disaster  were  the  end  of  suc- 
cessive managements,  and   the  annals  are  one 
sustained    record   of    combat    and   internecine 
slaughter.       Not    more    tumultuous  were,    per- 
haps, the  proceedings  in  Dublin  than  they  were 
in    Edinburgh,  and    it  is  d;flicult  to    point    in 
Dublin  to  any  faction  quite  so  unscrupulous  as 
that  to  wliich  in  Edinburgh  Fennell  succumbed. 
They  wei-e,  however,  more  persistently  tumul- 
tuous, and    the  devilry  that  prevailed  on  and 
around  the  Dublin  stage  is  in  keeping  with  the 
narratives    of    Dublin     life    as    preserved    by 
Sir  Jonah  Barrington  in  the  '  Personal  Sketches 
of    his    own     Time,'     on    which     Mr.    Molloy 
freely  draws.    There  is  animation  enough  in  the 
picture  presented,  and  the  reader  will  find  few 
dull  pages.     There  are  some,  however,  due  to 
the  efforts  of  the  author  after  fine  writing,  as 
when  he  conjures  up  visions,  beneath  "  the  soft 
yet  dazzling  light  of  wax  candles  in  their  brass 
sconces,"  of  "fair  women  with  patches  on  cheek 
and   feathers    on    head,    and    diamonds   galore 
upon   their    white   necks  ;    and    brave    men    in 
fine-laced  [sic]  coats  of  all  colours  in  the  rain- 
bow ;    stars  and    ribbons    on    many  a  swelling 
breast,  and  wigs  on  every  head."     Then,  again, 
in  presence  of  the  atrocities  he  depicts,  we  can 
but  wonder  whether  even  to  an  Irishman  the 
Dublin  life  of  the  last  century  was  so  infinitely 
preferable  to  that  of  to-day  as  Mr.  Molloy  seems 
to  hold.     On  one  occasion,  for  instance,  Lord 
Santry  and  other  "choice  spirits,  oZi'os  swine," 
as   Colman  calls  them,  seized  on  a  chair-man, 
put  him  on  his  back,  forced  down  his  throat  as 
much  whiskey  as   he   could  hold,  and  when  it 
flowed  out  of  his  mouth  set  it  on  fire.     Though 
condemned  to  death,  his  lordship  escaped  punish- 
ment and  even  displayed  "contrition."     After 
this  it  is  pleasant  to  hear  that  dancing  "was 
the  order  of  this  happy  day,  unfretted  by  morbid 
introspection,  inequality  of   sex,  doubt,   meta- 
physical criticisms  and  despair."     Introspection 
in  those  days  would,  had  the  habit  prevailed, 
not  perhaps  have  been  wholly  comforting.    Mr. 
Molloy's  aim  is  to  amuse  rather  than  to  instruct. 
We    have    not   attempted    accordingly  to  vex 
his   soul    by  testing  the  accuracy  of   his  com- 
pilation,    though      tempted      so      to     do     by 
the      manner      in      which     old      stories      are 
fathered     on     individuals,     but     have      taken 
only  the  things  which  are  most  obvious.     Mr. 
Molloy    thus    twice    speaks    of    the    macaroni, 
as  about  1777  the  man  of  extreme  fashion  was 
entitled.  Once  he  calls  him  a  "  macaronic,"  and 
another  time  a  "maccaroni. "  We  are  interested 
to  know  to  which  of  these  eccentric  forms  he 
adheres.     In    the   description  of  the  macaroni 
he  speaks  of  a  couteau  de  chasse  as  a  portion  of 
the  equipment.     We  have  before  us  pictures  of 
a   scor-e  macaronies,  in  none  of  which  we  find 
such  a  weapon.    The  "military  macaroni  "  even 
carries  only  a  cane.     Mi-s.  Abington  is  said  to 
have  made  her  first  appearance  in  Dublin  in 
"a  comedy  called  '  The  Stratagem. '  "    For  such 
a  piece  one  will  hunt  vainly  in  the  '  Biographia 
Dramatica.'     It  was    'The   Beaux'  Stratagem' 
of  Farquhar  in  which   she  played.     To  Thomas 
Southerne  are  ascribed   "ten  dramatic  pieces, 
amongst  which  '  Isabella  '  and  '  Oronooka  '  were 
said  to  rank  after  Shakespeare  and  Otway  in 
dramatic  efifect. "     Now  '  Isabella  '  is  by  Garrick, 
founded  on  Southerne,  and  the  title  of  the  other 
piece   is   'Oroonoko,'   not    'Oronooka,'    which 
spelling  involves  two  distinct  mistakes.     Gar- 
rick,  again,   is   said  to  have   been  caressed  as 
"a  theatrical  phenomena."     It  is  surely  incor- 
rect, too,    to   speak  of    Garrick    as  of    "Irish 
descent,"    even    though    he   had   some   admix- 
ture of   Irish  blood.     Is  it  a  fact  that  in  the 
days  of  Woffington  "  there  was  scarce  a  theatre 
in  the    kingdom    that  could    not   boast    of   its 
club,   at   which    the    principal    performer  [sic], 
authors,  and  other  geniuses  dined  together  once 
a  week   to  talk   over   matters   of   common   in- 
terest "  ?  and  who  were  Peg's  '■'royal  admirers  of 
the  [Dublin]  Beefsteak  Club  "  ?     Most  of  these 
errors  are  trivial,  due,  perhaps,  to  carelessness  | 


rather  than  ignorance  ;  some  may  even  be  mis- 
prints ;  and  we  are  not  disposed  to  chide  over- 
much in  the  case  of  a  book  likely  to  beget 
amusement.  It  is,  however,  distressing  that 
these  picturesque  histories  are  valueless  to  those 
whose  painful  duty  it  is  to  seek  for  dates  and 
facts.  In  the  present  case  it  is  perhaps  as 
well  that  the  work  is  without  any  form  of  index, 
and  so  discourages  all  attempt  at  reference. 

The  Actors  Art.  Edited  by  J.  A.  Hammerton. 
(Redway.) — The  actor's  art  is,  of  course,  about 
as  capable  of  being  taught  in  essay  or  book  as  is 
that  of  the  musician,  the  painter,  the  journalist, 
or  the  gymnast.     A  certain  amount  of  curiosity 
attends,  in  many  quarters,  what  actors  have  to 
say  concerning  their  occupation,   and    some  of 
our  most  popular  exponents  of  the  drama  have 
been  prodigal  in  utterance  on  the  theme.    From 
their  published  expressions,  and  in  most  cases 
from   a    few   added    revelations    he   has   been 
fortunate  enough  to    acquire,  Mr.  Hammerton 
has    obtained    matter    which    he    has    padded 
out   with  short  biographies  of  Garrick,  Kean, 
and  Macready,  and  with  essays,  also  short,  on 
points  such  as  '  Learn  to  Feel,'  '  Suit  the  Action 
to  the  Word,'  'Stage  Traditions,'  and  the  like. 
The    book    will    doubtless    please    those   who 
require  theory  on  an  art  in  which  practice  alone 
is  of  use.    It  is  amusing  and  perhaps  convenient 
to  find  collected  together  the  opinions  of  actors 
upon  that  famous  paradox  of  the  comedian  of 
Diderot,  which  has  furnished   modern   writers 
on  the  stage  with  endless  matter  for  controversy. 
We  are  not  of  those  who  attach  any  importance 
whatever  to  the  opinions  of  actors  on  the  sub- 
ject.    If  the  actor  plays  Alexander  the  Great 
or  even  Hotspur,  of  course  he  feels  the  part. 
Who  could  doubt   it  1     If   he  plays  Scapin  or 
Scrub,  equally  of   course   he  does  not.      This 
is    what    the    matter     comes     to.      Have    we 
not    Romeos    in    plenty   of    a    sort  i    and    is 
there     any    doubt    that     if     we    needed    men 
to  command  the  applause  of  listening  senates, 
to   sacrifice   their   lives    for   their   country,    or 
even  to  lead  its  armies  to  the  field,  we  might, 
were  other  sources  debarred,  look  hopefully  to 
the  stage  ?  An  introspective  and  vain  actor  such 
as  Macready  feels,  he  is  quite  sure,  every  noble 
part     he     plays.       Kean,     immeasurably     his 
superior,   does  not.     We  could  name,  "an  we 
would,"  living  actors  of  high  repute  who,  even 
in  a  tragic  scene,  have  chuckled  visibly,  if  not 
audibly,  in  the  fashion  in  which  Kean  chuckled 
to  his  son  Charles  over  the  impression  they  were 
jointly  producing.     Mr.    Hammerton 's  volume 
opens  with  nine  lines    of  courteous  patronage 
from  Sir  Henry  Irving.     Actors,  twenty-five  in 
all,   then  give  their  views  on  their  profession, 
sometimes  in  the   spirit   in    which  they  might 
record  in   the  album  of  a  friend    their  prefer- 
ences and  tastes.     With  characteristic  gracious- 
ness.    Miss    Terry    furnishes    records    of   past 
experiences  which  in  themselves  give  value  to 
the  book,  and  supplies  some  friendly  and  excel- 
lent counsel  to  aspirants.     Mr.  Alexander  holds 
that  each  "must  workout  his  own  salvation." 
Mr.  Toole,  unfortunately  debarred  from  anec- 
dote, says  what  is  perhaps  the  best  thing  to  be 
said,  that  "the  best  school  for  the  actor   is  the 
theatre."     Mrs.   Kendal  opines  that,  if  things 
are  as  in  very  deed  they  are,  "  there  is  no  royal 
road  to  dramatic  fame."      Mr.   Weedon  Gros- 
smith  is  not  disposed  to  "  give  himself  away  " 
by  putting  in  print  views  which  may  be  "ever- 
lastingly brought  up  as  evidence  against  him  "; 
and  Mr.  Bassett  Roe  quotes  with  approval  the 
sage  but  cynical  saying,  "The  art  of  acting  is 
the  art  of  getting  good  parts."     The  work  is  a 
capable   piece    of    book-making,  and  is   likely 
enough  to  enjoy  a  measure  of  popularity.     Its 
practical  utility  is  another  matter. 


This  evening  witnesses  the  production  of  the 
promised  triple  bill  at  the  Avenue.  Less  than 
a  fortnight  will  see  every  West-End  theatre  in 


full  vogue,  the  St.  James's,  as  the  furthest  west, 
being  naturally  the  last.  The  Royalty,  which  will 
reopen  with  a  farce  entitled  '  Oh,  Susannah  ! ' 
previously  seen  in  Brighton,  will  be  under  new 
management. 

The  title  of  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones's  play 
where\7ith  the  Criterion  will  reopen  has  been 
changed  from  'The  Triflers '  to  'The  Liars,' 
and  the  date  of  production  has  been  fixed  for 
Wednesday.  In  addition  to  Mr.  Wyndham  and 
Miss  Moore  the  cast  will  include  Messrs.  Thal- 
berg.  Standing,  Bishop,  Kenyon,  and  Vane 
Tempest,  and  Misses  Cynthia  Brooke,  Sarah 
Brooke,  Janette  Steer,  and  Irene  Vanbrugh. 

'  The  Fortcne  -  Hc.nter  '  of  Mr.  W.  S. 
Gilbert  was  produced  by  Miss  Fortescue  at 
Birmingham  on  Monday.  It  has  a  melodramatic 
story  founded  on  a  well-known  point  in  French 
marriage  law. 

Miss  Ada  Rehan  and  the  Daly  company  will 
begin  at  the  Grand  Theatre  on  Monday  a  fort- 
night's engagement  with  'As  You  Like  It.' 
'The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,'  'Twelfth  Night,' 
'  The  School  for  Scandal,'  and  'The  Last  Word  ' 
will  be  played.  This  will  be  Miss  Rehan's  only 
appearance  in  London  this  year. 

'A  Bachelor's  Romance,'  in  which  Mr. 
Hare  has  been  seen  in  Glasgow,  Newcastle,  and 
elsewhere,  is  destined,  if  a  house  can  be  found 
for  it,  to  win  its  way  to  London.  Its  plot  has 
something  in  common  with  that  of  'The  Pro- 
fessor's Love  Story,'  in  which  Mr.  Willard 
acquired  much  popularity. 

The  Duke  of  York's  Theatre  will  shortly  pass 
into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Charles  Frohman,  of  New 
York.  It  seems  as  if  in  time  the  connexion 
between  New  York  and  London  might  become 
as  close  in  things  theatrical  as  it  is  in  the  pub- 
lishing world. 

'  The  Vagabond  King  '  is  the  title  of  a  dra- 
matic romance  by  Mr.  L.  N.  Parker  in  which 
Mr.  Carson  will  shortly  be  seen.  Mr.  Carson 
is  collaborating  with  Mr.  Max  Beerbohm  in  a 
piece  to  be  entitled  '  The  Fly  on  the  Wheel.' 

Miss  Edith  Heraud  is  busy  upon  the 
memoirs  of  her  father,  John  A.  Heraud,  among 
whose  claims  on  attention  was  the  share  he 
took  in  freeing  the  stage  from  the  oppression  of 
the  patent  laws.  The  work,  which  will  contain 
an  interesting  series  of  letters  from  Robert 
Southey  and  other  matter  of  value,  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  George  Redway. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie'.s  new  play  'The  Little 
Minister  '  has  been  successfully  produced  at  the 
Empire  Theatre,  New  York.  Miss  Maud  Adams 
obtained  a  triumph  in  the  gipsy. 

'From  Scotland  Yard,'  a  melodrama  by 
Messrs.  John  Douglass  and  F.  Bateman,  was 
given  for  the  first  time  in  London  on  Monday 
at  the  Parkhurst  Theatre. 

The  '  Two  Little  Vagabonds '  will  be  once 
more  revived  at  the  Princess's  on  Monday  with 
a  cast  changed  in  some  respects.  A  version  of 
'Le  Camelot,'  a  recent  melodramatic  success  in 
Paris,  is  in  preparation. 

Mr.  Tree's  reappearance  at  Her  Majesty's 
will  take  place  on  November  1st  in  '  Katherine 
and  Petruchio'  and  'The  Silver  Key.'  The 
next  production  will  be  'Julius  Csesar.' 

'  A  Puritan  Romance,'  a  three-act  comedy 
by  Estelle  Clayton,  has  been  given  for  copyright 
purposes  at  the  Vaudeville. 


To  C0RRESPONDEXT.S.— E.  D.  G.— W.  H.  A.— M.  O.  R.— 
received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Terms  of  Subscription  by  Post. 
To  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


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For  Twelve  Months.. 

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N-^  3049,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


463 


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THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^.  U  M 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


J.  NISBET  &  go;  S  new  BOOKS. 

» 

The  RIP'S  REDEMPTION.  A  Trooper's 

story.     By   E    LIVINGSTON  PRESCOTT,  Author  of  '  Scarlet  and 
Steel'    Ciown8vo.Cs. 
"Heartily  welcome. ...Alna5-sintere8tiiiK"—Sro(.«»n,i. 
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LADY  ROSALIND.     By  Mrs.  Emma 

MARSHALL.    Crown  8\  o.  Uv 

A  FIGHT  for  FREEDOM.    By  Gordon 

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Forty  Full-Page  Original  Drawings  to  illustrate  the  Life  of  Our 
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60 


Last  Week's  ATUENMVM  contains  Articles  on 
GREECE  in  the  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 
PROF.  KNIGHTS  WORDSWORTH. 
GREEK  PAPYRI  from  EGYPT. 
MR.  H.  D.  TKAILLS  ESSAYS. 
The  BIBLE  and  its  TRANSMISSION. 
NEW  NOVELS  -'The  Martian',  ■Jetsam':  'On  the  Knees  of  the  Gods': 

■Prisonersof  Conscience-  ■Lady  Rosalind;  •  The  Plagiarist ' ,  'The 

Rip's  Redemption';  'A  Girl's  Awakening';  'A  Mans  Indoing  ; 

■The  Invisible  Man';  'Fortune's  Footballs.' 
ANTIQUARIAN  LITERATURE. 
ANTHOLOGIES. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 
The   ETYMOLOGY  of  "CREASE";  TENNYSON    BIBLIOGRAPHY; 

The  AUrUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Auso— 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 
SCIENCE  :-Roger  Bacons  OpusMajus;  Library  Table  ;  Astronomical 

Notes;  Gossip. 
FINE  ARTS  —Life  Of  Frederick  Walker;  Gossip. 
MUSIC :— Hereford  Festival ;  Library  Table ;  Gossip. 
DRAMA  —The  Week :  Gossip. 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


"  No  other  lift)'  years  of  English  literature  contain 

i  much  to  interest  an  English  rea.deT."—FreemaTi. 

"A  mine  of  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  literature  for  the  last  fifty  years."— Echo. 

"Rich  in  literary  and  social  interest,  and  afford  a 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  intellectual  progress  of 
the  nation."— if-^rf.?  Mercury. 

"This  literary  chronicle  of  half  a  century  must  at 
once,  or  in  course  of  a  short  time,  take  a  place  as  a 
permanent  work  of  reference." 

Publishers'  Circular. 

"  The  entire  work  affords  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  intellectual  life  of  the  period  it  covers,  which 
will  be  found  extremely  helpful  by  students  of 
English  literature." — Christian  World. 

"A  worthy  monument  of  the    development    of 

literature  during  the  last  fifty  years The  volumes 

•contain  not  a  little  specially  interesting  to  Scots- 
men."— Scotsman. 

"  The  thought  of  compiling  these  volumes  was  a 
happy  one,  and  it  has  been  ably  carried  out  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Francis,  the  son  of  the  veteran  publisher." 

Literary  World. 

London :  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington  Street,  W., 
Publiihers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


THIS  WEEKSKVMJiER  containi— 

NOTES  —Rood  of  Cockerham— Host  Eaten  by  Mice— Chaucer  Family 
—  Two  Donkeys— Inventor  of  Hilliards— Exploded  Ti-adition— Loose 
Quotation— •'  Hattue  "—Epitaph  on  Earl  of  Oxford-Palnierston  and 
Dante— Remarkable  Discovery— Arnold  of  Rugby- Ethnology  ol 
Trades. 

QUERIES  —'The  Counter-rat '—"  Stag  of  the  first  head"— Sea  Ser- 
geants—J  Dobson- Motto  of  the  College  of  Surgeons— Kensington 
Uanal—Bamborough  Castle-De  Slotres.  &c —Endorsement  of  Parlia- 
menury  Bills-Kilpeck  Chuich-LeaUen  Water-pipes-"  Thee  and 
"Thou  "-'"lanti bogus'— "Milord  "—Glass  Fi-actare  —  '  In  Camp 
and  Cantonment— ■■  Two  is  company  "—Brutton  I'amiiy-Steyens 
Family  —  Earthenware  Water-pipes —  "  Widow  ot  the  late  — 
■■Diaper"  — Walter  Cromwell's  Descendants  — The  Devil  —  Scart 
Soup— .Moncada  Family— Chapel  Colney— How— Cassiter  Street 

REPLII5S— Daily  Service  in  Churches— Miss  Vandenhoff— "Gondola 
of  London"— Monson— Women's  Pockets— "  Does  the  sun  put  out 
the  (ire  ''  "— B  Scrope— Enid— Poetry-Mayhew- Armorial-Jones, 
the  Regicide-Hay  in  Church  Aisles-Canonization-Hand  of  Glory 
_•■  Mv  "  His  "  applie  I  to  Authors-Royal  Dole  for  Trlplets-Gild- 
hall— Local  Phrases— "God  geometri-/es  "-City  Names  in  Stow  s 
■  Survey '—  "Jemmy  "  —  Newspaper  Cuttings  — Cockney  Dialect— 
■Kingale"— Author  Wanted— Flags-'  Hung"  or  "Hanged"'.' 

NOTES  on  BOOKS : -Henley  and  Henderson's  "Poetry  of  Robert 
Burns  -Heckethorn's  "  Printers  of  liasle  '-Engel  s  '  W  illiam  Shake- 
speare — Macray's  "  Magdalen  College  Register.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


The  ATIIEyJEVM  for  September  18  c  iitsiHS  Articles  on 

A  REPRINT  ot  DARLEY'S  NEPENTHE. 

The  CONGO  STATE. 

NEW  CATALOGUES  of  PERSIAN  MSS. 

The  SACRED  HISTORY  of  SULPICIUS  SEVERUS. 

MR.  -WHYMPER'S  GUIDE  to  ZERMATT  and  the  MATTERHORN. 

NEW  NOVELS  ;— 'The  Claim  ol  Anthony  Lockharf;  '  A  Sweet  Sinner', 
'Merely  Players  ';  '  When  Passions  Rule.' 

BOOKS  of  TR.VVEL. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

BOOKS  for  the  YOUNG. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

The  ETYMOLOGY  of  "CREASE  ";  The  CONGKESS  of  ORIENTAL- 
ISTS;    The     AUTUMN     PUBLISHING    SEASON.     TENNYSON 

bibliography. 

Also- 
literary  GOSSIP. 

RICHARD  HOLT  HUTTON. 

SCIENCE :— Pioneers  of  Evolution  ;  Medical  BoBks  ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS  ;— Miintz  on  Tuscany  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC ;— Hereford  Festival ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA  ;— The  Week  ;  Gossip. 


LAST  WEEK'S  XIOIBER  f  September  2o)  contains— 
NOTES  ;-Heraldic  Augmentations-C.  F  Dlackburn-Gillian  of  Croy- 
don-Binding  ot  Magazines-Record  Gravedigger-J.  Bird-Kagnian 
Roll— "  Rest,  but  do  not  loiter  "—Conveyance  ot  I  roops-  Nether 
Heedum"— St  Augustine's  Landing-place— Parish  Registrar  ctrca 
Cromwell-Russian  Fi  ench— Hollington  church. 

QUERIES— "Cloif—"!  .ght  of  our  salvation"— The  Wandering  Jew 

—  Nonsense  Verses —  ' Blackberry  Gatherers  —  Armorial— Latin 
Quotation  — St  Cowsland  —  Aiabella  Feimor— B^vesiers-"  Eikon 
Basilike"  —  Popocatepetl —  Juvenile  Authors  —  Howth  Castle  — 
"  Rypeck  "-Brass  Seal. 

REPLIES  —Miss  Fairbrother  — Due  d'Epemon  — Luther  Family  in 
Essex— Mr  A  Ballantyne— Chess  ana  the  Devil-Grub  Street- 
Red  Whit"  Blue  — "Careerin"  — Folk-lore— Military  Banners- 
Tradition  at  St  Crux -Armorial  China— Physicians  of  Last  Century 

—  Cheney  Gate -Bishopric  of  Ossory— Peter  Tnellusson-Barou 
Perryn-Skelton-Sir  W.  Hendley-Pelling  Bridge— O.  W.  Holmes 
and  'Pry  "-City  Names-Sinai  Palimpsest-Counsels  ot  Perfection 
—Green's  "Guide  to  the  Lakes'— Poem  by  Tennyson-History  of 
Huntingdon— Swifts,  Sparrows,  and  Starlings-"  l:>;oanded  — "Ue 
Imitatione  Christi'-""  Apparata""-Plantagenet-"''n  ho  fears  to 
speak  of  "OS';  "-"Making  Burghers  "-"Obey"  in  Marriage  Service 
—Authors  Wanted. 

OTES  on  BOOKS  :-Smith  s  '  Expeditions  of  Henry  IV  to  Prussia  and 
the  Holy  Land  -Royds  s  'Parish  Registers  ot  Felkirk  -"aylen  s 
'House  of  Cromwell'— Venn's  •  GonviUe  and  Cams  College  — 
Hempl's  '  German  Orthography  and  Phonology  —Law  s  Archpnest 
Controversy '— '  The  Queen's  London  "-Fraser  s    W  aterloo  Ball. 

Notices  to  Correspondents.  


The  ATHEKJEVM for  September  11  contains  Articles  on 

AN  OLD  SOLDIER'S  REMINISCENCES. 

LUTHER'S  PRIMARY  WORKS  in  ENGLISH. 

■WOMAN  under  the  ENGLISH  LAW. 

A  FRENCH  WRITER  on  POSITIVISM. 

SOME  BOOKS  on  DANTE. 

SIR  GEORGE  ROOKE'S  JOURNAL. 

NEW  NOVELS— 'Liza  of  Lambeth'  ;  'A  Rash  Verdict';  '  Stapleton's 
Luck'-  ''The  Choir  Invisible';  '  A  Welsh  Singer' ;  '.Seeing  Him 
Through',  ''The  Coming  of  Chloe  ' ;  'Lady  Mary's  Experience? ' ; 
'  The  'Type-writer  Girl.' 

PLAUTINE  LITERATURE. 

LOCAL  HISTORY. 

SCANDINAVIAN  PHILOLOGY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE-LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

The  ALLEGED  BIGAMY  of  THOMAS  PERCY  ;  LADY  ARABELLA 
STUART  SIR  THOMAS  MALORY;  'The  CONGRESS  ot  ORIEN- 
TALISTS', The  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON;  PSEUDO- 
DICKENS  RARITIES. 

Also — 

LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  ;-Capt.  Cook's  Voyages;  Botanical  Literature  ;  Astronomical 

Notes;  Gossip. 
FINE  ARTS  :-Pliny  on  the  History  of  Art ;  Library  Table  ,  Strafford 

Portraits  ;  The  'Tomb  ot  David  ;  Gossip. 
MUSIC  —The  Week  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip. 
DRAMA: -The  Week;  Library  Table ;  Gossip. 


THE  KUMDER  FOR  SEPTEMHER  18  contains- 

NOTES  — Ashburnham  House-First  Folio  Shakspeare  -'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography'  Notes- Vellow  Springs  of  the  I  nderworld-- 
Wreaths  and  Garlands-'  Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau  --"  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Nuts  to  Crack '— "  All  alive  "—Oakham  Lastle. 

QUERIES;-"  Shall"  and  "  WiH"-Portrait-Horset-Manor  of  Leny 
-Signification  of  Bas-reliefs-Gondola  of  London-'  llie  Forty-hfth 
LadSie  '-Quotation  by  Carlyle-Old  Church--"  Shrub  of  Parnassus 
-J  B  Vnnts-Device  on  Seal-"  Rainfall"  of  Seeds-Ntalls  in 
Theatres-"  The  Chimes '-Launch  ot  .Mao-ot-war-Davis  Faniily- 
DrS.  Ford-Quotation  in  LODgtellow-'Pure  Well'-Boziers 
Court. 

REPLIES  :-Countie3  of  England-Life  of  St.  Alban-Curfew-Forests 
and  Chases-Flags-Women's  False  Pockets-The  Dove-"  Hell  is 
paved  with  pood^  intentions  "-"  Havelock  "-Bu.lmghame-Crom- 
Icchs-Chappallan-Oldest  'Trees-Songs  on  Sports-Angels  as  Sup- 
porters-Carrick-S  Hiiffam-Robins,  A"Ctioneer--Livery  Lists- 
A-S.  Manuscripts-Port  Royal  Inscription-Epitaph-St.  Patrick- 
Longest  Words  in  English-Helm-Alius  Severus-""\yiH'  a  wet 
fing5r"-"Droo"- Remains  of  Lord  B.yron  -  Burning  Bush - 
'•SniDers"-"Gurges"-Butter  at  Wedding  Feasts  -  Politician- 
Foster  of  Bamborough- Gentleman  Porter-"  Cooper '•- Postage 
ISips  Reversed-H*^J  H  Martin-Enid-Church  Row,  Hampstead 
—County  Council  English-Great  Clock,  Rouen. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :-Jacksnn's  "  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin.  Oxford 
-Tpirth's    "Clarke  Papers" -Lewis's    'Pedes    Fioium '-' Edmund 
Routledge's  Date-Book.' 
Notices  to  Correspondents.    


THE  ATHENJEUM,  EVERY  SATURDAY, 

PRICE  THREEPENCE,  OF 

JOHN     C.     FRANCIS, 

Athenaeum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Laae, 
B.C. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


JirE  NUMBER  FOR  SEPTEMBER  11  ctntmns— 

v-nTRS  — Citv  Names  in  Stows  "  .Survey  '—Boers  and  the  Bible-Poem 
bv  Tennyson  Uabsaris-Naval  Crests  -  Russian  Folk-tales-Her 
?Uig-bone  cHarm-lGrimthorped  Welsh  Customs -"' Overtune  "- 
Split  Intinitive 

QUERIES  -Due  d'Epernon-Author  Wanted  -  Forests  amd  Chases- 
•"Mv"  ""His"  applied  to  Authors-Piscina-Romaii  Numerals- 
Picture  by  Zoffany-^Author  of  Book -Construction  "with  a  Partitive 
-Chess  and  the  Devil  -  Overseers  -  Lettering  Bindings -Lord 
Mavors  Fool-Cranmer's  New  Testament-""  Derbyshire  wise  - 
Vulgar  Errors-Engravings-Musical  Boxes-Dancing  upon  Bridges 
—Green  'Table 

RPPLTES  -John  Cabot  and  the  Matthew-Flags-Miss  Vandenhoff- 
Wonderful  Word-Luther,  Irish  Surname-Ancestors-Avignon- 
Suneretition-Green  Room-Pinchbeck-Grub  Street-P  Harrison-- 
aSir^-Pocket  Nutmeg-Giater-Causc  of  Death-"  Mad  asa  hatter" 
-iTrd  of  Allerdale-"  Footle  ■-"  Jesu,  Lover  of  my  soul  -  '  Have- 
^ck  "-StanwMd  Family- Portreeve-Isle  of  Man--Macaulay  and 
Montgomery-Cagots-Registering  Births  and  Deaths-  Alierot 
BuHSame  -Eve-rhymes-"  Returns  "-"  Harpe  pece  ■■-^'■ej\^ 
PHsoSers  in  England-Burial  ot  Horse  with  i>""er--"Ken  - 
Questions  on  Rubric-Reigate  Parish  Church-Monkish  Latin- 
Bibliography  of  New  South  Wales. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :-Hunie'9  ■  Sir  Walter  Ralegh '-I.ang's^  Book   of 
Dreams  and  Ghosts  '-Wyatt's  ■  Elementary  Old  English  Grammar 
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Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
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N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


467 


NOTICE. 


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Mr.  CROCKETT S  New  Bomance^  '  LOCHINVAR/ 
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THREE   AND   SIXPENCE. 

THE  POMP  OF  THE  LAVILETTES. 


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D 


468 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3649,  Oct.  2,  '97 


A.    &C.    BLACK'S      LIST. 


WAVEELEY 
NOVELS. 

'^     REISSUE 

OF   THE 

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^kl 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

journal  of  (Bncfi^f)  mtj  dForefgn  literature,  Science,  tj^e  dFine  ^rt!^,  £iimic  antr  tfee  l^rama. 


I 


No.  3650. 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER    9,    1897. 


PRICB 

THREEPENCE 

RBQISTBKBD  AS  A  NEWSPAPBE 


HAKLUYT  SOCIETy  {President,  Sir  Clements 
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1 


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rpHEOLOGICAL 


COLLEGE,  BALA,  N.W. 


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EC. 

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EDUCATION.- Private  High  School  for  Young 
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SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
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470 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°8650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


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Scott,  17,  Crondace  Uoad,  Fulham,  S.W. 

STAMPS.— CANADA  JUBILEE,  already  scarce, 
will  become  rare;  Cyprus.  Java.  Malta.  Pern.  Fnnchal.  Selangor, 
Iceland.  St.  Lucia,  Angra,  Newfoundland,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Horta. 
Thirty  genuine  varieties,  Is.  Id.— Smith,  Upper  Park  Koad,  Kingstoa, 

Surrey. 

'VO  INVALIDS.— A   LIST    of    MEDICAL    MEN 

1  in  all  parts  RECEIVING  RESIDENT  PATIEN  rs  sent  gratis  with 
full  particulars.  Schools  also  recommended. —Medical.  &c  Association, 
Limited,  8.  Lancaster  Place.  Strand.  W  C.  Telegraphic  Address,  "Tri- 
form, London."    Telephone  No.  1864,  Gerrard. 

THE      AUTHOR'S    HAIRLESS     PAPER- PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS.  Ltd  ,  Publishers  and  Printers, 
50,  Leadenball  Street,  London,  K  C.) 
Contains   hairle.^s   paper,    over  which  the  pen   slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    5s  per  dozen,  ruled  oi-plain. 

Authors  should  note  that  The  Leadenball  Press,  Ltd.,  cannot  be 
responsible  for  the  loss  of  MSS.  by  flre  or  otherwise.  Duplicate  copies 
should  be  retained. 

UURNISHED    APARTMKNTS    in    one    of    the 

JO  most  pleasant  positions  in  TUNBRIDGE  WELLS.  Sonth  aspect, 
good  Tiew,  three  minutes'  walk  from  the  town  and  conunon— Write 
K.  G.,  18,  Claremont  Road,  Tnnbrldge  Wells. 


THACKERAY      HOTEL      (Temperance), 
Facing  the  British  Maseara, 
GREAT  RUSSELL  STREET,  LONDON. 
This  newly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
the  requirements  of  those  who  desire  all  the  conveniences  and  advan- 
tages of  the  larger  modern  licensed  hotels  at  moderate  charges. 

Passenger  Lift.     Electric  Light  in  all  rooms.    Bath-Rooms  on  eyery 
floor. 

SPACIOUS  DINING.  DRAWING,  WRITING,  READING, 
AND  SMOKING  BOOMS. 

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Full  Tariff  and  Testimonials  post  free  on  application. 

Proprietor— J   TRU8L0VB. 
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(SaU«  tog  Jttiction. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  l.ihrary  of  the  late 
Miss  ALDINA  FICKERING. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SiMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  I«icester  Square.  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  October  13,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  10  minntes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely.  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS.  Including  the 
LIBRARY  of  the  late  Miss  ALDINA  PIOKBKING,  amongst  which  will 
be  found  Turner's  Southern  coast^-l'alesline  Kxploration  Fund— GiU- 
ray's  Wovks—Skelton'sOxfordshire— National  M^SS.  of  Ireland— Turner 
Gallery— Walton  and  Cotton's  Complete  Angler,  Pickering's  Edition 
— Nash's  Mansions— Notes  and  Queries— Treatise  on  Fencing— First 
Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Jefferles,  and  other  modern  Authors — 
Scarce  Collection  of  Admiralty  Reports,  «c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester  Square.  W  C,  on 
TUESDAY,  October  19,  and  Following  Day,  at  half-past  6  o'clock 
precisely,  rare  BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
STAMPS,  from  various  Private  Sources. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Engravings,  Water- Colour  Drawings,  and  Paintings. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  I*ieester  Square.  W  C  .  on 
THURSDAY.  October  28.  and  Following  Dav  at  ten  minutes  past  1 
o'clock  precisely.  MISCELLANEOUS  ENGRAVINGS  comprising  Fancy 
Subjects,  many  being  printed  in  colours— .Me/zotintand  other  Portraits 
—old  Historical  and  Topographical  Prints— Caricatures  by  Gillray  and 
Rowlandson— Sporting  Subjects  after  Aiken  In  colours-Modern  Artists' 
Proof  Etchlngs-a  large  quantity  of  WATER-OOLOUB  DRAWINGS, 
many  flne—and  OIL  PAINriNGS. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Library  of  the  late  T.  C.  BARING,  M.A. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON    will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  Honse.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C.    on 

■WEDNESDAY.  November  3.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minntes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  T  0  BAKING,  M. A., 
comprising  Standard  Editions  of  English  and  Foreign  Historical  and 
Biographical  Works- a  remarkable  Series  of  Early  Publications  from 
the  Aldine  and  Elzevir  Presses— County  Histories— Important  Works 
on  Natural  History  and  Botany,  &c  .  including  Gould's  Trochlildse— 
Mammals  of  Australia— Birds  of  New  Guinea- Birds  of  Asia-Clonet's 
French  Portraits  — Claude's  Liber  Veritalis- Cussans's  Hertfordshire, 
Large  Paper— Skelton's  Antiquities  of  Oxfordshire  Pr©s>-ntation  Copy— 
Du  Cange,  Glossarinm.  8  vols..  Best  Edition— Demosthenes  Oratlones, 
Aldus,  1504— Platonis  Opera.  Aldus.  1613— English  Chronicles  28  vols, 
moroccoextra— Dante  Commedia,  1491— BibliaGrteca  bound  bv  Derome, 
with  his  Ticket,  1518— Aristotells  Opera.  6  vols  ,  Aldus,  1495-8— Thu- 
cydides  1602.  in  fine  Inlaid  Binding  by  Hardy— Homer,  Ilias.  Odynsea, 
2  vols  in  old  Venetian  Binding.  1524— Virgillus  Opera,  Aldus.  1605— 
Horatius.  Aldus,  1527— Opusculum  de  Herone  et  Leandro  'First  Produc- 
tion of  the  Aldine  Press),  1494-HoratiUB  Opera,  Aldus  1601  -A'Kempis, 
De  Imltatione  Christl,  Elzevir,  s  d.— Thiers's  <'on8nlate  and  Empire, 
20  vols —Dickens's  Works.  Edition  de  Lu»e.  SO  vols — Socl^t^  d'Aqna- 
relllstes  Francaises,  Edition  de  l.tute-Stow's  Harvey,  by  Strype,  2vols  , 
1764— Long's  lloman  Republic,  6  vols.— nefoe's  Novels  20  vols — Lin- 
gard's  England,  10  vols -De  Qnincey's  Works,  16  vols —Hook's  Lives 
of  the  Archbishops,  12  vols  —Bell's  British  PoeU.  83  vols.  morocco- 
Plato's  Dialogues,  by  Jowett,  5  vols  — Grote's  Plato.  3  vols  — Miiller'e 
Chips  from  a  German  Workshop,  4  vols —Sacred  Books  of  the  East, 
85  vols  —Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  II  vols  —Gardiner's  Fall  of  the 
Monarchy,  Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage  Great  Civil  War, 
England  nnderBuckingham-KancroltsUnited  States  10  vols  —Gibbon's 
Roman  Empire,  8  vols— Couch's  Fishes  of  the  B^tl^h  Islands  4  vols  — 
Ritson's  Works,  mostly  First  Editions  29  vols  — Jonson's  Works,  by 
OifTord- Prescott's  Works.  16  vols.— Du  Val.  Genera  des  Ool^optdres, 
4  vols— Sowerby's  English  Botany.  II  vols —Lowe  s  Ferns,  8  vols  — 
Freeman's  Norman  Conquest,  6  vols— Yule's  Marco  Polo,  2  vols.- 
Motley's  Works,  9  vols,  i  the  majority  of  which  are  in  choice  Morocco 
and  Calf  Bindings,  some  with  Arms  on  sides. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


M 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


471 


M 


Ex-Libris. 
ESSRS.    PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C..  in 
NOVEMBER,  an  extensive  COLLKCllON  of  EX-LIHRIS.  comprising 
Examples  of  Chippendale,  Jacobean.  Armorial,  Book-Pile,  and  other 
Designs,  many  with  Engravers'  Names— rare  Dated  Plates,  boih 
English  and  Foreign. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

FHIDA  y  NEXT. 
Photographic  and  Scientific  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SRLL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Great  Rooms.  3fl  King  Street.  Covent  Garden,  on 
FRIDAY  NKXT.  October  15.  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  CAMERAS 
and  LENSES  by  well-known  Makers— Opera  and  Race  Glasses— fele- 
scopes — Microscopes.  Objectives,  and  fc^lides— Magic  Lanterns  and  Slides 
— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  Tiew  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

MESSRS   HODGSON  beg  to  announce  the  follow- 
ing SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane, 
W.C.,  commencing  at  1  o'clock  each  day  :— 

On  TUESDAY,  October  12,  and  Three  Following 

Days,  Valuable  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  Houbraken  and 
■^'e^tue'8  Heads.  Large  Paper — Nash's  Mansions.  4  vols.- Newcastle's 
Horsemanship,  2  vols  -Lodge's  Portraits.  India  Proofs.  l:i  vols  — Acker- 
mann's  Westminster  Abbey.  2  vols  — C'>loured  Costumes  of  Foreign 
Countries.  7  vols  — Archa'Ologia  to  189G.  75  vols.— Sussex  Archaeological 
Collections  to  1894.  40  vols  — Sowerby's  English  Botany,  12  vols —Bus- 
kin's Modern  Painters,  Large  Paper.  5  vols  —the  Writings  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  Dickens,  Lever,  Thackeiay.  Surtees.  Ainswonh.  Jesse,  Miss 
Freer.  Dr  Doran.  Greville.  Fronde,  Prescott.  Motley.  Carlyle.  Ac- 
French  Memoirs— Badminton  Library.  lOvols  ,  L^rge  Paper — Apperley's 
John  Mytton— Carey's  Life  in  Paris— Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  12  vols  — 
Modern  Maf'eniatical  Treatises— Greek  and  Latin  Classics  and  Transla- 
tions— Students'  Mooks— Scientific  Works— Theology,  &c. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  October  20,  and  Two  Follow- 
ing Days.  MANY  THOUSAND  VOLUMES  of  MODERN  PUBLICA- 
TIONS (chiefly  new.  in  cloth),  including  960  Houghton's  British  Fishes 
(lOs.  M  )— 456  Lambert's  Two  Thousand  Y^ears  of  Gild  Life  (18.s.).  and  43 
Large  Paper  (11.  ll.s  GJ  )— '/^es  Bailey's  Life  Annuities  (2!  2s  )-^00  Book 
of  Delightful  and  strange  Designs  [6s  )— 80  Rose's  Catalogue  of  Engraved 
Portraits,  2  vols  (G(  6s  )-20  Warr's  Echoes  of  Hellas.  2  vols  (4(  4s  )— 
•250  Barnelt  Smith's  History  of  Parliament.  2  vols  (11  43  )— 350  Hallam's 
Literature  |7<.  6J.)  and  350  Constitutional  History  (7«.  6<i  )— 350  D'Au- 
bign^'s  Reformations  (7»  6<i.)—5U0  Motley's  Dutch  Republic  1 7s  6d  )— 600 
Layater's  Physiognomy  (7s  6d  )— 2.W  Self-Aid  EncyclopneUia  (10s.  6d.)— 
300  Hone's  Works  4  vols  (21  10s  )-1.400  Volumes  of  Beeton's  Diction- 
aries—about  2,500  Volumes  of  World  Library  (3s.  6d.)— upwards  of  3.000 
3s.  Gd.  and  5s  Novels— Juvenile  Hooks— Railway  Beading  in  cloth  and 
boards;  also  the  Stereotype  Plates  of  Lingard's  England,  Library 
Edition,  10  vols.,  &c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 


HANOVER  GALLERIES,  LIVERPOOL. 

High-Class  Paintings  and  Water-Colour  Drawings. 
ESSRS.    BRANCH    &    LEETE  will    SELL    by 

AUCTION,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  13.  at  2  o'clock,  in  the 
above  Rooms,  a  COLLECI'ION  of  ONE  HUNDRED  PAINTINGS  and 
DRAWINGS,  including  fine  Works  by  W  P.  Frith.  R  A  .  W  W.  Ouless. 
R.A.,  W.  C.  T  Dohson.  R  A..  J.  Constable.  R  A  .  Patrick  Nasmyth,  W. 
Shayer,  sen.,  and  others,  together  with  a  lew  of  the  Old  Masters. 
Catalogues  now  ready,  and  may  be  had  on  application. 


M 


MANCHESTER.— Stle  of  the  valuable  Collection  of  Water- 
Colour  Drawings,  Oil  Paintings,  Proof  Engravings,  and 
Statuary,  the  I'ropertv  of  SAMUEL  MAVALL,  Esq., 
deceased,  late  of  Hic/hfield  House,  Mossley. 

CAPES,  DUNN  &  PILCHER  respectfully 
announce  the  receipt  of  instructions  from  the  Executors  of  the 
late  SAMUEL  MAYALL.  Esq.,  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  TUESDAY, 
October  19.  at  12  o'clock  prompt,  at  the  GALLERY.  CLARENCE 
STREET,  MANCHE.STER,  a  small  COLLECTION  of  choice  PICTURES, 
in  Oil  and  Water  Colours,  including  Examples  of 

T.  8.  Cooper.  R  A.         Albert  Goodwin  F  W.  Topham 

Edward  Kadford  S.  P  Jackson  E.  K  Johnson 

H.  CalBeri  R  Bompiani  P.  H  Calderon,  R  A. 

W-  J.  Miickley  Jan  Van  Beers  And  others. 

The  Engravings  include  Forty  Artist  Proof  Impressions  after  Sir  Edwin 
Landseer.  R.A  .  and  others  after  Rosa  Bonheur,  Briton  Riviere,  R  A., 
and  G.  D  Leslie.  R  A.  The  Statuary,  'A  Sleeping  Faun  with  Young 
Satyr,'  a  Work  of  Art  of  the  highest  quality,  by  Harriet  Hosmer.  and 
Fancy  Busts  by  G.  HaUe;  also  several  Important  Figures  in  Italian 
Bronze. 

Catalogues  forwarded  on  application  to  the  Auctioneers,  Manchester. 


Monthly,  price  Half-a-Crown. 

'T'^HE      CONTEMPORARY      REVIEW. 

JL  Contents  for  OCTOBER. 

RICHARD  HOLT  HUTTON.    By  Julia  Wedgwood. 

The  PROSPECTS  of  RHODESIA.    By  F.  Catesby  Holland. 

'  The  CHRISriAN.'    By  Dean  Farrar. 

BIMETALLISM  and  the  BANK.    By  Corn  Hill. 

The  CRISIS  in  the  EAST.    By  Canon  MacColl. 

An   AUSTRALIAN   in   EUROPE  THIR'fY  YEARS  AGO      By  Sir  C 
Gavan  Duffy. 

The  CELTIC  -MIND.    By  Sophie  Bryant,  D  Sc. 

BEAUTY  and  UGLINESS.     1.'    By  Vernon  Lee   and  C.  Anstruther- 
Thomson. 

The  ROOKERY  ESTABLISHED.    By  Phil  Robinson. 

The  ZIONIST  CONGRESS.    By  Dr.  TheodorHerzL 

WANTED  :  a  LEADER.    By  a  New  Radical. 

London :  Isbister  &  Co  ,  Limited,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


J^OYAL  STATISTICAL  SOCIETY'S  JOURNAL. 

Now  ready,  Part  III.  Vol.  LX.    SEPTEMBER,  1897.    Price  5s. 

Conte>Hs. 

ANNUAL   REPORT   of   the  COUNCIL  and   PROCEEDINGS   of   the 

SIXTY-IHIRD  ANNUAL  GENERAL  MEETING 
ENGLISH    VACCINATION    and    SMALL-POX    STATISTICS      with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  and  to 
Recent    Sraall-pox   Epidemics.    By    Noel    A.    Humphreys      With 
Discussion.  '^       ' 

STATISTICS    of    SMALL-POX    and    VACCINATION:     with    Special 

f'f/*"???-^  *°  ^.^?"''',^i?t''"*'  Sex -incidence,  and  Sanitation     By 
Alfred  Milnes.  MA.    With  Discussion. 

SCHOOL  HY'GIENE  in  its  MENTAL.  MORAL,  and  PHYSICAL 
ASPECTS.    (Howard  Medal  Prize  Essay.)    By  James  Kerr,  MA 

MISCELLANEA;  —  !.  Miscellaneous  Applications  of  the  Calculus  of 
Probabilities  By  Professor  F  Y.  Edgeworth,  MA  D  C  L -2  On 
the  Calculation  of  the  Average  Square.  Cube.  &c  .  of  a  Large  Number 
of  Magnitudes  By  W  F.  Sheppard.  M.A.  LL  M.-3.  The  Report  o? 
the  Royal  Commission  on  Agriculture— 4.  Agricultural  Returns  of 

London ;  E.  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspur  Street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 


I^HE      NINETEKNTH      CENTURY. 
No.  248.    OCrOBER.  1897. 
The  BREAKDOWN  of  the  "FORWARD"  FRONTIER  POLICY.     By 

Sir  Lepel  Griffln.  K  C  S  I. 
A    MOSLEMS    VIEW    of   the    PAN-ISLAMIC    REVIVAL.      By    the 
Moulvie  Raiiuddin  Ahmad. 

The  COMING  REVOLT  of  the  CLERGY.     By  the  Rev.  Heneage  H. 

Jebb. 
The  LAW  of  the  BEASTS.    By  Frederick  Greenwood. 
JOHN  DAY.    By  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne. 
FIFTY    YEARS    of    the    ENGLISH    COUNTY'    COURTS.     By    His 

Honour  Jutlge  Snagge. 

CONSUMPTION    in  CATTLE   CONVEYABLE   to    MAN.     By  James 
Long. 

WANTED  ;  a  ROWTON  HOUSE  for  CLERKS.    By  Robert  White. 

SPECIMENS  of  ITALIAN  FOLK-SONG   Translated  by  Mrs.  Wolffaohn. 

The  PROrECTION  of  WILD  BIRDS.    By  Harold  Russell. 

PHILO-ZIONISTS  and  ANTI-SEMITES.    By  Herbert  Bentwich. 

OUR   CUSTOM -HOUSE   REGULATIONS.     By  the   Right  Hon.  Sir 
Algernon  West,  K  C  B. 

The  PROMISED  IRISH  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  BILL.     By  John  E. 
Redmond,  MP. 

ART  and  the  DAILY  PAPER.    By  Joseph  Pennell. 

BRITISH  SUZERAINTY  in  the  TRANSVAAL.    By  Edward  Dicey,  C.B. 

London  ;  Sampson  Low.  Marston  &  Co  ,  Limited. 

NEW  SERIE.S,  No.  24.     OCTOBER,  1897. 
Price  Three  Shillings. 

MI  N  D: 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Psychology  and  Philosophy. 
Edited  by  G.  F.  STOUT. 
With  the  Co-operation  of  Professor  H.  Sidgwick,  E.  Caird,  Dr.  Venn, 
Dr  Ward,  and  Professor  E  B.  'Titchener. 
Cont<nt<.—l.  Richard  Avenarius  and  his  General  Theory  of  Know- 
ledge. Enipiriocriticism.  F  Carsranjen  (Translated  by  H.  Bosanquet). 
—2  The  Goal  of  Knowledge.  J  H  Muirhead— 3.  Symbolic  Reasoning. 
II.  H  MacColl —4.  Suggestions  on  iEsthetie  E  H.  Donkin— 5.  Fixity 
of  Character,  its  Ethical  Interpretation.  J.  D  Logan— 6.  Discussions  : 
Aristotle's  Explanation  of  Axpaeia,  D  G  Ritchie;  The  Existential 
Import  of  Propositions.  W.  B  Neatby.— 7.  Critical  Notices  :  W.  James, 
•  'The  Will  to  Believe,  and  other  Essavs  in  Popular  Philosophy."  F.  C.  S. 
Schiller;  L.  Brunschvleg  "La  Modallltf  du  Jugement.'G  E.  Moore;  G. 
Santayana,  ■  The  Sense  of  Beauty :  being  the  Outlines  of  ^Esthetic 
Theory.'  E.  B  Titchener;  P  I.  Helwig,  •  Eine  Theorie  des  Schonen. 
mathematisch  psychologische  Studie,'  E.  B  'Titchener.— 8.  New  Books. 
— 9.  Philosophical  Periodic>tls. 

Williams  &  Norgate,  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford. 


r 


HE      GEOGRAPHICAL      JOURNAL. 

Price  2s     ConUnls     OCTTOBER. 
Nupe  and  Ilorin     By  Seymour  Vandeleur.  D.S.O.,  Lieut.  Scots  Guards. 
An  Anglo-Australasian  Antarctic  Conference. 

An  Expedition  to  the  Source  of  the  Niger     By  Col  J.  K.  Trotter,  R  A. 
A  Journey  in  South-Western  Patagonia    By  otto  Nordenskjold. 
A  British  Protectorate  in  Africa. 

'The  Hhlegraean  Fields.  liyR.  'T.  Gunther,  M.A  ,  Magdalen  Coll  .Oxford. 
'The  Monthly  Kecori. 
Obituary:     Lieut -General    Sir  W.   Drummond    Jervois.    RE.    F.R  S. 

G  CM  6.  C.B  ;  Thomas  Brumby  Johnston;   Albert  George  Sidney 

Hawes 
Correspondence:  "Kech-Makuran."  by  Major-General  Sir  F.  J.  Gold- 

smid  and  Major-General  M.  R.  Haig— Geographical  Literature  of 

the  Month. — New  Maps. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspur  Street,  Charirg  Cross,  S.W. 

Price  One  Shilling  net  (post  free,  Fourteenpence). 

THE       INVRSTORS'      REVIEW, 
Edited  by  A.  J.  WILSON. 
Contents  of  OCTOBER  Number. 
MONEY  and  STOCK  MARKETS. 
The  BANK  of  ENGLAND  and  SILVER. 
FOREIGN  COMPETITION  with  BRITISH  TRADE. 
The  LONDON  and  GLOBE  GROUP. 
The    SUPPLEMENT    to    the    REPORT    ol    the    COUNCIL   ol 

FOREIGN  BONDHOLDERS. 
CHINESE  MINERALS.     By  M.  R.  D. 

A  DAY  with  a  COMPANY'  PROMOTER.    By  Richard  Roe. 
The  INDUSTRIAL  POSITION  of  BELFAST. 
The  TWO  GRE.AT  LONDON  GAS  COMPANIES. 
DEPRESSION  in  SOUTH  AFRICA.    By  F.  Reginald  Statham. 
KLONDYKE. 
COMPANY  NOTES. 

BALANCE-SHEET  FACTS  and  INFERENCES. 
&C.  &c.  &e.  &c. 


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Subscription  price  8s.  Gd.  per  annum,  post  free. 

THE         INVESTMENT         INDEX. 
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478 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


HODDER  &  STOUGHTON'S 
NEW    BOOKS. 


THE    EXPOSITOR'S    GREEK 
TESTAMENT. 

EDITED   BY  THK 

Kev.W.  ROBERTSON   NIUOLL,  M.A.  LL.D., 

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The  FIRST  VOLUME,  of  880  pages,  handsomely 
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of  ST.  MATTHEW,  The  GOSPEL  of  ST. 
MARK,  The  GOSPEL  of  ST.  LUKE,  hy  the 

Kev.  Prof.  A.  B,  BKUCE,  D.U.;  and  The  GOSPEL 
of  ST.  JOHN,  by  the  Kev.  Prof.  MAliCUS  DuDU, 
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N^SeSO,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


479 


A   SELECTION    FROM 

MR.   \A/M.   HEINEMANN'S 

ANNOUNCEMENTS    AND    NEW    PUBLICATIONS. 


NEW  LETTERS   OF  NAPOLEON  I.     Omitted  from   the    Collection  published   under   the  Auspices   of 

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N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


481 


I 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  9,  1897. 
CONTENTS. 

FAOB 

The  Life  of  Tennyson        4S1 

The  Oxford  English  Diotionary         484 

Europe  in  the  Sixteenth  Centitry     4S4 

Prof.  Dowden's  History  of  French  Literature  485 

Sew  Novels  (Where  the  Reeds  Wave;  The  Lady's 
Walk;  Three  Partners;  Perpetua;  The  Water- 
Finder;  The  Showman's  Daughter;  Tangled 
Threads ;    The  Beetle ;    Derelicts ;  The  Crime  and 

the  Criminal;  Sale  Juif!)  486—487 

Scandinavian  Literature 487 

Books  of  Adventure  488 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      488—489 
Francis    William   Newman;    The    Autumn    Pub- 
lishing Season;  Mr.  Q.  Clement  Boase        489—491 

Literary  Gossip         491 

Science— Zoological  Literature  ;  Anthropologi- 
cal Notes;  The  Autumn  Publishing  Season; 

Meetings  ;  Gossip  492—493 

Fink  Arts— Memorials  of  Christie's;  Sir  John 
Gilbert;  Gossip 493-495 

Music  -The  Week  ;   Gossip  ;    Performances  Next 

Week  495— 495 

Drama — The  Week;  Library  Table  ;  Shakspearean 

Biography;  Gossip        496—498 


LITERATURE 

Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson :   a  Memoir.     By  his 
Son.     2  vols.     (Macmillau  &  Co.) 

(First  Notice.) 

All  emotion — that  of  communities  as  well  as 
that  of  individuals — is  largely  governed  by 
the  laws  of  ebb  and  flow.   It  is  immediately 
after  a  national  mourning  for  the  loss  of  a 
great  man  that  a  wave  of  reaction  generally 
sets  in.   But  the  eagerness  with  which  these 
volumes   have    been    awaited    shows    that 
Tennyson's  hold   upon   the   British  public 
is  as  strong  at  this  moment  as  it  was  on 
the  day   of  his   death.      This  very   popu- 
larity of  his,  however,  has  sometimes  been 
spoken  of  by  critics  as  though  it  were  an 
impeachment   of    him   as   a   poet.       "  The 
English  public  is  commonplace,"  they  say, 
"  and  hence  the  commonplace  in  poetry  suits 
it."     And  no  doubt  this  is  true  as  a  general 
saying,  otherwise  what  would  become  of  cer- 
tain English  poetasters  who  are  such  a  joy 
to  the  many  and  such  a  source  of  laughter 
to  the  few  ?     But  a  hardy  critic  would  he 
be    who    should    characterize    Tennyson's 
poetry   as  commonplace — that  very  poetry 
which,  before  it  became  popular,  was  de- 
cried because   it   was   merely  "poetry  for 
poets." 

Still  that  poetry  so  rich  and  so  rare  as 
his  should  find  its  way  to  the  heart  of 
a  people  like  the  English,  who  have  "  not 
sufficient  poetic  instinct  in  them  to  give 
birth  to  vernacular  poetry,"  is  undoubtedly 
a  striking  fact.  "With  regard  to  the  mass 
of  his  work,  he  belonged  to  those  poets 
whose  appeal  is  as  much  through  their 
mastery  over  the  more  subtle  beauties  of 
poetic  art  as  through  the  heat  of  the 
poetic  fire ;  and  such  as  these  must  expect 
to  share  the  fate  of  Coleridge,  Keats, 
and  Shelley.  Every  true  poet  must  have 
an  individual  accent  of  his  own — an  accent 
which  is,  however,  recognizable  as  an- 
other variation  of  that  large  utterance  of 
the  early  gods  common  to  all  true  poets  in 
all  tongues.  Is  it  not,  then,  in  the  nature  of 
things  that,  in  England  at  least,  "the  fit 
though  few  "  comprise  the  audience  of  such  a 
poet,  until  the  voice  of  recognized  Authority 
proclaims  him  ?  But  Authority  moves  slowly 
in  these  matters ;  years  have  to  pass  before 


the  music   of  the   new  voice  can  wind  its 
way  through  the  convolutions  of  the  general 
ear — so  many  years,  indeed,  that  unless  the 
poet  is  blessed  with  the  sublime  self-esteem 
of  Wordsworth  he  generally  has  to  die  in 
the  belief  that  his  is  another  name  ' '  written 
in  water."      And  was  it  always  so?     Yes, 
always.     England  having,  as  we  have  said, 
no  vernacular   song,  her  poetry  is  entirely 
artistic,  even  such  poetry  as  'The  May  Queen,' 
'  The    Northern    Farmer,'  and  the  idyls  of 
William  Barnes.     And  it  would  be  strange 
indeed    if,    until  Authority  spoke  out,  the 
beauties    of   artistic   poetry  were  ever  ap- 
parent  to   the    many.      Is    it    supposable, 
for  instance,  that  even  the  voice  of  Chaucer 
—  is    it    supposable    that   even    the   voice 
of   Shakspeare — would   have   succeeded   in 
winning  the   contemporary  ear  had  it  not 
been  for  that  great  mass  of  legendary  and 
romantic  material  which  each  of  these  found 
ready  to  his  hand,  waiting  to  be  moulded 
into  poetic  form?     The   fate,   however,    of 
Moore's   poetical    narratives    (perhaps    we 
might   say  of   Byron's   too)  shows  that   if 
any   poetry  is   to  last  beyond  the  genera- 
tion that  produced  it,  there  is  needed  not 
only  the   romantic   material,  but    also    the 
accent,  new  and  true,  of  the  old  poetic  voice. 
And  these  volumes  show  why  in  these  late 
days,  when  the  poet's  inheritance  of  romantic 
material  seemed  to  have   been   exhaueted, 
there  appeared  one  poet  to  whom  the  English 
public  gave  an  acceptance  as  wide  almost 
as  if  he  had  written  in  the  vernacular  like 
Burns  or  Beranger. 

It  is  long  since  any  book  has  been  so 
eagerly   looked    forward   to   as   this.     The 
main   facts   of   Tennyson's   life   have   been 
matter  of  familiar  knowledge  for  so  many 
years  that  we  do  not  propose  to  run  over 
them  here   once  more.     Nor    shall  we   fill 
the  space  at   our   command  with  the  bio- 
grapher's interesting  personal  anecdotes.  So 
fierce  a  light  had  been  beating  upon  Aid- 
worth  and  Earringford    that  the  relations 
of  the  present  Lord  Tennyson  to  his  father 
were  pretty  generally  known.     In  the  story 
of   English   poetry   these  relations   held  a 
place    that  was  quite    unique.     What  the 
biographer  says  about  the  poet's  sagacity, 
judgment,  and  good  sense — especially  what 
he    says  about   his    insight    into    the  cha- 
racters    of    those     with     whom     he    was 
brought     into      contact  —  will     be     chal- 
lenged by  no  one  who    knew  him.     Still, 
the  fact  remains    that  Tennyson's  tempera- 
ment was  poetic  entirely.     And  the  more 
attention  the  poet  pays  to  his  art,  the  more 
unfitted  does  he  become   to   pay  attention 
to   anything  else.     For  in   these   days  the 
mechanism  of  social  life  moves  on  grating 
wheels  that  need  no  little  oiling  if  the  poet 
is  to  bring  out  the  very  best  that  is  within 
him.     Not  that  all  poets  are  equally  vexed 
by  the  special  infirmity  of  the  poetic  tempera- 
ment.   Poets  like  Wordsworth,  for  instance, 
are   supported   against  the  world   by  love 
of  Nature  and  by  that  "  divine  arrogance" 
which  is  sometimes  a  characteristic  of  genius. 
Tennyson's  case  shows  that  not  even  love  of 
Nature  and  intimate  communings  with  her 
are  of  use  in  giving  a  man  peace  when  he 
has   not  Wordsworth's  temperament.      No 
adverse  criticism  could  disturb  Wordsworth's 
sublime  self-complacency. 

"Your  father,"  writes  Jowett,  with  his 
usual  wisdom,  to  Lord  Tennyson, 


"  was  very  sensitive,  and  had  an  honest  hatred 
of  being  gossiped  about.  He  called  the  malignant 
critics  and  chatterers  '  mosquitos.'  He  never 
felt  any  pleasure  at  praise  (except  from  his 
friends),  but  he  felt  a  great  pain  at  the  injustice 
of  censure.  It  never  occurred  to  him  that  a 
new  poet  in  the  days  of  his  youth  was  sure  to 
provoke  dangerous  hostilities  in  the  'genus 
irritabile  vatum  '  and  in  the  old-fashioned 
public." 

It    might    almost    be    said,    indeed,    that 
had    it    not    been    for    the    ministrations, 
first  of  his   beloved  wife   and  then  of  his 
sons,    Tennyson's    life    would    have    been 
one    long    warfare    between    the    attitude 
of     his     splendid     intellect     towards     the 
universe   and  the  response  of  his  nervous 
system    to    human    criticism.       From    his 
very  childhood  he  seems  to  have  had  that 
instinct  for  confronting  the  universe  as  a 
whole  which,  except  in  the  case  of  Shak- 
speare,   is    not    often   seen    among    poets. 
Star-gazing  and  speculation  as  to  the  mean- 
ing of  the  stars  and  what  was  going  on  in 
them  seem  to  have  begun  in  his  childhood. 
In  his  first  Cambridge    letter  to  his  aunt 
Mrs.  Russell,  written  from    No.   12,   Rose 
Crescent,   he   says,    "lam  sitting  owl-like 
and  solitary  in  my  room,  nothing  between  me 
and  the  stars  but  a  stratum  of  tiles."     And 
his  son  tells  us  of  a  story  current  in  the  family 
that  Frederick,  when  an  Eton  schoolboy,  was 
shy   of    going    to  a   neighbouring   dinner- 
party to  which  he  had  been  invited.  "Fred," 
said   his   younger  brother,  "think  of  Her- 
schel's  great  star-patches,  and  you  will  sooa 
get  over  all  that."     He  had  Wordsworth's 
passion,   too,  for    communing  with  Nature 
alone.     He  was  one  of  Nature's  elect  who 
know  that  even  the  company  of  a  dear  and 
intimate  friend,   howsoever  close,  is  a  dis- 
turbance  of    the   delight   that   intercourse 
with  her  can  afford  to  the  true  devotee.     In 
a  letter   to   his  future   wife,  written  from 
Mablethorpe  in  1839,  he  says  : — 

"  I  am  not  so  able  as  in  old  years  to  commune 

alone,  with    Nature Dim  mystic    sympathies 

with  tree  and  hill  reaching  far  back  into  child- 
hood, a  known  landskip  is  to  me  an  old  friend, 
that  continually  talks  to  me  of  my  own  youth 
and  half-forgotten  things,  and  indeed  does  more 
for  me  than  many  an  old  friend  that  I  know. 
An  old  park  is  my  delight,  and  I  could  tumble 
about  it  for  ever." 

Moreover,  he  was  always  speculating  upon  the 
mystery  and  the  wonder  of  the  human  story. 
"  The  far  future,"  he  says  in  a  letter  to  Miss 
Sellwood,  writtenfromHighBeech  in  Epping 
Forest,  "has  been  my  world  always." 
And  yet  so  powerless  is  reason  in  that  dire 
wrestle  with  temperament  which  most  poets 
know,  that  with  all  these  causes  for  de- 
spising criticism  of  his  work,  Tennyson  was 
as  sensitive  to  critical  strictures  as  Words- 
worth was  indifferent.  He  fancied,  says 
his  biographer, 

"that  England  was  an  unsympathetic  atmo- 
sphere, and  half  resolved  to  live  abroad  in 
Jersey,  in  the  South  of  France,  or  in  Italy. 
He  was  so  far  persuaded  that  the  English  people 
would  never  care  for  his  poetry,  that,  had  it  not 
been  for  the  intervention  of  his  friends,  he 
declared  it  not  unlikely  that  after  the  death  of 
Hallam  he  would  not  have  continued  to  write." 

And  again,  in  reference  to  the  completion 
of  '  The  Sleeping  Beauty,'  his  son  says,  "  He 
warmed  to  his  work  because  there  had  been 
a  favourable  review  of  him  lately  published 
in  far-off  Calcutta." 


482 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


We  dwell  upon  this  weakness  of  Tenny- 
son's— a  weakness  which,  in  view  of  his 
immense  powers,  was  certainly  a  source  of 
wonder  to  his  friends — in  order  to  show,  once 
for  all,  that  without  the  tender  care  of  his 
son  he  could  never  in  his  later  years  have 
done  the  work  he  did.  This  it  was  which 
caused  the  relations  between  Tennyson  and 
the  writer  of  this  admirable  memoir  to  be 
those  of  brother  with  brother  rather  than  of 
father  with  son.  And  those  who  have  been 
eagerly  looking  forward  to  these  volumes  will 
not  be  disappointed.  In  writing  the  life  of  any 
man  there  are  scores  and  scores  of  facts  and 
documents,  great  and  small,  which  only  some 
person  closely  acquainted  with  him,  either 
as  relative  or  as  friend,  can  bring  into  their 
true  light ;  and  this  it  is  which  makes  docu- 
ments so  deceptive.  Here  is  an  instance  of 
what  we  mean.  In  writing  to  Thompson, 
Spedding  says  of  Tennyson  on  a  certain 
occasion:  "I  could  not  get  Alfred  to 
Eydal  Mount.  He  would  and  would  not 
(sulky  one!),  although  Wordsworth  was 
hospitably  minded  towards  him."  This 
remai'k  would  inevitably  have  been  con- 
strued into  another  instance  of  that  churl- 
ishness which  is  80  often  said  (though  quite 
erroneously)  to  have  been  one  of  Tennyson's 
infirmities.  But  when  we  read  the  follow- 
ing foot-note  by  the  biographer,  "He  said 
he  did  not  wiwh  to  intrude  himself  on  the 
great  man  at  Rydal,"  we  accept  the  incident 
as  another  proof  of  that  "  humility"  which 
the  son  alludes  to  in  his  preface  as  being  one 
of  his  father's  characteristics.  And  of  such 
evidence  that  had  not  the  poet's  son  written 
his  biography  the  loss  to  literature  would 
have  been  incalculable  the  book  is  full.  Evi- 
dence of  a  fine  intellect,  a  fine  culture,  and 
a  sure  judgment  is  afforded  by  every  page — 
afforded  as  much  by  what  is  left  unsaid  as 
by  what  is  said.  The  biographer  has  invited 
a  few  of  the  poet's  friends  to  furnish  their 
impressions  of  him.  These  could  not  fail  to 
be  interesting ;  it  is  pleasant  to  know  what 
impression  Tennyson  made  upon  men  of  such 
diverse  characters  as  the  Duke  of  ArgyD, 
Jowett,  Tyndall,  Froude,  and  others.  But 
so  far  as  a  vital  portrait  of  the  man  is  con- 
cerned they  were  not  needed,  so  vigorously 
does  the  man  live  in  the  portrait  painted 
by  him  who  knew  the  poet  best  of  all. 
"  For  my  own  part,"  says  the  biographer, 
"I  feel  strongly  that  no  biographer  could 
so  truly  give  him  as  he  gives  himself  in  his  own 
works  ;  but  this  may  be  because,  having  lived 
my  life  with  him,  I  see  him  in  every  word 
which  he  has  written  ;  and  it  is  difficult  for  me 
60  far  to  detach  myself  from  the  home  circle 
as  to  pourtray  him  for  others.  There  is  also 
the  impossibility  of  fathoming  a  great  man's 
mind ;  his  deeper  thoughts  are  hardly  ever 
revealed.  He  himself  disliked  the  notion  of  a 
long,  formal  biography,  for 

None  can  truly  write  his  single  day, 

And  none  can  write  it  for  him  upon  earth. 

However,  he  wished  that,  if  I  deemed  it  better, 
the  incidents  of  his  life  should  be  given  as 
shortly  as  might  be  without  comment,  but  that 
my  notes  should  be  final  and  full  enough  to 
preclude  the  chance  of  further  and  unauthentic 
biographies.  For  those  who  cared  to  know 
about  his  literary  history  he  wrote  'Merlin 
and  the  Gleam.'  From  his  boyhood  he  had 
felt  the  magic  of  Merlin— that  spirit  of  poetry— 
which  bade  him  know  his  power  and  follow 
throughout  his  work  a  pure  and  high  ideal, 
with  a  simple  and  single  devotedness  and  a 
desire  to  ennoble  the  life  of  the  world,  and 
which  helped    him    through  doubts   and  diffi- 


culties to  '  endure  as  seeing  Him  who  is 
invisible.' 

Great  the  Master, 
And  eweet  ihe  Magic, 
Wiien  over  the  valley, 
la  early  summers, 
Over  the  mountain. 
On  human  faces. 
And  all  around  me, 
Moving  to  melody. 
Floated  the  Gleam. 

In  his  youth  he  sang  of  the  brook  flowing 
through  his  upland  valley,  of  the  '  ridged 
wolds  '  that  rose  above  his  home,  of  the  moun- 
tain-glen and  snowy  summits  of  his  early 
dreams,  and  of  the  beings,  heroes  and  fairies, 
with  which  his  imaginary  world  was  peopled. 
Then  was  heard  the  'croak  of  the  raven,'  the 
harsh  voice  of  those  who  were  unsympathetic — 

The  light  retreated. 
The  landskip  darken'd. 
The  melody  deaden'd. 
The  Master  whisper'd, 
'  FcjUow  the  Gleam.' 

Still  the  inward  voice  told  him  not  to  be  faint- 
hearted but  to  follow  his  ideal.  And  by  the 
delight  in  his  own  romantic  fancy,  and  by  the 
harmonies  of  nature,  '  the  warble  of  water,'  and 
'  cataract  music  of  falling  torrents,'  the  inspira- 
tion of  the  poet  was  renewed.  His  Eclogues 
and  English  Idyls  followed,  when  he  sang  the 
songs  of  country  life  and  the  joys  and  griefs  of 
country  folk,  which  he  knew  through  and 
through. 

Innocent  maidens, 
Garrulous  children. 
Homestead  and  harvest, 
Beaper  and  gleaner. 
And  rough-ruddy  faces 
Of  lowly  labour. 

By  degrees,  having  learnt  somewhat  of  the  real 
philosophy  of  life  and  of  humanity  from  his 
own  experience,  he  rose  to  a  melody  '  stronger 
and  statelier.'  He  celebrated  the  glory  of 
'  human  love  and  of  human  heroism '  and  of 
human  thought,  and  began  what  he  had  already 
devised,  his  epic  of  King  Arthur,  '  typifying 
above  all  things  the  life  of  man,'  wherein  he 
had  intended  to  represent  some  of  the  great 
religions  of  the  world.  He  had  purposed  that 
this  was  to  be  the  chief  work  of  his  manhood. 
Yet  the  death  of  his  friend,  Arthur  Hallam,  and 
the  consequent  darkening  of  the  whole  world 
for  him  made  him  almost  fail  in  this  purpose  ; 
nor  any  longer  for  a  while  did  he  rejoice  in  the 
splendour  of  his  spiritual  visions,  nor  in  the 
Gleam  that  had  '  waned  to  a  wintry  glimmer.' 

Clouds  and  darkness 
Closed  upon  Camelot; 
Arthur  had  vanish'd 
1  knew  not  whither. 
The  King  who  loved'me. 
And  cannot  die. 

Here  my  father  united  the  two  Arthurs,  the 
Arthur  of  the  Idylls  and  the  Arthur  '  the  man 
he  held  as  half  divine.'  He  himself  had  fought 
with  death,  and  had  come  out  victorious  to 
find  '  a  stronger  faith  his  own,'  and  a  hope  for 
himself,  for  all  those  in  sorrow  and  for  uni- 
versal human  kind,  that  never  forsook  him 
through  the  future  years. 

And  broader  and  brighter 
The  Gleam  flying  onward. 
Wed  to  the  melody. 
Sang  thro'  the  world. 

#  »  # 

I  saw,  wherever 
In  passing  it  glanced  upon 
Hamlet  or  city. 
That  under  the  Crosses 
The  dead  mail's  garden. 
The  mortal  hillock. 
Would  break  into  blossom  ; 
And  80  to  t  he  land's 
Last  limit  I  came. 

Up  to  the  end  he  faced  death  with  the  same 
earnest  and  unfailing  courage  that  he  had 
always  shown,  but  with  an  added  sense  of  the 
awe  and  the  mystery  of  the  Infinite. 

I  can  no  longer, 

But  die  rejoicing. 

For  thro'  the  Magic 

Of  Him  the  Mighty, 

Who  taught  me  in  childhood. 

There  on  the  border 

Of  boundless  Ocean, 

And  all  tmt  in  Heaven 

Hovers  the  Gleam. 


That  is  the  reading  of  the  poet's  riddle  as  he 
gave  it  to  me.  He  thought  that  '  Merlin  and 
the  Gleam  '  would  probably  be  enough  of  bio- 
graphy for  those  friends  who  urged  him  to 
write  about  himself.  However,  this  has  not 
been  their  verdict,  and  I  have  tried  to  do  what 
he  said  that  I  might  do." 

There  are  many  specialists  in  Tenny- 
sonian  bibliography  who  take  a  pride  (and 
a  worthy  pride)  in  their  knowledge  of  the 
master's  poems.  But  the  knowledge  of  all 
of  these  specialists  put  together  is  not  equal 
to  that  of  him  who  writes  this  book.  Not 
only  is  every  line  at  his  fingers'  ends,  but  he 
knows,  either  from  his  own  memory  or  from 
what  his  father  has  told  him,  where  and 
when  and  why  every  line  was  written.  He, 
however,  shares,  it  is  evident,  that  dislike — 
rather  let  us  say  that  passionate  hatred — 
which  his  father,  like  so  many  other  poets, 
had  of  that  well-intentioned  but  vexing 
being  whom  Eossetti  anathematized  as  the 
"literary  resurrection  man."  Eossetti  used 
to  say  that  "of  all  signs  that  a  man  was 
devoid  of  poetic  instinct  and  poetic  feeling 
the  impulse  of  the  literary  resurrectionist 
was  the  surest."  Without  going  so  far 
as  this  we  may  at  least  affirm  that  all 
poets  writing  in  a  language  requiring,  as 
English  does,  much  manipulation  before 
it  can  be  moulded  into  perfect  form  must 
needs  revise  in  the  brain  before  the  line 
is  set  down,  or  in  manuscript,  as  Shelley 
did,  or  partly  in  manuscript  and  partly 
in  type,  as  Coleridge  did.  But  the  rakers- 
up  of  the  "chips  of  the  workshop,"  to  use 
Tennyson's  own  phrase,  seem  to  have  been 
specially  irritating  to  him,  because  he 
belonged  to  those  poets  who  cannot  really 
revise  and  complete  their  work  till  they  see 
it  in  type.  "  Poetry,"  he  said,  "  looks  better, 
more  convincing  in  print."  "  From  the 
volume  of  1832,"  says  his  son, 

"he  omitted  several  stanzas  of  'The  Palace  of 
Art '  because  he  thought  that  the  poem  was  too 
fidl.  '  The  artist  is  known  by  his  self-limita- 
tion '  was  a  favourite  adage  of  his.  He  allowed 
me,  however,  to  print  some  of  them  in  my 
notes,  otherwise  I  should  have  hesitated  to 
quote  without  his  leave  lines  that  he  had  ex- 
cised. He  'gave  the  people  of  his  best,' and 
he  usually  wished  that  his  best  should  remain 
without  variorum  readings,  '  the  chips  of  the 
workshop,'  as  he  called  them.  The  love  of 
bibliomaniacs  for  first  editions  filled  him  with 
horror,  for  the  first  editions  are  obviously  in 
many  cases  the  worst  editions,  and  once  he  said 
to  me  : 

Why  do  they  treasure  the  rubbish  I   shot  from  my  fuU- 
finish'd  cantos  ? 

V);7riot  ov8e  iixa<Tiv  octm  irXeov  rjfxicrv  Travros. 

For  himself  many  passages  in  Wordsworth  and 
other  poets  have  been  entirely  spoilt  by  the 
modern  habit  of  giving  every  various  reading 
along  with  the  text.  Besides,  in  his  case, 
very  often  what  is  published  as  the  latest  edi- 
tion has  been  the  original  version  in  his  first 
manuscript,  so  that  there  is  no  possibility  of 
really  tracing  the  history  of  what  may  seem  to 
be  a  new  word  or  a  new  passage.  '  For 
instance,' he  said,  '  in  "Maud" a  line  in  the  first 
edition  was  '  I  will  bury  myself  in  mi/  books, 
and  the  Devil  may  pipe  to  his  own,'  which  was 
afterwards  altered  to  '  I  will  bury  myself  in 
myself,  &c. ':  this  was  highly  commended  by  the 
critics  as  an  improvement  on  the  original  reading 
—but  it  was  actually  in  the  first  MS.  draft  of 
the  poem." 

Again,  it  is  important  to  get  a  state- 
ment by  one  entitled  to  speak  with  authority 
as  to  what  Tennyson  did  and  what  he  did 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


483 


not  believe  upon  religious  matters.  He  had 
in  '  In  Memoriam '  and  other  poems  touched 
with  a  hand  so  strong  and  sometimes  so 
daring  upon  the  teaching  of  modern  science, 
and  yet  he  had  spoken  always  so  reverently 
of  what  modern  civilization  reverences,  that 
the  most  opposite  lessons  were  read  from  his 
utterances.  To  one  thinker  it  would  seem 
that  Tennyson  had  thrown  himself  boldly 
upon  the  very  foremost  wave  of  scientific 
thought.  To  another  it  would  seem  that 
Wordsworth  (although,  living  and  writing 
when  he  did,  before  the  birth  of  the  new 
cosmogony,  he  believed  himself  to  be  still 
in  trammels  of  the  old)  was  by  tempera- 
ment far  more  in  touch  with  the  new  cos- 
mogony than  was  Tennyson,  who  studied 
evolution  more  ardently  than  any  poet  since 
Lucretius.  While  Wordsworth,  notwith- 
standing a  conventional  phrase  here  and 
there,  had  an  apprehension  of  Nature  with- 
out the  ever-present  idea  of  the  Power  be- 
hind her,  Spinosa  himself  was  not  so  '|  God- 
intoxicated  "  a  man  as  Tennyson.  His  son 
sets  the  question  at  rest  in  the  following 
pregnant  words  :— 

"Assuredly  Religion  was  no  nebulous  ab- 
straction for  him.  He  consistently  emphasized 
his  own  belief  in  what  he  called  the  Eternal 
Truths  ;  in  an  Omnipotent,  Omnipresent  and 
All -loving  God,  Who  has  revealed  Himself 
through  the  human  attribute  of  the  highest 
self  -  sacrificing  love  ;  in  the  freedom  of  the 
human  will  ;  and  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 
But  he  asserted  that  '  Nothing  worthy  proving 
can  be  proven,'  and  that  even  as  to  the  great 
laws  which  are  the  basis  of  Science,  '  We  have 
but  faith,  we  cannot  know.'  He  dreaded  the 
dogmatism  of  sects  and  rash  definitions  of  God. 
'  I  dare  hardly  name  His  Name  '  he  would  say, 
and  accordingly  he  named  Him  in  '  The  Ancient 
Sage'  the  'Nameless.'  'But  take  away  beUef 
in  the  self-conscious  personality  of  God,'  he 
said,  '  and  you  take  away  the  backbone  of  the 
world. '  '  On  God  and  God-like  men  we  build 
our  trust.'  A  week  before  his  death  I  was  sitting 
by  him,  and  he  talked  long  of  the  Personality 
and  of  the  Love  of  God,  '  That  God,  Whose 
eyes  consider  the  poor,'  '  Who  catereth  even  for 
the  sparrow.'  'I  should,' he  said,  'infinitely 
rather  feel  myself  the  most  miserable  wretch  on 
the  face  of  the  earth  with  a  God  above,  than  the 
highest  type  of  man  standing  alone.'  He  would 
allow  that  God  is  unknowable  in  '  his  whole 
world-self,  and  all-in-all,'  and  that  therefore 
there  was  some  force  in  the  objection  made  by 
some  people  to  the  word  '  Personality  '  as  being 
'  anthropomorphic,'  and  that  perhaps  '  Self- 
consciousness  '  or  '  Mind '  might  be  clearer  to 
them  :  but  at  the  same  time  he  insisted  that, 
although  '  man  is  like  a  thing  of  nought '  in 
*the  boundless  plan,' our  highest  view  of  God 
must  be  more  or  less  anthropomorphic  :  and 
that  'Personality,'  as  far  as  our  intelligence 
goes,  is  the  widest  definition  and  includes 
'Mind,'  '  Self -consciousness,'  'Will,'  'Love' 
and  other  attributes  of  the  Real,  the  Supreme, 
'the  High  and  Lofty  One  that  inhabiteth 
Eternity,  Whose  name  is  Holy.'  ' 

And  then  Lord  Tennyson  quotes  a  manu- 
script note  of  Jowett's  in  which  he  says  : — 

"  Alfred  Tennyson  thinks  it  ridiculous  to 
believe  in  a  God  and  deny  his  consciousness, 
and  was  amused  at  some  one  who  said  of  him 
that  he  had  versified  Hegelianism." 

He  notes  also  an  anecdote  of  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald's which  speaks  of  a  week  with 
Tennyson,  when  the  poet,  picking  up  a 
daisy  and  looking  closely  at  its  crimson- 
tipped  leaves,  said,  "  Does  not  this  look 
like  a  thinking  Artificer,  one  who  wishes 
to  ornament?" 


The  most  important  event  of  his  life-— 
his  marriage — we  cannot  touch  upon  till 
next  week.  But  here  is  a  paragraph 
which  will  be  read  with  the  deepest 
interest,  not  only  by  every  lover  of 
poetry,  but  by  every  man  whose  heart 
has  been  wrung  by  the  most  terrible 
of  all  bereavements — the  loss  of  a  beloved 
friend.  Close  as  the  tie  of  blood  relation- 
ship undoubtedly  is,  it  is  based  upon  con- 
vention as  much  as  upon  nature.  It  may 
exist  and  flourish  vigorously  when  there  is 
little  or  no  community  of  taste  or  of  thought : 
"  It  may  be  as  well  to  say  here  that  all  the 
letters  from  my  father  to  Arthur  Hallam  were 
destroyed  by  his  father  after  Arthur's  death  :  a 
great  loss,  as  these  particular  letters  probably 
revealed  his  inner  self  more  truly  than  anythmg 
outside  his  poems." 

We  confess  to  belonging  to  those  who 
always  read  with  a  twinge  of  remorse  the 
private  letters  of  a  man  in  print.  But  if 
there  is  a  case  where  one  must  needs  _  long 
to  see  the  letters  between  two  intimate 
friends,  it  is  that  of  Tennyson  and  Arthur 
Hallam.  They  would  have  been  only  second 
in  interest  to  Shakspeare's  letters  to  that 
mysterious  "Mr.  W.  H."  whose  identity  now 
can  never  be  traced.  For  notwithstanding 
all  that  has  recently  been  said,  and  ably 
said,  to  the  contrary,  the  man  to  whom 
many  of  the  sonnets  were  addressed  was  he 
whom  "T.  T."  addresses  as  "Mr.  W.  H." 

But  for  an  intimacy  to  be  so  strong  as 
that  which  existed  between  Tennyson  and 
Arthur  H.  Hallam  there  must  be  a  kinship 
of  soul  so  close  and  so  rare  that  the  tie  of 
blood  relationship  seems  weak  beside  it.  It 
is  then  that  friendship  may  sometimes  pass 
from  a  sentiment  into  a  passion.  It  did  so 
in  the  case  of  Shakspeare  and  his  mysterious 
friend,  as  the  sonnets  in  question  make 
manifest ;  but  we  are  not  aware  that  there 
is  in  English  literature  any  other  instance  of 
friendship  as  a  passion  until  we  get  to  '  In 
Memoriam.'  So  profound  was  the  effect  of 
Hallam's  death  upon  Tennyson  that  it  was 
the  origin,  his  son  tells  us,  of  '  The  Two 
Voices  ;  or,  Thoughts  of  a  Suicide.'  What 
was  the  secret  of  Hallam's  influence  over 
Tennyson  can  never  be  guessed  from  any- 
thing that  he  has  left  behind  either  in 
prose  or  verse.  But  besides  the  creative 
genius  of  the  artist  there  is  that  genius  of 
personality  which  is  irresistible.  With  a 
very  large  gift  of  this  kind  of  genius 
Arthur  Hallam  seems  to  have  been  en- 
dowed. "  In  the  letters  from  Arthur 
Hallam's  friends,"  says  Lord  Tennyson, 
"there  was  a  rare  unanimity  of  opinion  about 
his  worth.  Milnes,  writing  to  his  father,  says 
that  he  had  a  '  very  deep  respect '  for  Hallam, 
and  that  Thirlwall,  in  after  years  the  great 
bishop,  for  whom  Hallam  and  my  father  had 
a  profound  aff"ection,  was  'actually  captivated 
by  him.'  When  at  Cambridge  with  Hallam  he 
had  written  :  '  He  is  the  only  man  here  of  my 
own  standing  before  whom  I  bow  in  conscious 
inferiority  in  everything.'  Alford  writes : 
'  Hallam  was  a  man  of  wonderful  mind  and 
knowledge  on  all  subjects,  hardly  credible  at 

his  age I  long  ago    set    him  down  for  the 

most  wonderful  person  I  ever  knew.     He  was 
of  the  most  tender,  afl'ectionate  disposition." 

Lord  Tennyson's  remarks  upon  the  *  Idylls 
of  the  King  '  and  upon  the  enormous  success 
of  the  book  have  a  special  interest,  and  serve 
to  illustrate  our  opening  remarks  upon  the 
popularity  of  his  father's  works.    Popular  as 


Tennyson  had  become  through  'The  Gar- 
dener's Daughter,'  '  The  Miller's  Daughter,' 
'  The  May  Queen,'  '  The  Lord  of  Burleigh,' 
and  scores  of  other  poems — endeared  to  every 
sorrowing  heart  as  he  had  become  through 
'  In  Memoriam ' — it  was  the  '  Idylls  of 
the  King '  that  secured  for  him  his  unique 
place.  Many  explanations  of  the  pheno- 
menon of  a  true  poet  securing  the  popular 
suffrages  have  been  offered,  one  of  them 
being  his  acceptance  of  the  Laureateship. 
But  Wordsworth,  a  great  poet,  also  accepted 
it ;  and  he  never  was  and  never  will  be 
popular.  The  wisdom  of  what  Goethe  says 
about  the  enormous  importance  of  "  subject " 
in  poetic  art  is  illustrated  by  the  story  of 
Tennyson  and  the  '  Idylls  of  the  King.' 

For  what  was  there  in  the  •  Idylls  of  the 
King '  that  brought  all  England  to  Tenny- 
son's  feet— made  English   people   re-read 
with  a  new  seeing  in  their  eyes  the  poems 
which  they  once  thought  merely  beautiful, 
but   now  thought  half   divine  ?     Beautiful 
these  '  Idylls  '  are  indeed,  but  they  are  not 
more  beautiful  than  work  of  his  that  went 
before.      The    rich    Klondyke    of    Malory 
and  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  had  not  escaped 
the  eyes  of  previous   prospectors.     All  his 
life  Milton  had  dreamed  of  the  mines  lying 
concealed  in   the    "misty   mid -region"    of 
King  Arthur   and  the  Eound  Table,   but, 
luckily  for  Tennyson,  was  led  away  from  it 
into  other  paths.     With  Milton's  immense 
power  of  sensuous  expression — a  power  that 
impelled  him,  even  when  dealing  with  the 
spirit  world,  to  flash  upon  our  senses  pic- 
tures of  the  very  limbs  of  angels  and  fiends 
at  fight — we  may  imagine  what  an  epic  of 
King   Arthur    he    would    have    produced. 
Dry  den  also  contemplated  working  in  this 
mine,  but  never  did  ;  and  until  Scott  came 
with  his  Lyulph's  Tale  in   '  The  Bridal  of 
Triermain'  no  one  had  taken  up  the  subject 
but  writers   like   Blackmore.      Then   came 
Buiwer's  burlesque.     Now  no  prospector  on 
the  banks  of  the  Yukon  has  a  keener  eye  for 
nuggets  than  Tennyson  had  for  poetic  ore, 
and   besides    'The   Lady   of   Shalott'    and 
'  Launcelot  and  Guinevere '  be  had  already 
printed    the  grandest   of   all    his   poems— 
the  '  Morte  d' Arthur.'     It  needed  only  the 
'  Idylls  of   the  King,'  where  episode  after 
episode  of   the  Arthurian    cycle  was    ren- 
dered in  poems  which  could  be  understood 
by  all — it  needed  only  this  for  all  England 
to    be    set   reading  and  re-reading   all  his 
poems,  some  of   them  more  precious   than 
any  of  these  '  Idylls  '—poems  whose  fami- 
liar  beauties   shone   out  now  with   a   new 

light.  ^  , 

Ever  since  then  Tennyson's  hold  upon  the 
British  public  seemed  to  grow  stronger  and 
stronger  up  to  the  day  of  his  death,  when 
Great  Britain,  and,  indeed,  the  entire  Eng- 
lish-speaking race,  went  into  mourning  for 
him  ;  nor,  as  we  have  said,  has  any  weaken- 
ing of  that  hold  been  perceptible  during  the 
five  years  that  have  elapsed  since. 

The  volumes  are  so  crammed  with  inter- 
esting and  important  matter  that  to  discuss 
them  in  one  article  is  impossible.  But 
before  concluding  these  remarks  we  must 
say  that  the  good  fortune  which  attended 
Tennyson  during  his  life  did  not  end 
with  his  death.  Fortunate  indeed  is  the 
famous  man  who  escapes  the  catchpenny 
biographer.  No  man  so  illustrious  as 
Tennyson  ever  before  passed   away  with- 


484 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


out  his  death  giving  rise  'o  a  flood  of  books 
professing  to  tell  the  story  of  his  life.  Yet 
it  chanced  that  for  a  long  time  before  his 
death  a  monograph  on  Tennyson  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Waugh — which,  though  of  course 
it  is  sometimes  at  fault,  was  carefully  pre- 
pared and  well  considered — had  been  in  pre- 
paration, as  had  also  a  second  edition  of 
another  sketch  of  the  poet's  life  by  Mr.  Henry 
Jennings,  written  with  equal  reticence  and 
judgment.  These  two  books,  coming  out,  as 
far  as  we  remember,  in  the  very  week  of 
Tennyson's  funeral,  did  the  good  service 
of  filling  up  the  gap  of  five  years  until  the 
appearance  of  this  authorized  biography  by 
his  son.  Otherwise  there  is  no  knowing 
what  pseudo-biographies  stuffed  with  what 
errors  and  nonsense  might  have  flooded  the 
market  and  vexed  the  souls  of  Tennysonian 
students.  For  the  future  such  pseudo- 
biographies  will  be  impossible. 


A  New  JEnglish  Dictionary. — Development- 
Bziggetai.  Field  -  Foister.  Edited  by 
J.  A.  H.  Murray  and  H.  Bradley. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

The  completion  of  vol.  iii.  and  the  issue  of 
384  pages  of  vol.  iv.  of  the  '  New  English 
Dictionary '  bring  that  monumental  work 
up  to  "foister" — a  word  of  which  the  latest 
illustrations  supplied  are  dated  respectively 
1610  and  1823  —  and  allow  us  to  expect 
that  with  the  present  staff  the  much  desired 
end  wiU  be  reached  in  less  than  ten  years. 
It  must  be  extremely  hard  work  for  an 
editor  to  pass  256  such  pages  through  the 
press  in  a  year,  and  if  an  eight-hour  Bill 
for  lexicographers  were  passed,  we  should 
expect  the  yearly  output  to  be  seriously 
reduced.  About  100,000  words  have  already 
been  dealt  with,  and  about  double  that 
number  remain,  though  more  than  a  third, 
perhaps  half,  of  the  work  is  published. 

In  the  portion  before  us  there  are  many 
extremely  interesting  articles — e.g.,  those 
on  disease,  dismal,  distaff,  dog,  doom,  dragoman, 
dragon,  dragoon,  draw,  dunce,  file,  finance,  fit, 
flag,  flash,  jloat,  fogger,  foison,  and  the  por- 
tentous verb  do,  which  contains  134  sub- 
divisions, among  which  900  quotations 
are  distributed,  after  selection  from  12,000 
references.  The  :aotion  that  "do"  is 
ever  used  for  "  dow  "  is  satisfactorily 
exploded;  but  under  20,  "act,"  "serve," 
"sufiice,''  &c.,  we  find  quoted  without  com- 
ment Neale  ('Notes,  Dalmatia,'  «S:c.,  1861, 
p.  70):  "I  cannot  say  much  for  our  inn,  but 
it  did."  Surely  outside  the  infinitive  mood, 
generally  after  "will,"  "won't,"  or  "would," 
"  would  not,"  this  sense  is  only  slang  or 
colloquial.  If  standard  works  can  be  quoted 
for  the  less  frequent  finite  moods  they 
ought  to  have  been  preferred  to  a  volume 
of  traveller's  notes.  As  to  "  dismal,"  it  is 
established  that  the  substantive  use  is  the 
earliest ;  that  the  word  is  derived,  as  Skeat 
noticed,  through  Old  French  dis  mal,  from 
Lat.  dies  mali;  and  that  these  are  the  unlucky 
days  of  the  mediaeval  calendar,  two  in  each 
month,  also  called  "Egyptian  days."  It 
would  be  interesting  to  compare  tlie  list 
with  Hesiod's  unlucky  days.  It  would  seem 
that  in  1891,  when  the  article  on  "Egyptian" 
was  printed,  the  identification  of  "  dismal  " 
with  "Egyptian  days"  had  not  yet  been 
ascertained.  Under  "draw,"  §57,  quota- 
tion dated  1835,  the  reader  is  led  to  sup- 


pose that  a  schooner's  "foresheet"  is  a  sail, 
which  shows  how  apt  linguistic  considera- 
tions are  to  misguide  the  scholar  who  is 
dealing  with  practical  matters. 

We  find  ourselves  less  and  less  able  as  the 
work  proceeds  to  supply  omitted  words  and 
earlier  quotations  than  those  adduced.  The 
inference  that  the  quality  goes  on  improving 
even  at  a  greater  ratio  than  might  be  ex- 
pected is  at  once  self-assertive  and  charit- 
able. We  have  noted  the  absence  of 
"dumb-crambo,"  "  Dra  vidian,"  and  "  fille 
de  chambre."  The  last  seems  to  have  more 
claim  to  be  included  than  "fin  de  siecle," 
which  stupid  phrase,  by  the  way,  means 
"  dismally  nasty  "  more  often  than  "  ad- 
vanced." Earlier  instances  might  have 
been  adduced  for  "docility"  (translation 
of  Polyd.  Vergil)  and  "delation"  (S. 
Crook's  'Life,'  1651). 

The  first  quotation  for  "dispenser,"  1, 
dated  1526,  should  be  preceded  by  "  dys- 
pensours  of  holychirche  goodys"  ('Revelat. 
Monk  of  Evesham,'  printed  1482).  Lord 
Macaulay's  '  Essays '  ought  to  be  quoted 
for  "  disproportioned  "  and  "  dry  light,"  of 
which  the  latter  occurs  in  his  celebrated 
characterization  of  Mr.  Gladstone.  Macau- 
lay's  essay  on  Lord  Bacon  is  probably  the 
original  source  of  the  phrase  "  flowing 
courtesy "  quoted  from  Digby,  '  Voy. 
Medit.,'  Pref.  (1868).  Under  "dyad" 
Prof.  Gildersleeve's  use  in  the  sense  of  a 
system  or  poem  of  two  stanzas  is  omitted 
in  the  definitions,  and  wrongly  quoted  as 
though  he  meant  a  couplet  of  which  the 
lines  differ  in  rhythm.  Under  "dyadic" 
the  'Century'  dictionary's  "dyadic  epi- 
ploce"  and  "  dyadic  pericope"  are  entirely 
ignored.  Perhaps  our  readers  will  condone 
this  lapse.  The  definition  of  "  don,"  4,  as 
used  in  English  universities,  is  wrong. 
When  an  undergraduate  sees  a  man  in  the 
garb  of  a  master  or  a  doctor,  he  classes  him 
as  a  "don"  without  considering  whether 
he  be  a  head  or  fellow  of  a  college,  or  a 
college  lecturer.  A  few  years  ago  several 
Cambridge  professors  did  not  come  under 
Dr.  Murray's  definition.  Dochmii  should 
be  defined  as  metres  of  which  the  typical 
form  is  pentasyllable,  viz.,  w--^-,  rather  than 
as  "pentasyllable  feet  of  which  the  typical 
form  is  — --."  More's  "  divinatrice"  may 
be  a  substantive  meaning  ars  divinatrix. 
"Dolly  Yarden"  caps  are  not  mentioned, 
though  they  were  common  about  twenty 
years  ago.  Milton's  "  rich  distilled  per- 
fume" ('Comus')  ought  certainly  to  have 
been  quoted.  It  is  difiicult  to  determine 
with  precision  Dr.  Murray's  view  of  the 
quantity  of  the  first  a  in  dlvaricdre,  but  we 
might  be  pardoned  if  we  inferred  from 
the  absence  of  mark  that  his  scansion  had 
been  "  made  in  Germany."  The  fact  that 
the  earliest  instances  available  of  "  dis- 
patch "  {vh.)  are  from  Bishop  Tunstall  when 
Commissioner  to  Spain  and  the  Guevarist 
Lord  Berners  makes  it  likely  that  the  word 
was  adapted  from  the  Spanish  despachar ; 
but  the  phonology  of  "  catch  "  and  "match" 
makes  it  possible  that  the  English  (from 
French)  "despeche"  was  contaminated  by 
dialectical  French  forms  in  -pachier.  It 
appears  that  the  balance  of  usage  is  against 
the  more  etymological  spelling  "  despatch" 
favoured  by  Johnson,  Prof.  Skeat,  and 
the  '  Century  Dictionary.'  But  the  nine- 
teenth century  authorities  cited   for  "  dis- 


patch" are  only  'Penny  Cyclopaedia,' 
F.  Hall,  Shelley,  Thackeray,  Harriet 
Martineau,  the  Star,  Scott,  Froude  (or 
their  respective  printers),  while  on  the 
other  side  we  have  Scott,  Froude,  Moore, 
Disraeli,  Green  ('Short  Hist.'),  Mr.  Morley, 
Church,  the  Eevised  Yersion,  and  the 
'  Postal  Guide ' ;  but  the  last  authority 
spells  the  noun  in  both  ways  in  the  same 
year — oddly  enough,  a  year  of  vacillations 
and  changes,  1886.  In  spite  of  the  "his- 
torical" spelling  we  feel  that  we  may,  if 
we  please,  side  with  Disraeli,  Church,  Mr. 
Morley,  and  the  Revised  Yersion  of  the  Old 
Testament,  for  after  all  the  spelling  of 
English  is  a  matter  of  convention. 

The  comparative  increase  in  the  number 
of  words  recorded  is  exemplified  by  the  fol- 
lowing list  (taken  at  random  from  vol.  iii. 
pp.  496-503  and  vol.  iv.  pp.  366-377)  of 
fresh  entries  for  which  more  than  one 
authority  is  supplied  :  "dispunction,"  "  dis- 
putably,"  "  disputativeness,"  "  disputator,"" 
"disquatte,"  "  disquire,"  "  disquiry,"  "  dis- 
quisite,"  "  disreason,"  "  disregardable," 
"disregardant,"  "disrest"  («&.),  "  dis- 
rest"(i^5.),  "  disrobement,"  "disroof,"  "dis- 
rump  "  {=  "  disrupt  "),  "  disruptable," 
"  disruptionist,"  "disseason,"  "  dissecate,'^ 
"  flutteration,"  "  fnast,"  "  foalage,"" 
"  fobby,"  "  focimetry,"  "  focoid."  To  thesa 
are  to  he  added  a  larger  number  of  fresh 
entries  for  which  only  one  authority  is. 
cited. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  enough  has  been 
said  to  induce  all  earnest  students  of 
English  literature  to  become  subscribers  to- 
this  magnificent  storehouse  of  necessary 
information,  if  they  have  not  already  sub- 
scribed. Such  blemishes  as  we  have  noticed, 
are  few  and  far  between,  and  the  most 
obvious  deduction  to  be  drawn  from  thera 
is  that  as  the  volume  may  be  improved  by 
occasional  annotation  it  is  much  better  txy 
possess  one's  own  copy  than  to  use  that  in: 
a  public  library. 


Europe  in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  llf91i.-1598. 

By  A.  H.  Johnson,  M.A.  (Rivingtons.) 
This  is  the  fourth  volume  in  order  of  timfr 
of  the  series  of  eight  volumes  dealing  with 
"Periods  of  European  History,"  under  th& 
general  editorship  of  Mr.  A.  Hassall.  We- 
are  no  great  lovers  of  the  multiplicatiort 
of  "periods"  and  text-books,  but  so  little 
has  been  written  in  English  on  the  general 
course  of  modern  history  that  the  series  has 
a  better  right  to  exist  than  most  of  its- 
fellows,  and,  while  its  modern  volumes 
ought  to  do  something  towards  superseding 
compilations  such  as  Dyer's  *  Modertt 
Europe,'  its  mediaeval  part  will  have  practi- 
cally no  rivals  in  the  field.  The  volumes  of 
the  series  have  come  out  at  somewhat  irre- 
gular intervals,  and  by  no  means  in  chrono- 
logical order,  but  nearly  all  are  now 
published  or  announced  for  publication. 

Mr.  Johnson's  contribution  is  not  so 
readable  as  some  of  its  predecessors,  nor  sa 
learned  and  comprehensive  as  others ;  still 
it  is  a  plain,  straightforward,  sensible,  and 
intelligent  piece  of  work,  which  will  be  use- 
ful to  students.  The  facts  are  copious  and 
accurate,  and  there  is  no  space  wasted  by 
irrelevances  or  trivialities.  If  the  style  is 
seldom  impressive,  it  is  always  business- 
like,  simple,  and  clear.     There   are  some 


N"  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


485 


good  maps,  and  useful  references  are  made 
in  the  notes  to  standard  works  dealing  in 
more  detail  with  the  subject.  That  Mr. 
Johnson  is  up  to  date  may  be  seen  from  his 
incorporating,  almost  too  completely,  the 
conclusions  of  Prof.  Laughton  in  his  edition 
of  documents  bearing  on  the  history  of  the 
Armada.  Mr.  Johnson  has  put  a  good  deal 
of  work  into  drawing  up  three  careful  and 
elaborate,  but  rather  disproportionate  ap- 
pendices, presenting  in  a  tabular  form  the 
leading  characteristics  of  the  constitutions 
of  France,  Venice,  and  Florence,  which  we 
cannot  but  praise  highly,  though  the  two 
latter  might  with  almost  greater  advantage 
have  been  reserved  for  the  volume  preced- 
ing Mr.  Johnson's,  which  has  not  yet 
appeared. 

The  chief  faults  of  the  volume  are  that, 
though  professedly  dealing  with  a  period  of 
history,  it  really  only  covers  a  part  of  the 
ground,  and  that  the  choice  of  the  aspects  of 
the  subject  to  be  dealt  with,  though  gener- 
ally judicious,  does  not  in  every  case  commend 
itself  to  us.  Perhaps  Mr.  Johnson  is  rather 
too  fond  of  cutting  up  his  subject  under 
heads,  and  labelling  them  1,  2,  3,  after  a 
fashion  which  was  once  popular  in  Oxford 
lecture-rooms,  but  which  does  not  seem 
quite  so  well  adapted  to  secure  literary 
effect  as  it  is  to  attain  clearness.  There  are 
rather  too  many  misspellings  of  proper 
names,  and  there  is  an  occasional  general 
statement  that  is  not  very  well  considered, 
besides  a  not  infrequent  want  of  pre- 
cision with  regard  to  details.  It  is  rather 
misleading,  for  instance,  to  say  that  in 
Maximilian  I.'s  time  "  the  Netherlands  as 
part  of  the  Burgundian  Circle  were  for  a 
short  time  nominally  incorporated  into  the 
Empire"  (p.  117),  as  it  suggests  that  those 
districts  had  not  hitherto  been  imperial 
lands.  Moreover,  on  p.  114,  Franche  Comte 
is  assigned  to  the  Circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine, 
though,  in  the  final  form  that  the  division 
of  the  Empire  into  Circles  took,  it  was  in- 
cluded with  the  Netherlands  in  the  Bur- 
gundian Circle,  which  was  made  up  of 
the  ancient  Burgundian  inheritance  that 
Mary  had  brought  to  her  husband. 
It  is  sheer  carelessness  to  say  on 
p.  171  that  Campeggio  treated  with  the 
"princes  most  favourable  to  Luther"  at 
Eatisbon  in  1524,  especially  as  the  result 
of  the  "Catholic  Conference"  (so  it  is 
labelled  in  the  marginal  summary)  was,  as 
"we  are  told  a  few  lines  further  down  in 
the  text,  that  "  they  prohibited  the  reading 
of  Luther's  books."  Again,  on  p.  335,  an 
"Elector  of  Bavaria"  is  spoken  of  in  the 
sixteenth  century ;  and  on  p.  322  we  are 
told  that  there  were  "only  four  sees"  in 
the  Netherlands  before  Philip  II. 's  eccle- 
siastical reforms,  though  the  bishopric 
till  recently  situated  at  Terouanne  included 
all  South- Western  Flanders,  and  the  eccle- 
siastical jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Liege 
took  in  much  of  North  Brabant,  Limburg, 
and  Namur,  while  other  "  foreign"  bishops 
held  sway  in  other  corners  of  the  Nether- 
lands. It  is  absurd  to  say,  because 
Laurentius  Valla  assailed  the  tradition  that 
the  Apostles'  Creed  was  the  work  of  the 
Apostles  themselves,  as  well  as  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  so-called  Donation  of  Constantino, 
that  he  was  enough  of  a  revolutionary  to 
attack  "  the  claims  of  Papal  supremacy  or 
the  authority  of  the  Apostles'  Creed."     We 


could  have  added  to  this  list,  but  forbear 
from  doing  so,  because  the  slips  are,  after 
all,  exceptional.  But  it  is  a  pity  that  Mr. 
Johnson's  occasionally  loose  or  careless  state- 
ments should  have  thus  diminished,  even 
in  a  slight  degree,  the  value  of  a  book 
whose  merits  so  largely  lie  in  the  direction 
of  clearness,  method,  and  precision.  A  very 
small  amount  of  trouble  would  set  them  all 
right  in  a  second  edition. 


A  History  of  French  Literature.    By  Edward 
Dowden.     (Heinemann.) 

In  an  essay  on  '  The  Interpretation  of  Litera- 
ture '  Mr.  Dowden  once  defined  his  own 
theory  of  criticism  in  this  sentence  :  "  Our 
prime  object  should  be  to  get  into  living 
relation  with  a  man,  with  the  good  forces 
of  nature  and  humanity  that  play  in  and 
through  him."  It  is  this  conception  of  the 
duty  and  privilege  of  the  critic  which  has 
imparted  its  charm,  vivacity,  and  pleasant 
energy  to  the  volume  in  which  Mr.  Dowden 
has  attempted  the  immense  task  of  sum- 
marizing whatever  has  been  most  notable 
in  French  literature  from  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury to  1850.  It  is  a  history  for  lovers  of 
literature  rather  than  for  students  of  it ; 
and  if  it  does  not  contain  lists  of  names, 
titles,  and  dates  (which  we  can  get  else- 
where), it  gives  us  a  clearer  and  a  more 
sympathetic  notion  of  the  spirit  of  French 
writers  than  any  book,  certainly,  which  has 
been  written  in  English.  In  spite  of  a 
sometimes  exuberant  style,  Mr.  Dowden 
has  condensed  a  remarkable  amount  of 
carefully  formed  judgments  into  his  four 
hundred  pages.  He  has  done  it  with  so 
honest  an  intelligence  that  we  can  trust  him 
alike  when  he  writes  of  Eabelais  and  when 
he  writes  of  Fenelon.  He  writes  of  no 
one  with  indifference,  and  thus  there  are 
moments  when  he  becomes  passionately 
unsympathetic,  chiefly  when  dealing  with 
those  French  writers  who  are  most  English 
in  their  manner  and  temperament  —  with 
Stendhal,  for  instance,  and  with  Merimee. 
An  Irishman,  he  is  sometimes  led  by  his 
admiration  of  large  things  into  confounding 
them  with  great  things.  Thus  he  writes  of 
Hugo : — 

' '  To  say  that  Hugo  was  the  greatest  lyric 
poefc  of  France  is  to  say  too  little  ;  the  claim 
that  he  was  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of  all  litera- 
ture might  be  urged.  The  power  and  magnitude 
of  his  song  result  from  the  fact  that  in  it  what  is 
personal  and  what  is  impersonal  are  fused  in 
one  ;  his  soul  echoed  orchestrally  the  orchestra- 
tions of  nature  and  of  humanity — 

Son  ame  aux  mille  voix,  que  le  Dieu  qu'il  adore 
Mit  au  centre  de  tout  comme  un  echo  sonore. 

And  thus  if  his  poetry  is  not  great  by  virtue 
of  its  own  ideas,  it  becomes  great  as  a  reverbera- 
tion of  the  sensations,  the  passions,  and  the 
thoughts  of  the  world." 

Now  this,  if  Mr.  Dowden  will  reflect,  means 
singularly  little  ;  and,  so  far  as  it  means 
anything,  it  is  singularly  little  to  the  point 
in  proving  that  Hugo  was  "  the  greatest 
lyric  poet  of  all  literature,"  an  assumption 
which  certainly  requires  very  cogent  reasons 
to  excuse  its  existence.  While  we  are 
speaking  of  Hugo  we  may  note  another 
curious  statement:  "There  was  in  him  a 
vein  of  robust  sensuality."  Surely,  if  one 
thing  more  than  another  was  conspicuously, 
fatally  lacking  in  Hugo,  it  was  precisely 
this,  the  lack  of  which  so  often  renders  his 


passion  wind,  and  his  lovers  mere  eloquent 
talkers  about  love.  But  it  is  difficult  to  be 
quite  just  to  Hugo,  and  if  Mr.  Dowden  has 
seen  him  too  near  not  to  be  overwhelmed 
by  so  vast  a  shadow,  let  us  remember  how 
temperately  he  can  write  of  older  writer® 
about  whom  it  is  just  as  difficult  to 
keep  quite  unbiassed  —  about  Rabelais, 
Voltaire,  Diderot,  La  Fontaine. 

Mr.  Dowden  is  for  the  most  part  so  just 
because,  whatever  his  personal  preferences, 
he  possesses  pre-eminently  a  sane  enthu- 
siasm, for  literature  as  literature.  Looking 
at  literature  as  the  self  -  expression  of 
humanity,  he  is  most  attracted  by  those 
writers  in  whom  what  is  called  the  human 
element  is  strongest,  most  direct  in  ex- 
pressing itself,  and  thus,  in  dealing  with 
Balzac  and  George  Sand,  for  instance,  can 
be  seen  to  sympathize  easily  with  the  latter, 
and  only  by  an  effort  with  the  former.  But 
he  is  never  the  advocate  for  a  theory  ;  he 
is  neither  for  classicism  as  such,  nor  roman- 
ticism as  such ;  but  for  the  interesting 
personality  who  has  known  how  to  express 
himself  in  classical  or  in  romantic  form. 
And  where  his  book  is  most  valuable,  most 
corrective  of  much  that  is  unduly  academic 
in  the  professional  treatment  of  literature,  is 
that  he  has  realized  literature  in  this  living- 
way,  as  being  itself  so  living  a  thing.  Thus 
he  shows  us,  in  age  after  age,  not  merely  so 
many  ingenious  books  being  written,  but  so 
many  penetrating  or  passionate  minds  utter- 
ing themselves  in  books .  Not  unduly  neglect- 
ing the  influence  of  an  age  upon  a  writer, 
or  those  general  ideas  which  may  seem  to 
theorists  to  link  or  divide  the  centuries,  he 
is  rightly  more  concerned  with  the  essential 
individual  quality  which  individuals  have 
brought  to  their  age  ;  that  is  to  say,  pre- 
cisely the  quality  which  survives  in  their 
work  and  makes  its  interest  or  value  for  pos- 
terity. And  he  conveys  a  notion  to  us,  often, 
of  this  quality  in  a  single  happy  phrase,  as 
when  we  read  that  "  Voiture  may  be  credited 
with  having  helped  to  render  French  prose 
pliant  for  the  uses  of  pleasure,"  or  that 
"the  two  greatest  poets  of  the  eighteenth 
century  wrote  in  prose.  Its  philosophical 
poet  was  the  naturalist  Buffon ;  its  supreme 
lyrist  was  the  author  of  '  La  Nouvelle 
Heloise.'  "  Then,  to  show  more  clearly 
how  well  the  two  sides  of  a  case  can  be 
stated  by  this  advocate  for  both,  let  us  com- 
pare his  summary  of  Rabelais  with  the 
summary,  a  little  further  on,  of  Calvin  : — 

"The  obscenity  and  ordure  of  Rabelais  were 
to  the  taste  of  his  time  ;  his  severer  censures 
of  Church  and  State  were  disguised  by  his 
buffoonery;  flinging  out  his  good  sense  and  wise 
counsels  with  a  liberal  hand,  he  also  wields 
vigorously  the  dunghill  pitchfork.  If  he  is  gross 
beyond  what  canbedescribed,he  is  not,  apart  from 
the  evil  of  such  grossness,  a  corrupter  of  morals, 
unless  morals  be  corrupted  by  a  belief  in  the  good- 
ness of  the  natural  man.  The  graver  wrongs  of 
his  age — wars  of  ambition,  the  abuse  of  public 
justice,  the  hypocrisies,  cruelties,  and  lethargy 
of  the  ecclesiastics,  distrust  of  the  intellectual 
movement,  spurious  ideals  of  life — are  vigor- 
ously condemned.  Rabelais  loves  goodness, 
charity,  truth  ;  he  pleads  for  the  right  of  man- 
hood to  a  full  and  free  development  of  all  its 
powers  ;  and  if  questions  of  original  sin  and 
divine  grace  trouble  him  little,  and  his  creed 
has  some  of  the  hardihood  of  the  Renaissance, 
he  is  full  of  filial  gratitude  to  le  ban  Dieu  for 
His  gift  of  life,  and  of  a  world  in  which  to  live 
strongly  should  be  to  live  joyously." 


486 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N«  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


Now  turn  two  pages,  and  read  of  Calvin  : 

"  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  Calvin  is  the 
greatest  writer  of  the  sixteenth  century.  He 
learned  much  from  the  prose  of  Latin  antiquity. 
Clearness,  precision,  ordonnance,  sobriety,  in- 
tellectual energy  are  compensations  for  his  lack 
of  grace,  imagination,  sensibility,  and  religious 
unction.  He  wrote  to  convince,  to  impress  his 
ideas  upon  other  minds,  and  his  austere  purpose 
was  attained.  In  the  days  of  the  pagan  Renais- 
sance, it  was  well  for  France  that  there  should 
also  be  a  Renaissance  of  moral  vigour  ;  if 
freedom  was  needful,  so  also  was  discipline. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  may  be  admitted  that 
Calvin's  reason  is  sometimes  the  dupe  of 
Calvin's  reasoning." 

But  both  Rabelais  and  Calvin,  in  their  so 
different  ways,  were  men  of  spiritual  action ; 
and,  as  we  have  intimated,  it  is  to  writers 
whose  distinguishing  characteristic  is  any 
kind  of  moral  energy  that  Mr.  Dowden 
is  most  attracted.  Where  he  is  most 
inclined  to  be  unsympathetic  is  in  regard 
to  writers  in  whom  the  moral  idea  may 
seem  to  be  lacking.  Thus  he  dismisses 
Chamfort  in  half  a  sentence,  with  the  inade- 
quate reflection  that  "  the  bitter,  almost 
misanthropic  temper  of  Chamfort's  maxims 
and  pensees  may  testify  to  the  vacuity  of 
faith  and  joy  ";  while  giving  a  page  and  a 
half  to  Vauvenargues,  because,  "though 
neither  a  thinker  nor  a  writer  of  the  highest 
order,"  he  "  attaches  us  by  the  beauty  of 
his  character  as  seen  through  his  half- 
finished  work,  more  than  any  other  author 
of  the  earlier  part  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury." It  is  characteristic  that  among 
the  writers  whom — through  negligence  we 
can  scarcely  doubt  —  he  omits  even  to 
mention  in  his  history,  should  be  the  two 
chief  representatives  of  the  unmoral  or 
immoral  prose  fiction  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  Choderlos  de  Laclos  and  Cre- 
billon  Jils,  and  the  chief  modern  repre- 
sentative of  the  romantic  branch  of  the 
same  school — Baudelaire.  The  omission  of 
Crebillon  and  Laclos  brings  a  somewhat 
serious  fault  of  perspective  into  Mr.  Dowden's 
account  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  if 
Crebillon  possesses  but  little  interest  for  us 
to-day,  apart  from  his  historical  interest, 
Laclos  is  a  writer  of  distinction,  whose 
*  Liaisons  Dangereuses,'  which  shocked  the 
susceptibilities  of  his  own  time  by  its  im- 
personal, pitiless  judgment  of  the  frailties  it 
chronicles,  is  not  only  a  precursor  of  much 
that  is  most  significant  in  modern  French 
fiction,  but  is  really  a  piece  of  literature. 
Mr.  Dowden  may  justify  his  omission  of 
Baudelaire  on  the  ground  that  his  study  of 
French  literature  ends  with  the  year  1850, 
and  that  the  '  Fleurs  du  Mai '  was  not  pub- 
lished till  1857.  But  as  1850  is  a  somewhat 
arbitrary  date,  it  may  even  be  contended 
that  the  mere  fact  of  its  excluding  Baude- 
laire is  enough  to  condemn  it  as  a  suitable 
limit  of  time.  The  figure  of  Baudelaire 
belongs  to  the  period  of  Hugo,  Gautier, 
and  the  romanticists,  and  it  is  in  many 
ways  the  most  influential  and  significant 
figure  of  that  period.  Not  merely  does 
Mr.  Dowden  leave  him  out  of  his  con- 
sideration of  the  romantic  period,  he  does 
not  even  mention  his  name  in  a  list  of 
later  poets  which  includes  the  names  of 
Leconte  de  Lisle,  Sully  Prudhomme,  and 
Verlaine.  In  a  second  edition  Mr.  Dowden 
will,  no  doubt,  remedy  these  sins  of 
omission  (as  well  as  the  error  in  grammar 


in  the  third  sentence  on  p.  407,  which 
throws  two  sentences  out  of  balance),  and 
thus  deprive  us  of  even  so  occasional  an 
opportunity  of  fault-finding  in  a  book  which 
is  certainly  the  best  history  of  French  litera- 
ture in  the  English  language. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Wliere   the   Reeds     Wave.     By  Anne  Elliot. 
2  vols.     (Bentley  &  Son.) 

A  SOMEWHAT  melancholy  subject  treated 
with  no  little  grace  forms  the  main  feature 
of  a  new  novel  by  the  author  of  '  Dr.  Edith 
Komney.'  The  atmosphere  of  life  in  a  village 
near  the  East  Anglian  coast,  and  a  touching 
romance  in  the  history  of  a  fisherman's 
family,  are  well  rendered,  but  it  must  be 
admitted  that  the  story  could  have  been 
handled  more  vigorously.  A  painter  who 
in  middle  life,  and  after  marriage,  revisits 
a  scene  associated  with  the  seduction 
of  a  fisher-girl  and  discovers  that  he  is 
the  father  of  the  heroine,  forms  a  theme 
which  might  have  been  worked  out  on  a 
larger  scale.  The  motif  is  well  conceived, 
and  is  by  no  means  badly  propounded.  In 
fact,  the  subject  is  so  well  suggested  that 
almost  unconsciously  the  reader  wishes  for 
corresponding  treatment.  '  Where  the  Reeds 
Wave '  is  certainly  a  book  to  read. 


The     Lady's      Walk.      By    Mrs.    Oliphant. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

We  so  lately  had  an  opportunity  of  paying 
tribute  to  the  shrewd  observer  and  graceful 
writer  we  have  lost,  that  it  is  unnecessary 
to  say  more  than  that  this  short  tale  of 
gentle  life  in  Scotland  is  marked  by  all 
those  characteristics  —  vivid  appreciation 
of  what  is  best  in  womanhood,  and  true 
realism  in  the  presentment  of  a  type  of 
domestic  life  which  seems  nearly  passing 
away — which  have  been  Mrs.  Oliphant's  best 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  her  time. 
The  gentle  ghost,  which  makes  the  mistake 
of  trying  to  act  as  a  providence  to  the  family 
it  loved  on  earth,  is  an  original  and  plausible 
conception.  The  gentle  "Chatty"  Camp- 
bell, who  may  be  supposed  to  be  a  reincar- 
nation of  her  ancestress  (the  sister-mother 
is  Chatty  to  her  large  and  loving  family),  is 
a  gracious  figure : — 

"She  was  in  the  perfection  of  her  woman- 
hood and  youth — about  eight-and-twenty,  the 
age  when  something  of  the  composure  of  ma- 
ternity has  lighted  upon  the  sweetness  of  the 
earlier  years,  and  being  so  old  enhances  all  the 

charm  of  being  so  young I  cannot  but  think 

with  reverence  that  this  delicate  maternity  and 
maidenhood — the  perfect  bounty  of  the  one,  the 
undisturbed  grace  of  the  other — has  been  the 
foundation  of  that  adoring  devotion  which  in 
the  old  days  brought  so  many  saints  to  the 
shrine  of  the  Virgin  Mother." 

The  present  narrative,  contrary  to  the 
author's  wont,  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a 
man,  but  naturally  he  is  a  man  shrewd 
enough  to  set  forth  Chatty's  charms  with 
almost  feminine  intuition.  The  supernatural 
element  is  handled  very  moderately  and  rea- 
sonably, and  carries  us  back  to  many  family 
legends  both  north  and  south  of  the  Tweed. 
With  'The  Lady's  Walk'  is  bound  up  a 
slighter  tale,  'The  Ship's  Doctor,'  which, 
although  written  with  the  fluency  of  a  prac- 
tised pen,  can  hardly  have  been  intended 
for  more  than  a  magazine  story. 


Three  Partners.     By   Bret   Harte.     (Chatto 
&  Windus.) 

In  '  Three  Partners  '  the  reader  meets  some 
old  acquaintances  —  Barker,  whose  sim- 
plicity and  optimism  are  overdone,  and  Jack 
Hamlin,  who  as  guardian  angel  and  deus 
ex  machind  is  too  theatrical.  The  series  of 
little  plots  which  compose  the  story  are 
elaborate  and  yet  trivial;  difficulties  arise 
too  suddenly  and  are  disposed  of  too  easily, 
and  by  means  which  are  too  unlikely. 
There  is  no  chief  vein  of  interest  running 
through  the  story.  The  result  is  that  it  is 
in  its  construction  more  like  a  French 
farce  than  a  good  novel.  Mr.  Bret  Harte 
does  not  often  expose  himself  to  such 
criticism.  He  seems  to  have  been  trying 
a  different  style  of  construction,  and 
he  has  not  succeeded.  Turning  to  details, 
we  find  much  of  the  old  charm.  The 
mountain  scenery,  the  miner's  cabin,  the 
Spanish  convent,  the  smart  hotel,  the  rough 
life,  and  the  flashy  civilization — all  these 
are  set  before  one  with  the  distinctness  of 
reality.  One  misses  only  the  pathetic 
touches  which  Mr.  Bret  Harte  has  led  his 
readers  to  expect  from  him.  The  talk  in  the 
whiskey-bar  is  still  racy,  and  sometimes 
humorous,  but  the  conversation  between  the 
partners  is  not  so  good.  It  is  not  probable 
that  old  chums  would  pay  each  other  com- 
pliments. 

Perpetua.     By  S.  Baring-Gould.     (Isbister 
&Co.) 

Mr.  Baring-Gould  has  utilized  his  researches 
in  Southern  France  effectively  enough  in  his 
reproduction  of  the  legend  of  St.  Perpetua, 
martyred  at  Nimes  in  213.  His  account  of 
the  Christians  in  the  third  century  com- 
mends itself  by  its  moderation  ;  he  is  too 
good  an  historian  to  doubt  that  the  Christians 
of  that  day,  like  converts  from  heathenism 
at  present,  brought  much  loose  practice 
of  their  unregenerate  days  into  their  new 
religious  relations.  The  account  of  the 
agape  at  the  house  of  Baudillas  reads  in 
a  very  lifelike  manner.  Similar  praise  may 
be  given  to  the  young  lawyer  iBmilius, 
whose  scepticism  is  the  modish  convention 
of  his  day,  but  who  longs  for  virtue  as  an 
ideal : — 

' '  It  was  this  which  disturbed  the  dainty 
epicureanism  of  Horace  ;  which  gave  verjuice 
to  the  cynicism  of  Juvenal ;  which  roused  the 
savage  bitterness  of  Persius.  More  markedly 
still  the  craving  after  this  better  life— on  what 
based  he  could  not  conjecture — filled  the  pastoral 
mind  of  Virgil." 

The  writer  has  realized  to  a  considerable 
extent  the  point  of  view  of  an  enlightened 
and  not  absolutely  Mase  Roman  with  re- 
gard to  the  religion  which  proposed  a  new 
standard  of  morality.  The  ethnical  con- 
stituents of  the  old  Provincia,  so  diverse  in 
that  age,  are  also  described  with  much 
vivacity.  On  the  whole,  a  readable  little 
volume. 

The     Water  -  Finder.      By     Lucas     Cleeve. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
It  was  not  a  bad  idea  to  make  water-finding 
the  nucleus  of  a  story,  and  Mr.  Cleeve's  novel 
is  by  no  means  a  contemptible  piece  of  work, 
but  he  has  not  succeeded  very  well  in  com- 
bining the  water-finding  with  the  plot.  He 
appears  to  be  an  ardent  believer  in  the 
mystery  or  art  of  water-finding  and  to  hold 


N*'  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


487 


strong  views  as  to  the  iniquity  of  the 
English  law,  though  he  does  not  attack  the 
law  for  the  disdain  which  it  feels  for  his 
cherished  art.  Like  the  Scotsman  who  just 
stood  in  the  middle  of  the  road  and  swore 
at  large,  he  abuses  the  law  in  general.  He 
finds  it  to  be  the  "great  swindle  of  the 
world,"  and  England  "the  most  lawyer- 
ridden  country  in  the  world  ;  the  most  hope- 
lessly devoid  of  justice."  Possibly  he  is 
but  little  acquainted  with  law  and  justice  in 
other  countries.  This  outburst  and  a  long 
disquisition  on  water-finding,  with  several 
pages  of  quotation  from  a  book  on  '  Popular 
Antiquities,'  are  blemishes  in  a  well-written 
book,  for  the  author  expresses  himself 
vigorously  and  clearly,  and,  in  spite  of  his 
views  on  water-finding,  he  has  good  sense 
and  an  effective  style  of  narration. 

The  Showman's  Daughter.   By  Scott  Graham. 

(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 
It  must  be  admitted  that  this  novel  starts 
badly.  In  the  first  fifty  pages  enough  people 
have  died  to  make  a  decidedly  promising 
novel.  When  at  length  the  story  begins 
with  the  true  dramatis  personee,  we  find  it 
less  interesting.  The  affairs  of  a  cathedral 
city  and  its  surrounding  county  society 
are  discussed  fully  and  without  conspicuous 
literary  success ;  and  it  is  a  long  time 
before  the  assistant- organist  comes  by  his 
due  and  is  acknowledged  as  the  owner  of 
a  fine  estate.  The  pleasantest  parts  of  the 
story  are  those  which  show  that  the  writer 
(obviously  a  lady)  appreciates  good  music. 
The  names  of  numerous  French  authors 
and  their  works  are  referred  to,  and  more 
care  should  have  been  taken  to  print  the 
names  correctly.  The  story  is  quite  unex- 
ceptionable, and  will  not  offend  the  most 
exacting  taste  on  the  ground  of  propriety. 

Tangled  Threads.     By  Esme  Stuart.     (Part- 
ridge &  Co.) 

A  VIOLENT  explosion  in  a  quarry  in  the  Lake 
District  does  little  to  disentangle  the  threads 
of  Esme  Stuart's  novel.  But  for  the  com- 
plicated nature  of  the  plot,  the  book  would 
be  an  excellent  volume  for  girls.  We 
do  not  mean  to  say  that  there  is  any  in- 
consistency in  the  story,  but  it  undoubtedly 
requires  a  more  careful  analysis  and  examina- 
tion than  those  to  whom  the  book  is  best 
suited  are  likely  to  make.  In  other  re- 
spects the  volume  is  carefully  and  often  well 
written. 

The  Beetle.     By  Eichard  Marsh.     (Skeffing- 
ton  &  Son.) 

*  The  Beetle  '  is  a  prolix  composition 
and  full  of  mystery,  which  receives  in- 
.  adequate  explanation  at  the  end  of  the 
story.  It  professes  to  deal  with  the  history 
of  a  gentleman  and  a  lady,  of  whom  it  is 
said,  "Were  his  real  name  divulged,  she 
would  be  recognized  as  the  popular  and 
universally  reverenced  wife  of  one  of  the 
greatest  statesmen  the  age  has  seen."  This 
statement  appears  to  be  as  improbable  as 
the  rest  of  the  story.  The  book  is  much 
too  long. 

Derelicts.     By  William  J.  Locke.     (Lane.) 
The  piteous  self-contempt  and  barren  hope 
of  a  gentleman  turned  criminal  are  but  sorry 
topics,  butj  such  as  they  are,  have  been  treated 


"  for  all  they  are  worth  "  by  Mr.  Locke  in 
his  present  story.  The  doubt  is  whether  a 
character  so  seared  by  circumstance  could 
really  retain  the  lovable  qualities  that  re- 
concile the  reader  in  his  own  despite  with 
Stephen  Joyce.  Madame  Latour  (Yvonne  as 
we  learn  to  call  her)  is  a  more  probable 
specimen  of  the  sort  of  lighthearted  and 
simple  coquette  who  matures  late  and  then 
dowers  the  fortunate  lover  with  a  wealth 
of  feeling.  Hardly  less  prominent  than 
these  leading  characters  is  the  conventional 
Canon  (afterwards  Bishop)  Everard.  His 
stately  advances  towards  the  centre  _  of 
attraction,  a  "complex  mingling  of  passion 
and  calculation,  which  causes  his  managing 
cousin  Emmeline  "  to  wonder  "  what  kind 
of  a  fool  he  is  going  to  make  of  himself  "; 
his  separation  from  her  after  _  marriage 
from  purely  conventional  motives  ;  and 
his  self-appreciation  as  one  who  has^  lost 
everything  of  vital  necessity  to  happiness 
from  his  devotion  to  the  externals  of  religion 
(this  last  the  outcome  of  his  experience 
of  losing  her  finally),  are  ingeniously  and 
realistically  portrayed.  That  he  should  be 
described  as  a  high  Tory  is  a  little  bit  of 
partisanship — a  hit  below  the  belt.  Certain 
minor  characters,  as  the  sad  writer  of  penny 
dreadfuls,  and  Runcle  the  old  bookseller, 
add  a  further  touch  of  life  to  the  story. 


The   Crime   and  tlie   Criminal.     By  Eichard 
Marsh.     (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

The  effrontery  of  this  volume  is  indicated 
by  the  gory  red  cloth  of  its  cover,  which 
affects  to  blush  for  'The  Crime  and  the 
Criminal.'  It  is  an  uncommonly  able  story 
of  the  dreadful  type,  the  accident  on  the 
Brighton  line  and  the  Three  Bridges  mur- 
der being  only  suggested  by  current  events, 
and  the  details  being  the  fruit  of  the  author's 
imagination.  There  is  a  certain  reversal  of 
the  order  of  nature  in  the  narrative,  as  the 
reader  is  put  in  possession  of  the  facts  at  the 
outset,  and  then  he  has  to  follow  their  gradual 
discovery  by  the  various  actors  in  the  story. 
Butthe  complications  of  the  plot  are  decidedly 
ingenious,  and  the  characters  of  Mrs.  Car- 
ruth,  the  American  adventuress,  and  the 
Satanic  Townsend,  of  the  Murder  Club, 
have  some  originality. 


Sale  Juif!     Par  Louis   DoUivet.      (Paris, 
Colin  &  Cie.) 

M.  DoLLivET  has  not  the  least  notion 
how  to  write  a  novel,  but  his  study  of  the 
relations  of  Jew  and  Gentile  in  the  Paris 
middle  class  is  interesting  and  pathetic. 
There  has  been  a  distinct  change  in  recent 
years  in  the  direction  of  intolerance,  and 
even  persecution,  and  the  Jews  occupy  a 
less  good  position  in  France  under  the 
Third  Eepublic  than  they  held  under 
the  First  Empire.  On  two  occasions  M. 
Dollivet  makes  a  scientific  body  deliberately 
accord  to  a  Jew  a  place  lower  than  that  to 
which  he  is  entitled  by  ability  and  character. 
A  great  medical  school  passes  over  a  Jew 
for  the  Gold  Medal,  and  puts  him  second 
on  the  list,  when  his  marks  put  him  first, 
because  one  of  the  leading  surgeons  says 
that  he  will  not  consent  to  a  Jew  having  the 
medal  of  the  year.  We  fear  that  this,  im- 
possible in  the  United  Kingdom,  is  some- 
times true  in  France. 


SCANDINAVIAN   LITEKATUBE. 

Essays     on    Scandinavian     Literature.      By 
Hjalmar   Hjorth   Boyesen.     (Nutt.) — The   late 
Prof.  Boyesen  was  better  known  as  a  novelist 
and  poet,   especially  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic,  than  as  a  critic  ;  yet  even  as  a  critic 
he  has  a  reputation.     He  is  wanting,  we  think, 
in  depth,  subtlety,   and  concentration  ;  strong 
political     sympathies     sometimes     distort     his 
critical   vision,   and   his   method   is   too    often 
hasty  and  perfunctory  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
one  cannot  but  feel  the  charm  of  his  healthy 
optimism   and   keen   appreciation  of  the   good 
things  of  literature  and  art.     His  common  sense 
is  a  guarantee  for  the  soundness  of  his  views  in 
general,  while  his  width  of  range  places  an  un- 
usual wealth  of  illustration  at  his  command.    The 
present  volume  consists  of  seven  essays  of  various 
degrees  of  merit,  now  brought  together  for  the 
first    time.     The    longest   chapter    is    that   on 
Bjornstjerne   Bjornson,  which,   as  the    author 
informs  us  in  his  preface,  was  "in  danger  of 
expanding "   into    over  three    hundred   pages, 
"only  the    most  heroic  condensation"  saving 
it    "from    challenging   criticism    as    an    inde- 
pendent work."     We  congratulate   the   author 
on   his    prudence    as  well   as   his   heroism    in 
using   the    shears  so   freely,    for    even    in   its 
present  reduced  form  of  104  pages  this  essay 
still  seems  a  trifle  too  long.     Too  much  space 
has  been  given  to  the  analysis  of  Bjornson's 
later  plays  and  novels,  which,  with  few  excep- 
tions,    consist     either      of      barely     disguised 
onslaughts   on   adversaries,  political   or  other 
wise,  or  of  excursions  into  "  the  twilight  realm 
of   psycho  -  pathological  phenomena,"  as  Prof, 
JtJoyesen  eupuemistir.ll;  ;:hrases  it.   Nyw_  these 
pseudo- scientific  studies  are  quite  out  of  Bjorri- 
son's  line.    His  genius,  naturally  intense,  fervid, 
tender,    and    poetical,    is    anything    but    pro- 
found   or   analytical.      He    has,    moreover,    in 
these  later  works  a  marked  preference  for  some- 
what nasty  subjects  and  an  irritating  trick  of 
preaching,  and  while  his  heroes  are  either  prigs 
or    savages,    his    prudish,    self-assertive,    and 
over-conscious   heroines  are    perhaps  the  most 
offensive  types  of    "the  New  Woman"    to  be 
found    in    literature.       Prof.    Boyesen,    to    do 
him   justice,  is   not    altogether   satisfied   with 
Bjornson's   later  manner.      He    properly  pro- 
tests against  the  "crude,  harsh,  and  needlessly 
revolting    incidents,"  the    almost   hieroglyphic 
vagueness,  "  the  forced  and  unnatural  air,"  the 
fanatical  one-sidedness  of  Bjornson's  tendency 
romances  and  plays.     He  advises  "those  who 
demand   that  literature    shall    be  untinged    by 
any   tendency "  to    eschew  all   the   subsequent 
works  of  Bjornson  ;  but  his  admiration  for  the 
man    and   his    opinions   frequently  makes   the 
critic  himself  something  of    a  partisan,  and  it 
is  surely  unnecessary  to    drag  polemics  into  a 
purely  literary  essay  and  talk  of    "the  fraud, 
trickery,  if  not  treason,  by  which  Norway  has 
during  the  last    decade   been   thwarted  in  her 
aspirations  and  checked  in    her  development." 
By    far    the    best    essay    in    the    book    is    the 
short    study    on    Jonas    Lie,    whose    peculiar 
genius  is  gauged  with  remarkable  acumen.     It 
seems  to  have  hitherto  quite  escaped  Lie's  critics 
and  admirers  in  this  country  that  he  possesses 
the   very   rare   faculty   of  successfully   dealing 
with   the    supernatural    in   fiction  —  a   faculty 
already    apparent    in    his    early    work     'Den 
Fremsynte,'   and    triumphantly    prominent    in 
his  collection  of  tales  '  Trold. '     Prof.  Boyesen 
is  more  observant.     "Lie  possesses,"  he  says, 
"in   a  marked   degree  'the  sixth   sense'  that 
gropes  eagerly  and  with  a  half-terrified  fascina- 
tion in  the  dusk  that  lies  beyond  the   daylight 
of  the  other  five."     He  attributes  this  "sixth 
sense  "  to  the  Finn  blood  Lie  inherits  from  his 
mother,   and  opines  that   "but  for  the  Norse 
Jekyll  in  his  nature,  the  Finnish  Hyde  might 
have  run    away    with    him  altogether."     As  a 
matter  of  fact  the  Norse  element  has  more  than 
held  its  own,  and  to  it  Lie  undoubtedly  owes 


488 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


his  widespread  and  steadily  increasing  reputa- 
tion both  at  home  and  abroad.  If  the  essay  on 
Lie  be  the  best,  the  essay  on  Hans  Christian 
Andersen  is  certainly  the  worst  in  the  book. 
We  may  say  at  once  that  Prof.  Boyesen  did 
not  understand  his  Andersen.  He  regards  him, 
simply  and  solely,  as  an  artless  child  whose 
"innocence  was  more  than  virginal,"  and 
"whose  unworldliness  was  simply  inconceiv- 
able." He  has  evidently  arrived  at  this  opinion 
from  a  very  cursory  examination  of  the  '  Fairy 
Tales '  and  Andersen's  own  interesting,  but 
entirely  delusive  autobiography.  Had  he  only 
taken  the  trouble  to  glance  at  Andersen's  corre- 
spondence, which  deserves  to  be  as  well  known 
as  the  '  Tales '  themselves,  he  could  scarcely 
have  failed  to  arrive  at  a  very  diiferent  conclu- 
sion. Andersen  was  certainly  both  childlike 
and  childish  in  many  things,  but  there  was 
another  side  to  his  character  also,  and  he 
was  very  far  from  being  the  helpless  and 
silly  creature  he  is  sometimes  supposed  to 
have  been.  He  was  an  acute  observer,  a  born 
humourist  ;  his  natural  wit  had  been  sharpened 
by  close  contact  with  the  choicest  spirits  of  his 
age  ;  he  had  travelled  far  and  profitably,  had  a 
remarkable  insight  into  human  nature,  and  was 
himself  in  many  respects — especially  as  regards 
money  matters — the  shrewdest  and  most  prac- 
tical of  men.  To  apply  such  epithets  as 
"more  than  virginal  innocence"  and  "utter 
unworldliness "  to  such  a  man  is  sheer  non- 
sense. Prof.  Boyesen  much  underrates 
Andersen's  novels,  which,  though  doubtless 
obscured  by  the  immortal  '  Eventyr,' can  still 
be  read  with  some  pleasure  ;  and  why  does  he 
call  Andersen's  well-known  benefactor  Herr 
Jonas  Collin  "  Collins  "  ?  As  to  the  remaining 
articles,  '  Contemporary  Danish  Literature  '  and 
'  Esaias  Tegner '  are  much  too  sketchy  and 
tell  us  nothing  new  ;  but  the  chapter  devoted 
to  the  Scandinavian  critic  Georg  Brandes  is 
admirable.  Prof.  Boyesen's  style  is,  on  the 
whole,  picturesque  and  suggestive,  and  there 
are  passages  here  and  there  which  cling 
to  the  memory.  Occasionally,  however,  his 
mode  of  expression  is  eccentric  and  even  un- 
grammatical.  Such  phrases  as  "  to  down  the 
beast  Unbelief,"  "Jonas  was  downed,"  "  he  is 
so  delightfully  boy,"  "  she  helps  him  condense," 
are  neither  English  nor  Scandinavian  ;  and  what 
is  the  meaning  of  "  blue  profanity  "  ? 

Scandinavian  Folk-lore.  Selected  and  trans- 
lated byW.  A.  Craigie.  (A.  Gardner.) — In  this 
volume  Mr.  Craigie  has  brought  together  a  con- 
siderable number  of  the  most  popular  local 
traditions  concerning  the  fairy-folk  of  Norway 
and  Denmark.  Few  of  the  stories,  indeed,  are 
absolutely  new,  and  the  Swedish  branch  of  the 
subject  has  beencomparatively  neglected,  despite 
the  fact  that  in  no  other  European  country  has 
folk-lore  been  so  diligently  studied  of  late 
years  as  in  Sweden.  Nevertheless,  the  book, 
although  it  cannot  be  said  to  possess  very 
much  scientific  value,  is  interesting,  and  the 
translation  is,  on  the  whole,  both  spirited  and 
correct.  We  must  protest,  however,  against 
the  tone  of  disparagement  which  this  com- 
piler adopts  towards  his  predecessor  Benjamin 
Thorpe,  whose  excellent  '  Northern  Mythology,' 
published  forty-six  years  ago,  is  still  one  of  the 
standard  books  on  the  subject.  In  a  few  in- 
stances, where  no  better  version  presented  itself, 
Mr.  Craigie  informs  us,  "passages  have  been 
taken  which  were  already  included  in  Thorpe 

but  in  all  cases  these  have  been  translated 

afresh."  We  conceive  that  Mr.  Craigie  would 
have  done  better  in  all  such  cases  to  retain 
Mr.  Thorpe's  text,  for  wherever  we  have 
been  able  to  collate  the  two  versions  we  in- 
finitely prefer  the  earlier  one. 


BOOKS   OF   ADVENTUEE. 


Mr.  a.  W.  Marchmont's  story  By  Eight  of 
S^cord  (Hutchinson  &  Co.),  though  made  up  of 
somewhat  familiar  material,  is  sufficiently  well 


told  to  be  read  with  interest.  A  young  English- 
man who  has  spent  the  first  sixteen  years  of  his 
life  in  Kussia  returns  to  Moscow  at  a  critical 
moment.  He  finds  himself  mistaken  for  a 
lieutenant  in  a  regiment  of  infantry,  and  in  that 
capacity  adventures,  intrigues,  and  Nihilist  plots 
come  to  him  in  large  quantities.  Duels,  hair- 
breadth escapes,  murders,  and  rescues  abound 
in  these  pages  ;  and  the  reader  would  often  be 
thankful  if  the  author  had  exercised  some  slight 
restraint  on  his  imagination.  For  instance,  we 
are  asked  to  believe  that  at  Oxford  the  hero 
"was  the  best  oar  in  the  eight,  the  smartest 
field  and  hardest  hitter  in  the  eleven,  the  fastest 
mile  and  half-mile  in  the  'Varsity,  and  one  of 
the  three  strongest  men  in  all  Oxford."  Later 
on  his  feats  with  the  sword  and  revolver  are 
equally  remarkable.  The  whole  story  is  told  in 
the  first  person,  not  without  some  literary  skill. 
We  imagine  the  book  is  best  suited  to  the  tastes 
of  the  schoolboy. 

A  Fight  for  Freedom,  by  Dr.  Gordon  Stables 
(Nisbet  &  Co.),  is  a  simple  and  unemotional 
history  of  the  adventures  of  two  young  men, 
one  Scotch  and  the  other  Russian.  We  have 
the  inevitable  wolves  and  Siberian  convicts  ; 
and  any  one  who  is  accustomed  to  this  class  of 
literature  will  find  little  novelty  in  the  narra- 
tive. Dr.  Gordon  Stables  does  not  write  with 
ease  and  fluency,  but  he  is  fortunately  quite 
moderate  in  his  demands  on  the  reader's  imagi- 
nation. There  is  nothing  in  the  book  to  prevent 
it  from  being  given  as  a  present  to  young  people, 
for  whom  it  appears  to  be  best  suited.  It  is 
well  illustrated. 

The  Adventure  of  the  Broad  Arroiv:  an 
Australian  Romance,  by  Mr.  Morley  Roberts 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.),  is  an  extraordinary  tale 
well  named  a  "Romance."  The  first  hundred 
pages  describe  in  vivid  and  bold  language  the 
suflerings  of  two  men  in  their  search  for  gold  in 
the  waterless  wilds  of  Australia.  These  are  of  a 
diff'erent  nature,  but  of  as  deterrent  a  character 
as  those  which  probably  await  prospectors  in 
Klondyke.  The  ice  and  snows  of  the  Arctic 
circle  and  the  blazing  sun  of  the  southern  con- 
tinent alike  seem  impotent  with  men  afllicted 
with  the  "  auri  sacra  fames."  Starting  from 
Pilbarra  in  the  extreme  west,  our  travellers 
arrive  at  King  George's  Sound  on  the  southern 
coast,  having  traversed  over  1,000  miles,  mainly 
on  foot,  in  which  they  encounter  incredible 
hardships.  The  remaining  pages  contain  adven- 
tures too  palpably  impossible,  which  we  know 
must  be  without  the  smallest  foundation.  The 
author  possesses  a  powerful  pen,  and,  if  in  his 
next  work  he  confines  himself  to  a  possible  plot, 
will  probably  give  his  readers  an  interesting 
story.  

OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Sport  and  Travel  in  India  and  Central  Ame- 
rica, by  Mr.  A.  G.  Bagot  (Chapman  &  Hall), 
is  a  collection  of  twenty  Indian  and  thirteen 
Central  American  stories,  reminiscences,  most 
of  which  have  appeared  in  the  Asian.  They 
are  lightly  connected  one  with  another,  are 
generally  readable,  and  often  amusing,  though 
they  occasionally  are  disfigured  by  the  slang 
in  which  writers  on  sport  frequently  indulge. 
The  book  is  rather  over  than  under  the  average 
of  its  class,  and  is  fairly  printed  and  bound. 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.'s  new  edition  of 
George  Meredith  in  single  volumes,  beginning 
with  The  Ordeal  of  Richard  Feverel,  comes  con- 
veniently at  a  time  when  the  other  cheap  issue 
of  his  novels  is  getting  scarce,  and  it  has  the 
advantage  of  a  frontispiece  and  the  author's 
revision. 

Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  have  sent  us  vol.  i.  of 
a  very  pretty  edition  of  the  Spectator,  with  a 
capital  introduction  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson. 
The  only  deficiency  is  in  the  margin,  which  is 
very  small  on  the  inner  side  of  the  pages.  The 
notes  are  excellent,  and  the  text  has  been  care- 
fully revised. 


From  the  ottice  of  the  Western  Mail  comes  a 
marvellous  Shakspeare  complete  for  sixpence, 
and  a  copy  of  the  same  bound  in  cloth. 

Mr.  Nimmo  begins  with  Waverley  a  new 
cheap  issue  of  the  "Border  Edition"  of  the 
"  Waverley  Novels,"  which  retains  its  excellent 
features. 

Mr.  R.  B.  Johnson  has  selected  for  Mr. 
George  Allen  the  Aphorisms  of  Landor,  which 
occupy  a  dainty  little  volume. 

Prof.  A.  Beljame's  excellent  volume  Le 
Public  et  les  Hommes  de  Lettres  en  Angleterre 
au  Dix-huitieme  Siecle  (Hachette)  has  reached 
a  second  edition,  and  is  now  supplemented 
by  an  exhaustive  index  of  over  one  hundred 
pages. 

M.  Lef^^vre-Pontalis,  who  has  written  on  the 
electoral  system  of  many  countries,  now  reprints 
from  the  Revue  Politique  et  Parlementaire  of 
September  an  article,  Les  Elections  dans  les  Pays- 
Bas,  which  is  published  as  a  pamphlet  from  the 
office  of  the  review  in  Paris.  The  writer  gives 
a  full  account  both  of  the  electoral  laws  of 
Holland,  and  of  their  practical  working  at  the 
recent  election,  held  since  the  adoption  of  an 
imitation  of  our  own  Ballot  Act. 

From  New  York  Messrs.  Stone  &  Kimball 
send  us  The  College  Yearbook  and  Athletic 
Record  (1896-1897),  which  contains  a  great  deal 
of  information  about  work  and  sport.  The  ' '  List 
of  College  Cheers  and  Yells  "  is  long  and  enter- 
taining. 

We    have    on    our   table   Two   Brothers,    by 
A.   O.    M.    (A.    Gardner),— "iarfy"    Vere,  by 
L.  M.  Elshemus  (New  York,  Lewis), — Saul,  a 
Tragedy,  and  other  Poems,  by  P.  John,  Vol.  11. 
(Mowbray), — Isolda,  and  other  Poems,  by  C.  H. 
Southey  (Kendal,  Wilson),— T7ie    Child  of  the 
Bondiuoman,  and  other  Verses,  by  J.  C.  Grahana 
(Nutt),  —  Optimus,  and  other  Poems,  by  M.  R.  S. 
(Sonnenschein), — Sonnets,  by  W.  Gay  (Bendigo, 
Victoria,   the   Author),  —  Thames   Sonnets  and 
Semblances,   by  M.   Armour   and  W.    B.   Mac- 
dougall  (Elkin  Mathews), — William  Shakespeare, 
by  E.  Engel  (Leipzig,  Baedeker), — La  Fille  aux 
Yeux   d'Or,   by  Honor^   de   Balzac,  translated 
by  E.   Dowson  (Smithers), — Nietzsche's  Werke, 
Vols.  XI.  and  XII.  (Leipzig,  Naumann), — Four 
Great  Religions,  by  Annie  Besant  (Theosophical 
Publishing    Society), — Ourselves   in  Relation  to 
a  Deity  and  a  Church  (Redway), — The   Saints 
and    Missionaries    of   the    Anglo  -  Saxo7i    Bra, 
by   the    Rev.    D.    C.    O.    Adams    (Mowbray), 
—  Addresses     to     Lads,    by     H,     C.    Shuttle- 
worth,  M.A.  {S.P.C.K.),— Everlasting  Punish- 
ment,    by     J.     R.     Neilson     (Skeffington),  — 
Christ  in  His  Holy  Land,  by  the   Rev.  A.  A. 
Boddy  (S.P.C.K.), — Short  Studies  in  the  Science 
of  Comparative    Religions,    by    Major-General 
J.   G.   R.   Forlong  (Quaritch), — Helps  toivards 
Belief  in  the  Christian  Faith,  by  C.  G.  Griffin- 
hoof  e  (Ward  &  Downey), — Books  that  Help  the 
Religious  Life,    by   the    Rev.   H.   M.  B.  Reid 
(Edinburgh,    Hitt),— T/ie    Work    of  Grace,   by 
the   Rev.    J.  Brett    (S.P.C.K.),— and    In    the 
Beginnings,  by   Mary    E.   Bellars    (S.P.C.K.). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  A  Treatise  on 
the  Law   of  Guarantees  and   of  Principal  and 
Surety,   by  H.  A.   de  Colyar  (Butterworth), — 
Rheumatism,  by  T.  J.  Maclagan,  M.D.  (Black), 
— Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration,  by  G.  P. 
Merrill   (Chapman   &   Hall), — The  Ecumenical 
Councils,     by    W.    P.    Du    Bose    (Edinburgh, 
T.  &  T.   Clark), — The  Disappearance  of  George 
Driffell,  by  J.  Payn  (Smith  &  Elder),—r/ic  JEarZy- 
Principate  :  a  History  of  Rome  SI  b.c.~96  a.d., 
by  A.  H.  AUcroft  and  J.  H.  Haydon  (Clive),— 
Waterloo,  by  Louis  Navez  (Brussels,  Leb^gue),. 
— and   English's  Handbook    of  Folkestone^   d;c^ 
(Folkestone,  '  Express  '  Works). 


N"  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


489 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 
Theology. 

Expositor's  Greek  Testament:  Vol.  1,  Gospels,  by  Bruce  and 

Doda,  royal  8vo.  28/  cl. 
Gray's  (A  )  The  Origin  and  Karly  History  of  Cliristianity  in 

Britain,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 
Harris's  (H.)  Some  Last  Words  in  a  Country  Church,  2/  cl. 
Jackson's  (H.  B.)  Tlie  Friends  of  Jesus,  cr.  Svo.  2/  el. 
Maclaren's  (A.)  The  Victors'  Crowns,  and  other  Sermons,  5/ 
Otlley's  (R.  L.  O.)  Aspects  of  the  Old  Testament,  16/  cl. 
Our  Churches,  and  Why  We  Belong  to  Them,  by  Canon 

Knox  Little  and  others,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Bidley's  (W.  D.)  The  Armour  of  God,  Six  Sermons.  2/6  cl. 
Stokoe's  (Rev.  T.  H.)  Old  Testament  History  for  Schools, 

Part  3,  cr  8vo.  2/6  swd. 
Thackeray's  (P.  St.  J.)  Sermons  preached  in  Eton  College 

Chapel,  cr  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Westcoti's  (B.  F.)  Christian  Aspects  of  Life,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Blomfield's  (R.)  A  History  of  Renaissance  Architecture  in 

England,  2  vols.  imp.  Svo.  .50/  net,  cl. 
Hartshorne's  (A.)  Old  English  Glasses,  4to.  63/ net. 
Kristeller's  (P.)  Karly  Florentine  Woodcuts,  30/  net,  cl. 
Lanciani's    (R.)    The   Rains    and  Excavations  of    Ancient 

Rome,  cr.  Svo.  16/  cl. 
Ley  land's  (J.)  The  Thames  Illustrated,  4to.  10/6  cl. 
Wheatley's  (II.  B  )  Historical  Portraits,  Notes  on  Painted 

Portraits,  Svo.  10/6  net,  cl. 

Poetry. 
Book  of  Nursery  Rhymes,  illus.  by  F.  D.  Bedford,  5/  cl. 
Earth  Breath,  and  other  Poems,  by  A.  E.,  16mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Fitzgerald's  (S  J  A.)  Stories  of  Famous  Songs,  cr.  8vo.  7/6 
Flower's  (W.)  Uante,  a  Defence  of  the  Ancient  Text  of  the 

*  Divina  Comraedia,'  3/6  cl. 
Magnus's  (L.)  A  Primer  of  Wordsworth,  cr.  Svo  2/6  cl. 
Palgrave's  (P.  T.)  The   Golden    Treasury,  Second  Series, 

12mo.  2/6  net,  cl. 

Philosophy. 
Besant's  (A.)  The  Ancient  Wisdom,  an  Outline   of  Theo- 

sophical  Teaching,  cr.  Svo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Bruce's  (A.  B.)  The  Providential  Order  of  the  World,  7/6  cl. 
Fichte's  (J.  G.)  The  Science    of  Ethics   as    based  on  the 

Science  of  Knowledge,  cr.  8vo.  9/  cl. 

History  and  Biography . 
BarSre  (B.),  Memoirs  of,  4  vols.  42/  net.  cl. 
Essex  in  the  Days  of  Old,  ed.  by  J.  T.  Page,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Hassell's  (A.)  A  Handbook  of  European  History,  476-1871, 

cr.  Svo.  8/6  net,  cl. 
McCarthy's  (J.)  The  French  Revolution,  Vols.  3  and  4, 12/  ea. 
MacGowan's  (Rev.  J.)  A  History  of  China,  roy.  8vo.  16/  net. 
Napier's  (G.  G.)  The  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 

Svo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Oliphant's  (Mrs.)  Annals  of  a  Publishing  House,  William 

Blackwood  and  his  Sons.  Vols.  1  and  2,  Svo.  42/  cl. 
Pengelly  (W.),  of  Torquay,  Greologist,  Memoir  of,  edited  by 

his  Daughter,  Svo.  18/  cl. 
Porter  (Endymion),  Life  and  Letters  of,  by  D.  Townshend, 

Svo.  12/  cl. 
Registers  of  John  de  Sandale  and  Regaud  de  Asserio,  Bishops 

of  Winchester,  Appendix  by  F.  J.  Baigent,  8vo.  21/  net. 
Boss's   (J.   D.)   Burns's    Clarinda,   compiled    from  Various 

Sources,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Boss's  (Lieut. -Col.)  The  Coldstream  Guards  in  the  Crimea, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Byan  (C.  P.)  and  Sandes's  (J.)  Under  the  Red  Crescent,  an 

English  Surgeon  at  Plevna  and  Erzeroum,  cr.  Svo.  9/  cl. 
Sargent's  (H.  H.)  The  Campaign  of  Marengo,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Theal's  (G.  M.)  History  of  South  Africa  under  the  Dutch 

East  Inriia  Company.  2  vols.  Svo.  30/  cl. 
Williams's  (S.  W.)  A  History  of  China,  royal  Svo.  14/  cl. 
Willson's  (B  )  The  Tenth  Island,  some  Account  of  Newfound- 
land, cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bryden's  (H.  A.)  Nature  and  Sport  in  South  Africa,  6/  cl. 
Shand's  (A.  I.)  Mountain,  Stream,  aud  Covert,  Svo.  12/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Heatley's  (H.  R.)  Pantoia,  a  Second  Book  of  Greek  Transla- 
tion, 12mo  2/6  cl. 
Jannaris's  (A.  N  )  An  Historical  Greek  Grammar,  Svo.  25/  net. 
Nail's  (Rev.  Q-.  H.)  Elementary  Dictionary  to  the  Prose  of 
Cesar,  Sallust,  &c.,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

Science. 
Glaister'8(J.)  A  Manual  of  Hygiene  for  Students  and  Nurses, 

cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Hunter  (J.),  Man  of  Science  and  Surgeon,  by  S.  Paget,  3/6  cl. 
Killebrew  (J.  B.)  and  Myrick's  (H.)  Tobacco  Leaf  and  its 

Culture,  cr.  Svo.  10/  cl. 

General  Literature, 
Andersen's  (H.   C.)    Danish    Fairy    Tales,    with    Memoir, 

illustrated,  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Armagh's  (C  )  Ivy  Meredith,  cr.  Svo.  5/ cl. 
Campbell's  (C.  M.)  Deilie  Jock,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Cartwright's  (Mrs.  E.)  Jenny,  or.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Charleton's  (K.  J.)  Netherdyke,  a  Tale  of  the  Forty-five,  6/ 
Coleridge's  (M.  E.)  The  King  with  Two  Faces,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
CoUingwood's  (H.)  For  Treasure  Bound,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Couch's  tL.  Q.)  A  Spanish  Maid,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Crampton's  (G.)  El  Carmen,  a  Romance  of  the  River  Plate, 

cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
D'Auethan's  (Baroness  A.)  His  Chief's  Wife,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Ebers's  (G.)  Barbara  Blomberg,  a  Historical  Romance,  6/  cl. 
Edwardes's  (C.)  Dr.  Burleigh's  Boys,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Ellis's  (I.)  A  Catechism  of  Palmistry,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Fitzgerald's  (S.  J.  A.)  A  Tragedy  of  Grub  Street,  and  other 

Stories,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Fletcher's  (J.  S. )  The  Builders,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Ford's  (P.  L  )  The  Great  K.  and  A.  Train  Robbery,  5/  cl. 
Gentleman  of  England,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Qurdon's  (late  Lady  C.)  Suffolk  Tales,  and  other  Stories,  &c., 

cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Hare's  (C.)  Broken  Ares,  a  West-Country  Chronicle,  6/ 
Harris's  (J.  C.)  Aaron  in  the  Wildwoods,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Harrison's  (C  )  Notes  on  the  Margins,  Essays,  cr.  Svo.  5/  net. 
Hendry's  (H.)  Just  Forty  Winks,  or  the  Droll   Adventures 

of  Davie  Trot,  Svo.  5/  cl. 


Henty  (G.  A.)  and  others'  Fifty-two  Stories    of  Duty    and 

Daring  for  Boys,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
His  Fault  or  Hers?  by  Author  of  '  A  High  Little  World,' 

cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hutchinson's   (Rev.  H.   N.)   Marriage    Customs    in    Many 

Lands,  illustrated,  Svo.  12/6  cl. 
Icelandic  Fairy  Tales,  translated  and  edited  by  Mrs.  A.  W. 

Hall,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Jameson's  (A.)  Shakespeare's  Heroines,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Kilburn's  System  of  Memory  Training,  Special  Course  for 

Christian  Workers,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Landor  (W.  8.),  Aphorisms  by,  selected  by  R.  B.  Johnson, 

16mo.  2/  net,  cl. 
Le  Breton's  (J.)  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity,  a  Novel,  3/6  cl. 
Leighton's  (11.)  The  Golden  Galleon,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Lewis's  (A.  H.)  Wolfville,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Little  Grown-Ups,  Plates  by  M.  Humphrey,  Stories  by  B.  S. 

Tucker,  4to.  6/  cl. 
Mac  Donald's  (G.)   RampoUi,  translations  chiefly  from  the 

German,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
McNulty's  (E.)  The  Son  of  a  Peasant,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Maiden  and  Married  Life  of  Mary  Powell,  Introduction  by 

Rev.  W.  H.  Hutton,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Mako*er's  (S.  V.)  Cecilia,   the   Story  of  a  Girl  and  some 

Circumstances,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Marlas's  (B.)  Brer  Mortal,  illus.  cr.  Svo  5/  cl. 
Marryat's  (F.)  The  Blood  of  the  Vampire,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Marshall's  (B.)  The  Lady  of  Holt  Dene;    In  the  Choir  of 

Westminster  Abbey,  cr.  Svo.  5/  each,  cl. 
Martin's  (Mrs.  H.)  Ida  from  India,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Mitchell's  (F.  A.)  Sweet  Revenge,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Modern  Thoughts  :  Life  and  Conduct ;  Religion  and  Culture, 

selected  by  H.  W.  Smith,  cr.  Svo.  6/  each,  cl. 
Molesworth's  (Mrs.)  Miss  Mouse  and  her  Boys,  12mo.  4/6  cl. 
Munroe's  (K.)  With  Crockett  and  Bowie,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Newberry's  (F.  B.)  The  Wrestler  of  Philippi,  a  Tale,  2/6  cl. 
Pendered's  (M.  L.)  Three  Comedy  Maids  and  their  Affairs, 

cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Pickering's  (B.)  A  Stout  English  Bowman,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Pink  Fairy  Book,  ed.  by  A.  Lang,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Richards's  (Dr.)  Job  Hildred,  Artist  and  Carpenter,  3/6  cl. 
Russell's  (W.  C.)  The  Two  CapUins,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Setoun's  (G.)  George  Malcolm,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Shelton's  (L  )  Life's  Way,  cr.  Svo.  6/cl. 
Sitwell's  (Mrs.  I.)  Poppy,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Spectator,  with  Introduction  and  Notes   by  G.  A.  Aitken, 

8  vols.  cr.  Svo.  7/  net,  cl. 
Stables's  (G.)  The  Naval  Cadet,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Stevenson's  (R.  L.)  St.  Ives,  being  the   Adventures  of  a 

French  Prisoner  in  England,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Swift's  (B.)  The  Tormentors,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Underbill's  (G.  F.)  Hunting  and  Practical  Hints  for  Hunt- 
ing, cr.  8vo.  2,6  cl. 
Upton's  (F.  K.)  Little  Hearts,  4to.  3/6  bds. 
Walford's  (L.  B.)  Iva  Kildare,  a  Matrimonial  Problem,  6/  cl. 
Wells's  (H.  G.)  Certain  Personal  Matters,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Weslover's   (C.  M.)  Bushy,  or  the  Adventures  of  a   Girl, 

illus.  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Whitby's  (B.)  Sunset,  cr.  Svo.  6/cl. 
Within  Sound  of  Great  Tom,  Stories  of  Modern  Oxford,  5/ 

FOREIGN, 

Theology. 
Friedberg  (B.) :     Lichot    Sikoron,    enth.    Bpitaphien    des 

israelitischen  Friedhofes  zu  Krakau,  2m. 
Hamburger    (J.) :      Real-Encyclopadie   des    Judenthums, 

Part  .3,  Suppl.  4,  3m. 
Reusch  (F.  H.)  :  Briefe  an  Bunsen  v.  romischen  Cardiniilen 

u.  Pralaten,  1818-37,  9m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Nodier  (C.)  :    Infis  de  las   Sierras,   Illustrations   par  Paul 
Avril,  300fr. 

Mxisic. 
Imbert  (H.) :  Charles  Gounod,  2fr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Broglie  (Due  de)  :  L'AUiance  Autrichienne,  3fr.  50. 
Dayot   (A.):     Les     Grandes    Journges    Kevolutionnaires, 

1830-48,  lOfr. 
Heideustam   (O.  G.  de)  :    Une  Scpur  du   Grand  Frederic — 

Louise  Ulrique,  Reiue  de  Su6de,  7fr.  50. 
Hubert  (E.) :  La  Torture  aux  Pays-Bas  Autrichiens  pendant 

le  XVIII.  Sificle.  5fr. 
Bibbe  (C.  de) :  La  Socifite  Proven^ale  a  la  Fin  du  Moyen 

Age,  7fr.  50. 

Philology. 
lungius  (C.  L.)  :  De  Vocabulis  Antiquae  Comoedix  Atticse, 

lUm. 

Science. 
Fischer  (A.)  :  Vorlesungen  iib.  Bakterien,  4m. 
Goldschmidt    (V.) :     Krystallographische    Winkeltabellen, 

20m. 

General  Literature. 
Brada  :  Lettres  d'une  Amoureuse,  3fr.  50. 
Burlamacchi    (L.) :    Toute    une    Moisson    de    PensSes    de 

Femmes,  4fr. 
F6vre(H.):  Galafieu,  3fr.  50. 
Foster  (C):  Par  le  Bonheur,  3fr. 
Heepmaker  (M.)  :  Calvaire,  3fr.  50. 


MR.  F.   W.  NEWMAN. 

Francis  W.  Newman,  born  in  London  in 
1805,  was  one  of  the  six  children—  equally 
divided  in  sex — of  John  Newman  and  of 
Jemima,  his  wife.  The  Newmans  were  Cam- 
bridgeshire people,  small  landed  proprietors, 
lacking  those  "high  connexions  "  which  placed 
Pusey,  rather  than  John  Henry  Newman,  at  the 
head  of  the  Oxford  movement.  The  father  of 
these  famous  brothers  had  tried  banking  and 
brewing,  and  had  failed  at  both,  and  the 
family  would  have  fared  ill  indeed  but  for  the 
modest  fortune  of  their  mother,  who  was  born 


Jemima  Fourdrinier,  of  a  Huguenot  family 
engaged  in  paper- making,  in  which  connexion, 
the  name  may  be  seen,  or  could  very  lately,  on 
a  plate  in  Ludgate  Hill.  Two  of  the  daughters 
married  Mozleys  ;  the  third  died  suddenly  in. 
youth.  Of  the  three  sons,  John  Henry  was 
able  to  be  of  material  help  to  the  oihers,  hi& 
Fellowship  at  Oriel  in  1823  being  a  rock  to 
stand  by.  Francis  followed  John  Henry  to 
school  at  Ealing  and  then  to  Oxford,  and  when 
John  Henry  had  taken  orders,  and  was  ex- 
pecting his  brother  to  do  the  same,  he  addressed 
him  in  fraternal  lines,  not  to  be  read  after- 
wards without  a  pang  :  "  Dear  Frank,  we  both 
are  summoned  now.  As  champions  of  the  Lord." 
The  other  brother,  Charles  Robert,  barely 
alluded  to  by  Thomas  Mozley  as  "not  without 
his  share  in  the  heritage  of  natural  gifts,"  and 
employed  for  some  time  as  an  usher  in  a  middle- 
class  school,  was  a  difficulty  in  the  family.  It 
was  a  fashion  at  one  time  to  represent  him  as. 
cast  oflF  by  his  brothers  because  he  had  ceased 
to  be  a  Christian.  With  what  reason  the  charge 
was  made  may  be  gathered  from  a  private  letter 
from  Francis  Newman  addressed  to  the  present, 
writer  in  1884,  shortly  after  Charles's  death. 
Some  reminiscences  published  by  a  certain 
Precentor  were  the  cause  of  his  inditing  this, 
characteristic  specimen  of  his  precise  epistolary 
style  : — 

"  I  marvel  that  the  Precentor  should  think  it 
right  to  drag  before  the  public  events  of  forty  or 
fifty  years  back,  and  should  couple  them  with  state- 
ments against  me  and  the  Cardinal,  which  we  can- 
not duly  dispel  and  repel  except  by  attacking  our 
brother  just  deceased.  No  man  has  the  right  to- 
impose  on  us  this  odious  task.  But  for  myself  I  say 
that  when  my  belief  in  Evangelical  doctrine  was- 
most  intense,  I  was  as  far  as  I  now  am  from  approv- 
ing unkind  conduct  to  an  unbeliever ;  and  to  the 
utmost  of  my  power  I  have  for  the  whole  of  my  life 
befriended  my  deceased  brother  in  every  way  whicb 
his  own  character  and  conduct  made  possible.  My 
eldest  brother,  now  Cardinal,  never  failed  in  earnest^ 
generous  desires  and  actions  towards  him.  My 
sisters  were  as  anxious  as  we  to  rescue  him  from  a. 
solitary  unprofitable  life.  It  is  most  untrue  that  we 
cast  him  off  because  of  his  want  of  religion.  In 
18.30-1,  while  I  was  absent  from  England,  he  wrote- 
to  our  cousins  renouncing  our  family  and  begging 
that  they  would  not  consider  him  a  Newman.  1 
never  heard  any  reason  for  this,  but  that  we  were 
too  religious  for  him.  So  far  were  we  from  casting^ 
him  off  that  ten  years  later  we  two  managed  to  put 
together  funds  for  sending  him  to  take  a  literary 
degree  at  Bonn  Universitj',  at  his  earnest  desire. 
He  went ;  but  came  away  without  even  offering  him- 
self for  the  degree.  He  told  me  why  ;  he  believed 
the  judges  would  reject  him  because  of  the  offence 
he  had  given  them  by  an  essay  which  they  called 
teterrima.  A  medical  man  wrote  to  me  for  in- 
structions concerning  my  brother,  *the  lunatic'  I 
replied  by  assuring  him  that  he  was  as  sane  as  any 
monk  or  nun,  and  that  eccentricity  must  not  be. 
confounded  with  lunacy,  nor  the  Socratic  principle 
Omiies  stultl  invaniunt  be  relied  on.  I  have  long- 
regarded  my  perverted  brother  as  being  the  closest- 
representation  of  an  ancient  cynic  philosopher  that 
the  nineteenth  century  can  afford.  In  good  earnest 
he  believed  his  own  conduct,  when  least  approved 
by  others,  to  be  right  and  wise.  I  have  tried  here  to 
state  such  matters  only  as  my  brother  Charles  woulct 
have  admitted  to  be  facts,  and  facts  not  secrets  'va 
our  family." 

In  view  of  these  facts,  which  the  history  of  so 
many  families  can  repeat,  and  remembering  the 
failure  of  his  father  anci  the  breach  betweea 
himself  and  John  Henry  already  beginning  in 
the  early  Oxford  days,  it  will  be  seen  that 
Francis  William  Newman  was  something  of  a 
solitary,  with  a  battle  to  fight  by  his  own  un- 
aided and  sometimes,  in  controversy  at  least, 
almost  desperate  hand. 

Francis  Newman  took  his  first  class  ia 
classics  and  mathematics,  and  was  elected 
to  a  Balliol  Fellowship  in  182G.  John. 
Henry,  who  did  less  well,  may  be  supposed  to 
make  his  own  excuses  where,  in  '  Loss  and 
Gain,' he  explains  that  his  hero's  care  for  his 
soul  interfered  with  his  examination  papers. 
Nor  was  Francis  Newman  to  be  long  left  without 
religious  distractions,  fatal  to  the  pursuit  of  his 
career.  Resigning  his  Fellowship  and  departing- 


490 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


from  the  University  under  stress  of  conscience 
in  1830,  he  was  next  heard  of  in  Ireland  as  a 
"millenniinn  man, 'and  a  little  later,  in  Bagdad 
— where  he  learned  to  talk  Arabic — as  an  inde- 
pendent Christian  missionary.  On  his  return 
he  was  coldly  received  by  his  family,  subject, 
one  would  suppose,  to  such  shocks,  since  one 
brother  was  an  unbeliever,  another  was  trend- 
ing Romeward,  and  the  third  was  something 
not  easily  to  be  defined — certainly  no  orthodox 


Anglican,    and    a   faddist   no    doubt,  since   he 
hated    meat    and    wine    and    tobacco.       John 
Henry  confesses  in  the  'Apologia  '  that  he  now 
thought  it  his  duty  to  cease  to  be  on  speaking 
terms    with    his    brother,   on   account    of    his 
Liberalism.     The   effect    on    Francis,  who    was 
both  sensitive  and  combative,  may  be  imagined. 
"My  heart   was   ready  to    break,"  he    wrote; 
*' I  wished  for   a  woman's   soul    that    I    might 
weep  in  floods."  In  England  he  resolved  to  stay, 
gaining  his  bread  by  teaching.   Posts  as  classical 
tutor  in  Bristol,  and  as  classical  professor  in 
Manchester     New     College,     led     on    to    his 
appointment   to    the  Chair    of   Latin   in   Uni- 
versity  College,    London,  a   place   he    took    in 
1846     and     held    till     1863.       Meanwhile    he 
wrote  magazine  articles  and  delivered  lectures, 
mostly  controversial.    His  most  important  book, 
'  The    Soul  :     its     Sorrows    and    Aspirations,' 
appeared  in     1849,  and    was    followed,  a  year 
later,  by  'Phases  of  Faith.'     More  fragmentary 
publications   were    succeeded    in  1858    by   his 
'Theism,    Doctrinal     and    Practical.'       'These 
books  seemed  to  have  an  influence    on  George 
Eliot,    but  only  a  transitory  one,    if  we    may 
judge   by  her  allusions  in  1874  to   "poor  Mr. 
Francis  Newman,"  and  to  "the  interest  which 
in  far-ofi"  days  I  felt  in  his  '  Soul '  and  '  Phases 
of  Faith,'  and  to  the  awe  I  had  of  him  as  a 
lecturer  on  mathematics  at  the  Ladies'  College." 
Carlyle    has     a     more     cordial     reference    to 
him     as    "a    man     of     fine     University    and 
other  attainments,  of  the  sharpest-cutting  and 
most  restlessly  advancing  intellect,  and  of  the 
mildest  pious  enthusiasm."     These  books  were 
sent  to  the  Cardinal    by  Francis,  who  bitterly 
declared  that  his  brother  said  he  had  not  time 
to  read  them.     The  Cardinal,  to  say  the  truth, 
did    not    fancy    an    epistolary    correspondence 
that  promised  nothing  but  bitterness,  for  the 
old   silence   had  been   broken,   and   visits  had 
been   exchanged.     Francis    did    not,  however, 
attend  the  Cardinal's  funeral,  and  he  published 
shortly  after  that  event  a  little  volume  on  '  The 
Early    History   of    Cardinal    Newman,'    which 
betrays    a    theological    unbrotherliness    rarely 
met   with   in   recent   biography.     This   was  in 
the   nineties,   and   it   was    then   the   mood    of 
Francis    Newman,    though    he   had   renounced 
the  name  of  Christian,  to  write  "in  the  cause 
of    Protestants     and    Protestantism."     In   the 
seventies  it  used  to  annoy  Dr.  Newman  to  be 
called  "F."  (short  for  Father)  Newman  in  the 
Dublin  Review,  "  whereas,"  he  wrote  toa  frieud, 
"my  brother  is  commonly  distinguished  from  me 
by  this  initial.     I  say  this  " — and  the  sentence 
is  an  illustration  of  the  decorum  of  family  feel- 
ing presented  by  the  Cardinal  when  he  wrote  to 
outsiders — "  because,    much    as    we   love    each 
other,  neither  would  like  to  be  mistaken  for  the 
other."     Possibly  some  of  the  failure  of  Francis 
Newman,  noted  by  George  Eliot,  to  make  "a 
deep   impression"  is  due  to  the  habit  people 
had  of  regarding  him  as  a  mere  rebound  from 
his  brother.     The  fact  is  that  the  two  men  took 
their  separate  paths  independently  ;  and  if  the 
cleavage  is  to  be  phrased  at  all,  it  may  best  be 
done   in  the  words:    "Fate   dealt  with   those 
brothers  as  with   the  two  friends  in  Richter's 
story — it  seized  their  bleeding  hearts  and  flung 
them  different  ways." 

The  works  of  Francis  Newman  on  other  than 
religious  subjects  are  very  numerous  and  very 
diverse.  They  embrace  'Relations  of  Pro- 
fessional to  Liberal  Knowledge,'  1859;  'The 
Moral  Influence  of  Law,'  1860;  'Hiawatha 
rendered  into  Latin,'  1862  ;  '  A  History  of   the 


Hebrew  Monarchy,'  1865;  'A  Handbook  of 
Modern  Arabic,'  1866;  'Europe  of  the  Near 
Future,'  1871;  'Reorganization  of  English 
Institutions,'  1880;  'A  Libyan  Vocabulary,' 
1882;  'Essays  on  Diet,' 1883  ;  'Comments  on 
the  Text  of  ^]schylus,' 1884  ;  'Reminiscences 
of  Two  Exiles  and  Two  Wars,'  1888;  besides 
five  volumes  of  '  Miscellanies.'  For  the  last 
two  years  the  aged  and  perpetually  industrious 
author  had  been  disabled  by  blindness.  A  few 
months  ago  he  had  a  fall  which  confined  him 
to  bed  in  his  simple  home  at  Weston- 
super  -  Mare,  where,  on  the  night  of  last 
Monday,  he  passed  quietly  hence  in  his 
sleep.  His  first  wife  joined  the  Plymouth 
Brothers,  an  act  implying,  in  her  case,  un- 
worldlinesses  that  were  welcome  enough  to  her 
husband,  at  heart  an  Eastern  ascetic.  His 
second  marriage,  under  slightly  unusual  condi- 
tions, was  the  occasion  of  a  circular  to  his 
friends  ;  and  he  leaves  a  widow  to  lament  him. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Messrs.   Blackwood   &   Sons'  autumn    list 
includes    'William    Blackwood   and    his  Sons,' 
Vols.  I.  and    II.,    by  the  late  Mrs.   Oliphant, 
—  'With      the     Conquering     Turk,'     by    Mr. 
G.    W.    Steevens,  —  '  Dariel :    a   Romance    of 
Surrey,'   by   Mr.    R.    D.    Blackmore,  —  '  The 
Highlands     in     1749,'    by     Mr.     A.     Lang,  — 
'  The  Theory  and   Practice   of   Military  Topo- 
graphy,'   by    Major    J.     H.     Bowhill, — 'Prin- 
ciples of  Philosophical  Criticism,'  by  Mr.  S.  H. 
Mellone, — 'Echoes  of  Olden  Days,'  by  Miss  B. 
Harraden, — 'Peace  with  Honour,'  by  Mr.  S.  C. 
Grier,  — '  The  Arms  of   the  Royal  and  Parlia- 
mentary Burghs  of  Scotland,'  by  the  Marquess 
of   Bute   and   others,  —  'A  Popular  Manual  of 
Finance,'  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Murray, — '  A  Sketch  of 
the  Natural  History  (Vertebrates)  of  the  British 
Islands,'    by    Mr.    F.    G.    Aflalo,— '  The    Later 
Renaissance,'  by  Mr.  D.  Hannay, — 'Wild  Traits 
in  Tame  Animals,'  by  Dr.  L.  Robinson, — '  Early 
Fortifications  in  Scotland,'  by  Dr.  D.  Christison, 
—  'The  Expansion  of  the  Christian  Life,'  by  the 
Rev.  J.  M.  Lang, — 'The  Ancient  Church  and 
Parish  of  Abernethy,  Perthshire,'  by  the  Rev. 
D.  Butler, — '  Two  Lectures  on  Theism,'  by  Dr. 
A.    Seth, — 'New   Lights   on   Siberia,'   by   Mr. 
J.  Y.  Simpson, — '  Entombed  in  the  Flesh,'  by 
Mr.  M.   H.  Dziewicki,— 'The  Early  Relations 
between  Britain  and   Scandinavia,'  by  Dr.  H. 
Hildebrand,  —  '  A     Manual     of     Agricultural 
Botany,'  translated   from   the  German  by  Dr. 
J.  W.  Paterson, — in  the  "  County  Histories  of 
Scotland,"  '  Moray  and  Nairn,'  by  Dr.  C.  Ram- 
pini  ;    'Fife   and   Kinross,'  by  Sheriff  ^neas 
Mackay  ;  and   'Inverness,'  by  the  Rev.  J.    C. 
Lees, — 'Prehistoric  Scotland,'  by  Dr.  R.  Munro, 
— Sir    John    Skelton's    '  Handbook   of    Public 
Health,' — and,  among  new  educational  works, 
several  Leaving  Certificate  Handbooks  in  classics, 
French,  German,  &c. 

Messrs.    Kegan    Paul    &    Co.'s  publications 
include  a  translation  of  the  'Autobiography  '  of 
Madame  Guyon, — 'A  History  of  Canada,'  by 
Prof.  C.  G.  D.  Roberts, — 'Pictures  of  Russian 
History,'   by    Prince    Serge   Wolkowsky, — 'A 
Memoir    of    Mrs.    Urquhart,'   by   Mr.    M.    C. 
Bishop,  — '  Her  Maj  esty 's  Household,  1837-1897, ' 
by  Mr.  W.  A.  Lindsay,  — 'The  English  Regalia,' 
by  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport, — '  Studies  in  Psychical 
Research,'  by  Mr.  F.  Podmore, — 'Creation  with 
Development,'  by  Capt.   J.   D.    K.   Hewitt, — a 
translation  of    Fichte's   'Science  of    Ethics,' — 
'  What  is  Electricity  ? '  by  Dr.  J.  Trowbridge,— 
'Telepathy  and   the    Subliminal  Self,'  by  Dr. 
R.  Osgood  Mason,  —  'The  First  Philosophers  of 
Greece,'  by   Dr.   A.   Fairbanks, — 'The  Return 
of   Chao.s,'  by  Mr.   C.   N.   Salter,— '  Who  was 
Jesus  Christ?'  by  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Aveling, — 
'Divorce  and   Remarriage,' by  a  Sexagenarian 
Rector,  — '  Eur-Aryan  Roots,'  by  Mr.   J.  Baly, 
—  'Tamil  Proverbs,'  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  Jensen, 
— '  The    Chapters   of    Coming   Forth   by  Day,' 
translated  and  edited  by  Dr.  Wallis  Budge, — 


in  the  "Pamphlet    Library,"   'Literary   Pam- 
phlets,' edited    by  Mr.    E.    Rhys  ;    '  Religious 
Pamphlets,'  edited  by  the   Kev.   P.    Dearmer  ; 
and   'Dramatic  Pamphlets,'  edited  by  Mr.  T. 
Seccombe,  — '  The    Platitudes    of    a   Pessimist,' 
by  the  author  of    'The   Prig,'— '  Etching,'  by 
Mr.  W.  Strang  and  Dr.  Singer,  — 'The  Artists 
and  Engravers  of  British  and  American  Book- 
plates,' by   Mr.  H.  W.  Fincham,— '  Ex-Libris,' 
by  Mr.  C.  D.  Allen,— ^'Side-Lights  on  Nature 
in  Quill  and   Crayon,'  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Edwards, 
— 'Sporting  Songs  and  Sketches,'  by  Mr.  J.  C.  R. 
Booth, — 'The  Book  of   the  Dumpies,'  by  Mr. 
A.   B.    Paine,— 'The    Coon   Book'    and    'The 
Coon    Almanac,'    by    Mr.  E.     W.    Kemble, — 
'  Maori  Life,' Part  I.,  by  Mr.   A.   Hamilton, — 
'  The   Beauties  and  Antiquities  of  Ireland,'  by 
Mr.  T.  O'Neill  Russell,—'  Glimpses  at  Greece," 
by    Miss    C.   Janeway, — '  In    the  Land  of  the 
Bora,'     by     "  Snaffle," —' The     Diplomatist's 
Handbook     for     Africa,'     by    Count    Kinsky, 
—  in     the      "  Wolseley     Series,"     '  With     the 
Royal      Headquarters      in       1870-71,'       by 
General  von  Verdy  du  Vernois  ;    '  Letters  on 
Strategy,'  by    the   late    Prince   K.   Hohenlohe- 
Ingelfingen  ;    'Napoleon    as    a    Strategist,'  by 
Count  Yorck  von   Wartenberg  ;  and  '  The    Art 
of    War,'    by    Baron    von    der   Goltz, — in   the 
"Military  Handbooks,"  'Modern  Cavalry,'  by 
Capt.  D.  Haig  ;  'Field  Fortification,'  by  Capt. 
Gregson ;    and   '  Duties   of   the    Army   Service 
Corps,' by  Lieut.-Col.  E.  W.  D.  Ward,— 'The 
Campaign  of  Marengo,'  by  Lieut.  H.   H.  Sar- 
gent,— in  the  "Agricultural  Series,"  'Botany,' 
by  Dr.  W.  Fream  ;   '  Physiology  and  Feeding,' 
by    Mr.  T.    B.   Wood   and   Mr.  R.  H.   Adie  ; 
'Agriculture,'    by    Mr.    R.    Menzies  ;    'Horti- 
culture,' by    Mr.   E.    Pillow  and   Mr.   W.   K. 
Woodcock  ;   and    '  The    Conversion  of    Arable 
Land    to   Pasture,'   by   Prof.    W.    J.    Maiden, 
—  '  Parish      Clubs,'     by      the      Rev.      Prof. 
Shuttle  worth,  — 'The  Forge  in  the  Forest,'  by 
Prof.    C.    G.    D.    Roberts,  —  '  Marcus    Ward, 
Atheist,'  by  Miss  A.  M.  Dale,—'  A  Man  of  the 
Moors,'  by  Mr.   H.  Sutcliffe, — 'Down   by  the 
Suwannee  River,'    by  Mr.  A.    Hopwood, — 'A 
Modern  Atalanta,  and  other  Stories,'  by   Miss 
M.   Vyse, — 'Manual  of  Indian  Buddhism,'  by 
Mr.  H.    Kern,  —  'Japanese    Commercial    Law,' 
by  Mr.   L.  Loenholm, — '  Vedic  Mythology,' by 
Mr.   A.   A.    Macdonell, — and  '  Flora  of  Syria, 
Palestine,  and  Sinai,'  by  Mr.  G.  E.  Post. 

Messrs.  Longman  &  Co.'s  list  includes  'His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth    and  Protectorate, 
1649-1660,'  by  Dr.  S.  R.  Gardiner,  Vol.  II.,— 
'  Drake  and  the  Tudor  Navy,'  by  Mr.  J.  Corbett, 
— '  The  Life  and  Letters  of  the  First  Marquis 
of   Halifax,'  by  Mr.   H.  C.  Foxcroft,— '  Falk- 
lands,'  by  the  author  of   Sir  Kenelm   Digby's 
'Life,'— 'The  Life  of    Stonewall  Jackson,'  by 
Lieut.-Col.  G.  F.  Henderson, — 'A   Memoir  of 
the  late  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,'  by  his  brother, 
Canon  Rawlinson, — 'The  Life  and   Letters  of 
Henry  Reeve,'  by  Prof.  J.  K.  Laughton,— '  The 
Life  of  Francis  Place,'  by  Mr.  Graham  Wallas, 
—completion  of   the    'Life  of   Dr.  Pusey '  by 
Canon  Liddon, — 'The  Life  and  Times  of   Car- 
dinal Wiseman,'  by  Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward,— 'Bishop 
Chauncy  Maples,'  by  his  sister, — 'Aspects  of  the 
Old  Testament,'  by  the  Rev.    R.   L.    Ottley,— 
'The  Threshold  of   the  Sanctuary,'  by  Canon 
B     W.    Randolph,  —  '  The    Church    and    the 
Bible,'    by    the    Rev.    W.    J.    S.    Simpson, — 
'The  Perfect  Life,'  by  Canon  Knox  Little, — 
'The  Validity  of  Papal    Claims,'  by  the  Rev. 
F.   N.   Oxenham,— 'The    Service   of  God,'  by 
Canon  S.  A.  Barnett,  — '  Lays  of  lona,' by  the 
Rev.  S.  J.  Stone,—'  Wayfaring  Men,'  by  Edna 
Lyall,— 'A  Tsar's    Gratitude,'  by    Mr.  F.   J. 
Whishaw,  —  '  Iva    Kildare,'    by    Mrs.     L.    B. 
Walford, — '  Weeping  Ferry,  and  other  Stories,' 
by   Mrs.  M.  L.   Woods,— '  Suffolk    Tales,   and 
other  Stories,'  by  the  late  Lady  C.  Gurdon,— 
'The  Pink  Fairy  Book,'   by  Mr.   A.   Lang,— 
'The   Vege-men's    Revenge,'   by   Miss   F.    K. 
Upton,  —  'Rampolli,'     translations      by     Dr. 
George  Mac  Donald,—'  Songs  in  Many  Moods,' 


N"  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


491 


by  Miss  N.  F.  Layard,— in  "The  Fur,  Feather, 
and  Fin  Series,"  'The  Trout,'  by  the  Marquis 
of  Granby  ;    'The  Rabbit/  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Hart- 
ing  ;     'The    Salmon,'    by     the    Hon.     A.    E. 
Gathorne-Hardy  ;  and  'Wildfowl,'  by  the  Hon. 
J.  S.  Montagu, — 'Racing  and  Chasing,'  by  Mr. 
A.  E.  T.  Watson,  -  '  The  Queen's  Hounds,  and 
Stag-Hunting  Recollections,'  by  Lord  Ribbles- 
dale, — 'Birds  inLondon,'  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson, 
—  'Rock  Climbing  in  the  English  Lake  District,' 
by   Mr.   O.  G    Jones,— '  Col.    Bogey's   Sketch- 
Book,'  by  Mr.  R.  Andrd,— '  Servia,'  by  Mr.  H. 
Vivian,  —  'Industrial   Democracy,'  by  Mr.   and 
Mrs.  Sidney  Webb, — 'Stray  Military  Papers,' 
by  Lieut.-Col.  H.   W.  L.  Hime,  — 'The  Angora 
Goat  and  a  Paper  on  the  Ostrich,'  by  Mr.  S.  C.  C. 
Schreiner, — 'Surgical  Pathology  and  Principles,' 
by  Dr.  J.  J.   Clarke,  —  'The  Diseases  and  In- 
juries of  the  Lungs  and  Pleura,'  by  Dr.  J.  K. 
Fowler  and   Dr.  R.  J.  Godlee,  —  'Essentials  of 
Practical  Bacteriology,'  by   Dr.  H.  J.  Curtis, — 
'Lectures  on  Physiology,'  by  Dr.  A.  D.  Waller, 
— '  The  Essentials  of  Experimental  Physiology,' 
by   Dr.  T.  G.  Brodie,— '  The  Dwelling- House,' 
by  Dr.   G.  V.  Poore,  —  'Philosophy  of  Know- 
ledge,' by  Prof.  G.  T.  Ladd,— 'The  Origin  and 
Growth    of    the    Moral   Instinct,'   by  Mr.    A. 
Sutherland,  —  and    a    number    of    educational 
books. 

Messrs.  Routledge  &  Sons'  new  books 
include  the  following  :  The  fifth  and  last 
volume  of  Canon  Dixon's  '  History  of  the 
Church  of  England,'— the  "Tower"  edition 
of  Ainsworth's  novels,  in  monthly  volumes, 
with  all  the  illustrations  by  George  Cruik- 
shank,  limited  to  250  numbered  copies, 
— Southey's  'Life  of  Nelson,'  with  original 
illustrations  by  Mr.  Overend,  -  new  editions 
of  Mulhall's  'Dictionary  of  Statistics,'  'Dis- 
coveries and  Inventions  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,' and  Amelia  B.  Edwards's  'A  Thou- 
sand Miles  up  the  Nile,'—  the  completion  of  the 
"Knebworth  "  edition  of  Lord  Lytton's  novels, 
of  the  "  King's  Own  "  edition  of  Capt.  Marryat's 
novels,  and  of  the  "Notre  Dame"  edition  of 
Victor  Hugo's  novels,  —  'Card  and  Table  Games,' 
by  Prof.  Hoffmann,  including  bridge  and 
snooker-pool,  —  'Phil  May's  Graphic  Pictures' 
— '  Little  Hearts,'  with  illustrations  by  Miss  F. 
Upton,  — a  new  edition  of  'Les  Mis^rables,' 
reset  from  new  type, — "The  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury Library,"  standard  works  to  be  issued  in 
monthly  volumes, — and  reissues  of  a  selected 
number  of  Sir  John  Lubbock's  "  Hundred 
Books"  and  of  Morley's  "  Universal  Library  " 
and  the  "  Pocket  Library." 

Messrs.  Service  &  Paton's  announcements 
include  'The  Celtic  Church  in  Ireland,'  by 
Prof.  Heron,  —  'Our  Churches  and  Why  We 
Belong  to  Them,'  by  Canon  Knox  Little  and 
other  preachers, — '  Women  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment,' by  the  Rev  R.  F.  Horton,—' Millions  of 
Bubbles,'  by  Miss  G.  Atherton,  —  'A  Spanish 
Maid, 'by  Miss  L.  Quiller-Couch, — and  a  number 
of  illustrated  standard  authors  in  their  "  White 
hall  "  and  "  Illustrated  English  "  libraries. 


MR.   G.   CLEMENT  BOASE. 

Mr.  George  Clement  Boase,  the  eminent 
Cornish  antiquary,  died  at  Blackheath  on 
Friday,  October  1st.  Mr.  Boase  was  the 
second  son  of  Mr.  John  Josiah  Arthur  Boase, 
a  partner  of  the  Penzance  Union  Bank,  who 
died  in  September,  1896,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
ninety-five.  His  elder  brother,  the  Rev.  Charles 
William  Boase,  who  was  a  Fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  was  distinguished  as  a  scholar  and  an 
historian.  Mr.  G.  C.  Boase  was  born  at  Pen- 
zance on  October  20th,  1829.  He  was  educated 
chiefly  at  the  grammar  school  of  Penzance,  and 
in  1844  became  a  clerk  in  the  Western  District 
Bank,  where  his  father  was  manager.  Three 
years  later  he  obtained  employment  in  London, 
but  in  1854  he  left  for  Melbourne,  to  try  his 
fortune  in  the  Australian  colonies.  After  acting 
for  a  short  time  as  a  corrector  for  the  press,  he 


essayed  gold  digging  at  Simpson's  ranges  ;   but 
meeting  with  little  success,  he  became  tutor  to 
the  family  of  Mr.  Thomas  Darchy,  a  landowner 
on  the  Murrumbidgee.     He  remained  with  him 
for  nine  years,  varying  his  occupation  by  con- 
tributing   to    the   Sydney  Morning  Herald  as 
well   as    by   writing    colonial    letters    for    the 
Cornish  local  papers.     In  1864  he  returned  to 
England   and   obtained   the    post   of    manager 
for  a  firm  of  Australian  provision   merchants. 
Already  Mr.  Boase  had  for  several  years  been 
accustomed  to  devote  much  of   his  leisure  to 
Cornish  history  and  literature,  and  eventually, 
after   retiring   from   business,    he    resolved    to 
prepare   a   Cornish   bibliography.     While  pur- 
suing   his    researches     he    learned     that    Mr, 
William   Prideaux   Courtney  had   made  exten- 
sive collections  with    the   same    object.      They 
entered  into  partnership,  and  issued   the  first 
volume  of  the  'Bibliotheca  Cornubiensis.'     The 
second  volume  appeared  in   1878,  and  a  third 
supplementary  volume  in   1882.     In   1890   Mr. 
Boase  issued  another  work  of  the  same  character, 
the  result  of  his  subsequent  labours,   entitled 
'Collectanea  Cornubiensia.'     No  earlier  work  of 
a  local  character  can  compare  with  these  volumes 
in   accuracy,    minuteness   of   research,  or   con- 
venience of  arrangement.     Mr.  Boase,  with  his 
brothers    Charles    William    and    Frederic,    also 
prepared  a  detailed   history  of  his  own  family, 
which  was  privately  printed  in  1876.      A  second 
edition  was  issued  in  1893.     From  1885  to  the 
time  of   his  death  Mr.   Boase  was  one  of  the 
most  copious  contributors  to  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'     His  contributions,  which 
numbered  over  seven  hundred  in  all,  were  dis- 
tinguished  by  their  accuracy  and  attention   to 
detail. 


ILiterarg  ffiossip. 

Messrs.  S.mith,  Elder  &  Co.  will  publish 
in  a  week  or  two  '  The  Letters  of  Elizabeth 
Barrett  Browning,'  edited,  with  biographical 
additions,  by  Mr.  F.  Gr.  Kenyon.  They  will 
fill  two  volumes,  and  be  supplied  with  por- 
traits. It  is  a  selection  from  a  large  mass 
of  letters  written  at  all  periods  in  Mrs. 
Browning's  life,  which  Mr.  Browning,  after 
his  wife's  death,  reclaimed  from  the  friends 
to  whom  they  had  been  addressed  or  from 
their  representatives.  The  letters  passed 
into  the  possession  of  Mr.  R.  Barrett  Brown- 
ing, with  whose  consent  they  are  now  pub- 
lished. The  duties  of  the  editor  have  been 
mainly  those  of  selection  and  arrangement ; 
but  in  order  to  complete  the  record  it  has 
been  thought  well  to  add  connecting  links 
of  narrative,  which  should  serve  to  bind 
the  whole  together  into  the  unity  of  a  bio- 
graphy. The  '  Letters '  will  be  followed 
very  shortly  by  a  one- volume  edition  of  Mrs. 
Browning's  complete  works,  uniform  with 
the  very  popular  two-volume  edition  of 
Robert  Browning's  works. 

Mr.  Heinemajstn  is  going  to  follow  up 
Mr.  Nicholson's  '  Illuminated  Alphabet '  by 
an  'Almanac  of  Twelve  Sports,'  one  for 
each  month,  by  the  same  artist.  The 
months  will  be  accompanied  by  short  pieces 
of  verse,  ranging  from  four  to  twelve  lines, 
by  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling. 

Messrs.  Longmai^  &  Co.  will  publish  in 
November  'A  Child's  History  of  Ireland,' 
by  Dr.  P.  W.  Joyce,  the  author  of  several 
well-known  works  relating  to  Ireland.  The 
book,  which  will  come  down  to  the  death  of 
O'Connell,  will  extend  to  about  five  hundred 
pages,  and  will  be  well  illustrated  through- 
out. There  will  be  a  specially  constructed 
map ;  and  among  the  illustrations  will  be 


(for  frontispiece)  an  exact  reproduction  of 
one  illuminated  page  from  the  '  Book  of 
MacDurnan,'  a  copy  of  the  Gospels,  written 
a.d.  850,  and  almost  as  beautiful  as  the 
'  Book  of  Kells.' 

Now    that   the   '  Dictionary  of   National 
Biography  '  is  drawing  near  its  close,  some 
curiosity  has   been  aroused  respecting  the 
intentions  of  the  publishers  in  reference  to 
a  possible  supplement  and  index.  "We  under- 
stand that  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  have 
adopted   the   following    programme.      The 
present  edition  will  include  a   supplement 
containing  memoirs  of  persons  of  distinction 
whom   death    has   qualified   for   admission 
during   the    progress    of    the    publication. 
Place  will  also  be  found  for  the  very  few 
names  of    interest  which   have    been  acci- 
dentally overlooked.     The  supplement  will 
be  succeeded  by  a  general  index.     It  has 
already  been  announced  that  the  letter  Z 
will  be  reached  in  the  course  of  1899.     The 
supplementary    and     index     volumes    will 
follow  without  any  break  at  those  regular 
quarterly  intervals  which  have  distinguished 
the  publication  throughout,  and  have  estab- 
lished its  character  for  a  punctuality  that  is, 
we  believe,  without  parallel  in  the  history 
of    any   cognate    undertaking.      The    final 
volume  may  be  expected  during  the  first  six 
months   of   1900.     Down  to  the  end  of  the 
present  century  the  '  Dictionary '  will   thus, 
it  is  hoped,  provide  a  record  of   national 
biography  that  will   be   exhaustive   at   aU 
points.     The  publishers    have   furthermore 
decided  to  issue,  on  the  completion  of  their 
great  enterpinse,  an  epitome  of  the  whole  in 
a  moderate  compass.     This  will  be  confined 
to  a  brief  statement  of  facts  and  dates. 

On  October  20th  Mr.  John  Lane  will 
publish  '  The  Coming  of  Love,  and  other 
Poems,'  by  Mr.  Theodore  Watts -Dunton. 
The  volume  will  contain  '  Christmas  and  the 
Mermaid,'  the  '  Story  of  Rhona  Bos  well,' 
and  '  Prophetic  Pictures  at  Venice.' 

Mr.  Grant  Richards  has  commissioned 
Mrs.  Meynell  to  make  an  anthology  of  the 
best  poems  ;  and  the  volume,  printed  by  the 
Constables  and  bound  in  a  cover  designed 
by  Mr.  Laurence  Housman,  will  be  issued 
immediately,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Flower 
of  the  Mind.'  The  selection,  in  which  Mrs. 
Meynell  has  exercised  her  own  unfettered 
judgment,  especially  displays  the  riches  of 
the  Elizabethans,  and  assigns  to  Shelley, 
Coleridge,  and  Wordsworth  a  particularly 
full  representation,  the  length  of  '  The 
Ancient  Mariner'  being  no  bar  to  its  in- 
clusion among  these  "poems  of  genius." 
Mrs.  Meynell  contributes  a  preface  and  some 
twenty  pages  of  notes  to  the  volume,  which 
ends  its  task  at  about  the  middle  of  the 
century. 

The  new  issue  of  the  '  Agnostic  Annual ' 
will  contain  a  paper  by  Prof.  Goldwin  Smith 
on  *  Liberal  Orthodoxy.'  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen 
contributes  a  lengthy  article  on  '  The  Will 
to  Believe,'  and  Mr.  Edward  Clodd  subjects 
Dr.  Farrar's  recent  work  on  the  Bible  to  a 
searching  criticism. 

Messrs.  Longman  will  publish  shortly  a 
book  entitled  '  The  Authoress  of  the  Odyssey, 
Where  and  When  She  Wrote,  Who  She 
Was,  the  Use  She  made  of  the  Iliad,  and 
how  the  Poem  grew  under  her  Hands,'  by 
Mr.  S.  Butler,  the  author  of  '  Erewhon.' 


492 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


Messrs.  Macmillan^  have  at  length  taken 
possession  of  their  new  building  in  St. 
Martin's  Street.  The  task  of  moving  so 
large  a  business  is  no  light  one,  and  con- 
sequently it  is  not  surprising  that  it  has  not 
been  accomplished  so  early  as  was  at  one 
time  expected.  The  fa(jade  of  the  new 
premises  is  rather  commonplace,  but  the 
interior  is  handsome  and  well  arranged. 
The  shelving  in  the  stock  departments  has 
required  sixty  tons  of  timber  and  the  speak- 
ing tubes  four  tons  of  tubing.  A  good 
deal  of  the  second  floor  and  the  whole  of 
the  third  are  occupied  by  stock. 

The  late  F.  W.  Newman  was  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  but  it  can  hardly  be  said  that 
his  contributions  to  classical  literature  were 
successful.  In  his  translations  of  the  Iliad 
and  the  Odes  of  Horace  he  attempted  to 
attain  a  rigid  fidelity  which  was  impossible 
of  achievement,  and  he  indulged  in  archa- 
isms, neologisms,  and  quaint  renderings 
which  a  livelier  sense  of  humour  would 
have  led  him  to  modify.  His  emendations 
of  .3]j3chylu8  were  extremely  rash,  and  prac- 
tically amounted  to  a  rewriting  of  the  plays. 
But  he  was  partial  to  this  kind  of  amuse- 
ment, and  a  very  few  years  ago  we  saw  a 
letter  of  his  containing  a  number  of 
emendations  of  the  *  Rhesus.'  In  spite  of 
his  long  experience  of  teaching  he  never 
became  a  good  teacher.  Amiable  and 
patient  to  a  degree,  he  yet  seemed  unable 
to  see  things  from  the  point  of  view  of  his 
students  or  understand  their  difficulties  and 
weaknesses.  They  all  liked  him,  but  they 
■did  not  learn  much  from  him. 

Mr.  a.  T.  Hake  writes  from  Hampstead : 
"When  visiting  the  Canongate  Churchyard 
in  Edinburgh  last  week  I  was  much  surprised  to 
find  the  tablet  over  the  grave  of  '  Clarinda  ' 
(Mrs.  McLehose)  completely  decayed,  so  that 
no  trace  of  the  inscription  remains.  The  frame 
which  contained  the  tablet  is  still  in  a  fairly 
good  condition.  The  frame  is,  I  am  told,  of 
freestone,  whereas  the  tablet  was  of  marble. 
The  acid  in  the  atmosphere,  which  has  so 
corroded  the  tablet,  probably  has  its  origin  in 
the  gasworks  situated  next  to  the  graveyard.  It 
seems  to  me  a  great  pity  that  the  grave  of  one 
so  intimately  connected  with  Burns  should  not 
have  an  enduring  memorial.  Possibly  some 
Burns  society  may  take  the  matter  up.  I 
should  be  glad  to  give  my  subscription  towards 
defrdying  the  expenses." 

The  translation  of  Goethe's  '  Clavigo,' 
which  will  be  published  shortly  by  Mr. 
Nutt,  is  by  members  of  the  Manchester 
Goethe  Society,  and  is  to  be  dedicated  to 
the  memory  of  the  late  Dr.  Hager,  who  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  that  body,  and  him- 
self took  part  in  the  work.  The  full  revised 
"Weimar  text  has  been  used. 

In  the  forthcoming  number  of  the  English 
historical  Review  Prof.  Maitland  concludes 
his  study  of  '  Canon  Law  in  England ' ; 
Mr.  E.  Armstrong  discusses  the  '  Venetian 
Despatches  on  the  Armada  and  its  Eesults ' ; 
Mr.  J.  E.  Tanner  writes  on  *  The  Administra- 
tion of  the  Navy'  under  Charles  II.,  Mr. 
J.  H.  Eose  on  '  The  Unstamped  Press  from 
1815  to  1836,'  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Headlam  on 
•*  Heinrich  von  Treitschke.'  Among  the  other 
contents  is  an  account  of  the  death  of  General 
Wolfe,  written  a  couple  of  weeks  afterwards 
by  an  officer  who  was  present. 

We  are  asked  to  say  that   Mr.  Aston' s 
translation  of  '  Nihongi,'  which  we  reviewed 


on  July  17th,  was  published  at  the  expense 
of  the  Japan  Society,  under  a  guarantee 
fund,  to  which  there  were  one  hundred  and 
twenty  subscribers.  No  call,  it  is  under- 
stood, had  to  be  made  upon  the  guarantors, 
many  of  whom  were  Japanese  gentlemen. 

Messrs.  MacLehose  &  Sons,  of  Glasgow, 
have  in  the  press  a  memoir  of  the  late  Eev. 
Henry  Whitehead,  of  Brampton,  and  latterly 
of  Lanercost,  by  Canon  Eawnsley. 

It  is  not  often  that  accidents  on  board  of 
men-of-war  figure  as  literary  events,  and  it 
seems  odd  to  find  the  French  Academy 
mixed  up  in  a  torpedo-boat  disaster.  The 
wounding  by  shot  (during  target  practice) 
of  one  of  the  sailors  of  the  craft  commanded 
by  Pierre  Loti  (Commander  Viaud)  has 
received  more  attention  on  account  of  the 
distinguished  Academician's  double  person- 
ality than  it  would  have  met  with  as  a 
naval  event. 

The  decease  in  his  fifty-eighth  year  is 
announced  of  Dr.  Jcirgensen,  the  Keeper 
of  the  State  Archives  at  Copenhagen.  He 
did  much  to  improve  their  arrangement  and 
facilitate  research.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  Danish  historians,  having 
published  in  1871  '  Bidrag  til  Nordens 
Historie  i  Middelalderen,'  also  a  monograph 
on  the  early  ecclesiastical  history  of  the 
country,  an  '  Udsigt  over  de  danske  Eigs- 
arkivers  Historie,'  a  study  on  Christian  VIII. 
and  the  affairs  of  North  Sleswick,  as  well 
as  a  number  of  biographies  and  '  Fortal- 
linger  af  Nordens  Historie.' 

We  regret  to  hear,  just  at  the  moment  of 
going  to  press,  of  the  death  of  Mr.  Edward 
Maitland,  the  author  of  '  The  Pilgrim  and 
the  Shrine'  and  other  novels.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  Brighton  clergyman  and  was  him- 
self intended  for  holy  orders,  and  he  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  but  his  views 
changed.  He  spent  some  time  in  Mexico, 
in  California  during  the  gold  fever,  and  in 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  on  his  return 
devoted  himself  to  literature.  He  was  a 
man  of  fine  feeling  and  much  intellectual 
power,  but  he  lacked  balance,  and  gave 
way  to  various  whims.  He  gradually 
relinquished  the  society  of  his  former 
friends,  became  a  vegetarian,  and  finally 
devised,  along  with  Mrs.  Anna  Kingsford, 
whose  life  he  afterwards  wrote,  a  new 
and  strange  religion.  He  expired  at  Ton- 
bridge  on  Saturday  last,  and  was  buried 
there. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the  Deputy 
Keeper  of  the  Public  Eecords  (26?.) ;  the 
Eeport  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education,  England  and  Wales,  with 
Appendix,  1896-7  (3«.  Id.)  ;  and  a  Eeport 
showing  Schools  in  receipt  of  Parliamentary 
Grants,  Grants  paid  to  School  Boards, 
School  Board  Accounts,  and  List  of  Loans, 
England  and  Wales  (2«.  3^.). 


SCIENCE 


zoological  literature. 

British  Deer  and  their  Horns.  By  J.  G. 
Millais.  (Sotheran  &  Co.)— The  great  difficulty 
that  one  feels  with  regard  to  this  work  is  that 
of  sufficient  restraint  in  singing  its  praises.  It 
is  enough  to  turn  over  its  pages  to  feel  oneself 
again  in  "  the  land  o'  the  hills  and  the  heather," 


and  in  what  better  place  can  a  man  be  ?     One 
has  only  to  read  it  attentively  to  see  that  the 
author  is  describing  not  only  what  he  has  seen, 
but  what  he  has  felt;  and  lastly,  is  it  not  devoted 
to  the  ways  of    the  beasts  that  all    men    love 
most?     Mr.   Millais's  natural-history  lore,   his 
sportsmanlike   qualities,  and    his   artistic   skill 
are  now  so  generally  recognized  that  it  would 
be  almost  sufficient  for  us  to  content  ourselves 
with  drawing  the  attention  of   the    naturalist, 
the   sportsman,    and    the    artist   to    his   latest 
work.     It  will  adorn  the  drawing-room  table, 
and  if  it  is  to  be  kept  free  of  smell  of  tobacco, 
another  copy  must  be  procured  for   "another 
place."     It  will,  we  are  sure,  be  cherished  even 
more  in  town  than  in  country,  for  it  breathes 
of    air  fresher  far  than  that  of   towns.      Here 
we  may  perhaps  say  for  those  veritable  "Little 
Englanders"  who  do  not  like  Scotland  that  there 
are  plenty  of  scenes  from  English  parks,  such 
as  Warnham  and  Welbeck  ;  while,   as  may  be 
supposed    by    those   who    know    the   name   of 
Victor  Brooke,  stags  from  Colebrooke  are  among 
the    Irish   specimens   that    are   described   and 
illustrated.     Even  heads  "made  in  Germany" 
are  figured,  but  why  so  many  of  these  last  are 
malformed  we  know  not.     The  following  may 
be  taken  as  a  fair  example  of  the  author's  style 
and  method  : — 

"  One  of  the  many  advantages  of  observing  deer 
in  a  park  is  the  opportunity  it  affords  for  detecting 
the  apparently  subtle  means  by  which  red  deer  com- 
municate to  each  other  the  presence  of  danger,  and 
this  can  be  readily  done  by  simply  betraying  one's 
presence  when  within  a  few  yards  of  the  herd.  On 
one  occasion,  after  showing  myself  to  a  single  old 
hind,  she  at  once,  by  her  strained  attention  and 
quick  veering  round,  made  her  fear  known  to  the 
animals  alongside,  who  at  once  took  the  hint,  all 
except  two  yearling  calves  who  were  feeding  close 
to  her.  I  then  saw  a  very  pretty  display  of  red  deer 
education.  The  two  yearlings  continued  feeding 
without  looking  up,  and  the  old  lady,  noticing  their 
disregard,  approached  each  in  turn  and  touched  hi_m 
with  the  point  of  her  foot,  after  which  she  again 
faced  round  and  looked  carefully  at  the  spot  where 
my  head  had  appeared.  One  of  the  yearlings  then 
took  the  hint,  but  the  other,  after  looking  up,  began 
to  feed  again  with  leisurely  indifference.  This  was 
a  bit  too  much  for  the  now  irate  mother,  so  rushing 
at  her  disobedient  child,  she  administered  such  a 
blow  with  one  of  her  forelegs  as  to  knock  the  un- 
fortunate youngster  clean  off  his  legs." 

The  author  most  properly  commences  with  a 
chapter  on  extinct  British  deer  ;  and  though  he 
deals  with  the  dozen  species  which  he  recognizes 
in  what  he  calls  "the  most  cursory  and  per- 
functory fashion,"  he  has  brought  together 
enough  information  to  interest  and  instruct  the 
sportsman  who  has  a  liking  for  natural  history. 
As  against  twelve  fossil  species,  the  British 
Islands  of  to-day  have  but  three  ;  these,  of 
course,  are  the  red  deer,  the  fallow,  and  the 
roe.  The  last  is  rare  except  in  Scotland,  but 
with  care  it  might  be  successfully  introduced 
into  parts  of  England  to  which  it  is  now  a 
stranger.  As  a  lively  account  of  deer  and  their 
ways,  as  an  album  of  beautiful  views,  and  a  store 
of  sporting  stories,  the  book  is  excellent.  Per- 
haps, though  we  are  not  quite  sure,  it  would 
have  been  better  had  the  English  been  less 
loose  and  more  academical.  In  any  case,  it  is 
a  book  for  which  many  will  be  thankful. 

A  Bibliography  of  Gilbert  White.  By  E.  A. 
Martin,  (tloxburghe  Press.) — We  should  like 
to  speak  well,  and  nothing  but  well,  of  this 
book,  for  Gilbert  White  links  all  his  admirers 
into  friendship  ;  but,  first  of  all,  it  is  not  solely 
a  bibliography  ;  secondly,  the  bibliography  is 
by  no  means  properly  done— for  example,  the 
form  of  the  volume  is  not  unfrequently  not 
given  ;  thirdly,  the  poverty  of  style  and  the 
irritating  inaccuracies  in  the  n  on -bibliographical 
portions  do  not  add  to  the  charm  or  value 
of  the  book.  Here,  for  example,  is  a  most 
inelegant  sentence :  — 

"  In  attempting  to  gauge  Gilbert  \Vhite'8  career 
as  a  naturalist,  it  is  necessary  to  consider  not  only 
the  actual  amount  of  work  he  accomplished,  and 
which  showed  itself  towards  the  end  of  his  life  in 
the  form  of  a  printed  record  of  his  observations, 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


493 


but  also  to  consider  that  work  in  the  light  of  the 
limited  amount  of  knowledge  in  the  natural  history 
world  which  was  then  not  only  extant  but  attain- 
able to  a  village  recluse,  such  as  it  must  be  admitted 
White  was." 

The  last  chapter  is  entitled  "The  Testimony  of 
Men,"  and  contains  remarks  of  unequal  merit 
in  praise  of  White  ;  one  of  the  feeblest  is  said 
to  be  "indeed,  a  sweet  letter  of  testimony  to 
greatness  from  greatness."  None  is,  at  any 
rate,  better  than  the  (here  unquoted)  "testi- 
mony "  of  Sir  C.  Bell  :— 

"If  you  mention  White's  '  Selborne '  to  any  man 
of  taste,  he  says,  '  Oh  !  you  like  that  book  !  I  am 
glad  of  it.'     Why  should  that  volume  be  so  much 

admired?  Because  he  is  perfectly  natural Because 

he  dwells  with  nature— enters  into  the  life  and  con- 
versation of  the  meanest  living  thing,  even  the  old 
tortoise  in  the  garden." 

It  is  a  pity  that  a  better  bibliographer  could  not 
have  been  found. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Prof.  G.  Zumoffen,  of  Beyrout,  has  con- 
tributed to  L' Anthropologie  a  memoir  on  the 
Stone  Age  in  Phojnicia.  Palaeolithic  objects 
have  been  found  in  seven  stations,  and  neolithic 
in  four.  The  author  himself  discovered  three 
years  ago  a  neolithic  workshop  at  Nahr 
Zaharani.  The  paliBolithic  implements  belong 
in  general  to  the  ChelMan  and  Mousterian 
types.  Further  investigation  appears  in  many 
places  to  be  called  for,  and  would  be  likely  to 
be  rewarded  by  interesting  discoveries. 

MM.  Lavilie  and  Mansuy  publish  in  the 
same  review  an  account  of  their  recent 
researches  in  the  prehistoric  stations  of  Hautes- 
Bruyferes,  in  the  department  of  the  Seine,  with 
a  description  of  the  human  remains  by  Dr.  R. 
Verneau.  The  objects  found  are  neolithic,  and 
include  a  considerable  number  of  fragments  of 
pottery.  The  two  crania  found  are  both  dolicho- 
cephalic, one  of  them  having  an  index  as  low 
as  69  27.  Dr.  Verneau  found  traces  of  inter- 
mixture of  the  predominant  dolichocephalic 
neolithic  race  with  the  race  of  Furfooz 

On  the  hint  given  by  Mr.  Henry  Balfour's 
history  of  an  Aghori  fakir,  the  Marquis  de 
Nadaillac  has  collected  a  number  of  instances 
of  the  use  of  human  skulls  as  drinking-cups  and 
in  religious  ceremonies  among  savage  peoples. 

In  the  Mevue  de  VArt  Atccien  et  Moderne  for 
September  (No  6)  Prof.  Henri  Mayeux  has  a 
causerie  on  the  '  Infancy  of  Art, '  from  its  birth 
among  the  prehistoric  carvers  and  engravers 
whose  lifelike  imitations  of  animal  forms  have 
been  discovered  in  various  places.  The  father 
of  Art  was  Chance  and  its  mother  was  Nature, 
he  says,  but  he  does  ample  justice  to  the 
sincerity  which  these  early  artists  displayed, 
both  in  sculpture  and  in  drawing,  in  their 
imitation  of  the  natural  forms  they  saw. 

M.  Paul  du  Chatellier,  who  is  the  possessor 
of  a  fine  collection  of  prehistoric  objects  at 
Kernuz  (Finistfere),  has  published  a  monograph 
on  '  La  Poterie  aux  Epoques  Prehistorique  et 
Gauloise  en  Armorique '  (4to.,  sixty  pages, 
seventeen  plates),  which  is  described  by  M.  G. 
de  Mortillet  as  an  excellent  work  and  very  help- 
ful to  prehistoric  students. 

M.  Zaborowski,  in  a  communication  to  the 
Society  of  Anthropology  of  Paris,  has  discussed 
Mr.  Duckworth's  measurements  of  the  Bet- 
simisaraka,  Betsileo,  and  Hova  skulls  in  the 
anatomical  museum  of  Cambridge  University. 
He  holds  to  the  theory,  notwithstanding  the 
difficulties  it  presents,  of  the  Malay  origin  of 
the  Hovas. 


THE   AUTUMN   PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Messrs.  Griffin  &  Co.'s  autumn  list  includes 
the  following  works  :  *  The  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Brewing,'  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Sykes,— 
•  Technical  Mycology  :  the  Utilization  of  Micro- 
organisms in  the  Arts  and  Manufactures,'  trans- 
lated from  the  German  by  Mr.  C.  T.  Salter,— 
'Mine  Accounts    and  Mining    Book-keeping,' 


by  Prof.  J.  G.  Lawn,—'  The  Art  of  the  Gold- 
smith and  Jeweller,'  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Wigley  and 
Mr.  J.  H.  Stansbie,  — '  Painting  and  Decorating: 
a  Manual  for  House  Painters  and  Decorators,' 
by  Mr.  W.  J.  Pearce, — '  Colour  Theory  and  its 
Practical  Applications,'  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Hurst, — 
the  second  volume  of-  'Applied  Mechanics,'  by 
Prof.  A.  Jamieson, — '  The  Heat  Efficiency  of 
Steam  Boilers,  Land  and  Marine,'  by  Mr.  B. 
Donkin,  —  'Valves  and  Valve  Gearing,'  by 
Mr.  C.  Hurst, — the  following  new  volumes  of 
the  "Nautical  Series":  'Practical  Trigono- 
metry '  and  '  Algebra  for  the  Use  of  Young 
Sailors,'  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Buck  ;  'Ocean  Meteoro- 
lt>gy,' by  Mr.  W.  Allingham  ;  and  'The  Legal 
Duties  of  Shipmasters  and  Officers,'  by  Dr. 
B.  W.  Ginsburg, — and  several  new  and  revised 
editions. 

Messrs.  Whittaker's  announcements  in- 
clude 'Central  Station  Electricity  Supply,' by 
Mr.  A.  Gay  and  Mr.  C.  H.  Yeaman,  —  ' Alter- 
nating Currents  of  Electricity,'  from  the  French 
of  Loppe'  and  Bouquet  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Moffet, — 
'Mechanical  Engineer's  Handbook,' edited  by 
Mr.  P.  .J.  Bjorling,— 'Radiography,'  by  Mr. 
S.  R.  Bottone, — 'The  Inspection  of  Railway 
Material,'  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Bodmer, — a  new  geo- 
graphy by  Mr.  C.  Bird,  — '  Outlines  of  Physical 
Chemistry,' from  the  French  of  Prof.  Reychler's 
'  Les  Theories  Physico-Chimiques '  by  Dr.  F. 
Hurter,  —  and  '  Analytical  Electrolysis  of 
Metals,'  from  the  German  of  Dr.  Bernhard 
Neumann  by  Mr.  J.  B.  C.  Kershaw. 

Mr.  Lewis's  announcements  include '  A  Hand- 
book of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,'  by 
Dr.  C.  E.  Beevor, — '  Mastoid  Abscesses  and 
their  Treatment,'  from  the  French  of  Dr.  A. 
Broca  and  Dr.  F.  Lubet-Barbon, — a  translation 
of  Prof.  P.  Fiirbringer's  '  Text  -  Book  of 
Diseases  of  the  Kidneys,' — 'Influenza,'  by  Dr. 
W.  Gray, — and  several  new  editions  of  medical 
works. 

MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
MoN.    Royal  Ac&demj,  4  —'Chemistry,'  Mr.  A.  H.  Church. 


We  have  to  chronicle  the  death,  at  the  age  of 
forty-three,  of  Dr.  Charles  Smart  Roy,  who  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Pathology  at  Cambridge 
when  the  chair  was  6rst  established  in  1884. 
Born  at  Arbroath  in  1854,  he  was  educated  at 
St.  Andrews  and  later  at  Edinburgh,  where  he 
took  his  M.D.,  and  was  resident  physician  to 
the  Royal  Infirmary.  Later  he  went  out  on 
medical  service  in  the  Turco-Servian  war,  made 
some  original  research  at  Berlin,  Strasbourg, 
and  Leipzig,  and  returned  to  England  in  1880 
as  the  first  George  Henry  Lewes  Student  in 
physiology.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  his  pro- 
fessorship at  Cambridge  and  made  F.R.S.  His 
contributions  to  various  medical  journals  were 
numerous,  and  he  did  good  work  as  a  professor, 
though  his  health  had  compelled  him  of  late 
to  employ  a  deputy. 

The  decease  is  announced,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
three,  of  Peter  Lund  Simmonds,  who  had  latterly 
been  one  of  the  brethren  of  the  Charterhouse. 
Born  at  Aarhuus,  Denmark,  in  1814,  he  was 
adopted  by  Lieut.  George  Simmonds,  whose 
name  he  added  to  his  own  of  Lund.  He  took  a 
busy  part  in  several  of  the  international  exhi- 
bitions, such  as  those  at  Paris  in  1867  and  1878, 
at  Amsterdam,  and  at  Antwerp.  His  book  on 
'  Waste  Products  and  Undeveloped  Substances  ' 
went  through  several  editions,  and  he  was  for 
some  time  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Tech- 
nologist and  the  Journal  of  Applied  Science. 

Messrs.  Henry  Young  &  Sons,  of  Liverpool, 
will  publish  a  bulletin  of  the  Liverpool  Museums, 
containing  a  description  of  and  observations  on 
the  animal  life  in  the  aquarium  there.  The 
work  is  edited  by  Dr.  H.  O.  Forbes,  the  Director 
of  the  Museums.  The  first  part  will  contain  two 
hand-coloured  plates  of  birds.  I 


FINE    ARTS 

Memorials  of  Christie^ s:  a  Record  of  Art  Sales 
from  1766  to  1896.  By  W.  Eoberts. 
2  vols.  Illustrated.  (Bell  &  Sons.) 
Although  a  lighter  paper  and  smaller 
type  would  have  improved  these  ponderous 
volumes,  they  are  most  welcome  now,  and 
will  surely  increase  in  value  as  time  goes 
on.  Mr.  Roberts  has  been  afforded  all  sorts 
of  facilities  by  the  firm  he  writes  about,  and 
has  made  such  excellent  use  of  his  oppor- 
tunities that  his  book  is  within  its  proper 
limits  quite  worthy  to  rank  with  the  late 
Mr.  George  Redford's  more  comprehensive 
'  Art  Sales,'  which  we  reviewed  ten  years  ago. 
Unlike  that  work,  the  volumes  now  before 
us  are  very  closely  confined  to  "Christie's," 
and  embrace  a  series  of  abstracts  (in- 
cluding sellers'  and  purchasers'  names),  in 
chronological  order,  of  all  the  leading  art 
sales  which  the  famous  firm  has  conducted 
during  one  hundred  and  thirty  years.  These 
abstracts  state  the  price  obtained  for  each 
item,  and,  when  a  work  of  art  proper  is 
concerned,  its  dimensions,  and  in  a  great 
number  of  cases  they  tell  whence  it  came. 
There  are  likewise  occasional  notes  on  the 
condition  at  the  date  of  sale  of  many 
renowned  examples. 

It   will    be   seen    that    the    system  Mr. 
Roberts  has  adopted  is  extremely  service- 
able   and    interesting,    although    it    does 
not  allow  us   to   study  in   a   tabular  form 
the   rise   or    fall    in    the   art    markets   of 
London    of    every   master's   works    during 
a  long  series  of  years.      He   who  consults 
Redford's  columns  can  ascertain  this  at  a 
glance,  for  he  finds  noted  in  the  simplest  and 
most  compact  manner  all  the  known  crises 
in  the  fate  of  every  example  that  has  come 
under   the   hammer   more  than   once.      Of 
course,    Redford    in   '  Art   Sales '    and   his 
forerunner   Seguier   in   the    '  Dictionary  of 
Artists '  extended  their  records  much  further 
back  than  1766,  which  is  here  said  to  have 
been  the  initial  year  of  Christie  I.  in  Pall 
Mall.  His  first  auction-room  was  in  Wardour 
Street,  where  he  set  up  as  a  book  auctioneer 
before  he  removed  to  Spring  (hardens  and 
took  for  his  partner  one  Mr.  Ansell,  about 
whom  little  is  known.     It  appears  that  for 
James  Christie  the  elder  no  less  a  person 
than  Chippendale  himself  made  the  elegant 
rostrum    of     old     Spanish     mahogany    in 
which    so     many    wielders    of     the    ivory 
hammer   have   since   officiated.      That   im- 
plement, too,  has  a  history.     It  is  the  very 
hammer  Dighton,  Gainsborough,  and  Row- 
landson,    to    say   nothing   of   later   artists, 
delineated  in  their  portraits  of  the  founder 
of  the  firm  and  his  successors.     Until  1794, 
when  the  second  James  Christie  first  relieved 
his  father  in  the  rostrum,  no  one  else  had  used 
it.     How  long  he  did  so  after  that  date  we 
do  not  know ;  probably  it  was  till  within  a 
short  time  before  November  8th,  1803,  when, 
as  was  said  at  the  time,  Death  "knocked 
him  down  "  and  removed  a  much  respected 
member  of  society  from  Pall  Mall,  where 
his  house  and  auction-room  then  were,  to 
St.  James's    burial-ground   in   the  Hamp- 
stead  Road.  It  is  said  that  Christie  removed 
from  Spring  Gardens  directly  to  PaU  Mall ; 
but  we  should  like  to  be   assured  that  he 
never   occupied    the   well-known    Wigley's 
Rooms   in   Spring   Gardens,  where   in   the 


494 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


season  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists, 
wlio  preceded  the  Royal  Academicians  as  an 
artistic  society,  held  their  annual  exhibitions. 

James  Christie  the  second  was  born  in  Pall 
Mall  in  1773.  Educated  at  Eton,  andintended 
for  the  Church,  he  somewhat  reluctantly, 
it  appears,  mounted  his  father's  rostrum 
instead  of  the  pulpit.  He  wrote  various 
essays  which  it  would  not  be  quite  fair  to 
call  books  in  the  modern  sense  of  the  term  ; 
but  those  which  treat  of  Greek  and  Etruscan 
vases  are  not  quite  forgotten,  and  all  of 
them  testify  to  the  care  and  taste  of  their 
author,  who  was  a  master  of  the  connoisseur- 
ship  of  his  age.  His  chief  success,  how- 
ever, was  achieved  in  the  business  which 
he  greatly  developed.  Dying  in  1831,  he 
left  two  sons,  James  Stirling  and  George 
Henry,  the  former  of  whom  died  in  1834, 
the  latter  in  1863.  James  H.  B.  Christie, 
son  of  George  Henry,  succeeded,  and  re- 
tired in  1889.  Very  shortly  after  the  death 
of  the  second  James  Christie  the  firm 
became  known  as  Christie  &  Manson,  owing 
to  the  admission  as  partners  of  William  and 
Edward  Manson.  They  were  the  sons  of  a 
bookseller  of  repute  whose  place  of  business 
was  in  Gerard  Street,  Soho.  Mr.  W.  H. 
Woods,  the  present  head  of  the  firm,  origin- 
ally an  assistant,  became  a  partner  in  1859. 
After  the  retirement  of  J.  H.  B.  Christie  the 
firm  was  reconstituted,  the  new  partners 
being  Mr.  Taylor,  Mr.  A.  Nattali,  Mr.  W. 
Agnew,  and  Mr.  L.  Hannen,  who  were 
admitted  at  difierent  epochs. 

James  Christie's  first  sale  in  Pall  Mall 
was  held  in  Dalton's  Print  Rooms,  Decem- 
ber 5th,  1766.  Accordingly  it  is  from  this 
date  that  Mr.  Roberts  begins  his  tale,  but  he 
fails  to  inform  his  readers  that  Dalton  was  a 
man  of  note  in  his  day,  a  sort  of  Keeper  of 
the  Prints  to  George  III.,  a  royal  librarian 
and  general  art-referee  to  that  art-loving 
monarch,  a  man,  too,  who  occupied  a  dis- 
tinguished place  in  the  history  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  Mr.  Roberts  says  that  the  exact 
site  of  these  Pall  Mall  rooms  is  disputed,  but 
we  have  little  doubt  that  he  is  mistaken  on 
that  point.  The  following  note  is,  to  say 
the  least  of  it,  confused  :  — 

"The  Academy  Rooms  were  opposite 
Market  Lane,  which  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  narrow  thoroughfare  about  a  hundred 
yards  to  the  west  of  the  Haymarket,  and  on 
the  site  of  the  present  Senior  United  Service 
Club.  In  1768  the  Royal  Academy  took  pos- 
session of  a  part  of  the  house  in  which  Mr. 
Christie  had  been  established  for  six  years." 

It  appears  to  us  that  the  chronology,  as  well 
as  the  incidents  here  in  question,  is  a  good 
deal  mixed.  What  follows  seems  correct : 
"In  1770  Christie  removed  westward  to 
No.  125,  adjoining  Schomberg  House,  where 
Gainsborough,  on  his  arrival  in  London 
from  Bath  in  1774,  set  up  his  studio." 
Christie's  "  Great  Rooms  "  were  to  be  found 
next  to  Schomberg  House  till  1823,  when 
the  firm  removed  to  8,  King  Street, 
St.  James's.  It  is  evident,  however,  that 
long  before  that  date  James  Christie  I.  had 
held  auctions  in  King  Street  in  the  premises 
then  known  as  Wilson's  "European  Empo- 


rium. 


Mr.  Roberts  has  furnished  some  interest- 
ing notes  upon  the  portraits  the  firm  have 
found  new  owners  for  and  upon  those  who 
sat  for  them,  but  he  might  have  supplied 
more.     Much,  indeed,  might  have  been  said 


on  this  part  of  the  subject,  which,  without 
greatly   increasing   the    bulk  of   the  book, 
would  have  added  to  its  attractions.     There 
are    many  good   notices    of   important   col- 
lectors,   but    it    should    have    been    men- 
tioned that  the  Sir  Philip  Stephens  whose 
pictures    were    sold    May    17th,    1810,    by 
the    Christie    of    that   day,    was    Secretary 
to    the    Admiralty    for    a    long    series    of 
years,    covering    the    careers    of    many   of 
our  greatest  sea-captains,  Cook,  Nelson,  and 
others.     Now  and  then,  but  less  often  than 
might  be  expected  in  a  work  dealing  with 
so  great  and  complex  a  mass  of  materials, 
we    come    upon  errors.      Thus,  on   p.   87, 
vol.    i.,    we    are    told    Caleb    Whitefoord, 
whose   pictures  were   sold  at  Christie's  in 
May,    1810,    "was   painted   by   Wilkie    as 
the  hero  in  the  well-known  picture  of  '  The 
Letter    of    Introduction.'"      The    "hero" 
of   that   capital  work    was,   of   course,   the 
diffident   bearer    of    the    letter,    for   whose 
face,  if  not  figure,  it  is  understood  that  one 
of  Wilkie' s    brothers    sat.      Caleb   White- 
foord,   a    contemporary   of    Reynolds    and 
Johnson,  whom  Goldsmith  immortalized  in 
'  Retaliation,'    was,    when   Wilkie    painted 
his   picture,   much    older   than   the   letter- 
bearer.      In   fact,   it   was    for   the   elderly 
receiver   of    the  epistle   that   he   sat.      On 
p.    211,    vol.    i.,    we    read    of     "David" 
Maclise,  instead  of  Daniel ;   and  the  state- 
ment, a  few  lines  lower  down,  that  Maclise's 
cartoon  of  the  meeting  of  Wellington  and 
Bliicher    after    Waterloo    was     piirehased 
for  300  guineas   by  the  Royal  Academy  is 
wrong.     We  are  not  sure  about  the  price, 
but  it  is  well  known  that  this  noble  cartoon 
was     bought     by     subscriptions     amongst 
artists,  and  presented  to  the  Academy.     On 
p.  165,  vol.  i.,  it  should  have  been  added 
that  Zurbaran's  Franciscan  monk  holding 
a  skull,  sold  at  Christie's  in   1853,  is  now 
in     the    National    Gallery,  together    with 
several  other  pictures  which  are  here  men- 
tioned as  bought  on  that  occasion  and  now 
in  Trafalgar  Square.     On   p.  263,  vol.  ii.. 
Constable's  warm  friend  Archdeacon  Fisher 
is  called  "Eraser."     As  an  example  of  the 
freaks  of  fashion,  it  is  to   be  remembered 
that    Constable,    like   Gainsborough,    com- 
plained bitterly  that  he  could  not  sell  his 
landscapes  at  any  price.    Archdeacon  Fisher 
bought   of   him,  for    what  would    now  be 
considered    a    fabulously    small    sum,  the 
famous  '  Stretford  Mill  on  the  Stour  '  (R.A. 
1820;    B.I.    1825).     Mr.    Huth    gave    the 
respectable   price   of    600^.   for    the    same 
work     about    thirty- five    years    ago,    yet, 
at    this    collector's    sale   in    1895,    Christie 
sold    the   same  Constable  for    the   stupen- 
dous  sum   of    8,500    guineas.      Hugo    van 
der   Goes    is   called   (ii.    266)    "Hubert"; 
"Claude"    should    be    Claudio    (ii.   335); 
and  we  do  not  recognize  "  Andrea  Pallardio 
the  architect."     Leighton's  Christian  name 
was   Frederic,    not    "Frederick,"    as   it   is 
written    throughout.     '  In    the    Trifolium ' 
(ii.  143)  needs  correction  as  the  title  of  a 
picture    by    Mr.    Orchardson.      We    have 
already    corrected     a    stupid    tale     about 
Leighton's    '  Orpheus,'    which     is     revived 
again  in  a  note  on  ii.  300.     Mr.  Roberts 
might  as  well  have  added  to  his  remark  on 
Lawrence's  colossal  '  Satan  calling  up  his 
Legions,'    which   was    bought    in    at    the 
President's  sale  in  1832,  that  it  is  now  in 
the  possession  of  the  Royal  Academy. 


The  usefulness  of  Mr.  Roberts's  most 
copious  work  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the 
admirable  and  almost  exhaustive  index  of 
names  and  matters  with  which  it  con- 
cludes. This  goes  far  towards  enabling  us 
to  dispense  with  that  tabular,  or  rather 
columnar,  arrangement  of  the  names  of 
pictures  sold  which  is  so  valuable  a 
feature  of  Redford's  '  Art  Sales.'  We  are, 
too,  thankful  to  Mr.  Roberts  for  correct- 
ing some  of  those  errors  which  are  in- 
evitable in  such  a  book  as  Redford's.  The 
work  before  us  is  authoritative  as  well  as 
unique  in  its  notices  of  many  capital  works 
which  were  not  really  sold,  but  "bought 
in,"  while  nominal  prices  were  announced 
as  obtained  for  them.  The  dimensions  so 
generally  quoted  in  these  pages  afford 
opportunities  for  identifying  many  works 
of  which  various  versions  and  copies  have 
repeatedly  appeared  at  different  sales.  The 
plates  are  almost  invariably  borrowed  from 
the  illustrated  editions  of  Christie's  cata- 
logues, and  add  special  value  to  these 
volumes. 


SIR   JOHN    GILBERT,    R.A. 

The  most  prolific  and  powerful  of  that  great 
army  of  illustrators  of  books  which  modern 
demands  have  called  into  being  died  on  Tues- 
day last  in  the  house  at  Blackheath  where 
he  had  lived  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
long  and  honourable  career.  At  Blackheath  he 
was  born  in  1817,  and  there  he  went  to  school, 
and  from  the  same  place  he  started  to  "begin 
the  world  "  as  a  clerk  in  a  City  counting- 
house.  According  to  one  of  his  biographers, 
whose  memoir  Sir  John  revised,  "  Thus  he 
remained  until  it  was  indisputable  that,  as  the 
wits  said,  '  though  figures  were  his  forte  '  those 
he  dealt  in  were  not  much  in  demand  in  Cheap- 
side,"  and  after  spending  many  weary  months 
and  filling  quires  of  office  paper  with  designs  in 
pen  and  ink  he  quitted  it  for  ever.  Long  before 
this  time  constant  sketching  from  nature  and 
sedulous  copying  from  prints  had  given 
the  boy  that  tact  in  delineation  which  should 
distinguish  every  artist.  The  only  sort  of  art 
teaching  which  he  enjoyed  consisted  of  lessons 
in  the  use  of  colours  from  Haydon's  pupil,  the 
once  renowned  painter  of  fruit,  George  Lance. 
Although  Gilbert  proved  a  master  of  style,  it  is 
not  true  that  he  studied  in  the  British  Museum 
from  the  antique,  nor,  although  he  was  so 
accomplished  with  the  portcrayon  and  the 
brush,  that  he  entered  any  of  the  Royal 
Academy's  schools.  He  never  studied  on  the 
Continent,  nor,  it  is  said,  even  crossed  the 
Channel  till  he  was  over  thirty  years  of  age. 
Yet  he  was  perfectly  versed  in  technical  matters 
and  methods,  and  drew  on  metal,  wood,  stone, 
and  paper  with  equal  facility,  could  model  in 
wax  or  clay,  or  carve  in  marble,  could  paint 
in  oil,  water,  and  fresco,  and  depict  figures  and 
faces  in  miniature  as  well  as  at  life  size,  besides 
etching,  and,  we  believe,  engraving  on  copper 
and  steel.  His  industry  was  inexhaustible, 
and,  as  was  said  of  Millais,  he  was  born  an 
artist,  and  no  artistic  methods  came  amiss  to 
him,  because  he  thought  out  his  subjects  by 
instinct. 

Gilbert  made  his  debut  in  1836,  when  he  sent  to 
Suffolk  Street  two  drawings, '  The  Arrest  of  Lord 
Hastings'  and  'Abbot  Boniface,'  from  Scott's 
'Monastery.'  To  the  same  gallery  he  contri- 
buted '  The  Coronation  of  Inez  de  Castro ' 
(1837),  '  Commodore  Trunnion's  Courtship ' 
(1838),  and  various  other  paintings  in  oil  as 
well  as  water,  of  which  the  most  ambitious 
was  '  Christian  over  the  Mouth  of  the  Burning 
Pit '  (1880).  In  1837  he  also  contributed  to  the 
British  Institution,  sending  '  A  Scene  from 
"  Ivanhoe"  '  and  'Old  Mortality,'  both  of  them 
in  oils.     From   that    time   till   the  gallery  in 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


495 


Pall  Mall  was  finally  closed  he  exhibited  there 
many  excellent  oil  pictures,  often  of  rather 
large  dimensions,  of  which  the  best  known 
are  'The  Duke  promises  Sancho  the  Govern- 
ment of  an  Island '  (1842),  '  Brunetta  and 
Phillis  '  from  '  The  Spectator  '  (1844),  '  Gipsies  ' 
and  'King  Henry  VIII.'  (1845),  '  Celia's 
Triumph'  (1847),  'The  Disgrace  of  Wolsey ' 
(1849),  '  Charge  of  Prince  Rupert's  Cavalry ' 
(1852),  '  Sancho  Panza  informing  his  Wife  of  his 
Coming  Dignity  '  (1854),  '  The  King's  Artillery 
at  Marston  Moor,'  '  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,' 
and  others  (1860),  and  in  1867  '  Don  Quixote 
comes  back  for  the  last  time  to  his  Home  and 
Family  '  A.t  the  same  time  his  work  was  fre- 
quently seen  on  the  walls  of  the  Royal  Academy: 
'Portrait  of  a  Gentleman'  (1838),  'Holbein 
painting  the  Portrait  of  Anne  Boleyn,'  'Don 
Quixote's  First  Interview  with  the  Duke 
and  Duchess '  (1842),  '  Don  Quixote  disputing 
with  the  Priest  and  Barber '  (1844),  '  The  Un- 
rest of  the  King,' from  'Henry  IV.,  Part  II.' 
(1845),  '  Charlemagne  inspecting  the  Schools ' 
(1846),  '  Touchstone  and  the  Shepherd  '  (1850). 
From  1851  till  1867  Gilbert  did  not  send  any- 
thing to  Trafalgar  Square.  In  the  latter  year  he 
returned  with  the  vigorous  and  original  '  Rem- 
brandt.' He  was  elected  an  Associate  in  January, 
1872.  In  the  following  May  his  '  King  Charles 
leaving  Westminster  Hall '  was  in  the  Academy, 
and  in  1873  one  of  his  best  pictures,  '  Naseby.' 
In  June,  1876,  he  was  elected  a  full  Academician, 
and  from  that  time  rarely  failed  to  figure  at  its 
exhibitions,  to  which  he  contributed  in  all  sixty 
works,  his  final  contributions  being  hung  in  the 
exhibition  of  May  last. 

It  was,  however,  to  the  gallery  of  the  "  Old 
Society "  of  Painters  in  VVater  Colours  that 
Gilbert  sent  most  of  his  drawings.  Elected  an 
Associate  Exhibitor  in  1852,  he  was  represented 
in  the  course  of  forty-five  years  by  not  fewer  than 
270  examples,  several  of  which  proved  that  he 
possessed  powers  that,  if  exercised  on  a  large 
scale,  would  have  earned  him  high  distinction 
as  a  mural  painter  in  fresco  or  distemper.  Of 
these  let  us  name  the  most  conspicuous  :  '  The 
Standard -Bearer,'  'The  Trumpeter,'  'The 
Violin,'  '  Richard  II.  resigns  his  Crown  to 
Bolingbroke  '  (now  in  the  Corporation  Gallery, 
Liverpool),  the  celebrated  '  Drug  Bazaar,  Con- 
stantinople '  (1854),  'The  Merchant  of  Venice,' 
and  '  The  Letter- Writer.'  He  was  elected  a 
full  Member  of  the  Society  in  1855,  and  became 
its  President  in  1871,  when  he  was  knighted. 
In  1878  he  sent  to  the  Exposition  Universelle 
the  fine,  though  rather  florid  'The  Doge  and 
Senators  of  Venice,'  which  captivated  the 
Parisians  and  secured  for  the  brilliant  artist  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  Not  to  be  forgotten  even 
in  the  least  complete  list  of  his  multifarious 
efforts  is  the  splendid  '  Fair  St.  George,'  of 
which  in  his  later  years  he  generously  made  a 
present  to  the  public. 

Prolific  as  these  lists  of  his  contributions  to 
various  galleries  show  Gilbert  to  have  been, 
there  yet  remain  to  be  reckoned  his  really 
countless  designs  in  black  and  white  for  the 
illustration  of  books  and  newspapers.  As  to 
them,  we  cannot  do  better  than  condense  what 
the  biographer  of  Gilbert  whom  we  have  above 
mentioned  has  said.  He  tells  us  that  Gilbert 
illustrated  books,  magazines,  and  other  periodi- 
cals, from  the  London  Journal,  which  published 
hundreds  of  his  cuts,  to  the  Illustrated  London 
News  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  to 
costly  and  handsomely  printed  volumes.  These 
include  some  of  Shakspeare's  plays,  such  as  '  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,'  which  were  published 
severally,  and  Mr.  Howard  Staunton's  edition  of 
Shakspeare.  Of  such  designs  the  artist  has 
produced  many  thousands,  not  one  of  which 
is  without  a  charm  or  devoid  of  life.  The 
draughtsman's  earliest  work  of  this  class 
was  '  The  Thames  and  its  Tributaries '  (1840j. 
To  this  succeeded  '  Chronological  Pictures 
of  English  History'  (1842-3),  'The  Crystal 
Palace  that  Fox  Built '  (1851),    '  The  Poetical 


Works  of  Sir  W.  Scott '  (1857),  '  The  Book  of 
Job,'  comprising  fifty  designs  (1857),  'The 
Poetical  Works  of  Prof.  Longfellow '  (1858), 
'  The  Proverbs  of  Solomon  '  (1858),  '  Words- 
worth's Poems  '  (1859),  '  Shakespeare's  Songs 
and  Sonnets '  (1863),  '  Poetical  Works  of  John 
Milton'  (1864),  'A  Picture  Book'  (1865),  one 
of  the  best  of  the  class  as  now  represented, 
and  'A  Book  of  Brave  Old  Ballads'  (1809). 
Here  are  enough  works  for  the  life  of  one  man. 
Several  of  these  books  comprised  scores  of  cuts; 
many  an  accomplished  draughtsman  who  never 
painted  a  picture  has  given  us  fewer.  It 
would  not  have  been  possible  even  for  the 
abundant  invention  and  facile  hand  of  the 
designer  to  produce  so  much  work  had  he  not 
quite  early  in  his  career  as  an  illustrator  (that  is 
before  photography  had  lent  its  aid  to  the  trans- 
ference of  designs  from  paper  to  wood)  acquired 
the  power  of  drawing  on  the  wood-blocks.  In  a 
little  while  certain  engravers  learned  to  under- 
stand the  artist's  technique,  and,  unlike  the 
majority  at  that  date,  preserved  its  essential 
qualities,  instead  of  obliterating  its  individual 
vitality  and  energy. 

Many  anecdotes  of  Gilbert's  facility  and 
wealth  of  resources  as  a  designer  have  got 
into  print.  The  truest  of  them  illustrates  the 
ways  of  the  man.  It  was  quite  usual  with 
the  editors  of  periodicals  for  which  he  worked 
to  send  an  office-boy  to  Blackheath  with  a 
wood-block  of  the  size  required  and  a  note 
naming  the  subject  to  be  illustrated.  The  boy 
waited  till  the  block  was  drawn  upon,  and 
brought  it  back  to  town  ready  to  be  cut  and 
printed  from.  The  variety  of  the  subjects  is 
enough  to  indicate  Gilbert's  sympathy  with 
romance,  the  drama,  the  stage,  poetry,  and 
emotions  of  many  sorts.  He  viewed  everything 
picturesquely  as  well  as  dramatically,  and  if 
his  art  had  faults  it  was  that  it  was  too  pic- 
turesque and  dramatic  ;  but,  in  spite  of  some 
demonstrativeness,  he  was  never  exactly  thea- 
trical. He  was  a  stylist,  but  not  a  mannerist ; 
anexcellentdraughtsmanandapowerful^colourist, 
he  did  not  over-refine  ;  as  a  landscape  painter 
he  belonged  to  the  school  of  Gaspar  Poussin, 
and,  like  that  master,  never  failed  to  infuse 
a  touch  of  pathos  into  the  least  ambitious  of 
his  efforts  ;  as  a  colourist  his  sole  shortcoming 
was  the  excessive  blackness  of  the  shadows. 
He  used  pigments  so  discreetly  that  few  of  his 
pictures  have  suffered  any  change.  The  florid 
character  of  every  element  of  his  art  led  people 
to  call  him  the  Rubens  of  our  time  ;  but  the 
forms  of  his  human  types  were  never  exuberant. 
He  often  painted  beautiful  women,  and  his  men 
were  never  ruffians  or  failed  to  be  masculine. 
Some  of  his  children  are  charming.  He  was  an 
admirable  painter  of  armour  and  drapery  ;  and, 
in  short,  he  vitalized  everything  he  touched, 
adding  to  it  a  vigorous  grace,  and  into  the 
romantic  themes  infusing  an  element  of  glamour 
which  few  can  resist.  His  death  leaves  the 
"Old  Society"  in  a  difficult  position,  for  the 
members  will  have  to  elect  a  new  President, 
a  matter  about  which  many  doubts  and  fears 
have  long  been  gathering.  In  him  the  Royal 
Academy  has  lost  one  of  its  best  members,  but 
one  who,  strange  to  say,  was  rarely  seen  within 
its  walls. 


The  Professors  of  the  Royal  Academy  will, 
during  he  approaching  season,  deliver  their 
lectures  in  the  following  order  :  Prof.  A.  H. 
Church  on  Chemistry,  October  11th,  14th,  18th, 
21st,  25th,  and  28th  ;  Prof.  W.  Anderson  on 
Anatomy,  November  1st,  3rd,  5th,  8th,  10th, 
and  12th,  in  addition  to  demonstrations  on 
November  15th,  17th,  19th,  29th,  December  1st 
and  3rd  ;  Prof.  Sir  W.  B.  Richmond  on  Paint- 
ing, January  10th,  13th,  17th,  20th,  24th,  and 
27th.  Of  these  discourses,  the  first  four  are 
severally  devoted  to  'In  Memoriam:  Two  Great 
Artists, '  '  Greek  Influence  on  Italian  Art, '  and 


(two)  on  '  Giotto  in  the  Arena  Chapel,  Padua'; 
the  remaining  two  lectures  will  refer  to  'Form' 
and  '  Colour  '  respectively.  Arrangements  for 
lectures  on  Sculpture  are  not  yet  made.  Prof. 
Aitchison's  discourses  are  appointed  for  Janu- 
ary 31st,  February  3rd,  7th,  10th,  14th,  and 
17th,  and  will  deal  with  Renaissance  archi- 
tecture. It  should  be  noted  that  all  these 
lectures  will  begin  at  4  p.m. 

Messrs.  Goupil  &  Co.  write  from  25,  Bed- 
ford Street,  Strand  : — 

"  In  order  to  complete  the  illustrations  to  our 
edition  de  luxe  entitled  '  Charles  I,'  by  the  late  Sir 
John  SkeltoD,  we  wish  to  reproduce  the  bust  of 
Charles  by  Bernini.  For  this  bust  various  studies 
were  paiuted  by  Van  D)ck,  including  the  picture 
at  Windsor  of  the  head  in  three  positions.  We 
should  be  glad  to  learn  from  any  of  your  readers 
where  the  bust  is  which  Bernini  is  understood  to 
have  made  from  the.«e  studies.  We  take  the  oppor- 
tunity to  mention  that  the  text  of  '  Charles  I.'  was 
completed  by  Sir  John  Skelton  some  time  before 
his  death,  and  that  he  had  revised  it  to  the  last 
chapter." 

The  Musee  des  Arts  Decoratifs  in  Paris  is 
houseless.  Since  the  recent  destruction  of  the 
Palais  de  1  Industrie,  which  was  its  home,  it 
has  been  packed  away  in  cases  and  cannot  be 
seen. 

Since  1853  the  gilded  dome  of  the  Invalides 
had  not  been  visible  from  the  lower  half  of  the 
Champs  Elyse'es.  The  pulling  down  of  the 
Palais  de  I'lndustrie  has  ^  for  the  time  being 
restored  to  the  Champs  Elysees  its  old  land- 
scape. 

M.  GusTAVE  Maincent,  a  landscape  painter 
who  had  only  recently  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  general  public  in  Paris,  died  in  a  railway 
carriage  the  other  day  as  he  was  returning 
home  by  the  St.  Germain  line.  He  was  forty- 
seven  years  of  age,  and  had  recently  gained  the 
red  ribbon.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Pils  and  Cabas- 
son.  He  obtained  a  Third-Class  Medal  in  1883, 
and  a  Bronze  Medal  at  the  Exhibition  of  1889. 


MUSIC 
THE   WEEK. 

CovENT  Garden  Theatre. — '  La  Bohfime.' 
Birmingham  Festival. 

A  YERY  successful  commencement  of  the 
London  season  was  made  by  the  Carl  Eosa 
Opera  Company  last  Saturday  with  Puccini's 
opera,  styled  in  English  '  The  Bohemians.' 
The  work  was  fully  noticed  in  the  Jthencsum 
when  it  was  produced  at  Manchester  in 
April  last,  and  it  has  since  been  well 
received  everywhere.  There  is  no  cause  for 
wonder  at  this,  for  if  the  plot  is  morbid  and 
unpleasant,  the  music  is  extremely  effective, 
and,  in  a  measure,  inspired.  It  is  difficult 
to  understand  why  the  operatic  composers 
of  the  present  day  show  such  a  predilection 
for  unwholesome  subjects.  We  bring  this 
accusation  alike  against  Mascagni,  Leon- 
cavallo, Massenet,  and  Puccini,  while 
in  every  one  of  the  masterpieces 
of  Wagner  we  find  ethical  teaching  of 
the  purest  kind.  As  regards  the  present 
performance  of  '  La  Bohcme '  we  have 
little  but  praise,  the  ensemhle,  as  usual 
with  the  Carl  Posa  Company,  being  all  that 
could  be  desired.  Miss  Alice  Esty  plays 
the  part  of  Mimi  as  charmingly  as  at  first, 
and  Miss  Bessie  Macdonald  now  presents  a 
perfect  picture  of  Musetta.  The  male  parts 
are  all  well  sung  by  Messrs.  Salvi,  Maggi, 
Charles  Tilbury,  William  Dover,  and 
Homer  Lind.  The  orchestra  and  chorus 
are  alike  excellent  this  season,  and  Mr. 
Claude  Jaquinot  once  more  proved  himself 
an  intelligent  conductor.     Of  the  perform- 


496 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


N°  3650,  Oct. 


9/97 


ances  on  following  evenings  we  are  un- 
fortunately unable  to  speak,  in  consequence 
of  their  clashing  with  the  Birmingham 
Festival, 

It  is,  of  course,  impossible  this  week  to 
speak  of  more  than  the  first  and  second 
days  of  the  Birmingham  Festival,  but  there 
need  be  little  hesitation  in  predicting  that 
it  will  prove  to  have  been  one  of  the  most 
successful — artistically  and  financially — of 
the  long  series.  Herr  Richter  seems  now 
to  be  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  Mendels- 
sohn's '  Elijah,'  and  the  performance  on 
Tuesday  morning  was  the  best  he  has  yet 
conducted.  The  choir  this  year  is  a  singu- 
larly well-balanced  force.  If  preference 
must  be  given  to  one  of  the  four  sections, 
we  will  mention  the  rich  resonant  tenors, 
but  the  others  are  all  very  good  indeed. 
Mr.  Andrew  Black's  impersonation  of  the 
Prophet  is  second  only  to  that  of  Mr. 
Santley,  and  he  was  in  excellent  voice. 
So  were  Miss  Anna  Williams,  Madame 
Albani,  Miss  Marie  Brema,  Mr.  Lloyd,  and 
Miss  Ada  Crossley,  and  the  subordinate 
artists  were  all  well  fitted  for  their  tasks. 

The  evening  programme  was  of  a  miscel- 
laneous kind,  and  included  Beethoven's 
rarely  heard  '  Abendlied  '  for  mezzo- 
soprano,  which  Herr  Eichter  has  cleverly 
orchestrated,  and  the  Lied,  which  is  in 
the  style  of  early  Wagner,  was  finely 
rendered  by  Miss  Marie  Brema.  A  magnifi- 
cent performance  was  given  of  Beethoven's 
c  minor  Symphony,  and  Miss  Marie  Brema 
and  Mr.  JDavid  Bispham  were  heard  to  the 
fullest  advantage  in  the  entire  closing  scene 
from  '  Die  Walkiire,'  which  was  properly 
sung  in  German.  Brahms's  superb  'Schick- 
salslied'  has  seldom,  if  ever,  been  given 
with  more  effect  in  this  country,  and  of 
course  the  '  Meistersinger '  Overture  and 
Schumann's  Overture  to  '  Manfred'  were  well 
played.  As  to  Mr.  E.  German's  new  sym- 
phonic poem  'Hamlet'  opinions  must  be 
deferred.  It  is  evidently  a  work  quite 
worthy  of  the  composer,  but  too  rhapsodical 
to  be  properly  adjudicated  upon  at  a  first 
hearing. 

Several  of  the  great  composers  have  set 
the  Requiem  Mass  to  music  and  produced 
masterpieces,  and  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford 
must  now  be  added  to  the  number,  for  our 
expectations  as  to  his  work  were  more  than 
realized  at  the  performance  on  Wednesday 
morning.  True,  the  music  shows  the  in- 
fluence of  other  writers  who  have  treated 
the  subject — for  example,  Dvorak,  Verdi, 
Gounod,  and  even  Mozart ;  but  Prof.  Stan- 
ford has  handled  his  materials  with  a 
surprising  amount  of  freshness,  not  a 
suggestion  of  labour  being  observable  in 
any  section  of  his  Mass.  The  writing  for 
voices  in  any  number  of  parts  flows  on 
with  a  marvellous  degree  of  musicianship, 
and  the  orchestration  is  worthy  of  Wagner. 
This  may  be  deemed  exceedingly  high  praise, 
but  it  is  justified,  and  we  shall  return  to  the 
Eequiem  next  week,  when  the  score  can  be 
described  more  leisurely  than  is  possible  in 
the  midst  of  a  great  festival.  The  perform- 
ance on  Wednesday  morning,  under  the  com- 
poser's direction,  was  admirable — the  choir, 
orchestra,  and  principal  vocalists,  who  were 
Madame  Albani,  Miss  Marie  Brema,  Mr. 
Lloyd,  and  Mr.  Plunket  Greene,  aU  evi- 
dently feeling  the  utmost  interest  in  their 
duties.   Bach's  fine  cantata,  "  0  Light  Ever- 


lasting," 


and  Brahms's  Symphony  in  c 
minor.  No.  1,  magnificently  rendered, 
brought  the  morning's  work  to  an  end. 

The  principal  feature  of  interest  in  Wed- 
nesday evening's  programme  was  the  music 
to  *  King  Arthur  '  by  Purcell,  newly  edited 
by  Mr.  Fuller  Maitland,  who  has  taken  great 
pains  with  his  task  of  hunting  up  various 
manuscripts,  collating  them,  filling  up 
figured  basses,  and  fixing  the  whole 
together  with  judgment.  We  shall  have 
more  to  say  as  to  this  next  week,  when  the 
remainder  of  the  festival  can  be  dealt  with. 
The  concert,  after  the  '  King  Arthur,'  in- 
cluded Beethoven's  'Leonora'  Overture, 
No.  3  ;  Brahms's  Variations  on  a  Theme 
by  Haydn ;  and  Cherubini's  Overture  to 
'  Medea.' 


PMsirsI  (Hijfssijf. 

The  twelfth  season  of  the  South  Place  Insti- 
tute Sunday  evening  classical  concerts  be^an  on 
Sunday  last  at  Finsbury,  when  the  two  hundred 
and  fifty-seventh  concert  was  given,  consisting 
entirely  of  works  by  the  late  Johannes  Brahms. 
We  have  received  the  programme,  together 
with  the  report  of  the  eleventh  season.  The 
attention  of  the  public  may  be  drawn  to  these 
well-established  classical  concerts. 

The  Highbury  Philharmonic  Society  con- 
tinues to  flourish,  and  four  concerts  will  be 
given  during  the  coming  season,  namely,  on 
November  23rd,  January  18th,  March  1st,  and 
May  3rd.  The  principal  works  to  be  performed 
are  Dvorak's  'Spectre's  Bride,' Weber's  'Pre- 
ciosa,'  'The  Messiah,'  and  Berlioz's  'Faust.' 
There  will  be  novelties  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Walthew, 
Mr.  Somervell,  &c. 

Orchestral  performances  in  Birmingham  bid 
fair  to  become  as  popular  as  they  are  in  London, 
judging  from  the  announcements  already  on  our 
table.  There  is  a  prospectus  of  ten  orchestral 
concerts  to  be  given  under  Mr.  George  Hal- 
ford,  according  to  which  the  entertain- 
ments will  take  place  on  four  dates  this 
year,  commencing  November  2nd,  and  con- 
clude March  29th  next  year.  The  programmes 
will  include  favourite  works  by  Beethoven, 
Tschaikowsky,  Wagner,  Gounod,  Bach,  Berlioz, 
Mozart,  Brahms,  Grieg,  Schubert,  Mendels- 
sohn, Dvorak,  Bizet,  and  McCunn.  The  vocal 
and  instrumental  artists  already  secured  are  of 
a  high  class.  A  series  of  promenade  concerts, 
with  a  large  orchestra  conducted  by  Mr.  D. 
French  Davies  anu  Mr.  F.  W.  Beard,  will  com- 
mence on  Monday  next.  Solo  performers  of 
the  first  rank,  both  vocal  and  instrumental, 
are  engaged.  Dr.  Rowland  M.  Winn  will 
give  four  orchestral  concerts  in  the  Town 
Hall,  the  first  being  fixed  for  November 
18th  and  the  last  for  March  10th  next  year. 
These  will  t.ake  the  place  of  the  orchestral  con- 
certs hitherto  directed  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Stockley. 
The  programmes  are  admirable  in  selection  and 
distinctly  modern. 

The  Middlesbrough  Musical  Union  announces 
for  its  sixteenth  season  Bach's  '  Christmas  Ora- 
torio '  (the  first  and  second  parts  only),  with 
other  selections,  the  Halle  orchestra  in  Tschai- 
kowsky's  'Symphonic  Path^tique,'  Dr.  Parry's 
'Blest  Pair  of  Sirens,'  Prof.  Bridge's  'The 
Inchcape  Rock,'  and  Mr.  Elgar's  fine  cantata 
'KingOlaf.' 

The  important  collection  of  rare  books  upon 
the  theory  and  practice  of  music  formed  by  the 
late  John  Bishop,  of  Cheltenham,  the  well- 
known  musical  critic,  has  been  recently  pur- 
chased by  Messrs.  Ellis  &  Elvey. 

M.  Taskin,  the  well-known  baritone  at  the 
Op^ra  Comique,  died  in  Paris  this  week  at  the 
age  of  forty-four. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Concert,  3  30,  Albert  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  30.  Qneen's  Hall. 
Sontli  Place  Ethical  Society's  Concert.  7. 
Carl   KoBa  Opera,   'Cavalleria    liusticana "  and  'Pagliacci,'  8. 

Covent  Garden. 
Carl  Rosa  O;  era,  '  Lohengrin,'  8.  Covent  Garden. 
Carl  Rosa  Opera,  'Carmen,' 8.  Covent  Garden 

—  Miss  Anna  Williams's  Farewell  Concert,  8,  Albert  Hall. 
Tuoits.  Carl  RnsaOpera,  'IJie  Meistersinger,"  8,  Covent  Garden. 
Fki.       Carl  Rosa  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Sat.       Mr  N   Vert's  Concert,  3.  S-t.  James's  Hall. 

—  Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3 

—  Orchestral  Concert,  8.  St  James's  Hall. 

—  Carl  Rosa  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


Sun. 


MON. 


Tiis 

Weu 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Avenue.—'  My  Lady's  Orchard,'  a  New  Play  in  One  Act. 
By  Mrs.  Oscar  Beringer.— '  The  Baron's  Wager,'  a  Comedietta. 
By  the  late  Sir  Charles  Young,  Bart. 

KoYALTy.— '  Oh  !  Susannah  ! '  a  Farcical  Comedy  in  Three 
Acts.     By  Mark  Ambient,  A.  Atwood,  and  B.  Vaun. 

CoiirARATiYELY  little  use  has  been  made 
in  the  drama  of  the  strange,  brilliant,  fan- 
tastic life  of  the  troubadours  and  of  the 
decisions  (equally  naive  and  corrupt)  of  the 
Courts  of  Love.  Mrs.  Beringer  has  been 
well  advised  accordingly  in  turning  to  the 
period  wben  Berengaria  presided  over  the 
courts  in  Aquitaine,  and  when  Richard 
solaced  his  leisure  with  the  composition  of 
sirventes.  On  her  treatment  of  the  subject 
she  is  scarcely  to  be  congratulated.  That 
the  proceedings  of  the  noble  dames  and 
gallant  seigneurs  resulted  sometimes  in 
tragedy  may  not  be  denied.  One  of  the 
questions  mooted  in  the  Courts  of  Love, 
and  duly  chronicled  by  Martial  d'Auvergne 
in  his  'Arresta  Amorum,'  tells  how  "Lea 
hoirs  d'un  amant  demandeurs,  &  le  Pro- 
cureurs  [sic]  d' Amours  joinct  avec  eulx  en 
cas  d'exces,  demandent  justice  d'une  jeune 
dame,  pretendant,  qu'elle  estoit  cause  de  la 
mort  dudict  amant  en  le  faisant  bouter  dans 
un  gelinier  [fowl-house],  a  fin  qu'il  ne  fust 
apperceu  de  son  mary."  The  matters  in 
question  are,  however,  more  ordinarily 
trivial  than  tragic,  and  the  lovers  only  "  die 
of  a  rose  in  aromatic  pain." 

Mrs.  Beringer  shows  us  a  Saxon  (!) 
nobleman  named  John  of  Courtenay,  who 
is  lord  of  a  fief  in  Provence,  and  lord  also 
of  as  fair  and  capricious  a  dame  as  ever 
brought  evil  upon  a  house.  Azalais,  as  she 
is  called,  has  the  troubadour  lover,  as  much 
a  matter  of  necessity  in  a  well-regulated 
twelfth  century  household  as  an  abbe  in 
an  eighteenth  century  one.  Not  in  the  least 
modest  in  asserting  his  privileges  is  Bertrand 
of  Auvergne,  and  he  ultimately  challenges 
John  ("friend  John"  the  lovers  ordinarily 
call  him)  to  fight  for  the  retention  of  his  own 
wife.  John,  who  up  to  a  certain  point  has 
shown  himself  "the  best  good  man,"  con- 
sents. In  order,  however,  to  prevent  the 
lady  from  being  alarmed — a  wholly  super- 
fluous precaution  since  she  cares  for  nobody 
except  herself — they  pretend  that  it  is  a 
mock  combat  on  some  point  of  abstract 
interest.  Installed  accordingly  as  queen 
over  the  lists,  Azalais  watches  laughingly 
Bertrand  receive  his  death  thrust,  kisses 
him  airily  as  he  lies  bleeding  on  the  turf, 
and  trips  lightly  away  on  the  arm  of  her 
spouse.  Too  innocent  and  childish  for 
acceptance  is  a  girl  who  can  be  so  fooled, 
and  the  only  impression  left  behind  her  by 
Mrs.  Beringer's  heroine  is  that  she  is  a 
heartless  minx  for  whom  it  is  impossible 
to  care  a  jot.  The  pair  of  young  lovers 
were  presented  by  the  daughters  of  the 
author.  It  is  a  tour  de  force  for  Miss  Esme 
or  Esme  Beringer — we  know  not  by  which 


N"*  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


497 


name  she  cliooses  to  be  definitely  called,  and 
playbills  contradict  each  other — to  i)lay  a 
youth  with  so  much  earnestness  and  passion, 
and  with  so  deep  a  voice  as  to  be  almost 
more  than  masculine.  Miss  Vera  Beringer 
has  an  easier  task  in  revealing  remarkable 
physical  gifts,  accompanied  with  as  much 
variableness  and  caprice  as  can  be  crowded 
into  the  frame  of  a  woman.  Mr.  Charles 
Brookfield  was  the  misnamed  Saxon  baron, 
a  character  in  which  his  conspicuous  abilities 
were  of  little  avail. 

'  The  Baron's  Wager,'  which  is  not  wholly 
a  novelty,  seems  like  an  episode  in  the 
career  of  the  Due  de  Richelieu.  A  reckless 
spendthrift  and  libertine  baron  bets  that  he 
will  kiss  the  first  grande  dame,  a  stranger  to 
himself,  whom  he  meets.  He  enters  a  house, 
and  in  the  course  of  about  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  wins  his  wager.  Fate  has  been,  how- 
ever, more  than  usually  benevolent  to  him, 
since  the  woman  he  subjugates,  though 
unknown  by  name,  is  the  object  of  such 
adoration  as  he  can  bestow  and  is  also  his 
ovfu  fiancee.  With  an  interpretation  as  light 
and  distinguished  as  that  supplied  was  the 
reverse  this  trifle  might  have  hoped  for  a 
measure  of  success. 

'  Oh  !  Susannah  ! '  a  not  very  brilliant 
attempt  to  rival  in  its  own  line  *  Charley's 
Aunt,'  scarcely  calls  for  notice  on  its  own 
merits.  It  is  praiseworthily  acted  by  Mr. 
Charles  Glenney,  Mr.  Alfred  Maltby,  Miss 
Clara  Jecks,  and  Miss  Alice  Mansfield.  In 
the  part  of  a  devoted  little  waiting -maid 
Miss  Louie  Freear  made  a  surprising  revela- 
tion of  humour.  Acting  so  comic  in  itself 
and  with  so  exquisite  and  valuable  a  sug- 
gestion of  underlying  pathos  we  have 
rarely  seen.  The  picture  is  painfully  real 
and  human.  If  Miss  Freear  can  give  us 
more  characters  such  as  this  our  stage  lias 
indeed  to  hail  an  acquisition. 


We  have  received  from  the  Bibliographisches 
Institut  at  Leipzig  the  first  two  volumes  of  a 
neat  and  handy  reprint  of  the  translation  of 
Shakspeare's  plays  by  Schlegel  and  Tieck,  edited 
by  Prof.  A.  Brand],  who  has  supplied  prole- 
gomena, and  also  an  introduction  to  each  play, 
and  has  indicated  in  the  foot-notes  obvious 
errors  in  the  translation,  which  he  has  rightly 
printed  as  Tieck  left  it. 


SHAKSPEAKEAN   BIOGRAPHY. 

Shakespeare,  Puritan  and  Recusant.  By  the 
Rev.  T.  Carter.  (Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier.) 
— Another  book  has  been  written  about  Shak- 
speare.  Had  the  author  compressed  and  verified 
his  material,  it  might  have  made  an  interesting 
magazine  article.  Spun  out  into  a  volume  as  it 
is,  both  matter  and  manner  provoke  serious  criti- 
cism. Pursuing  one  idea  rather  than  the  whole 
truth,  the  author  considers  the  early  form  of 
Puritanism  in  power  in  the  first  half  of  Eliza- 
beth's reign,  when  John  Shakspeare  rose  into 
fortune,  as  a  servant  of  the  Town  Council 
distinguishing  himself  by  the  destruction  of 
Popish  decorations,  and  as  the  head  of  that 
Council  by  severity  towards  his  Roman  Catholic 
fellow  townsman  Robert  Perrot.  He  further 
considers  the  legislation  of  1580-1594  as  chiefly 
directed  against  Puritans  rather  than  Roman- 
ists, under  which  influence  .John  Shakspeare 
retired  from  public  life,  transferred  his  property 
to  what  he  considered  the  safe  keeping  of 
friends,  and  finally  was  enrolled  for  non-attend- 
ance at  church,  not  as  a  Catholic  recusant,  but 
as  a  Puritan  Nonconformist.  The  proofs,  such 
as  they  are,  concern  the  poet's  father  rather 
than  himself.    But  Mr.  Carter  further  considers 


that  William  Shakspeare  quotes  Holy  Scrip- 
ture in  an  exact  manner  that  could  only  have 
been  acquired  in  a  Bible-reading  home,  and 
that  he  takes  his  quotations  always  from 
the  Geneva  version  favoured  by  Puritans. 
Warwickshire  he  supposes  to  have  been  essen- 
tially a  Puritan  county,  under  the  guidance  of 
the  notable  Puritans  the  Earls  of  Warwick  and 
Leicester.  He  does  not  remember  that  the 
first  victims  of  the  new  legislation  and  Royal 
Commission  were  the  Warwickshire  Roman 
Catholics,  Edward  Arden  and  John  Somerville, 
in  1583,  and  that,  indeed,  after  the  Northern 
rising  of  1569,  all  the  so-called  Catholic  plots 
were  somehow  connected  with  that  county.  In 
details  that  might  have  been  called  minor,  had 
they  not  been  used  as  important  links  in  his 
chain,  we  may  note  further  a  few  of  the  more 
patent  errors.  The  author  imagines  that  John 
Shakspeare,  in  right  of  his  wife,  was  heir-at- 
law  of  the  whole  of  the  Snitterfield  estate, 
instead  of  one-sixth  of  two  parts  thereof. 
"How  does  Robert  Webbe  fare  at  the  hands 
of  the  new  owner,  John  Shakespeare  i  "  He 
does  not  seem  to  know  that  the  husband  of 
John's  wife's  sister  is  the  Alexander  Webbe  who, 
with  his  son  Robert,  bought  up  the  shares  of 
the  other  Arden  sisters,  one  of  whom  had  mar- 
ried Thomas  Stringer.  He  also  imagines  that 
there  was  only  one  John  Shakspeare  in  Sfcrat- 
ford-on-Avonat  the  time,  instead  of  four.  Some 
of  the  recorded  notices  might  well  apply  to 
John  of  Ingon,  John  of  Clifford  Chambers,  or 
to  John  of  Stratford  -  on  -  Avon,  shoemaker, 
who  left  the  town  shortly  after  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy  drew  up  his  second  list  of  recusants. 
Mr.  Carter  finds  in  Lucy's  oppression  of  his 
faiher  for  Puritanism  the  root  of  Shakspeare's 
animus.  He  calls  Sir  Thomas  a  renegade  and 
a  traitorous  justice  of  the  peace,  because  he  once 
had  hob-nobbed  with  a  Puritan  Council,  and 
afterwards  had  carried  out  the  queen's  orders  in 
repressing  Puritanism.  It  is  true  that  Lucy's 
religion  was  that  of  the  Vicar  of  Bray  ;  but  if 
such  hard  names  were  justly  applied  to  him  on 
that  account,  they  might  with  equal  justice  have 
been  applied  to  half  the  people  of  England.  The 
hob-nobbing  referred  to  was  a  complimentary 
dinner  given  by  the  Town  Council  to  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  Sir  Fulke  Greville,  Mr.  Clement  Throg- 
morton,  and  Mr.  Goodeare  (p.  72).  Mr.  Clement 
Throgmorton  had  sprung  from  a  strongly  Roman 
Catholic  family,  and  Mr.  Goodeare,  at  least,  was 
still  a  Romanist,  and  was  shortly  afterwards 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  favouring  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots.  The  author  asserts  that  "  there 
can  be  no  two  opinions  about  the  heinousness 
of  deer-stealing,"  therein  showing  his  ignorance 
of  contemporary  literature  and  even  of  statutory 
language  on  the  subject.  He  accepts  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy — such  is  the  power  gossip  gains  by  repe- 
tition —  as  the  original  of  Justice  Shallow, 
and  "confirms"  his  opinion  by  a  quota- 
tion from  the  chronicles  of  the  Lucy  family 
to  the  effect  that  the  Earl  of  Leicester  and 
Sir  Thomas  Lucy  were  not  on  friendly  terms, 
and  that  to  please  the  earl  Shakspeare  wrote 
'The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  and  took  off 
Sir  Thomas  as  Justice  Shallow.  But  Leicester 
was  dead  before  Shakspeare  began  to  write 
plays,  and  had  lain  in  his  grave  more  than  ten 
years  before  '  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  ' 
was  invented  !  But  for  this  absurdity  we  might 
have  treated  several  other  of  the  author's  dates 
as  mere  proof-errors.  After  all,  does  anything 
he  says  prove  Shakspeare  a  Puritan  1  The 
Rev.  Oswald  Dykes,  in  his  prefatory  note  to 
the  book,  remarks  justly  : — 

"Ko  critic  has  been  able  from  his  writings  to 
infer  with  confidence  to  which  side  the  poet's  con- 
victions inclined.  It  is  a  singular  instance  how  the 
imaginative  artist,  moving  in  the  elemental  region 
of  human  passion,  and  breathing  the  serener  air  of 
poetic  inspiration,  may  hold  his  art  aloof  from  the 
storms  which  agitate  the  age." 
Mr.  Carter,  as  we  have  seen,  has  tried  to  con- 
travene this.  In  his  attempt  to  make  facts  fit 
a  theory  he  has  ignored  one  point.     The  body 


he  names  Puritan  itself  consisted  of  various 
parties  ;  but  if  there  was  any  question  on  which 
tney  were  all  agreed  it  may  be  taken  to  be  an 
opinion  on  the  iniquity  of  the  stage  and  the 
heiiiousness  of  play  -  acting.  A  consistent 
Puritan  would  have  starved  rather  than  have 
made  a  fortune  out  of  a  theatre  and  invested 
the  half  of  it  in  church  tithes. 

Shxkespeare  the  Boy.  By  William  James 
Rolfe,  Litt.D.  (Chatto  &  Windus.)— Under 
this  attractive  title  Dr.  Rolfe  has  put  together 
a  great  many  interesting  notes  regarding  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  other  centuries  before 
and  since,  to  illustrate  the  surroundings  of  our 
great  dramatist,  especially  in  his  youth.  We 
really  know  nothing  about  Shakspeare's  early 
years  except  through  the  records  of  his  baptism 
and  marriage,  but  it  is  quite  permissible  to 
collect  facts  and  draw  inferences  from  them, 
especially  when  these  are  supported  by  allusions 
in  his  plays  and  poems.  Dr.  Rolfe  is  decidedly 
happy  in  fitting  allusions  to  facts,  and  in  ex- 
plaining the  meaning  of  words  through  con- 
temporary customs.  Young  people  ought  to 
learn  much  from  this  little  volume,  and,  what  is 
better,  acquire  a  sympathetic  insight  into  Shak- 
speare's education  and  experience.  Some  of 
their  elders  too,  as  Dr.  Rolfe  desires, 
may  be  interested.  A  set  of  well  -  selected 
illustrations  of  people  and  places  associated 
somehow  with  Shakspeare,  including  two  fancy 
portraits  of  himself  as  a  boy  ;  a  few  pages  of 
notes,  sometimes  sufficiently  full  for  elder  folks, 
sometimes  too  incomplete  even  for  boys ;  a  short 
index,  and  a  chapter  of  advice  as  to  the  order  in 
which  the  plays  ought  to  be  studied,  complete 
256  pages  of  small  octavo,  making  in  all  a  con- 
venient and  generally  trustworthy  handbook. 
But  we  can  hardly  let  it  pass  without  some 
strictures.  Long  verbatim  quotations  fre- 
quently appear  therein  from  various  authors 
who  have  already  written  on  the  subjects  treated. 
One,  from  Mr.  Knight's  '  Biography  of  Shak- 
spere,'  alone  runs  into  five  pages  of  letterpress. 
When  quotations  are  not  printed  in  extenso,  the 
references  are  frequently  very  indefinitely  given. 
Exactitude  is  a  virtue,  even  for  boys  ;  and  if 
any  one  of  Dr.  Rolfe's  boy-readers,  possess- 
ing this  virtue,  wished  to  verify  a  state- 
ment, it  would  be  hard  indeed  for  him 
to  trace  it  from  such  references  as  the 
following:  "A  writer  in  1651  says,"  &c.  ; 
"  A  manuscript  in  the  British  Museum  contains 
the  notes,"  &c.  ;  "  In  a  Manuscript  Record 
of  the  Expenses  of  the  Royal  Household, 
1  Henry  VIII.,"  &c.;  "  The  title  of  one  edition 
runs  thus,"  &c.  ;  "A  certain  master  of 
St.  Albans  School  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century,"  &c.  ;  "The  good  lady  who  founded 
the  Nottingham  Grammar  School  in  1513 "  ; 
"John  Shakespeare  became  owner  of  the 
Henley  Street  house  some  time  before  1590  "  ; 
"An  old  epigram  about  the  Bear  Sackerson  " 
(why  not  give  date  and  author?);  "We  infer 
from  certain  passages  in  the  plays  that  Shake- 
speare had  read  Scot's  book  on  '  The  Discoverie 
of  Witchcraft.'"  Which  passages  in  which 
plays?  And  from  these  might  we  not  also 
infer  that  he  had  read  a  book  much  more 
important  to  him — the  '  Demonologie  '  of  King 
James  I.  ?  Besides  being  vague,  the  statements 
are  sometimes  confusing.  For  instance,  while 
collecting  allusions  from  Shakspeare's  plays, 
Dr.  Rolfe  gives  lines  from  '  The  Bachelor's 
Banquet,'  with  no  suggestion  that  this  was  not 
also  written  by  Shakspeare  (p.  83).  One  set 
of  phrases  may  be  noted  :  ' '  Burton,  in  his 
'Anatomy  of  Melancholy'  (1621)"  (p.  90); 
"Burton,  in  his  'Anatomy  of  Melancholy,' 
published  in  1660"  (p.  127)  ;  "Of  this  famous 
work,  written  by  Robert  Burton  (1577-1640) " 
(p.  219)  A  boy  could  hardly  be  expected  to 
have  a  clear  notion  of  the  date  of  publication 
of  Burton's  book  from  these  figures.  Again  : 
"William  Warner  was  the  translator  of  the 
'  Mensechmi '  of  the  Latin  dramatist  Plautus 
(1595),  on  which  Shakespeare  founded  the  plot 


498 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


of  the  '  Comedy  of  Errors.'  "  Now  could  a  boy 
guess  from  tliis  whether  Shakspeare  borrowed 
from  the  Latin  or  the  English  translation  ?  If 
the  latter,  what  is  he  to  make  of  the  fact  that 
Shakspeare's  play  was  performed  in  December, 
1594  ?  This  conundrum  is  always  proposed  by 
the  Baconians,  and  it  is  well  to  be  clear  about 
it.  It  would  have  aided  understanding  if  a  note 
had  been  added  that  a  translation  was  licensed 
to  Thomas  Creede  on  June  10th,  1594,  as 
we  may  see  in  the  Stationers'  Registers. 
In  the  note  upon  "  Arden  "  Dr.  Rolfe  states 
that  "there  was  a  forest  in  Warwickshire  of 
that  name,  as  well  as  in  the  north-east  of 
France."  There  is  a  French  department  called 
Ardennes,  but  one  has  to  cross  the  border  into 
Belgium  to  find  the  forest  of  that  name  alluded 
to  by  Byron  while  describing  the  preparations 
for  the  battle  of  Waterloo  : — 

And  Ardennes  waved  above  tbem  her  green  leaves. 

"In  1675  New  Place  was  sold  again,  and  ulti- 
mately was  repurchased  by  the  Clopton  family." 
This    is   not    strictly   correct.     Lady    Barnard, 
Shakspeare's     grand  -  daughter,    left    Edward 
Bagley,  her  executor,  power  to  sell  New  Place 
when  her  husband  should  die.     This  he  sold  in 
1675  to  Edward  Walker,  xcho  did  not  sell  hut  left 
it  "to   his  dear  daughter  and  her  husband.  Sir 
John  Clopton,"  in  1676-7.     The  indefinite  allu- 
sions to   towns   that  sold   their  Bibles  to  buy 
bears  are  not  fully  substantiated,  even  in  the 
notes.     It  is  also  confusing,  in  a  consideration 
of  the  boyhuod  of  Shakspeare,  to  overlap  dates 
so  much.     The  superstition  of  "the  evil  eye' 
is  explained  from   accounts  in  1793  and   1839, 
and   the   state    of   Chapel  Lane   during   Shak- 
speare's residence  described  from  writers  two 
centuries  after  date.     Even  Brinsley's  book  on 
education  was  written  between  thirty  and  forty 
years   after   the    date    of   Shakspeare's   school- 
days— years   of   rapid   change,    so  that   it   can 
hardly    be    treated    as    strictly    contemporary. 
Occasionally   the  references    are  omitted    alto- 
gether.    The  chapter  on  "  What  Shakespeare 
Learnt  at  School  "  follows  the  same  lines  as  an 
article  with   the   same   title   by  Prof.  Thomas 
Baynes     in     Fraser's     Magazine,     November, 
1879,   but  this   is   not  mentioned.     Dr.    Rolfe 
also    treats     some    subjects    as    accepted    that 
are    still    under    discussion,    as,    "It    is    not 
likely  that  Shakspeare  was  ever  in  Scotland." 
The  description  of  Macbeth's  castle  is  supposed 
to  have  been  taken   from  Warwick  or   Kenil- 
worth.      There   are    several    such    statements 
made   concerning   Sir  Thomas   Lucy:    "Some 
critics  have  endeavoured  to  'prove  that  there  was 
no  deer-park  at  Charlecote  at  the  time."     Now 
critics  do  not  require  to  "  endeavour  to  prove  " 
what  facts  prove  for  them.     If  Shakspeare  was 
determined  to  steal  Lucy's  deer,  he  would  have 
required  to  have  gone  beyond  his  jurisdiction. 
Lucy's  only  deer-park  was  that  of  his  wife   in 
Worcestershire.    If  Shakspeare  had  been  caught 
in  other  people's  parks  there  would  have  been 
surely  some  trace  of  a  prosecution.     Dr.  Rolfe 
is  rather  apt  to  say  that  little  is  known  about 
persons    whom  students  of  the  time  consider 
relatively  well  known,  such   as    Drayton    and 
Stubbes.     He  does  not   seem   to  know  of  the 
dramatic    tastes     of     Richard    Mulcaster,    the 
schoolmaster,  or  that  his  "children"  often  per- 
formed plays  in  the  royal  presence,  for  which 
he  was  duly  paid  (see  Accounts  of  the  Treasurer 
of  the  Chamber,  Public  Record  Office).     But  in 
spite  of  these  and  similar  deficiencies,  the  book 
is   a   useful   one — concise,    suggestive,  and  im- 
partial, and  well  worthy  of  being  read  by  old 
and  young. 


^ramatir  dxrsKijf. 


The  concluding  piece  of  what  is  called  the 
triple  bill  at  the  Avenue  consisted  of  a  sub- 
marine musical  fantasy  by  (Mr.  ?)  Gayer 
Mackay,  entitled  'The  Mermaid.'  It  is  a 
wearisome    entertainment    of    song,    spectacle, 


and    dance,    in    which    some    competent    actors 
are  seen  to  the  least  conceivable  advantage. 

Upon  its  revival  at  the  Princess's  '  Two 
Little  Vagabonds,'  the  workmanlike  adaptation 
of  '  Les  Deux  Gosses,' has  lost  the  services  of 
Miss  Sydney  Fairbrother,  whose  Wally  was 
perhaps  the  most  noteworthy  feature  in  pre- 
vious performances.  Miss  Fairbrother's  part 
is  now  taken  by  Miss  Beryl  Mercer,  who  has 
played  it  in  the  country.  Miss  Kate  Tyndall 
repeats  her  pleasing  impersonation  of  Dick,  and 
Mr.  Ernest  Leicester  and  Miss  Geraldine  Oliffe 
reappear  as  George  and  Marion  Thornton. 

Miss  Ada  Rehan  duly  made  her  appearance 
at  the  Grand  Theatre  on  Monday  as  Rosalind, 
supported  by  other  members  of  the  Daly  Com- 
pany. During  the  latter  portion  of  the  week 
she  has  been  seen  as  Katherine  in  '  The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew.' 

The  St.  James's  Theatre  will  reopen  on  the 
25th  inst.  with  Mr.  Carton's  new  play,  'The 
Tree  of  Knowledge.' 

Mrs.  Oscar  Berinoer's  clever  and  not  quite 
satisfactory  sketch  'A  Bit  of  Old  Chelsea,'  first 
produced  in  February  at  the  Court,  has  been 
revived  at  the  Royalty  with  Miss  Annie  Hughes 
in  her  original  part  of  the  heroine,  and  with 
Mr.  C.  J.  Bell  as  the  hero,  first  played  by 
Mr.  E.  Maurice.  Miss  Hughes's  performance 
remains  admirable. 

The  Elizabethan  Stage  Society  promise  re- 
vivals of  Ford's  'Broken  Heart,'  Middleton 
and  Rowley's  'Spanish  Gipsy,'  Ben  Jonson's 
'Sad  Shepherd,'  and  a  play  unnamed  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher.  The  season  will  begin  on 
November  2nd  with  a  performance  at  the 
Mansion  House  of  'The  Tempest,'  by  invita- 
tion of  the  Lord  Mayor. 

Before  starting  in  January  for  a  long  tour 
in  the  colonies,  Mr.  Wilson  Barrett  will  revive 
at  the  Lyric  '  The  Silver  King '  and  other 
favourite  pieces. 

'Never  Again,'  the  American  piece  which 
at  the  Vaudeville  will  replace  on  Monday  '  A 
Night  Out,'  was  given  preliminarily  last  Monday 
in  Birmingham. 

The  presentation  at  the  Renaissance  Theatre 
in  Paris  of  'Service  Secret,' an  adaptation  by 
M.  Pierre  Decourcelle  of  the  '  Secret  Service ' 
of  Mr.  Gillette,  which  long  held  possession  of 
the  Adelphi,  has  proved  a  failure. 

The  death  is  reported  of  Dr.  Richard 
Hodermann,  an  expert  in  the  dramatic  history 
of  Germany  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  the 
historian  of  the  Gotha  Hof theater.  He  died 
on  September  15th  at  Gotha,  of  which  town  he 
was  a  native. 


To  Correspondents.— J.  H.  R. — G.  &  B— received. 

B.  O. — Next  week. 

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By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B  A  F  R  A.S. 

"  Well  adapted  to  accomplish  their  purpose." 

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Btory.  Coming  to  more  modern  times,  'The  Deeds  of  Wellington,' 
*  Inkermann,'  and  '  Halaklava '  are  excellently  well  said  and  sung.  As  a 
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THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 


Last  Week's  ATHENJEU31  contains  Articles  on 
The  CENTENARY  BURNS. 
MAJOR  HUME'S  SIR  WALTER  RALEGH. 
MR.  ARTHUR  SYMONS'8  POETRY'. 
The  DUTCH  CHURCH  in  LONDON. 
The  ROXBURGHE  BALLADS. 
NEW  NOVELS:— 'The  Pomp  of  the  Lavilettes',  'The  Gods  Arrive'; 

'A  Fair  Deceiver';  'A  Child  in  the    Pemple';  'Sheilah  McLeod ' ; 

'  I.,awrence  Clavering ' ;   '  Daughters  of  the  City ' ;   '  Forbidden  by 

Law';  'The  Devil's  Daughter.' 
FOREIGN  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
SHORT  STORIES. 
TRANSLATIONS. 
ORIENTAL  PHILOLOGY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 
The   'EVERSLEY   WORDSWORTH';   The  AUTUMN   PUBLISHING 

SEASON. 

Also — 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE :— Books  on  Natural  History;  Meetings;  Gossip. 
FINE  ARTS  :— Books  on  Painting  and  Sculpture  ;  Gossip. 
MUSIC— The  Week  ;  Gossip ;  Performances  Next  Weelt. 
DRAMA— Books  on  Actors  and  Acting  ;  Gossip. 


The  ATIIENMUM for  September  25  contains  Articles  on  — 
GREECE  in  the  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 
PROF.  KNIGHT'S  WORDSWORTH. 
GREEK  PAPYRI  from  EGYPT. 
MR.   H    D.  TKAILL'S  ESSAY'S. 
The  BIBLE  and  its  TRANSMISSION. 
NEW  NOVELS  :— 'The  Martian';  'Jetsam  ':  'On  the  Knees  of  the  Gods ': 

'Priscmersof  Conscience'  '  Lady  Rosalind  ;  'The  Plagiarist';  'The 

Rip's  Redemption  ' ;  '  A  Girl's  Awakening  ' ;  '  A  Man's  Undoing ' ; 

'The  Invisible  Man";  'Fortune's  Footballs.' 
ANTIQUARIAN  LITERATURE. 
ANTHOLOGIES. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 
The   ETYMOLOGY  of  "CREASE";  TENNYSON   BIBLIOGRAPHY; 

The  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

Also — 
LITERARY  GOSSIP. 
SCIKNCE  :— Roger  Bacon's  Opus  Majus  ;  Library  Table  ;  Astronomical 

Notes;  Gossip. 
FINE  ARTS  :— Life  of  Frederick  Walker ;  Gos.sip. 
MUSIC :— Hereford  Festival ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip. 
DRAMA  :— The  Week  :  Gossip. 


The  ATHENASUM for  September  18  contains  Articles  on 

A  REPRINT  of  DARLEY'S  NEPENTHE. 

The  CONGO  ST.VIE. 

NEW  C.Vl'ALOGUES  of  PERSIAN  MSS. 

The  SACRED  HISTORY  of  8ULPICIUS  SEVERUS. 

MR.  WHYMPERS  GUIDE  to  ZERMATT  and  the  MATTERHORN. 

NEW  NOVELS:— 'The  Claim  of  Anthony  Lockhart';  '  A  Sweet  Sinner'; 
■  Merely  Players  ';  '  When  Passions  Rule.' 

BOOKS  of  TRAVEL. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

BOOKS  for  the  YOUNG. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

The  ETYMOLOGY  of  "CREASE  ";  The  CONGRESS  of  ORIENTAL- 
ISTS; The  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON;  TENNYSON 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Also — 

LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

RICHARD  HOLT  HUTTON. 

SCIENCE  :— Pioneers  of  Evolution  ;  Medical  Books  ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS  :— Miintz  on  Tuscany  ;  Library  Table  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— Hereford  Festival ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA  :— The  Week  ;  Gossip. 


The  ATHENMUM  for  September  11  contains  Articles  on 

AN  OLD  SOLDIER'S  REMINISCENCES. 

LUTHER'S  PRIMARY  WORKS  in  ENGLISH. 

WOMAN  under  the  ENGLISH  LAW. 

A  FRENCH  WRITER  on  POSITIVISM. 

SOME  BOOKS  on  DANTE. 

SIB  GEORGE  ROOKE'S  JOURNAL. 

NEW  NOVELS:— '  Liza  of  Lambeth'  ;  'A  Rash  Verdict';  'Stapleton's 
Luck';  'The  Choir  Invisible';  '  A  Welsh  Singer' ;  'Seeing  Him 
'Through';  "The  Coming  of  C'hloe  ' ;  Lady  Mary's  Experiences '; 
'  The  Type-writer  Girl.' 

PLAUTINE  LITERATURE. 

LOCAL  HISTORY'. 

SCANDINAVIAN  PHILOLOGY. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

The  ALLEGED  BIGAMY  of  THOMAS  PERCY  ;  LADY  ARABELLA 
STUART;  SIR  THOMAS  MALORY;  The  CONGRESS  of  ORIEN- 
TALISTS; 'The  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON;  PSEUDO- 
DICKENS  RARITIES. 

Also — 

LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  :—Capt.  Cook's 'Voyages;  Botanical  Literature  ;  Astronomical 
Notes;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS :— Pliny  on  the  History  of  Art ;  Library  Table  ;  Strafford 
Portraits  ;  The  Tomb  of  David  ;  Gossip. 

MUSIC:— The  Week  ;  Library  'Table  ;  Gossip. 

DRAMA:— The  Week;  Library  Table ;  Gossip. 


TBE  ATHENMUM,  EVERY  SATURDAY, 

PRICE  THREEPENCE,  OF 

JOHN     C.     FRANCIS, 

Athenteum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane, 
E.C.    and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 


(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  containn— 

NOTES  :— First  Folio  Shakspeare— Chaucer's  "  Stilbon  "— .Shakspcarian 

ReUc«  —  "  Mynyd    Agned"  —  Street    Sayings  —  Advertisements  in 

Books  —  Prenzie  Angelo  —  .ShortaKe— 'Theobalds    Road — Vanishing 

London—"  Stolen  my  thunder  " — Empire  and  Republic— Dryasdust. 

QUERIES  :— References  Wanted—"  Head-poll  "— "  Coager"— "  Clyten  " 
— 'Tour  in  Ireland — "  All  his  family  under  his  hat" — Merchant  Adven- 
turers—Picture  at  Davaar— '  Pygmalion  in  Cyprus  '—Anne  Manning 
—Bow  Church,  Cheapside— 'The  A.V.  and  the  ^'ulgat*—"  Grand  Old 
Man"— Family  of  Bacon— '  Builder's  Guide '—J  Wilkinson— "  la 
Armathanus  "—Fraternity  of  Genealogists— De  Mandeville  :  Claver- 
ing— Juxon. 

REPLIES  :— Heraldic  Augmentations— 'Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau ' 
—Apropos — Stalls  in  'Theatres— Walpole  and  his  Editors— " 'Tally- 
ho  "—' Nature ' :  '"The  Bible  of  Nature' — Bookbinding— "Cooper" — 
Twenty-four  Hour  Dials — Musical  Boxes— 'Austria  as  it  is' — 'I'he 
Last  Supper— Green  Table— Wreaths  and  Garlands— Scottish  Coins — 
Montague— Pre-Reforraation  Uses — Miss  Wallis— Cakes— Wonderful 
Word  — Chelmsford  Murder —"  Havclock  "  —  "  Feer  and  Flet  "— 
"Glaizer":  "  Venetians  "—Johnston  of  Whamphray— Slipper  Bath 
— Escallop  Shell  in  Heraldry— East  Windows— Prinzivalle  ai  Cembino 
—Characters  in  Dickens— "Ken  "—Physicians  of  Last  Century—"  All 
my  eye." 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :  —  ' Boxburghe  Ballads,'  Part  XXV.  —  Savage's 
'  Registers  of  stratford-on-Avon  '—'The  Month's  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


LAST  WEEKS  NVMBER  (October  -2)  contains— 

NOTES:- Roodof  Cockerham— Host  Eaten  by  Mice— Chaucer  Family 
— 'Two  Donkeys— Inventor  of  Billiards- Exploded  Tradition — Loose 
Quotation-"  Hattue  " — Epitaph  on  Earl  of  Oxford— Palmeraton  and 
Dante— Remarkable  Discovery— Arnold  of  Rugby- Ethnology  of 
Trades. 

QUERIES  :— '  The  Counter-rat '— "  Stag  of  the  first  head  "—Sea  Ser- 
geants—J  Dobson-  Motto  of  the  College  of  Surgeons— Kensington 
Canal— Bamborough  Castle— De  Slotres.  &c  —Endorsement  of  Parlia- 
mentary Bills— Kilpeck  Church— Leaden  Water-pipes — "'Thee  "  and 
"'Thou" — •■ 'Tanribogus" — "  Milord  " —  Glass  Fracture  —  'In  Camp 
and  Cantonment' — ■■Two  is  company" — Brutton  Family— Stevens 
Family  —  Earthenware  Water-pipes  —  "Widow  of  the  late"  — 
"  Diaper  "  — Walter  Cromwell's  Descendants  — 'The  Devil  — Scart 
Soup — Moncada  Family— Chapel  Colney— How — Cassiter  Street. 

REPLIES:- Daily  Service  in  Churches— Miss  Vandenhoff—"  Gondola 
of  London  "—Monson— Women's  Pockets — "Does  the  sun  put  out 
the  fire  ?" — B.  Sorope— Enid — Poetry — Mayhew— Armorial — Jones, 
the  Regicide— Hay  in  Church  Aisles— Cammization— Hand  of  Glory 
— "My,""  His." applied  to  Authors— Royal  Dole  for  Triplets— Gild- 
hall— Local  Phrases- "God  geometrizes  "— City  Names  In  Stow's 
'Survey' — "Jemmy"  —  Newspaper  Cuttings  — Cockney  Dialect— 
"Kingale  "—Author  Wanted— Flags— 'Hung"  or  '  Hanged"? 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  ;  — Henley  and  Henderson's  'Poetry  of  Robert 
Burns '— Heckethorn's  '  Printers  of  Basle  '— EngcTs  '  William  Shake- 
speare '— Macray's  •  Magdalen  College  Register.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


THE  NUMBER  FOR  SEPTEMBER  25  contains— 

NOTES:— Heraldic  Augmentations— C.  F.  Blackburn— Gillian  of  Croy" 
don— Binding  of  Magazines— Record  Gravedigger— J.  Bird— Bagman 
Roll—"  Rest,  but  ilo  not  loiter  "—Conveyance  of  Troops— "  Nether 
Heedum  "—St  Augustine's  Landing-place— Parish  Registrar  circa 
Cromwell— Russian  French— Hollington  Church. 

QUERIES:— "Cloit"—" Light  of  our  salvation"— The  Wandering  Jew 

—  Nonsense  Verses  —  "  Blackberry  Gatherers  '  —  Armorial— -Latin 
Quotation  —  St  Cowsland  —  Ai-abella  Feiinor — BiJvesiers- 'Eikon 
Basilike '  —  Popocatepetl  —  Juvenile  Authors  —  Howth  Castle  — 
"  Rypeck  "-Brass  Seal. 

REPLIES ;— Miss  Fairbrother— Due  d'Epernon — Luther  Family  in 
Essex— Mr.  A.  Ballantyne— Chess  and  the  Devil— Grub  Street- 
Red.  Whit^,  Blue— "Careerin"  — Folk-lore— Military  Banners— 
'Tradition  at  St  Crux— Armorial  China— Physicians  of  Last  Century 

—  Cheney  Gate —Bishopric  of  Ossory— Peter  'Thellussou— Baron 
Perryn- .Skelton-Slr  W.  Hendley— Felling  Bridge— O.  W.  Holmes 
and  "  Pry  "—City  Names— Sinai  Palimpsest— Counsels  of  Perfection 
-Green's  '  Guide  to  the  Lakes  '—Poem  by  'Tennyson— History  of 
Huntingdon— Swifts,  Sparrows,  and  Starlings— "  Rounded  "—'De 
Imitatione  Christ!'  —  -'Apparata" — Plantagenet— "  Who  fears  to 
speak  of  '98 ?"—" Making  Burghers"— "Obey "  in  Marriage  Service 
— Authors  Wanted. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Smith  s  '  Expeditions  of  Henry  IV.  to  Prnssia  and 
the  Holy  Land '—Roydss  'Parish  Registers  of  Felkirk '— Waylen's 
'  House  of  Cromwell  '—Venn's  '  Gonville  and  Cains  College  '— 
Hempl's  '  Gt-rman  Orthography  and  Phonology  '—Law's  'Archpriest 
Controversy '— '  The  Queen's  London '— Fraser's  '  Waterloo  Ball.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


THE  NUMBER  FOR  SEPTEMBER  18  contains— 
NOTES  :—Ashburnham  House -First  Folio  Shakspeare -'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography'  Notes— Yellow  Springs  of  the  Underworld- 
Wreaths  and  Garlands— '  Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau'— 'Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Nuts  to  Crack '— "  All  alive  "'—Oakham  Castle. 

QUERIES:- "Shall"  and  "  Will  "— Portrait-Horset— Manor  of  Leny 
-Signification  of  Bas-reliefs— Gondola  of  London— "The  Forty-tifth 
Laddie  —Quotation  by  Carlyle— Old  Church— ■  Shrub  of  Parnassus ' 
—J  B  Vrints— Device  on  Seal— "  Rainfall  "  of  Seeds— Stalls  in 
Theatres-' The  Chimes '—Launch  of  Man-of-war— Davis  Family— 
Dr.  S.  Ford— Quotation  in  Longfellow— "Pure  Well "— Bozier's 
Court. 

REPLIES  :— Counties  of  England— Life  of  St.  Alban-Curfew— Forests 
and  Chases— Flags— Women's  False  Pockets- 'The  Dove— "  Hell  is 
paved  with  good  intentions  "—"  Havelock  "— Builinghame-Crom- 
lechs—Chappallan— Oldest  Trees- Songs  on  Sports— Angels  as  Sup- 
porters—Carrick-S  HutTam— Robins,  Auctioneer— Livery  Lists— 
A  -S.  Manuscripts— Port  Royal  Inscription— Epitaph— St.  Patrick- 
Longest  Words  in  English— Helm— Alius  Severus— "  With  a  wet 
finger  "—"  Droo"  —  Remains  of  Lord  Byron  —  Burning  Bush — 
"  Snipers"-'  Gurges"  — Butter  at  Wedding  Feasts  —  Politician- 
Foster  of  Bamborough  — Gentleman  Porter— "  Cooper "— Postage 
Stamps  Reversed— H.  J.  H.  Martin— Enid— Church  Row,  Hampstead 
—County  Council  English— Great  Clock,  Rouen. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  :— Jackson's  '  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Oxford 
—Firth's  'Clarke  Papers' —  Lewis's  'Pedes  Finium '—'Edmund 
Routledge's  Date-Book.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 


Price  id,  each  ;  by  post,  i^d,  each. 


PubUshed  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G. 


N°  3650,  Oct.  9,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


W.    THACKER    &    CO/S 

Nexv  Publications  for  the  Autumn 
of  1897. 

A  NEW  VOLUME  OF  REMINISCENCES. 
^'^^^\^.-^:.  KEKNE'S  New  Book,  <  A  SERVANT  of  "JOHN 
tUMl:'ANy,  will  certainly  Jippearata  moment  when  India 
engrosses  a  more  than  usually  large  share  of  public  interest. 
Anything  from  the  pungent  pen  of  the  author  of  '  Sketches 
in  Indian  Ink  '  is  sure  to  be  worth  reading."— /)ai7y  Netcs 

A  SERVANT  of  "  JOHN  COMPANY  " 

(The  Hon.  East  India  Company).  Being  the  Kecollec- 
tions  of  an  Indian  OflRcial,  by  H.  G.  KBENB,  CLE. 
Hon  M.A.,  Author  of  'Sketches  in  Indian  Ink,'  &c. 
With  a  Frontispiece  Portrait  of  the  Author,  and  6  Full- 
Page  original  Illustrations  by  W.  Simpson,  of  the 
Illustrated  London  News,  from  Sketches  by  the  Author. 
Demy  8po  cloth,  gilt  top,  12s.  {Ready  this  day. 

Among  other  subjects  the  Volume  deals  with  :  Posting 
Days  in  England -Fighting  Fitzgerald-Daniel  O'Connell— 
Heminiscences of  the  Indian  Mutiny— Duelling  in  the  Army, 
and  the  part  the  late  Prince  Consort  took  in  the  Abolition  of 
the  same— Agra— Lord  Canning— Sir  Henry  Lawrence- 
Anglo-Indian  Society  in  the  Days  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany—Lord Dalhousie— Sir  H.  M.  Blliot-and  other  well- 
known  Indian  OflScials  :  interspersed  with  Original  Stories 
and  Anecdotes  ot  the  Times,  and  Appendix  on  the  Present 
Troubles  in  India. 

A  NEW  BOOK  ON  BRITISH  STOCK. 

The    BEST    BREEDS    of  BRITISH 

STOCK :  a  Practical  Guide  for  Farmers  and  Owners  of 
Live-Stock  in  England  and  the  Colonies.     By  Professors 
J.  P.   SHELDON    (late  Special   Commissioner    of    the 
Canadian  Government),  and  JAMES  LONG,  Author  of 
'British  Dairy-Farming.'      Edited  by  JOHN  WATSON, 
l.L.S.     Medium  8vo.  boards,  2s.  erf.      [Heady  this  day. 
A  useful  and  safe  guide,  written  by  well-known  authorities 
who  are  men  of  science  and  practical  farmers. 
A  NEW  WORK  ON  TACTICS. 

TACTICS:  as  applied  to  Schemes. 

By  Major  J.  SHERSTON.  D.S.O.  P.SC.  (Rifle  Brigade). 
With  an  Appendix  containing  '  Solutions  to  some  Tactical 
Schemes,  by  Capt  L.  J.  SHADWELL,  P.S.C.  (Suffolk 
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Revised  and  Enlarged,  with  7  Maps.    Demy  8vo.  9s. 

[Ready  this  day. 
...^.^.^  -     ^  N^^  MEDICAL  WORK. 

MEDICAL  HINTS  for  HOT  CLIMATES 

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INFECTIVE  DISEASES  of  ANIMALS. 

By  Captain  M.  H.  HAYES,  F.R.C.V.S.,  Author  of 
Points  of  the  Horse,"  '  Veterinary  Notes,'  &c.  Being 
Part  I.  of  the  Translation  of  Friedberger  and  Froehner's 
'Pathology  of  Domestic  Animals.'  Translated  and 
Annotated  by  Captain  M.  H.  HATES,  F  R  C  V  S 
Dr.  NEWMAN,  D.  P.  H.and  others.  In  2  vols,  medium 
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[Heady  November. 
HENRY  SULLIVAN  THOMAS,  F.L  S 

The  ROD  in  INDIA :   being  Hints 

how  to  obtain  Sport,   with   Remarks  on  the    Natural 

?iT\r7,r.°t  ^f}^  *"•*  "'^'''  Culture.  By  HENRY 
SULLIVAN  THOMAS.  F.L.S.  (Madras  Civil  Service, 
retired).  Author  of  '  Tank  Angling  in  India.'  Third 
Edition,  Revised.  With  numerous  Full-Page  and  other 
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JL^  ^°S,^  '"  '■*.*''  '""  pleasure  at  borne  as  well  as  to  nse  as  a  handbook 


THACKER'S  NEW  SIX-SHILLING  SERIES  OF 
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"ALIPH   CHEEM."— LAYS   of  IND- 

?°^;°'  Satirical  and  Descriptive  Poems,  illustrative  of 
InixUR  x\}'l^%  Illustrated  by  the  Author,  Lionel 
IngUs,  K.  A.  Sterndale,  and  others.    Tenth  Edition. 

^■pf6>A-~^ith^o^TU^ALIST  on  the 

F  R  a  s  p^  «  ^A  ^' '"Stations  by  R.  A.  Sterndale, 
Se^o^'Bdftion'-    ''""'°''    °'    'Mammalia    of    India.' 

^'i?ER^Tn'^T^^  TRIBES  on  my  FRON- 

rnT,,"  ^-^^n  Indian  Naturalist's  Foreign  Policy  With 
50  Illustrations  by  F.  C  Macrae.     Sixth  Edition 

E.H.  A -BEHIND  the  BUNGALOW 

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Forms  of  application,  and  further  particulars,  can  be  obtained  of  the 
Clerk  of  the  County  Council. 

Guildhall,  Westminster,  October  14, 1897. 


D 


ERBYSHIRE     COUNTY      COUNCIL. 


The  Technical  Education  Committee  of  the  Derbyshi'-e  County 
Council  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of  an 
ORGANIZING  SECBE'lABY  for  the  COUNTY  of  DERBY.  Salary 
350(.  for  the  first  year,  to  be  raised  by  ijl.  per  annum  to  4U0(.  ;  also  100/. 
per  annam  for  travelling  expenses.  The  age  of  applicants  must  be 
between  25  and  40.  The  olficial  appointed  must  devote  the  whole  of  his 
time  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  which  carries  no  pension,  and  may  be 
determined  by  three  months'  notice  on  either  side 

Statements  of  duties  may  be  obtained  from  me,  the  undersigned. 

Applications,  marked  "Organizing  Secretary,"  enclosing  copies 
(originals  will  not  be  returned)  of  three  testimonials,  of  recent  date, 
stating  qualifications,  must  be  sent  to  me  on  or  before  12  o'clock  at 
noon  on  Monday,  Novemher  1, 1897. 

Canvassing  in  any  form  will  be  held  a  disqualiflcation. 

N.  J   HUGHES-HaLLETT,  Clerk  of  the  County  Council 

County  Offices,  Derby,  October  6, 1897. 

'J'ECHNICAL     COLLEGE,      HUDDERSFIELD. 

The  LECTURESHIP  in  ART  is  VACANT.  Salary  250(.  per  annum. 
—Applications  must  be  sent  in  not  later  than  October  25  to  the 
PaiNciPAL.    Statement  of  duties  will  be  forwarded  on  application 

THOMAS  THORP,  Secretary. 

J)R.     WILLIAMS'    SCHOOL,    DOLGELLEY. 

uTSro^Sr^c"?  '°,?^',®  applications  for  the  appointment  of  HEAD 
MI81RESS.  Salary  150(  a  year  (to  commence  with).  Board,  Laundry 
&c.  Present  number  of  Pupils  :  Boarders,  66 ;  Pay  Scholars  35  -Appli- 
cations, accompanied  by  not  more  than  six  recent  testimonials  to  be 
sent  in  to  me  not  later  than  the  13th  prox. 

W    R.  DAVIES   Solicitor 
October  8, 1897.  Do!gelley,  Clerk  to  the  Governors 


'J'RINITY      COLLEGE,      DUBLIN. 

Dr.  RAMBAUT,  ANDREWS  PROFESSOR  of  ASTRONOMY  in  the 

H^;.\T5??Jl\"".°"'"''^  »"<'  DiREcroR  of  the  oiServatoby 
at  DUN8INK,  having  accepted  the  post  of  Radcliffe  Observerat  Oxford 
the  Provost  and  Senior  Fellows  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  and 
testimonials  from  Canmdates  for  the  post  vacated  by  Dr  Rambaut  to 
be  sent  on  or  before  November  10  to  the  REoisrata.  from  whom  infor- 
mation as  to  the  duties  and  emoluments  of  the  office  may  be  badoa 


T^HEOLOGICAL    COLLEGE,   BALA,  N.W. 

The  Committee  have  resolved  to  proceed  to  the  Election  of  a  PRO- 
FESSOR of  HEBREW  at  the  College  forthwith.  The  subjects  will  be 
the  Language,  and  Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament,  Exegesis  of  the 
Old  Testament  and  the  Contents  of  the  Bible.  Candidates  are  requested 
to  send  thirty-five  copies  of  testimonials  to  the  secretary  by  January  31, 
1898  Preference  will  be  given,  all  other  things  being  equal,  to  Welsh- 
men and  Members  of  the  Welsh  Presbyterian  Church.  Commencing 
salary  170(— Applications  to  be  sent,  by  DECEMBER  St.  1897,  to  the 
Secretary,  The  Rev.  R.  H.  MORGAN,  MA. 

Lluesty,  Upper  Bangor,  N.W. 

SOUTH  AFRICA.— Mr.  E.  W,  HANSCOMB.  re- 
presenting  Mr.  Cedric  Chivers,  10,  Bloomsbury  Street.  W.C.  is 
faking  Journey  to  Chief  Towns.  Would  be  glad  to  represent  another 
Firm.  Publishers  or  otherwise,  willing  to  pay  Commission  and  small 
part  or  local  expenses. 


H 


E 


D 


M 


S 


E      R, 


very  successful  and  rapidly  growing  PROPRIETARY  SCHOOL, 
income  over  3,000/.  per  annum,  wishes  2,000/.  increase  of  capital  to 
develope  School  and  extend  School  to  admit  applicants.  Principals 
only  dealt  with.    Highest  possible  rnferences  given. 

Apply,  first  instance,  B.A.,  care  of  Messrs.  Greenop  &  Son,  Solicitors, 
2,  Talbot  Court,  Gracechurch  Street,  E.C. 

£2  000     HF.QUIRED    by    a     FIRM    of    PUB- 

'  LISHKRSina  new  undertaking  of  great  promise.    A 

large  fortune  will  probably  be  realized.  Interview  only.- AddressBo^, 
Charles  'I'ayler  &  Co. 's  Advertisement  Offices,  151  to  157,  Fleet  Street, 
EC. 

FOR  SALE,  the  COPYRIGHT  of  an  ILLUS- 
TRATED  PUBLICATION,  showing,  by  Chartered  Accountant's 
certificate,  handsome  and  increasing  profits.  Has  a  world-wide  circula- 
tion, and  can  be  considerably  improved.  Satisfactory  reasons  for 
disposal  Every  facility  will  be  given  to  bo7ul  fide  purchasers,  and 
fullest  particulars  supplied  on  application,  in  the  first  instance  in 
writing,  to  O.  W.,  40,  Acfold  Road,  Fulhara,  S.W. 

SWITZERLAND.— HOME  SCHOOL  for  limited 
number  of  GIRLS.  Special  advantages  for  the  Study  of  Lan- 
guages, Music  and  Art.  Visiting  Professors;  University  Lectures. 
Bracing  climate :  beautiful  situation ;  and  large  grounds.  Special 
attention  to  health  and  exercise —Mlle.  Heiss,  Waldheim,  Berne. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns  —For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Pkincipj  l. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
alt  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bebvor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place 
Strand,  London.  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs  GABBIFAS, 
THRING  &  CO..  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements— 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

T  ECTURE3  on  GREEK  ART  at  UNIVERSITY 

-I  J  COLLEGE,  LONDON.  Professor  ERNEST  GARDNER  will 
Lecture  this  Term  on  'Architectural  Sculpture  and  the  Chief  Monu- 
ments of  Greece.'  on  MONDAYS,  at  4  p  m.  First  Lecture  (free)  on 
October  18.  The  Lecture  will  be  supplemented  by  Demonstrations  in 
the  British  Museum  Fee  for  Lectures  or  Demonstrations  only,  1/  Is 
each ;  for  both.  If.  Us.  Gd  -For  Prospectus  apply  to 

J.  M.  HORSbURGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 

A  COURSE  OF  SIX  LECTURES  ON  THE 

q^HEORY    and    HISTORY    of     FREE     TRADE 

■       will  be  delivered  by  ALFRED  MILNES,  M.A.  (Lond.).  under  the 
joint  auspices  of  the  Cobden  Club  and  the  National  Liberal  ('lub.  in  the 
CONFERENCE  ROOM  of  the  NATIONAL  LIBERAL  CLUB,  at  8  p  m 
on  the  SECOND  and  FOURTH  WEDNESDAYS  of  OCTOBER,  NOVEM- 
BEK,  and  DECEMBER,  1897. 

Tickets  for  the  Course  maybe  obtained  gratuitously  of  Mr.  DoNiLo 
MuRKiT,  Secretary  of  the  National  Liberal  Club  ;  Mr.  RicHAttD  Gowing 
Secretary  of  the  Cobden  Club  ;  or  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Lew,  Honorary  Secre- 
tary of  the  National  Liberal  Club  Political  Economy  Circle,  on  sufficient 
Introduction.  Cobden  Club  Certificates  will  be  awarded  on  Examination 
at  the  close  of  the  Course,  and  the  Club's  Silver  Medal  will  be  given  for 
special  proficiency. 


'l^FPE-WRITING.- MSS.,  Scientific,  and  of  all 

A  Descriptions.  Copied.  Special  attention  to  work  requiring  care 
Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-writing).  Usual  terms  —Misses 
E  B.  &  I.  Farr\n,  Hastings  House,  Norfolk-street,  Strand,  London 
(for  seven  years  of  34,  Southampton-street,  Strand). 

TYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style,    \d.   per  folio 
of  72  words.    References  to  Authors,- Miss  GLAoniNO,  23,  Lans- 
downn  Gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

I^YPE-WRITING.- Over  5,000  words  U.  per  1,000. 
Special  terms  for  larger  quantities.  M88.  carefully  Revised 
Testimonials,  Reports,  &c.,  duplicated.  Translations.— E,  Grahax 
Surrey  Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C.  ' 

I^O  AUTHORS  and  Others.— MSS.  Copied  (Type- 
written), 9<f  per  1,000  words  No  charge  for  paper  Special  terms 
for  large  quantity.- Address  Mr.  J.  G.  RooEas,  9,  Buxton  Road,  Ching- 
ford.  .         B 

'I'^YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

A  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd  per  1,000  words.— N.  Tailob, 
74.  Chanctry  Lane,  London.  Bstablished  1884.  Telephone  690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator,  London," 


NOTICE    of    REMOVAL.— Mr.    C.    L.    GILKS, 
Advertisement  Agent,  of  23,  Temple  Chambers,  has  REMOVED 
his  Offices  to  59,  FLEET  STREET,  E.C. 

'T"'HE  BUSH  LANE  HOUSE  TYPING  OFFICE  — 

X.  Authors'  MSS.,  Plays,  Legal  and  General  Copying  executed  with 
accuracy  and  despatch.  Translations  and  Shorthand  Work  of  any 
description  undertaken. — For  quotations  apply  to 

Miss  H.  D.  Wilson,  Bush  Lane,  Cannon  Street,  EC. 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,   Strand,  London.— 

kJ  Confidential  Secretary.  Miss  PErHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  Tripos. 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dutch  Translator  to  the  India  Office  Permanent 
Staff  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries  Expert  Stenographers 
and  Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work,  ^'erbatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  (Congresses.  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  Translations 
into  and  from  all  Languages  Specialitiea  :  Dutch  Translations,  Foreign 
and  Medical  Type-writing,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Libraries 
Catalogued. 
Pupils  Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 

WTH ACKER  &  CO.,  Publishers  and  Exporters, 
•  2.  Creed  Lane.  London,  E.C,  will  be  pleased  to  consider  MSS. 
in  General  Literature  with  a  view  to  publication  in  Book  Form. — 
Address  "  Publishing  Department,"  W.  Thackeb  &  Co.,  2,  Creed  Lane, 
London,  E  C 

Also  at  Calcutta,  Bombay,  and  Simla.    Established  1619. 

I^HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.  Established  1879, 
Proprietor.  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  1,  Paternoster  Bow.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements. 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors  MSS  placed 
with  Puldishers.  Ti^nsfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consultation 
free. — Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Authors  on  application  to 
Mr.  A.  M.  BuRoHKS,  Authors'  Agent,  1,  Paternoster  Row. 

9,  Hart  Street,  Bloohsburt,  Lomook. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York 
street,  Covent  Garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench.  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  publication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

H'^O    AUTHORS.  — The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

X  Limited,  15.  Victoria  Street.  Westminster,  conducted  by  Mr 
CHARLES  F.  RIDEAL,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE  MANUSCRIPTS  in  all 
Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a  view  to  Publishing  in 
Volume  Form.  Every  facility  for  bringing  Work?  before  the  Trade,  the 
Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public.  Illustrated  Catalogue,  or  copy  of 
current  Monthly  Publication  the  "QUILLDRIVER,"  post  free  on 
application. 

R     ANDERSON   &    CO.,   Advertising  Agents, 
•        14,  COCKSPUR  SFREET,  CHARING  CROSS,  8  W., 
Insert  Advertisements  in  all  Papers.  Magazines,  Ac,  at  the  lowest 
possible  prices.     Special  terms  to  Institutions,   Schools,  Publishers, 
Manufacturers,  &c.,  on  application. 

("1  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
J*  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations,  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &o.  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  E.G. 

RINTINgZTiiNWIN   BROTHERS   beg    to 

announce  that,  having  very  largely  increased  their  Plant  and 
Machinery  since  the  recent  fires,  both  in  their  London  and  Country 
Works,  they  are  now  in  a  position  to  undertake  all  kinds  of  Newspaper, 
Magazine,  or  High-Class  Illustrated  Printing.  Type  and  Machinery  being 
entirely  new.  Special  facilities  'or  Weekly  Papers. 
Address  27,  Pilgrim  Street,  E.C. 

pHOICE     and    VALUABLE      BOOKS. 

Fine  Library  Sets— Works  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson, 
&c  -First  Editions  of  the  Great  Authors  (old  and  modern)— Early 
English  Literature— Illuminated  and  other  MSS.-  Portraits— Engravings 
—Autographs. 

CATALOGUE,  just  published,  of  Engraved  British  Portraits,  Coloured 
and  other  Engmvings  of  the  Bartolozzl  School,  Early  German  Masters, 
Autographs,  &c. 

MAGGS  BROS., 
159,  Church  Street,  Paddington,  London,  W. 

Now  ready, 

CATALOGUE  of   FRENCH    BOOKS,  at  greatly 

V  I  reduced  prices.  I.  "'HILOSOPHY.  II.  RELIGION.  Ill  HIS- 
TORY. IV  POETRY,  DRAMA,  MUSIC  V.  BEAUX-ARTS.  VI. 
GEOGRAPHY.    VII.  MILirARV.    VIIL  FICl'ION. 

DULAU  Sl  CO.  37,  Soho  Square,  LondOB,  W. 


w 


NEW  CATALOGUE,  No.  21.— Drawings  by  Hunt, 
Prout.  Ue  Wint,  and  others— Turner's  Liber  Studiorum- Things 
recommended  for  study  by  Prof,  Ruskin— scarce  Ruskin  Etchings, 
Engravings,  and  Books.  Post  free.  Sixpence.- Wm.  Waho,  2,  Church 
Terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 

ILLIAMS      &      NORGATB, 

IMPORTERS  OP  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 

14,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden.  London ;  20,  South  Frederlcli 
Street,  Edinburgh ;  and  7,  Broad  Street,  Oxford. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 

OLD  and  RARE  BOOKS —FIRST  EDITIONS, 
&c  ,  FOR  SALE  —An  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  of,  Part  It., 
with  71  Reproductions  of  Plates.  Title-Pages,  &c.  Works  relating  to 
the  Civil  War  and  Cromwell,  Coaching,  Cookery,  Costume,  Queen 
Elizabeth.  Freemasonry.  Gardening— Books,  chiefly  First  Editions,  by 
Charles  Cotton,  Abraham  Cowley,  William  Cowper,  Daniel  Defoe, 
Charles  Dickens,  Dr.  John  Donne,  Michael  Drayton.  John  Dryden, 
Thomas  Durfey  John  Evelyn.  Henry  Fielding— First  Editions  of  Books 
illustrated  by  George  and  Robert  Cruikshank,  Richard  Doyle,  and 
Harry  Fumiss— and  a  large  Collection  of  curious  Facetiae  Part  II. 
8vo.  74  pp.  post  free,  is.— Pickebino  &  Cairro  66,  EUymarket,  London, 
S.W. 


506 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^'SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


E 


LLIS  &  ELVBY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Karo  Hooks.  MSS.,  and  Engravings. 

CATALOGUES  issued  at  fiequcnt  intervals. 

Libraries  Arranged.  Catalogued,  Valued,  and  Turchased. 

29,  New  Bond  Street.  London,  W. 

SOTHERANVS  PRICE  CURRENT  of  LITERA- 
TURK,  No.  5U8.  juftt  published,  containB  the  usual  Monthly 
Selection  of  pood  Hooks  and  important  Sets  ;  also  Two  Remainders  of 
considerable  interest  to  the  Liturgiologiet  and  Antiquary. 

PoBt  free  from  H.  Sotheran  &  Co.,  Booksellers,  140,  Strand,  ■\V.C., 
and  37,  riccadilly,  W. 

CHEAP  BOOKS.— THREEPENCE  DISCOUNT 
In  the  SHILLING  allowed  from  the  published  price  of  nearly 
all  New  Books,  Bibles,  Prayer-Books,  and  Annual  Volumes.  Orders 
by  post  executed  by  return.  CATALOGUES  of  New  Books  and  Re- 
mainders gratis  and  postage  free.— Gilbert  &  Field,  67,  Moorgate 
Street,  London,  EC. 

ALL  OUT-OF-PRINT  BOOKS  speedily  pro- 
cured.  Acknowledged  thenio&t  expert  Rookflnderextant,  Please 
state  wants  to  Raker's  Great  Rookshop,  Birmingham.— Rooks  Bought, 
Lent,  or  Exchanged. 

WANTED,  BOOK  with  PLATES  of  GYMNASTIC 
GROUPS  and  PYRAMIDS,  published  before  18W),  probably 
4to.  or  folio,  name  and  author  unknown.— Reply  Bre-\u's,  Booksellers, 
Bradford. 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C, 
PRODUCERS  AND  PUBLISHERS  OF 

PERMANENT    CARBON    PHOTOGRAPHS   OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART. 


'■PHR 


AUTOGRAPH   LETTERS,   &c. 
PURCHASED       A  large   Assortment  for 
Scott,  17,  Crondace  Road,  Fulhani,  S.W. 


.     Of 

Sale. 


all   kinds 

Lists  free.— 


HE 


LIBRARY       SUPPLY       CO. 


Librarians  are  inyited  te  call  or  write  for  CATALOGVE. 

CARDS. 

CARD  CABINETS. 

TRAYS. 

FILING  CASES. 

LIBRARY  ACCOUNT  BOOKS. 

PAMPHLET  CASES. 
BOOK  SUPPORTS. 
NUMBERS. 
DESKS. 
CHAIRS. 

NEWSPAPER  HOLDERS. 
&c.  &c.  &c. 

ALSO  SPECIALTIES  FOR  USE  IN  MUSEUMS. 
4,  Ave  Maria  Lane,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 

ryO  INVALIDS.— A   LIST   of   MEDICAL   MEN 

A  in  all  parts  RECEIVING  RESIDENT  PATIENTS  sent  gratis  with 
full  particulars  Schools  also  recommended —Medical,  &c..  Association, 
Limited,  8,  Lancaster  Place,  Strand,  W  C.  Telegraphic  Address,  "Tri- 
form, London."    Telephone  No.  1854,  Gerrard. 

MUDIE'S 

SELECT 

LIBRARY. 

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ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  GERMAN,  ITALIAN, 
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Catalogues  and  Price  Lists  upon  apjilication. 


The  NORWICH  SCHOOL  of  PAINT- 

ING.  A  Series  of  Plates,  printed  in  various  Colours, 
after  Cotman,  Crome,  Stark,  Vincent,  Leman,  Loiind, 
Bright,  &c.  [  H'ill  te  ready  shortly. 

The    TATE    COLLECTION 

(NATIONAL  GALLERY  of  BRITISH  ART) :  a  large 
number  of  the  Pictures  now  exhibited  at  Millbank  have 
been  published  in  Autotype,  including  the  chief  Works 
of  G.  F.  WATTS,  K.A.  Further  additions  afe  being 
made,  and  will  be  announced  shortly. 

BRITISH    ARTISTS    of   the   VIC- 

TORIAN  BRA,  from  the  recent  Guildhall  Loan  Col- 
lection.   Average  size,  18  by  15  inches.    Price  12s. 

PAINTINGS,   DRAWINGS,   and 

SCULPTURE  by  the  OLD  MASTERS.  A  large  Col- 
lection of  Permanent  Photographs  of  the  chief  treasures 
of  Art  contained  in  tlie  Public  and  Private  Collections  of 
Europe.  Paintings  and  Sculpture  in  one  uniform  size, 
price  12s.  ;  Drawings  on  the  scale  of  the  Originals  at 
prices  ranging  from  Is.  6rf.  to  10s.  each. 


AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER- PAD. 

he  LEADKNHALL  PRESS.  Ltd  ,  Publishers  and  Printers, 
.10,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  i;  C.) 
Contains    hairless    paper,    over  which   the  pen   slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    5s  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

Authors  should  note  that  The  Leadenhall  Press,  Ltd.,  cannot  be 
responsible  for  the  loss  of  .MSS.  by  tire  or  otherwise.  Duplicate  copies 
should  be  retained. 

'T'lHACKERAY      HOTEL       (Temperance), 

-L  Facing  the  British  Museum, 

GREAT  RUSSELL  STREET,  LONDON. 
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—old  Historical  and  Topographical  Prints — Caricatures  by  Gillray  and 
Rowlandson— Sporting  Subjects  after  Aiken  in  colours— Modern  Artists' 
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many  fine- and  OIL  PAINTINGS. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Library  of  the  late  T.  C.  BARING,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
WEDNE.'iDAY.  November  3,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  I  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  T  C  B.^.RING,  M.A., 
comprising  Standard  Editions  of  English  and  Foreign  Historical  and 
Biographical  Works— a  remarkable  Series  of  Early  Publications  from 
theAldineand  Elzevir  Presses— Works  on  Natural  History  and  Hotany, 
&c  .  including  Gould's  Trochilida?  —  Mammals  of  Australia  — Birds  of 
New  Guinea— Birds  of  Asia— Cussans's  Hertfordshire.  Large  Paper— Dn 
Cange.  Glossarium,  8  vols..  Best  Edition— Platonis  Opera.  Aldus,  1513 
— English  Chronicles,  28  vols,  morocco  extra — Dante  Uommedia,  I49I — 
BibnaGrrcca.  bound  by  Derome,  with  his 'Hcket, 1518— AristotelisOpera, 
6  vols  ,  Aldus.  U95-8— Thucydides.  1502,  In  fine  Inlaid  Binding  by  Hardy 
— Opusculum  de  Herone  et  Leandro  (First  Production  of  the  Aidine 
Press),  1494— Stow's  Survey,  by  Strype,  2  vols  ,  1754— Plato's  Dialogues, 
by  Jowett,  5  vols  — Grote's  Plato,  3  vols. — Miiller's  Chips  from  a  German 
Workshop,  4  vols.— Sacred  Books  of  the  East.  35  vols.— Gardiner's  Fall 
of  the  Monarchy,  Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage,  Great  Civil 
War.  England  under  Buckingham— Couch's  Fishes  of  the  British  Islands, 

4  vols  —  Kitson's  Works,  mostly  First   Editions.  29  vols— Prescott's 
Works.  15  vols.— Lowe's  Ferns,  8  vols. — Freeman's  Norman  Conquest, 

5  vols.— Yule's  Marco  Polo,  2  vols.;  the  majority  of  which  are  in  choice 
Morocco  and  Calf  Bindings,  some  with  Arms  on  sides. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Books  and  Autographs. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C  ,  on 
FRIDAY.  November  5,  at  10  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COL- 
LECTION of  BOOKS,  AUTOGRAPH  LEl'rERS,  and  DRAWINGS, 
including  Akerniann's  Westminster  Abbey— Pyne's  Royal  Residences 
—Rousseau,  CEuvres,  18  vols.,  Large  Paper— Rowlandson's  London 
Volunteer  Costumes- Facey  Romford's  Hounds,  in  Original  I'arts— 
Parham's  Ingoldsby  Legends.  3  vols..  First  Edition— Cabinet  des  T6es, 
41  vols.  —  Dodsley's  Old  Plays,  by  Hazlitt,  Large  Paper  — Kipling's 
Quartette  — Stevenson's  College  Memories  —  Works  on  the  Slavonic 
Provinces— Autograph  Letters  of  C.  J.  Fox,  E.  Burke,  J.  Wilkes,  Vol- 
taire, Sheridan,  Chevalier  d'Eon.  &c.— Original  Drawings  by  G.  Cruik- 
shank  and  R.  Doylc. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 


FIUDA  r  NEXT. 

hOO  Lots  of  Photographic  Apparatus,  Scientific  Instruments, 
Lanterns  and  Slides,  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 

AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEX  r,  October  22,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

TVESDA  Y,  October  S6. 
A  Collection  of  Curios,  Natural  History  Specimens,  Books,  SjC. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will   SELL  the  above  by 


M' 


M^ 


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9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BURNE  JONES, 
WATTS.  ROSSETTI,  ALMA  TADEMA,  SOLOMON, 
HOFFMAN,  BODENHAUSEN,  PLOCKHORST,  THU- 
MANN,  &c. 

CATALOGUES  POST  FREE. 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 


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on  TUESI).\Y,  October  26,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

LONGSTOWE  HALL,  CAMBS. 

Less  than  a  mile  from  Old  North  Road  Station  L.  and  N.  W.  Railway, 
Cambiidge,  Bedford,  and  Bletchley  Branch. 

The  highly  valuable  and  interesting  CONTENTS  of  the  MANSION, 
comprising  Antique  and  Modern  Furniture,  and  including  a 
LIBK.^.RY  of  BOOKS  of  over  2,000  volumes,  amongst  which  arc 
Bailey's  Magazine  of  Sports  and  Pastimes,  66  vols.- Pickering's 
Aidine  Poets,  52  vols.  — Scott's  Waverley  Novels,  48  vols.- Jesse's 
Memoirs  of  George  III.  3  vols— First  Editions  of  Ainsworth, 
Dickens,  Lever,  Thackeray,  &c.,  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Phiz, 
Leech,  and  others  — Cooper's  Annals  of  Cambridge  — Graphic, 
43  vols —Field.  22  vols— Land  and  Water,  28  vols.— and  Saturday 
Review,  20  vols. .  which 

\/IESSKS.    GRAIN,    MOVES    &    WISBEY    are 

l-'-l  instructed  by  the  Administrator  of  the  late  Captain  SIDNEY 
STANLEY,  J. P..  to  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  2W, 
and  Following  Days. 

Catalogues  (Illustrated,  Is. ;   plain,  id.)  Of  the  Avccioneers,  66,  St. 
Andrews  Street,  Cambridge. 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHEN-^UM 


507 


Many  Thousand  Volumes  of  Modern  Publications, 
Stereo  Plates,  Sjc. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  113,  Chancery  Lane.  W C.  on  WEDNESDAY, 
the  20th  inst..  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'cloclt,  MANY 
THOUSAND  VOLUMES  of  MODERN  PUBLICATIONS  (chiefly  new, 
in  cloth),  includlUK  960  Houghton's  British  Fishes  (10.-.  6rf. )— 456  Lam- 
bert's Two  Thousand  Y'ears  of  Gild  Life  (IS.-..),  and  4a  Large  Paper 
(II.  Us.  6<i.)— 80  Rose's  Catalogue  of  Engraved  Portraits.  -'  vols.  (OV.  Us.) 
—20  Warr'8  Echoes  of  Hellas.  2  vols.  (U.  4.s.)— 250  Harnett  Smith's 
History  of  Parliament.  2  vols.  (K.  4.«.)— 360  Hallam's  Literature  (7s.  6d.) 
and  .350  Constitutional  History  (7s.  6d.)— 350  D'Aubignd's  Reformation 
(7s.  6d.)— 600  Motley's  Dutch  Republic  (7s.  6t/.)— 500  Lavater's  Phy- 
siognomy (7s.  6(i.)— 230  Self-Aid  Encyclopaedia  (10s.  6i/.)-300  Hone's 
WorVs,  4  vols.  (21.  10s. ;— 1.400  Volumes  of  Keeton's  Dictionaries- 
Novels,  Juvenile  Books,  and  Railway  Reading.  Also  the  Stereotype 
Plates  of  Lingard'8  England,  Library  isdition,  10  vols.,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  a  Portion  of  the  Library 
of  A.  JOWEliS,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  October  25,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIFI'S,  including  a 
Portion  of  the  Library  of  A  JOWERS.  Esq.,  comprising  Works  illus- 
trated by  George  Cruikshank.  Architectural  Hooks,  Standard  Miscel- 
laneous Works,  &c.,  and  other  Properties,  including  Aubrey's  Surrey, 
5  vols.  1723-Swift'8  Gulliver's  Travels,  First  Edition.  2  vols.  1726-Real 
Life  in  London,  2  vols.  First  Edition— The  Roman  Breviary,  translated 
by  the  Marquess  of  Bute— Forbes's  Cantus,  Songs  and  Fancies,  Aberdeen. 
1682— Bowlandson's  Hungarian  and  Highland  Broad  Sword,  1799— 
Whitaker's  Leeds,  2  vols.  1816-20— Biblia  Sacra  Latina,  with  Arms  of 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby— Military  Costume  of  Europe,  coloured  plates.  2  vols. 
1812  — Missale  Romanum.  Manuscript  on  Vellum,  Saec.  XV.— First 
Editions  of  the  Works  of  Thackeray,  Dickens,  Kipling,  Leigh  Hunt, 
and  others— Scotch  Historical  Tracts— Modern  Standard  Works  and 
Novels— Periodical  Publications— Theological  Works-a  Collection  of 
Postage  Stamps,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Engravings,  ^c-.  including  the  Property  of  the  late  GEORGE 
THOMAS  liOBINSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C  ,  on  THURSDAY,  October  28,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  ENGRAVINGS,  framed  and 
in  the  portfolio — Engravings  by  the  Old  Masters— Scarce  Mezzotint 
and  other  Portraits,  including  The  l>aughtersof  Sir  Thomas  Frankland, 
after  Hoppner — Ornamental  andArchitectural  Collections,  Ac.  including 
the  Property  of  the  late  GEORGE  THOMAS  ROBINSON,  Esq..  F.S.A.. 
of  Earl  s  Terrace,  Kensington— Publications  of  the  Arundel  Society— 
Water-Colour  and  other  Drawings— a  few  Oil  Paintings,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selected  Portion  of  the  Valuable  Library  of  the  late 
W.  E.  FRERE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  SATURDAY,  October  30,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  SELECrED  PORTION  of  the  VALUABLE  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
W.  E.  FRERE,  Esq.,  comprising  rare  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Books  on 
South  America,  &c.— Poetry.  Chronicles,  Histories,  &c.— the  Works  of 
Uakluyt,  De  Bry,  and  Purchas— Voyages  and  Travels— Books  on  India 
—Publications  of  the  Hakluyt,  Chetham.  and  other  Societies- Collec- 
tions of  beautifully  executed  Indian  Drawings. 

May  be  yiewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  A.  W.  UILLIER,  Esq.,  and  the 
Jiemaining  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  JOHA' 
OAKEY,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY',  November  1.  and  Following  Day  at 

1  o'clock  precisely,  a  POR'nON  of  the  LIBRARY  of  A.  W  HILLIER, 
Esq.,  of  Winncote,  Streatham  Park,  S.W.,  consisting  of  First  Editions 
of  the  Works  of  Charles  Lever,  W.  Combe,  Kenny  Meadows,  Robert 
Southey,  Charles  Dickens,  and  others— Fine  Illustrated  Books— Modern 
Publications  on  Large  Paper— Poetry.  Novels,  and  Standard  Historical 
Works,  &c.  1  and  the  REMAINING  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the 
late  JOHN  OAKEY,  Esq  ,  comprising  valuable  Works  illustrated  by  J. 
Leech,  George  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson,  H  K  Browne,  &c.— Reprints 
of  Rare  Works— Sporting  Books— History,  Poetry,  and  the  Drama,  in- 
cluding Boaden's  Memoirs  of  J.  P.  Kemble,  2  vols  in  4,  extra  illustrated 
— 'Tours  of  Dr  Syntax,  3  vols  ,  1820-21— Doran's  Their  Majesties' Ser- 
vants, 2  vols  in  4,  extra  illustrated— Pierce  Egan's  Real  Life  in  London 

2  vols  ,1824— Lodge's  Portraits,  12  vols  ,  ISJj— Combe's  English  Dance  of 
Death  and  Dance  of  Life,  3  vols  ,  Original  Editions,  illustrated  by  Row- 
landson-Thackeray's  Works,  Edition  de  Luxe,  24  vols  — Arber's  Eng- 
lish Reprints,  30  vols..  Large  Paper,  &c  — a  Collection  of  about  1,600 
Caricatures  by  Gillray,  Heath,  George  Cruikshank,  Woodward,  and 
others— Periodical  Publications,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  HENRY  GRIFFITH,  Esq., 
F.S.A. ;  also  the  Libraries  of  the  late  Dr.  ROBERT 
HOGG,  LL.D.  F.  L.S.  F.R.H.S.,  and  SIDNEY  DOUGLAS- 
CROMPTON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W  C,  on  WEDESDAY,  November  3,  and  Following  Day 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY'  of  HENRY 
GRIFFITHS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  (who  is  leaving  Brighton),  comprising  an 
interesting  Collection  of  modern  Topographical,  Archteological  and 
Antiquarian  Books,  County  and  Local  Histories  (chiefly  lelating  to 
Sussex),  and  Works  in  General  Literature  ;  also  the  BOTANICAL  and 
MISCELLANEOUS  LIBRAKY  of  the  late  Dr  ROBERT  HOGG  LL  D 
F.L.S.  F.R.H.8  (Author  of  The  Vegetable  Kingdom,'  '  Fruit  Manual,' 
■  British  Pomology,'  &c. ),  comprising  old  and  modern  Books  on  Garden- 
ing, Botany,  &c.,  and  Works  in  General  Literature  ;  and  the  ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL LIBRARY  of  SIDNEY-  DOUGLAS-CROMPTON  Esq 
comprising  the  valuable  Works  of  Ochsenheimer,  Buckler,  stainton' 
MilliSre,  Wood.  Curtis.  Stephens.  Hewitson  Cramer, Schaefler,  HUbner, 
Hemch-Schaeffer,  Westwood,  Donovan,  and  J.  E.  Smith,  &c 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  the  Library  of  the  lute 
Mrs.  PRUDENTIA  LONSDALE. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  13,  Wellington 
.Street  Strand,  W.C.  on  FRIDAY,  November  6.  and  Following  Day.  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  the  Old 
Dramatists.  14  vols  .  Large  Paper,  bound  by  Zaehnsdorf— a  Collection  of 
Early  Playing  Cards— Nirarod's  Life  of  a  Sportsman,  First  Edition— 
Beaumarchais.  La  Folle  Journde,  Original  Edition,  morocco,  by  Petit— 
Molifre,  Oiuvres.  First  Complete  Edition,  1682— La  Fontaine.  Contes  et 
Nouvelles,  Edition  des  Fermiers-Gf'ntfraux- Boccaccio,  Le  Decameron, 
5  vols  red  morocco,  1757— Pine's  Horace,  2  vols,  old  red  morocco- 
Works  on  Freemasonry— Matthew  Arnold's  Merope,  First  Edition- 
Dance  of  Life,  Plates  by  Rowlandson,  First  Edition,  boards,  uncut— 
Horae  B.  V.  M.  Manuscript  and  Printed— Works  on  Fencing-Pascal. 
Les  Provinciales,  Original  Issue— 'Titulo  de  Conde  de  Montemar,  Manu- 
script on  Vellum— Heywood's  Troia  Britannica.  1609,  &c.  ;  also  the 
LIBRARY  of  the  late  Mrs  PRUDENTIA  LONSDALE  (Daughter  of 
Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg,  the  Biographer  of  Shelley ).  sold  by  order  of  the 
Executors,  including  Pickering's  AldinePoets,  45  vols— Byron's  Works, 
First  Editions  — Coleridge's  Remorse,  First  Edition,  a  Presentation 
Copy,  with  Notes  and  Corrections  in  Coleridge's  Autograph— Cruik- 
shank's  Punch  and  Judy,  Coloured  Copy,  uncut -Pine's  Horace— Leigh 
Hunt's  Legend  of  Florence,  and  the  Months,  Presentation  Copies,  with 
interesting  Inscriptions— Mrs.  Piozzi's  Life  of  Dr.  Johnson,  Presenta- 
tion Copy— the  Works  of  T.  Medwin,  'T  Jefferson  Hogg— George  Mere- 
dith's Poems,  First  Edition— the  Works  of  T  L  Peacock,  First  Editions, 
Presentation  Copies— Gray's  Poems,  Shelley's  Copy,  with  his  Autograph 
—Shelley's  Works,  First  Editions,  Presentation  Copies— the  Publica- 
tions of  Mrs  Shelley,  Presentation  Copies— Cicero's Cato  Major,  printed 
and  sold  by  B  Franklin,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

8yo.  6s. 

THE      QUARTERLY     REVIEW,    No.    372, 
wUl  be  published  on  WEDNESDAY,  October  20. 
Contents. 

1.  ARCHBISHOP  BENSON. 

2.  SOME  MINOR  POETS. 

3.  The  BASTILLE. 

4.  MONKEYS. 

5.  PROVINCIAL  SOCIETY  in  the  DAYS  of  ST.  BASIL. 

6.  LETTERS  of  LADY  M.  W.  MONTAGU. 

7.  ENGLISH  PROSE  WRITERS. 

8.  SCOTT'S  METHODS  and  ORIGINALS. 

9.  LIFE  of  TENNYSON. 

10.  WOMEN  at  OXFORD  and  CAMBRIDGE. 

11.  INDIAN  DISCONTENT  and  FRONTIER  RISINGS. 

London  :  John  Murray,  Albemarle  Street. 

D.  G.  ROSSETTl'S  WORKS. 


NEW    BOOKS. 


The     COLLECTED     WORKS     of 

DANTB    GABRIEL   ROSSETTI.    2  vols,    crown    8vo. 
cloth  gilt,  bound  from  the  Author's  own  Design,  18s. 
Vol.    I.    POEMS,    PROSE  -  TALES,    and    LITERARY 
PAPERS. 

Vol.  II.  TRANSLATIONS  (including  '  DANTE  and  hia 
CIRCLE');  PKOSK  NOTICES  of  FINE  ARTS. 

Copies  can  also  be  had  bound  in  full  calf  or  morocco  extra, 
tooled  with  the  Author's  Design  in  gilt. 

The  POETICAL  WORKS  of  DANTE 

GABRIEL  ROSSETTI.     Edited  by  W.  M.  ROSSETTI. 

1  vol.  crown  Svo.  with  Portrait  of  the  Author  by  C.  W. 
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This  Volume  contains  all  Rossetti's  Original  Poems. 

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as  in  the  special  morocco  binding,  toolel  with  the  Author's 
Design  in  gilt. 

DANTE  and   his    CIRCLE:  with  the 

Italian  Poets  preceding  him  (1100-1200-1300).    A  Col- 
lection of  Lyrics,  Edited  and  Translated  in  the  Original 
Metres  by  D.  G.  ROSSETTI.     1  vol.  crown  Svo.  cloth, 
6s. 
Part  I.  DANTE'S  VITANUOVA,  &c. ;  POETS  of  DANTE'S 
CIRCLE. 
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Copies  can  also  be  had  in  tree  calf  or  morocco. 

DANTE    GABRIEL    ROSSETTI:  his 

Family-Letters.    With  a  MEMOIR  by  W.  M.  ROSSETTI. 

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A  few  copies  can  be  had  on  LARGE  PAPER,  printed  on 
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■'  The  Memoir  is  altogether  praiseworthy." — Globe. 

"A  thoroughly  complete  biography  of  the  great  poet- 
painter." — Manchester  Guardian. 


London : 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


MR.  MURRAY'S 
LIST    OF    NEW    WORKS. 


JUST    OUT. 
UNDER theRED  CRESCENT.  Adven- 

tures  and  Experiences  of  an  English  Surgeon  in  the 
Service  of  the  Turkish  Government  during  the  Sieges 
of  Plevna  and  Erzeroum.  1877-78.  Related  by  CHARLES 
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of  TORQUAY,  F.R.S.,  GEOLOGIST.  With  Selections 
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PENGELLY.  And  a  Summary  of  his  Scientific  Works, 
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**  RODDY  OWEN."     Late  Brevet 

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WEDGWOOD.  -  DUTY.  -  THRIFT.  -  MEN 
of  INVENTION  and  INDUSTRY.  -  LIFE 
of  JAMES  NASMYTH.  -  BOY'S  VOYAGE 
ROUND  the  WORLD.-LIFE  of  JASMIN. 


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CJISAR  MALAN,  D.D.,  Scholar,  Linguist,  Artist, 
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CONTAINING  THE 

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[_Literatures  of  the  World. 

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writers  than  any  book  which  has  been  written  in  English. 
Certainly  the  best  history  of  French  literature  in  the  English 
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ADMIRAL   GUINEA.      A    Drama  in 

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Cloth,  2s.  H. ;  paper,  Is.  6rf. 

SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

ST.  IVES.    By  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Author 

of  '  The  Ebb-Tide,'  &c. 
TIMES. — "  Neither  Stevenson  himself  nor  any  one  else 
has  given  us  a  better  example  of  a  dashing  story,  full  of  life 
and  colour  and  interest.  St.  Ives  is  a  character  who  will  be 
treasured  up  in  the  memory  along  with  David  Balfour  and 
Alan  Breck,  even  with  D'Artagnan  and  the  Musketeers." 

THE  CHRISTIAN.    By  Hall  Caine. 

SKETCH. — "It  quivers  and  palpitates  with  passion,  for 
even  Mr.  Caine's  bitterest  detractors  cannot  deny  that  he 
is  the  possessor  of  that  rarest  of  all  gifts— genius." 

THE  FREEDOM  OF  HENRY  MERE- 

DYTH.    By  M.  HAMILTON,  Author  of  '  McLeod  of  the 
Camerono,'  &c. 

MARIETTA'S  MARRIAGE.    By  W.  E. 

NORRIS,  Author  of  '  The  Dancer  in  Yellow,'  &c. 
WESTMISSTEB.  GAZETTE.— "K^fni  observation,  de- 
licate discrimination,  a  pleasant,  quiet  humour,  rare  power 
of  drawing  characters  that  are  both  absolutely  natural  and 
interesting  to  study." 

WHAT   MAISIE    KNEW.     By  Henry 

JAMES,  Author  of  '  The  Spoils  of  Poynton.' 
DAILY  CHliONICLE.—"  A  work  of  art,  so  complex,  so 
many-coloured,  so  variously  beautiful !  It  is  life  seen,  felt, 
understood,  and  interpreted  by  a  rich  imagination,  by  an 
educated  temperament;  it  is  life  sung  in  melodious  prose, 
and  that,  it  seems  to  us,  is  the  highest  romance." 

THE    GODS   ARRIVE.    By  Annie  E. 

HOLDSVVORTH,  Author  of  '  Joanna  Traill,  Spinster.' 
PALL   MALL  GAZETTE.  — "Bnght,  wholesome,  and 
full  of  life  and  movement.    Miss  Holdsworth  has,  too,  a  very 
witty  style." 

THE  GADFLY.    By  E.  L.  Voynich. 

ST.  JAMES'S  GAZETTE.— "  A  very  strikingly  original 
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must  avow  it  to  be  a  work  of  real  genius." 

London : 
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N°3051,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


511 


A    SELECTION    FROM 

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512 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


DAVID    NUTT, 

270-271,  STEAND. 


THE    CLASSICAL    REVIEW. 

Vol.  XI.  No.  7,  OCTOBER,  1897,  Is.  6d.  net. 


Contents. 


Notes  on  the  '  Agricola'  of  Tacitus 
Notes  on  the  Minor  Works  ol  Xenophon. 


VIII.  The 


A.  GUDEM^N. 
H.  RICHARDS. 

'  Agesilaus.' 

E.  A.  SONNENSCHEIN.    Sabellus  :  Sabine  or  Samnitc  ? 
T.  G.  TUCKER.    On  a  Point  of  Metre  in  Greek  Tragedy. 

E.  W.  FAY.     On  Oblique  Questions  in  Retort  i  and  on  the  Ironical 
Use  of  Ne  in  Purpose-Clauses. 

SHORT  N01E.S. 

Buecbeler  and  Kiese's  '  Anthologia  Latioa.'    J.  S.  KEID. 

Van  Leeuwen's  Edition  of  the  ■  llanae.'    F.  W.  HALL. 

Kirtland's  Edition  of  Horace.    C.  KNAPP. 

Moulton  and  Ooden'g  Concordance  to  the  Greek  Testament. 

MAYOR. 
Von  Arnin's  Edition  of  Chry806tom.    W.  K.  PATON. 
Lupus's  Translation  of  Freeman's  '  Sicily.'    F.  HAVERFIELD, 
GeYaert  on  the  ."Second  Delphic  Hymn.    H.  STU.ART  JONES. 
Clerici's  '  I  tre  Poemi ;  Iliade,  Odissea,  Eneide.'    M.  H. 

F.  POLLOCK.    Greek  Iambics. 

G.  F.  HILL.    Ancient  Coins  from  Pondoland. 
Monthly  Record.— Summaries.— Bibliography. 


J.  B. 


FOLK-LORE. 

TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE   FOLKLORE  SOCIETY. 

A  Quarterly  Review  of  Myth,  Tradition,  Institution,  and 
Custom. 

Vol.  VIII.  No.  3,  SEPTEMBER,  1897,  5s.  net. 

ContetUs. 
FOLK-LORE  PARALLELS  and  COINCIDENCES.    M.  J.  VV'alhouse. 
GHOST  LIGHTS  of  the  WEST  HIGHLANDS.    R.  C.  Maclagan,  M.D. 

REVIEWS  :-H.  D.  Rouse,  M.A.,  H.  T.  Francis,  M. A,  and  R  A  Neil, 
M.A..  'The  Jataka'i  L.  R.  Farnell,  The  (  ults  of  the  Green 
States';  W.  G  Aston,  CM. G,  'Transactions  and  Proceedings  of 
the  .Tapau  Society  '  ;  Joseph  Jacobs,  '  The  Book  of  Wonder 
Voyages';  W.  Crooke.  'The  North-Westnrn  Provinces  of  India'; 
'The  Popular  Religion  and  Folk-lore  of  Northern  India';  Lucy 
J.  M.  Garnett  and  J.  S.  Stuart-Glennie,  M.A.,  '  Greek  Folk-Poesy.' 

CORRESPONDENCE  :— Supernatural  Change  of  Site.  J.  C.  .\tkinson.— 
Baptismal  Rites.    M.P.— All  Souls'.    M.P. 

MISCELLANEA  :— The  Sacred  Fishes  of  Nant  Peris.-Ancient  Custom 
at  Sea.  Evelyn  A.  MelvlU  Richards.— Snake-Stones.  M.  J.  Wal- 
house. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


LA  TEST  P  UBLICA  TIONS. 
An   INTRODUCTION  to   FOLK- 

LORE.    By  MARION  BOALFE  COX,  Editor  of  '  Cin- 
derella, 345  Variants."  New  and  Enlarged  Edition.  Crown 
8vo.  335  pages,  cloth,  3s.  6rf. 
*,*  The  first  edition  of  Miss  Cox's  Introduction  was  pub- 
lished at  the  end  of  1895.    The  Classified  Bibliography  which 
accompanies  the  new  issue  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  useful  to  all 
intending  Students  of  Comparative  Mythology  and  Eth- 
nology. 

GOLSPIE.  Contributions  to  its  Folk- 
lore by  ANNIE  and  BULLA  CUMMING,  JANE 
STUART.  WILLIE  W.  MUNRO.  ANDREW  GUNN, 
HENRI  J.  MACLEAN  and  MINNIE  SUTHERLAND 
(when  pupils  of  Golspie  School).  Collected  and  Edited, 
with  a  Chapter  on  "The  Place  and  its  Peopling,"  by 
EDWARD  W.  B.  NICHOLSON,  M.A.,Bodley'8  Librarian 
in  the  University  of  Oxford.  Crown  8vo.  xvi-352  pages, 
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NUTT.  With  Appendices;  The  Transformations  of 
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Bdited  and  Translated  by  KUNO  MEYER.  Crown  8vo. 
xvi-352  pp.  Printed  at  the  Constable  Press,  on  laid 
paper.  Cloth,  10s.  ed.  net.  (Vol.  VI.  of  the  Grimm 
Library.) 

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HAPPY  OTHBRWOBLD,  by  ALFRED  NUTT,  was  pub- 
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GOSSIP  from  a  MUNIMENT  ROOM. 

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N°3651,  Oct.  16, '97 THE     ATHENiEUM 513 

LITERATURE. 

Edited   by   H.    D.    TRAILL. 

Published  by  '  THE  TIMES.' 

Volume  I.  No.  1,  SATURDAY,  October  23,   1897. 
PRICE    SIXPENCE. 

'  THE  TIMES'  OFFICE,  Printing  House  Square,  E.C.,  October  1,  1897. 

The  addition  of  a  new  weekly  journal  to  the  number  already  in  existence  is,  no  doubt,  a  step  which  may  fairly  be  thought  to  call  for  some  explanation. 
Nor  perhaps  will  it  be  sufficiently  explained  by  the  further  statement  that  this  new  journal  is  to  be  specially  dedicated  to  LITERaTHKE.  For  most,  if  not 
all,  of  tlie  general  reviews,  so  called,  deal  more  or  less  largely  with  literary  subjects,  while  there  are  also  weekly  papers  which,  though  reserving  a  certain 
portion  of  their  space  for  a  record  of  the  progress  of  science,  art,  and  drama,  devote  the  greater  part  of  it  to  the  criticism  of  books.  But  from  the  weekly 
press  there  issues  no  periodical— or  none  at  any  rate  of  the  critical  order — which  takes  Literature,  and  Literature  alone,  as  its  theme,  which  gives  its  individual 
space  and  directs  its  undivided  attention  to  Literature  in  all  its  aspects,  and  in  its  relation  to  all  the  matters  and  interests  which  are  connected  with  its  name. 

It  is  the  aim  of  the  Proprietors  in  publishing  LITERATURE,  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  H.  D.  Traill,  to  supply  this  want,  and  it  is  their  hope  to  make 
it  essentially  the  organ  of  the  literary  classes  in  the  widest  sense  of  the  term.  Books,  alike  and  equally  in  their  relation  to  the  world  of  authors,  of  publishers, 
and  of  readers,  will  be  its  exclusive  concern  ;  and  no  effort  will  be  spared  to  win  recognition  for  it  as  an  impartial  and  authoritative  organ  of  literary  criticism 
and  a  comprehensive  and  trustworthy  medium  of  literary  intelligence. 

Although  published  from  The  Times  Office,  it  v/i\\  be  in  its  criticisms  and  opinions  entirely  independent  of  The  Times;  its  title  has  been  selected 
with  the  special  purpose  of  indicating  the  width  of  its  scope,  and  is  designed  to  denote  the  fact  that  its  functions  will  not  be  exclusively  critical.  For  though 
LITkRaTUKE  will  consist  mainly  of  reviews  of  books,  it  will  invite  correspondence  on,  and  will  itself  deal  with,  any  literary  subject,  either  of  permanent 
or  of  current  interest  to  the  writing,  publishing,  or  reading  world. 

The  Republic  of  Letters  should  know  no  conflict  either  of  nationalities  or  parties,  and  if  it  is  impossible  to  hope  for  absolute  freedom  from  national 
prepossessions  and  political  prejudices,  yet  an  honest  attempc  will,  at  least,  be  made  to  deal  with  the  best  literature  of  every  country  on  its  literary  merits 
alone.  Arrangements  will  to  this  end  be  made  for  keeping  the  English  public  regularly  advised  of  the  current  book-production  of  the  principal  European 
countries  and  of  the  United  States,  and  a  place  will  be  found — not  in  any  special  department  of  LITEKATUHE,  but  side  by  side  with  its  criticisms  of  English 
works — for  reviews  of  the  more  important  volumes  issuing  from  the  Continental  and  American  Press. 

Every  book  received  will  be  recorded  among  the  publications  of  the  week  in  the  fullest  possible  manner — the  title,  the  author,  the  publisher,  and  the 
size,  number  of  pages,  and  price  of  each  book  being  given  in  a  classified  index. 

But  books  will  be  selected  for  review  by  the  Editor  solely  according  to  his  judgment  of  their  literary  value,  and  it  is  hoped — though  it  cannot,  of  course, 
be  definitively  promised — that  the  space  allotted  to  them  will  enable  every  important  work  to  be  dealt  with  within  three  weeks  of  its  publication. 

The  vast  and  ever-swelling  flood  of  volumes  issuing  from  the  press  has  immensely  enhanced  the  difficulty  of  the  contemporary  critic's  task.  On  the  one 
hand,  it  is  his  duty  not  only  to  render  an  account  of  all  the  works  produced  by  authors  of  admitted  merit,  or  even  of — what  is  not  always  the  same  thing — 
establis'hed  reputation,  but  also  to  see  that  no  work  of  promise  by  an  unknown  or  obscure  writer  shall,  so  far  as  diligence  and  discernment  can  prevent  it,  pass 
without  appreciative  notice  ;  and  the  due  performance  of  these  two  functions  in  a  day  when  "everybody  writes,"  and  many  more  than  in  foimer  days  write 
well  enough  to  raise  expectations  as  to  their  literary  future,  has  already  led,  and  will  probably  continue  to  lead,  to  a  progressive  multiplication  of  the  number 
of  reviews.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  strongly  felt  by  the  projectors  of  LITERaTOKE  that  the  practice  of  indiscriminately  reviewing,  or  at  any  rate  "  noticing," 
every  book  which  issues  from  the  press  is  one  which,  by  the  stimulus  which  it  affords  to  the  production  of  worthless  work,  is  tending  seriously  to  the  degrada- 
tion of  literary  standards  and  to  the  confusion  and  disgust  of  readers.     This  result  they  desire,  as  far  as  possible,  to  avoid. 

As  regards  the  critical  contents  of  LITERATURE,  the  rule  of  anonymity  will  be  generally  observed.  That  rule,  however,  may  be  occasionally 
suspended  in  cases  in  which  special  circumstances  appear  to  suggest  the  expediency  of  so  doing;  and  every  endeavour  will  be  made  to  find  room  for  the  proper 
expression  of  any  views  under  the  signature  of  any  correspondent. 

While  the  Editor  will  be  always  glad  to  receive,  and  give  his  best  consideration  to,  any  communication  of  a  literary  character  which  may  be  submitted 
to  him,  he  cannot  hold  himself  responsible  for  the  return  of  MSS. ;  but  he  will  use  his  best  efforts  to  return  all  such  as  are  found  ucsuitable  for  publication, 
provided  they  reach  the  office  of  LITERATURE  accompanied  by  stamped  addressed  envelopes. 

It  is  proposed  to  publish  weekly,  or  as  often  as  the  occasion  may  arise,  a  Bibliography  on  some  topic  of  current  interest,  in  order  to  furnish  the  reader 
with  a  list  of  all  the  works  which  can  be  consulted  on  the  subject. 

The  First  Number  of  LITERATURE  will  appear  on  the  2.3rd  October.  It  will  be  published  every  Saturday,  price  Gd.,  and  will  be  posted  to  any  address 
in  the  United  Kingdom  at  Is.  Id.  per  quarter,  or  28«.  2d.  per  annum;  or  to  any  foreign  address  at  8s.  2d.  per  quarter,  or  32s.  Qd.  per  annum.  It  may  be  ordered 
of  any  Newsagent,  or  of  The  PUBLISHER,  Literature,  Printing  House  Square,  London,  E.C. 

It  will  consist  of  from  24  to  34  pages  of  literary  matter,  the  number  varying  according  to  the  activity  of  the  publishing  season  and  the  importance  of 
the  books  to  be  reviewed. 

An  American  Edition,  containing  precisely  the  same  literary  matter,  will  be  published  in  New  York  by  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers. 

Advertisements  for  insertion  in  the  European  Edition  should  be  addressed  to  the  ADVERTISEMENT  DEPARTMENT,  Literature,  Printing  House 
Square,  London,  B.C. 

As  a  very  large  number  of  copies  will  be  printed  of  the  first  six  numbers,  it  is  requested  that  Advertisements  should  be  sent  in  as  early  as  possible. 


SUBSCRIPTION   FORM. 


The  Publisher,— Herewith  remittance  for  £ Kindly  forward  LITERATURE  regularly 

to  the  following  address  for  months : — 


TERMS   OF   SUBSCRIPTION. 

United  Kingdom.  Abroad. 

Three  Months  ...  ...  ...  £0     7     1  ...         £0     8     2 

Six  Months  ...  ...  ...  0  14     1  ...  0  16     3 

Twelve  Months       ...  ...  ...  18     2  ...  1  12     6 


514 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE  SCIENTIFIC  PRESS  LIST 


OF 


NEW  AND   FOETHCOMINa   BOOKS. 


Ready  November  1.     Published  Annually. 
Crown  8vo.  600  pp.  cloth  gilt,  5s 

BURDETT'S  OFFICIAL 
NURSING  DIRECTORY,  1898. 

Compiled  and  Edited,  with  the  assistance  of  a 

small  Committee  of  Medical  Men  and 

Matrons, 

By  SIR  HENRY  BURDETT,  K.C.B. 

Containing  an   outline   of    the 
affecting   Nurses,    particulars   of 
Schools    in    the    United 
Nursing    Institutions,    &c.,    and 
Nurses. 


Kingdom 


principal   Laws 
Nurse    Training 
and    Abroad, 
a    Directory    of 


HOSPITAL   EXPENDITURE:  The 

Commissariat.      With     a     Preface     by     Sir     HENHY 
BUKDKTT,  K.C.B.    Crown  8vo.  2s.  6d.       [in  the  press. 


The  MYSTERY  and  ROMANCE  of 

ALCHEMY  and  PHARMACY.     By  C.   J.   S.  THOMP- 
SON.    Crown  8vo.  with  many  quaint  Illustrations,  5s. 
"A  very  entertaining  book,  bringing  together  an  exten- 
sive body  of  curious  lore  with  regard  to  the  curative  art." 

Aberdeen  Daily  Free  Press. 


HYGIENIC    GUIDE    to    ROME. 

Translated  from  the  Italian  of  Dr.  MENDINI,  and 
Edited,  with  an  additional  Chapter  on  Rome  as  a  Health 
Resort,  by  JOHN  J.  BYRE,  M.R.C.P.  L.K.C.S.  Ireland. 
Crown  8vo.  2s.  6rf.  net. 

"A  volume  at  once  useful  and  well  timed."— iancei. 


CHILD   LIFE  under  QUEEN  VIC- 

TORIA.  By  Mrs.  FURLEY  SMITH.  Crown  8vo. 
cloth.  Is. 

A   MANUAL  of  HYGIENE  for 

STUDENTS  and  NURSES.  By  JOHN  GLAISTER, 
M.D.  D.P.H.(Camb.).  Crown  8vo.  profusely  illustrated, 
3s.  6d. 


ELEMENTARY   PHYSIOLOGY  for 

NURSES.     By  C   P.  MARSHALL,  M.D.  B.Sc.  F.R.C.S. 
Crown  8vo.  illustrated,  2s. 

"Nurses  will  find  in  it  all  that  they  require  to  know  of 
the  subjects  tteateA."— Daily  Chronicle. 


ELEMENTARY    ANATOMY   and 

SURGERY  for  NURSES.  By  WILLIAM  Mc.\DAM 
BCCLES,  M.S.  Lond.  M.B.  F.R.C.S.  L.R.C.P.  Crown 
8vo.  illustrated,  2s.  6d. 

"  A  most  useful  and  helpful  little  book,  whether  in  the 
hospital  or  in  the  home." — Gentlewoman, 


"  THE  BURDETT  SERIES"  OF 
POPULAR    TEXT-BOOKS   ON  NURSING. 

Small  crown  8vo.  cloth.  Is.  each. 

1.  DISTRICT   NURSING.    By  Amy 

HUGHES. 

2.  The    MATRON'S    COURSE.     An 

Introduction  to  Hospital  and  Private  Nursing.  By 
Miss  S.  E.  ORMB. 

3.  The  MIDWIVES'  POCKET-BOOK. 

By  HONNOR  MORTEN,  Author  of  'How  to  Become 
a  Nurse,  and  How  to  Succeed,'  '  The  Nurse's  Dic- 
tionary,' &c. 

4.  FEVER  NURSING.    By  William 

HARDING,  M.D.  Ed.  M.R.C.P.  Loud. 

5.  PHARMACY  and  DISPENSING. 

By  C.  J.  S.  THOMPSON.  i Immediately. 

6.  The   USE    of   ANTISEPTICS   in 

MIDWIFERY  PRACTICE.  By  R.  BROOKS 
POPHAM,  L.R.C.P.  Lond.  L.R.C.S.  Bdin 

[/n  the  press. 

London:  THE    SCIENTIFIC   PRESS,   Limited, 
28  and  29,  Southampton  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


WILLIAM    BLACKWOOD   &   SONS^ 

PUBLICATIONS. 


AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 


LIFE 


MKS.    OLIPHANT'S 
OF    WILLIAM    BLACKWOOD 

AND     HIS     SONS. 


EARLY  PRESS  OPINIONS. 

M ORNING  POST.  —  "One  of  the  very  best  books  written  by  Mrs.  Olipbant  in  her  exceptionally 

busy  career There  are  glimpses  into  politics  ;  there  are  glimpses  behind  the  scenes  of  literature  and 

journalism  -which  may  be  sought  for  in  vain  elsewhere,  but  no  catalogue  within  reasonable  limits  could 
give  a  true  idea  of  the  rich  stores  contained  in  a  woik  which  seems  destined  to  prove  the  most  valuable 
of  recent  contiibutions  to  the  literary  history  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals." 

DAILY  I\EWS. —  "These  volumes  bear  the  impress  of  some  of  Mrs.  Oliphant's  most  remarkable 
qualities — her  never-failing  vivacity,  her  judgment,  her  tact,  her  charity,  and  at  the  same  time  her 
disposition  to  hold  the  balance  evenly.  The  work  is  an  important  contribution  to  the  literary  and,  in 
some  measure,  to  the  political  history  of  the  century.  No  other  house  has  had  a  greater  and  a  more 
honourable  share  in  moulding  the  thoughts  of  the  time." 

TIMES. — "  The  volumes   are  inevitably  in  no   slight  degree   autobiographical,  for  as  the  author 

devotes  herself  con  amore  to  her  task  there  are  delightful  disclosures  of  character The  matter  in  these 

volumes  is  as  immense  as  it  is  miscellaneous,  and  we  can  only  touch  lightly  on  some  leading  points Of 

all  we  have  charming  biographical  glimpses,  more  or  less  full  according  to  the  frequency  of  their 
communications  with  the  publishing  house," 

DAILY  31  AIL. — "  A  work  in  which  every  one  who  is  possessed  of  literary  instincts  and  sympathies 
will  find  sure  entertainment." 

DAILY  GRAPHIC. — "  In  her  pages  the  literary  giants  of  a  century  come  and  go Among  al^ 

the  wayv/ard  geniuses  whose  portraits  the  letters  and  the  biographer  draw,  stands  up  boldly  a  likeness  a^ 
striking  and  more  completely  drawn  than  any  of  them,  the  portrait  of  strong,  steady,  wise  old  William 
Blackwood  himself." 

SCOTSMAN. — "  Stirring  and  memorable  achievements  in  letters  and  politics  come  to  the  light 

Notable  figures  fill  the  foreground  of  the  stage  over  which,  more  even  than  was  suspected  by  the  world 

outside,  William  Blackwood,  the  elder,  was  the  ruler  and  guiding  spirit Mrs.  Oliphant  has  bestowed 

her  best  work  on  a  worthy  subject She  has  written  it  with  an  enthusiastic  zest,  a  kindliness  of  insight, 

and  a  charm  of  manner,  that  proves  her  heart  to  have  been  in  her  work." 

GLASGOW  HERALD. — "  A  fascinating  chapter  of  literary  history While  it  presents  a  wonder- 
fully brilliant  and  amusing  succession  of  scenes  and  figures,  throws  also  a  fresh  light  on  some  of  those 
figures  which  hitherto  have  been  best  known." 

NORTH  BRITISH  DAILY  MAIL.—''  Will  be  welcomed  by  every  one  who  takes  an  interest  in 

literary  history The  work  is  one  of  sustained  interest,  not  only  on  account  of  the  picture  which  itgives 

of  a  remarkable  man,  but  for  the  new  light  which  it  throws  on  other  men  of  note  with  whom  he  was 
connected,  and  on  the  general  conditions  of  literaiy  life  in  Scotland  in  the  early  part  of  the  century." 


NEW  AND  FORTHCOMING  BOOKS. 

NEXT  WEEK,  AT  ALL  LIBKARIES. 

WITH    THE    CONQUERING    TURK. 

Confessions  of  a  Bashi-Bazouk. 

By  G.  W.  STEEVENS,  Author  of  '  The  Land  of  the  Dollar,'  &c. 
With  Four  Maps,  small  demy  8vo.  105.  &d. 


Next  week  will  be  published, 

The    HISTOKY    of   the   FOREIGN 

POLICY  of  GREAT  BRITAIN.  By  MON- 
TAGU BURROWS,  Chichele  Professor  of 
Modern  History  in  the  University  of  Oxford ; 
Captain  K.N.  F.S.A.,  &c.,  "  Officier  de 
ITnstruction  Publique,"  France.  New  and 
Cheaper  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  6s. 

CHEAP  UNIFORM  EDITION. 

SARACINESCA.    By  F.  Marion 

CRAWFORD,  Author  of  'Mr.  Isaacs,'  &c. 
Cheap  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  3s,  Qd. 

CHEAPER  EDITION. 

A  BANISHED   BEAUTY.    By  John 

BICKEKDYKE,  Author  of  '  Days  in  Thule,' 
'With  Rod,  Gun,  and  Camera,'  'The  Book  of 
the  All-Round  Angler,'  'Curiosities  of  Ale  and 
Beer,'  &c.     Crown  8vo,  2s.  Qd. 


NEW  VOLUME  OF 

"THE  CO  UNTY  HISTORIES  OF  SCOTLAND: 

This  day  is  published, 

INVERNESS.     By  the  Very  Rev.  J. 

CAMERON  LEES,  D.D.  LL.D.,  Author  of 
'  St.  Giles',  Edinburgh :  Church,  College,  and 
Cathedral.'     Demy  8vo,  with  Maps,  7«.  Qd.  net. 

This  day  is  published, 

PEACE    WITH    HONOUR.      By 

SYDNEY  C.  GRIER,  Author  of  'An  Uncrowned 
King,'  '  His  Excellency's  English  Governess,' 
'  In  Furthest  Ind,'  &c.     Crown  8vo.  Qs. 

GEORGE  ELIOT'S  NOVELS. 

New  issue  of  Popular  Edition,  printed  on  fine  laid  paper, 
in  new  uniform  binding. 

ADAM  BBDB.    3s.  M.  [November. 

The  MILL  on  the  FLOSS.    3s.  U.  [December. 

Rf)MOLA.     3s  6d.  [January. 

FELIX  HOLT.     3s.  6rf.  [February. 

SILAS  MARNER.     2s.  6Qf.  [March. 

SCENES  of  CLERICAL  LIFE.    3s.  [April. 

MIDDLEMARCH.    7s.  6d.  [May. 

DANIEL  DERONDA.     7s.  M.  [June. 


WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS,  Edinburgh  and  London. 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 THE     ATHEN^UM 515 

MR   T.   FISHEIlJCJNWIirS^NEW    BOOKS. 

A   REALISTIC   STORY   OF   LONDON    SLUM    LIFE. 

LIZA  OF  LAMBETH.    By  W.  S.  Maugham, 

SECOND  EDITION.    Cloth,  3*.  6c?. 

STANDARD.— ''There  has  not  been  so  powerful  a  story  of  the  lowest  class  since  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  wrote  '  The  History  of  Badalia 

Herodsfoot';  indeed,  we  are  not  sure  that  this  new  story  does  not  beat  that  one  in  vividness  and  knowledge  of  the  class  it  depicts 

He  has  an  extraordinary  gift  of  directness  and  concentration,  and  his  characters  have  an  astounding  amount  of  vitality." 

The  PRIVATE  PAPERS  of  WILLIAM  WILBERFORCE.    Collected  and  Edited,  with  a  Preface, 

by  Mrs.  WILBERFOKCB,  of  Lavington.     Photogravure  and  other  Illustrations,  cloth,  12s. 
TIMES.—"  The  volume  as  it  stands  is  so  full  of  intrinsic  interest  that  it  almost  dispenses  with  the  services  of  an  editor." 
DAILY  CHRONICLE.—"  It  throws  a  flood  of  light  on  a  man  who,  born  in  1789,  lived  to  see  the  working  of,  and  largely  to  sympathize  with,  the  first  Reform  Act. 

The  LIFE  and  LETTERS  of  MR.  ENDYMION  PORTER,  Sometime  Gentleman  of  the  Bedchamber 

to  King  Charles  I.    By  DOROTHEA  TOWNSHEND.    With  Photogravure  and  other  Illustrations,  demy  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  12s. 

STANDARD.—"  Mrs.  Townshend  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  her  good  fortune  in  hitting  upon  so  promising  a  subject It  is  the  sidelights  which  it  casts  upon  history  and  the  happy 

glimpses  of  domestic  life  in  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth  century  that  make  the  book  such  pleasant  reading." 

SIR  WALTER  RALEGH.    By  Martin  A.  S.  Hume,  Author  of  '  The  Courtships  of  Queen  Elizabeth,' 

&c.    Maps  and  Photogravure  Front.,  cloth,  5s.  (being  the  First  Volume  of  a  New  Series,  entitled  "  Builders  of  Greater  Britain,"  Edited  by  H.  F.  WILSON,  formerly  Fellow  of 
Trin.  Coll.,  Cam.). 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.—"  Mr.  Hume  has  written  an  admirable  book..,. ..There  is  not  a  dull  page  in  it,  and  with  his  skilful  telling  of  it  the  story  of  Ralegh's  life  and  of  his  times  reads 
like  a  romance." 

JOHN  HUNTER.    By  Stephen  Paget.    With  Introduction  by  Sir  James  Paget.   With  Photogravure 

Frontispiece.    Large  crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6rf. 
This  Work  forms  the  initial  Volume  of  a  New  Series,  entitled  MASTERS  of  MEDICINE,  edited  by  ERNEST  HART.  D.C.L.,  Editor  of  the  British  Medical  Journal. 


GREECE  in  the  NINETEENTH  CENTURY :  a  Record  of  Hellenic  Emancipation  and  Progress, 

1821-1897.    By  LEWIS  SERGEANT,  Author  of '  New  Greece,'  &c.     Map  and  24  Illustrations,  cloth,  10s.  ^d. 
.ATHEN.^UM.—"  It  is  an  important  contribution  to  the  political  literature  of  the  day,  and  should  bring  many  recruits  to  the  Phil-Hellenic  party  in  England,  for  whom  it  is  intended 


to  serve  as  a  sort  of  text-book." 


The    PRINTERS    of  BASLE   in   the    FIFTEENTH    and   SIXTEENTH    CENTURIES:    their 

Bioj^raphies,  Printed  Books,  and  Devices.    By  CHARLES  WILLIAM  HECKETHORN,  Author  of  '  Secret  Societies,'  &c.     Illustrated,  buckram,  gilt,  \l.  Is.  net. 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— "The  illustrations  with  which  Mr.  Heckethorn's  book  is  so  plentifully  supplied  would  make  it  valuable.    But  the  learned  treatise  itself  to  which  they 
belong  is  so  full  and  so  good  that  we  might  almost  have  done  without  any." 

NEW  VOLUMES  OF  ''THE  CHILDREN'S  LIBRARY." 

FRANCE.    By  Mary  C.  Rowsell.    Photogravure  Frontispiece. 

ROME.    By  Mary  Ford.    Frontispiece.  [Ne:ctweek. 

Long  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  top,  2s.  M.  each. 

The  LIFE  of  GENERAL  GORDON.    By  Demetrius  C.  Boulger,  Author  of  '  The  History  of  China,' 

&c.    Two  Photogravures  and  other  Illustrations.    Second  and  Cheaper  Edition.    Large  demy  Svo.  cloth,  6s.  [,Nextweek. 

This  is  a  cheap  edition  of  the  most  important  life  of  "Chinese  Gordon"  that  has  yet  been  written.    Mr.  Boulger  has  had  a  considerable  amount  of  new  and  highly  interesting 
material  relative  to  the  hero's  career  placed  in  his  hands. 

The  TORMENTOR:    a  Novel.     By  Benjamin  Swift,  Author  of  'Nancy  Noon.'    "Unwin's  Green 

Cloth  Library."     6s. 

PRISONERS  of  CONSCIENCE:   a  Novel.     By  Amelia  E.  Barr.     12  Illustrations.     " Unwin's 

Green  Cloth  Library."    6s. 
ABERDEEN  FREE  PRESS.—"  The  individuality  of  Liof  Borson  and  David  Borson  stand  out  with  a  rugged  strength  that  is  sometimes  forbidding,  sometimes  impressive;  the  weaving 
of  the  warp  and  woof  of  fate  is  marked  with  subtlety  and  power." 

HUGH  WYNNE :  Free  Quaker,  Sometime  Brevet-Lt.-Colonel  on  the  Staff  of  his  Excellency  General 

Washington.     By  S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D.  LL.D.     "  Unwin's  Green  Cloth  Library."    6s. 

The  PEOPLE  of  CLOPTON.    By  George  Bartram.    Cloth,  6s. 

STAR.—"  Mr.  Bartram,  in  '  The  People  of  Clopton,'  has  shown  the  possibilities  of  English  village  life.    So  faithful  is  this  history,  so  human  and  so  convincing,  that  he  might  become  a 
Barrie  of  the  Midlands." 

BRER  MORTAL.    By  Ben  Marias.     An  Allegory  of  Human  Life.     6  Full-Page  Illustrations  by 

Mark  Zangwill.    Cloth,  5s. 

THOSE  DREADFUL  TWINS :  Middy  and  Bosun.   A  True  Story  of  Boyish  Frolic.    By  Themselves. 

Illustrated.    Cloth,  3s.  6d. 
SHEFFIELD  INDEPENDENT.—"  Carried  out  with  great  success,  and  the  stories  are  related  with  a  boyish  naturalness  which  will  charm  most  readers,  old  and  young,  and  make  the 
little  book  a  nursery  favourite.    The  general  get-up  of  the  book  is  admirable,  the  portraits  are  a  great  acquisition,  and  we  predict  for  '  Those  Dreadful  Twins '  an  immediate  success 
and  a  widespread  popularity." 


The  GOLD-FIELDS  of  the  KLONDYKE :  Fortune-Seekers'  Guide  to  the  Yukon  Region  of  Alaska 

and  British  America.    The  Story  as  told  by  Ladue,  Berry,  Phiscator,  and  other  Gold-finders.     By  JOHN  W.  LEONARD.     With  Maps,  Diagrams,  and  Illustrations.    Cloth,  2s.  erf. 

•'  [Next  week. 

London :  T.  FISHER  UNWIN,  Paternoster  Square,  E.G. 


516 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°8651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON'S  LIST. 


NOW   READY. 

MUSICAL     MEMORIES.      With 

Anecdotes  and  Recollections  of  Chopin,  Berlioz,  Erard, 
George  Sand,  M.  de  Leeseps,  Rossini,  Henselt,  Sir 
Charles  Halle,  Rubinstein,  Joachim,  S^rasate,  &c.  By 
ALICE  MANGOLD  DIBHL.    In  crown  8vo.  6s. 

"  The  author  had  singular  opportunities  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  musicians  of  eminence,  and,  in  addition, 
she  has  the  literary  gift  of  bringing  them  vividly  before  us." 

Musical  Standard. 


NOW  READY. 

The  LOST  EMPIRES  of  the  MODERN 

WORLD.  Being  some  Account  of  the  Lost  Territories 
of  Portugal,  Spain,  France,  and  Holland.  By  WALTER 
FREWBN  LORD,  Author  of  '  The  Lost  Possessions  of 
England.'    In  crown  8vo.  6s. 


NOW   READY. 

LETTERS  and  other  UNPUBLISHED 

WRITINGS  of  WALTER  SAVAGE  LANDOR.  Edited 
by  STEPHEN  WHEELER.  Author  of  '  The  Amir  Abdur 
Rahman.'  With  Portraits  of  Landor,  "  lanthe,"  and 
other  Illustrations.     In  crown  8vo.  7s.  Qd. 

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N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


il7 


SATUItDAT,    OCTOBER  16,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE 

517 
518 
519 
520 
521 


AifNAts  OF  A  Publishing  House  

R.  L.  Stevenson's  St.  Ives  

a  soldikk  in  thb  crimea  and  india 

Mr.  Arthur  Svmons's  Literary  Essays 

The  Life  of  Tennyson        

New  Novels  (Amy  Vivian's  Ring;  Chloe;  Father  and 

Son;  Le  Mannequin  d'Osier)     524 

Old  English  and  Scotch  Book8  624 

Two  Books  on  Nkvffoundland     525 

List  of  New  Books 525 

Kotks  from  Paris  ;  The  Autumn  Publishing  Season  ; 

The  Editio  Princhps  of  'De  Aqua  et  Terra"; 

'The    Opus    Majus    of    Roger    Bacon';    Don 

Pascual  de  Gayangos 526 — 529 

Literary  Gossip         529 

Science— Richardson's   Vita   Medica;   Societies; 

Meetings;  Gossip  530—531 

Fink  Arts— Christmas  Books  ;  Gossip  531 

Music -The  Week;  Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week  531—533 

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip  533 


LITERATURE 

Annals  of  a  Publishing  House  :  William  Black- 
wood and  his  Sons,  their  Magazine  and 
Friends.  By  Mrs.  Oliphant.  Vols.  I.  and  II. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

It  is  inevitable  that  these  volumes  should  be 
received  with  a  certain  degree  of  sadness  as 
the  last  work  of  the  gifted  lady  whose 
writings  contributed  so  largely  to  the  plea- 
sure and  amusement  of  two  generations  of 
readers.  Yet  they  will  not  be  found  the 
least  interesting  of  her  contributions  to 
literature.  Her  long  connexion  with  the 
publishers  made  the  subject  peculiarly 
agreeable  to  her,  and  these  pages  are  con- 
sequently marked  by  some  of  her  best 
qualities — the  easy  and  pleasant  style,  free 
from  effort  or  pretence  ;  the  kindly  humour; 
the  sympathy  with  good  literature  ;  and,  in 
speaking  of  herself,  the  genuine  modesty 
which  always  marked  her  estimate  of  her 
own  powers.  They  form  a  most  interesting 
jecord  of  the  doings  of  a  famous  publishing 
Tiouse,  which  has  always  stood  high,  not 
only  for  the  many  notable  books  it  has  pro- 
duced, but  for  the  integrity  and  liberality 
which  have  distinguished  its  dealings  with 
authors  and  the  public. 

There  can  be  little  question  that  of  the 
two  volumes  the  second  is  the  better.  As 
she  went  on  Mrs.  Oliphant  grasped  her 
subject  more  firmly,  arranged  her  mate- 
rials more  skilfully,  than  when  she  com- 
menced. In  the  first  volume  she  has  tried 
to  allot  separate  chapters  to  each  of  the 
early  contributors — one  to  Wilson,  another 
to  Lockhart,  another  to  Maginn,  and  so  on. 
This  plan  has  its  advantages  no  doubt,  but 
it  involves  a  good  deal  of  repetition,  and 
prevents  that  unity  of  impression  necessary 
to  a  clear  narrative.  Besides,  it  is  difficult 
to  avoid  suspecting  that  the  kind-hearted 
lady  found  herself  ill  at  ease  among 
the  fierce  scurrilities  of  the  early  years  of 
the  magazine  she  loved.  She  could  not 
approve  of  them,  and  she  could  not  bring 
herself  to  condemn  them.  Nor  can  it  be 
said  that  her  theory  that  they  were  mainly 
the  work  of  Lockhart  and  Wilson,  excited 
by  party  warfare  and  the  success  of  their 
attacks,  and  that  the  publisher  alone  kept 


his  head   and   exercised   a   controlling   in- 
fluence,   will    bear    examination.      If    the 
publisher   had    remained   cool   amidst    the 
turmoil,    he    could    not    be    excused    for 
allowing  such  a  scandalous  libel  on  Leigh 
Hunt    to     appear     in     the     first     number 
of   the    new    series     of    the     magazine  — 
a     libel   which    Mrs.  Oliphant  endeavours 
to    excuse   by    saying    Leigh    Hunt    pro- 
voked it,   a  statement  without  foundation. 
The  truth  is  personalities  were  then  much 
more   common   in   periodical   writing   than 
they  are  now,  and  party  feeling  in  Edin- 
burgh was  at  fever  heat  during  the  twenty 
years  preceding  the  Reform  Bill.  In  1820,  for 
instance,  we  find  William  Blackwood,  who 
was  a  shrewd,  sensible  man,  talking  of  "  the 
cursed  Whigs ' '  and  accusing  them  of  ' '  black- 
guardism,"    because    they    supported     Sir 
William  Hamilton — whose  claims  were  in- 
comparably greater — against  Wilson  in  the 
contest  for  the  Chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  in 
Edinburgh  University.  When  a  sober  man  of 
business  talked  in  this  way  we  may  imagine 
how  bitter  was  the  rancour  of  men  younger 
and  more  impressionable.     It  is  only  fair  to 
take  this  heated  state  of  feeling  into  account 
in  judging  the   early    numbers   of    Black- 
wood, and  to  feel  sure  that  it  influenced  the 
publisher  nearly  as  much  as  the  contributors. 
The  first  William  Blackwood  was  a  man 
of  great   business   talent,  and  possessed  a 
wonderful   faculty  for  gauging  the  public 
taste.    He  cannot  have  had  more  than  a  very 
small  capital  when  he  started  as  a  second- 
hand bookseller  in  Edinburgh  in  1804  ;  yet 
in  a  dozen  years  he  had  dropped  second-hand 
books  and  attained  a  considerable  position 
as  a  publisher.  His  own  discernment  secured 
him   M'Crie's    'Life   of    Knox'    and    Miss 
Ferrier's  '  Marriage ' — books  of  widely  dif- 
ferent character,   but  alike  possessing   the 
golden  quality  of    selling  largely  ;  and  he 
showed  his  shrewdness  in  securing  PoUok's 
'  Course  of  Time,'  although  even  he  cannot 
have  anticipated  the  extraordinary  success 
of  that  dreary  poem,  which  must  for  years 
have  formed  a  little  annuity  for  the  fortunate 
publisher. 

Blackwood's  effort  to  enlist  Scott  by  ask- 
ing Laidlaw  to  contribute  to  the  magazine 
was  such  an  ingenious  device  that  it  deserved 
better  success  than  it  attained.  But  the 
suggestion  seems  to  have  been  due  to  Hogg, 
whom,  generally  speaking,  Mrs.  Oliphant 
treats  a  great  deal  too  contemptuously. 
Hogg  had  many  serious  faults,  but  he  was 
more  really  a  poet  than  Christopher  North, 
who  in  the  '  Noctes '  put  verses  into  his 
mouth  which  Mrs.  Oliphant  thinks  too  good 
for  him.  Blackwood,  like  every  editor, 
suffered  much  from  the  unpunctuality  of 
his  contributors,  especially  De  Quincey,  who 
had  a  habit  of  asking  which  was  "the 
latest  day"  for  receiving  copy — the  in- 
variable question  of  a  dilatory  author ;  but 
it  was  worth  while  enduring  something  to 
secure  such  a  gem  as  '  Murder  considered  as 
One  of  the  Fine  Arts.'  When  Coleridge 
was  invited  to  write  in  the  magazine,  he 
replied  with  an  offer  to  edit  it : — 

"On  the  receipt  of  your  letter,  and  of  the 
Magazine  (for  which  accept  my  thanks),  I  waited 
on  Mr.  Davies,  the  having  been  introduced  to 
whom  I  regard  as  an  obligation.  I  do  indeed 
feel  myself  much  obliged  to  you  for  having  made 
me  acquainted  with  a  man  of  such  genuine 
worth,  and  so  much  unostentatious  good  sense. 


Besides,  I  am  always  glad  to  have  any  one  of 
my  prejudices  counteracted   or   overset,  for  I 
look  upon  them  as  so  many  puny  heresies,  and 
every  dislike  I  am  converted  from,  the  better 
Catholic  I  am  :  and  I  honestly  confess  that  my 
experience  has  tinged  my  opinions  concerning 
the  Trade  with  a  rather  sombre  dye.     God  for- 
bid that  I  should  at  any  time  or  under  any  pro- 
vocations have  been  guilty  of  so  unchristian  a 
thought,  as  to  doubt  that  a  Bookseller  might  be 
a  truly  good  and  honourable  man  ;  but  still  I 
am  ashamed  to  say  my  belief  was  more  strong 
in  the  Pusse  than  the  Esse  thereof.     Perhaps 
your  experience  of  authors  has  been  tit-for-tat 
with  mine  of  your  Brotherhood,  and  I  trust  we 
may  both  proceed  as  we  have  begun  in  making 
converts  of  each  other  in  relation  to  our  two 
selves   at  least.     So   leaving   this   half-earnest 
chit-chat,  I  come  to  the  business  of  this  letter. 
I  informed  you,  my  dear  sir,  that  as  to  scissors 
and  scraps,  I  have  none  in  the  first  place,  and 
secondly,  they  would  neither  answer  my  purpose 
nor  yours  in  the  present  state  of  things.     If  I 
enter  into  any  connection  with  your  Magazine, 
it  must  be  such  a   one  as  will  justify  me   in 
devoting   two-thirds   of   my  time  and — to  one 
at   least   of   my  monthly  communications — the 
utmost  of  my  powers  in  my  most  genial  moods. 
The  scheme  upon  which  a  Magazine  should  be 
conducted  (and  if  so   conducted  would,  I   am 
convinced,  outrun  all  rivalry)  shall  be  communi- 
cated first  to  Messrs.  Cadell  &  Davies,  and  then 
to  you,  so  that  you  may  have  the  advantage  of 
their  confidential  opinion  in  addition  to  your 

own  judgment Of  this  scheme  part  will,  of 

course,  be  private,  for  your  own  eye,  not  that 
of  the  public  :  but  the  far  larger  portion  will  be 
produced  in  a  sort  of  Letter  or   Essay  on  the 
Desiderata    of    a    Magazine,    and    should    you 
approve  of  the  contents,  I  propose   that  you 
should  annex  to  it  a  declaration  of  your  perfect 
assent  to  the  sentiments  of  your  correspondent, 
and  a  sort  of  promise  that  the  proprietors  are 
determined  to  conduct  their  Magazine  on  the 
same  principle  to  the  best  of  their  power.     If 
either  the  scheme  be  rejected  or  my  co-operation 
in  the  realisation  of  the  same  not  agreed  to,  I 
then  rely  on  your  honour  that  no  use  shall  be 
made  of  the  same,  but  that  it  shall  be  sent  back 
to  me.     Let  us  then  for  a  moment  suppose  the 
plan   to   have   received   your  approbation  and 
concurrence,   and    that    I    first   supplied    you 
monthly  to  the  extent  of  two  sheets,  one  article 
of   which  shall    be  (so  far   as  my  comparative 
talents  and  genius  make  it  possible  or  probable) 
equivalent  to  the  leading  article  in  the  Edin- 
burgh  or    Quarterly    Reviews    (by   leading,    I 
mean  that  one  article  which  is  expected  to  be 
most  talked  of,  as  for  instance,  several  of  Mr. 
Southey's  in    the  Quarterly),  and  that  I  shall 
be  at  all  times  ready  to  give  my  best  advice  and 
opinion  with  regard  to  the  other  parts  of  the 
Magazine,  to  be,  as  it  were,  your  London  editor 
or  curator,  and  to  exert  my  interest  among  my 
literary  friends  not  being  professional  authors, 
to  procure  communications,   to   re-enliven  for 
this   purpose   my  correspondence  abroad  with 
several  valued  friends  of  mine  who  are  of  highest 
rank  among  the  foreign  Literati— in  short,  to 
give    to   the    Edi7i,hurgh  Magazine  the    whole 
weight   of   my   interest,   name,  and  character, 
whatever  they  may  be." 

Equally  characteristic  is  the  following  out- 
burst of  Lander's : — 

"  Pray  do  me  the  favour  to  inform  your  com- 
positor that  if  ever  again  he  has  the  impudence 
and  audacity  to  alter  a  letter  or  a  point  of  my 
writings  he  shall  see  no  more  of  them  !  " 

The  death  of  William  Blackwood  at  a 
comparatively  early  age  seemed  a  loss  from 
which  the  fortunes  of  the  firm  were  certain 
to  suffer  severely;  but  it  is  surprising  to 
find  that  its  prosperity  incurred  little  if  any 
check,  thanks  to  the  loyalty  of  the  authors 
whom  the  magazine  had  attracted,  and  to 


518 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N-^^SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


the  capacity  of  his  two  elder  sons.  The 
burden  of  anxiety,  however,  that  fell  upon 
their  young  shoulders  was  great,  and  pro- 
bably contributed  to  shorten  their  lives  ;  and 
the  business  devolved  upon  Major  Black- 
wood, recalled  from  India  to  take  a  share  in 
the  management,  and  his  brother  John,  who 
had  for  some  years  conducted  the  London 
branch  of  the  house. 

No  one  who  had  the  honour  of  knowing 
the  father  of  the  present  head  of  the  firm 
will  think  that  there  is  a  word  of  exaggera- 
tion in  this  eulogy  of  one  of  the  kindest 
and  least  assuming  of  men  : — 

"Major  Blackwood,  whose  training  in  life 
had  been  so  different,  yet  who  fell  into  his  place 
with  the  ease  and  satisfaction  which  seemed 
natural  in  his  father's  son,  did  not,  I  think,  in 
any  case  interfere  with  John's  responsibility  as 
the  first  in  all  literary  questions  and  decisions, 
but  stood  by  as  the  most  loyal  and  deeply 
interested  of  counsellors.  It  was  a  fine  tradition 
of  the  house  that  the  money  matters,  so  im- 
portant in  the  continual  traflic  with  persons 
little  endowed  with  coin  and  much  with  pride 
and  susceptibility,  should  be  kept  as  much  as 
possible  in  the  hands  of  the  family,  so  that  a 
writer  might  seek  an  advance,  as  so  often 
happened,  or  forestall  what  was  due  to  him, 
without  the  painful  feeling  that  his  necessities 
were  open  to  the  counting-house  ;  and  this 
delicate  portion  of  the  business  was,  I  think,  in 
the  Major's  hands,  who  knew  how  to  do  a  service 
of  this  kind  with  all  the  suavity  and  gentleness 
which  were  his  characteristics." 

There  is  a  touching  account  of  Mrs. 
Oliphant's  own  troubles  on  her  return  to 
Scotland  after  her  husband's  death  : — 

"  I  was  poor,  having  only  my  own  exertions 
to  depend  on,  though  always  possessing  an 
absolute-foolish  courage  (so  long  as  the  children 
were  well,  my  one  formula)  in  life  and  pro- 
vidence. But  I  had  not  been  doing  well  for 
some  time.  It  will  perhaps  not  be  wondered  at, 
considering  the  circumstances.  My  contribu- 
tions sent  from  Italy,  where  I  had  passed  a  year 
watching  my  husband's  waning  life,  had  been,  as 
I  can  see  through  the  revelations  of  the  Black- 
wood letters,  pushed  about  from  pillar  to  post, 
these  kind-hearted  men  not  willing  to  reject 
what  they  knew  to  be  so  important  to  me,  yet 
caring  but  little  for  them,  using  them  when 
there  happened  to  be  a  scarcity  of  material ;  and 

after  my  return  things  were   little  better 

Why  I  should  have  formed  the  idea  that  in  these 
circumstances,  when  there  was  every  appearance 
that  my  literary  gift,  such  as  it  was,  was  failing 
me,  they  would  be  likely  to  entertain  a  proposal 
from  me  for  a  serial  story,  I  can  scarcely  now 

tell  ;  but  I  was  rash  and  in  need I  walked 

up  to  George  Street,  up  the  steep  hill,  with  my 
heart  beating,  not  knowing  (though  I  might  very 
well  have  divined)  what  they  would  say  to  me. 
There  was,  indeed,  only  one  thing  they  could 
say.  They  shook  their  heads  :  they  were  very 
kind,  very  unwilling  to  hurt  the  feelings  of  the 
poor  young  woman,  with  the  heavy  widow's  veil 
hanging  about  her  like  a  cloud.  No  ;  they  did 
not  think  it  was  possible.  I  remember  very  well 
how  they  stood  against  the  light,  the  Major  tall 
and  straight,  John  Blackwood  with  his  shoulders 
hunched  up  in  his  more  careless  bearing,  em- 
barrassed and  troubled  by  what  they  saw  and 
no  doubt  guessed  in  my  face,  while  on  my  part 
every  faculty  was  absorbed  in  the  desperate  pride 
of  a  woman  not  to  let  them  see  me  cry,  to  keep 

in  until  I  could  get  out  of  their  sight I  went 

home  to  find  my  little  ones  all  gay  and  sweet, 
and  was  occupied  by  them  for  the  rest  of  the 
day  in  a  sort  of  cheerful  despair— distraught,  yet 
as  able  to  play  as  ever  (which  they  say  is  part  of 
a  woman's  natural  duplicity  and  dissimulation). 
But  when  they  had  all  gone  to  bed,  and  the 
house  was  quiet,  I  sat  down — and  I  don't  know 


when,  or  if  at  all,  I  went  to  bed  that  night  ;  but 
next  day  (I  think)  I  had  finished  and  sent  up  to 
the  dread  tribunal  in  George  Street  a  short 
story,  which  was  the  beginning  of  a  series  of 
stories  called  the  'Chronicles  of  Carlingford,' 
which  set  me  up  at  once  and  established  my 
footing  in  the  world." 

Mrs.  Oliphantis  right  in  dwelling  on  John 
Blackwood's  power  of  discerning  literary 
merit.  He  was  not,  we  fancy,  like  his 
father,  one  who  had  a  strong  love  of  litera- 
ture, but  he  had  an  extraordinary  faculty 
for  detecting  among  the  manuscripts  sub- 
mitted those  that  would  please  the  public. 
The  only  signal  mistake  he  ever  made  was 
in  believing  in  the  merits  of  '  The  Lily  and 
the  Bee,'  and  that  was  a  very  great  mistake 
indeed.  How  he  could  have  expected  the 
public  would  tolerate  Warren's  balderdash 
it  is  hard  to  conceive.  There  are  many 
amusing  glimpses  here  of  that  odd  per- 
sonage in  the  days  when  his  books  were 
popular.  He  seriously  considered  himself 
quite  the  equal  of  Dickens  : — 

"'Sir  Frederick  Pollock  was  one  of  those 
who  challenged  me.  He  said,  "Well,  whoever 
it  may  be,  I  can  assure  you  that  yesterday  some 
very  able  judges  were  dining  with  me,  and  asked 
me  if  I  had  read  '  Ten  Thousand  a- Year,'  and 
said  that  a  single  page  was  worth  all  that 
Dickens  had  ever  written.  I  agree  with  them. 
Who  can  it  be  ?  "  These  were  his  very  words.' 
Other  people  besides  thought  it  'superior  to 
Boz.'  'I  was  at  Lockhart's  yesterday,' young 
John  Blackwood  wrote  from  London,  'and  with- 
out my  having  alluded  to  it  he  expressed  the 
most  decided  approbation  for  "Ten  Thousand 
a- Year."  He  said  it  was  evidently  a  first-rate 
man,  and,  in  his  opinion,  beat  Boz  hollow — any- 
way, was  fully  his  match.'  " 

There  are  several  slight  mistakes.  It  is 
not  likely  that  William  Blackwood,  when 
an  apprentice  to  Bell  &  Bradfute,  played 
golf  on  Saturday  afternoons  on  Bruntsfield 
Links.  Mrs.  Oliphant  has  forgotten  that 
Saturday  half-holidays  are  a  modern  in- 
stitution. Again,  the  two  Latin  quotations 
in  vol.  i.  contain  a  misprint  apiece.  Eintoul 
did  not  die  "  without  achieving  the  success 
he  hoped  for."  The  Spectator^  under  his 
editorship,  held  a  high  position  among 
the  weekly  press  till  the  abolition  of  the 
compulsory  stamp,  when  Rintoul's  refusal 
to  lower  its  price  diminished  its  sale.  There 
is  nothing  to  be  gained  by  leaving  a 
blank  in  the  quotation  on  p.  504  of  vol.  i. 
The  gormandizing  miser  there  described 
was  the  eccentric  Colton,  author  of  '  Lacon,' 
as  Mrs.  Oliphant  could  have  ascertained  by 
looking  at  the  'Life'  of  Alaric  Watts  by 
his  son.  In  fact,  it  is  a  pity  she  did  not, 
for  she  would  have  learnt  from  it  that 
Watts,  on  giving  up  the  Leeds  Intelligencer, 
did  not  at  once  return  to  London,  but  pro- 
ceeded to  Manchester,  where  he  helped  to 
start  the  well-known  Manchester  Courier, 
which  lives  and  prospers  to  this  day. 

The  present  Mr.  W.  Blackwood  has,  in 
a  well-written  preface,  explained  that  the 
two  interesting  volumes  now  given  to  the 
world  were  all  that  Mrs.  Oliphant  lived  to 
complete.  Let  us  hope  that  he  may  some 
time  add  a  third,  bringing  the  work  down 
to  the  death  of  his  uncle,  who,  it  seems, 
was  the  first  to  form  the  idea  of  compiling 
these  annals  of  bis  famous  firm. 


St.  Ives :  leing  the  Adventures  of  a  French 
Prisoner  in  England.  By  Eobert  Louis 
Stevenson.  (Heinemann.) 
Tnis  is  a  rattling,  touch-and-go  tale  of 
adventure  of  a  somewhat  ordinary  type,  yet  ' 
relieved  by  some  fine  but  slight  studies  in 
characterization.  That  it  will  not  add  to 
Stevenson's  reputation  is  clear  from  this 
description,  as  well  as  from  his  own  doubts 
about  the  book  already  published  to  the 
world  in  the  '  Vailima  Letters.'  Whether 
it  was  altogether  wise  of  his  executors  to 
publish  it  admits  of  some  doubt ;  yet,  after 
all,  it  will  not  lower,  if  it  will  not  enhance^ 
his  reputation  ;  and  it  is,  of  course,  far  above 
the  average  trade  novels  that  pour  forth  in 
such  increasing  floods  from  the  press.  Per- 
haps the  most  remarkable  (and  significant) 
thing  about  the  book  is  the  skill  with  which 
Mr.  Quiller  Couch  has  supplied  the  last  six 
chapters,  which  both  in  style  and  briskness 
of  treatment  bear  an  astonishing  resemblance 
to  the  preceding  thirty.  It  was  a  dangerous 
and  difficult  task  that  Mr.  Quiller  Couch 
undertook,  and  to  some  it  might  seem  of 
disputable  taste.  But  he  has  come  out 
of  the  ordeal  triumphantly,  and  for  once  a 
patch  has  proved  to  be  not  altogether  a 
botch. 

Take,  for  example,  the  following  passage, 
in  which  the  hero  is  forced  for  a  purpose  to 
simulate  drunkenness : — 

' '  Doubtless  by  my  uncovered  head  and  gala 
dress  he  judged  me  an  all-night  reveller— a 
strayed  Bacchanal  fooling  in  the  morrow's  eye. 
Prompt  upon  the  inference  came  inspiration. 
I  must  win  to  the  centre  of  the  crowd,  and 
a  crowd  is  invariably  indulgent  to  a  drunkard. 
I  hung  out  the  glaring  signboard  of  crapulous 
glee.  Lurching,  hiccoughing,  jostling,  apologis- 
ing to  all  and  sundry  with  spacious  incoherence, 
I  plunged  my  way  through  the  sightseers,  and 
they  gave  me  passage  with  all  the  good  humour 
in  bfe." 

This  has  the  true  Stevensonian  accent;  the 
unexpected  adjectives,  the  double  accusa- 
tives, the  metaphoric  signboard,  all  are  just 
in  Stevenson's  style.  As  for  the  matter  of 
the  supernumerary  chapters,  they  appear 
to  have  been  supplied  from  the  memory  of 
Mrs.  Strong,  Stevenson's  amanuensis,  and 
their  episodical  character  is  merely  on  a  par 
with  the  rest  of  the  work. 

The  tale,  as  its  sub-title  indicates,  tells 
the  story  of  the  adventures  of  a  French 
prisoner  in  England  (and  Scotland)  just 
before  Napoleon's  first  downfall.  But  the 
Viscount  Anne  de  St.  Yves  de  Keroual,  the 
French  prisoner  in  question,  is  of  somewhat 
curious  upbringing.  He  had  had  an  English 
nurse  and  ample  opportunities  of  learning 
English,  which  he  talked  with  scarcely  per- 
ceptible accent.  But  the  training  in  English 
seems  to  have  gone  somewhat  deeper  than 
the  mere  language,  for  it  is  only  occasionally 
throughout  the  book  that  he  remembers  that 
he  is  a  Frenchman,  and  a  French  soldier  to 
boot ;  and  altogether  he  is  by  no  means 
convincing  in  his  title  rdle.  He  is  a 
dandy,  and  is  curious  in  waistcoats.  Yet 
there  is  something  raffish  about  his  bear- 
ing, a  quality  which  he  shares  with  his 
cousin,  the  elder  Viscount  de  St.  Yves,  who 
is  the  rather  pinchbeck  villain  of  the  story. 
Altogether  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  a 
hero  such  as  this  could  have  won  the  heart 
of  a  high-spirited  Scotch  girl  after  two  or 
three  interviews. 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


519 


The  fact  is,  this  book  bears  the  mark  of 
a  fagged  mind  on  almost  every  page  of 
it.  It  is  largely  reminiscent  of  other 
works  of  the  same  writer.  The  interview 
which  the  heroine's  brother  has  with  the 
hero  resembles  closely  a  scene  in  '  Beau 
Austin.'  The  escape  from  Edinburgh 
Castle  has  its  counterpart  in  a  similar 
escape  in  *  The  Black  Arrow.'  The  villain 
viscount  is  a  faint  copy  of  the  Master  of 
Ballantrae.  The  counting  up  of  the  trea- 
sure recalls  the  last  pages  of  '  Treasure 
Island.'  The  fight  with  the  drovers  is  a 
similar  incident  to  the  attack  by  Cluny's 
men  in  '  Kidnapped.'  Eowley's  flageolet 
takes  the  place  of  the  penny  whistle  of 
the  carrier  in  'The  Wrong  Box,'  while  the 
friendly  relations  of  the  hero  with  that 
burly  villain  Burchell  Fenn  had  previous 
existence  in  the  pages  of  '  The  Wrecker.' 
And  so  throughout  the  majority  of  in- 
cidents recall  similar  passages  in  Steven- 
son's earlier  books,  and  prove  that  while 
he  was  occupied  in  writing  '  St.  Ives '  his 
mind  had  lost  its  power  of  fresh  combina- 
tion. That  the  loss  was  only  temporary 
that  vigorous  fragment  *  Weir  of  Her- 
miston '  is  more  than  sufiicient  proof. 

Little  fresh  as  are  the  incidents,  they  are 
even  less  well  considered  and  connected. 
The  story  is  practically  of  an  escaped  mili- 
tary prisoner  who  travels  from  Edinburgh 
to  his  uncle's  place  in  the  south,  and  then 
returns  to  the  northern  cai^ital.  The  motive 
for  the  return  is  supposed  to  be  an  in- 
vincible desire  to  see  the  loved  one,  but 
the  coxcomb  tone  in  which  the  fair  one  is 
wooed  does  not  make  this  return  at  risk  of 
death  any  the  more  probable.  Stevenson  may 
possibly  have  felt  this,  as  he  props  up  the 
motive  with  a  somewhat  trumpery  charge 
of  assault  in  which  others  might  be  im- 
plicated for  the  hero's  sake.  But  even  this 
is  only  brought  in  as  an  afterthought,  for 
it  could  not  have  been  made  the  principal 
motive,  or  else  the  attractive  power  of  love 
would  have  been  so  much  diminished.  When 
St.  Ives  gets  to  Edinburgh  again,  where  he 
is  wanted  for  an  alleged  murder,  really  the 
result  of  a  duel,  he  naturally  falls  into  great 
dangers,  from  which  he  ultimately  escapes 
by  the  most  mechanical  of  methods,  a 
casual  balloon  that  wafts  him  away  to  the 
Bristol  Channel.  Altogether  the  book,  re- 
garded from  the  point  of  view  of  plot,  is  a 
panorama  of  improbabilities. 

Nor  on  the  character  side  is  there  much 
to  attract.  We  have  already  referred  to 
the  unconvincing  nature  of  the  hero's  posi- 
tion as  an  Anglo-Scotch  Frenchman.  The 
heroine  is  somewhat  of  a  lay  figure.  More 
care  has  been  taken  with  the  villain,  but 
he  is  after  all  merely  a  lath  that  is  not  even 
painted  to  look  like  iron ;  and  in  the  rela- 
tions of  the  hero,  either  to  heroine  or  villain, 
there  is  nothing  inevitable,  nothing  that 
could  not  be  otherwise. 

Yet  unsatisfactory  as  the  book  is,  both 
in  construction  and  characterization,  it  has 
an  interest  of  its  own  to  the  student  of 
Stevenson's  art.  Previous  to  this  book,  his 
studies  in  characterization  were  somewhat 
forced,  and  he  had  clearly  to  content  him- 
self with  but  a  few  figures  on  the  stage. 
He  characterized  "with  deeficulty."  But 
here  at  last  he  began  to  show  himself  a 
compeer  of  the  masters  in  that  quality  in 
which  they  specially  proved  their  mastery. 


AVhat  distinguishes  Fielding,  Scott,  Dickens, 
Thackeray,  and  even  Charles  Keade  to  a 
certain  extent,  is  the  ease  and  fecundity 
with  which  they  create  minor  characters. 
It  is  possible  they  crowd  their  canvases  too 
much,  but  the  total  result  is  to  produce 
that  effect  of  bustling  life  which  it  is  the 
peculiar  function  of  the  novelist  to  reproduce. 
Here  in  '  St.  Ives '  Stevenson  for  the  first 
time  came  to  his  own  in  this  respect;  it 
is  crowded  with  subordinate  figures,  the 
majority  of  them  alive  and  some  of  them 
uproariously  kicking.  There  is  Major 
Chevenix,  the  hero's  rival,  a  dry  stick,  but 
a  gentlemanly.  The  heroine's  aunt.  Miss 
Gilchrist,  is  crabbed  and  caustic,  but  good- 
natured  at  bottom.  Eowley,  the  boy  valet,  is 
scarcely  the  success  that  the  pains  devoted 
to  him  would  warrant,  but  he  is  certainly 
alive.  One  of  the  minor  characters,  a 
French  colonel  who  had  broken  parole  in 
order  to  reach  the  death-bed  of  his  only 
daughter,  sounds  a  note  of  almost  tragic 
intensity.  But  whether  it  be  a  postboy 
demanding  blackmail,  or  a  runaway  bride 
who  is  sorry  she  has  run  away,  or  an 
attorney's  clerk  who  has  touches  of 
patriotism,  or  an  Edinburgh  buck  who  is 
professor  of  nonsense  in  an  imaginary 
university — whether  they  are  portrayed  in 
few  or  in  many  lines — almost  every  character 
introduced  has  the  tang  of  individuality. 

Stevenson  must  have  felt  some  of  this 
increased  capacity  himself,  for  he  has  been 
so  greatly  daring  as  to  introduce  as  one  of 
his  minor  characters  no  less  a  person  than 
Walter  Scott  himself.  The  passage  in 
which  he  appears  is  short  and  slight,  but 
may  be  here  quoted  as  an  instance  of 
perhaps  the  most  characteristic  thing  about 
'  St.  Ives,'  the  evidence  it  gives  of  the  capa- 
city of  indicating  character  by  a  few  traits  : 

"  Our  encounter  was  of  a  tall,  stoutish,  elderly 
gentleman,  a  little  grizzled,  and  of  a  rugged  but 
cheerful  and  engaging  countenance.  He  sat  on 
a  hill  pony,  wrapped  in  a  plaid  over  his  green 
coat,  and  was  accompanied  by  a  horsewoman, 
his  daughter,  a  young  lady  of  the  most  charm- 
ing appearance.  They  overtook  us  on  a  stretch 
of  heath,  reined  up  as  they  came  alongside,  and 
accompanied  us  for  perhaps  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  before  they  galloped  off  again  across  the 
hillsides  to  our  left.  Great  was  my  amazement 
to  find  the  unconquerable  Mr.  Sim  thaw  imme- 
diately on  the  accost  of  this  strange  gentleman, 
who  hailed  him  with  a  ready  familiarity,  pro- 
ceeded at  once  to  discuss  with  him  the  trade  of 
droving  and  the  prices  of  cattle,  and  did  not 
disdain  to  take  a  pinch  from  the  inevitable 
ram's  horn.  Presently  I  was  aware  that 
the  stranger's  eye  was  directed  on  myself  ;  and 
there  ensued  a  conversation,  some  of  which  I 
could  not  help  overhearing  at  the  time,  and  the 
rest  I  have  pieced  together  more  or  less  plau- 
sibly from  the  report  of  Sim. 

"  '  Surely  that  must  be  an  amateur  drover  ye 
have  gotten  there?'  the  gentleman  seems  to 
have  asked. 

' '  Sim  replied,  I  was  a  young  gentleman  that 
had  a  reason  of  his  own  to  travel  privately. 

"'Well,  well,  ye  must  tell  me  nothing  of 
that.  I  am  in  the  law,  you  know,  and  tace  is 
the  Latin  for  a  candle,' answered  the  gentleman. 
'  But  I  hope  it 's  nothing  bad. ' 

"Sim  told  him  it  was  no  more  than  debt. 

"  '  Oh,  Lord,  if  that  be  all  !  '  cried  the  gentle- 
man ;  and  turning  to  myself,  'Well,  sir,'  he 
added,  'I  understand  you  are  taking  a  tramp 
through  our  forest  here  for  the  pleasure  of  the 
thing  1 ' 

"  '  Why,  yes,  sir,'  said  I ;  '  and  I  must  say  I 
am  very  well  entertained.' 


'"I  envy  you,'  said  he.  'I  have  jogged 
many  miles  of  it  myself  when  I  was  younger. 
My  youth  lies  buried  about  here  under  every 
heather-bush,  like  the  soul  of  the  licentiate 
Lucius.  But  you  should  have  a  guide.  The 
pleasure  of  this  country  is  much  in  the  legends, 
which  grow  as  plentiful  as  blackberries.'  And 
directing  my  attention  to  a  little  fragment  of  a 
broken  wall  no  greater  than  a  tombstone,  he 
told  me  for  an  example  a  story  of  its  earlier 
inhabitants 

"Presently,  after  giving  us  a  cigar  apiece, 
Scott  bade  us  farewell  and  disappeared  with  his 
daughter  over  the  hills.  And  when  I  applied  to 
Sim  for  information,  his  answer  of  '  The  Shirra, 
man  !  A' body  kens  the  Shirra  !  '  told  me,  unfor- 
tunately, nothing." 

The  incident  is  slight  enough  in  all  con- 
science, but  every  touch  tells,  and  the  whole 
impression  is  one  of  life.  It  is,  perhaps, 
worth  while  mentioning  that  the  word  ctc/ar 
is  here  spelt  otherwise  than  in  the  rest  of  the 
book,  where  it  has  the  old  spelling  segar. 
There  are  also  some  anachronisms  of  fact 
and  tone,  and  what  is  probably  a  misprint 
on  p.  92,  "  usuriousness "  for  uxoriousness. 
These  discrepancies  would  doubtless  have 
been  removed  if  Stevenson  had  lived^  to 
revise  the  proofs,  but  no  amount  of  revision 
could  have  made  up  for  the  want  of  cohesion 
in  the  plot,  the  inefficient  colouring  of  the 
chief  characters. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  in  speaking  in 
these  somewhat  slighting  terms  of  '  St.  Ives ' 
weare  judgingitby  ahighstandard.  Whether 
destined  to  be  classic  or  no,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  Stevenson's  work  stands  out 
markedly  from  the  ruck  of  machine-made 
fiction,  and  this  very  book  with  all  its  faults 
shows  that  he  was  slowly  maturing  to  a 
mastery  of  his  art  which  might  have  raised 
him  to  an  equality  with  the  greatest  of  the 
past. 

Twelve  Years  of  a  Soldier's  Life :  from  the 
Letters  of  Major  W.  T.  Johnson,  of  the 
Native  Irregular  Cavalry.  Edited  by  his 
Widow.  (Innes  &  Co.) 
The  late  Major  Johnson  was  a  fine  specimen 
of  John  Company's  officers,  for  though  little 
known  to  the  general  public,  his  conspicuous 
daring  secured  for  him  a  high  reputation 
in  the  army.  Besides,  his  services  were 
curiously  varied.  Going  out  to  India 
in  1846,  he  was  first  gazetted  to  the  6th 
Bombay  Native  Infantry;  in  1851  he  was 
adjutant  of  the  Gujarat  Horse,  and  two 
years  later  became  second  in  command; 
then  in  1854  he  volunteered  for  the 
Crimean  War,  and  was  attached  to  the 
20th  Foot;  on  his  return  to  India  he 
rejoined  the  6  th,  and  performed  the  duties 
of  quartermaster  and  interpreter;  in  1856 
he  was  posted  to  the  1st  Eegiment  of 
Irregular  Cavalry  in  the  Oudh  Contingent ; 
in  1857  he  was  with  the  Sind  Horse  in  the 
Persian  campaign;  and  finally  he  com- 
manded the  only  force  of  irregular  cavalry 
(the  12th  Oudh,  or  rather  the  loyal  sur- 
vivors of  it)  in  the  relief  of  Lucknow — 
going  in  a  lieutenant,  and  coming  out  of 
the  struggle  a  brevet  major.  Thus  he  saw 
service  both  with  British  and  native  troops, 
and  with  infantry  as  well  as  cavalry. 

The  two  salient  epochs  in  his  career, 
however,  were  the  battle  of  Inkerman  and 
the  first  relief  of  Lucknow.  At  the  former 
his  conspicuous  bravery  excited  Kinglake's 
special  admiration,  and  no  one  who  has  read 


520 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°3651,  Oct.  16, '97 


it  can  have  forgotten  the  passage  in  which 
the  historian  of  the  Crimean  War  relates 
the  magnificent  stand  made  by  a  mere 
handful  of  the  "Fighting  20th"  on 
that  misty  morning  of  November.  Lieut. 
Vaughan  and  the  volunteer  Lieut.  John- 
son headed  the  20th  when  they  drove  a 
body  of  the  Russians  down  the  hillside  to 
the  sound  of  their  famous  "  Minden  Yell." 
They  came  upon  a  Russian  battery,  and, 
extraordinary  as  it  seems,  made  their  men 
and  some  of  the  Guards  kneel  down,  totally 
regardless  of  the  enemy's  fire,  and  take 
deliberate  aim  at  the  battery  at  300  yards. 
After  one  more  round  the  Russian  artillery- 
men limbered  up  and  made  off  as  fast  as 
they  could  !  Later  on,  when  the  French 
had  reinforced  them,  but  the  troops  had 
got  into  disorder,  Johnson  was  one  of 
the  two  who  rallied  and  cheered  the  men 
on  to  the  charge ;  and  many  witnesses 
remembered  the  strange  sight  of  a  young 
officer  well  in  front  of  the  fighting  line, 
waving  a  heavy  Indian  tulwar  over  his 
head,  and  positively  shouting  with  exulta- 
tion at  the  "fun."  "There  were  no  end 
of  Russians,"  he  writes  two  days  later, 

"columns  after  columns,  and  the  cavalry  all 
ready  below  to  finish  the  business  when  their 
swarms  of  infantry  had  carried  the  heights. 
However,  part  of  our  Division,  the  Guards, 
and  a  few  of  the  2nd  Division,  held  the  ground 
until  the  French  came  up  ;  and  then  didn't  we 
give  it  them,  French  and  ourselves  all  mixed 
up  together.  I  know  a  French  officer  and  my- 
self were  the  two  first  ahead.  I  was  sure  it  was 
all  right  when  we  began  to  advance,  but  before 
that  we  had  been  out  of  ammunition,  and 
although  holding  the  ground  as  tight  as  we 
could,  we  were  driven  to  the  very  tops  of  the 
heights,  when  like  a  perfect  godsend  the  French 
came  to  our  assistance  ;  and  the  firing  was  so 
thick  then,  and  the  Russians  had  gained  such 
confidence,  that  it  was  even  several  minutes 
before  we  could  make  an  impression  on  them 
again.  The  whizzing  of  balls  and  grape  was 
something  awful,  and  T  fully  expected  to  be 
shot  every  minute.  Our  colonel,  major,  and 
adjutant,  our  only  mounted  officers,  all  had  their 
horses  killed.  Lots  of  fellows  were  tumbling 
over  close  to  me,  and  a  mounted  officer  could 
not  live  in  it  for  five  minutes.  I  thank  God, 
and  so  must  you  all,  that  I  came  out  of  it  with 
whole  bones,  for  I  had  several  shaves,  and  one 
ball  came  through  my  trousers  just  below  tJie 
knee,  and  another  through  my  coat  on  the  left 
side." 

There  was  a  remarkable  sequel  to  John- 
son's exploits  at  Inkerman.  The  colonel  of 
the  20th  reported  his  gallant  conduct  to  the 
India  House,  and  the  Directors  forwarded 
the  despatch  to  the  Governor- General,  who 
took  the  unusual  step  of  publishing  it  in 
full  to  the  army  in  India. 

On  his  way  from  the  Persian  Gulf  to  Cal- 
cutta in  1857  Johnson's  ship  was  wrecked 
off  the  coast  of  Ceylon  ;  there  were  several 
officers  on  board,  besides  the  ship's  com- 
pany, but  it  was  the  young  lieutenant  of 
cavalry  who  found  the  blank  cartridges  and 
primed  the  gun  from  his  powder  flask  whilst 
the  seas  swept  the  deck,  and  so  let  the 
people  on  shore  know  that  help  was  wanted. 
It  was  all  a  joke  to  him  :  — 

"  What  amused  me  most  was  durhig  the  com- 
motion a  man  in  a  great  state  of  excitement 
ramming  his  head  into  my  stomach  with  a  'Here 
you  are,  sir,'  and  putting  a  bundle  of  shotted 
cartridges  into  my  hand,  by  way  of  some  blank 
ammunition  for  the  gun  !     Fortunately  I  felt  the 


shot  inside,  or  we  should  the  next  moment  have 
astonished  the  village  with  a  volley  of  grape. " 

Johnson  could  not  believe  that  the  Oudh 
Irregular  Cavalry  would  mutiny ;  but  when 
he  reached  Calcutta  he  found  that  there 
was  but  a  handful  of  loyal  men  left,  and 
these,  of  course,  were  chiefly  Sikhs.  The 
whole  Oudh  Contingent  had  rebelled  ;  and 
his  own  commanding  officer,  with  wife  and 
family,  had  been  murdered.  All  Johnson's 
kit  and  possessions,  horses  and  trophies, 
had  been  looted.  He  was  laid  up  with  ill- 
ness at  Benares  for  some  weeks,  and  writes 
thence  on  August  18th,  giving  his  views  on 
the  situation  : — 

"I  don't  think  matters  are  much  worse  since 
I  wrote  last :  sixty-two  regiments  of  Native 
Infantry,  eight  of  Regular  Cavalry,  seven  of  Irre- 
gular Cavalry,  the  whole  of  the  Oudh,  Gwalior, 
and  Indore  Contingents  having  mutinied  and 
being  all  loose  about  the  country,  j'ou  can  fancy 
there  is  rather  a  confusion  in  the  state  of  affairs 
in  general  ;  and  the  whole  of  the  country  from 
the  Punjaub  down  to  the  Hoogly  is  in  a  most 
unsettled  state  at  present,  and  will  remain  so 
for  some  time,  I  am  afraid.  Although  almost 
the  whole  of  the  Bengal  Army  has  mutinied, 
I  don't  think  mutiny  is  at  all  the  feeling  of 
the  country  at  large,  and  I  feel  there  is  hardly 
a  village  throughout  the  disturbed  districts 
that  would  not  be  too  glad  of  a  settlement  of 
affairs,  to  be  as  they  were  before.  Just  now 
they  are  living  in  a  most  uncomfortable  state 
of  alarm,  being  liable  to  be  plundered  and  in- 
sulted in  every  way  by  bands  of  these  brutal 
mutineers  and  rebels  at  present  wandering 
about  the  country.  To  show  you  the  peasantry 
are  not  against  us  :  when  all  the  Oudh  muti- 
neers went  out  to  fight  General  Havelock  on 
his  march  to  Lucknow,  the  villagers  from  without 
came  in  and  supplied  the  garrison  of  Lucknow 
most  handsomely  with  provisions.  Also  at 
Delhi,  our  camp  is  supplied  with  all  the  neces- 
saries of  life,  while  the  mutineers  are  in  great 
want  within  the  city.  The  men  who  have 
mutinied  have  made  themselves  enemies  on  all 
sides." 

When  Outram  began  his  march  to  the 
support  of  Havelock,  Johnson,  though 
still  scarcely  recovered,  volunteered  to 
bring  up  what  remained  of  the  12th 
Irregular  Cavalry,  and  the  proposal  being 
accepted  the  young  officer  rode  away  straight 
for  Azamgarh,  the  headquarters  of  the  regi- 
ment. He  went  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  for 
there  was  every  chance  of  his  suffering  the 
fate  of  his  brother  officers,  and  Havelock 
said  he  was  a  "fool"  to  hazard  his  head. 
Luckily  Johnson  had  great  influence  with 
his  men,  and  he  found  no  difficulty,  when 
he  arrived  late  in  the  ev.ening,  in  taking 
command  and  marching  off  the  relics  of  the 
regiment  at  2  a.m.  the  next  morning.  The 
Irregular  Cavalry  under  his  command  did 
excellent  work  throughout  the  campaign. 
At  Hutgaon,  on  the  march  to  join  Outram, 
they  did  signal  service  in  cutting  off  a  body 
of  insurgents  who  were  trying  to  cross  the 
river  and  to  seize  the  Grand  Trunk  Road. 

At  the  battle  of  the  Alambagh  Johnson 
performed  what  Mr.  Archibald  Forbes  re- 
gards as  one  of  the  pluckiest  actions  in 
the  whole  campaign.  There  was  a  rebel 
gun  planted  in  the  road  a  thousand  yards 
away,  and  uncommonly  well  served  by 
trained  gunners  from  Oudh.  Its  fire  was 
working  serious  mischief,  and  without 
orders  Johnson  took  the  matter  in  his 
own  hands.  Backed  by  a  dozen  of  his 
Irregulars,  he  galloped  straight  at  the  gun, 
"  sabred  the  gunners,  pitched  the  ammuni- 


tion into  the  ditch,  and  the  gun  after  the 
ammunition,  and  then  cantered  quietly  back 
till  he  met  the  main  body  on  its  advance." 
With  equal  pluck,  after  the  harassing  march 
into  Lucknow,  under  a  devastating  fire 
from  the  houses,  Johnson  rode  out  at  night 
with  his  troopers  to  bring  in  the  wounded 
who  had  been  left  behind.  Sir  James 
Outram's  testimony  to  these  and  many  other 
services  was  worthy  both  of  the  warm- 
hearted giver  and  the  gallant  object  of  his 
praise. 

It  must  not  be  imagined  that  the  memoir 
is  entirely  made  up  of  battle,  murder,  and 
sudden  death.  A  large  part  is  occupied 
with  a  young  officer's  amusements  in  the 
"  forties."  Johnson  was  an  ardent  and 
skilful  sportsman,  though  excessively  ven- 
turesome, and  the  stories  he  tells  in  his 
simple,  unaffected  way,  in  his  letters,  of  tiger 
hunts,  pig- sticking,  and  the  pursuit  of  big 
game  in  general,  are  entertaining  and 
even  exciting.  In  short,  there  is  plenty  of 
adventure,  and  the  book  furnishes  a  good 
picture  of  a  young  soldier's  life  in  the  Bom- 
bay Presidency  forty  years  ago.  The  more  one 
reads  the  more  one  admires  theplucky,  simple- 
hearted,  cheery  lieutenant  who  always  saw 
the  best  side  of  things,  and  the  more  one 
regrets  that  ill  health  compelled  him  to  with- 
draw after  the  Mutiny  from  a  service  in 
which  he  had  so  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self, and  in  which  he  was  sure  to  have  risen 
to  high  rank  and  honours.  His  last  thirty 
years  were  spent  more  or  less  in  retirement, 
and  he  died  at  Seaford  in  1893  at  the  age 
of  sixty-six.  He  has  been  fortunate  in  hia 
biographer,  who  has  executed  her  task  in 
good  taste  and  with  a  just  sense  of  pro- 
portion. 

Studies    in    Two     Literatures.     By    Arthur 
Symons.     (Smithers.) 

The  reader  who  has  been  astonished  and 
disconcerted  by  some  of  Mr.  Symons's  ex- 
cursions into  the  field  of  literature  will  find 
much  in  this  volume  to  reassure  and  to 
console  him.  Behind  the  dropped  mask 
of  the  frivolous,  the  irresponsible,  and  the 
audacious,  he  will  recognize  the  existence 
of  an  honest  and  catholic  love  for  art  and 
letters,  and  of  a  critical  faculty  at  once 
naturally  acute  and  exquisitely  trained. 
The  book  is  one  of  pure  criticism,  subtle^ 
penetrating,  sympathetic — the  ablest  book, 
we  venture  to  think,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  Mr.  Lionel  Johnson's  encyclo- 
paedic essay  on  Thomas  Hardy,  that  the 
particular  school  from  which  it  comes  haa 
yet  produced.  The  school  in  question,  it 
need  hardly  be  said,  is  that  which  takes 
its  cue  from  Mr.  Pater,  and  conceives  of 
criticism  as,  primarily  and  almost  exclu- 
sively, the  analysis  and  interpretation  of 
masterpieces.  Its  watchword  is  that  famous 
passage  from  the  preface  to  the  '  Studies  ia 
the  Renaissance  ' : — 

"The  aesthetic  critic  regards  all  the  objects 
with  which  he  has  to  do,  all  works  of  art,  and 
the  fairer  forms  of  nature  and  human  life,  as 
powers  or  forces  producing  pleasurable  sensa- 
tions, each  of  a  more  or  less  peculiar  and 
unique  kind.  This  influence  he  feels,  and 
wishes  to  explain,  analyzing  it,  and  reducing  it 
to  its  elements.  To  him  the  picture,  the  land- 
scape, the  engaging  personality  in  life  or  in  a 
book,  'La  Gioconda,'  the  hills  of  Carrara,  Pico 
of  Mirandola,  are  valuable  for  their  virtues,  as 


N^SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


521 


we  say  in  speaking  of  a  herb,  a  wine,  a  gem;  for 
the  property  each  has  of  affecting  one  with  a 
special,  a  unique,  impression  of  pleasure." 

It  is  in  the  spirit  of  this  quotation  that 
Mr.  Symons  has  formed  his  own  artistic 
creed.  Wheresoever  in  literature  he  finds 
anything  that  has  quality,  virtue,  person- 
ality of  its  own,  there  it  is  his  business  as  a 
critic  to  envisage  and  fix  the  quality,  virtue, 
and  personality,  and,  so  far  as  in  him  lies, 
to  transfer  it  to  the  mind  of  his  reader. 
Whatsoever  has  no  quality,  virtue,^  and 
personality  of  its  own,  whatsoever  is  simply 
commonplace  or  derivative,  whatsoever, 
above  all,  uses  moral  ideas  not  merely  as 
informing  and  vitalizing  elements,  but  in  a 
didactic  spirit— that  for  him  is  negligible. 
"In  this  book,"  he  says  in  an  attractive 
little  dedication  to  Mr.  George  Moore,  "I 
have  dealt  with  many  subjects,  but  with 
nothing  which  does  not  interest  me";  and 
again : — 

"  Whatever  has  been  beautifully  wrought,  by 
whatever  craftsman,  and  in  whatever  manner 
of  working,  if  only  he  has  been  true  to  himself, 
to  his  own  way  of  realizing  the  things  he  sees, 
that,  to  you  as  to  me,  is  a  work  of  art  ;  and  its 
recognition,  its  presentment  to  other  people, 
who  may  not  immediately  have  seen  it  to  be 
what  it  is,  becomes  the  delightful  business  of 
the  critic.  It  is  often  his  privilege  to  see  things 
before  other  people  ;  that,  you  will  say,  is  im- 
material ;  the  thing  is  to  see  truly,  minutely, 
and  to  ignore  a  defect,  rather  than  to  overlook 
a  quality," 

And  so  for  Mr.  SjTnons,  as  for  M. 
Anatole  France,  criticism  becomes  "  the 
adventure  of  a  soul  among  masterpieces." 
One  may  doubt  whether  the  definition  is 
adequate  to  the  whole  duty  of  a  critic,  but 
at  least  it  is  exhaustive  of  a  fruitful 
and  a  pleasant  side  of  criticism.  Much, 
of  course,  depends  upon  the  initial  equip- 
ment of  the  adventurer ;  there  are  those 
who  might  travel  among  masterpieces  for  a 
lifetime,  and  bring  back  little  of  profit  to 
themselves  or  to  any  one  else.  But  Mr. 
Symons  starts  with  a  discursive  knowledge 
of  the  route  and  with  a  temperament  sin- 
gularly sensitive  to  the  sights  and  sounds  of 
the  roadside.  Here  is  a  little  nosegay  of 
some  of  the  choicer  spoils  of  his  wayfaring. 
Of  Mr.  Henley  he  reports : — 

"  To  roam  in  the  sun  and  air  with  vagabonds, 
to  haunt  the  strange  corners  of  cities,  to  know 
all  the  useless,  and  improper,  and  amusing 
people  who  are  alone  very  much  worth  know- 
ing ;  to  live,  as  well  as  to  observe  life  ;  or,  to  be 
shut  up  in  hospital,  drawn  out  of  the  rapid 
current  of  life  into  a  sordid  and  exasperating 
inaction ;  to  wait,  for  a  time,  in  the  ante- 
chamber of  death  :  it  is  such  things  as  these 
that  make  for  poetry." 

And  of  Stevenson  : — 

"He  wandered,  a  literary  vagrant,  over  the 
world,  across  life,  and  across  literature,  an 
adventurous  figure,  with  all  the  irresponsible 
and  irresistible  charm  of  the  vagabond.  To  read 
him  is  to  be  for  ever  setting  out  on  a  fresh 
journey,  along  a  white,  beckoning  road,  on  a 
blithe  spring  morning.  Anything  may  happen, 
or  nothing  :  the  air  is  full  of  the  gaiety  of 
possible  chances." 

And  of  the  '  Parliament  of  Bees '  of  that 
forgotten  pastoraKst  John  Day  : — 

"A  little  masterpiece  of  dainty  invention, 
honey-hearted  and  without  a  sting ;  touching  at 
one  point,  in  the  last  speech  of  the  poor  neglected 
bee,  the  ultimate  limits  of  Day's  capacity  for 
pensive  and  tender  pathos.  Nothing  in  the 
play  is  so  bee-like,  nothing  so  human,  as  this 


all-golden  episode  ;  though  in  pastoral  beauty 
it  is  touched,  I  think,  by  the  wood-notes  of 
the  final  octosyllabics  ;  verses  of  exquisite  in- 
appropriateness  for  bees,  but  with  all  the 
smell  and  freshness  of  the  country  in  them,  a 
pageant  of  the  delightful  things  of  nature  and 
husbandry  written  in  rhymes  that  seem  to 
gambol  two  and  two,  like  lambs  in  spring." 

But  it  would  be  unfair  to  judge  Mr. 
Symons  by  the  most  exquisite  vignettes. 
The  great  charm  of  his  essays  is  the  com- 
pleteness with  which  they  are  put  together, 
the  crispness  and  precision  with  which  a 
point  of  view,  always  personal,  always  dis- 
tinguished, is  delineated  and  emphasized. 
They  have  the  freshness,  the  spontaneity, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  careful  unity  of 
real  art.  It  is  true  that  Mr.  Symons 
moves  most  easily,  at  present,  in  the  world 
of  impressions  ;  some  of  the  deep  humanities 
— things,  for  instance,  in  Coventry  Pat- 
more,  things  in  *  Macbeth ' — are  as  yet 
beyond  his  ken  ;  but  for  the  most  part  he  is 
instinctively  conscious  of  his  own  limitations, 
and  is  content  with  his  masterly  touch  upon 
the  things  that  really  interest  him.  With 
such  subjects  in  English  literature  as 
William  Morris,  Walter  Pater,  Louis 
Stevenson;  in  Prench  literature  as  Theo- 
phile  Gautier,  Henry  Miirger,  Guy  de 
Maupassant,  he  is  completely  at  home  and 
almost  uniformly  felicitous.  The  essays  on 
Shakspeare,  good  as  they  are,  hardly  fall 
into  the  same  category,  for  they  were 
written,  as  Mr.  Symons  himself  says,  "to 
clear  the  way" — as  introductions,  that  is, 
to  editions  of  the  plays — and  thus  they  fail 
in  some  measure  to  reflect,  as  the  other 
contents  of  the  book  so  markedly  do,  the 
personality  of  the  critic. 


Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson  :   a  Memoir.     By  his 
Son.     2  vols.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

(Second  Notice.) 

NoTWiTU STANDING  the  apparently  fortunate 
circumstances  by  which  Tennyson  was  sur- 
rounded, the  record  of  his  early  life  pro- 
duces in  the  reader's  mind  a  sense  of 
unhappiness.  Happiness  is  an  affair  of 
temperament,  not  of  outward  circumstances. 
Happy,  in  the  sense  of  enjoying  the  present 
as  Wordsworth  enjoyed  it,  Tennyson  could 
never  be.  Once,  no  doubt.  Nature's  sweet- 
est gift  to  all  living  things — the  power  of 
enjoying  the  present — was  man's  inherit- 
ance too.  Some  of  the  human  family  have 
not  lost  it  even  yet ;  but  poets  are  rarely 
of  these.  Give  Wordsworth  any  pittance, 
enough  to  satisfy  the  simplest  physical 
wants  —  enough  to  procure  him  plain 
living  and  leisure  for  "high  thinking" 
— and  he  would  be  happier  than  Tenny- 
son would  have  been,  cracking  the  finest 
"  walnuts  "  and  sipping  the  richest  "wine  " 
amidst  a  circle  of  admiring  and  powerful 
friends.  As  to  opinion,  as  to  criticism  of 
his  work — what  was  that  to  Wordsworth  ? 
Had  he  not  from  the  first  the  good  opinion 
of  her  of  whom  he  was  the  high  priest  elect, 
Natura  Benigna  herself  ?  Nay,  had  he  not 
from  the  first  the  good  opinions  of  Words- 
worth himself  and  Dorothy  ?  Without  this 
faculty  of  enjoying  the  present,  how  can  a 
bard  be  happy  ?  For  the  present  alone 
exists.  The  past  is  a  dream ;  the  future  is 
a  dream ;  the  present  is  the  narrow  plank 
thrown  for  an  instant  from  the  dream  of 
the  past  to  the  dream  of  the  future.    And 


yet  it  is  the  poet  (who  of  all  men  should 
enjoy  the  raree  show  hurrying  and  scramb- 
ling along  the  plank) — it  is  he  who  refuses 
to  enjoy  himself  on  his  own  trembling  little 
plank  in  order  to  "  stare  round  "  from  side 
to  side. 

Spedding,  speaking  in  a  letter  to  Thomp- 
son in  1835  of  Tennyson's  visit  to  the  Lake 
country,  lets  fall  a  few  words  that  describe 
the  poet  in  the  period  before  his  marriage 
more  fully  than  could  have  been  done  by  a 
volume  of  subtle  analysis  : — 

"  I  think  he  took  in  more  pleasure  and  inspira- 
tion than  any  one  would  have  supposed  who 
did  not  know  his  own  almost  personal  dislike 
of  the  present,  whatever  it  might  be." 

This  is  what  made  us  say  last  week  that 
by  far  the  most  important  thing  in  Tenny- 
son's life  was  his  marriage.  He  began  to 
enjoy  the  present:  "The  peace  of  God  came 
into  my  life  before  the  altar  when  I  wedded 
her."  No  more  beautiful  words  than  these 
were  ever  uttered  by  any  man  concerning 
any  woman.  And  to  say  that  the  words  were 
Tennyson's  is  to  say  that  they  expressed  the 
simple  truth,  for  his  definition  of  human 
speech  as  God  meant  it  to  be  would  have 
been  "the  breath  that  utters  truth."  It 
would  have  been  wonderful  indeed  if  he 
whose  capacity  of  loving  a  friend  was  so 
great  had  been  without  an  equal  capacity 
of  loving  a  woman.  "Although  as  a  son," 
says  the  biographer, 

"I  cannot  allow  myself  full  utterance  about  her 
whom  I  loved  as  perfect  mother  and  '  very 
woman  of  very  woman  ' — '  such  a  wife  '  and 
true  helpmate  she  proved  herself.  It  was  she 
who  became  my  father's  adviser  in  literary 
matters;  'I  am  proud  of  her  intellect,'  he 
wrote.  With  her  he  always  discussed  what  he 
was  working  at ;  she  transcribed  his  poems  :  to 
her  and  to  no  one  else  he  referred  for  a  final 
criticism  before  publishing.  She,  with  her 
'tender,  spiritual  nature,'*  and  instinctive 
nobility  of  thought,  was  always  by  his  side,  a 
ready,  cheerful,  courageous,  wise,  and  sym- 
pathetic counsellor.  It  was  she  who  shielded 
his  sensitive  spirit  from  the  annoyances  and 
trials  of  life,  answering  (for  example)  the  in- 
numerable letters  addressed  to  him  from  all 
parts  of  the  world.  By  her  quiet  sense  of 
humour,  by  her  selfless  devotion,  by  '  her  faith 
as  clear  as  the  heights  of  the  June-blue  heaven,' 
she  helped  him  also  to  the  utmost  in  the  hours 
of  his  depression  and  of  his  sorrow." 

Those  who  saw  Lady  Tennyson  in  middle 
life  and  in  advanced  age,  and  were  struck 
by  that  spiritual  beauty  of  hers  which  no 
painter  could  ever  render,  will  not  find  it 
difficult  to  imagine  what  she  was  at  seven- 
teen, when  Tennyson  suddenly  came  upon 
her  in  the  "  Fairy  Wood,"  and  exclaimed, 
"  Are  you  an  Oread  or  a  Dryad  wandering 
here  ? "  And  yet  her  beauty  was  only  a 
small  part  of  a  charm  that  was  indescribable. 
An  important  event  for  English  literature 
was  that  meeting  in  the  "Fairy  Wood." 
For,  from  the  moment  of  his  engagement, 
"the  current  of  his  mind  was  no  longer 
and  constantly  in  the  channel  of  mournful 
memories  and  melancholy  forebodings,"  says 
his  son.  And  speaking  of  the  year  1838, 
the  son  tells  us  that  on  the  whole  he  was 
happy  in  his  life.  "  When  I  wrote  '  The  Two 
Voices,'  "  he  used  to  say,  "  I  was  so  utterly 
miserable,  a  burden  to  myself  and  my 
family,  that  I  said,  'Is  life  worth  any- 
thing ?  '  and  now  that  I  am  old,  I  fear  that 


»  "  My  father's  ■words.' 


9 


^22 


T  PI  p:   a  t  h  e  n  a^  u  m 


N^'SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


I  shall  only  live  a  year  or  two,  for  I  have 
work  still  to  do." 

The  Jiostilo  manner  in  which  'Maud' 
was  received  vexed  him,  and  would,  before 
his  marriage,  have  deeply  disturbed  him. 
A  right  view  of  this  fine  poem  seems  to 
have  been  1  alien  by  George  Brimley,  an 
admirable  critic,  who  in  the  '  Cambridge 
Essays '  had  already  pointed  out  with  great 
acumen  many  of  the  more  subtle  beauties 
of  Tennyson. 

There  are  few  more  jileasant  pages  in 
this  book  than  those  which  record  Tenny- 
son's relations  with  another  poet  who  was 
blessed  in  his  wife— Browning.  Although 
the  two  poets  had  previously  met  (notably 
in  Paris  in  1851),  the  intimacy  between 
them  would  seem  to  have  been  cemented, 
if  not  begun,  during  one  of  Tennyson's 
visits  to  his  and  Browning's  friends  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Knowles  at  the  Hollies,  Clapham 
Common.  Here  Tennyson  read  to  Brown- 
ing the  'Grail'  (which the  latter  pronounced 
to  be  Tennyson's  "  best  and  highest");  and 
here  Browning  came  and  read  his  own 
new  poem,  '  The  King  and  the  Book,' 
when  Tennyson's  verdict  on  it  was,  "Full 
of  strange  vigour  and  remarkable  in  many 
ways,  doubtful  if  it  will  ever  be  popular." 

The  record  of  his  long  intimacy  with 
Coventi'y  Patmore  and  Mr.  Aubrey  de  Vere 
takes  an  important  place  in  the  biography, 
and  the  reminiscences  of  Tennyson  by  the 
latter  poet  form  an  interesting  feature  of 
the  volumes.  In  Mr.  George  Meredith's 
first  little  book  Tennyson  was  delighted  by 
the  '  Love  in  a  Valley,'  and  he  had  a  full 
appreciation  of  the  great  novelist  all  round. 
With  the  three  leading  poets  of  a  younger 
generation,  Eossetti,  William  Morris,  and 
Mr.  Swinburne,  he  had  slight  acquaintance. 
Here,  however,  is  an  interesting  memo- 
randum by  Tennyson  recording  his  first 
meeting  with  Mr.  Swinburne: — 

"  I  may  tell  you,  however,  that  young 
Swinburne  called  here  the  other  day  with  a 
college  friend  of  his,  and  we  asked  him  to 
dinner,  and  I  thought  him  a  very  modest  and 
intelligent  young  fellow.  Moreover,  I  read 
him  what  you  vindicated  ['  Maud  ']  but  what  I 
particularly  admired  in  him  was  that  he  did  not 
press  upon  me  any  verses  of  his  own." 

Of  contemporary  novels  he  seems  to  have 
been  a  voracious  and  indiscriminate  reader. 
In  the  long  list  here  given  of  novelists 
whose  books  he  read — good,  bad,  and  in- 
different— it  is  curious  not  to  find  the  name 
of  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.  With  Thackeray 
he  was  intimate  ;  and  he  was  in  cordial 
relations  with  Dickens,  Douglas  Jerrold,  and 
George  Eliot.  Among  the  poets,  besides 
Edward  Fitzgerald  and  Coventry  Patmore, 
he  saw  much  of  William  Allingham. 
Though  he  admired  parts  of  *  Festus ' 
greatly,  we  do  not  gather  from  these  volumes 
that  he  met  the  author.  Dobell  he  saw 
much  of  at  Malvern  in  1846.  The  letter- 
diary  from  Tennyson  during  his  stay  in 
Cornwall  with  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  Mr.  Val. 
Prinsep,  Woolner,  and  Mr.  Palgrave,  shows 
how  exhilarated  he  could  be  by  wind  and  sea. 
The  death  of  Lionel  was  a  sad  blow  to  him. 
'  Demeter,  and  other  Poems,'  was  dedicated 
to  Lord  Dufferin,  "as  a  tribute,"  says  his 
son, 

"  of  affection  and  of  gratitude  ;  for  words  would 
fail  me  to  tell  the  unremitting  kindness  shown 
by  himself  and  Lady  Dufferin  to  my  brother 
Lionel  during  his  fatal  illness," 


Tennyson's  critical  insight  could  not  fail 
to  be  good  when  exercised  upon  poetry. 
Here  are  one  or  two  of  his  sayings  about 
Burns,  which  show  in  what  spirit  he  would 
have  road  Mr.  Henley's  recent  utterances 
about  that  poet : — 

"Burns  did  for  the  old  songs  of  Scotland 
almost  what  Shakespeare  had  done  for  the 
English  drama  that  preceded  him." 

"Read  the  exquisite  songs  of  Burns.  In 
shape  each  of  them  has  the  perfection  of  the 
berry,  in  light  the  radiance  of  the  dew-drop  : 
you  forget  for  its  sake  those  stupid  things  his 
serious  poems." 

Among  the  reminiscences  and  impres- 
sions of  the  poet  which  Lord  Tennyson  has 
appended  to  his  second  volume,  it  is  only 
fair  to  specialize  the  admirable  paper  by 
Mr.  F.  T.  Palgrave,  which,  long  as  it  is,  is 
not  by  one  word  too  long.  That  Jowett 
would  write  wisely  and  well  was  in  the 
nature  of  things.  The  only  contribution, 
however,  we  can  quote  here  is  Froude's,  for 
it  is  as  brief  as  it  is  emphatic : — 

"I  owe  to  your  father  the  first  serious  re- 
flexions upon  life  and  the  nature  of  it  which 
have  followed  me  for  more  than  fiftyyears.  The 
same  voice  speaks  to  me  now  as  I  come  near  my 
own  end,  from  beyond  the  bar.  Of  the  early 
poems,  '  Love  and  Death  '  had  the  deepest  effect 
upon  me.  The  same  thought  is  in  the  last  lines 
of  the  last  poems  which  we  shall  ever  have  from 
him. 

"  Your  father  in  my  estimate  stands  and  will 
stand  far  away  by  the  side  of  Shakespeare 
above  all  other  English  Poets,  with  this  relative 
superiority  even  to  Shakespeare,  that  he  speaks 
the  thoughts  and  speaks  to  the  perplexities  and 
misgivings  of  his  own  age. 

"  He  was  born  at  the  fit  time,  before  the 
world  had  grown  inflated  with  the  vanity  of 
Progress,  and  there  was  still  an  atmosphere  in 
which  such  a  soul  could  grow.  There  will  be 
no  such  others  for  many  a  long  age. 

"  Yours  gratefully, 

"J.  A.  Froude." 

This  letter  is  striking  evidence  of  the 
influence  Tennyson  had  upon  his  contem- 
poraries. Comparisons,  however,  between 
Shakspeare  and  other  poets  can  hardly  be 
satisfactory.  A  kinship  between  him  and 
any  other  poet  can  only  be  discovered  in 
relation  to  one  of  the  many  sides  of  the 
"  myriad-minded  "  man.  Where  lies  Tenny- 
son's kinship  ?  Is  it  on  the  dramatic  side  ? 
In  a  certain  sense  Tennyson  possessed 
dramatic  power  undoubtedly ;  for  he  had 
a  fine  imagination  of  extraordinary  vivid- 
ness, and  could,  as  in  '  Eizpah,'  make  a 
character  live  in  an  imagined  situation.  But 
to  write  a  vital  play  requires  more  than  this : 
it  requires  a  knowledge— partly  instinctive 
and  partly  acquired — of  men  as  well  as  of 
man,  and  especially  of  the  way  in  which  one 
individual  acts  and  reacts  upon  another  in 
the  complex  web  of  human  life.  To  depict 
the  workings  of  the  soul  of  man  in  a  given 
situation  is  one  thing — to  depict  the  im- 
pact of  ego  upon  ego  is  another.  When 
we  consider  that  the  more  poetical  a  poet 
is  the  more  oblivious  we  expect  him  to 
be  of  the  machinery  of  social  life,  it  is  no 
wonder  that  poetical  dramatists  are  so  rare. 
In  drama,  even  poetic  drama,  the  poet  must 
leave  the  "golden  clime"  in  which  he 
was  born,  must  leave  those  "  golden  stars 
above"  in  order  to  learn  this  machinery, 
and  not  only  learn  it,  but  take  a  pleasure 
in  learning  it. 

In    honest    admiration    of    Tennyson's 


dramatic  work,  where  it  is  admirable,  we 
yield  to  none.  At  the  time  when  *  The 
Foresters'  was  somewhat  coldly  accepted 
by  the  press  on  account  of  its  "lack  of 
virility,"  we  considered  that  in  the  class 
to  which  it  belonged,  the  scenic  pastoral 
plays,  it  held  a  very  worthy  place.  That 
Tennyson's  admiration  for  Shakspeare  was 
unbounded  is  evident  enough.  "  There 
was  no  one,"  says  Jowett  in  his  recollec- 
tions of  Tennyson, 

"to  whom  he  was  so  absolutely  devoted,  no 
poet  of  wliom  ho  had  a  more  intimate  knowledge 
than  Shakespeare.  He  said  to  me,  and  probably 
to  many  others,  that  there  was  one  intellectual 
process  in  the  world  of  which  he  could  not  even 
entertain  an  apprehension — that  was  the  Plays 
of  Shakespeare.  He  thought  that  he  could 
instinctively  distinguish  between  the  genuine 
and  the  spurious  in  them,  e.  g.,  between  those 
parts  of  'King  Henry  VIII.'  which  are  gener- 
ally admitted  to  be  spurious,  and  those  that 
are  genuine.  The  same  thought  was  partly 
working  in  his  mind  on  another  occasion,  when 
he  spoke  of  two  things,  which  he  conceived  to 
be  beyond  the  intelligence  of  man,  and  it  was 
certainly  not  repeated  by  him  from  any  irre- 
verence ;  the  one,  the  intellectual  genius  of 
Shakespeare— the  other,  the  religious  genius  of 
Jesus  Christ." 

And  in  the  pathetic  account  of  Tenny- 
son's last  moments  we  find  it  recorded  that 
on  the  Tuesday  before  the  Wednesday  on 
which  he  died  he  called  out,  "  Where  is  my 
Shakspeare  ?  I  must  have  my  Shakspeare  "; 
and  again  on  the  day  of  his  death,  when 
the  breath  was  passing  out  of  his  body,  he 
asked  for  his  Shakspeare.  All  this,  how- 
ever, makes  it  the  more  remarkable  that 
of  poets  Shakspeare  had  the  least  influence 
upon  Tennyson's  art.  There  was  a  funda- 
mental unlikeness  between  the  genius  of  the 
two  men.  The  only  point  in  common  between 
them  is  that  each  in  his  own  way  captivated 
the  suffrages  both  of  the  many  and  of  the 
fit  though  few,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  their  methods  of  dramatic  approach  in 
their  plays  are  absolutely  and  fundamentally 
different.  Even  their  very  methods  of  writing 
verse  are  entirely  different.  Tennyson's 
blank  verse  seems  at  its  best  to  combine  the 
beauties  of  the  Miltonic  and  the  Words- 
worthian  line  ;  while  nothing  is  so  rare  in 
his  work  as  a  Shakspearean  line.  Now  and 
then  such  a  line  as 

Authority  forgets  a  dying  king 
turns  up,  but  very  rarely.     We  agree  with 
all  Prof.  Jebb  says  in  praise  of  Tennyson's 
blank  verse.     "  He  has  known,"  Bays  he, 

"how  to  modulate  it  to  every  theme,  and  to 
elicit  a  music  appropriate  to  each  ;  attuning  it 
in  turn  to  a  tender  and  homely  grace,  as  in 
'The  Gardener's  Daughter';  to  the  severe  and 
ideal  majesty  of  the  antique,  as  in  '  Tithonus  '; 
to  meditative  thought,  as  in  '  The  Ancient  Sage,' 
or  '  Akbar's  Dream  ';  to  pathetic  or  tragic  tales 
of  contemporary  life,  as  in  '  Aylmer's  Field,'  or 
'  Enoch  Arden  ' ;  or  to  sustained  romantic  narra- 
tive, as  in  the  'Idylls.'  No  English  poet  has 
used  blank  verse  with  such  flexible  variety,  or 
drawn  from  it  so  large  a  compass  of  tones  ;  nor 
has  any  maintained  it  so  equably  on  a  high  level 
of  excellence." 

But  we  fail  to  see  where  he  touched  Shak- 
speare on  the  dramatic  side  of  Shakspeare's 
immense  genius. 

Tennyson  had  the  yearning  common  to  all 
English  poets  to  write  Shakspearean  plays, 
and  the  filial  piety  with  which  his  son  tries 
to  uphold  his  father's  claims  as  a  dramatist 


N-'SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


523 


is  beautiful ;  indeed,  it  is  pathetic.  iJiit 
tlie  greatest  injustice  that  can  be  douo  to  a 
great  poet  is  to  claim  for  him  honours  that 
do  not  belong  to  him.  In  his  own  lino 
Tennyson  is  supreme,  and  this  book 
makes  it  necessary  to  ask  in  these 
■columns  once  more  what  that  line  is. 
Shaksjieare's  stupendous  fame  has  for  cen- 
turies been  the  candle  into  which  all  the 
various-coloured  wings  of  later  days  have 
flown  with  more  or  less  of  disaster.  Though 
much  was  said  in  praise  of  '  Harold ' 
{Times,  October  18th,  1870)  by  one  of  the 
most  accomplished  critics  and  scholars  of 
our  time,  Dr.  Jebb,  the  play  could  not  keep 
the  stage,  nor  does  it  live  as  a  drama  as 
any  one  of  Tennyson's  lyrics  can  be  said 
to  live.  '  Becket,'  to  be  sure,  was  a  success 
on  the  stage.  A  letter  to  Tennyson  in 
1884  from  so  competent  a  student  of  Shak- 
speare  as  Sir  H.Irving  declares  that  'Becket' 
is  a  finer  play  than  '  King  John.'  Still,  the 
'  Morte  d' Arthur,'  '  The  Lotos-Eaters,'  '  The 
•Gardener's  Daughter,'  outweigh  the  five- 
act  tragedy  in  the  world  of  literary  art.  Of 
acted  drama  Tennyson  knew  nothing  at  all. 
To  him,  evidently,  the  word  act  in  a  printed 
play  meant  chapter ;  the  word  scene  meant 
action.  In  his  early  days  he  had  gone 
occasionally  to  see  a  play,  and  in  1875  he 
went  to  see  Irving  in  Hamlet  and  liked 
liim  better  than  Macready,  whom  he  had 
seen  in  the  part.  Still  later  he  went  to  see 
Lady  Archibald  Campbell  act  when  'Becket' 
was  given  "  among  the  glades  of  oak  and 
fern  in  the  Canizzaro  Wood  at  Wim- 
bledon." But  handicapped  as  he  was  hj 
ignorance  of  drama  as  a  stage  product, 
how  could  he  write  Shakspearean  plaj's  ? 

But  let  us  for  a  moment  consider  the 
■difference  between  the  two  men  as  poets. 
It  is  hard  to  imagine  the  master- dramatist 
of  the  world — it  is  hard  to  imagine  the 
poet  who,  by  setting  his  foot  upon  alle- 
gory, saved  our  poetry  from  drying  up 
after  the  invasion  of  gongorism,  euphuism, 
and  allegoiy — it  is,  we  say,  hard  to  imagine 
Shakspeare,  if  he  had  conceived  and 
written  such  lovely  episodes  as  those  of 
the  '  Idylls  of  the  King,'  so  full  of  concrete 
pictures,  setting  about  to  turn  his  flesh- 
and-blood  characters  into  symbolic  abstrac- 
tions. There  is  in  these  volumes  a  curious 
document,  a  memorandum  of  Tennyson's 
presented  to  Mr.  Knowrles  at  Aid  worth  in 
1869,  in  which  an  elaborate  scheme  for 
turning  into  abstract  ideas  the  characters 
of  the  Arthurian  story  is  sketched  :  — 

K.A.  Religious  Faith. 

King  Arthur's  three  Guineveree. 

The  Lad}'  of  the  Lake. 

Two  Guiueveres,  }■«  first  prim  Christianity. 
H^  Roman  Catholicism:  y«  first  is  put  away  and 
dwells  apart,  2''  Guinevere  flies.  Arthur  takes  to  the 
first  again,  hut  finds  her  changed  by  lapse  of  Time. 

Modred,  the  sceptical  understanding.  He  pulls 
■Guinevere,  Arthur's  latest  wife,  from  the  throne. 

Merlin  Emrys,  the  enchanter.  Science.  Marries 
his  daughter  to  Modred. 

Excalibur,  War. 

The  Sea,  the  people      V^«.  .f".  ^'"^  .^   sea-people 
The  Saxons,  the  people|^»^jJJ^s  *^e^'"S  ^^^  ^  type 

The  Round  Table  :  liberal  institutions. 

Battle  of  Cam  Ian. 

2"*  Guinevere  with  the  enchanted  book  and  cup. 

And  Mr.  Knowles  in   a   letter  to  the  bio- 
grapher says : — 

"  He  encouraged  me  to  write  a  short  paper, 
in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  the  Spectator,  on  the 
inner  meaning  of  the  whole  poem,  which  I  did, 
simply  upon  the    lines  he    himself    indicated. 


He  often  said,  however,  that  an  allegory  should 
never  be  pressed  too  far." 

Are  all  the  lovely  passages  of  human  pas- 
sion and  human  pathos  in  these  '  Idylls ' 
allegorical — that  is  to  say,  make-believe? 
The  reason  why  allegorical  poetry  is  always 
second-rate,  even  at  its  best,  is  that  it 
flatters  the  reader's  intellect  at  the  expense 
of  his  heart.  Fancy  "the  allegorical  intent" 
behind  the  parting  of  Hector  and  Andro- 
mache, and  behind  the  death  of  Desdemona  ! 
Thank  Heaven,  however,  Tennyson's  alle- 
gorical intent  was  a  destructive  after- 
thought. For,  saye  the  biographer,  "  the 
allegorical  drift  here  marked  out  was  fun- 
damentally changed  in  the  later  schemes  in 
the  'Idylls.'  "  According  to  that  delicate 
critic  Canon  Ainger,  there  is  a  symbolical 
intent  underlying  '  The  Lady  of  Shalott ' : — 

"The  new-born  love  for  something,  for  some 
one  in  the  wide  world  from  whom  she  has  been 
so  long  secluded,  takes  her  out  of  the  region  of 
shadows  into  that  of  realities." 

But  what  concerns  us  here  is  the  fact 
that  when  Shakspeare  wrote,  although  he 
yielded  too  much  now  and  then  to  the 
passion  for  gongorism  and  euphuism  which 
had  spread  all  over  Europe,  it  was 
against  the  nature  of  his  genius  to  be  in- 
fluenced by  the  contemporary  passion  for 
allegor}'.  That  he  had  a  natural  dislike 
of  allegorical  treatment  of  a  subject  is 
evident  not  only  in  his  plays,  but  in  his 
sonnets.  At  a  time  when  the  sonnet  was 
treated  as  the  special  vehicle  for  allegory, 
Shakspeare's  sonnets  were  the  direct  out- 
come of  emotion  of  the  most  intimate  and 
personal  kind — a  fact  which  at  once  destroys 
the  ignorant  drivel  about  the  Baconian 
authorship  of  Shakspeare's  plays,  for  what 
Bacon  had  was  fancy,  not  imagination,  and 
Fancy  is  the  mother  of  Allegory,  Imagination 
is  the  mother  of  Drama.  The  moment 
that  Bacon  essayed  imaginative  work  he 
passed  into  allegory,  as  we  see  in  the  '  New 
Atlantis.' 

It  might,  perhaps,  be  said  that  there  are 
three  kinds  of  poetical  temperament  which 
have  never  yet  been  found  equally  combined 
in  any  one  poet — not  even  in  Shakspeare 
himself.  There  is  the  lyric  temperament, 
as  exemplified  in  writers  like  Sappho, 
Shelley,  and  others  ;  there  is  the  meditative 
temperament — sometimes  speculative,  but 
not  always  accompanied  by  metaphysical 
dreaming  —  as  exemplified  in  Lucretius, 
Wordsworth,  and  others  ;  and  there  is  the 
dramatic  temperament,  as  exemplified  in 
Homer,  yEschylus,  Sophocles,  and  Shak- 
speare. In  a  certain  sense  the  Iliad  is  the 
most  dramatic  poem  in  the  world,  for  the 
dramatic  picture  lives  undisturbed  by  lyrism 
or  meditation.  In  vEschylus  and  Sophocles 
we  find,  besides  the  dramatic  tempera- 
ment, a  large  amount  of  the  lyrical  tempera- 
ment, and  a  large  amount  of  the  medita- 
tive, but  unaccompanied  by  metaphysical 
speculation.  In  Shakspeare  we  find,  besides 
the  dramatic  temperament,  a  large  amount 
of  the  meditative  accompanied  by  an 
irresistible  impulse  towards  metaphysical 
speculation,  but,  on  the  whole,  a  moderate 
endowment  of  the  lyrical  temperament, 
judging  by  the  few  occasions  on  which 
he  exercised  it.  For  fine  as  are  such 
lyrics  as  "  Hark,  hark,  the  lark,"  "  Where 
the  bee  sucks,"  &c.,  other  poets  have 
written  lyrics  as  fine. 


In  a  certain  sense  no  man  can  be  a  pure 
and  perfect  dramatist.  Every  ego  is  a  central 
sun  round  which  the  universe  revolves,  and 
it  must  needs  assert  itself.  This  is  why  on 
a  previous  occasion,  when  speaking  of  the 
way  in  which  thoughts  are  interjected  into 
drama  by  the  Greek  dramatists,  we  said  that 
really  and  truly  no  man  can  paint  another, 
but  only  himself,  and  what  we  call  character- 
painting  is  at  the  best  but  a  poor  mixing 
of  painter  and  painted — a  third  something 
between  these  two,  just  as  what  we  call  colour 
and  sound  are  born  of  the  play  of  undulation 
upon  organism.  Very  likely  this  is  putting 
the  case  too  strongly.  But  be  this  as  it 
may,  it  is  impossible  to  open  a  play  of 
Shakspeare's  without  being  struck  with  the 
way  in  which  the  meditative  side  of  Shak- 
speare's mind  strove  with  and  sometimes 
nearly  strangled  the  dramatic.  If  this  were 
confined  to  '  Hamlet,'  where  the  play  seems 
meant  to  revolve  on  a  philosophical  pivot, 
it  would  not  be  so  remarkable.  But  so 
hindered  with  thoughts,  reflections,  medita- 
tions, and  metaphysical  speculations  was 
Shakspeare  that  he  tossed  them  indiscrimi- 
nately into  other  plays,  tragedies,  comedies, 
and  histories,  regardless  sometimes  of  the 
character  who  uttered  them.  With  regard 
to  metaphysical  speculation,  indeed,  even 
when  he  was  at  work  on  the  busiest  scenes 
of  his  dramas,  it  would  seem — as  was  said 
on  the  occasion  before  alluded  to — that 
Shakspeare's  instinct  for  actualizing  and 
embodying  in  concrete  form  the  dreams  of 
the  metaphysician  often  arose  and  baffled 
him.  It  would  seem  that  when  writing  a 
comedy  he  could  not  help  putting  into  the 
mouth  of  a  man  like  Claudio  those  words 
which  seem  as  if  they  ought  to  have  been 
spoken  by  a  metaphysician  of  the  Hamlet 
type,  beginning, 

Ay,  but  to  die  and  go  we  know  not  where. 

It  would  seem  that  he  could  not  help 
putting  into  the  mouth  of  Macbeth  those 
words  which  also  seem  as  if  they  ought  to 
have  been  spoken  on  the  platform  at  Elsinore, 
beginning, 

To-morrow  and  to-morrow  and  to-morrow. 

And  if  it  be  said  that  Macbeth  was  a  philo- 
sopher as  well  as  a  murderer,  and  might 
have  thought  these  thoughts  in  the  terrible 
strait  in  which  he  then  was,  surely  nothing 
but  this  marvellous  peculiarity  of  Shak- 
speare's temperament  will  explain  his  making 
Macbeth  stop  at  Duncan's  bedroom  door, 
dagger  in  hand,  to  say. 
Now  o'er  the  one  half  world  Nature  seems  dead,  &c. 

And  again,  though  Prospero  was  very 
likely  a  philosopher  too,  even  he  steals 
from  Hamlet's  mouth  such  words  of  the 
metaphysician  as  these  : — 

We  are  such  stuff 
As  dreams  are  made  on,  and  our  little  life 
Is  rounded  with  a  sleep. 

That  this  is  one  of  Shakspeare's  most 
striking  characteristics  will  not  be  denied 
by  any  competent  student  of  his  works. 
Nor  will  any  such  student  deny  that,  ex- 
quisite as  his  lyrics  are,  they  are  too  few 
and  too  unimportant  in  subject-matter  to 
set  beside  his  supreme  wealth  of  dramatic 
picture,  and  his  wide  vision  as  a  thinker 
and  a  metaphysical  dreamer. 

Now  on  which  of  these  sides  of  Shakspeare 
does  Tennyson  touch  ?  Is  it  on  the  lyrical 
side  ?  Shakspeare's  fine  lyrics  are  so  few  that 


524: 


TPIE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3651,  Oct.  16,  '9T 


they  would  be  lost  if  set  beside  the  mar- 
vellous wealth  of  Tennyson's  lyrical  work. 
On  one  side  only  of  Shakspeare's  genius 
Tennyson  touches,  perhaps,  more  closely 
than  any  subsequent  poet.  As  a  meta- 
physician none  comes  so  near  Shakspeare 
as  he  who  wrote  these  lines  : — 

And  more,  my  son  !  for  more  than  once  when  I 
Sat  all  alone,  revolving  in  myself 
The  word  that  is  the  symbol  of  myself, 
The  mortal  limit  of  the  Self  was  loosed, 
And  past  into  the  Nameless,  as  a  cloud 
Melts  into  Heaven.     I  touch'd  my  limbs,  the  limbs 
Were  strange  not  mine — and  yet  no  shade  of  doubt, 
But  utter  clearness,  and  thro'  loss  of  Self 
The  gain  of  such  large  life  as  match'd  with  ours 
Were  Sun  to  spark — unshadowable  in  words. 
Themselves  but  shadows  of  a  shadow-world. 

Here,  then,  seems  to  be  the  truth  of  the 
matter :  while  Shakspeare  had  immense 
dramatic  power  and  immense  meditative 
power  with  moderate  lyric  power,  Tenny- 
son had  the  lyric  gift  and  the  medita- 
tive gift  without  the  dramatic.  His  poems 
are  more  full  of  reflections,  meditations,  and 
generalizations  upon  human  life  than  any 
poet's  since  Shakspeare.  But  then  the 
moment  that  Shakspeare  descended  from 
those  heights  whither  his  metaphysical 
imagination  had  borne  him,  he  became,  not 
a  lyrist,  as  Tennyson  became,  but  a  drama- 
tist. And  this  divides  Shakspeare  as  far 
from  Tennyson  as  it  divides  him  from  any 
other  first-class  writer.  We  admirers  of 
Tennyson  must  content  ourselves  with  this 
thought,  that,  wonderful  as  it  is  for  Shak- 
speare to  have  combined  great  metaphysical 
power  with  supreme  power  as  a  dramatist, 
it  is  scarcely  less  wonderful  for  Tennyson  to 
have  combined  g^eat  metaphysical  power 
with  the  power  of  a  supreme  lyrist.  Nay, 
is  it  not  in  a  certain  sense  more  wonderful 
for  a  lyrical  impulse  such  as  Tennyson's  to 
be  found  combined  with  a  power  of  philo- 
sophical and  metaphysical  abstraction  such 
as  he  shows  in  some  of  his  poems? 


NEW  NOVELS. 


A7ny    Vivian's  Ring.     By  Surgeon -Major 
Greenhow.     (Skeffington  &  Son.) 

"My  love,  my  hate,  are  alike  accursed,  alike 
fatal  to  him  who  is  subject  to  them,"  are 
the  words  that  a  girl  uses  to  her  lover,  and 
she  marries  some  one  else  to  save  the  man 
she  reaUy  loves.  The  story,  though  too 
often  stilted  and  conventional  in  phrase,  is 
good,  and  illustrates  a  form  of  Thuggism 
in  India  which  is  well  described.  Were  the 
author  possessed  of  greater  literary  abilities, 
his  novel  would  probably  have  been  excel- 
lent. As  it  stands,  however,  it  can  be  read 
■Veith  pleasure. 

CMoe.  By  Darley  Dale.  (Bliss,  Sands  &  Co.) 
Whex  one  of  twin  brothers  is  sent  to 
prison  for  a  fault  committed  by  the  other, 
it  is  not  unnatural  that  they  should  take 
advantage  of  the  fact  that  it  is  difficult  to 
distinguish  their  identity.  The  resemblance 
is  so  close  that  one,  an  eminent  doctor  in 
London,  frequently  exchanges  positions  with 
his  brother.  Naturally  they  interfere  with 
each  other's  love  affairs,  and  the  confusion 
gives  rise  to  such  interest  as  the  novel  can 
be  said  to  possess.  Most  of  the  situations 
are  impossible ;  and  in  this  volume  the  lite- 
rary skill  of  the  author  is  not  conspicuous. 
The  book  also  suffers  from  being  too  long. 


Father    and    Son.       By    Arthur    Paterson. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

'Father  mud  Son'  is  an  exceptionally 
pathetic  story,  written  with  much  delicacy 
and  reserve  of  power,  on  lines  which  are  so 
unhackneyed  as  to  give  it  something  of  the 
charm  of  originality.  Mr.  Paterson's  virtual 
hero,  his  centre  of  motive,  interest,  and 
force,  is  a  returned  convict,  who  has  ob- 
tained a  position  under  a  false  name  as 
business  manager  to  a  London  merchant, 
and  who  lays  an  embargo  upon  the  capital 
of  the  firm  in  order  to  make  a  speculation. 
After  that  bald  statement  it  may  appear 
almost  impossible  that  the  author  should 
compel  us  to  accept  James  CunlifEe  as 
worthy  of  respect  and  affection.  Perhaps 
he  would  not  compel  us  if  he  did  not  treat 
the  character  with  real  art,  with  a  true 
instinct  for  the  facts  and  necessities  of  life, 
and  with  loyalty  to  the  inevitable  develop- 
ment of  his  dramatic  situation.  It  is  out 
of  such  qualities  as  these  that  fiction  draws 
its  most  genuine  pathos ;  and  when  an 
author  can  touch  his  reader  to  the  quick  with- 
out relying  upon,  yet  without  excluding,  the 
ordinary  relations  of  human  passion  between 
the  sexes,  he  must  be  congratulated  on  a 
well-earned  success.  The  most  effective 
passages  in  Mr.  Paterson's  story  are  those 
concerning  the  mutual  feelings  of  James 
Cunliffe  and  his  son,  and,  as  a  related  side- 
study,  the  feelings  of  Cunliffe  and  his  busi- 
ness principal.  The  treatment  of  the  initial 
facts,  strange  and  well-nigh  unnatural  as 
we  have  shown  them  to  be,  is  something 
better  than  a  totir  de  force  ;  it  is  so  happily 
conceived  and  handled  as  to  be  thoroughly 
convincing.  'Father  and  Son'  is  a  book 
that  should  be  read. 


Le  Mannequin  d'  Osier.     Par  Anatole  France. 
(Paris,  Oalmann  Levy.) 

The  new  book  of  the  new  Academician, 
like  '  L'Orme  du  Mail,'  is  hardly  a  novel, 
though  it  describes  a  number  of  characters 
and  some  of  their  acts.  As  in  two 
earlier  books  the  priest  Jerome  Coignard 
suggested  the  philosophical  opinions  of 
M.  France,  so  in  his  two  latest  books 
the  frequenters  of  the  bookseller's  shop  of 
a  provincial  town  suggest  his  views  on 
modern  Christianity,  on  the  Greek  question, 
on  Republican  France,  on  the  Russian 
alliance,  and  on  the  Armed  Nation.  The 
power  of  M.  Anatole  France  in  other  direc- 
tions is  displayed  in  a  perfect  description  of 
the  outskirts  of  Paris,  and  in  a  marvellous 
portrait  of  a  maid-of-all-work.  The  main 
doctrine  of  that  "douce  philosophie"  into 
which  M.  France  follows  Eenan  is  that,  in 
Ibsen's  words,  "life  would  be  tolerable  if 
we  could  get  rid  of  the  duns  who  pester  us 
with  the  claims  of  the  ideal."  As  M.  France 
puts  it:  "Nos  miseres  sont  interieures  et 
causees  par  nous  -  memes.  Nous  croyons 
faussement  qu'elles  viennent  du  dehors." 
M.  France  is  never  so  pleasantly  cynical  as 
when  he  is  laughing  at  his  countrymen,  as, 
for  example,  when  he  tells  them  that  the 
Romans,  "often  beaten,"  were  not  a  truly 
military  people,  "  for  they  made  profitable 
and  lasting  conquests,  while,  on  the  con- 
trary, truly  military  people  take  everything 
and  keep  nothing :  example,  the  French." 
"The  Romans  did  not  hunt  after  glory; 
they  had  no  imagination.     They  made  only 


wars  of  self  -  interest,  strictly  necessary." 
M.  France,  through  several  of  his  cha- 
racters, attacks  the  modern  military  system  : 
"Marcus  Aurelius  himself,  had  he  been  a 
corporal,  would  have  bullied  the  recruits." 
The  army  painted  by  Gericault,  and  the- 
Zouaves  of  Horace  Vemet,  have  been  re- 
placed by  "a  vastly  numerous,  placid 
National  Guard."  But,  on  the  other  hand, 
"  Nous  sommes  devenus  supportables  a 
I'Europe.  C'est  une  heureuse  nouveaute." 
The  net  conclusion  of  the  philosophy  of  this 
volume — expressed  in  a  style  of  exquisite 
purity — is  that,  although  we  are  "vermin 
on  the  mouldy  surface  of  a  little  ball"' 
which  "turns  awkwardly  about  a  yellow 
sun,  already  half  gone  out,"  the  world  is 
not  a  bad  place  for  M.  France  and  others 
who  take  it  as  it  comes  and  make  the  best 
of  it. 


OLD   ENGLISH   AND   SCOTCH   BOOKS. 

An  Elementary  Old-English  Grammar  {Early 
West  Saxon).     By  A.  J.  Wyatt.     (Cambridge, 
University    Press.)  —  The    substance    of    this 
grammar  is  almost  wholly  taken  from  Sievers 
and  Cosijn,  but  it  exhibits  considerable  origin- 
ality in  its  manner  of  presenting  the  facts.    Mr. 
Wyatt  begins  with  the  accidence,  reserving  the 
phonology  for  the  latter  part  of  the  book.     On 
practical   grounds   this   arrangement  is    to    he- 
commended,  but  it  would  have  been  useful  to  say 
a  little  more  about  umlaut  at  the  outset,  in  order 
to  prepare  the  learner  for  the  cases  in  which 
this  phenomenon  occurs  in  declension  and  con- 
jugation.    A   list   of   the  vowels   produced  by 
mutation  is  given,  but  as  there  is  no  indication 
of  the  primary  vowels  to  which  they  severally 
correspond  the  information  is  practically  useless. 
In  the   classification   of    the    declensions    Mr. 
Wyatt  has  adopted  what  we   are   inclined    ta 
regard  as  a  judicious  compromise  between  the 
historical     and    the    empirical    methods.     The 
arrangement     of     nouns     according     to     their 
original  Germanic  types,  indispensable  as  it  ia 
in  a  grammar  for  advanced  students,  is  need- 
lessly  complicated   for   beginners,    and    is    an 
actual  hindrance  to  the  ready  acquirement  of  a 
practical   mastery   of   the   inflections  ;    on   the 
other  hand,  to  treat  the  Old  English  declensions- 
wholly   without  reference  to  their  origin  is  to 
deprive  the  learner  of  some  useful  mnemonic- 
aids.    In  this  book  the  system  of  declensions  is 
mainly  empirical,  but  the  Germanic  stems  are 
referred  to  where  they  serve  to  explain  apparent 
anomalies.     The  phonological  section   contains 
an  outline  of  the  history  of  the  vowel  sounds- 
upward   from   Old   English   to   Germanic,   and 
downward  from  Germanic  to  Old  English.     The 
book  is,  on  the  whole,  remarkably  accurate  and 
lucid,   and   will   probably  be   found  the    most 
useful    elementary   grammar    of    Old    English 
hitherto     published.       We      have,      however, 
observed  several  details  that  seem  to  require 
correction.     The  use  of  the  tailed  e  to  denote 
the  umlaut  of  close  o,  as  well  as  that  proceeding 
from  an  original  a,  is  open  to  objection  ;  and 
the  printer  lias  frequently  omitted  the  diacritic 
where  it  is  required,  as  in  cwellan  (p.  61),  secge 
(p.   103),  and   five   times   in   the   paradigm   of 
siverian  (p.  83).     On  p.  137  cwene  and  denu  are 
specified  as  "  exceptions  "  to  an  alleged  law  that 
Germanic  e  becomes  i  in  English  before  nasals. 
The  law  really  is  that  this  change  takes  place  before 
a  nasal  followed  by  a  consonant  and  before  m 
(not  n)  followed  by  a  vowel  ;  besides,  the  e  in 
dcnu  is  not  a  Germanic  c  at  all,  but  an  umlaut. 
In   the   list   of    words   that  have   u  for   West 
Germanic  o  (p    115)  duru  is  wrongly  inserted, 
the  word  being,  according  to  Mr.  Wyatt  him- 
self, a  u  stem  ;    probably  rust  should  also  be 
omitted  (though  given  by  Sievers),  as  the  evi- 
dence of  some  modern  dialects  points  to  a  long 
vowel.     The  statement  (p.  148)  that  the  eo  in 


N^.SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


525 


sceofan  is  developed  from  fc  by  "  palatal  diph- 
thongization"  is  hardly  credible ;  even  assuming 
that  Old  English  had  originally  the  form  scufan 
only,  the  more  normal  form  of  the  infinitive 
might  well  have  been  re-created  on  the  ana- 
logy of  other  verbs  of  the  same  conjugation. 
In  the  declensions  the  terms  "long  and  short 
stems "  are  introduced  without  the  previous 
explanation  which  a  beginner  will  certainly 
need.  The  list  of  words  declined  like  hoc  should 
have  been  accompanied  by  a  note  referring  to 
the  irregularities.  The  form  modor  does  not, 
so  far  as  we  know,  occur  in  the  plural.  The 
infinitive  gengan  should  have  been  marked  as 
unrecorded ;  its  existence  may  be  fairly  inferred 
from  the  preterite  gengde,  but  even  that  is  not 
known  as  Early  West  Saxon  ;  and  gengan  is  not 
a  variant  of  gongan,  but  a  different  verb  derived 
from  the  noun  gong.  Gldwu  (p.  116)  should 
probably,  in  spite  of  the  O.H.G.  chluica,  be 
written  claicu,  as  in  Sievers's  abridgment  of  his 
grammar,  and  should,  therefore,  not  be  cited  as 
an  example  of  the  retention  of  West  Germanic 
a  before  w.  To  those  who  have  experience  of 
the  difficulty  of  attaining  absolute  accuracy  in  a 
book  of  this  kind  these  criticisms  will  not  appear 
to  detract  seriously  from  the  merit  of  Mr. 
Wyatt's  work.  The  tone  of  some  remarks  in 
the  preface  and  of  one  or  two  passages  in  the 
text  strikes  us  as  not  being  quite  in  good  taste. 
Jacqnes  I.  d'^cosse,  fut-il  Poete  ?  £tude  sur 
V AuthentAciU  du  '  Cahier  du  Roi,'  by  M.  J.  J. 
Jusserand,  reprinted  from  the  Revue  Historiqne, 
treats  of  an  important  issue  defined  with  un- 
usual perspicuity  and  directness.  The  poetic 
renown  of  James  I.,  assailed  last  year  by  Mr. 
J.  T.  T.  Brown,  found  at  the  time  a  champion 
in  M.  Jusserand,  whose  article  in  our  columns 
has  since  developed  into  a  comprehensive  dis- 
cussion of  the  problem.  The  promise  imputed 
to  him  of  so  dealing  with  the  matter — although, 
as  he  pleasantly  reminds  us  in  his  preface,  he 
had  unfortunately  not  merited  that  compliment 
—  has  thus  been  handsomely  fulfilled.  All 
along  he  has  been  among  the  foremost  to 
recognize  the  conspicuous  value  of  Mr.  Brown's 
sceptical  disquisition  as  an  ingenious  and  con- 
scientious service  to  literature,  and  he  now 
borrows  John  Major's  famous  phrase  "artificiosis- 
simum  libellum "  as  its  apt  designation.  His 
own  counter- argument,  courteous  in  the  highest 
degree,  is  a  model  of  frank  and  well-ordered 
statement.  Strenuous,  closely  and  even  subtly 
reasoned,  and  studiously  free  from  that  merely 
declamatory  and  rhetorical  appeal  to  which 
there  are  so  many  temptations,  it  is  a  detailed 
answer  that  shirks  none  of  the  difficulties  and 
essays  a  reply  to  all.  As  a  powerful  plea  for 
King  James  we  trust  it  may  ere  long  reappear 
in  an  English  form.  M.  Jusserand  calls  for 
no  allowance  on  the  score  of  nationality  ;  he 
handles  his  Scottish  authorities  with  a  facility 
and  confidence  which  Scotsmen  may  envy. 
King  James  needs  no  abler  advocate  for  his 
defence  against  disseisin.  M.  Jusserand, 
point  by  point,  defends  and  explains  the 
scribe.  Throughout  he  insists  that  Mr. 
Brown's  negation  requires  him  to  postulate 
a  singularly  clever  forger  as  the  author — an 
"habile  faussaire,"  an  inexplicable  "  merveil- 
leux  anonyme,"  who  could  have  had  nothing  to 
gain  by  the  process.  It  is  a  disadvantage  that 
on  this  last  point  Mr  Brown  has  not  defined 
his  position,  though  we  can  gather  that  he  will 
not  admit  the  necessity  of  the  inference  of 
forgery,  but  may  rather  urge  that  the  poet 
resorted  to  the  dramatic  first  person,  a  familiar 
expedient  of  the  period.  Disintegrated  into 
pointed  opposing  contentions,  the  question 
assumes  a  concrete  and  simple  form,  although, 
perhaps,  the  whole  is  considerably  larger  than 
the  separated  parts.  One  branch  which 
M.  Jusserand  scarcely  touches  concerns  the 
imitative  Chaucerian  inflections  among  Scottish 
poets  of  the  fifteenth  century.  To  this  the 
determination  of  authorship  may  be  of  secondary 
moment,  and  until  its  mysteries  are  unravelled 


the  'Kingis  Quair '  will  not  have  reached 
its  ultimate  place  in  the  history  of  litera- 
ture. Both  assailant  and  defender  of  King 
James  appear  to  feel  that  the  whole  of 
the  critical  and  some  of  the  historical  con- 
siderations advanced  must  fall  short  of  finality 
until  they  are  examined  under  revised  canons  of 
fifteenth  century  dialect  and  grammar.  To  the 
court  of  philology,  therefore,  both  make  appeal, 
the  one  as  confident  of  a  reversal  of  previous 
verdicts  as  the  other  is  that  the  judgment  given 
already  will  stand.  On  p.  11  a  foot-note  tends 
to  credit  the  Athenaum  (January  IGth,  1897), 
with  the  opinion  that  Buchanan's  epigram  was 
an  allusion,  more  or  less  explicit,  to  Major's 
'  Historia.'  Had  that  been  said,  we  should  have 
accepted  the  correction  ;  but  it  was  not  said. 
"  Considered  in  its  application  to  him  as 
historian  "  were  the  words  used,  the  epigram 
being,  in  the  writer's  view,  not  a  criticism  of  a 
particular  book,  but  a  general  verdict  on  the 
man.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  recall  the 
numerous  historical  passages  embedded  in 
Major's  philosophical  dissertations,  paralleled 
by  the  philosophical  asides  in  his  'Historia.' 
Buchanan's  "Cum  scateat  nugis,"  however 
unjust,  was  capable  of  generic  application,  and 
was  applied  accordingly. 


TWO    BOOKS    ON    NEWFOUNDLAND.  ^ 

There  is  only  one  drawback  to  an  excellent 
little  volume,  Newfoxmdland  in  1897,  published 
by  Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.,  namely, 
that  the  author,  the  Rev.  M.  Harvey,  has 
already  written  so  much  about  his  island  that 
there  is  nothing  new  to  say.  Those  who  have 
not  read  Mr.  Harvey's  previous  books  will  do 
well  to  obtain  this  admirable  account  of  New- 
foundland, published  on  the  four  hundredth 
anniversary  of  Cabot's  discovery  of  the  island.  ^ 

The  Tenth  Island  is  not  a  good  title  for  a  book 
about  Newfoundland,  and  the  work  before  us, 
written  by  Mr.  Beckles  Willson  and  published 
by  Mr.  Grant  Richards,  though  entertaining,  is 
not  so  complete  as  are  some  of  those  of  the 
standing  writer  on  Newfoundland — the  Rev. 
M.  Harvey.  We  wholly  agree  with  the  present 
writer  in  his  attacks  on  the  British  policy  which 
prevents  the  colonists  from  being  masters  of 
their  own  soil  on  the  so-called  "French  shore." 
The  French  have  a  treaty  right  to  land  and  dry 
fish,  and  not  to  be  interrupted  in  their  fishing — 
that  is  all  ;  and  as  they  violate  the  same  treaties 
in  the  neighbouring  islands  of  St.  Pierre  and 
Miquelon,  they  should  at  the  most  be  given 
the  letter  of  the  bargain.  Mr.  Willson  rightly 
attacks  "a  Liberal  Government"  for  two  abject 
surrenders  to  the  French  ;  but  while  he  fully 
relates  two  other  equally  abject  surrenders 
which  occurred  under  Tory  Governments,  he  is 
seemingly  not  impartial  in  avoiding  a  correspond- 
ing party  reference.  The  fact  is  that  the  home 
Government,  under  all  administrations,  has 
betrayed  dangerous  weakness  on  this  question. 
We  cannot,  however,  go  with  Mr.  Willson  in 
his  belief  that  the  withdrawal  from  Newfound- 
land of  a  British  garrison  has  any  bearing  on 
the  matter.  The  island  is  defended  by  our 
command  of  the  sea,  and  in  the  event  of  war 
with  France  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  could  not 
be  defended  by  the  French.  There  is  a  letter 
by  Lord  C.  Beresford  at  the  end  of  the  book, 
in  which  he  discusses  the  question  of  a  colonial 
naval  reserve.  Almost  the  only  French  word 
quoted  by  the  author  is  marred  by  a  "  printer's 
error." 

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Scott's  (Mrs.  M.)  The  Making  of  Abbotsford,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  net. 

Shuckburgh's  (H).  S.)  A  History  of  Rome  for  Beginners,  3/6 

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526 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


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Kipling's  (It.)  Captains  Courageous,  a  Story  of  the  Grand 
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Regnaud  (P.) :  Comment  naissent  les  Mythes,  2fr.  50. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Derouiede  (P.) :  La  Mort  de  Hoche,  2fr. 
Stoullig  (E.) :  Les  Annales  du  Theatre  et  de  la  Musique, 

1896,  3fr.  50, 
Weill  (A.) :  Legendes  et  Fables  d'Or,  2fr. 

Political  Economy. 
Block  (M):  Annuaire  de  I'Economie  Politique,  1897  9fr 
Guyot  (Y.)  :  Les  Travaux  Publics,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 

Audebrand  (P.) :  Napoleon  a-t-il  6te  un  homme  heureux  = 
3fr.  50. 

Bertin  (G.) :  La  Campagne  de  1814,  6fr. 

Druffel  (A.  v.) :  Monumenta  Tridentina,  Part  4,  4m. 

Duchesne  (General):  Rapport  sur  I'ExpMition  de  Mada- 
gascar, 12fr. 

^"Po".'^  ^l''^'^  ■  ^®  Tong-kin  et  I'Intervention  Francaise. 
3fr.  50. 

Grabinski  (J.) :  Un  Ami  de  Napolgon  III.,  3fr  50 
Grandin  (Commandant) :  Le  General  Bourbaki,  5fr. 
Noradounghian  (G.) :    Recueil  d'Actes  Internationaux   de 
1  Empire  Ottoman,  Vol.  1,  20fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Chevrillon  (A.) :  Terres  Mortes,  Thebaide-Judee,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Munzer   (F):      Beitrage     zur     Quellenkritik    der   Natur- 
geschichte  des  Plinius,  12m. 

Science. 
Dirichlet's  (G.  L  )  Werke,  hrsg.  L.  Kronecker,  Vol.  2,  18m. 
Leffivre  (A.) :    L  Histoire,  Entretiens  sur  I'Evolution  His- 

torique,  5fr. 
Mantegazza  (P.)  :  La  Physiologie  de  la  Femme  3fr  50 
Preaubert(B.)  :  La  Vie,  ModedeMouvement,  5fr    '     " 
Vmci  (L.  da):    De  I'Anatomie,  translated  by  G.  Piumati 

80ir,  * 

General  Literature. 
Boylesve  (R.)  :  Sainte-Marie  des  Fleurs,  3fr.  50 
BrSte  (J.  de  la)  :  L'Imagination  fait  le  Reste,  3fr  50 
D  Aigremont  (P.)  :  Reine  Marie,  3fr.  50 
Danville  (G.) :  Les  Reflets  du  Miroir,  3fr  50 
Demolder  (E.) :,  Sous  la  Robe,  3fr.  50. 

^°"3fr°5o'' '  ■'^'"'^'^^  ^"'■'*  I-'tterature  Franfaise,  Series  2, 

Gyp :  Totote,  3/r.  50. 

Kermor  (J.) :  Eehelle  d'Amours,  3fr.  50 

Le  Coz  (V.) :  Sans  Mari,  3fr.  50. 

Leger(L.) :  Le  Monde  Slave,  3fr.  50. 

Le  Houx  (H.) :  Les  Amants  Byzantins,  3fr.  50 

L  Hopital  (J.)  :  Reve  d'Enfants,  3fr.  50. 

Mael  (P.) :  Ce  que  Femme  pent,  3fr.  50 

M^ziSres  (A.)  :  Morts  et  Vivants,  3fr  50 

Moutegut  (M.):  Les  D^traques,  3fr.  50  ' 

Pottecher  (M.) :  Le  Chemi.i  du  Mensonge,  3fr  50 

Psichari  (J.)  :  Le  Reve  de  Yanniri,  3fr.  50 

Regnier  (H.  de) :  La  Canne  de  Jaspe,  3fr.  50 

Saint-Maurice  (K.)  :  Temple  d'Amour,  3fr  50 

Theuriet  (A.) :  Deuil  de  Veuve,  2fr  "      ' 

Zobeltitz  (F.  V.) :  Heilendes  Gift,  2  vols.  8m 


N°3651,  Oct.  16, '97 


NOTES  FROM  PARIS. 
The  first  days  of  October  are  marked  by  the 
renewal  of  the  Parisian  season.  "  Half-season  " 
were  the  better  term  ;  for  country  quarters  and 
the  claims  of  sport  will  detain  people  from 
town  for  some  time  yet.  Within  the  last  few 
years  our  scheme  of  life  has  been  strangely 
altered;  and  in  my  belief  there  is  more 
difference  between  the  life  of  our  country- 
men in  1872  and  that  of  one  of  our  immediate 
contemporaries  than  obtained  between  the 
lives  of  Parisians  of  1800  and  those  of  1869 
We  have  changed  more  in  five-and-twenty 
years  than  we  have  in  a  century.  We  live 
much  more  and  much  longer  in    the  country 

.n'^  °T,"^  ?\"^-     ^t^    ^""^    Mentone,   Monaco 
and  Bordighera,  absorb  for  many  months  the 


cream  of  Parisian  society  (not  to  say,  as  per- 
haps one  might,  its  froth  and  its  scum)  ;  and,  in 
fact,  Paris  is  not  full,  in  the  sense  that  an 
omnibus  is  at  certain  hours,  until  Easter  week 
is  over,  the  first  buds  are  out,  and  everybody 
has  returned  from  Nice. 

Yet,  after  all,  intellectual  activity,  theatrical 
restlessness,  even  the  life  of  politicians,  find 
renewal  with  the  return  of  autumn.  Great 
orators  (if  we  have  any)  repair  to  the  tribune, 
great  actors  to  the  boards,  simultaneously. 
Novelties  appear  in  the  booksellers'  windows, 
and  new  pieces  in  evening  programmes.  These 
are  the  preliminaries  of  the  winter  season.  The 
ship  is  under  weigh,  though  not  yet  cleared  for 
action.  Only  yesterday  I  was  talking  with  a  young 
dramatist,  one  of  the  leaders  in  his  own  genera- 
tion, one  of  the  masters  of  to-morrow,  or  even, 
I  might  say,  of  to-day.  He  has  a  new  comedy 
in  hand  for  this  winter,  marked  by  virtuous 
tendencies,  or,  at  any  rate,  more  or  less 
respectable.  He  enjoyed  telling  me  that  he 
hoped  for  a  great  success  (quite  apart  from  that 
eternal  hope  which  all  authors  have  cherished 
for  all  comedies  since  comedies  and  theatres 
came  into  being)  on  this  ground.  The  public, 
our  French  public,  seems  to  have  taken  a  com- 
plete aversion  to  unsympathetic,  bitter,  pessi- 
mistic pieces — works  which  are  as  aimless  as 
they  are  violent— and  to  be  returning  to  senti- 
mental and  quite  simple  productions,  as  epicures 
to  a  joint  of  mutton. 

Are  we  growing  more  virtuous?  To  this 
question  he  replied,  "I  know  nothing  about 
that,  but  I  do  know  the  masses  are  tired 
of  pieces  which  are  intentionally  sombre  and 
gloomy  [there  is  a  slang  word,  quite  untrans- 
latable, which  expresses  their  quality,  des 
pieces  rosses,  they  call  them] — works  on  which 
the  theatres  have  subsisted — more  or  less  badly, 
no  doubt — for  some  considerable  time." 

The  reaction  was  inevitable.  We  have  too 
many  rogues  and  sluts  on  the  stage.  This  evil 
and,  in  the  main,  insipid  crew  has  ended  by 
tiring  us  out,  and  we  want,  if  not  novelty 
(novelty  is  hard  to  get  in  this  world),  at  any 
rate  something  which  shall  be  something  else  ! 

The  success  of  '  La  Vie  de  Boheme '  is  con- 
genial from  this  point  of  view.  Henry 
Murger's  play  is  antiquated,  no  doubt, 
and  in  many  passages  altogether  unskilful 
and  childish  ;  but  we  find  it  on  revival, 
in  spite  of  its  defects  and  its  clumsiness,  to 
retain  a  charming  odour  of  youth  and  an  artless 
vigour  which  carries  everything  before  it. 
Laughter  and  tears,  these  are  the  sole  resources 
of  the  stage  to  captivate  the  audience.  All  the 
rules,  all  the  philosophies  in  the  world  can  im- 
part no  further  secret.  Musette  laughs  and 
Mimi  cries.  There  is  not  much  Ibsenism  about 
a  workgirl's  smiles  or  the  death  of  a  young 
maiden  as  she  leaves  the  hospital,  but  their  pre- 
sentment does  as  a  matter  of  fact  perpetually 
stir  the  emotions,  and  those  who,  like  our  friend 
M.  Jules  Lemaitre,  cannot  understand  this  fact, 
cannot  understand  either  that  the  theatre 
which  "  speaks  to  the  heart  "  is  the  true  theatre, 
in  spite  of  occasional  instances  of  the  decrepit 
and  obsolete.  A  withered  sprig  of  lilac  is  no 
treasure,  doubtless  ;  enough  for  us  that  it  is  a 
memento  of  youth,  and  seems  to  retain  the  aroma 
of  days  gone  by.  Murger's  pot  of  mignonette 
must  have  its  charms,  for  at  the  present  moment 
it  is  being  revived  throughout  Europe  with 
M.  Puccini's  music  and  M.  Leoncavallo '^s  songs. 

Instead  of  hunting  for  the  faults  of  these  old 
idyls  which  are  ever  young— legendary,  like 
the  ancient  loves  of  Heloise  and  Ab^Iard— why 
do  not  the  critics,  amid  their  astonishment,  dis- 
cover the  true  reason  of  these  successes  ?  There 
are  no  ghosts  in  the  palpable  world  ;  and  if 
spectres  reappear  and  seduce  us,  it  is  because 
they  are  still  full  of  life. 

Suppose  they  are  phantoms  ;  what  matters 
it  if  they  give  us  a  moment's  illusion,  which 
brings  back  youth  and  love  ? 

La  jeunesse  n'a  qu'un  temps.  J 


That  IS  why,  when  Murger's  heroes  sing  this 
song,  the  youths  come  to  listen  to  them  as  if  it 
were  the  refrain  of  their  natural  joyousness, 
while  the  old,  too,  prepare  to  understand  them, 
as  if  It  were  the  echo  of  the  strains  they  once 
sang. 

That  these  idiotic  young  men  have  read  neither 
Schopenhauer  nor  Nietzsche ;  that  they  are 
senseless  and  improbable  ;  that  their  morals 
are  more  liberal  than  the  "two  moralities" 
formerly  invented  by  a  practical  philosopher— all 
this  IS  possible,  and  I  grant  it  ;  but  the  young 
playwright  who  spoke  to  me  is  right  :  there  is  a 
reaction  in  the  public  taste,  and  the  success  at 
the  Vaudeville  of  a  pleasant  comedie  de  genre 
entitled  'Jalousie  '  is  a  further  proof  of  the  fact. 

For  all  that  we  are  not  going  back,  I  am  well 
assured,  to  the  burlesques,  the  nonsense  or  the 
clowning  of  mere  entertainers  of  the  crowd. 
The  serious  drama  will  have  its  place,  and  the 
highest  place,  in  the  engagements  of  the  public. 
What  a  pity  it  is  we  cannot  play  the  piece  which 
was  left  unfinished  by  Alexandre  Dumas  the 
younger  !  In  the  '  Route  de  Thebes  '  one  would 
have  seen  everything  that  a  master  of  his  sub- 
ject and  of  his  art  could  do  to  rivet  the  imagina- 
tion during  the  theatrical  space  of  three  hours. 
Pray  believe  that  it  is  not  the  manager  of  the 
Comedie  Fran9aise  who  is  expressing  these 
sentiments,  and  also  that  I  should  be  the 
last  person  to  obtrude  my  own  opinion  in 
theatrical  matters.  The  sentiments  are  those 
of  the  observer,  of  the  spectator,  so  to  speak  ; 
and  I  notice  this  kind  of  modification  of  the 
public  taste  just  when  M.  Antoine,  the 
pugnacious  and  daring  founder  of  the  Theatre 
Libre,  is  reopening  his  establishment  and  com- 
mencing the  battle  anew.  Here  M.  Brieux  is 
giving  a  doleful  comedy  in  which  modern  matri- 
mony is  the  only  subject  of  dissection. 

Moreover,  M.  Antoine  intends  to  present  a 
new  work  by  M.  Frangois  de  Curel,  '  La  Part 
du  Lion,'  in  which,  it  seems,  the  social  problem 
which  just  now  divides  the  bourgeoisie  and  the 
people  is  handled  with  much  intrepidity.  The 
"lion's  share  "  should  certainly  be  the  portion 
which  the  all-powerful  middle  classes  have 
arrogated  to  themselves  in  the  conduct  of  public 
aflairs.  M.  de  Curel  is  not  one  of  those  who  are 
content  to  stage  an  idea  from  the  ballad-opera. 
He  is  a  thinker,  and  wants  to  make  others 
think. 

But  no  doubt  the  great  event  of  the  season 
from  a  literary  point  of  view  will  be  the  publica- 
tion of  a  new  volume  of  Victor  Hugo's  corre- 
spondence. M.  Paul  Meurice  undertakes  the 
correction  of  the  proofs,  and  the  public  will 
not  experience  in  this  case  the  sort  of  mys- 
tification presented  by  the  earlier  volume. 
Victor  Hugo's  letters,  except  the  very  in- 
teresting and  important  correspondence  between 
him  and  Sainte-Beuve  (an  exchange  of  intimate 
letters  redounding  entirely  to  the  honour  of 
the  poet  of  the  '  Contemplations '),  tell  us 
nothing,  apart  from  some  revelations,  which  are 
odd  enough,  on  the  state  of  his  soul  at  tlie  close 
of  his  life.  Than  this  nothing  can  be  more 
easily  explained.  Victor  Hugo  never  analyzed 
his  own  character.  He  had  discovered  that  to 
study  oneself  is  to  lose  time  which  can  be  a 
hundredfold  better  employed  in  production. 
Alexandre  Dumas  the  elder  used  to  say  merrily, 
"  I  lose  five  francs  every  time  I  put  on  my 
boots,"  meaning  that  writing  was  the  work  of 
his  life.  The  author  of  '  Les  Misdrables  '  came 
readily  to  the  conclusion  that  to  feel  his  own 
pulse  was  to  waste  time  he  had  vowed  to  glorious 
poetry.  Accordingly,  his  letters  are  at  once 
picturesque,  eloquent,  and  impetuous.  He 
speeds  through  the  post  now  a  superb  meta- 
phor, now  a  sonorous  phrase  ;  he  enters  on  no 
discussion ;  he  never  commits  himself,  as  Diderot 
was  wont  to  do  ;  and  yet  with  admirable  con- 
ciseness he  finds  means  to  express  all  his  mind. 
But  his  letters  read  much  more  like  proclama- 
tions than  "confidences,"  and  it  would  take 
more  trouble  to  decipher  with   their  aid  the 


N°365],  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


527 


features  of  his  times  than  with  the  assistance 
of  Madame  de  S^vigne,  or,  let  us  say  broadly, 
of  a  Danton. 

The  second  volume  will  contain  most  of  the 
letters  written  by  Victor  Hugo  during  his  exile. 
They  are  dated  from  Brussels,  from  Jersey,  or 
from  Guernsey,  where  we  found  last  year, 
during  a  stay  at  Hauteville  House,  his  whole 
genius  "materializing,"  as  it  were,  in  the  furni- 
ture and  decorations,  at  once  bizarre  and  mag- 
nificent, in  the  acquisition  of  which  he  was  his 
own  selector  and  man  of  business. 

What  it  was  to  us  young  fellows,  beginning 
life  at  the  end  of  the  Second  Empire,  to  get 
letters  from  Victor  Hugo  by  post — letters  written 
on  foreign  paper,  with  some  page  cut  from  the 
'  Chatiments  '  under  the  envelope — it  costs  some 
grey  hairs  to-day  to  understand.     For  us  the 
rock   of   Guernsey  was  what   the   rock  of   St. 
Helena  might  be  to  some  grognard  of  the  Old 
Guard.     The  exile  who  fought  Napoleon  III.  so 
energetically  was  nevertheless  a  Napoleon  in  his 
way — the  Napoleon  of   poetry  ;    and  the  com- 
parison would  not  have  displeased  him.     Let  us 
retrace  the  years,  and  go  to  see  him  in  his  island. 
One  evening  I  was  nearly  embarking  in  a  wretched 
boat  with  a  cargo  of  potatoes.     An  expression 
of  the  skipper's  made  me  think  twice.      "Bad 
weather,"  said  he.      "If  you  are  in  a  hurry, 
think  it  over,  for  I  won't  answer  for  it  that  we 
shan't  be  dashed  on  the  cliffs  of  the  island."  He 
was  joking  ;  but  the  prospect  of  going  to  see,  not 
the  author  of  'Han  dislande,' but  the  island 
itself,    gave    me    pause.      St.    Pierre   tempted 
me,  but  not  Rykjevik.     I  was  not  to  see  Victor 
Hugo  until  I  met  him  in  Brussels.     "Every- 
thing I  write,"  he  said  to  me  one  day,  "  may  be 
published,  as  everything  I  say  maybe  repeated." 
It  would  be  possible,  therefore,  to  collect  a  great 
number  of  the  poet's  letters.     M.  Paul  Meurice, 
however,  thinks  it  best  not  to  give  more  than  a 
selection  ;  and  certainly  the  '  Correspondence  ' 
of  Voltaire  seems  at  the  present  day  uncom- 
monly cumbrous  and  voluminous.     On  principle 
I  am  for  complete  works,  and  would  give  every 
product  of   an   illustrious  writer,  down  to  the 
small  relics  and  scraps  which  M.  Brunetiere  has 
so  little  love  for.     Still  the  man  reveals  himself 
in  these  little  notes  just  as  a  master  of  painting 
is  declared  in  the  least  of   his  sketches.     The 
only  danger  is  that  of  some  day  crushing  the 
human  brain  under  the  weight  of  new  books, 
and   the   difficulty   of   preventing  overcrowded 
libraries  from  some  day  coming   down  with  a 
run.     What  a  number  of  volumes  !     W^hat  an 
amount  of  paper  spoilt  with  ink  !     How  many 
romances,  travels,  historical    memoirs  !     What 
with  the  reading  of  daily  papers  and  the  daily 
reading  of  reviews,  how  is  it  possible  for  the 
modern   man    to   find   time   to   open   a  book  ? 
Apropos  of  memoirs,  may  one  ask  if  the  Due 
d'Aumale  has  left  no  souvenirs  ?     Being  as  he 
was  an  admirable  conversationalist,  he  certainly 
should  be  a  story-teller  of  the  first  rank.     No 
one  who  ever   heard  him  recite  the  taking  of 
Abd-el-Kader's  stnala  has  experienced  a  notion 
of  the  grace  of  heroism  ;    it  was  the  epic  and 
the   witty   combined.      Nothing    is    known   of 
any  memoirs  he  may  have  left  ;  but  assuredly 
he  used  to  take  notes,  and  is  bound  to  have 
committed  to  paper  more  than  one  page  of  his 
past  life.     When  at  the  Acad^mie  Franqaise,  in 
the  last  months  of  his  life,  he  read  us  that  frag- 
ment  on    '  Louis   Philippe    and   the   Right   of 
Pardon,'  it  seemed  clear  that  it  was  submitted 
on  that  occasion  as  a  chapter  of  memoirs.     So 
we   gave   him   to   understand   (I    told   him   so 
myself) ;  and   he    smiled,    but   did   not   reply. 
But  a  writer  of  his  calibre  and  a  man  of  his 
experience  is  bound   to  have  left  behind  him 
some  contributions  to  history. 

One  hardly  knows  who  will  be  his  successor 
at  the  Academy.  People  speak  in  turns  of 
General  du  Barail,  of  M.  Bufi'et,  of  M.  Lamy, 
of  the  Prince  de  Joinville.  Just  now  they  are 
talking  of  M.  Eugene  Guillaume,  the  director 
of  the  Ecole  de  Rome.    Such  is  the  gossip  of  the 


lobby  ;  but  it  has  certainly  not  taken  the  form 
of  official  discussion. 

One  thing  is  certain  :  the  eulogium  on  the 
Duke  will  be  at  once  a  most  easy  and  most 
difficult  task  for  his  successor,  for  never  was 
there  a  personality  more  congenial,  and  it  can 
be  summed  up,  to  my  thinking,  in  no  happier 
phrase  than  this  :  "  This  was  a  true  Frenchman 
of  the  Isle  of  France  !  "  Jules  Claketie. 


THE  AUTUMN  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
The  autumn  list  of  Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black 
contains  '  The  Story  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Life, ' 
by  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy,  —  '  The  Making  of 
Abbotsford,'  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Maxwell  Scott, 
— 'Principles  of  Political  Economy,'  by  Prof. 
Nicholson, Book  III.,  Vol.11., — Knox's  'History 
of  the  Reformation  in  Scotland,'  transcribed  into 
modern  spelling  by  Mr.  C.  J.  Guthrie,  illustrated, 
—  'Memorials of  Dunnikier  Church,  Kirkcaldy,' 
edited  by  the  Rev.  W.  Fairweather,  illustrated, 
— 'Elementary  Algebra,'  by  Prof.  Chrystal, — 
'  A  Critical  Period  in  the  Development  of  the 
Horse,'  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Ewart,— 'The  Story  of 
Ab  :  a  Tale  of  the  Time  of  the  Cave  Men,'  by 
Stanley  Waterloo,  illustrated,  —  '  Exiled  from 
School,' by  Mr.  A.  Home,  illustrated,— '  Half- 
Text  History,'  by  Ascott  R.  Hope, — 'Cairo  of 
To-day  :  a  Practical  Guide  to  Cairo  and  its 
Environs,'  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Reynolds-Ball,— the 
"Victoria  Edition  "  of  the  VVaverley  Novels, — 
the  "Standard  Edition"  of  '  The  Poetical  Works 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott,'— in  the  "Sir  Walter 
Scott  Continuous  Readers,"  'The  Talisman,' 
edited  by  Mr.  Melven, — in  the  "  Literary  Epoch 
Series,"  'Nineteenth  Century  Prose,'  edited  by 
Mr.  J.  H.  Fowler  ;  and  '  Nineteenth  Century 
Poetry,'  edited  by  Mr.  A.  C.  McDonnell,— and 
a  'French  Reader,'  edited  by  Mr.  Jamson 
Smith. 

The  following  will  be  published  during  the 
autumn  by  Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  :  '  The 
Laughter  of  Peterkin,'  by  Fiona  Macleod, — 
'The  King's  Story-Book,'  edited  by  Mr. 
Laurence  Gomme,  with  illustrations  by  C. 
Harrison  Miller, — 'Beyond  the  Border:  Fairy 
Tales  for  Old  and  Young,'  by  Mr.  W.  D.  Camp- 
bell, with  illustrations  by  Helen  Stratton, — 
'  Adventures  in  Legend  :  Tales  of  the  West 
Highlands,'  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome, — '  Medals 
and  Decorations  of  the  British  Army  and  Navy, ' 
by  Mr.  J.  H.  Mayo, — 'The  Principles  of  Local 
Government,'  by  Mr.  Laurence  Gomme, — '  A 
Houseful  of  Rebels,'  a  fairy  tale  by  Mr.  W.  C. 
Rhoades,  illustrated,  —  '  Westward  Ho  !  '  in 
"  Constable's  Historical  Novels,"  edited  by  Mr. 
Laurence  Gomme,  — '  Through  China  with  a 
Camera,'  by  Mr.  J.  Thomson,  illustrated, — 
'  The  Pupils  of  Peter  the  Great,'  by  Mr.  Nisbet 
Bain, — '  Fidelis,  and  other  Poems,'  by  C.  M. 
Gemmer, — 'A  Tale  of  Boccaccio,  and  other 
Poems,' by  Mr.  A.  C.  Armstrong, — 'Songs  of 
Love  and  Empire,'  by  Miss  Nesbit, — '  By  the 
Roaring  Reuss  :  Tales  of  a  Simple  Folk,'  by 
Mr  Bridges  Birtt, — '  London  Riverside  Churches,' 
by  Mr.  A.  E.  Daniell,  being  a  companion  volume 
to  '  London  City  Churches,' — and  anew  popular 
edition  of  the  works  of  Mr.  George  Meredith. 

Messrs.  White  &  Co.  promise  '  Miriam 
Rozella,'  by  Mr.  B.  L.  Farjeon,— 'At  the  Tail 
of  the  Hounds,'  by  Mrs.  Edward  Kennard, — 
'  A  Fair  Impostor,'  by  Alan  St.  Aubyn, — 'The 
Race  of  To-day,' by  Lord  G.  Gordon, — 'Over 
the  Open,' by  W.  Phillpotts  Williams,— '  Two 
Fair  Daughters,'  by  Florence  Warden, — 'A 
Golden  Autumn,'  by  Mrs.  Alexander, — a  new 
series  of  prize-books,  profusely  illustrated,  in- 
cluding 'The  Knights  of  the  White  Rose,'  by 
Mr.  G.  Griffith  ;  '  Bad  Little  Hannah,'  by  L.  T. 
Meade  ;  '  Hunting  for  Gold  :  Adventures  in 
Klondyke,'  by  Mr.  H.  Nisbet;  'Dolly  the 
Romp,'  by  Florence  Warden  ;  and  'A  Woman 
of  the  Commune,'  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Henty,  —  and 
"  Winter's  Christmas  Annual,"  entitled  '  A  Gay 
Little  Woman,'  by  John  Strange  Winter. 

Messrs.     Nelson     &     Sons'     announcements 


include  '  Tom  Tufton's  Travels,'  '  A  Clerk  of 
Oxford,'  'For  the  Queen's  Sake,' and  'Sister,' 
by  Miss  E.  Everett-Green,— '  An  Emperor's 
Doom'  and  'Soldiers  of  the  Legion,'  by  Mr. 
H.  Hayens,  — 'The  Island  of  Gold,'  by  Dr. 
Gordon  Stables,— '  Poppy,'  by  Mrs.  Isla  Sit- 
well,— '  The  Vanished  Yacht,'  by  Mr.  E.  H. 
Burrage,— 'Partners,'  by  Mr.  H.  F.  Gethen,— 
'  Thoughts  on  Familiar  Problems, '  by  Mr.  J.  M. 
M'Candlish,—' Little  Tora,  and  other  Stories,' 
by  Mrs.  Woods  Baker,—'  A  Book  about  Shake- 
speare,' for  young  readers,  by  Mr.  J.  N. 
M'llwraith, — and  several  other  books  of  adven- 
ture for  boys,  "Jubilee  Series,"  &c. 


THE  EDITIO   PRINCEPS   OF  THE  TREATISE   '  DE 
AQUA  ET  TERRA'  ASCRIBED   TO  DANTE. 

Dorney  Wood,  Burnham,  Bucks. 
In  1843,  when  the  treatise  '  De  Aqua  et 
Terra '  was  reprinted  at  Leghorn  by  Alessandro 
Torri,  only  one  copy  of  the  eclitio  princeps 
(Venice,  1508)  appears  to  have  been  known. 
This  was  in  the  possession  of  the  Marchese 
Trivulzio,  of  Milan.  Writing  five  years  ago 
in  the  Giornale  Storico  dclla  Letteratura  Ita- 
liana  (xx.  127),  Signer  A.  Luzio  and  Prof. 
Rodolfo  Renier  stated  that  three  copies  of  this 
edition  were  at  that  time  known  to  be  in  ex- 
istence. These  were,  and  still  are,  in  Italy  : 
one  in  the  Biblioteca  Marucelliana  at  Florence, 
one  (that  utilized  by  Torri)  in  the  Trivulziana 
at  Milan,  and  the  third  in  the  University 
library  at  Bologna.  The  writers  go  on  to  speak 
of  a  copy  which  was  once  in  the  possession  of 
Libri,  and  was  sold  at  his  sale  in  1847  for 
715  francs,  and  changed  hands  again  in  1855 
for  530  francs,  and  which  had  since  then  been 
lost  sight  of.  This  copy  has  now  come  to  light 
again.  It  figured  two  or  three  years  ago  in  the 
catalogue  of  Leo  Olschki  of  Venice  (priced 
500  francs),  from  whom  it  was  purchased  in 
April,  1895,  for  the  British  Museum.  In  that 
same  year  Mr.  Willard  Fiske  (whose  collection 
of  Dante  books,  deposited  in  the  Cornell  Uni- 
versity library,  is  probably  unique  in  the  world) 
had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  yet  another 
copy  in  the  public  library  at  Perugia.  So 
that  now  five  copies  are  known  of  the  editio 
princeps  of  this  remarkable  treatise,  which  has 
excited  alternately  the  enthusiasm  and  the  con- 
tempt of  continental  Dantists,  the  majority  of 
whom  now  reject  it  as  an  impudent  forgery. 
Not  a  few  authorities,  however  (especially 
among  English  Dantists),  incline  to  regard  it  as 
a  genuine,  though  corrupt  work  of  Dante. 

Paget  Toynbee. 


'THE  OPUS   MAJUS   OP  ROGER  BACON.' 

I  SHOULD  be  glad  to  be  allowed  to  say  a  few 
words  on  your  review  of  my  edition  of  this 
work  in  your  issue  of  September  25th.  It 
agrees  with  previous  articles  in  the  Tablet  and 
in  the  Saturday  Review  in  concentrating  atten- 
tion on  the  first  96  pages,  i.  e.  parts  1,  2,  and  3, 
one-tenth  of  the  whole  ;  and  also  in  drawing 
attention  to  a  recent  discovery  by  Dr.  Gasquet 
of  a  MS.  in  the  Vatican  containing  an  early 
text  of  these  parts  and  of  a  portion  of  the 
fourth  part. 

Dr.  Gasquet's  discovery  was  announced  in  the 
English  Historical  Review  for  July  of  this  year, 
after  my  edition  had  been  printed.  It  had  been 
made.  Dr.  Gasquet  says,  some  months  previously. 
I  need  not  say  that  I  regret  not  having  seen  it. 
My  critic  in  the  Tablet  accuses  me  of  negligence 
in  not  having  made  inquiry  in  the  Vatican  as  to 
the  existence  there  of  any  Baconian  MSS. 
Such  inquiry  was  made  for  me  at  the  outset  of 
my  undertaking  by  a  scholar  of  eminence  and 
of  prolonged  experience  in  that  library.  No 
such  MSS.  were  at  that  time  known.  That  the 
newly  discovered  MS.  should  be,  as  soon  as 
may  be,  examined  and  appreciated  is  obviously 
desirable,  and  the  more  so  that  it  is  stated  to 
agree  with  an  important  Cottonian  MS.  (Julius 
D.  v.),  a  large  part  of  which,  corresponding  to 


528 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


parts  1  and  2,  and  the  beginning  of  part  3, 
has  been  very  much  more  injured  by  fire  than 
the  reviewer's  words  would  imply.  In  the  folios 
75  to  95  (with  the  single  exception  of  f.  90) 
there  is  not  a  single  page  of  which  the  writing 
is  not  in  great  part  destroyed  ;  f.  82  b  and 
f.  86  b  are  wholly  gone.  Many  of  your  re- 
viewer's strictures  on  this  part  must  therefore 
stand  over  for  further  consideration  ;  and  for 
the  present  I  leave  them. 

The  impression  has  been  conveyed,  not 
merely  by  the  reviewer,  but  by  others,  that 
Jebb,  the  first  editor  of  the  'Opus  Majus,' 
relied  on  a  seventeenth  century  MS.,  and  that 
I  relied  on  Jebb.  Neither  impression  is  true. 
Jebb  made  use  of  five  MSS.  besides  that  of 
Dublin,  viz.,  the  two  Cottonian  MSS.  Jul.  D.  v. 
and  Tib.  C.  v. ;  the  two  Royal  MSS.  7  F.  viii. ; 
the  Harleian  MS.  80,  GO  b.  He  also  consulted 
two  Cambridge  MSS.  referred  to  in  my  preface, 
and  made  some  use  of  Combach's  printed  version 
of  the  '  Perspectiva,'  printed  in  1614.  Of  three 
of  these  MSS.,  Tib.  C.  v.  and  the  two  in 
7  F.  viii.,  my  own  prolonged  study  of  them 
enables  me  to  say  that  he  made  extensive  and, 
on  the  whole,  accurate  use.  I  have  not  followed 
him  blindly,  however,  having  made  117  correc- 
tions of  his  text  in  these  portions  of  the  work, 
corresponding  in  all  to  591  pages  of  the  new 
edition. 

With  regard  to  Jul.  D.  v.  Jebb  made  some 
use  of  it,  but  doubtless  a  very  insufficient  use. 
I  know  of  no  reason  for  this,  unless  it  be  that 
the  last  three-fifths  of  it  (corresponding  to  the 
first  145  pages  of  part  4)  may  have  seemed  to 
him,  as  they  seem  now  to  me,  to  be  very  imper- 
fect. Amongst  other  defects,  the  table  by  which 
Bacon  endeavoured  to  compute  the  date  of  the 
Passion  (vol.  i.  pp.  208-10)  is  omitted  ;  so, 
too,  is  the  passage  (pp.  234-5)  as  to  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  planets.  More  important  still  is 
the  fact  that_  the  diagrams  in  this  MS.  are 
drawn  in  an  imperfect  and  even  slovenly  way, 
some  of  the  most  important— notably  that  on 
p.  137,  illustrating  the  eflfect  of  solar  excentricity 
on  climate— being  omitted  altogether.  Bacon 
took  such  extreme  pains  with  his  diagrams,  as 
all  readers  of  his  '  Perspectiva '  are  aware,  that 
I  find  it  impossible  to  agree  with  the  reviewer 
that  "  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  "  that  this 
MS.  has  "passed  through  Bacon's  hands."  The 
fact  that  on  f.  84  a  man's  head  is  drawn  on  the 
margin  is  evidence  of  a  very  unsatisfying  kind. 
Such  a  head,  supposing  the  symbol  peculiar  to 
Bacon,  could  be  easily  copied  by  transcribers  ; 
and  in  fact  a  similar  symbol  is  to  be  found  on 
f.  77  b  of  Tib.  C.  v.,  which  was  certainly  written 
after  Bacon's  death. 

The  assertion  that  I  have  been  a  mere  copyist 
of  Jebb  could  hardly  be  made  by  any  one  who 
compared  my  diagrams  (taken  from  a  very  early 
MS.)  with  those  of  the  first  edition  ;  who  glanced 
at  the  sixth  section  (vol.  ii.  pp.  167-222),  in 
which  I  have  made  seventy-five  alterations  in 
the  text  ;  or  who  remembered  that  in  the 
180  pages  of  the  seventh  section  I  had  no  Jebb 
to  guide  me.  I  believe  that  I  was  the  first  to 
demonstrate  the  dependence  of  the  Dublin  MS. 
on  the  Bodleian  (Digby,  235)  ;  at  any  rate,  it 
was  quite  unknown  to  Dublin  scholars  when  I 
went  there  in  1893.  The  point  is  of  interest  so 
far  only  as  it  lifts  the  authority  for  parts  6 
and  7,  as  now  printed,  upwards  for  two  cen- 
turies. 

In  ray  transcription  of  part  7  I  suppose  it 
probable  that  some  errors  and  inaccuracies  will 
be  found.  The  reviewer,  however,  only  calls 
attention  to  one  passage  in  this  part  of  the  work, 
on  vol.  ii.  p.  248,  and  his  mode  of  dealing  with 
it  is  peculiar.  The  passage  in  question  is  a 
quotation  from  the  dialogue  '  Asclepius  '  in  the 
writings  of  the  so-called  Hermes  Trismegistus. 
The  quotation  is  given  somewhat  differently  by 
the  Bodleian  MS.  (Digby,  235)  and  by  the  British 
Museum  MS.  8  F.  ii.  3;  by  neither  very 
accurately,  but  with  least  inaccuracy  by  the 
former.      The    reviewer  blames  me,   amongst 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


other  things,  for  not  writing  assecuti  instead  of 
"  consecuti  " ;  quoniam  instead  of  "  O  nomen  "  ; 
auctorem  instead  of  "  amorem  " ;  disciom  instead 
of  "dulciori";  indigemus  instead  of  "  inda- 
gemus  "  ;  confertare  instead  of  "  consecrare." 
What  is  disciora  ?  What  would  be  the  sense  of 
"pietatem  et  religionem  et  auctorem  prajbere 
digneris"?  How  is  "  ut  te  indigemus"  to  be 
translated?  and  what  is  the  meaning  of  con- 
fertare ?  A  reference  to  the  original— as  given, 
for  instance,  in  Patrizi's  edition  of  Hermes's 
writings  (Venice,  1593)  or  in  Apuleius,  their 
reputed  translator— would  show  which  version  is 
the  more  accurate.  I  would  suggest  to  my  critic 
that  it  would  be  better  not  to  burden  me  with 
his  own  errors  as  well  as  with  mine. 

Doubtless  it  was  an  error  on  my  part  not  to 
have  given  the  reference  to  this  passage  of 
Hermes  in  a  foot-note.  But  my  reviewer  in 
turn  errs  in  roundly  asserting  that  I  have 
"  verified  scarce  one  per  cent,  of  the  quota- 
tions." I  took  the  trouble  after  reading  this  to 
count  how  many  I  had  verified.  The  account 
comes  to  109  in  the  first  volume  and  221  in  the 
second— 320  in  ail,  without  counting  the  Seneca 
extracts,  pp.  265-375  ;  not  enough,  perhaps,  but 
still  considerably  above  one  per  cent.  I  was 
advised  on  high  authority  not  to  extend  the 
book  beyond  two  volumes.  Otherwise  it  might 
have  been  tempting,  as  my  reviewer  suggests, 
to  "examine  the  legends  that  have  gathered 
round  Bacon  ;  to  discuss  the  correspondence 
said  to  have  taken  place  between  himself  and 
St.  Bonaventura  "  ;  to  find  out  "  whether  there 
ever  was  an  'Opus  Majus'";  and  "whether 
the  '  Opus  Tertium '  was  ever  actually  pub- 
lished." From  these  highly  speculative  ques- 
tions I  was,  perhaps  fortunately,  debarred  by 
conditions  of  space. 

The  reviewer  appears  not  to  understand  my 
purpose  in  editing  this  book.  My  edition,  he 
says,  is  not  a  history,  not  a  piece  of  archaeology, 
not  a  cheap  reprint  of  Jebb's  edition,  and  so 
on.  I  should  have  thought  the  answer  to  his 
question  lay  on  the  surface.  It  is  an  attempt 
to  make  the  principal  work  of  one  of  the 
greatest  of  mediaeval  thinkers  more  accessible 
to  students  than  it  has  hitherto  been.  It  is  an 
attempt  to  illustrate  by  a  very  striking  example 
what  to  many  of  our  contemporaries  appears  a 
dream  :  the  unity  of  knowledge,  and  the  com- 
patibility of  its  continuous  growth  with  sub- 
ordination to  an  ethical  purpose.  Finally,  it  is 
put  forward  as  a  contribution  to  the  history  of 
science,  containing  as  it  does  more  evidence 
than  is  to  be  found  in  Aquinas  or  even  in 
Albert  of  the  part  played  by  the  Arabs  in  trans- 
mitting, not  without  additions,  the  inheritance 
of  Greek  thought  to  the  modern  world.  To 
these  objects  textual  criticism,  though  it  has 
not  been  so  much  neglected  as  my  critics  have 
supposed,  has  been  held  subordinate.  For  a 
perfect  copy  of  the  'Opus  Majus'  the  world 
may  have  long  to  wait.  Twenty,  fifty,  a  hun- 
dred years  hence,  or  it  may  be  never,  the 
collection  of  manuscripts  brought  in  1267  by 
Bacon's  disciple  to  Rome  may  be  given  in  their 
completeness  to  the  world.  Should  this  ever 
happen,  all  previous  texts  will  be  superseded. 
But  mean  time  it  appears  possible  to  attain  the 
purposes  I  speak  of  within  reasonable  measure. 

J.  H.  Bridges. 

P.S.— I  am  reminded  that  the  Vatican  MS, 
spoken  of  was  not  discovered  by  Dr.  Gasquet, 
but  had  been  long  known,  and  had  been  men- 
tioned in  Mr.  Little's  '  Catalogue,'  so  that,  not- 
withstanding my  misleading  information  from 
Rome,  I  ought  to  have  been  aware  of  it.  I  should 
also  acknowledge  my  critic's  indication  of  a  slip 
of  the  pen  on  vol.  i.  p.  269,  in  which  "Jul."  is 
written  instead  of  Tib. 

***  Mr.  Bridges  does  not  seem  to  understand 
the  gravity  of  the  charge  made  against  him.  It 
is  that  instead  of  making  "  the  principal  work 

of  one  of  the  greatest  of  mediaeval  thinkers 

accessible  to  students,"  he  has  produced,  not 


privately,  but  from  the  University  Press  some- 
thing which  Bacon  did  not  write  and  could  not 
have  written.  To  prove  the  contrary  he  will 
have  to  show  that  Digby  235  is  a  more  trust- 
worthy text  than  Jul.  D.  v.  or  Vat.  4086  for 
parts  1-4  and  than  8  F.  ii.  for  part  7-  Surely 
this  is  a  question  of  "  textual  criticism  "  which 
should  have  been  decided  before  printing  a  line 
of  the  work.  Moreover,  it  cannot  be  said  to 
have     increased     information     on    the    "part 

played    by    the     Arabs      in     transmitting 

Greek  thought  "  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  warrant  printing  a  bad  text  instead  of 
a  good  one.  Of  the  value  of  this  edition  as 
a  demonstration  of  the  utility  of  ethical  pur- 
pose in  a  work  of  scholarship  we  do  not  profess 
ourselves  competent  to  speak,  but  we  "have 
our  doubts."  To  follow  Mr.  Bridges  briefly. 
(1)  We  do  not  profess  to  speak  for  our  col- 
leagues, but  we  imagine  it  likely  that  they 
began,  like  us,  at  p.  1,  and  found  long  before 
p.  96  the  value  of  Mr.  Bridges's  text.  (2)  Dr. 
Gasquet's  discovery  was,  not  that  a  MS.  existed 
in  the  Vatican,  but  that  this  MS.  contained  a 
new  '  Opus  Secundum,'  quoted  in  the  '  Opus  Ter- 
tium.' Mr,  Bridges's  long  paragraph  seems  to 
show  that  he  had  not  consulted  Montfaucon 
(1739)  or  Little's '  Grey  Friars  in  Oxford,'  where 
the  name  and  number  of  the  Vatican  MS.  are 
given.  It  also  incidentally  shows  that  he  had 
not  read  Renan's  'Averroes,'  p.  263,  where 
another  MS.  of  the  '  Opus  Majus  '  in  Rome  is 
named  and  quoted.  (3)  A  discussion  of  Jebb's 
use  of  MSS.,  however  much  within  Mr.  Bridges's 
province,  is  not  in  ours,  nor  is  Mr.  Bridges's  use 
of  Jebb  very  germane  to  the  question  whether 
his  text  is  trustworthy.  We  therefore  leave  it 
for  the  present  untouched.  (4)  The  value  of 
Jul.  D.  v.  is  a  more  important  question.  It  is, 
no  doubt,  much  injured,  yet  most  of  the  errors 
we  pointed  out  could  have  been  corrected  from  it. 
The  omission  in  Jul.  D.  v.  and  the  Vatican  MS. 
of  the  table  given  in  the  later  MSS.  rather  argues 
against  the  genuineness  of  the  passage  than 
against  the  authority  of  the  MS.  The  whole 
passage  from  "Quatenus"  (p.  208)  to  "certi- 
ficasse"  (p.  210)  is  possibly  an  interpolation. 
But  it  seems  useless  to  discuss  the  matter  with 
Mr.  Bridges  when  he  writes  so  loosely  as  to 
speak  of  the  significant  omission  in  f.  150  b 
(from  p.  231,  "  Et  hoc  instrumentum,"  to  the 
last  line  but  one  on  p.  236)  as  on  pp.  234-5. 
Moreover,  if  he  were  for  a  moment  capable  of 
dealing  with  questions  of  MSS.  he  would  have 
seen  that  the  head  on  f.  84  of  Julius  must  have 
been  drawn  in  the  thirteenth  century.  There 
is  no  such  drawing  on  f.  77  b  Tib.  C.  v.  The 
point  is,  however,  very  unimportant — a  mere 
straw — valuable  only  as  an  indication.  (5)  With 
regard  to  Mr.  Bridges's  having  taken  the  dia- 
grams of  the  perspective  from  an  early  MS.,  he 
said  so  himself  in  his  preface.  Perhaps  we 
should  have  called  attention  to  the  truth 
of  this  statement,  but  we  feared  it  would 
be  invidious.  We  do  not  exactly  follow  Mr. 
Bridges  in  his  theory  as  to  how  the  demon- 
stration that  a  later  MS.  is  a  copy  of  Digby 
235  adds  in  any  way  to  the  authority  of  the 
latter.  (6)  Mr.  Bridges  has  substituted  on 
vol.  ii.  p.  248,  without  warning  the  reader, 
something  that  is  not  found  in  any  MS. 
for  what  is  found  there.  The  passage  was 
taken  by  pure  chance,  and  the  MS.  gives 
the  readings  we  printed.  But  is  Mr.  Bridges 
prepared  to  be  judged  by  his  own  collations  of 
part  7  ?  Take  p.  229,  a  passage  which  he  has 
carefully  collated.     Note  1  is  wrong,  and  "  sub 

revelatione"is  inthe  MS.,  and  "  humanam 

cadunt"  omitted.  Note  3,  "habuerunt"  also 
in  M.     Note  4,  these  words  are  not  omitted  in 

M.    Lines  7-10.  "  Nam est,"  omitted  in  M., 

not  marked  by  Bridges.  Note  6,  '•  consilio  "  is 
not  omitted  in  M.  We  have  left  out  the  mis- 
takes Mr.  Bridges  has  not  collated.  This  is  a 
passage  that  has  been  printed  by  Charles — 
one  to  which  a  student  would  turn  at  once, 
and  it  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  work.     (7)  We 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


529 


gladly  amend  our  statement  in  the  face  of  Mr. 
Bridges 's  characteristically  inaccurate  calcula- 
tion. If  he  will  only  now  add  to  the  obligation 
we  are  under  by  counting  the  number  of  quota- 
tions he  should  have  veritied  and  has  not,  we 
shall  be  prepared  to  estimate  his  exact  delin- 
quency in  the  matter.  (8)  Finally,  Mr.  Bridges 
has  deliberately  destroyed  the  linguistic  value 
of  the  book  by  "correcting"  and  modernizing 
the  spelling,  not  only  of  the  ordinary  words,  but 
of  the  place-names,  the  old  forms  of  which  are 
of  the  greatest  value  to  students  of  mediaeval 
literature. 


DON  PASCUAL  DE  GAYANQOS. 
Every  one  in  this  country  who  has  paid  any 
considerable  attention  to  the  study  of  Spanish 
literature  will  feel  the  death  of  Don  P.  de 
Gayangos  as  a  personal  loss,  so  kind  and 
helpful  was  he  to  all  students  who  took  an 
interest  in  the  language  and  literature  of  his 
native  country.  He  had  lived,  too,  so  long  in 
England,  and  had  become  so  habituated  to  English 
ways  and  modes  of  thought,  that  he  hardly 
seemed  a  foreigner  at  all,  and  could  enter  into 
the  wants  and  aims  of  English  students  in  a 
way  that  no  other  Spaniard  since  Blanco  White 
has  been  able  to  do  He  was  born  in  1809,  the 
son  of  a  Spanish  officer,  but  he  was  educated  in 
France,  and  acquired  from  Silvestre  de  Sacy  a 
taste  for  Arabic  studies  that  he  never  lost.  He 
subsequently  paid  a  visit  to  England,  and 
married  an  Englishwoman.  He  then  returned 
to  Spain,  and  obtained  a  post  in  the  Treasury 
at  Madrid  in  1833.  But  three  years  later  he 
returned  to  England,  was  welcomed  at  Holland 
House,  and  wrote  in  the  Edhiburgh  Uevieu\ 
Ticknor,  who  made  his  acquaintance  in  1838, 
speaks  of  him  as  "quite  pleasant,  and  full  of 
pleasant  knowledge  in  Spanish  and  Arabic." 
In  the  beginning  of  the  forties  the  Oriental 
Translation  Society  published  his  translation 
of  Almakkari's  '  History  of  the  Moham- 
medan Dynasties  of  Spain.'  This  work 
led  to  his  recall  to  Spain  to  fill  the 
newly  established  Professorship  of  Arabic 
in  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  collected  a 
number  of  Oriental  manuscripts  and  a  most 
important  library  of  rare  Spanish  books.  He 
was  of  great  service  to  Ticknor  in  collecting 
materials  for  his  '  History  of  Spanish  Litera- 
ture,' and  he  added  valuable  notes  to  the 
Spanish  translation  of  that  work. 

Don  Pascual  helped  Aribau  greatly  in  bring- 
ing out  his  collection  of  Spanish  authors, 
writing  for  it  an  admirable  dissertation  upon 
books  of  chivalry,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Sociedad  de  Bibliofilos  Espaiioles. 
Nor  did  he  forget  his  English  friends.  He  fre- 
quently visited  this  country,  and  was  intimate 
with  R.  Turner,  F.  W.  Cosens,  and  other  col- 
lectors of  Spanish  books.  After  the  death  of 
Bergenroth  he  continued  his  calendar  of  the 
papers  relating  to  England  preserved  at 
Simancas.  He  was  appointed  in  1881  Director 
of  Public  Instruction  at  Madrid,  but  he  per- 
force resigned  this  appointment  on  becoming 
a  member  of  the  Senate.  The  greater  part, 
however,  of  the  later  years  of  his  busy 
life  was  spent  in  London.  He  compiled  an 
excellent  catalogue  of  the  Spanish  manuscripts 
in  the  Museum,  he  edited  Mr.  Forster's  trans- 
lation of  the  chronicle  of  James  of  Arragon,  and 
one  of  his  last  employments  was  assisting  Mr. 
Ashbee  in  his  '  Iconography  of  Don  Quixote.' 
He  was  the  most  amiable  of  men  ;  he  never 
spared  any  trouble  to  assist  a  friend,  he 
seemed  devoid  of  personal  ambition,  and  led 
the  true  scholar's  life. 

Don  Pascual 's  only  daughter  married  Don  Juan 
Riano,  the  distinguished  archaeologist,  who  has 
been  a  frequent  contributor  to  these  columns, 
and  his  grandson  is  secretary  to  the  Queen 
Regent, 


Hiterarp  CGossip. 

Sir  Mounstuart  Grant  Duff  is  going 
to  continue  and  complete  the  diaries  he 
printed  last  year  by  adding  two  more 
volumes,  which  cover  the  years  1873  to 
1881,  both  included.  Mr.  Murray  is  to 
publish  them.  Among  those  who  figure  in 
them,  and  of  whom  anecdotes  are  related, 
are  Tourguonief,  Lord  Arthur  Eussell, 
Hans  Andersen,  Eenan,  Taine,  Lord  Mel- 
bourne, Disraeli,  Mr.  Gladstone,  Jowett, 
Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Thackeray,  Mr.  Morley, 
Cobden,  Lord  Cowley,  Kingsley,  Owen, 
John  IBright,  Cardinal  Newman,  Lord 
Aberdare,  G.  S.  Venables,  Sir  J.  Lacaita, 
Prof.  Clifford,  J.  K.  Green,  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Prussia,  George  Bunsen,  Madame 
Minghetti,  Sir  L.  Mallet,  Kinglake,  Sir  J. 
Stirling  Maxwell,  Mrs.  Craven,  Gambetta, 
and  Lord  Cardwell. 

The  full  text  of  Prof.  Mahaffy's  much- 
discussed  address  at  Birmingham  will 
appear  in  the  next  number  of  the  Nindeenth 
Century. 

Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  '  Collected  Poems,' 
which  are  to  be  published  immediately, 
make  a  volume  of  more  than  five  hundred 
pages,  with  a  portrait.  An  initial  "  Note  " 
gives  an  account  of  the  different  editions 
since  the  first  issue  of  '  Vignettes  in  Rhyme ' 
in  October,  1873.  With  the  exception  of 
twenty  pieces,  which  include  the  '  Postscript 
to  Goldsmith's  Retaliation,'  read  at  Oxford 
last  year,  the  contents  are  a  rearranged 
reprint  of  '  (^Id- World  Idylls '  and  '  At  the 
Sign  of  the  Lyre,'  the  former  of  which  is  in 
its  eleventh,  the  latter  in  its  eighth  thou- 
sand. It  is  intended  that  the  new  volume 
shall  take  the  place  of  these. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  «fe  Hodge's 
first  important  sale  of  books  this  season  will 
take  place  on  Saturday  week,  October  30th, 
when  a  selection  of  the  library  of  the  late 
Mr.  W.  E.  Frere  will  come  under  the 
hammer.  It  includes  some  uncommon 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  books,  notably  the 
rare  first  edition  of  '  Las  Obras  '  of  Boscan 
y  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  printed  at  Barce- 
lona in  1543,  and  in  roman  type,  not  in 
gothic  as  stated  by  Brunei ;  the  rare  Seville 
edition  of  1580  of  the  '  Obras '  of  Garcilasso 
de  la  Vega  alone ;  the  first,  second,  and 
third  "  decadas  "  of  the  'Asia'  of  Joam  de 
Barros,  printed  at  Lisbon,  1552-3,  1563  ; 
and  a  good  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  the 
Spanish  version  of  the  '  Fables  of  Bidpay,' 
translated  by  Juan  de  Capua,  and  printed 
at  Burgos  in  1498  by  Aleman  de  Basilea. 
The  books  on  India,  chronicles,  histories, 
voj'ages  and  travels,  are  also  numerous, 
whilst  there  are  several  collections  of  beau- 
tifully executed  Indian  drawings. 

On  the  last  two  days  of  the  following 
week,  November  5th  and  6th,  Messrs. 
Sotheby  will  sell  books  and  manuscripts 
from  various  sources,  among  which  will  be 
included  the  small  but  interesting  library 
of  the  late  Mrs.  Prudentia  Lonsdale,  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg,  the 
friend  and  biographer  of  Shelley.  As  might 
have  been  expected,  Mrs.  Lonsdale  was  the 
owner  of  a  good  many  books  with  a  distinct 
personal  interest.  There  are,  for  example, 
Coleridge's  'Remorse,'  1813,  interleaved 
throughout,  and  with  corrections  and  notes 
in    the   author's   autograph ;    presentation 


copies  of  Leigh  Hunt's  '  Legend  of  Florence  * 
and  '  The  Months ' ;  similar  copies  of  Pea- 
cock's '  Gryll  Grange,'  '  The  Genius  of  the 
Thames,'  'Crotchet  Castle,'  'The  Misfortunes 
of  Elphin,'  &c.  ;  Shelley's  own  copies  of 
Gray's  'Poems,'  1768,  and  the  'Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,'  with  passages 
marked  by  the  poet ;  and  presentation  copies 
from  Shelley  of  his  '  History  of  Six  Weeks* 
Tour,'  1817;  'The  Revolt  of  Islam,'  1818; 
'The  Cenci,'  1819;  and  '  Prometheus  Un- 
bound,' 1820.  There  are  also  similar  copies 
of  Trelawny's  '  Adventures  of  a  Younger 
Son,'  and  '  Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of 
Shelley  and  Byron,'  in  both  cases  first 
editions. 

Canon  Gore  is  preparing  an  '  Exposition 
of  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians,'  which  Mr. 
Murray  is  going  to  publish. 

The  Federation  of  Heads  of  Primary 
Schools  are  arranging  for  a  conference  in 
London  during  the  Christmas  holidays,  to 
discuss,  amongst  other  topics,  the  co-ordina- 
tion of  primary  and  secondary  schools. 

Major  Darwin  has  taken  up  the  subject 
of  bimetallism,  and  is  going  to  issue, 
through  Mr.  Murray,  an  essay  stating  the 
arguments  for  and  against  it. 

A  volume  which  ought  to  afford  an 
interior  view  of  the  conditions  of  monastic 
life  will  be  shortly  published  by  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  under  the  title  'Twelve 
Years  in  a  Monastery.'  The  author,  Mr. 
Joseph  McCabe,  lately  Father  Antony, 
O.S.F.,  gives  a  circumstantial  account  of 
his  experiences,  and  deals  specially  with 
the  novitiate,  studentship,  priesthood,  and 
the  confessional. 

The  same  publishers  are  issuing  this  week 
a  first  novel  by  Miss  Anna  Howarth,  en- 
titled '  Jan  :  an  Afrikander.'  The  humilia- 
tions and  disabilities  consequent  upon  a 
mixed  white  and  black  parentage  form  the 
motif  of  the  story,  which  is  expected  to 
attract  some  attention. 

The  President  of  Magdalen,  Oxford,  is 
going  to  issue,  through  Mr.  Murray,  his 
volume  of  verse,  '  By  Seven  Seas,  and  other 
Poems,'  of  which  a  small  edition  was  printed 
by  Mr.  Daniel  for  private  circulation  about 
a  year  ago. 

Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett's  new  book  for  the 
young  will  be  published  almost  im- 
mediately by  Messrs.  Gardner,  Darton  & 
Co.  This  companion  volume  to  '  Sweetheart 
Travellers '  (which  mainly  concerned  itself 
with  the  doings  of  a  little  girl)  deals  chiefly 
with  boy-life,  and  comprises  some  authentic 
as  well  as  '  Surprising  Adventures  of  Sir 
Toady  Lion.'  General  Napoleon  Smith  is 
not  by  any  means  an  imaginary  personage, 
and  the  surroundings  of  the  two  young 
heroes  are  sketched  from  life.  Mr.  Gordon 
Browne  contributes  the  illustrations. 

Mr.  Harry  Furniss  has  found  time  since 
his  return  from  abroad  to  make  some 
drawings  in  illustration  of  '  Miss  Secretary 
Ethel,'  a  story  written  by  Miss  Davenport 
Adams  "for  girls  of  to-day."  This  work 
will  be  shortly  published  by  Messrs.  Hurst 
&  Blackett. 

Prof.  Robert  K.  Douglas  has  co-operated 
with  L.  T.  Meade  in  writing  a  series  of 
stories  dealing  with  social  life  in  China  as  it 
relates  both  to  natives  and  English  resi- 
dents.   The  volume  is  entitled  '  Under  the 


530 


THE    ATHENtEUM 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


Dragon   Throne,'    ami   will    be  issued  by 
Messrs.  Gardner,  Dartou  &  Co. 

It  is  matter  for  regret  that  the  deadlock 
at  St.  Andrews,  at  the  beginning  of  a  new 
academical  year,  shows  no  sign  of  abate- 
ment. The  Senate  has  declined  to  instal 
the  Professor  of  English  Literature  appointed 
by  the  majority  of  the  University  Court, 
under  protest  from  the  minority. 

A  CONSIDERABLE  fragment  of  Menander, 
amounting  to  a  hundred  lines,  from  which, 
it  is  claimed,  the  complete  plot  of  a  play 
may  be  made  out,  has  lately  been  published 
at  Geneva. 

The  volume  of  '  Stories  from  the  Faerie 
Queene,'  which  Messrs.  Gardner,  Darton  & 
Co.  have  in  preparation,  gives  a  connected 
outline  of  the  whole  six  books  of  Spenser's 
poem.  Prof.  Hales  contributes  an  intro- 
duction, and  the  volume  is  illustrated  with 
over  eighty  drawings  by  Mr.  A.  G.  AValker, 
a  sculptor. 

A  Correspondent  sends  us,  regarding  the 
late  Francis  Pulszky,  an  extract  from  a 
letter  he  has  received  from  Prof.  Augustus 
Pulszky,  the  eldest  son  of  the  lamented 
Francis  Pulszky.     He  says  of  his  father  : — 

"Of  late  he  had  but  one  wish  left,  viz.,  to 
be  able  to  finisli  his  work  on  '  The  Archaeology 
of  Hungary,'  and  he  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing,  on  the  last  day  of  his  life,  the  last  proof- 
sheets,  of  having  them  read  out  to  him,  and 
being  able  to  give  his  imprimatur.  He  could 
hardly  be  called  ill :  he  went  to  sleep  in  the 
evening  and  did  not  wake  again." 

Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett  are  about 
to  issue  '  Little  Nin,'  a  new  novel  in 
one  volume  from  the  popular  pen  of  Mr. 
F.  W.  Eobinson. 

"Gyp"  has  purchased  the  Chateau  de 
Mirabeau,  and  is  now  living  there  with  her 
husband  and  children.  It  is  not  often  that 
an  ancestral  home  is  bought  back  by  a  de- 
scendant with  the  proceeds  of  the  pen. 

The  inaugural  lecture  of  the  Irish 
Literary  Society  for  1897-8  will  be  delivered 
by  the  Eev.  Dr.  Barry,  author  of  '  The  New 
Antigone.'  The  appropriate  subject  is 
'Edmund  Burke.'  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison 
will  take  the  chair. 

During  the  last  week  two  memorial 
brasses  of  more  than  local  interest  have 
been  placed  in  Pembrokeshire  churches  by 
Mr.  Henry  Owen.  One  commemorates  the 
connexion  of  Archbishop  Laud  with  the 
parish  of  Eudbaxton,  which  living  he  held 
in  commendam  while  Bishop  of  St.  David's. 
The  other,  which  has  been  placed  in  the 
parish  church  of  Nevern,  is  in  memory 
of  George  Owen,  the  Elizabethan  historian 
of  Pembrokeshire,  and  "the  patriarch  of 
British  geologists,"  whose  numerous  manu- 
script works  are  now  being  edited  by  Mr. 
Henry  Owen  for  the  Honourable  Society  of 
Cymmrodorion.  The  second  volume  of  this 
undertaking  will  appear  before  the  end  of 
the  year,  and  will,  inter  alia,  contain  a 
description  of  Wales,  lists  of  Pembrokeshire 
manors,  and  surveys  of  Milford  Haven.  A 
third  volume  will  be  subsequently  issued, 
containing  a  dialogue  on  the  government  of 
Wales,  and  other  tracts,  chiefly  of  a  legal 
character. 

The  forthcoming  Cornhill  will  contain  an 
article  reminiscent  of  Tennyson's  visit  to 
Ireland  in  1878,  by  Mr.  Alfred  Perceval 
Graves. 


A  POPULAR  German  humourist  has  just 
passed  away  in  the  person  of  Gustav 
Schumann,  who  has  died  at  the  age  of 
forty-six  at  Leipzig,  where  he  was  engaged 
as  teacher  in  a  public  school.  Schumann 
had  created,  in  conjunctioji  with  his  late 
brother  Paul,  the  humorous  figure  of  Bliem- 
chen,  the  "  Particularist,"  whom  he  took, 
as  it  were,  round  the  world,  making  every- 
where his  harmless  satirical  remarks.  The 
'Bliemchen-Schriften'  were  read  throughout 
the  world  where  there  are  Germans. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Eeport  of  the  Committee  of 
Council  on  Education  in  Scotland,  1896-7 
(2s.  \\d.);  and  Eeports  on  the  Endowed 
Charities  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Leonard, 
Shoreditch  {M.),  and  of  the  Parishes  of 
St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Paul,  Deptford  (Is.  If/.). 


SCIENCE 


Vita  Medica :  Chapters  of  Medical  Life  and 
Worli.  By  Sir  Benjamin  Ward  Eichard- 
son,  F.E.S.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

The  medical  life  of  the  late  Sir  Benjamin 
Ward  Eichardson  was  active  throughout, 
but  his  learning  was  somewhat  superficial, 
and  in  spite  of  his  zeal  he  added  little  to 
medical  science.  He  possessed  abundant 
energy  and  excellent  abilities,  but  he  never 
gave  himself  time  to  learn  how  to  master  a 
subject,  and  owing  to  this  defect  failed  to 
accomplish  much,  though  his  ideas  were 
often  original. 

An  early  incident  of  his  life  was  a  meeting 
with  Disraeli  at  the  railway  station  of  Syston 
in  Leicestershire : — 

"He  carried  a  short  stick  or  cane,  which  he 
often  brought  sharply  to  his  right  leg,  and  he 
spoke  with  a  rather  slow  and  decisive  voice, 
with  frequent  turnings  towards  his  little  trunk, 
as  if  to  be  sure  it  was  quite  safe.  I  knew 
who  he  was  by  this  time,  but  did  not  dream  of 
the  important  part  he  was  to  play.  On  his 
trunk,  in  white  letters,  was  conspicuously 
painted  his  name.  It  was  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
Esq.,  the  name  of  the  son  of  the  author  of 
'  Curiosities  of  Literature  '  and  '  The  Calamities 
of  Authors,'  books  I  had  often  perused  with 
boyish  pleasure.  The  present  Disraeli  was,  of 
course,  new  to  my  mind,  but  not  at  all  new  in 
name.  He  was  slender  in  build,  and  dark- 
looking,  wearing  a  dress  which  alone  would 
have  told  the  race  from  which  he  sprang.  He 
was  well-dressed — that  is  to  say,  his  clothes 
fitted  his  body  as  correctly  as  was  possible. 
His  shoes  were  very  bright ;  his  trousers  tight  ; 
his  waistcoat  had  a  collar  and  upper  part  of 
sealskin.  His  shirt  looked  dingy,  and  round 
his  neck  was  what  was  called  a  black  stock  just 
showing  the  collar.  His  overcoat  was  loose  and 
of  a  dark  grey  ;  his  hat,  tall,  narrow,  and  curved 
a  little,  was  worn  on  one  side." 

Eichardson  began  to  study  medicine  in 
1845  at  Anderson's  University  in  Glasgow, 
and  after  a  broken  university  career  became 
a  surgeon's  assistant  first  at  Saffron  Walden 
in  Essex :  — 

' '  There  was  an  institution  devoted  to  natural 
specimens.  Who  started  it  I  cannot  say,  but 
the  late  Dr.  Forbes  Winslow  and  the  late  Dr. 
Edwin  Lankester,  who  had  been  assistants  in 
the  town  before  me,  had  assisted  in  sustain- 
ing it,  and  their  efforts  stimulated  me  to  do  the 
same.     The  determination  did  me  a  great  deal 

of  good  and  made  me  curious At  the  village 

of  Duddenhoe  End,  near  by,  a  boy  by  the  name 
of  Wombwell  was  born,  and  became  devoted  to 


natural  pursuits.  He  collected  animals  of  all 
kinds,  showed  them  about,  and  in  the  end 
became  well-known  as  the  owner  of  the  finest 
travelling  menagerie  in  the  kingdom.  We  were 
very  grateful  to  Wombwell,  as  I  have  often  told 
his  mother,  who  was  a  patient  of  mine,  for  in 
order  to  serve  us  he  sent  many  animals,  after 
they  were  dead,  to  the  museum.  He  .sent  lions, 
leopards,  tigers,  bears,  and  many  sorts  of  birds, 
some  of  which  were  dissected,  their  skeletons 
being  set  up  and  their  skins  stuffed  and  pre- 
served. I  had  the  opportunity  of  learning  a 
vast  deal  from  this  museum  ;  the  leading  points 
of  difi'erence  between  the  herbivora  and  the 
carnivora,  including  observations  that  have 
lasted  me  as  subjects  of  study  up  to  this  hour, 
and  have  always  been  useful  at  my  lectures  in 
numbers  of  institutions." 

Subsequently  he  became  assistant  to  a 
medical  man  at  Narborough  in  Leicester- 
shire, and  he  eventually  joined  in  practice 
at  Mortlake  Dr.  Willis,  the  biographer  of 
Harvey,  and  the  well-known  writer  on 
Spinoza.  Willis  was  a  thoughtful,  well- 
read  man,  and  Eichardson  learned  much, 
from  him,  and  cultivated  a  taste  for  litera- 
ture under  his  companionship  and  influence. 
In  1853  Eichardson  commenced  residence 
in  London,  in  12,  Hinde  Street,  Manchester 
Square,  a  house  which  had  once  been  occu- 
pied by  Cavendish,  the  discoverer  of  the 
composition  of  water.  Here  Eichardson 
established  a  laboratory,  in  which  he  con- 
ducted many  physiological  researches,  which 
led  to  his  election  as  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society.  He  became  a  lecturer  in  the 
St.  George's  School  of  Medicine,  and  in 
1856  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Physicians,  and  began  regular 
practice  as  a  physician,  delivering  number- 
less external  lectures,  and  taking  part  in 
numerous  sanitary  and  experimental  asso- 
ciations. He  has  preserved  an  interesting 
record  of  a  meeting  with  Dr.  EUiotson,  the 
physician  to  whom  '  Pendennis '  is  dedi- 
cated, and  who  had  lost  all  repute  and  his 
position  at  University  College  Hospital  in 
consequence  of  his  conduct  in  relation  to 
mesmeric  phenomena  as  they  were  supposed 
to  be  exhibited  in  Alexis,  an  impostor,  and 
in  other  patients.  Eichardson's  report  brings 
out  clearly  the  defect  of  Elliotson's  mind. 
EUiotson  said : — 

' '  I  was  not  wrong  ;  I  believe  that  in  what  I 
originally  saw  mesmerism  played  the  parts  pre- 
cisely that  I  claimed  for  it.  It  is  a  wicked 
error  to  suppose  that  I  was  a  party  to  a  decep- 
tion, or  to  a  whole  series  of  deceptions,  if  you 
like  ;  but  I  candidly  say  that  the  phenomena 
which  have  been  presented  by  your  committee 
now  show  me  that  mesmerism,  at  the  present 
moment,  has  no  power  to  remove  pain.  It  is  a 
mystery  ;  it  had  power,  and  I  once  saw  a  leg 
painlessly  removed  under  its  influence  ;  but  we 
are  now  in  another  cycle,  and  it  seems  to  me 
that  there  are  special  periods  only  in  which 
mesmeric  phenomena  can  be  induced,  and  in 
which  there  are  persons  anxious  to  give  them 
full  trial  and  effect.  In  point  of  fact,  there  are 
at  times,  I  surmise,  some  external  or  electrical 
influences,  of  which  we  know  nothing,  but 
which  play  their  part  for  a  season  on  the  mind 
as  well  as  on  the  body,  so  that  the  most  cautious 
man  may  be  misled  by  what  he  sees,  without, 
for  a  moment,  trying  to  mislead. " 

In  his  advocacy  of  temperance  in  food 
and  drink,  of  physical  exercise  and  of  proper 
drainage  and  plenty  of  fresh  air,  Eichardson 
was  constant,  and  effected  much  good  in 
his  day.  His  reminiscences  of  his  own  life 
represent  him   exactly  as  he  appeared  to 


N°3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


531 


contemporary  pliysicians,  and  the  fragments 
of  interesting  information  they  contain  make 
them  worth  reading.  He  was  an  amiable 
and  philanthropic  man,  but  he  was  restless 
and  over  fond  of  novelties  because  they  were 
novelties,  and,  above  all,  little  inclined  to 
suspend  his  judgment  before  hazarding 
an  opinion.  Darwin  once  expressed  the 
opinion  that  the  daily  labour  of  teaching 
ought  to  be  spared  those  who  are  capable 
of  adding  to  science,  and  it  is  fair  to  sup- 
pose that  Eichardson,  with  his  undoubted 
abilities,  might  have  added  more  to  know- 
ledge had  he  been  able  to  avoid  giving  so 
many  addresses,  lectures,  and  orations. 


M. 


SOCIETIES. 

Society  of  Engineers.— Cc;;.  4— Mr.  G.  .... 
Lawford,  President,  in  the  chair.— A  paper  was  read 
by  Mr.  J.  Croll,  entitled  'Filter  Presses  for  Sewage 
Sludge.' 


MON. 
WtD 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Royal  Academy,  4— •  Chemistry,'  Mr.  A.  H  Chnrch. 

■     '  ~     ■  The  Limits  of  Species  in  the  Diatomaceip,' 


Microscopical,  S.- 
Mr T  comber. 

—       English  Goethe,  8.— 'Kontgen  Rays.'  Dr.  L.  T.  Thorne. 
Thurs.  Royal  Academy,  4  —'Chemistry,'  Mr.  A.  H.  Church. 


The  death  is  announced  of  Dr.  Leopold 
Auerbach,  who  was  born  in  the  year  1828.  He 
was  Professor  of  Physiology  at  Breslau,  and 
was  considered  one  of  the  principal  autho- 
rities on  microscopic  anatomy.  Of  his  scientific 
works  may  be  specially  mentioned  his  '  Organo- 
logische  Studien,'  published  in  1871.  Prof. 
Auerbach,  not  having  been  a  modern  scientific 
Streber,  was  equally  esteemed  for  his  un- 
assuming and  generous  character  and  for  his 
scholarship. 

Dr.  B.  von  Engelhardt  writes  to  say  that,  in 
consequence  of  advancing  age  and  infirmities, 
he  has  been  obliged  to  bring  his  astronomical 
activity  to  a  close.  His  private  observatory  at 
Dresden  has  ceased  to  exist,  and  he  has  pre- 
sented the  instruments  and  library  to  the 
Russian  Imperial  University  Observatory  at 
Kasan. 

Under  the  title  of  'A  Flower-hunter  in 
Queensland,'  Mrs.  Rowan  is  going  to  publish 
a  series  of  letters  describing  her  adventures 
in  tropical  Queensland.  Mr.  Murray  is  to 
publish  them. 

FINE    ARTS 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

The  Fall  of  the  Nibelungs.  Done  into  English 
by  M.  Armour.  Illustrated  and  decorated  by 
W.  B.  Macdougall.  (Dent  &  Co.)— Miss  M. 
Armour's  prose  translation  of  the  often-trans- 
lated poem  follows  Simrocks  arrangement  of 
the  mediaeval  version,  which  has  the  pro- 
digious merit  of  being  easily  intelligible, 
besides  being  organic  and  homogeneous.  It  is 
one  of  the  worst  features  of  most  modern 
versions  of  ancient  romances  that  they  are  not 
in  keeping  with  themselves  throughout,  one 
portion  seeming  to  ignore  the  other  in  what  is 
frequently  a  bewildering,  if  not  an  exasperating 
fashion.  The  version  before  us  is  complete, 
except  SO  far  as  regards  the  omission  of  some 
rather  tiresome  lines  of  which  the  general  reader 
is  glad  to  be  rid.  The  literary  style  of  the 
translation  is  manifestly  modelled  on  the  archa- 
istic  phraseology  adopted  by  the  late  William 
Morris,  and  has  its  beauties  in  combination  with 
several  faults.  Its  affectations  are  too  often 
tiresome  ;  but  apart  from  these,  the  language 
and  treatment  of  the  original  are  frequently 
most  picturesque  and  animated.  In  such  a 
case,  especially  where  a  lady  is  concerned,  we 
could  hardly  expect  to  escape  such  phrases  as 


"it  irked,"  "I  ween,"  and  "you  wot,"  while 
heroes  are  described  as  "stark,"  and  we  hear 
of  a  "hightide"  instead  of  a  meeting  or  state 
conference  of  champions.  Mr.  Macdougall's 
designs  are  intended  to  illustrate  this  fine  and 
masculine  romance,  but  it  would  be  difficult 
to  understand  why  they  have  been  published. 
The  artist  has  yet  to  acquire  adequate  power 
of  drawing,  not  only  the  human  figure,  but  even 
a  tree,  or  (see  the  cut  facing  p.  42)  the  most 
trivial  architectural  forms.  The  figures  of  Sieg- 
fried and  the  daughter  of  Uta  (facing  p.  32) 
surpass  all  our  previous  acquaintance  with  im- 
becility in  design.  Happily  the  illustrations, 
being  outside  the  text,  can  be  cut  out  of  the 
book  without  hurting  it. 

The  Ayrshire  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Burns, 
by  H.  C.  Shelley  (Putnam's  Sons),  is  charmingly 
printed,  and  clad  in  one  of  the  daintiest  of 
bindings  we  remember  to  have  seen — simple, 
prettily  coloured,  and  graceful.  It  comprises 
selections  of  Burns's  verses  alluding  to  the 
"  homes  and  haunts  "  in  question,  and  is  illus- 
trated with  clear  and  neat  little  photographs  of 
the  places  and  buildings  the  poet  alluded  to,  as 
they  now  appear.  Mr.  Shelley's  introduction 
is  sympathetic,  yet  without  gush  or  sentiment 
of  any  sort. 

The  Homes  and  Haunts  of  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bart.,  by  G.  Napier,  illustrated  (Glasgow, 
MacLehose  &  Sons),  contains  engravings  of  ex- 
cellent portraits  of  Scott,  Lockhart,  and  others. 
Printed  with  the  text  are  numerous  landscapes 
and  views  of  buildings  such  as  the  book  suggests, 
and  all  excellent  in  their  way.  Mr.  Napier's 
letterpress  is  popular,  mildly  archpeological, 
sympathetic,  and  very  intelligent.  He  would  be 
ungrateful  who  does  not  read  it  with  pleasure, 
and,  perhaps,  read  it  again.  The  writer  is 
a  well-read  man,  and  has  brought  to  his  task 
a  good  deal  of  knowledge  and  sound  taste  in 
using  it. 

Fhil  May's  '  Graphic  '  Pictures  (Routledge  & 
Sons)  are  much  less  full  of  real  fun  than 
most  of  the  so-called  "pictures"  which 
have  come  in  our  way  from  the  same  clever 
and  original  satirist.  A  certain  strain  of  vul- 
garity, which  is  rarely  absent  even  from  his  best 
work,  is  more  than  usually  conspicuous  in  these 
examples,  while  the  triviality  of  the  greater 
number  is  unexpected  and  tedious.  Still,  some 
of  the  cuts  abound  in  spirit ;  see  the  faces  in 
'  Table  d'Hote  at  the  Hotel  des  Palmiers, 
Hyeres,'and  others  in  '  Our  Wandering  Artist 
at  Nice.'  Before  now  Mr.  May  has  been 
pathetic,  and  even  sad  ;  [in  this  volume  he  is 
only  a  mocking,  laughing  satirist,  without  an 
afterthought. 

We  are  not  deeply  moved  either  to  laughter 
or  tears  by  the  text  and  cuts — some  of  which 
are  feebly  coloured — of  the  Adventures  in  Toy- 
land  (Blackie  &  Son),  which  Miss  E.  K. 
Hall  has  been  impelled  to  write  and  Miss  A.  B. 
Woodward  to  illustrate.  The  letterpress  is  flat 
and  rather  trivial,  while  some  only  of  the  cuts 
bear  looking  at  more  than  once  ;  they  are, 
however,  neatly  drawn. 

The  tenth  volume  of  Atalanta  (Marshall, 
Russell  &  Co.),  edited  by  Mr.  E.  Oliver,  is 
heavier  than  usual — too  heavy,  in  fact,  to  be 
held  in  the  hands  with  comfort.  The  articles 
will  interest  girls.  We  may  doubt  whether 
Lady  Jephson  is  right  in  thinking  that  the  fact 
that  on  the  equestrian  statue  of  Ernst  August 
is  inscribed  "  Dem  Landesvater  sein  treues 
Volk  "  proves  him  to  have  been  popular  ;  but 
her  papers  are  pleasant  and  nicely  illustrated. 
The  same,  indeed,  may  be  said  of  the  rest  of 
the  volume,  which  is  quite  the  best  periodical 
published  at  present  for  girls  from  fifteen  to 
twenty.  

The  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil  Colours  has 
given  notice  that  the  private  view  of  its  exhibi- 


tion will  be  held  at  the  gallery  in  Piccadilly  on 
Wednesday,  the  20th  inst. 

From  to-day  (Saturday)  until  November  6th 
next,  inclusive,  there  will  be  on  view  in  the 
rooms  of  the  Fine-Art  Society  a  selection  of 
original  designs  made  to  illustrate  '  The  Pilgrim's 
Progress,'  by  Messrs.  G.  W.,  F.  A.,  and 
L.  Rhead. 

The  French  journals  record  the  death  of  M. 
Adolphe  Varin,  a  capital  engraver,  whose  an- 
cestors were  engravers  of  note  from  the  end  of 
the  sixteenth  century. 

The  remarkable  collection  of  Greek  coins  of 
Asia  Minor  formed  by  the  late  French  Am- 
bassador, M.  W.  H.  Waddington,  which  has 
recently  been  purchased  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment for  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  for  the 
large  sum  of  421,000  fr.  (16,840Z.),  places  the 
French  collection  of  the  Greek  autonomous  and 
imperial  coinages  of  Asia  Minor  far  ahead  of 
those  of  the  British  and  Berlin  Museums.  The 
French  as  a  nation  have  always  shown  an  en- 
lightened appreciation  of  the  value  of  numis- 
matics in  every  branch  of  historical  research, 
and  they  have  never  let  slip  an  opportunity  of 
adding  to  the  national  collections  by  liberal 
special  grants  for  the  purchase,  en  bloc,  of  famous 
private  collections.  Even  in  1872,  after  the 
ruinous  expenses  of  the  war  indemnity,  8,000L 
was  unhesitatingly  granted  for  the  purchase  of 
the  De  Saulcy  collection.  M.  Babelon,  the 
Keeper  of  Coins  in  the  Bibliotheque,  enume- 
rates in  the  last  number  of  the  Eevue  Numis- 
matique  some  of  the  more  important  of  the 
special  grants  for  the  purchase  of  ancient  coins, 
the  sum  total  of  which  amounts  to  no  less  than 
53,000^.,  and  this  in  addition  to  the  regular 
annual  grant  for  the  same  purpose,  which  alone 
is  almost  double  as  large  as  that  allotted  to 
the  Coin  Department  of  the  British  Museum. 
Surely  these  figures  ought  to  reassure  our  timid 
Treasury  officials,  who  are  usually  so  reluctant 
to  open  the  national  purse  strings  for  coins  and 
medals,  the  study  of  which  they  apparently 
regard  as  an  innocent  fad  of  a  few  eccentric 
antiquaries.  We  trust,  however,  that  the  recent 
special  grant  for  the  purchase  of  a  selection  from 
the  Montagu  and  Bunbury  cabinets  may  be  only 
the  forerunner  of  similar  special  grants  when- 
ever occasion  offers.  Mean  time  the  very  modest 
annual  sum  assigned  to  the  Coin  Department 
should  certainly  be  raised,  and  made  at  least 
equal  to  that  of  the  Cabinet  des  Medailles  at 
Paris. 

An  international  exhibition  on  a  large  scale 
of  lithographs  will  be  opened  on  November  1st 
at  Dusseldorf.  Among  other  interesting  de- 
partments, it  will  contain  an  historical  division 
representing  the  various  schools  of  litho- 
graphy. 

The  well-known  portrait  painter  J,  J.  G,  van 
Wicheren  has  just  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine 
at  Leeuwarden. 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

CovENT  Garden  Theatre.— Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company, 
Crystal  Palace.— Saturday  Concerts. 
Birmingham  Festival. 
Albert  Hall.— Miss  Anna  Williams's  Farewell  Concert. 

There  was  rather  an  air  of  provincialism 
about  the  performance  of  *  Lohengrin  '  last 
Saturday  at  Covent  Garden,  the  performers 
playing  well  together,  but  not,  on  the  whole, 
realizing  the  master's  intentions.  For  ex- 
ample. Mile.  Eosa  Olitzka,  excellent  artist 
as  she  is,  made  herself  too  prominent  as 
Ortrud,  particularly  in  the  first  act.  There 
were  excellent  points  in  the  Lohengrin  of  Mr. 
Brozel,  though  he  was  obviously  nervous  ; 
Mile.  Elandi  was  a  sweet  Elsa,  and  Mr. 
Lempriere   Pringle    vocally    good    as    the 


532 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°36ol,  Oct.  16,  '97 


King.  Tho  orchestra,  iiowever,  was  coarse  ; 
the  finale  of  the  first  act  was  abbreviated, 
and  the  morning  choruses  in  the  second 
act  cruelly  maimed.  If  Wagner's  works 
cannot  be  given  in  London  according  to 
the  composer's  intentions,  they  should  be 
placed  on  the  shelf. 

More  justice  was  done  on  Monday  to 
those  twin  operas  *  Cavalleria  Eusticana ' 
and  '  Pagliacci.'  Warm  praise  may  be 
accorded  to  Mr.  Lloyd  D'Aubigne,  Mr.  W. 
Dever,  Miss  Agnes  Jansou,  Mile.  Elandi, 
Miss  Alice  Esty,  Miss  Eita  Elandi,  Mr. 
Brozel,  and  Mr.  Maggi,  and  the  orchestra 
and  chorus  were  more  commendable  than 
they  were  in  'Lohengrin.'  Of  the  perform- 
ance of  '  Die  Meistersinger,'  announced  for 
Thursday,  we  must,  of  course,  speak  next 
week. 

The  very  large  audience  that  assembled 
at  the  first  of  the  Saturday  concerts  at  the 
Crj'stal  Palace  last  week  may  have    been 
drawn  by  a  morbid  desire  to  hear  the  latest 
pianoforte  "prodigy,"  Bruno  Steindel,  but 
we   trust   it  was   for   better   reasons.      As 
already   stated,    the    orchestra     has    been 
reconstituted,  and  its  services  secured  exclu- 
sively for  the  Crystal  Palace.     So   far   as 
could  be  judged  by  one  performance,  the 
merit  of  the  force  has  undergone  little  if 
any  diminution.     Certainly  there  was  much 
to  admire  in  the  interpretations  of  Berlioz's 
Overture  to  '  Benvenuto  Cellini '  and  Schu- 
bert's  Symphony  in   c.    No.    9,   which,    in 
spite   of   all   evidence   to  the  contrary.  Sir 
George  Grove   persists   in   calling  No.  10. 
All  musicians  would  rejoice  were  another 
symphony  by  Schubert  discovered,  written 
in  the  master's  ripest  period,  but  it  is  to  be 
feared  that  such  a  work  does  not  exist.     It 
may,  of  course,  for  Schubert  was  as  careless 
as  a  man   as   he  was   great   as   a   genius. 
Otherwise  he  would  not  have  dedicated  a 
symphony   of   which  there   is   no   trace  to 
a  Yiennese  musical  society;  nor  would  he 
have  penned  the  two  lovely  movements  of 
his  B   minor   Symphony  and  nine   bars   of 
a  scherzo  and  then  stopped,  for  a   reason 
that    has    never    been    explained.      Little 
Bruno    Steindel,   who   is   said   to   be   only 
seven   years    of    age    and    does    not   look 
more,  played  two  preludes  of  Bach,  pieces 
by  Chopin,  Schubert,  and  Marek,  and  the 
second  and  third  movements  of  Beethoven's 
Pianoforte   Concerto   in   g,   No.    4,   with  a 
measure  of  purity  in  tone,   facility  in  exe- 
cution,  and   general  intelligence  that  was 
almost   magical.      Nevertheless,  the    child 
should  be  withdrawn  from  public  life  before 
it  is  too  late,  for  in  many  instances  in  the 
lives  of  great  musicians  too  early  forcing  of 
the  brain  has  worn  out  the  body.     Madame 
Blanche    Marchesi    having     suddenly    dis- 
appointed the  management,  Madame  Clara 
Samuell    kindly   took    her    place    as    the 
vocalist,  and  rendered  airs  by  Handel  and 
Mr.    Edward    German    in    her    customary 
artistic   manner.      Mention   has  yet   to   be 
made  of  the  refined  performance  of  Saint- 
Saens's  somewhat  slight  Concerto  in  A  for 
violoncello  by  the  new  leader  of  the  orchestra 
in  this  department,  M.  Jacques  Eenard. 

Eeverting  to  the  successful  festival  at 
Birmingham  last  week,  further  reference 
must  in  the  first  place  be  made  to  Prof. 
Villiers  Stanford's  masterpiece,  the  '  Ee- 
quiem  '  which  was  presented  on  Wednesday 
morning.     Our   British   composer  can  deal 


with  leading  themes  in  the  best  spirit, 
and  the  descending  figure  which  opens  the 
new  Eequiem,  and  frequently  recurs  with 
modifications  in  the  style  of  VVagner,  seems 
to  suggest  the  idea  of  repose.  An  ascend- 
ing phrase  indicates  resurrection,  and  this 
is  also  much  used.  The  composer  does 
not  explain  these  fragments  of  melody,  but 
their  significance,  as  penned  by  so  consum- 
mate a  musician,  can  scarcely  be  missed. 
The  ground  bass  in  the  "Judex  ergo," 
the  soprano  solo  with  quartet  and  chorus 
"Eex  tremendfe,"  the  supremely  beautiful 
"Lacrimosa,"  the  majestic  "  Offer torium  " 
with  the  finely  penned  fugue  "  Quam  olim 
Abrahoo,"  the  "Sanctus"  with  a  persistent 
semiquaver  figure  for  harp  and  violins  in 
six  parts,  and  elaborate  and  refined  writing 
for  the  voices,  and  the  funeral  march  in  the 
"Agnus  Dei,"  all  show  the  hand  of  a  master. 
Prof.  Stanford's  '  Eequiem '  will  assuredly 
live. 

About  Purcell's  music  to  '  King  Arthur,' 
performed  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day, 
there  is  little  to  add  to  what  was  said  last 
week.  Mr.  Fuller  Maitland,  we  reiterate, 
has  pieced  the  master's  music  to  Dryden's 
play  with  industry  and  consummate  skill, 
though  listeners  may  wonder  what  the  score 
has  to  do  with  the  Knights  of  the  Eound 
Table.  We  have  before  us  another  new 
edition  of  the  music,  necessarily  collected  in 
fragmentary  form,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Cum- 
mings,  a  noted  authority  on  Purcell,  and 
published  by  Messrs.  Novello,  Ewer  &  Co. 
As  to  which  is  the  more  nearly  complete,  it 
is  impossible  to  say  with  even  the  utmost 
research.  Three  years  after  Purcell's  death 
five  numbers  from  '  King  Arthur  '  appeared 
in  the  '  Orpheus  Britannicus,'  and  in  a  later 
edition  another  half-dozen  were  included  ; 
but  the  most  ardent  musical  antiquaries 
have  never  discovered  a  copy  of  the  entire 
score,  and  probably  none  exists.  Gratitude 
is  nevertheless  due  to  Mr.  Maitland  and  Mr. 
Cummings  for  their  earnest  efforts  in  en- 
deavouring to  rescue  the  music  to  *  King 
Arthur'  from  semi-oblivion. 

Thursday  morning's  rendering  of  '  The 
Messiah 'did  not  afford  much  satisfaction. 
Since  Eobert  Franz's  edition  was  stupidly 
rejected  Herr  Eichter  had  not  conducted 
Handel's  oratorio  until  last  week,  and  it  is 
quite  likely  that  he  did  not  feel  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  Mozart-Costa  version.  At 
any  rate,  the  performance  was  of  a  per- 
functory nature,  the  tempi  were  slower  than 
those  to  which  we  are  accustomed,  and 
there  were  blemishes  in  the  chorus,  espe- 
cially in  the  first  part. 

The  evening  concert  opened  with  Gluck's 
Overture  to  '  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,'  with,  of 
course,  Wagner's  ending,  which  is  far  mora 
in  consonance  with  the  spirit  of  the  piece 
than  the  close  erroneously  attributed  to 
Mozart.  Mr.  Arthur  Somervell's  '  Ode  to 
the  Sea,'  the  last  of  the  works  composed 
expressly  for  the  festival,  is  disappointing. 
Mr.  Laurence  Binyon's  words  are  turgid, 
and  apparently  intended  to  be  Elizabethan 
in  character  ;  and  the  music  is  a  weak  mix- 
ture of  Parry  and  Stanford.  There  is  an 
effective  overture,  in  regular  form,  with  a 
pretty  second  subject ;  and  other  passages 
might  be  named  which  show  the  hand  of  a 
sound  musician  from  whom  much  may  be 
expected.  Of  the  remainder  of  this  pro- 
gramme nothing  need  be  said. 


A  prodigious  scheme  was  offered  on 
Friday  morning,  consisting  of  Schubert's 
Mass  in  e  flat ;  Dr.  Hubert  Parry's  splendid 
one-part  oratorio  '  Job,'  conducted  by  the 
composer  ;  and  Tschaikowsky's  '  Symphonie 
Pathetique.'  The  choral  works  went  well, 
and  the  symphony  was  magnificently  inter- 
preted, Herr  Eichter  again  adopting  his 
practice  of  sitting  down  and  not  conducting 
during  the  second  movement  in  five-four 
measure.  This  has  been  described  as  clap- 
trap, though  we  think  it  is  simply  due  to  a 
desire  to  let  the  orchestra  speak  for  itself 
for  a  time,  and  the  results  have  justified  the 
experiment. 

In  the  evening  this  most  successful  festival 
was  brought  to  a  close  with  a  magnificent 
performance  of  Berlioz's  'Faust,'  quite  equal 
to  that  of  six  years  ago.  The  choir  betrayed 
no  signs  of  fatigue,  and  the  principal  parts 
were  sustained  without  flaw  by  Madame 
Albani,  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd,  Mr.  David 
Bispham.  and  Mr.  Plunket  Greene.  So 
ended  a  memorable  festival,  proving  con- 
clusively that,  in  spite  of  all  honourable 
rivalry,  Birmingham  can  hold  its  own  in 
musical  matters  and  in  the  cause  of  charity. 
As  regards  the  latter,  it  is  computed, 
although  the  accounts  have  not  yet  been 
fully  made  up,  that  there  will  be  a  profit  of 
over  five  thousand  pounds  for  the  General 
Hospital. 

Much   regret  will   be   felt   by  all   musi- 
cal   amateurs    that    Miss    Anna   Williams 
thinks  it  requisite  to  retire  from  public  life 
as  a  vocalist  when  she  is  still  as  serviceable 
as  she  has  ever  been.     A  more  useful  artist 
at  festivals  or  concerts  of  every  description 
could  not  exist,  Miss  Williams  being  always 
ready  to  take  part  in  a  familiar  or  a  new 
work.      Her   voice   is   not    of    the    purest 
quality,  nor  is  her  method  above  reproach, 
but  in  her  efforts  to  do  justice  to  herself 
and  the  public  she  has  been  eminently  suc- 
cessful.   As  an  oratorio  singer  she  has  fully 
justified  her  position,  and  we  are  sorry  that 
she  now  decides  to  relinquish  her  career. 
On    Wednesday    evening    Miss    Williams 
sang   Handel's    "Angels   ever  bright   and 
fair,"    Weber's    "Softly   sighs,"    Mozart's 
"Sull'  Aria"  with  Madame  Albani,  and  a 
song  by  Schubert  entitled    '  Farewell,'  the 
words  being  written  for  the  occasion  by  Mr. 
E.  Baumer  Williams.      Miss   Lucie   John- 
stone, Mr.  Plunket   Greene,  M.   Johannes 
Wolff,  Miss  Giulia  Eavogli,  Mr.  Santley,  Sir 
Walter   Parratt,    Miss   Marie   Brema,    Mr. 
Edward  Lloyd,  Mr.  Ffrangcon  Davies,  and 
Mr.  Kennerley  Eumford  took  effective  part 
in  the  concert,  which,  perhaps  unfortunately, 
was  rendered  without  the  aid  of  orchestra. 
In    all    other    respects,    however,    it    was 
entirely  successful. 


It  is,  of  course,  well  known  that  Sir  Michael 
Costa  left  a  large  sum  for  the  endowment  of 
scholarships  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
and  one  of  these  will  be  adjudicated  upon  on 
the  28th,  the  successful  candidate  being  then 
entitled  to  three  years'  free  musical  education 
at  the  institution  in  Tenterden  Street. 

The  Streatham  Choral  Society  will  open  its 
season  on  December  20th,  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Stewart  Macpherson,  with  'Judas  Mac- 
cabseus.'  On  March  14th  next  year  Gade's 
'  Spring's  Message'  and  the  '  Lobgesang  '  will  be 
performed. 


N^'SeSl,  Oct.  16,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


533 


Miss  Edith  Robinson  will  give  her  second 
violin  recital  at  the  Queen's  Small  Hall  on  the 
26th  inst.,  assisted  by  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  Mr. 
Isidor  Cohn,  and  Mr.  Henry  Bird. 

Miss  Edith  Nalbokough,  a  pupil  of  Madame 
Schumann,  has  fixed  her  first  concert  at  St. 
James's  Hall  for  the  following  day.  She  will  have 
the  support  of  Miss  Maude  Danks,  Miss  Lilian 
Stuart  (first  appearance  in  England),  and 
Madame  Irma  Sethe,  who  at  this  concert  will 
make  her  first  appearance  in  London  this  season. 

A  COURSE  of  five  lectures  by  Mr.  Frede- 
rick Corder  on  '  Dramatic  Music '  was  com- 
menced at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  on 
the  29th  of  September.  This  will  be  followed 
on  Wednesdays,  November  3rd  to  December 
15th  inclusive,  by  seven  lectures,  to  be 
delivered  by  Mr.  Charles  Williams,  on  '  The 
Development  of  the  ^tude,'  the  illustrations 
of  which  will  be  played  by  Miss  Agnes  Zim^mer- 
mann.  Miss  Bertha  Broadhurst,  M.  Emile 
Sauret,  and  Mr.  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland. 

Messrs.  Paterson  &  Sons,  of  Edinburgh, 
send  their  prospectus  of  autumn  and  winter 
concerts.  Mr.  D'Albert  will  give  a  pianoforte 
recital  on  the  26th  inst.  There  will  be  a  chamber 
concert,  with  the  Willy  Hess  Quartet,  on 
November  30th,  and  a  vocal  and  instrumental 
recital  a  fortnight  earlier,  namely,  on  November 
13th,  at  which  Herr  Edvard  Grieg  will  appear. 
Orchestral  performances  will  take  place  on 
December  6th  and  13th  ;  '  St.  Paul '  on  Decem- 
ber 20th  ;  orchestral  concerts  on  December  27th, 
January  5th,  10th,  and  24:th  ;  and  an  orchestral 
and  choral  concert  on  January  17th,  when  the 
first  and  third  acts  of  '  Lohengrin  '  are  to  be 
given  in  concert-room  fashion. 

The  debut  of  Mr.  D.  Ffrangcon  Davies  in 
Berlin,  at  the  Singakademie,  with  the  Phil- 
harmonic Orchestra,  has  been  fixed  for  March  5th 
next,  after  which  he  will  start  immediately  for 
America,  where  he  will  sing  for  the  Boston  Sym- 
phony Orchestra  at  their  concert  on  March  18th. 

Miss  Ethel  Bauer  and  Miss  Margaret 
Barter  (a  new  soprano)  will  give  a  concert  at 
the  Queen's  Small  Hall  on  November  12th. 

SiGNOR  Verdi  completed  his  eighty-fourth 
year  on  Saturday  last  and  is  still  in  robust 
health,  thanks,  no  doubt,  to  his  healthy  methods 
of  living. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


MoH. 


Carl  Rosa  Opera,  '  Carmen.'  8,  Covent  Garden. 

—  Richter  Concert,  8  30,  Queen's  Hall 

TuE8.     Carl  R^sa  Opera,  '  Diarmid,'  8.  Covent  Garden. 
Wed.     London  Ballad  Concert.  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Carl  Rosa  Opera,  COYent  Garden. 
TuuBa.  Carl  Rosa  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Fai.       Carl  Rosa  Opera,  Covent  Garden 

Sat.       Mr  N  Vert's  Concert,  3.  St.  James's  Hall. 

—  Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3 

—  Orchestral  and  Choral  Concert.  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 

—  Carl  Rosa  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Criterion.—'  The  Liars,'  a  Comedy  in  Four  Acts.  By 
Henry  Arthur  Jones. 

Vaudeville. — '  Never  Again,' a  Farcical  Comedy  in  Three 
Acts.     By  Maurice  Desvallifires  and  Antony  Mars. 

From  every  point  of  vie'w  we  are  disposed 
to  regard  '  The  Liars '  as  Mr.  Jones's 
masterpiece.  We  do  not  greatly  like  the 
title,  neither,  we  fancy,  does  the  author, 
and  we  are  not  quite  sure  that  the  denoiX- 
ment  disposes  finally  of  the  question  raised. 
These  are  but  small  matters.  A  title  is, 
after  all,  of  secondary  importance,  and  pro- 
blems such  as  Mr.  Jones  puts  do  not  admit 
of  algebraical  solution.  Given  a  wife  young, 
pretty,  frivolous,  vain,  and  rebellious  against 
authority,  a  husband  morose,  tactless,  and 
neglectful,  and  a  lover  brave,  distinguished, 
and.  ardent,  and  what  will  be  the  end  ?  It 
is  for  the  dramatist  with  his  "  sic  volo  sic 


jubeo"  authority  to  decide.  What  in  actual 
life  it  constantly  is,  let  the  reports  of 
the  law  courts  declare.  Mr.  Jones  elects 
that  both  husband  and  wife  shall  be  well 
frightened,  that  the  lady  shall  escape  un- 
scarred,  and  that  the  penitent  spouse  shall 
make  his  peace.  For  dramatic  purposes 
this  may  suffice,  and  if  some  mistrust  is 
begotten  as  to  whether  the  next  combina- 
tion or  the  next  but  one  will  end  in  like 
fashion,  we  have  no  right  to  go  behind  our 
author's  conclusion  to  inquire.  Who  shall 
say  that  the  marriage  of  Benedick  and 
Beatrice,  or  that  of  Petruchio  and  Katha- 
rine, was  enduringly  successful,  or  that  a 
key  to  Boccaccio,  or  some  other  Italian 
novelist,  might  not  furnish  a  revelation  that 
Shakspeare  did  not  know  or  has  spared 
us  ?  At  the  close  of  Lady  Jessica's  romance 
she  is  going  out  to  supper  with  her  husband 
and  her  lover  is  on  the  point  of  starting  for 
the  Soudan,  where,  if  the  wish  be  not  un- 
patriotic, it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Arabs 
will  keep  him  occupied  for  some  time  to 
come. 

Mr.  Jones's  comedy  shows  how,  meaning 
no  great  ill.  Lady  Jessica  compromises  her- 
self with  Edward  Falkner,  a  hero  of  African 
contest,    until    accident     alone    saves    her 
from    forfeiting    both   virtue    and   reputa- 
tion.     No   quite    definable  harm  has  been 
done,    and     her     sister     Lady    Rosamund 
and  her  cousin  Dolly  set  their  wits  to  work 
to  present  her  conduct  in  the  most  favour- 
able light  to  her  husband.     In  this  attempt 
they  exhibit  a   power  of   mendacity   abso- 
lutely   splendid,    and    they    compel    their 
masculine  allies  to  lend  their  countenance 
to  a  series  of  statements  not  only  patently 
false,  but  absolutely  irreconcilable.     In  the 
end  the  edifice  of  falsehood  crumbles,  and 
the  truth  has  to  be  told.     A  little  shocking 
is  this,  but  it  is   not  wholly  unpardonable, 
and  another,  and,   it  is  to  be  hoped,   suc- 
cessful experiment   is    essayed.     Simplicity 
itself  is  this  story.     Its  treatment  is,  how- 
ever, singularly  happy,  and  the  piece,  in  its 
quaint  blending  of  observation  and  fantasy, 
is  as  much  a  masterpiece  as  '  Le  Monde  ou 
Ton  s'Ennuie.'  Its  main  purpose  is  satirical. 
It  is,  nevertheless,  banter  rather  than  scorn 
that  Mr.  Jones   applies  to  feminine  weak- 
ness.    His  characters  are,  moreover,  finely 
drawn,  and  are  actual  creatures  of  flesh  and 
blood.     There   seems    some    reluctance    to 
accord  Mr.  Jones  a  power  he  unmistakably 
possesses  of  painting  the  world  of  to-day — 
not  perhaps  the  great  world,  but  a  world, 
great  enough  and  real  in  its  way,  that  has 
abandoned  the  idea  of  domesticity,  and  lives 
almost  in  public.  Lady  Jessica,  Lady  Rosa- 
mund, and  Dolly  can  be  found  at  almost 
every    fashionable    gathering.     The    male 
characters  are  no  less  cleverly  drawn  and 
no  less  acceptable.     Mr.  Jones  has,  then, 
produced  a  play  the  characters  in  which  are 
true,  while  its  dialogue  is  at  once  sparkling 
and   natural,   and  its  intrigue  a  model   of 
ingenuity.     The  full   purpose  of  comedy — 
to  show  the  age  its  image — is    answered, 
and   the  work   is  accomplishment   both   as 
literature  and  as  drama. 

It  is  very  finely  acted,  the  charm  of 
individual  impersonations  and  the  ensemble 
being  equally  noteworthy.  Mr.  Wyndham 
occupies  the  centre  of  the  stage.  He  is  the 
man  of  the  world  and  the  friend  of  every- 
body ;  he  it  is  who  shows  the  heroine  the 


unreasonableness  of  her  conduct,  proves  to 
the  husband  that  his  theories  of  conjugal 
discipline  are  untenable,  and  carries  the 
lover  off  to  Africa.  All  this  Mr.  Wyndham 
does  with  admirable  certainty  of  touch.  If 
we  do  not  mention  other  characters,  it  is 
because  ail  are  so  well  played  that  it  would 
be  invidious  to  distinguish,  and  we  prefer 
to  think  of  the  representation  as  a  whole.  It 
is  a  pleasant  chance,  not  often  afforded  us, 
to  point  to  a  fine  and  delicate  comedy  of 
actual  life  played  in  a  manner  that  cannot 
easily  be  surpassed. 

An  American  translation  of  '  Le  True  de 
Seraphin,'  a  farce  produced  in  December 
last  at  the  Varietes,  has,  after  running  some 
couple  of  hundred  nights  at  the  Grarrick 
Theatre,  New  York,  been  transferred  to 
the  Vaudeville.  It  is  intrinsically  a  wildly 
extravagant  and  silly  piece,  which  is 
lifted  into  success  by  some  clever  acting  on 
the  part  of  the  principal  performers.  Mr. 
Ferdinand  Gottschalk,  an  importation  from 
America,  furnishes  a  signally  humorous  pic- 
ture of  a  German  violoncellist ;  and  Miss 
Agnes  Miller,  reappearing  after  a  few  years' 
absence  from  England,  is  decidedly  bright 
and  mirthful  as  the  heroine.  Mr.  Giddens  and 
Mr.  Allan  Aynes  worth  act  with  much  energy 
and  corresponding  success.  Thanks  to  their 
efforts,  the  audience  is  kept  in  roars  of 
laughter,  and  a  piece  with  scarcely  a  claim 
upon  attention  may  be  regarded  as  a  con- 
spicuous success.  No  name  of  translator  or 
adapter  is  given.  The  scene  is  kept  in  Paris, 
but  the  names  of  most  of  the  characters  are 
changed.         

M.  Henry  D.  Davray  has  translated  Mr. 
George  Meredith's  '  Essay  on  Comedy '  into 
French,  and  the  translation  will  shortly  be  pub- 
lished by  the  Mercure  de  France.  For  the 
volume  Mr.  Arthur  Symons  has  written  an 
introduction,  which  will  first  appear  in  the 
November  number  of  the  Fortnightly  Eeviero. 

Her  Maje.sty's  Theatre,  now  closed,  will 
not  reopen,  so  far  as  is  at  present  known,  until 
the  return  of  Mr.  Tree. 

'  Apron-Strings,'  a  duologue  by  Mr.  Basil 
Hood,  now  prefaces  at  Terry's  Theatre  the 
performance  of  '  The  French  Maid.'  Angelina, 
left  alone  in  her  flat,  fancies  that  she  hears  a 
burglar.  In  order  to  convey  to  him  the  idea 
that  she  is  not  without  protection,  she  holds  an 
imaginary  conversation  with  a  supposed  visitor. 
The  intruder,  who  is,  in  fact,  Edwin,  her  husband, 
finds  suspicions  of  his  wife's  conduct  converted 
for  a  while  into  certainties.  Explanations  follow, 
and  all  is  well. 

A  melodrama  by  Messrs.  Shirley  and 
Landeck,  with  the  festive  title  of  '  Woman  and 
Wine,'  was  produced  at  the  I'avilion  Theatre 
on  Monday.  A  principal  effect  in  this  is  a 
desperate  duel  with  knives  by  two  women, 
stripped  apparently  to  the  waist. 

Foolish  and  meaningless  enough  is  the 
practice  of  calling  on  an  actor  to  doff,  on  the 
conclusion  of  a  first  performance,  his  assumed 
character,  and  make,  in  propria  persona,  a  speech 
to  the  audience.  We  hear  now  that  the  custom 
is  growing  in  America  of  extorting  from  a  popular 
actor  a  speech  every  night.  If  the  information 
is  true,  the  practice  is  certain  to  establish 
itself  here.  With  the  bait  of  folly  in  front  of 
it,  the  playgoing  public  is  the  very  greediest  of 
gudgeon. 

A  drama  by  Messrs.  G.  R.  Sims  and  L. 
Merrick,  entitled  '  When  the  Lamps  are 
Lighted,'  was  produced  on  Monday  at  the 
Regent  Theatre,  Salford. 


534 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3651,  Oct.  16, '97 


'A  Prince  of  Mischance,'  an  adaptation  of 
the  novel  of  the  same  name  by  Mr.  Gallon  just 
published,  has  been  given  for  copyright  purposes 
at  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre,  Southampton. 

A  FURTHER  theatrical  innovation  is  announced, 
'  The  Bell-Ringers  '  of  Messrs.  Arthur  Shirley 
and  Sutton  Vane  being  about  to  be  produced 
simultaneously  in  England,  Brussels,  Paris,  and 
New  York. 

'The  Girl  of  my  Heart,' by  Mr.  Herbert 
Leonard,  produced  at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  is  a 
nautical  melodrama,  introducing,  like  '  Black- 
Eyed  Susan,'  a  court-martial  on  board  a  ship. 

The  lever  de  rideau  at  the  Vaudeville  consists 
of  'The  Cape  Mail,'  Mr.  Clement  Scott's 
adaptation  of  'La  Joie  fait  Peur,'  with  Miss 
Helen  Rous,  Miss  Maude  Mcintosh,  Mr. 
Neville  Doone,  and  Mr.  William  Benson  in  the 
principal  parts. 

Mr.  Charles  Wyndham  and  Mr.  Henry 
Arthur  Jones  have  publicly  protested  against  the 
publication  of  the  story  of  '  The  Liars  '  in  a 
daily  paper  previously  to  the  production.  They 
hold  that  under  such  circumstances  the  plot  of  a 
play  is  private  property.  What  may  be  the 
legal  aspects  of  the  question  we  know  not. 
Courtesy  to  dramatist,  manager,  and  public 
•would  seem  to  forbid  such  practice. 

Among  managers  seeking  theatres  in  London 
are  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson,  naturally  anxious  to 
prolong  the  run  of  'Hamlet,'  and  Mr.  Hare, 
desirous  to  produce  'A  Bachelor's  Romance.' 


To  CORRESPONDEXTS.— M.  L.— W.  F.  D.— L.  N.— M.  S. 
B.  M.  J. — Dr.  M. — received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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CONTRIBUTIONS   to   a  BALLAD  HISTORY  of 

ENGLAND. 

Athejiisum. — "These  ballads  are  spirited  and  stirring  ;  snch  are  'The 
rail  ol  Harald  Hardrada," '  Old  Benbow,' '  Marston  Moor,'  and  '  Corporal 
John,'  the  soldier's  name  for  the  famous  Duke  of  Marlborough,  which  is 
a  specially  good  ballad.  'Uueen  Eleanor's  Vengeance  '  is  a  vividly  told 
story.  Coming  to  more  modern  times,  'The  Deeds  of  Wellington,' 
*  Inkermann,'  aad  '  Balaklava'  are  excellently  well  said  and  sung.  As  a 
book  of  ballads,  interesting  to  all  who  have  Bi-itish  blood  in  their  veins. 
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leave  a  strong  impression  on  the  memory  of  those  who  read  them." 

SONGS  for  SAILORS. 

Morning  Pos<— "Spirited,  melodious,  and  vigorously  graphic." 

Daily  Keics. — "Very  spirited." 

Pall  Mall  Ooz<((<.— "Really  admirable." 

Morning  Advertiser. — "  Sure  of  a  wide  popularity." 

John  Bull.— "\'ery  successful." 

Metfoiwlitan. — "Instinct  with  patriotic  fire. 

Illustrated  Lwidon  News. — "  Right  well  done." 

New^  of  Vie  World. — "There  is  real  poetry  in  these  songs." 

3/iiror.— "  With  admirable  felicity  he  embodies  national  sentiments 
and  emotions  which  stir  the  hearts  of  the  people." 

.EWm— "These  songs  are  literally  written  for  sailors,  and  they  are 
precisely  the  kind  of  songs  that  sailors  most  enjov," 

Nonconformist— '"tbese  songs  bear  a  true  literary  mark,  and  give  out 
the  genuine  ring." 

.Ej-ami/io'.— "Full  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment,  and 
having  a  simple,  dashing,  musical  roll  and  movement  that  reminds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailors,  and  the  touches  of 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisely  of  the  kind  that  they  will  relish." 

Scotsoian. — "Dr.   Bennett's  heart  is  thoroughly  in  his  work All 

spirited  and  vigorous.  There  is  a  healthy,  manly,  fresh-air  dash  about 
thera  which  ought  to  make  them  popular  with  the  class  for  whose  use 
and  pleasure  they  are  designed." 

Graphic.— ••Vi'K  may  fairly  say  that  Dr.  Bennett  has  taken  up  the 
mantle  of  Dibdin   " 

I^eds  JI/ercMii/— "There  is  no  one  nowadays  who  can  compete  with 
Dr.  Bennett  as  a  popular  song-writer.  In  his  volume  of  sea  songs  we 
find  the  qualities  which  must  secure  its  success." 

Liverpool  Uluil—"  l)r.  Bennett  has  devoted  his  lyrical  powers  to  a  noble 
object  in  this  comprehensive  yet  inexpensive  work.  This  gem  deserves 
to  be  patronized  not  only  by  our  entire  Royal  Navy,  but  by  all  our 
Sailors  Homes  and  all  our  Mercantile  Marine  Associations  " 

Literary  World.—"  It  seeks  to  quicken  the  pulses  of  our  national  life 
It  is  to  be  hoped  those  spirit-stirring  songs  may  be  sung  in  all  parts  of 
the  world  by  our  gallant  tars,  north  and  south,  east  and  west— wherever 
in  short,  the  Union  Jack  tloats  proudly  over  the  sea.  We  heartily  com- 
mend Dr.  Bennett's  '  Songs  for  Sailors '  to  the  public  at  large." 

London:  Chatto  &  Windus,  110  and  111,  8t.  Martin's  Lane,  W.C. 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


N«3651,  Oct.  16,  '97 


OCTOBER,  1897. 

LAWRENCE   &   BULLEN'S   AUTUMN   ANNOUNCEMENTS. 


To  be  completed  in  Two  Volumes. 
THE 

ENCYCLOPEDIA 
or  SPOET. 

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Black  Game.     Archibald  Thorburn. 

Canoeing.     Edward  Fahey. 

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The  EARLY  LIFE  of  WILLIAM  WORDSWORTH,  1770-1798 :  a  Study  of  the  Prelude. 

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of  all  Ages.  By  HAMISH  HENDRY.  Every  page  is  decorated  with  charming 
Illustrations  by  Alice  B.  Woodward,  amounting  in  all  to  over  One  Hundred  and  Fifty. 
Square  8vo.  cloth  elegant,  gilt  edges,  6.?. 

ADVENTURES  in  TOYLAND.     By  Edith  King  Hall.    With  8 

Page  Pictures  printed  in  Colour,  and  70  Black-and-White  Illustrations  throughout  the 
Text,  by  Alice  B.  Woodward.     Crown  4to.  decorated  cloth  boards,  gilt  edges,  5^. 

JUST  FORTY  WINKS ;  or,  the  Droll  Adventures  of  Davie  Trot. 

By  HAMISH  HENDRY.  With  70  humorous  Illustrations  by  Gertrude  M.  Bradley. 
Square  8vo.  cloth  elegant,  gilt  edges,  5s. 


BLACKIE'S 
HALF-CROWN  SERIES. 

NEW  VOLUMES.     Cloth  elegant,  illustrated. 

A  DAUGHTER  of  ERIN.    By  Violet 


G.  FINNY. 

NELL'S  SCHOOL  DAYS 

GETHEN. 

The  LUCK    of   the 

By  SHEILA  E.  BRAINE 

PICKED    UP    AT    SEA.    By 


By  H.  F. 

EARDLEYS. 

J.  C. 


HUTCHESON.     New  Edition. 

The  SEARCH  for  the  TALISMAN. 

By  HENRY  FRITH.     New  Edition. 


BLACKIE'S 
TWO-SHILLING   SERIES. 

NEW  VOLUMES.     Cloth  elegant,  illustrated. 

TOMMY  the  ADVENTUROUS.    By 

S.  E.  CARTWRIGHT. 


SOME    OTHER 

H.  F.  GETHEN. 


CHILDREN. 
CREW. 


THAT    MERRY 

FLORENCE  COOMBE. 

SIR  WILFRID'S    GRANDSON. 

GERALDINE  MOCKLER. 


By 
By 
By 


Also  NEW  STORY  BOOKS  at  Is.  6d.,  Is.,  9d.,  and  6d. 


BLACKIE  dc  SON'S  NEW  CATALOGUE  of  BOOKS  suitable  for  Presentation,  School 

Prizes,  Rewards,  <i;c.,  sent  post  free  on  application. 

London  :  BLACKIE  &  SON,  Limited,  50,  Old  Bailey. 


N°  3651,  Oct.  16, '97  THE     ATHEN^UM  539 


i 


ON   NOVEMBER  1st  WILL  BE   ISSUED  THE  FIRST  MONTHLY  PART, 


PRICE  SIXPENCE, 


OF   A 


NEW  MAGAZINE  FOR  YOUNG  PEOPLE, 

HARPER'S    ROUND   TABLE. 

A    SIXPENNY    MONTHLY    MAGAZINE    FOR    YOUNG    PEOPLE. 

The  Stories  will  be  from  the  pens  of  the  best  Authors,  illustrated  by  notable  Artists. 


There  will  he  Three  Serials : — 

THE    ADVENTURERS. 

By  H.  B.  MARRIOTT  WATSON. 
I 

FOUR    FOR    A    FORTUNE. 

By  ALBERT  LEE. 

THE    COPPER    PRINCESS. 

By  KIRK  MUNROE. 

I  In  addition  to  this  Fiction,  short  and  long,  there  will  be  Practical  and  Instructive  Articles ;  Narrative 

and  Descriptive  Articles ;  Articles  on  Hunting,  Fishing,   and  Sport  of  every  kind ;  Articles  of  Travel  and 
Exploration  -,  and  Articles  on  any  number  of  interesting  subjects. 

MONEY  PRIZES.  MONEY   PRIZES. 

HARPER'S    ROUND    TABLE    will  offer  Money  Prizes  for  Competitions  in  Short  Stories,  Camera 
Clubs,  Comic  Sketches,  &c.      The  Particulars  and  Conditions  governing  these  Contests  will  be  given  in  the 

NOVEMBER  NUMBER.    This  Periodical  will  appear  promptly  on  the  first  day  of  each  month, 
clad  in  a  Cover  designed  by  WALTER  CRANE. 

1  ■ 

HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  45,  Albemarle  Street,  London,  W.  ;  and  New  York. 


540 


THE     ATHEN^UM  N° 3651,  Oct.  16, '97 


MESSRS.  SKEFFINGTON  &^ON^J^EW    BOOKS. 

JUST  OUT,  with  Frontispiece  by  HAL  LUDLOW,  crown  8vo.  price  Cs. 

GUY  BOOTHBY'S   NEW  NOVEL  '  SHEILAH  McLEOD ':    a  Heroine 

of  the  Back  Blocks  The  SCOTSMAN  says  :  — "  The  interest  of  this  bright  tale  of  adventure  never  flap." 

The  ATHENAEUM  says  :— "  He  tells  a  reaily  moving  tale.     The  narrative  proceeds  briskly  enough,  and  is  worth  reading. 

JUST  OUT,  with  4  Illustrations  by  JOHN  WILLIAMSON,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  6.^. 

RICHARD  MARSH'S  NEW  NOVEL  '  THE  BEETLE  :  A  MYSTERY ! ' 

vour  chair-and  it  is  a  book  which  no  one  will  put  down  until  finished  except  for  the  reason  above  described.  _^ 

your  cnair     a  u  i^  .  Dracula  '  by  Mr  Bram  Stoker,  was  creepy,  but  Mr.  Marsh  goes  one,  oh  !  many  more  than  one  better  ., ,      ,     ,        , 

?£e  GLASGOW  JeRALDs^..-^^\^^^  horror  of  ' The  Beetl^ '  grows  upon  the  reader.     In  fact,  it  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  lay  down 

the  book  when  once  begun." 

JUST  OUT,  with  4  Illustrations  by  HAL  LUDLOW,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  6s. 

ERNEST  G.  HENHAM'S  NEW  NOVEL  '  MENOTAH.' 

%t  WHITEHALL  BEVIEW  says:-" Replete  with  action.     The  close  is  well  and  powerfully  described  and  is  mexpressibly  grand. 

A  NEW  INDIAN  TALE  OF  THE  THUGS  BY^M^or  H.  M.  GREENHOW,  Author  of  '  The  Tower  of  Ghilzan,'  '  Brenda's  Experiment,' &c. 

THIS  DAY,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  5s. 

AMY  VIVIAN'S  RING ;   THE  HEIR  TO  A  CURSE. 

The  BIRMINGHAM  DAILY  GAZETTE  says :— "There  are  many  exciting  scenes  in  this  interesting  story,  which  is  well  worth  reading. 

JUST  OUT,  by  CYRIL  GREY,  Author  of  '  Glenathole,'  &c.— Crown  Bvo.  cloth,  price  6.?. 

THE  MISANTHROPE'S  HEIR.     A  New  Novel. 

The   GLASGOW  EVENING  NEWS  saj  s :— "  A  highly  readable  book,  with  excellent  character  sKctches." 

A  NEW  NOVEL  by  MALCOLM  STARK.-NEXT  WEEK,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  6.^ 

GEORGE   STIRLING'S    HERITAGE. 

By  LOUISA  H.  BEDFORD.— Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  3s.  U.  with  Frontispiece  by  HAL  LUDLOW. 

PRUE  THE  POETESS.    A  New  and  most  Charming  Story  for  Children, 

FOR  RECITERS.-Dedicated  to  H.K.H.  Princess  Louise. -THIS  DAY,  crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  2s.  Gd. 

GORDON  LEAGUE  BALLADS.    For  Working  Men  and  Women. 

The  GLASGOW  HERALD  says :-"  These  homely  dramatic  ballads,  when  set  forth  by  a  skilled  reciter,  must  produce  an  intense  effect  upon 
^"P''^'rhe'J^S''<7ffi?£F/^TF  says:-"  To  tell  stories  of  life  among  the  very  poor  without  exaggeration  or  vulgarity,  yet  with  such  pathos  as  to  draw 
tears  from  the  listener,  is  not  easy,  but  it  has  been  done  here." 

FOR  HOME  PARTIES,  DRAWING-ROOM  AND  PARISH  ENTERTAINMENTS,  &c.     Original,  Highly  Amusing,  and  only  the  Simplest 

Properties  required.     By  Mrs.  IRWINE  WHITTY.     Price  1..     THIRD  EDITION. 

SHORT  PLAYS  AND  CHARADES  FOR  YOUNG  PEOPLE. 

JUST  PUBLISHED,  demy  Svo.  cloth,  with  many  Hlustrations,  price  10..  6d.    By  Rev.  CANON  HAMMOND,  Author  of  'Church  or  Chapel,'  &c^ 

A  CORNISH  PARISH :  being  an  Account  of  St.  Austell— Town,  Church, 

District,  and  People.     By  JOSEPH  HAMMOND.  LL.B.,  Vicar. 

The  r/i./^5says:-"  A  charming  compound  of  history,  statistics,  and  anecdotes,  many  of  the  last  being  racy  of  the  soil  and  extremely  amusmg 

Canon  Hammond's  good  local  stories  are  endless."  ,  !,„.„„„,.    tvi^  KnnV  ;«  ndmirablv 

The  SPECtItoR  says :-"  We  know  of  no  '  annals  of  a  parish '  which  will  compare  with  this  f^/^i-f^' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
printed  and  bound,  and  the  photogravures  are  clear  and  striking.     But  for  the  absence  of  an  mdex  and  the  presence  of  numerous  Agressions 

practically  be  without  defect  or  flaw." ^ — ■ 

FORTY -THIRD    THOUSAND,    crown   Svo.   cloth,   price  5s. 

MARIE  CORELLI'S  BOOK  '  THE  MURDER  OF  DELICIA/ 

London:  SKEFFINOTON  &  SON,  163,  Piccadilly,  W. 

PuUishers  to  H.M.  the  Queen  and  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales. 


Editorial  Cn-nnaicfc-n,  ..ouM  t>«  ,ddrs»ed  to  -n.e  Editor -- ^a.em,e.ne,t.  >na  Bus.ne..   Letter,  to  -  T.c   PublU.er  -  -  at  ''■'  ""^^.f^^J^'^'^^^'e^^.c"'''  ^•''• 

Printed  by  Jchn  Edw.r»  F«.KCt3.  Atheu=eam  Pre.s,  Bream'.  BnlldUif..  Chancerr  Lan..  B.C.;  and  Pnbli.hed  by  '"»"  ^^^^^^   o!.tob.,TlL7 

A^ent.  JorScoTLiND.Mewr..  Beu  ABn^lfuie  and  Mr.  John  Menne9,BdlnburBh,_Saturd»y,  October  16,  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


Soiimal  of  (Bnv^imj  antr  J^orefgn  Eiterature,  Science,  tf)t  d^im  ^m,  Mmit  antr  ttie  Brama, 


No.  3652. 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER    23,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

EBQISTKKED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


ARISTOTELIAN       SOCIETY, 
22,  Albemarle  Street,  W. 
The   ANNUAL   PRESIDENTIAL   ADDRESS  will    be  delivered  on 
November  1.  at  8  p  m  .  by  Dr.  BERNARD  KOSANUUBT,  on  'Hegel's 
Tbeory  ol  the  Political  Organism  ' 

H   WILDON  CARR,  Hon.  Secretary. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC      SALON     (Fifth     Year), 
DUDLEY  GALLERY,  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly,   W. 
OPEN  DAILY,  10  to  5;  WEDNEsi>AYSand  SATURDAYS,  7  to  10  p  m. 
tciso.     Admission  Is.    Urilliantly  lighted  in  dull  weather  and  at  dusk. 

THE  LIBRARY  COMMITTEE  of  the  CORPORA- 
TION of  the  CITY  ol  LONDON  invite  DESIGNS  for  a  BRONZE 
MEDAL  to  be  struck  in  commemoration  of  the  Queen's  Diamond 
Jubilee,  1897. 

Premiums  of  20/.,  15/.,  and  10/.  will  be  given  for  the  three  be»t  designs. 
The  design  selected  to  become  the  property  of  the  Corporation. 

Designs  to  be  of  the  same  size  as  the  proposed  Medal  (three  inches  in 
diameter). 

Those  desirous  of  competing  are  requested  to  send  their  designs  to 
The  Town  Clerk,  Guildhall,  EC,  by  noon,  on  Monday,  December  6 
text 

Further  and  full  particulars  may  be  obtained  at  the  Office  of  the  Town 
Clerk,  as  above.  MONCKfON. 

Guildhall,  London,  October  14, 1897. 

SECRETARY.— A  YOUNG   LADY,  good  Typist 

KJ  and  Shorthand  "Writer,  requires  SITUATION.  Literary  Work 
preferred.— Apply  W.  H  ,  70,  Wray  Crescent,  Tollington  Park,  N. 

A  LINGUIST,  conDected  with  several  Learned 
Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECRETARIAL  WORK.  Translations  : 
French.  German,  Dutch,  Italian,  Spanish,  Scandinavian  Languages,  Re- 
search Notes,  &c.— Write  E.  Genlis,  43,  Southampton  Row,  London,  W.C. 

SECRETARY  and  INDEXER  (LADY),  specially 
trained  in  Indexing  at  the  India  Olfice,  good  Stenographer  and 
Typist,  REQUIRES  POST,— Apply  S.,  care  of  Miss  Petherbridge. 
9,  Strand,  W.C. 

T^O  PUBLISHERS,  &c.  —  SITUATION  in  any 
capacity  REQUIRED  by  well-educated  YOUNG  MAN.  Eighteen 
years'  practical  experience  of  liookselling  and  Letterpress  Printing 
Intermed.  B.A.  Lond.  Fair  knowledge  of  Classical  and  Modern 
Literature.— S.  8.,  Hollywood,  Halesworth  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

EVENING  TUITION  in  MATHEMATICS  and 
PHYSICS  given  by  a  London  B.Sc.  (double  Honours)  of  over 
six  years' teaching  experience— For  terms,  &c.,  write  to  G.  U.,  M,  New 
Oxford  Street. 

pITY  of  LEEDS.— FREE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY.— 

V7  The  Corporation  require  the  services  of  a  CHIEF  LIBRARIAN. 
Salary  300/.  per  annum.  Applicants  must  not  be  more  than  4.5  yeais  of 
age.  Canvassing  membersof  the  ('orporation  will  disqualify  Candidates. 
— Applications,  with  three  testimonials  of  recent  date,  to  be  sent 
before  November  15,  addressed  Free  Public  Library  Committee,  Town 
Hall,  Leeds,  and  endorsed  "  Chief  Librarian  ' 

JNO.  HARRISON,  Town  Clerk. 
October  U,  1897. 


D 


ERBYSHIRE     COUNTY      COUNCIL. 


The  Technical  Education  Committee  of  the  Derbyshire  County 
Council  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for  the  appointment  of  an 
ORGANIZING  SECREIARY  for  the  COUNTY  of  DERBY.  Salary 
350/.  for  the  first  year,  to  be  raised  by  25/.  per  annum  to  400/  ;  also  100/. 
per  annum  for  travelling  expenses.  The  age  of  applicants  must  be 
between  25  and  40.  The  official  appointed  must  devote  the  whole  of  his 
time  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  which  carries  no  pension,  and  may  be 
determined  by  three  months'  notice  on  either  side. 

Statements  of  duties  may  be  obtained  from  me,  the  undersigned. 

Applications,  marked  "Organizing  Secretary,"  enclosing  copies 
(originals  will  not  be  returned)  of  three  testimonials  of  recent  date, 
stating  qualifications,  must  be  sent  to  me  on  or  before  12  o'clock  at 
noon  on  Monday,  November  1, 1897. 

Canvassing  in  any  form  will  be  held  a  disqualification. 

N,  J.  HUGHES-HALLE-rr,  Clerk  of  ihe  County  Council. 

County  Offices,  Derby,  October  6, 1897. 


R 


OYAL   HOLLOWAY  COLLEGE, 


The  office  of  LADY  PRINCIPAL  will  shortly  be  vacant,  and  the 
Governors  are  now  prepared  to  receive  applications  from  Candidates 
desiring  to  apply  for  the  office 

It  is  requested  that  applications  may  be  sent  to  the  Sechftari,  from 
whom  further  information  may  be  obtained,  not  later  than  November  14 

„       ,  „  „  „  „  J    L   CLIFFORD-SMIfH,  Secretary. 

Royal  HoUoway  College,  Egham,  Surrey. 


J)R.     WILLIAMS'    SCHOOL,    DOLGELLEY. 

»,?o.Si.S2X^''"°^'  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of  HEAD 
MISiKEt)b.  Salary  150/  a  year  (to  commence  with).  Board,  Laundry 
&c.  Present  number  of  Pupils  :  Boarders,  66;  Pay  Scholars,  3.5.-Appli- 
cations,  accompanied  by  not  more  than  six  recent  testimonials,  to  be 
sent  in  to  me  not  later  than  the  13th  prox. 
_.,„,„„,  W    R.  DA  VIES,  Solicitor, 

October  8, 1897.  Dolgelley,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


H 


E 


D 


MA      S      T      E      R, 


very  suecMSful  and  rapidly  growing  PROPRIETARY  SCHOOL 

income  over  3,000/.  per  annum,  wishes  2,000/,  increase  of  capital  to 
develope  School  and  extend  School  to  admit  applicants  Pi-incioals 
only  dealt  with .    Highest  possible  references  given. 

„  ^P.P'''-  5"'  instance,  B.A.,  care  of  Messrs.  Greenop  &  Son  Solicitors 
2,  Talbot  Court,  Gracechnrch  Street,  E.C.  ooiicnors, 


jyjASON     COLLEGE,     BIRMINGHAM. 

ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIP  IN  CLASSICS. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  above  appointment 
Applications,  accompanied  by  testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the 

undersigned  not  later  than  Saturday,  November  6 
The  Candidate  elected  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  his  duties  as 

soon  as  possible.  w".*wo  as 

Further  particular  B  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY",  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY  COLLEGE   of  SOUTH  WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

The    Council    invites   applications    for    the    PROFESSORSHIP   of 

GREEK.    Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  sent  on  or  before 

Tuesday,  November  23,  1897,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 

particulars  may  be  obtained. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  October  19,  1897. 

ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill,  Staines  —The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe.  India,  and  the  Colonies,  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September,  1838  'I'he  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  competition  rwelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  lelegi-aphs  Department,  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P  WD  ,  and  One  in  the  IratHc  Department,  Indian 
State  Railways —For  particulars  apply  to  Secrctary,  at  College, 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN, Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns —For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal 

pOACHES     and    VISITING    TEACHERS.— Ex- 

V  y  perienced  University  Women,  with  distinctions  in  Literature, 
History,  Classics,  Mathematics,  French,  German  Moral  and  Natui-al 
Science,  are  RECOMMENDED  by  the  UNIVERSITY  ASSOCIATION  of 
AVOMEN  TEACHERS  Lessons  also  by  Correspondence,  and  Prepara- 
tion for  Examinations  —Hon,  Sec,  48,  Mall  Chambers,  Kensington,  W. 

GOVERNESSES  for  PRIVATE  FAMILIES.- 
Mlss  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSES  for  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements  —Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven  Street 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRINO  &  CO  ,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements— 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R,  J.  Beevob,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

KING'S  COLLEGE,  LONDON.— ELOCUTION, 
Ac— SPECIAL  CLASS  for  CLERGY',  TUESDAYS,  at  3  30. 
EVENING  CLASSES,  WEDNESDAYS,  6  and  7.  Syllabus  at  the 
College  Office— For  Private  Lessons  address  the  Lecturer,  Rev.  C.  K. 
Taylor,  M  A.  LL  B  ,  Lecturer  in  Public  Reading  and  Speaking. 

ARTICLE     REQUIRED,    dealing    with     an 

-Tl.  Historical  Building  in  the  City  of  London,  to  be  published  in 
Pamphlet  Form  —  Address,  stating  qualifications,  terms,  &c ,  to 
Research,  care  of  King's,  62,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  W  C. 

I^YPE-WRITING,     9^.    1,000    Words.      Authors' 

-1-  MSS  a  speciality  All  class  of  work  neatly  and  promptly  executed 
by  experienced  Lady  Typist  References  on  application —Denham,  150. 
Bridge  Road,  Battersea,  S.W. 

YPE-WRITING    by   CLERGYMAN'S 

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words.  Circulars,  &c..  by  Copying  Process.- Miss  Sixes,  West  Kensing- 
ton Type-writing  Agency,  13,  Wolverton  Gardens,  Hammersmith,  W. 

YPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,    Plays,    Re- 

views.  Literary  Articles,  &c.,  COPIED  with  accuracy  and  despatch 
Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies —Address  Miss  E.  Tigar,  23,  Maltland 
Park  VUlas,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W.    Established  1884. 


n^YPE-WRITING.— Manuscripts,    &c.,    copied. 

JL  Terms,  Id  per  folio  (72  wordsi,  or  5,000  words  and  over,  lOd  per 
thousand,  paper  included.- Miss  Nigbti.-jgall,  Walkern  Road,  Steven- 
age. 

'T^YPE-WRITING.- MSS.,   &c.,    copied,    Id.    per 

A  folio  of  72  words  Orders  by  post  promptly  executed.  Excellent 
references— Miss  Brown,  28,  Victoria  Road,  Upper  Norwood,  S  E. 

q^HE  BUSH  LANE  HOUSE  TYPING  OFFICE  — 

-L  Authors'  MSS  ,  Plays,  Legal  and  General  Copying  executed  with 
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w 


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8vo.  74  pp.  post  free,  Is.— Picserinq  &  CaitTO,  66,  Haym^rkct,  London, 
S.W. 


542 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


ELLIS  ic  ELVEY, 

Dealers  in  Old  and  Hare  Books,  Prints,  and  Autoffraplis. 

NEW  CATALOGUK  (No  87)  of  CHOICF,  and  VAI.UAULK  liOOKS, 
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free,  Sixpence. 

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c 


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CATALOGUE,  No.  277,  The  ISLAM,  its  History, 
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pATALOGUE,  No.  279,  LATEST   PURCHASES. 

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by  the  Marquess  of  Bute— Forbes's  Cantus,  Songs  and  Fancies,  Aberdeen, 
1683— Kowlandson's  Hungarian  and  Highland  Broad  Sword,  1799— 
Whitaker's  Leeds,  2  vols.  1816-20— Biblia  Sacra  Latina,  with  Arms  of 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby— Military  Costume  of  Europe,  coloured  plates.  2  vols. 
1812  — Missale  Boraanum.  Manuscript  on  Vellum,  Skc.  XV.— First 
Editions  of  the  Works  of  Thackeray,  Dickens,  Kipling.  Leigh  Hunt, 
and  others— Scotch  Historical  Tracts- Modern  Standard  Works  and 
Novels— Periodical  Publications— Theological  Works— a  Collection  of 
Postage  Stamps,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Engravings,  ^c,  including  the  Property  of  the  late  GEORGE 
THOMAS  ROBINSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  WelUngton 
Street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  THURSDAY,  October  28,  and  Following  Day 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  ENGRAVINGS,  framed  and 
in  the  portfolio— Engravings  by  the  Old  Masters— Scarce  Mezzotint 
and  other  Portraits,  including  The  Danghtersof  Sir  Thomas  Frankland, 
after  Hoppner— Ornamental  and  Architectural  Collections,  Ac,  including 
the  Property  of  the  late  GEORGE  THOMAS  ROBINSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A. , 
of  Earl  s  Terrace,  Kensington— Publications  of  the  Arundel  Society— 
Water-colour  and  other  Drawings— a  few  Oil  Paintings,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.   Catalogues  may  be  had. 


N''  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


543 


A  Selected  Portion  of  the  Vahcnble  Library  of  the  late 
W.  E.  FliEliE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  SATUKUAY,  October  30,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  SELECTED  PORTION  of  the  VALUABLE  I.IHHAKY  of  the  late 
W.  E.  FKEKE,  Esq.,  comprisinj;  rare  Spanish  and  I'ortug;uese  Hooks  on 
South  America,  &c.— Poetry,  Chronicles,  Histories,  &e.— the  Works  of 
Hakluyt,  I)e  Hry,  and  Purchas— Voyages  and  Travels— Hooks  on  India 
—Publications  of  the  Hakluyt,  Chethani,  and  other  Societies— CoUec- 
tiooB  of  beautifully  executed  Indian  Drawings. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  A.  W.  HILLlEli,  Esq.,  and  the 
liemaining  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  JOHN 
OAKEY,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGB 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  I,  and  Following  Day,  at 

1  o'clock  precisely,  a  roRl'ION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  A.  W.  HILLIER, 
Esq.,  of  Winncote,  Streatham  Park,  S.W,  consisting  of  First  Editions 
of  the  Works  of  Charles  Lever,  W.  Combe,  Kenny  Meadows,  Robert 
Southey.  Charles  Dickens,  and  others— Fine  Illustrated  Rooks— Modern 
Publications  on  Large  Paper— Poetry,  Novels,  and  Standard  Historical 
Works,  &c. ;  and  the  REMAINING  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the 
late  JOHN  OAKEY,  Esq  ,  comprising  valuable  Works  illustrated  by  J. 
Leech,  George  Cruikshank,  Rowlandson,  H  K.  Browne,  &c.— Reprints 
of  Rare  Works— Sporting  Books- History,  Poetry,  and  the  Drama,  In- 
cluding Boaden's  Memoirs  of  J.  P.  Kemble,  2  vols  in  4.  extia  illustrated 
—Tours  of  Dr.  Syntax,  3  vols  ,  1820-21— Doran's  Their  Majesties' Ser- 
vants, 2  vols  in  4,  extra  illustrated— Pierce  Egan's  Real  Life  in  London, 

2  vols  ,  1824— Lodge's  Portraits,  12  vols  ,  1833— Combe's  English  Dance  of 
Death  and  Dance  of  Life,  3  vols  ,  Original  Editions,  illustrated  by  Row- 
landson—Thackeray's  Works,  Edition  de  Luxe,  24  vols  — Arber's  Eng- 
lish Reprints,  30  vols  ,  Large  Paper,  &c.— a  Collection  of  about  1,600 
Caricatures  by  Gillray.  Heath,  George  Cruikshank,  Woodward,  and 
others— Periodical  Publications,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  tvvo  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  HENHY  GUI F FIT H.  Esq.. 
F.S.A.;  also  the  Libraries  of  the  late  Dr.  IIOBEHT 
HOGG,  LL.n.  F.L.S.  F.li.H.S.,andSIDNEy  DOVGLAS- 
CROMPTON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
■will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.  on  WEDESDAY,  November  3.  and  Following  Day 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  HENRY' 
GRIFFITHS,  Esq..  F.S.A.  (who  is  leaving  Brighton),  comprising  an 
interesting  Collection  of  modern  Topographical,  Archaological,  and 
Antiquarian  Hooks,  County  and  Local  Histories  (chiefly  relating  to 
Sussex),  and  Works  in  General  Literature  ;  also  the  BOTANICAL  and 
MISCELLANEOUS  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Dr.  ROBERT  HOGG.  LL.D. 
F.L.S.  F.R.H.S  (Author  of  The  Vegetable  Kingdom,'  •  Fruit  Manual.' 
'  British  Pomology,'  &c. ),  comprising  old  and  modern  Books  on  Garden- 
ing, Botany,  &c..  and  Works  in  General  Literature  ;  and  the  ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL LIBRARY  of  SIDNEY  DOUGLAS-CRO.MPTON.  Esq  , 
comprising  the  valuable  AVorks  of  Ochsenhcimer,  Buckler,  Stainton 
MilliSre,  Wood,  Curtis,  Stephens,  Hewitson.  Cramer.  Schaeffer,  Hubner, 
Herrich-Scbaelftr,  Westwood,  Donovan,  and  J.  E.  Smith,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
Mrs.  PRUDENTLY.  LONHDALE. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY',  Novembers,  and  Following  Dav  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCHIPf.'^,  comprising  the' Old 
Dramatists,  14  vols  .  Large  Paper,  bound  by  Zaehnsdorf— a  Collection  of 
Early  Playing  Cards— Nimrod's  Life  of  a  Sportsman,  Fir>t  Edition— 
Beaumarchais,  La  Folic  JournCe,  Original  Edition,  morocco,  by  Petit— 
Moli^re,  CEuvres,  First  Complete  Edition,  1682— La  Fontaine,  Contes  et 
Nonvelles,  Edition  des  Ferniiers-Gcnf^raux- Boccaccio,  Le  Decameron 
6  vols  red  morocco,  1757— Pine's  Horace,  2  vols  old  red  moroc  o— 
Works  on  Freemasonry— Matthew  Arnold's  Merope,  First  Edition- 
Dance  of  Life.  Plates  by  Rowlandson,  First  Edition,  boards  uncut— 
Horae  B.  V  M.  Manuscript  and  Pi  inted -Works  on  Fencing-Pascal 
Les  Frovinciales,  Original  Issue- Titulo  de  Conde  de  Moutemar,  Manu- 
script on  Vellum- Heywood'9  Troia  Britannica,  1609,  &c  also  the 
LIBRARY  of  the  late  Mrs  PRUDENTIA  LONSDALE  (Daughter  of 
Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg,  the  Biographer  ol  Shelley),  sold  by  order  of  the 
Executors,  including  Pickering's  AldinePoets,45  vols  —Byron's  Works 
First  Editions  — Coleridge's  Remorse,  First  Edition,  a  Presentation 
Copy,  with  Notes  and  Corrections  in  Coleridge's  Autograph— Cruik- 
shank's  Punch  and  Judy,  Coloured  Copy,  uncut-Pine's  Horace— Leigh 
Hunt's  Legend  of  Florence,  and  the  Months,  Presentation  Copies  with 
Interesting  Inscriptions-Mrs.  Piozzi's  Life  of  Dr  Johnson,  Presenta- 
tion Copy— the  Works  of  T.  Medwin,  T.  Jefferson  Hogg— George  Mere- 
dith's Poems,  First  Edition— the  Works  of  T  L  Peacock,  First  Editions 
Presentation  Copies-Gray's  Poems,  Shelley's  Copy,  with  his  Autograpli 
—Shelley's  Works,  First  Editions,  Presentation  Copies— the  Publica- 
tions of  Mrs.  Shelley,  Presentation  Copies— Cicero's  Cato  Major,  printed 
and  sold  by  B  Franklin,  &c.  ■>     ■  i- 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

FRIDA  y  NEXT. 

ItOO  Lots  of  Photographic  and  Scientific  Apparatus,  Magic 
Lanterns,  and  a  splendid  Collection  of  Hand- Painted  Slides, 
and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

lyTR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 

zl'^innY^v'^lPJi;?:^^'?  ^'''^*'  Rooms.  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXT,  October  29,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 
On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 


MONDAY,  November  8. 
The  First   Portion  of  the  important  and  valuable  Scientific 
Collections  formed  by  Mr.  JOHN  CALVERT,  consisting  of 
the  Savage  Curiosities. 

"V/TR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will   SELL   the  above  by 

on  MONDAY  °Nn.*'  ''h'  Great  Rooms.  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden. 
on  MONDAY,  November  8,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  preciseir  without 
CauZ%XZ''^^\°l*^'^  •'.^"^  CaIveRT,  who  is'^dlsposfng  o  hU 
Collection,  owing  to  his  declining  health,  and  the  unsafe  condTtion  of 
the  Museum  House  through  the  excavations  ol  the  Midland  Railway 
lo^erhrd'"*  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMESS  SQUARE 

'"^nn?J'i'r..?,^t^^^''-'^"''*  ^^^"^^  PORTION  of  the  HORTON 
COLLECIION,  comprising  highly-finished  Miniatures.  Enamels 
Boxes  Metal  and  Silver  Work,  Ivories,  Decorative  China,  Wedg- 
wood Scent  Flasks,  Plaques,  Engravings.  Decorative  Furniture 
and  numerous  Articles  of  Vertu,  forming  a  Ten  Days'  Sale 

■fy/TESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 

^..T't-  tP  SELL  at  their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  MONDAY  October  25 
and  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  day  the  verv  exten 
81  ve  COLLECTION  of  ARTICLES  of  VER'l'U,  comprising  Min.aturel- 
^flitff  r/°'*A^'''?°*"«''=''-S°"ff-'>°''«^-«»°bSnSs-lfuis^^^^ 
Rifv/r  Vori, "i  I'O'-'es-Metal  Work  -Clocks-Watches-Jewe  lery- 
rhli.„^r''~;''™1?,'=''  *"''  o""'^''  Decorative  Items  -  old  Oriental 
»^oJ^*Pi°''''^'"'°='  ^^""^"er,  Sevres,  Derby,  and  other  China-Wedg: 
Dp;?nr,H  ''"1'"®?''°*  ^i"'"'  '""'  Mcdallions-a  small  quantity  of 
Decorative  Fumiture-Engravings-Water-Colour  Drawin"8--and  a 
variety  of  Decorative  Items  of  every  Description  -"""""s*  ^^a  a 
May  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Music  and  Instruments. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W C.  on 
'TUESDAY',  October  20  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisclv,  a  COLLEC- 
TION of  MUSICAL  INSTKU.MENTS.  comprising  (iiaiid  and  Cottage 
I'ianofortes  by  Broaclwood.  Eraid.  Biinsmead.  Konisch,  Oetzmann,  Hop- 
kinson,  llagspiel,  Comp  Concordia  Co,  Hickman,  Chiswell,  &c — 
Organs  and  Harmoniums— Single  and  Double  Action  Harps  hy  Erard, 
Eial.  Dodd,  &c  —Old  Italian  and  other  Violins.  Violas.  Violoncellos, 
and  Double  Basses,  including  thi;  Property  of  ilie  late  J  WESL.AKE. 
Esq —Guitars,  Mandolines,  and  Hanjos— a  larue  quantity  of  Brass  and 
AVood  Wind  Instruments  ;  and  a  LIBRARY  of  .\US1C.  inclu'ling  Pub- 
lications of  the  Handel  Society— Mace  (T  ).  Musick's  Monument;  or.  a 
Remembrancer  of  the  Best  Practical  Music,  l(i70  — I'urccU's  Kacred 
Mu^ic,  »&c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Engravings,  Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  I'aintings,  including 
the  Property  of  the  late  GODFUEY  FUA  NCOIS  D  VRA  MO, 
Esq.,  many  years  Special  Artist  to  the  Graphic. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W  C  ,  on 
THURSD.AY,  October  28,  and  Following  Day,  at  ton  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  ENGltAVINGs,  comprising  a 
Collection  of  Fancy  Subjects,  many  being  Printed  in  Colours  and  in 
Fine  States,  after  Cosway,  AVheatlev,  Cipriani,  Stothard,  Nutter 
Morland,  &e  — Old  Sporting  Prints  after  Alv.cn,  Herring.  Reinagle. 
Sartorius- 'Topographical  and  Historical  Subjects- Fine  Old  Mezzotint 
Portraits— Caricatures  in  Colours  after  Rowlandson  and  Gillray— Old 
Playbills.  Costume  Prints,  and  Scrap- Hooks  — Modern  .Artists' Proof 
Engravings  and  Etchings  by  and  after  Millais.  l.eightou,  Gravier, 
Cousins,  L.  3  Potts.  Paton.  &c  ;  also  a  Small  Collection  of  Water- 
Colour  Drawings  and  Sketches,  and  a  few  Oil  Paintings. 

Catalogues  on  application.    On  view  one  day  prior. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W  C.  on 
TUESDAY,  November  2,  and  Following  Day,  at  hall-past  5  o'clock 
precisely,  rare  BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
STAMPS,  from  various  Private  Sources, 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  oa  receipt  of  stamp. 

Library  of  the  late  T.  C.  BARING,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
AVEDNESDAY,  November  3,  and  'Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  1'  C  BARING,  .M  A  . 
comprising  Standard  Editions  of  English  and  Foreign  Historical  and 
Biographical  Works— a  remarkable  Series  of  Early  Publications  from 
the  Aldine  and  Elzevir  Presses— Works  on  Natural  History  and  Botany. 
&c  .  including  Gould's  Tioehilidie- Mammals  of  Australia  — Birds  of 
New  Guinea— Birds  of  Asia— Cussans's  Hertfordshire.  Large  Paper— Du 
Cange.  Glossarinin.  8  vols..  Best  Edition— Platonis  Opera.  Aldus.  1513 
—English  Chronicles.  28  vols,  morocco  extra— Dante  Commedia,  1491— 
BibliaGra-ca,  bound  by  Deroine,  with  lusTicket,  1518— Aristotelis  Opera, 
6  volt  ,  -lldus,  1495-8— I'hucydides.  1502.  in  fine  Inlaid  Binding  by  Hardy 
— Opusculum  de  Herone  et  Leandro  (First  Production  of  the  Aldlno 
Press).  1494-Stow's  Survey,  by  Strype.  2 vols  .  1754 -Plato's  Dialogues, 
by  Jowett,  5  vols  — Grote's  Plato,  3  vols— Miiller's  chips  from  a  Gernian 
Workshop,  4  vols —Sacred  Books  of  the  East,  35  vols -Gardiner's  Fall 
of  the  Monarchy,  Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage,  Great  civil 
War,  England  under  Buckingham— Couch's  Fishes  of  the  British  Islands, 

4  vols  — Ritson's  Works,  mostlv  First    Editions.  29  vols  — Prescotts 
Works,  15  vols.- Lowe's  Ferns,  8  vols  —Freeman's  Norman  Conquest, 

5  vols —Yule's  Marco  Polo.  2  vols.;  the  majority  of  which  are  in  choice 
Morocco  and  i;alf  Bindings,  some  with  Arms  on  sides. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


M 


Books  and  Autographs. 
ESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON    will    SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  AV  C  .  on 
FRIDAY.  November  5,  at  10  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely  a  COL- 
LECTION of  BOOKS,  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS,  and  DR.AWlNtiS 
including  Akermann's  AVestniinster  Abbey— Pyne's  Roval  Residences 
—Rousseau,  OSuvres,  18  vols..  Large  Paper— Ronlandson's  London 
A'olunteer  Costumes— Facey  Romford's  Hounds,  in  Oiiginal  Parts— 
Barham's  Ingoldsby  Legends,  3  vols.,  First  Edition— Cabinet  des  Fees 
41  vols.  —  Dodsley'8  Old  Plays,  by  Hazlitt,  Large  Paper —  Kipling's 
Quartette  — Stevenson's  College  Memories- AVorks  on  the  Slavonic 
Provinces— Autograph  Letters  of  C.  J.  Pox.  E.  Burke,  J.  Wilkes  Aol- 
taire,  Sheridan,  Chevalier  d'Eon,  &c.— Original  Drawings  by  G  Cruik- 
shank and  R.  Doyle. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Miscellaneous  Books  of  all  Classes.— Five  Days'  Sale. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane,  AV C,  on  'THURSDAY', 
October  28.  and  Four  Following  Days  (Saturday  excepted),  at  1  o'clock 
a  large  COLLECTION  of  MISCELLANEOUS  HOOKS  comprisin"  Aia 
Appia,  225  Drawings,  5  vols  atlas  folio— Picart's  Religious  Ceremonies 
5  vols.  large  Paper— Hogarth's  Prints— Art  Journal.  1847-76,  42  vols — 
HipkinsandGibbs's  Musical  Instruments- Palxontographical  Society's 
Publications,  1847  to  1891,  40  vols.— Fenn's  Original  Letters,  5  vol's  — 
Westwood's  Pala'ographica  Sacra- Ben  Jonson's  Works  9  vols  Large 
Paper— Dibdin's  Bibliographical  AA'orks,  10  vols.- Clark's  Theological 
Library,  115  vols  —Chinese  Repository,  11  vols  —Gentleman's .Magazine 
210  vols  — Coates's  Herd-Book,  41  vols— Percy  Society's  Publications! 
25  vols.— Abbotsford  AVaverley,  12  vols  — Borrows  AVorks  11  vols  — 
Lacrolx,  QCuvres,  4  vols. —Theology— Scientific  Treatises  — Students' 
Books,  &e. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Valuable  Law  Books ;  Portion  of  the  Library  of  an  Eminent 
Barrister:  Handsome  Inlaid  Mahogany  Secretaire  Glazed 
Bookcase  ;  Framed  Portraits,  SjC. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  AV.C,  on  THURSDAY' 
November  4.  at  1  o'clock.  Valuable  LAW  BOOKS,  comprising  the  New- 
Law  Reports,  1865-6  to  1P97,  277  vols —House  of  Lords  Cases  from  Colles 
to  Macqueen,  60  vols  — Knapp  and  Moore's  Privy  Council  Cases  and 
Indian  Appeals,  41  vols —Chancery  Reports  from  Keen  to  Hemming 
and  Miller.  62  vols  —Common  Bench  Keports,  89  vols.— Exchequer 
Reports,  20  vols  -Nisi  Prius  Cases,  24  vols  —Fisher's  Common  Law- 
Digest,  7  vols  — Pritchard's  Admiralty  Digest  2  vols,  and  other  Practical 
Works— Handsome  Inlaid  Mahogany  Glazed  Secr(!taire  Bookcase— Por- 
trait of  Sir  Fitzroy  Kelly— A'anity  Fair  Cartoons  of  Eminent  Judges 
Framed,  &c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 


Library  of  the  late  ALEXANDER  MACDONALD,  Esq., 
Glasgow. 

In  the  CROAVN  HALLS,  98,  SAUCHIEHALL  STREET,  GLASGOAV, 
on  2.  3,  4,  5,  6.  8  and  9  November,  commencing  each  day  at  12  o'clock 
prompt,  PUBLIC  SALE  of  the  fine  COLLECTION  of  .'S.OCX)  rare 
SCOTTISH  HISTORICAL  and  ANTIQUARIAN  BOOKS  (formed 
with  great  care  and  judgment  by  the  late  ALEXANDER  MAC- 
DONALD,  Esq.,  sold  by  order  of  Messrs.  Macdonald  &  Kirkland, 
Writers,  Agents  for  the  Trustees). 

MORRISON,  DICK  &  M'CULLOCH  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION  as  above. 

On  view  on  Monday,  November  1,  from  10  a.m.  to  5  p.m  ,  and  on  fore- 
noon of  each  day  of  Sale.  Catalogues  price  One  Shilling,  or  post  free 
on  receipt  of  twelve  stamps,  on  application  to  the  Auctioneebs  at  98 
Sauchiehall  Street,  Glasgow. 


BA\K  AUCTION  MAP.T,  CORS  STREET,  BRISTOL. 

SALE  of  the  valuable  COLLECTION  of  upwards  of  120  PAINTINGS 
and  DRAWINGS  by  some  of  the  finest  Masters  of  the  Modern 
Schools,  among,- 1  which  will  be  found  choice  Examples  by  the 
following  popular  and  well-known  Artists,  viz  ,  B.  W.  Leader,  R.A., 
John  Hictt.  AR.A,  F.  Goodall,  RA,  Edwin  Long,  R  A.,  P.  R. 
Morris,  A.R.A  ,  E.  M.  AVimperis,  Samuel  Prout,  Jan  A'an  Beers, 
AVm.  Miiller,  E.  Debat  Ponsan.  A'an  Somer,  A  Paoletti,  John  Syer, 
sen  ,  James  Hardy,  jun,  Charles  Branwhite,  J.  Jackson  Curnock, 
James  AVebb,  J.  B.  I'yne,  James  Doubting,  A.  AVilde  Parsons, 
F.  A  AV,  'T.  Armstrong  George  Bunn,  E  J.  Niemann,  P.  Nasniyth, 
R.  Hillingford,  C  S  Liddcidalc,  and  others  Also  a  COLLECTION 
of  over  100  ARTISTS'  PROOF  ENGRAVINGS,  nearly  all  Signed 
(Framed  and  Unf rained),  including  Four  by  David  Lucas  after  John 
Constable,  R  A.  (The  Lock,  The  Cornfield.  Salisbury,  and  Vale  of 
IJedham);  Shoeing,  Bolton  Abbey,  Stag  at  Bay,  Honeymoon,  and 
others,  after  Sir  E,  Landseer.  II  A  ;  Austerlitz,  &c  ,  after  Meis- 
sonier ;  and  Eleven  various  Works  after  W.  Dendy  Sadler,  removed 
from  Fair  Aiew  House,  Kingswood,  to  the  above  Mart  for  con- 
venience of  Sale. 

^/TE3SRS.  ALEXANDER,  DANIEL  &  CO.  are 
1-  instructed  by  PHILIP  FUSSELL.  Esq..  J.P  ,  who  is  leaving  his 
Residence,  to  SELL  by  .AUCTION,  the  AVHOLE  of  his  COLLECTION 
on  WEDNESDAY  and  THURSD.AY,  October  27  and  28,  at  half-past 
12  o'clock  each  morning. 

'I'^HE     RELIQUARY     and    ILLUSTRATED 

A  ARCH.t:oLOGIST.  Edited  bv  J.  ROMILLY  ALLEN,  F.8.A. 
Pi  ice  2.<  OJ  Quarterly.    The  OCTOBER  Part  contains  :  — 

BELL  CASTING  in  the  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.  By  N.  Heneage 
Legge.    3  Illustrations. 

NORWEGIAN  WOOD  CARVINGS.    TANKARDS  and  MANGLES.    By 

Rd,  Quick.    12  Illustrations. 
OBSOLETE    AVELSH    CHURCH    CUSTOMS.      By    Elias    Owen,    M.A. 

FS.A.    6  Illustrations. 

PITCUR  and  its  MERRY  ELFINS.  By  David  MacRitchie.  2  Illustra- 
tions. 

DISCOVERY  of  INTERMENTS  of  the  EARLY  IRON  AGE  at  DANE'S 
GR.AVES,  near  DRIFFIELD,  YORKSHIRE.    Illustrated. 

CUP-MARKED  .STONE  found  near  EDINBURGH     2  Illustrations. 

LEADEN  CISTERN  at  BRADLEY  COURT,  near  WOT'TON-UNDER- 
EDGE,  GLOUCESTERSHIRE.    AVith  an  Illustration. 

FURNITURE  SUPPORTS.    With  an  Illustration. 

LEADEN  FONT  at  AA'ALTON-ON-THE-HILL,  SURREY.  With  an 
Illusti-ation. 

BRONZE  DAGGER  with  ORIGINAL  HANDLE  found  near  CASTLE 
ISLAND,  CO.  KERRY.    Collotype  Frontispiece. 

The  KEYS  of  the  DERVISH  TREASURY  at  DONGOLA.  2  Illustra- 
tions. 

AVELSH  COSTUME.    AVith  an  Illustration. 

NOTICES  of  NEAV  PUBLICATIONS  :-' A  Key  to  English  Antiquities' 
— '  Handbook  to  Gothic  Architecture:  Ecclesiastical  and  Domestic' 
—'How  to  Write  the  History  of  a  Parish '—"The  Hook-Hunter  in 
London '—' Nooks  and  Corners  of  Pembrokeshire  —'The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  Library:  English  Topography' —  ' History  of 
labylonia'— '  Manual  of  Wood-carving.' 

London  :  Hemrose  &  Sons,  Limited,  23,  Old  Bailey ;  and  Derby. 

'^FHE    ROMAN    BATH    at  BATH ;    Ecclesiastical 

i  Architecture  of  f^cotland  ;  Ancient  Architecture  of  Ireland,  V. 
(illustrated);  Design  for  Bronze  Gates  ;  Quantities  (Student's  Column), 
&c  —See  the  BUILDER  of  October  23,  id.  ;  by  post,  4jd. 

The  Publisher  of  the  Builder,  46,  Catherine  Street,  London,  W.C. 

THE  SEQUEL  TO  '  THE  PRISONER 
OF  ZENDA.' 

The  DECEMBER  (CHRISTMAS)  NUMBER  will 
contain  the  Opening  Chapters  of  RUPERT  of 
HENTZAU,  Avhich  in  interest  and  iocident 
rivals  Mr.  ANTHONY  HOPE'S  '  Prisoner  of  Zenda,' 
to  Avhich  it  forms  a  Sequel. 


NOW  READY. 
THE  NOVEMBER  NUMBER  OF  THE 

PALL  MALL   MAGAZINE. 

Price  ONE  SHILLING  net. 

CONTENTS. 

La  Sarabaude.    From  a  Painting  by  F.  Roybet.  FRONTISPIECE. 

'The  AVidow  at  the  Lion"  CHARLES  H.  'TAYLOR. 

Illustrated  by  G.  Grenville  Manton. 
Longleat.  Rev  A.  H.  MALAN. 

AVith  Illustrations  from  Special  Photographs  by  the  Author 
A  JIare's  Nest  Rev.  MORRIS  PRICE  AVILLIAMS- 

AVith  Illustrations  by  Arthur  H  Buckland. 
The  Campaign  of  St  Aincent  Judge  O'CONNOR  MORRIS. 

AVith  Portraits  of  Admirals  and  Plans  of  the  Battle. 
How  Bois  Rosi^  and  I  Captured  the  King        EDWARD  W.  JENNINGS. 

AVith  Illustrations  by  J.  S.  Crompton 
A  Builder  of  the  Empire.    Baroness  MACDONALD  of  EARNSCLIFFE. 

With  Portrait  r'rontispiece  of  Sir  John  Macdonald. 
The  Pilot.  MORLEY  ROBERTS. 

With  Illustrations  by  Hounsom  Byles. 
A  Traitor's  AAife.  M.  E.  MARTYN. 

The  Home  of  the  Penguins  of  the  World  W.  H.  BICKEBTON. 

Illustrated  from  Special  Photographs. 
British  Army  Types     VI.  A  Captain  12th  Lancers 

AVith  Full-Page  Illustration  by  Arthur  Jule  Goodman. 
Captives  of  the  Mighty.  J.  R.  HUTCHINSON- 

.A  Moment's  Madness.  MAUD  DIVER. 

With  Illustrations  by  Frederic  Craig. 
November.  A.  L.  BUDDEN  (.Ada  Bartrick  Baker). 

AVith  Full-Page  Illustration  by  Will   H  Robinson. 
Sport  of  the  Month  :  Pheasant  Shooting      :Loid  ERNEST  HAMILTON. 

With  Full-Page  Illustration  by  George  Roller. 
Stives.    Chaps.  35, 38.    (Concluded.) 

A.  T.  QUILLER  COUCH  (after  Stevenson's  Notes). 
"  Through  the  Long  Nights."  W.  D.  ELLWANGER. 

Illustrated  by  Abbey  Altson, 
"  Bridged  Over."  T    I'KESTON  B.ATTERSBY- 

AVith  Illustration  by  H  J.  Walker. 
From  a  Cornish  AVindow.  A.  T.  QUILLER  COUCH. 

AVith  'Thumb-Nail  Sketches  by  Mark  Zangwill. 
'Tlie  Humours  of  the  Month. 


EXQUISITELY  ILLUSTRATED  BY  THE  LEADING  ARTISTS. 


Offices :  18,  CHARING  CROSS  ROAD,  LONDON,  W.C. 


544 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


MR.    WM.    HEINEMANN'S    PUBLICATIONS. 


AN       ALPHABET. 

By   WILLIAM    NICHOLSON. 

IN  THUEB   EDITIONS. 

1.  The  ORDINARY  EDITION,  lithographed  on  Cartridge  Paper,  12iin.  by  10  in.,  picture  boards,  price  2s. 

2.  On  Van  Gelder's  Hand-made  Paper,  mounted  on  brown  paper,  cloth,  price  12s.  6d.  net. 

3.  A  few  copies  printed  direct  from  tbe  Woodblocks,  and  Hand  Coloured  by  the  Artist,  each  Design  mounted  on 
board  in  Vellum  Portfolio,  price  211.  net. 

An  Ilhistrated  Prosj>ectus  on  application. 

NEW   LETTERS    OF   NAPOLEON   I. 

Omitted  from  the  Collection  published  under  the  auspices  of  Napoleon  III. 

Translated  from  the  French  by  Lady  MARY  LOYD. 

1  vol.  demy  8vo.  with  Frontispiece,  price  15^.  net.  [Shortly. 

"  These  Letters  manifest  the  great  man  in  his  smallest  and  most  secret  mood.    He  strikes  no  picturesque  attitude,  but 
unmasks  himself  as  he  felt  and  as  he  was.'' 

A  HISTORY  OF  DANCING,  FROM  THE   EARLIEST  AGES 

TO  OUR  OWN  TIMES.    From  the  French  of  GASTON  VUILLIER.    With  25  Plates  in  Photogravure  and  about 
400  Illustrations  in  the  Text.     In  1  vol.  4to.  price  36s.  net. 
Also  35  copies  printed  on  Japanese  Vellum  (containing  Three  additional  Plates),  with  a  duplicate  set  of  the  Plates  on 
India  Paper  for  framing.    Each  copy  numbered  and  signed,  price  TWELVE  GUINEAS  net. 

An  Illustrated  Prospectus  on  application. 

THE  NEW  AFRICA.     A  Journey  up  the  Chobe  and  down  the 

Okovanga  Rivers.    By  AURBL  SCHULZ.  M.D.,  and  AUGUST  HAMMAR,  C.B.    Demy  8vo.  28s. 
TIMES  — "  The  country  is  well  and  briefly  described  ;  the  habits  and  history  of  native  tribes  are  indicated  •without  too 
much  detail.    We  are  sure  that  no  one  will  wish  to  lay  down  the  book  until  the  last  page  has  been  turned." 

PETER  THE   GREAT.     By  K.  Waliszewski.    With  a  Portrait. 

2  vols.  8vo.  28s. 
SATCKDAY  REVIEW.— " XmarieWons  story,  told  with  great  spirit  by  the  author." 

LITERATURES      OF     TEE      WORLD. 
Edited  by  EDMUND  GOSSE.    Crown  8vo  price  6s.  each. 

A   HISTORY   OF    MODERN    ENGLISH    LITERATURE.    By 

EDMUND  GOSSE,  Hon.  M.A.  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Un  the  press. 

PREVIOUSLY  PUBLISHED. 

A  HISTORY  OF  FRENCH  LITERATURE.    By  Edward  Dowden, 

D.C.L.  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Oratory  and  English  Literature  in  the  University  of  Dublin. 
ATHEX^UM.—"  A.  hUtory  ior  lovers  of  literature;  it  gives  us  a  more  sympathetic  notion  of  the  spirit  of  French 
■writers  than  any  book  which  has  been  written  in  English.    Certainly  the  best  history  of  French  literature  in  the  English 

SA  TVRDA  Y  REVIEW.— "A  history  of  literature  as  histories  of  literature  should  be  written." 

A  HISTORY  OF  ANCIENT  GREEK  LITERATURE.    By  Gilbert 

MURRAY,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
TIMES.—"  A  sketch  to  which  the  much-abused  word  '  brilliant '  may  be  justly  applied.    Dealing  in  400  pages  with  a 
subject  which  is  both  immense  and  well  worn,  Mr.  Murray  presents  us  with  a  treatment  at  once  comprehensive,  penetrating, 
and  fresh.    By  dint  of  a  clear,  freely  moving  intelligence,  and  by  dint  also  of  a  style  at  once  compact  and  lucid,  he  has 
produced  a  book  which  fairly  represents  the  best  conclusions  of  modern  scholarship." 

A  List  of  this  Series  on  application. 

THOMAS  AND  MATTHEW  ARNOLD :  and  their  Influence  on 

Enclish  Education.    By  Sir  JOSHUA  FITCH,  LL.D.,  formerly  Her  Majesty's  Inspector  of  Training  Colleges.    1  vol. 
crown  8vo.  5s.  ttJ'"*"'  Educators. 

DAILY  CHRONICLE.— "  We  commend  this  interesting  volume  to  everyone  interested  in  the  great  subject  of  the 
training  of  the  young.    The  book  is  a  noble  tribute  to  two  great  educational  reformers." 

A  List  of  this  Series  will  be  sent  on  application. 

THE  NON-RELIGION  OF   THE   FUTURE.     By  Marie  Jean 

GUYAU.    1  vol.  demy  8vo.  17s.  net. 
SCOTSMAN.—"  The  knowledge  and  ability  with  which  it  is  written,  the  clearness  and  vivacity  of  its  style,  and  the 
aptness  of  the  numerous  illustrative  anecdotes  are  conspicuous.    It  must  interest,  and  few  will  read  it  without  finding  in  it 
abundant  food  for  thought  and  reflection." 

SIXTY  YEARS   OF  EMPIRE,   1837-1897.     A  Review  of  the 

Period.    Contributions  by  Sir  CHARLES   DILKE,  Mr.  JOHN   BURNS,  Mr.  JOSEPH   PENNELL,  Mr.   LIONEL 
JOHNSON,  &c.,  and  many  Portraits  and  Diagrams.     1  vol.  crown  8vo.  6s.  [Great  Lwes  and  Events. 

CUBA  IN  WAR-TIME.    By  Richard  Harding  Davis,  Author  of 

'  Soldiers  of  Fortune.'    With  Illustrations  by  Frederick  Remington.    1  voL  3*.  6rf. 
TIMES.—"  Mr.  Davis's  book  is  sure  to  be  widely  read.    It  is  the  first  striking  account  we  have  read  of  the  characteristics 
of  the  war,  and  there  will  be  general  agreement  as  to  its  being  a  good  and  interesting  piece  of  work." 

MY  FOURTH  TOUR  IN  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA.    By  Albert 

F,  CALVERT,  F.R.G.S.    4to.  with  many  Illustrations  and  Photographs,  21«.  net. 

LUMEN.    By  Camille  Flammarion.    1  vol.  3s.  6d. 

SCOTSMAN.—"  One  of  the  most  subtle  pieces  of  imaginative  literature  of  recent  times." 


SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


IN    THE   PERMANENT   WAY, 
and  other  Stories. 

By    FLOEA    ANNIE    STEEL. 
BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 

ON  THE  FACE  OF  THE  WATERS. 

[Fortieth,  T/wutand. 

SATURDAY  REVIEW.-'-The  best  novel  of  the  great 
Mutiny." 

THE  POTTER'S  THUMB. 

[Sixth  Edition 
GLOBE.— "  A.  brilliant  story :  a  story  that  fascinates." 

FROM  THE  FIVE  RIVERS. 

[  Third  Edition. 
TIMES.—"  Of  exceptional  merit." 

ST.  IVES. 

By  R.  L.  STEVENSON,  Author  of  'The  Ebb 
Tide,'  &c.     Second  Edition. 

TIMES. — "  Neither  Stevenson  himself  nor  any  one  else 
has  given  us  a  better  example  of  a  dashing  story,  full  of  life 
and  colour  and  interest.  St.  Ives  is  a  character  who  will  be 
treasured  up  in  the  memory  along  with  David  Balfour  and 
Alan  Breck,  even  with  D'Artagnan  and  the  Musketeers." 

THE    CHRISTIAN. 

By  HALL  CAINE. 

Of  this  Novel  over  100,000  copies 
have  been  sold. 

SKETCH.— "It  quivers  and  palpitates  with  passion,  for 
even  Mr.  Caine's  bitterest  detractors  cannot  deny  that  he 
is  the  possessor  of  that  rarest  of  all  gifts— genius." 

THE  GADFLY. 

By  E.  L.  VOYNICH, 

ST.  JAMES'S  GAZETTE.— "  \  very  strikingly  original 
romance,  which  will  hold  the  attention  of  all  who  read  it, 
and  establish  the  author's  reputation  at  once  for  first-rate 
dramatic  ability.  Exciting,  sinister,  even  terrifying,  we 
must  avow  It  to  be  a  work  of  real  genius." 

THE  FREEDOM  OF  HENRY 
MEREDYTH. 

By  M.  HAMILTON,  Author  of  '  McLeod  of  the 
Camerons,'  &c. 

MARIETTA'S  MARRIAGE. 

By  "W.  E.  NORRIS,  Author  of  'The  Dancer  in 
Yellow,'  &c. 

WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE.— "  Keen  observation,  de- 
licate discrimination,  a  pleasant,  quiet  humour,  rare  power 
of  drawing  characters  that  are  both  absolutely  natural  and 
interesting  to  study." 

WHAT  MAISIE  KNEW. 

By  HENRY  JAMES,  Author  of  'The  Spoils  of 
Poynton.'    Second  Edition. 

DAILY  CHRONICLE.— "  A  work  of  art,  so  complex,  so 
many-coloured,  so  variouslj'  beautiful!  It  is  life  seen,  felt, 
understood,  and  interpreted  by  a  rich  imagination,  by  au 
educated  temperament;  it  is  life  sung  in  melodious  prose, 
and  that,  it  seems  to  us,  is  the  highest  romance." 

THE  GODS  ARRIVE. 

By  ANNIE  E.  HOLDSWORTH,  Author  of  'Joanna 
Traill,  Spinster.' 

PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.  — "Bright,  wholesome,  and 
full  of  life  and  movement.  Miss  Holdsworth  has,  too,  a  very 
witty  style." 

LAST  STUDIES. 

By  HUBERT  CRACK ANTHORPE,  Author  of 
'Wreckage.'  With  an  Introduction  by  HENRY 
JAMES,  and  a  Portrait.  IShortly. 

S.\.RAH  GRAND'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

THE    BETH    BOOK. 

By  SARAH  GRAND,  Author  of  '  The  Heavenly 
Twins.'  l.I'"'  ^^^  press. 


London:  WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


545 


MESSRS.  C.  ARTHUR    PEARSON'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


READY  EARLY  IN   NOVEMBER. 


MEN    WHO    HAVE     MADE     THE     EMPIRE. 


By  GEOKGE   GKIFFITH. 

With  16  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Stanley  L.  Wood.     Demy  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  price  7». 


6d. 


+h^   ^r™n'^^^i'°LJ!^^^7  ^l^^  Pictures  of  the  Men  who  have  done  most  to  build  up  the  greatest  Imperial  Fabric  that  the  sun  has  ever  shone  upon  :-William 
tJn'^^^^ZLVLt.lUt'^^lr'''   Drake-Ohver  Cromwell-Willia.   of  Orange-James  Cook-Lord  Clive-Warren  Hasti'ngs-Nelson- 


6s. 


POPULAR    NOVELS    NOW    READY. 


THE  ZONE   OF  FIRE. 

By  HEADON  HILL,  Author  of  'Guilty  Gold,' 

This  is  an  exciting  story  of  adventures  with  our 
troops  in  the  Soudan,  and  should  prove  of  especial 
interest  in  view  of  recent  events. 


THE    RAID    OF    THE 
"  DETRIMENTAL." 

Being  the  True  History  of  the  great  Dis- 
appearance of  1862,  Related  by  several  of 
those  impUcated  and  others,  and  now  first 
set  forth  by  the 

EARL  OF  DESART. 

"  Of  its  brilliance  there  can  be  no  doubt.  The 
story  is  quite  remarkable."— Z>M«<^ee  Advertiser. 

"  Cleverly  written  and  replete  with  original  in- 
terest  Unique  and  entirely  out  of  the  common 

run  of  fiction." — Public  Opinion. 

"  There  is  plenty  of  amusement  to  be  found  in 
its  pages." — Star. 

QUEEN  OF  THE  JESTERS. 

By  MAX  PEMBERTON. 
With   8  Full -Page   Illustrations, 

"  Mr.  Max  Pemberton  has  not  hitherto  given  us 
so  excellent  a  bit  of  work  as  his  new  collection  of 
stories  '  The  Queen  of  the  Jesters.'  "Sketch. 

"Admirably  told  and  interesting  enough  to  pre- 
vent the  book  being  laid  down  till  the  last  one  is 
finished." — Glasgow  Daily  Mail. 

"  Mile,  de  Montes3oa  is  an  altogether  delightful, 
high-spirited  young  woman,  and  Mr.  Pemberton  'sets 
out'  her  adventures  with  exhilarating  briskness  and 
crispness." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Corinne  de  Montesson,  from  certain  episodes  in 
whose  imaginary  life  the  ingenious  author  has  taken 
the  adventures  set  out  in  this  pertinacious  record  of 
practical  joking  on  a  scale  surely  never  attempted 
by  any  other  person," —  World. 


AN  AMERICAN  EMPEROR. 

By  LOUIS  TRACr. 
With  IG  Pull-Page  Illustrations, 

"Is  a  bold  and  lively  romance.  Its  hero  is  a 
charming  American  millionaire,  who,  for  love  of  a 
woman,  seeks  to  gain  the  throne  of  France,  He  has 
the  wealth  of  a  Croesus,  and  does  not  mind  spend- 
ing it.  The  reader  soon  gets  interested  in  bis  cam- 
paign, the  details  of  which  are  not  without  a  certain 
air  of  truthfulness,  despite  the  essential  extrava- 
gance of  the  main  idea.  The  story  is  cleverly  told, 
and  is  well  illustrated,"'— yw/isAtre  Po$t. 

"In  the  whole  volume  there  is  not  a'duU  page. 
The  action  is  continuous  and  boldly  attractive." 

Sheffield  Independent. 

"One  of  the  most  daring  novels  of  the  season." 

Irish  Society. 


3s.  6d. 

THE    DUKE   AND    THE 
DAMSEL. 

By  RICHARD  MARSH. 

In  this  story  Mr.  Richard  Marsh  devotes  himself 
to  a  series  of  light-comedy  incidents,  relieved  by  a 
few  touches  of  strong  feeling.  The  scene  is  laid  at 
Monte  Carlo,  and  the  whole  tale  is  a  study  of 
modern  men  (and  women)  and  manners. 


THE    IRON    CROSS. 

By  R.  H.  SHERARD. 

Mr,  Sherard  has  laid  the  scene  of  this  story  in  an 
old  French  village,  and  deals  with  a  search  for 
hidden  treasure  in  a  thoroughly  novel  and  interest- 
ing way.  The  mystery  of  the  hidden  treasure  is 
well  maintained  up  to  the  last  chapter. 


HER  ROYAL   HIGHNESS'S 
LOVE  AFFAIR. 

By  J,  MACLAREN  COBBAN. 

"  Mr.  Maclaren  Cobban  has  dipped  his  pen  in  the 
same  ink-bottle  used  by  Mr,  Anthony  Hope,  and  I 
think  with  quite  as  much  success.  '  The  Prisoner 
of  Zenda'  was  not  more  charming  than  is  'Her 
Royal  Highness's  Love  AS.dL\x.'"— Morning  Leader. 

"  One  of  the  most  original  stories  which  has  come 
under  our  notice  for  some  time." 

Manchester  Courier. 

"  One  of  the  most  entertaining  stories  we  have 

read  for  many  a  day A  delightfully  brisk  and 

wholly  enjoyable  piece  of  humorous  phantasy." 
A'orth  British  Daily  Mail. 

JOHN   OF   STRATHBOURNE. 

By  R,    D.    CHETWODE. 

"A  stirring  'romance  of  the  days  of  Francis  I,' 

It  is  exceedingly  well  told,  and  the  interest  is 

sustained  on  every  page." — Scotsman, 


FORTUNE'S  FOOTBALLS. 

By  G.  B,  BURGIN. 

'_'  We  recognize  in  its  pages  the  peculiar  power 
which  made  his  Canadian  tales  so  attractive  and 

even  fascinating Mr,   Burgin    is    producing    a 

series  of  works   that    must  place   him    very   high 
among  the  favourite  authors  of  the  day." 

Diver  pool  Mercury. 

"  Mr,  Burgin  has  an  alert  eye  for  the  eccentricities 
of  character The  strongly  accentuated  character- 
drawing  verges  here  and  there  on  caricature,  but 
the  exaggeration  of  delineation  is  on  the  lines  of 
truth,  and  remains  convincing." — Daily  News. 

"A  fresh  and  readable  story  of  London  life." 

Observer. 

"The  author  gives  us  a  new  taste  of  his  quality, 
and  that  a  good  one," —  Weekly  Times  and  Echo. 


3s.  6d. 

THE    INVISIBLE    MAN. 

By   H.    G.    WELLS. 

"  Will  greatly  enhance  the  reputation  of  a  very 
ingenious  story-teller.  Mr,  Wells  has  a  remark- 
able faculty  of  invention,  and  a  still  more  re- 
markable gift  of  persuasion.' 

Illustrated  London  News. 

"  I  have  not  been  so  fascinated  by  a  new  book 
for  many  a  day," — Ma,  Clement  K.  Shorter  in 
the  Bookman. 

"  Without  exception  one  of  the  most  weird  and 
creepy  books  we  ever  remember  to  have  read," 

Weekly  Sun. 

"The  story  is  told  with  that  fertility  of  ima- 
ginative resource  which  has  made  Mr,  Wells  con-- 
spicuous  in  this  domain  of  fiction," 

Daily  Chronicle. 

"  This  is  a  wonderful  story — grotesque,  indeed, . 
as  the  title-page  has  it,  but  deepening  as  it  goes 
from  the  farcical  to  the  fearful  and  tragical,  '  The 
Invisible  Man '  has  been  happy  in  his  biographer  if 
in  nothing  e\se."— Scotsman. 


THE    SKIPPER'S   WOOING. 

By  W.  W.  JACOBS. 

"It  contains  scenes  which  we  shall  not  be  able 
to  recall  without  a  smile  for  many  weeks  to  come, 

It  is  a  good  story,  well  told,  and  full  of  humour 

and  drollery," — Daily  Telegraph. 

"  Every  reader  will,  like  the  recipient  of  Sam 
Weller's  artistic  love-letter,  'wish  as  there  were 
more  of  it,'  "■ — Punch. 

"In  'The  Skipper's  Wooing,'  as  in  'Many 
Cargoes,'  Mr,  W.  W.  Jacobs  proves  himself  to 
belong  to  the  tribe  of  benefactors.  The  story  of 
how  Capt.  Wilson,  master  and  owner  of  the 
schooner  'Seamew,'won  the  hand  of  Miss  Annis 
Gething,  is  one  which  few  people,  to  use  an  ex- 
pressive vulgarism,  will  be  able  to  read  'with  a 

straight  face.' Those  who  have  read  Mr,  Jacobs's 

earlier  stories  can  readily  imagine  how  irresistibly 
ludicrous  are  the  developments  of  the  plot." 

Spectator. 

THE   TYPEWRITER    GIRL. 

By  OLIVE  PRATT  RATNER. 

"Its  manner  is  exceptionally  winning.  It  pos- 
sesses a  fresh  felicity  of  style,  a  piquant  novelty 
and  charm  of  outlook  that  mark  it  out  from  the 
soon  unremembered  '  books  of  the  hour,' " — Sun. 

"The  lady  who  gives  us  this  book,  under  the 
title  of  '  Olive  Pratt  Eayner,'  is  no  '  new  writer.' 
She  has  written  an  amusing  story — extremely  slight 
in  texture,  no  doubt,  but  withal  bright  and 
humorous." —  Westminster  Gazette. 

"Brilliantly  clever 'The  Typewriter  Girl '  is 

the  work  of  a  cultured  scholar,  who  can  be  aca- 
demic without  pedantry,  who  knows  human  nature 
and  can  interpret  it  truly,  and  who  can  vitalize 
what  appears  on  the  surface  a  commonplace  theme 
with  that  deep  and  earnest  heartbeat  which  is, 
after  all,  the  one  convincing  characteristic  of  good 
fiction." — Daily  Mail. 


C.  ARTHUR  PEARSON  LIMITED,  Henrietta  Street,  W.C. 


546 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


MACMILLAN     &     C  O.'S     NEW     BOOKS. 


ALFRED,  LORD    TENNYSON:   a  Memoir. 

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Facsimiles  of  portions  of  Poems,  and  Illustrations  after  Pictures  by  G.  F.  Watts,  R.A.,  Samuel  Laueence, 

Mrs.  Allingham,  Eichabd  Dotle,  Biscombe  Gardner,  &c. 

2  vols,  medium  8vo.  36*.  net. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  RUDYARD  KIPLING. 


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THE      JEWISH      QUARTERLY      REVIEW. 

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CCVr/fiVrS:— The  RABBINICAL  CONCEPTION  of  HOLINESS.  By  S.  Schechter.— ON  some  SUSPECTED  PASSAGES  in  the  POETICAL  BOOKS  of  the  OLD  TESTAMENT. 
By  the  Rev.  Prof.  T.  K.  Cheyne,  D.D.— JUDAISM  and  PHILOSOPHY  of  RELIGION.  By  Prof.  R.  M.  Wenley.— SOME  EGYPTIAN  FRAGMENTS  of  the  PASSOVER  HAGADA.  By 
I.  Abrahams— The  PROGRESS  of  the  JEWISH  REFORM  MOVEMENT  in  the  UNITED  STATES.  By  the  Rev.  Dr.  David  Philipson.— HISTORICAL  and  LEGENDARY  CON- 
TROVERSIES between  MOHAMMED  and  the  RABBIS.  By  H.  Hirschfeld.— Poetry  :  WHERE  SHALL  I  FIND  THEE  ?  Translated  by  Miss  Nina  Davis.-An  INTRODUCTION  to  the 
ARABIC  LITERATURE  of  the  JEWS.  I.  (continued).  By  Prof.  Moritz  Steinschneider.— A  HITHERTO  UNKNOWN  MESSIANIC  MOVEMENT  among  the  JEWS,  particularly  those 
of  GERMANY  and  the  BYZANTINE  EMPIRE.  By  Prof.  D.  Kaufmann.— BEN  MEIR  and  the  ORIGIN  of  the  JEWISH  CALENDAR.  By  Dr.  Samuel  Poznanski.— The  EGYPTIAN 
NAGID.  By  Prof.  D.  Kaufmann.— NOTES  to  J.  Q.  R.,  IX.  pp.  669-721.  By  S.  J.  Halberstam.- STATEMENTS  of  a  CONTEMPORARY  of  the  EMPEROR  JULIAN  on  the 
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Prof.  Ludwig  Blau.— ON  the  STUDY  of  JEWISH  LAW.  By  David  Farbstein.— CRITICAL  REMARKS  on  PSALMS  LVII.  and  LIX.  By  G.  Buchanan  Gray.— GRaTZ'S  CORRECTIONS 
of  the  TEXT  of  JOB.    By  the  Rev.  Prof.  T.  K.  Cheyne,  D.D.— CRITICAL  NOTICES. 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited,  St.  Martin's  Street,  London. 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


547 


NOW   IS   THE   TIME   TO   SUBSCRIBE. 
A  NEW  VOLUME  BEGINS  WITH  THE  NOVEMBER  NUMBER  OF 

THE    CENTURY    MAGAZINE. 

Illustrated.     Price  Is.  4d.  each  Number.     Annual  Subscription,  16s. 

SOME   OF  THE  PRINCIPAL   FEATURES  FOR   THE   COMING    YEAR:— 

TENNYSON     AND     HIS     FRIENDS. 

The  Poet's  Life  at  Farringford,  Isle  of  Wight. 

The  CENTURY  will  publish  in  November  and  December  some  highly  interesting  sketches  of  Lord  Tennyson,  bis  wife,  brothers,  and  other  members  of  his  family,  and  his  more 
intimate  friends.  Tennyson's  residence  of  "  Farringford  "  is  described  in  these  papers  ;  and  unpublished  reminiscences  are  given  from  several  among  those  who  enjoyed  the  companionship 
of  the  poet.    The  articles  will  be  profusely  illustrated,  and  are  published  with  the  consent  of  the  present  Lord  Tennyson. 


A  NEW  NOVEL  OF  NEW  YORK  LIFE. 

"GOOD      AMERICANS." 

By  Mrs,  BURTON  HARRISON. 

"GALLOP    S." 

Sketches  of  the  Horse  as  a  Member  of  Society. 

By  DAVID  GRAY. 


"  The  Ride  of  his  Life." 

•'  How  the  F.  B.  L.  was  Stumped." 


"  The  Parish  of  St.  Thomas  Equinus." 

"  Braybrooke's  Double-Event  Steeplechase." 


A  NEW  NOVEL  BY  DR.  S.  WEIR  MITCHELL. 

THE    ADVENTURES    OF   FRANCOIS, 

Foundling,  Adventurer,  Juggler,  Fencing- 
Master,  and  Servant  during  the 
French  Revolution. 

MAXIMILIAN    IN    MEXICO. 

A  Woman's  Reminiscences  of  the  French  Intervention. 

By  SARA  Y.  STEVENSON. 


THE  NOVEMBER  NUMBER  WILL  BE  READY  ON  THE  26th. 

THE     CENTURY     MAGAZINE. 

THE  NOYEMBEE,  NUMBER  (FIRST  OF  A  NEW  VOLUME)  CONTAINS— 

TENNYSON   AND    HIS   FRIENDS. 

Mrs.  Cameron,   her  Friends,  and  her  Photographs.      Tennyson,  Watts,   Taylor,   Herschel.      By  V.    C.    SCOTT   O'CONNOR. 

THE     CENTURY     MAGAZINE. 

THE  NOVEMBER  NUMBER  (FIRST  OF  A  NEW  VOLUME)  CONTAINS— 

THE     STORY     OF     CHITRAL. 

The  Heroic  Defence  for  Seven  Weeks  by  the  British  Garrison  of  Fort  Chitral  on  the  Indian  Border.     By  CHARLES  LOWE. 

Hlustrated  by  R.  CATON  WOODVILLE. 

THE     CENTURY     MAGAZINE. 

THE  NOVEMBER  NUMBER  (FIRST  OF  A  NEW  VOLUME)  CONTAINS— 

ANDREE'S    FLIGHT    INTO    THE    UNKNOWN. 

Impressions  and  Photographs  of  an  Eye-Witness.     By  JONAS  STADLING. 

AN     INTERVIEW     WITH     SULTAN     ABDUL     HAMID. 

By  the  Honourable  A.  W.  TERRELL,  lately  United  States  Minister  at  Constantinople. 


FRONTISPIECE.  —  GILBERT    STUART'S 
TRAIT  of  ELIZABETH  BORDLEY. 


POR- 


A  GREAT  NATURALIST 

(Edward  Drinker  Cope). 
By  H.  F.  Osborn.     Illustrated 

"FROM  the  YOUNG  ORCHARDS.". 
Verse.     By  G.  E.  Woodberry. 

The  CHERUB  AMONG  the  GODS, 

By  C.  B.    Fernald.    With  Pictures  by  C. 
Weldon. 

The  GROWTH  of  GREAT  CITIES. 
By  Roger  S.  Tracy,  M.D. 

The  ROMANCE  of  a  MULE-CAR. 
By  Frank  R.  Stockton. 

ON  the  RE-READING  of  BOOKS. 
By  John  Burroughs. 


D. 


GALLOPS. 

I. —The  Parish  of  St.  Thomas  Equinus.  II.— 
Braybrooke's  Double-Event  Steeplechase.  By 
David  Gray.  With  Pictures  by  Lee  Wood- 
ward Ziegler. 

The  Opening  Chapters  of  a  New  Novel  by- 
Mrs.  BURTON  HARRISON, 
"GOOD      AMERICANS." 

RUBAIYAT  of  DOC  SIFERS.  In  2  Parts:  Part  L 
Verse.  By  James  Whitcomb  Riley  With 
Pictures  by  C.  M.  Relyea. 

MOZART. 

By  Edward  Grieg. 

The  LAST  DAYS  of  LOUIS  XVI.   and    MARIE- 
ANTOINETTE. 
By  Anna  L.  Bicknell.     Illustrated. 


LINES    TO   A    PORTRAIT,    BY    A    SUPERIOR 
PERSON. 
Verse.     By  Bret  Harte. 

AN  IMPERIAL  DREAM. 

A  Woman's  Reminiscences  of  Mexico  during 
the  French  Intervention,  with  Glimpses  of 
Maximilian,  his  Allies  and  Enemies.  By  Sara 
Y.  Stevenson. 

STRANGE  CREATURES  of  the  PAST, 

Gigantic  Saurians  of  the  Reptilian  Age.  By 
W.  H.  Ballou.  With  Pictures  by  Charles  R. 
Knight, 

"HE      BRINGETH      THEM       UNTO      THEIR 
DESIRED  HAVEN." 
Verse.     By  L.  Frank  Tooker. 

TOPICS  of  the  TIME. 
OPEN  LETTERS. 
IN  LIGHTER  VEIN. 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited,  London. 


548 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


MR.  MURRAY'S 
LIST    OF    NEW   WORKS. 


JUST    OUT. 
"EODDY  OWEN."     Late  Brevet 

Major,  Lancashire  Fusiliers,  D.S.O.  A  Memoir.  By  his 
Sister.  Mrs.  A.  G.  BOVILL,  and  G.  R.  ASKWITH,  M.A. 
F.B.a.S.    With  Portraits  and  Maps.    Crown  8vo.  12s. 

UNDER theRED  CRESCENT.  Adven- 

tures  and  Experiences  of  an  English  Surgeon  in  the 
Service  of  the  Turkish  Government  during  the  Sieges 
of  Plevna  and  Brzeroum.  1877-78.  Related  by  CHARLES 
S.  RYAN,  M.B. ,  C.M.Edin.,  in  association  vi-ith  his  friend, 
JOHN  SANDBS,  B.A.Oxon.  With  Portrait  and  Maps. 
Crown  Svo.  9s. 

The  LIFE  of  WILLIAM  PENGELLY, 

of  TORQUAY,  r.R.S.,  GEOLOaiST.  With  Selections 
from  his  Correspondence.  By  his  Daughter,  HESTER 
PENGELLY.  And  a  Summary  of  his  Scientific  Works, 
by  Prof.  BONNEY,  F.R.S.  F.G.S.,  &c.  With  Portrait 
and  Illustrations.    Demy  Svo.  18s. 


NEARLY  READY. 
The  LIFE  of  the  REV.  SOLOMON 

C^SAR  MALAN,  D.D.,  Scholar,  Linguist,  Artist, 
Divine,  formerly  Vicar  of  Broadwindsor,  Dorsetshire. 
With  Extracts  from  his  Correspondence.  By  his  Son, 
the  Rev.  A.  N.  MALAN.  With  Portrait  and  Illustra- 
tions.   Demy  Svo.  18s. 

TWELVE    INDIAN     STATESMEN. 

By  Dr.  GEORGE  SMITH,  C.I.B.  Crown  Svo. 
CHARLES  GRANT.— Sir  HENRY  LAWRENCE.— JOHN 
LORD  LAWRENCE.— Sir  JAMES  OUTRAM.— Sir  DONALD 
McLEOD.— Sir  HENRY  DURAND.— Lieut.-General  COLIN 
S.  MACKENZIE.- Sir  HERBERT  EDWARDES.— JOHN 
CLARK  MARSHMAN.— Sir  HENRY  MAINE.— Sir  HENRY 
RAMSAY.— Sir  CHARLES  AITCHISON. 


IN   THE    PRESS. 
KOREA   and   HER   NEIGHBOURS. 

A  Narrative  of  Travel,  and  an  Account  of  the  Recent 
Vicissitudes  and  Present  Position  of  the  Country.  By 
Mrs.  BISHOP  (Isabella  Bird).  With  Maps  and  Illus- 
trations from  the  Author's  Photographs.  2  vols.  large 
crown  Svo. 

The  LIFE    and    LETTERS  of  the 

Rev.  JOHN  BACCHUS  DYKES,  M.A.  Mus.Doc.  Vicar 
of  St.  Oswald's,  Durham.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  JOSEPH 
T.  FOWLER.  Vice-Principal  of  Hatfield  Hall,  Durham, 
&c.    With  Portrait.    Crown  Svo. 


A  CHEAPER  EDITION  OF  THE 
WORKS  OF  SAMUEL  SMILES. 

The  following  Books,  hitherto  published  at 
6s.  each,  will  be  issued  at  3s.  6d.  : — 

SELF  -  HELP.  -  CHARACTER.  -  INDUS- 
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WEDGWOOD.  -  DUTY.  -  THRIFT.  -  MEN 
of  INVENTION  and  INDUSTRY.  -  LIFE 
of  JAMES  NASMYTH.  -  BOY'S  VOYAGE 
ROUND  the  WORLD.-LIFE  of  JASMIN. 


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1.  ALFRED.  LORD  TENNYSON  :  a  Memoir. 

2.  FRIDTJOF   NANSEN   and  the   APPROACH    to    the 

POLE. 

3.  PRECIOUS  STONES. 

4.  The  WARFARE  of  SCIENCB  with  THEOLOGY. 

5.  IDEALS  of  ROMANCE. 


6.  The  IRISH  LAND  QUESTION. 

7.  LIFE  and  WORKS  of  HAMBRTON. 

8.  The  PLAIN  of  THEBES. 

9.  '  OUR  OWN  TIMES  '  and  OXFORD  LIBERALS. 
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LONGMAN'S      MAGAZINE. 

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ALFRED,  LORD  TENNYSON.    By  Andrew  Lang. 

NOCTURNE.    By  Anthony  C.  Deane. 

SOLVING  the  DIFFICULTY.    By  Ada  Cambridge. 


OF  ODD  NOTIONS.    By  A.  K.  H.  B. 

"  TH'  OWDEST  MEMBER."    By  M.  B.  Francis. 

A  NILE  FLIGHT  in  MARCH,  1897.    By  A.  P.  Irby. 

A  SUMMER  STUDY.    By  W.  J.  Purton. 

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THE     ATHENJEUM 


549 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


SOCIETY  FOE  PEOMOTIIGjmiSTIAI  KNOWLEDGE. 

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THEODORE  and  WILFRITH.    Lectures  delivered  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  in  December,  1896,  by  the 

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552 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


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N°3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


553 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  ZS,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

Mr.  Aubrey  de  Vkre's  Recollections  

Thomas  and  Matthew  Arnold  as  Educators 

The  Victorian  Golden  Treasury         

Papers  of  William  Wilberforce        

The  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer       

Unpublished  Remains  of  W.  S.  Laxdor       

New   Novels   (Bladys  of  the  Stewpnney;    Marietta's 

Marriage;     Barbara,    Lady's  -  Maid    and    Peeress; 

Unkist,     Unkind!      Temptation;     The    Builders; 

Claude  Duval  of  Ninety  five;    Whoso    Findeth  a 

Wife) 553- 

Christmas  Books        

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      5ti0- 
ffHE  Ashburnham  Library;   Sib  Pbter  Le  Pagk 

Renouf;  St.  Paul's  School  and  the  Humanists  ; 

The  Library  Association      662- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science  —  Astronomical    Literature;    Societies; 

Meetings  ;  Gossip  564- 

FiNE  Arts— The  Blazon  of  Episcopacy  ;  Notes  fkom 

Asia  Minor;  Gossip       565- 

Music-The  Week;  Gossip;   Performances   Next 

Week  567- 

Drama— The  Diary  of  Master  William  Silence; 

Gossip    66S- 


5.^3 
554 
555 
555 
556 
557 


559 
5f0 
■561 


563 

663 

•565 
5S7 
■568 
■569 


LITERATURE 


Recollections  of  Aubrey  de  Vere.     (Arnold.) 

Mr.  Aubrey  de  Vere  has  borne  a  large 
part  in  the  biograpliies  of  others.  His  letters, 
kis  opinions,  have  filled  many  pages  in  the 
'  Life  of  Lord  Houghton,'  in  the  '  Auto- 
biography of  Sir  Henry  Taylor,'  in  the 
memorial  of  Lord  Tennyson  ;  his  name  has 
nobly  turned  a  rhyme  in  Walter  Savage 
Lander's  verse,  and  another  in  that  of  the 
author  of  '  Philip  van  Artevelde.'  It  would 
hardly  be  possible  to  hold  a  place  more 
enviable  than  his  in  regard  to  his  illustrious 
£riends.  Mr.  de  Vere's  correspondence,  from 
the  day  when  he  received  the  letters  of 
"Wordsworth  to  the  day  when  he  joined  his 
rficoUections  to  those  of  the  son  of  Tenny- 
son, is  that  of  an  author  long  established  in 
the  confidence  and  counterchange  of  friend- 
sMp,  Nevertheless  there  is  no  biography 
of  Mr.  do  Vere  in  all  these  lives  just 
mentioned,  nor  in  that  of  Sara  Coleridge, 
daughter  of  the  poet,  whose  letters  were,  if 
we  remember  right,  for  the  greater  part 
answers  to  his.  Nor  do  we  get  a  biography 
now.  Mr.  de  Vere  has  expressly  avoided 
what  his  readers  would  have  been  particu- 
larly glad  to  have  from  him.  "  Self,"  he 
says,  "  is  a  dangerous  personage  to  let  into 
one's  book.  He  is  sure  to  claim  a  greater 
share  than  he  deserves  in  it."  Therefore 
Mr.  de  Vere  has  made  his  early  chapters 
biographical  in  so  much  as  they  relate  to 
his  childhood  and  boyhood,  when  he  is  able 
to  turn  his  recollections  into  a  little  memoir 
of  his  family,  and  especially  of  his  father, 
Sir  Aubrey  de  Vere,  whom,  as  a  man  and 
as  a  poet,  he  has  always  honoured  with 
a  filial  homage.  But  after  these  details 
of  the  dignified  yet  simple  life  of  the 
family  of  a  territorial  prince  in  Ireland 
in  the  early  days  of  the  centur}', 
the  book  soon  ceases  to  deal  with  its 
author's  true  personality  even  in  this 
secondary  fashion.  The  resolution  to 
eschew  self  has  been  really  too  rigorous. 
The  result  is  that  we  have  chapters  of 
travel  in  which  the  author  of  the  'Autumnal 
Ode '  and  the  '  Ode  to  a  Daffodil '  appears 
in  the  character  of  an  ordinary  tourist, 
undergoing    minor    misfortunes    in    Swiss 


travel,  visiting  Milan  Cathedral  and  the 
Bay  of  Naples,  and  achieving  other 
adventures  equally  common  among  edu- 
cated men.  There  is  a  remarkable 
selflessness  in  all  this  —  all  the  greater 
selflessness  when  the  page  is  concerned 
with  such  trivial  details  cf  his  own  ex- 
perience. And  the  effect  has  not  been  in 
favour  of  the  interest  of  the  book.  A  brief 
history  of  Irish  politics  during  his  life- 
time Mr.  de  Vere  does  give  us,  but 
this  passes  entirely  out  of  the  range  of 
personal  interest  ;  a  valuable  chapter  on 
the  Irish  famine  is  more  specialized,  for 
Mr.  de  Vere  devoted  those  years  of  his  life 
which  were  the  years  of  the  famine  entirely 
to  the  suffering  population.  Of  this,  need- 
less to  say,  he  writes  little  or  nothing ;  but 
readers  of  these  historical  chapters  will  give 
them  their  right  value  when  they  consider 
how  this  member  of  the  privileged  class 
chose  to  make  a  time  of  sorrow  a  time 
of  duties,  and  spent  his  strength  and  his 
health  in  the  heart-breaking  labour  of 
almost  hopeless  succour. 

Mr.    de    Vere,    then,    has    been    all   too 
successful  in  avoiding  biography,  with  one 
exception  only,  and  this  refers  to  _  his  re- 
ligious history.     Here,   secure  against  the 
most  sensitive  scruples  as  to  self-display,  he 
allows  himself   to  tell   his   own   story— the 
story,  in  the  main,  of  the   greater  number 
of     those     who     have     passed     from     the 
Anglican    into    tlie    Eoman     Church.      In 
Mr.  de  Vere's  case  this  change  was  made 
with  the  aid  of  close  intellectual  intercourse 
with  Cardinal  Newman  and  Cardinal  Man- 
ning, his  friends  and  fellow  pilgrims.     It  is 
worthy   of   note  that  he   does  justice    (and 
is  almost  alone  in  so  doing)  to  the  literary 
quality  of  the  work  of  the  less  literary  of 
the   two  cardinal?.     Manning  confessed  to 
him  that  ho  had  at  the  outset  paid  much 
attention  to  style,  and  had  later  repented  of 
the  study  as  unworthy.     He  might  repent, 
but  he  could  not  undo.     His  sermons,  his 
prefaces,  his  magazine  articles,   all  written 
for  the  sake  of  what  he  had  to  say,  remain 
fine  in  their  structure,  classic  in  their  tone, 
and  now  and  then  the  wit  of  the  very  style 
suggevsts    a    smile    where    the    subject    is 
rigidly  theological.     Of  Newman,  then,  and 
of  Manning,  for  reasons  of  conscience,  Mr. 
de  Vere  has  much  to  say  ;  of  Wordsworth 
something,    though    hardly    enough.     Few 
people  take  lively  interest  in  Mrs.  Hemans  ; 
but,   in  memory  of   the  interest  taken   by 
their  fathers,  almost  all  would  have  liked  to 
hear  something  of  her  personality,  or  some 
little  description  of  the  occasion  when  Mr. 
de  Vere  called  on  her  in  Dublin  and  heard 
her  read  the  'Yarrow  Kevisited '  of  Words- 
worth, just  sent  to  her  in  MS.  by  Words- 
worth's   daughter  Dora.     A.bout  Tennyson 
there  is  nothing,  and  the  loss  is  not  very 
great,  for  all  that  Tennyson's  friends  were 
willing  to  tell  of  him  has  been    told  and 
retold,  almost  in  the  same  words  by  them 
all.     But    it  would  have    been  a  valuable 
record   of    a   man    little    described   if    Mr. 
de  Vere  had  drawn  on  his  recollections  of 
early   friendship    with    Coventry   Patmore, 
including   his   journey  to   Eome    with   the 
author    of   the   'Unknown    Eros';    and  we 
should  have  been  glad  to  hear  something 
more  about  Mr.  Euskin. 

Of   one   curious   individuality   we   get  a 
glimpse— that  of  Dr.  William  Sewell,  some- 


'  time  Sub-Eector  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford. 
Dr.  Sewell— long  outlived  by  his  brother, 
the  present  Warden  of  New  College,  and 
by  his  sister,  the  author  of  a  series  of  novels 
for  very  young  girls  that  were  all  the  fiction 
on  which  the  maidens  of  two  or  three 
well-bred  generations  were  fed — was  per- 
sonally the  gentlest  of  men,  but  his 
theology,  which  was  high,  though,  not 
ritualistic,  made  him  a  very  savage  in 
literature.  His  imagination  was  haunted 
by  a  Jesuit,  an  uneducated  and  shock- 
ingly vulgar  Jesuit,  who  plotted  without 
ceasing  the  overthrow  of  the  Anglican 
Establishment.  In  a  ruthless  novel  Dr. 
Sewell  strove  with  this  Jesuit,  hunted  him 
into  his  underground  hold,  trapped  him, 
and  had  him  eaten  by  rats.  The  remains 
were  found,  and,  says  the  theological 
novelist  implacably,  it  was  evident  from 
their  position  that  the  vital  parts  had  been 
the  last  devoured.  This  terrible  author 
was  extremely  kind,  however,  to  Mr.  de  Vere, 
and  seems  to  have  explained  that  his  High 
Church  principles  were  dear  to  him  '^  as 
practical  exponents  of  the  Platonic  philo- 
sophy, to  which  he  was  passionately 
attached.  He  took  pains  not  to  be  regarded 
as  belonging  to  the  school  represented  by 
Newman  and  Pusey.  He  held  the  Eoman 
Catholic  Church  in  great  dislike,  and  suf- 
fered much  from  the  malady  called 
'  Jesuit  on  the  brain.'  "  He  did  ;  but  Mr. 
de  Vere  says  nothing  about  the  novel.  On 
Hartley  Coleridge  he  pronounces  a  judgment 
that  is  simply  exquisite.  He  does  not  repeat 
the  too  manifestly  invented  story  (invented 
by  whom  we  know  not)  told  in  the  life 
of  Lord  Tennyson  to  the  effect  that 
Hartley,  invited  to  a  dull  clerical  family 
dinner-party,  and  finding  the  pre-prandial 
silence  intolerable,  jumped  up,  kissed 
the  daughter  of  the  house,  and  fled  out 
into  the  night;  but  he  describes  the  man 
with  a  tender  and  spiritual  touch  : — 

"It  was  a  strange  thing  to  see  Hartley 
Coleridge  fluctuating  about  the  room,  now  with 
one  hand  on  his  head,  now  with  both  arms 
expanded  hke  a  swimmer's.  There  was  some 
element  wanting  in  his  being.  He  could  do 
everything  but  keep  his  footing,  and  doubtless 
in  his  inner  world  of  thought  it  was  easier  for 
him  to  fly  than  to  walk,  and  to  walk  than  to 
stand.  There  seemed  to  be  no  gravitating  prin- 
ciple in  him.  One  might  have  thought  he 
needed  stones  in  his  pockets  to  prevent  his 
being  blown  away.  But  he  is  said  to  have 
always  lived  '  an  innocent  life,  though  astray,' 
and  he  might,  perhaps,  have  been  more  easily 
changed  into  an  angel  than  into  a  simply  strong 
man." 

Mr.  de  Vere,  as  befits  his  nationality — 
for  he  calls  himcelf  an  Irishman,  although 
his  blood  and  his  name  are  English,  and 
his  high  equanimity  and  serenity  of  judg- 
ment might  be  claimed  as  characteristics  of 
the  educated  English  mind— tells  a  certain 
number  of  good  stories  One  is  merely  the 
record  of  his  grandfather's  purchase  of  a 
property :  — 

"Once  when  walking  in  a  London  street  he 
passed  a  room  in  which  an  auction  was  going 
on,  and,  attracted  by  the  noise,  entered  it. 
The  property  set  up  for  auction  was  the  Island 
of  Lundy  in  the  Bristol  Channel.  He  knew 
nothing  whatever  about  it,  but  when  the 
auctioneer  proclaimed  that  it  had  never  paid 
either  tax  or  tithe,  that  it  acknowledged  neither 
King  nor  Parliament,  nor  law  civil  or  eccle- 
siastical, and  that  its  proprietor  was  pope  and 


554 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


emperor  at  once  in  liis  o\vn  scanty  domain,  he 
made  a  bid,  and  the  island  was  knocked  down 
to  him.  It  paid  its  cost  by  the  sale  of  rabbits  ; 
and  whenever  its  purchaser  chanced  to  have 
picked  a  quarrel  with  England  and  Ireland  at 
the  same  time,  it  was  a  hermitage  to  which  he 
could  always  retire  and  meditate.  He  planted 
there  a  small  Irish  colony,  and  drew  up  for  it 
a  very  compendious  code,  including  a  quaint 
law  of  divorce  in  the  case  of  matrimonial 
disputes." 

There  is  the  reply,  too,  of  an  under- 
graduate to  a  Fellow  who  rebuked  him  and 
another  for  their  flippant  criticism  of  the 
head  of  one  of  the  Cambridge  colleges.  The 
Pellow  said  to  them  : — 

"  '  You  are  probably  ignorant,  young  gentle- 
men, that  the  venerable  person  of  whom  you 
have  been  speaking  with  such  levity  is  one  of 
the  profoundest  scholars  of  our  age— indeed,  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  any  man  of  our  age  has 
bathed  more  deeply  in  the  sacred  fountains  of 
antiquity.'  'Or  come  up  drier,  sir,'  was  the 
reply  of  the  undergraduate." 
Monckton  Milnes  and  O'Brien  Stafford  had 
a  close  friendship  varied  with  incidents  and 
passages.  "  Does  that  old  friendship,"  asked 
some  one,  "between  you  and  Stafford  con- 
tinue to  rankle  still  ?  " 

In  a  last  chapter  Mr.  de  Vere  deals  with 
the  themes  of  his  own  poems,  but  chiefly 
those  more  elaborate  works  in  blank  verse 
that  were  the  result  of  prolonged  historical 
study.^  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  one  of  the 
few  misprints  in  the  volume  defaces  a  quota- 
tion from  his  own  work,  on  p.  172,  where 
"mountains"  for  maintains  robs  a  sentence 
of  its  verb  and  every  way  plays  havoc.  But 
altogether,  the  book  (a  book  without  an 
index,  unfortunately)  is  a  good  gift  from  the 
author's  revered  old  age.  It  presents,  almost 
in  spite  of  itself,  the  portrait  of  a  noble 
figure,  a  man  of  letters  in  a  sense  peculiar 
to  a  day  now  disappearing,  a  man  of 
responsible  leisure,  of  serious  thought,  of 
grave  duties,  of  high  mind.  It  shows  us 
for  a  moment  the  pictures  of  the  past  that 
dwell  in  that  mind  —  Wordsworth  at  his 
prayers ;  Hamilton  in  love ;  the  glades  of 
Curragh  Chase  in  the  kindling  green  and 
the  subsiding  autumn  sweetness  of  two-and- 
eighty  years. 


Great  Educators. — Thotnas  and  Matthew  Arnold. 

By  Sir  Joshua  Fitch.  (Heinemann.) 
In  spite  of  the  "it  has  seemed  to  me"  of 
his  introductory  note,  Sir  Joshua  Fitch  would 
not,  we  presume,  have  sat  down  to  write  one 
more  book  on  Arnold  without  some  little 
external  suggestion  and  stimulus,  such  as  is 
usually  adrninistered  in  the  case  of  a  series. 
So  far  as  his  part  of  the  business  goes,  he 
has  done  it  well  and  pleasantly.  His  object, 
as  he  tells  us,  has  not  been  to  add  new 
material,  but  simply  to  bring  into  prominence 
those  features  in  the  character  of  Thomas 
Arnold  and  his  son  "which  are  likely  to 
be  of  permanent  value  to  the  professional 
teacher."  He  goes  over  the  well-known  story 
with  a  good  deal  of  freshness,  and  selects 
characteristic  dicta  of  Arnold's  with  judg- 
ment. He  does  not  perhaps  quite  realize 
that  Arnold's  real  distinction  was  not  so 
much  to  have  introduced  new  views  on  edu- 
cation (those  were  in  the  air  already  ;  Haw- 
trey  knew,  quite  as  well  as  Arnold,  that 
■what  had  done  for  the  eighteenth  century 
■would  not  do  for  the  nineteenth)  as  to  have 
rendered  possible  the  almost  indefinite  ex- 


tension of  that  public-school  system  which, 
with  all  its  faults,  is,  and  might  be  in  a  far 
higher  degree,  the  salt  of  English  civiliza- 
tion. Would  any  Eugbeian  before  the 
Arnoldian  time  have  ventured  to  hail  Rugby 
in  print  as  "  the  best  school  in  the  world  "  ? 
Of  course  all  Etonians,  Wykehamists, 
Marlburians,  Carthusians,  and  many  others 
know  that  it  is  not ;  but  they  do  not  feel, 
as  two  out  of  the  classes  named  above  would 
certainly  have  felt  seventy  years  ago,  that 
such  a  claim  on  the  part  of  a  Eugbeian  was 
saved  from  the  charge  of  insolence  only  by 
its  imbecility.  Thanks  to  Arnold,  not  only 
I^ugbj)  but  a  dozen  other  schools,  some  of 
recent  foundation,  have  learnt  what  a  tradi- 
tion means,  and  can — in  varying  degrees,  no 
doubt,  but  all  genuinely — confer  on  those 
who  have  been  trained  at  them  the  right  to 
call  themselves  "  citizens  of  no  mean  city." 

There  is  no  need  to  follow  Sir  Joshua 
Fitch  through  the  many  interesting  topics 
upon  which  his  little  book  touches ;  but  a 
point  here  and  there  may  be  noted.  It  is 
curious  that  in  his  dislike  to  what  he  calls 
the  "antiquated  and  soulless  exercise"  of 
Greek  and  Latin  verse-making,  he  should 
have  quoted  a  remark  of  Dr.  Farrar's 
which  suggests  at  once  what  is,  perhaps,  its 
great  educational  merit  in  the  hands  of  a 
cornpetent  teacher.  "  Suppose,"  says  the 
eminent  authority  quoted,  "  he  has  to  write 

a  pentameter His  one  object  is  to  get  in 

the  something  \_i.e.,  the  epithet]  which  shall 
be  of  the  right  shape  to  screw  into  the  line. 
The  epithet  may  be  ludicrous,  it  may  be 
grotesque."  Exactly;  and  the  master,  if 
he  is  worth  his  salt,  points  out  xvhy  it  is 
ludicrous  and  grotesque,  and  the  boy  has 
learnt  something  about  the  proper  use 
of  words,  and  has  gained  what  Mr. 
Sidgwick  (who  on  the  main  question  agrees 
with  Sir  Joshua  Fitch)  calls  "a  sense  of 
form,"  _"  the  embryo  of  the  literary  sense." 
His  epithets  will  in  any  case  hardly  have 
been  so  "ludicrous  and  grotesque"  that 
they  could  not  be  capped  from  the  daily 
writing  of  some  of  our  most  influential 
public  instructors.  After  all,  Sir  Joshua 
Fitch  rather  gives  his  own  case  away  when 
he  says:  "The  arguments  against  verse- 
making  as  an  intellectual  exercise  for 
common  use  and  under  the  treatment  of 
average  teachers  remain  unanswered."  The 
obvious  reply  is,  Eaise  the  average  of  your 
teachers.  Why  discard  a  tool  of  remarkable 
efficiency  for  certain  purposes  because  your 
workman  is  clumsy  ? 

Of  Matthew  Arnold  the  world  knows  as 
much  as  of  his  father,  or  perhaps  more. 
His  life  has,  indeed,  not  been  written,  but 
"in  mentibus  hreret  pa)ne  recens."  Few 
people  who  take  any  interest  in  literature 
are  unfamiliar  with  him  as  a  writer  ;  many 
knew  him  as  a  friend.  Yet  it  is  with  litera- 
ture rather  than  with  education,  in  spite 
of  his  thirty-five  years'  connexion  with  the 
Department,  that  most  associate  him;  and 
Sir  Joshua  Fitch  has  done  well  to  draw 
attention  to  real  services  rendered  by  him 
in  what,  more  by  accident  than  by  predi- 
lection, came  to  be  the  task  of  his  life.  The 
testimony  is  all  the  more  valuable  that 
(as  all  who  have  been  fortunate  enough  to 
be  acquainted  with  both  will  allow)  no  two 
men,  both  being  men  of  genuine  zeal,  could 
well  be  more  unlike  in  mind,  method,  and 
manner  than  the  author  of  the  book  before 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  ^97 

us  and  his  former  colleague.  Arnold  was 
a  polished  poet,  a  lively  critic,  coruscating 
both  in  his  writings  and  in  his  talk  with 
wit  and  happy  phrases.  Sir  Joshua  Fitch, 
it  is  safe  to  say,  has  never  coruscated  in  his 
life ;  he  has  been  a  sensible,  serviceable, 
trustworthy  official,  whom,  for  many  reasons, 
one  might  have  expected  to  look  rather 
suspiciously  on  his  brilliant  colleague's 
official  qualifications.  It  speaks,  therefore, 
well  for  both  men  when  we  find  him 
writing  : — 

"I  am  unable  to  agree  with  those  who  think 
Arnold's  great  gifts  were  thrown  away  upon  a 
thankless  and  insignificant  office.  It  is  true,  he 
regarded  many  of  its  duties  as  task-work,  and 
that  he  reserved  the  best  of  himself  for  literary 
and  other  employments  more  congenial  to  him. 
But  it  is  also  true  that  his  influence  on  the 
schools  was  in  its  own  way  far  more  real  and 
telling  than  he  himself  supposed.  Indirectly, 
his  fine  taste,  his  gracious  and  kindly  manner, 
his  honest  and  generous  recognition  of  any  new 
form  of  excellence  which  he  observed,  all  tended 
to  raise  the  aims  and  the  tone  of  the  teachers 
with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  and  to  encourage 
in  them  self-respect  and  respect  for  their  work.' 

Some  words  that  follow  might  well  be 
printed  at  the  head  of  those  "  Instructions 
to  Inspectors"  which  "My  Lords"  issue 
yearly  as  a  kind  of  Talmud  to  the  Code, 
with  the  advantage  that  the  makers  of  the 
sacred  text  are  also  the  compilers  of  the 
comment : — 

"If  he  saw  little  children  looking  good  and 
happy,  and  under  the  care  of  a  kindly  and  sym- 
pathetic teacher,  he  would  give  a  favourable 
report,  without  inquiring  too  closely  into  the 
percentage  of  scholars  who  could  pass  the  ex- 
amination. He  valued  the  elementary  schools 
rather  as  centres  of  civilization  and  refining 
influence  than  as  places  for  enabling  the 
maximum  of  children  to  spell  and  write,  and 
to  do  a  given  number  of  sums  without  a 
mistake." 

Goodness,  happiness,  kindness,  sympathy, 
refinement — are  there  any  other  ingredients 
in  civilization,  or  the  force  which  makes  men 
creditable  citizens  ?  Just  in  proportion  as 
education  bears  these  in  view  will  it  be  a 
humanizing  influence ;  and  no  men  are  so  in- 
dispensable to  a  sound  educational  organiza- 
tion, whether  as  teachers  or  judges  of 
teachers,  as  men  of  the  type  that  Matthew 
Arnold  would  have  approved. 

If  Sir  Joshua  Fitch  had  done  more 
Latin  composition  in  his  youth,  perhaps 
he  would  not  have  circulated  a  spurious 
coinage  like  "  impartation."  The  Grande 
Chartreuse  is  not  in  Switzerland ;  and  in 
one  place  Hurrell  Froude  is  turned  into 
two  persons  by  the  untimely  intervention 
of  a  comma.  This  short  list  exhausts,  so 
far  as  our  eye  can  detect,  the  corrections 
needed  in  another  edition. 

.  It  is,  of  course,  in  dealing  with  the  edu- 
cational side  of  both  men  that  Sir  Joshua 
Fitch  is  at  his  best,  and  all  teachers  should 
read  and  mark  chaps,  iii.,  iv.,  v.,  ix., 
and  X.  But  he  does  justice  to  the  father 
as  a  scholar,  to  the  son  as  a  man  of  letters. 
His  criticisms  on  Matthew  Arnold's  tone 
towards  Nonconformists  are  fair  and  tem- 
perate ;  but  to  account  for  certain  social 
conditions  is  not  necessarily  to  compel 
acquiescence  in  them. 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


555 


The  Golden  Treasury.  Selected  from  the  Best 
Songs  and  Lyrical  Poems  in  the  English 
Language,  and  arranged  with  Notes  by 
Francis  T.  Palgrave.  Second  Series. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

It  is  now  thirty-six  years  since  Mr.  Pal- 
grave first  gave  to  the  world  '  The  Golden 
Treasury  of  the  Best  Songs  and  Lyrical 
Poems  in  the  English  Language.'  In  the  in- 
terval that  work  has  gone  through  numerous 
editions,  and  has  been  accepted  as  (in  spite  of 
shortcomings)  the  representative  anthology 
of  English  lyric  work  down  to  1850  or  there- 
abouts. Mr.  Palgrave  has  now  essayed  to 
provide  a  sequel  or  supplement  to  his 
original  selection — one  which  should  cover, 
within  limits,  the  English  lyrical  products 
of  the  present  reign.  The  limits  are  these  : 
In  the  first  place,  the  anthologist  does  not 
now  profess  to  offer  "the  best"  songs  and 
lyrics  of  the  period  dealt  with ;  he  offers  a 
selection  from  them  only.  And  this  selec- 
tion is  made — the  preface  assures  us — from 
"  the  greater  Victorian  poets." 

At  least,  that  is  what  seems  to  have  been 
Mr.  Palgrave's  intention.  "  Of  those  later 
singers  whose  course  is  not  yet  run,  it  is,"  he 
says,  "  all  too  soon  even  to  attempt  a  valua- 
tion." "  Many  indeed  and  bright  are  the 
blossoms  springing  up  among  us,  though 
nightshade  and  yewberries  be  not  absent. 
It  were,  however,  presumption  if  we 
attempted  with  the  microscope  of  criticism 
to  classify  these  growths,"  and  so  forth.  AVe 
agree  with  Mr.  Palgrave  that  "nothing 
is  harder  than  to  form  an  estimate  even 
remotely  accurate  of  our  own  contemporary 
artists,"  unless,  indeed,  those  contemporaries 
have  been  so  long  before  the  public  that 
there  has  been  full  time  and  opportunity  to 
fix  their  place  in  the  poetical  hierarch3%  We 
should  not  have  complained  if  Mr.  Palgrave 
had  omitted  from  this  new  '  Golden  Trea- 
sury' examples  of  the  work  of  all  living 
poets  —  though  no  one,  we  fancy,  would 
have  been  sorry  if  he  had  inserted  speci- 
mens of  the  verse  of  Messrs.  Swinburne 
and  Meredith,  and  even  of  Messrs.  George 
Mac  Donald  and  Austin  Dobson.  But  what 
is  the  fact?  Mr.  Palgrave  is  not  true  to 
his  own  principles  as  here  avowed.  He 
includes  in  this  collection  lyrics  by  six 
living  writers — the  Duke  of  Argyll,  Mr. 
Aubrey  de  Vere,  Sir  Lewis  Morris,  Mr. 
Gerald  Massey,  Mr.  F.  Tennyson,  and  the 
Kev.  Richard  Wilton  —  and  by  these  six 
only.  On  what  ground  is  this  done  ?  He 
will  scarcely  argue  seriously  that  of  living 
English  poets  these  six  are  the  greatest. 
No  doubt  they  are  all  members  of  the  elder 
generation,  but  then  so  are  Mr.  Swinburne, 
Mr.  Meredith,  Mr.  Mac  Donald,  and  Mr. 
Dobson,  of  whom  not  a  line  is  given.  In 
his  preface  Mr.  Palgrave  expresses  his 
regret  that  he  is  "not  able  to  adorn"  his 
pages  "with  examples  of  Mr.  Swinburne's 
brilliant  lyrical  gifts  " ;  but  he  says  nothing 
whatever  about  Mr.  Meredith  or  the  others. 

Nor,  we  are  bound  to  say,  does  Mr.  Pal- 
grave carry  out  his  apparent  undertaking 
to  print  in  this  book  nothing  but  the  work 
of  the  "greater  Victorian  poets,"  and 
the  "finest"  samples  of  that  work.  We 
have,  to  be  sure,  twenty-three  pieces  by 
Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson,  fifteen  by  Christina 
liossetti,  'fourteen  by  Robert  Browning, 
thirteen    by  Matthew  Arnold,   twelve    by 


Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,  ten  by  Coventry 
Patmore,  nine  by  Mrs.  Browning,  and  are 
grateful  for  the  gift.  But  of  what  is  the 
other  half  of  the  book  composed  ?  We  have 
seventeen  pieces  by  Arthur  O'Shaughnessy, 
twelve  by  William  Barnes  and  twelve  by 
Charles  Tennyson  -  Turner,  six  by  Lord 
Houghton,  five  by  A.  H.  Clough,  four  by 
Mr.  Frederick  Tennyson,  three  by  William 
Johnson- Cory,  three  by  John  Clare,  three 
by  Sir  F.  H.  Doyle;  two  each  by  Henry 
Kendall,  Charles  Kingsley,  Cardinal  New- 
man, G.  J.  Romanes,  J.  C.  Shairp,  Arch- 
bishop Trench,  and  the  Rev.  R.  Wilton; 
and  one  each  by  Thomas  Ashe,  the  Duke  of 
Argyll,  Sydney  Dobell,  Alfred  Domett,  Sir 
Samuel  Ferguson,  the  Rev.  R.  S.  Hawker, 
Miss  Ingelow,  John  Keble,  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  Mr.  Gerald  Massey,  Sir  Lewis 
Morris,  Thackeray,  Mr.  de  Vere,  Peacock, 
and  Charles  Whitehead.  Waiving  for  the 
moment  the  question  whether  any  of  these 
do  or  do  not  appear  wrongfully  in  _  an 
anthology  of  "the  best  songs  and  lyrical 
poems"  of  the  Victorian  period,  we  are 
constrained  to  ask  why,  if  these  are  ad- 
mitted, others  not  less  worthy  are  excluded. 
Why  does  Mr.  Palgrave  ignore  entirely 
the  lyrical  outcome  of  William  AUingham, 
T.  Lovell  Beddoes,  Ebenezer  Jones,  George 
Darley,  David  Gray,  Leigh  Hunt,  Frederick 
Locker-Lampson,  the  two  Lyttons,  Philip 
Bourke  Marston,  William  Morris  —  surely 
a  remarkable  omission  !  —  the  Procters, 
W.  C.  Roscoe,  Alexander  Smith,  and  Mrs. 
Augusta  Webster  —  to  name  no  others  ? 
"Tastes  differ,"  says  Mr.  Palgrave  in 
his  preface ;  but  there  is  such  a  thing 
as  common  critical  consent,  and,  by  act- 
ing as  if  the  work  of  the  above-named 
poets  and  verse-writers  did  not  exist  at  all, 
our  latest  anthologist  conveys  the  impres- 
sion of  being  governed,  not  by  sound  judg- 
ment, but  by  caprice,  and  by  caprice  which 
he  would  find  it  difficult  to  excuse. 

So  much  for  what  we  take  to  be  Mr. 
Palgrave's  errors  of  omission.  Now  for 
what  we  regard  as  his  errors  of  commission. 
How,  for  example,  does  he  reconcile  it  to 
his  conscience  that  he  has  printed  only  one 
specimen  of  the  lyric  grace  of  Landor? 
that  he  has  reproduced  two  pieces  each  by 
H.  C.  Kendall,  by  J.  C.  Shairp,  and  by 
G.  J.  Romanes,  and  has  found  room  for 
only  one  by  Jean  Ingelow?  that  he  has 
selected  six  by  Lord  Houghton,  and  only 
four  by  Mr.  Frederick  Tennyson?  We 
sympathize  with  his  praise  (in  the  notes) 
of  William  Barnes  and  of  Charles  Tennyson- 
Turner;  but  ought  they  to  have  been  placed 
on  a  level  with  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  as 
regards  the  number  of  poems  selected  for 
reproduction?  In  such  an  arrangement 
there  appears  to  be  a  lack  of  the  sense  of 
proportion.  In  the  same  way,  thoroughly 
at  one  as  we  are  with  Mr.  Palgrave  in  his 
high  appreciation  of  Miss  Rossetti's  powers, 
it  is  a  little  surprising  to  find  her  repre- 
sented by  fifteen  pieces  as  against  the  four- 
teen of  Robert  Browning  and  the  twelve  of 
her  brother  Gabriel.  It  is,  however,  in  the 
amount  of  space  and  of  eulogy  accorded  to 
Arthur  O'Shaughnessy  that  the  selection  in 
this  volume  is  surprising.  Second  only 
to  Lord  Tennyson's  is  the  place  granted 
to  O'Shaughnessy  in  this  anthology.  Of 
Tennyson  we  get  twenty-three  examples, 
and  O'Shaughnessy  comes  next  with  seven- 


teen;    while    Mr.   Palgrave    expresses  the 
following  startling  opinion  : — 

"  Arthur  O'Shaughnessy's  metrical  gift  seems 
to  me  the  finest,  after  Tennyson's,  of  any  of  our 
later  poets :  he  has  a  haunting  music  all  his 
own.  Within  a  narrow  range  of  interests  and 
experience,  he  is  also  high  in  pure  passionate 
imagination :  he  has  to  the  full  the  ecstasy 
which  Plato  requires  in  the  true  poet :  although 
wasted  too  often  in  fanciful  extravagance  and  a 
gloom  due  to  personal  misfortune." 

Again : — 

"This  hardly  known  poet  often  treats  the 
main  subject  of  his  song  with  an  originality,  a 
pathos,  so  singular,  that  it  might  be  thought 
Love  had  never  before  been  sung  of.  He  con- 
stantly reminds  us  of  his  favourite  musician, 
sharing  with  Chopin  that  exquisite  tenderness 
of  touch,  the  melody,  the  delicacy  (which 
Ruskin  gives  as  the  note  of  all  the  highest  art), 
ascribed  to  that  fascinating  composer." 

We  have  no  desire  to  detract  from  the 
measure  of  acceptance  O'Shaughnessy's 
verse  has  received  at  the  hands  of  sane  and 
well  equipped  critics;  many  of  his  most 
delightful  pieces  were  first  printed  in  the 
columns  of  this  journal ;  but  such  rhapsodies 
are  by  no  means  "  of  the  centre."  O'Shaugh- 
nessy's metrical  gift  "the  finest,  after 
Tennyson's,  of  any  of  our  later  poets"? 
What,  then,  of  Mr.  Swinburne's?  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  but  for  the  genius  and  influ- 
ence of  Mr.  Swinburne  (and  the  example, 
perhaps,  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe),  O'Shaugh- 
nessy as  a  metrist  would  scarcely  have 
existed.  Meanwhile,  the  excessive  pro- 
minence assigned  to  him  in  the  new  '  Golden 
Treasury '  is  significant  and  illustrative  of 
the  besetting  faults  of  the  _  collection, 
-^^Jiicli — while  containing,  both  in  the  text 
and  in  the  notes,  much  that  is  charming 
and  interesting— is  nevertheless  incomplete, 
ill  balanced,  and  wanting  in  critical 
authority. 

Private  Papers  of  William  Wilier  force.  Col- 
lected and  edited  by  A.  M.  Wilberforce. 
With  Portraits.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Some  parts  of  this  volume  are  interesting, 
especially  the  two  dozen  letters  written  by 
Pitt  to  Wilberforce  between  1782  and  1804, 
already  privately  printed  by  Lord  Rosebery, 
and  a  "matured  estimate  of  Pitt's  cha- 
racter," filling  more  than  thirty  pages, 
which  Wilberforce  wrote  in  1821,  sixteen 
years  after  his  friend's  death. 

The  affection  with  which  these  _  men 
regarded  one  another  was  highly  creditable 
to  both.  It  is  not  strange  that,  born  in  the 
same  year,  educated  at  the  same  university, 
and  belonging  to  the  same  political  party, 
they  should  have  sworn  lifelong  friendship 
when  they  started  on  their  public  careers ; 
but  that  the  friendship  should  have  been  in 
no  way  weakened  by  a  divergence  of  opinion 
on  religious  questions,  which  to  one  of  them 
must  have  seemed  of  grave  importance,  is, 
to  say  the  least,  unusual.  At  first  they  were 
prominent  members  of  a  gay  set  of  young 
politicians  who  met  often  at  Wilberforce's 
country  house  "  at  Wimbolton  in  Surrey," 
and  oftener  supped  together  in  town  and 
enjoyed  what  Lord  Rosebery  calls  "those 
rollicking  times  when  'the  fruits  of  Pitt's 
earlier  rising '  appeared  in  the  careful  sow- 
ing of  the  garden  beds  with  the  fragments 
of  Ryder's  opera  hat."  "I  am  as  well  as 
it  is  possible  in  the  midst  of  all  this  sin  and 


556 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


sea-coal,"  wrote  Pitt,  jnet  made  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three,  in  the  lirst  letter  here  printed ;  and 
next  year  the  two  friends  passed  a  lively 
six  weeks  at  Elieiras,  "to  acquire  something 
of  the  language,"  followed  by  a  week  in 
Paris.  But  two  years  later  Wilberforce 
'•found  religion,"  and  his  change  of  views 
was  so  great  that  he  thought  of  retiring 
altogether  from  public  life.  Pitt's  answer 
to  the  letter  informing  him  of  this  change 
was  as  wise  as  it  was  worldly-wise  : — 

"  If  I  knew  how  to  state  all  T  feel,  and  could 
hope  that  you  are  open  to  consider  it,  I  should 
say  a  great  deal  more  on  the  subject  of  the 
resolution  you  seem  to  have  formed.  You  will 
not  suspect  me  of  thinking  lightly  of  any  moral 
or  religious  motives  which  guide  you.  As  little 
will  you  believe  that  I  think  your  understanding 
or  judgment  easily  misled.  But  forgive  me  if 
I  cannot  help  expressing  my  fear  that  you  are 
nevertheless  deluding  yourself  into  principles 
which  have  but  too  much  tendency  to  counter- 
act your  own  object,  and  to  render  your  virtues 
and  your  talents  useless  both  to  yourself  and 

mankind You   do   not    explain    either    the 

degree  or  the  duration  of  the  retirement  which 
you  have  prescribed  to  yourself ;  you  do  not  tell 
me  how  the  future  course  of  your  life  is  to  be 
directed,  when  you  think  the  same  privacy  no 
longer  necessary  ;  nor,  in  short,  what  idea  you 
have  formed  of  the  duties  which  you  are  from 
this  time  to  practise.  I  am  sure  you  will  not 
wonder  if  I  am  inquisitive  on  such  a  subject. 
The  only  way  in  which  you  can  satisfy  me  is  by 
conversation.  There  ought  to  be  no  awkward- 
ness or  embarrassment  to  either  of  us,  tho' 
there  may  be  some  anxiety  ;  and  if  you  will 
open  to  me  fairly  the  whole  state  of  your  mind 
on  these  subjects,  tho'  I  shall  venture  to  state 
to  you  fairly  the  points  where  I  fear  we  may 
differ,  and  to  desire  you  to  re-examine  your 
own  ideas  where  I  think  you  are  mistaken,  I 
will  not  importune  you  with  fruitless  discussion 
on  any  opinion  which  you  have  deliberately 
formed." 

Two  hours'  earnest  conversation  between 
the  friends  followed  next  day,  when,  says 
Wilberforce,  "  he  tried  to  reason  me  out 
of  my  convictions,  but  soon  found  him- 
self unable  to  combat  their  correctness  if 
Christianity  were  true."  Henceforward 
Pitt  avoided  religious  controversy  with  his 
friend,  but  tho  friendship  lasted,  and  pro- 
bably it  was  largely  through  Pitt's  influence 
that  Wilberforce  continued  to  be  an  active 
politician.  In  politics,  of  course,  Wilber- 
force's  most  important  achievement  was  the 
suppression  of  England's  share  in  the  slave 
trade  in  1809,  and,  having  laboured  zealously 
for  this  object  through  more  than  twenty 
years,  he  laboured  on  through  two  other 
decades  for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  which 
he  did  not  live  to  see.  In  the  earlier  stages 
of  the  philanthropic  crusade  Pitt  gave  him 
encouragement,  if  not  much  actual  support, 
and  they  worked  together  in  other  ways. 
In  his  "matured  estimate"  Wilberforce 
testified  to  Pitt's  great  qualities  of  heart  as 
well  as  intellect ;  but  he  pointed  out  some 
defects : — 

"The  circumstances  of  the  period  at  which 
he  first  came  into  the  situation  of  Prime 
Minister  were  such  as  almost  to  invest  him  with 
absolute  power.  All  his  faculties  then  possessed 
the  bloom  of  youthful  beauty  as  well  as  the  full 
vigour  of  maturer  age  :  his  mind  was  ardent,  his 
principles  were  pure,  his  patriotism  warm,  his 
mind  as  yet  abogether  unsullied  by  habitually 
associating  with  men  of  worldly  ways  of  thinking 
and  acting,  in  short,  with  a  class  which  may  be 
not  unfitly  termed  trading  politicians  ;    this  is 


a  class  with  which  perhaps  no  one,  however 
originally  pure,  can  habitually  associate,  espe- 
cially in  the  hours  of  friendly  intercourse  and  of 
social  recreation,  without  contracting  insensibly 
more  or  less  defilement.  No  one  who  had  not 
been  an  eye-witness  could  conceive  the  ascend- 
ency which  Mr.  Pitt  then  possessed  over  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  if  he  had  then  gene- 
rously adopted  the  resolution  to  govern  his 
country  by  principle  rather  than  by  influence, 
it  was  a  resolution  which  he  could  then  have 
carried  into  execution  with  success,  and  the 
full  effects  of  which,  both  on  the  national  cha- 
racter, interests,  and  happiness,  it  is  scarcely 
possible  perhaps  to  estimate." 

More  than  two-thirds  of  tliis  volume 
consists  of  "Letters  from  Friends"  and 
"  Home  Letters,"  most  of  the  latter  being 
addressed  to  Wilberforce's  favourite  son, 
afterwards  the  famous  bishop.  Many  of 
them  appear  better  suited  for  family  read- 
ing than  for  publication.  They  abound  in  ex- 
hortations and  spiritual  confidences  scarcely 
edifying  to  the  world  at  large,  as,  for  in- 
stance, in  this  epistle  to  a  boy  of  nine: — 

"You  must  take  great  pains  to  prove  to  me 
that  you  are  nine  not  in  years  only,  but  in  head 
and  heart  and  mind.  Above  all,  my  dearest 
Samuel,  I  am  anxious  to  see  decisive  marks  of 
your  having  begun  to  undergo  the  rjreat  change. 
I  come  again  and  again  to  look  to  see  if  it  really 
be  begun,  just  as  a  gardener  walks  up  again  and 
again  to  examine  his  fruit  trees  and  see  if  his 
peaches  are  set ;  if  they  are  swelling  and  becoming 
larger,  finally  if  they  are  becoming  ripe  and 
rosy.  I  would  willingly  walk  barefoot  from  this 
place  to  Sandgate  to  see  a  clear  proof  of  the 
grand  change  being  begun  in  my  dear  Samuel 
at  the  end  of  my  journey." 

Or  in  this,  written  when  Samuel  was  six- 
teen : — 

"It  has  often  been  a  matter  of  grief  to  me 
that  both  Henry  and  Robert  have  a  sad  habit 
of  appearing,  if  not  of  being,  inattentive  at 
church.  The  former  I  have  known  turn  half 
or  even  quite  round  and  stare  (I  use  the  word 
designedly)  into  the  opposite  pew.  I  am  not 
aware  whether  you  have  the  same  disposition 
(real  or  apparent)  to  inattention  at  public  wor- 
ship. I  trust  I  need  not  endeavour  to  enforce 
on  you  that  it  is  a  jiractice  to  be  watched  against 
with  the  utmost  care.  It  is  not  only  a  crime  in 
ourselves,  but  it  is  a  great  stumbling-block  of 
offence  to  others." 

Some  of  the  "  Letters  from  Friends"  are 
amusing,  written  in  moods  very  different 
from  Wilberforce's  after  he  had  closed  the 
rollicking  chapter  of  his  life.  It  was  in  his 
unregenerate  days  that  Wilberforce  knew 
"the  beautiful  and  bewitching"  Duchess 
of  Gordon,  "who  raised  the  regiment  of 
Gordon  Highlanders  by  giving,  as  was  said, 
the  shilling  from  her  mouth  to  the  recruits." 
In  1801  Lord  Calthorpe  was  rash  enough 
to  pass  a  Sunday  at  Lady  Gordon's,  hoping 
to  improve  the  occasion  with  religious  dis- 
course : — 

"I  have  not  spent  a  Sunday  (for  it  is  now 
over)  with  so  much  self-reproach  since  I  came 
into  Scotland.  She  seems  to  be  on  the  same 
kind  of  terms  with  religion  as  she  is  with  her 
Duke,  that  is,  on  terms  of  great  nominal  fami- 
liarity without  ever  meeting  each  other  except 
in  an  hotel  or  in  the  streets  of  Edinburgh.  She 
fell  asleep  on  Sunday  while  I  was  reading  to 
her  part  of  Leighton's  Commentary  and  awoke 
with  lively  expressions  of  admiration  at  what 
she  had  not  heard." 

This  collection  of  '  Private  Papers '  would 
have  been  improved  by  curtailment  and  by 
better  editing.  The  letters  are  not  all  printed 
in  chronological  order ;  some  of  the  explana- 


tory notes  are  redundant,  but  often  others 
have  not  been  added  where  they  would  have- 
been  useful;  while  there  is  neither  a  detailed 
table  of  contents  nor  an  index  to  assist  the- 
reader  in  finding  what  he  wants. 


The  Red  Booh  of  the  Exchequer.  Edited  by 
Hubert  Hall,  F.S.A.  3  vols.  (Eyre  & 
Spottiswoode.) 

The  learned  editor  has  towed  safe  into- 
port  at  last  a  mighty  derelict  freighted  with 
historical,  antiquarian,  and  topographical 
riches,  and  for  the  great  work  of  salvage 
we  owe  him  heartiest  thanks.  The  death 
of  Mr.  Walford  Selby,  the  coUapse  of  Mr. 
Pound's  health,  and  his  retirement  after  a 
brief  period  of  association  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  present  edition,  seemed  to  show 
that  a  grievous  fatality  attended  the  '  Eed 
Book  ';  but  the  fates  have  been  defied,  and 
the  long- desired  text  is  now  in  the  hands- 
of  students.  What  kind  of  material  that 
text  contains  was  known  long  ago  to  those- 
who  used  the  great  feodaries  for  their  col- 
lections, and  a  mass  of  recent  literature  of 
a  controversial  character  has  served  to  in- 
crease the  excitement  with  which  historical 
students  awaited  the  publication  of  a  great 
national  record,  the  record  of  the  feudal 
host. 

Space  forbids  any  analysis  of  the  'Eed 
Book's'    contents    or    of    Mr.   Hall's    tri- 
partite preface ;  and  we  ask  that  a  solitary 
expression    of    gratitude    and    satisfactioa 
may   suffice,    for    we    turn   without    delay 
to    the    ungrateful    task    of     faultfinding, 
in    the    belief    that   by   so   doing   we   can 
most   clearly  indicate   what  may  and  what 
may  not   be    expected    from   this    edition. 
It  is  an  official  publication,  and  the  honour 
of  the  office  from  which  it  proceeds  must  be 
above  suspicion  ;  it  is  fair  therefore  to  scru- 
tinize the  volumes   of  the  Polls  series  far 
more  severely  than  editions  undertaken  by 
private   enterprise.      But   even  the  official 
can     err,     and    we    would    not     willingly 
determine     the     quantity     or    quality    of 
error    by    which    official     authority    shall 
"stand    or    fall"    {pace    Mr.    Pound).      If 
Mr.  Hall  has  erred  at  times  in  some  small 
negligence,  some  error  of  judgment,  he  has 
erred  in  good  company — with  such  men  aa 
Alexander  de  Swereford,  in  company  with 
the  '  Eed  Book '  itself.   The  '  Eed  Book '  has 
been  attainted  before  now,  for  was  it  not 
proposed  "irrisorie"  to  cast  it  "in  Gaiolam 
de  Flete  tanquam  convictus  per  xij  "  ?     For 
certain    negligences    we,    too,    proceed    ta 
attaint   the   long  -  suffering   editor,    but   o£ 
conviction  by  one  or  by  twelve  jurats  there 
is  and  can  be  no  talk.     The  editor's  prefa- 
tory explanation   goes   far  to  appease  the 
critic  of  the  text,  however  wearily  he  may 
approach  his  task  after  entering  the  long^ 
list  of   errata;    five  years  elapsed  between 
the  passing  of  the  first  and  of  the  last  sheets 
and  in  five  years  much  may  be  learnt.     But 
the  list  of  grammatical  errata,  the  most  dis- 
figuring in  a  work  of  this  kind,  is  too  large, 
and    it    is    not    complete.      "  Liberationes 
autem    assisas    predictis    a   tempore   Eegis 
Henricus  senioris,"  should  not  have  escaped 
correction,    nor    "  Willelmo  comitis";.   and 
we    think    that    tho    sergeantry    "ferendi 
patillos  de  prime  allec  "  should  read  pasiillos, 
as  in  the  printed   version  of  the  Testa  de 
Nevill ;    so  also  probably  ederam,  and   not 


N"  3652,  Oct.  23,  ^97 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


557 


"  edere,"  in  the  sergeantry  "  sternendi  edere 
bestiis  Regis."     In  the  preface  the  number 
of  misprints  not  noted  in  the  errata  is  need- 
lessly large ;  one  of  the  most  remarkable  is 
"the   Eleven   Virgins   of   Cologne."      The 
work  of  verifying  the  references  has  been 
too  often  neglected.     With  regard  to  par- 
ticular words  we  note  the  expansion  "  du- 
orum    bu[scellorum]    de   vino."      Butt   or 
hoiile  is  far  more  likely  than  "  bushel,"  the 
use  of  which  as  a  liquid  measure  is  doubted 
by  the    'New   English   Dictionary.'      The 
word    Bieta    is   mistranslated    "diet";    it 
should  be  day's  ivorh.     The  glossary,  which 
forms  part  of  the  index,  omits  several  inter- 
esting words,  and  supplies  no  translations. 
These,   however,   are   minor  matters.     Our 
chief   complaint   is  with  the   preface ;    the 
subjects  which  are  discussed  there  are  dis- 
cussed with  learning  and  acumen,  but  be- 
cause the  subject  of  prime  interest  is  never 
raised,  we  leave  it  only  half  satisfied  and  only 
half  grateful.      The  long-expected  analysis 
of  this  record  as  a  presentment  of  the  feudal 
army  is   not   attempted,    and   no   statistics 
have  been  worked  out.     It  may  be  replied 
that  the  editor  of  an  important   historical 
text  is   concerned  only  with  that  text ;    he 
prepares  the  quarry  for  cutting,  but  it  is 
not  his  duty  to  build.   If  that  view  be  taken, 
all  preface  that  is  not  concerned  with  textual 
criticism  will  be  omitted,  and  this  is  not  the 
system  that  has  been  followed.   In  a  lengthy 
preface,  concerned  with  questions  more  or 
less  important,  bearing  more  or  less  directly 
on  the   '  Ked  Book,'  the  liabilities   of  the 
military    tenants    of    the    Crown   are    not 
treated.      The     analysis     of     the    record 
is   work    which    Mr.    Hall    ought    to  be 
able    to     do     better     than     any    man     in 
England,     and     nowhere    could    he    have 
done  it  more  fittingly  than  in  this  preface. 
But  its  place  is  taken  by  an  arid  tract  of 
controversial    writing    or    by   unsupported 
"dicta"  calculated  to  produce  further  con- 
troversy.    Thus  we  are  told  that  "  the  royal 
treasury,  situated  in  the  Exchequer  Build- 
ings at  Westminster,  was  from  the  middle 
of  the  twelfth  century  at  least  the  normal 
repository  of  the  State  Archives ";  but  we 
know  that  this  is  not  Mr.  Eound's  view, 
and  we  believe  that  the  point  is  still  moot. 
Mr.  HaU  accepts  Mr.  Eound's  theory  of  the 
early  origin  of  "  scutage,"  but  nevertheless 
he   starts   an  attack   on  the    famous    Ely 
charter,  an  attack  which  in  its  present  form 
is  incomplete  and  inconclusive,  and  there- 
fore might  well  have  been  omitted.     That 
in  one  of  the  manuscripts  (and  in  one  only) 
there  is  a  redundant  passage  is  all  that  is 
proved.     Exception  is  taken  to  Mr.  Eound's 
reference    to    '  Liber    Eliensis,'    liber    iii. 
No.  xxi.,  as  "one  calculated  to  excite  mis- 
givings, since  no  such  distinction  into  books 
or  sections  exists  in  the  MS.  [s/c]  of  the 
*  Historia  Eliensis,'  "     This  observation  in 
its  turn  "  excites  misgivings."   Further,  the 
reader  is  told    that   MS.    Gale,    used    by 
D.  J.  Stewart,  is  a  modern  transcript,  whereas 
it  is,  if  we  mistake  not,  the  MS.  0.  ii.  1,  de- 
scribed immediately  below  as  of  the  twelfth 
century.      A   large  part  of  the  discussion 
of  Swereford's  infallibility  (a  question  which 
has   already  occupied   a  good  deal  of  the 
Athenmiini' s  space)  appears  to  us  to  be  simi- 
larly  inconclusive   and   unnecessary.      Mr. 
HaU   has   a   view  on  the   question   of  the 
Exchequer  practice  of  accounting  for  assess- 


ments levied  for  the  campaign  of  one  year 
in  the  EoUs  of  the  next,  and  we  grudge 
none  of  the  space  in  which  this  view  is  ably 
set  forth.  But  he  seems  to  be  labouring 
under  the  delusion  that  Swereford's  per- 
sonal integrity  has  been  attacked — that  the 
'  Eed  Book '  itself  is  under  a  cloud ;  and 
these  ideas  we  believe  to  be  groundless. 
Surely,  since  Mr.  Eound  has  expressly  "par- 
doned "  Swereford  for  his  ignorance  of  the 
fact  that  scutage  existed  under  Henry  I., 
and  as  nobody  else  knew  that  there  was 
anything  to  pardon,  discussion  on  that  point 
need  not  be  prolonged.  If  the  general 
question  of  Swereford's  perfect  trustworthi- 
ness is  to  be  raised,  then  either  more  or 
less  should  be  said,  for  other  errors  com- 
plained of  by  Mr.  Eound  are  undefended  by 
Mr.  Hall.  Here  we  may  let  our  fault- 
finding end ;  we  should  have  joined  unre- 
servedly in  the  chorus  of  praise  with  which 
the  *  Eed  Book '  has  been  received  had  we 
not  learnt  to  look  to  Mr.  Hall  for  work 
even  more  distinguished  for  accuracy  and 
sound  judgment  than  that  which  is  here 
presented.  We  would  add  that  a  most 
admirable  feature  in  the  book  is  the  table 
of  the  contents  of  the  manuscript,  with  refer- 
ences to  parallel  manuscripts  and  printed 
editions.  Great  pains  have  been  bestowed  on 
the  study  of  the  authorship  of  the  '  Exposi- 
tiones  Vocabulorum,'  that  singular  list  of 
explanations  of  law  terms  which  was  once 
esteemed  a  handy  guide  to  English  diplo- 
mata.  We  have  noted,  in  addition  to  the 
long  list  of  manuscripts  and  printed  versions 
collected  by  Dr.  Liebermann  and  Mr.  Hall, 
one  in  the  Eighth  Eeport  of  the  Historical 
Manuscripts  Commission,  p.  421;  and  one 
of  the  type  which  begins  "  Soka,"  and  not 
"Monbreche,"  occurs  in  W.  Thorn  (Twys- 
den,  col.  957). 

The  index,  executed  on  the  latest  prin- 
ciples of  record  indexing,  is  worthy  of  the 
highest  praise.  Two  indices  were  set  aside  as 
inadequate  before  a  scientific  system  of  cross- 
reference  could  be  established.  Although 
we  cannot  accept  the  editor's  strange  obser- 
vation that  "  in  the  present  case  a  mediaeval 
record  was  selected  for  publication  for  the 
first  time  in  place  of  the  usual  chronicle  or 
annals,"  we  agree  that  the  character  of  this 
index  of  nearly  300  pages  renders  it  unique 
in  the  Eolls  series.  The  page  references 
have  answered  faithfully  to  every  test.  We 
have  noted  the  omission  of  only  a  few  names 
and  a  few  cross-references.  "  Waterberege 
( Wartnaby) "  in  the  index  is  a  misprint. 
The  text  has  Wateberege  (^.  e.,  What- 
borough).  "  Baggewoil,"  corrected  in  the 
text,  occurs  also  in  the  index.  Sometimes 
the  index  is  right  where  the  text  is  wrong, 
as  Pencriz  for  the  text's  Pentriz  (i.  e,, 
Penkridge). 


Letters  and  Unpublished  Writings  of  Walter 
Savage  Landor.  Edited  by  Stephen 
Wheeler.     (Bentley  &  Son.) 

If  one  were  an  enthusiastic  lover  and 
careful  student  of  Georgian  poetry,  and 
suddenly  found  oneself  the  possessor  of  a 
desk  completely  filled  with  prose  and  verse, 
all  unpublished,  and  indubitably  composed 
by  a  most  interesting  man  of  genius  who 
flourished  in  one's  "  own  period,"  it  is  to 
be  supposed  that  nothing  less  than  a  super- 
human fortitude  would  keep  one  from  taking 


the  lettered  public  into  one's  confidence. 
This  is  the  case  of  Mr.  Stephen  Wheeler, 
who  presents  us  with  a  respectable  volume 
of  entirely  inedited  Landor,  and  who  has 
evidently  nothing  superhuman  about  him. 
It  is  impossible  to  blame  him  for  what  he 
has  done,  and  if  we  cannot  congratulate 
him  or  ourselves  on  any  particularly  valu- 
able addition  to  English  literature,  the  fault 
lies  less  with  him  than  with  the  irascible 
and  fluent  improvisatore  of  Fiesole.  The 
collection  of  verses  in  the  writing-desk  must 
have  been  very  considerable.  Mr.  Wheeler 
speaks  of  having  preserved  for  publication 
only  such  portions  of  it  as  seemed  of  merit, 
yet  these  till  more  than  sixty  pages  of  his 
volume. 

We  do  not  find  it  stated  at  what  date  one 
of  the  "  two  solitary  cedar  twins  "  at  Ipsley 
Court  was  shattered  by  storm ;  but  some  frag- 
ments of  it  were  preserved  by  Landor' s  sister, 
and  in  1845  were  made  into  a  writing-desk, 
which  was  presented  to  the  poet  as  a 
birthday  gift.  Just  before  Lander's  death 
it  became  the  property  of  Mr.  Arthur  de 
Noe  Walker — 

Arthur,  who  snatches  from  the  flames 
Scraps  which  Oblivion  vainly  claims, 

as  a  hitherto  unprinted  epigram  remarks — 
and  by  him  has  recently  been  presented  to 
Mr.  Wheeler.     Cedar  affected  Landor  in  a 
remarkable  way.      He  said  that  even  the 
odour  of  a  cedar  pencil  held  unconsciously 
near  his  face  would  "so  absorb  his  senses 
that  what  he  was   about  to  write  vanished 
altogether  and  irrecoverably."     It  is  quite 
possible  that  this  vertigo  often  affected  him 
when  he  opened  the  desk  which  now  gives 
up  its  treasure.     He  certainly  so    far  lost 
the  memory  of  its  contents  that  this  con- 
siderable body  of  verse  and  prose  contrived 
— all  through  the  period  of  '  Hellenics,'  and 
on   into   the  reckless   age  of  '  Last  Fruit ' 
and  *  Dry  Sticks ' — to  evade  printers'   ink  ; 
and    this    although    the    desk    never    left 
Lander's  presence  throughout  those  years 
of    proud  decay.     It  contained    the    com- 
pleted   MS.    of    the    'Heroic    Idyls,'    now 
deposited  in   the   British   Museum,  and   a 
strange  omnium  gatherum  of  pen- wipers  and 
eyeglasses,   miniatures    and  pocket  -  books 
and  purses,  the  frail  and  pathetic  impedi- 
menta of  a  proud  poet,  poor  and  unfortunate. 
There  is  much  that  is  of  interest  to  Lan- 
dorians  in  Mr.  Wheeler's  volume,  but  we 
turn  by  preference  to  the  new  poems.     To 
those  who  are  familiar  with  his  latest  col- 
lections  of   miscellaneous  verse  their  form 
seems   strangely  familiar.     Here  are    epi- 
grams, epistles,  snatches  of  autobiography, 
lyrics,  idyls,  dramatic  fragments.  But,  alas! 
in  defiance  of  his  own  gi-and  apology,  here 
there  is  "  overmuch  to  pare  away."     Occa- 
sionally the  blank  verse  has  a  rigid  beauty 
worthy  of  the  master,  as  in  a  fragment  on 
the  Phocfeans : — 

Here  stood  three  maidens,  who  seem'd  ministers 
To  nine  more  stately,  standing  somewhat  higher 
Than  these  demure  ones  of  the  downcast  smile  : 
Silent  they  seem'd  ;  not  silent  all  the  nine. 
One  sang  aloud,  one  was  absorb'd  in  grief 
Apparently  for  youths  who  lately  bled ; 
Others  there  were  whOj  standing  more  elate, 
Their  eyes  upturn'd,  their  nostrils  wide  expanded, 
Their  lips  archt  largely  ;  and  to  raise  the  hymn 
Were  lifted  lyres ;  so  seemed  it ;  but  the  skill 
Of  art  Hellenic  forged  the  grand  deceit. 

It  is  difficult,  however,  to  believe  that  the 
latter   part   of   this   sculpturesque  passage 

9 


558 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


would  not  have  seemed  incoherent  to  the 
taste  of  Landor,  had  he  revised  it;  while 
the  use  of  "  apparently  "  is  at  once  awkward 
and  characteristic. 

Of  the  shorter  poems,  most  possess  the 
interest  and  many  the  imperfection  in- 
herent in  the  manner  of  their  com- 
position and  the  temper  of  Lander's 
mind  in  old  age.  Sufficient  to  himself, 
he  noted  his  experiences  and  his  observa- 
tions in  verse  which  he  modelled  as  well 
as  he  could  on  the  Greek  lyrists,  without 
caring  to  consider  whether  the  incidents  or 
the  reflections,  so  valuable  at  the  moment 
to  the  writer,  were  useful  or  even  intelligible 
to  a  possible  reader.  Of  this  an  amusing 
example  occurs  in  a  little  lyric  entitled 
'  Pisa,'  which  is  so  short  that  we  may  quote 
it  in  full : — 

At  Pisa  let  me  take  my  walk 
Alone,  where  stately  camels  stalk, 
And  let  me  hope  to  catch  the  eye 
Of  pheasant  on  the  ilex  by, 
That  he  alight  and  find  the  bread 
Crumbled  for  him,  and  none  instead. 
Robins  in  earlier  morn  may  come 
And  make  my  winter  house  their  home. 

The  enthusiastic  tourist  might  search  in 
vain  for  camels,  which  seem  more  proper 
to  a  walk  in  Timbuctoo  than  in  Pisa ; 
but  Landor  had  once  seen  a  drove  of 
them  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Italian 
city,  and  the  association  remained  strong 
with  him.  It  must  have  been  very  vivid 
indeed,  for  in  another  unpublished  poem, 
'  At  Arno's  Side,'  he  regrets  that  he  is 
"  compell'd  by  friendship "  to  quit  Pisa, 
and  therefore  will  no  more  see  "  patient 
camels  crouch."  The  story  is  well  known 
of  how  Landor  was  reading  his  poems — no 
doubt  in  "  deep-mouth'd,  Boeotian"  style — 
to  his  bride  on  his  honeymoon  when  she 
suddenly  called  out,  "  Oh,  do  stop,  Walter ! 
There's  that  dear,  delightful  Punch  perform- 
ing in  the  street,  and  I  must  look  out  of  the 
window."  In  one  of  Mr.  Wheeler's  dis- 
coveries this  incident  is  reproduced  in  a  form 
less  abhorrent  to  the. Muses.  It  is  called 
*  A  Pastoral '  : — 

Damon  was  sitting  in  the  grove 
With  Phillis,  and  protesting  love ; 
And  she  was  listening ;  but  no  word 
Of  all  he  loudly  swore  she  heard. 
How  !  was  she  deaf  then  1  no,  not  she, 
Phillis  was  quite  the  contrary. 
Tapping  his  elbow,  she  said,  "  Hush  ! 

0  what  a  darling  of  a  thrush  ! 

1  think  he  never  sang  so  well 
As  now,  below  us,  in  the  dell." 

In  a  series  of  curious  studies  in  blank 
verse  Landor  records  his  personal  ex- 
periences in  the  company  of  A.  W.  von 
Schlegel  and  of  E.  M.  Arndt.  But  the 
former  is  less  picturesque  than  the  descrip- 
tion of  Schlegel  already  preserved  for  us  in 
a  letter  to  Crabb  Robinson : — 

"He  resembles  a  little  pot-bellied  pony 
tricked  out  with  stars,  buckles,  and  ribbons, 
looking  askance  from  his  ring  and  halter  in  the 
market  for  an  apple  from  one,  a  morsel  of 
bread  from  another,  a  fig  of  ginger  from  a 
third,  and  a  pat  from  everybody." 

This  vivacity  Landor  partly  repeats  and 
half  excuses  in  a  poetical  panegyric  on  the 
ci-itical  penetration  of  Schlegel. 

Mr.  Wheeler  has  also  become  the  owner 
of  a  considerable  number  of  new  letters, 
many  of  them  addressed  to  Mr.  Arthur 
Walker,  and  many  more,  a  generation 
earlier,  to  Miss  Eose  Paynter,  the  niece  of 


the  immortal  Rose  Aylmer.  In  1838  Landor 
remarks,   with    delightful    sententiousness, 
that  "pretty  women  are  reserved  to  be  the 
ornaments  of  celebrated  reigns."     In  1839 
he  ventures   on   the   astounding  statement 
that  "Milton  is  our  only  great  proseman." 
In  1840,  just  after  the  publication  of  his 
'  Pericles  and  Aspasia,'  he  has  the  audacity 
to    tell    an  elaborate  tale  of  how  a  lady, 
"returning  from  the  seaside,"  had  accosted 
him  by  saying,  "  Landor,  your  '  Periwinkle 
and  Asparagus  '  is  a  beautiful  book,   but 
faith!  I've  no  time  to  read  it."     In  short, 
these  letters  are  full  of  Landorisms  of  the 
most  approved  quality ;  but  we  should  be 
guilt}'^  of  exaggeration  if  we  said  that  they 
added  anything  substantial  to  our  knowledge 
of  a  man  who  is  already,  from  the  bulk  of 
his  published  writings,  inadequately  studied. 
Mr.   Stephen   Wheeler,    however,    deserves 
commendation  for   his  enthusiasm,  for  his 
careful  and  helpful  notes,  and  for  his  absence 
of    extravagant   display.      He    appends    a 
useful   bibliography   of    Landor,    the   best 
which  we  have  seen  ;  but  he  does  not  seem 
to   be   aware   of    the   Blessington  -  Landor 
papers,   and   in  saying  that  the  '  Letter  to 
Emerson '  has  never  been  reprinted   he   is 
incorrect.     A   full    catalogue    of    Landor's 
occasional  writings  is  something  which  we 
are  scarcely  likely  ever  to  possess. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Bladys   of   the  Stewponeij.     By   S.    Baring 
Gould".     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  essential  quality  of  freshness  is  seldom 
absent  from  the  fiction  of  Mr.  Gould.     It  is 
the  less  necessary  for  him  to  apologize,  as 
he  does  slightly  in  his  preface,  for  the  idea 
of  an  executioner  seeking  a  wife  where  he 
and  his  profession  were  not  known — an  idea 
borrowed,    as   he    tells    us,    from    Maurus 
Jokai's    '  Beautiful   Michal.'     Luke    Onion 
and  "  Stewponey  Bla,"  with  their  Shrop- 
shire surroundings,  and  acquaintances  among 
the  highwaymen  of  the  Irish  road,  are  vividly 
original ;  and  the  cave   dwellings   still  in- 
habited at  Drake's  Lowe,  the  Eock  Tavern, 
"  with  its  subterranean  cellars  and  stables," 
provide  a  curious  and  characteristic  setting 
for  a  picturesque  story.     The  outlaw  Hum- 
phrey Kynaston,  who  in  Henry  VII. 's  time 
occupied  Nesscliffe,  was  originally  designed 
for  the  hero,  but  the  author  has  explained 
the  process  whereby  the  more  sordid  high- 
waymen of   the  eighteenth  century  super- 
seded in  his  mind  the  earlier  brigand.     The 
execution  by  burning,  for  petty  treason,  of 
the  hapless  woman  convicted  on  slight  evi- 
dence  of   murdering    her   husband,    is   an 
"  ower   true"    incident   which   led    to  the 
alteration  of  the  law  in  1790.     It  will  be 
seen  that  there  is  no  lack  of  horrors  in  the 
present   tale ;    but   in    spite  of   much  that 
verges  on   the    gruesome,  the   action  is  so 
rapid,  the  incidents  so  dramatic,  and  it  may 
be  added  the  characters  of  Bladys  and  her 
friend    Nan    so   endearing,    that   sufficient 
relief  is  provided  against  the  more  sombre 
passages.   The  rough-and-ready  but  gallant 
Nan  is  not  an  unlikely  portrait ;  it  is  harder 
to  imagine  that  Bladys — sprung  from  the 
surly  sot  who    keeps  the    Stewponey  inn, 
and  sets  her  up  as  a  prize  to  be  bowled  for 
by   his   customers — could   retain   so    much 
womanhood  and    constancy  amid  her  vile 
environment.     But  we  must  set  her  down 


as   a  freak  of  heredity,  and   much   to  the 
credit  of  her  Spanish  ancestress. 

Marietta^    Marriage.      By    W.    E.    Norris. 
(Heinemann.) 

A  FLUENT  style,  a  keen  insight  into  certain 
types  of  human  nature,  a  comprehensive 
and  humorous  view  of  modern  society  — 
these  are  gifts  Mr.  Norris  has  already  dis- 
played, and  again  exhibits  in  his  present 
volume.  From  the  first  chapter  to  the  last 
— from  the  occasion  when  Lord  Middlewood 
selects  a  bear-leader  for  his  son  Lionel  on 
his  continental  expedition,  to  that  in  which 
the  wife  Lionel  contrives  to  pick  up  in 
Italy  is  relieved  of  the  person  with  whom 
she  Inlays  fast  and  loose  so  long,  assuming 
the  character  of  an  unappreciated  and  dis- 
enchanted woman — the  book  runs  smoothly 
and  briskly,  with  natural  dialogue  and 
many  a  piquant  situation.  The  weakest 
part  of  the  piece  is  the  lymphatic  character 
of  the  leading  lady. 

' '  The  young  man  who,  without  being  pious 
or  priggish  or  visibly  different  from  his  com- 
peers, might  be  trusted  never  to  go  wrong," 

was  perhaps  too  good  a  fellow  to  be 
thoroughly  appreciated  by  the  half-bred 
Italian  beauty  who  married  him,  partly  for 
love  and  partly  to  escape  from  narrow  cir- 
cumstances. Yet  a  trifle  more  sense,  even  in 
antagonism  to  a  nature  so  straightforward, 
might  have  made  Marietta  more  interest- 
ing. Lionel  has  no  scintilla  of  sympathy  with 
other  people's  feelings,  no  smallest  intuition 
of  other  people's  characters  ;  but  Marietta 
"  plays  it  very  low "  on  him  when  she 
flirts  with  a  hard  cad  like  Strahan.  The 
Hon.  Betty  sums  him  up  pretty  well  when 
writing  to  Marietta  after  his  dismissal : — 

"In  some  ways  I  really  like  Mr.  Strahan — 
though  he  isn't  exactly  what  you  could  call  a 
gentleman,  is  he  ? — but  I  don't  feel  in  the  least 
disposed  to  endow  him  with  all  my  worldly 
goods  ;  and  one  wonders  a  little  at  his  having 
imagined  that  I  could  be  so  disposed.  How- 
ever, I  told  him  that  I  forgave  him,  and  I  am 
endeavouring  to  forgive  Granny,  who  is  now 
can-ying  her  ears  and  tail  rather  low  after  the 
lecture  which  it  was  my  duty  to  read  her." 

"  Granny,"  otherwise  Lady  Maria  Halsted, 
who  is  so  shocked  at  a  venial  escapade  of 
Betty's  as  to  wish  to  marry  her  off  to  an 
unscrupulous  rogue  like  Strahan  (though, 
his  brutal  murder  of  poor,  blundering  Col. 
Vigne  having  never  been  brought  to  her 
knowledge,  she  knew  only  his  superficial 
defects),  is  a  charming  combination  of  piety 
and  worldly  wisdom.  Evangelicism  (until 
the  Eev.  Mr.  Grace  married  for  money)  and 
thereafter  Eitualism  contend  with  "making 
investments  which  combine  excitement  with 
profit."  

Barlara,  Lad  if  s- Maid  and  Peeress.     By  Mrs. 

Alexander.  (White  &  Co.) 
It  will  tax  the  ingenuity  of  Mrs.  Alexander's 
readers  to  put  in  tabular  form  the  genealogy 
of  the  aspirants  to  the  ancient  Norman  (!) 
peerage  of  Glengarvon.  The  puzzle  is  quite 
soluble,  but  it  will  take  time.  Eventually 
it  is  proved  that  the  blameless  lady's-maid 
is  Constance's  elder  half-cousin,  and  more 
"sib"  to  the  succession  than  the  self- 
seeking  and  rather  vulgar  "Eex"  Vivian, 
whose  proceedings  in  suppressing  the  evi- 
dence of  his  nephew  Tom's  existence  are 
more  audacious  than  probable.  The  strength 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


559 


of  the  story,  such  as  it  is,  lies  not  in 
literary  power,  and  hardly  more  in  cha- 
racter, although  Constance  shows  apprecia- 
tion of  the  fidelity  of  her  yeoman  warrior, 
Col.  Musgrave,  and  her  aunt,  the  proud 
and  parsimonious  Lady  Glengarvon,  is  a 
dignified  if  rather  purposeless  figure. 


■Unhist,    Unkind!     By  Violet  Hunt.     (Chap- 
man &  Hall.) 

'  Ukkist,  Ukkind  ! '  proves  that  Miss  Hunt 
has    still   further   matured  her  talents  and 
the  method  and  manner  she  has  adopted. 
She  certainly  uses  them  to  more  purpose, 
and    with     marked     ease     and     flexibility 
besides.     There     are,    too,     symptoms     of 
greater  intensity  of   ideas,   and  something 
more  than   the  clever  if  rather  superficial 
knowledge  of  character  that  distinguished 
her    earlier    essays     in     fiction.     *  Unkist, 
Unkind  ! '  is  a  curious  book,  more  strangely 
"than  sympathetically  treated,  for  it  lacks  the 
quality  of  warm  and  genial  humanit3^     It 
is  satisfactory  principally  because  the  author 
knew  very  clearly  the  effects  she  desired  to 
produce,  and  has  entirely  succeeded  in  pro- 
ducing.    Her  dialogue  is  as  good  as  usual ; 
yet   one   may   venture   to   predict   that   no 
single  person  in  the  story  will  be  likely  to 
stir  a  reader  to  any  foolish  and  imreasoning 
impulses  of  pity  or  affection,  though  nearly 
all  of   them,  and  the  situations  generally, 
should  inspire  curiosity  and  interest.    What 
wiU  she  do  with  them  ?  is  the  mental  attitude 
now  and  again  engendered.     In  spite  of  its 
appearance  of  careless  ease  one   may  also 
guess  that  '  Unkist,  Unkind ! '  was  not  too 
■easily  conceived  or  executed.     A  little  more 
in  the  way  of  exaggeration,  a  little  less  in 
the  matter  of  analysis,  and  all  the  principals, 
excepting  only  Janet  Freeman,  the  teller  of 
the  tale,  might  have  been  mere  "  freaks  "  un- 
informed by  average  humanity  of  any  kind. 
That  the  converse  is  true  says  much  for  the 
author's    power    of  visualization   and   dis- 
crimination in  presentment.  Some  inequality 
there  is,  and  a  little  clumsiness  in  point  of 
construction.      We   imagine,   for   example, 
that  the  book  could  only  have  gained  in 
strength  and  homogeneity  had  the  bringing 
together  of  Lady  Darcie,  the  society  butterfly, 
and   Sir  Anthony,  the  devoted  "howker" 
of  unconsidered  antiquities,  been  otherwise 
managed.      Henry    Norton's    rather    far- 
fetched Northumberland  house-party  is  poor. 
If  it  were  the  only  method  it  might  have 
been   better   done ;    it  occupies    too   many 
trivial,  undistinguished  pages.    The  scenery 
is  excellent  throughout,  and  a  capital  back- 
ground  for   the   events.     The   antiquarian 
researches  and  the  details  in  connexion  with 
this  part  of  the  story  are  managed  so  that 
there  is  no  hint  of  their  having  been  dragged 
in  to  aid  the  strangeness  of  the  denoiiment. 
It  is  all  intelligently  and  carefully  carried 
out,  with  now  and  then  a  hint  of  humour. 
Of  course,  the  feeblest  scene  in  the  book  is 
that  in  which  Sibella — the  unkist  and  unkind 
woman — produces  a  crystal  and  all  the  com- 
mon paraphernalia  of  the  "Magnetic  Lady," 
and    proceeds    to   weird    incantations    and 
denunciation.      This    scene    includes    little 
liady  Darcie's  jealous  husband,  and  savours 
too  much  of  cheap  melodrama,  besides  being 
almost   useless    and    obviously   below    the 
level  of  the  rest.     Indeed,  one  feared  that 
Sibella   was    destined    to   play  a   weaker 


part  than  is  really  the  case.  Perhaps  the 
power  of  the  final  and  dual  tragedies  is  the 
more  telling  for  these  lapses  from  strength. 
There  is  ingenuity  in  Miss  Hunt's  way  of 
suggesting  three  alternatives  in  the  mental 
condition  of  the  criminal,  all  equally 
plausible.  Sir  Anthony,  courtly  but 
absent-minded,  developes  more  humanity 
than  was  to  be  expected.  Janet  Freeman, 
the  companion  of  Lady  Darcie,  is  good  as 
the  cool-headed,  sensible  woman  who  so 
often  in  fiction,  perhaps  in  real  life,  plays 
this  particular  part.  Sir  Philip,  in  spite  of 
his  angry  passions,  is  a  little  inclined  to 
woodenness.  Though  he  has  an  importance 
in  the  destinies  of  the  story,  he  is  wisely 
kept  a  good  deal  in  the  background. 
Sibella's  uncanny  effect  does  not  depend  on 
cats,  wax  effigies,  and  such  stock-in-trade ; 
if  anything,  they  mar  rather  than  help  it. 
If  the  reader  be,  on  the  whole,  less  thrilled 
than  the  nature  of  the  material  would  seem 
to  warrant,  it  is,  we  suspect,  that  the  author 
is  too  conscious  an  artist  not  to  be  able  to 
stand  aloof  from  her  work  and  contemplate 
it  from  an  entirely  outside  point  of  view. 
As  a  mere  detail  it  occurs  to  us  that  Lady 
Darcie's  kiss  to  Sir  Anthony  is  egregiously 
out  of  keeping  with  her  character  and 
manners.  On  almost  every  other  occasion 
there  is  great  consistency  in  her  very  incon- 
sistencies and  follies.  A  change  in  quotation 
of  one  of  Wordsworth's  best-known  lines  is 
a  misprint  or  a  mistake. 


Temptation.     By  Graham  Irving.      (Ward, 

Lock  &  Co.) 
There  is  cleverness,  not  so  much  of 
character  sketching  as  of  plot,  in  this 
novel.  The  style  of  writing  is  simple  and 
suitable.  No  effort  is  made  to  accomplish 
more  than  the  narration  of  a  good  story ; 
and  the  picture  which  "Graham  Irving" 
(confessedly  a  nom  de  guerre)  has  set  himself, 
or  herself,  to  paint,  is  completed  without 
unnecessary  elaboration.  A  woman,  who 
endeavours  to  right  a  wrong  by  going 
through  the  ceremony  of  marriage  with  her 
own  brother  "  made  up "  to  represent  the 
man  who  has  seduced  her,  finds  herself 
unable  to  redress  the  wrong  she  has  done. 
The  brother  is  the  only  person  who  can 
confirm  her  story  as  told  in  her  confession, 
and  he  refuses  to  incriminate  himself.  Such 
is  a  bare  outline  of  the  novel,  and  it  would 
be  unfair  to  spoil  the  reader's  interest  in 
the  book  by  a  more  detailed  sketch  of  its 
contents.  To  the  critic  it  is  more  interest- 
ing to  observe  the  restraint  that  has  been 
placed  on  a  clever  pen.  The  book  might, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  literary 
market,  have  been  written  out  at  length 
and  sold  for  much.  It  might  have  been 
vulgarized  to  suit  a  much  wider  circle  of 
readers  than  in  its  present  form  it  is 
likely  to  attract.  Again,  the  writer's  style 
is  throughout  excellent,  and  sometimes 
too  good  for  the  work  to  which  it  is 
applied.  One  sentence  will  cause  the  reader 
to  suspect  Transatlantic  penmanship.  It 
runs:  "Not  that  Lord  Mountenoy's  looks 
ailed  anything"  the  words  italicized  sug- 
gesting a  strange  idiom.  To  a  lawyer  the 
plot  would  make  a  good  "peerage  case." 


The  Builders.    By  J.  S.  Fletcher.    (Methuen 
&Co.) 

'The  Builders'  is  a  painstaking  and 
earnest  production,  unrelieved  by  any  pas- 
sage showing  a  sense  of  humour,  but  full 
of  sound  moral  principles  of  obvious  appli- 
cation. The  story  centres  round  Philip 
Harford,  who  nearly  ruins  his  life  by  marry- 
ing a  labourer's  daughter  to  save  her 
honour,  and  is  only  rewarded  after  she  has 
committed  suicide.  The  dulness  of  English 
country  life  is  carefully  sketched ;  indeed,  it 
may  be  said  that,  as  a  whole,  the  book 
suffers  from  over- elaboration  of  detail.  Its 
merit  lies  in  the  ample  recognition  of  beauty 
in  scenery  and  landscape.  We  wish  it 
were  possible  to  requite  the  care  and  labour 
devoted  to  the  volume  by  speaking  of  it  as 
a  successful  novel. 


Claude   Buval   of   Ninety-five.      By   Fergus 
Hume.     (Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  "detective"  novel.  The  author 
causes  one  of  his  dramatis  persoiue  to  re- 
mark:  "There  is  more  truth  in  detective 
novels  than  the  average  reader  is  aware  of. 
If  you  threw  this  Dick  Turpin  business 
into  fictional  form,  who  would  believe  it? 
Not  the  B.  P. :  yet  it  is  true  for  all  that, 
as  you  know."  Fergus  Hume's  Dick 
Turpin  is  a  lady  who  puzzles  the  de- 
tectives, amateur  and  professional  alike. 
There  is  no  need  to  recount  the  incidents 
of  an  impossible  plot.  The  book  is  cleverly 
written,  and  will  interest  the  reader  who  can 
forget  its  impossibilities.  Such  a  phrase 
as  "I  approached  it  to  the  candles"  and 
such  an  epithet  as  "  Balzacian "  are,  we 
suppose,  inevitable  in  this  class  of  fiction; 
but  they  do  not  add  to  the  credibility  even 
of  a  "  detective  "  novel. 


Whoso  Findeth   a    Wife.      By  William    Le 
Queux.     (White  &  Co.) 

The  reader  of  'Whoso  Findeth  a  Wife' 
speedily  finds  himself  in  an  atmosphere  of 
the  deepest  mystery  and  secrecy.  The 
author's  ingenuity  does  not  allow  him  to 
escape  from  it  too  quickly  either.  From  the 
time  of  the  dramatic  and  sudden  death  of 
the  hero's  friend  and  the  stolen  State  secret, 
up  to  the  meeting  of  the  principals  and  the 
confession  of  Sonia,  the  volume  is  a  net- 
work of  entanglement  and  cross-purposes. 
The  author  creates  opportunities  for  the 
introduction  of  varied  scenes  and  personages 
in  the  course  of  his  story.  The  unravelling 
is  not  the  mere  winding  up  of  foregone 
conclusions  that  is  so  often  the  despair  of 
sensation  lovers.  Mixed  with  the  tissue  of 
the  story  are  several  hints  and  warnings  as 
to  England's  naval  and  military  unreadiness. 
Mr.  Le  Queux  has  in  another  book  already 
expressed  something  of  his  views  on  that 
matter.  Glimpses  into  diplomatic  circles, 
scenes  in  the  Foreign  Office,  the  comings 
and  goings  of  trusty  "  messengers,"  their 
code  and  signals  and  so  forth,  are  much  in 
evidence.  The  manner  of  all  this  lacks 
something  of  the  subtlety  one  imagines 
necessary  for  the  right  conduct  and  speech 
of  such  important  puppets  as  are  brought 
on  the  stage.  There  is  plenty  of  swing  and 
"go,"  however,  and  the  author  manages  to 
keep  up  the  interest  almost  all  the  time. 


560 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

As  Half-Hours  in  Early  Naval  Adventure 
(Nisbet  &  Co.)  is  specially  described  as  intended 
"  for  young  readers,"  it  would  be  unfair  to  judge 
it  by  any  severe  standard  ;  but  we  look  un- 
successfully in  it  for  anything  to  commend. 
The  stories  are  told  in  a  very  wooden  manner 
or  with  much  unintelligible  verbiage.  They  are 
not  well  chosen  ;  and  though  they  are  oflFered  as 
historical,  several  of  them  have  long  since  been 
relegated  to  the  domain  of  fiction.  We  have, 
for  instance,  the  story  of  King  Alfred  and  the 
cakes,  which  is  neither  naval  nor  historical,  and 
the  story  of  Andrew  Barton,  here  promoted  to 
be  High  Admiral  of  Scotland,  told  from  the 
ballad  and  'Tales  of  a  Grandfather,'  though 
neither  of  these  authorities  is  answerable  for 
the  statement  that  "English  writers  more  than 
insinuated  that  Andrew  Barton  had  been  in  a 
degree  unscrupulous  in  acting  upon  his  letters 
of  reprisal."  Is  a  little  boy  expected  to  know 
that  this  is  intended  to  mean  that  Barton  was 
called  a  pirate  ? 

In  The  DacoiVs  Treasure  (Addison)  Mr.  H.  C. 
Moore  furnishes  a  vivid  description  of  the 
desultory  campaigning  which  in  Burma,  as  in 
other  regions  on  the  outskirts  of  the  empire, 
provides  employment  for  an  army  which, 
above  all  others  in  the  world,  is  kept  in 
continuous  activity.  The  too  lively  experiences 
of  Messrs.  Murray  and  Cameron  in  their  quest 
after  the  buried  treasure  of  the  Sunrise  Pagoda, 
assigned  to  them  by  the  phoongye  at  Rangoon, 
are  related  in  capital  style.  Po  Thaw  is  as 
truculent  as  his  name,  but  after  his  numerous 
atrocities — which  involve  the  abduction  of  a 
white  lady  and  her  educated  Burmese  friend, 
the  threatened  crucifixion  of  the  English  travel- 
lers and  their  sturdy  servant  Johnson,  and  the 
fiendish  scheme  of  binding  them  to  sufferers  in  a 
leper  village  —  he  falls  a  victim  to  the  revenge  of 
the  philosopher  Tha  Bu,  who  slaughters  him  in 
his  sleep  in  requital  of  the  murder  of  the  wife 
of  that  sententious  worthy.  The  book  is  well 
illustrated  and  should  add  to  the  geographical 
knowledge  of  young  readers. 

Mr.  G.  A.  Henty  is  in  great  form  in 
With  Moore  at  Corunna  (Blackie  &  Son). 
Besides  that  glorious  action  our  author  treats 
briefly  of  RoliQa  and  Vimiera,  in  each  case  sup- 
plying plans  which  enhance  the  merit  of  his 
description.  The  exploits  of  Terence  O'Connor, 
a  child  of  the  regiment  of  Mayo  Fusiliers,  are 
conceived  in  a  romantic  spirit  which  sets  pro- 
bability at  defiance,  but  will  delight  youthful 
readers. 

Schoolboys  no  longer  read  '  Ivanhoe, '  we 
fear,  at  least  not  at  the  tender  age  for  which 
the  Rev.  E.  Gilliat  of  Harrow  has  written  In 
Lincoln  Chreen  (Seeley  &  Co.)  ;  it  is  therefore 
the  less  matter  that  a  good  many  situations  in 
his  story  of  Robin  Hood  are  more  or  less 
plagiarized  from  the  more  classic  work.  How- 
ever, he  has  brought  local  knowledge  to  bear 
upon  his  subject,  and  made  it  his  own  by  exhi- 
biting the  best  qualities  of  a  writer  of  historical 
tales  for  youth. 

Those  Dreadful  Twins  (Fisher  Unwin)  are 
known  at  home  by  the  names  of  "Bosun  "  and 
"Middie,"  probably  because  they  wear  nautical 
apparel.  They  alternately  relate  their  joint 
adventures,  and  they  do  it  in  their  own  lan- 
guage, with  all  its  "imperfections  on  its  head." 
These  adventures  of  theirs  are  numerous  and 
amusing.  They  get  into  scrapes  of  all  kinds, 
but  they  always  behave  like  gentlemen,  and  are 
brave,  honest,  affectionate,  truthful,  and  hand- 
some. Of  all  their  experiences  none  is  so 
interesting  as  those  gained  while  spending  their 
holidays  on  the  wreck  Pandora.  No  holidays 
could  have  been  spent  with  more  profit  to  mind 
and  body.  This  book  will  be  much  liked  by 
children. 

A  New  Book  of  the  Fairies,  by  Beatrice  Har- 
ridan (Griffith,  Farran  &  Co.),  is  a  new  edition 
of  fi  bpok  that  was  new  six  years  ago  ;  but  we 


are  pleased  to  see  it  again  and  renew  our 
acquaintance  with  the  bread  fairies,  the  fire 
fairies,  the  soot  fairies,  &c.  We  like  Beryl, 
and  we  like  her  friends,  and  are  glad  that  Miss 
Harraden  promises  to  let  us  have  more  of  her 
adventures.  Miss(?)  Edith  Lupton's  illustra- 
tions are  very  good  and  very  pretty. 

The  Making  of  a  Schoolgirl  (Marshall,  Russell 
&  Co.)  is  well  described  by  Miss  Evelyn  Sharp, 
the  witty  author  of    'Wymps.'     To  be    made, 
Becky  had  to  be  unmade,  for  she  had  been  her 
brother  Jack's   companion,   and  he,  while  de- 
spising all  girls,  had  trained  his  little  sister  to 
play  boys'  games  and  excel  in  them.      As  he, 
however,  was  only  at  home  during  his  holidays, 
she  rather  liked  the  idea  of  school  and  school 
companions,  and  said  so.      "You  don't  call  a 
girls'   school,   school,  do   you  ? "   he  exclaimed. 
"  How  poor  !  "     "  Why  not  ?  I  'm  going  to  take 
a  cake  and  two  pots  of  jam,  and  ten  shillings  ! 
If  that  isn't  school,  what  is  ? "     But  he  told  her 
that  she  would  have  no  study  of  her  own,  "no 
fag,   no  gym.,   no  anything,"  and   that   if   she 
played  cricket  at  all  she,  who  was  an  excellent 
longstop,  would  have  to  play  it  with  a  soft  ball. 
How  she  gets  over  her  horror  of  "being  with 
just  girls,"  how  she  finds  that  the  mistress  of 
the  school  is   "as  reasonable  as  a  jolly  sort  of 
boy,"  is  excellently  told  ;  but  the  more  she  likes 
her  school   the  more  Jack  upbraids  her.     "I 
knew  you  would  only  make  a  girl  in  the  end," 
he  wrote;  "but  you  might  have  shown  fight, 
and  held  out  a  little  longer." 

Here  They  Are  (Longmans  &  Co.)  is  the 
rather  unattractive  title  which  Mr.  J.  F. 
Sullivan  has  bestowed  on  his  stories.  Some  of 
them  are  in  Lewis  Carroll's  manner  and  some  in 
Andersen's,  and  most  of  them  are  good  of  their 
kind.  '  The  Blue  Thing  with  White  Dots  '  is 
the  best.  No  one,  not  even  Noah  in  his  little 
toy  ark,  knows  how  to  name  this  animal,  and 
the  straits  to  which  Noah  is  reduced  when 
asked  to  do  so  are  amusing.  The  cross- 
examination  of  his  accuser  by  Baltazar  in  '  The 
Blue-Eyed  Fly '  is  amusing  too  : — 

Prisoner.  You   accuse  me  of  having  put    these 
persons  out  of  the  way  ? 
Public  Accuser.  Yes. 

Prisoner.  Have  you  been  out  of  the  way  to  see 
whether  they  are  there  1 
P.  Accuser.  No.    (Sensation.) 
Prisoner.  Which  way  do  you  say  I  have  put  them 
out  of  ? 
P.  Accuser.  Every  way. 
Prisoner.  Have  you  been  every  way  to  see  ? 
P.  Accuser.  Yes. 
Prisoner.  Every  way  at  once  ? 
P.  Accuser.  No— one  way  at  a  time,  of  course. 
Prisoner.  Then  how  do  you  know  they  were  not 
in  one  of  the  ways  when  you  happened  to  be  in 
another  ?    {Sensation.) 

Prisoner  {continuing).  Do  you  contend  that  my 
relations  were  in  the  may  before  I  put  them  out  of 
the  way  ? 

P.  Accuser.  No,  certainly  not  ;  they  were  steady, 
respectable  citizens— not  in  the  least  in  the  way. 

Prisoner.  Then  if  they  were  never  in  the  way, 
how  could  I  put  them  out  of  it  ?    ( Great  sensation, 
during  which  the  prisoner  danced  a  hrealidown  of 
triumph.) 
The  illustrations  are  good. 

In  the  Swing  of  the  Sea,  by  J.  M.  Oxley 
(Nisbet  &  Co.),  contains  a  capital  account  of  the 
adventures  of  Ralph,  a  young  American  boy, 
with  the  ship  Osprey,  in  search  of  whales  ;  but 
he  is  made  rather  "too  bright  and  good"  to 
be  a  successful  boy,  and  his  career  on  a  coral 
island  in  the  latter  half  of  the  book  as  assistant 
to  a  missionary,  whose  company  he  prefers  to 
whaling,  is  written  in  too  didactic  a  style  to 
appeal  to  lads. 

OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Great  interest,  of  course,  attaches  to  the 
Selected  Poems  by  George  Meredith,  published 
by  Messrs.  A.  Constable  &  Co.  We  are  told  in 
a  note  that  "the  selection  here  made  has  been 
under  the  supervision  of  the  author,"  and  there 
is  always  something  attractive  and  significant  in 
the  choice  made  by  a  poet  from  the  bulk  Qf  his 


poems.     That  choice,  to  be  sure,  is  not  always 
satisfactory  either  to  the  poet's  admirers  or  to 
the  general  reader.     It  is  not  quite  satisfactory 
in  the  present  case.     One  wonders  equallj'  at 
inclusions  and    exclusions,    and    at   the   latter 
especially.      If,    for    example,    Mr.    Meredith 
approves   of    the    reproduction    of    'The    Old 
Chartist'  and   'Juggling  Jerry,'  why  does    he 
sanction  the  omission  of    'The  Beggar's  Soli- 
loquy'?    If  he  did  not  disdain  the  clear  sim- 
plicity of   '  Marian,'  why  should  he  discounten- 
ance such  pieces  as  "  Love  within  the  lover's 
breast,"  'Violets,'  and  so  forth?     He  ignores 
altogether  the  '  Poems '  of  1851,  and  draws  most 
largely  upon  the  verse-volumes  issued  by  him  in 
1883   and   1888.     The    result    is   the   bringing 
together  of  much  brilliant  and  delightful  work, 
such  as  '  Love  in  the  Valley,' '  The  Lark  Ascend- 
ing,' '  The  Thrush  in  February,'  and  the  like — 
work  which  must  always  give  pleasure  to  the 
cultivated   sense.      But    that    these    '  Selected 
Poems '  will  do  much  to  extend  the  popularity 
of  Mr.  Meredith  as  a  poet  is,  perhaps,  doubt- 
ful :  they  comprise  too  few  concessions  to  the 
popular  taste. 

Mr.  Muddock,  in  his  preface  to  the  third 
publication  of  miscellanies  by  members  of  the 
Savage  Club,  The  Savage  Club  Papers  (Hutchin- 
son), refers  to  the  two  prior  issues,  'The  Savage 
Club  Papers,'  edited  by  Andrew  Halliday  ;  bub 
he  speaks  of  the  second  volume  as  having  been 
issued  in  1869.  It  appeared  in  1868  ;  and  he 
is  consequently  in  error  in  speaking  of  ' '  an 
interval  of  twenty-eight  years  "  between  the 
second  and  third  volumes.  The  third  series 
of  Savage  Club  papers  is  superior  to  either  of 
its  predecessors.  It  contains  better  stories, 
better  lyrics,  and  better  illustrations— this  last 
feature  being  no  doubt  due  to  the  "art-editor," 
Mr.  Herbert  Johnson.  This  volume  also  difliers 
from  the  first  and  second  series  in  containing  no 
reference  to  a  charitable  object.  In  the  preface 
to  the  first  we  read  :    "  Widows  and  orphans 

appealed,  silently,  to  our  savage  breasts The 

young  widow  of  a  member  lately  deceased  needed 
help."  And  in  the  second  we  are  told  that  "  the 
aid  had  been  effectual,"  and  that,  "although 
there  was  no  present  demand  upon  our  efibrts, 
we  had  reason  to  fear  that  appeals  might  soon 
be  made  to  us.  We  deemed  it  better,  therefore, 
to  take  the  opportunity  oflFered  us  of  forming  a 
fund,"  and  so  on.  Songs  set  to  music  are  also 
included  in  the  new  volume  for  the  first  time, 
and  these,  three  in  number,  are  all  good.  The 
literary  contents  of  the  volume  are,  in  fact,  mis- 
cellaneous, and  we  find  fiction,  travel,  sport,  and 
romance  in  equal  quantities,  and  an  excellent 
essay  on  the  manufacture  and  use  of  dynamite- 
by  Mr.  Henry  de  Mosenthal.  The  contributors, 
literary  as  well  as  artistic,  are  very  numerous, 
about  seventy  in  number,  and  fairly  repre- 
sentative of  the  club  to  which  they  belong. 

Mr.  William  Heinemann  publishes  Cuba  in 
War  Time,  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Davis,  the  corre- 
spondent of  the  Neiv  York  Journal.  Mr.  Davis 
tells  us  that  he  was  impartial  when  sent  out, 
and  that  he  became  a  strong  sympathizer  with 
the  insurgents  when  he  had  seen  and  heard 
both  sides.  The  volume  is  plentifully  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  Frederic  Remington.  Mr.  Davis 
believes  in  Spanish  "atrocities"  in  Cuba  and 
elsewhere. 

Le  Laboureur  de  Me'nandre.  Par  Jules 
Nicole.  (Geneva,  Georg  &  Co.) — Four  pages 
of  papyrus  inscribed  in  a  cursive  hand,  contain- 
ing about  a  hundred  lines  of  Menander's  play 
the  Fcwpyds,  are  here  reproduced,  discussed, 
and  rearranged  by  M.  Nicole  with  the  insertioia. 
of  some  twenty  lines  of  the  same  play  previously 
known  to  us,  chiefly  from  Stobseus.  Of  these 
older  fragments,  three  recur  in  the  present  find, 
in  one  case  with  an  interesting  variant.  M. 
Nicole  says  that  Abydos  was  the  place  of  the 
find,  but  adds  a  caution  as  to  the  veracity  of  the 
Arabs  and  fellahs  who  sell  these  bargains.  The 
lines  preserved  are  decidedly  tantalizing  :  names 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


561 


of  characters  there  are  in  unusual  abundance, 
but  the  reconstruction  of  the  plot  must  be  guess- 
work. A  young  man  already  implicated  with  a 
girl  who  wishes  to  prevent  a  marriage,  a  rival  of 
his,  and  a  plot  demanding  darkness  and  solitude 
are  clear.  There  is  some  banter  about  marriage 
conceived  quite  in  Menander's  usual  vein,  e.  (j.  : 

Tov  OVTW  crcj;'  yafiiiv  ! 
The  only  character  who  stands  out  at  all  is 
Chresippus,  the  old  husbandman,  who  neglects 
his  family  and  wife's  advice  for  work  on  his 
land.  He  is  stubborn  and  shrewd,  though  he 
has  no  city  wisdom.  M.  Nicole's  conjectures 
are,  as  he  says,  far  from  certain,  but  he  is 
ingenious  and  acute.  For  a.  t.  vt  avea-T-qa-' 
avTuv  he  reads  o-K-a^ovr'.  Kai  (wi't  would  be 
better,  as  a  connecting  particle  is  needed  with 
the  two  previous  verbs,  one  of  which,  irapa- 
IxvOctKo,  might  have  been  noted  as  unexampled 
in  the  active  The  force  of  (covt  is  indicated 
by  the  previous  lines,  in  which  the  servants 
take  the  wounded  man  (avrbv)  for  dead.  A 
fragment  attributed  by  Toup  to  this  play  from 
Plutarch  'De  Curios.,'  p.  519  A  (printed  in 
Didot's  '  Greek  Com.'  as  frag.  9  of  the  rtcopyo's), 
is  not  here  used,  but  seems  suitable  to  Chre- 
sippus. In  it  the  "genuine  farmer"  speaks 
scornfully  of  a  digger  who  is  full  of  town  talk 
instead  of  work. 

The  house  of  CalmannLe'vy  publishes  iV"opo?eoji, 
a-t-ii  cte  u?i  Homme  Henreux  ?  by  M.  Philibert 
Audebrand,  a  volume  of  imaginary  conversa- 
tions on  the  private  life  and  character  of 
Bonaparte,  written  with  a  good  deal  of  insight 
into  the  memoirs  of  the  times.  As  is  too  often 
the  case  in  France,  the  proofs  have  not  been 
properly  corrected,  and  we  find,  for  example, 
Rwvigo  and  Abrentfes  in  a  single  sentence. 

It  would  almost  seem  as  if  the  French  reading 
public  are  less  easily  wearied  than  they  were 
a  few  years  ago.  The  new  Catholics,  after 
pleasing  their  fathers,  bored  them,  but  now 
they  read  Maeterlinck.  Le  Play  bored  readers 
of  the  later  days  of  the  Empire,  but  Count 
Albert  de  Mun  is  read  when  he  revives  Le  Play. 
George  Sand,  with  her  great  passions  and  her 
stories  told  in  letters,  had  also  come  to  be  voted 
a  bore,  yet  here  is  a  popular  novelist — the  lady 
who  writes  under  the  name  of  "  Brada  " — ^who, 
in  Lettrcs  d'une  Amonrense  (Paris,  Calmann 
Levy),  takes  us  back  through  George  Sand  to 
B.  Constant's  '  Adolphe.'  Two  loves,  composed 
solely  of  passionate  desire,  though  accompanied 
by  the  introspection  of  the  century — one  un- 
happy, the  other  happy,  or  resigned  to  eventual 
satiety— are  here  powerfully  described. 

MM.  Armand  Colin  &  Cie.  publish  in  Paris 
La  Volonte  de  vivre,  a  book  the  title  of  which 
gives  no  accurate  indication  of  its  contents.  If 
the  Abb6  Victor  Charbonnel  is  a  young  man, 
he  is  a  man  of  promise.  If,  however,  the 
present  volume  represents  mature  conviction, 
it  is  too  imitative  to  give  hope.  The  training 
of  the  author  is  indicated  by  the  writers  from 
whom  he  has  quoted  passages  as  the  headings 
of  his  earlier  and  more  important  chapters. 
They  are  Rousseau,  Amiel,  Emerson,  and 
Maeterlinck,  and  he  appears  to  have  been  ab- 
sorbed by  the  charms  of  'Le  Tre'sor  des  Humbles,' 
and  to  have  been  led  by  studying  Maeterlinck 
to  read  the  predecessors  of  the  Emersonian 
school,  with  whom  he  has  much  affinity  of  mind. 
His  book,  however,  while  written  in  a  pretty 
style  and  llowing  smoothly,  does  not  carry  us 
beyond  the  teaching  of  '  Le  Tre'sor  des  Humbles,' 
and  is  in  itself  unsatisfactory,  though  if,  as 
seems  probable,  an  early  effort,  it  by  no  means 
excludes  the  possibility  of  the  eventual  develop- 
ment of  power. 

Many  will  welcome  the  pretty  new  edition 
of  the  late  Miss  Manning's  most  popular  work. 
The  Maiden  and  Married  Life  of  Mary  Powell 
(afterivards  Mistress  Milton)  and  the  Sequel 
thereto,  Deborah's  Diary.  The  Rev,  W.  H. 
Hutton    supplies     an     introduction,    and    the 


twenty-six  illustrations  by  Mr.  Jellicoe  and 
Mr.  H.  Railton,  although  mannered,  will  not 
be  the  least  attractive  feature  of  this  reprint, 
which  is  due  to  the  good  taste  and  sagacity  of 
Mr.  Nimmo. 

Messrs.  Service  &  Paton  have  brought  out 
neat  reprints  of  Old  Mortality  and  The  Pirate, 
with  clever  illustrations  by  Mr.  S.  Paget  and 
Mr.  E.  J.  Sullivan. — Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  have 
issued  a  new  edition  of  Mr.  Barrie's  Sentimental 
Tommy,  with  illustrations,  of  various  degrees  of 
merit,  by  Mr.  W.  Hatherell.  The  machining 
has  been  ill  done,  so  that  the  typography  is  not 
agreeable. — We  have  received  two  more  volumes 
each  of  Messrs.  Dent's  reprints  of  Boswell's  Life 
of  Samuel  Johnson  and  Floriu's  Montaigne. 

Mr.  W.  Black's  latest  novel,  Briseis,  has  been 
added  by  Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  to  the 
excellent  edition  of  his  romances  in  half-crown 
volumes  which  they  publish. 

We  have  received  the  catalogues  of  Mr.  Baker 
(theology  and  classics),  Mr.  Jetfery,  Messrs. 
Karslake  &  Co.  (scarce  books),  Messrs.  M.inrice 
&Co.  (good),  Mr.  Menken  (two,  works  of  art  and 
general),  Messrs.  Myers  &  Co.,  Mr.  Nutt  (in- 
teresting), Messrs.  Parsons  &  Sons,  and  Messrs. 
Rimell  &  Son.  We  have  also  catalogues  from 
Mr.  Cleaver  of  Bath,  Mr.  Baker,  Mr.  Downing 
(good),  Mr.  Thistlewood,  and  Mr.  Wilson  of 
Birmingham,  Messrs.  Bright  &  Co.  of  Bourne- 
mouth, Messrs.  George's  Sonsof  Bristol  (military 
books,  good),  Mr.  Brown,  Mr.  Cameron,  Mr. 
Clay  (chemical  books),  Messrs.  Douglas  AFoulis 
(two,  good),  and  Mr.  Grant  of  Edinburgh 
(interesting),  Messrs.  Young  &  Sons  of  Liver- 
pool, Messrs.  Pitcher  &  Co.  of  Manchester, 
and  Mr.  Thorne  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (good). 
From  abroad  Messrs.  Baer  &  Co.  of  Frankfort 
have  sent  us  three  catalogues  (rare  books, 
botany,  and  zoology),  M.  Spirgatis  of  Leipzig 
two  (Oriental  languages  and  bibliography),  Mr. 
Nijhoff  of  the  Hague  two  (Islam  and  geography 
and  travel),  and  M.  B.  Seeber  of  Florence  one 
dealing  with  Italian  literature. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Spas  of  Wales,  by 
T.  R.  Roberts  (J.  Hogg),— JoKmeys  thronyh 
France,  by  II.  Taine  (Fisher  Unwin),  —  A 
Young  Scholar's  Letters:  being  a  Memoir  of 
Byron  Cald well  Smith,  edited  by  D.  O.  Kellogg 
(Putnam), — M.  Tulli  Ciceronis  Cato  Maior  de 
Senectute,  with  Notes  by  C.  E.  Bennett  (Boston, 
U.S.,  Leach  &  Co.),— The  Place  of  Death  in 
Evolution,  by  N.  Smyth  (Fisher  Unwin),— 
Waste  and  Repair  in  Modern  Life,  by  R.  Roose, 
M.D.  (Murray),— //(Drey  and  Galen,  by  J.  F. 
Payne  (Frowde),  — P/tiZosojj/i;/  of  Knowledge,  by 
G.  T.  Ladd  (Longmans),  —  T/ie  Neic  Psy- 
chology, by  E.  W.  Scripture  (Scott),  — 
Billy  and  Hans,  by  W.  J.  Stillman  (Bliss,  Sands 
&  Co.),— The  Beauties  of  Marie  Corelli,  selected 
and  arranged  by  A.  Mackay  (Redway),— ^)i 
American  Emperor,  by  L.  Tracy  (Pearson), — 
Kirkham's  Find,  by  Mary  Gaunt  (Methuen>,— 
The  Golden  Crocodile,  by  F.  M.  Trimmer 
(Downey  &  Co.), — Camera  Lucida,  by  Bertha 
Thomas  (Low),— i^rom  the  Land  of  the  Snow- 
Pearls,  by  Ella  Higginson  (Macmillan), — Cousin 
Betty,  by  H.  de  Balzac,  translated  by  J.  Waring 
(Deiit),  —  ''God  save  the  Queen!"  by  Allen 
Upward  (Chatto  &  Windus),  —  Cadba,  the 
Guerilla  Chief,  by  P.  H.  Emerson  (Nutt),  — 
The  Romance  of  Arenfels,  by  C.  E.  Stevens 
(Putnam), — and  Backward  Looking  (Exeter, 
Pollard). 

LIST  OF  NBW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Baring-Gould's  Lives  of  the  Saints,  Vol.  9,  or.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 

Beet's  (J.  A.)  The  Last  Things,  cr  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Blackwood's  (Sir  A.)  Christian  Service  and  Responsibility, 

cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Brongh's  (Rev.  J.)  The  Early  Life  of  our  Lord,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Church  of  England,  The,  a  History  for  the  People,  Vol.  2,  6/ 
Coats's  (Rev.  J.)  The  Master's  Watchword,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Companions  of  Jesus,  illustrated,  royal  16mo.  3/6  cl. 
Dillman's  (Dr.  A.)  Genesis  Critically  and  Exegetically  Ex- 
pounded, 2  vols.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Heron's  (.J.)  The  Celtic  Church  In  Ireland,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 


Morton's  (R.  F.)  Women  of  the  Old  Testament,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
NicoU's  (W.  K.)  The  Return  to  the  Cross,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Orr's  (Rev.  J.)  The  Ritschlian  Theology  and  the  Evangehcal 

Faith,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Somerville's  (D.)  Ht.  Paul's  Conception  of  Christ,  8vo.  9/  CI. 
Watson's  (Rev.  J.)  The  Potter's  Wheel,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Law. 
Shefneld's  (G.)  Simple.x  System  of  Solicitors'  Book-keeping, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Audrg's  (R.)  Col.  Bogey's  Sketch-Book,  oblong  4to.  2/6  bds. 
Brown's  (C.)  The  Horse  in  Art  and  Nature,  4to.  21/  cl. 
Eve's  (G.  W.)  Decorative  Heraldry,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  net.  cl. 
Fouque'a  Undine,  illustrated  by  Pitman,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Mayo's  (J.  H.)  Medals  and  Decorations  of  the  British  Army 

and  Navy,  2  vols,  roval  8vo.  63/  net.  cl. 
Nicholson's  ( W.)  An  Alphabet,  4to.  5/  cl. 
Rivers  of  the  South  and  West  Coast,  4to.  42/  cl. 
Son's    (Sir    W.)    Bride    of    Lammermoor,    illustrated    by 

F.  Pegram.  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl.  (Illustrated  English  Library.) 
Tissot's  Life  of  Christ.  2  vols,  folio,  '^'y^|  net,  d. 
Turner's  (W.)  The  Ceramics  of  Swansea    and    Nantgarw, 

imp.  8vo.  42/  net,  cl. 

roetrij. 

Armstrong's  (A.  C.)  A  Tale  from  Boccaccio,  Poems,  5/  net. 
Buurdilloii's  (F.  W.)  Minuscula,  Lyrics  of  Nature,  Art,  and 

Love,  16mo.  hj  cl. 
Cookson's  (G.)  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  net.  cl. 
Gemmer's  (C.  M.)  Fidelis,  and  other  Poems,  12mo.  3/6  net. 
H.iod's  (T  )  Poems,  edited  by  A.  Ainger,  2  vols.  cr.  Svo.  10/ 
Irvine's  Hymns  of  Old  Eiigiaiid,  16nio.  2/6  cl. 
Veres  (A.  de)  May  Carols,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Music. 
Song  Flowers  from  '  A  Child's  Garden  of  Verses,'  by  R.  L-. 

Stevenson,  Music  by  K.  M.  Ramsay,  illus.  4to.  7/6  bds. 
Fkilosiiphy . 
Berkeley.  George,  The  Works  of,  12mo.  5/  cl.    (Bohn's  Philo- 
sophical Libiary.) 
Podmores  (F.)  Studies  in  Psychical  Research,  Svo.  12/  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Probyn's  (L.  C.)  Indian  Coinage  and  Currency,  8vo.  4/  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Church.  Dean,  Life  and  Letters  of,  edited  by  his  Daughter, 

cr.  Svo.  .1/ cl.     (Eversley  Series  ) 
Eliot's  (C.  W.)  American  Contributions  to  Civilization,  10/6- 
Forster's  (J.)  Great  Teachers,  Burns,  Ruskin,  &c.,  5/  net,  cU 
•' Owen,  Roddy,"  Brevet  Major  Lancashire  Fusiliers,  by  his 

Sister  and  G.  R.  Askwith,  8vo.  12/  cl. 
Russell's  (W.  C.)  Pictures  from  the  Lite  of  Nelson,  illus.  6/ 
Washington,   Martha,   by  A.   H.  Wharton,   cr.   8vo.   5/  cl. 

(Women  of  Colonial  Times  in  America.) 
William  the  Silent,  by  F.  Harrison,  cr.  8vo.  2,6  cl.    (Foreign 

Statesmen.) 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Cassell's  Gazetteer  of  Great  Britain,  Vol.  5,  4to.  7/6  cl. 
Mill's  (11.  R  )  Hints  to  Teachers  and  Students  on  the  Choice 

of  Geographical  Bonks,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Philology. 
Xenophon,  Works  of,  translated  by  H.  G.  Dakyns,  Vol.  3, 

Part  1,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  cl.  ;  Part  ^,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Science. 
Aidall's  (I  )  The  German  Nature  Cure,  illus.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Geikie's  (Sir  A.)  The  Founders  of  Geology,  cr.  Svo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Hewetson's   (H.   B.)   Localization    of  Headache    and    Sick 

Headache,  Svo.  7/6  net,  cl. 
Hutchinson's  (R  )  Clinical  Methods,  12mo.  9/  cl. 
Ingersoll's  (B.)  Wild  Neighbours,  Outdoor  Studies  in  the 

United  States,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Macdonalds  (W.  J.)  Higher  Geometry,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Meigs  (A.  V.)  The  Origin  of  Disease,  Svo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Muudell's  (F.)  The   Story  of  Edison  and   the  Wonders  of 

Electricity,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Perry's  (J.)  Applied  Mechanics,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Reference  Book  of  Practical  Therapeutics,  edited  by  Foster, 

2  vols,  royal  Svo.  50  cl. 
Schwarzbach's    (B.)    Consumption    and  Weak  Eyes,   Two 

Lectures,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Weed's  (C.  M.)  Life  Histories  of  American  Insects,  6/  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Aspinwall's  (A.)  Short  Stories  for  Short  People,  4to.  5/  cl. 
Austen's  (J.)  Mansfield  Park,  illus.  by  Hugh  Thomson,  3,'S 
Black's  (L.  M.  P.)  For  his  Country's  Sake,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Burton's  (J.  B.)  The  Clash  of  Arms,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Cardella's  (G  )  For  the  Life  of  Others,  a  Novel,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Chu'ch's  (S.  H.)  John  Marmaduke,  a  Romance  of  the  Eng- 
lish Invasion  of  Ireland  in  1649,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Cornish's  (C.  J.)  Nights  with  an  Old  Gunner,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Cowper's  (F.)  Jack-all-Alone,  his  Cruises,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Craven's  (H.)  Katherine  Cromer,  cr.  Svo.  ij/  cl. 
Crawford's  (F.  M.)  Crrleone,  a  Tale  of  Sicily,  2  vols.  12/  cl. 
Crockett's  (S.  R.)  Lochinvar,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Dickens's  Works,  Gadshill  Edition:   Bleak  House,  2  vols. 

8vo.  12/cl. 
Ellis's  (B.  S.)  Pontiac.  Chief  of  the  Ottawas,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cL 
Fowler's  (K.  T.)  Cupid's  Garden,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Gallon's  (T.)  A  Prince  of  Mischance,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Giberne's  (A.)  Everybody's  Business,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Glanville's  (E  )  Tales  from  the  Veld,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Gordon's  (S. )  In  Years  of  Transition,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Green's  (K.  B  )  A  Clerk  of  Oxford,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Hampton's  (Lady  L  )  For  Remembrance,  a  Record  of  Life's 

Beginnings.  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Hawthorne's  (N.)  Scarlet  Letter,  illus.  by  F.  H.  Robinson, 

cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Hill's  (H.)  Beacon  Fires,  War  Stories  of  the  Coast,  3/6  cl.  ; 

By  a  Hair's  Breadth,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hime's  (Lieut.-Col.  H.  W.)  Stray  Military  Papers,  7/6  cl. 
Home's  (A.)  Exiled  from  School,  cr.  Svo.  5/cl. 
Hulme'stF.  E.)The  Flags  of  the  World,  cr.  Svo.  6/ cl. 
Hunt's  (V.)  Stories  and  Play  Stories,  cr.  Svo   6/ cl. 
Jacobi's  (C.  T.)Gesta  Typographica,  or  a  Medley  for  Printers 

and  Others,  12mo.  3/6  net.  bds. 
Lansfeldt's  (L.)  Unknown  to  Herself,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Le  Clercq's  (P.)  Concerning  Charles  Roydant,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Love  Affairs  of  some  Famous  Men,  by  Author  of  '  How  to  be 

Happy  though  Married,'  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Lowry's  (H.  D.)  The  Happy  Exile,  or.  Svo.  6/  cl. 


562 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


Marryat/s  (Capt.)  Newton  Fotster,  illus.  by  K.  J.  Sullivan 
cr.  8vo.  ,'!/tJcl.  ' 

Meade's  (L.  T.)  A  Handful  of  Silver,  illus.  cr,  8vo.  .I/B  cl. 
Mockler's  (G.)  Spring  Fairies  and  Sea  Fairies,  V2mii.  3/»)  cl. 
Niccolina  Niccolini,  by  Author  of  'Mademoiselle  Mori  '  6/ 
Hay's  (C.)  llalf-a-Dozen  Boys  ;  Half-a-Dozen  (iirls,  .■Ve'each 
Kidge's  (W.  P.)  Secretary  to  Bayne,  M.P.,  cr.  8v'0  6/  cl 
IJobinson's  (F.  W.)  Young  Nin,  cr.  8vo  6/  cl 
Koss  (M  )  and  Soraerviile's  (K.  CE.)  The  Silver  Fox,  3/G  cl. 
Schwartze  s  (H.)  The  Laughter  of  Jove,  cr.  8vo  6/  cl 
Sharp's  (K.)  The  Malting  of  a  Prig,  cr.  8vo.  0/  cl 
Short's  (F.)  The  Fate  of  Woman,  cr.  8vo.  3/G  cl 
Stables's  (G.)  For  Cross  or  Crescent,  cr.  8vo.  ;V  cl. 
tl'^'^}}  ^F.'  ^:l '!!.  ^^'^  Permanent  Way,  and  other'stories.  6/ 
Stoddard  s  ( W.  O.)  The  Lost  Gold  of  the  Montezumas,  ")/  cl. 
Swan  s  (A.  S.)  The  Ne'er-do-Weel,  cr.  8vo   5/  cl 
Syrett's  (N.)  The  Tree  of  Life.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl 
Tales  for  my  Darlings,  4to.  2/6  bds. 
Tasma's  A  Fiery  Ordeal,  cr.  8vo.  6/cI. 
Taylor's  (L.)  Sahib  and  Sepoy,  cr.  8vo.  5/cl. 
Terrofs  (Mrs.  C.  B.)Our  Paying  Guests,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Turner  s  (K.)  Miss  Bobbie,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  ^'6  cl. 
Tytler's  (S.)  The  American  Cousins,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Vizetelly's  (E.)  The  Keminiscences  of  a  Bashi-Bazouk,  6/  cl 
Voleur's  (L.)  For  Love  of  a  Bedouin  Maid,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Waterloo's  (S.)  The  Story  of  Ab,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Winn's  (U.  A.)  Boxing,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Winter's  (J.  S.)  Princess  Sarah,  and  other  Stories,  3/6  cl. 
Worsfold  s  (W.  B  )  The  Principles  of  Criticism,  10/6  net,  cl. 
Yorke  s  (C.)  Valentine,  a  Story  of  Ideals,  or.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN, 

Theology, 
Catergian:    Die  Liturgien    bei  den  Armeniern,   15  Texte, 

hrsg.  V.  J.  Dashian,  28m. 
Deissmann  (G.  A.) :  Neue  Bibelstudien,  2m.  fO. 
Merx  (A):   Die  vler  kanonischen  Evangelien  nach  ihrem 

altesten  bekannten  Texte :  Part  I.,  Uebersetzuiig,  5m. 
bcheibe  <M.)  :  Calvin's  Pradestinationslehre,  3m. 
Sidermann  (V.) :  L'Avocat  du  Diable,  7fr.  50. 

Z-aw, 
Fick    (F.):    Die    Frage  der    Checkgesetzgebung   auf    dem 

europaischen  Koniinent,  5m. 

Fine  Art. 
Lange  (K.)  :  Peter  Flotner,  der  Bahnbrecher  der  deutschen 

Kenaissance,  30m. 
Loti  (P.)  :  Le  Mariage  de  Loti,  25fr. 
Orleans  (Prince  H.  d')  :  Du  Tonkin  aux  Indes,  20fr. 
Kobert  (C.) :    Romisclies  Skizzenbuch  aus  dem  18  Jahrb 

8m.  '• 

Vachon  (M.) :  Detaille,  eofr. ;  Puvis  de  Chavannes,  40fr. 

Hibliography. 
Crotiet  (E.) :  Supplement  au  Guide  de  I'Amateur  de  Livres 

a  Figures  du  XVIII.  8i6oIe,  15fr. 
Grandpre  (D.  de) :  Vade-mecum  du  Bibliothecaire,  3fr. 

Philosophy. 
Goebel  (H.):    Das  Philosophische  in  Hume's    Gesohichte 

V.  England,  2m.  40. 
ScheflBer  (H.) :  Kealitiit  u.  Ideellitiit,  4m. 
History  and  Biography. 
Conegliano  (Due  de)  :  La  Maison  de  I'Empereur  15fr 
GagniSre  (A.)  :  Marie  Adelaide  de  Savoie,  3fr.  50  ' 
Qoron  (M.)  :  Memoires,  Vol.  1,  3fr  .50. 
Witte  (H.)  :  Zur  Geschichte  des  Deutschthuras  im  Blsass 

u.  im  Vogesengebiet,  7m.  60. 

Philology. 
Benezg  (B.):  Das  Traummotiv  in  der  mittelhochdeutscben 
Dichtung  bis  1250  u.  in  alten  deutschen  Volksliedern 
2m.  40.  ' 

Bursy  (B.) :   De  Aristotelis  UoXirda,;  'Aenvaii^v  Partis 
Alterius  Fonte  et  Auctoritate,  2m.  50. 
^Science. 

^%°"y,"i«  (I^aron  L.d'):  Atlas  de  Pocbe  des  Oiseaux  de 

T-     1'^^"'=^'  Belgique,  et  Suisse,  6fr.  50 

%^:^^"^^^-^i-  A'-beiten  aus  dem  Gesaramtgebiet  der 
Psychiatrie  u.  Neuropathologie,  Part  2,  4m.  50? 

General  Literature 
Ayme  (F.) :  Le  Nouveau  Vicaire  Savovard  3fr  in 
Bertheroy  (J.) :  Sur  la  Pente,  3fr  50 
Bouvattie--  (J  )  :  Amours  de  Sous-prefet,  3fr.  50. 
Brulat  (P.)  :  Le  Keporter,  3fr.  50 
Guinaudeau  (B  )  :  LAbbe  Paul  Allain,  3fr.  50. 
Lavedan  (H.) :  Sire,  3fr.  .=,0 
Miral  (L.)  :  L'fiternelle  Faiblesse,  3fr.  50 
Proudhon  :  Abrege  de  ses  CEuvres,  3fr  50 
Kameau  (J.)  :  L'Ensorceleuse,  3fr  50 
Kiquet :  L'Age  du  Muscle,  3fr.  50 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE  ASHBURNHAM  LIBKARY,  PART  II. 
The  sale  of  the  second  part  of  thLs  very  fine 
library  will  occupy  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson 
&  Hodge  the  whole  of  the  week  beg  nning  wTth 
December  6th,  the  lots  extending  From  1684  o 
2892  and  embracing  Gadbury-Petrarca.  The 
middle  portion  of  a  catalogue  of  books 
arranged  alphabetically  usually  comprises  fewer 
interesting   works   than  either    the    beginnTn" 

L^b  arv  '"^'  '"^  '''''  «^  *^«  AshbSnS 
R^t  th/t"t  exception  to  the  general  rule. 
But  the  books  notable  on  account  of  their 
rarity,  beauty,  or  personal  interest  to  come 
under  the  hammer  during  the  six  dava 
are  almost  bewilderingly  numerous,  as  may  be 
assumed  from  the  fact  that  the  1,200  lots  occupy 
12d  pages  of  the  catalogue.  It  is  impossible  to 
enumerate  all  the  rarities,  but  a  few  of  the  more 
interesting  are  as  follows  .--Gadbury,  '  Cardines 


Cfjuli,'  1684,  presentation  copy  from  the  author  ; 
Geminus,  '  Compendiosa  Totius  Anatomii«  de- 
lineatio  rere  exarata,'  1545,  bound  up  with  the 
two  English  editions  of  1552  and  1559  ;  a  com- 
plete copy  of  Wynkyn  de  Worde's  edition  of 
Trevisa's  translation  of  Glanville,  '  Bartho- 
lomeus  de  Proprietatibus  Rerum,' no  date;  a 
perfect  copy  of  Caxton's  Gower,  '  Confessio 
Amantis,'  1493  ;  Grafton's  '  Chronicle,'  1568-9, 
fir.st  edition,  and  a  copy  of  the  1570  edition  of  the 
.same,  with  a  letter  from  its  unfortunate  owner, 
Thomas  Howard,  Duke  of  Norfolk  ;  two  curious 
works  of  Pierre  Gringore,  'Les  Abuz  du  Monde  ' 
and  'Les  Folles  Enterprises,' 1505  ;  copies  of 
the  first,  second,  and  fourth  issues  of  Edward 
Halle's  'Chronicle,'  1548-1550;  Hardyng's 
'  Chronicles '  of  1543,  first  and  second  issues  ; 
John  Haywood's  'Spider  and  the  Flie,'  1556; 
the  editions  of  Higden's  '  Polychronicon ' 
printed  by  Caxton  (minus  forty-six  leaves), 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  and  Peter  Treveris  ;  the 
first  edition  of  Holbein's  'Dance  of  Death,' 
1538  ;  Holinshed's  '  Chronicles,'  1577  and 
1586-7  ;  a  very  large  and  perfect  copy  of 
Holme's  'Academy  of  Armory,'  1G88 ;  King 
James  I.'s  copy  of  Chapman's  '  Homer,'  1611  ; 
an  extensive  series  of  Books  of  Hours,  many 
very  rare  and  in  other  ways  remarkable, 
and  including  Queen  Katherine  Parr's  ;  an 
editio  jmnceps  of  Thomas  h  Kempis,  1471  ;  a 
similar  example  of  '  The  Essayes  of '  a 
Prentise  in  the  Divine  Art  of  Poesie ' 
(1584),  i.e.,  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  and 
other  works  of  that  monarch  ;  a  pre- 
sentation copy  from  Ben  Jonson  of  his 
'  Workes,'  1616  ;  the  first  edition  of  '  Lancelot 
du  Lac,'  1488,  and  one  of  1494;  Le  Fevre's 
'  Le  Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troyes,'  1476 
and  the  English  translations  of  1472-4  and 
1477,  all  printed  by  Caxton,  but  all  wanting 
several  leaves  ;  Lydgate's  '  Hystory,  Sege,  and 
Destruccyon  of  Troye,'  from  Pynson's  press, 
1513  ;  a  vellum  copy  of  Wolfiganng  von  Mann's 
'Das  Leiden  Jesu  Christi,'  printed  at  Augs- 
burg, 1515  ;  a  complete  copy  of  Verard's 
'Merlin,'  1498,  bound  by  Le  Monnier  ;  a 
similar  copy  (perhaps  the  only  one  known)  of 
Pierre  Michault's  'La  Dance  des  Aveugles,' 
printed  "par  le  petit  Laurens  "  ;  a  fairly  good 
copy  of  Caxton's  '  Mirrour  of  the  Worlde,' 
1481  ;  a  number  of  choice  Mis,sals,  for  the  mos't 
part  on  vellum  ;  John  Evelyn's  copy  of  Percy's 
'Compleat  Swimmer,'  1658;  and  a  complete 
copy  of  Petrarca,  '  Triomphi,  Sonetti  et 
Canzoni,'  1478. 

SIR  PETER  LB  PAGE  RENOUF. 

Learning  has  suflFered  a  real  loss  by  the 
death  of  Sir  Peter  Renouf.  Born  in  Guernsey 
in  1832  and  educated  at  Elizabeth  College  in 
that  island,  he  matriculated  at  Pembroke"  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1841,  but  left  without  taking 
a  degree.  While  at  Oxford  he  fell  under  the 
influence  of  Newman,  and  speedily  became  a 
Roman  Catholic.  Ha  early  occupied  himself  with 
Semitic  studies,  and  in  1855  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Oriental  Languages  and  History 
at  the  Catholic  University  of  Ireland.  In  1864 
he  became  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Inspectors  of 
Schools.  He  had  previously  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  Egyptology,  and  from  the  outset  was 
a  constant  contributor  to  the  Zeitschrift  fur 
AegypHsche  Sprache,  first  published  in  1863. 
Having  spent  some  time  in  Egypt,  where  he 
came  into  contact  with  most  of  the  Egyjjtologists 
of  the  day,  he  was  chosen  in  1879  to  deliver  the 
Hibbert  Lectures  on  the  Egyptian  religion,  and 
in  1885  succeeded  Dr.  Birch  as  Keeper  of  the 
Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Antiquities  at  the  British 
Museum.  He  was  retired  under  the  new 
Treasury  regulation  in  1891,  and  was  knighted 
last  year.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
President  of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archeology, 
in  whose  Froceedings  nearly  the  whole  of  his 
later  contributions  to  science  appeared. 

As  an  Egyptologist  Sir  Peter  Renouf  was  of 
the  school  of  Lepsius.     He  early  distinguished 


himself  by  what  Prof.  Max  Miiller  has  called 
"a  complete  and  scholarly  rejjly  "  to  Sir  George 
Cornewall  Lewis's  attack  on  Champollion,  and 
throughout  his  writings  vindicated  the  identity 
of  the  ancient  Egyptian  language  with  the  Coptic. 
He  was  sometimes  rather  dogmatic  in  his  asser- 
tions, and  after  the  publication  of  his  Hibbert 
Lectures  was  taken  to  task  by  Prof.  Lieblein, 
of  Christiania.  The  two  chief  statements  of 
v/hich  the  Norwegian  scholar  complained  were 
that  the  Egyptian  religion  remained  practically 
unchanged  for  nearly  five  thousand  years,  and 
that  neither  the  Jews  nor  the  Greeks  borrowed 
any  religious  or  philosophical  ideas  from  the 
Egyptians.  On  both  these  points  later  researches 
have  proved  Sir  Peter  Renouf  to  have  been 
wrong  ;  but  in  the  controversy  he  showed  much 
forensic  ability,  and  perhaps  succeeded  for  a 
time  in  making  the  worse  appear  the  better 
reason.  His  'Elementary  Grammar  of  the 
Ancient  Egyptian  Language  '  is  still  a  useful 
book  ;  but  the  work  by  which  he  will  probably 
be  best  known  to  posterity  is  his  translation  of 
the  'Book  of  the  Dead,'  which  is  now  passing 
through  the  Proceedings  of  the  society  of  which 
he  was  president.  On  this  translation  and  its 
accompanying  commentary  and  notes  he  lavished 
all  his  pains  and  learning,  and  it  will  probably 
be  accepted  by  scholars  as  the  classic  rendering 
of  the  texts.  It  is  pleasing  to  think  that  although 
the  publication  is  interrupted  by  his  death,  its 
future  completion  is  assured. 

In  the  position  of  Keeper  Sir  Peter  Renouf 
worthily  maintained  the  courteous  attitude  to 
the  public  which  has  become  an  honourable 
tradition  in  the  Museum.  In  private  life  he 
was  one  of  the  most  charming  of  men,  and 
his  conversation  Mas  marked  by  none  of  the 
asperity  which  was  sometimes  seen  in  his 
writings.  Although,  like  the  late  Frangois 
Lenormant,  "  un  Catholique  convaincu,"  he 
never  allowed  his  religious  convictions  to  colour 
his  scientific  utterances.  On  the  other  hand, 
he  often  plunged  into  controversy,  and  was  the 
author  of  many  opuscxda  on  subjects  connected 
with  the  history  of  the  Church.  His  'Con- 
demnation of  Pope  Honorius,'  the  Pontiff  who 
was  anathematized  in  678  by  the  Council  of 
Constantinople  as  tainted  with  the  Monothelite 
heresy,  attracted  much  attention  at  the  time, 
and  is  marked  by  graceful  and  accurate 
scholarship.  It  was  confessedly  directed  against 
the  dogma  of  Papal  infallibility,  then  about 
to  be  promulgated,  and  therefore  obtained  the 
distinction  of  a  place  in  the  Index. 


ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL  AND  THE  HUMANISTS. 
It  may  be  of  interest  to  observe  that  one  of 
the  joint  authors  of  the  '  Epistolse  Obscurorum 
Virorum,'  Hermann  von  dem  Busche,  Latinized 
as  DunijBus,  had  at  one  time  a  slight  connexion 
with  St.  Paul's  School.  The  fact  is  mentioned 
by  Bocking,  in  the  Index  Onomasticus  to  his 
edition  of  the  '  Epistoke, '  on  the  authority  of 
Hamelmann's  'Narratio.'  After  lecturing  at 
Louvain,  the  roaming  Westphalian  scholar 
crossed  over  to  England  ;  and  there,  says  our 
author,  "  he  lectured  in  Colet's  new  school,  and 
elsewhere  in  the  universities  "  ("in  schola  nova 
Coleti  et  alibi  in  Academiis  professus  est"). 
He  made  the  acquaintance,  not  only  of  Colet, 
as  would  necessarily  be  inferred  from  this 
statement,  but  also  of  More  and  Fisher.  The 
date  of  this  visit  is  fixed  by  Liessem  as  pro- 
bably soon  after  Michaelmas,  1516,  when 
Busche  was  about  to  enter  on  his  duties  as  the 
newly  appointed  master  of  the  school  at  Wesel, 
and  when  he  was  also  busy  with  his  "gravis- 
simus  liber,"  as  Liessem  calls  it,  the  'Vallum 
Humanitatis.'  In  the  autumn  of  that  year 
Erasmus  was  over  in  England  on  a  visit  to 
Bishop  Fisher ;  and  it  is  more  than  a  mere 
fancy  to  see  traces  in  the  '  Vallum '  of  the 
influence  both  of  Erasmus  and  Colet.  The 
subjects  of  the  prelections  at  St.  Paul's  may 
be  conjectured  from  the  list  of  those  delivered 


N"  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


563 


at  Louvain,  including  Cicero's  '  Letters  to 
Atticus,' Horace's  '  Ars  Poetica,'  and  the  first 
book  of  Hesiod.  But,  whatever  was  their 
nature,  the  fact  of  their  being  so  delivered  is 
a  testimony  to  the  reputation  of  the  new  school 
as  a  seat  of  learning,  and  to  the  liberal  spirit 
of  its  founder  in  thus  welcoming  a  representa- 
tive scholar  of  the  Renaissance,  the  devoted 
friend  of  Hutten,  and  afterwards  an  adherent 
of  Luther.  J.  H.  Lupton. 


THE  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION. 
I. 

Although  any  other  library  gathering  this 
year  comes  as  a  kind  of  anti-climax  to  the  great 
conference  which  took  place  in  July  last,  the 
Library  Association  was  unwilling  to  let  the 
year  of  Jubilee  pass  over  without  the  usual 
annual  meeting  to  which  it  had  become  accus- 
tomed, and  more  especially  as  it  was  the 
twentieth  anniversary  of  its  foundation.  The 
members  of  the  society  accordingly  met  in  the 
rooms  of  the  Society  of  Arts  during  this  week. 

On  Wednesday  morning  the  President  of 
the  year  (Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder,  of  the  Athenreum 
Club),  in  his  address  opening  the  proceedings, 
said  that  the  Library  Association  did  not  create 
the  professional  librarian,  but  it  gave  him  for 
the  first  time  a  formal  status.  Before  1877  the 
British  and  American  librarian  possessed  no 
means  of  exchanging  experience  with  his  fellows  — 
no  journal,  no  organization.  In  the  first  report  it 
■was  claimed  "that  the  creation  of  a  high  pro- 
fessional standard  among  librarians,  and  the 
promotion  of  a  fellow  feeling  of  mutual  help- 
fulness are  among  the  most  valuable  objects  to 
be  gained  by  the  Association."  These  objects 
had  been  attained.  The  Association  had  suc- 
ceeded in  uniting  in  one  body  most  of  the 
persons  engaged  or  interested  in  libraries  in 
this  country.  It  had  promoted  the  growth  of 
a  common  brotherhood  among  librarians  of  all 
degrees,  and  especially  had  its  influence  been 
great  in  bringing  out  a  universal  recognition 
that  librarianship  was  a  profession.  Its  indirect 
influence  in  aiding  the  public  library  movement, 
in  collecting  and  distributing  information,  in 
guiding  public  opinion,  in  giving  library  com- 
mittees a  higher  standard  of  proficiency  in  the 
selection  of  librarians,  had  been  potent.  It  had 
improved  public  library  legislation.  The  work 
of  the  summer  school  had  been  so  fruitful  that 
he  expected  an  increased  number  of  applicants 
for  examination  in  the  course  of  the  next  year 
or  so.  A  more  systematic  teaching  was  now 
being  organized  for  the  benefit  of  the  students. 
The  Association  had  held  annual  meetings 
at  Oxford  and  seventeen  or  eighteen  other 
places  and  many  monthly  meetings.  Among 
its  publications  it  pointed  with  satisfaction 
to  the  handsome  volumes  of  reports  of  its 
earlier  meetings.  It  began  with  a  roll  of  140; 
the  register  now  contained  about  550  names. 
Every  library  of  any  importance  in  the  United 
Kingdom  was  at  present  represented  among 
its  members.  In  some  respects  there  was  much 
to  learn  from  the  American  Library  Association, 
for  the  co-operative  work  of  that  body  was 
beyond  praise.  The  Association  was  on  the  eve 
of  a  great  alteration  in  its  position.  It  hoped 
shortly  to  be  recognized  by  the  State  as  belong- 
ing to  one  of  the  organized  and  professional 
classes,  and  a  charter  of  incorporation  would  pro- 
bably be  granted  by  the  Privy  Council.  After 
speaking  of  the  International  Conference  and 
other  meetings  of  the  year,  and  recent  technical 
literature,  the  President,  turning  to  modern 
private  book-collecting,  gave  an  interesting 
account  of  English  bibliophiles  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, such  as  the  Earl  of  Sunderland  and  the 
Earl  of  Oxford  and  their  successors,  Sir  John 
Fenn,  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe,  Lord  Spencer, 
Heber,  &c.  Referring  to  librarianship,  the 
President  went  on  to  say  that  a  remarkable 
general  view  of  the  whole  field  of  librarianship 
had  been  given  by  the  first    President,  Mr. 


Winter  Jones,  in  his  conference  address  in  1877. 
In  twenty  years  the  subject  had  become  too 
extensive  to  be  treated  in  the  same  manner,  but 
one  division — the  librarian  and  his  qualifications 
— should  not  be  passed  over.  No  two  libraries 
were  exactly  alike  ;  but  as  each  library  had 
certain  points  of  uniformity,  and  as  libraries  in 
general  had  conditions  common  to  all,  every 
librarian,  from  the  keeper  of  the  smallest  village 
collection  to  the  chief  of  the  British  Museum, 
worked  under  requirements  which  differed  not 
in  kind,  but  in  degree.  These  general  require- 
ments might  be  thus  stated  :  (1)  A  good  general 
education  and  a  knowledge  of  languages  and 
literatures  ;  (2)  professional  training  ;  (3)  the 
study  of  bibliography  ;  (4)  it  was  not  necessary 
to  repeat  the  duty  of  reading.  The  perfect 
librarian  in  the  perfect  library  might  not  be 
possible,  but  let  their  standard  be  high,  and  let 
their  efforts  and  aspirations  ever  tend  towards 
an  improvement  of  existing  conditions. 

In  their  report  presented  to  the  meeting,  the 
Council  stated  that  the  Association  continued  to 
make  steady  progress.  The  Buxton  meeting 
last  year  had  been  highly  successful.  The 
Council  were  still  waiting  for  the  decision  of 
the  Committee  of  the  Lords  of  the  Privy  Council, 
to  which  the  petition  for  a  charter  of  incorpora- 
tion had  been  referred.  Last  year  they  had  to 
congratulate  the  Association  on  the  decision  of 
the  House  of  Lords  which  exempted  public 
libraries  from  income  tax.  The  decision  prac- 
tically declared  that  public  libraries  were  under 
the  Literary  and  Scientific  Societies  Act,  and 
were,  therefore,  entitled  to  exemption  from  local 
rates. 

Eighteen  places  had  adopted  the  Public 
Libraries  Acts  since  September,  1896.  During 
the  year  the  Council  appointed  delegates  to 
promote  a  superannuation  Bill  for  municipal 
officials.  Among  those  whose  loss  had  to  be 
deplored  were  Mr.  Robert  Harrison,  one  of  the 
founders ;  Mr.  Archer,  late  librarian  of  the 
National  Library  of  Ireland  ;  and  Mr.  J.  B. 
Bailey,  lately  the  librarian  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons.  It  was  with  deep  regret  that  the 
Council  had  received  from  Mr.  MacAlister, 
Honorary  Secretary,  the  announcement  of  his 
impending  resignation.  His  great  services  to 
the  Association  and  to  the  library  cause  since 
1887  were  too  many  to  enumerate. 

The  President  then  called  upon  Dr.  Garnett 
to  address  the  meeting  on  the  Panizzi  centenary. 
Panizzi  had  many  intellectual  qualifications 
united  to  a  remarkable  force  of  character,  and 
his  career  at  the  British  Museum  had  been  the 
starting  -  point  of  the  modern  history  of  that 
institution. 

Mr.  Sidney  Webb  treated  '  The  Functions 
of  the  Public  Library  in  respect  to  Political 
Science.'  The  nineteenth  century  had  been  the 
century  of  natural  science  ;  the  twentieth  century 
would  probably  prove  the  century  of  political 
science.  Public  libraries  should  occupy  them- 
selves in  collecting  materials  for  the  study,  and 
make  themselves  the  future  museums  of  socio- 
logy. Mr.  Welch  (Guildhall),  Mr.  F.  T.  Barrett 
(Glasgow),  Dr.  Garnett,  and  others  contributed 
to  an  interesting  discussion. 

'  The  Public  Library  and  the  Schools  '  was 
discussed  by  Mr.  J.  Ballinger  (CardiflT  Public 
Library).  '  The  Durability  of  Modern  Book 
Papers '  was  considered  by  Mr.  J.  Y.  W.  Mac- 
Alister (Hon.  Secretary).  In  the  discussion  on 
the  last  topic  Mr.  H.  B.  Wheatley  (Assistant 
Secretary,  Society  of  Arts)  explained  what  was 
being  done  by  a  Committee  of  the  Society  of 
Arts. 

In  the  afternoon  Mr.  Cyril  Davenport  (British 
Museum)  dealt  with  '  Library  Bindings  '  in  a 
highly  useful  and  practical  manner ;  Mr.  W.  H.  K. 
Wright  (Plymouth  Free  Public  Library)  gave 
some  interesting  '  Reminiscences  of  the  Library 
Association,  1877-97  '  ;  Mr.  T.  Mason  described 
'  Local  Prints  and  Records  of  a  London  Parish 
(St.  Martin-in-the-Fields) ' ;  Mr.  J.  Potter  Briscoe 
(Nottingham)  contributed  an  account  of  '  The 


Bergen  Public  Library, '  the  largest  free  library 
in  Scandinavia  ;  and  Mr.  H.  D.  Roberts  (St. 
Saviour's  Public  Library)  explained  a  '  System 
of  issuing  Periodicals  in  the  Reading  Room.' 

The  meeting  was  continued  on  Thursday  and 
Friday. 


Uitcrarg  ffiossfp. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  have  nearly 
ready  for  publication  '  The  Autobiography 
of  Arthur  Young,  with  Selections  from  his 
Correspondence,'  edited  by  Miss  Betham- 
Edwards.  The  volume  includes  many 
hitherto  unpublished  letters  of  eminent 
persons,  and  throws  much  light  upon  the 
history  and  manners  of  upwards  of  fifty 
years,  i.e.,  1760-70  to  1820.  It  is  illus- 
trated by  two  portraits  of  the  famous 
traveller — one  a  reproduction  of  a  really 
exquisite  miniature  kindly  lent  by  Mr. 
Alfred  Morrison — and  by  two  views.  The 
same  publishers  will  issue  next  week  a  new 
edition  of  Henry  Seton  Merriman's  popular 
novel  '  The  Grey  Lady,'  with  twelve  full- 
page  illustrations  by  Mr.  Arthur  Eack- 
ham,  and  a  cheap  popular  edition  of  Mrs. 
Humphry  Ward's  '  Marcella.' 

Dr.  St.  George  Mivart,  F.E.S.,  has  com- 
mitted to  paper  some  reminiscences  of  his 
friend  and  opponent  Prof.  Huxley,  and 
they  will  be  published  in  an  early  number 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward  has  just  returned  to 
the  printers  the  last  proof-sheets  of  the 
long-delayed  life  of  Cardinal  Wiseman. 

The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  November  con- 
tains an  anniversary  study  on  the  '  Great 
Storm  of  1703,*  by  Mr.  Harries,  in  which 
Defoe's  well  -  known  account  is  illus- 
trated and  corrected  by  unpublished 
documents  preserved  in  the  Record 
Office.  Col.  E.  Yibart  concludes  his 
narrative  of  his  escape  from  Delhi  in 
May,  1857;  and  Eolf  Boldrewood,  in 
an  article  on  '  The  Genesis  of  Gold-Fields 
Law  in  Australia,'  pays  a  tribute  to  the 
services  rendered  by  Mr.  John  Hardy,  the 
first  Chief  Gold  Commissioner,  and  his  first 
lieutenant,  Mr.  Essington  King.  Mr.  0. 
Litton  Falkiner  writes  on  Sir  Boyle  Roche, 
drawing  freely  from  the  Parliamentary 
Register  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  Ire- 
land, and  devoting  special  attention  to  Sir 
Boyle's  social,  official,  and  political  position. 
The  number  also  includes  an  account  of 
Sir  Charles  Murray's  adventures  among 
the  now  extinct  tribe  of  Pawnees  in  1835  ; 
a  sketch  by  Mrs.  Fuller  -  Maitland,  the 
author  of  '  The  Day-Book  of  Bethia  Hard- 
acre';  and  the  usual  instalment  of  'Pages 
from  a  Private  Diary.' 

Mr.  Gerald  Duckworth,  Mr.  Leslie 
Stephen's  stepson,  is  on  the  point  of  ter- 
minating his  connexion  with  Messrs.  J.  M. 
Dent  &  Co.  and  setting  up,  in  company  with 
a  friend,  as  a  publisher  on  his  own  account 
under  the  title  of  Duckworth  &  Co. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  Prof.  York  Powell 
has  been  compelled  by  ill  health  to  postpone 
the  commencement  of  his  course  of  lectures 
at  Oxford. 

Mr.  Demetrius  Boulger's  'Life  of  Sir 
Stamford  Raffles'  is  finished.  It  will  tell 
for  the  first  time  the  story  of  the  founding 
of  Singapore  from  the  official  records  of  the 
Government  of  India.     The  volume  will  be 


56-t 


T  H  E     A  T  II  E  N  iE  U  M 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


illustrated  with  a  photogravure  of  Sir 
Stamford's  portrait  iu  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  engravings  of  the  Earl  of  Minto, 
John  Leyden,  and  the  monument  of  Olivia 
KafHes,  and  several  views  of  Penang  and 
Singapore.  The  present  Earl  of  Minto 
supplied  the  original  from  which  the  por- 
trait of  the  Governor- General  is  taken.  It 
represents  the  earl  in  his  robes,  with  his 
hand  on  the  map  of  Java,  and  is  taken  from 
the  copy  at  Minto  House  of  Chinnery's 
well-known  painting  in  Government  House, 
Calcutta. 

Sir  WiLLiAsr  Fiiaser  has  completed  for 
the  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission  his 
report  on  the  muniments  of  the  Duke  of  Buc- 
eleuch  preserved  in  Drumlanrig  Castle.  The 
chief  papers  of  historical  interest  in  this  col- 
lection are  :  the  correspondence  of  the  first 
Duke  of  Queensberry,  when  Commissioner 
to  the  Scottish  Parliament  of  1685;  upwards 
of  one  hundred  holograph  letters  of  James, 
Duke  of  York,  to  the  same  Duke  of  Queens- 
berry  between  1682  and  1685,  commenting 
on  public  affairs  ;  and  many  letters  of  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Graham  of  Claver- 
house  covering  about  the  same  period.  The 
report  will  be  issued  within  a  few  weeks. 

Another  collection  of  materials  for  Scot- 
tish history,  also  under  the  editorship  of 
Sir  W.  Eraser,  will  make  its  appearance 
about  the  same  time.  It  is  in  the  possession 
of  Mr.  J.  J.  Hope  Johnstone,  of  Annandale, 
and  contains  many  important  letters  of 
historical  interest  addressed  to  the  first 
Marquis  of  Annandale  and  to  the  Earl  of 
Crawford  in  the  reigns  of  William  III.  and 
Anne. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  will  publish  before 
long  a  new  volume  by  Dr.  James  Mac- 
kinnon,  entitled  '  Leisure  Hours  in  the 
Study,'  containing,  besides  a  number  of 
chapters  on  literary  and  historical  subjects, 
a  short  story  of  Scottish  ecclesiastical  life. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Henley  has  prefixed  a  brief 
advertisement  to  the  collected  edition  of 
his  poems  publishing  by  Mr.  Nutt,  in  which 
he  sets  forth  the  occasion  and  history  of 
their  issue  in  book  form. 

Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen  will  shortly 
publish  the  '  Pecorone '  of  Ser  Giovanni 
Eiorentino,  translated  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Water.", 
and  illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Hughes, 
E.W.S.,  who  also  collaborated  in  the  'Notti' 
of  Straparola  and  the '  Novellino '  of  Masuccio, 
issued  by  the  same  house.  The  '  Pecorone ' 
is,  next  to  the  '  Decameron,'  the  best  known 
of  the  Italian  series  of  novels,  and  is  one  of 
the  recognized  masterpieces  of  Italian  prose. 
It  was  not  published  till  1558,  though  the 
prefatory  sonnet  gives  1378  as  the  year  of 
its  production,  and  has  never  before  been 
done  into  any  other  tongue. 

CoL.  Egbert  W.  Eoutledge  is  retiring 
from  the  post  of  managing  director  of 
George  Eoutledge  &  Sons,  Limited. 

The  Eecord  Society  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  held  its  annual  meeting  last  Tues- 
day at  the  Chetham  Library,  Manchester, 
Col.  Fishwick,  the  President,  in  the  chair. 
The  two  volumes  which  have  been  issued  to 
the  members  for  the  year  ending  June  30th 
last  are  a  second  volume  of  '  The  Plundered 
Ministers'  Accounts,'  edited  by  Mr.  W.  A. 
Shaw,  and  a  second  volume  of  '  Pleadings 
and  Depositions  in  the  Duchy  Court  of 
Lancaster'    in  the   time  of  Henry  VIIL, 


edited  by  Col.  Fishwick.  We  are  glad  to 
see  that  the  Council  has  for  the  future 
determined  to  deal  with  an  earlier  class  of 
records  than  that  which  has  hitherto  en- 
gaged its  attention,  and  Major  John  Packer 
is  now  engaged  on  a  calendar  of  the  early 
Assize  Eolls  for  Lancashire,  down  to  the 
twentieth  year  of  Edward  I.,  and  Mr.  W. 
Farrer  hopes  to  edit  a  volume  of  Feet  of 
Fines  for  Lancashire  for  the  reigns  of 
Eichard  I.  and  Henry  III.  The  Honorary 
Secretary,  Mr.  W.  Fergusson  Irvine,  is  also 
at  work  on  a  fourth  miscellaneous  volume, 
dealing  with  Cheshire;  it  is  to  contain  a 
List  of  Freeholders  for  Cheshire  in  1578, 
the  earliest  Ordination  Book  of  the  Bishop 
of  Chester  (1542  to  1558),  and  an  index 
to  some  recently  discovered  wills  and  testa- 
mentary depositions  now  preserved  in  the 
Diocesan  Eegistry  at  Chester  (1620-1700). 
The  Society  is  to  be  congratulated  on  its 
sound  financial  condition. 

Mr.  Nutt  will  publish  shortly  a  popular 
account  of  the  '  Constitution  and  Adminis- 
trative System  of  the  United  States  of 
America.'  The  author  is  General  Benjamin 
Harrison,  ex- President  of  the  United  States. 

The  Uampatead  Annual  recently  projected 
will  be  published  in  November.  Among 
the  contributors  will  be  Sir  Walter  Besant, 
Canon  Aiugcr,  Dr.  Birkbeck  Hill,  Mr. 
Buxton  Forman,  Mr.  H.  W.  Nevinson,  and 
Mr.  Frederick  Wedmore.  The  editor  is  Mr. 
Ernest  Ehj's. 

Arrangements  are  now  almost  completed 
for  the  holding  of  the  Burke  centenary 
meeting.  November  24th  is  the  date  fixed 
for  the  commemoration.  The  chair  is  to  be 
occupied  by  Lord  Diifferin,  and  the  cen- 
tennial panegyric  will  bo  delivered  by  the 
Eev.  Dr.  Barry,  the  author  of  'The  New 
Antigone';  and  Prof.  Dowden  and  Prof. 
G.  F.  S.  Armstrong  are  among  the  speakers. 

We  hear  that  the  Italian  Minister  of 
Instruction  will  shortly  appoint  a  com- 
mission with  the  object  of  making  a  selection 
from  the  literary  remains  of  Giacomo  Leo- 
pardi,  iu  order  to  publish  it  on  the  occasion 
of  the  centenary  of  the  poet's  birth  on 
June  29th  of  next  year. 

The  Bishop  of  Eochester  has  written  a 
preface  to  the  facsimile  of  the  first  edition 
of  Keble's  'Christian  Year'  which  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock  is  about  to  publish. 

M.  Schwab  writes  to  us  to  explain  with 
regard  to  our  notice  of  his  '  Vocabulaire  de 
I'Angeologie'  {Athcn.  No.  3649)  :  — 

"1.  Le  nom  abrege'  Raabad  signifie  Abr.  b, 
David;  je  I'ai  indiqu6  dans  men  'Hist,  des 
Israelites  jusqu'k  nos  Jours'  (18G6,  seconde 
Edition  1896),  soit  dit  pour  eviter  le  i-eproche 
d'ignorance  ;  mais  ce  nom— ici  '  incertus  vel 
f5ctus'  (dis  je  p.  33) — n'est  pas  rare,  ni  unique  ; 
aussi,  pour  distinguer  le  Kabbaliste,  vaut-il 
mieux  le  designer  Ah  bdh  din.  Peut-etre,  h  la 
mode  italienne  faut-il  itisister  sur  la  similitude 
entre  les  initialcs  d'Abr.  b.  David  et  celles 
d'Al)  b.  Din,  expriine'es  par  un  seul  acrostiche. 
2.  La  couite  Biblingrapliie,  en  1|  pp.,  ne  donne 
qu'un  specimen  des  titres  le  plus  citds,  afin  d'y 
'renvoyer.'  II  eufc  e'tt^  fastidieux  de  men- 
ti'uner  en  tete  les  ceutaines  d'o3Uvres  cities  au 
Vocabulaire,  ou  seulement  les  divers  catalogues 
de  papyrus,  h  Londres,  Paris,  ou  Vienne,  qui 
ont  ete  utilises,  avec  mention  a  I'appui." 

It  has  been  resolved  to  establish  a  lecture- 
ship in  the  German  language  and  literature 
I  in  the  University  of  Aberdeen. 


What  promises  to  be  a  valuable  as  well 
as  an  interesting  series  of  conferences  on 
contemporary  industrial  problems  will  be 
held  this  term  at  Oxford.  The  Agent- 
General  for  New  Zealand  will  open  the 
series  on  November  15th  with  a  paper  on 
the  Compulsory  Arbitration  Act  in  force  in 
his  colony. 

The  late  Dean  Vaughan  was,  what  many 
brilliant  scholars  are  not,  a  singularly  suc- 
cessful schoolmaster.     His  head-mastership 
of  Harrow,  which  lasted  from  1844  to  1859, 
began    at   a   critical   period,    in    which   he 
soon  proved  his  abilitj'.    Possessed  of  great 
powers  of  organization  and  a  singular  com- 
mand of  detail,  he  never  unduly  obtruded 
his  own  personality  on  his   staff,   who  felt 
rather  than   saw  the   hand   that  kept  the 
whole  machine  in  order,  and  were  devoted 
to  their  chief.     His  rule  was  characterized 
by    no    sweeping    changes,    no    surprising 
reforms    of    system — rather    by   the   intro- 
duction of  a  new  spirit,  the  vigilance  and 
wisdom  of  which  impressed  alike   boys  and 
masters.     He  was  a  man  of  singular  wit,  a 
highly  useful  quality  both  for  a  head  master 
and  a  divine. 

The  obituary  of  the  week  includes  Mr. 
C.  A.  Dana,  the  editor  of  the  New  York 
Sun,  long  a  political  journalist  of  weight 
in  the  United  States,  and  interesting  to  men 
of  letters  as  having  in  his  youth  taken  part 
in  the  experiment  of  Brook  Farm,  celebrated 
by  Hawthorne  in  'TheBlithedaleEomance' ; 
Alderman  Willmer,  of  Birkenhead,  who 
started  one  of  the  first  daily  papers,  if  not 
the  first,  in  the  north  of  England ;  Miss 
Christina  Blackie,  a  sister  of  the  late  Prof. 
Blackie,  herself  a  writer  on  place-names  and 
other  philological  topics ;  and  M.  J.  A. 
Eegnault,  author  of  an  '  Histoire  du  Conseil 
d'Etat'  and  a  monograph  on  the  Champs 
Elysees,  besides  some  volumes  of  travel. — 
The  decease  has  also  to  be  mentioned  of  Mr. 
W.  Eossiter,  the  founder  of  the  South 
London  Working  Men's  College  and  of  the 
South  London  Fine-Art  Gallery. 

The  third  supplement  to  ^Messrs.  Fletcher 
and  Poole's  '  Index  to  Periodical  Literature,' 
1892-97,  is  in  the  hands  of  the  printers, 
and  will  probably  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
Kegan  Paul  &  Co.  about  the  end  of 
November. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the  Local 
Government  Board  (4s.  lid.) ;  Eeport  of  the 
President  of  Queen's  College,  Cork,  Session 
1896-7  (2d.);  and  a  Directory  with  Eegu- 
lations  for  establishing  Science  and  Art 
Schools  and  Classes  in  England  and  Wales 
(Gd.). 


SCIENCE 

ASTRONOMICAL  LITERATURE. 

Recent  a)id  Cominrj  Eclipses.  By  Sir  J. 
Norman  Lockyer,  F.R.S.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
— It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  volume  will  enjoy 
a  wide  circulation,  as  such  a  fact  would  prove 
that  a  large  number  of  persons  take  an  in- 
telligent interest  in  the  latest  developments  of 
science.  Many  portions  have  appeared  in  the 
columns  of  Nature  and  in  the  pages  of  the 
Philosophical  Transactions;  but  their  collection 
at  the  present  time  is  highly  opportune,  as  bring- 
ing before  us,  at  the  approach  of  the  Indian 
total  eclipse  of  next  January,  the  exact  position 


N°3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


565 


we  are  in  with  regard  to  the  progress  of  those 
important  investigations  in  solar  physics  which 
can   only   be   advanced    on    the    rare   occasions 
when   the  central  interposition  of  our  satellite 
enables  us  to  see  and  study,  during  an  interval 
of    time   never   exceeding   a   few  minutes,  the 
surroundings  of  the  great  source  of  day,  which, 
owing   to   their    feeble   luminosity,    are   at   all 
other  times  concealed  from  view   by  his  blaze. 
By  recent  eclipses,  then,  Sir  Norman  Lnckyer 
means  those  of  1893  and  1896,  especially  the 
latter,  when  he  himself  took  part  in  the  expedi- 
tion to  Norway,   whence  much  was   expected, 
and    would    doubtless   have    resulted   had    not 
Dame    Nature    disappointed    the    astronomers 
in  the  same  way  in  which  she  so  nearly  deprived 
Gassendi    of   the   sight   (for  the   first   time)  of 
Mercury  on  the  sun's  disc  in  1631,  by  interposing 
a  veil  of  dark  clouds  which  could  not  be  removed 
like  the  cloak  of  Pericles.    Equally  unsuccessful 
were  those  who  had  travelled  a  longer  distance 
to   Japan  ;    and    we   are    chiefly    indebted    to 
Sir    Baden     Powell's     voyage     in     his     yacht 
(accompanied,  amongst  others,  by  Mr.  Shackle- 
ton,    told     oft'    from     Sir    Norman    Lockyer's 
party,  and  by  Mr.  Stone — now,  alas  !  no  more) 
to   Novaya   Zemlya    for   any  accessions  to  our 
knowledge  obtained  at  that  eclipse.     But  hopes 
run  high  with  regard    to  the    achievement  of 
more  important  results  at  that  announced  for 
January  next,  and  the  volume  before  us  says 
much  on  the  preparations  to  be  made  for  its 
efficient  observation.     The  duration  of  totality 
nowhere  much  exceeds  two  minutes.     It  is  as 
great  in  East  Africa  as  anywhere  else  on  land  ; 
but  protection  on  the  Somali  coast  would  require 
an  army,  and,  as  a  consequence,  too  large  a  bill. 
After  crossing  the  Arabian  Sea,  the  shadow-line 
enters  India  on  the  western  coast  not  far  from 
Bombay,  and    then  passes   in  a  north-easterly 
direction  to  the  western  part  of  China,  the  dura- 
tion  of   total   obscuration    becoming   gradually 
smaller.     To  India,  therefore,  all  the  principal 
parties  will  go,  and  we  trust  that  the  dangers 
which  some  time  ago  seemed  rife  in  that  region 
of  our  empire  in  the  East  will  then  have  quite 
passed  away.     The  next  total  eclipse  after  the 
one  in  question  will  be  that  which  crosses  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  peninsula  on  May  28th, 
1900.     May  Sir  Norman  Lockyer  be  able  before 
that  to  produce  another  volume  as  interesting  as 
the  present  on  the  results  obtained  by  himself 
and  others  in  1898  ! 

Lumen.  By  Camille  Flammarion.  Autho- 
rized Translation  from  the  French  by  A.  A.  M. 
and  R.  M.  (Heinemann.) — This  work  origin- 
ally appeared  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
ago,  and  having  had  a  large  circulation  in 
France  (where  it  formed  the  first  portion  of  a 
larger  volume,  under  the  title  'Rdcits  de 
rinfini '),  it  has  now  been  thought  desirable  to 
publish  an  English  translation,  and  we  are  told 
that  portions  of  the  last  chapter  ("Ingenium 
Audax  ")  have  been  written  specially  for  this 
edition.  It  consists  of  imaginary  conversations 
with  a  being  called  Lumen,  who  had  once  been 
a  denizen  of  the  earth,  but  who  knows  some- 
thing by  experience  of  life  on  other  worlds. 
Of  course  its  matter  is,  therefore,  speculative, 
and  often  even  dreamy  ;  but  it  is  well  to 
remember  that  the  dreams  and  speculations  are 
those  of  an  author  who  really  is  familiar  with 
the  facts  of  modern  astronomy ;  when  references, 
then,  to  these  facts  are  found  scattered  amongst 
his  chapters  of  dreams  and  conversations  with 
Lumen,  it  is  reassuring  to  know  that  the  state- 
ments of  them  are  generally  trustworthy.  In 
other  respects  the  book  is  rather  amusing  than 
useful.  But,  as  we  once  overheard  a  passer-by 
remarking  to  a  friend  who  was  busy  in  his 
garden,  "  One  must  have  some  rekeration  [sic]," 
and  at  times  when  we  are  not  in  a  fit  state  for 
active  exercise,  a  few  hours  may  be  pleasantly 
spent  in  the  perusal  of  the  pages  before  us.  M. 
Flammarion  no  more  needs  an  introduction  than 
good  wine  does  a  bush,  and  the  translators  have 
performed  their  task  with  care  and  accuracy. 


The  volume  of  Astronomical  and  Magnetical 
and  Meteorological  Observations  tnade  at  the 
Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  in  the  Year  ISO4 
has  recently  been  published,  together  with  sepa- 
rate copies  of  the  Astronomical  Bes^dts,  Mag- 
netical and  Meteorological  Observations,  and 
Spectroscopic  and  Photographic  Besults.  Spec- 
troscopic work  was,  however,  during  that  year 
in  a  state  of  suspended  animation  ;  but  the 
large  number  of  meridian  observations  obtained 
is  evidenced  by  the  bulk  of  the  volume,  and  the 
annual  star  catalogue  contains  no  fewer  than 
3,003  objects.  The  photographic  observations 
of  the  sunspots  and  faculrc  were  very  numerous 
on  account  of  the  great  solar  activity,  which  had 
just  passed  an  epoch  of  maximum  ;  and  all  other 
classes  of  observations  had  been  maintained  in 
their  accustomed  regularity.  The  printing  of 
the  successive  steps  of  calculation  has  been 
continued  on  the  same  system  as  in  previous 
years ;  but  no  appendix  accompanies  the  present 
volume.  Early  in  that  year  Mr.  Turner  re- 
signed the  office  of  Chief  Assistant,  on  being 
appointed  Savilian  Professor  of  Astronomy  at 
Oxford,  and  was  succeeded  at  Greenwich  by 
Mr.  Dyson. 

SOCIETIES. 

Entomological.— Oc^.  6.— Rev.   Canon  Fowler, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  W.  H.  Bennett  and  Mr.  B. 
Tomlio  were  elected  Fellows. — Mr.  Merrifield  exhi- 
bited specimens  of  Aporia  cratcegi  and  Argynnis 
papilla,  pubjected    to  high  and  low  temperatures 
during   the  pupal    stage.    In   both    the    examples 
which  had  been  cooled  were  much  darkened. — Mr. 
Tutt    showed  for  comparison  the  extremes  of  over 
five    hundred    examples    of    A.  cratcegi,    bred    or 
captured  in  Kent  between  18G0  and  1868,  but  none 
was  so  marked  as  those  which  had  been  artificially 
treated.     He    also    showed    a  remarkable  melanic 
aberration  of  Nemeophila  plantaginis,  in  which  all 
trace  of  the  pale  ground  colour  of  the  hind  wings 
was  lost ;  and  a  series  of  Ahraxax  vlmata  captured 
in  the  summer  by  Mr.  Button  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  York.   Previously  aberrations  of  the  species 
had  been  rare,  but  a   large   number  of  this   series 
were  suffused  with  blue-grey  or    smoky-ochreous. 
Many  of  the  aberrant    forms  were    cripples.     He 
showed    for    Dr.  Riding  bred    specimens  of    both 
broods    of   Ttplirosla    blstortata    from    Clevedon, 
Somerset,  and  bred  specimens  of  T.  crepuscvlarla 
and  its  ab.  delamerensis  from  York.    Hybrids  were 
exhibited   between    T.  blstortata  and   t.  crepuscu- 
?a7-ia,  between  the  former  and  the  form    delamer- 
ensis, and  between  the    two    latter   crosses.    The 
offspring  of  the  first  crosses  were  roughly  divisible 
into  two  groups  following  the  parent  forms  ;  those 
of  the  second  tended  to  become  mongrel  in  appear- 
ance.   Hybridization  led  to  the  production  of  con- 
tinuous broods,  and  certain  broods  tended  to  produce 
males  only.     The  coloration  became  more  intense 
with  increase  in  the  duration  of  the  pupal  stage. — 
Dr.    Dixey  drew  attention   to  the  experiments  on 
hybridization  recorded  in  Dr.  Standfuss's  '  Hand- 
buch  der  Paliiarktischen  Gross-Schmetterlingen.' — 
Mr.  Champion  showed  for  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Hocking 
an   example  of    the    long-bodied    moth    Satacoma 
agrionata  from  New  Zealand  ;  also  one  of  Proto- 
jjanssus  rvalktri,  Waterh.,  from  China,  the  subject 
of  a  later  communication  ;   and  specimens  of  the 
rare  Emilethls  veriascl,  F.,  from  the  Scilly  Isles. — 
Mr.  Jacoby  showed  a  Halticid  beetle  on  which  the 
side-margin  of  the  prothorax  was  split  and  embraced 
a  long  process.  — Dr.   Chapman    exhibited  and  de- 
scribed  varieties    of     Spllosoma    lubrlcipeda    and 
Acronycta  psi  bred  by  Dr.  Riding  and  himself.     In 
the  latter  species   the   characters  of   the  different 
races  were  stable.— Mr.  Burr  exhibited  a  manti?, 
Phyllocrania  illudens,    from    Madagascar,   with  a 
close  resemblance  to  the  dead  leaves  among  which 
it  lived. — A  new  British  coccid,  Kermes  variegatus, 
from  Kent,  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Waterhouse.— Mr. 
G.  C.  Griffiths  read  a  paper  '  On  the  Frenulum  of 
the  Lepidoptera  ' ;   Mr.  Kirkaldy  communicated  a 
'  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Notonectida,  Part  I.'  ; 
and    Mr.  Waterhouse    a    '  Description    of    a   New 
Coleopterous  Insect  of  the  Family  Paussidee.' 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
MoN.     Royal  Academy,  4— 'Chemistry.' Mr.  A.  H  Church. 
TuuHS.  Koyal  Academy.  4 —'Chemistry,'  Mr  A.  H.  Church, 
Fai.       Physical.  .5 —"rheHarr  and  Stroud  Naval  Kange-FInder,'  and 
'A  Telemetrical  Focometer  and  Spherometer,'  Frol.  Stroud. 


^muxtt  (i0ssi|f. 


The  library  of  that  very  genial  old  botanist 
the  late  Dr.  Robert  Hogg — himself  the  author 


or  editor  of  a  small  library  of  volumes — is  to  be 
sold  at  Messrs.  Sotlieby's  on  Thursday  week. 
Botanical  and  horticultural  works  form,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  by  far  the  greater 
portion,  and  although  rarities  are  very  few, 
some  of  the  older  volumes  are  by  no  means 
common.  Special  mention  may  be  made  of 
Thomas  Hill's  '  Proffi table  Arte  of  Gardening,' 
1568,  and  several  later  editions  ;  Sharrock's 
curious  little  work  on  'The  I'ropagation  and 
Improvement  of  Vegetables,'  printed  at  Oxford, 
1072  ;  '  The  Flower  Garden  Displayed,'  1732,  a 
very  rare  work,  with  upwards  of  four  hundred 
representations  of  the  most  beautiful  flowers  ; 
two  copies  of  Mascall's  '  Countryman's  Recrea- 
tion, or  the  Art  of  Planting,  Graifing,  and 
Gardening,'  1640  ;  Dodoens's  '  Niewe  Herball,' 
1578,  first  edition  ;  and  numerous  editions  of 
works  by  Gervase  Markham,  William  Lawson, 
and  other  writers  of  herbals  and  books  on 
country  life. 

A  Berlin  firm  announces  the  publication  of 
a  work  entitled  '  Emin  Pascha  :  Briefe,  Tage- 
biicher  und  Aufzeichnungen.'  The  editor  is 
Capt.  Georg  Schweitzer,  known  as  the  author 
of  several  books  of  travel. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  London 
Mathematical  Society  will  be  held  on  the  even- 
ing of  November  11th,  when  the  following 
gentlemen  will  be  nominated  for  election  on  the 
Council  of  the  ensuing  session  :  Prof.  Elliott, 
President  ;  Major  MacMahon  and  Dr.  Hobson, 
Vice-Presidents ;  Dr.  .J.  Larmor,  Treasurer ; 
Messrs.  R.  Tucker  and  A.  E.  H.  Love,  Hon. 
Secretaries;  Ordinary  Members,  Lieut. -Col. 
Cunningham,  Dr.  Glaisher,  Prof.  Hill,  Prof. 
Hudson,  Mr.  M.  Jenkins,  Mr.  A.  B.  Kempe, 
Mr.  F.  S.  Macaulay,  Mr.  D.  B.  Mair,  Mr. 
G.  B.  Mathews,  and  Mr,  W.  D.  Niven. 

The  Aristotelian  Society  meets  for  the  open- 
ing of  its  nineteenth  session  on  November  1st. 
The  President,  Dr.  Bernard  Bosanquet,  will 
deliver  the  inaugural  address  on  '  Hegel's 
Theory  of  the  Political  Organism.'  There  will 
be  three  other  meetings  before  Christmas  :  on 
November  15th  Mr.  G.  E.  Moore  will  read  a 
paper  on  'Freedom,'  on  November  29th  Mr.  W. 
McDougall  one  on  'The  Physiological  Conditions 
of  Consciousness, '  and  on  December  13th  Mr. 
E.  T.  Dixon  one  on  '  The  Foundations  of  Geo- 
metry.' The  last  is  an  adverse  criticism  of  the 
idealist  doctrines  of  Mr.  Bertrand  Russell's 
recent  work  with  that  title,  and  will  be  replied 
to  personally  by  the  author. 

The  first  comet  of  the  present  year  (a,  1897) 
was  discovered  by  Mr.  Perrine,  of  the  Lick 
Observatory,  on  the  16th  inst.  It  was  in  the 
constellation  Camelopardus,  near  the  boundary 
with  Cassiopeia,  and  is  described  as  having  a 
short  tail,  so  that  it  has  probably  already 
passed  its  perihelion. 


FINE    ARTS 

The  Blazon   of   Hpiscopacy :    being  the  Arms 

borne  by  or  attributed    to   the   Archbishops 

and  Bishops  of  England  and  Wales.     With. 

an  Ordinary  of  the  Coats  described  and 

of   other  Episcopal  Arms.      By  the  Rev. 

W.  K.  Eiland  Bedford,    M.A.     (Oxford, 

Clarendon  Press.) 

The  arms  of   British  bishops  and  of  their 

sees  or  cathedral  churches  have  long  had 

an     especial     attraction     for     students    of 

heraldry,   not    merely  from   their   inherent 

interest,    but   chiefly   on   account   of    their 

widely  spread  occurrence  in  churches    and 

other  buildings,  and  their  consequent  value 

as  historical  evidence  of  date. 

Although  heraldry  as  we  know  it  had 
been  reduced  to  a  system  before  the  close 
of  the  tweKth  century,  it  is  not  until  about 


566 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


a  hundred  years  later  that  the  use  of  per- 
sonal arms  by  English  bishops  can  be 
proved  by  the  seals  of  Antony  Bek  of 
Durham  (1281)  and  of  David  Martyn  of 
St.  David's  (1293).  The  arms  of  the  see 
or  cathedral  church  also  first  occur  about 
the  same  time  on  the  seal  of  William  of 
Louth,  Bishop  of  Ely,  in  1290,  From  these 
examples  a  more  or  less  continuous  succes- 
sion has  descended  to  the  present  day. 

Several  lists  of  episcopal  arms  have  from 
time  to  time  been  compiled,  but  the  first 
attempt  at  a  complete  series  seems  to  be 
that  made  by  the  late  Eev.  Q.  A.  Poole, 
published  by  the  Northampton  Architec- 
tural Society  in  1852.  This  was  fol- 
lowed in  1858  by  the  issue  of  the  first 
edition  of  the  work  under  notice.  In 
this  Mr.  Bedford  included  not  only  such 
arms  as  were  clearly  identified  with  bishops 
from  their  seals,  tombs,  or  other  trustworthy 
sources,  but  those  invented  by  the  heralds 
of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  for 
prelates  who  never  bore  or  could  have 
borne  arms.  The  lists  thus  compiled  were 
arranged  under  sees,  and  illustrated  by  a 
series  of  lithographed  plates  of  arms. 

The  first  edition  of  the  '  Blazon  of  Episco- 
pacy '  has  since  remained  the  chief  authority 
on  the  subject ;  but  it  has  long  been  out  of 
print,  and  a  new  edition  has  for  some  time 
been  looked  for.  This  want  Mr.  Bedford 
has  now  supplied  in  the  handsome  quarto 
volume  just  published  by  the  Clarendon 
Press. 

In  this  new  edition  the  old  arrange- 
ment of  the  book  has  been  followed,  but 
much  additional  matter  has  been  included, 
and  an  '  Ordinary  of  Episcopal  Arms ' 
makes  its  appearance  for  the  first  time. 
Useful  as  the  volume  undoubtedly  is, 
and  will,  it  is  hoped,  continue  to  be,  it 
is  a  little  disappointing.  During  the  thirty- 
nine  years  that  have  elapsed  since  the  first 
issue  a  large  advance  has  been  made  in  the 
scientific  arrangement  of  works  of  this  kind, 
and  it  would  have  been  a  great  help  to  some 
of  us  if  the  arms  for  which  no  trustworthy 
authority  existed  had  been  distinguished  by 
different  type  or  other  means  from  those 
arms  for  which  there  is  ample  proof.  So, 
too,  there  might  have  been  included  with 
advantage  a  list  of  the  various  authorities 
referred  to,  with  a  note  as  to  their  relative 
value  as  evidence.  As  it  is,  there  is  nothing 
to  show  that  such  apocryphal  arms  as  those 
assigned  to  Lanfranc  or  St.  Thomas  or  St. 
Hugh  are  not  based  on  as  good  authority  as 
the  arms  that  were  undoubtedly  borne  by 
William  of  Wykeham  or  Cardinal  Wolsey 
or  Archbishop  Laud. 

No  attempt,  either,  is  made  to  trace  the 
origin  or  first  appearance  of  the  arms  of  the 
see  or  cathedral  church,  or  even  to  record 
the  date  of  the  grant  of  such  to  some  of  the 
most  recently  created  sees.  Yet  a  short 
chapter  on  this  subject  and  on  episcopal 
arms  in  general  would  in  no  way  have  over- 
weighted the  volume,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
have  enhanced  its  value.  The  first  section 
accordingly  remains,  as  before,  a  bald  and 
uncritical  list  of  the  arms  assigned,  on  good, 
bad,  or  no  authority,  to  various  English  and 
Welsh  bishops. 

The  second  section,  that  containing  the 
ordinary,  is  based  on  Papworth's  well- 
known  system.  To  what  extent  it  is  com- 
plete we  cannot  say  but  we  look  in  vain 


for  the  considerable  numT)er  of  arms  borne 
"within  a  bordure  "  by  many  bishops  during 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 
Besides  the  arms  of  the  English  and  Welsh 
bishops,  the  ordinary  includes  those  of  a 
number  of  Scottish  and  Irish  prelates. 
There  is,  however,  no  list  of  these,  nor  any 
other  manner  of  seeing  whoso  arms  are 
included,  and  he  who  would  know  must 
perforce  construct  such  a  list  for  himself. 

The  eighty-one  plates  of  armorial  bear- 
ings are  drawn,  as  before,  in  outline  only, 
for  convenience  of  colouring.  This  is  a 
good  feature,  but  the  style  of  art,  if  it  can 
be  called  art,  is  indifferent,  and  the  shields 
have  evidently  been  drawn  without  know- 
ledge of  the  artistic  principles  of  ancient 
heraldry. 

Still,  in  spite  of  its  shortcomings,  we  feel 
that  the  thanks  of  antiquaries  are  due  to 
Mr.  Bedford  for  bringing  out  a  second 
edition  of  his  '  Blazon  of  Episcopacy,'  and 
the  printing  and  general  get-up  are  worthy 
of  the  Clarendon  Press. 


NOTES   FROM   ASIA   MINOR. 
Afion  Kara  Hissar,  Turkey  in  Asia,  Oct.  1,  1897. 

Some  of  your  readers  whose  interests  lie  in 
the  direction  of  history  and  archaeology  may  care 
to  hear  in  advance  something  of  the  progress  of 
research  in  the  inner  parts  of  Asia  Minor  during 
the  present  year.  The  opinion  is  held  in  some 
quarters  that  for  the  traveller  Asia  Minor  is  now 
an  exhausted  field,  and  that  the  time  has  come 
for  the  spade.  It  is,  of  course,  true  that  dis- 
covery is  now  more  difficult  than  before,  and 
every  one  is  agreed  as  to  the  desirability  of 
excavation  on  a  hundred  sites  ;  but  those  who 
hold  that  there  is  still  much  for  the  traveller  to 
do  may  find  some  confirmation  of  their  view  in 
the  following  lines. 

The  present  year  has  not  been  favourable  for 
archjeological  exploration.  The  outbreak  of  the 
Grreco-Turkish  war  in  April  absolutely  debarred 
the  explorer,  unless  perhaps  he  happened  to  be 
a  German,  from  venturing  into  remote  parts, 
and  it  was  necessary  to  limit  oneself  to  those 
districts  where  the  proximity  of  the  railway  has 
to  some  extent  accustomed  the  natives  to  the 
sight  of  a  foreigner.  Placed  in  this  situation,  I 
selected  Phrygia  and  the  borderlands  as  being 
one  of  the  most  practicable  districts,  beginning 
with  the  Lycos  valley  and  gradually  penetrating 
further  into  the  heart  of  the  country.  Let  me 
indicate  briefly  some  of  the  more  important 
results  of  a  summer's  work  there. 

In  the  Lycos  valley  and  adjacent  country, 
which  has  been  traversed  over  and  over  again 
by  archaeologists,  I  have  succeeded  in  diminish- 
ing the  number  of  problems  which  the  district 
still  ofi'ered.  The  ruins  of  Trapezopolis,  which 
the  existing  evidence  assigned  to  the  valley, 
were  found  on  a  plateau  an  hour  and  a  quarter 
south-east  of  the  railway  station  at  Serai  Keui. 
The  ancient  name,  which  is  conspicuously 
appropriate  to  the  site,  is  still  retained  in  the 
form  "Bolo."  This  discovery  has  a  bearing 
upon  the  question  of  the  Laodiceian  rivers.  It 
justifies  Prof.  Ramsay's  withdrawal  ('  Cities 
and  Bish.  of  Phrygia,' vol.  i.  p.  785  f.)  of  his 
earlier  view  (p.  35)  as  to  the  river  Kapros. 
With  a  correct  map*  it  is  clear  that  this  name 
must  be  given  to  one  of  two  streams  :  either 
(1)  Geuk  Bunar  Su,  the  fine  river  which  flows 
by  Tchukur  Keui  (whence  it  is  called  in  its 
upper  reaches  Tchukur  Su),  passes  Ak  Khan, 
and  falls  into  the  Lycos  ;t  or  (2)  Bash  Bunar 
[Bashli]  Tchai,  a  mere  tributary  of  the  former, 
which  has  its  source  in  a  number  of  copious 
springs  at  Denizli,  but  is  a  tiny  stream  when 

*  Kiepert's  large-scale  map  of  '  Westliches  Kleinasien ' 
(1890)  is  altogether  untrustworthy  here. 

t  Kiepert  makes  Geuk  Bunar  a  distinct  river  from 
Tchukur  Su. 


it  passes  Laodiceia,  the  water  being  nearly 
exhausted  for  irrigation  purposes.  When  the 
arguments  are  stated,  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  Prof.  Ramsay's  later  suggestion,  which 
assigns  the  name  to  the  former,  is  the  correct 
view.  The  identification  of  this  stream  with 
the  river  Kadmos  rested  on  a  misreading  of 
Strabo  ;  the  Kadmos  is  Khonas  Water. 

The  city  Kidramos  has  been  placed  with 
practical  certainty  beside  Budjak  Keui  on  the 
slopes  of  Tchibuk  Dagh,  and  Sanaos  by  epi- 
graphic  evidence  at  Sarikavak  (not,  with  M. 
Radet,  at  Tchardak).  With  regard  to  Apameia, 
Prof.  Ramsay's  admirable  account  leaves  little 
to  be  done  there  without  the  help  of  the  spade  ; 
one  may,  however,  say  that  the  attribution  of 
the  rivers  there  made  seems  obviously  correct 
when  one  examines  them  on  the  spot,  and  it 
may  be  well  to  add  an  independent  testimony 
to  the  existence  of  "  the  Laugher"  and  "the 
Weeper." 

On  the  line  of  the  great  trade  route  to  the 
East  several  sites  may,  I  believe,  be  identified 
with  more  or  less  certainty  :  Khelidonia-Dinise 
at  Karadilli  (where  one  of  the  Roman  roads  to 
Synnada  diverges  from  the  eastern  highway), 
Kinnaborionat  Armudli,  Holmoi  atKaradjoren, 
Hadrianopolis  (the  later  representative  of  Xeno- 
phon's  Thymbrion)  in  the  plain  at  or  near 
Kotchash.  The  reasons  must  be  stated  else- 
where. In  Phrygia  Paroreios  two  new  towns 
have  been  discovered  at  the  foot  of  Sultan  Dagh  : 
Selinda,  near  the  modern  Selind,  and  Pisa  at 
Bissa  ;  but  the  north  side  of  the  plain  has  not 
yet  been  properly  explored. 

During  a  recent  expedition  to  the  Praipenis- 
seis  country  (round  Altyn  Tash)  I  came  upon 
the  ruins  of  another  city  between  the  villages 
Doghan-Arslan  and  Gerriz.  Fortunately  it  is 
not  nameless.  An  inscription  was  found  on  the 
site  giving  the  title  y]  Meiprjvwi'  iroAis.  At  first 
this  seemed  to  be  a  new  city,  but  a  little  thought 
revealed  the  fact  that  it  is  no  other  than  Meros, 
which  the  author  of  the  '  Hist.  Geog.  of  Asia 
Minor,'  with  slender  evidence  to  guide  him, 
had  placed  at  Kumbet,  within  twelve  or  thir- 
teen miles  of  the  position  now  assigned  to  it. 
This  discovery,  with  Trapezopolis,  Kidramos, 
Sanaos,  and  Kinnaborion,  furnishes  a  striking 
proof  of  the  soundness  of  his  topographical 
principles.  With  this  fixed  point  to  work 
from,  it  will  now  be  possible  to  place  the  topo- 
graphy of  this  whole  district  on  a  more  certain 
basis  ;  thus  by  slow  degrees  does  the  map  of 
Asia  Minor  assume  more  and  more  of  a  scien- 
tific aspect.  Finally,  in  the  adjacent  country  a 
new  rock  monument  of  considerable  interest  has 
been  added  to  the  list  of  Phrygian  monuments. 

Apart  from  these  results,  a  large  mass  of 
epigraphic  material  has  been  collected  during 
the  summer.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  of 
late  years  there  has  been  a  great  destruction  of 
marbles  all  over  the  country,  especially  near  the 
large  towns,  and  as  there  is  no  means  of  arrest- 
ing this  destruction,  one  can  only  plead  for 
increased  activity  on  the  part  of  explorers. 
Amongst  the  inscriptions  recovered  there  are 
some  of  special  interest.  A  fresh  copy  has  been 
obtained  of  the  important  inscription  found  by 
M.  Radet  at  Baharlar,  south-east  of  Ine  Giol 
(near  Philadelphia),  in  which  M.  Radet  seeks  to 
find  a  reference  to  the  town  Kallataboi,  men- 
tioned by  Herodotus  on  the  march  of  Xerxes. 
Kallataboi  was  certainly  in  this  plain,  but 
unfortunately  an  examination  of  the  stone 
compels  us  to  conclude  that  the  proposed 
restoration, 

ko[to-] 
ik[oi  01  Iv  KaAAaT]ay8ots, 

which  M.  Radet  himself  says  is  trop  longue,  is 
quite  impossible.  The  space  between  ik  and 
a/^ois  cannot  contain  above  seven  letters  ;  and 
even  if  we  leave  out  the  article,  the  restoration 
is  still  too  long.  Prof.  Ramsay's  latest  sugges- 
tion {I.e.,  part  ii.  p.  573,  n.  5),  Ka[To]iK[oi  h 
'ApS]df3ois,    suits    the    epigraphic    conditions. 


N°3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


567 


The  state  of  this  stone  is  remarkable  :  some 
letters  have  partially,  others  (to  all  appearance) 
wholly,  disappeared,  and  yet  the  polished 
sui'face  remains  intact,  so  that  an  archaeologist 
copying  the  stone  without  any  restoration  in 
his  mind  would,  for  example,  mark  the  space 
after  Ka  as  uninscribed.  This  obviously  in- 
creases the  difficulty  of  restoration.  Of  the 
other  inscriptions  T  shall  mention  only  two. 
One  is  an  interesting  inscription  of  Hierapolis 
in  the  municipal  style,  referring  to  the  villages 
within  its  territory  ;  it  is,  unfortunately,  broken 
and  hard  to  decipher.  The  other,  a  long  docu- 
ment with  two  Latin  passages,  consisting  of  an 
appeal  to  the  Emperor  Philippus  by  the  people 
of  Soa,  apparently  for  redress  of  a  grievance 
against  the  neighbouring  city  of  Appia,  makes 
a  welcome  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  an 
interesting  district. 

The  results  thus  slightly  indicated,  attained 
during  a  season  not  particularly  favourable  for 
exploration,  and  in  a  country  already  better 
known  than  most  parts  of  Asia  Minor,  lead  us 
to  hope  with  some  confidence  for  still  larger 
results  in  other  districts  of  which  far  less  is 
known.  J.  G.  C.  Anderson. 


The  correction  of  my  assignment  of  Meros  is 
even  more  important  and  welcome  than  the 
confirmation  of  my  opinion  as  to  Hadrianopolis, 
Khelidonia,  &c.  Kumbet  is  the  site  of  a  city 
(see  the  forthcoming  number  of  Hermes) ;  and 
perhaps  Metropolis-Konne  must  be  placed  there. 
But  there  are  some  obvious  difficulties  in 
placing  Konne  at  Kumbet ;  and  perhaps  Mr. 
Anderson  will  crown  his  work  in  this  district 
by  findins  some  exact  proof  of  the  ancient 
name  of  Kumbet. 

But  discoveries  confirmatory  of  my  specula- 
tions are  also  exceedingly  important,  for  most 
of  them  were  disputed  ;  and  M.  Radet's  recent 
work  'En  Phrygie,' in  which  he  differed  from 
almost  all  my  opinions  as  to  Phrygian  topo- 
graphy, except  where  epigraphic  evidence  gave 
them  certainty,  has  led  several  reviewers  to  the 
opinion  that  the  subject  was  quite  uncertain  ; 
and  one  has  indicated  his  preference  for  the 
principles  which  have  led  M.  Radet  to  results 
that  differ  so  widely  from  mine.  Almost  the 
only  conjecture  of  mine  which  M.  Radet 
accepted  without  modification  was  with  regard 
to  the  site  of  Meros.  The  doubt  is  now 
dissipated  in  several  cases.  It  must  be  re- 
membered, as  showing  how  thorough  Mr. 
Anderson's  work  has  been,  that  I  and  several 
other  travellers  had  searched  in  vain  the  same 
places  where  he  has  discovered  the  decisive 
evidence.  In  his  last  letter  to  me,  dated 
October  9th,  he  adds  a  suitable  climax  to  his 
work  by  discovering  the  site  of  Bria,  one  and 
three-quarter  miles  north-west  of  Burgas,  beside 
the  road  to  Tatar-Keui,  in  the  open  plain,  con- 
cealed amongst  the  trees.  M.  Radet  and  I  had 
come  to  the  conclusion,  independently  of  one 
another,  and  nearly  about  the  same  time  in 
1895,  that  Bria  was  situated  at  Burgas  ('Git. 
Bish.,'  i.  p.  244).  W.  M.  Ramsay. 


The  Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Society  of  Miniaturists,  issued 
invitations  to  their  exhibition  for  yester- 
day (Friday)  at  the  Grafton  Galleries,  Grafton 
Street,  Bond  Street. 

Sir  Edward  Burne-Jones  has  now  finished 
the  two  designs  for  the  Kelmscott  Press  edition 
of  'Sigurd  the  Volsung,'  and  the  book  will  be 
ready  in  a  few  weeks.  The  eighty-seven  blocks 
for  the  Chaucer,  engraved  by  Mr.  VV.  H.  Hooper 
from  Sir  Edward's  designs,  have  been  presented 
by  the  trustees  to  the  British  Museum,  in 
accordance  with  a  wish  expressed  by  Mr.  Morris 
before  his  death.  It  is  hoped  that  some  of  these 
blocks,  together  with  a  copy  of  the  book,  will 
be  placed  in  the  cases  for  exhibition. 


An  unusually  extensive  series  of  exhibition 
catalogues  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  occurs 
in  the  portion  of  the  library  of  the  late  Mr. 
G.  T.  Robinson,  F.S.A.,  to  be  sold  at  Messrs. 
Sotheby's  on  November  12th  and  13th.  The 
series  extends  from  1709  to  1884,  but  five  of 
the  years,  1769,  1779,  1781,  1782,  and  1783,  are 
in  MS.  The  first  twenty  years'  issues  are  inter- 
leaved, and  contain  numerous  notes  identifying 
the  portraits  and  miniatures  exhibited.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  the  same  lot  will  include  a  parcel 
of  MS.  matter  relating  to  a  proposed  reprint 
of  the  first  hundred  catalogues  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  with  annotations,  &c. 

Mr.  Eyre  Crowe  writes  : — 

"  Messrs.  Goupil  ask  in  the  Athencsiim  of  the  9th 
where  the  Bernini  bust  of  Charles  I.  can  now  be 
found.  In  'Gossip  of  the  Century,'  by  the  author 
of  '  Flemish  Interiors '  (Ward  &  Downey,  1892,  vol.  i. 
p.  217),  he  relates  the  fact  of  its  arrival  in  England, 
its  being  '  unpacked  at  Chelsea  Palace,  where  it  was 
placed  in  a  niche  over  the  library  door.  When  the 
palace  was  burnt  it  was  destroyed  in  the  fire,  and 
no  trace  of  it  was  found.'  No  authority  is  given, 
which  is  a  i)ity." 

It  has  always  been  understood  that  the  bust 
was  burnt  in  the  great  fire  at  Whitehall,  when 
hundreds  of  artistic  treasures  perished,  Janu- 
ary 4th,  1698.  The  bust,  which  is  not  to  be 
confounded  with  King  Charles's  "busto"  in 
bronze,  by  Le  Sueur— which  was  likewise  at 
Whitehall — is  mentioned  in  the  Catalogue  of 
King  James  II.  as  "  No.  1259,  King  Charles  the 
First's  busto,  by  Bernini." 

The  mosaics  of  St.  Paul  and  Dean  Colet  in 
the  large  hall  of  St.  Paul's  School  will  be 
unveiled  on  Monday. 

The  fifth  and  last  portion  of  the  rich  Montagu 
collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  English  coins 
and  medals  will  be  dispersed  next  month  by 
Messrs.  Sotheby,  who  have  issued  a  handsome 
illustrated  catalogue.  The  medals  are  mostly 
duplicates,  but  the  coins,  except  those  of 
Ethelred  II.,  Cnut,  and  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, are  not  so.  With  the  coins  will  be  sold 
those  of  Mr.  Montagu's  books  relating  to 
mediaeval  and  modern  numismatics.  The  sale 
will  occupy  five  days — November  16th  to  20th. 
The  entire  sale  (excluding,  of  course,  the 
Roman  gold  coins,  which  were  sold  at  the  Hotel 
Drouot)  will  have  occupied  Messrs,  Sotheby  for 
fifty-two  days. 

Messrs.  Reeves  &  Turner  write  : — 
"  Referring  to  the  review  of  Chaffers's '  Hall-Marks 
on  Gold  and  Silver  Plate.'  which  appeared  in  your 
columns  of  September  18th  last,  we  beg  to  state 
that  many  of  the  letters  included  in  the  tables  of 
London  Assay  Office  Letters  are  the  copyright  of 
Mr.  W.  J.  Cripps,  C.B.,  F.S.A.,  and  appear  in  his 
work  on  'Old  English  Plate,'  published  by  Mr. 
John  Murray.  As  it  is  entirely  by  Mr.  Cripps's 
courtesy  and  special  permission  that  they  appear  in 
Mr.  Chaffers's  work,  and  as  the  filling  of  so  many 
gaps  in  the  London  tables  thus  effected  is  specially 
referred  to  in  the  Athenceum,  it  is  only  right  that 
the  source  of  the  information  should  be  fully 
acknowledged." 

The  Munich  Kunstverein  has  opened  its  series 
of  winter  exhibitions  this  year  with  a  "  Sonder- 
ausstellung  "  of  the  works  of  Albert  Keller,  the 
Swiss  painter,  who  has  resided  at  Munich  since 
1883.  His  female  portraits  will  be  largely  re- 
presented, and  the  exhibition  will  contain  a 
number  of  preliminary  studies  for  his  great 
pictures.  The  two  colourists  of  most  repute  in 
Munich  are  both  Switzers,  Keller  being  a 
Zuicher  and  Bocklin  a  Basler. 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company.—'  Die  Meistersinger.' 
Crystal  Palace. — Saturday  Concerts. 
Queen's  Hall.— Mr.  Robert  Newman's  Benefit  Concert. 
Eichter  Concerts. 

The  performance  of  '  Die  Meistersinger,' 
or  rather  of  a  portion  of  Wagner's  comic 


opera,  at  Covent  Garden  on  Thursday  last 
week,  had  some  good  points  and  some  that 
were  inconceivably  bad.  The  work  was 
painfully  mutilated,  even  the  great  scene 
of  the  street  disturbance  in  the  second  act 
being  expunged.  This  is  one  of  Wagner's 
most  characteristic  inspirations ;  and  we 
may  saj',  in  general  terms,  that  if  an  opera 
depending  so  much  on  continuity  as  that  of 
the  Bayreuth  master  cannot  be  performed  as 
he  intended,  then  it  should  be  left  alone. 
Why  Mr.  Whitney  Mockridge  should 
have  been  cast  for  the  part  of  Walter 
passes  comprehension.  Under  the  best  of 
circumstances  he  could  not  have  rendered 
justice  to  it,  and  after  the  second  act  an 
apology  was  made  for  him  on  the  ground 
of  illness,  Mr.  Barron  Berthald  taking  his 
place.  He  is  unmistakably  a  coming  artist, 
gifted  with  a  pleasing  tenor  voice  and  an 
attractive  appearance.  As  Hans  Sachs  Mr. 
Ludwig  was  quite  satisfactory,  Miss  Alice 
Esty  made  a  charming  Eva  in  all  respects, 
but  Mr.  Homer  Lind  was  just  tolerable  as 
Beckmesser.  The  minor  parts  were  in  fairly 
good  hands.  Nevertheless  we  are  glad,  on 
the  whole,  that  '  Die  Meistersinger  '  has  not 
been  repeated. 

Mr.  Edward  German's  symphonic  poem 
'  Hamlet,'  written  for  the  recent  Birming- 
ham  Festival,    was   included   in    the    pro- 
gramme of  the  Crystal  Palace  Concert  last 
Saturday  afternoon,  and  now  that   it    has 
been  heard  a  second  time  we  are  more  fitted 
to   judge   of    its    merits.     These    are    un- 
doubtedly   very    great,    and    it    may    un- 
hesitatingly be  said   that  the  work  is  the 
best  its  gifted  composer  has  written.     The 
thematic  material  possesses  melodic  interest, 
and  the  dirge  and  chorale-like  section  which 
refer  to  Ophelia's  fate  are  of  real  beauty. 
The    development    is,   moreover,  clear  and 
coherent,    and    the   orchestration    masterly 
and     picturesque.      In     its     entirety     Mr. 
German's  symphonic  poem  is  a  musicianly 
achievement,  and  indicates  distinct  and  most 
satisfactory  advance  in  command  of  musical 
expression.    The  work  was  admirably  inter- 
preted under  the  direction  of  the  composer, 
and  its  merits  heartily  acknowledged  by  a 
numerous   audience.     The  other  orchestral 
works  were  Weber's  Overture  to  *  Oberon,' 
Beethoven's  Fifth    Symphony  in   c  minor, 
and   Max   Bruch's    Scottish   Fantasia,    the 
violin  solo   part   of   the   last-named   being 
played    by    Miss    Maude    McCarthy   with 
remarkable     skill     for     a     girl     not     yet 
thirteen,  but  naturally  with  want  of  grip 
and    expression.      It   should   be  remarked 
that    the    analytical    notice    of    this    work 
inserted    in    the    book    of    words    was     a 
reprint  from  the  programme  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic Concert  of  March  15th,  1883,  in 
which  the  work  was  wrongly  described  as  a 
concerto,  in   order  to   induce  the  directors 
to  perform  it,  no  fantasias  being  then  per- 
mitted in  a  Philharmonic  programme.    The 
vocalist  was  Miss  Clara  Butt,  whose  second 
item,  a  setting  of  the  hymn  "Abide  with 
me,"    was    scarcely   in   keeping   with    the 
artistic  standard  of  these  concerts. 

Mr.  Robert  Newman's  benefit  concert 
took  place  last  Saturday  evening,  and  with  it 
he  concluded  his  third  series  of  Promenade 
Concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall.  No  symphony 
was  included  in  the  programme  on  this 
occasion,  but  excellent  renderings  were  given 
of  Wagner's  Overture  to  '  Tannhauser,'  the 


568 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


prelude  to  tlio  third  act  of  '  Lohengrin,'  and 
the  *  Eide  of  the  Valkyries,'  Beethoven's 
third  '  Leonora '  Overture,  Grieg's  first 
'  Peer  G^'nt '  Suite,  and  Mr.  E.  German's 
three  dances  from  his  incidental  music  to 
'  Henry  YIIL'  Several  instrumental  and 
vocal  soloists  also  appeared,  and  the  audience, 
■which  completely  filled  the  spacious  hall, 
■was  of  a  most  enthusiastic  character.  These 
concerts,  under  the  clever  direction  of  Mr. 
H.  J.  Wood,  have  now  become  a  feature  of 
the  autumn  musical  season,  and  there  is 
good  cause  for  satisfaction  in  their  success, 
for  the  high-class  nature  of  the  programmes 
can  scarcely  fail  to  cultivate  a  taste  for  the 
best  music. 

The  programme  of  the  first  Eichter 
Concert  on  Monday  last  -was  a  model 
of  conciseness,  containing  only  four  items, 
these,  ho^wever,  being  sufficient  to  make 
a  programme  of  reasonable  length. 
Of  the  first  two  —  AVeber's  Overture 
to  'Euryanthe'  and  the  "  Charfreitag's 
Musik  "  from  '  Parsifal ' — there  is  nothing 
to  be  said,  save  to  register  performances 
that  were  truly  magnificent.  Tschaikowsky's 
Suite  in  g,  No.  3,  was  to  have  been  pre- 
sented at  a  Philharmonic  Concert  ia  1888, 
but  for  some  reason  only  the  concluding 
movement  was  played.  The  entire  work,  how- 
ever, has  recently  been  heard  at  one  of  Mr. 
Robert  Newman's  concerts  in  the  Queen's 
Hall.  It  is  in  four  movements,  entitled, 
respectivelj',  Elogie,  Valse  Melancolique, 
Scherzo,  and  Tema  con  Variazioni.  All  are 
characteristic  of  the  Russian  style  of  which 
Tscha'ikowsky  was  a  master,  and  the  melodic 
interest  of  the  four  movements  must 
be  gladly  acknowledged.  Brahms's  Sym- 
phony in  E  minor.  No.  4,  was  first  heard  in 
London  at  a  Richter  Concert  on  May  10th, 
1886,  and  was  fully  described  in  the 
Athenoium  (No.  3055).  It  may  now  be  added 
that  the  work  becomes  slightly  more  accept- 
able upon  acquaintance,  and  the  extra- 
ordinary cleverness  of  the  writing  extorts 
admiration.  Yet  it  is,  on  the  whole,  less 
attractive  than  the  firot  three  symphonies, 
though  it  should  be  heard  occasion- 
ally. Of  course,  Herr  Richter's  orchestra 
brought  out  every  point  with  the  utmost 
clearness,  and  made  the  symphony  as 
attractive  as  possible. 


Ipuaial  (goaai|r. 

Six  chamber  concerts  will  be  given  by  Mr. 
Richard  Gompertz's  String  Quartet  at  the 
Queen's  Small  Hall  on  various  dates,  com- 
mencing November  17th.  The  programmes 
will  include  several  works  new  to  Loudon. 

The  first  performance  of  the  season  of  the 
Hampstead  Popular  Concerts  of  Chamber  Music 
will  take  place  on  November  19th.  In  the 
course  of  the  series  such  eminent  artists  as 
Herr  Joachim,  Messrs.  Gompertz  and  Ludwig, 
Miss  Fanny  Davies,  Miss  Ilona  Eibenschiitz, 
Miss  Adela  Verne,  Miss  K.  Goodson,  Mr. 
Isidor  Cohn,  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick,  Miss 
Fillunger,  Miss  Louise  Phillips,  Miss  Agnes 
Witting,  Mr.  Walter  Ford,  and  Mr.  Meux  will 
appear.  Mr.  Bird  will  be  the  accompanist.  A 
choice  selection  of  works  is  promised. 

The  first  of  three  miscellaneous  concerts 
announced  by  Mr.  N.  Vert  took  place  last 
Saturday  afternoon  at  St.  James's  Hall.  The 
programme  was  good  of  its  class,  but  scarcely 
calls  for  criticism.  Among  the  artists  who 
appeared  were  Mr.  Johannes  Wolff,  Mr.  Santley, 
Miss  Ella  Russell,  Mr.  Ben  Davies,  and  Madame 
Alice  Gomez. 


Herr  Eugen  d'Albert  commences  his  pro- 
vincial tour  at  Brighton  to-day,  and  will  visit 
most  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  besides  appearing  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  Monday  and  Saturday  Popular  Con- 
certs, &c. 

Messrs.  Frederick  Lamond  and  Huoo 
Heinz  will  give  a  piano  and  song  recital  at  the 
Queen's  Small  Hall  on  Friday,  November  26th. 

Examination  of  the  score  of  Humperdinck's 
incidental  music  to  'Die  Konigskinder,'  the 
English  version  of  which,  under  the  title  of 
'The  Children  of  the  King, '  was  produced  on 
the  13th  inst.  at  the  Court  Theatre,  reveals  the 
extraordinary  pains  the  composer  has  taken  to 
ensure  unanimity  of  accent  and  rhythm  between 
the  music  and  the  spoken  passages  it  accom- 
panies. These  words  are  set  in  exactly  the 
same  manner  as  though  they  were  intended  to 
be  sung  ;  in  fact,  they  might  be  sung,  for  they 
possess  considerable  melodic  interest.  The 
work  is,  of  course,  based  upon  a  series  of  Leit- 
motive,  the  principal  of  which  are  those  of  the 
Goosegirl,  the  Prince's  declaration  of  his  love 
for  her,  the  garland  theme,  that  which  accom- 
panies the  making  of  the  Witch's  loaf,  and  this 
dame's  "magic  spell"  motive.  All  these  are 
developed  with  consummate  mastery,  and  several 
of  them  form  the  basis  of  the  tragic  prelude  to 
the  third  act.  There  is  also  a  prelude  to  the 
second  act,  which  is  of  a  stirring  character,  and 
includes  an  old  German  children's  song,  which  is 
subsequently  sung  and  danced  after  the  curtain 
has  risen.  The  Minstrel  is  also  furnished  with 
an  ear-haunting  ditty  ;  but  the  strength  of  the 
music  is  in  the  orchestral  portion,  which  is  full 
of  beauty,  and  most  delicately  and  picturesquely 
scored. 

We  have  received  a  preliminary  prospectus 
of  the  Manchester  Halle  Concerts  for  the  forth- 
coming season.  In  all  twenty  concerts  will  be 
given  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen. 
The  first  was  announced  to  take  place  on  Thurs- 
day this  week.  Two  evenings  will  be  devoted 
to  Wagner  and  Tscha'ikowsky  exclusively  ;  Ber- 
lioz's '  Les  Troyens  '  will  be  presented  for  the 
first  time  in  Manchester ;  and  besides  many 
familiar  choral  works  Mackenzie's  beautiful 
'Dream  of  Jubal'  is  to  be  given.  Among  a 
number  of  symphonies  will,  of  course,  be  found 
Tschaikowsky's  '  Pathdtique '  and  Dvorak's 
'From  the  New  World.'  An  immense  number 
of  vocal  and  instrumental  artists  are  engaged, 
including  M.  Paderewski.  The  season  promises 
to  be  highly  successful. 

SiGNOKiNA  GiuLiA  Ravogli  IS  Studying  Ger- 
man songs  with  Miss  Eugenie  .Joachim. 


Sun. 
Mox. 

TUES. 

Wed 

THuns, 

FBI. 
SiT. 


PERFORMANCES  NLXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert.  .1.  Queen's  Hall. 
Concert.  3  30.  Albeit  Hall. 

Carl  Rosa  Opera,  'La  Boht'me.'S.  Covent  Garden. 
Richter  Concert.  8  30.  Queen's  Hall. 

Master  llruno  steimJels  I'iannforte  Recital,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
MiSH  E   Robinson's  Violin  Recital,  3,  Queen's  .'^niall  Hall. 
Carl  Rosa  ()|  era.  ■  Tannhiiuser,'  8.  Covent  Garilen. 
Jtiitish  Chamber  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Small  Hail. 
Miss  Nalbough's  Concert,  3.  St  James's  Hall. 
Mr  C  Jacoby's  Concert,  8.  St  James  s  Hall 
Carl  Rosa  Opera,  '  Diarmid.'  8.  Covent  Garden 
Signor  Aramis's  Greek  Conceit,  3.  St  James's  Ila'l. 
Carl  Jiosa  Opera.  '  Faust,'  8,  Covent  Garden. 
Gaelic  Society  s  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Hall 
MM.  van  Doo'ren  and  P.  P.ootti  s  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall, 
Carl  Rosa  Opera,  Covent  Garden 
Mr  N   Vert's  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall, 
Orchc-tral  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Crystal  l*alace  Concert,  3, 
Orchestral  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall, 
Carl  Rosa  Opei^a,  8,  Covent  Garden 
Polytechnic  Conceit,  8.  Queen's  Hall, 


DRAMA 

T/ie  Diari/  of  Master  William  Silence :  a  Study 
of   Shakespeare   and  of  Elizalethan   Sport. 
By  the  Right  Hon.  D.  H.  Madden.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 
Rare  indeed  in  the  ranks  of  critics  is  one 
who  may  be  said  to  be  a  sportsman  first  and 
a   Shakspearean    afterwards,  and  who  can 
combine   the   varied    talents    necessary   to 
resuscitate,    translate,    and    revivify    "  the 


only  dead  language  of  antiquity  which  it 
is  considered  allowable  to  write  without  any 
regard  to  its  meaning."  From  practical 
experience  "  in  the  Forest  of  Exmoor,  where 
from  time  immemorial  the  wild  red  deer  has 
been  hunted  according  to  ancient  usage," 
the  author  of  '  The  Diary  of  William  Silence  ' 
has  acquired  his  right  to  speak  with  autho- 
rity and  exact  technical  knowledge.  "  The 
noble  art  of  venerie  "is  no  longer  a  part  of 
the  natural  education  of  scholars.  Indeed, 
even  in  the  sixteenth  century 

"some  of  the  choicest  spirits  of  the  age,  dazzled 
by  the  light  of  the  new  learning,  were  blind  to 
the  beauty  and  significance  of  the  facts  which 
nature  reveals  to  her  faithful  followers,  in  pur- 
suit of  science  or  of  sport :  the  falcon  '  waiting 
on,'  beneath  the  cloud  ;  the  mallard  on  the 
wing  ;  the  subtlety  of  the  hare  ;  the  mysteries 
of  scent  ;  the  patient  labour  of  the  hounds  ;  the 
music  of  their  cry  ;  the  tragedy  of  the  hart  at 
bay ;  the  wariness  of  the  many-summered  trout  ; 
the  inexhaustible  wonder  of  the  horse  ;  and  the 
infinite  variety  of  that  world  of  animal  instinct, 
the  study  and  development  of  which  constitute 
the  essence  of  all  that  deserves  the  name  of 
sport." 

From  Shakspeare's  works  Mr.  Madden 
shows  that  he  preferred  the  more  stirring 
pleasures  of  the  field  to  the  leisurely  charms 
of  fishing,  and  points  out  that  though  there 
might  have  been  a  shade  of  professional 
jealousy  in  his  remarks  about  bear-baiting, 
there  was  a  deep-founded  meaning  in  his 
attributing  a  love  of  this  amusement  to  none 
of  his  nobler  characters.  It  was  free  sport 
in  the  open  air  that  charmed  him, 

"  It  is  a  matter  of  fact  that  his  mind  was  at 
all  times  so  possessed  with  images  and  recollec- 
tions of  English  rural  life,  that  he  refrained  not 
from  attributing  a  like  possession  to  men  of  all 
sorts  and  conditions,  regardless  of  time,  place, 
or  circumstance.  Prospero  sets  on  his  spirits 
in  hunter's  language,  by  names  well  known  in 
Gloucestershire  kennels.  Ulysses  compares 
Achilles  sulking  in  his  tent  to  a  hart  keeping 
thicket.  The  falling  Caesar  suggests  to  Anthony 
a  noble  hart,  whose  forest  was  the  world,  bayed 
and  slain  by  blood  -  stained  hunters.  Titus 
Andronicus  proclaims  a  solemn  hunting  after 
the  fashion  of  Gloucestershire.  Egyptians, 
Athenians,  and  Romans  are  intimatelyacquainted 
with  the  coursing  matches  of  Cotswold.  Roderigo 
of  Venice  and  Pandarus  of  Troy  speak  the 
language  of  English  sportsmen.  Theseus  hunts 
the  country  round  Athens  with  hounds  as 
thoroughly  English  as  was  the  horse  of  Adonis." 

From  the  chase  Mr.  Madden  naturally 
turns  to  Shakspeare's  descriptions  of  the 
horse.  Mr.  Charles  Flower,  of  Stratford-on- 
Avon,  has  treated  this  question  in  his  inter- 
esting little  pamphlet  called  '  Shakespeare 
on  Horseback ';  but  the  poet's  love  for  a 
beautiful  horse  is  brought  out  even  more 
fully  in  the  present  volume. 

Perhaps  unconsciously,  Mr.  Madden 
brings  a  strong  argument  (that  has  been 
already  used)  to  bear  against  a  modern 
heresy,  by  noting  Francis  Bacon's  want  of 
enthusiasm  for  sport : — 

"  He  writes  lovingly  of  gardens,  trees,  flowers, 
aviaries,  and  fountains.  He  discourses  on 
foreign  travel,  and  condescends  to  such  toys 
as  masques,  triumphs,  dancing,  and  acting  to 
song  ;  but  he  never  writes  of  horse  or  hawk  or 
hound." 

This  is  practically,  though  not  literally  true. 
Bacon  mentions  horses  six  times,  but  only 
once  with  anything  like  Shakspearean  feel- 
ing :     "  English   horses    for    strength   and 


N"  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


569 


swiftness  are  not  excelled  by  those  of  any 
other  country." 

The  chapters  on  falconry  are  especially 
interesting.  Mr.  Madden  lays  the  scene 
of  his  story  naturally  in  enclosed  parks, 
and  has  but  little  to  say  about  a  chase, 
a  common,  a  royal  forest  or  its  purlieus, 
and  the  privileges  of  pourallee  men,  dwelt 
on  by  Manwood.  The  latter  might  have 
supplied  him  a  further  illustration,  in 
the  description  of  Celia's  cot  on  the  fringe 
of  the  forest,  "the  Arden  of  which  is 
the  Luxembourg  Ardennes."  Nor  does 
he  clearly  distinguish,  for  his  reader's  in- 
struction, the  wild  beasts  proper  to  the 
forest,  the  chase,  and  the  warren,  and  their 
special  seasons,  all  which  distinctions  illus- 
trate Shakspeare.  He  occasionally  uses 
phrases  different  from  those  of  earlier 
years.  For  instance,  he  says  of  a  serving- 
man,  "He  was  expected  to  carve  well — 
knowing  how  to  unlace  a  cony,  raise  a  capon, 
and  trump  a  crane."  In  the  'Boke  of 
Keruyng,'  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1513,*--  the 
phrases  are  used,  "  Sauce  that  capon,  spoyle 
that  henne,  dysplaye  that  crane." 

In  chap.  viii.  Mr.  Madden  states  his 
opinion  that  Master  Robert  Shallow,  the 
Gloucestershire  justice,  was  not  originally 
associated  with  Sir  Thomas  Lucy  at 
all,  an  opinion  not  new,  but  funda- 
mentally sound.  He  shows  that  there 
could  be  no  point  in  representing  "  Sir 
Thomas  Lucy  as  having  a  distant  view  of 
royalty  but  once  in  a  tilt  yard,  and  then 
getting  his  head  broken  for  crowding  among 
the  marshal's  men."  "  But  years  passed 
by  and  the  '  Merry  Wives  '  was  rewritten," 
and  Shallow  is  made  to  say  through  heraldry 
that  his  name  was  Lucy,  "and  we  may  regret 
the  sacrifice  of  old  Robert  Shallow  to  the 
promptings  of  resentment  against  some 
member  of  the  Lucy  family."  The  least 
probable  cause,  says  Mr.  Madden,  is  the 
traditional  one.  We  might  make  one  or 
two  suggestions  to  the  author  in  regard  to 
his  theories.  Sir  Thomas  Lucy  the  second, 
in  a  list  of  London  residents  in  1599,  is 
entered  as  "of  Gloucester,  Knight";  and  Sir 
Thomas  Lucy  the  third  in  1610  did  make  a 
Star  Chamber  case  of  a  deer-stealing  aSair 
in  his  Worcestershire  park,  and  did  impale 
his  Warwickshire  one.  In  the  life  of  his 
friend  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  his  love  of 
"  riding  the  great  horse  "  is  dwelt  on. 

Interesting  as  the  book  is,  treated  as  a 
form  of  literature  it  is  open  to  objection. 
'The  Diary  of  Master  William  Silence' 
might  have  stood  as  a  history,  or  at  least 
as  a  novel,  if  it  had  been  transcribed,  so  to 
speak,  instead  of  being  talked  about  and 
constantly  interrupted  by  the  author's  mus- 
ings, philosophical,  philological,  or  historical. 
Starting  from  some  uncertain  tradition  that 
Shakspeare  had  really  dwelt  in  Gloucester- 
shire, he  supposes  Shallow  and  all  his  coterie 
to  be  real  individuals,  and  describes  a  hunt 
in  his  park  managed  by  Master  Abraham 
Slender,  by  the  aid  of  Davy,  William  the 
Hunt,  and  Vizor  of  Woncot.  To  these  he  adds 
Master  Petre  (or  Petruchio)  and  his  tamed 
Kate,  Will  Squele  of  Hogshearing  and  his 
fair  daughter  Anne,  Clement  Perkes  of  the 
Hill,  and  a  mysterious  stranger  who  repre- 
sents Shakspeare  himself,  appearing  some- 
what after  the  manner  of  Chaucer  in  the 

■.,  *  ?.eP«"iate'i  in  Dr.  Furnivall's  '  Babees  Book '  for  the  Earlv 
English  Text  Society,  1867. 


'  Canterbury  Tales.'  William  Silence,  the 
student,  is  the  supposed  writer  of  the 
journal,  and  the  lover  who  is  to  carry  off 
Anne  Squele,  somewhat  as  Penton  secures 
Anne  Page  in  the  *  Merry  Wives.'  The 
experiences  of  the  three  days'  sport  are 
traced  in  Shakspeare's  plays  in  relation  to 
other  names.  The  pictures  are  confused ;  for 
instance,  in  chap,  v.,  "  How  the  Hart  was 
bayed  and  broken  up,"  it  is  stated  :  "  In 
deep  water  beneath  a  great  rock  he  makes 
his  final  stand.  His  enemies  can  approach 
him  only  in  front  and  swimming ^  A  few 
pages  later  it  is  said  : — 

"  Clement  Perkes  and  his  companion,  warily 
approaching  the  hart  from  behind,  cast  round 
his  antlers  a  rope  carried  by  the  huntsman  for 
that  purpose.  His  head  being  thus  pulled  back, 
the  huntsman  cut  his  throat On  this  occa- 
sion the  honour  of  taking  assay  fell  to  Mistress 
Anne  Squele." 

The  date  is  supposed  to  be  1586, 
yet  this  is  hardly  consonant  with  the 
description  of  Shallow  Church,  where  in 
the  chancel  "there  stood  a  roughly  hewn 
oaken  desk,  and  to  it  was  chained,  in 
obedience  to  the  law  (together  with  '  Foxe's 
Book  of  Martyrs'  and  'Jewel's  Apology'), 
a  Certain  Booklately  done  intothe  vulgar  tongue  y 
"A  Ride  on  Cotswold,"  when  William 
Silence  and  the  mysterious  stranger  ought 
to  have  been  chatting  together,  seems 
hardly  the  occasion  for  the  author  to 
attempt  to  trace,  even  in  outline,  his 
opinions  regarding  the  evolution  of  Puritan 
from  Pagan.  The  conversations,  however, 
have  a  contemporary  ring,  and  '  The  Song 
of  the  Hunto '  is  a  happy  combination  of 
Shakspearean  phrases. 

In  note  i.  on  "The  Critical  Significance 
of  Shakespeare's  Allusions  to  Field  Sports," 
Mr.  Madden  applies  his  test  to  doubtful 
plays,  and  he  also  poses  as  a  champion  of 
the  readings  of  the  first  folio.  He  further 
elucidates  Shakspeare's  method  of  adapta- 
tion, and  shows  how  '  The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew '  teems  with  allusions  to  sport,  horses, 
and  the  falconer's  art.  Some  of  these  allu- 
sions form  part  of  the  groundwork  of  the 
play,  while  others  are  but  casual. 

Spontaneous  allusion  to  field  sports  dis- 
tinguishes the  workmanship  of  Shakspeare. 
In  the  admitted  works  of  Fletcher,  Greene, 
Kyd,  Marlowe,  or  in  certain  of  the  anony- 
mous plays  attributed  to  Shakspeare,  it  is 
never  found.  Nearly  all  the  critics  deny 
that  'Titus  Andronicus'  is  Shakspeare's, 
though  Meres  mentions  it.  There  is 
hardly  a  trace  of  Shakspeare  in  the  first 
act ;  but  in  the  second  not  only  is  there  a 
new  treatment  of  characters,  but  the  sport- 
ing phrases  commence,  showing  where  he 
stepped  in  to  redact  the  type  of  play  "  that 
paid "  at  the  period.  It  shows  Shak- 
speare's method  of  adaptation,  as  does  '  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew,'  adapted  from  the 
old  play  '  The  Taming  of  a  Shrew,'  pub- 
lished 1594  and  reprinted  by  the  Shak- 
speare Society  in  1844.  In  the  old  play 
Sly  is  told  in  unsportsmanlike  language  : — 

And  if  your  Honour  please  to  hunt  the  deer 
Your  hounds  stand  ready  cuppled  at  the  door. 

Shakspeare  alters  this  to 

Wilt  thou  hunt  ? 
Thy  hounds  shall  make  the  welkin  answer  them, 
And  fetch  shrill  echoes  from  the  hollow  earth. 
First  Serv.    Say,  wilt  thou  course  ?     Thy  grey- 
hounds  are  as  swift 
As  breathed  stags,  ay  fleeter  than  the  roe. 


A  comparison  of  other  old  dramas  altered 
by  Shakspeare   shows   precisely   the    same 
process.     In  the  first  part  of  '  The  Conten- 
tion,' Suffolk  says  of  Duke  Humphrey  :  — 
Let  him  die,  in  that  he  is  a  Foxe, 

Lest  that  in  living  he  offend  us  more. 

Here  is  no  hint  of  the  laws  of  woodcraft, 
which  distinguish  vermin  like  the  fox  from 
beasts  of  venery,  to  whom  fair  law  is 
allowed.     But  Shakspeare  emphasizes  this  : 

And  do  not  stand  on  quillets  how  to  slay  him, 

Be  it  by  gins  or  snares  or  subtlety, 

Sleeping  or  waking  ;  'tis  no  matter  how, 

So  he  be  dead  1 

Some  scenes,  again,  in  '  Pericles  '  stand  out 
as  Shakspeare's,  and  some  phrases,  too,  as 
when  Pericles  says  he  would  mount  him 

Ujjon  a  courser  whose  delightful  steps 
Shall  make  the  gazer  joy  to  see  him  tread. 

'The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen'  shows  some 
touches  of  Shakspeare,  the  hunter,  the  fal- 
coner, the  horseman  ;  so  also,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, the  '  Birth  of  Merlin '  ;  but  the  other 
doubtful  plays  have  not  a  trace  of  his  work. 


^ramaiir  (gxrssip. 

No  more  success  than  was  anticipated  attended 
the  reopening  programme  at  the  Avenue,  and 
the  two  earlier  pieces  have  been  removed  from 
the  bill.  The  lever  de  rideau  now  consists  of 
'  The  Lady  Burglar,'  a  short  and  rather  nonde- 
script piece,  hovering  between  comedietta  and 
farce.  A  young  lady  in  evening  dress  enters 
a  fiat,  and  packs  up  all  the  articles  of  value  she 
can  find.  In  this  operation  she  is  interrupted 
by  the  arrival  of  the  owner,  who  makes  love  to 
her  with  so  much  ardour  that  ultimately  he 
gives  her  a  cheque  in  order  to  bribe  her  to 
secrecy.  In  the  end  she  proves  to  be  an 
emissary  of  his  wife.  Poor  as  is  the  idea  oE 
this,  the  execution  is  poorer,  and  the  acting  is 
poorest  of  all. 

'  More  than  Ever,'  which  is  the  second 
item  on  the  new  programme  at  the  Avenue,  is 
a  whimsical  burlesque  of  the  late  Arthur 
Matthison,  originally  produced  November  1st, 
1882,  at  the  Gaiety,  and  shortly  afterwards 
transferred  to  the  Court.  It  was  intended  as  a 
parody  of  'For  Ever,'  a  melodrama  in  seven 
acts,  given  a  month  earlier  at  the  Surrey,  in 
which  Mr.  George  Conquest  took  Zacky  Pas- 
trana, a  sort  of  man- monkey  conjured  up  from 
a  tale  of  Poe.  In  place  of  the  man-monkey 
Matthison  gave  us  a  man-kangaroo,  who,  coming 
into  the  home  of  his  wicked  uncle  Sir  Crimson 
Fluid,  committed  suicide  after  murdering  every 
one  in  the  house.  Mr.  F.  Wyatt  repeated  his 
performance  of  the  kangaroo,  and  Mr.  Brook- 
field  took  for  the  first  time  the  part  of  an  aged 
domestic  rejoicing  in  the  name  of  Shambles. 
The  piece  burlesques  nothing  at  present  existing 
on  the  stage,  but  has  not  lost  its  power  to 
amuse. 

Mr.  Gilbert'o  new  play  'The  Fortune- 
Hunter '  was  performed  on  Monday  at  the 
Queen's  Opera-house  at  Crouch  End,  one  of  the 
innumerable  suburban  theatres  which  are  at- 
tempting to  cope  with  central  houses  and  even 
challenge  criticism.  Miss  Fortescue  plays  the 
heroine,  Diana  Caverel,  who,  placed  between 
two  lovers,  affects  the  worse.  Mr.  Luigi  Lablache 
is  Armand  de  Breville,  who  by  what  is  prac- 
tically suicide  shows  his  penitence  for  the  wrong 
he  has  done  his  wife  ;  Mr.  Maurice  is  the 
worthier  suitor  ;  and  Miss  Cicely  Richards  an 
American  heiress  who  has  married  an  octo- 
genarian British  duke. 

At  the  Shakespeare  Theatre,  Clapham  Junc- 
tion, '  Sporting  Life, 'a  four-act  drama  by  Messrs. 
Cecil  Raleigh  and  Seymour  Hicks,  was  played 
on  Monday  by  a  company  headed  by  Mr. 
Leonard  Boyne.    Principal  features  in  it  consist 


570 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


of  a  view  of  a  training  stable,  a  race  for  tlie 
Derby,  and  a  fight  at  the  National  Sporting 
Club. 

The  same  night  that  witnessed  the  perform- 
ances at  Clapham  Junction  and  Crouch  End  saw 
also  the  production  at  the  Mdtropole  Theatre, 
Camberwell,  of  Mr.  Louis  N.  Parker's  four-act 
play  'The  Vagabond  King,' a  piece  in  which 
many  competent  actors — as  Miss  Bateman  (Mrs. 
Crowe),  Miss  Lena  Ashwell,  Miss  PhyllisBrough- 
ton,  Messrs.  Murray  Carson,  Gilbert  Farquhar, 
Sydney  Brough,  and  George  Grossmith,  jun. — 
took  part.  The  hero  of  this,  a  claimant  to  the 
throne  of  Peru,  gives  up  the  world  for  love,  and, 
shaking  off  the  pseudo-state  in  which  he  has 
been  brought  up,  becomes  an  inmate  of  a 
"dosshouse."  Upon  the  qualities  of  a  piece 
known  only  by  report  there  is  no  temptation 
to  dwell.  If  the  proprietors  of  the  outlying 
houses,  which  are  a  curious  and  perplexing 
feature  in  our  latest  theatrical  development, 
wish  their  productions  to  be  criticized,  they 
will  do  well  not  to  allow  their  novelties  to  clash. 

Monday  next  will  witness  the  production  at 
the  St.  James's  of  Mr.  R.  C.  Carton's  'Tree  of 
Knowledge,'  which  will  be  supported  by  Miss 
Julia  Neilson,  Miss  Fay  Davis,  and  Messrs. 
George  Alexander,  F.  Terry,  and  H.  B.  Irving. 
On  November  1st  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tree  will 
reappear  at  Her  Majesty's,  and  will  be  seen  for 
the  first  time  in  '  Katharine  and  Petruchio.'  On 
the  Saturday  following  '  The  Little  Minister  ' 
will  be  given  for  the  first  time  at  the  Haymarket, 
with  a  cast  including  Mr.  Elliot  as  Lord  Rintoul, 
Mr.  Cyril  Maude  as  Gavin  Dishart,  Mr.  Brandon 
Thomas  as  Thomas  Whamond,  and  Miss  Wini- 
fred Emery  as  Lady  Babbie  Yuill.  Miss  Sydney 
Fairbrother  will  play  Micah  Dow  ;  and  Mr. 
Valentine,  Mr.  Kinghorne,  and  Mr.  Holman 
Clark  will  also  take  part  in  the  performance. 

The  Strand  was  closed  during  the  first  three 
days  of  the  week  for  the  rehearsal  of  the 
altered  version  of  '  The  Fanatic,'  which  was  pro- 
duced on  Thursday.  In  a  slightly  diflerent 
shape  the  piece  was  played  in  July  last  at 
Margate. 

When  the  performances  we  have  noted  as 
forthcoming  have  taken  place,  every  West-End 
theatre  will  be  in  full  swing,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Lyric  and  the  two  or  three  theatres  at 
which  the  tide  of  misfortune  has  set  in  with 
remorseless  severity — houses  which  open  but  to 
shut.  This  calculation  presupposes  that  none 
of  the  houses  at  present  open  will  in  the 
mean  time  be  closed — a  not  wholly  impossible 
contingency. 

The  number  of  new  theatres  which  are  con- 
templated or  are  already  in  course  of  erection 
in  London  is  now  large.  Among  them  is  a 
circus  cr  hippodrome  to  occupy  a  site  between 
Daly's  Theatre  and  Charing  Cross  Road.  This 
seems  a  fairly  promising  speculation. 


To  Correspondents.— A.  S.— T.  C— E.  &  S.— J.  M.  S.— 
A.  B.— C.  B.  H.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

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N°3652,  Oct.  23, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS' 
PUBLICATIONS. 


AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 

WILLIAM 

BLACKWOOD 

AND  HIS  SONS. 

THEIR  MAGAZINE  AND  FRIENDS. 

By  Mrs.  OLIPHANT. 

Vols.  I.  and  II.     With  Four  Portraits. 
SOME  LONDON  PRESS  OPINIONS. 

Athenfeum.  —  ''  A  most  interesting  record  of  the 
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been  published  for  many  a  day."  Graphic.  —  ''! 
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varied  matter  they  contain Their  literary  his- 
torical, and  human  value  are  incontestable." 
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literature It    reads    like  an    admirable    story, 

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most  exciting  literary  episodes  of  the  century  " 
British  Weehl!/.~"'Wedo  not  hesitate  to  say  that 
this,  Mrs.  Oliphant's  last  book,  will  outlive  all  the 

rest A    book   which    cannot    be    criticized     a 

book  which  we  can  only  give  thanks  for,  a  book 
of  books."  Daihj  Aervs.—"  The  volumes  bear  the 
impress  of  some  of  Mrs.  Oliphant's  most  remarkable 
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AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 

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^^^olitshvighte&t  and  most  eventful  epochs." 

th^'nlTI     ?*-."T''^°'^  '■°'"^"*''^  ^"d  fascinating 
than  the  best  of  her  excellent  novels." 


AT  ALL  LIBRARIES. 

WILLIAM    BLACKWOOD 
AND  HIS  SONS. 

THEIR  MAGAZINE  AND  FRIENDS. 

By  ]\Irs.  OLIPHANT. 
Vols.  I.  and  II.     With  Four  Portraits. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD   &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


573 


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574 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3652,  Oct.  23,  '97 


WHITTAKER'S   LIST. 


NEW    GRAMMATICAL    FRENCH 


COUHSE. 
Woolwich. 


By    Prof.    ALBERT    BARRKKE,    R.M.A. 


Parts  I.  and  II.  in  One  Volume,  ELEMENTARY.     Is. 

[Just  published. 

Part  III.  INTERMEDIATE.  [Shortly. 

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THE   ATHEN^UM 

Souma(  of  (^nglt^ft  antr  d^^orefgn  literature,  defence,  tj^e  iFfne  ^rt^,  Mw^it  anb  tl^e  IBrama* 


No.  3653. 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER    30,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

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J.  capacity  REQUIRED  by  well-educated  YOUNG  MAN.  Eighteen 
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W    R,  DA  VIES,  Solicitor, 

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fjNIVERSITY   COLLEGE   of  SOUTH  WALES 

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J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

University  College,  Cardiff,  October  19  1897. 


M 


ASON     COLLEGE,     BIRMINGHAM. 


ASSISTAN'r  LECTURESHIP  IN  CLASSICS. 
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Further  parlicnlais  may  be  obtained  from 

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VICTORIA  UNIVERSITY. 

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Honours  Schools  of  the  Victoria  University,  The  Lecturing  will  pro- 
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ROBERT  CAREY,  FIRST  EARL  OF  MONMOUTH.— Descendants 
of  either  are  requested  to  communicate  with  Lolg,  Wilson  &  WHE.vTr.ET, 
Printsellers  to  Her  Majesty,  Edinburgh. 

THE      AUTHOR'S     HAIRLESS     PAPER -PAD. 
(The  LEADENHALL  PRESS.  Ltd  ,  Publishers  and  Printers, 
50,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  F,  C. ; 
Contains   hairless   paper,    over  which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
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Authors  should  note  that  The  Leadenhall  Press,  Ltd.,  cannot  be 
responsible  for  the  loss  of  MSS.  by  fire  or  otherwise.  Duplicate  copies 
should  be  retained. 


''1"'0  INVALIDS. 

1      in  all  I 


-A    LIST   of    MEDICAL    MEN 

parts  RECEIVING  RESIDENT  PATIENTS  sent  gratis  with 

full  particulars.  Schools  also  recommended.— Medical,  &c  .  Association, 
Limited,  8.  Lancaster  Place.  Strand,  W  C  Telegraphic  Address,  "Tri- 
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578 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

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PRODUCERS  AND  PUBLISHERS  OF 

PERMANENT    CARBON    PHOTOGRAPHS   OF 
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ING.  A  Series  of  Plates,  printed  in  various  Colours, 
after  Cotman,  Crome,  Stark,  Vincent,  Leman,  Lound, 
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BRITISH    ARTISTS    of   the   VIC- 

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This  newly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
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MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the   above  by 
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On  view  the  day  prior  2  tUl  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 

haiL 

MONDAY,  November  8. 
The  First   Portion  of  the  important  and  valuable  Scientific 
Collections  formed  by  Mr.  JOHN  CALVERT,  consisting  of 
the  Savage  Curiosities. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY,  November  8,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  without 
reserve  by  order  of  Mr  JOHN  CAi-VERT,  who  is  disposing  of  his 
Collection  owing  to  his  declining  health,  and  the  unsafe  condition  of 
the  Museum  House  through  the  excavations  of  the  Midland  Railway. 

(Jn  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 


A  Portion  of  the  Library  nf  A.  W.  HILLIER,  E%q.,  and  the 
Remaimng  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  JOHN 
OAKKY,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No    13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  MONDAY,  November  1,  and  Following  Day,  at 

1  o'clock  precisely, a  PCHlllON  of  the  LIliUAIlY  of  A  W  HILLIEK 
Esq  ,  of  Winncote,  Strcatham  Park,  8. W,  consisting  of  First  Editions 
of  the  Works  of  Charles  Lever,  W  Combe,  Kenny  Meadows.  Robert 
Southey,  Charles  Dickens,  and  others— Fine  Illustrated  Hooks— Modern 
Publications  on  Lar(re  I'aper— Poetry,  Novels,  and  standard  Historical 
Works,  &c. ;  and  the  KKMAINING  PORTION  of  the  LTIIKARY  of  the 
late  JOHN  OAKEY,  Esq  ,  comprising  valuable  Works  illustrated  by  J. 
Leech,  George  Cruikshank,  Kowlandson,  H  K  Browne,  &c.— Reprints 
of  Hare  Works— Sporting  Hooks— History,  Poetry,  and  the  Drama,  In- 
cluding Boaden's  Memoirs  of  J.  P.  Keinble,  2  vols  in  4,  extra  illustrated 
—Tours  of  Dr.  Syntax,  3  vols  ,  18-.'0-21— Uoran's  Their  Majesties'  Ser- 
vants, 2  vols  in  4,  extra  illustrated— Pierce  Egan's  Heal  Life  in  London, 

2  vols  18'24— Lodge's  Portraits,  12  vols  ,  183.5— Combe's  English  Dance  of 
Death  and  Dance  of  Life,  3  vols  ,  Original  Editions,  illustrated  by  Row- 
land^on-Thackeray's  Works,  Edition  de  Luxe,  24  vols  — Arber's  Eng- 
lish Reprints,  30  vols  ,  I^arge  Paper,  &c  — a  Collection  of  about  l,5tO 
Caricatures  by  Gillray,  Heath,  George  Cruikshank,  Woodward,  and 
others— Periodical  Publications,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  HENRY  GRIFFITH.  Esq., 
F S  A  ■  also  the  Libraries  of  the  late  Or.  R0BKR2 
HOGG,  LCD.  F.L.S.  F.R.H.S.,and  SIDNEY  DOUGLAS- 
CROMPTON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W  C,  on  WEDRSDAY,  November  3,  and  following  I>ay. 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  MHBARY  of  HENRY 
GRIFFIIH,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  (who  is  leaving  Brighton),  comprising  an 
interesting  Collection  of  modern  Topographical,  Archjeological ,  and 
Antiquarian  Kooks,  County  and  Local  Histories  (chieHy  relating  to 
Sussex)  and  Works  in  General  Literature  ;  also  the  HOI  ANICAL  ana 
MISCELLANEOUS  LIBRAKY  of  the  late  Dr  ROHEKl  HOGG  LL.D. 
FLS  F  Ii.H.8(Authorof  The  VegeUble  Kingdom,'  '  Fruit  Manual, 
'  British  Pomology,'  &c. ),  comprising  old  and  modern  Books  on  Garden- 
ing. Botany,  &c..  and  Works  in  General  Literature;  and  the  ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL LIBRARY  of  SIDNEY  DOVGLAS-CUOMFfON.  Esq  , 
comprising  the  valuable  Works  of  Ochsenheimer,  Buckler,  slainton, 
Milli(-ie,  Wood,  Curtis,  Stephens,  Hewitson.  Cramer,  Schaetter,  HuDner, 
Herrich-Schaeffer,  Westwood,  Donovan,  and  J.  E.  Smith,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
Mrs.  PRUDENT/A  LONSDALE. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCriON.  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  November  5,  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  the  Old 
Dramatists,  14  vols  ,  Large  Paper,  bound  by  Zaehnsdorf— Nimrod  s  Lite 
of  a  Sportsman,  First  Edition-Beanmarchais,  La  Folle  Journft,  Original 
Edition  morocco,  bv  Petit-Molifcre,  CEuvres,  First  Complete  Edition, 
1682- Boccaccio.  Le  Decameron,  5  vols  red  morocco,  1757— Works  on 
Freemasonry— Matthew  Arnold's  Merope,  First  Edition— Dance  of  Life, 
Plates  by  Howlandson,  First  Edition,  boards,  uncut— Hora>  B  V  M. 
Manuscript  and  Printed-Works  on  Fencing-Pascal.  Les  Provinciales, 
Original  Issue  —  Heywood's  Troia  Britannica,  1609,  &c  .  also  the 
LIBRARY  of  the  late  Mrs.  PRUDENTIA  LONSDALE  (Daughter  of 
Thomas  Jefierson  Hogg,  the  Biographer  of  Shelley),  sold  by  order  of  the 
Executors  including  Pickering's  AldinePoets,45  vols —Byron  s  Works, 
First  Editions-Coleridge's  Remorse,  First  Edition,  a  Presentation  copy, 
with  Notes  and  Corrections  In  Coleridge's  Autograph-Pine  s  Horace- 
Leigh  Hunts  Legend  of  Florence,  and  the  Months,  Presentation  Copies, 
with  interesting  Inscriptions-Mrs  Piozzi's  Life  of  Dr.  Johnson,  Presen- 
tation Copy-the  Works  of  T.  Medwin.T.  JeffersonHogg- George  Mere- 
diths  Poems,  First  Edition-the  Works  of  T.  L  Peacock ,  First  Editions 
Presentation  Copies-Gray's  Poems,  Shelley's  Copy,  with  his  Autograph 
—Shelley's  Works,  First  Editions,  Presentation  Copies-the  Publica- 
tions of  Mrs  Shelley.  Presentation  Copies— Cicero's Cato  Major,  printed 
and  sold  by  B  Franklin,  &c 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selected  Portion  of  the  valuable  Library  of  the  late 
Hon.  PERCY  ASHBURNHAM. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCriON.  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  Novembers,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  SELECTED  PORTION  of  the  valuable  LIBRARY  ot  the  late  Hon. 
PERCY  ASHBURNHAM. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Oriental  Coins  of  the  late  JOSEPH 
A  VENT,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand  W.,  on  WEDNESDAY.  November  10,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely' the  COLLECTION  of  ORIENTAL  COINS,  &c.,  of  the  late 
JOSEPH  AVENT,  Esq. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  remarkable  Collection  of  Books  in  magnificent  Modern 
Bindings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand,  W  C  ,  on  THURSDAY.  November  11,  at  1  oclock  pre- 
cisely a  remarkable  COLLECTION  of  BOOKS  in  magnificent  Modern 
Bindings,  formed  by  an  Amateur  (recently  deceased). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had  A  few 
copies  have  been  illustrated  with  Eight  Facsimile  Plates  in  Gold  and 
Colours  by  Griggs,  and  may  be  had,  price  2s.  each. ^ 

Miscellaneous  Books  of  all  Classes. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane  W C.  on  MONDAY, 
Novemberl.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  10  clock,  alargeCOLLELllON 
ol  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  Via  Appia,  225  Drawings, 
5  vols  atlas  lolio-Picart's  Religious  Ceremonies,  5  vols.  Large  Paper 
-Hogarth's  Prints-Art  Journal,  1847-76,  42  vol8^--Fenn  s  Or.gina 
letters  5  vols —Westwood' s  Pala^ogiaphica  Sacra— Clark' s  1  heological 
LibraiV  115  vols  -Chinese  Repository,  14  vols.-Uentleniaos  Magazine, 
210  vols  —Percy  Society's  Publications,  25  vols.- Abbotsford  W  averley, 
12  vols.— Theology— Scientific  Treatises- Students'  Books,  &c. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Library  of  the  late  ALEXANDER  MACDONALD,  Esq., 
Glasgow. 

In  the  CROWN  HALLS,  98,  SAUCHIEHALL  STREET,  GLASGOW', 
on2  3  4  5  6  Band  9  November,  commencing  each  day  at  12  o  clock 
prompt,  PUBLIC  SALE  of  the  fine  COLLECTION  of  3,000  rare 
SCOTTISH  HISTORICAL  and  ANTIQUARIAN  BOOKS  (formed 
with  great  care  and  judgment  by  the  late  ALEXANDER  MAC- 
DONALD,  Esq.,  sold  by  order  ol  Messrs.  Macdonald  &  Kirkland, 
Writers,  Agents  for  the  Trustees). 

MORRISON,  DICK  &  M'CULLOCH  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION  as  above. 
On  view  on  Monday,  November  1.  Irom  10  *.m.  to  5  pm,  and  on  lore- 
noon  of  each  day  of  skle.    Catalogues  price  One  Shilling,  or  post  free 
°n  receipt  of  twelve  stamps,  on  application  to  the  AucrioNEEas  at  98, 
Sauchiehall  Street,  Glasgow. 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


579 


M 


Postage  Stamps. 

ESSRS.   PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W  C,  on 
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precisely,  rare  BRITISH.  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
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Library  of  the  late  T.  C.  BARING,  M.A. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
WEDNESDAY.  November  3,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  I  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRAKY  of  the  late  T  C  BAKING,  MA  . 
comprising  Standard  Editions  of  English  and  Foreign  Historical  and 
Biographical  Works— a  remarkable  Series  of  Early  Publications  from 
the  AJdine  and  Elzevir  Presses— Works  on  Natural  History  and  Botany. 
Ac.  including  Gould's  Trochilidx  —  Mammals  of  Australia  — Birds  of 
New  Guinea— Birds  of  Asia — Cussans's  Hertfordshire,  Large  Paper— I)u 
Cange,  Glossarium,  8  vols..  Best  Edition— Platonis  Opera,  Aldus,  1513 
— English  Chronicles,  1'8  vols,  morocco  extra— Dante  Commedia,  1491— 
BibliaGrivca,  bound  by  Derome,  with  his  I'icket,  1518— Aristotelis  Opera, 
6  vols  ,  Aldus,  149,5-8— Thucydides,  1502,  in  fine  Inlaid  Binding  by  Hardy 
— OpHsculum  de  Herone  et  Leandro  (First  Production  of  the  Aldine 
Press),  1494— Stow's  Suivey,  by  Strype,  2vnls  .  1754— Plato's  Dialogues, 
by  Jowett,  5  vols  — Crete's  Plato,  3  vols. — Miiller's  Chips  from  a  Gcrn.an 
Workshop,  4  vols —Sacred  Books  of  the  East,  35  vols — Gardiner's  Fall 
of  the  Monarchy,  Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage,  Great  Civil 
War,  England  under  Buckingham— Couch's  Fishes  of  the  British  Islands, 

4  vols.  —  Ritson's  Works,  mostly  First    Editions.  29  vols  — Prescott's 
Works,  15  vols— Lowe's  Ferns,  8  vols  —Freeman's  Norman  Conquest, 

5  vols. — Yule's  Marco  Polo,  2  vols.;  the  majority  of  which  are  in  choice 
Morocco  and  Calf  Bindings,  some  with  Arms  on  sides. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  two  stamps. 

Books  and  Autographs. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
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'\'olunteer  Costumes— Facey  Romford's  Hounds,  in  Original  Parts— 
Barham's  Ingoldsby  Legends.  3  vols.,  First  Edition— Cabinet  des  F<^es. 
41  Tols.  —  Dodsley's  Old  Plays,  by  Hazlitt,  Large  Paper  — Kipling's 
Quartette  —  Stevenson's  College  Memories  —  "Works  on  the  Slavonic 
Provinces— Autograph  Letters  of  C.  J.  Fox.  E.  Burke.  J.  Wilkes,  "Vol- 
taire, Sheridan,  Chevalier  d'Eon,  &c.— Original  Drawings  by  G.  Cruik- 
shank  and  R.  Doyle. 

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BLACKWOOD'S         MAGAZINE. 
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JOHN  SPLENDID :  the  Tale  of  a  Poor  Gentleman,  and  the  Little  "Wars 

of  Lorn     By  Neil  Munro.    Chaps  1-4. 
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HISTOEY  OF   INTELLECTUAL   DEVELOPMENT: 

On  the  Lines  of  Modern  Evolution. 

Vol.  I.  Greek  and  Hindoo  Thought;  GraBCO-Koman  Paganism;  Judaism;   and  Christianity 
down  to  the  Closing  of  the  Schools  of  Athens  by  Justinian,  529  A.D. 

By  JOHN  BEATTIE  CROZIER,  Author  of '  Civilization  and  Progress.' 

The  TIMES  s&ys: — "It  is  not  easy  to  do  justice  to  a  work  which  testifies  to  wide  reading,  a  genuine  desire  to  see 
truth,  and  an  unmistakable  power  of  expression." 

The  WESTMINSTER  REVIEW  a?i.ys:—"\k  promises,  when  complete,  to  be  the  most  important  work  of  the  kind 
issued  since  Comte's  '  Positive  Philosophy.' " 

The  Rev.  John  Page  Hopps,  in  the  COMING  DAi',  says :—"  Although  dealing  with  avast  number  of  apparently 

unrelated  subjects,  it  reminds  us  of  a  cunning  hand  holding  a  golden  clue  through  a  dense  forest This  delightful  study. 

As  much  an  amateur's  as  a  professional  student's  book." 

The  MANCHESTER  GUARDIAN  says-.-"  The  \>\i\kol  the  work,  which  deals  with  Judaism  and  Christianity,  is  of 

greatly  superior  quality His  method  has  the  advantage  of  giving  room  for  brief  and  comprehensive  characterizations,  as 

well  as  for  vivid  pictures,  notably  a  remarkable  picture  of  Jesus  himself,  painted  with  a  firm  hand  and  with  excellent  direct- 
ness and  disregard  of  controversies  which  have  in  the  course  of  time  become  needless." 

T.  P.  O'Connor,  in  the  WEEKLY  SUN,  says  :— "  I  call  it  at  once  and  emphatically  a  great— I  might  even  say  a  very 

great— book This  fact  remains  incontestable,  that  it  has  come  from  a  mind  more  richly  stored  with  information  of  the 

profouiid,  more  penetrating  and  original,  than  almost  any  of  our  time;  and  that  the  style,  with  all  its  almost  sombre 
simplicity,  18  that  which  would  only  be  obtained  by  a  man  with  a  very  high  and  distinguished  literary  gift." 

Ji*^®  ^F^'  ¥*^<^"f.  ^o»s,  D.D.,  says  in  the  BOOKMAN:—"  Vast  and  complicated  as  is  the  subject  which  Dr.  Crozier 
bandies,  there  is  nothing  crude  and  nothing  dim  in  its  presentation.  On  the  contrary,  his  work  upon  any  special  depart- 
ment of  thought  will  stand  comparison  with  that  of  experts.  He  has  a  genius  for  seizing  upon  the  essential  points,  and 
for  eliminating  all  that  is  accidental  or  mere  excrescence.  He  has  also  a  genius  for  exposition,  conceaUng  all  that  is 
ponderous,  and  brightening  his  p^ges  as  well  as  aiding  his  reader  by  felicitous  illustration.  His  work  is  one  of  the  most 
considerable  additions  recently  made  to  philosophical  literature,  and  is  so  devoid  of  technicalities  that  it  should  find  a 

public  beyond  the  schools There  is  no  part  of  his  work  which  is  not  fruitful.   The  development  of  the  idea  of  God  among 

the  Jews  has  never  been  more  lucidly  or  succinctly  presented  even  by  a  specialist.  The  Messianic  idea,  its  growth  and 
culmination  m  Jesus,  will  be  better  understood  from  the  few  pages  in  which  Mr.  Crozier  hides  an  immense  amount  of 
thoroughly  digested  reading  than  from  many  ponderous  volumes.  The  book  is  sure  to  receive  the  attention  of  all  thoughtful 
persons.  " 


REVUE 

DES 

REVUES 


ET 


REVUE  D'EUROPEETD'AMERIQUE. 

UN    NUMERO   SPECIMEN    SUR 
DEMANDE. 

24  Numeros  par  an,  richement  illustres. 


LONGMANS,  GEEEN  &  CO.  London,  New  York,  and  Bombay. 


Au  prix  de  20  fr.  en  France  et  de 
24  fr.  a  I'etranger  (ou  en  envoyant  par 
lettre  9  roubles,  12  florins,  20  mark, 
24  lire,  ou  30  pesetas),  on  a  un  abonne- 
ment  d'un  an  pour  la  REVUE  des 
REVUES,  richement  illustree. 

"Avec  elle,  on  sait  tout,  tout  de  suite"  (Alex, 
Dumas  fils),  car  "la  REVUE  des  REVUES 
est  extremement  bien  faite  et  constitue  une  des 
lectures  des  plus  interessantes,  des  plus  passion- 
nantes  et  des  plus  amusantes"  (Feancisque 
Sarcey)  ;  "rien  n'est  plus  utile  que  ce  resume 
de  I'esprit  humain"  (E.  Zola);  "elle  a  conquis 
une  situation  brillante  et  preponderante  parmi 
les  grandes  revues  fran9aises  et  etrangeres"  ( Les 
Deiats),  &c. 

La  REVUE,  CONSIDERABLEMENT 

AGrRANDIE,  aura,  a  partir  du  ler  Janvier 
1898,  encore  32  pages  de  plus  par  mois 
qu'en  1897.  Ses  illustrations,  tirees  sur 
papier   de   luxe,    seront   de   meme    plus 

abondantes. 

La  REVUE  parait  le  ler  et  le  15  de 

chaque  mois,  public  des  articles  inedits 
signes  par  les  PLUS  GEANDS  NOMS 
FRANgAIS  et  ETEANGERS,  les  meil- 
leurs  articles  des  Eevues  du  monde 
entier,  &c. 

La  collection  annuelle  de  la  REVUE 
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volumes,  ornes  d'environ  1,500  gravures, 
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nouvelles,  romans,  &c. 

La  REVUE  offre  de  NOMBEEUSES 
PRIMES  a  ses  abonnes. 

Les  nouveaux  abonnes  pour  1898  recevront 
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et  DfiCEMBRE. 

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I'etranger,  chez  tous  les  principaux  lib- 

raires  du  monde  entier  et  dans  les  bureaux 

de  la  REVUE.    

REDACTION  ET  ADMINISTRATION: 
12,    AVENUE     DE     L'OPERA,     PARIS. 


580 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^SGoS,  Oct.  30,  '97 


GEORGE    ALLEN'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


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I.  The  First  Epistle 


JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle  Street. 


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N°3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


583 


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SATURDAY  REVIEW.—"  A  marvellous  story,  told  with 
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IN  THE  PERMANENT  WAY,  and 

other  Stories.    By  FLORA  ANNIE  STEEL,  Author  of 

'  On  the  Face  of  the  Waters.' 
DAILY  MAIL.—"  The  spirit  of  India  breathes  and 
palpitates  in  every  line  of  these  stories.  Mr.  Kipling  perhaps 
excepted,  Mrs.  Steel  is  the  only  living  writer  to  whom  we 
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Author  of  '  The  Ebb-Tide,'  &c.  Second  Edition. 
TIMES. — "Neither  Stevenson  himself  nor  any  one  else 
has  given  us  a  better  example  of  a  dashing  story,  full  of  life 
and  colour  and  interest.  St.  Ives  is  a  character  who  will  be 
treasured  up  in  the  memory  along  with  David  Balfour  and 
Alan  Breck,  even  with  D'Artagnan  and  the  Musketeers." 

THE  CHRISTIAN.    By  Hall  Caine. 

The  sale  of  this  Novel  has  now  reached  ten  editions, 
comprising  123,000  copies. 

aiCETCH. — "It  quivers  and  palpitates  with  passion,  for 
even  Mr.  Caine's  bitterest  detractors  cannot  deny  that  he 
is  the  possessor  of  that  rarest  of  all  gifts — genius." 

MARIETTA'S    MARRIAGE.     By 

W.  E.  NOERIS,  Author  of  '  The  Dancer  in  Yellow,'  &o. 
WKSTMINSIER  GAZETTE.— "  Keen  observation,  de- 
licate discrimination,  a  pleasant,  quiet  humour,  rare  power 
of  drawing  characters  that  are  both  absolutely  natural  and 
interesting  to  study." 

WHAT  MAISIE  KNEW.    By  Henry 

JAMBS,  Author  of  'The  Spoils  of  Poynton.'    Second 

Edition. 
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stood and  interpreted  by  a  rich  imagination,  by  an  educated 
temperament ;  it  is  a  life  sung  in  melodious  prose,  and  that, 
it  seems  to  us,  is  the  highest  romance." 

THE  GADFLY.    By  E.  L.  Voynich. 

ST.  JAMES'S  GAZETTE.—"  X  very  strikingly  original 
romance,  which  will  hold  the  attention  of  all  who  read  it, 
and  establish  the  author's  reputation  at  once  for  first-rate 
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LAST    STUDIES.      By    Hubert 

CRACKANTHORPE,  Author  of  '  Wreckage.'    With  an 
Introduction  by  HENRY  JAMES,  and  a  Portrait. 

THE    FREEDOM     OF    HENRY 

MEREDYTH.     By  M.  HAMILTON,  Author  of  '  McLeod 
of  the  Camerons,'  &c. 

THE  GODS  ARRIVE.    By  Annie  E. 

HOLDSWORTH,  Author  of  '  Joanna  Traill,  Spinster.' 
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full  of  life  and  movement.     Miss  Holdsworth  has,  too,  a  very 
witty  style." 

SARAH  GRAND'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

THE  BETH  BOOK.   By  Sarah  Grand, 

Author  of  '  The  Heavenly  Twins.'  [November  5. 

London: 
WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


587 


SMITH,    ELDER  &   CO.'S    NEW   BOOKS. 

Published  last  WEDNESDAY,  in  2  vols,  with  Portraits,  crown  8vo.  15«.  net. 

THE  LETTERS  OF 
ELIZABETH  BARRETT  BROWNING. 


By 


Edited,  with  Biographical  Additions, 

FREDERIC     G.     KENYON. 


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588 


THE     ATHEN.EUM 


N"3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


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METHUEN  k  CO.  36,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


N''  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


589 


SATURDAY,    OCTOBER  SO,  1S97. 


CONTENTS. 

Mr.  EurrARD  Kipling's  Captains  Couhageous     ... 

The  Completion  of  the  Life  of  Pusev         

a  bibliographv  of  william  morris  

WniTK  Man's  Africa  

BssAYS  ON  a  New  Critical  Method    

Mr.  S.  R.  Gardiner's  History  of  the  Common- 
wealth         

New  Novels  (The  King  with  Two  Faces ;  The  Silver 
Fox;  Secretary  to  Bayne,  M.P. ;  Lochinvar ;  By  a 
Hair's  Breadth  ;  A  Strong  Necessity  ;  The  Sorrows 
of  a  Societv  Woman  ;  The  Devil's  Shilling ;  Sans 
Mari;  Les  Amants  Byzantins) 596 

Books  on  Plato  

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      59S- 

Mr.  F.  T.  Palgravk;  The  Libsary  Association  599- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science— Books  on  Applied  Science;  Societies; 
Meetings  ;  Gossip  ^03- 

FiNK   Arts— The  Society  of 

Gossip  

Music -The  Week;  Gossip;   Performances 
Week  

Drama— The  Week;  Gossip  


Portrait  Painters  ; 
603- 

Next 
601- 
,      605- 


P\GE 

Sf-O 
590 
591 
592 
593 

594 


-597 
697 
-599 
-600 
601 

-603 
-604 

-605 
-606 


LITERATURE 


Captains  Courageous.     By  Eudyard  Kipling. 

(Macmillan  &  Co.) 
The  novel  is  tending  to  replace  the  treatise 
and  the  essay.  Is  it  also  going  to  take  the 
place  of  the  volume  of  travel  and  the  guide- 
book? Mr.  Kipling's  latest  venture  is  a 
description  of  life  on  the  cod  banks  of  New- 
foundland, as  seen  through  the  eyes  of  a 
youngster  who  has  fallen  overboard  from 
an  Atlantic  liner.  Incidentally,  by  the  train- 
iaig  he  receives  during  his  three  months'  stay 
among  the  fishermen,  he  is  made  a  man  of 
and  saved  from  becoming  a  plutocratic  cad. 
Mr.  Kipling  presses  this  slight  and  somewhat 
obvious  moral  rather  unduly,  but  the  main 
purpose  of  the  book,  as  indicated  by  the  sub- 
title, is  to  describe  the  life  of  the  "  full- 
blooded  Banker."  With  admirable  fulness 
Mr.  Kipling  has  achieved  this  end,  and 
added  another  portion  of  the  globe  to  his 
ever  -  widening  empire  by  rights  both  of 
conquest  and  discovery. 

The  book  is  a  series  of  studies  in  the 
psychology  of  them  that  go  down  to  the 
eea  in  ships  —  a  succession  of  portraits  of 
the  very  varied  crew  that  go  to  make  up 
the  contingent  of  a  fishing  schooner.  From 
Manuel,  the  Portugee,  who  takes  up  Harvey 
Cheyne,  to  Disko  Troop,  skipper  of  the 
schooner,  the  reader  learns  to  know  them  all. 
No,  not  all,  for  there  is  a  somewhat  theatrical 
cook  on  board,  a  full  negro  answering 
to  the  name  of  MacDonald,  who  speaks 
Gaelic  and  has  the  gift  of  second  sight. 
He  is  so  improbable  that  he  must  have 
been  drawn  from  life.  The  relations  of  the 
skipper's  brother,  who  is  a  farmer  at  heart, 
ancl,  as  Mr.  Kipling  would  say,  a  bad  one 
at  that,  with  a  Moravian  preacher  who  had 
been  driven  mad  by  seeing  his  whole  family 
swept  away  in  a  flood,  form  a  pathetic  idyl 
worked  out  with  considerable  subtlety. 
Mr.  Kipling  has  used  a  larger  canvas  than 
he  has  hitherto  been  accustomed  to,  except 
in  '  The  Light  that  Failed.'  If  his  method 
is  still  episodical  he  shows  increased  mastery 
in  posing  his  groups,  and  he  may  yet  write 
his  novel.     But  this  is  not  it. 

It  is  something  other  and  more  difficult 
in  its  way.  It  might  perhaps  be  described 
as  a  sociological  study  put  dramatically,  or 


perhaps  one  might  say  novelistically,  if 
there  were  such  a  word.  Now  and  again 
we  have  novels  of  this  type,  whose  aim  is  to 
describe  a  state  of  society  rather  than  the 
imagined  fortunes  of  particular  individuals. 
George  Eliot's  '  Middlemarch'  was  in  the 
main  such  an  attempt,  and  more  recently  Mr. 
Zangwill  has  bestowed  the  shape  of  a  tale  on 
his  account  of  the  London  Ghetto.  Similarly, 
much  of  the  work  of  Mr.  Barrie  and  his 
imitators  is  rather  devoted  to  a  dramatic 
presentation  of  a  certain  social  state  than  to 
the  novel  pure  and  simple.  Mr.  Kipling 
himself  gained  his  reputation  by  making 
known  to  us  in  a  series  of  vivid  sketches 
the  warp  and  woof  that  go  to  make  up  the 
parti-coloured  web  of  Indian  life.  It  was 
impossible  for  him  to  do  justice  to  the  com- 
plexities of  Indian  Cullur  in  a  single  sketch, 
but  the  simpler  relations  of  life  on  the  Bank 
have  proved  capable  of  being  treated  on  one 
canvas,  and  that  of  no  great  dimensions.  But 
in  the  compass  of  two  hundred  pages  (for 
the  rather  poor  illustrations  take  up  forty 
pages)  Mr.  Kipling  has  managed  to  sketch 
for  us  both  the  life  and  the  environment  of 
a  cod  fisherman  ofi  the  Newfoundland 
banks. 

One  of  the  points  of  interest  about  a  book 
such  as  this  is  the  study  of  the  art  by  which 
the  writer  makes  his  readers  realise  the 
atmosphere  and  tone  of  a  strange  mode  of 
life.  In  the  first  place  there  is  the  diffi- 
culty of  the  technical  terms.  If  the  writer 
does  not  use  them  he  loses  all  semblance  of 
reality,  if  he  does  use  them  the  reader  will  not 
understand  them.  It  is  not  Mr.  Kipling's  way 
to  avoid  using  technical  terms  ;  experts, 
indeed,  are  inclined  to  hint  that  his  use 
of  them  is  often  more  according  to  zeal 
than  to  knowledge.  His  pages  are  simply 
peppered  with  them  on  the  present  occasion, 
and  the  readers  for  the  Oxford  dictionary 
will  find  plenty  of  new  material  in  '  Cap- 
tains Courageous.'  At  first  sight  they  look 
repellent  and  incomprehensible  enough ; 
torn  from  their  context,  they  would  be 
absolutely  unintelligible.  What,  for  in- 
stance, is  the  exact  process  meant  by 
"  dressing  -  down,"  or  "  under  -  running 
a  trawl,"  or  being  "  scrowged  upon"? 
What  are  the  shape  and  use  of  a  "  topping 
lift,"  "pawl-post,"  "hog-yoke,"  "gob- 
stick,"  "muckle"?  What  particular  in- 
firmities are  referred  to  if  a  man  is  de- 
scribed as  a  "logy,"  "baulky,"  or  "deader 
limpsey  -  idler "  ?  How  does  a  thing 
"wiggle,"  "swedge  off,"  "snarl  up," 
"  slatt  "  ?  "  Nubbles,"  "  kenches," 
"  schloop,"  "  sunscalds,"  "barnyard 
tramps,"  "  cockly  swells,"  "a  judgmatic 
tweak,"  "yo-hoes,"  "  Burgess  -  modelled 
haddocker,"  are  a  few  other  verbal  felici- 
ties which  aid  in  giving  a  local  colour  to 
Mr.  Kipling's  pages.  Yet  replaced  in  their 
contexts,  there  is  scarcely  a  single  one  of 
these  which  does  not  become  comprehensible. 
A  word  or  two  of  explanation  is  occasionally 
thrown  in  without  any  loss  of  dramatic  force, 
since  the  derelict  youngster  is  supposed  to  be 
learning  to  know  the  ropes — another  expres- 
sion the  literal  meaning  of  which  is  brought 
home  to  the  mind  of  the  reader  in  a  very 
vivid  way.  We  have  nothing  but  admira- 
tion for  the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Kipling 
has  solved  this  part  of  his  problem.  It  says 
much  for  his  skill  in  this  regard  that  a 
careful  reader  can  go  through  page  after 


page  filled  with  technicalities  of  this  sort 
without  the  need  of  a  glossary.  Having  by 
this  means  got  his  reader,  as  it  were,  actually 
onboard  and  familiarized  him  with  his  human 
and  physical  surroundings,  Mr.  Kipling 
proceeds  to  give  the  atmosphere  of  his 
picture  by  a  series  of  literary  sea-pieces, 
which  constitute  the  value  of  the  book  from 
an  artistic  point  of  view.  Never  in  English 
prose  has  the  sea  in  all  its  myriad  aspects, 
with  its  sounds  and  sights  and  odours,  been 
reproduced  with  such  subtle  skill  as  in 
these  pages.  One  could  compile  from  them 
a  series  of  thumbnail  sketches,  as  effective 
in  their  way  as  the  river  scenes  of  Mr. 
Whistler.  The  following  catena,  though 
it  by  no  means  exhausts  the  number  of 
passages  that  might  be  quoted  to  illus- 
trate this  quality  of  the  book,  is  sufficient 
to  indicate  it : — 

"The  low  sun  made  the  water  all  purple  and 
pinkish,  with  golden  lights  on  the  barrels  of  the 
long  swells,  and  blue  and  green  mackerel  shades 
in  the  hollows." 

"The  shadow  of  the  masts  and  rigging,  with 
the  never-furled  riding  sail,  rolled  to  and  fro  on 
the  heaving  deck  in  the  moonlight ;  and  the  pile 
of  fish  by  the  stern  shone  like  a  dump  of  fluid 
silver." 

"There  was  nothing  to  be  seen  ten  feet 
beyond  the  surging  jib-boom,  while  alongside 
rolled  the  endless  procession  of  solemn,  pale 
waves  whispering  and  lipping  one  to  the  other." 

"Up  and  up  the  foc'sle  climbed,  yearning 
and  surging  and  quivering,  and  then,  with  a 
clear,  sickle-like  swoop,  came  down  into  the 
seas.  He  could  hear  the  flaring  bows  cut  and 
squelch,  and  there  was  a  pause  ere  the  divided 
waters  came  down  on  the  deck  above,  like  a 
volley  of  buckshot.  Followed  the  woolly  sound 
of  the  cable  in  the  hawse-hole  ;  a  grunt  and 
squeal  of  the  windlass  ;  a  yaw,  a  punt,  and  a 
kick,  and  the  We're  Here  gathered  herself 
together  to  repeat  the  motions." 

"A  gentle,  breathing  swell,  three  furlongs 
from  trough  to  barrel,  would  quietly  shoulder 
up  a  string  of  variously  painted  dories.  They 
hung  for  an  instant,  a  wonderful  frieze  against 
the  sky-line,  and  their  men  pointed  and  hailed. 
Next  moment  the  open  mouths,  waving  arms, 
and  bare  chests  disappeared,  while  on  another 
swell  came  up  an  entirely  new  line  pf  characters 
like  paper  figures  in  a  toy  theatre." 

"  Harvey,  being  anything  but  dull,  began  to 
comprehend  and  enjoy  the  dry  chorus  of  wave- 
tops  turning  over  with  a  sound  of  incessant 
tearing  ;  the  hurry  of  the  winds  working  across 
open  spaces  and  herdin'^  the  purple-blue  cloud- 
shadows  ;  the  splendid  upheaval  of  the  red 
sunrise  ;  the  folding  and  packing  away  of  the 
morning  mists,  wall  after  wall  withdrawn  across 
the  white  floors  ;  the  salty  glare  and  blaze  of 
noon  ;  the  kiss  of  rain  falling  over  thousands  of 
dead,  flat  square  miles  ;  the  chilly  blackening 
of  everything  at  the  day's  end  ;  and  the  million 
wrinkles  of  the  sea  under  the  moonlight,  when 
the  jib-boom  solemnly  poked  at  the  low  stars, 
and  Harvey  went  down  to  get  a  doughnut  from 
the  cook." 

This  last  passage  in  particular  shows  with 
what  a  few  lines  Mr.  Kipling  produces  his 
effects.  In  many  other  ways  as  well  as 
this  he  may  be  described  as  a  Phil  May 
in  black  on  white. 

This  book  then  may  be  pronounced  _  a 
decided  success  as  regards  the  aim  which 
the  author  appears  to  have  had  before  him. 
Mr.  Kipling,  it  would  appear,  aspires  to 
be  the  Hogarth  as  well  as  the  Tyrtseus  of 
the  British  Empire  ;  and  that  he  has  in  him 
the  qualities  to  enable  him  to  play  the 
former  r6le,  his  Anglo-Indian  sketches  and 


590 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


the  present  book  amply  testify.  But  Litera- 
ture is  a  jealous  mistress  and  hardly  allows 
of  a  divided  allegiance.  Whatever  patriot- 
ism may  gain  from  books  like  the  present 
it  is  to  be  feared  letters  must  lose. 


Life  of  E.  B.  Pusey,  D.D.  By  H.  P.  Liddon, 
D.b.  Edited  by  the  Eev.  J.  0.  Johnston, 
M.A.,  and  the  Eev.  E.  J.  Wilson,  D.D., 
and  the  Eev.  W.  C.  E.  Newbolt,  M.A. 
Vol.  IV.  (Longmans  «&  Co.) 
In  subject-matter  this  concluding  volume 
of  Pusey's  biography  is  inevitably  less 
interesting  than  its  predecessors ;  *  Essays 
and  Eeviews'  and  the  Eitualist  turmoil 
must  hold  the  attention  with  a  feebler  grip 
than  *  Tract  XC  We  have  been  deprived, 
too,  by  death  of  Dr.  Liddon's  hand,  ex- 
cept in  an  admirable  description  of  Pusey's 
last  days,  and  of  Dr.  Wilson's  careful 
revision.  Mr.  Johnston  and  Canon  New- 
bolt,  however,  have  evidently  spared  no 
trouble  over  a  difficult  and  somewhat  thank- 
less task ;  and  if  they  have  produced  a 
rather  colourless  narrative,  they  cannot 
justly  be  accounted  responsible. 

Passing  over  the  almost  forgotten 
squabble  about  Jowett's  salary  as  Eegius 
Professor  of  Greek,  we  come  at  once  upon 
the  publication  of  '  Essays  and  Eeviews.' 
Pusey,  on  the  pronouncement  of  the  judg- 
ment, poured  out  his  inmost  soul  to  Keble  : 

"  But  in  regard  to  that  awful  doctrine  of  the 
Eternity  of  Punishment  their  Judgment  is  most 
demoralizing  in  itself  and  in  its  grounds.  As 
to  its  grounds,  it  puts  an  end  to  all  confidence 
between  man  and  man,  between  the  teachers 
and  the  taught,  and  it  teaches  people  dishonesty 
on  the  largest  scale.  For  if  our  English  word 
'everlasting'  is  not  to  mean  'everlasting,' 
because  some  have  explained  away  the  meaning 
of  atwvtos,  then  one  is  not  bound  to  the  received 
meaning  of  any  word  whatsoever.  Then  the 
second  Article  might  be  consistent  with  Arian- 
ism,  for  'Begotten /rom  everlasting  oi  the  Father' 
might  only  mean  'a  long  time  ago,'  but  'in 
time ' ;  and  we  have  no  word  to  declare  that 
Almighty  God  is  eternal.  This  is  an  extension 
of  the  old  argument,  '  If  there  is  no  everlasting 
death,  there  is  no  statement  of  any  everlasting 
life.'  One  class  of  heathen  did  not  believe  their 
supreme  god  (such  as  he  was)  to  be  eternal,  but 
to  be  the  active  principle,  developed  in  time,  out 
of  vXr]. 

He  was,  of  course,  the  inspiring  spirit  of 
the  Oxford  Declaration  against  the  Essayists, 
and  for  a  brief  period  it  seemed  as  if  he 
would  unite  High  Church  and  Low  Church 
in  opposition  to  the  Broad.  But  when 
practical  steps  were  under  discussion  the 
cracks  in  the  coalition — if  so  it  can  be 
called — could  not  be  disguised.  He  wrote 
for  Keble's  advice  : — 

"  What  do  you  think  of  having  a  society  for 
agitating  the  change  of  the  Final  Court  of 
Appeal,  or  joining  any  existing  society  on  con- 
dition that   they  would  do  so? lam  afraid 

that  the  Low  Church  would  leave  us  on  any 
definite  plan  which  would  put  more  power  into 
the  hands  of  the  Bishops ;  and  the  High  Church, 

as  you  say,  are  so  strangely  apathetic We 

have  to  take  care  not  to  show  misgiving  about 
the  Church  of  England,  else  people  will  go  off 
like  a  landslip." 

The  '  Essays  '  evidently  cut  Pusey  to  the 
quick,  and  even  produced  later  on,  when 
Dr.  Temple  was  nominated  to  the  see  of 
Exeter,  a  temporary  breach  with  Mr.  Glad- 
stone. Pusey's  biographers  may  be  for- 
given for  discovering  principle  in  a  letter 


which  appears  to  be  largely  animated  by 
petulance : — 

"I  have  written  to  Gladstone  to  say  that  I 
had  clung  to  him  during  all  those  years  when 
my  friends  at  Oxford  left  him.  Now  I  too  must 
bid  him  a  sorrowful  farewell,  until  such  times, 
if  we  should  live  to  see  them,  when,  Church  and 
State   being  severed,  he  should  be  free  to  act 

according  to  his  better  conscience I  should 

have  nothing  to  say  to  any  one,  unsettled  as  to 
the  Church  of  England,  except  to  bid  them  hope 
for  the  time  when  we  shall  be  free  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  State  at  any  cost.  I  must  hence- 
forth long,  pray,  and  work,  as  I  can,  for  the 
severance  of  Church  and  State.  If  we  are  to 
have  such  an  infliction  from  Gladstone,  what 
shall  we  not  have  from  irreligious  Liberal  Pre- 
miers ?  Gladstone  has  ventured  on  what  Lord 
Melbourne  with  all  his  wilfulness  did  not  do." 

Meanwhile  a  new  turn  had  been  given  to 
Pusey's  activity  by  Dr.  Manning's  attack 
on  the  Church  he  had  abandoned.  "  Why 
should  you  answer  him  ?  "  asked  Newman  ; 
and  many,  looking  at  the  upshot,  will  be 
disposed  to  echo  "Why?"  The  first 
'  Eirenicon '  was  published,  nevertheless, 
and  Newman,  curiously  enough,  was  taken 
into  consultation  as  to  the  line  of  argument. 
He  clearly  foresaw  the  hopelessness  of  re- 
conciliation between  Anglicanism  andEome, 
but  all  things  seemed  possible  to  Pusey's 
sanguine  temperament.  The  prospect 
became  rainbow  -  hued  after  a  visit  to 
Darboy,  the  Archbishop  of  Paris  : — 

"  He  said  that  the  formulizing  of  a  new  article 
of  faith  was  a  very  grave  matter,  but  he  saw  no 
reason  why  it  should  not  be.  He  thought,  on 
the  one  hand,  that  there  must  be  a  reaction 
after  the  ^death  of  the  present  Pope  ;  on  the 
other,  he  thought  that  the  English  nation  would 
be  more  ready  to  come  to  terms  when  it  had  had 
some  reverses.  I  asked  him  definitely  at  the 
end  of  the  first  interview,  '  Do  you,  then,  think 
that  it  would  be  a  practical  matter  to  work  for — 
the  reunion  of  the  Churches  on  the  basis  of  the 
Council  of  Trent  explained?'  He  said,  'Yes.' 
I  told  him  that  I  had  been  advised  to  have  my 
book  translated  into  French.  He  said,  '  Do  ; 
the  subject  ought  to  be  considered.'  He  anti- 
cipated that  there  might  be  some  stir,  but  said 
that  if  there  was  he  would  defend  it.  If  I  under- 
stood him  right,  he  thought  it  might  perhaps  be 
put  into  the  Index,  but  he  did  not  think  that  a 
great  evil," 

"  The  first  stone."  wrote  Pusey  to  Keble, 
"is,  I  trust,  laid  on  which  the  two  Churches 
may  be  again  united — when  God  wills  and 
human  minds  obey."  But  Newman's  com- 
ment was  crushing : — 

"An  Irenicon  smoothes  difficulties:  I  am 
sure  people  will  think  that  you  increase  them. 
And,  forgive  me  if  I  do  not  recollect  what  you 
have  exactly  said,  but  I  do  not  think  you  have 
said  definitely  what  you  ask  as  a  condition  of 
union,  in  respect  to  the  cultus  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin.  This  would  be  something  practical. 
Do  you  wish  us  to  deny  her  Intercession  ?  or 
her  Invocation  ?  or  the  forms  of  devotion  ?  or 
what  ?  Had  this  been  clearly  done,  people 
would  have  thought  you  practical — but  forgive 
me  if  I  say  that  your  pages  read  like  a  declama- 
tion." 

In  the  published  reply  this  was  developed 
into  the  memorable  phrase  : — 

"There  was  one  of  old  time  who  wreathed 
his  sword  in  myrtle  ;  excuse  me — you  discharge 
your  olive  branch  as  if  from  a  catapult." 

The  approach  of  the  Vatican  Council 
produced  many  goings  and  comings  of 
diplomatists,  of  whom  Dr.  Forbes,  the 
Bishop  of  Brechin,  was  sagacious  enough  ; 
but  one  Victor  de   Buck,   a   Jesuit  priest. 


futile     marplot.       Throughout 
warning   voice   prophesied    the 


proved     a 

Newman's 

end,  though  Pusey  followed"  up  the  second 

'  Eirenicon  '  with  a  third  : — 

" I  don't  think  that  at  Rome  they  will 

attend  to  anything  which  comes  from  one  person, 
or  several  persons,  however  distinguished.  If 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  were  to  say,  '  I 
will  become  a  Catholic  if  you  will  just  tell  me 
whether  what  I  have  drawn  up  on  paper  is  not 
consistent  with  your  definitions  of  faith,'  the 
only  question  in  answer  would  be,  '  Do  you 
speak  simply  as  an  individual  or  in  the  name 
of  the  Anglican  Church  ? '  If  he  said  '  as  an 
individual,'  they  would  not  even  look  at  his 
paper." 

When  all  was  over  Pusey  admitted  to 
Newman  that  "the  last  'Eirenicon'  sank 
unnoticed  to  its  grave  ;  the  first,  as  you 
know,  was  popular ;  both  against  my  ex- 
pectations." 

The  remainder  of  Pusey's  public  life  may 
be  grouped  round  the  two  controversies 
concerning  the  Athanasian  Creed  and 
Eitualism.  As  to  the  former  the  biography 
adds  little  of  material  importance  to  his 
declarations  in  print  and  in  the  pulpit.  But 
a  passage  from  a  letter  to  Bishop  Wilber- 
force  is  worth  quoting,  because  it  brings 
out  the  burning  earnestness  of  the  man  : — 

"I  have  stood,  and  said  that  I  would  stand, 
so  long  as  the  Church  of  England  remains  the 
same.  I  said  to  Bishop  Jenner,  in  view  of 
people's  restlessness  and  the  talks  of  change,  '  I 
have  wondered  whether  the  Church  of  England 
will  last  my  time,  or  whether  it  will  split  in 
two.'  Your  Lordship  will  think  that  it  would 
be  no  slight  wrench  to  have  to  give  up  the  work 
of  all  those  years.  But  I  dare  not  hold  on,  if 
there  should  be  any  organic  change.  I  should 
gladly  see  any  right  explanation  of  those  warn- 
ing clauses  in  the  Athanasian  Creed.  To  abandon 
them  would  [be]  to  me  to  be  ashamed  of  our 
Lord's  words,  '  He  that  believeth  not  shall  be 
condemned,'  'He  thatrejectethMeandreceiveth 
not  My  words  hath  one  that  judgeth  him  :  the 
word  that  I  have  spoken,  the  same  shall  judge 
him  at  the  last  day.'  It  is  plainly  (as  your 
Lordship  must  feel)  the  same  contempt  of 
Almighty  God  to  refuse  to  believe  what  He 
reveals  to  us,  as  to  refuse  to  do  what  He  bids 
us.  But  of  disobedience  men  repent  :  of  un- 
belief or  misbelief,  voluntarily  contracted,  scarce 
any." 

The  chapters  dealing  with  Pusey's  attitude 
to  the  Eitualists  will,  however,  kill  once 
and  for  ever  the  vulgar  error  that  identified 
him  with  the  extremists  in  ceremonial. 
Forms  were  always  to  him  quite  secondary 
considerations : — 

"I  cannot  myself  think  that  this,  or  any  other 
ritual,  is  of  moment  enough  (if  not  essential  to 
the  Sacrament)  that  priests  who  would  work  in 
the  service  of  the  Church  should  give  up,  because 
the  Bishop  insists  on  his  interpretation  of  the 
rubric.  Beauty,  ritual,  music,  are  all  helps  ; 
but  if  we  [be]  bared  of  all,  three  hundred  men 
and  the  sword  of  the  Lord  and  of  Gideon  will 
rout  the  mixed  rabble.  If  we  cannot  have  [the] 
very  ritual  some  of  us  wish,  we  have  the  Faith 
and'  the  Truth  of  God,  and  Holy  Scripture,  and 
the  Fathers  and  the  Prayer-book  and  the  Holy 
Eucharist.  '  They  be  more  that  be  for  us  than 
they  that  be  against  us.'  " 

And    in    a   letter   to   Liddon    he    made   a 
significant  parallel :  — 

" The  High  Church  have  entrusted  them- 
selves to  the  extreme  Ritualists,  who  are  now 
their  representatives,  as  the  extreme  party 
always  is.  Ward,  &c.,  were  in  their  time  of 
the  High  Church,  the  extreme  Ultramontanes 
[are]   of    the   Church   of    Rome,   the   extreme 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30/97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


591 


Ritualists  of  us.  They  are  like  stragglers  from 
an  army,  who  have  got  into  a  defile,  and  finding 
themselves  embarrassed,  instead  of  retreating 
to  the  main  body,  beg  the  main  body,  at  what- 
ever cost,  to  support  them.  I  mistook  in  my 
time  (J.  H.  N.  was  too  far-sighted),  and  the 
High  Church  are  mistaking  now.  I  hoped  (as  I 
said  at  St.  James'  Hall)  that  they  would  profit 
by  the  check  and  fall  back  on  the  main  body. 
I  was  mistaken  in  them,  and  have  told  Denison 
that  I  cannot  fight  their  battle.  But  I  do  stick 
to  the  battle,  '  Don't  alter  the  Prayer-book.'  " 

He  even  threatened  to  leave  the  English 
Church  Union  when  it  drew  up  a  resolution 
absolving  the  clergy  from  obedience  to  the 
decisions  of  the  existing  courts,  and  its 
terms  had  to  be  altered.  Throughout  he 
stood  up  for  liberty,  but  set  his  face  against 
what  he  regarded  as  licence  in  unessentials. 
He  remained  certain  of  eventual  triumph, 
even  after  the  Eidsdale  decision,  and,  in 
words  prophetic  of  the  Lincoln  judgment, 
dissuaded  the  vicar  of  one  of  the  most 
advanced  churches  from  resigning  : — 

"  My  very  dear  Friend, — Liddon  tells  me 
that  you  speak  of  resigning.  Pray  do  not.  The 
battle  is  not  lost.  But  it  would  be  lost,  if  those 
who  are  to  fight  it,  resign.  Each  individual 
encourages  or  discourages.  You  have  a  pro- 
minent post.  I  would  gladly  go  to  prison  for 
you.     But  I  can't. 

O  fortes  pejoraque  passi 
Mecuni  saepe  viri 

Nil  desperandum  Christo  duce  et  auspice  Christo, 

has  been  my  motto  for  many  years  of  trouble." 
With  the  exception  of  Newman,  Pusey's 
early  friends  had  gone,  but  he  was  happy 
in  that  little  Christ  Church  society,  consist- 
ing of  Liddon,  Dr.  Bright,  and  Dr.  King. 
The  undergraduates  of  the  seventies  will 
remember  an  incident  mentioned  in  the  bio- 
graphy— his  abandonment  of  the  eastward 
position  in  deference  to  the  scruples  of  Dr. 
Heurtley.  Those  of  a  later  date  cannot 
readily  forget  his  last  university  sermons,  aU 
the  more  impressive  from  the  fitfulness 
of  the  fire  of  eloquence.  We  cannot  help 
thinking  that  some  of  his  disciples  might 
have  been  persuaded  into  reminiscence ; 
that  at  least  some  recollection  might  have 
been  preserved  of  the  bent  Httle  form,  the 
skull  cap,  and  the  flowing  white  hair.  How- 
ever, a  sufficient  record  of  poor  Philip 
Pusey's  beautiful  character  is  given  in  an 
extract  from  Dean  Liddell's  sermon  —  a 
model  of  that  kind  of  deliverance — while 
as  to  his  father's  last  hours  let  Liddon 
speak  : — 

"During  Friday,  the  15th,  he  was  for  the 
most  part  wandering,  and  in  his  delirium  his 
mind  moved  continuously  round  the  solemn 
ministerial  acts  which  had  been  his  greatest 
practical  interest  in  life.  He  repeated  again 
and  again  the  words,  '  The  Body  of  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ,  Which  was  given  for  thee,  pre- 
serve thy  body  and  soul  unto  everlasting  life.' 
When  a  cup  containing  some  food  was  brought 
him,  he  clutched  it  with  reverent  eagerness, 
thinking  that  it  was  the  Chalice.  When  he  saw 
some  of  those  who  were  around  kneeling  at  the 
bedside,  he  raised  his  hand,  with  the  words, 
'  By  His  authority  committed  unto  me,  I  absolve 
thee  from  all  thy  sins. '  Mrs.  Brine  was  anxious 
that  he  should  receive  the  Holy  Communion,  and 
the  question  was  written  on  paper  in  large 
characters,  which  he  succeeded  in  reading.  He 
paused  and  then  said,  '  If  I  am  to  receive  the 
Holy  Communion  I  must  administer  it  myself.' 
It  was  clear  to  his  brother  that  his  mind  was 
too  overclouded  ;  and  the  subject  was  dropped." 

As  death    came    near    his  thoughts  were 
clearer,  and  from  time  to  time  he  seemed 


to  repeat  the  Te  Deum,  in  accordance  with 
the  advice  he  had  often  given  to  the  sleep- 
less and  the  sick.  A  dignified  end  truly  to 
a  scholar  and  an  ecclesiastical  statesman, 
who  if  he  sometimes  blundered — he  mistook 
the  Eev.  F.  W.  Farrar  for  a  serious  theo- 
logian— never  flinched  from  his  duty  or 
compromised  the  truth. 


J  Bihliographj  of  the  Works  of  William 
Morris.  By  Temple  Scott.  (Bell  &  Sons.) 
A  GUIDE  to  the  voluminous  published  writings 
of  William  Morris  is  a  very  desirable  thing 
in  these  days  of  eager  collecting.  If  "Temple 
Scott's"  handbook  had  been  thorough  and 
trustworthy  it  would  have  been  a  useful 
little  volume  for  book-buyers  and  book- 
sellers. It  is  evidently  meant  to  furnish, 
primarily,  lists  of  the  first  editions  of  Morris's 
books,  pamphlets,  broadsheets,  leaflets,  &c. ; 
of  his  contributions  to  the  periodical  press  ; 
of  articles  about  him ;  and  of  the  Kelmscott 
Press  publications,  whether  by  him  or  not. 
It  is  not,  however,  stated  that  descriptions 
of  editions  which  are  not  obviously  reprints 
are  meant  to  refer  to  the  editiones  principes ; 
and  this  is  the  more  unfortunate  as  the 
true  first  editions  are  not  invariably  men- 
tioned at  all,  and  the  scheme  of  arrange- 
ment mingles  first  and  other  editions  in 
a  single  list.  Morris's  separate  pub- 
lications are  classified.  There  are  five 
lists  :  (1)  Original  Poems,  (2)  Romances, 
(3)  Art,  (4)  Socialist  Writings,  and 
(5)  Translations.  His  contributions  to 
periodicals,  as  far  as  the  compiler  knows 
them,  are  also  divided  into  groups;  and 
the  publications  of  the  Kelmscott  Press  are 
kept  apart,  so  that  for  a  book  which  was 
first  issued  from  that  press  it  is  necessary 
to  turn  from  the  list  of  first  editions  to  that 
of  Kelmscott  books.  There  is  a  goodly  list 
of  books  and  pamphlets  to  stimulate  the  col- 
lector's appetite;  but  he  will  want  much 
clearer  and  more  trustworthy  data  than  he 
gets  here  to  make  sure  whether  what  is  offered 
him  is  the  right  thing.  We  may  note  a 
few  shortcomings  of  the  kind  thus  generally 
referred  to. 

'Sir  Galahad,  a  Christmas  Mystery' 
(p.  1),  is  entered  as  a  pamphlet  of  which  an 
unauthorized  reprint  exists,  differing  "from 
the  genuine  work  in  several  very  small 
printers'  errors";  but  they  are  not  specified. 
'The  Defence  of  Guenevere,'  &c.,  and 
'Jason'  are  both  described  (p.  2)  as 
"  sm.  8vo."  '  Guenevere'  is  a  foolscap  8vo. 
and  'Jason'  a  crown  8vo.  Of  'Guene- 
vere,' besides  the  "collation,"  all  we 
learn  is  that  "in  1875  Ellis  &  White 
issued  twenty-five  copies  on  large  paper," 
that  in  1 892  it  was  reprinted  at  the  Kelm- 
scott Press,  and  that  "in  1875  Eoberts 
of  Boston,  U.S.A.,  issued  an  edition 
in  cr.  8vo.  at  a  dollar."  Messrs.  Ellis  & 
White's  twenty-five  octavo  copies  were  simply 
the  large-paper  copies  of  a  page-for-page 
reprint  of  the  first  edition— a  reprint  pub- 
lished by  them  in  the  ordinary  way,  in 
crown  8vo.,  in  1875,  to  match  Morris's  other 
books.  It  was  printed  by  Eoberts  of  Boston, 
Lincolnshire.  Of  'Jason'  (1869  edition) 
"a  small  issue  on  large  or  thick  Whatman 
paper  "  is  mentioned.  The  paper  was  both 
large  and  thick,  demy  8vo. ;  and  there  were 
the  usual  twenty-five  copies.  Of  the  wood- 
cut on  the  title-page  of  '  The  Earthly  Para- 


dise' it  is  said:  "This  block,  designed 
by  E.  Burne-Jones,  was  engraved  by  W. 
Morris  for  the  first  edition.  It  was  re- 
engraved  by  G.  Campfield  for  the  later 
editions."  The  Morris  block  was  used 
for  at  least  six  editions.  We  are  told 
"  there  was  also  an  edition  on  large 
paper  of  twenty-five  copies";  but  we 
are  not  informed  how  to  collate  the  six 
8vo.  volumes  into  which  those  copies  are 
divided,  or  even  that  they  were  so  divided, 
or  that  they  are  printed  from  the  same 
types  as  the  first  edition  (of  which  they  are 
a  part),  or  what  changes  were  made  at  the 
divisions  of  each  of  the  three  volumes 
into  two.  We  are  told  that  "Messrs. 
Eoeves  &  Turner,  when  they  took  over  the 
publication  of  Mr.  Morris's  books,  issued 
a  '  library  edition'  in  4  vols.  8vo.,  and  later 
a  '  popular  edition '  in  10  parts  sm.  cr.  8vo." 
What  they  really  did  was  to  take  over 
the  stock  and  continue  to  sell  the  library 
edition  in  four  crown  8vo.  volumes  and  the 
popular  edition  in  ten  parts,  which,  so  far 
from  being  produced  by  them,  had  been 
manufactured  for  Messrs.  Ellis  &  Green  as 
long  ago  as  1870.  The  innovation  of  the 
new  publishers  was  the  production  of  an 
edition  in  five  crown  8vo.  volumes,  printed 
from  the  plates  used  for  the  ten  parts. 
These  are  not  very  important  matters,  but 
they  should  be  stated  correctly  or  not  at  all. 
Also,  the  use  of  the  term  "  sm.  8vo."  (small 
octavo)  to  describe  several  sizes  is  mislead- 
ing ;  and  to  describe  one  and  the  same  size 
as  "sq.  cr.  8vo."  (square  crown  octavo), 
"sm.  4to."  (small  quarto),  and  "  sq.  8vo." 
(square  octavo)  is  confusing. 

'  A  Dream  of  John  Ball  and  a  King's 
Lesson '  is  a  book  of  which  Messrs.  Eeeves 
&  Turner  brought  out  the  first  edition  in  two 
forms,  producing  large  hand-made  paper 
copies  at  9s.,  as  well  as  the  ordinary  issue 
at  4s.  Qd.,  described  at  p.  12.  Of  the  charm- 
ing large-paper  books  no  mention  is  made, 
though  the  etched  illustration  by  Sir  Edward 
Burne-Jones  gains  greatly  by  the  superior 
printing  of  the  large  copies. 

The  expression  "  a  folio  broadside  of  2  pp." 
(p.  21)  is  a  strange  contradiction  of  terms  ; 
it  is  much  as  if  one  spoke  of  a  quarto  folio 
or  an  octavo  quarto,  a  broadside  being  an 
unfolded  sheet  and  a  folio  being  a  sheet 
folded  once  so  as  to  make  two  leaves. 
"L'Orderre  de  Chevalerie"  is  printed  at 
p.  35  for  'L'Ordene  de  Chevalerie';  and 
on  the  same  page  the  Emperor  Coustans 
is  described  as  '•  Constans,"  while  Amile 
('Amis  and  Amile')  figures  as  "Amite." 
"  Of  King  Florus  and  the  Fair  Jehane  "  {ih.) 
is  not  the  title  of  Morris's  first  little  volume 
from  the  French,  but  merely  the  inscription 
in  the  frontispiece,  the  wording  of  which 
was,  of  course,  dictated,  as  in  other  cases, 
by  artistic  exigencies.  The  compiler  does 
not  appear  to  be  sufficiently  alive  to  the  fact 
that  the  true  titles  of  the  Kelmscott  books 
are  those  given  on  the  first  printed  leaf,  in 
this  case  '  The  Tale  of  King  Florus  and  the 
Fair  Jehane.' 

We  have  no  desire  to  exhaust  the  list  of 
errors  and  imperfections  in  a  book  which  it 
must  have  needed  some  industry  to  compile 
at  all ;  yet  we  cannot  but  think  a  little  less 
haste  would  have  been  to  its  advantage.  The 
information  vouchsafed  about  covers  and 
letterings  is  meagre.  Perhaps  the  most 
useful    part    is    that    containing    lists    of 


592 


TPIE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


contributions  to  periodicals,  by  and  about 
Morris ;  but  there,  again,  we  are  struck 
by  the  poverty  of  the  first  and  most  im- 
portant entry,  that  relating  to  the  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Magazine,  Hero  we  are 
told  that  "  among  the  other  contributors 
were  D.  G.  Kossetti,  Sir  E.  Burno-Joncs, 
Vernon  Lushington,  Godfrey  Lushington, 
B.  Cracroft,  W.  Heoley,  the  editor,  and  the 
present  Mrs.  Kipling,  Mrs.  Poynter,  and 
Lady  Burne-Jones."  We  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  stating  that  neither  Mrs.  Lockwood 
Kipling  nor  Lady  Poynter  wrote  anything 
for  the  magazine.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
well  known  that  Canon  R.  W.  Dixon,  as 
also  Mr.  Cormell  Price,  Prof.  Lewis  Camp- 
bell, Dr.  W.  Aldis  AVright,  and  Mr.  C.  J. 
Paulknor,  contributed  to  the  pages  of  this 
work,  which,  as  the  virtual  literary  debut  of 
several  distinguished  men  besides  Morris, 
must  always  retain  a  respectable  place  in 
magazine  literature. 


White  Man's  Africa.  By  Poultney  Bigelow. 
Illustrated  by  P.  Caton  Woodville  and 
from  Photographs  by  the  Author.  (Harper 
&  Brothers.) 

Mb.  Bigelow  put  his  eyes  and  ears  to  good 
use  during  the  trip  that  he  made  in  South 
Africa  last  year  to  collect  material  for  a  series 
of  magazine  articles.  He  had  not  time  and 
opportunity,  nor  was  it  part  of  his  business, 
to  search  beneath  the  surface  and  endeavour 
to  solve  deep  problems.  His  function  was  to 
take  bird's-eye  views  and  supply  interesting 
gossip.  This  he  has  done  most  successfully. 
The  ten  chapters  here  brought  together  are 
none  the  less  readable — perhajis  all  the  more 
so — because  he  took  his  inspiration  at  Pre- 
toria from  President  Kruger  and  Dr.  Leyds ; 
at  Bloemfontein  from  President  Steyn  ;  in 
Basutoland  from  Mr.  Lagden,  its  present 
administrator ;  in  Natal  from  Mr.  Escombe, 
its  Premier  at  that  time;  in  Cape  Town  from 
Sir  James  Sivewright  and  other  friends  of 
Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes,  and  so  on.  His  state- 
ments vary,  and  sometimes  contradict  one 
another,  according  to  the  conditions  under 
which  his  notes  were  made.  Consequently 
he  is  not  a  safe  guide  in  details  nor  a  pro- 
found teacher.  Still  the  general  effect  is 
good.  His  volume  is  the  brightest,  the  most 
comprehensive,  and  the  most  impartial  of 
the  dozens  that  have  reached  us  about 
South  African  affairs  since  recent  develop- 
ments gave  occasion  for  book-making  on 
the  subject.  It  is  also  capitally  illustrated. 
The  photographs  are  well  chosen  and  well 
reproduced.  Some  of  Mr.  Caton  Woodville's 
sketches  are  rather  fanciful,  and  they  do  not 
all  agree  with  the  text ;  but  they  are  clever 
and  interesting. 

Mr.  Bigelow  was  fortunate,  not  in  the 
feeding,  at  which  he  grumbles,  but  in  his 
companions  on  the  voyage  from  Southamp- 
ton to  Cape  Town  in  April,  1896.  Among 
them  were  an  English  army  doctor  who  was 
a  non-combatant  in  the  Jameson  Raid,  and  a 
Transvaal  burgher  who  had  taken  seven 
ineffective  shots  at  the  doctor  before  the 
Krugersdorp  surrender.  They  were  good 
friends  on  the  voyage,  and  both  were 
communicative  as  to  their  experiences.  The 
doctor  had  kept  a  diary,  from  which  Mr. 
Bigelow  extracts  some  minor  revelations. 
According  to  one  of  these,  the  white  Hag 
hoisted  by  Dr.  Jameson  when  he  found  that 


the  Boers  wore  too  much  for  him  was  not,  as 
has  been  basely  asserted,  a  fragment  of  one 
of  his  troopers'  shirt-tails,  or  even  a  pocket- 
handkerchief,  but  the  last  shred  of  lint  in 
the  doctor's  wallet.  And  it  was  the  burgher 
who  gave  the  first  word  to  cease  firing  from 
the  Boer  side  as  soon  as  "  the  flag  of  sur- 
render" was  descried. 

While  speaking  kindly  of  the  natives, 
Mr.  Bigelow  admires  in  turn,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Portuguese  at  Delagoa  Baj', 
all  the  white  men  he  came  across,  whether 
British  officials,  Rhodesians,  Johannesburg 
Reformers,  Africanders,  or  Boers.  But  he 
never  forgets  that  he  is  an  American  Re- 
publican, and  the  balance  of  his  sympathies 
is  with  the  successors  of  the  Dutch  "  voor- 
trekkers"  who  went  out  into  the  veldts  and 
swamps  half  a  century  ago  to  secure  their 
independence  and  to  build  up  the  Orange 
Free  State  and  the  Transvaal  Republic,  and 
in  whom  he  finds  counterparts  of  the  Puri- 
tans of  the  Mayflower  and  the  followers  of 
Washington  and  Abraham  Lincoln.  He 
was  charmed  by  the  rough  simplicity  of  his 
first  interview  with  President  Kruger,  into 
whose  presence  a  friend  bustled  him  un- 
announced : — 

"In  an  arm-chair  beside  a  round  table  sat 
Paul  Kruger.  The  rest  of  the  room  was  occupied 
by  as  many  swarthy  burghers  as  could  find  seats. 
They  wcjre  long  beards,  and  gave  to  the  assembly 
a  solemniLy,  not  to  say  sternness,  suggestive  of 
a  Russian  monastery.  My  friend  led  me  at  once 
through  the  circle  of  councillors,  and  said  a  few 
words  to  the  President,  who  rose,  shook  hands 
with  me,  and  pointed,  with  a  grunt,  to  a  chair 
at  his  side.  He  then  took  his  seat  and  com- 
menced to  puff  at  a  liuge  pipe.  He  smoked 
some  moments  in  silence,  and  I  watched  with 
interest  the  strong  features  of  his  remarkable 
face.  I  had  made  up  my  mind  that  I  should 
not  say  the  first  word,  for  I  knew  him  to  be 
a  man  given  to  silence.  He  smoked,  and  I 
watched  him  — we  watched  one  another,  in  fact, 
I  felt  that  I  had  interrupted  a  council  of  state, 
and  t!iat  I  was  an  object  of  suspicion,  if  not  ill- 
will,  to  the  twenty  broad-shouldered  farmers 
whose  presence  1  felt,  though  I  saw  only 
Kruger." 

"He  embraced  me  in  his  great  bovine  gaze, 
and  wrapped  me  in  clouds  of  tobacco.  I  felt 
the  eyes  of  his  long-bearded  apostles  boring 
through  the  back  of  my  coat.  My  good  legis- 
lative friend  and  mentor  was  sympathetically 
troubled  as  to  the  reception  I  was  about  to  re- 
ceive. It  was  not  a  wholly  cheerful  moment, 
though  I  tried  to  look  into  his  great  eyes  with 
some  degree  of  confidence.  At  last,  as  though 
he  felt  angry  at  being  forced  into  speech, 
Kruger  said  gruffly :  '  Ask  him  if  he  is  one  of 
those  Americans  who  run  to  the  English  Queen 
when  he  gets  into  trouble.'  The  question  was 
roughly  put ;  the  reference  was  possibly  to 
Hammond  and  other  Americans  who  had  re- 
ceived English  Government  assistance.  On  the 
face  of  it  the  words  contained  an  intentional 
insult,  but  in  Kruger 's  eyes  was  no  such  pur- 
pose at  that  time,  and  with  all  his  gruffness  I 
could  see  that  tliere  was  elasticity  in  the  corners 
of  his  mouth.  His  tv/enty  apostles  watched  me 
in  silence,  and  I  decided  that  this  was  not  the 
time  for  a  discussion  as  to  how  far  Uncle 
Sam  need  apologise  for  leaning  on  the  arm  of 
Britannia.  'Tell  the  President,'  said  I,  'that 
since  visiting  his  jail  here  I  have  concluded  that 
it  would  be  better  policy  for  an  American  to 
ask  assistance  of  Mr.  Kruger.'  This  appeared 
to  break  the  ice,  for  Kruger  expanded  into  a 
broad  smile,  and  his  twenty  bearded  burghers 
laughed  immoderately  at  my  small  attempt  to 
treat  the  subject  playfully.  It  has  since  crossed 
my  mind  that  the  twenty  burghers  may  have 


taken  seriously  what  I  spoke  in  jest,  but,  on 
second  thought,  I  doubt  if  much  harm  could 
have  been  done  even  had  they  believed  me 
literally.  I  am  sure  that  each  burgher  present 
believed  that  Americans  would  do  well  to  invoke 
Boer  protection  in  case  of  a  difficulty  with  Eng- 
land." 

At  Pretoria  Mr.  Bigelow  regarded  Presi- 
dent Kruger  as  the  master  of  the  situation 
in  South  Africa.  At  Bloemfontein  he  con- 
cluded that  if  the  Transvaal  President  is 
the  South  African  "grand  old  man,"  the 
"man  of  the  future"  is  the  President  of 
the  Orange  Free  State,  about  whom  and 
whose  surroundings  he  fills  a  long  and 
interesting  chapter ;  and  the  conclusion 
seems  to  have  survived  all  others,  as  we 
read  in  his  preface,  written  only  a  few 
weeks  ago : — 

"  The  future  of  South  Africa  lies,  I  believe, 
not  in  the  hands  of  noisy  and  frothy  filibusters 
or  Stock  Exchange  brokers  ;  nor  does  it  lie  with 
a  small  section  of  Boers  who  still  struggle  for 
isolation.  The  men  who  hold  the  future  of  that 
country  in  their  hands  are  men  of  English  as 
well  as  Dutch  descent,  but  who  are  no  longer 
subject  to  one  flag  more  than  the  other.  They 
are  men  who  feel  and  act  as  Afrikanders,  whether 
their  farms  lie  in  Natal  or  the  Cape,  the  Trans- 
vaal or  the  Orange  Free  State.  The  type  that 
is  to  dominate  White  Man's  Africa  is  produced 
neither  in  the  family  of  Eckstein,  Beit,  Wernher, 
Neumann,  Barney  Barnato,  J.  B.  Robinson 
and  other  great  financial  aristocrats  ;  nor  will  it 
be  found  in  the  congregation  of  Paul  Kruger. 
It  is  alive,  however,  and  flourishes  vigorously 
in  the  person  of  Steyn,  the  President  of  the 
Orange  Free  State." 

About  Cape  Colony  Mr.  Bigelow  says 
comparatively  little,  and  this  little  is  scarcely 
complimentary,  notwithstanding  his  having 
dined  with  Sir  Hercules  Robinson  and  had 
Sir  James  Sivewright  for  a  mentor.  H© 
was  more  shocked  than  pleased  at  discover- 
ing that  in  Cape  Town  they  use  up  "the 
gaudy  omnibuses  which  once  plied  up  and 
down  Fifth  Avenue,"  and  his  patriotism 
compels  him  to  make  this  among  other 
disclosures  as  grave  if  less  amusing : — 

"My  first  care  on  landing  was,  of  course, 
to  seek  the  American  consul,  and  renew  my 
patriotic  fervour  by  contact  with  the  man  on 
whose  shoulders  should  rest  the  dignity  of  our 
country.  To  my  chagrin,  I  found  that  we  had 
no  consul ;  that  for  the  time  being  American 
interests  were  being  cared  for — and  very  well, 
too— by  an  English  gentleman.  I  made  inquiries 
of  various  people,  and  learned  that  in  the 
memory  of  the  oldest  inhabitant  of  Cape  Town 
such  a  thing  as  an  American  consul  who  could 
keep  sober  after  twelve  o'clock  noon  was  too 
seldom  known  ;  and  this  fact  must  be  carefully 
borne  in  mind,  for  it  will  explain  many  things  that 
otherwise  might  seem  obscure.  Other  countries 
encourage  the  commerce  of  their  citizens  by 
appointing  capable  consuls  at  foreign  ports. 
Capable  consuls  cannot  be  secured  unless  they 
are  either  well  paid  for  their  services  or  unless 
they  are  given  a  permanent  position.  The 
American  consul  at  Cape  Town  has  large  Ame- 
rican interests  to  watch  —  not  merely  at  the 
Cape,  but  throughout  South  Africa.  Uncle  Sam 
offers  such  a  man  the  wages  of  a  second-rate 
mechanic  or  baseball-player.  Merchants  of 
Cape  Town  who  seek  to  do  business  with  the 
United  States  have  no  one  here  to  whom  they 
can  turn  for  information,  and  thus  orders  which 
might  have  been  placed  in  New  York  or  Chicago 
are  diverted  to  Birmingham  or  Buenos  Ayres. 
The  consuls  of  other  countries  are  constantly 
labouring  to  increase  the  trade  each  of  his  own 
country.  Ours  are  often  regarded  as  worse  than 
useless." 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


593 


Mr.  Bigelow,  who  shares  Mr.  Chamberlain's 
belief  in  civilization  by  railways,  and  who 
is  often  reckless  in  his  generalizations,  says 
in  one  paragraph  : — 

"All  that  missionaries  have  accomplished, 
from  the  days  of  Livingstone  down  to  this  year 
of  Jubilee,  is  small  indeed  compared  with  the 
evangelizing  effect  of  one  locomotive"; 

but  the  next  paragraph  is  full  of  wise 
suggestion :  — 

"Next  to  the  locomotive,  the  missionary  that 
appeals  most  strongly  to  my  sympathies  is  one 
after  the  fashion  of  Mrs.  Dartnell,  whose  hus- 
band commands  the  local  military  forces  of  the 
colony.  Col.  Dartnell  was  stationed  at  one  time 
in  a  part  of  the  colony  where  his  official  residence 
was  approached  by  a  path  leading  up  a  rather 
steep  hill.  He  was  much  respected  by  the 
natives,  and  there  were  frequent  occasions  for 
these  to  visit  him.  Mrs.  Dartnell  discovered 
that  the  native  custom  was  to  let  the  wives 
carry  the  burdens  up  this  hill,  while  the  gentle- 
men of  the  party  contented  themselves  with  a 
stick  or  spear.  With  fine  feminine  tact  Mrs. 
Dartnell  commenced  her  missionary  career  by 
inviting  the  heavily  burdened  women  to  rest 
themselves  and  have  refreshments  ;  but  the 
men  she  ostentatiously  ignored,  on  the  ground 
that,  as  they  had  done  no  work,  they  could  not 
require  any  rest  or  refreshments.  Little  by 
little  the  news  of  this  social  revolution  per- 
meated the  mind  of  the  black  neighbourhood, 
and  it  was  a  revolution  by  no  means  uncon- 
genial to  the  advocates  of  black  woman's  rights. 
Soon  it  was  learned  that  one  black  man  had 
actually  carried  part  of  his  wife's  burden  up  the 
hill  ;  and  as  this  was  not  followed  by  a  convul- 
sion of  nature,  other  Zulus  followed  the  ex- 
ample, until  little  by  little  it  became  the  rule, 
in  that  neighbourhood  at  least,  for  a  man  to 
assist  his  wives  in  the  bearing  of  burdens." 

Three  of  Mr.  Bigelow's  other  chapters 
are  especially  worth  reading  for  the  light 
they  throw  on  the  native  question  in  South 
Africa.  In  one  he  gives  a  ghastly  account 
of  Portuguese  oppression  in  the  Delagoa 
Bay  district.  In  another  he  describes  the 
"white  man's  black  man"  as  seen  in 
Johannesburg  and  the  Hand  "  compounds" 
(he  did  not,  apparently,  study  the  compound 
system  in  its  worse  phase  at  Kimberley). 
In  a  third  he  describes,  without  adequately 
explaining,  the  successful  working  of  what 
is  virtually  Home  Rule — under  the  arrange- 
ments initiated  by  Sir  Marshal  Clarke, 
and  now  continued  by  Mr.  Lagden — in 
Basutoland. 


Neiv  Essays  towards  a   Critical  Method.     By 
John  Mackinnon  Robertson.     (Lane.) 

Ix  a  note  on  Poe,  after  quoting  somebody's 
remark  that  the  poet  "  did  not  knoiv 
enough,"  Mr.  Robertson  goes  on  to  say, 
somewhat  sententiously,  "Alas,  that  is  the 
trouble  with  all  of  us."  It  does  not  strike 
us,  however,  that  this  is  particularly  the 
trouble  with  Mr.  Robertson.  His  know- 
ledge is  curious  and  extensive,  but  his 
misfortune  is  that  he  does  -not  feel  enough. 
As  a  critic,  he  represents  a  class  which  is 
likely  to  grow  larger  as  education  becomes 
more  complicated — those  who  by  dint  of 
extreme  application  master  the  dry  bones, 
and  even  the  vascular  structure,  of  poetry 
without  ever  conceiving  it  as  a  living  body. 
Mr.  Robertson  distinguishes  and  analyzes 
to  his  heart's  content,  with  a  positively  for- 
midable apparatus  of  technical  and  philo- 
sophical terms.  But  his  attitude  is  coldly 
scientific,  and  the  element  of  beauty  seems 


never  to  have  presented  itself  to  him.  His 
essays  are  hard  to  read,  partly  because  of 
their  congested  intellectuality,  partly,  also, 
because  of  their  singular  lifelessness  and 
want  of  enthusiasm.  Hence  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  do  justice  to  Mr.  Robertson's  positive 
gifts — his  knowledge,  his  seriousness,  his 
strenuous  application. 

Mr.  Robertson  desires  to  introduce  a  new 
critical  method  into  English  literature. 
Unfortunately,  all  the  most  important 
essays  in  this  volume  were  written  before 
he  formed  this  idea,  which  owes  its  incep- 
tion to  the  influence  which  the  late  Emile 
Hennequin  has  had  over  the  Scottish 
author's  mind.  Mr.  Robertson  read  the 
remarkable  posthumous  volumes  of  Henne- 
quin, and  recognized  in  him  a  spirit  closely 
akin  to  his  own.  Straight  from  'La 
Critique  Scientifique  '  Mr.  Robertson 
rushed  to  his  desk,  and  composed  the 
opening  chapter  of  this  book,  which  bears 
very  much  the  same  relation  to  Hennequin's 
experiments  as  Coleridge's  '  Theory  of  Life ' 
bore  to  Schelling's,  except  that  Mr.  Robert- 
son is  more  frank  in  acknowledgment. 
Emile  Hennequin  is  little  known  in  this 
country.  Mr.  Robertson  says  that  he  died 
"in  1889"  (p.  34),  and  "suddenly  in  the 
summer  of  1888"  (p.  116),  and  again  "in 
spring,  at  29"  (p.  36).  He  must  really 
make  up  his  mind  when  his  apostle  did 
die,  and  will  perhaps  be  glad  to  note  that 
the  unhappy  event  took  place  at  Samoic, 
near  Fontainebleau,  on  July  13th,  1888, 
when  Hennequin  was  in  the  act  of  bathing 
in  a  lake  with  his  friend,  the  painter 
Odilon  Redon.  He  was  of  Swiss  origin, 
but  born  at  Palermo ;  at  the  time  of  his 
death  he  had  made  no  public  mark,  except 
by  a  critical  essay  on  Edgar  Poe,  preceding 
a  translation,  published  in  book  form  in 
1886.  But  his  contributions  to  little-known 
reviews  and  his  MSS.  were  collected  after 
1888  into  five  curious  volumes  of  philo- 
sophical criticism,  which  have  exercised 
a  very  considerable  influence  over  certain 
French  minds,  especially  those  of  M.Edouard 
Rod  and  of  M.  Huysmans. 

Nobody  doubts  that  Hennequin  was  a 
very  sincere  and  remarkable  thinker.  His 
volume  '  La  Critique  Scientifique '  is  more 
than  well  worth  reading,  in  spite  of  a 
singularly  tiresome  obscurity  of  style  and 
pedantry  of  thought.  To  readers  familiar 
with  the  writings  of  Hennequin,  those  of 
Mr.  Robertson  present  no  novelty  of 
approach,  and  the  disciple  repeats  to  the 
full  the  faults  and  limitations  of  the  master. 
A  very  subtle  nature,  radically  morbid, 
anxious  above  all  else  to  escape  from  the 
obvious  and  platitudinarian  in  critical 
thought  and  language,  Hennequin  attempted 
to  pursue  the  meanings  of  words  back  to 
their  primitive  sense,  to  analyze  sesthetic 
questions  with  impassioned  intellectual 
scrupulosity,  to  make  of  literary  criticism 
what  he  called,  in  his  harsh  way,  "  une 
science  dont  il  fallait  attendre  I'etablisse- 
ment  de  lois  valables  pour  I'homme  social." 
Mr.  Robertson  does  the  same  in  his  Eesthetic 
and  psychological  studies,  but  without  the 
originality  of  Hennequin,  and  without  his 
daring  flights  of  sensibility.  But  Hennequin 
is  already  a  name  half  buried  in  the 
literature  of  France  ;  with  all  his  power  and 
passion,  between  which  there  was  struck 
out  a  spark  of  something  very  like  genius, 


he  did  not  contrive  to  make  his  curious 
critical  method  accepted  at  home,  nor,  we 
are  sure,  will  Mr.  Robertson  be  more 
fortunate  in  this  country. 

He  writes  here  of  Poe,  of  Coleridge,  of 
Shelley,  of  Keats,  and  of  Burns.  The 
newly  published  life  of  Tennyson  contains 
expressions  of  that  great  poet's  opinion 
with  regard  to,  we  think,  all  these  his  pre- 
decessors. It  is  amusing  to  contrast  the 
attitude  of  Tennyson  with  that  of  Mr. 
Robertson.  The  latter  proceeds  on  his 
course  with  an  extraordinary  display  of 
technical  phrases  and  illustrations  borrowed 
from  the  sciences,  generally  intelligent, 
always  chilly,  judging  works  of  art  by  the 
measiirement  of  the  intellect  alone.  His 
criticism  is  the  result  of  an  eSort  of  will ; 
he  toils  like  a  chemist  at  the  analysis  of  a 
sonnet ;  he  sits  by  the  bedside  of  a  dying 
epic,  recording  its  pulse  and  seeming  to 
hate  it  as  he  analyzes  the  symptoms  of  its 
agony.  Tennyson,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
no  academic  apparatus.  His  utterances,  in 
their  simplicity,  are  all  compact  of  light  and 
warmth.  He  sees  poetic  truths  with  absolute 
lucidity  because  he  loves  them.  Mr.  Robert- 
son explains  to  us  the  faults  in  Shelley's 
choruses  and  Keats's  odes  ;  like  some  old 
schoolman  railing  at  Shakspeare  for  his 
irregularities,  he  suffers  pain  at  being 
subjected  to  "  the  perusal  of  thousands  of 
demonstrably  irrelevant  or  supererogatory 
lines,  and  to  a  thousand  shocks  of  mispro- 
nunciation or  false  assonance "  in  such 
poems  as  *  The  Revolt  of  Islam.'  Wandering 
thus  in  a  twilight  of  pessimism  among 
decaying  masterpieces,  it  is  no  wonder  that 
he  gets  caught  in  man  -  traps,  as  when, 
in  the  course  of  a  triumphant  exposure  of 
the  "distinctly  and  seriously  faulty"  and 
"  ruinously  defective"  •  Skylark  '  of  Shelley, 
with  elaborate  ingenuity  he  detects  and 
exposes  a  bull  in  the  image  of  the  glowworm 

Scattering  unbeholden 
Its  aerial  hue, 

on  the  ground  that  the  word  "hue" 
implies  that  colour  is  "beholden,"  quite 
oblivious  of  the  obvious  fact  that  what 
Shelley  says  is,  not  that  the  "  hue  "  is 
"unbeholden,"  but  that  the  glowworm, 
itself  unseen,  is  yet  detected  by  the  circum- 
fluence  of  its  "  aerial  hue."  Keats  is 
treated  in  the  same  drastic  mode ;  that  is  to 
say,  with  an  absolute  disregard  of  general 
effect,  and  a  pedagogic  insistence  upon 
what  the  critic  thinks  "  blemishes  of  work- 
manship." He  describes  'The  Eve  of  St. 
Agnes '  as  distinctly  a  failure  and  com- 
pletely ruined  because  of  certain  imperfect 
rhymes  and  a  few  cockney  affectations  of 
verbiage,  being,  as  it  appears,  perfectly 
insensible  to  the  glowing  effect  of  that 
glorious  poem  as  a  whole.  Indeed,  we  have 
rarely  met  with  such  hopeless  darkening  of 
counsel  as  Mr.  Robertson's  whole  essay  on 
Keats  involves.  It  reminds  one  of  a  colour- 
blind professor  of  chemistry  lecturing  on 
the  technique  of  Titian.  No  wonder  that 
this  hypersensitive  critic,  who  dies  in 
aromatic  pain  at  the  faults  of  the  '  Ode  to 
a  Nightingale '  and  '  Adonais,'  when  he 
calls  us  at  last  to  enjoy  with  him  a  great 
poem  in  which  there  is  no  blemish,  presents 
to  us — the  'Amours  de  Voyage'  of  Clough! 
This  is  the  Nemesis  of  pedantry. 


9 


594 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3653,  Oct. 


30,  '97 


History  of  the  Commonivealth  and  Protectorate, 
16/^9-60.  By  S.  E.  Gardiner.— Vol.  II. 
lOol-If.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

This  new  instalment  of  Mr.  Gardiner's  work 
covers  the  period  of  the  first  Dutch  war,  of 
the  establishment  of  the  Protectorate,  and 
of  the  shuffling,  disreputable  diplomatic 
contest  between  Cromwell  and  the  suitors 
for  his  alliance,  France  and  Spain.  These 
main  lines  of  interest  fairly  divide  the  work, 
and  on  each  the  result  attained  is  a  signal 
vindication  of  the  maxim  which  has  shaped 
all  Mr.  Gardiner's  historical  work — the 
maxim  that  the  only  solution  to  an  historical 
difficulty  is  detailed  chronological  treatment. 
Historical  difficulties  are  due  either  to  the 
absence  of  material  or  to  its  presence  in  such 
abundance  as  to  overwhelm  and  stupefy  the 
mind  of  the  historian.  In  the  Commonwealth 
period  we  suffer  excessively  from  this  latter 
reason.  There  is  no  epoch  of  our  history 
illustrated  by  such  an  embarrassing  rich- 
ness of  material,  and,  on  the  whole,  acces- 
sible material.  The  merest  beginner  can 
dip  into  it  at  almost  any  point  and  pre- 
sently blossom  forth  as  a  specialist.  The 
period,  too,  is  sufficiently  removed  to  pre- 
serve a  true  sense  of  historical  perspective, 
and  is  withal  of  absorbing  interest  in  its 
every  phase,  constitutional,  religious,  or 
economic.  It  has  attracted  some  of  the  most 
active  minds  in  our  literature,  and  yet,  as  a 
whole,  it  has  remained  misunderstood  or 
misrepresented  until  the  present  day.  Only 
by  dint  of  a  courage  and  energy  that  no 
remoteness  of  research  or  superabundance 
of  material  could  daunt,  and — more  im- 
portant still — of  a  method  unflinchingly 
true,  has  our  author  succeeded  in  recon- 
structing an  epoch  hidden  and  buried  under 
its  own  appalling  wealth  of  historical  memoirs 
or  under  later  misrepresentation  both  by 
friend  and  foe.  Whether  or  not  he  has  made 
the  age  live  again  to  his  readers  is  a  pro- 
blem of  interest  only  to  those  who  value 
selection,  distortion,  or  caricature  before 
a  plain  statement  of  unvarnished  truth. 

In  the  story  of  the  Dutch  war  Mr.  Gardiner, 
■while  modestly  proclaiming  himself  a  lands- 
man   and    speaking   with    diffidence,    may 
claim  to  have  established  conclusions  that 
will  be  bound  to  modify  our  view  not  only 
of   the  war,   but  of   the  genius  of   Blake. 
The   Dutch   fleet,   as   is   well   known,    had 
not   been   kept    at    an    efficient   strength ; 
it  was   sent  to   sea   badly  equipped,  badly 
stored,  badly   manned.     Division   and   dis- 
union  were  apparent  in  the   directions   or 
want  of  directions  given  to  the  admirals,  and 
yet  the  real  credit  of  the  conflict  lies  with 
the  Dutch.   In  the  first  great  encounter  of  the 
war,  off  the  Kentish  Knock  in  September, 
1652,  Blake  had  against  him,  not  the   old 
hero   Tromp,    who    had    been   temporarily 
suspended  in  disgrace,  but  De  With.  Blake 
was  superior  in  every  respect — ships,  dis- 
cipline, personnel.     He    won   a    victory,    it 
is  true,  but  it  was  one  remarkably  barren 
of  result,  and  in  his  conduct  of  the  fight 
there  is  no  trace  of  that  innovating  tactical 
skill  which  would  justify  the  view  of  those 
who    hail    him   as   a   seventeenth   century 
Nelson.     In  the   battle  off    Dungeness   he 
was   distinctly  beaten   by  Tromp,  now  re- 
instated.    His   defeat,  it   is  true,  was  due 
to   superior   numbers,    and    Mr.    Gardiner, 
in  opposition  to  the  opinion  expressed  by 


Prof.  Laughton,  credits  Blake  with  the  clear 
determination  to  take  the  odds  and  fight. 
But  win  or  lose,  Blake's  strategy  was  the 
same — that  of  his  age :  to  get  the  wind  of 
the  enemy,  charge  his  line,  and  for  the  rest 
trust  to  dogged  fighting.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  the  battle  off  Portland,  when  the 
Dutch  were  finally  driven  to  retreat  by  the 
failure  of  their  powder  supply,  Tromp  drew 
off  his  fleet  with  a  resourcefulness  that  makes 
his  tactics  contrast  more  than  favourably 
with  those  of  Blake.  The  English  victory 
was  due  to  circumstance  and  not  to  skill,  and 
the  honours  of  the  struggle  lay  with  Tromp. 
Still  more  decisive  of  the  rival  claims  of  the 
two  great  seamen  is  Mr.  Gardiner's  account 
of  the  battle  off  the  Gabbard  : — 

"For  about  three  hours  there  was  a  hot 
cannonade,  without  any  attempt  on  the  part  of 
Monk  to  break  into  the  enemy's  fleet  according 
to  the  practice  of  former  actions.  Tromp,  on 
his  side,  fell  off  from  the  wind,  doubtless  that 
he,  too,  might  have  the  full  use  of  all  his  guns. 
Before  anything  decisive  had  been  accom- 
plished the  wind  dropped  entirely,  and  when 
again  a  light  breeze  sprang  up  it  blew  from  a 
more  easterly  quarter  than  before.  As  the  wind 
headed  his  ships,  Tromp,  with  a  promptitude 
which  the  soldier-admiral  opposed  to  him  could 
hardly  be  expected  to  imitate,  ordered  out  the 
boats  to  tow  round  his  ships  that  they  might 
catch  the  wind  on  the  starboard  tack.  Whilst 
De  Ruyter  thus  gained  the  wind  of  Lawson, 
Tromp  drove  his  squadron  into  the  gap  left 
between  that  admiral  and  Monk,  thus  placing 
Lawson  between  two  fires,  and  anticipating  in 
a  rough  and  imperfect  fashion  the  manoeuvre 
familiar  to  seamen  of  a  later  date  as  the  break- 
ing of  the  line.  If  the  movement  failed  in  the 
success  which  it  achieved  in  the  hands  of  Rodney 
and  Nelson,  this  was  partly  because,  in  con- 
sequence of  Lawson's  advanced  position.  Monk 
was  not  so  much  to  leeward  of  him  as  he  would 
have  been  if  the  change  of  wind  had  occurred 
earlier  in  the  battle,  and  was  therefore  able  to 
come  to  his  aid  without  any  long  delay,  and 
partly  because  the  gunnery  of  that  day  was 
insufficient  to  crush  even  a  weaker  adversary  in 
what  would  now  be  considered  a  reasonable  time. 
The  battle  ended  in  a  general  mtUe,  in  which 
the  English  ships  by  their  superior  weatherliness 
forced  themselves  through  the  mass  of  the  enemy 
and  regained  the  weather  gage." 

It  would  be  tedious  to  indicate  in  detail 
the  points  in  Mr.  Gardiner's  narrative  which 
justify  his  claim  of  having  for  the  first  time 
told  the  authentic  story  of  this  war,  quietly 
obliterating  thereby  statements  and  views 
that  have  long  been  traditional. 

But  to  the  ordinary  Englishman  the  Dutch 
war  will  always  remain  an  incident,  and  a 
regrettable  one.  The  chief  interest  in  the 
period  in  question  and  in  Mr.  Gardiner's 
pages  lies  rather  in  the  constitutional  pro- 
blem of  the  establishment  of  the  Protectorate 
and  in  the  attitude  of  Cromwell.  The  very 
fact  that  that  war  was  waged  against  his 
strong  conviction  that  it  was  a  mistake 
is  only  one  proof  of  tlie  limitation  of 
his  authority.  As  we  no  longer  possess 
the  insight  into  the  debates  of  the  army 
officers  which  the  Clarke  papers  afford 
for  the  earlier  period,  it  is  difficult  to  esti- 
mate the  opposition  and  mistrust  which 
Cromwell  met  and  the  extent  to  which  he 
was  overruled.  But  in  every  line  of  the 
narrative  dealing  with  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment and  with  the  nominated  Parliament, 
as  subsequently  with  the  Spanish  and 
French  ambassadors,  we  can  see  a  con- 
fusion of  mind  and  hesitation  that,  stand- 


ing   alone,    would   appear    little    short   of 
chaotic.      He   has   no  plan,  he  creates  no 
situation  ;  he  hangs  back  and  hopes  for  this 
and  that  beneficent  way  of  escape,  whether 
from  Parliament  or  Providence.     But  while 
he   falters,   with   his    mind  in   a   ferment, 
the    situation  developes,  draws   to  a  head, 
and  in  an  instant  his  irresolution  is  gone. 
He     sees     the     need     of    the     immediate 
moment,  and  his  energy  sweeps   away  all 
barriers.      The    constitutional    outcome    of 
a  mind   and   life  so  conditioned — so  ready 
in  its  grasp  of  the  immediate  situation,  so 
limited  in  foresight — could  easily  be  fore- 
shadowed ;  but — and  this  is  the  point — until 
to-day  we  havenever  been  able  duly  and  truly 
to  appreciate  the   chaos  of  that  mind  and 
the  difficulties  which  impeded  its  working. 
Throughout  the  months  which  preceded  the 
forcible  dissolution  of  the  Long  Parliament 
Cromwell  stood  out  as  the  mediator  between 
it  and  the  army.     The  dissatisfaction  of  the 
officers  with  that  Parliament  and  its  notorious 
corruption  was    based   on   public   grounds. 
To  it  they  attributed  the  Dutch  war  and 
the   long   postponement  of   reform.      They 
demanded  a  new  Treasury  system  and  the 
election  of  a  fresh  representative.     Crom- 
well  shared   their    dissatisfaction,    but    he 
shrank    from    the    course   into   which  the 
army  wished  to  drive  him.     The  settlement 
he  desired  was  one  with  "  something  of  a 
monarchical  power  in  it,"  to  serve  as  a  check 
to  a  self-seeking  Parliamentary  majority ; 
and   Mr.    Gardiner    finds   nothing    to   dis- 
credit  in   the   rumour   that  in  September, 
1652,  Cromwell  still  recurred  to  the  idea  of 
raising   the  young   Duke  of   Gloucester  to 
the  throne  and  of  making  himself  Protector 
under    the   nominal   authority  of  the   lad. 
The  Parliament  itself  on  this  point  showed 
its   suspicion  of  Cromwell  by  directing  in 
December   that  the  Duke   should   be   sent 
away  to  the  Continent.     That    at  the  last 
moment  Cromwell  cast  the  idea  away,  and 
with   it   his  own  long  hesitancy,  was   due 
simply  to  his  sense  of  the  situation  created 
and    of    the    impracticability    of     such    a 
scheme.     Alarmed  by  the  prayer  meetings 
in  the  army  and  in  the  City,  the  Parliament 
momentarily   gave    way,    and    as    late    as 
January,    1653,  made  a   fresh   pretence  of 
considering  its  own  dissolution  and  the  Act 
for  a  new  representative — a  solution  to  the 
constitutional     difficulty    which    Cromwell 
devoutly  desired,  and  which  he  is  always 
found    supporting   when   we   can    catch   a 
glimpse  of  his  action  in  the  matter  at  all. 
On  the  side  of  the  army,  two  parties  drove 
him    on :     that    of   Lambert   representing 
the    demand   for   a   reformed    Parliament, 
that  of  Harrison  representing  the  aspirations 
of  the  Fifth  Monarchy  for  government  by 
moral  and  religious  men.     Divided  as  they 
were,  they  united  in  their  demand  for  the 
forcible  dissolution  of  the  Long  Parliament. 
But  from  the  suggestion  Cromwell  recoiled 
with  all  the  vehemence  of  his  conservative 
nature.     "I  am  pushed  on,"  he  said  to  one 
of  his  officers,  "  by  two  parties  to  do  that 
the    consideration    of     the    issue    whereof 
makes  my  hair  to  stand  on  end."     Placed 
as  he  was  between  the  two  powers,  army 
and  Parliament,  he  was  not  unnaturally  an 
object  of  distrust  to  both.     A  majority  of 
the    Parliament     consulted     secretly    with 
Lambert  and  Fairfax  on  the  possibility  of 
dismissing  the  General  from  his  command, 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


595 


and   ou   their   side    tlie  army   zealots    and 
preachers  spared  liim  still  less  :  — 

"  '  Our  soldiers,'  says  a  newswriter  in  April, 
*  resolve  to  have  speedily  a  new  representative, 
and  the  Parliament  resolve  the  contrary.  The 
General  sticks  close  to  the  House,  which  causeth 
him  to  be  daily  railed  on  by  the  preaching 
party,  who  say  they  must  have  both  a  new 
Parliament  and  a  new  General  before  the  work 
be  done,  and  that  these  are  not  the  people  that 
are  appointed  for  perfecting  of  that  great  work 
of  God  which  they  have  begun.  There  came 
a  regiment  of  horse  to  town  this  week  full- 
mouthed  against  the  Parliament,  but  were  not 
suffered  to  stay  here  above  two  days  before 
they,  with  three  violent  regiments  more,  were 
dispatched  out  of  the  way  towards  Scotland." 

Cromwell  still  hoped  (and  this  was  the  con- 
dition of  his  advocacy  of  Parliament)  that 
it  would  pass  a  Bill  for  a  new  representative 
body  and  dissolve.     The  crisis  came  when 
in  April  the  House  began,   under  the  in- 
fluence of  Vane,  to  transmute  the  Bill  into 
one    for   filling   up   vacancies,    not   merely 
leaving  the  old  members  to  retain  their  seats, 
but  allowing  them  to  decide  on  the  qualifica- 
tions of  those  to  be  elected.     On  the  night 
before  the  forcible  dissolution  Cromwell  called 
a   conference  of  the  Parliamentary  leaders 
and   of   the   army  officers   in   his  lodgings 
at  Whitehall.     All   day  was   spent  in   the 
discussion,  and  the  conference  only  broke 
up    in    sheer   weariness   after   the   Parlia- 
mentary leaders  had  undertaken  to  attend 
again  on  the  following  day,  and  meanwhile 
to  hinder  the  progress  of  the  Bill.     On  that 
day,  however,  the  leaders  either  broke  their 
word  or  were  thrown  over  by  the  members. 
The  House  called  for  the  Bill,  and  sought 
to  hurry  it  through  before  Cromwell  could 
be   informed.      The   picturesque   sequel   is 
well  known.  "It's  you,"  cried  Cromwell  as 
the  members  trooped  past,  "that  have  forced 
me  to  this,   for  I   have   sought   the   Lord 
night  and  day  that  He  would  rather  slay  me 
than  put  me  upon  the  doing  of  this  work." 
Eight   months  later  Cromwell  was  con- 
fronted with  an  almost  identical  situation, 
and     again     he     vacillated     and     seemed 
passive  in  the  hands  of  the  warring  frag- 
ments  and   parties   around   him   until  the 
final    moment    came   when   all  doubt   was 
ewept  away,  and  his  sight  and  resolution 
became  clear.     The  nominated  Parliament 
— Barebone's  Parliament — was  no  creature 
of  his  own.      It  represented  the  outcome  of 
the  struggle  between  the  two  parties  in  the 
army   and   in   the  Council   of   State:    that 
headed  by  Lambert,  who  wished  for  a  fresh 
election  under  certain  restrictions  so  as  to 
keep  out  Eoyalists,  and  that  under  Harri- 
son, who,  dispensing  with  elections,  desired 
simply  the  rule  of  an  elect  number  of  saints 
— a  nominated  assembly  bearing  some  form 
of  a  Parliament.     In  the  end  Harrison  pre- 
vailed.    Letters  were  sent  in  the  name  of 
the  General  and  Council  of  the  Army  to  the 
Congregational  churches  asking  for  a  return 
of  names  of  eligible   nominees.     On  these 
lists,  when  returned,  the  Council  sat  from 
day  to  day,   and   the  result  was  the  body 
known  to  history  as  Barebone's  Parliament. 
That   Cromwell,  beginning  with   a   prefer- 
ence for  Lambert's  idea,  should  have  finally 
acquiesced  in  Harrison's,  is  an  unexplained 
phenomenon  ;    but  certainly  he  did  not  so 
acquiesce  in  it  without  the  hope  of  broaden- 
ing it  out  in  practice.     When  the  nominated 
Parliament   met,   the   fanatics  were    found 


not  to  constitute  a  majority.  There  were 
eighty-four  moderates  and  sixty  enthusiasts. 
The  general  outline  of  the  ensuing  struggle 
between  those  two  factions  is  pretty  clear, 
but  details  are  lacking.  The  enthusiasts 
even  thought  of  setting  up  Harrison  as 
general  of  the  army  in  Cromwell's  stead. 
The  moderates  desired  to  form  a  consti- 
tution, to  strengthen  the  executive,  and 
to  render  Parliament  innocuous.  Between 
them  again  stood  Cromwell,  undecided, 
drifting,  sympathizing  with  Lambert  and 
the  moderates,  but  setting  himself  sternly 
against  a  second  forcible  expulsion  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  against  the  title  of  King  which 
the  new  constitution-makers  proposed  to 
revive  for  him.  The  strife  of  parties  ebbed 
and  flowed  around  him,  and  was  terminated 
by  no  act  or  expression  of  his.  Aware  of  the 
impracticability  of  driving  him  to  a  forcible 
dissolution  of  the  nominated  Parliament,  the 
moderate  majority  and  the  oificers  arranged 
an  intrigue  to  which  he  was  no  party,  and 
of  which  he  was  kept  sedulously  ignorant. 
After  passing  a  Sunday  in  consultation,  they 
flocked  to  the  House  early  on  the  Monday, 
December  12th,  1G53.  Instantly  the  Speaker, 
who  was  in  the  secret,  had  taken  the  chair, 
it  was  moved  to  suspend  the  sitting  of  the 
Parliament  and  to  deliver  up  to  the  Pro- 
tector the  powers  received  from  him.  Instead 
of  putting  the  question  in  due  form,  the 
Speaker  rose  from  the  chair,  and,  followed 
by  some  forty  members,  proceeded  to  White- 
hall. Before  they  reached  the  Protector's 
rooms  the  small  minority  left  behind  in  the 
House  was  ejected  by  Col.  Golfe. 

The  abdication  of  the  nominated  Parlia- 
ment thus  surreptitiously  obtained  created 
the  situation  out  of  which  the  Instrument 
and  the  Protectorate  arose  : — 

"'A  discussion  which  followed  between 
Cromwell  and  the  officers  led  to  the  consent  of 
the  former  to  accept  the  new  constitution  on 
the  definite  understanding,  if  it  had  not  been 
earlier  arrived  at,  that  the  title  of  King  was  to 
be  heard  no  more  of,  and  that  he  might  still  be 
allowed  to  object  to  details.  The  argument 
which  weighed  most  with  Cromwell  in  bringing 
him  to  withdraw  his  former  opposition  was  that, 
as  by  the  abdication  of  the  nominees  he  was 
once  more  in  possession  of  an  absolute  dictator- 
ship, the  question  was  no  longer  whether  power 
which  he  did  not  possess  should  be  con- 
ferred on  him,  but  whether  power  which 
he  did  possess  should  be  constitutionally 
restricted.  If  Cromwell  could  be  credited 
with  any  fixed  constitutional  principles  at 
all,  it  would  be  worth  noting  that  he  placed 
the  basis  of  the  new  Government  not  on  the 
Instrument,  but  upon  the  generalship  which  he 
already  held.  In  other  words,  the  experiment 
which  he  was  about  to  try  was  one  in  which 
a  military  despotism  in  actual  existence  con- 
sented to  impose  limits  on  itself.  This  vice  of 
origin  the  new  Government  was  never  able 
to  shake  oif. " 

Mr.  Gardiner's  deliberate  judgment  of  the 
Constitution  thus  forged  is  in  itself  a  forcible 
justification  of  it :: — 

"  It  cannot  escape  remark  that  this  constitu- 
tion contained  no  provision  for  its  own  amend- 
ment ;  but  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that 
its  authors  contemplated  the  event  of  its 
requiring  modification.  Like  other  constitution- 
mongers  they  sought  not  the  abstract  best,  but 
the  best  to  form  a  bulwark  against  certain  con- 
crete dangers  of  which  they  had  had  bitter 
experience.  Alarmed  at  the  despotic  action  of 
a  single  House,  and  not  venturing  to  call  in  the 
nation  to  control  the  vagaries  of  its    nominal 


representatives,  these  men,  falling  back  on  the 
main  lines  of  the  Elizabethan  constitution, 
sought  to  establish  an  executive  authority  inde- 
pendent of  parliamentary  exigencies,  and  secure, 
at  least  in  time  of  peace,  against  financial  ruin. 
Nevertheless,  being  the  same  men  who  a  few 
years  back  had  combated  royalty,  they  did  their 
best  to  avoid  the  dangers  attending  the  old 
system  ;  whilst,  by  assigning  to  Parliament  un- 
restricted legislative  functions,  and  more  espe 
cially  by  subjecting  the  actions  of  the  Protector 
to  the  control  of  the  Council,  they  hoped  to 
avoid  the  reproach  of  having  substituted  the 
arbitrary  government  of  one  man  for  the 
arbitrary  government  of  an  assembly.  That 
the  restriction  on  the  action  of  the  Protector 
by  his  obligation  to  consult  the  Council  was 
intended  to  be  a  real  one  there  is  every  reason 
to  believe.  The  notion  which  prevailed  at  the 
time,  and  which  has  continued  to  prevail  in 
modern  days,  that  Cromwell  was  a  self-willed 
autocrat  imposing  his  commands  on  a  body  com- 
posed of  his  subservient  creatures,  is  consistent 
neither  with  the  indications  which  exist  in  the 
correspondence  of  that  day,  nor  with  his  own 
character.  From  time  to  time  we  hear  of  parties 
in  the  Council,  and  of  Cromwell's  reluctance  to 
act  in  defiance  of  strong  resistance,  whilst, 
unless  he  had  totally  changed  his  nature  since 
he  sat  in  the  chair  of  the  Army  Council  in 
1647,  we  should  expect  to  find  him  proceeding, 
at  least  for  a  time,  tentatively  rather  than 
authoritatively,  prone  to  accept  suggestions 
from  others,  and  to  lead  them  by  the  force  of 
argument,  and  still  more  by  the  impressiveness 
of  facts,  to  the  acceptance  of  his  own  dominant 
ideas.  On  the  other  hand,  we  should  expect 
that  this  general  habit  of  seeking  to  carry  the 
Council  with  him,  and  even  of  yielding  to  its 
demands  as  long  as  his  own  mind  was  not 
positively  made  up,  would  be  by  no  means  in- 
compatible— if  strong  occasion  arose — with  gusts 
of  passionate  resolution  sweeping  away  all  con- 
stitutional barriers  before  the  insistency  of  his 
will." 

But  to  many  if  not  most  readers  the  in- 
terest of  this  narrative  will  lie  not  so  much  in 
the  study  of  the  Constitution  destroyed  and 
of  the  new  Constitution  evolved  as  in  the 
personality  of  Cromwell.  Only  a  detailed, 
absolutely  uncoloured  statement,  following 
events  point  by  point,  could  convey  any- 
thing like  an  adequate  and  true  concep- 
tion of  Cromwell's  position  and  attitude. 
He  alone  could  wield  the  army,  and  the 
strength  of  his  position  lay  in  the  per- 
ception that  no  other  could  displace  or 
replace  him.  But  he  had  no  deep-laid 
scheme  or  ambition,  no  formulated  policy, 
no  ready- drafted  constitution.  Strife  and 
intrigue  worked  around  him,  and  he  swayed 
aimlessly  with  one  or  both,  apparently  the 
centre  of  a  reeling  system,  simply  because 
that  system  was  conscious  of  its  supreme 
need  of  a  centre.  Only  the  force  of  an 
impending  crisis  had  the  effect  of  clearing 
his  clouded  vision,  and  fusing  his  doubt 
into  relentless,  swift,  clear- thoughted  de- 
termination. 

If  further  demonstration  were  needed 
of  the  strangely  composite  and  hesitating 
nature  of  Cromwell,  it  would  be  afforded 
by  the  story  of  his  diplomatic  vagaries 
on  the  subject  of  a  French  or  a  Spanish 
alliance.  From  a  modern  standpoint,  it 
seems  morally  a  petty  and  reprehensible 
negotiation  for  an  English  statesman,  not 
so  much  from  its  motive  as  from  the 
shifty,  tortuous,  unstatesmanlike  method  in 
which  it  was  carried  on.  Without  under- 
standing the  significance  of  plunging  Eng- 
land into  European  complications,  he  put 


596 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


up  the  alliance  of  his  country  for  auction, 
playing  the  two  bidders  for  it  against 
each  other  with  at  once  open  and  secret 
chicaner}'.  The  story  of  the  affair  runs 
through  the  whole  of  this  volume,  too  long 
to  be  reduced  to  a  sentence,  but  a  sad 
corrective  to  the  cherished  opinion  of  pos- 
terity that  Cromwell  stood  as  the  arbiter 
of  Europe,  with  two  monarchs  as  his 
suitors.  In  the  conference  in  April,  1654, 
Baas  openly  charged  Cromwell  with  his 
double-faced  intrigue,  and  the  Protector's 
face  fell,  while  his  words  came  from  his 
lips  more  slowly  than  "was  his  wont.  But 
apart  from  the  humiliation  every  English- 
man must  feel  in  reading  the  history  of 
the  negotiation,  the  one  main  point  of 
interest  is  again  the  light  which  its  tor- 
tuous course  throws  upon  the  slow,  involved 
character  of  Cromwell's  thought.  In  the 
circumstances  Mr.  Gardiner  finds  what 
excuse  he  can  for  the  Protector,  and  it  is 
one  the  weight  of  which  Mr.  Gardiner  alone 
can  fitlj'  estimate,  but  also  it  is  one  which 
no  Englishman  will  admit  without  a  feeling 
of  sore  dissatisfaction. 

The  period  of  Mr.  Gardiner's  volume  does 
not  extend  to  the  years  of  the  Common- 
wealth's most  trying  financial  experiences. 
We  have  not  yet  reached  the  time  of  the  few 
"Declared  Accounts"  of  the  period  which 
have  survived,  and  their  testimony  en  masse 
is  not  3'et  a  subject  of  concern  to  Mr. 
Gardiner,  He  therefore  treats  financial 
matters  amhulando,  as  also,  though  in  a 
lesser  degree,  he  does  the  parallel  subject 
of  the  ecclesiastical  organization  of  the  Pro- 
tectorate. In  this  Mr.  Gardiner  is  true  to 
his  deliberately  chosen  method,  and  we 
cannot  but  leave  him  as  sole  and  undis- 
puted arbiter  both  of  it  and  of  his  own 
achievement.  We  close  this  further  in- 
stalment of  his  great  work  with  renewed 
conviction  of  the  worthlessness  of  any  other 
historical  method  by  the  side  of  his,  and 
with  renewed  reverence  for  its  author. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  King  with  Two  Faces.  By  M.  E.  Cole- 
ridge. (Arnold.) 
Miss  Coleridge  has  written  a  clever,  and 
in  manj'  respects  interesting,  novel  dealing 
with  Sweden  and  with  Paris  in  the  early 
days  of  the  French  Pevolution.  The  most 
attractive  part  of  the  book  is  that  which 
deals  with  Count  Fersen  (whose  family  name 
is  referred  to  in  dialogue  as  having  been 
MacPherson)  and  his  brave  attempt  to 
rescue  the  French  king  and  Marie  Antoi- 
nette. The  least  attractive  element  is  the 
curiously  staccato  style  which  the  writer 
adopts.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the 
mannerism  is  consistent  throughout,  and 
that  it  is  often  used  with  good  effect.  We 
notice  that  Miss  Coleridge  expresses  obliga- 
tion to  Mr.  Nisbet  Bain's  '  Gustav  III.  and 
his  Contemporaries.'  Her  story,  which  is 
long  and  substantial,  deserves  a  high  place 
among  the  class  of  fiction  to  which  it  is 
allied. 

The  Silver  Fox.     By  Martin  Ross  and  E.  (E. 

Somerville.     (Lawrence  &  Bullen.) 
An  opening  scene  at  Hurlingham,  a  lady 
of  title  who  addresses  her  male  friends  by 
playful   abbreviations    of    their    surnames, 
and   a   society  which  drops    its   final  ^'s, 


hardly  prepare  the  reader  for  a  story  very 
much  above  the  average  both  in  design  and 
in  execution.  Possibly  this  is  a  result  of 
joint  authorship.  If  so,  one  can  only  be 
glad  that  the  predominating  partner  in  the 
concern  was  the  one  who  aimed  at  some- 
thing above  the  Whyte  Melville  line  of 
fiction.  There  are  few  characters  in  the 
story,  but,  thanks  to  a  happy  gift  of  epigram 
possessed  by  at  least  one  of  the  authors, 
they  all  stand  out  very  distinctly,  from 
Sianey  (is  there  authority  for  this  name  ?) 
Morris — the  girl  brought  up  in  solitude  in  a 
remote  part  of  Ireland  by  a  bachelor  uncle 
of  strong  theological  prejoossessions,  herself 
in  a  ferment  of  unformulated  sentiment, 
though  quite  able  to  enjoy  the  situation 
when  her  staid  elderly  mare,  reverting  to 
the  triumphs  of  her  youth,  holds  her  own 
with  the  best  over  stone  walls  and  turf 
banks — to  Major  Bunbury,  who  hunts  six 
days  a  week,  but  "  has  a  soul  somewhere." 
The  old  inevitable  contrast  between  the 
"practical"  English  man  of  business  —  in 
this  case  a  civil  engineer— and  the  Irish 
peasant,  emotional,  unreasonable,  yet 
"  sympathetic,"  is  indicated  as  well  as  we 
ever  remember  to  have  seen  it ;  and  the 
humours  of  the  chase  in  the  remote  West 
are  excellently  told  : — 

"  'Give  over  the  spades,'  shouted  Danny-0, 
as  the  roofing  stones  of  'the  gully'  appeared, 
'  the  hand  is  the  besht.  Hurry  now,  before 
he  '11  go  north  in  it  from  ye  ! ' 

" 'Arrah,  what  north?  he  haven't  room  to 
turn  in  it  !  ' 

"  '  Dom  yer  sowl,  he  'd  turn  in  a  kayhole.' 

"'Go  get  a  briar!'  roared  another  voice, 
'  he  isn't  two  foot  from  the  hole.  Twisht  it  in 
his  hair  now,  twisht  it,  can't  ye,  and  draw  him 
out  !' 

"The  briar  failed  of  its  office.  The  spade 
and  pick  were  again  resorted  to,  and  observa- 
tions were  taken  by  a  small  boy. 

"  '  The  daag  have  him  ! '— '  Is  it  by  the  tail  ? ' 
— 'No,  but  in  a  throttlesome  way!' — 'Come 
out  now,'  interposed  Danny-0,  'till  I  thry 
could  I  ketch  a  howlt  of  him.' 

"  'Put  on  yer  glove,  Dan  ;  take  care  would 
he  bite  ye.' 

"  '  Sure  the  gloves  is  no  use,  only  silk.'  '  A 
fox  can't  bite  through  silk.  Wrop  yer  hand  in 
silk  and  he  can't  put  a  tooth  through  it  !  '  Thus 
and  much  more  from  the  chorus." 

This  is  not  the  silver  fox.  Indeed,  that 
eponymous  animal  is  the  weak  character  in 
the  book.  He  breaks  cover  with  a  fine  scent 
of  the  supernatural,  but  shows  little  sport. 
He  does,  indeed,  conduce  to  the  dmoximent 
of  the  story,  but  does  nothing  in  this  which 
an  ordinary  red  fox  would  not  have  done  as 
well. 

Secretary    to    Bayne,    M.P.      By   W.   Pett 
Eidge.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  plots  of  Nihilists  have  frequently  inter- 
fered in  fiction  with  the  course  of  true  love. 
Mr.  Bayne,  M.P.,  finds  that  both  the 
Nihilists  and  the  course  of  true  love  inter- 
fere seriously  with  the  services  of  his  private 
secretary.  In  the  hands  of  Mr.  Pett  Eidge 
these  materials  make  a  bright  little  story, 
which  might,  however,  have  been  better 
told  in  a  narrower  compass.  The  length  of 
a  one -volume  novel  is  only  attained  by 
means  of  an  excessive  use  of  inverted 
commas  for  conversations  of  inordinate  dura- 
tion. The  writing  is  good,  though  there 
is  some  lack  of  clearness  in  the  narrative. 


Loehinvar.     By  S.  E.  Crockett.     (Methuen 
&Co.) 

This  is  not  Mr.  Crockett's  best  work,  but 
it  is  far  better  than  some  we  have  seen  of 
late.      The  title   is  somewhat  daring ;    for 
except  in   the  incident  of  carrying  oS  fair 
Kate  McGhie  on  her  bridal  day,  his  hero 
has  nothing  to  do  with  him  of  Scott's  ballad. 
Wat  Gordon,  of  Lochinvar,  is   a  cousin  of 
Earlston,  and  several  of  the  characters  are 
known  to   us   of   old.     Wat   had   Eoyalist 
proclivities,    but    being    severed    from   his 
lady  love,  and  under  hiding  for  his  assault 
on  the  Duke  of  Wellwood,  he  fijids  himself 
in  Flanders  in  1G88  as  one  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange's  Scots  Dragoons.   Here  he  meeta 
a  strange    figure,   one  "  Murdo  McAlister, 
Earl    of  Barra,"  a    gentleman  who   is    not 
above  double-dealing  between  France  and 
Holland.     This  sinister  personage  abducts 
Kate,  who  has  also  taken  refuge  in  Holland 
from  the   "persecution"  in  Galloway,  and 
has  her  immured  on  one  of  his  Hebridean 
islands.      Life    on    Suliscanna    is    not    ill 
described,    though   we    fancy   the    Presby- 
terian  minister    is    somewhat    of    an   ana- 
chronism.    There   is   plenty   of   rapid   and 
varied  incident  before  Wat  can  come  upon 
the  traces  of  his  lost  lady,  but  his  purpose 
is  unflinching  as  his  love  is  ardent.      His 
confidante^   a    sturdy  Lowland  woman,  is  a 
capital  character,  and  well  contrasted  with, 
her  Celtic  neighbours,  though  of  these  Mr. 
Crockett  writes   too  much   in   the   conven- 
tional spirit  of  Macaulay,  with   perhaps  a 
Westland    prejudice   of    his    own.      Some 
writers  would  have  made  more  of  William 
of  Orange,  and  many  would  have  produced 
a  better  proportioned  plot ;    but  in  places, 
notably  the  description  of  the  island  caves^ 
we  recognize  the  author  at  his  best. 


By   a  Hair's   Breadth.      By  Headon   Hill. 

(Cassell  &  Co.) 
How   refreshing   is    a   real   good   story   of 
organized  crime  and  its  detection!     "  Tri- 
coche    et   Cacolet"   were    nothing    to    Mr. 
Headon     Hill's     Eussian    ofiicial    of     the 
Third    Section,    whether     for    fertility    of 
expedient,    variety    of    disguise,    or    prac- 
tical   inefficiency.      In    spite   of  his    mar- 
vellous acuteness  in  inference,   not  one  of 
his  great  coups  comes  off.     Prince  Lobanoff 
is  murdered  under  his  nose  ;  a  Fenian  shoves 
a  portmanteau  full  of  dynamite  and  clock- 
work up  a  chimney  in  a  house  he  is  specially 
bound  to  watch,  and  nothing  but  the  courage 
and  promptitude  of  a  young  English  lady 
saves  the  Tsar  from  being  "  scattered  around 
the  moon  ";  and  though  the  gang  he  is  after 
are  ultimately  taken — all  but   the  Fenian, 
who  is  accounted  for  by  some  other  Fenians 
— it  is  mainly  due   to  the  amateur  enter- 
prise   of  another  British    subject,  a  rising 
diplomatist.      Yet  the  book  kept  at    least 
one  reader  out  of  bed  an  hour  after  his  usual 
time  for  retiring.     The  mention  of  Prince 
Lobanoff  and  the   present  Tsar  wiU  show 
that    it    "palpitates   with   actuality,"    and 
indeed  with  audacity,  for  we  presume  that 
Mr.  Headon  Hill  has  no  authority  beyond 
his  own  fertile  imagination  for  the  version 
which  he  gives  of  the  late  statesman's  de- 
cease. He  certainly  has  managed  to  blend  fact 
and  fiction  with  considerable  ingenuity.  Per- 
haps the  most  thrilling  moment  is  when  the 
young  lady's  bicycle  tyre  is  punctured,  andsh& 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


597 


sees  the  two  worst  of  the  conspirators  coming 
down  the  road — a  solitary  road  near  Bal- 
moral— after  her,  disguised,  one  as  a  hos- 
pital nurse,  the  other  as  an  invalid  in  a 
bath  chair.  Dr.  Conan  Doyle  never  beat 
this.  It  should  be  said  to  the  credit  of  the 
Third  Section  man,  by  the  way,  that  he  is 
always  on  the  spot  or  near  it  when  either  the 
hero  or  the  heroine  gets  into  a  tight  place; 
but  that  was  not  precisely  what  he  drew  his 
pay  for.  We  suspect  he  was  a  bit  of  an 
impostor,  really ;  at  any  rate,  his  German- 
English  is  about  as  bad  as  it  could  be. 
Considering  how  much  of  the  story  takes 
place  on  the  Continent,  the  author  has  been 
wonderfully  sparing  of  foreign  languages. 
Not  till  the  very  end  of  the  book  does  the 
reader  come  across  lete  noir  and  double  en- 
tendre ;  and  he  will  certainly  appreciate  the 
self-control  which  could  refrain  so  long.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  do  not 
mean  to  let  their  compositors  make  a  practice 
of  dividing  "  knowledge  "  after  the  I.  This  is 
perhaps  the  most  hideous  and  unscholarly 
freak  of  American  typography,  and  we 
regret  to  have  met  with  it  five  times  in 
this  volume. 

A  Strong  Necessity.  By  Isabel  Don.  (Jarrold 

&  Sons.) 
'  A  Strong  Necessity  '  is  written  in  a  low- 
toned,  rather  depressing  key.  Lochton,  the 
scene  of  the  story,  is  a  Scotch  county  town 
carefully  drawn,  and  suggestive  of  a  place 
as  real  as  it  is  unattractive,  humanly  and 
naturally.  Almost  everybody  belongs  to  a 
type  of  very  average  nature.  The  treat- 
ment of  character  is  judicious  and  con- 
scientious. It  shows  some  imaginative 
power,  though  it  is  not  of  a  high  order. 
What  prevents  it  from  being  a  better  story 
is  just  what  one  cannot  say.  The  heroine 
is  a  little  of  the  old  incomprise  kind,  but 
natural  and  well  kept  in  hand  —  an  un- 
exhilarating  person  whoso  reality  is  perhaps 
proved  by  one's  feeling  anxious  that  she 
should  make  a  "  comfortable  marriage,"  as 
one  might  about  some  rather  forlorn  maiden 
in  real  life.  The  silent  antagonism  be- 
tween the  girl's  commonplace  parents  is 
better  conceived  than  carried  out.  What 
the  whole  thing  wants  is  just  the  "little 
more"  which  is  so  much,  and  the  "little 
less  "  that  makes  such  a  difference. 


The  Sorrows  of  a  Society  Woman.     By  Mark 
English.     (Roxburghe  Press.) 

If  abject  nonsense  is  to  be  treated  as  sense, 
and  wholesale  worthlessness  deemed  worthy 
of  remark,  something  might  be  said  even  of 
'  The  Sorrows  of  a  Society  Woman.'  But 
criticism  has  not  yet  fallen  quite  so  low,  and 
this  particular  volume  may  be  left,  with 
others  of  its  kind,  to  take  its  chance  of 
sinking  or  swimming. 

The    BeviVs    Shilling.     By   Campbell    Eae- 

Brown.  (Drane.) 
'  The  Devil's  Shilling  '  suggests,  though 
it  in  no  way  rivals,  Johnson's  '  Adventures 
of  a  Guinea.'  The  shilling  is  unhappily 
charged  with  a  mission  "to  carry  sorrow 
and  crime  and  death  to  all  those  with  whom 
I  had  any  kind  of  connexion,"  and  con- 
sequently the  volume  is  a  record  of  most 
of  the  offences  known  to  the  calendar  of  a 
session  at  the  Old  Bailey.    It  is  needless  to 


trace  the  progress  of  this  unhappy  coin  up 
to  the  time  when  a  detective  hangs  it  on 
his  watch-chain,  and  when  one  would  think 
its  adventures  might  enter  on  a  new  and 
more  interesting  phase.  The  book  is  sin- 
gularly unattractive ;  though  written  with 
ease  and  fluency,  there  are  few  graces  of 
style  or  composition. 

Sans  Mari.   Par  Madame  V.  Le  Coz.    (Paris, 

Colin  &  Cie.) 
'Sans  Mari,'  though  cursed  with  an  in- 
appropriate title,  is  an  excellent  novel  of 
the  series  "  pour  les  jeunes  filles,"  of  which 
we  have  favourably  noticed  several  volumes. 
It  is  enlivened  by  character  and  sparkling 
dialogue,  and  though  suitable  for  school- 
girls is  readable  by  others.  We  are  sorry 
to  find  that  in  France  electoral  corruption 
is  looked  upon  as  a  matter  of  course,  not 
worthy  of  blame. 

Les    Amants   Byzantins.      Par   Hugues   Le 

Eoux.  (Paris,  Calmann  Levy.) 
Those  who  like  French  historical  novels  of 
an  erotic  type  will  be  pleased  with  the  tale 
of  the  loves  of  a  Norwegian  of  the  Imperial 
Warangian  guard  at  Constantinople  and  of 
a  Greek  lady  in  the  tenth  century.  M. 
Le  Roux  slightly  spoils  his  powerful  book 
by  pointing  out  a  little  too  frankly  in  his 
preface  how  his  acquaintance  with  the  de- 
cline of  the  Roman  Empire  and  with  the 
Vikings  has  been  acquired. 


BOOKS    ON    PLATO. 

The  School  of  Plato.  By  F.  W.  Bussell,  B.D. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) — Mr.  Bussell,  in  apologizing 
for  putting  forward  a  fresh  outline  of  so  familiar 
a  subject  as  the  historical  development  of  Greek 
philosophy,  explains  that  it  is  necessary  for  his 
purpose  : — 

"  I  must  trace  the  main  thesis  of  this  work,  the 
Rebellion  of  the  Individual  ;  his  assurance  (or 
illusion)  of  Freedom  ;  and  the  attempts  he  makes 
to  explain,  to  justify,  to  reconcile  the  Universe  to 
himself,  to  express  it  in  terms  of  himself  (beyond 
this  relative  truth  no  Philosophy  can  claim  to  pene- 
trate); and  finally,  for  the  guidance  of  his  own  prac- 
tical life,  to  establish  a  modns  vivendi  with  this 
inscrutable  power  beyond  him,  whether  the  Divine 
Being  as  deliberate  and  beneficent  Creator,  or  an 
unconscious  Destiny." 

These  words  strike  the  key-note  of  the  book. 
Socrates  modifies  the  isolation  of  the  unit  with 
a  firm  trust  in  Providence.  Philosophically 
Plato  shrinks  from  the  natural  conclusion  of  his 
ethical  bias  by  which  man  is  the  centre  of  the 
universe.  When  the  Stoic,  Epicurean,  and  sceptic 
schools  come  under  discussion  the  subject  is  the 
individual  in  antagonism  to  the  universal  pro- 
cess ;  when  the  speculations  of  the  empire  are 
criticized  it  is  the  awakening  of  subjectivity, 
the  enlargement  of  the  mental  horizon.  Even 
the  Ionian  beginnings  of  Greek  thought  are 
introduced  as  the  awakening  of  the  individual. 
Here,  however,  Mr.  Bussell  does  guard  himself. 
"  Though  it  would  be  futile,"  he  says, 
"to  ignore  the  ultimate  motive  of  all  reflexion— a 
desire  for  self-satisfaction  — yet  the  acute  sense  of 
personality  (with  which,  for  example,  the  Imperial 
age  was  oppressed,  no  less  than  Society  to-day)  is 
not  found  expressly  acknowledged  in  earlier  sys- 
tems." 

'  The  School  of  Plato  '  is,  in  fact,  rather  a  study 
of  one  aspect  of  Greek  thought  than  a  history, 
and  the  method  of  treatment  is  apt  to  produce 
a  distorted  result  in  which  some  features  are 
unduly  magnified  at  the  expense  of  the  rest. 
It  is  true  that  the  problems  of  the  individual 
life  and  the  highest  good  tended  to  absorb  more 
and  more  of  the  attention  of  the  post-Aristo- 
telian schools  as  their  popularity  waxed  and 
their   intellectual  vigour  waned  ;    but   to   the 


ordinary  student  of  Greek  philosophy  "the 
Rebellion  of  the  Individual"  is  hardly  an 
obvious  formula  by  which  to  summarize  its 
course;  nor  is  "  the  acute  sense  of  personality  " 
the  most  striking  characteristic  of  any  of  the 
principal  schools.  That  Mr.  Bussell  should 
have  treated  his  subject  on  these  lines  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  ancient  philosophy  culminates 
for  him  not  in  Plato  or  Aristotle,  Epicurus  or 
Chrysippus — not  in  a  citizen  of  a  Greek  state 
at  all,  but  in  the  Neo-Platonists  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  Indeed,  the  empire  itself  in  the  first 
three  centuries  of  the  Christian  era  exercises  on 
him  a  remarkable  fascination.  "  As  a  system," 
he  says, 

"it  seemed  absolutely  final.  In  the  Imperial  writers 
there  is  no  trace  of  doubt  as  to  its  permanence.  It 
is  the  ultimate  and  lasting  form  of  government,  the 
real  return  of  the  Golden  Age  and  the  kingdom  of 

Saturn In   effect   the    world    had    nothing    left 

to  desire  under  the  beneficent  dominion  of  Home, 
and  never  anticipated  a  more  perfect  state  of 
earthly  things." 

A  prolonged  period  of  internal  peace  and 
material  prosperity,  stable  government,  and 
absence  of  political  interest,  formed  the  unique 
conditions  under  which  philosophers  had  tO' 
work  ;  and  accordingly 

"  we  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  by  the  wealth  and 
variety  of  ideas  which  mark  the  Imperial  age  of 
Rome  and  the  clearness  of  expression  with  which 
they  are  presented  to  us." 

The  fact  is  that  Mr.  Bussell  examines  history 
with  the  eye  rather  of  a  theologian  than  a  philo- 
sopher. He  is  thoroughly  out  of  sympathy 
with  Greek  philosophy  proper,  and  becomes 
interested  in  it  chiefly  after  it  has  ceased  ta 
be  Greek,  and,  indeed,  to  be  philosophy. 
Nothing  is  more  sharply  emphasized  than  the 
futility  of  what  he  calls  "cold  and  dispassionate 
intellectual  ratiocination,"  when  it  is  uncon- 
trolled by  the  guiding  influence  of  the  moral 
sense.  If  he  uses  the  name  of  Plato  in  the  title 
of  his  book,  it  is  because  Platonism  in  his  view 
has  its  foundations  rather  in  emotion  than  in 
reason,  and  is  in  reality  a  religion — incomplete, 
no  doubt,  but  still  a  religion  and  not  a  philo- 
sophy. Plato's  mind  is  "utterly  incapable  of 
concentration  upon  the  processes  of  pure 
reason."  After  this  the  following  passage  pro- 
duces a  milder  shock  :  — 

"The  sum  of  Platonic  philosophy  is  not  a  philo- 
sophical conclusion  at  all,  but  the   intrusion  of    a 

religious   conviction Like    so    many    others   he 

silenced  his  doubts  with  the  ardent  professions  of 
his  mysticism  :  he  forcibly  overrode  his  suspicions." 

Whether  Mr.  Bussell  would  go  so  far  as  to 
consider  this  a  desirable  attitude  for  a  philo- 
sopher it  is  difficult  to  say.  It  is  this  mysticism, 
which  he  finds  to  be  in  Plato  not  merely  a 
factor,  but  the  predominant  and  determining 
factor  of  his  teaching  and  his  real  and  perma- 
nent legacy  to  mankind.  It  is  this  mysticism 
which  becomes  in  the  hands  of  the  Neo- 
Platonists  the  highest  development  of  ancient 
non-Christian  thought.  And  yet  he  speaks  of 
it  as  "the  last  resort  of  hopeless  philosophy." 
Of  detailed  statement  of  doctrines  there  is 
practically  nothing.  Details,  indeed,  would  be 
alien  to  the  scheme  of  the  book,  which  deals 
only  with  the  results  as  the  author  understands 
them,  and  only  so  far  as  they  have  to  do 
with  the  one  question  of  the  relation  of  the 
individual  to  the  universe.  It  is,  of  course, 
diflicult  to  estimate  the  value  of  conclusions 
when  the  considerations  from  which  they 
are  drawn  are  withheld  ;  and  the  difiiculty  is 
enhanced  in  this  case  by  a  style  which  some- 
times leaves  the  reader  in  doubt  as  to  what  the 
conclusions  really  are.  Take,  for  instance,  a 
small  matter,  Mr.  Bussell's  view  of  the  Greek 
temperament.  He  has  already  spoken  of  "  the 
old  inherent  Greek  pessimism,"  "the  original 
despondency  of  the  Greek  mind,"  and,  on  the 
other  hand  (apparently  without  a  sneer),  of 
"the  native  buoyancy  and  eager  enterprise  of 
Hellenic  youth,"  when  the  following  passage 
occurs  : — 


598 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


"The  first  rufliinents  cf  rellecting  thought  shat- 
tered for  ever  tlic  old  liajipy  and  Paradisaic  har- 
mony of  Nature  and  Spirit,  which,  as  the  fanciful 
Classicist  believes,  was  the  original  and  enviable 
state  of  Greek  youth." 

This  hardly  resolves  the  doubt ;  for  if  the 
fanciful  classicist  is  wrong,  what  was  shattered  ? 
If  right,  why  is  he  branded  as  fanciful?  The 
instance  is,  of  course,  unimportant,  but  it  does 
not  stand  alone.  It  is  a  pity  that  the  book 
should  have  no  index.  A  serious  book  without 
an  index  is  an  anomaly  in  any  case  ;  and  Mr. 
Bussell's  frequent  restatement  of  the  same 
IJoints  in  a  somewhat  different  way  and  in  a 
new  connexion,  and  his  habit  of  *  constantly 
referring  back  at  some  length  to  an  earlier 
period  in  discussing  a  later,  make  the  want 
peculiarly  conspicuous. 

Ueber  die  Echtheit,  Eeihenfolge,  und  logisclie 
Theorien  von  Platos  drei  ersleii  Tetralogien. 
Von  W.  Lutoslawski.  (Berlin,  Reimer.)— This 
pamphlet  is  an  abridgment  or  summary  of  a 
larger  work  of  the  author,  and  supplies  the  out- 
lines of  his  arguments  and  conclusions.  It  is  an 
attempt  to  fix  the  chronological  order  of  some 
of  the  Platonic  dialogues  by  an  examination  of 
their  contributions  to  the  theory  of  knowledge 
as  well  as  by  statistics  of  language.  It  does  not 
appear  what  relative  value  is  assigned  to  the 
two  tests  ;  but  this  is  not  important,  for  the 
results  here  obtained  from  them  are  in  singular 
agreement,  and,  in  the  main,  probable  enough. 
The  author  appears  at  times  to  be  a  trifle  hasty 
in  adopting  an  argument,  though  this  appearance 
may  be  due  to  the  abridged  form  of  the  essay. 
It  is  not  safe  in  examining  Plato  to  conclude, 
because  a  theory  is  developed  and  discussed  in 
full  detail  in  one  dialogue  and  treated  as  a  philo- 
sophical commonplace  in  another,  that  the  fuller 
treatment  is  prior  in  date.  For  instance,  the 
offhand  remark  of  Phsedrus  (' Phfedrus,' 258e) 
about  mixed  pleasures  does  not  warrant  us  in 
dating  the  'Phsedrus'  after  the  'Philebus.'  This 
the  author  would  allow,  yet  he  more  than  once 
lays  emphasis  on  similar  arguments.  A  notable 
feature  in  the  essay  is  the  author's  insistence  on 
the  value  of  the  work  done  by  English  scholars 
arid  his  repeated  protests  against  the  neglect 
with  which  they  have  been  treated  in  Germany. 


N°3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 
Studies  in  Board  Schools.  By  Charles  Morley. 
(Smith,    Elder    &    Co.)— Mr.   Charles    Morley 
reprints    from  a  daily  paper   a    series  of   illu- 
minating articles  on  the  London  Board  schools, 
and  in  their  collected  form  they  furnish  material 
for  coming  to  a  fairly  definite  conclusion  about 
the  value  of  the  elementary  system.     At  any 
rate,  they  present  many  of  the  salient  facts  in 
a  concrete  shape,  and  serve  conveniently  as  an 
indication    of   our   national  gains    and    losses. 
Mr.  Morley  has  inspected  a  number  of  typical 
schools  in  various  parts  of  the  metropolis,  and, 
by  dint  of  keeping  his    eyes    open,    watching 
everything  that  he  saw  in  a  sympathetic  spirit, 
and  taking  copious  notes,  he  has  put  together 
a  serviceable  and  diverting,  if  somewhat  slangy 
report.      Much  of   what  he    says    might   have 
been  gleaned  from  the  Blue-books  of  the  Edu- 
cation Department,   but  there  is  a  great  deal 
more  which  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  ofhcial 
records.     Incidentally  he  mentions  the  cost,  the 
number  and  variety  of  the  schools,  the  curri- 
culum, the  quality  of  the  teaching,  the  charac- 
teristics of  masters,    mistresses,    and  parents  ; 
and,  111  place  of  mere  bald  statistics,  he  lets  us 
see    the    interior   of   the   hive,    and    draws    a 
thousand  pictures  from  the  life,  which  are  some- 
times more  informing,  because   more    familiar 
and    unreserved,     than    the     reports    of    Her 
Majesty's  inspectors.     In  brief,   these  thumb- 
nail sketches  of  Board  schools  and  scholars  as 
they   actually   are   show  us    the   great   citizen- 
factory  of  the  nation  hard  at  work,  with  all  its 
processes  complete,  from   the  collection  of  the 
raw  material,  too  often  rank  and  half-corrupted 


to  begin  with,  through  the  iron  maze  of  the 
well-adjusted  machinery,  to  such  finished  pro- 
ducts as  "Citizen  Carrots,"  the  newsboy  of 
twelve  who  takes  so  kindly  to  his  lessons  on 
the  rights  and  duties  of  the  citizen  :  — 

"  la  a  year  or  so,  when  he  sets  up  in  business,  that 
precocious  Arab  will  be  a  well-equipped  citizen.  He 
will  not  only  vote,  but  he  will  know  wliat  he  is 
votmg  for,  and  why  he  is  voting,  and  will  be  well 

able  to  criticise  the  affairs  of  his  district When, 

in  time  to  come,  he  is  asked  to  vote  for  the  people's 
friend,  Carrots  will  want  to  know  tlie  reason  why. 
So,  people's  friends  beware  !  a  rare  heckler  will  be 

found  in  Citizen  Carrots  I He  will  be  back  again 

to  school  at  two  sharp,  for  none  know  better  than 
he  that  knowledge  is  power.  Then  at  four  he  will 
scud  swiftly  to  Fleet  Street,  and  invest  in  evening 
papers." 

Here   is  one  case,  and  the  boy  who  leaves  a 
Board  school  to  become  a  high  wrangler  and  a 
fellow  of    his  college  is  another,  in  which  the 
national  system  is  justified  of  its  children.     Is 
the    system    justified    throughout  and   on    the 
whole  ?     It   is  safe    to    say   that   a    very   large 
majority  of   Englishmen,   in    spite   of    certain 
strictures  in  regard  to  religious  teaching,  and 
of  certain  misgivings  as  to  the  over-education  of 
the  masses,  are  satisfied  with  the  general  out- 
come  of    the    policy   adopted    in    1870.      The 
deliberate  intent  of  the  nation  is  that  its  poorest 
children  shall  be  systematically  trained  to  citizen- 
ship,  and  that  by  the   same   means,   aided  by 
a   simple   process   of    continuation,  the    clever 
minority  shall   be   trained    to   teach   the   next 
generation,  or  to  start  on  a  higher  commercial 
or  technical  career,  or,  if  that  is  their  bent,  to 
pass  out  by  way  of  the  universities.     As  for  the 
fear  of  over-educating  the  masses,  we  share  it 
in  common  with  all  highly  organized  nations, 
amongst  whom  we  were  the   last   to  accept  a 
national  system.     It  may  be  that  the  danger  is 
real,  and  that  the  over-education  of  individuals, 
by  cultivating  their  intellect  beyond  their  natural 
gifts,  and  in  excess  of    their  economic   needs, 
is  not  a  mere  unsubstantial   chimsera.     So  far 
as   there    is    any  force   in    this   objection,  the 
evil  may  be,  and   generally  is,  counteracted  by 
the  wisdom  of  School  Boards  and  Board  school 
teachers.      Out   of    a  hundred   boys   and   girls 
freely  and  compulsorily  educated  by  the  State, 
there  is,  let  us  say,  one  who  is  lifted  into  the 
well-to-do  professional  strata  as  the  direct  con- 
sequence of  his  or  her  education  at  a  national 
school.     Some  thirty  become  efficient  artisans, 
or  clerks,  or  shopmen,  or  municipal  or  public 
servants,  who  might  or  might  not  have  become 
so  in  any  case,  but  who  certainly  have  the  means 
of  earning  better  wages  than  they  could  have 
done  without  their  good   schooling.      Perhaps 
iifty  of  the  hundred  relapse  through  personal 
defect  into  a  condition  not  much  better  than 
they  would   have   occupied  if  they  had  never 
graduated  from  the  street  to  the  Board  school  ; 
but,  at  all  events,  there  has  been  a  bright  patch 
in  a  miserable  existence,  and  they  are  not  worse, 
if  they  are  no  better,  for  their   five   years   of 
school.     Three  or  four  belong  to  the  uneducable 
ruck,    and    for    them    the    Boards    have    pro- 
vided special  institutions  to  alleviate  their  lot. 
Amongst  the  remainder  may  be  found  a  few  (we 
doubt  if   there  would  be  more  than  one  in  a 
hundred)  who  could  accuse  the  State  of  having 
unfitted    them     for    a    life    of     bread-winning 
ignorance   and    fitted    them   exclusively   for   a 
position   already   occupied   by  somebody   else. 
We   do   not  take   separate   account  of   the   in- 
evitable discontent  which  leads  an  ill-balanced 
mind  here  and  there  to  reject  manual  labour  or 
domestic    service    because    the     Board    school 
taught   it   the    geography   of    Africa    and    the 
physiology    of     the     frog.       Discontent     finds 
its    own    level,   and    either    ends    in   success- 
ful   striving     or     is    a    mere     incident     in    a 
general  failure.     It  would   be  well  if  the  pro- 
portions guessed  at  above  could  be  more  accu- 
rately stated   by   competent   observers.     After 
twenty-seven  years  of    the  School  Board  it  is 
almost  time  to  look  for  definite  statements  as 
to  what  it  has  done  or  failed  to  do.     The  man 


of  letters  is  in  one  respect  as  competent  as 
anybody  to  gauge  the  result  of  universal  and 
compulsory  education.  It  has  taught  the  nation 
to  read  easily  and  as  a  matter  of  daily  habit. 
The  multiplication  of  poor  readers  has  led  to 
a  multiplication  of  cheap  books  and  periodicals, 
and  the  stimulus  has  been  manifested  not 
merely  in  the  production  of  school-books,  which 
are  printed  at  the  rate  of  millions  every  year, 
and  of  fiction,  which  would  naturally  be  first  to 
cater  for  the  new  demand,  but  also,  which  is 
peculiarly  gratifying,  in  a  keener  popular  taste 
for  literature.  The  Board  school  boy  and  girl 
are  fed  in  school  with  illustrated  Readers,  and 
out  of  school  with  penny  novelettes  and  pic- 
ture-papers ;  and  all  this  could  not  happen 
veithout  largely  recruiting  the  readers  of  genuine 
literature.  So  marked  has  been  the  increase 
in  the  public  demand  for  literary  works  that  it 
undoubtedly  goes  far  to  account  for  one  of  the 
most  noteworthy  incidents  of  our  recent  literary 
development,  the  enormous  output  of  cheap 
and  good  reprints.  Here,  then,  is  a  very  satis- 
factory achievement  of  State  education,  and 
one  which  should  encourage  the  most  accepted 
authors  of  our  own  day  to  seek  a  means  of 
bringing  themselves  into  more  direct  contact 
with  the  mass  of  their  countrymen. 

Mr.  W.  Chanx'E,  the  Honorary  Secretary  of 
the  Central  Poor  Law  Conference,  is  responsible 
for  an  admirable  book,  published  by  Messrs. 
Sonnenschein  &  Co.,  by  the  title  Children  under 
the  Poor  Law,  their  Education,  Training,  and 
After  Care,  together  with  a  Criticism  of  the 
Report  of  the  Departmental  Committee  on  Metro- 
politan Poor  Law  Schools.  The  writer  is  accu- 
rate in  his  facts,  complete  in  his  survey,  and 
sound  in  his  opinions,  which  are  those  of  Sir 
Hugh  Owen  and  the  great  oflScials  as  well  as 
those  of  the  most  experienced  guardians.  The 
existing  administration  of  the  chief  Poor  Law 
schools  is,  on  the  whole,  defended  with  success. 
The  chapters  on  cottage  homes,  boarding -out, 
and  employment  should  find  many  readers  in 
the  United  States,  in  the  Dominion,  and  in 
Australia. 

Miss  Flora  Shaw  contributes  The  Story  of 
Australia  to  "The  Story  of  the  Empire  Series," 
published  by  Messrs.  Horace  Marshall  &  Son. 
Miss  Shaw's  little  volume  forms  an  excellent 
short  history  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
but  is  somewhat  perfunctory  in  its  treatment 
of  those  modern  developments  in  the  colonies 
which  the  author  thoroughly  understands.  The 
fact  is  that,  however  great  her  power  of  con- 
densation, space  has  failed  her.  It  is,  perhaps, 
hardly  true  to  suggest  that  Great  Britain  con- 
quered upon  the  sea  in  the  eighteenth  century 
because  her  fleet  alone  was  "nourished  with 
the  entire  energies "  of  the  nation,  when  we 
remember  the  eflbrts  put  forth  on  land  in  India 
and  in  America  as  well  as  upon  the  continent 
of  Europe.  As  regards  style.  Miss  Shaw  uses 
"got  "  for  marched  or  journeyed  (Dampier  "got 

inland  far  enough  to ")  in  a  manner  which, 

if   imitated,    may  produce   bad   marks  for   her 
school  readers. 

Dr.  Orr's  little  volume  on  The  Ritschlian 
Theology  (Hodder  &  Stoughton)  is  interesting, 
and  will  be  useful  to  students  who  are  not  con- 
versant with  modern  German  theology.  It  is 
not  particularly  well  written,  but  the  author  is 
in  earnest  and  is  acquainted  with  his  subject. 

New  and  compact  editions  of  The  Balstons 
and  Casa  Braccio,  by  Mr.  Marion  Crawford, 
have  been  sent  to  us  by  Messrs.  Macmillan. 
The  same  publishers  have  added  pretty  editions 
of  Newton  Forster  and  Mansfield  Park  to  their 
"Illustrated  Standard  Novels."  Marryat's 
tale  has  found  a  clever  and  capable  illustrator 
in  Mr.  E.  J.  Sullivan,  and  Mr.  Hannay  supplies 
a  judicious  introduction.  That  clever  designer 
Mr.  Hugh  Thomson,  it  is  needless  to  say,  quite 
enters  into  the  spirit  of  Miss  Austen's  story, 
and  Mr.  Austin  Dobson  furnishes  a  pleasant 
introduction.  —  In    the    "Illustrated    English 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


599 


Library  "  Messrs.  Service  &  Paton  have  issued 
The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  cleverly  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  Pegram,  and  The  Neivcomes, 
enriched  by  remarkably  successful  drawings  of 
Miss  Chris  Hammond's.  The  type,  however, 
owing  to  the  length  of  Thackeray's  novel,  is  too 
small.  The  same  publishers  have  sent  us 
another  volume  of  their  handsome  edition  of 
Hawthorne's  tales,  containing  The  House  of  the 
Seven  Gables.  Mr.  Moncure  Conway's  intro- 
duction is  worth  reading. — Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent 
&  Co.  have  commenced  with  Waverley  an  edi- 
tion of  Scott's  novels  which  will  fascinate  the 
lover  of  dainty  editions.  They  have  produced 
nothing  more  attractive,  and  that  is  saying  a 
good  deal.  Mr.  Shorter  has  furnished  a  biblio- 
graphical note. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Life  of  Chauncy 
Maples,  D.JD.,  by  his  Sister  (Longmans), — The 
Wisdom  and  Religion  of  a  German  Philosopher, 
edited  by  E.  S.  Haldane  (Kegan  Paul),— »b'ii/ie, 
by  W.  Raleigh  (Arnold), — Applied  Mechanics, 
by  J.  Perry  (Cassell),  —  Within  Sound  of  Great 
Tom :  Stories  of  Modern  Oxford  (Simpkin), — 
Afloat  with  Nelson,  by  C.  H.  Eden  (Macqueen), 
—  With  Frederick  the  Great,  by  G.  A.  Henty 
(Blackie), — Wallace  and  Bruce,  by  Mary  Coch- 
rane (Chambers), — A  Daughter  of  Strife,  by 
Jane  H.  Findlater  (Methuen),— T/iro'  Lattice- 
Windoivs,  by  W.  J.  Dawson  (Hodder  &  Stough- 
ton),  —  The  Naval  Cadet,  by  Gordon  Stables 
(Blackie),  — -  Siceet  Revenge,  by  F.  A.  Mitchel 
(Harper),  —  Concerning  Charles  Roydant,  by 
Pierre Le  Clercq  (Digby«&Long), — TheMermaid, 
and  other  Pieces,  by  E.  Patterson  (CardiflF,  Rees, 
Mallett  &  Stanbury), — A  Vision's  Voice,  and 
other  Poems,  by  M.  Greer  (Digby  &  Long), — 
Victoria,  Regina  et  Imperatrix,  and  other 
Poems,  by  G.  Wyatville  (Birmingham,  Cornish 
Bros.),— The  Myths  of  Israel,  by  A.  K.  Fiske 
(Macmillan),  —  Dies  Dominica,  by  Margaret 
Evans  and  Isabel  Southall  (Stock), — The  Spirit 
on  the  Watera,  by  E.  A.  Abbott  (Macmillan), — 
Album  Geographique.  by  Marcel  Dubois  and  C. 
Guy  :  Vol.  II.  Les  Regions  Tropicales  (Paris, 
Colin), — and  Die  sociale  Frage  im  Lichte  der 
Philosophic,  by  Dr.  L.  Stein  (Stuttgart,  Enke). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  Dictioyinaire 
Universel  des  Sciences,  des  Lettres,  et  des  Arts, 
by  M.  N.  Bouillet,  J.  Tannery,  and  E.  Faguet 
(Hachette), — An  Office  of  Prayer  for  the  Use  of 
the  aergy,  by  the  Rev.  P.  G.  Medd  (S.P.C.K  ), 
— The  Epistle  of  St.  James,  by  J.  B.  Mayor 
(Macmillan), — Synonyms  of  the  Old  Testament, 
by  the  Rev.  Roiiert  B.  Girdlestone  (Nisbet), — 
The  Church  Catechism,  with  Notes  by  E.  M. 
(S.'P.C.K.),  — Evening  Dress,  by  William  D. 
Howells  (Edinburgh,  Douglas), — Poems  by  A. 
and  L.,  by  Arabella  and  Louise  Shore  (Richards), 
— Epping  Forest,  by  E.  N.  Buxton  (Stanford), 
— The  Law  of  District  and  Parish  Councils, 
by  J.  Lithiby  (E.  Wilson), — and  Everybody's 
Favourite,  by  John  S.  Winter  (White). 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Barnes's  (I.  H.)  Behind  the  Purdah,  C.E.Z.M.S.  Work  in 
India,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Christlieb's  (T.)  Homiletic  Lectures  on  Preaching,  8vo.  7/6 

Fellingham's  (R.  C.)  The  Gospel  in  the  Fields,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 

Gulick,  L.  H.,  Missionary  in  Hawaii,  by  F.  G.  Jewett,  5/ 

Jackson's  (Bev.  B.)  Anglican  Ordinal,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 

Kruger's  (Dr.  Q.)  History  of  Early  Christian  Literature, 
cr.  Svo.  8/6  net,  cl. 

Macmillan's  (Rev.  H.)  Lessons  from  Life,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 

Old  Latin  Biblical  Texts  :  No.  4,  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  &c., 
edited  by  White,  5/ 

Outlines  and  Illustrations  for  Preachers,  &c.,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Pelham's  (Canon)  The  Churchman's  Pocket  Testament,  3/cl. 

Simpson's  (W.  J.  S.)  The  Church  and  the  Bible,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 

Warren's  (F.  B.)  Side-Lights  of  Church  History,  5/  cl. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaology . 

AH  About  Animals  for  Old  and  Young,  oblong  4to.  10/6  cl. 

Christ  and  His  Mother  in  Italian  Art,  edited  by  J.  Cart- 
wright,  folio,  210/  net,  halt  parchment. 

Egypt   Exploration    Fund,   Archseological    Report,   1896-7, 
edited  by  F.  L.  Griffith,  4to.  2/6  net,  sewed. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas,  by  Mrs.  A.  Bell,  imp.  8vo.  25/  net. 

Harbutt's  (W.)  Plastic  Method  in  the  Arts  of  Writing,  Draw- 
ing, &c.,  4to.  4/  cl. 

Holmes's  (J.)  Cotton  Cloth  Designing,  Svo.  6/  net,  cl. 

La  Farge's  (J.)  An  Artist's  Letters  from  Japan,  Svo.  16/  cl. 

More  Beasts  (for  Worse  Children),  Verses  by  H.  B.,  Pictures 
by  B.  T.  B.,  oblong  4to.  3/6  bds. 


Pretty  Pictures  for  Little  Pets,  4to.  3/  boards. 

Spenser's  (B.;  The  Shepherd's  Calendar,  Newly  Adorned  by 

Walter  Crane,  imp.  lOmo.  10/6  cl. 
Ward's  (J.)  Historic  Ornament,  Vol.  2,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Brockbank's  (W.  E.)  Poems  and  Lyrics,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Charles's  (Mrs.  R.)  The  Song  and  the  Singers  (Te  Deum 

Laudamus).  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Coleridge's  (S.  T.)  Poems,  edited  by  R.  Garnett,  12mo.  5/  net. 
Dear  Old  Nursery  Songs,  illustrated.  4to.  2/6  boards. 
Du  Maurier's  (G.)  A  Legend  of  Caraelot,  Pictures  and  Poems, 

oblong  4to.  12/6  cl. 
English  Lyrics  :  Cliaucer  to  Poe,  selected  by  W.  B.  Henley, 

cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hafiz,  Poems  from  the  Divan  of,  trans,  by  G.  L.  Bell,  6/  cl. 
Lucas's  (E.  V.)  A  Book  of  Verses  for  Children,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Noel,  Hon.  Roden,  Selected  Poems  from,  cr.  Svo.  4/6  net,  cl. 
Romance  of  a  Rose,  a  Drama,  by  M.  S.,  cr.  Svo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Stone's  (8.  J.)  Lays  of  lona,  and  other  Poems,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Tadema's  (L.  A.)  Realms  of  Unknown  Kings,  2/  net,  swd. 
Watts-Dunton's  (T.)  The  Coming  of  Love,  and  other  Poems, 

cr.  Svo.  5/  net,  cl. 

Music. 
Bhrlich's  (A.)  Celebrated  Violinists,  Past  and  Present,  5/  cl. 
Marchesi's  (M.)  Marchesi   and   Music,   Passages    from  the 

Life  of  a  Famous  Singing  Teacher,  cr.  Svo.  10/6  cl. 
Philosophy. 
Henslow's  (Rev.  G.)  The  Argument  of  Adaptation,  3/6  cl. 
Royce's  (J.)  The  Conception  of  God,  a  Philosophical  Dis- 
cussion, cr.  Svo.  7/6  net,  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Davenport's  (H.  J.)   Outlines  of    Elementary  Economics, 

cr.  Svo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Browning,    E.    B.,  Letters    of,  edited    by  F.  G.  Kenyon, 

2  vols.  cr.  Svo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Carlyle,  Centenary  Edition  :  Frederick  the  Great,  Vol.  2,  3/6 
Clough,  Anna,l.,  Memoir  of,  by  her  Niece,  Svo.  12/6  cl. 
Conybeare's  (Rev.  Ed.)  A  History  of  Cambridgeshire,  7/6  cl. 
Creighton's  (Right  Rev.  M.)  The  Story  of  some  English 

Shires,  4to.  25/  net,  cl. 
Falklands.  by  Author  of  the  '  Life  of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,"  10/6 
Griffith's  (G  )  Men  who  have  made  the  Empire,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Hannays  (D.)  A  Short  History  of  the  Royal  Navy,  1217- 

lti88,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Hodders  (E.)  The  Seventh  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  as  Social 

Reformer,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Kautsky's  (K.)  Communism  in  Central  Europe  in  the  Time 

of  the  Reformation,  Svo.  16/  cl. 
Lees's  (J.  C.)  A  History  of  the  County  of  Inverness,  7/6  net. 
Malan,  S.  C,  Memorials  of  his  Life  and  Writings,  by  Rev. 

A.  N.  Malan,  Svo.  18/  cl. 
Mitchell's  (D.  G.)  The  Later  Georges  to  Victoria,  4/6  net,  cl. 
Oldest  Register  Book  of  the  Parish  of  Hawkshead  in  Lanca- 
shire, edited  by  H.  S.  Cowper,  Svo.  31/6  net,  cl. 
People  of  the  Period,  edited  by  A.  T.  C.  Pratt,  2  vols.  2.")/  cl. 
Renan,  B.,  Life  of,  by  Madame  J.  Darmesteter,  cr.  Svo.  6/cl. 
Sixty  Years  of  Empire,  1837-1897,  illustrated,  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Smith's  (G.)  Twelve  Indian  Statesmen,  Svo.  10/6  cl. 
Wellington,  his  Comrades   and  Contemporaries,  by  Major 

A.  Griffiths,  Svo.  12/6  net,  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bacon's  (Commander  R.  H.)  Benin,  the  City  of  Blood,  7/6  cl. 
Edwardes's  (C.)  In  Jutland  with  a  Cycle,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Jefferson's  (R.  L  )  Roughing  It  in  Siberia,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Lees's  (Rev.  G.  R.)  Village  Life  in  Palestine,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 

Philology. 
Hariri.  The  Assemblies  of.  Students'  Edition  of  Arabic  Text, 

edited  by  Dr.  F.  Steingass,  Svo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Lewis's  (B.  H.)  A  First  Book  in  writing  English,  cr.  Svo.  3/6 
Lysias,  Epitaphios,  &c.,  trans,  by  J.  A.  Prout,  12mo.  2/  swd. 

(Kelly's  Keys.) 
Morris's  (B.  B.)  Austral  English,  a  Dictionary  of  Australian 

Words,  &c  ,  Svo   16/  cl. 
Sweet's  (H.)  First  Steps  in  Anglo-Saxon,  12mo.  2/6  swd. 
Yersin's  (M.  and  J.)  The  Yersin  Phono-Rhythmic  Method 

of  French  Pronunciation,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Science. 
Dolbcar's  (A.  E  )  The  Machinery  of  the  Universe,  16mo.  2/  cl. 
Le  Van's  (W.)  Practical  Management  of  Engines  and  Boilers, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Scolt's  (E.  K.)  The   Local    Distribution  of  Electric  Power 

in  Workshops,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Thompson's  (S.  P  )  Light,  Visible  and  Invisible,  a  Series  of 

Lectures,  cr.  Svo.  6/  net,  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Adderley's  (J.)  Paul  Mercer,  a  Story  of  Repentance  among 

Millions,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Audley's  (J.)  Mademoiselle  Bayard,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  el. 
Balzac's  Cousin  Pons,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Bangs's  (J.  K.)  Paste  Jewels,  being  Seven  Tales  of  Domestic 

Woe,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Beach's  (G.)  Her  Guardian  Ever,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Bennett's  (J.)  Master  Skylark,  a  Story  of  Shakespeare's 

Time,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Bramston's  (M.)  Miss  Carr's  Young  Ladies,  or.  Svo.  3/  cl. 
Brown's  (A.)  Meadow  Grass,  Tales  of  New  England  Life, 

12mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Burrage's  (B.  H.)  The  Vanished  Yacht,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Carew's  (M.)  Seaton  Court,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Carmichael's  (H.)  The  Carstairs  of  Castle  Craig,  cr.  Svo.  6/ 
Clouston's  (J.  S.)  Vandrad  the  Viking,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
CoUingwood's  (H.)  The  Homeward  Voyage,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Corballis's  (Mrs.)  Glen  Insch,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Crackanlhorpe's  (H.)  Last  Studies,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Eerie  Book,  ed.  by  M.  Armour,  illus.  royal  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Fenn's  (G.  M.)  Frank  Saxon,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl.  ;  Vince  the  Rebel, 

illus.  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Fifty-two  Stories  of  the  British  Army,  ed.  by  A.  H.  Miles,  5/ 
Findlater's  (M  )  Over  the  Hills,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Gosse's  (E.)  A  Short  History  of  Modern  English  Literature, 

or.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Great  Gold  Mine,  by  C.  B.  M.,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Grier's  (S.  C.)  Peace  with  Honour,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Harland's  (M.)  An  Old  Field  Schoolgirl,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Harris's  (J.  H.)  Saint  Forth,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hayens's  (H.)  Soldiers  of  the  Legion,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Hoare's  (B.  N.)  By  Sartal  Sands,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 


Holmes's  (F.  M.)  The  Gold  Ship,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Homer's  (A.  N.)  Hernani  the  Jew,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Horsley's  (R.)  Hunted  through  Fiji,  cr.  Svo.  .3/6  cl. 
Jamieson's  (R.)  The  Siege  Perilous,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Jokai's  (M.)  The  Lion  of  Janina.  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Konow's  (I.  von  der  L.)  Sma'  Folk  and  Bairn  Days,  4/6  cl. 
Life's  Look-Out,  the  Autobiography  of  Sydney  Watson,  3/6 
Lyster's  (A.)  Sturdy  and  Stilts,  cr.  Svo.  3/  cl. 
McCarthy's  (J.)  The  Three  Disgraces,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Mallandaine's  (C   B.)  The  Carrier's  Cart,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  Bad  Little  Hannah,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl.  ;  Wild 

Kitty,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Meade  (L.  T.)  and  Douglas's  (R.  K.)  Under  the   Dragon 

Throne,  cr.  Svo.  6/  el. 
Molesworth's  (Mrs.)  Meg  Langholme,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Newman's  (Mrs.)  The  Parting  Ways,  or.  Svo.  3/  cl. 
Nisbet's  (H  )  Hunting  for  Gold,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Ribbiesdale's  (Lord)  The  Queen's  Hounds,  and  Stag-Hunting 

Recollections,  8vo.  25/  cl. 
Rita's  The  Sinner,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
St.  Leger's  (H.)  The  Rover's  Quest,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Sala's  (G.  A.)  Margaret  Forster.  a  Dream  within  a  Dream,  6/ 
Salter's  (C.  N.)  The  Return  of  Chaos,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Shaw's  (C.)  At  Last,  or  Cuthbert  Wins,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Shipton's  (H.)  The  Faith  of  his  Father,  cr  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Shorter's  (C.)  Victorian  Literature,  12rao.  2/6  cl. 
Sienkiewicz's  (H.)  Lilian  Morris,  and  other  Stories;  Yanko 

the  Musician,  and  other  Stories,  12mo.  3/  net  each,  cl. 
Stables's  (G.)  A  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Stables  (G.)  and  others' Deeds  of  Daring,  4to.  3/  bds. 
Streatiield's  (H.  S.)  The  Mystery  of  Hope  Lodge,  cr.  Svo.  2/ 
Stretton's  (H.)  The  Doctor's  Dilemma,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Stuart's  (R.  M.)  In  Simpkinsville,  Character  Tales,  illus.  5/ 
Surrey's  (M.)  Joana,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Tassell's  (M.  A.)  Wild  Gwen,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Tennyson's  (M.  H.)  A  Sinless  Sinner,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Thanet's  (O  )  The  Missionary  Sheriff,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  6/cl. 
Twells's  (J.  H.)  A  Triumph  of  Destiny,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Ward's  (Lieut. -Col.)  Army  Service  Corps,  Duties  in  Peace 

and  in  War,  12mo.  6/  cl. 
Warner's  (C.  D.)  The  People  for  whom  Shakespeare  Wrote, 

12mo.  5/cl. 
Whibley's  (C.)  Studies  in  Frankness,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Whishaw's  (F.)  Elsie's  Magician,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
White's  (P.)  A  Passionate  Pilgrim,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Williams's  (W.  P.)  Over  the  Open,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Young's  (B.  R.)  On  the  Indian  Trail,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Zola's  (IE.)  The  Dram-Shop,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Berendts  (M.  A.) .-  Das  Verhaltnis  der  romischen  Kirche  zu 
den    kleinasiatischen  vor    dem    nicaeuischen    Konzil, 
Ora.  60. 
Evangelium    secundum    Lucara,    secundum    Formam  quae 

Videtur  Romanam,  ed.  F.  Blass,  4m. 
Rodrigues  (H.):    Les    Origines  des    TroisiSmes  Chretiens, 
7fr.  50. 

Pine  Art  and  Archaology . 
Conze  (A.) :  Die  attischen  Grabreliefs,  Part  9,  60m. 

Poetry. 
Gallet  (L.)  et  Alexandre  (A.)  :  Le  Spahi,  Ifr. 

Philosophy. 
Piat  (C.) :  La  Personne  Humaine,  7fr.  50. 
History  and  Biography. 
Bellemare  (General  de) :  L'Empire,  c'est  la  Paix,  1848-1870, 

5fr. 
Chuquet  (A.) :  La  Jeunesse  de  Napoleon,  7fr.  50. 
Dash  (Comtesse) :   Memoires  des  Autres :  Vol.  6,  Sur  mes 

Contemporains,  3fr.  50. 
Grandin  (Commandant):  Le  Due  d'Aumale,  4fr. 
Heulhard  (A.):  Villegagnon,  Roi  d'Amerique,  1510-72,  40fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Lachambre  (H.)  et  Machuron  (H.) :  Andree  au  Pole  Nord  en 
Ballon,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 

Irische  Texte,  hrsg.  v.  W.  Stokes  u.  E.  Windisch,  Series  3, 

Part  2,  10m. 
Kroll    (W.)  et   Skutsch  (F.) :    Firmici  Materni    Matheseos 

Libri  VIII.,  Part  1,  4m. 
Lindberg  (O.   B.):    Vergleichende  Grammatik    der  semit- 

ischen  Sprachen,  Part  1,  8m.  35. 
Olivieri  (A.)  :  Pseudo-Bratosthenis  Catasterismi,  Im.  20. 
Reichardt    (G.):     Joannis    Philoponi     de    Opificio    Mundi 

Libri  VII.,  4m. 
Theophrast's  Charaktere,  erkliirt  u.  iibers.  v.  der  philolog. 

Gesellschaft  zu  Leipzig,  6m. 

General  Literature. 
Capperon  (J.)  :  Notes  d'Art  et  de  Litterature,  4fr. 
Corday  (M.) :  Confession  d'un  Enfant  du  Si6ge,  3fr.  50. 
Cornut  (S.)  :  Chair  et  Marbre,  3fr.  50. 
Demesse  (H.):  La  Jeui.e  Veuve,  3fr.  50;  La  Fleuriste  des 

Halles,  3fr.  50. 
6nault  (L.)  :  Le  Rachat  d'une  Ame,  3fr.  50. 
Joleaud-Barral :  La  Caverne,  3fr.  50. 
Lano  (P.  de)  :  L'Bnfant,  3fr.  50. 
Le  Braz  (A  ) ;  Paques  d'Islande,  3fr.  50. 
Montalee  (B.) :  Claude  Rameux.  3fr.  50. 
Rives  (O.  des)  :  Tot  ou  Tard,  3fr.  50. 
Taconet  (M.) :  L'Aurore  des  Temps  Nouveaux,  3fr.  50. 
Tarb6  (B.)  :  Le  Roman  d'un  Crime,  Ifr. 
Vautier  (C.) :  Haine  Charnelle,  3fr.  50. 


MR.   F.  T.  PALGRAVB. 

Mr.  Francis  Turner  Palgravb  was  "born 
in  a  library,"  as  the  saying  is,  in  the  town  of 
Great  Yarmouth  and  in  the  year  1824.  His 
father,  Sir  Francis  Palgrave,  Deputy  Keeper  of 
Her  Majesty's  Records,  had  a  general  taste  and 
talent  in  literature  very  similar  to  that  of  his 
son.  Indeed,  the  father's  '  History  of  England 
and  Normandy  '  may  be  said  to  be  the  prose 
parent  of  'The  Visions  of  England,'  a  set  of 


GOO 


THE     ATHENiI^:UM 


lyrics  illustrating  our  history  which  Mr.  Francis 
Turner  Palgrave  composed,  "a  sort  of  '  Gesta 
Anglorum,'"  he  called  them.  His  father's 
chief  friendship  with  Halhim,  the  historian,  the 
son  always  treasured  in  memory  ;  it  preceded 
that  tie  between  himself  and  Tennyson 
which  formed  the  most  beloved  interest,  out- 
side his  own  family  circle,  of  all  hi.s  life. 
If  Tennyson  said  of  Arthur  Hallam  "  more  than 
my  brothers  are  to  me,"  Francis  Turner  Pal- 
grave  could  say  the  same  of  Tennyson,  and 
with  as  little  injury  to  true  fraternity  in  one 
case  as  in  the  other.  His  three  brothers— Sir 
Reginald  Palgrave,  Mr.  R.  H.  Inglis  Palgrave 
(who  edited  the  Economist  for  some  years) 
and  Mr.  William  Gitford  Palgrave,  a  sort 
of  Gordon,  for  whose  astonishing  career  as  a 
traveller  the  full  recorder  has  yet  to  be  found 
—were  all  his  juniors.  He  led  the  way  to 
Charterhouse,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Oxford 
as  a  scholar  of  BaUiol,  obtained  a  First  Class 
in  Literae  Humaniores  in  1847,  and  was  elected 
to  a  Fellowship  at  Exeter.  Already  his  restless 
zeal  had  found  new  fields  outside  the  University. 
Before  taking  his  degree  he  became  an 
assistant  private  secretary  to  Mr,  Gladstone. 
A  little  later,  in  1850,  he  began  a  term 
of  office  as  Vice  -  Principal  of  the  Training 
School  at  Kneller  Hall.  That  lasted  for  five 
years,  after  which  time  he  became  an  ex- 
aminer in  the  Education  Department.  For 
thirty  years  he  remained  at  Whitehall,  and 
in  1885  he  became  Professor  of  Poetry  at 
Oxford,  where  he  lectured  for  ten  years,  the 
successor  of  Principal  Shairp,  the  predecessor 
of  Prof.  Courthope.  Edinburgh  University  had 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL  D 
in  1878. 

During  all  this  time  Mr.  Palgrave  was 
busy  with  his  pen.  Politics  at  one  period 
liad  a  slight  interest  for  him,  and  his 
marriage  with  Cecil  Greville  Milnes,  eldest 
daughter  of  Mr.  Milnes  -  Gaskell,  M.P., 
of  Thornes  House,  Yorkshire,  and  Wenlock 
Abbey,  Shropshire,  helped  to  keep  him  within 
touch  of  Westminster.  But  his  real  bias  was 
for  literature,  especially  for  poetry  and  for 
literary  criticism  of  the  arts.  For  years 
he  was  art  critic  of  the  Saturday  Review,  as 
Marochetti,  fur  instance,  knew  to  his  cost,  and 
Mr.  Holman  Hunt  and  Mr.  Ford  Madox  Brown 
to  their  glory  ;  and  some  of  these  articles  were 
gathered  into  a  volume  of  'Essays  on  Art,' 
which  are,  perhaps,  best  remembered  by  their 
denunciation  of  the  Albert  Memorial  and 
Marochetti's  bust  of  Thackeray  in  the  Abbey 
There  was  no  question  as  to  his  artistic 
knowledge  and  taste  —  it  was  attested  by 
the  beautiful  drawings  of  old  masters  and 
others  which  he  possessed,  together  with 
the  rare  states  of  engravings  after  Sir  Joshua 
which  adorned  his  dining-room  walls.  His 
pleasure  when,  in  1862,  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  compilation  of  an  art  handbook  to 
the  Exhibition  may  easily  be  imagined  for 
he  was  nothing  if  not  a  zealot  in  his  ad- 
mirations and  his  loathings.  Not  such  are 
the  qualifications  of  an  official  guide,  how- 
ever ;  and  the  unlucky  volume,  by  which  some 
of  the  exhibitors  believed  themselves  to  be 
insulted,  had  to  heat  a  retreat  beyond  the 
bounds  of  the  Exiiibition,  and  was  condemned 
by  Mr.  Matthew  Arnold  in  his  'Essays  ' 

Mr.  Palgrave,  however,  will  be  remembered, 
and  we  can  say  beloved,  not  as  an  art  critic, 
though  his  'Landscape  in  Poetry  '  celebrates  a 
sort  of  marriage  between  literature  and  art  •  not 
as  a  writer  for  the  young,  though  his  '  Five  Davs' 
Entertainments  at  Went  worth  Grange'  may 
yet  delight  generations  of  children  ;  nor  vet  as 
a  poet,  though  his  'Idylls  and  Son^s,'  his 
Lyrical  Poems,'  and  his  '  Amenophis '  have 
found  appreciation,  and  his  'Hymns'  have 
passed  into  a  third  edition ;  but,  above  all  these 
as  an  anthologist.  '  The  Golden  Treasury  of 
the  Best  Songs  and  Lyrical  Poems  in  the  Eng- 
lish Language  '  fulfilled,   as  nearly  as    human 


N"3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


books  may,  the  promise  of  its  title-page.  It  is 
true  that  '  Kubla  Khan  '  and  Keats's  '  Grecian 
Urn'  were  left  out  in  the  first  editi(m  ;  and  that 
his  inclusi^.ns  of  things  he  ought  to  have  omitted 
matched  oven  such  sins  of  omission  as  these, 
let  the  book  did  bring  together,  and  for  the 
first  time  in  this  handy  form,  an  amazing 
wealth  of  poetry  ;  it  was  a  treasury  in  truth, 
and  it  became  almost  a  national  possession.  It 
was  so  popular  that  it  gave  its  name  to  a  series 
of  books,  one  of  them  being  a  '  Children's 
Treasury  of  Ljncal  Poetry,' and  another  that 
'Second  Series  "of  the  '  Golden  Treasury  '  which 
was  Mr.  Palgrave's  last  luckless  gift  to  the  public. 
Next  to  his  fame  as  an  anthologist  will  be  his 
fame  as  an  editor.  His  name  appears  on  a 
favourite  edition  of  Shakspeare's  'Songs  and 
Sonnets  ';  on  the  title  -  page  of  '  Chrysomela,' 
a  selection  from  Herrick  ;  on  an  edition  of 
Keats,  to  which  he  supplied  notes ;  on  the 
'Poetical  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,'  to  which 
he  contributed  a  biographical  and  critical 
memoir  ;  and  on  a  selection  of  the  '  Lyrical 
Poems  of  Lord  Tennyson. ' 

It  was  through  Henry  Hallam,  Arthur's 
brother,  that  Palgrave  met  Tennyson  at  the 
house  of  W.  H.  Brookfield  in  Portman  Street. 
That  was  in  1849,  and  the  author  of  'The 
Princess,'  finding  Palgrave  less  "superior"  in 
manner  than  he  thought  Oxford  men  were  apt 
to  be,  invited  him  to  his  humble  lodgings  in 
Camden  Town  Road,  and  there  read  him  some 
of  the  MS.  of  'In  Memoriam.'  In  1862  Pal- 
grave introduced  to  Tennyson  his  brother 
William  Gifford,  lately  back  from  Central 
Arabia,  a  devout  student  of  poetry  who  loved 
'Locksley  Hall'  particularly  for  its  Arabian 
ring  -  a  compliment  which  wrested  from  the  poet 
the  confession  that  he  wrote  it  under  the  in- 
fluence of  Sir  William  Jones's  translation  of  the 
old  Arabian  'Moallakat.'  "I  think  him  the 
cleverest  man  I  ever  met,"  said  Tennyson  after- 
wards. During  a  walk  near  the  Land's  End  in 
1860  Palgrave  first  mooted  the  scheme  of  the 
'  Golden  Treasury, 'and  received  from  Tennyson 
the  approval  which  he  afterwards  supplemented 
by  advice,  within  limitations  already  noted. 
Greater  delight  Palgrave  never  had  than  that 
he  felt  when  his  own  little  lyric,  "Ask  what 
you  will,  my  own  and  only  love,"  was  warmly 
praised  by  Tennyson.  The  friends  of  forty- 
three  years  were  divided  by  death  for  only  five. 
To  assist  in  producing  the  memoir  of  the 
Laureate  he  felt  to  be  a  great  privilege,  and 
almost  the  last  time  he  put  pen  to  paper  was  to 
dedicate  to  the  memory  of  Tennyson  the  Second 
Series  of  the  'Golden  Treasury.'  His  fatal  illness 
lasted  for  only  a  few  days,  and  he  died  on  Sunday 
morning  from  paralysis  at  the  htmie  in  Cranley 
Place— he  had  been  a  widower  for  many  years 
—which  his  daughters  made  delightful  for  him. 


TilE  LIDR.\RY  AS30CI.1TI0N. 
n. 
The  meeting  was  resumed  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  John  Street,  Adelphi,  on  Thurs- 
day morning.  October  21st,  when  the  President 
(Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder)  called  upon  Mr.  R.  Steele 
(Assistant  Secretary,  Chemical  Societv)  to  set 
forth  his  views  on  'The  Conduct  of  a  v^cicntific 
Society.'  He  had  found  that  the  choice  of 
books,  the  storing  of  elementary  and  inter- 
mediate text-books,  e[)hemeral  periodicals,  and 
obsolete  editions  were  some  of  the  questions 
which  had  most  troubled  him  at  the  Chemical 
Society.  In  the  di.scussion  the  chief  topics 
alluded  to  were  the  disposal  of  old  and  super- 
seded editions,  duplicates,  and  the  undesirability 
of  exacting  outrageous  discounts  from  the  book- 
seller. 

Then  followed  three  papers  by  warm  ad- 
mirers of  the  Dewey  Decimal  Classification. 
Mr.  T  W.  Lyster  (National  Library  of  Ireland, 
Dublin)  contributed  'Notes  on  Shelf-Classifica- 
tion,' in  which  he  discussed  the  difficulties  and 
advantages  of  the  close  classification  of  books  on 


the  shelves.  He  was  followed  by  Mr.  Stanley 
Jast  (Peterborough  Public  Library)  with  'The 
Dewey  Notation  and  some  Recent  Criticism,' 
referring  to  certain  improvements  suggested  by 
Mr.  Lyster  last  year  at  Buxton.  Mr.  R.  A. 
Peddle  dwelt  upon  the  adaptabilities  of  the 
system  for  use  in  public  libraries  in  a  paper  on 
'The  Decimal  Classification  and  the  Relative 
Location.'  In  the  discussion  most  of  the 
speakers  were  unable  to  recognize  all  the  advan- 
tages set  forth  by  the  apostles  of  the  decimal 
classification,  which  has  not  been  adopted  in 
reclassifying  the  London  Library,  and  has  not 
found  favour  among  scientific  men  when  discuss- 
ing the  proposals  of  the  Royal  Society  for  an 
international  catalogue  of  scientific  literature. 

Mr.  J.  Macfarlane  (British  Museum)  had  an 
interesting  subject  for  consideration  in  'The 
National  Libraries  of  France  and  Great  Britain 
and  their  Catalogues.'  Somewhat  enigmatic  was 
the  heading  of  the  paper  '  Titles,  or  Traps  for 
the  Unwary,'  in  which  Mr.  R.  K.  Dent  (Aston 
Manor)  took  those  publishers  to  task  who 
changed  the  titles  of  books  from  time  to  time. 
Other  books  were  brought  out  with  titles  so 
closely  alike  that  they  were  sometimes  mistaken 
one  for  the  other,  and  translations  of  the  same 
work  often  appeared  under  different  titles. 

The  advantages  of  '  Public  Library  Bulletins  ' 
were  urged  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Turner  (Brentford), 
who  quoted  some  opinions,  chiefly  American, 
to  show  that  the  printed  catalogue  as  now 
issued  was  doomed,  and  that  the  reading  public 
was  better  served  by  receiving  at  frequent 
intervals  cheaply  printed  lists  of  additions. 
This  sys'em  of  supplementing  the  library  cata- 
logue had  been  worked  with  success  at  Clerken- 
well,  Brentford,  West  Ham,  Hampstead,  New- 
ington,  Nottingham,  and  elsewhere.  Some  of 
the  bulletins  gave  views  and  other  matters  of 
local  historical  interest.  Mr.  Thomas  Formby's 
long  service  as  sub-librarian  of  the  Liverpool 
Public  Library  enabled  him  to  speak  with 
authority  on  'Public  Reference  Library  Ex- 
periences,' and  discuss  the  problem  of  helping 
readers,  the  treatment  of  complaints,  the  tech- 
nicalities of  cataloguing,  and  the  training  of 
boy  assistants,  BIr.  E.  Wyndham  Hulme 
(Librarian,  Patent  Office)  gave  an  interesting 
account  of  'English  Patent  Law.'  He  traced 
the  birth  of  industrial  monopolies  on  the  Con- 
tinent, the  origin  of  the  Elizabethan  industrial 
monopolies,  and  continued  the  history  of 
patent  law  to  the  rise  of  the  patent  specification 
in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  publications 
now  issued  by  the  office  and  the  present 
administration  of  the  library  were  also  ex- 
plained. Mr.  R.  B.  Prosser  (formerly  librarian 
of  the  Patent  Office)  informed  the  meeting  that 
he  was  compiling  lists  of  specifications  of  local 
interest  for  the  use  of  public  libraries.  Mr.  A. 
Cotgreave  (West  Ham)  in  '  A  Subject  Index  to 
English  Literature  '  described  an  elaborate  com- 
pilation upon  which  he  was  occupied.  In  the 
evening  a  conversazione  was  held  in  the  gal- 
leries of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  Piccadilly. 

On  Friday  morning,  October  22nd,  Mr.  F.  T. 
Barrett  (Mitchell  Library,  Glasgow),  in  the  form 
of  '  Brief  Notes  on  some  Minor  Matters  in 
Library  Practice,'  oflTered  some  practical  sug- 
gestions on  the  repairing  of  books,  the  keeping 
of  unbound  parts  of  periodicals,  marks  for 
identification,  special  designs  for  end  papers, 
labels,  and  stamps.  Mr.  Barrett  answered  many 
questions  put  to  him  by  members  The  practice 
of  sewing  with  wire  was  severely  reprobated, 
and  the  President  observed  that  it  seemed  as  if 
the  bookbinder  was  about  to  be  evolved  out  of 
existence  in  favour  of  some  kind  of  inharmonious 
blacksmith. 

'  The  Progress  of  Library  Work  in  Villages  ' 
was  dealt  with  by  Sir  Edmund  Verney,  who 
spoke  of  what  had  been"  done  at  Middle 
Ciaydon,  Bucks.  The  neighbouring  parishes 
of  East  Ciaydon,  Grandborough,  and  Water 
Eaton     had     adopted      the     Public     Libraries 


N''  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


GOl 


Acts,  had    joined    with    Middle    Claydon,  and 
each  hired    for   a   year   a   hundred    books   for 
31.     The  books  were  circulated  from  parish  to 
parish.     In  the  course   of   the   discussion  Mr. 
J.   R.   Boose'  (Royal    Colonial    Institute)  drew 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  agents-general  for 
the  colonies  would  on  application  supply  village 
libraries    with    books    about    Greater  Britain. 
'The    Need   of  Endowed   Scholarships   in   the 
Training  of  Librarians '  was  suggested  by  Mr. 
Frank  Campbell  (British  Museum).  Mr.  Joseph 
Gilburt    (Day's    Library)    in    '  Fiction :     some 
Hard   Facts   about    It,'  vigorously   condemned 
slum-fiction    and  the  tenth-rate   novels  whose 
final    destination  was  Messrs.  Hodgson's  sale- 
rooms.    He  deprecated  the   purchase   of   such 
rubbish  at  a  cheap  rate  for  the  shelves  of  the 
public  library.     Attention  was  drawn  to  '  Some 
Old    Treatises    on    Libraries    and    Librarians' 
Work  '  by  Mr.  A.  Clarke  (Assistant  Librarian, 
Royal  Medical   and   Chirurgical   Society).     He 
described   what  Isad  been  written  by  Clement, 
Naude',    Gels,    Schrettinger,   and    others.     The 
question  of  '  The  Statistics  of  English  Publish- 
ing and  the  Need   of  an  Official  Bibliography  ' 
was  taken  up  by  Mr.  W.  E.  A.  Axon  (Chair- 
man, Moss  Side  Public  Library).  The  fallacious 
nature  of  the  statistics  proving  that  the  literary 
activity  of  Great  Britain  was  smaller  than  that 
of    many    much    less    important    nations    was 
referred   to,  and   the   necessity  of  a  complete 
register  of  all  books  and  pamphlets  issued  in 
the    United    Kingdom     insisted     upon.      The 
British   Museum  should  frequently  print  lists 
of  its  accessions.     Mr.  Wheatley  and  the  Pre- 
sident took  part  in  the  discussion  ;  the  latter 
referred    to  certain   proposals   on    the  subject 
made  by  him  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Biblio- 
graphical Society.     Mr.  Basil  Anderton  (New- 
castle-on-Tyne)  gave  some   instances   of    '  The 
Value    of  Forgotten  Volumes.'     The    rise  and 
progress  of  '  The  Birmingham  Old  Library  '  were 
described   by    Mr.   C.    E.   Scarse  ;    Mr.    Frank 
Curzon  (Organizing  Secretary  of  the  Yorkshire 
Union    of    Institutes    and    Yorkshire    Village 
Libraries)   supplied  an  account   of    '  Yorkshire 
Village  Libraries';  and  Mr.  Herbert  Batsford 
contributed  some  valuable  '  Suggestions  on  the 
Formation  of   a    Small    Library    of  Books   on 
Ornament  and  the  Decorative   Arts,'  in  which 
he  mentioned  the  books  he  regarded  as  indis- 
pensable in  a  reference  library  as  well  as  those 
desirable  as  representing  special  art  industries. 

In  the  evening  the  annual  dinner  took  place 
at  the  Hotel  Cecil,  at  which  Mr.  Tedder  pre- 
sided and  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  spoke. 


Hitcrarp  ©ossip. 

The  poems  of  Bacchylides,  acquired  on 
papyrus  last  winter  bj'the  British  Museum, 
will  be  published  towards  the  end  of 
November.  Shortly  after  the  discovery  it 
was  estimated  that  about  five  hundred  lines 
were  preserved  intact  in  the  manuscript, 
besides  a  large  number  of  fragments  ;  but 
the  result  of  piecing  the  fragments  together 
is  to  give  a  total  of  about  a  thousand  lines 
which  are  either  perfect  or  may  be  re- 
stored nearly  with  certainty.  Twenty  poems 
are  represented  in  the  manuscript,  of  which 
six  (containing  550  lines)  are  complete, 
while  of  nine  more  there  are  substantial 
portions.  Fourteen  poems  are  in  honour 
of  victories  in  the  Olympian  and  other 
games,  while  six  are  paeans,  dithyrambs,  or 
hymns — classes  of  Greek  poetiy  of  which 
there  have  hitherto  been  no  complete  speci- 
mens extant.  The  Museum  edition,  which 
(as  in  the  case  of  the  other  classical  papyri 
published  by  the  British  Museum)  has  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Kenyon,  will  contain 
an  exact  transcription  of  the  text  of  the 


manuscript  and  a  restored  text,  printed  in 
the  ordinary  way,  together  with  notes,  intro- 
duction, and  index.  A  photographic  fac- 
simile of  the  papyrus  will  be  issued 
simultaneously  in  a  separate  volume. 

The  inclusion  of  a  sonnet  by  "  E. 
Wilton"  in  the  just  published  Second 
Series  of  '  The  Golden  Treasury '  has  in- 
spired some  curiosity  as  to  the  author. 
The  Eev.  Eichard  Wilton,  Eector  of  Londes- 
borough,  East  Yorkshire,  has  issued  four 
volumes  of  verse — '  Wood-Notes  and  Church 
Bells'  (1873),  'Lyrics  Sylvan  and  Sacred' 
(1878),  'Sun gleams:  Eondeaux  and  Sonnets' 
(1881),  and  '  Benedicite,  and  other  Poems' 
(1889).  We  have  reason  to  believe  that 
Mr.  F.  T.  Palgrave's  attention  was  drawn 
to  Mr.  AVilton's  rhythmic  work  by  the 
specimens  of  it  which  figured  in  an  antho- 
logy called  '  Latter- Day  Lyrics  '  (1878).  In 
that  volume  appeared  a  sonnet  by  Mr. 
Wilton — "I  learnt  a  lessson  from  the 
flowers  to-day  " — the  last  few  lines  of  which 
struck  Mr.  Palgrave  at  the  time  as  being 
quite  Words worthian  in  thought  and  in 
expression. 

A  Correspondent  writes  : — 

"  The  new  edition  of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's 
works  which  Messrs.  Macmillan  have  announced 
has  already  gone  to  a  premium,  copies  having 
changed  hands  (for  future  delivery)  at  fifty  per 
cent,  advance.  But  the  edition  is  not  'com- 
plete,' as  advertised.  To  begin  with,  neither 
publishers  nor  author  have  been  able  to  arrange 
with  Messrs.  Thacker,  Spink  &  Co.  in  respect 
of  the  work  with  which  the  series  should  com- 
mence, namely,  'Departmental  Ditties';  then 
there  is  an  omission  which  had  possibly  to  be 
made  because  the  author  could  not  obtain  a 
copy  of  his  own  work  published  at  Lahore  at 
the  press  of  the  Civil  and  Military  Gazette. 
Only  one  copy  was  known  to  exist  of  '  Echoes 
by  Two  Writers,'  a  small  booklet  of  seventy-two 
pages,  in  buff  paper  cover,  and  here,  again,  Mr. 
Kipling  could  not  find  a  way  of  conciliating  the 
owner,  who  has  since  parted  with  his  treasure 
at  a  price  not  far  short  of  a  pound  per  leaf. 
The  copy  in  question  contains  a  few  original 
stanzas  by  Mr.  Kipling,  written  upon  a  sheet  of 
foreign  notepaper  and  pasted  inside  the  cover, 
headed  as  follows  : — 

ECHOES   BY   TWO    WRITERS. 

A.  M.  d  d  R.  K.  Oct.  1884. 

The  first  stanza  runs  : — 

Between  the  gum  pot  and  the  shears, 

The  awful  emblems  of  my  trade, 
First  fruits  of  two  hot  Indi  an  years, 

These  rhymes  were  made." 

The  Hon.  Percy  Ashburnham,  a  selected 
portion  of  whose  library  is  to  come  under 
the  hammer  at  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson 
&  Hodge's  on  Monday  week,  was  a  brother 
of  Bertram,   fourth   Earl  of   Ashburnham, 
the  founder  of  the  very  fine  library  now  in 
process  of  disintegration.     It  is  not   often 
that  two  brothers,   sons  of  a   peer,    attain 
distinction  as  bibliophiles,  yet  such  is  un- 
doubtedly the  case  in  the  present  instance. 
The  greater  library  overshadows  the  lesser, 
but  the  Hon.  Percy  Ashburnham's   books 
include    many    of    interest.     Perhaps    the 
most   valuable   of   the   261    lots    is    a    re- 
markable collection   of   about  300  original 
drawings   and  engravings   of   plans,   forti- 
fications, sieges,  battle  arrays,  war  machines 
and   weapons,    naval    fights,    &c.,    between 
1600  and  1650;  the  drawings  are  all  con- 
temporary, and  apparently  made  on  the  spot 
for  the  different  commanders,  and  chiefly  of 
places   in  the  Low  Countries  and  France. 
There  are  a   few  Bibles,   notably  a   good 


sound  copy  of  the  rare  first  edition  of 
Luther's  in  the  Low  Saxon  dialect,  Lubeck, 
1523  ;  a  fine  copy  of  Holbein's  'Icones  His- 
toriarum  VeterisTestamenti,'  &c.,  1547,  with 
the  cuts  from  the  original  woodblocks  ;  and 
a  good  copy  of  that  very  rare  work,  the 
life  "  des  Loblichen  Streytparen  und  Hoch- 
beriimhten  Helds  und  Eitters  Herr  Tewr- 
dannckhs,"  Nuremberg,  1517,  with  numerous 
fine  woodcuts  by  Hans  Schaufelein. 

The  Eoyal  Historical  Society  has  to-day 
completed  the  most  eventful  year  of  its 
existence,  that  in  which  the  carefully 
planned  amalgamation  with  the  old  Camden 
Society  has  been  effected,  and  the  newly 
united  fellowship  is  busily  engaged  in  the 
selection  of  forthcoming  publications. 
Amongst  the  earliest  of  these  will  be  the 
record  of  the  trials  of  the  judges  and  other 
officers  of  the  Crown  implicated  in  the 
judicial  scandals  of  1289.  This  record  has 
hitherto  been  quite  unknown,  and  may  be 
expected  to  throw  a  flood  of  light  upon  the 
legal  and  constitutional  history  of  the  reign. 
The  editor  is  Prof.  Tout,  and  the  list  of 
publications  already  prepared  includes 
editions  by  Messrs.  S.  E.  Gardiner,  C.  H. 
Firth,  T.  G.  Law,  and  G.  F.  Warner.  The 
important  Newcastle  papers  of  the  early 
years  of  George  III.  are  being  edited  by 
Miss  Bateson. 

The  chief  feature  of  the  list  of  papers  to 
be  read  during  the  ensuing  session  will  be 
a  series  of  papers  on  the  '  National  Study 
of  Naval  and  Military  History,'  associated 
with  the  names  of  Prof.  J.  K.  Laughton, 
Dr.  T.  Maguire,  and  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortes- 
cue.  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth  will  open  the  session 
by  an  important  paper  on  the  battle  of 
Marston  Moor,  with  a  plan  by  Prince 
Eupert's  quartermaster.  Other  papers  will 
deal  with  the  relations  between  Marlborough 
and  Count  Piper,  the  system  of  the  Pipe 
Eolls,  the  journal  of  a  Swedish  princess  at 
the  Court  of  Elizabeth,  and  the  dealings  of 
Florentine  merchants  with  the  English  wool 
trade,  from  Italian  archives. 

Mr.  J.  E.  MuDDOCK  writes  to  us  with 
reference  to  the  notice  of  the  third  series  of 
'  The  Savage  Club  Papers '  in  our  issue  of 
the  23rd  inst.  We  stated  that  the  second 
series,  edited  by  Andrew  Halliday,  was 
published  in  1868.     Mr.  Muddock  says  : — 

"Vol.  i.  bears  on  the  title-page  the  date 
1868  ;  while  vol.  ii.  has  on  the  fly-leaf /or  1868, 
but  on  the  title-page  1869.  The  second  volume 
was  issued,  according  to  the  club  records,  in  the 
early  part  of  1869." 

We  still  think  our  correspondent  is  in  error. 
A  copy,  now  before  us,  of  the  second  series 
bears  on  the  title-page  the  date  1868  under- 
neath the  name  of  the  publishers,  Tinsley 
Brothers.  The  same  date  appears  as  part 
of  the  title  of  the  book,  and  also  on  the  fly- 
leaf. The  cop3'  in  our  hands  has  written 
on  it  the  name  of  the  owner  with  the  date 
"Aug.  1868."  We  mention  these  facts 
because  Mr.  Muddock  adds  :  — 

"  Perhaps  for  once  you  will  do  me  the  scant 
justice  of  admitting  that  I  am  right  and  your 
reviewer  is  wrong." 

Mr.  Henry  James,  whose  recent  novel 
'  What  Maisie  Knew  '  has  had  considerable 
success,  is  giving  up  his  connexion  (as  a 
correspondent)  with  Harper's  Weekly. 

The  late  Francis  Adams's  'Essays  in 
Modernity,'  which  have  so  long  been  an- 
nounced as  in  preparation,  are,  we  believe, 


602 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


now  in  type,  and  may  he  expected  to  appear 
at  no  distant  date. 

'  Margaret  Forster,'  the  novel  or 
romance  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  A.  Sala,  which 
will  shortly  be  published  with  a  preface 
by  Mrs.  Sala,  appeared  originally  in  the 
pages  of  Sala's  Jotirnal  Some  portions  of 
it  were  used  recently  in  the  compilation  of 
a  play  which  has  been  seen  in  the  provinces 
and  at  the  suburban  theatres. 

The  movement  in  favour  of  the  memorial 
to  Felicia  Hemans  at  Liverpool  is  making 
considerable    progress,    and    a    substantial 
sum   has    already   been   subscribed   in    its 
support.      It  is  proposed  that  the  memorial 
should  be  associated  with  the  University  Col- 
lege in  that  city,  and  take  the  form  of  a 
prize  for  the  composition  of  a  lyrical  poem. 
The  biographical  notices  of  Sir  Peter  le 
Page  Eenouf  may  bear  to  be  supplemented 
by  an   allusion  to  the  interesting  German 
family  into  which   he   married.      The   two 
brothers  Brentano  have  been  made  familiar 
to  English  readers  by  the  diary  of  Henry 
Crabb    Eobinson.      Sir   Peter   became  the 
son-in-law  of  one  of  them,  and  the  nephew 
by  marriage  of  that  strange  being  Clemens 
Brentano,   who    inclined  to  mystical   piety 
and  gave  to  the  world  the  "  revelations  "  of 
the  German  "  ecstatica  "  Sister   Catherine 
Emmerich.     A  correspondent    sends   us    a 
letter,  written  by  Sir  Peter  le  Page  Eenouf, 
m  modification  of  some  of  the  statements 
made  in  regard  to  the  brothers  : — 

"Crabb  Robinson  knew  them  chiefly  when 
they  were  very  young,  and  did  not  talk  or  (I 
fear)  much  care  about  religion.  Some  of  his 
information  about  them  later  on  is  only  from 
hearsay.  He  says  somewhere,  '  Clemens  Bren- 
tano is  turned  monk  !  '  This  is  mere  exago'era- 
tion  of  the  fact  that  Clemens  was  leading  a'verv 
devout  life  in  his  brother's  family.  There  is 
another  canard  of  Crabb  Robinson.  My  father- 
in-law,  who  had  studied  medicine  and  was  ex- 
tremely skilful  in  surgical  operations,  did  once 
operate  very  successfully  on  the  leg  of  a  cock 
which  had  been  accidentally  broken.  His  friends 
used  to  chaff  him,  saying  that  he  broke  the  legs 
of  his  cocks  and  hens  in  order  to  replace  them 
by  wooden  hmbs;  but  they  never  suspected  that 
Lrabb  Robinson  would  print  this  in  serious 
earnest." 

We  hear  that  the  editor  of  the  '  Complete 
Peerage '  is  now  at  work  on  the  addenda 
and  corrigenda  for  the  whole  work,  and 
hopes  to  issue  his  eighth  and  last  volume 
early  next  year.  The  publication  of  this 
great  undertaking  began,  we  believe,  so  far 
back  as  1883,  and  the  appreciation  it  has 
met  with  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  first 
volume  is  now  out  of  print. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  David 
Bogue,  whom  many  will  remember  as  a 
publisher  some  fifteen  years  ago,  at  first  as 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Hardwicke  &  Bogue 
of  Piccadilly,  and  afterwards  as  trading  alone 
in  St.  Martin's  Place.  He  was  a  son  of 
JJavid  Bogue,  who  succeeded  to  the  highly 
successful  business  of  Charles  Tilt  in  Fleet 
Street.  The  late  Mr.  Bogue  was  a  most 
agreeable  and  gentlemanly  man,  and  a  good 
fisherman,  but  he  had  not  his  father's  apti- 
tude for  the  book  trade,  and  was  ill  fitted 
to  bear  the  strain  of  modern  business  life, 
iailmg  as  a  publisher,  he  secured  an  ap- 
pointment in  one  of  the  commercial  depart- 
ments of  the  Daily  Graphic,  which  he  retained 
tiU  his  death.  He  was  found  drowned  at 
±  olkestone  on  Tuesday  last. 


_  The  wide  interest  excited  by  the  series  of 
historic  battle  studies  originally  contributed 
by  the  Eev.  W.  H.  Fitchett  to  the  Melbourne 
Argus,  and  subsequently  published  in  two 
shilling  volumes  in  Melbourne,  has  in- 
duced Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  to 
republish  a  selection  in  six-shilling  form 
under  the  title  of  'Deeds  that  Won  the 
Empire,'  with  fuller  maps  and  plans  and 
better  chosen  and  more  carefully  executed 
portraits.  The  aim  of  the  author  is  defined 
in  his  preface,  where  he  expressly  states 
that_  "  these  sketches  were  not  written  to 
glorify  war:  they  represent  an  effort  to 
renew  in  popular  memory  the  great  tradi- 
tions of  the  imperial  race  to  which  we 
belong." 

The  late  Don  Pascual  de  Gayangos  left 
in  cases  ready  for  the  printers  the  index  of 
his  catalogue  of  Spanish  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum.  Would  it  not  be  a  graceful  act  on 
the  part  of  the  Trustees  to  publish  it  as  a  mark 
of  respect  for  a  scholar  who  gave  years  of  his 
life  to  the  service  of  the  Museum  ?  Besides, 
it  would  make  the  catalogue  more  easy  of 
consultation  by  students. 

Messrs.  Longman  have  in  the  press  a 
work  by  Mr.  H.  Vivian  on  '  Servia,  the 
Poor  Man's  Paradise.'  It  is  written  in  an 
enthusiastic  strain,  the  author's  visits  having 
made  him  a  great  admirer  of  the  people 
and  country. 

Miss  Shaw  Lefevre  resumes  for  a  time 
her  former  duties  as  Principal  of  Somer- 
yille  College,  Oxford,  during  the  illness  of 
Miss  Maitland. 

Collectors  and  others  are  beginning  to 
realize  that  the  attempt  to  boom  the  first 
editions  of  Eichard  Jefferies  has  not  been 
a  success.  Even  the  few  really  rare  first 
editions  of  his  are  not  very  eagerly  com- 
peted for,  and  certainly  not  at  absurd  prices. 
A  Burnley  firm  of  booksellers  offers  a  set, 
which  is  apparently  quite  complete,  forty- six 
volumes  in  all,  at  30/.  It  cost  over  60/.  to 
form. 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


Dr.  Stoughton,  the  well-known  author 
of  the  *  Ecclesiastical  History  of  England,' 
has  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  and  his  career 
of  authorship  extended  over  nearly  fifty 
years.  His  last  publication  was  '  Eecollec- 
tions  of  a  Long  Life,'  an  interesting  volume 
of  autobiography.  He  was  a  kind-hearted 
man,  tenacious  of  his  own  beliefs  and 
tolerant  towards  those  who  differed  from 
him,  and  was  greatly  respected  by  all  who 
knew  him.  One  of  his  sons  is  a  partner  in 
the  firm  of  Hodder  &  Stoughton. 

The  date  of  the  first  of  the  Industrial 
Conferences  will  be,  we  are  told,  Novem- 
ber 8th,  and  not  the  15th.  It  will  be  held 
in  the  Hall  of  Balliol,  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  Prof.  Dicey. 

The  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Press  have  arranged  for  the  following  new 
publications  in  the  series  of  "Texts  and 
Studies":  (1)  'Codex  Purpureus  Petro- 
pohtanus '  (Codex  N  of  the  Gospels),  edited 
with  introduction  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Cronin  of 
Trinity  Hall;  (2)  'The  Hymn  of  the  Soul,' 
contained  in  the  Syriac  '  Acts  of  St.  Thomas,' 
re-edited  with  a  translation  by  Prof.  A.  A. 
Beyan  ;  and  (3)  the  Greek  text  of  the  '  His- 
toria  Lausiaca,'  edited  from  the  MSS  by 
Mr.  E.  C.  Butler,  O.S.B.,  of  Christ's  College. 


The  first  named  will  contain  a  transcription 
of  the  '  Purple  Gospels,'  recently  bought  by 
the  Emperor  of  Eussia  and  placed  in  the 
Imperial  Library  at  St.  Petersburg.  The 
third  will  come  as  a  sequel  to  the  critical 
study  of  the  '  Lausiac  History '  which  Mr. 
Butler  is  now  passing  through  the  press. 

Prof.  F.  Xavier  von  Wegele,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  modern  historians  of 
Germany,  died  on  the  16th  inst.  at  Wurz- 
burg,  where  he  had  been  a  professor  for 
forty  years.  He  was  co  -  editor  with 
Eochus  von  Liliencron  of  the  '  Allgemeine 
deutsche  Biographie.'  His  excellent  work 
'  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Historiographie 
seit  dem  Auftreten  des  Humanismus ' 
brought  him  the  designation  of  "  Ge- 
schichtschreiber  der  deutschen  Geschicht- 
schreibung."  Among  his  biographical 
sketches  may  be  specially  mentioned  those 
of  Karl  August  von  Weimar  and  of  Dante. 
As  an  historian  he  belonged  to  the  school 
of  Gervinus  and  Schlosser. 

The  week's  obituary  contains  the  names 
of  Mr.  Mowbray,  the  weU-known  publisher 
of  High  Church  theology  and  fiction;    of 
the  Dean  of  Clonfert,  Dr.  Byrne,  who  wrote 
on  '  The  General  Principles  of  the  Structure 
of  Language,'  and  on  'The  Origin  of  the 
Greek,  Latin,  and  Gothic  Eoots '  ;   and  of 
Madame  Couvreur,   who,  under  the   pseu- 
donym of   "Tasma,"  wrote  several  novels 
descriptive    of    life   in    Australasia    which 
proved  eminently  popular—'  Uncle  Piper  of 
Piper's  Hill,'  'In   her  Earliest  Youth,'  and 
'  The  Penance  of  Portia  James.'     She  was 
born  at  Highgate,  but  her  family  emigrated 
to   Hobart  Town  when   she  was   but   two 
years  old,   and  she  married  a  Tasmanian. 
Subsequently  she  returned  to  Europe  and 
married  M.  Couvreur,  Vice-President  of  the 
Belgian  Chambers. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  Copyright  Amendment  Bill.  Ee- 
port  from  the  Select  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  with  Evidence,  &c.  {Ad.) ; 
General  Annual  Eeturn  of  the  British  Army 
(9(/.) ;  and  Eeports  on  the  Endowed  Charities 
of  Swansea  {-id.)  and  of  three  West  Eiding 
parishes. 


SCIENCE 


BOOKS   ON   APPLIED   SCIENCE. 

Railway  Engineering,    Mechanical  and   Elec- 
trical, by  Mr.  J.  W.  C.  Haldane  (Spon),  com- 
mences with  the  supposed  discovery  of  a  very 
large  island   in  the  Pacific,   extremely  fertile, 
and   unusually   rich   in    coal,    iron,    and   other 
minerals,  whilst  possessing  a  splendid  climate. 
The  great  advantages  offered  by  this  remarkable 
island,  Baratania,  naturally  soon  attracted  num- 
bers of  emigrants,  who  reached  it  by  the  new 
shortened   route    to   the    Pacific    through    the 
Nicaragua   Canal ;    and   the   construction   of  a 
railway  was  started  to  develope  the  resources 
of  the  island,  and  facilitate  the  opening  out  of 
the  interior  by  settlers.     The  formation  of  this 
railway  is  designed  to  serve  as  the  groundwork 
of  the  book  ;  and  the  imaginary  incidents  appear 
to  be   intended  to  entice  the  non-professional 
reader  to  peruse  the  solid  facts  relating  to  rail- 
way and  tramway  construction  with  which  this 
volume  is  almost  wholly  concerned.      Indeed, 
after  devoting  portions  of  the  first  three  chapters 
to  the  discovery  and  inspection  of  the  island, 
the  railway  project,  the  choice  of  a  contractor 
whose  tender  was  not  the  lowest,  and  the  cutting 
of  the  first  sod,  and  brief  references  to  the  pro- 
gress of  the  railway  in  the  two  following  chapters. 


N"  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UIM 


603 


which  deal  generally  with  earthworks,  permanent 
way,  and  locomotives,  the  island  of  Baratania, 
its  railway,  and  its  inhabitants  are  buried  in 
oblivion  through  twenty-three  chapters,  with  the 
exception  of  two  very  brief  allusions,  and  only 
appear  again  in  the  final  chapter,  when  the  rail- 
way is  opened  amidst  general  rejoicings,  and 
the  prosperity  of  the  island  is  assured.  The 
design  and  construction  of  locomotives,  the 
repair  of  engines  and  other  rolling  stock,  and 
the  manufacture  of  rails  and  the  various  other 
appliances  required  for  the  maintenance,  renewal, 
and  extension  of  a  large  railway  system,  are 
dealt  with  in  the  book  by  descriptions  of  the 
locomotive  works  of  Messrs.  Sharp,  Stewart  <& 
Co.  at  Glasgow  in  five  chapters,  and  the  various 
works  of  the  North-Western  Railway  Company 
at  Crewe  in  six  chapters.  The  author,  however, 
probably  thinking  that  eleven  consecutive  chap- 
ters on  machinery  would  be  too  exhausting  for 
the  ordinary  reader,  has  inserted  chapters  on 
narrow-gauge,  portable,  and  light  railways,  and 
horse,  cable,  and  electric  tramways,  between  his 
descriptions  of  the  works  at  Glasgow  and  Crewe. 
There  is  a  similar  neglect  of  the  proper  sequence 
of  subjects  in  regard  to  railway  construction 
throughout  the  remainder  of  the  volume,  for 
tunnelling  and  a  chapter  headed  "Railway 
Bridge  Building,"  though  mainly  relating  to 
aerial  cablewaysand  steel  joists  for  floors,  follow 
after  descriptions  of  railway  carriages  and 
brakes  ;  and  two  chapters  on  water-tube  boilers 
are  preceded  by  the  applications  of  electricity 
to  the  traction  and  lighting  of  railways,  and  are 
followed  by  references  to  gas  and  oil  engines, 
with  an  account  in  the  same  chapter  of  the 
Liverpool  overhead  electric  railway.  This  want, 
however,  of  systematic  arrangement  affords  a 
more  frequent  variation  of  the  subjects  con- 
sidered, which  may  perhaps  be  acceptable  to 
the  non-technical  reader,  and  is  undoubtedly  of 
less  consequence  in  a  book  which  is  clearly 
intended  to  be  a  popular  guide  to  some  of 
the  principal  features  of  railway  construction 
and  management,  rather  than  a  scientific  work. 
The  book,  indeed,  holds  a  kind  of  intermediate 
position  between  such  purely  popular  books  as 
Pendleton's  '  Our  Railways  '  and  Frith's  '  Ro- 
mance of  Engineering,'  and  strictly  technical 
treatises  on  the  various  branches  of  railway 
engineering.  The  treatment  of  the  various  sub- 
jects is  necessarily  cursory,  owing  to  the  number 
referred  to  ;  and,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the 
title,  the  book  relates  far  more  to  the  mechanical 
than  the  purely  civil  engineering  aspect  of  rail- 
way construction.  The  style  of  writing  is  clear 
and  easy,  and  well  calculated  to  draw  on  the 
reader  from  the  fictitious  Baratania  railway  to 
the  interesting  problems  involved  in  the  develop- 
ment of  railways  generally ;  and  numerous  illus- 
trations in  the  text  furnish  some  idea  of  the 
machines,  engines,  and  other  mechanical  appli- 
ances employed  in  the  construction  and  working 
of  railways. 

Theory  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism.  By 
Charles  Emerson  Curry,  Ph.D.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) — Dr.  Curry  has  undertaken  to  present 
to  English  readers  the  substance  of  a  course 
of  lectures  by  Boltzmann  on  Maxwell's  electro- 
magnetic theory,  and  as  this  eminent  professor 
gives  his  sanction,  accompanied  by  the  state- 
ment that  he  has  revised  the  manuscript,  the 
work  will  doubtless  receive  attention  from 
specialists.  There  is  nothing  in  it  for  general 
readers,  and  it  displays  a  very  inadequate 
mastery  of  the  English  language.  For  instance, 
the  first  chapter  opens  with  the  words  : — 

"  All  branches  of  theoretical  phj'sics,  with  the 
exception  of  electricity  and  magnetism,  can  be 
regarded  at  the  present  state  of  science  as  con- 
cluded." 

The  heading  of  p.  290,  "Mechanics  of  Cycles," 
and  of  the  next  page,  "  A  Monocycle,"  are  rather 
startling  to  the  uninitiated  ;  but  examination 
shows  that  the  terms  are  used  in  an  abstruse 
sense  having  no  relation  to  modern  means  of 
locomotion. 


SOCIETIES. 
Numismatic— t'c)'.  21.— Sir  John  Evans,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair.— Mr.  E.  Burn  and  Dr.  Berkeley 
Martin  were  elected  Members.— The  President  ex- 
hibited a  copper  medalet  made  from  the  fitting.^  of 
the  S.S.  Beaver,  which  w.is  built  for  tlie  Hudson 
Bay  Co.  in  the  Thames  in  18:55,  and  was  the  first 
steamship  to  cross  the  Atlantic.  The  Beaver  was 
wrecked  in  Vancouver  Bay  in  1892. —  Mr.  L.  A. 
Lawrence  exhibited  a  series  of  rare  coins  of  Stephen 
and  of  his  son  Eustace  ;  and  Dr.  Codrington  showed 
a  specimen  in  copper  of  the  new  prize  medal  of  the 
lloyal  Asiatic  Society,  having  a  wreath  with  the 
Society's  name  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  a  view 
of  a  forest  with  the  banyan  tree  in  the  foreground. 
—Canon  Greenwell  communicated  a  paper  on  recent 
acquisitions  of  electrum  coins  to  his  collection. 
Amongst  these  were  many  fine  and  unpublished 
pieces  of  Cyzicus,  Lampsacus,  PhocKa.  and  Miletus, 
and  others  the  locality  of  which  could  not  be  defi- 
nitely determined. 


MON. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE   ENSUING  WEEK. 
Royal  Academy,  4.-' Anatomy,'  Mr  W,  Anderson. 

—  Oarlyle,  7.j    -''Niccolft  Macliiavelli,   and    his  "  Prince    —  "nis 

perverse  little  book,"  '  Dr.  Oswald. 

—  Engineers,  74  —'Sea  Defences,'  Mr.  K.  F.  Grantham. 

—  Aristotelian.  8.—'  Kegel's  Theory  ol   the  Political  Organism, 

l)r  B.  Bosaiiquet- 

—  British  Architects, 8. -Presidents  Opening  Address. 

Tcus.      Colonial  Institute.  8  j      .   ^,       t    . 

—  Biblical  Archa-ology,  8  -  '  Biographical  Record    ol   the    Late 

President  Sir  P  le  Page  Uenouf,'  the  Secretary. 

—  Civil  Kngineers.  8  —Address  by  Sir  J.  W.  Barry,  and  Presenta- 

tion of  .Medals  and  Pii/es. 
Wed.     Roval  Academy.  4— 'Anatomy,' Mr  W.  Anderson. 

—  Archa>ological    Institute,    4. —  ' Carfax     Tower,    Oxford,     Mr. 

J  Park  Harrison  ;  '  Remains  of  Carmelite  Buildings  upon 
the  Site  of  ye  Marygold  at  Temple  Bar,'  Mr.  F.  G.  Hilton 
I'rice, 

—  Entomological,  8.  ,  ,    »i. 

—  Geological,  8  —'Contribution    to    the    Palteontology    of    the 

Dec-apod  Crustacea  of  England,'  Mr.  J.  Carter  ;  '  Revindica- 
tion of  the  Llanberis  Unconformity,'  Kev.  J.  F.  Blake. 

—  British  Archu>ological  Association,  8.— 'Rhuddlan  Castle,  Mr. 

C.  H  Compton  ,    „     • 

'riiiKS  Chemical,  8  -'Properties  of  Liquid  Fluorine,  Profs.  H. 
Moissan  and  J.  Dewar;  'Liquefaction  of  Air  and  the  De- 
tection of  Impurities,'  and  ■  Absorption  of  Hydrogen  by 
Palladium  at  High  'remperatures  and  Pressures,'  Prof. 
Dewar. 

—  Linnean,  8  — 'The  Attraction  of  Flowers  tor  Insects,'  Sir  J. 

Lubbock;    'Transfusion-tissue,   its  Origin  and   Function   in 
the  Leaves  of  Gyninospermous  Plants,'  Mr.  W,  C.  Worsdell. 
Fri        Roval  Academy,  4  — ■  Auatomv,'  Mr.  \V.  Anderson. 

—  Philological.  8" -Report   by   Mr.    H.  Bradley  on  the    F  and  G 

Words  in  the  'New  English  Dictionary.' 

—  Geologists'  Association,  8. -Conversazione. 


The  ordinary  general  meeting  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Mechanical  Engineers  is  to  be  held 
on  Wednesday  and  Thursday  next  at  25,  Great 
George  Street,  and  the  chair  will  be  taken  by 
the  President,  Mr.  E.  Windsor  Richards,  at 
7.30  P.M.  on  each  evening.  The  nomination  of 
officers  for  election  at  the  annual  general  meet- 
ing will  take  place  ;  and  a  new  secretaa-y  will 
be  elected.  The  following  papers  will  be  read 
and  discussed,  as  far  as  time  permits  :  '  Ex- 
periments upon  Propeller  Ventilating  Fans, 
and  upon  the  Electric- Motor  driving  Them,'  by 
Mr.  W.  G.  Walker  ;  '  Diagram  Accounts  for 
Engineering  Work,'  by  Mr.  J.  Jameson;  and 
'  Mechanical  Features  of  Electric  Traction,'  by 
Mr.  P.  Dawson. 

The  International  Congress  of  Zoology  is  to 
meet  in  Cambridge  on  August  23rd,  1898,  and 
a  general  committee  has  been  formed  to  make 
arrangements  for  its  reception.  The  President- 
elect (Sir  William  Flower)  has  summoned  a 
meeting  of  the  committee,  to  be  held  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Zoological  Society,  at  2.30  p.m. 
on  Thursday  next  ;  and  special  notices  have 
been  addressed  to  those  who  have  expressed 
their  willingness  to  act  as  members  of  the 
committee.  Zoologists  who  have  not  been 
asked  to  join  the  committee  are  requested  to 
communicate  with  the  local  secretaries  (Inter- 
national Congress  of  Zoology),  the  Museums, 
Cambridge. 

A  POPULAR  man  of  science.  Dr.  G.  H.  Otto 
Volger  (surnamed  Senckenberg),  died  last 
week  at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  After  having 
been  active  as  a  teacher  of  natural  history  at 
Gottingen  and  in  Switzerland  for  some  years, 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  to  the  Sencken- 
bergianum  at  Frankfurt.  In  1859  he  founded 
there  on  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  Schiller's 
birth  the  Freie  Deutsche  Hochstift,  which  was 
to  be  a  "free  German  university."  He  planted 
the  institution  in  the  Goethehaus,  which  he  had 
bought  with  his  own  means,  thus  rescuing  it 
from  utter  neglect.     Unfortunately  dissensions, 


caused  by  his  crotchets,  led  to  his  withdrawal 
from  the  Hochstift.  Dr.  Volger  was  the 
author  of  a  large  number  of  publications, 
chiefly  on  mineralogy  and  geology,  and  also  of 
an  interesting  monograph  entitled  '  Goethe's 
Vaterhaus,'  published  in  18G3. 

Prof.  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  announced  at  a 
recent  sitting  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Stockholm  that  Prof.  Hj.  Sjorgen  is  ready  to 
provide  the  necessary  funds  for  a  Berzelius 
Museum,  the  foundation  of  which  had  been 
decided  upon  by  the  Academy.  The  museum 
is  to  hold  all  the  objects  formerly  contained  in 
the  great  chemist's  laboratory,  but  now  scattered 
in  various  places.  The  Professor  announced 
at  the  same  time  that  a  list  is  to  be  com- 
piled recording  all  the  works  and  treatises  of 
Berzelius. 


FINE    ARTS 


THE    SOCIETY    OF   PORTRAIT    PAINTERS. 

Having  hired  the  greater  part  of  the  Grafton 
Galleries  for  their  exhibition  this  year,  the 
Society  of  Portrait  Painters  did  very  ill  to  permit 
so  much — say  more  than  two-thirds — of  the 
large  space  at  their  command  to  be  occu- 
pied by  works  that  reflect  no  credit  on  modern 
portraiture.  It  is  not  fair  to  the  public,  who 
must  needs  be  disgusted  if  their  taste  is 
good  and  their  judgment  trained.  There  are 
many  imitations  of  Reynolds,  Romney,  and 
Whistler,  as  well  as  a  comparatively  few  fine 
things,  both  old  and  new,  which  will  give 
pleasure  and  instruction  to  the  visitor.  Miss  J.  F. 
Schreiner,  for  instance,  contributes  an  animated, 
solid,  and  vigorous  study  of  character  in  the  Por- 
trait of  a  Boy  (No.  9).— Although  coarse  in  touch, 
heavy  and  opaque  in  its  colouring,  and  rough 
where  it  should  be  fine,  Mr.  W.  Rothenstein's 
portrait  The  Artist  (7)  is  commendable  for  its 
expression  and  natural  pathos.  His  Miss  A. 
Kingsley  (30)  is  less  crude  and  equally  full  of 
character,  but  it  is  not  so  sincere.  Miss  W.  L.  C. 
Hacon  (19),  in  a  dark  green  dress,  by  the  same, 
is  the  best  of  the  well  -  known  caricaturist's 
studies  of  character.  In  it  Mr.  Rothenstein 
is  rather  successful  as  a  colourist.  In  the  Small 
Gallery  are  hung  five  drawings  of  his  (138) 
which  show  him  in  his  most  popular  phase  as  a 
draughtsman  in  pen  and  ink.— Mr  Whistler's 
'' Eose  and  Brown"  a  Philosopher  (11),  is  a 
work  of  mark,  but  not  of  beauty,  but  it  is 
loveliness  itself  in  comparison  with  such  work 
as  Mr.  G.  Sauter's  Mrs.  Saider  (53),  which  has 
neither  taste  nor  charm.— A  very  brilliant  and 
clever,  but  very  unequally  finished  small  por- 
trait (20)  of  a  young  woman  by  Millais,  here 
called  Miss  Siddall,  afterwards  Mrs.  Rossetti 
(whom  it  certainly  does  not  represent),  is  a 
work  of  the  fifties,  and  may  be  compared  with 
Shelling  Peas  (92),  the  artist's  gift  to  Leighton, 
which  was  painted  at  least  thirty  years  later. 
The  luminosity  of  No.  20,  the  purity  of  the 
lighted  parts  of  the  carnations  and  "dirtiness" 
of  their  shadows  are  noteworthy.  Nothing 
could  be  finer  and  firmer  than  the  painting  of 
the  girl's  hair  and  dress.  On  the  other  hand, 
harmonious  as  it  is,  and  good  in  colour,  '  Shell- 
ing Peas  '  is  devoid  of  light. 

The  well  -  known  portrait  of  The  Earl 
Spencer  (59),  which  was  almost  Frank  HoU's 
last  contribution  to  the  Royal  Academy,  is 
not  a  little  depressing.  Still,  it  is  a  good 
piece  of  workmanship.— But  for  the  afiecta- 
tion  of  its  design,  Mr.  Herkomer's  Medita- 
tion (62),  really  the  portrait  of  a  handsome 
woman  with  a  little  sentimentality  added,  would 
be  a  fine  piece  of  work  as  an  exercise  in  black 
and  sea-grey,  with  the  golden  carnations  of  a 
dark  brunette.  The  same  painter's  striking 
portrait  of  General  Booth  (69)  is  quite  difi"erent, 
technically  speaking.  As  a  study  of  character 
it  is  first  rate,  although,  perhaps,  it  exag- 
gerates   the    astute    rather    than    enthusiastic 


604 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


expression     of    the    "General."     Exceedingly 
rough,   it  is  clever  and  bold,  especially  in  the 
painting  of   the    face   and  the  sitter's  pseudo- 
military  insignia.     The  Hon.  Cecil  Rhodes  (105) 
is,   in  its  way,    unusually  undemonstrative  for 
Mr.  Herkoraer,  broad  and  massive  in  painting, 
and,  though  the  flesh   is  hot  in  colour,  firmly 
and  frankly  modelled.— The  attitudes  and  ex- 
pressions of  Mr.  W.  Crawfurd  Stirling  Stuart's 
sons  (64)  are  almost  weak,  yet  as  a  piece  of  paint- 
ing these  figures  seem  to  us  Mr.  A.  Hacker's  best 
work,  far  better  than  the  efforts  at  sentiment 
and   romance   he    usually  sends   to  Burlins^ton 
House.     Indeed,  the  coloration  of  this  picture 
deserves  much  praise.— We  pass  a  large  number 
of  unattractive  works  before  reaching  Mr.  J.  H. 
Lorimer's  Merton  Eusseli  Cotes,  Esq.\l07)  ;  here 
the  face  is  thoroughly  well  and  firmly  executed, 
the  features  being  touched  with  a  skilful  hand] 
and  the  whole  is  spontaneous,  though  it  has  not 
sufficient    softness    and    breadth    to    be    quite 
successful.     Close  to  it  is  an    excellent  group 
representing  Mrs.  S.  Fry  (111),  seated  between 
two  boys.   The  faces  of  all  three  are  very  beauti- 
fully painted,  that  of  the  younger  boy  being,  let 
us  add,  by  far  the  most  tender,  sincere,  and,  in  its 
way,  fresh,  true,  and  subtly  natural  this  exhibi- 
tion can  boast  of.     The  picture  as  a  whole  is 
somewhat  weak  in  tone  ;    on  the  other  hand, 
and  as  an  exercise  in  a  low  key,  it  is  decidedly 
refined  and  agreeable  in  its  colouring  ;  above  all, 
it  is  harmonious  and  spontaneous.  — The  Hon.  J. 
Collier's  whole-length,   life-size,   standing   por- 
trait of  a  young  girl,  called  Joyce  and  her  Grand- 
father (113),  the  latter  being  represented  by  a 
bronze  bust  of  Prof.  Owen  (?)  behind  the  figure, 
IS  unpleasing  because  of  the  stiffness  and  flat- 
ness  of    the   damsel,    and    the    hardness    and 
opacity  of  the  picture  at  large  ;  but  as  a  piece  of 
brushwork  and  firm  modelling,  in  spite  of  the 
crudeness  of  the  features  and  their  harsh  ex- 
pression, this   work   is  much  to  be  praised.— 
Compare    this    crudity   with    Leighton's   flesh- 
painting,  and  with  the  sweetness,  breadth,  and 
pure  naturalness  which  mark  Mrs.    T.   Hanson 
Walker  (122),  the  bust  of  a  lady  in  green. 
_    Mr.  P.  A.  Hay's  Portrait  Stndy  (23)  is  capital 
in    its   breadth,    marred   though    that    is    by  a 
rough  surface  and  dirty  colour.— Quite  different, 
technically  speaking,  and,  though  somewhat  dry 
sound,   full  of  light,   and   a   good   likeness,   is 
M.    E.    Wauters's   M.    H.    Spielmann,    a    bust 
(31).  —  A    very    different    work     from     either 
Joox^""-    ^-    ^-    Heath's   Portrait   of    Stepniak 
(33),   surely  a  brutal    caricature.  —  The  charm 
of     the     flesh  -  painting    and     the     pure    ex- 
pression   of    the   girl    who    sat   to   Mr.   Watts 
for  Portrait    Study   (3G)  are    more    than    ever 
acceptable  after  we  have  looked  at  the  work  of 
Mr.  Heath.— A  brilliant  and  pleasant  landscape 
18  Mr.  H.  Hardy's  Chat  with  the  Keei^er  (50), 
and  the  figures  of  the  equestrian  group  are  good. 
The  same  well-known  painter  of  small  figures 
contributes    other    excellent    exan)ples.  —  Mr. 
W.    Stott,   of   Oldham,  who   sends   a   Portrait 
of  a  Child  (42),    must    have    a    perverse    joy 
m  ugliness  ;    but  he  is  a  better  painter  than 
Mr    Heath,  and   might,  if  he  would,  become  a 
good   painter. -M.   Bernard's  remarkable  tour 
de  force.  No.  126,  a  life-size,  seated  Portrait  of 
a    Lady,   is    an    exaggerated   specimen    of    his 
peculiar  manner  and  methods.     It  is,  therefore, 
not  likely  to  obtain   so  much  praise  and  close 
study  as,  despite   its    daring    eccentricities,   it 
deserves.— Compare  it  with  the  pallid  portrait 
by  Mr.  J.  Lavery,  The  White  Duchess  (132).— 
if  inally,  let  us  commend  to  the  visitor  Mr  W  E 
Lockhart's  excellent  F.  O.  Goudsmit,  Esq  (133)' 
and  Mr.  St.  G.  Hare's  dashing,  if  not  ad.nirable 
treatment  of  the  portrait  of  Madame  H.  (164). 


N'^  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


The  large  room  of  the  Fine-Art  Society  is  now 
chiefly  occupied  by  a  selection  from  the 'original 
designs  for  '  The  Pilgrim's  Progress,'  by  Messrs 
G.   W.   Rhead,  F.  A.   Rhead,  and    L.   Rhead, 


brothers.  These  excellent  examples  of  the 
right  way  of  illustrating  Bunyan  possess  those 
masculine  qualities,  that  directness,  and  the 
robust  energy  that  the  themes  demand.  The 
technical  style  adopted  by  the  three  designers 
fits  them  for  the  task.  Their  manner  of  drawing 
is  very  like  the  quasi-German  fashion  which, 
in  Bunyan's  time,  it  was  usual  to  adopt  for 
illustrations  in  religious  books.  In  the  hands 
of  the  brothers  Rhead  it  assumes  a  picturesque 
quaintness  which  reminds  us  of  Madox  Brown, 
although  it  is  right  to  say  that  we  find  none  of 
those  lapses  from  good  taste  and  extravagances 
which  sometimes  deform  some  of  Browns  best 
efl^orts,  nor  have  we  noticed  any  signs  of  that 
impatience  which  now  and  then  beset  Brown 
and  induced  him  to  let  pass  bad  draughtsman- 
ship which  in  his  wiser  moods  he  refused  to 
tolerate.  On  the  contrary,  the  hard,  boldly 
drawn,  and  somewhat  heavy  outlines  and 
mosaic-like  masses  of  shadow  show  the  fruits  of 
studious  labour  and  high  technical  accomplish- 
ment. So  far  as  concerns  the  methods,  technique, 
and  manner  of  looking  at  the  author.  As  to  the 
higher  elements  we  associate  under  the  name  of 
design,  there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  Bunyan, 
could  he  go  to  Bond  Street  and  study  the 
works  of  the  Messrs.  Rhead,  would  recognize 
in  them  a  crowning  mercy,  specially  reserved 
till  now  for  himself. 

To-day  (Saturday)  has  been  appointed  for 
the  private  views  of  "Four  Centuries  of  His- 
torical Documents,  Autographs,  Letters,  and 
MSS."  at  the  Fine-Art  Society's  Rooms;  of 
the  Annual  Exhibition  of  Cabinet  Pictures  at 
Mr.  T.  McLean's  Gallery  in  the  Haymarket ; 
and  of  "Normandy  and  Brittany,  Interiors  and 
Markets,"  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Hopwood,  at  the  Fine- 
Art  Society's  Rooms,  but  quite  independently 
of  the  documents  above  named.  The  Winter 
Exhibition  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists  is 
now  open  in  Suffolk  Street. 

Messrs.  Shepherd  Brothers  have  on  view 
a  collection  of  pictures  by,  or  ascribed  to, 
Messrs.  E.  Ellis,  A.  Goodwin,  Gainsborough, 
Romney,  Hoppner,  Crome,  Constable,  P.  F. 
Poole,  Cox,  H.  Moore,  and  other  artists. 

From  the  3rd  prox.  till  the  15th  of  December 
Mr.  A.  Thorburn's  pictures  of  "Game  Birds 
and  Wild  Fowl "  will  be  on  view  at  61,  Jermyn 

Street. 

After  Thursday  next  Messrs.  Boussod,  Vala- 
don  &  Co.  will  have  on  view  at  No.  5,  Regent 
Street,  Waterloo  Place,  a  collection  of  cabinet 
pictures  by  Heer  Israels. 

Her  Majesty's  Stationery  Ofiice  has  issued 
in  an  enormous  volume  of  more  than  650  pages 
the  '  Second  Report  from  the  Select  Committee 
on  the  Museums  of  the  Science  and  Art  Depart- 
ment, with  the  Proceedings  of  the  Committee, 
Minutes  of  Evidence,'  &c.  There  is  a  good 
deal  of  amusing  reading  in  the  evidence. 
The  personal  element,  too,  crops  up  freely 
in  the  evidence,  and  by  no  means  always 
gracefully.  On  the  whole,  the  Department 
comes  out  of  the  heckling  better  than  its 
enemies  may  have  hoped  ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  nothing  can  be  plainer  than  that  there  is 
need  for  improvements — we  need  not  use  the 
stronger  term  "reforms."  The  great  obstacle 
to  all  that  is  required  is  the  hard  heart 
of  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  Having 
reported  progress  and  urged  the  immediate 
necessity  of  securing  the  collections  against  fire 
and  enlarging  the  premises,  the  Committee 
recommend  that  it  should  be  reappointed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  next  session. 

At  Messrs.  H.  Graves  &  Co.'s  may  be  seen 
318  drawings  by  various  artists,  the  most  note- 
worthy of  which  are  :  'St.  Mark's,  Venice,'  by 
Mr.  W.  S.  S.  Tyrwhitt  (No.  31);  'Loch 
Laggan,'  by  Mr.  L.  E.  Briggs  (32);  '  Bude 
Sands  '  (35),  by  Mr.  B.  Whitmore  ;  '  An  Old 
Master  '  (37),  by  Mr.  M.  Detwald  ;  '  Nimeguen  ' 
(44),    by     Mr.    H.     Marshall;     'North     Hill, 


Clovelly,'  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Sturge  (60);  'Moun- 
tains of  Ardnamurchan  '  (68),  by  Mr.  C.  B. 
Phillip;  'An  Old  Corner  in  an  Anglesea 
Village  '  (174),  by  Mr.  J.  McDougal  ;  '  A  Fallow 
Field'  (186),  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Morgan;  'New- 
gate '  (243),  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Hodson ;  and  a  greater 
number  that  are  commendable,  but  less  am- 
bitious. 

From  the  27th  inst.  till  the  16th  prox.  the 
New  Gallery,  Regent  Street,  will  be  occupied 
by  the  Eastman  Photographic  Exhibition,  in- 
cluding kodaks,  photographs  of  various  natures 
and  origins,  and  photographic  objects,  materials, 
and  apparatus. 

The  Fortieth  (1897)  Annual  Report  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  has  been  issued,  and, 
besides  less  noteworthy  additions,  records  the 
accession  to  the  gallery  of  portraits  of  Sir  H. 
Holland,  Sir  R.  F.  Burton,  W.  Morris,  Coventry 
Patmore,  Mrs.  Opie,  T.  Stothard,  William  Pitt, 
T.  Flaxman,  S.  Wilberforce,  Earl  Canning, 
Mr.  J.  Ruskin,  Dr.  Pusey,  Sir  G.  G.  Scott, 
Sir  C.  Lyell,  Cardinal  Newman,  James  Bradley, 
the  first  Earl  of  Strafford,  Thomas  Cromwell, 
Viscount  Duncan,  and  Lord  Mulgrave,  R.N. 
Urgent  appeals  for  increase  of  space  in  the 
gallery  are  made  in  this  document— appeals 
which  must  inevitably  become  more  and  more 
strenuous.  The  publication  of  a  new  catalogue 
is  announced.  It  seems  that  214,100  people 
have  visited  the  gallery  since  it  was  opened  in 
St.  Martin's  Place. 

'London  as  Seen  by  C.  D.  Gibson,'  the 
American  artist,  has  for  some  months  been  an 
attractive  feature  of  one  of  the  Anglo-American 
magazines.  The  drawings  there  given  will  have, 
we  understand,  considerable  additions  made  to 
them,  and  the  whole  will  be  issued,  with  letter- 
press by  the  author,  in  a  handsome  volume. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  J,  T.  Vizetelly, 
the  founder  of  the  Pictorial  Times. 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

The  Cari,  Eosa  Opera  Company.  —  Production  of 
'  Diaimid.'  Opera  in  Four  Acts,  Librelio  by  the  Marquis 
of  Lome,  Music  by  Hamish  MacCunn. 

Crystal  Palace— Saturday  Concerts. 

Queen's  Hall  —Orchestral  Concerts.  Eichter  Concerts. 
Bruno  Steindel's  Pianoforte  Becital. 

Celtic  treasures  of  legendary  lore  offer 
an  inexhaustible  mine  for  the  inspiration 
of  composers.  Wagner  knew  this,  and  it 
was  a  happy  idea  on  the  part  of  the  Marquis 
of  Lome  and  Mr.  Hamish  MacCunn  to 
coalesce  in  opera,  both  being  Scotsmen  by 
birth.  It  cannot  be  said  that  we  grasp 
with  any  degree  of  certainty  the  conditions 
of  life  in  the  northern  division  of  the  United 
Kingdom  in  the  second  century;  but  it  is  no 
difficult  task  for  a  man  of  letters  to  weave 
together  a  certain  number  of  myths  so  J 
as  to  form  a  homogeneous  foundation  for  a  ■ 
romantic  opera.  This  Lord  Lome  has  done, 
allowance  being  made  for  some  defects.  Scot- 
land is  invaded  by  Norsemen  under  their 
fierce  King  Eragon,  and  Diarmid  is  in  the 
service  of  the  Scottish  King  Fionn,  who  is 
elderly,  but  is  married  to  a  young  woman, 
Grania.  She  has  a  stepdaughter,  Eila, 
who  is  attached  to  Diarmid,  who  will  not 
listen  to  her.  Grania  persuades  her  hus- 
band to  send  the  girl  to  the  enemy's  camp 
with  presents  to  make  peace.  The  envoy 
fails  and  Eila  disappears  from  the  book, 
this  being  unquestionably  a  mistake.  Mean- 
while Diarmid  has  invoked  the  aid  of  the 
immortals,  who  endow  him  with  invulner- 
ability save  as  to  his  feet.  This,  of  course, 
is  a  variant  on  Achilles  and  his  heel.  Freya, 
the  Scandinavian  Venus,  next  appears,  and 


N"  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHENtEUIVI 


605 


as  she  is  on  tlie  side  of  the  Norsemen  she 
endows  the  hero  with  the  fatal  gift  of  causing 
all  women  who  see  him  to  become  enamoured 
at  once.  The  consequences  are  disastrous  ; 
for  after  Diarmid.  has  slain  Sigurd,  a  Norse 
warrior,  in  fair  combat,  and  Eragon  in  open 
battle,  Grania  sets  her  eyes  upon  him,  and 
after  faint  resistance  he  succumbs.  King 
Fionn,  knowing  his  one  weak  point,  encom- 
passes his  death  by  cruel  deceit,  the  opera 
ending  with  only  men  upon  the  stage, 
Grania  having  mysteriously  disappeared. 
This  is  another  fault  against  which  Lord 
Lome  should  guard  in  future  ;  for  it  is  said 
that  he  has  more  operas  based  on  Celtic 
subjects  in  pi'eparation. 

Mr.  Hamish  MacOunn's  music  may  be 
praised  with  scarcely  any  reservation.  Ee- 
presentative  themes  are  employed,  but  in 
an  unostentatious  manner,  and  there  is 
plenty  of  melody  to  which  the  term 
"  simple"  may  be  correctly  applied.  Atten- 
tion may  be  drawn  to  Eila's  tuneful  air 
"Heavy  thy  burden,  Diarmid";  the  some- 
what stormy  love  duet  in  the  third  act, 
recalling  that  in  '  Siegfried ';  and  the  whole 
of  the  concerted  music,  in  which  the  vocal  part 
writing  and  the  orchestration  display  equally 
a  mastery  over  the  technicalities  of  musician- 
ship. There  is  a  measure  of  freshness  and 
virility  in  the  score  which  cannot  fail  to 
enchain  the  attention  of  musical  amateurs, 
and  the  hope  may  be  expressed  that  the 
librettist  and  composer  may  again  conjoin 
in  lyric  drama.  By  the  time  these  lines  are 
in  print,  the  London  season  of  the  Royal 
Carl  Eosa  Opera  Company  will  well-nigh 
have  terminated.  It  has  not  been  wholly 
successful  in  an  artistic  sense,  for  the  chorus 
has  been  consistently  feeble,  and  the  per- 
formances, speaking  generally,  have  not 
been  characterized  by  the  measure  of  refine- 
ment expected  in  the  metropolis.  With 
regard  to  the  interpretation  of  '  Diarmid,' 
after  due  consideration  of  Mr.  MacCunn's 
fondness  for  rushing  passages,  either  diatonic 
or  chromatic,  rather  trying  to  the  voices,  it 
was  commendable  last  Saturday  evening. 
Mr.  Philip  Brozel  looked  the  part  of  Diar- 
mid, and  sang  well.  Madame  Duma  was 
artistic  vocally  and  dramatically  as  Grania, 
and  Miss  Kii-kby  Lunn  was  charming  in  the 
somewhat  thankless  part  of  Eila.  The  other 
characters  were  well  sustained  by  Mr.  Maggi, 
Mr.  C.  Tilbury,  and  Miss  Agnes  Janson. 

It  is,  perhaps,  a  little  unfortunate  that 
Mr.  Manns  so  frequently  places  new  works 
at  the  close  of  the  Saturday  concerts  at  the 
Crystal  Palace.  Still,  it  must  be  recorded 
that  Mr.  Edward  Elgar's  three  in- 
strumental numbers  from  a  choral  suite, 
'  The  Bavarian  Highlands,'  gained  much 
favour  last  week,  and  that  by  no  means 
undeserved.  The  numbers  are  appro- 
priately marked  dances.  They  are  all 
sprightly  and  melodious  and  piquantly 
orchestrated.  Mr.  Elgar  displays  increas- 
ing vigour  as  a  musician.  The  symphony 
was  Mendelssohn's  'Italian,'  which  was, 
of  course,  perfectly  rendered  under  Mr. 
Manns's  direction,  and  the  same  remark 
will  apply  to  the  '  Flying  Dutchman '  Over- 
ture. M.  ten  Have,  a  pupil  of  M.  Ysaye, 
played  one  of  his  master's  favourite  violin 
concertos,  that  in  b  minor  by  M.  Saint- 
Saens,  the  slow  movement  in  which  is 
strangely  written  in  the  key  of  b  flat  major. 
It  cannot  be  said  that  the  young  executant 


created  an  entirely  favourable  impression, 
for  his  tone  was  not  quite  pure,  that  is  to 
say,  not  so  brilliant  as  it  might  have  been. 
Mr.  Santley  was,  of  coui'se,  satisfactory  as 
the  vocalist. 

A  new  series  of  orchestral  concerts  was 
commenced  last  Saturday  afternoon,  under 
Mr.  Eobert  Newman's  direction,  at  the 
Queen's  Hall,  and  will  be  continued  until 
the  spring.  A  Wagner  programme  was 
provided,  and,  as  a  matter  of  course,  there 
was  a  large  audience.  The  scheme  contained 
only  familiar  material,  this  being  inevit- 
able, as  very  little  penned  by  the  Bay- 
reuth  master  now  remains  to  be  heard 
for  the  first  time.  The  '  Meistersinger ' 
Overture,  the  "Trauermarsch"  from  'Gotter- 
diimmerung,'  the  prelude  to  the  third 
act  of  'Die  Meistersinger,'  the  "Forest 
Murmurs"  from  'Siegfried,'  the  "Wal- 
kiirenritt,"  and  the  "Huldigung's  March" 
have  been  worn  almost  threadbare ;  but 
the  public  does  not  seem  to  tire,  and,  on 
the  whole,  Mr.  Wood's  orchestra  rendered 
them  justice.  Less  hackneyed  was  the 
arrangement  of  the  flower-maidens'  chorus 
from  '  Parsifal,'  which,  lovely  as  the  music 
is,  can  only  be  appreciated  by  those  who 
have  heard  the  work  at  Bayreuth.  No 
apology  was  made  on  behalf  of  Miss  Susan 
Strong,  but  she  seemed  out  of  voice,  and 
rendered  "  Elsa's  Dream"  and  "Isolde's 
Liebestod"  in  a  feeble  and  listless  manner. 

The  Eichter  Concert  on  Monday  evening 
opened  with  Berlioz's  weird  Overture  to 
'  King  Lear,'  penned  at  the  time  when  the 
eccentric  French  composer  was  specially 
under  the  influence  of  Shakspeare.  The 
strange  genius  speaks  concerning  his  emo- 
tions in  these  words  :  "I  thought  I  should 
burst  with  enthusiasm,  and  I  writhed  in 
the  grass,  it  is  true,  but  I  writhed  con- 
vulsively to  relieve  my  feelings  of  rap- 
ture." After  this  singular,  but  certainly 
effective  overture  came  Dvorak's  masterly 
Symphonic  Variations  in  c,  in  which,  as 
the  programme  annotator  rightly  observes, 
each  variation  may  fairly  be  regarded  as 
forming  a  complete  poem  in  itself.  One  of 
the  items  in  the  scheme  as  announced  was 
Moszkowski's  Suite  in  r.  Op.  39,  but  cir- 
cumstances prevented  the  performance,  and 
the  well  -  worn  Prelude  and  Death  Song 
from  'Tristan  und  Isolde'  were  substituted. 
Probably  few  regretted  the  change,  for 
the  Wagnerian  excerpts  were  exquisitely 
played,  as  wasSmetana's  piquant  'Lustspiel ' 
Overture.  Agreement,  however,  cannot  be 
expressed  with  Herr  Eichter's  reading  of 
Schubert's  Sj'mphony  in  c.  No.  9.  He 
may  be  justified  in  taking  all  the  move- 
ments at  a  very  rapid  pace,  but  the  tempi 
adopted  by  Mr.  Manns  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  render  the  music  more  effective. 

There  is  a  positive  mania  for  so-called 
musical  prodigies  at  present,  and  the  latest 
is  little  Bruno  Steindel,  who  gave  a  com- 
mendably  brief  pianoforte  recital  on  Tues- 
day afternoon  at  the  Queen's  Hall.  Every 
musician  has  read  concerning  the  pre- 
cocity of  Mozart  and  Mendelssohn,  and 
there  need  be  no  cause  for  wonder 
that  Bruno  Steindel's  talents  should 
display  early  development.  The  only 
thing  needed  is  that  his  genius  should 
be  fostered  and  not  forced.  The  child's 
technical  capacity  is  marvellous.  Though, 
of  course,  the  poetic  feeling  was  non-existent 


in  Chopin's  familiar  Nocturne  in  f  sharp, 
Op.  15,  No.  2,  tlio  technique  was  admirable, 
and  the  same  remark  will  apply  to  the 
interpretation  of  the  Polish  composer's 
Etude  in  a  flat.  Op.  25,  No.  1,  two  of  Men- 
delssohn's '  Lieder  ohne  Worte,'  a  mazurka 
by  Benjamin  Godard,  and  Heller's  familiar 
Tarantello  iu  a  flat.  Miss  Clara  Butt  secured 
acceptance  in  songs  by  Schubert,  Schumann, 
Hahu,  and  Bemberg. 


Uluairal  (Hxjasij-. 

The  concert  that  took  place  on  Wednesday 
afternoon  under  the  auspices  of  Miss  Edith 
Nal borough,  who  is  stated  to  be  a  pupil  of  the 
late  Madame  Schutuann,  attracted  a  large 
audience  in  St.  James's  Hall.  In  Brahms's 
genial  Pianoforte  and  Violin  Sonata  in  D  minor. 
Op.  108,  in  which  the  young  pianist  had  the 
valuable  help  of  Madame  Irma  Sethe,  the 
concert  -  giver  evinced  the  possession  of  a 
musical  touch,  this  impression  being  confirmed 
in  her  solos  by  Mendelssohn,  Chopin,  Schumann, 
Brahms,  and  Moszkowski.  Madame  Sethe  was 
successful  in  a  violin  solo  by  Vieuxtemps,  and 
useful  service  as  vocalists  was  rendered  by  Miss 
Lilian  Stuart  and  Miss  Maude  Danks. 

An  agreeable  chamber  concert  was  given  by 
Mr.  Charles  Jacoby,  an  excellent  violinist,  at 
St.  James's  Hall  on  the  evening  of  the  same 
day.  The  programme  commenced  with  Brahms's 
masterly  Clarinet  Quintet  in  B  minor,  Op.  15, 
which  was  renderud  with  liighly  commend- 
able taste  and  precision  by  Messrs.  Draper, 
C.  Jacoby,  M.  Jacoby,  Kreuz,  and  Whitehouse. 
Another  item  worthy  of  mention  was  Dvorak's 
powerful  Quartet  in  e  flat.  Op.  51,  which  also 
went  well.  Madame  Haas  and  Miss  Louise  Dale 
took  part  in  the  concert. 

It  is  curious  to  note  how  errors  are  per- 
petuated in  matters  of  musical  art.  The  song 
'L'Addio,'  constantly  attributed  to  Mozart,  was 
penned  by  one  Gottfried  von  Jacquin,  and  yet 
within  the  last  few  days  Mozart's  name  has  been 
appended  to  it  in  a  concert  programme.  It  is  a 
refined  and  pretty  song,  of  which  Mozart  need 
not  have  been  ashamed.  The  misfortune  is  that 
he  did  not  write  it. 

Pkof.  Villiers  Stanfokds  new  Requiem  is 
to  be  performed  at  Chicago  on  February  21st 
next  year. 

We  also  learn  that  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen's  ora- 
torio 'Ruth'  is  to  be  given  in  Berlin  by  the 
St.  Cecilia  Society,  for  the  first  time  in  Germany, 
on  November  22nd. 


PEKFOKMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Concert.  3  30.  Albert  Hall. 

National  Sunday  League.  7.  '  Elijah,' Queen's  Hall. 
Kojal  Acadcni.v  of  Music  Stu-ients'  Concert,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Popular  Concert,  8.  St.  James's  Hall. 
Kictiter  Concert.  8  30.  Queen's  Hall 
M.  Jean  and  .Mile  ten  Have  s  llecital.  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Rallad  Concert.  3.  St  Jame-j's  Hall. 
M  Lanioureu.v's  Concert.  8  ;;o.  Queen's  Hall. 
Thcrs.  M.  Itusoni's  Kecital.  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 

—  Philliarmonic  (Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall 

—  Mr.  Francis  liohr's  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

—  Master    Oscar   Franilyn's  Pianoforte  Kecital,  8  15,  Steinway 

Hall 
Signor  Aramis's  Greek  Concert.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Stanley  Bicycle  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall 
Mr.   Arthur  Thompson's    "Vocal    Kecital,  8  1j,  Queen's    Small 

Hall 
Mrs  Flowitz  Cavour's  Concert.  8  -30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert.  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Crystal  I'alace  Concert,  3 
Po'pular  Concert.  3,  St  Jaines'N  Hail. 
Mr  E  H-  Thome's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Orchestral  Conceit,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Polytechnic  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


Sun 
MoN. 


Tcts 

M'EU. 


Fai. 


Svr. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

St.  James's. — 'The  Tree  of  Knowledge,'  a  Comedy  in 
Five  Acts.     Hv  U.  O.  Carton. 

Strand.—'  The  Fduatic,'  a  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By  J.  T. 
Day. 

From  the  charge  of  being  conventional 
and  rather  extravagant  melodrama  Mr. 
Carton's  new  play  is  saved  by  the  pleasing 


60G 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


environment  of  the  action.     The  work  deals 
in  the  main  with  the  loves  of  Nigil  Stanyon 
and  Monica  Blayne  amid  the  sweet  domesti- 
cities of  a  country  cottage.     Far  too  slight 
to  constitute  a  play  is  this  idyl,  since  it  only 
needs  the  hero  to  speak  in  order  to  bring 
it  to  a  close.     Oppressed  with  the  shame  of 
an  early  sin,  he  dares  not  do  so.  The  heroine 
speaks  instead,  and   all  is  well.     All   this 
is  pretty  enough,  though  neither  very  novel 
nor  very  effective.     In  order  to  elevate  it 
into    drama    Mr.  Carton    brings    into    the 
cottage  the  flaunting  vice  of  great  cities — 
something  worse,  indeed,  a  vice  so  brazen 
and  shameless  that  we  know  not  where  to 
find  its  parallel.     It  is  true  that  we  are  to 
some    extent   prepared  for    the    intrusion. 
By  the  side  of  a  hearth  which  might  almost 
be  that  of  Dr.  Primrose  squats— like  Satan 
as  a  toad  at    the    ear  of    Eve — a    certain 
Loftus  Eoupell,   a  cynic  and  a  sensualist, 
whose  intimacy  with  the  hero  it  is  not  easy 
to  conceive.     The  women-folk  are  retiring  ; 
over     cigarettes     and    whiskey     the    men 
grow     confidential,     and     Nigil     Stanyon 
tells     how,    in     early     life,     he    has    met 
a  woman  of  matchless  beauty  and  infamy 
no  less  splendid,  has  ruined  himself  for  her 
sake,  and  been  deserted  by  her.     With  a 
guilty  knowledge  such  as  this,  he  asks  him- 
self how  he  dares  accept  the  innocent  love 
which,    unsolicited,    has    been    given    him. 
Here  is  the  initial  problem.     A  knock   at 
the  door  at  this  unwonted  hour,  and  there 
arrives  the  drama,  the  fate  which  always 
lurks  in  our  path.     Needless  to  say,  it  is 
the    woman    they    have    been    discussing. 
She  enters  on  the  arm  of  Brian  Holling- 
worth,  Nigil's  closest  friend,  the  Palamon 
to  this  Arcite.     She  is,  indeed,   splendidly 
beautiful,  la  belle  Imperia  herself,  who  has 
stooped  to  marry  a  young  English  squii-e 
endowed,  as  the  event  proves,  with  no  more 
money  than  brains.     Belle — no  other  name 
is  given    her — is    strangely  and    not    alto- 
gether unconsciously  confronted  with    her 
past,   her  present,  and  her  future.     Nigil, 
who  has  been  the  Chevalier  Desgrieux  to 
this  new  and  much  worse  Manon  Lescaut, 
represents  the  first;  the  husband,  who  enters 
exultant,  is  the  second  ;  and  Eoupell,  whose 
covetous  eyes  are  already  fixed  upon  her, 
will  waste  no  time  in  becoming  the  third. 
A    chess    problem     is     posed,    and    it    is 
"mate     in     two     moves."      There    is    no 
temptation   to   go   further    into   the   story, 
for  there  is  little   in   it  that   is  strikingly 
dramatic,  and  the  whole  seems  better  suited 
to  narration  than  to  action.     Pretty  scenes 
and  strong  scenes  are  brought  about,  and 
are   accepted.     They  are   not,  however,  in 
any   sense   inevitable,   and   they   command 
acceptance  rather  than  faith.  We  are  not  con- 
vinced of  the  reality.  It  is  to  some  extent  the 
same  with  the  dialogue,  which  is  good,  but 
scarcely  good  enough.     The  characters  are 
fairly    conceived     and     painted,    and     the 
whole     is      effective     rather     than     good. 
'  The    Tree    of     Knowledge '    is    perfectly 
acted.     Had   it   been  otherwise,    it    would 
scarcely  have  succeeded.  Mr.  Alexander,  Mr. 
Esmond,  Mr.  F.  Terry,  Miss  Davis,  and  Miss 
Carlotta  Addison  were  at  their  best.     Miss 
Julia  Neilson  and  Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  were  at 
something  beyond.     Neither  has  previously 
been  seen  to  equal  advantage. 

The    notion    is    no    doubt    true   that   a 
fanatic  is  a  dupe  inspired  by  hia  own  folly, 


and    it  is,  indeed,  almost    involved  in   the 
origin  of  the  word.     Kingslej',  in  what  is 
perhaps  the  best  available  definition,  calls 
him  "the  man  of  one  idea,  who  works  at 
nothing  but  that,  sacrifices    everything   to 
that."  It  is  not  easy,  however,  to  make  such 
a    character    mirthful,    any   more   than    an 
idiot  or  a  leper.     Fancy  trying  to  extract 
mirth  from  the  early  life  of  Bloody  Mar3^ 
or   of   Ravaillac.     This,   in   his    endeavour 
to  show  both  the  comic  and  serious  aspects 
of  fanaticism,  Mr.  Day  has  done.     He  has 
brought   forward    a  man,  so  rabid   in    his 
principles  of  vegetarianism  and  abstinence 
from  alcoholism  as  to  condemn  his  wife  to 
death  rather  than  allow  her  to  take  a  cutlet 
or  a  glass  of  wine,  getting  tipsy  on  Scotch 
whiskey,  introduced  to  him  by  a  designing 
knave  as  a  non-alcoholic  drink.     This  idea 
forms  a  possible  basis  for  farce,  and  if  the 
man  so  converted  had  recanted  his  errors 
and  ordered  in,  in  Dickens's  fashion,  a  bowl 
of   punch,    we    should    have    accepted    the 
whole    as   amusing    and    trivial ;    but   Mr. 
Day  shows  him  dying  in  the  last  act  in  a  fit 
of  emotion  consequent  upon  the  discovery 
that  his  wife  has  escaped  his  clutches,  and 
it  requires  skill  greater  than  Mr.  Day  pos- 
sesses to  reconcile  the   two  portions  of  his 
play,    the  broadly  comic  opening  and   the 
quasi-tragicdetioiVment.  Onthefirstproduction 
of  the  play,  three  months  ago  at  Margate, 
the  character  of  the  fanatic  was  taken  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Thorne.     At  the  Strand  it  was 
played  by  Mr.  Edmund  Gurney  with  a  stolid 
sincerity  and  an  underlying  sanctimony  that 
suited  it  well  enough. 


Mr.  Carter,  the  author  of  '  Shakespeare, 
Puritan  and  Recusant,'  writes  to  us  demurring 
to  our  view  that  in  Elizabeth's  reign  Puritans 
strongly  disapproved  of  play-acting  and  players, 
on  the  grounds  that  '  King  Johan  '  was  written 
by  Bishop  Bale,  '  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  '  by 
John  Still,  and  '  Gorboduc  '  by  Sackville,  the 
friend  of  Leicester,  and  Norton,  the  translator 
of  Calvin's  '  Institutes  '  ;  and  that  the  Puritan 
sympathizer  Leicester  was  the  first  to  secure  a 
royal  patent  to  his  players.  He  adds  that  the 
stage  was  often  made  a  means  of  education,  and 
it  was  only  for  sedition  and  religious  controversy 
that  it  was  objected  to.  We  fear  that  Mr.  Carter's 
arguments  are  beside  the  question.  If  he  studied 
Stubbes,  Gosson,  and  other  Elizabethan  writers 
on  the  subject,  and  if  he  followed  the  course  of 
municipal  efforts  to  suppress  play-acting,  he 
would  not  find  that  sedition,  and  even  the  dnnger 
of  the  plague,  were  the  only  arguments  alleged 
against  the  amusement. 

No  changes  in  the  triple  bill  at  the  Avenue 
have  served  to  keep  open  a  theatre  at  which  the 
tide  of  nou-success  has  resolutely  set  in.  It  is 
dilBcult  to  account  for  the  ill  fortune  of  the 
theatre,  the  position  of  which,  in  the  very  midst 
of  clubs  and  hotels  and  in  immediate  proximity 
to  the  most  central  of  stations,  seems  ideal.  The 
house  is,  however,  once  more  closed. 

Miss  Olga  Netheesole  appeared  on  Monday 
at  the  Metropole  Theatre  as  Marguerite  Gautier 
in  'The  Lady  of  the  Camelias,'  and  on  Wednes- 
day as  Gilberte  in  'Frou-Frou.'  She  will  on 
this  occasion  produce  no  novelty. 

The  performances  at  the  Shakespeare  Theatre 
of  '  Sporting  Life '  have  been  extended  over 
another  week.  Mr.  Boyne  is  to  be  added  to 
the  list  of  managers  on  the  look  -  out  for  a 
London  theatre. 


To   Correspondents.  —  P.  M.— H.  C— F.  W.— T.    H. 
S.  K.-C.  W.  H.— W.  B.  G.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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Clive   PhiUippS  -  Wolley.  ^GEORGE  REDWAY,  London. 


N"  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


609 


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610 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3653,  Oct.  30,  '97 


"J»J"OTES    and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 

TUIS  WEEKS  NUMBER  conlams— 

NOTES  :— Geoffrey  Chaucer  — DoR-whipper  —  ' Dictionary  of  National 
Biography "  —  Hrowninpiana  —  Mitfords  '  History  of  Greece  '— 
"Churn";  "Churnubble '— Rocas«  Tree— Gammer  Gurton— "  Om- 
nibl"— Club— East  Anglian  Pronunciation— Discovery  of  Cinerary 
Urns. 

QUERIES  :  —  "  Cabbiclow  "  :  "Bacalhao  "  —  Druidism- '  Memoirs  of 
D'Artagnan'  — Leatherhcad  Bridge  — "Lead-eatHr"— Rotten  Row, 
Nottingham— Words  of  Song— "  Cirage"— Local  Silversmiths— Mr. 
Cuthill— "Dunter  "— Col  H  Ferribosco- Uev.  Dr.  Broome— Oak 
Trees  — Indulgence  in  Muffins  — I)' Artois  — Hampshire  School— 
'Widdicombc  Fair'— Scottish  Body-Guards— Kev.  J.  B.  Dcane— Mrs. 
Haywood— Lady  Dorothy  Dubois— Flambard—' The  Plain  English- 
man — Chateau  Yquem. 

REPLIES  :— The  Kensington  Canal— Endorsement  of  Bills— Cope  and 
Mitre  — "Milord"— Sea  Sergeants  — '  The  Counter-rat '-Chinese 
Folk-lore— Evona—' Day-Book  of  Wonders'— Bc^vesiers- Motto  of 
College  of  Surgeons— King  Lear— Folk-lore  of  the  Moon— "Rain- 
fall "  of  Seeds— "Diaper  "  — "Apparata"  — Luck  Money  —  Grim- 
thorped— A  Bookbinding  (iuestion— Chess  and  the  Devil— Davaar— 
"  Head  Poll  "— Howth  Castle— Record  Gravedigger  — Smoking  before 
Tobacco— Glass  Fracture— Montagu— Early  Headstones— Nonsense 
Verses  —  "la  Armathanus  "'  —  Author  Wanted  —  Due  d'EpernoQ — 
Reference  Wanted— Characters  in  Dickens. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS :— Gardiner's  'History  of  the  Commonwealth  and 
Protectorate,'  Vol.  II  —The  Historical  English  Dictionary  — 
Wheatley's  'Historical  Portraits —Tuer's  'History  of  the  Horn- 
Book.' 

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ATHEN^UM 


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SONGS  for  SAILORS. 

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John  Bull.—"  Very  successful." 

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Illustrated  London  News. — "  Right  well  done." 

Netc.f  of  the  World. — "There  is  real  poetry  in  these  songs." 

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and  emotions  which  stir  the  hearts  of  the  people." 

Echo— "These  songs  are  literally  written  for  sailors,  and  they  are 
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Nonconformist  — ' '  These  songs  bear  a  true  literary  mark,  and  give  out 
the  genuine  ring." 

.Erammfr— "Full  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment,  and 
having  a  simple,  dashing,  musical  roll  and  movement  that  reminds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailors,  and  the  touches  of 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisel.v  of  the  kind  that  they  will  relish." 

Scotsman.— "Dr.   Bennett's  heart  is  thoroughly  in  his  work All 

spirited  and  vigorous.  There  is  a  healthy,  manly,  fresh-air  dash  about 
them  which  ought  to  make  them  popular  with  the  class  for  whose  use 
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Oraphic.~"V!e  may  fairly  say  that  Dr.  Bennett  has  taken  up  the 
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Leeds  Mercury —"Them  is  no  one  nowadays  who  can  compete  with 
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Literary  World.—"  It  seeks  to  quicken  the  pulses  of  our  national  life 
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in  short,  the  Union  Jack  Hoats  proudly  over  the  sea.  AVe  heartily  com- 
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D 


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THE     ATHENJ^UM 


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THE   ATHEN^UM 

Soumal  of  OBnglt^D  antr  i^orefgn  Etterature,  Science,  tj^e  ^int  ^m,  0ivi^ic  anb  tfie  Wxntm. 


No.  3654. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    6,    1897. 


PRICB 

THREEPENCE 

RBGISTKKBD  AS  A  NBWSPAPBK 


I^HE  WOMEN'S  INSTITUTE  (comprising 
Libraries.  Lecture  Rooms.  Information  Bureau.  Tuitional  and 
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Special  Course  of  Lectures  on  '  Women  as  Citizens.'  by  well-known 
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attend,  i'.  6d.  each  Lecture  ;  10s  the  Course  For  full  particulars 
apply  to  the  StxaKfAUY  of  the  Institute.  Contributions  to  the 
"Women's  Treasure  Fund."  for  the  purchase  of  books.  &c..  are  in- 
vited and  Girts  of  Books  or  Loan  of  Standard  Works  will  be  at  once 
acknowledged  by  the  Librarian  and  the  Hon.  Treasurer,  the  Lady 
Eirizabeth  Cust.  13,  Eccle»t0M  Square.  S  W. 

Trustees  :— The  Lady  Henry  Somerset,  the  Lady  EllTaieth  Oust,  the 
Hon.  Lady  Grey  E<erton,  Mrs.  Scharlieb,  MD,  Mrs.  Eya  McLaren, 
aDd  Mr-s.  Phtlipps. 

The  GUOSVENOU  CRESCENT  CLUB  is  NOW  OPEN  in  the  same 
mansion.    Particulars  can  be  obtained  from  the  Cum  Secretart. 

EXHIBITION  of  MANUSCRIPTS  ami  AUTO- 
GRAPHS  of  Historical  interest,  including  those  of  the  Principal 
Monarchs,  Statesmen.  Comman<ler8.  Poets,  Authors,  Painters,  and 
Musicians,  NOW  OPEN  at  the  FINE-ART  SOCIETY  S,  148,  New  Bond 
Street. 

'■[■'UTORIAL  or  SECRETARIAL  POST  desired  by 

l  Oxford  BA  in  Honours.  Classics,  French,  History,  El.  Maths, 
*e.    Age  25.    Some  experience.— W.  V  Ul.vck!jore.  Lancing,  Worthing. 

GENTLEMAN,  Pharmacist.  B.Sc.  Lond.,  having 
portion  of  his  time  disengased.  desires  SECRET-\RI.\L, 
TUTORIAL,  or  other  suitable  ENGAGEMENT.— Address  X.,  Messrs. 
Davy,  Hill  &  Co.,  64,  Park  Street,  Southwark. 

SECRETARIAL,  JOURNALISTIC,  or  LITERARY 
WORK  WANTED  by  an  educated  STENOGRAPHER  with  literary 
facility  and  Press  experience.  If  non-resident,  might  provide  Associa- 
tion or  Journal  with  liee  headquarters;  if  resident,  mutual  terms 
possible.— Ceres,  59,  Chancery  Lane,  Loudon. 

A  LINGUIST,  connected  with  several  Learned 
Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECRETARIAL  WORK.  Translations: 
French.  German.  Dutch.  Italian.  Spanish.  Scandinavian  Languages.  Re- 
•earch  Notes.Ac— Write  E.Genlis.  4.1  Southampton  Row,  London,  W.C. 

AN  OXONIAN,  Reviewer  of  long  experience  in 
I-lrst-Class  Journals,  is  WILLING  to  READ  MSS.  for  APPROVAL 
or  Revise  and  Correct.  Would  be  glad  of  a  post  as  Literary  Adviser  to 
a  Publisher.— DiTaiiD,  12,  llisham  Gardens,  Highgate,  N. 


LITERARY  ASSISTANCE.— Advertiser  READS 
and  REVISES  MSS.,  PROOFS.  &c..  for  Authors,  MPs,  Editors, 
and  others  Collection  and  Prepai-ation  of  Material-^,  Indexing.  Cata- 
loguing Knowledge  of  French.  Geinian,  Music.  Authors'  and  Pub- 
liiSiers"  testimonials— Apply  H.  E.  B  ,  22,  Raveley  Street,  Tufnell 
Park,  N.W. 

C1ITY  of  LEEDS.— FREE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY.— 
^  The  Corporation  require  the  services  of  a  CHIEF  LIBRARIAN, 
folary  9001.  per  annum  Applicants  must  not  be  more  than  45  years  of 
age.  Canvassing  members  o(  the  (^orpoi-ation  will  disqualify  Candidates 
— Applications,  with  three  testimonials  of  recent  date,  to  be  sent 
before  November  15,  addressed  Free  Public  Library  Committee,  Town 
Hall,  Leeds,  and  endorsed  "Chief  Librarian  " 

JNO.  HARBISON,  Town  Clerk. 
October  14. 1897. 

ULMB  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS,  OLDHAM. 


H 


The  Governors  of  the  OLDHAM  HULME'S  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS 
SCHEME  will  shortly  proceed  to  elect  a  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

The  School  is  for  150  Girls  (Day  Scholars)  between  the  ages  of  8  and 
17.    The  fees  are  SI.  8s.  a  year. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  105  Scholars  attending  the  Schools.  The 
salary  will  be  1001.  a  year,  besides  Capitation  Fee  of  not  less  than  21.  for 
each  Girl.  Copies  of  the  Scheme  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 
Applications,  stating  age  and  experience,  together  with  20  copies  of 
testimonials,  printed  or  type- written,  must  be  sent  to  the  undersigned 
on  or  before  the  IQth  day  of  December.  1897. 

The  Head  Mistress  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  her  duties  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Summer  Term.  A.  NICHOLSON. 

Governor  and  Hon.  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Oldham,  November  2,  1897. 

EUFORD  COLLEiiE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 

York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  PROFESSORSHIP  of 
MENTAL  and  MOR.1L  SCIENCE —Applications,  with  one  copy  of 
testimonials,  should  be  sent,  on  or  before  Monday.  November  22.  to 
the  Honorary  Secretary,  at  the  College,  from  whom  all  particulars  may 
be  obtained.  LL'CY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY   COLLEGE   of  SOUTH   WALES 

and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
(\  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  'Wales.) 

The  Cotincil  invites  applications  for  the  PROFESSORSHIP  of 
GREEK.  Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  sent  on  or  before 
Tuesday.  November  23,  1897,  to  the  undersigned,  from  nhom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  BA,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

University  College,  Cardiff,  October  19, 1897. 

VIcroRI.V  UNIVERSITY. 

'■PHE     YORKSHIRE     COLLEGE,    LEEDS. 

The  Council  of  the  Yorkshire  College  invite  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  a  LECTUREH  in  ENGLISH  LITEKArURE,  who  will 
he  required  to  conduct  the  Classes  in  this  subject  for  the  Pass  and 
Honours  Schools  of  the  Victoria  University.  'I  he  Lecturing  will  pro- 
bably average  about  eight  hours  per  week  during  the  Session.  The 
Lecturer  will  not  be  at  liberty  to  hold  any  other  teaching  appointment. 
but  will  have  opportunity  fur  Kxtension  Lecturing.  stipenU  :;00/.  with 
half  the  Class  Fees.  'Ihe  appointment  will  date  from  January  1, 1898. 
— Applications  will  be  received  by  the  SECREiAaT  up  to  November  11. 

SCHOOL  tor  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN,  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 


"POYAL    INDIAN   ENGINEERING    COLLEGE, 

JLV  Cooper's  Hill.  Staines  —The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe.  India  and  the  Colonies.  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September.  18'^8.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraphs  Department.  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P.W.D.  ani  One  in  the  Traftic  Department,  Indian 
State  Railways.— For  particulars  apply  to  Secrfiabt,  at  College. 

THE     TEACHERS'     GUILD     REGISTRY. 
(Under  the  control  of  the  Council. ) 
Head  Mistresses  of  Public  and  Private  Schools  and  Parents  needing 
Teachers  are  invited  to  apply  to  this  Registry.     Several  trained  and 
highly  qualified  English  and  Foreign  Teachers.  Visiting  and  Special 
Teachers.  Graduates,  and  others  are  now  on  the  books. 
School  Partnerships  and  Transfers  are  arranged 
Apply  to  Miss  Cooper,  Registrar,  74.  Gower  Street.  London.  W.C. 

ASSISTANT      SCHOOLMISTRESSES.  —  Miss 

Xi  LOUISA  DROUGHcan  recommend  University  Gradnates,  Trained 
and  Certificated  High  School  Teachers,  Foreign  Teachers.  Kindergarten 
Mistresses,  Ac— Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven  Street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

I j'DUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
J  can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABKITAS, 
THRING  &  CO  .  who.  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements— 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  fa  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
dnates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — \  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Bbbvor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

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1      special  terms  for  larger   quantities.      MSS.  carefully  Revised. 


Testimonials.  Reports.  &c,,  duplicated. 
Surrey  Chambers,  172,  Strand,  W.C. 


Trauslatlons-— B.    GnAUA.u, 


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Address  "  Publishing  Department,"  W.  THicKia  &  Co.,  2,  Creed  Lane, 
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Also  at  Calcutta,  Bombay,  and  Simla.    Established  1819. 

SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
—The  Public  is  urgently  warned  against  answering  advertisements 
inviting  MSS..  or  offering  to  place  MSS  .  without  the  personal  recom- 
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N.B  — The  AUTHOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
price  6d.,  by  HoaicK  Cox,  Bream's  Buildings,  EC. 

THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

J.  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  1.  Paternoster  Bow.  The 
interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Proposed  Agreements, 
Estimates,  and  Accounts  examined  on  behalf  of  Authors.  MSS  placed 
with  Publishers  Transfers  carefully  conducted.  Thirty  years'  practical 
experience  in  all  kinds  of  Publishing  and  Book  Producing.  Consulution 
tree— Terms  and  testimonials  from  Leading  Anthors  on  application  to 
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'1"'0     AUTHORS.— The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

-L  LiMiTFO,  IS.  Victoria  Street.  Westminster,  conducted  by  Mr. 
CHARLES  F.  RIDEAL,  are  OPEN  to  RECEIVE  MANUSCRIPTS  in  all 
Branches  of  Literature  for  consideration  with  a  view  to  Publishing  In 
Volume  Form.  Everv  facility  for  bringing  Works  before  the  Trade,  the 
Libraries,  and  the  Reading  Public  Illustrated  Catalogue,  or  copy  of 
current  Monthly  Publication  the  "  QUILLURIVER,"  post  free  on 
application. 

ELLIS  &  ELVBY, 

Dealers  In  Old  and  Rare  Books,  Prints,  and  Autographs. 

NEW  CATALOGUE  (No.  87)  of 

CHOICE  and  VALUABLE  BOOKS, 

INCLUDINQ    THE 

COLLECTION    of    RARE    BOOKS    on    MUSIC 

Formed  by  the  late 

JOHN    BISHOP,    of   CHELTENHAM. 

Now  ready,  post  free.  Sixpence. 

The  MUSIC  CATALOGUE  can  be  had  separately,  post  free,  Thi^epence. 

29,  New  Bond  Street.  London,  W. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
Including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Alnsworth  j  Books  Illus- 
trated by  G  and  11.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  Ac.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  Cata- 
logues issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bought. — 
WiLT«a  T.  SfENCBB,  27,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 

I7ORKIGN     BOOKS     and     PERIODICALS 

J_  promptly  supplied  on  moderate  terms. 

CATALOGUES  on  application. 
DULAU   &   CO.    37.    SOHO   SQUARE. 

/CATALOGUE,   No.    21.  — Drawings   by   Hunt, 

\j  Prout.  De  Wlnt,  and  others— Turner's  Liber  Stndiorum- rhings 
recommended  for  study  by  Prof.  Ruskin— scarce  Rnskin  Etchings, 
Kngi-avings.  and  Books.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— Wk.  Waed,  2,  Churcb 
Terrace,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


M 


ESSRS.  UNWIN  BROTHERS,  of  the  Gresham 

Press,  London  and  Woking,  are  PRINTERS  of  High-Class 
ILLUSTRATED  BOOKS  and  MAGAZINES.  They  have  also  a  Depart- 
ment and  special  facilities  for  Weekly  Newspapers.  Owing  to  recent 
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Victoria  Street,  EC.    Telegraph,  "  Unwln,  London." 


w 


ILLIAMS      &      NORQATB, 

IMPORTERS  OF  FOREIGN  BOOKS, 

14,  Henrietta  Street.  Covent  Garden.  London ;  20,  South  Frederick 
Street,  Edinburgh ;  and  7,  Broad  Street,  Oxlord. 

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CHEAP  BOOKS.— THREEPENCE  DISCOUNT 
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GOULD'S  BIRDS  of  EUROPE.— Reports  wanted 
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LIBRARIES    and    smaller    COLLECTIONS     of 
BOOKS  PURCHASED  for  CASH  and  removed  without  expense 
to  Vendor  —WinuM  Beown,  26,  Princes  Street,  Edinburgh. 

T^HREE  LARGE-PAPER  COPIES  of  HOLMES'S 
LIFE  of   the  QUEEN.— Offers  reques:«d,  by  letter,  to  Editob, 
Court  Circular,  213,  Piccadilly,  W. 

FOR    SALE,  TWO   RARE   BANK-NOTES  (for 
21. 10s  and  One  Guinea  respectively).  In  good  preservation.    One 
hundred  years  old  —Letter  to  W.  Stuaet,  14,  Jermyn  Street,  S.W. 

TRADE  CARDS,  INVITATION  TICKETS,  &c.— 
A  large  COLLECTION  FOR  SALE.— Apply,  by  letter,  to  N.  S., 
care  of  C.  Mitchell  &  Co.,  12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

'l^HE      AUTHOR'S    HAIRLESS     PAPER- PAD. 

A.        (The  LEADEN  HALL  PRESS.  Ltd  ,  Publishers  and  Printers, 
50,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  EC.) 
Contains    hairless    paper,    over  which  the  pen  slips  with  perfect 
freedom.    Sixpence  each.    6s  per  dozen,  ruled  or  plain. 

Authors  should  note  that  The  Leadenhall  Press,  Ltd.,  cannot  be 
responsible  for  the  loss  of  MSS.  by  fire  or  otherwise.  Duplicate  copies 
should  be  retained. 


614 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE  HANFSTAENGL 

GALLERIES, 

16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 
(nearly  opposite  the  National  Gallery). 

Inspection  invited. 

REPRODUCTION  IN  CARBON  PRINT 

AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

OALLERY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
in  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLBS 
L.  BASTLAKE,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.    Price  to  Subscribers,  71.  10s. 

{^Part  V.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.     By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
Reproductions  of  the  Famous  Drawings  at  Windsor 
Castle,  bound  in  Artistic  Cover.    Price  bl.  5j. 


The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
NATIONAL  GALLERY,  LONDON;  AMSTERDAM, 
BERLIN,  BRUSSELS,  CASSEL,  DRESDEN,  HAAG, 
HAARLEM,  MUNICH,  VIENNA. 


LEADING   ARTISTS  of  the  DAY. 

9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BURNB  JONES, 
WATTS,  ROSSETTI,  ALMA  TADBMA,  SOLOMON, 
HOFFMAN,  BODENHAUSEN,  PLOCKHORST,  THU- 
MANN,  &o. 

CATALOGUES  POST  FREE. 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 

THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 
PRODUCERS  AND  PUBLISHERS  OF 

PERMANENT    CARBON    PHOTOGRAPHS   OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART. 


Catalogues  and  Price  Lists  upon  application. 

The  NORWICH  SCHOOL  of  PAINT- 

ING.  A  Series  of  Plates,  printed  in  various  Colours, 
after  Cotman,  Crome,  Stark,  Vincent,  Leman,  Lound, 
Bright,  &c.  [  Will  be  ready  shortly. 

The    TATE    COLLECTION 

(NATIONAL  GALLERY  of  BRITISH  ART) :  a  large 
number  of  the  Pictures  now  exhibited  at  Millbank  have 
been  published  in  Autotype,  including  the  chief  Works 
of  G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.  Further  additions  are  being 
made,  and  will  be  announced  shortly. 

BRITISH    ARTISTS    of   the   VIC- 

TORIAN  ERA.  from  the  recent  Guildhall  Loan  Col- 
lection.   Average  size,  18  by  15  inches.    Price  12j. 

PAINTINGS,   DRAWINGS,  and 

SCULPTURE  by  the  OLD  MASTERS.  A  large  Col- 
lection of  Permanent  Photographs  of  the  chief  treasures 
of  Art  contained  in  the  Public  and  Private  Collections  of 
Europe.  Paintings  and  Sculpture  in  one  uniform  size, 
price  12*. ;  Drawings  on  the  scale  of  the  Originals  at 
prices  ranging  from  Is.  6rf.  to  10s.  each. 


The  Autotype  Company  will  be  pleased  to  advise 
upon,  and  to  undertake,  the  REPRODUCTION  of 
WORKS  of  ART  of  every  character,  both  for  Book 
Illustration  and  on  a  larger  scale  for  the  Portfolio, 
or  for  Mural  Decoration.  Price  Lists  and  Estimates 
free  upon  application. 


THE    AUTOTYPE     COMPANY, 

FINE  ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


MUDIE'S 

SELECT 

LIBRARY. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  ONE  GUINEA  per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY. 

Books  can  be  exchanged  at  the  residences  of  Sub- 
scribers  in  London  by  the  Library  Messengers. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO  GUINEAS 
per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S     SELECT     LIBRARY. 

COUNTRY  SUBSCRIPTIONS  from  TWO 
GUINEAS  per  Annum. 


MUDIE'S  FOREIGN  LIBRARY. 

All  the  Best  Works  in  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  are  in  circulation, 

CATALOGUES  of  English  or  Foreign  Books, 
\s.  6d.  each. 

Prospectuses  and  Clearance  Lists  of  Books  on  Sale 
postage  free. 


R    A    R    Y, 


MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30  to  34,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  London. 

Branch  Offices: — 

241,  Brompton  Road ;  and  48,  Queen  Victoria  Street, 

E.C,  (Mansion  House  End), 

Also  10-12,  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 

LONDON         LIB 
ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE.  8.W. 
Patron— H  R.H.  THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES,  K.G. 
President^LESLIE  STEPHEN,  Esq. 
Vice-Preeldenu— Rt.  Hon.  W.  E,  Gladstone,  The  Very  Rer.  the  Dean 
of  Llandaff,  Herbert  Spencer,  Esq  .  Sir  Henry  Barkly,  K.C  B. 

Trustees— Right  Hon.  Sir  M.  Grant  Duff, 
Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Kart.,M  P.,  Right  Hon.  Earl  of  Rosebery. 
The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Literature,  in  various  Languages.  Subscription,  3^.  a  year;  Life  Mem- 
bership, according  to  age.  Fifteen  Volumes  are  allowed  to  Country 
and  Ten  to  Town  Members.  Reading-Room  open  from  Ten  to  half- 
past  Siz.  Catalogue,  Fifth  Edition,  2  vols,  royal  8vo.  price  21s.  ;  to 
Members,  168.    C.  T.  HAGBERG  WRIGHT.  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

TO  INVALIDS.— A    LIST   of    MEDICAL    MEN 

1  In  all  parts  RECEIVING  RESIDENT  PATIENTS  sent  gratis  with 
full  particulars  Schools  also  recommended. — Medical,  &c..  Association, 
Limited,  8,  Lancaster  Place.  Strand.  W  C  Telegraphic  Address,  "  Tri- 
form, London."    Telephone  No.  1854,  Gerrard. 

THACKERAY       HOTEL       (Temperance), 
Facing  the  British  Museum, 
GREAT  RUSSELL  STREET,  LONDON. 
This  newly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
the  requirements  of  those  who  desire  all  the  conveniences  and  advan- 
tages of  the  larger  modern  licensed  hotels  at  moderate  charges. 

Passenger  Lilt.  Electric  Light  in  all  rooms.  Bath-Rooms  on  every 
floor. 

SPACIOUS  DINING,  DRAWING,  WRITING,  READING, 
AND  SMOKING  ROOMS. 

All  Floors  Fireproof.    Perfect  Sanitation.    Night  Porter. 
Full  Tariff  and  Testimonials  post  free  on  application. 

Proprietor— J.  TRUSLOVE. 
Telegraphic  Address— "Thackeray,  London." 

(Salea  bg  Junction. 

MONDAY  NEJ^T. 
The  First   Portion  of  the  important  and  valuable  Scientific 
Collections  formed  by  Mr.  JOHN  CALVEIiT,  consisting  of 
the  Savage  Curiosities. 

MR,  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY  NEXT,  Novembers,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely,  with- 
out reserve,  by  order  of  Mr  JOHN  CAUVEKT,  who  is  disposing  of  his 
Entire  Collections,  owing  to  his  declining  health,  and  the  unsafe  condi- 
tion of  the  Museum  House  through  the  excavations  of  the  Midland 
Railway. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues bad. 

FRIDA  y  NEXT. 

MO  Lots  of  Photigraphic  Apparatus,  Scientific  Instruments. 
Lanterns  and  Glides,  Curious  Old  Books,  and  Miscellaneous 
Property. 

MR.   J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the   above   by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXT,  Novemoer  12,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 


A  Selected  Portion  of  the  vnlunhle  Library  of  the  late 
Hon.  PEliCY  ASH  BURN  HAM. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Hoasc.  No  1.3,  AVellington 
Street.  Strand.  W  C,  on  MONDAY,  Novembers,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  SEI.ECrKD  PORTION  of  the  valuable  LIHIIAKY  ot  the  late  Hon. 
PERCY  ASHIiURNHAM. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalognes  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Oriental  Coini  of  the  late  JOSEPH 
AVHNT,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W  C,  on  WEDNESDAY  November  10,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, the  COLLECTION  of  ORIENl'AL  COINS,  Ac,  of  the  late 
JOSEPH  A  VENT,  Esq 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalognes  may  be  had. 

A  remarkable  Collection  of  Books  in  magnificent  Modern 
Bindings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Hou«e,  No  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  THURSDAY.  November  11,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, a  remarkable  COLLECTION  of  BOOKS  in  magnificent  Modern 
Bindings,  formed  by  an  Amateur  {recently  deceased). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had.  A  few 
copies  have  been  illustrated  with  Eight  Facsimile  Plates  in  Gold  and 
colours  by  Griggs,  and  may  be  had,  price  2s.  each. 

A  Portion  of  the  valuable  Library  of  the  late 
G.   T.  ROBINSON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W  C  ,  on  FRIDAY,  November  12,  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  PORTION  of  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS 
and  MANUSCRIPTS  of  GEORGE  THOMAS  ROBINSON,  Esq  .  F.S.A., 
deceased,  late  of  Earl's  Terrace,  Kensington,  comprising  Biblia  Sacra 
Latina.  MS  on  Vellum,  Sscc.  XIV— Horse  ad  Usum  Sarum,  on  Vellum, 
1501— Holbein,  Les  Images  de  la  Mort.  1562— Arbor's  English  Beprints, 
Large  Paper  — Ascham's  Scholemaster,  1589  —  Blondel.  Maisons  de 
Plaisance— Queen  Elizabeth's  Prayer-Book,  1690— Braithwait's  English 
Gentleman,  1613— Brant,  Stultifera  Navis,  1497  — The  Chronicles  of 
Cooper,  Hardyng,  Lanquet,  Grafton,  Halle.  &c— Drayton,  'Ihe  Owie, 
First  Edition— Books  of  Emblems— Celtis.  Quatuor  Libri  Amorum.  &c., 
Woodcnts  by  DiirerandWolgemut— Diett«rlin  Architectura- Durandus, 
Rationale,  Koburger.  1480— Dyalogus  Creatuarnm  Morali/atas,  Editio 
Frinceps,  1480— Euclidis  Emblementa  Geometria?,  Venice,  1482.  and  First 
English  Edition,  1570— Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments,  16'J2— Froissart's 
Chronicles,  Pynson,  15"23— Higden's  Polychronicon,  1527— Holinshed's 
Chronicles,  1586— Reynard  the  Fox ,  Woodcuts  by  Jost  Ammon  and  Virgil 
Solis,  I5G7— Huskin's  Modern  Painters,  stones  of  Venice,  Ac. — Smith's 
Catalogue  Raisonn^— Violle'-le-Duc,  Dictionnaires  de  I'Architecture  et 
du  Mobilier— Milton's  Doctrine  and  Discipline  of  Divorce,  Presentation 
Copy— Paradise  Lost,  First  Edition— Royal  Academy  Exhibiti"n  Cata- 
logues, a  Set— Pilgrymage  of  Perfeccion,  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1531 — Le 
Pautre,  CEuvres  d'Architecture— Florio's  Montaigne,  1603— Nuremberg 
Chronicle,  1493— Hypnerotomachia  Poliphilo,  1499. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Collection  of  rare  and  interesting  Books  chiefly  relating 
to  South  America. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  15,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  COLLECriON  of  rare  and  interesting  BOOK.S,  chiefly  relating  to  the 
Discovery,  History,  Literature,  Biography,  and  Aboriginal  Dialects  of 
Spanish  America  —  Native  Editions  of  some  of  the  most  learned 
Japanese  and  Chinese  Authors— English  Voyages  and  Travels. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  MONTAGU  COLLECTION  OF  COI.SS. 
Fifth  and  Final  Portion. 

MESSRS,  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  WC,  on  TUESDAY,  November  16,  and  Four  Follow- 
ing Davs,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  FIF'l'H  and  FINAL  POKI'ION  of 
the  COLLECTION  of  ANGLO -SAXoN  and  ENGLISH  COINS  and 
MEDALS  formed  by  the  late  HYMAN  MONTAGU.  Esq. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had,  illustrated 
with  Autotype  Plates,  price  2s.  each. 

Valuable  Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  Selec'ions  from  the 
Library  of  LORD  AUCKLAND. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  MOND.^Y,  November  22,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  and  interesting  BOOKS  and 
MANUSCRIPTS,  including  Selections  from  the  Libraries  of  LORD 
AUCKLAND  the  late  Kev.  H  K.  WADMORB.  Brampton  Hall,  the  late 
Captain  HAWLEY  SMART,  the  late  W.  PENNINGTON.  Esq..  and 
others.  'The  MANUSCRIPTS  include  several  fine  Illuminated  Horoe, 
Bibles  and  Testaments— an  Evangelium  in  Armentan-Codexes  of 
Boethius  on  Music  (with  Drawings)  — Alexander  de  Villa-Dei  on 
Grammar,  VirgiLius  .Eneis  et  Bucolica— Valerius  Maximus— Rav- 
mundus  de  Pennafort— Summula  Sacrameniorura— La  Vray  Histoire 
de  Trove— Dictes  des  Saiges  Philosophes.  &c  ORIGINAL  AUTO- 
GRAPH LETTERS  of  Gilbert  White  relating  to  the  Natural  History  of 
Selborne,  and  his  Unpublished  Garden  Calendar— Sir  Rob-  NauntoB'g 
Fragmenta  Regalia  (said  to  be  the  Original  MS. )— an  interesting  MS. 
connected  with  Shelley's  Cenci,  and  others.  The  PRIN  lED  HOOKS  in- 
clude many  very  rare  and  valuable  Works,  Ancientand  Modern,  English 
and  Foreign— Editiones  Principes— rare  Early  Printed  Books— Ameri- 
cana—Laws  of  Massachusetts  and  Virginia— the  Collection  of  Plays 
formed  by  the  late  Rev.  John  Genest  for  his  History  of  the  Stage— fine 
Illustrated  Sporting  Books— First  Editions  of  English  and  American 
Authors— Books  in  fine  Bindings- and  Works  in  General  Literature. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Collection  of  Engravings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand.  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  November  26,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
ENGRAVINGS,  including  some  important  Examples  after  Reynolds, 
Romney,  Bunbury.  Wheatley,  Westall,  Singleton,  Cosway.  Hoppner, 
Lawrence,  and  others,  many  in  proof  slates  and  finely  printed  in 
colours,  among  them  being  a  complete  set  (in  proof  states)  of  the 
B.vgone  Beauties— the  rare  Portrait  of  Lady  Hamilton  as  the  Spinster, 
finely  printed  in  colours— London  Cries,  after  Wheatley,  printed  in 
colours— a  complete  set  of  the  Holbein  Portraits  by  BartolozzI,  well 
printed  in  colours- Sporting  Prints— Fancy  Subjects— Battle  Scenes- 
Views. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Autograph  Letters  of  Sir  PHILIP  FRANCIS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W  C„  on  SATURDAY,  Noynmber  27,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  FORTY-ONE  AUTOGR.VPH  LEITKRS  from  Sir  Philip 
Francis  to  his  Cousin  and  Brother-in-law,  Alexander  Macrabie  at 
Philadelphia,  and  others  addressed  to  his  Cousin,  Major  Baggs  con- 
taining many  most  interesting  references  to  Junius;  also  Letters  from 
other  supposed  Authors  of  Junius,  viz  ,  Lord  Harrington.  Edmund 
Burke.  William  Kurke  (Lord  Chatham),  John  Home,  and  Alexander 
Wedderburn  (Lord  Loughborough). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


N"  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


615 


THE  A  SHB  URN  HA  M  LIBRA  R  Y.— SECOND  POH  TION. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellinirton 
Street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  MONDAY.  December  6.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clocic  precisely,  the  SECOND  PORl'lON  of  the  magnificent 
LIBRARY  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  of  ASHBURNHAM. 

Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  \s   each.    Copies,  illustrated  with  six 
Facsimiles  of  the  Bindings  in  gold  and  colours  by  Griggs,  price  5$.  each. 

Miscellaneous  Property. 

MESSRS.  PDTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C  .  on 
WEDNE.SDAY.  November  10.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clocic  precisely. 
MISCELLANEOUS  PROPKRTY.  comprising  a  Collection  of  Silver, 
amounting  to  over  700  ounces,  consisting  of  Two  handsome  Epergnes 
weighing  respectively  30^  and  135  ounces,  a  Racing  Cup  and  Cover  sur- 
mounted by  a  model  of  a  Horse,  standing  19  inches— Jewellery,  includ- 
ing a  magnificent  Half-hoop  Sapphire  Bracelet  and  Ring.  &c.— Antique 
ShetUeld  Plate— Old  English  and  other  China— Ivory  Carvings— Indian 
Embroidery  Work— Hattersea  Enamels— a  small  Collection  of  Arms. 
Oil  Paintings,  and  Antique  Furniture,  including  a  tine  Fair  of  Ormolu 
and  Buhl  Cabinets 

On  view  one  day  prior.    Catalogues  on  application. 

Ex-Libris. 

MESSRS.  PDTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C.  on 
THURSDAY.  November  11.  and  Following  Day.  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clooli.  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  EX-LIBRIS,  comprising 
E.'tamples  of  ChippeNdale,  Sheraton,  Pictorial,  and  others,  including 
many  dated  and  Pictorial  Plates. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C.  on 
TUESDAY.  November  16.  and  Following  Day,  at  half-past  5  o'cloclt 
precisely,  BRIflsH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE  STAMPS. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Miscellaneous  Engravings. 
ESSRS.   PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester  Square.  W  C,  on 
THURSDAY.  November  18.  and  Following  Day.  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely.  MISCELLANEOUS  ENGRAVINGS,  including  a 
fine  Collection  relating  to  America. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Musical  Instruments. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON    will    SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C.  on 
TUESDAY.  November  23.  and  Following  Day.  at  half-past  12  o'clock 
precisely.  MUSL;aL  INSTRUMENTS  and  MUSIC,  including  a  large 
quantity  of  Duplicates  from  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
Rev.  R.  WALLACE. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &.  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCriON.  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W  C  .  on 
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M 


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616 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


MR.  WIYI.  HEINEIYIANN'S  LIST. 

NEW  LETTERS  OF  NAPOLEON  I. 

Omitted  from  the  Collection  publisiied  under  tlie 
auspices  of  Napoleon  III.  Translated  from  tbe  French 
by  LADY  MAKY  LOYD.  1  vol.  demy  8vo.  with 
Frontispiece,  15s.  net.  [A'oti.  S. 

These  Letters  manifest  the  great  man  in  his  smallest  and 

most  secret  moods.     He  strikes  no  picturesque  attitude,  but 

unmasks  himself  as  he  felt  and  as  he  was. 

LITERATURES  OF  THE  WORLD.— Vol.  III.  crown  8vo.  6s. 

A  HISTORY   OF  MODERN   ENG- 

LISH    LITERATURE.     By   EDMUND    GOSSB,   Hon. 

M.A.  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
DAILY  CHRONICLE.—"  Mr.  Gosee  has  been  remarkably 
successful  in  bringing  into  focus  the  salient  features  of  his 
theme.     His  criticism  is  generally  sympathetic,  but  at  the 
same  time  it  is  always  sober." 

POEMS   FROM   THE    DIVAN    OF 

Translated  from  the  Persian  by  GERTRUDE 


HAFIZ. 
LOWTHIAN  BELL 


1  vol.  6s. 


STUDIES   IN    FRANKNESS.      By 


CHARLES  WHIBLBY,  Author  of 
drels.'    1  vol.  Is.  6rf. 


A  Book  of  Scouu- 


SIXTY    YEARS    OF    EMPIRE, 

18.37-1897.  A  Review  of  the  Period  Contributions  by 
Sir  CHARLES  DILKE,  Mr.  JOHN  BURNS,  Mr. 
JOSEPH  PENNELL,  Mr.  LIONEL  J(JHNSON,  &c.,  and 
many  Portraits  and  Diagrams.    1  vol.  crown  8vo.  6s. 

IGreat  Lives  and  Events. 

SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

MR.  HEINEMANN  BEGS  TO  ANNOUNCE  THAT 
SARAH  GEAND'S  NEW  NOVEL, 

THE    BETH    BOOK: 

BEING  A  STUDY   FROM  THE  LIFE  OF  ELIZABETH 
CALDWELL  MACLURE,  A  WOMAN  OF  GENIUS, 

IS  NOW  READY. 

IN  THE  PERMANENT  WAY,  and 

other  Stories.     By  FLORA  ANNIE  STEEL,  Author  of 

*  On  the  Face  of  the  Waters.' 
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palpitates  in  every  line  of  these  stories.  Mr  Kipling  perhaps 
excepted,  Mrs.  Steel  is  the  only  living  writer  to  whom  we 
can  look  for  such  stirring,  such  virile,  such  intensely  human 
stories  of  India." 

ST.   IVES.     By   R.  L.   Stevenson, 

Author  of  '  The  Ebb-Tide,' Ac.     Second  Edition. 

TIMES. — "Neither  Stevenson  himself  nor  any  one  else 
has  given  us  a  better  example  of  a  dashing  story,  full  of  life 
and  colour  and  interest.  St.  Ives  is  a  character  who  will  be 
treasured  up  in  the  memory  along  with  David  Balfour  and 
Alan  Breck,  even  with  D'Artagnan  and  the  Musketeers." 

THE  CHRISTIAN.     By  Hall  Caine. 

The  sale  of  this  Novel  has  now  reached  ten  editions, 
comprising  123,000  copies. 

SKETCH. — "It  quivers  and  palpitstes  with  passion,  for 
even  Mr.  Caine's  bitterest  detractors  cannot  deny  that  he 
is  the  possessor  of  that  rarest  of  all  gifts — genius." 

THE  GADFLY.    By  E.  L.  Voynich. 

ST.  JAMES'S  GAZETTE.— "  A  very  strikingly  original 
romance,  which  will  hold  the  attention  of  all  who  read  it, 
and  establish  the  author's  reputation  at  once  for  first-rate 
dramatic  ability.  Exciting,  sinister,  even  terrifying,  we 
must  avow  it  to  be  a  work  of  real  genius." 

LAST    STUDIES.      By    Hubert 

CRACKANTHORPE,  Author  of  '  Wreckage.'     With  an 
Introduction  by  HENRY  JAMES,  and  a  Portrait. 

MARIETTA'S    MARRIAGE.     By 

W.  B.  NORRIS,  Author  of  '  The  Dancer  in  Yellow,'  Ac. 
WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE.— "  Keen  observation,  de- 
licate discrimination,  a  pleasant,  quiet  humour,  rare  power 
of  drawing  characters  that  are  both  absolutely  natural  and 
interesting  to  study." 

WHAT  MAISIE  KNEW.    By  Henry 

JAMES,  Author  of  'The  Spoils  of  Poynton.'    Second 
Edition. 

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stood and  interpreted  by  a  rich  imagination,  by  an  educated 
temperament ;  it  is  a  life  sung  in  melodious  prose,  and  that, 
it  seems  to  us,  is  the  highest  romance." 

THE  GODS  ARRIVE.    By  Annie  E. 

HOLDSWORTH,  Author  of  '  Joanna  Traill,  Spinster.' 
PALL   MALL   GAZETTE.  — "Bright,   wholesome,   and 
full  of  life  and  movement.    Miss  Holdsworth  has,  too,  a  very 
witty  style." 

London: 
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"Cannot  fail  to  be  appreciated.     The  editor  has 
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the  days  will  be  bright  for  any  youngsters  who  get 
it." — Christian  World. 

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W  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


619 


BERNARD  QUARITCH'S  CATALOGUE  RAISONNE  of  EARLY 
PRINTED  BOOKS  (including,  inter  alia,  those  in  the  folloiving  List), 
offered  FOR  SALE,  either  in  a  single  lot  or  separately,  at  the  prices 
affixed. 

To  he  had,  1  vol,  8vo.  with  a  complete  INDEX,  price,  sewed,  5s. ;  or  half  hound 
morocco,  7s.  6d. ;  or  Large  Paper,  1  vol.  imperial  8vo.  half-morocco,  21s. 


Date.  Name.  Price. 

1454-56  BIBLIA    LATINA,    The    Mazarine    Bible,  £  sterl. 

printed  on  vellum,  2  vols,  folio      5,000 

The  first  book  produced  by  typography. 

1459  PSALTERIUM    LATINUM,    Mogunt,    Fust- 

Schoeffer,  printed  on  vellura,  folio 5,250 

The  second  book  printed  with  a  date,  and 
the  most  magnificent  piece  of  printing  ever 
executed. 

—  DURANDI     RATIONALE,    Mogunt,     Fust- 

Schoeffer,  printed  on  vellum,  folio  ...  400 

The  third  book  printed  with  a  date. 

1460  CATHOLICON,  Mogunt,  Gutenberg,  folio    ...         325 

The  fourth  book  printed  with  a  date. 

1467  AUGUSTINUS    DB    CIVITATE    DEI,    Sub- 

biaco,  folio  65 

From  the  first  press  in  Italy.  First 
Edition. 

1468  AUGUSTINUS  DB  CIVITATE   DEI,  Rome, 

Sweynheyra  and  Pannartz,  folio 20 

—  CICERO  DB  AMICITIA,  Cologne,  Zell,  small 

4to 16 

1469  APULEIUS,  Kome,  Sweynheym,  folio 35 

—  CICERO,   EPISTOL^.  Venet..  J.  de   Spirn, 

folio  28 

First  book  printed  at  Venice. 

—  AULUS  GELLIUS,  Rome,  folio 40 

—  BIBLIA  LATINA  (U- Bible),  folio         63 

Supposed  to  have  been  printed  at  Strass- 
burg,  and  remarkable  for  its  nodding 
capital  R. 

1470  QUINTILIANUS,  Rome,  Sweynheym,  folio  ...  32 

—  BONIFACII  DKCRETALIA,  Mogunt,  Schoef- 

fer,  1470,  printed  on  vellum,  folio 105 

—  MAMMOTRECTUS,  Berone  (in  Aargau),  1470, 

folio 32 

First  book  printed  in  Switzerland  with  a  date. 

—  AUGUSTINUS  DE  CIVITATE  DEI,  Venet., 

Vindelin,  folio 28 

—  LIVIUS,  Venet.,  Vindelin,  folio 48 

First  Edition  of  the  famous  historian. 

—  ABETINUS  DE  BELLO  ITALICO,  Fulginei, 

Numeister,  folio 42 

The  first  book  printed  at  Foligno. 

—  CICERO,  EPIST.,  Venet.,  Jenson,  folio        ...  14 

—  FICHETI  RHETORICA,  Paris,  4to 80 

One  of  the  first  three  or  four  books 
printed  in  Paris. 

1470-71    TERENTIUS,  Rome,  Laner,  small  folio     ...  4S 

1471  CLBMENTIS   CONSTITUTIONES,   Mogunt, 

Schoeffer,  printed  on  vellum,  folio 80 

—  SUETONIUS,     Venet.,    Jenson,     folio,    with 

paintings 40 

—  C.J!5AR,  Venet.,  Jenson,  folio,  with  illumina- 

tions    48 

—  VALERIUS     MAXIMUS,    Venet.,    Vindelin, 

folio  SO 

1472  GRATIANI    DECRET,    Mogunt,    Schoeffer, 

printed  on  vellum,  folio         60 

—  PLAUTUS,  First  Edition,  Venet.,  Vindelin, 

^olio 96 

—  DANTE,  Foligno,  folio       240 

The  First  Edition  of  the  'Divina  Corn- 
media.' 

—  PETRARCA,  Rime,  Padua,  small  folio  ...  30 

—  PLINII    HISTORIA    NATURALIS,  Venet, 

Jenson,  folio       27 

A  splendid  example  of  printing. 

—  BOCCACCII     DECAMERON     zu     Teutsch 

(Zainer  ze  Ulm),  folio 70 


Date.  Name.  Price. 

1473  BOCCACCIO    DE    CLARIS    MULIERIBUS,  £  sterl. 

Ulm,  Zainer,  small  folio        78 

With  beautiful  woodcuts. 

—  CvESAR,  Esslingen,  small  folio 28 

—  PETRARCA,     Venet.,    Jenson,     folio,     illu- 

minated       45 

—  TACITUS,  Ed.   Pr.,  Venet.,  Vindelin,  small 

folio  60 

1473-4  MARTIALIS  OPERA,  Bologna,  Azzoguido, 

4to —        32 

1474  OVIDIUS,  OPERA,  Venet.,  Rubeus,  folio     ...  25 

—  HORATIUS,  cum.   com.,  Mediolani,  2  vols. 

small  folio  28 

The  first  dated  edition. 

—  BOCCACCIO,  Fiarametta,  S.d.  folio    32 

1474-5  HORATIUS,  Naples,  small  folio          24 

1475  BIBLIA  LATINA,  Basel,  Richel,  2  vols,  folio...  55 

—  BIBLIA  LATINA,  Nurnberg,  Koburger,  folio  21 

—  CATULLUS,     TIBULLUS,     PROPERTIUS, 

STATIUS,  Venet.,  folio         42 

—  SENECjE  OPERA,  Neapoli,  folio         25 

1476  BOCCACE  DB   LA   RUYNB   DBS   NOBLES 

HOMMES,  Bruges,  Col.  Mansion,  folio   ...  900 

One  of   the   rarest  and  most  remarkable 
books  of  the  early  press. 


LIBER  APUM,  Cologne.  Koelhoff,  folio 
HORATIUS,  Mediolani,  Lavagna,  folio 


22 
30 


1477    DICTES  and  SAYINGS,  Westminster,  Caxton, 

small  folios  1,500 

The  first  book  printed  in  England  bearing 
Caxton's  name  as  the  printer. 

—  VALERA,  CRONICA  DE  ESPANA.  Sevilla, 

small  folio  60 

One   of  the  earliest   productions  of   the 
Spanish  press. 

—  WOLFRAM  of  ESCHENBACH,  PARTZIFAL 

UND  TYTURKL,  Strassburg,  2vols.  small 

folio  200 

—  BIBEL,  Delf,  2  vols,  small  folio 36 

First  Edition  of  the  Bible  in  Dutch. 

—  ZAMORENSIS    (ROD.),    MIROIR    DB    VIE 

HUMAINB,  Lyon,  folio         36 

—  SANT  BRANDONS  BUCK,  Augsburg,  Sorg, 

folio,  with  Woodcuts 120 

H7S    CARLERII  SPORTAET  SPORTULA,BruxeIl, 

folio  48 

One    of    the    earliest    books    printed    in 
Brussels. 

—  CHAUCER'S  CANTERBURYTALES,  Caxton, 

folio  2,500 

First  edition  of  a  great  English  classic. 

1479    ARISTOTELIS  ETHICA,  Oxoniis,  small  4to.  150 

The  second,  if  not  the  first,  book  printed 
at  Oxford. 

1479-80  AESOPI    VITA   ET    FABULB,   Augsburg, 

folio,  with  Woodcuts       72 

14S0    DIALOGUS  CREATURARUM.  Gouda,  small 

folio  63 

First  edition,  with  numerous  Woodcuts. 

—  GREGORIUS     DE     CURA      PASTORALI, 

ZwoUe,  4to 36 

—  OVIDIUS,     OPERA,     Bononiffi,     Azzoguido, 

2  vols,  small  folio  63 

1481     DANTE,  DI  LANDING,  Firenze,  1481,  folio...  50 

1483    SABADINO  FACBCIB,  Bologna,  folio  ...  65 

First    edition    of    a    celebrated    book    of 

tales. 


Date.  Name.  Price 

1483    CESSOLI.  SCHACHZABELSPIL,  Strassburg,  £  sterl. 

folio  (Book  of  Chess,  with  Woodcuts)        ...  50 

—      LUCBNA,VIDA  BEATA,  Zamora,  folio        ...  60 

First  edition  of  a  famous  Spanish  classic. 


—      BIBEL  TEUTSCH,  Niirnberg,  folio 
Celebrated  for  its  Woodcuts. 


36 


—  CHRONICLES  of    ENGLAND,  London,  W. 

de  Machlinia,  4to 90 

1484    LYNDEWOOD.    CONSTITUTIONES     PRO- 

VINCIALKS,  Oxford,  folio 70 

—  BOKE     of     HAWKYNG    and     HUNTYNG, 

St.  Albans,  folio  500 

The  first  book  on  Sport  printed  in  Eng- 
land. 

1489  HOMERI  OPERA  GR.,  Florent.,  2  vols,  folio         100 

The  first  Greek  classic  that  was  printed. 

—  LB  HUBN,  PEREGRINATIONS.  Lyon,  folio, 

with    Copper    Engravings,   the  first  pro- 
duced in  France  50 

1490  TIRANT  LO  BLANCH,  Valencia,  folio         ...         £00 

The  first  and  one  of  the  rarest  of  Spanish 
romances. 

1491  SIBTE  PARTIDAS.  Sevilla,  folio         36 

Original  Edition  of  the  great  Spanish  law 
book. 

1493  LIBER  CRONICARUM,  Nurembergsc,   folio, 

the  finest  copy  known  63 

1494  OVIDI  EN  CATALAN,  Barcelona,  folio       ...  55 

1495  FROISSART,    CRONIQUES.    Paris,    Verard, 

4  vols,  in  3,  folio  63 

—  BOTELER,  SCALA  DB  PARADIS,  Barcelona, 

4t0.  52 

—  THEOCRITUS,  Gr.  Aldus,  folio,  with  drawings 

by  Albert  Diirer  240 

1496  VITA  ANTICHRISTI,  Lab.  Fr.  Ital.,  small  4to. 

with  Block-Prints         63 

1497  HOR^  GR.,  Aldus,  16mo 40 

—  BERGOMENSIS  DE  MULIERIBUS,  Ferrara, 

folio,  with  Woodcuts 48 

—  HIERONYMI  VITA  ET  EPIST., Ferrara, folio, 

with  Woodcuts 48 

1199    POLIPHILO,   Aldus,   folio,  with    Woodcut?, 

very  fine  copy 90 

—  MENA  (JUAN  DB)  OBRAS,  Sevilla,  folio    ...  42 

1500    MISSALE    MOZARABICUM,    ET    BRBVIA- 

RIUM,  1.502,  Toleti,  2  vols,  small  folio     ...  400 

ir02    CONSOLAT  DEL  MAR,  Barcelona,  small  folio  60 

1503  RBCUYLE3  OF  TROYE,  Wynkin  de  Worde, 

folio  ..         150 

—  MISSALE  VALLISUMBROS^,  Venet.,  folio, 

printed  on  vellum        120 

1503-4  GOLDEN    LEGEND,   Julian   Notary,   folio, 

perfect      200 

Only  one  other  perfect  copy  known. 

1504  JEU  DES  ECHEZ,  Paris,  Verard,  folio         ...  150 

1505  VIATOR  DE  PERSPECTIVA,  TuUi,  folio    ...  105 

The  first  book  printed  at  Toul. 

1507  PABSI  RETROUATI,  Vicenza,  4to 2.S0 

First  printed  collection  of  voyages. 

1508  MISSALE  SARUM.  Rothomagi,  small  folio  ...  130 
1516    CANCIONEIRO  DB  RESENDE,  Li.xboa,  folio  136 

—  ENZINA  CANCIONERO,  Zaragoza,  folio     ...  50 

1520    CANCIONERO     GENERAL,    Toledo,     small 

folio  115 


BERNARD  QUARITCH,   15,  Piccadilly,  London. 


620 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


CHATTO&WINDUS'S  NEW  BOOKS. 


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THE  EXPRESS  MESSENGER, 

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On  NOVEMBER  10,  demy  8vo.  decorated  cover,  li. 

THE  SECRET  OF  WYVERN 
TOWERS. 

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The  foUorving  NEW  EDITIONS  are  now  ready. 
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A  THIRD  PERSON.  By  B.  M.  Croker. 

"  A  bright,  clever,  and  amusing  story." — Athenceum. 

An   EASY-GOING    FELLOW.    By 


C.  J.  WILLS. 
'  A  distinctly  clever  story. "- 


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Author  of  '  The  Macdonald  Lass,'  &c.  Crown  8vo.  cloth. 
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"  A  story  of  the  highest  merit.  The  characters  are 
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and  pointed,  the  narrative  is  skilfully  constructed,  while  the 
style  of  the  book  possesses  the  subtle  individuality  which 
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BBNBST  GLANVILLE'S  NEW  STORIES. 

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MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  CO.'  S  LIST. 

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Master  of  the  Buckhounds,  1892-95. 

With  an  Introduction  on  the  Hereditary  Mastership  by  EDWARD  BURROWS. 

Compiled  from  the  Brocas  Papers  in  his  possession. 

With  24  Plates  and  35  Illustrations  in  the  Text,  including  Reproductions  from  Oil  Paintings  in  the 

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*jf*  In  his  '  Life  of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,' recently  published,  the  Author  presented  a  portrait  of  a  seventeenth  century 
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NEW  VOLUME  OF  S.  R.  GARDINER'S  'COMMONWEALTH.' 

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COMPLETION  OF  THE  LIFE  OF  DR.  PU8BY. 

LIFE    of  EDWARD  BOUVERIE  PUSEY,  D.D.    By  Henry  Parry  Liddon, 

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ASPECTS  of  the  OLD   TESTAMENT :  being  the  Bampton  Lectures  for 

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WORDSWORTH.     Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Andrew  Lang.     With  Photo- 

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LAYS  of  lONA,  and  other  Poems.    By  S.  J.  Stone,  M.A.,  Rector  of  All  Hallows- 

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624 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


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WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  k  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


N^  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


025 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER  6,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

Mk.  Watts-Dunton's  Poems         

Db.  Hyan's  Under  the  Bed  Cbescent  

The  Historv  of  Radley      

Mrs.  Browning's  Letters 

New  Novels  (What  Maisie  Knew;  In  Kedar's  Tents; 
Sweethearts  and  Friends;  Dr.  Luttrell's  Firat 
Patient;  Tlie  Haid  of  the  Detrimental;  At  the 
Cross  Roads;  The  GadHy;  His  Fault  or  Hers? 
Netherdvke;  Le  Rachat  d'une  Ame;  Le  RSve  de 
Yanniri)         629- 

CaRiSTMAs  Books        

Celtic  Literature     

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      633- 

Dr.  Justin  Winsor;  Kurdish  or  Gypsy;  Bru.vetto 
Latini's  Home  in  France;  'The  Savage  Club 
Papers'        634- 

Litkrary  Gossip         

Science  —  William  Pengklly;  Library  Table; 
The  Kev.  Samuel  Hauqhton;  Astronomical 
Notes;  The  Rev.  P.  B.  Brodie  ;  Societies; 
Meetings     

Fine  Arts  —  The   Institute   of   Painters   in 
Colours;  Gossip 

Music— The  Week;   Gossip;    Performances 
Week  

Dbama—The  Week  ;  Gossip  


H36- 

OlL 


Next 
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641- 


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631 
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639 

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LITERATURE 


The   Coining  of  Love,  and  other  Poems.     By 
Theodore  Watts-Dunton.     (Lane.) 

The  lovers  and  students  of  poetry  liave 
reason  to  be  glad  that  Mr.  Watts-Dunton 
has  at  last  issued  a  selection  from  his  verse 
in  volume  form.  That  he  is  in  no  sense 
"  a  new  poet"  none  knows  better  than  the 
readers  of  this  journal,  whose  pages  he  has 
enriched  with  so  much  of  the  best  fruit  of 
his  poetic  powers  ;  and  it  is  now  a  good  many 
years  since  Eossetti,  in  a  letter  published  in 
1882,  pronounced  his  sonnets  "  splendid 
affairs."  Though  the  present  is  the  first 
book  of  poems  he  has  issued,  sonnets  and 
other  pieces  of  his  have  figured  in  all  the 
most  notable  of  latter  -  day  anthologies, 
with  the  result  that  many  of  them  are 
familiar  to  cultivated  people.  It  was,  how- 
ever, obviously  undesirable  that  verse  of 
such  fine  quality  should  remain  "  fugitive" 
— in  the  first  place,  because  the  poetry- lover 
was  inconvenienced  thereby,  and,  in  the 
second,  because  the  author  himself  was 
thus  deprived  of  the  full  vogue  and  appre- 
ciation which  were  his  due.  Now  that  he 
has  brought  together,  within  the  boards  of 
a  volume,  a  certain  proportion  of  his  already 
printed  verse,  adding  to  it  a  measure  of 
verse  not  before  printed,  the  public  as  well 
as  the  critical  reader  is  able  to  realize,  much 
more  clearly  than  was  possible  before,  the 
extent  and  character  of  his  capacity  as  a 
poet. 

Especially  fortunate,  both  for  public  and 
for  poet,  is  the  opportunity  now  afforded 
for  placing  before  the  former,  in  its  entirety', 
the  long  and  important  poem  which  gives 
the  volume  its  title,  *  The  Coming  of  Love.' 
This  has  been  seen  hitherto  only  in  parts — 
fi-agmentarily,  at  different  times,  and  in  dif- 
ferent places.  It  is  now  submitted  as  a 
whole,  greatly  to  its  own  advantage  and  to 
that  of  writer  and  reader.  It  is  in  two 
sections  :  '  Before  the  Coming  of  Love ' 
and  '  The  Daughter  of  the  Sunrise.'  In 
form  it  is  agreeably  unconventional.  It 
embodies  the  story  of  two  lovers,  told  mainly 
by  the  man,  in  a  succession  of  lyric  utter- 
ances connected  by  threads  of  "stage 
direction "  (for  the  poem  is  virtually  a 
Eaonodrama),  and  varied  by  letters  from  the 


girl — a  gipsy  maid.  In  the  first  section  the 
autobiographic  narrator  is  pictured  as  a 
fervent  lover  of  Nature — as  an  enthusiast, 
especially,  for  sea  and  sky.  Herein  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  reveals  himself  as  one  of 
the  few  who  have  got  at  the  heart  of  the 
sea's  mystery,  and  possess  the  ability  to 
expound  it.  The  opening  pages  of  this 
section  are  full  of  the  scent  of  wind  and 
wave ;  they  seem  to  exhale  the  "  briny 
smell,"  the  "  living  breath  of  Ocean,  sharp 
and  salt." 

It  is  not  sufficient,  however,  for  a  poet 
merely  to  do  well  what  has  been  done  well 
before,  and  in  the  second  part  of  the  poem 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton  is  able  to  exhibit  origin- 
ality as  well  as  power.  He  opens  admirably 
with  a  genuine  bit  of  passionate  abandon- 
ment. The  poet-lover  has  met  and  fallen 
in  love  with  the  gipsy  girl,  and  rhapsodizes 
over  the  memory  of  the  first  kiss : — 

If  only  in  dreams  may  Man  be  fullj  blest. 

Is  heaven  a  dream  1     Is  she  I  claspt  a  dream  ? 

Or  stood  she   here    even    now   where    dew-drops 

gleam 
And  miles  of  furze  shine  yellow  down  the  West  / 
I  seem  to  clasp  her  still — still  on  my  breast 
Her  bosom  beats :  I  see  the  bright  eyes  beam. 
I  think  she  kiss'd  these  lips,  for  row  tbey  setm 
Scarce  mine  :  so  hallow'd  of  the  lips  they  press'd. 
Yon  thicket's  breath — can  that  be  eglantine  ? 
Those  birds — can  they  be  Morning's  choristers  ? 
Can  this  be  earth  ?     Can  these  be  banks  of  furze  ? 
Like  burning  bushes  fired  of  God  they  shine  ! 
I  seem  to  know  them,  though  this  body  of  mine 
Passed  into  spirit  at  the  touch  of  hers  1 

Nature  is  now  forgotten  in  the  potent 
presence  of  love.  The  girl's  personality 
(as  the  readers  of  this  journal  will  re- 
member) is  a  charming  one,  depicted  with 
insight  and  with  skill.  Of  course  she  is  no 
ordinary  "gipsy"  ;  she  is  of  a  typo  very 
different  from  that  which  the  popular  mind 
associates  with  country  roads  near  London. 
She  is  of  the  kind  that  is  at  once  real  and 
uncommon.  That  fact,  however,  has  not  ren- 
dered her  portraiture  any  the  more  easy.  Is 
it  possible  to  make  a  girl  talk  and  write  in 
uneducated  fashion  and  yet  be  "  poetical  "  ? 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton  shows  here  that  the  feat 
can  be  achieved.  Rhona's  letters  are  natur- 
ally without  literary  qualities,  but  the  pathos 
of  them  is  poignant  for  all  that.  The  girl's 
devotion  is  as  touching  as  it  is  complete. 
Her  jealousy  of  a  supposed  rival  is  con- 
suming. The  upshot  is  tragic.  Ehona  has  a 
gipsy  suitor  who,  as  she  disdains  and  dislikes 
him,  essays  to  kill  her.  She  responds  by 
pushing  him  in  self-defence  into  the  river, 
where  he  drowns.  A  gipsy  girl  who  causes 
the  death  of  one  of  her  tribe  and  weds  a 
"Gorgio"  or  "Rye"  is,  it  seems,  by  gipsy 
law,  herself  doomed  to  death.  So,  after 
her  brief  married  happiness  with  her 
"gentleman,"  Rhona  disappears.  She  had 
promised  once 

To  show  her  face  some  morn  when  hill  and  glen 
Took  the  first  kiss  of  Day. 

And  this  vow  is  duly  fulfilled — for  is  she 
not  "the  daughter  of  the  sunrise"?  Of 
the  sunrise  itself  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  may 
be  said  to  be  par  excellence  the  poet,  the  self- 
elected  and  adequate  interpreter.  Of  sunset, 
as  we  all  know,  there  have  been  many 
bards,  but  of  sunrise  English  poetry  has 
had  but  little  comparable  with  that  which 
we  find  in  '  The  Coming  of  Love.'  It  will 
be  remembered  by  readers  of  Mr.  W. 
Sharp's  monograph  that,  on  account  of  the 
haunting    magic    of    this    poem,    Rossetti 


intended  to  use  one  of  the  scenes  for  a 
picture — that  depicted  in  the  sonnet  called 
'The  Stars  in  the  River,'  which  he  pro- 
nounced to  be  "  the  most  original  of  all  the 
versions  of  the  Doppelganger  legend." 

Nearlj'  as  long  as  '  The  Coming  of  Love,' 
but  simpler  in  structure,  is  '  Christmas  at 
the  Mermaid.'  This  describes  a  symposium 
at  the  famous  hostelry.  Shakspeare  has  left 
London  permanently  for  Stratford,  but  all 
the  other  members  of  the  Club  are  in  session 
— Ben  Jonson  (who  presides),  "  Mr.  W.  H." 
(whom  Mr.  Watts  -  Dunton  takes  the 
justifiable  liberty  of  "imagining  for  him- 
self"), Drayton,  Heywood,  and  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  who,  with  a  view  to  re-arousing 
in  England  the  old  anti-Spanish  feeling, 
has  brought  with  him  one  Gwynn  —  an 
ex-galley-slave,  who  had  helped  to  cripple 
the  Armada  before  it  reached  the  Channel. 
First  of  all,  the  thoughts  of  the  company 
gravitate  towards  the  absent  Shakspeare — 
"the  star  of  revel,  bright-eyed  Will" — of 
whom  his  "  brother,"  "  Mr.  W.  H.,"  dis- 
courses in  delightfully  sympathetic  lines. 
Then  a  friend  of  Marlowe's  describes  the 
manner  of  that  poet's  death.  Next,  Raleigh 
urges  Gwynn  to  teU  his  stirring  story — 
namely,  how  he  and  a  number  of  other 
galley-slaves,  pressed  into  the  service  of 
the  Armada,  contrived  to  overthrow  their 
Spanish  masters  and  capture  the  vessel  in 
which  they  were  immured.  Gwynn  has 
been  called  upon  to  act  as  steersman,  and 
then  it  is  that  he  beholds  "  a  wondrous 
sight":— 
A  skeleton,  but  yet  with  living  eyes — 

A  skeleton,  but  yet  with  bones  like  gold — 
Squats  on  the  galley-beak,  in  wondrous  wise. 

And  round  his  brow,  of  high  imperial  mould, 
A  burning  circle  seems  to  shake  and  shine. 

Bright,  fiery  bright,  with  many  a  living  gem, 
Throwing  a  radiance  o'er  the  foam-lit  brine  : 
"  'Tis  God's  Revenge,"  methinks,     "  Heaven  sends 
for  sign 

That  bony  shape— that  Inca's  diadem." 

Gwynn  has  sent  the  soldiers  below,  and 
has  ordered  them  to  "pile  arms."  Then, 
when  the  storm  is  at  its  highest,  he  seizes 
the  key,  and  "lets  loose  a  storm  of  slaves." 
We  leap  adown  the  hatches ;  in  the  dark 

We  stab  the  Dot  s  at  random,  till  I  see 
A  spark  that  trembles  like  a  tinder-spark, 

Waxing  and  brightening,  till  it  seems  to  be 
A  fleshless  skull,  with  eyes  of  joyful  fire  : 

Then,  lo  1  a  bony  shape  with  lifted  hands — 
A  bony  mouth  that  chants  an  anthem  dire, 
O'ertopping  groans,  o'ertopping  Ocean's  quire — 

A  skeleton  with  Inca's  diadem  stands  1 

It  sings  the  song  I  heard  an  Indian  sing, 

Chained  by  the  ruthless  Dons  to  burn  at  stake, 
When  priests  of  Tophet  chanted  in  a  ring, 

Sniffing  man's  flesh  at  roast  for  Christ  His  sake. 
The  Spaniards  hear  :  they  see  :  they  fight  no  more ; 

They  cross  their  foreheads,  but  they  dare  not 
speak. 
Anon  the  spectre,  when  the  strife  is  o'er, 
Melts  from  the  dark,  then  glimmers  as  before, 

Burning  upon  the  conquered  galley's  beak. 

Among  the  "miscellaneous  poems"  which 
follow  are  some  of  the  best  known  of  the 
author's  sonnets.  Of  these  we  venture  to 
think  that  the  tributes  to  Coleridge,  to 
Keats,  to  Hugo  ('At  the  Theatre  Fran^ais '), 
to  D.  G.  Rossetti,  to  Omar  and  Fitzgerald, 
will  have  a  permanent  vitality.  They  are 
happy  alike  in  conception  and  in  execution  ; 
they  have,  at  one  and  the  same  time,  sim- 
plicity, clearness,  and  felicity  of  phrase. 
Those  on  Miss  Rossetti,  Tennyson,  Oliver 
Madox  Brown,  and  Prof.  Jowett  will  always 
have  a  place  in  the  literature  of  friendship. 


626 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N»  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


One  notes,  too,  the  breadth  of  sympathy 
which  has  enabled  Mr.  AVatts-Dunton  to 
•write  80  tenderly  of  Dickens — Dickens,  at 
■whom  it  is  fashionable  nowadays  to  gird 
and  sneer.  For  the  rest,  we  have  in  the 
lines  '  To  Pierrot  in  Love  '  a  graceful  piece  of 
occasional  verse,  and  in  those  on  the  Queen 
Katharine  of  Miss  Terry  an  elegant  example 
of  courtly  compliment.  Under  the  heading 
of  '  The  Omnipotence  of  Love '  there  is  a 
little  story  of  a  Bedouin  child  which  is  likely 
some  day  to  rival  the  '  Abou  Ben  Adhem  ' 
of  Leigh  Hunt  in  the  affections  of  the 
general  reader. 

Throughout  the  volume  one  is  struck  by 
the  success  with  which  the  author,  notoriously 
a  master  of  the  whole  corpus  poetarum,  has 
contrived  to  maintain  his  own  individuality 
alike  in  thought,  feeling,  imagination,  and 
expression.  The  book  is  singularly  free 
from  echoes.  Not  only  the  matter,  but  the 
manner  is  the  writer's  own,  and  the  manner 
is  distinguished  especially  by  directness  and 
by  vigour.  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  has  medi- 
tated, felt,  and  imagined  for  himself,  and 
has  expressed  himself  likewise  in  his  own 
way. 

Had  "William  Morris  lived,  this  volume 
(as  the  preface  tells  us)  would  have  been 
printed  at  the  Kelmscott  Press,  and  would 
have  borne  Morris's  name,  therefore,  on  the 
imprint.  As  it  is,  it  comes  to  us  in  neat 
and  graceful  guise,  well  fitted  externally  as 
well  as  internally  for  a  place  upon  the 
shelves  of  all  who  can  appreciate  freshness 
and  virility  in  poetic  work. 


Under  the  Red  Crescent:  Adventures  of  an 
English  Surgeon  with  the  Turkish  Army  at 
Plevna  and  Er%eroum.  Eelated  by  Charles 
S.  Eyan,  M.B.,  in  Association  with  his 
Friend  John  Sandes,  B.A.  With  Por- 
trait and  Maps.     (Murray.) 

Mr.  Ryan  apologizes  for  the  delay  in  pub- 
lishing his  recollections  by  the  reasonable 
excuse  that  a  busy  doctor  has  very  little 
leisure,  and  that  even  if  he  had,  personally 
he  has  not  the  gift  of  the  ready  writer.  If 
BO,  Mr.  John  Sandes  has  it  distinctly ;  the 
book  is  admirably  put  together,  and  the 
language  is  vigorous,  terse,  and  well  chosen. 
Nor  is  there  any  reason  why  the  description 
of  an  historical  event  should  not  be  delayed. 
"We  are  not  all  newspaper  correspondents  at 
the  tail  of  a  telegraph  wire,  and  there  is 
such  a  thing  as  a  history  of  the  past.  Of 
course  an  event  of  apparent  magnitude  at 
the  time  sometimes  fades  into  insignificance 
or  is  totally  forgotten  in  the  course  of  years. 
But  the  siege  of  Plevna  is  not  one  of  these 
ephemeral  sensations:  it  lives  among  the 
great  sieges  of  all  history,  and  there  will 
always  be  readers  and  students  of  an 
authentic  narrative  of  its  progress.  Mr. 
Eyan,  now  a  well-known  doctor  at  Melbourne, 
was  in  1877  a  young  Australian  medical 
student— or  rather  he  had  just  finished  his 
medical  course  at  Edinburgh  as  a  supple- 
ment to  his  Victorian  education.  He  was 
enjoying  a  rest,  touring  about  Europe,  when 
he  heard  that  British  surgeons  were  wanted 
for  the  Turkish  army,  then  engaged  in  the 
Servian  war,  and  he  at  once  volunteered  and 
was  accepted.  His  services  were  employed 
chiefly  at  "Widdin,  before  the  declaration  of 
war  by  Eussia ;  at  Plevna,  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  siege  till  after  the  third  battle  ; 


and  lastly  at  Erzeroum,  until  the  armistice 
■which  closed  the  siege. 

The  most  interesting  part  of  course  relates 
to  Plevna,  for  it  was  there  that  the  Turks 
showed  their  fighting  qualities  in  the 
greatest  perfection.  It  is  curious  that  most 
readers  of  newspapers  sit  at  home  and 
revile  the  unspeakable  Turk,  whilst  the 
Englishmen  who  really  know  him  and  have 
served  with  him  cannot  restrain  their  admi- 
ration of  his  character,  not  only  as  "  a  first- 
class  fighting  man,"  but  as  a  simple-hearted, 
honest,  courteous,  and  even  humane  member 
of  society.  Mr,  Eyan  says  all  this  and 
more;  he  guards  himself  about  official 
corruption  and  the  like,  but  of  the  ordinary 
private  he  writes  with  enthusiasm  : — 

"  I  was  devoted  to  the  Turkish  army  and  the 
Turkish  cause.  I  positively  loved  the  great 
rough  barbarians  who  bore  their  sufferings  with 
such  noble  fortitude  in  my  hospital,  and  during 
the  whole  of  my  time  in  Plevna  I  never  had  the 
slightest  unpleasantness  with  a  single  one  of 
them,  and  received  always  the  greatest  gratitude 

from   them    all No    one   could    have    gone 

through  all  that  1  had  without  being  impressed 
with  a  feeling  of  the  most  profound  admiration 
for  the  patience,  courage,  and  heroic  patriotism 
of  the  Turkish  private  soldier." 

Many  instances  of  the  extraordinary  en- 
durance and  power  of  bearing  pain  displayed 
by  the  Ottoman  warriors  occur  in  these 
pages,  as  well  as  of  their  dashing  qualities 
in  a  charge  or  a  sortie.  Men  would  undergo 
the  most  excruciating  operations  without  a 
groan,  and  frequently  refused  chloroform. 
All  witnesses  are  agreed  about  the  courage 
of  the  Turk,  but  Mr.  Eyan  upholds  also  his 
humanity.    "  It  was  astonishing,"  he  says, 

"at  Sophia  to  notice  the  humane  way  in  which 
the  Turks  treated  the  Bulgarians,  who  were  to 
all  intents  and  purposes  a  hostile  people,  and 
who  never  lost  an  opportunity  of  showing  their 
hostility  whenever  they  could  do  so  with  safety 
to  themselves.  During  the  whole  of  the  time 
that  I  was  in  Sophia  I  never  saw  a  Bulgarian 
ill  treated." 

The  book  abounds  in  stories  of  personal 
bravery,  and  an  exploit  of  Ahmed  Bey 
may  be  quoted  as  a  typical  example.  This 
Turkish  officer  had  killed  seven  Servians 
with  his  ovyn  sword  during  the  final  attack 
upon  Alexinatz.  The  doctor  writes  of  him 
with  professional  admiration  : — 

"I  never  in  my  life  saw  a  man  with  such  a 
magnificent  physique.  He  was  very  handsome, 
splendidly  proportioned,  and  of  astounding 
physical  strength.  A  few  days  before  I  met 
him  he  had  been  the  hero  of  a  feat  about  which 
all  the  troops  in  Nish  were  still  talking.  It 
seemed  that  Abdul  Kerim  Pasha,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief, while  inspecting  the  troops 
one  morning,  casually  expressed  a  wish  that  he 
could  capture  a  Servian  prisoner  from  the 
Servian  lines.  Ahmed  Bey,  who  overheard  the 
remark,  rode  up,  and  saluting,  asked  to  be  per- 
mitted to  get  the  commander  a  prisoner.  Abdul 
Kerim  wonderinglygave  the  required  permission, 
and  Ahmed  Bey,  without  another  word,  wheeled 
his  charger,  dashed  the  spurs  into  his  flanks, 
and  galloped  off  in  front  of  the  astonished  de- 
tachment straight  for  the  nearest  Servian  out- 
post. As  he  approached  the  lines  half-a-dozen 
rifles  cracked,  for  the  Servian  vedettes  opened 
fire  upon  him,  hoping  to  drop  him  on  the  wing. 
But  Ahmed  Bey  galloped  on  unharmed,  having 
deliberately  marked  down  one  sentry  for  his 
prey.  The  sentry  emptied  his  rifle  at  the  auda- 
cious horseman  in  vain,  and  too  late  started  to 
run.  Ahmed  Bey  swooped  down  upon  him  like 
a  sparrow-hawk  upon  a  landrail,  and  bending 
down  grasped  the  man  by  the  collar  in  an  iron 


grip  and  flung  him  without  an  efibrt  across  the 
saddle  in  front  of  him.  Then  he  galloped  back 
again,  bending  over  his  horse's  neck  as  the 
bullets  whistled  over  his  head,  and  delivered 
his  bewildered  prisoner  to  the  Turkish  com- 
mander amid  the  delighted  shouts  of  the  whole 
detachment." 

One  is  not  surprised  that  Valentine  Baker 
Pasha,  who  served  with  Ahmed  Bey,  ad- 
mired his  soldierly  qualities ;  but  surely  a 
word  of  praise  is  due  to  the  staying  power 
of  the  cloth  of  which  Servian  collars  are 
made.  If  personal  pluck  makes  one  a 
good  judge  of  valour  in  others,  Surgeon- 
Major  Eyan  ought  to  be  an  unimpeachable 
authority,  for  he  did  a  deed  (indeed,  several) 
which  in  the  English  service  would  have 
earned  him  the  Victoria  Cross.  The  Turks 
were  forced  to  retreat  from  a  redoubt 
during  their  useless  movement  on  Pelischat; 
shells  were  dropping  amongst  them,  Osman 
Pasha  himself  had  three  horses  shot  under 
him,  and  the  order  to  retire  was  given  in  a 
hailstorm  of  shot  and  shell.  Two  of  the 
wounded  had  been  left  behind  in  the  re- 
doubt, and  Mr.  Eyan  went  back  to  save 
them.  He  found  both  severely  wounded, 
but,  dismounting,  he  managed  to  prop  them 
on  his  horse,  and  led  them  slowly  after  the 
retreating  force,  already  half  a  mile  distant. 
The  Eussianswere  now  only  400  yards  from 
the  redoubt,  and  the  Turks  were  firing  as 
they  retired ;  so  the  doctor  and  his  charges 
were  between  two  fires.  One  of  the  Turks 
died  of  his  wound  on  the  way,  but  the 
other  was  brought  safely  into  the  lines 
by  his  preserver,  who,  singularly  enough, 
escaped  without  a  scratch. 

Perhaps  the  trials  and  labours  of  his 
hospital  duties  called  for  an  even  greater 
courage  than  the  rescue  of  these  wounded 
men,  Mr.  Eyan  draws  a  terrible  picture 
of  the  scene  in  the  yard  of  the  hospital — 
a  Bulgarian  school-house — after  the  first 
battle  of  Plevna,  Down  the  Nicopolis  road, 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  a  long  string 
of  ar abas — rough  springless  carts — jolted  the 
wretched  sufferers  towards  the  little  hospital, 
and  all  day  Mr.  Eyan  and  his  fellow  sur- 
geons struggled  against  terrible  odds  with 
urgent  cases,  for  which  adequate  time  was 
wanting  ;  it  was  not  far  from  midnight  when 
he  finished  his  work  by  the  light  of  candles 
stuck  on  bayonets.  His  description  of  the 
wounds  he  had  to  deal  with  is  ghastly 
enough,  but  the  redeeming  features  were 
always  the  heroic  fortitude  shown  by  these 
ignorant  soldiers  under  intense  agony,  and 
— one  is  glad  to  add — the  extraordinary 
recoveries  they  made,  thanks  partly  to 
abstemious  lives  and  the  total  absence  of 
drunkenness.  Some  of  Mr,  Eyan's  stories 
seem  almost  too  wonderful  for  belief,  and  the 
reader  feels  tempted  to  inquire  whether  he  kept 
a  case-book  in  the  midst  of  such  a  turmoil, 
or  whether  he  had  any  notes  to  check  the 
tricks  of  memory.  But  a  man  of  his  pro- 
fessional reputation  is  not  likely  to  publish 
surgical  impossibilities,  and  what  to  the  lay 
mind  seems  incredible  may  doubtless  be 
comprehended  by  the  surgeon. 

"We  have  dwelt  especially  upon  the  things 
Mr,  Eyan  did,  rather  than  on  his  opinions ; 
yet  there  is  much  in  his  criticism  of  the  war 
which  deserves  attention.  Nor  must  we 
forget  to  refer  to  the  many  interesting  notes 
he  records  of  his  colleagues  and  friends, 
whether    surgeons,    such    as    Dr.    George 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


627 


Stoker,  or  correspondents,  as  poor  0' Dono- 
van, Olivier  Pain,  Frank  Power,  and 
others  —  now  dead  to  a  man.  The 
adventures  of  his  Polish  friend,  the 
briUiant  leader  of  many  a  charge,  Prince 
Czetwertinski ;  the  evenings  with  an  up- 
roarious Dr.  Eobert,  supposed  to  be  a  Eus- 
sian  spy  ;  and  the  author's  narrow  escapes 
from  an  anglophobe  grandfather  of  some 
fair  Eoumanians,  and,  by  way  of  change, 
from  the  shovels  of  infuriated  scavengers, 
add  variety  and  humour  to  a  singularly 
exciting  and  interesting  book. 


Fifty  Years  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Radley.   By 

the  Eev.  T.  D.  Eaikes.  (Parker  &  Co.) 
The  average  newspaper  reader  of  the  present 
day  knows  of  Eadley  chiefly  as  a  small 
public  school  which,  with  indomitable  per- 
severance, sends  an  eight  every  year  to 
Henley,  to  be  defeated  with  more  or  less 
ease  by  Eton.  The  student  of  rowing  knows 
that  with  the  exception  of  its  great  rival 
no  school  turns  out  more  distinguished  oars- 
men. The  "  Competition  Wallah  "  styled  it 
"  a  place  of  remarkably  religious  education 
and  moderately  sound  knowledge"  ;  and  it 
is  a  little  significant  that  though  Mr.  Eaikes 
devotes  several  chapters  to  the  athletic 
records  of  his  school,  the  word  "  Honours  " 
does  not  even  appear  in  the  index.  In- 
deed, we  take  it  that,  though  it  has  gained 
some  scholarships,  at  both  universities  the 
arrival  of  a  Eadley  freshman  is  awaited 
with  more  interest  by  boating  captains  than 
by  those  who  take  account  of  schools  and 
triposes.  Still,  Eadley  turns  out  very  good 
gentlemen,  and  has,  with  its  somewhat 
younger  sister  of  Bradfield,  attained  public- 
school  rank  in  a  very  short  time ;  for  barely 
fifty  years  have  elapsed  since  the  Eev. 
William  Sewell,  of  Exeter  College — finding 
that  the  statutes  of  St.  Columba's  College 
in  Ireland,  which  he  also  had  helped  to 
found,  "  especially  those  relating  to  the 
observance  of  the  fasts  of  the  Church,  were 
being  tampered  with" — expressed,  with  the 
same  motives,  though  perhaps  not  in  the 
same  terms  as  those  ascribed  by  a  well- 
known  ballad  to  the  late  Dr.  Caius,  his 
intention  of  founding  a  college  where 
Anglican  principles  should  rule  supreme. 

An  old  family  mansion  near  Oxford  was 
rented  ;  the  Eev.  E.  C.  Singleton,  an  Irish- 
man whose  scholarship  unluckily  was  not 
equal  to  his  vanity,  but  who  had  been  head 
master  of  St.  Columba's  before  its  lapse, 
■was  appointed  to  the  same  post  at  the  new 
school,  under  the  somewhat  affected  title 
of  "Warden,"  which  his  successors  have 
retained  ;  a  large  quantity  of  old  plate,  old 
furniture,  and  turkey  carpets  was  pur- 
chased— for  Dr.  Sewell  and  Mr.  Singleton, 
though  sworn  foes  to  the  lust  of  the  flesh, 
as  manifested  in  a  desire  for  apples  and 
jam-tarts,  seem  to  have  had  a  weakness  for 
that  of  the  eye ;  an  opening  ceremony  was 
held,  embellished  by  the  most  amazing 
tomfooleries,  a  full  account  of  which  may 
be  read  in  Mr.  Eaikes' s  pages;  and  the 
school  was  fairly  started  with  three  boys, 
and  about  twice  that  number  of  masters, 
or,  as  by  another  piece  of  absurdity  they 
were  called,  "fellows."  Mr.  Singleton's 
reign  did  not  last  very  long ;  those  whose 
m.emorie8  go  back  to  the  beginning  of  the 
fifties   will    remember  the  opiaiou  of  his 


discretion  and  judgment  held  by  persons 
friendly  enough  to  the  principles  which 
Eadley  represented.  Yet,  strangely  enough, 
during  his  four  years  of  authority  the 
numbers  rose  to  eighty-four.  One  can  only 
suppose  that  the  demand  for  a  school  of  the 
kind  was  so  great  that  parents  did  not  too 
closely  scrutinize  the  quality  of  the  article. 

Then  Dr.  Sewell,  like  a  second  Hilde- 
brand,  openly  assumed  the  power  which  he 
had  from  the  first  virtually  wielded.  He 
was  at  any  rate  a  scholar,  and  though 
anything  but  a  wise  man,  he  seems  to  have 
possessed  a  certain  "magnetism"  which 
attracted  to  him  not  only  his  colleagues,  but, 
in  spite  of  the  frequency  and  regularity  of 
his  floggings,  the  boys  as  well.  "Eadley 
boys  adore  the  Eeverend  Sewell,"  says  the 
writer  above  quoted,  in  a  line  of  which  Mr. 
Eaikes  has  not  failed  to  take  note.  He 
also  slackened  to  some  extent  the  extreme 
rigidity  and  austerity  of  Mr.  Singleton's 
regime.  "Climbing  trees,  and  mustard," 
were,  if  our  memory  serves,  specified  by  a 
Eadley  boy  of  the  day  as  the  most  pro- 
minent among  the  additions  to  the  joy  of 
living  brought  about  by  the  change. 

But  Dr.  Sewell  was  no  man  of  business, 
and  ten  years  of  his  management  saddled 
the  school  with  a  debt  of  40,000^.  But  for 
the  generosity  of  the  late  Lord  Addington, 
then  Mr.  Hubbard,  who  made  himself 
responsible  for  the  debt  and  took  the 
finances  in  hand,  Eadley  must  have  col- 
lapsed. As  it  was,  the  effect  of  the  shock 
lasted  long.  Public  confidence  was 
weakened,  and  though  towards  the  end 
of  the  sixties  the  school  was  prosper- 
ing both  in  cricket  and  in  scholarship, 
the  numbers  decreased.  In  1870  they 
fell  below  eighty,  and  though  a  rally  took 
place  they  dropped  again,  till  the  end  of 
the  decade  found  them  no  higher  than  at 
the  beginning.  There  was  friction  among  the 
staff,  and  the  tone  of  the  school  got  lowered, 
both  being  no  doubt  symptoms  of  a  reaction 
from  the  absurdly  over- pitched  standard, 
tending  only  to  self  -  consciousness,  which 
the  founder  had  aimed  at  setting  up. 
Eadley  was,  in  fact,  sowing  its  wild  oats 
previous  to  settling  down  into  the  career — 
respectable  enough,  after  all— of  an  ordinary 
English  public  school.  Mr.  Wilson,  after- 
wards Warden  of  Keble  CoUege,  who  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  it  in  1879,  was  a 
strong  High  Churchman,  but  a  man  of  the 
world  as  well  as  a  man  of  great  ability. 
Under  him  and  his  successor  the  numbers 
have  steadily  increased,  with  one  check 
owing  to  illness  two  or  three  years  ago ;  the 
debt  has  long  been  cleared  off;  the  school 
owns  its  premises  and  has  a  charter,  and  its 
future  seems  assured. 

All  this  is  told  by  Mr.  Eaikes  and  his 
collaborators  in  a  handsome  volume,  copi- 
ously illustrated  with  "  process  "  cuts.  These 
are  of  the  ordinary  kind  :  groups  of  masters, 
views  of  buildings,  and  so  on.  Perhaps 
the  most  notable  feature  in  these  is,  if  we 
may  venture  on  a  personality,  the  gradual 
whitening  of  the  Eev.  G.  Wharton's 
whiskers,  as  he  appears,  faithful  to  the 
school,  in  a  series  of  groups  extending  over 
nearly  thirty  years. 


The   Letters  of  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning. 

Edited  by  E.  G.  Kenyon.    2  vols.  (Smith, 

Elder  &  Co.) 
These  two  closely  printed  volumes  contain 
"a  selection  from  a  large  mass  of  letters, 
written  at  all  periods  in  Mrs.  Browning's 
life,  which  Mr.  Browning,  after  his  wife's 
death,  reclaimed  from  the  friends  to  whom 
they  had  been  written,  or  from  their 
representatives."  A  few  passages  had 
ah-eady  been  quoted  by  Mrs.  Sutherland 
Orr  in  her  *  Life  of  Browning,'  otherwise 
they  are  absolutely  new  material,  and 
it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  they  are 
the  first  adequate  contribution  which  has 
been  made  to  a  real  knowledge  of  Mrs. 
Browning.  The  two  volumes  of  letters  to 
E.  H.  Home,  published  in  1877,  have  indeed 
a  distinct  value  of  their  own,  but  a  value, 
after  all,  only  partial.  Those  letters  were 
written  mostly  between  1839  and  1845,  that 
is  to  say  while  the  writer  was  still  Miss 
Barrett.  They  are  concerned  exclusively 
with  literary  questions,  and  with  literary 
questions  more  particularly  interesting  to 
her  correspondent  than  to  herself ;  and  that 
correspondent,  it  must  be  remembered,  was 
personally  unknown  to  her.  Within  their 
limits  they  are  full  of  interest,  and  they 
contain,  here  and  there,  passages  of  exqui- 
site and  subtle  criticism,  sometimes  ex- 
pressed with  a  sort  of  earnest  brilliance,  as, 
for  instance,  the  description  of  Sappho, 
"  who  broke  off  a  fragment  of  her  soul  to 
be  guessed  by — as  creation  did  by  its  fossils." 
In  actual  literary  criticism  they  are  perhaps 
richer  than  the  letters  of  the  same  period 
contained  in  the  collection  edited  by  Mr. 
Kenyon.  But  the  inestimable  value  of  this 
new  collection  is  that  it  contains  not  nierely 
interesting  critical  writing,  but  the  intimate 
expression  of  a  personality,  from  the  time 
when,  at  twenty-eight,  she  writes  on  one 
page, 

"  I  have  been  reading  the  Bridgewater 
treatise,  and  am  now  trying  to  understand 
Prout  upon  Chemistry.  I  shall  be  worth  some- 
thing at  last,  shall  I  not  %  " 

and  on  the  next, 

"We  have  had  a  crowded  Bible  meeting,  and 
a  Church  Missionary  and  London  Missionary 
meeting  besides," 

to  the  time,  twenty-seven  years  later,  when 
the  last  letter,  written  in  Florence,  cries, 
"  May  God  save  Italy  !  "  Here  are  letters 
written  to  the  closest  friends  of  every  period : 
Mr.  Boyd,  the  "dear  Grecian"  who  gave 
her  the  "wine  of  Cyprus,"  Miss  Mitford 
and  Mrs.  Jameson  later  on,  Miss  Brown- 
ing still  later,  Mrs.  Martin  throughout, 
and  Mr.  Kenyon  almost  throughout,  with 
letters  to  Chorley,  Euskin,  and  other 
less  intimate  friends,  all  written  with 
the  same  beautiful  sincerity  of  feeling, 
the  same  delicate  frankness,  the  same 
womanly  mind  and  heart.  And  what  is 
perhaps  more  notable  in  them  than  any 
other  single  characteristic  is  their  affec- 
tionateness.  They  are  the  most  affectionate 
letters  ever  written:  almost  every  corre- 
spondent is  a  "  dearest,"  or  "  very  dear,"  or 
"  ever  dear"  friend;  to  almost  every  corre- 
spondent is  she  "  ever  affectionately  yours. 
And  yet  no  letters  could  be  more  free  from 
that  feminine  quality  which  so  often  goes 
with  this  warmth  of  adjective:  the  quahty 
of  gush.     She  convinces  you,  every  time  that 


628 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N**  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


she  uses  a  loving  word,  that  she  means  pre- 
cisely what  she  says,  and  that  therefore  she 
says  it,  quietly,  because  it  is  meant.  "I 
am  stupid  perhaps,"  she  writes  to  Mr. 
Euskin,  "  but  for  my  life  I  never  could 
help  being  grateful  to  the  people  who 
loved  me,  even  if  they  happened  to  say, 
*I  can't  help  it,  not  I!'  "  At  the  end  of 
her  life,  when  she  is  tired  in  heart  with 
many  disappointments,  she  writes  to  a 
young  friend,  in  one  of  her  few  bitter 
moments : — 

"  I  congratulate  you  on  liking  anybody  better. 
That's  pleasant  for  you,  at  any  rate.  My 
changes  are  always  the  other  way.  I  begin  by 
seeing  the  beautiful  in  most  people,  and  then 
comes  the  disillusion.  It  isn't  caprice  or  un- 
stei\diness  ;  oh  no,  it 's  merely  fate.  My  fate, 
I  mean.     Alas,  my  bubbles,  my  bubbles  !  " 

But  hers,  indeed,  were  the  eyes  which  can 
see  the  after-image  of  the  bubble  glittering 
under  closed  eyelids,  long  after  that  radiant 
life  of  a  moment  has  melted  into  air.  Such, 
and  so  pathetically  seen  in  these  pages,  was 
her  unswerving  belief  in  Napoleon  III.,  and 
in  the  yet  more  illusory  good  faith  of  the 
"  rapping "  spirits.     And  it    is    this    same 


attitude  of  mind  which  imparts  their  extra- 
ordinary evenness  to  all  these  letters.  Full 
of  individual  sympathy  as  she  is,  she  writes 
to  every  one,  not  only  from  the  same  brain, 
but  from  the  same  heart.  It  never  occurs 
to  her  to  limit  or  restrain  whatever  feeling 
breathes  within  her  as  she  writes.  Always 
without  self-consciousness,  she  speaks  on 
and  on,  and  we  listen,  as  if  a  low-voiced 
woman,  sitting  in  the  evening  by  a  fireside, 
turned  now  to  one  friend,  now  to  another, 
smiling  and  speaking  as  if  one  were  not 
better  or  dearer  to  her  than  another. 

But  let  us  look  into  these  letters,  so  much 
"  what  letters  ought  to  be — her  own  talk 
upon  paper  "  (it  is  she  who  says  it  of  Miss 
Mitford),   trying   to   see   something  of  the 
personality  of  whose  growth  they  are  so  un- 
conscious a  witness.     And  these  letters  fall 
at  once  into  two  groups  :  the  letters  before 
her  marriage  and  the  letters  after.     It  is 
difficult,   yet   not   after    all   impossible,   to 
realize  that  she  was  forty  years  of  age  at 
the  time  of  her  marriage.     Up  to  then  her 
letters  are  the  letters  of  a  girl,  of  a  girl  of 
genius,  a  learned  lady,  indeed,  but  always 
a  girl.     Then,  suddenly,  she  is  a  woman, 
and   she   has   dropped,  as  she   crosses   the 
Channel  on  that  perilous,  wise  undertaking, 
all  that  was  a  weight  in  her  learning  and 
all  that  was  unripe  in  her  sentiment.     The 
very  way  in  which  slie  takes  suffering,  so 
constantly  her  companion,  is  quite  different ; 
her  very  evasions  of  that  fellow  traveller, 
or  guide  perhaps,   are  new.     First  it  was 
Greek,  and  Greek  (one  realizes  more  clearly 
than  ever)  was  but  one  of  those  occupations 
which    are    the    equivalent     of    narcotics. 
"  You  know,"  she  answers  a  question  from 
Mr.  Boyd  in  1842, 

"  I  have  gone  through  every  line  of  the  three 
tragedians  long  ago,  in  the  way  of  regular,  con- 
secutive reading.  You  know  also  that  1  had  at 
different  times  read  different  dialogues  of  Plato  ; 
but  when,  three  years  ago,  and  a  few  months 
previous  to  my  leaving  home,  I  became  pos- 
sessed of  a  complete  edition  of  his  works,  edited 
by  Bekker,  why  then  I  began  with  the  first 
volume  and  went  through  the  whole  of  his 
writings,  both  those  I  knew  and  those  I  did  not 
know,  one  after  another,  and  liave  at  this  time 
read,  not  only  all  that  is  properly  attributed  to 


Plato,  but  even  those  dialogues  and  epistles 
which  pass  falsely  under  his  name— everything 
except  two  books  1  think,  or  three,  of  the 
treatise  '  De  Legibus,'  which  I  shall  finish  in  a 
week  or  two." 

This  comes  between  news  of  "  a  carriage, 
a   patent  carriage  with  a  bed  in  it,  and  set 

upon    some   hundreds   of  springs on  its 

road  down  to  me"  at  Torquay,  and  a 
reflection : — 

"That   life  is   short  and  art  long  appears  to 
us  more  true  than  usual  when  we  lie  all  day 
long  on  a  sofa  and  are  as  frightened  of  the  east 
wind  as  if  it  were  a  tiger." 
It  was  under  such  conditions  as  these,  then, 
and  under  the  influence  of  a  friend  appa- 
rently so  charming,  imreasonable,  and  per- 
sistent as  Mr.  Boyd,  that  the  Greek  studies, 
which  went  to  the  making  of  the  essays  on 
Greek  Christian  poets,  published   in  these 
columns,  and  the  translation  of  the  '  Pro- 
metheus,'   were    carried     on.       That    they 
should    have    alternated   with   the   reading 
of  innumerable  novels,  in   the  intervals  of 
creative  work,  was  thus  much  of  the  nature 
of  an  accident,  with  which  actual  personal 
choice  had  but  little  to  do.     ^schylus  and 
Gregory  Nazianzen  were  but  a  substitute — 
the  best  at  hand — for  Browning  and  Italy. 
When  Browning    and    Italy    came,   Greek 
went ;  there  is  scarcely  a  reference  to  it  in 
any  subsequent  letter.     It    meant    less    to 
her,  indeed,  than  it  does    to  most  people, 
for  from  the  first,  though  she  was  not  at 
first  aware  of  it,  in  her  strangely  protracted 
girlhood,  it  was  the  emotional,  and,  in  an 
emotional  sense,  the  moral  aspects  of  things 
which  appealed  to  her. 

All  this  while,  certainly,  she  was  writing 
some  of  her  finest  poetry,  as  well  as 
"  getting  deeper  and  deeper  into  corre- 
spondence with  Robert  Browning,  poet  and 
mystic,  and  we  are  growing  to  be  the  truest 
of  friends."  And  we  see  that  as  early  as 
1844  she  had  conceived  the  idea  of  some 
day  writing 

"a  poem  comprehending  the  aspect  and  manners 
of  modern  life,  and  flinching  at  nothing  of  the 

conventional Now  I    do  think  that    a   true 

poetical  novel — modern,  and  on  the  level  of 
the  manners  of  the  day — might  be  as  good  a 
poem  as  any  other,  and  much  more  popular 
besides." 

She  looks  around  her,  too,  and  sees  in 
Tennyson  "  one  of  God's  singers,  whether 
he  knows  it  or  does  not  know  it";  and  at 
a  very  early  date  has  met  Wordsworth  and 
Landor,  and  ^^felt  the  difference  between 
great  genius  and  eminent  talent."  Poetry 
is  always  the  supreme  thing  to  her,  and 
seen  clearly  to  be  her  life's  work.  But 
there  is — now,  as  later — singularly  little 
theory  in  respect  to  it,  with  singularly  little 
sense  of  that  labour  which  is  art.  For 
poetry  always  was  to  her,  not  an  art,  but  a 
mission.  In  one  of  her  latest  letters  she 
defines,  for  the  first  time,  and  with  precise 
accuracy,  her  own  conception  of  what  it 
should  be.  "  I  have  written,"  she  says  to 
Mr.  Chorley, 

"  not  to  please  you  or  any  critic,  but  the  deepest 
truth  out  of  my  own  heart  and  head.  I  don't 
dream  and  make  a  poem  of  it.  Art  is  not  either 
all  beauty  or  all  use,  it  is  essential  truth  which 
makes  its  way  through  beauty  into  use." 


This   is    a    beautiful  and,  in  its   way,   an 


admirable  definition.  But  by  its  enthrone- 
ment of  "truth"  above  beauty  she  is 
leaving  room  for  all  that  intrusion  of  minor, 


temporary,  and  distracting  questions  which, 
has  done    so    much    to    damage    her    own 
verse.     It  is  true  that  she  says  "  essential 
truth";    but    what   is  "essential    truth"? 
Surely,  after  all,  one's    own  conception  ©S 
truth  ;  and  how  variable  and  uncertain  that 
may  be,  in  the  heart  of  so  womanly  a  woman, 
every   reader    of    her    poems    knows.     Of 
poetry  as  vision  and  of  poetry  as  the  art 
of  verse  she  seems  to  have  been  but  little 
aware.      "  Thought   out    coldly,   then    felt 
upon  warmly,"  she    says  of    her    attitude 
towards   "the  facts  of   things."     But   no; 
every  line  of  these  letters  shows  how  im- 
possible it  was  for  her  to  think  coldly,  to 
think  without  interpenetrating  thought  with 
feeling.     It  was  more  her  loss  that,  as  she 
says,  "  I  don't  dream."  Never  for  a  moment 
did  she  feel  impersonally  toward  the  art  of 
poetry.    And  here  we  find  at  once  her  merit 
and  her  limitation. 

The  letter  of  eleven  pages  (vol.  i.  p.  286) 
written  to  Mrs.   Martin   from  Pisa    imme- 
diately  after   her   marriage   tells,   for    the 
first    time     quite     adequately,    the    whole 
story  of  that    best-considered   of    runaway 
marriages.     This    letter,   invaluable  in    its 
revelation  of  all  that  was  strongest  in  mind, 
frailest    in    body,    and    most   sensitive   in 
temperament,  in  its  writer,  full  of  nobility, 
tenderness,    practical    wisdom,    cannot    be 
quoted  from  without  injustice  :  it  must  be 
read   as    a   whole.     And    now,    after    this 
narrative,  bridging  the  gulf   between    the 
old  life  and  the  new,  begins  the  record  of 
the  new  life  ;    and,  as  has  been  said,  the 
learned   young   lady  of   the  earlier    letters 
disappears,  leaving  the  woman  who  looks 
round  her  in  the  world.     At  once  the  outer 
world  comes  into  the  picture,  and,  what  she 
has  "  neither  seen  nor  imagined  the  like  of 
in  any  way,"  the  Duomo  at  Florence  :  "tes- 
selated  marbles  (the  green  treading  its  ela- 
borate pattern  into  the  dim  yellow,  which 
seems  the  general   hue   of    the   structure) 
climb  against    the    sky,  self-crowned  with 
that  prodigy  of  marble  domes."     Soon  she 
has  recognized,  by  the  thrill  with  which  she 
finds  it,  that  her  real  home  and  fatherland 
is  Italy  ;    and  the  old  love  of   France — a 
literary  love,  dating  from  the  time  when  she 
"  used  to  be  ministered  to  through  the  prison 
bars  by  Balzac,  George  Sand,  and  the  like 
immortal  improprieties  " — becomes  actual  in 
the  delight  of   Paris,   the    sympathy  with 
French  politics,  and  later  on  the  longed-for 
meeting  with  George  Sand  : — 

"And  now,  am  I  to  tell  you  that  I  have  seen 
George  Sand  twice,  and  am  to  see  her  again  ? 
Ah,  there  is  no  time  to  tell  you,  for  I  must  shut 
up  this  letter.  She  sate,  like  a  priestess,  the 
other  morning  in  a  circle  of  eight  or  nine  men, 
giving  no  oracles,  except  with  her  splendid 
eyes,  and  warming  her  feet  quietly,  in  a  general 
silence  of  the  most  profound  deference.  There 
was  something  in  the  calm  disdain  of  it  which 
pleased  me,  and  struck  me  as  characteristic. 
She  was  George  Sand,  that  was  enough  :  you 
wanted  no  proof  of  it." 

She  is  at  home  in  France  at  once,  and 
almost  her  first  comment  is  : — 

"The  clash  of  speculative  opinion  is  dreadful 
here,  practical  men  catch  at  the  ideal  as  if  it 
were  a  loaf  of  bread,  and  they  literally  set  about 
cutting  out  their  Romeos  '  into  little  stars,'  as  if 
that  were  the  most  natural  thing  in  the  world." 
She  goes  to  see  the  '  Dame  aux  Cameliaa  * 
on  its  fiftieth  night,  and  here  is  her  acute, 
characteristic  comment ; — 


N"  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


629 


"I  disagree  with  the  common  outcry  about 
its  immorality.  According  to  my  view  it  is 
moral  and  human.  But  I  never  will  go  to  see 
it  again,  for  it  almost  broke  my  heart  and  split 
my  head.  I  had  a  headache  afterwards  for 
twenty-four  hours.  Even  Robert,  who  gives 
himself  out  for  blase  on  dramatic  matters, 
couldn't  keep  the  tears  from  rolling  down  his 
cheeks.  The  exquisite  acting,  the  too  literal 
truth  to  nature  everywhere,  was  exasperating — 
there  was  something  profane  in  such  familiar 
handling  of  life  and  death.  Art  has  no  business 
with  real  graveclothes  when  she  wants  tragic 
drapery — has  she  ?  It  was  too  much  altogether 
like  a  bull  fight." 

Nothing  shows  us  more  clearly,  in  a 
single  glimpse,  the  morbid  sensibility  ("  I 
cried  so  that  I  was  ill  for  two  days,"  she 
"writes  to  another  correspondent)  and  at  the 
same  time  the  clear  consciousness  of  things 
as  they  were  which  underlay  that  sensibility, 
neither  having  the  least  command  over  the 
other.  Emotion  in  her  was  a  kind  of  uncon- 
trollable physical  instinct,  in  which  she  paid 
her  tax  to  humanity  as  heavily  aa  the 
■weakest  of  her  sex.  Scarcely  before  read- 
ing these  letters,  in  which  "And  this  time 
also  I  shall  not  die,  perhaps,"  is  almost  her 
most  emphatic  sense  of  safety,  could  any 
one  have  properly  realized  how  far  her 
over- abandonment  to  emotion  in  her  poems 
is  a  mere  question  of  physical  condition, 
from  whose  influence  not  the  bravest  soul 
in  the  world  could  escape.  She  was  not, 
she  could  not  be,  one  of  those  deej),  secret, 
all  but  silent  natures  (like  Christina  Eos- 
setti)  in  whom  the  heart,  when  it  is  hurt, 
does  not  cry  ;  the  tears  had  to  come,  and  how 
often  were  they  "  tears  of  perfect  moan  "  ! 

All  through  these  letters,  unchanging  as 
they  are  in  that  deep  moral  earnestness  to 
which  a  flitting  sense  of  humour  gives  daily 
currency,  there  is  a  steady  growth  in  intel- 
lect, in  clearness  of  mind — a  growth,  as  she 
calls  it,  "  of  soul."  And  so  it  is  that  the 
finest  sayings  come  comparatively  late,  and 
get  finer  and  finer  to  the  end.  Of  her 
spiritualistic  fancies  she  says  : — 

"You  know  I  am  rather  a  visionary,  and 
inclined  to  knock  round  at  all  the  doors  of  the 
present  world  to  try  to  get  out,  so  that  I  listen 
with  respect  to  every  goblin  story  of  the  kind." 

Of  Miss  Mitford  she  says  : — 

"She  made  mistakes  one  couldn't  help 
smiling  at,  till  one  grew  serious  to  adore  her 
for  it." 

*'  Yes,"  she  writes, 

"  there  are  terrible  costs  in  this  world.  We  get 
knowledge  by  losing  what  we  hoped  for,  and 
liberty  by  losing  what  we  loved." 

And  again :  — 

"Death  is  a  face-to-face  intimacy;  age,  a 
thickening  of  the  mortal  mask  between 
souls." 

But  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  this 
correspondence  throws  light,  not  only 
on  the  personality  of  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning,  but  on  the  more  difiicult  per- 
sonality of  Eobert  Browning  as  well.  Her 
comments  on  him  are  at  times  of  real 
critical  value,  as  when  she  says  "it  is  his 
way  to  see  things  as  passionately  as  other 
people  feel  them."  All  that  we  read  about 
Balzac  and  Stendhal  and  George  Sand  is  a 
real  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  Browning. 
The  child's  remark  : — 

"  I  shall  read  all  Dumas's  [novels],  to  begin 
with.  And  then  I  shall  like  to  read  papa's 
favourite  book,  '  Madame  Bovary  '  "  ; 


everything  about  Landor,  and  especially 
"Robert  always  said  that  he  owed  more 
as  a  writer  to  Landor  than  to  any  con- 
temporary "  ;  the  account  of  Browning 
working  at  drawing  and  modelling  because 
"he  can't  rest  from  serious  work  in  light 
literature,  as  I  can  "  ;  and  pp.  434-6  of  the 
second  volume,  written  to  Miss  Browning, 
with  their  minute  analysis  :  all  these,  and 
many  other  illuminating  touches,  are  not 
the  least  interesting  or  important  passages 
in  the  book.  And,  more  than  all,  the 
picture  which  every  page,  from  the  year 
1846  onwards,  helps  unconsciously  to  paint, 
the  picture  of  a  "marriage  of  true  minds" 
unique  in  the  history  of  men  and  women  of 
genius  :  that  is  perhaps  the  most  delightful 
gift  to  us  in  these  varied  and  fascinating 
volumes. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


TFhat    Maisie    Knew.     By    Henry    James. 
(Heinemann.) 

Considering  their  nature  and  workmanship, 
Mr.  James's  novels  appear  with  a  frequency 
that  is  little  short  of  surprising  ;  yet  '  What 
Maisie   Knew '    is  in  some  respects  as  re- 
markable as  anything  he  has  written.     Its 
importance,  if    not    its   pleasantness,  must 
be   certainly   apparent   to   those   on  whom 
analysis  of  the  finest  quality  and  delicate 
delineation  are  not  thrown  away.     The  way 
in  which  Mr.  James  manages   to   preserve 
his  poor  little  heroine,  and  yet  to   plunge 
her  into  a  more  than  tainted  atmosphere,  is 
quite    a    masterly  performance.     Yet   this 
constant    approximation    of    a   child-mind, 
especially  such   a   one   as   Maisie's,  to  the 
doings  of    the  horrid    quartet   of    persons 
who  principally  dominate  her  fate,  is  to  the 
reader  oppressive  and  painful.     So  much  is 
this  the   case   that   one   questions  whether 
Mr.  James,  with  all  his  discrimination  and 
power   of   selection,  was   happily  inspired, 
even  artistically,  in  choosing  such  ground. 
The  situation  may  be  in  many  respects  but 
too  real.     One  shrinks  all  the  more  from 
the  lengthy  view  of  the  grimy  channel  in 
which  the  child's  young  life    runs.     It  is 
as  though  one  were  forced  to  watch  a  flower 
caught  in  the  eddies    of   a  sewer,   whirled 
back  and  forth,  and  round  and  round,  on 
its  turbid  waves.     The  impulse  to  pluck  it 
out  may  be  inartistic,  but  it  is  there,  and 
it    occasionally    spoils    one's    reading.     It 
seems  almost   incredible  that  in  the   story 
there  should  be  none  to  retrieve  the  child 
from  her  surroundings.     And  yet  the  sordid 
details  are  more  suggested  than  described. 
The  central  idea  is  managed  as  only  Mr. 
James,    perhaps,    can    manage    a    difficult 
individual   or   social    problem.     His   treat- 
ment of  the  mind  of  Maisie  itself  is  con- 
stantly beyond  praise  in  spite  of  the  cir- 
cumstances in  which  he  has  set  her :    the 
saddest,  the    most    poignantly   melancholy 
position,  morally  if  not  materially,  in  which 
a  forlorn   childhood   can   be   placed.     And 
what  is  more,  he  has   left  her  there,   not 
mitigating  nor  abating  one  jot  of  the  evils. 
Yet  in  a  sense  he  brings  her  forth  unscathed 
and     triumphantly    through     the     ordeal. 
Maisie  is  redeemed  by  no  outside  influence, 
but  only  by  the  force  of  a  singularly  buoyant 
and  innate  grace  of  nature.  Mr.  James's  re- 
markable sleight  of  hand  or  thought  appears 
in  the  way  he  first  penetrates,  then  reveals, 


the  child -mind.  For,  in  spite  of  all  her  sad 
half-knowledge  of  some  of  the  ugliest  and 
meanest  phases  of  life,  she  retains  a  child's 
heart  and  mind  at  their  sweetest.  What 
Maisie  knew,  or  in  spite  of  her  undesirable 
opportunities  did  not  know,  is  the  real  sub- 
ject of  this  astonishing  drama.  The  clever- 
ness is  cleverness  of  treatment  more  than 
cleverness  of  conception.  The  people  who 
are  her  parents  and  those  others  who  dev elope 
into  step-parents  are  more  or  less  of  the  pot- 
and- kettle  type,  if  one  may  use  so  homely  an 
expression.  Wherever  they  may  be  gathered 
together  there  an  ignoble  and  vulgar  atmo- 
sphere is  at  once  created.  From  first  to  last 
the  child  plays  the  part  of  shuttlecock  in  the 
sordid  game  in  which  they  are  engaged. 
Yet  of  their  miserable  cross-purposes  we  ia 
fact  see  only  as  much  as  Maisie  with  her 
innocent  vision  perceived.  She  is  not  the 
angel  type  of  child,  but  only  a  human  child 
of  generous  temperament  and  instinctively 
fine  breeding.  How  with  her  parents  she 
comes  by  such  qualities  let  writers  on  heredity 
decide.  One  thing  we  ask  ourselves :  Has 
Mr.  James  sufficiently  allowed  for  the  re- 
straining influence  of  public  opinion  ?  Surely 
no  people  ever  gave  themselves  away  so 
completely  as  the  wretched  Beale  and  the 
monstrous  Ida.  Mr.  James  knows  so  very 
well  what  he  is  about  that  we  are  probably 
in  error  in  holding  the  belief  that  the  mother 
must  for  her  own  sake  have  occasionally 
made  some  slight  attempt  to  what  is  called 
draw  a  veil.  She  is  almost  too  crude  to  be 
true,  and  we  find  no  suspicion  of  the  occa- 
sional charm  with  which  she  is  credited. 
And  yet  we  know  that  Idas  exist  and  are 
in  our  midst  in  a  slightly  modified  form. 
The  other  members  of  the  unengaging 
quartet  are  in  sundry  ways  less  obnoxious. 
The  false  positions,  socially  speaking,  in 
which  they  all  stand  with  regard  to  one 
another  and  to  Maisie  are  so  extraordinary 
as  to  be  almost  farcical.  But  all  this  is  not 
what  really  exercises  Mr.  James's  powers. 
It  is  simply,  as  it  were,  the  m^'nd  of  Maisie, 
and  it  alone,  moving  in  worlds  fortunately 
not  realized. 

In  Kedar's  Tents.     By  Henry  Seton  Merri- 

man.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
Thk  admirers  of  Seton  Merriman's  novels 
will  certainly  enjoy  his  new  story.  The 
adventures  of  the  chivalrous  and  reckless 
Irish  hero  while  fighting  for  the  Queen 
Regent  against  the  Carlists  in  Spain  in  1838 
furnish  a  romance  quite  as  exciting  as  *  The 
Sowers,'  and  told  with  greater  neatness  and 
vigour.  The  theatrical  air  which  clings  so 
obstinately  about  Seton  Merriman's  scenes 
and  characters  is  as  marked  here  as  else- 
where ;  the  world  of  his  fancy  is  apt  to  be 
in  very  truth  a  stage,  and  most  of  his  men 
and  all  his  women  merely  players  on  it,  but 
when  this  condition  is  granted  it  is  only 
fair  to  say  that  the  piece  is  very  cleverly 
put  together,  that  the  scenery  is  admirable 
and  the  actors  perform  effectively.  The 
extraordinary  generosity  which  impelled 
Frederick  Conyngham  to  take  the  blame 
upon  himself  of  a  fatal  injury  inflicted,  by 
a  wretched  creature  named  Horner,  in  self- 
defence,  upon  Sir  John  Pleydell's  son  in  a 
Chartist  riot  is  not  very  convincing,  but  it 
serves  the  purpose  of  hurrying  the  Irishman 
to  Spain  to  take  service  under  the  famous 
and    gaUant    General    Vincente.       Here, 


630 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


amongst  picturesque  surroundings,  he  makes 
love  to  the  general's  beautiful  daughter, 
and  quits  himself  valiantly  in  an  excellent 
street  light  at  Toledo — by  far  the  most 
striking  scene  in  the  book.  The  romance 
moves  to  a  happy  conclusion  through  many 
dangers  and  difficulties ;  if  it  is  not  very 
realistic,  it  is,  at  any  rate,  thrilling,  highly 
coloured,  and  quite  effective. 


Sweethearts  and  Friends.     By  Maxwell  Gray. 
(Marshall,  Eussell  &  Co.) 

There  are  a  good  many  books  that  suggest 
little  or  nothing  in  the  way  of  remarks. 
*  Sweethearts  and  Friends '  is  of  this  kind. 
It  might  have  been  written  by  anybody — 
or  nobody.  Those  who  identify  the  name 
of  "Maxwell  Gray"  with  good  work  and 
stimulating  psychology  —  there  are  such 
people — and  expect  to  get  them  here  are 
likely  to  be  doomed  to  disappointment. 
The  story  (not  in  places,  but  in  toto)  reads 
like  padding  of  a  very  empty  sort.  Or  it 
is,  perhaps,  a  mere  pot-boiler.  In  any  case 
we  do  not  like  it.  It  is  about  a  girl  who,  in 
the  seventies  or  thereabouts,  became  a  doctor, 
and  friends  and  sweethearts  looked  on  or 
askance,  and  thought  her  action  reprehen- 
sible. We  suspect  the  book  of  slight  ana- 
chronisms in  minor  matters,  such  as  slang. 
Of  dulness  we  more  than  suspect  it ;  of  that 
it  is  convicted  on  every  page. 

Dr.     LuttrelVs    First    Patient.       By    Eosa 

Nouchette  Carey.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
It  is  almost  a  surprise  to  find  that  such 
stories  as  *  Dr.  Luttrell's  First  Patient '  are 
still  written.  It  would  be  still  more  sur- 
prising to  know  that  they  are  really  read. 
They  do  not  seem  as  though  they  could 
meet  the  requirements  of  present- day  novel- 
readers.  This  remark  is  rather  to  the 
detriment  of  readers  than  the  writer.  *  Dr. 
Luttrell's  First  Patient'  is  a  thoroughly 
well-intentioned  tale  without  a  particle  of 
mystery,  wickedness,  or  excitement.  It 
might  be  "  cordially  recommended  to  young 
girls,"  but,  though  one  review  might  suffice 
to  make  them  open  it,  ten  would  not  be 
likely  to  make  them  read  it.  To  be  fair, 
alike  to  reader  and  writer,  it  should  be 
added  that  though  extremely  innocuous,  it 
is  also  excessively  vapid. 


Ihe  Raid  of  the  Detrimental.     By  the  Earl 

of  Desart.  (Pearson.) 
The  intention  of  '  The  Eaid  of  the  Detri- 
mental '  may  be  to  induce  mirth  and  light- 
heartedness  in  its  readers.  If  that  be  so,  it 
does  not  appear  to  have  particularly  well 
succeeded  in  its  object.  It  may  also  have 
been  designed  to  mystify  and  "  intrigue," 
but  in  spite  of  some  sharp  and  some  dark 
sayings  it  only  contrives  to  be  a  boring 
mixture  of  rather  foolish  or  distasteful 
elements. 

At  the   Cross  Roads.      By  F.  F.  Montresor. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

'  At  the  Cross  Eoads  '  has  by  no  means 
all  the  merits  of  '  Into  the  Highways  and 
Hedges  ';  yet  it  contains  a  good  deal  that 
is  worthy  of  attention.  The  character  of 
the  heroine  Gillian  is  clearly  and  carefully 
portrayed.  She  is  modern  to  the  finger- 
tips, hard  in  grain,  yet  capable  of  intense 
and  lasting  passion,  but  entirely  destitute 


of  the  tender  "clinging"  ways  of  the 
maiden  of  earlier  days.  Gillian  has  in  her 
nature  dei)ths  of  strength  and  patience,  as 
is  amply  proved  by  her  seven  years'  waiting 
for  her  convict  lover.  Her  brilliant  and 
amusing  qualities,  of  which  a  good  deal  is 
said,  are  less  apparent.  There  are  some 
other  people  also  well  and  consistently 
drawn.  The  book  as  a  whole  has,  however, 
little  charm,  and  the  author's  workmanship 
— never  the  perfection  of  art — has  not 
gained  since  her  first  remarkable  story.  A 
startlingly  good  specimen  of  a  selfish  woman 
is  presented  in  Gillian's  mother.  Her  moral 
obliquity  of  vision  is  unconscious,  but  not 
exaggerated.  We  fancy  that  the  author 
has  a  better  grip  of  the  ways  of  the 
"masses"  than  of  the  "classes."  Perhaps 
this  may  be  one  reason  why  '  At  the  Cross 
Eoads'  is  not  so  convincing  as  her  earlier 
book.  The  manners  and  dialogue  seem  in 
this  story  not  quite  what  they  should  be. 
They  suggest  a  somewhat  lower  social 
stratum  than  was  intended. 


The   Gadfly.     By   E.  L.  Voynich.     (Heine- 
mann.) 

The  strength  of  this  book  lies  in  the  terrible 
tragedy  underlying  its  plot.     Arthur  at  the 
commencement   of   the   story  is   found   de- 
votedly  attached   to   his    father    confessor 
Montanelli.     The   lad  is   a  student   at  the 
university  of  Pisa,  and  the  reputed  son  of 
an    Anglo-Italian    merchant    at    Leghorn. 
His  friend  is  the  director  of  a  theological 
seminary,  and  has  earned  a  high  reputation 
in  the  mission  field  of  China.     Enthusiastic 
and  nervous,  Arthur  has  been  inspired  with 
the   fervour    of   Italian   aspirations   which 
preceded    the   Mazzinian    efforts    of    1846, 
Deeply  religious,    he   has   endeavoured   to 
combine  this  enthusiasm  of  democracy  with 
his  traditional  faith,  and  the  confessor  tem- 
porizes with  the  conflict  of  emotions  in  his 
pupil.    Poor  Arthur  (henceforth  the  Gadfly) 
is  first  physically  crushed  by  severe  imprison- 
ment  for   partaking   in    the   revolutionary 
movement,  and   then  spiritually  scared  by 
the  discovery  that  the  saintly  Montanelli  is, 
in  fact,  his  natural  father.  He  breaks  at  once 
with  his  supposed  relatives,  the  curiously 
philistine  English  merchants  who  tolerated 
him  and  suppressed  their  knowledge  of  his 
origin    until    his    revolutionary    escapade, 
and    betakes    himself    to    South   America, 
whence,      after     terrible      privations,      he 
emerges    thirteen    years    later    to    take   a 
militant   part    against   all    foreigners   and 
clericals.      Arthur   in  his  ingenuous  stage 
is  a  little  deficient  in  manliness.      On  his 
return   as  a   case-hardened   adventurer   he 
falls  into  the  bloodthirsty  methods   of   an 
originally  weak  nature  embittered.    Yet  the 
conflict  of  feeling  in  him ;  his  love  for  his 
father  in  spite  of  his  vindictive  opposition 
to  him  ;  his  easy  reassertion  of  his  influence 
over    Gemma,  the  love  of  his  youth,  who 
has  married   his   rival  and   been  widowed 
during  his  exile ;  the  contrast  between  his 
political    ferocity    and    his    tenderness    to 
children  and  other  weaklings,  make  him  a 
rarely  interesting  figure.     Even  more  so  is 
the  successful  prelate  and  lifelong  penitent 
Montanelli.      The   relations    and    conversa- 
tions between   the   two  when  the  cardinal 
finds   his  son    again  in    the  wounded   and 
defeated  conspirator,  to  whose   death  he  is 
in  a  manner  forced  to  consent  on  grounds  of 


public  safety  (though  this  incident  is  hardly 
supported  by  sufficient  necessity),  are  treated 
with  a  masterly,  if  almost  too  ghastly  wealth 
of  detail,  and  the  deaths  of  the  unhappy 
pair  are  infinitely  dramatic.  Though  the 
interest  is  concentrated  in  the  hapless  father 
and  son,  many  of  the  minor  characters,  like 
the  patient  conspirator  Gemma  and  her  self- 
effacing  lover  Martini,  are  sketched  with 
pains. 

His  Fault,  or  Hers  ?     (Bentley  &  Son.) 

The  title-page  says  this  novel  is  by  the 
author  of  '  A  High  Little  World  '  and  other 
books,  and  the  publishers'  advertisements 
say  it  is  by  "  Deas  Cromarty."  It  is  in  fact  a 
remarkably  clever  sketch  of  life  in  a  York- 
shire village  "  in  the  dales,"  and  is  the  best 
piece  of  work  we  have  seen  from  this  writer. 
The  story  is  quite  simple,  and  is  sufficiently 
indicated  by  the  title.  The  local  dialect  is 
rendered  in  the  dialogue  without  distortion. 
We  imagine  the  book  will  be  of  most  in- 
terest to  those  who  are  familiar  with  life 
and  scenery  in  Yorkshire. 


Netherdyke.    By  E.  J.  Charleton.    (Arnold.) 

One  who  was  "out  in  1745  "  recounts  the 
twice-told  story  of  the  march  to  Derby  and 
of  Culloden.  The  tale  is  told  with  some 
skill,  and  the  difficulties  of  autobiographical 
narration  are  well  surmounted.  The  love 
story  with  which  such  volumes  are  neces- 
sarily provided  is  slight,  but  adequate.  On 
the  whole,  the  book  may  be  commended  as 
best  suited  to  the  literary  wants  of  boys  and 
girls.  It  would  be  curious  to  learn  the 
author's  authority  for  using  the  word  buck- 
shot as  early  as  1744-5. 


Le  Rachat  d^une  Ame.     Par  Louis  Enault. 
(Hachette  &  Cie.) 

M.  Louis  Enault  has  been  writing  novels 
for  forty  years  or  more,  and  his  latest  book 
bears  a  strong  family  likeness  to  all  his 
others.  A  great  French  lady,  failing  to  gain 
a  separation  from  her  husband  for  his 
faults,  settles  in  Eoumania,  and  abjures  her 
faith  for  the  Orthodox  communion  in  order 
to  divorce  her  husband  and  marry  a  Eou- 
manian  prince.  They  bring  out  to  them  the 
daughter  from  her  Paris  convent  in  defiance 
of  French  law.  The  strong  situation  thus 
created  is  well  handled,  till  the  writer  is 
crushed  by  the  impossibility  of  getting  his 
excellent  people  out  of  the  mess  he  has 
got  them  into. 


Le  Reve   de    Yanniri.      Par  Jean   Psichari. 
(Paris,  Calmann  Levy.) 

M.  Psichari  writes  admirably  about  Greece, 
but  has  not  the  trick  of  construction  required 
for  the  modern  novel.  Some  of  his  Parisian 
types  in  the  present  book  are  well  sketched, 
but  the  story  does  not  hold  together.  The 
cloven  hoof  of  the  newest  fashionable  style 
peeps  out  in  such  phrases  as,  "II  avait 
raison  etrangement"  and  "II  etait  amoureux 
immensement,"  forms  which  are  not  incor- 
rect, but  the  use  of  which  has  become  a 
badge  like  the  English  undergraduate's 
use  of  "weird." 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


631 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS, 

Mrs.  Molesworth  is  an  old  favourite  with 
girls,  and  Miss  Mouse  and  her  Boys,  illustrated  by 
Mr.  L.  L.  Brooke(Macmillan&Co.),  willdoubtless 
be  heartily  welcomed  by  the  friends  of  her  many 
predecessors.  It  tells  how  Miss  Mouse,  other- 
wise Rosamond  Caryll,  a  sweet  little  grass- 
orphan  from  India,  makes  her  appearance  in 
the  rough  -  and  -  tumble  schoolroom  of  the 
Herveys.  The  opening  seems  to  threaten  a 
story  of  good  influence,  if  not  of  conversion  ; 
but  the  reader's  mind  is  presently  relieved. 
The  plot,  if  so  it  can  be  called,  turns  on  the 
little  adventure  in  which  Miss  Mouse  becomes 
involved,  owing  to  the  special  views  of  Justin 
Hervey  on  the  subject  of  truthfulness  and 
honour.  Not  that  Justin  is  wicked  or  pecu- 
liar. Mrs.  Molesworth  has  drawn,  and  drawn 
•well,  an  average  schoolboy,  with  the  average 
opinions  of  his  kind  on  such  matters.  Th{  story 
would  have  been  improved,  not  by  being 
brought  up  to  date,  but  by  having  its  date 
brought  up  to  it.  There  is  not  the  faintest 
flavour  of  old  time  about  it,  although  we  are 
told  the  Hervey  boys  wore  skeleton  suits  ;  and 
the  men  who  remember  the  misery  of  these  are 
nearer  eighty  than  seventy.  A  Miss  Mouse  of 
the  period,  even  if  she  had  not  just  arrived 
from  India,  would  scarcely  have  referred  with 
a  tone  of  weary  familiarity  to  her  railway 
journeys. 

Meg  Langholme  (Chambers),  another  of  Mrs. 
Molesworth's  volumes,  is  a  tale  of  fifty  years 
ago.  It  is  not  a  nursery  tale  ;  it  is  not 
even  a  schoolroom  tale.  The  writer  has  not 
labelled  it,  but  it  seems  to  fall  into  the  cate- 
gory of  "books  for  girls."  Meg  is  a  charm- 
ing heroine  :  from  the  time  of  our  first  glimpse 
of  her,  a  tiny  charmer  of  four,  to  the  hour  when 
we  say  goodbye  and  leave  her  a  happy  wife  our 
affection  never  wavers,  but  our  heart  is  wrung 
•with  sorrow  for  her  severe  and  most  undeserved 
misery.  She  has  a  handsome  young  lover  who 
is  brave  and  true  ;  but,  alas  !  Arthur  Gladwyn 
is  heir  to  a  fortune  which  somehow  depends  on 
his  marriage,  and  there  is  a  villain  who  would 
fain  have  this  fortune  for  himself,  so  poor  inno- 
cent Meg  is  kidnapped  and  many  strange  things 
happen.  There  is  a  ghost,  too,  a  "  night-rider." 
Mrs.  Molesworth's  ghosts  are  always  to  be  com- 
mended, and  altogether  '  Meg  Langholme  '  is  an 
attractive  book,  and  we  prophesy  that  it  will  be 
widely  read. 

Few  readers  of  '  Seven  Little  Australians  '  and 
'  The  Little  Larrikin  '  will  lose  a  chance  of  pos- 
sessing themselves  of  Miss  Bobbie  (Ward,  Lock 
&  Co.),  or  indeed  of  any  child-story  which  Ethel 
Turner  is  kind  enough  to  write.  Perhaps  some 
day  we  may  tire  of  the  Australian  child,  but  at 
present  our  enthusiasm  is  great,  and  long  before 
"we  reach  the  tiring-point  we  feel  confident  that 
our  author  will  have  found  something  else 
wherewith  to  delight  us.  Miss  Bobbie  is  a 
winsome  little  heroine,  and  the  pack  of  boys 
who  become  her  playmates  are  exceedingly 
funny  in  their  tricks  and  their  manners.  Our 
only  quarrel  with  the  book  is  on  account  of  the 
agony  of  mind  we  endure  whenever  Bobbie  is 
lost.  We  shall  not  tell  how  often  this  happens 
and  why  Miss  Bobbie  persists  in  losing  herself. 
Those  who  are  curious  in  such  matters  must  read 
the  story  for  themselves. 

Tales  of  treasure  trove  will  always  find 
readers,  and  The  Luck  of  the  Eardleys,  by  Miss 
Sheila  E.  Braine  (Blackie  &  Son),  is  a  particu- 
larly good  example  of  the  genus.  What  the 
luck  is  and  how  it  was  lost  and  how  it  was  found 
we  do  not  feel  inclined  to  tell.  Miss  Braine 
writes  with  much  charm  of  manner,  and  she  has 
a  keen  sense  of  humour  :  Dick  and  Hazel  and 
the  old  aunts  whom  they  manage  are  a  continual 
source  of  delight.  Dick  is  really  a  very  amusing 
little  being  ;  he  is  also  useful,  for  he  finds  the 
treasure  ;  at  least  we  think  he  did,  but  some 
people  ascribe  that  great  deed  to  Nelson,  not 
the  admiral,  but  a  white  rat  of  the  same  name. 


But  we  are  on  the  brink  of  betraying  secrets  and 
will  say  no  more. 

In  A  Daughter  of  Erin,  by  Miss  Violet  G. 
Finny  (Blackie  &  Son),  Nell's  Schooldays,  by 
Miss  H.  F.  Gethen  (same  publishers),  and 
Poppy,  by  Mrs.  Isla  Sitwell  (Nelson  &  Sons), 
we  have  three  books  about  girls,  pleasantly 
written  and  quite  easy  to  read,  but  in  no  way 
remarkable.  Norah  Herrick,  the  "  daughter  of 
Erin,"  is  queen  of  the  village,  and  when  her 
father  dies  and  an  English  cousin  succeeds  the 
old  squire  there  is  flat  rebellion.  The  hated 
Saxon  has  no  easy  life  ;  he  is  threatened  and 
shot  at  in  the  orthodox  manner ;  but  the  longest 
lane  has  a  turning,  and  Miss  Finny  manages  to 
reinstate  her  heroine  without  interfering  with 
the  cousin,  and  they  all  live  happy  ever  after. 
'  Nell's  Schooldays  '  is  a  schoolroom  story  of  the 
ordinary  type,  enlivened  by  the  humours  of 
a  fascinating  street-arab  who  becomes  Nell's 
page.  Nell  and  her  schoolfellows  are  very 
advanced  in  their  views  :  they  form  a  society 
whose  proper  title  is  the  New  Society  for  the 
Correction  of  Parents  and  the  Protection  of 
Daughters  ;  they  have  a  magazine,  and  they 
discuss  with  much  earnestness  the  follies  of  their 
progenitors  ;  they  are  sometimes  rather  funny, 
but  not  often.  Mrs.  Sitwell's  '  Poppy '  is  a 
somewhat  melancholy  story,  full  of  misunder- 
standing from  beginning  to  end.  Poppy  has  a 
lover  of  course,  and  she  foolishly  sends  him 
a  message  by  an  untrustworthy  girl,  and  so 
begins  the  quarrel  which  parts  them.  The 
lover  has  an  uncle  who  puts  away  a  bag  of 
money  in  a  safe  place  and  straightway  forgets 
all  about  it  and  accuses  his  nephew  of  stealing 
it.  Hence  follow  exile  and  years  of  misery 
for  the  poor  young  man.  The  gloom  continues 
as  the  story  goes  on,  for  though  the  bag  of  money 
is  eventually  discovered  the  exile  finds  a  new 
love  out  in  Australia,  and  poor  Poppy  is  burnt. 
Poppy  is  quite  a  nice  girl,  and  we  are  really 
sorry  for  her  sad  life  and  terrible  death. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  issue  two  trans- 
lations from  the  French  of  Jules  Verne,  whose 
works,  original  and  translated,  must  by  this 
time  fill  a  bookcase  of  considerable  size.  Both 
stories  are  on  lines  familiar  to  his  admirers.  In 
For  the  Flag  a  pirate  captain,  the  possessor  of 
a  submarine  boat,  recalls,  if  he  does  not 
altogether  rival,  the  fascination  of  Capt.  Nemo 
of  the  Nautilus,  and  we  assist  at  the  manufac- 
ture of  an  auto-propulsive  engine  charged  with 
an  explosive  compound  of  the  most  destructive 
character.  The  orthodox  catastrophe  is  reached 
when  the  half-mad  French  inventor,  rather 
than  fire  on  his  country's  flag,  prefers  to  blow 
up  the  rocky  islet  to  the  west  of  the  Bermudas 
which  forms  the  pirates'  hiding-place.  The 
translation,  made  by  Mrs.  Cashel  Hoey,  reads 
easily,  though  there  are  occasional  slips.  "Affec- 
tive faculties  "  is  hardly  an  English  phrase,  and 
"trail  up  "  is  a  nautical  term  which  certainly 
does  not  denote  loosening  the  halliards  and 
furling  the  empty  sails  to  the  yards.  Clovis 
Dardentor  is  a  slighter  story  dealing  with  the 
humours  and  mild  adventures  of  a  party  of 
tourists  from  the  south  of  France.  Any  one 
visiting  Majorca  or  making  a  tour  into  the 
interior  from  Gran  might  do  well  to  take  it  as 
an  auxiliary  guide-book.  Jules  Verne's  inci- 
dental criticism  on  French  colonization  is  not 
without  interest:  "How  does  it  happen  that 
Algeria  with  its  natural  resources  cannot  sup- 
port itself  ?  "  "It  grows  too  many  oflicials  and 
not  enough  colonists." 

The  Eevelations  of  a  Sprite,  by  A.  M.  Jackson 
(Fisher  LTnwin),  were  confided  to  the  ears  of 
a  little  girl  who,  having  stumbled  upon  strange 
spirit-compelling  lore  in  an  old  MS.  in  her 
father's  library,  goes  at  midnight  to  a  garret 
and  draws  a  streak  of  water  across  the  floor  in 
the  belief  that  "One  will  show  himself  to  her." 
Her  mind  was,  however,  not  of  the  poetically 
superstitious  order.  She  was  eminently  prac- 
tical, for  she  had  a  notebook  in  her  pocket,  and 
her  desire  was  to  interview  a  supernatural  being 


and  write  down  all  that  she  could  learn  of  "the 
ways,  the  habits,  and  customs  of  the  invisible 
folk."  A  sprite  appeared  who  furnished  her 
with  some  good  copy  and  told  her  several  very 
dull  stories. 

If  any  scholars,  folk-lorists,  or  scientific  per- 
sons generally  take  up  The  Giant  Crab  (Nutt), 
and  find  to  their  grief  and  indignation  that  the 
'  Jataka  Book '  has  been  ruthlessly  altered  to 
provide  amusement  for  youth,  they  must  blame 
no  one  but  themselves,  for  instead  of  a  preface 
Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse  prints  a  "Warning"  to 
all  such  persons,  and  refers  them  to  the  trans- 
lation edited  by  Prof.  E.  B.  Cowell,  for  the 
second  volume  of  which,  by  the  way,  Mr.  Rouse 
himself  was  responsible.  Let  us  not  therefore 
grudge  the  children  this  "ruthlessly  altered," 
but  most  delightful  book,  which  old  and  young 
will  alike  enjoy.  The  stories  are  excellent — 
simple  as  really  old  stories  always  are,  but  all 
the  better  for  that,  humorous,  and  full  of 
lessons  in  kindness. 

We  began  by  reading  A  Lonely  Little  Lady, 
by  Dolf  Wyllarde  (Hutchinson  &  Co.),  as  a 
child's  story,  and  pitying  the  clever,  imagina- 
tive, warmhearted  little  girl  of  barely  eight 
years  who  was  left  so  much  to  the  companion- 
ship of  Master  Pinnock,  her  cat,  and  of  Miss 
Price,  a  thin,  plain,  prosaic  governess,  who  dis- 
approved of  fairy  tales  and  was  unhappy  when 
"Brownie"  her  pupil  looked  "for  fairy  rings 
on  the  dried  London  grass  in  the  Parks,  but  it 
pleased  her  when  she  asked  the  names  of  the 
different  trees."  Others  will  probably  think  it 
a  child's  story,  too,  but  this  is  by  no  means  the 
case,  and  even  "  in  this  so-called  nineteenth 
century "  not  many  mothers  would  like  their 
children  to  receive  it  as  such.  The  child's  life 
is  very  well  described,  and  the  way  in  which 
she  makes  friends  with  her  equally  neglected 
and  lonely  father  is  touching.  It  is,  however, 
unnatural  to  make  a  child  of  eight  behave  at 
a  ball  as  girls  of  eighteen  once  used  to  do. 
The  tragedy  of  Brownie's  home  is  the  return 
from  India  of  the  man  whom  her  mother  had 
loved  and  jilted  for  money  and  position  nine 
years  before,  and  Lady  Lorraine's  flight  with 
him.  This  is  rather  well  told,  but  why  does 
Dolf  Wyllarde  write,  "  She  was  too  conscious  of 
the  good  effect  of  her  attitude  to  convict  even 
herself "  ?  and  why  is  Lady  Lorraine's  name 
turned  into  "  Lallage  "  ? 

"Ex  uno  disce  omnes."  As  Mr.  Lang  in  the 
preface  to  The  Fink  Fairy  Book  (Longmans  & 
Co.)  tells  us  that  "the  Danish  story  of  'The 
Princess  in  the  Chest '  need  not  be  read  to  a 
very  nervous  child,"  the  present  critic,  though 
a  child  of  a  larger  growth,  naturally  turned 
to  it  first.  It  was  not  alarming,  nor  will 
it  much  trouble  the  peace  of  childhood, 
for  it  has  been  altered,  being  "much  more 
horrid  in  the  language  of  the  Danes,  who, 
as  history  tells  us,  were  not  a  nervous  or 
timid  people."  Other  stories  also  may  have 
received  some  unconscious  alteration,  for  not 
all  of  them  have  been  translated  directly  from 
the  languages  in  which  they  were  originally 
taken  down  or  >vritten,  but  from  translations 
into  languages  more  easily  understanded  of  the 
translator.  This  method,  of  course,  ofl'ers  two 
chances  of  varying  from  the  original  instead  of 
one  only.  All  the  stories  are  remarkably  inter- 
esting and  well  chosen.  The  Sicilian  are  ex- 
cellent and  little  known.  The  collection  contains 
fairy  and  folk  tales  from  German,  Danish, 
Swedish,  French,  Catalan,  Japanese,  Greek, 
Slavonic,  Albanian,  Sicilian,  Basuto,  and  other 
sources.  One  or  two  are  variants  of  tales 
which  have  appeared  in  Mr.  Lang's  story-books 
of  other  colours,  but  there  is  variety  even  in  a 
variant.  Mr.  H.  .T.  Ford's  illustrations  are 
remarkably  pretty. 

Stories  for  Children  {Ga.rdner,  Darton  &  Co.) 
have  been  written  by  Mrs.  Molesworth  in  illus- 
tration of  the  Lord's  Prayer,  each  clause  of 
vv^hich  is  set  before  young  readers  in  a  pretty 
little  tale,  which  not  only  explains  its  mean- 


632 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


ing,  but  should  also  serve  as  example.  All 
Mrs.  Molesworth's  juvenile  books  are  good  and 
interesting,  but  tliis  is  useful  also. 

Brer  Mortal,  by  Mr.  Ben  Marias  (Fisher 
Unwin),  describes  the  evolution  of  man  in  the 
style  of  'Alice  in  Wonderland,'  only  Mr.  Marias 
is  not  Lewis  Carroll.  Brer  Mortal  crept  out  of 
his  primeval  swamp  blind  as  any  new-born 
kitten,  and 

"  went  creep,  creep,  creep  until  he  came  to  the  place 
where  the  Slugs  and  the  Cutty  Goats  lived  "; 

then 

"be  went  creep,  creep  on  his  hands  and  knees  for 

ages  and  ages There  was  a  beautiful  light  always 

trying  to  steal  through  right  ahead  of  him,  but  he 

could  not  see  it," 

nor  yet  could  the  unhappy  reviewer, 

"and  there  was  something  behind  that  would  not 

let  him  rest,  but  he  could  not  feel  it," 

and  then 

"  after  a  long  while  the  mud  began  to  get  drier  and 
drier,  and  at  last  he  came  to  a  place  where  the  Moles 
lived," 

and  they  taught  him  to  use  his  hands,  and  other 
beasts  taught  him  other  things,  especially  to 
beware  of  the  "Paleo."  He  sees  a  "  Cosm," 
and  is  afraid  of  becoming  a  ' '  Godger. "  He  is 
guided  by  finger-posts  which  tell  him  to  "Follow 
his  Knows,"  and  he  falls  in  with  a  "  Plam- 
Scalper  "  who  wants  "his  Plasm  off  him  "  ;  then 
the  "  Formalistines  "  are  on  him,  and  the  hosts 
of  "  Ism  "  and  the  "  Reformalistines  "  set  him, 
"  a  blinded  captive,  in  their  House  of  Gritual." 
He  escapes,  and  at  last  comes  to  the  "Plain  of 
The  which  stretches  right  up  There."  Even 
this  is  not  the  end  of  the  book.  How  many 
readers  will  get  even  so  far  ? 

The  First  Book  of  Krab,  by  His  Honour 
Judge  Parry  (Nutt),  is  a  great  advance  on  any- 
thing His  Honour  has  written  before,  and  his 
success  will  be  enhanced  by  the  fact  that  he 
has  known  how  to  make  even  the  domestic 
black  beetle  interesting.  His  verses  flow  easily 
and  ring  pleasantly,  and  the  illustrations  by 
Archie  Macgregor  are  decidedly  good,  and  some 
of  them  strikingly  so.  Do  artists  never  grow 
up?  Can  they  never  renounce  their  "pet 
names  "  in  favour  of  their  baptismal  ? 

The  Booli  of  Verses  for  Children,  which  Mr. 
E.  V.  Lucas  has  compiled,  and  which  Mr. 
Grant  Ilichards  publishes,  is  welcome,  and  for 
many  reasons  :  first,  because  it  seems  to  cater 
especially  for  the  very  little  ones  ;  also  because 
the  editor  is  at  once  independent  and  up  to 
date  in  his  selections  ;  again,  because  there  is 
so  little  in  the  volume  that  is  hackneyed  ;  and, 
principally,  because  in  his  choice  of  matter  for 
reproduction  Mr.  Lucas  appears  to  have  been 
animated  by  a  sort  of  humorous  sympathy  with 
the  feelings  and  the  wants  of  children.  This  is  a 
book  for  children,  not  about  them ;  and  it  is  likely 
to  give  delight  to  many  youngsters.  We  think 
the  compiler  accords  too  much  space  to  the 
effusions  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Turner  and  of  Ann 
and  Jane  Taylor — effusions  more  often  namby- 
pamby  than  naive.  But  he  compounds  for  this 
small  misdemeanour  by  bringing  to  the  fore 
some  excellent  writers,  whose  work  in  this  de- 
partment is  not  so  well  known  as  it  should  be. 
The  text  is  arranged  very  happily  in  attractive 
sections  ;  there  are  some  clever  vignettes  and 
pictorial  end-papers  by  Mr.  F.  D.  Bedford  ;  and 
the  binding,  if  a  little  delicate  for  juvenile 
handling,  is  bright  and  striking. 


CELTIC    LITERATURE, 

The  Book  of  Common  Prayer  in  Manx  Gaelic. 
Edited  by  A.  W.  Moore,  M.A.,  assisted  by 
John  Rhys,  M.A.  2  vols.  (Manx  Society.)— 
John  Phillips  was  Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man 
from  1605  to  1633,  and  translated  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  into  Manx.  A  second  version 
was  made  by  the  clergy  of  the  island  in  1765, 
and  was  printed,  while  Bishop  Phillips's  transla- 
tion has  remained  in  manuscript  till  the  present 
day.  The  two  volumes  now  issued  by  the  Manx 
Society  present  the   two  vers.ion3  in  parallel 


columns,  with  a  life  of  Bishop  Phillips,  and  an 
elaborate   essay   on    the    phonology    of    Manx 
Gaelic   by  Prof.  Rhys.     Phillips  was  a  Welsh- 
man who  had  not  acquired  Manx   till  he  was 
about  thirty  years  of  age.     Ho    had    probably 
some  native  assistance  in  his  translation,  which 
is  nevertheless,  to  a  Gaelic  eye,  less  idiomatic 
than   the   later   version    of   the    Manx   clergy. 
Their  version,  too,  like  the  Irish  version  of  the 
Prayer  Book  and  Bishop  Bedell's  Irish  Bible,  is 
profoundly  influenced   by  its  English  original, 
and  is  not  a  piece  of  literature  comparable  to  the 
English  Authorized  Version  or   to   the   Welsh 
Bible.     It  is  chiefly  valuable  as  a  copious  voca- 
bulary of  the  language.     The  (Jaelic  language, 
before  it  was  profoundly  affected  by  its  Saxon 
neighbours,  English  and  Broad   Scotch,  had  a 
literary  form  not  absolutely  uniform,  but  suffi- 
ciently so  to  be  used  and  understood  by  educated 
men  where  ver  the  language  was  known.  Students 
went  from  the  Hebrides   to  Munster  to  study 
law  under  MacEgan  or  medicine  under  O'Hickey. 
When  the  famous  poet  Muiredhach  O'Daly  pro- 
voked  the   rage   of    O'Donnell   by   killing    his 
steward  in  Sligo  about  the  year  1213  he  fled 
first  to  Munster  and  then  to  Scotland,  and  in 
both  places  was  able  to  repay  his  hosts  by  pane- 
gyrics which  they  admired  as  good  literature. 
Early  in  the  sixteenth  century  that  delightful 
traveller  through  all  the  Gaelic  regions,  known 
as  Cetharnach  ui  Dhomnaill,  says  in  reply  to  a 
question    of   Black    Hugh    O'Donnell  at  Bally- 
shannon,   CO.   Donegal,    "I  slept   yesterday   in 
the     King    of    Scotland's     home ;    I     was    in 
Islay  one    day,  another    in     Cantyre,    another 
in    the    Isle    of     Man,    another    in     Rathlin, 
another  in   the   Fews   of  Armagh."     He  went 
on  to  the    castle  of  the    Earl  of  Desmond  in 
the   south   of  Ireland,  to  that   of  MacCoghlan 
in  the  King's  County,  to  O'Connor  in  Sligo,  to 
O'Kelly  in  East  Connaught,  to  MacMurrough 
in  Leinster,  and  to  O'Donnellan  in  Meath,  and 
in  all  these  places  he  made  merry  discourse,  and 
was  well  understood  by  the   gentry  at  whose 
tables  he  sat.     While  the  literary  language  was 
maintained   in   uniformity    by   the   families   of 
hereditary  poets  and  historians  who  formed  a 
learned   fellowship,   or,   as  they  called   it,   Aes 
Dana,  throughout  the  Gaelic  principalities,  the 
people   of  each  district  had  their  own  dialectic 
peculiarities.     The  Aes  Dana  are  no  more,  and 
pure    literary   Gaelic   is    almost    extinct ;    but 
the   peculiarities  of   the   dialects  may  still  be 
studied  wherever  Gaelic  is   spoken.     The  Isle 
of  Man,  remote  and  poor,  never  produced  much 
literature,  nor  was  able  to  support  poets,  and 
its  dialect  was  reduced  to  writing  in  James  I.'s 
reign  by  men  ignorant  of  Gaelic  literature  or  of 
the  principles  of  Gaelic  orthography.     Thus,  as 
seen  in  a  printed  book,  it  looks  much  less  like 
the  Irish,  either  of  the  Highlanders  or  of  the 
natives  of  Ireland,  than  it  really  is  when  spoken. 
Thus     "O   Lord"   is    written    in    Manx     "O 
hiarn,"  and  in  Irish  "A  thighearna";  but  the 
sound  of  the  two  forms  shows  hardly  any  differ- 
ence.    "The  man"  is  in   Manx  written   "  yn 
duyne,"   and   in   Irish   "in   duine";    but    the 
sound   is   the    same   in   both.     Their   phonetic 
spelling     once     mastered,    Manx    words    pre- 
sent  no  difficulty  to   any  one  acquainted  with 
the  Gaelic  of  manuscripts.     The  text  of  these 
well-printed  volumes  of  the  Manx  Society,  and 
the    painstaking    essay    of    Prof.    Rhys     with 
which  the  work  concludes,  do  all  that  can  now 
be  done   to  make   known    the  words   and    the 
pronunciation  of  the  Manx  language.     If  during 
its  purely  Celtic  times  the  island  had  ever  pro- 
duced a  man  of  letters,  he  would  certainly  have 
written  what  could  have  been  read  in  Ireland 
and  in  Scotland,  and  his  name  would  probably 
have   been    preserved    by  Duald  MacFirbis   or 
Roderic  O'Flaherty,  or  in  some  quotation  made 
by  one  of  the  Aes  Dana  in  Ulster  or  in  Scot- 
land.    He  would  have  used  the  words  of  this 
Prayer  Book,  but  he  would  have  written  them 
like  any  other  man  of  letters  of  his  race,  the 
descendants  of  Gaedhel  Glas,  and  probably  in 


the  handwriting  used  in  Ireland  and  introduced 
thence  into  Great  Britain.  His  style  would 
have  been  free  from  the  indications  of  English 
methods  of  expression  which  are  to  be  observed 
in  this  translation. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  celtische  Philoloqie.  Heraus- 
gegeben  von  Kuno  Meyer  und  L.  C.  Stern. 
Parts  I. -III.  (Nutt.) — Anecdota  Oxonicnsia  : 
Hibernica  Minora.  Edited  by  K.  Meyer. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.)  —  Prof.  Kuno 
Meyer  has  long  been  the  most  active  dis- 
ciple in  England  of  Mr.  Whitley  Stokes, 
and  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  his  master. 
The  first  three  numbers  of  the  Celtic  review 
which  he  has  issued  with  the  co  -  operation 
of  Messrs.  Stokes,  Strachan,  and  Lindsay,  and 
other  British  and  continental  scholars,  contain 
much  valuable  material,  and  the  undertaking 
deserves  to  receive  encouragement  from  all 
persons  interested  in  Welsh,  Breton,  Manx, 
and  Irish.  One  of  Mr.  Stokes's  most  interest- 
ing contributions  is  a  version,  with  text  and 
notes,  of  the  abridgment  of  Marco  Polo  con- 
tained in  the  fifteenth  century  Irish  manu- 
script known  as  the  '  Book  of  Lisraore.'  Yule 
in  his  edition  of  Marco  Polo  mentions,  and  m 
gives  an  extract  of  a  few  lines  from,  this  text,  ^ 
but  it  has  never  been  published  before.  Mr, 
Stokes  has  also  printed  a  text,  translation, 
and  notes  (including  a  glossary)  of  Michael 
O'Clery's  copy  of  St.  Cuimmin's  poem  on 
the  saints  of  Ireland.  The  work,  says  Mr. 
Stokes,  "must  be  classed  with  the  many  Irish 
!/'€uSe7rtypa<jf)a"  St.  Cuimmin  died  in  658, 
while  some  verbal  forms  in  the  poem  prove  it 
to  have  been  written  in  or  after  the  eleventh 
century.     The  first  quatrain  is  : — 

Carais  Patraicc  piiirt  Maeha  . 
mac  Calpuirn  fa  ard  riaghail 
6  Init  CO  caiscrt  gan  biarih  . 
nochar  md  piau  d^  phianaibh, — 

which  Mr.  Stokes  translates  : — 

"  Calpurn's  son  Patrick,  of  Macha's  fort,  loved — 
high  was  the  rule — (to  be)  foodless  from  Shrove- 
tide to  Easter  :  none  of  his  penances  was  greater," 

with  the  comment  : — 

"If,  as  I  conjecture,  the  first  line  contains  the 
gen.  sing,  of  a  loan  from  the  French /or^,  the  poem 
can  hardly  be  older  than  the  twelfth  century,  when 
French  words  began  to  enter  the  Irish  language." 

A  third  contribution  of  the  same  editor  is 
entitled  '  A  Celtic  Leechbook,'  and  is  an  edition 
of  a  manuscript  in  the  University  Library  at 
Leyden,  thus  described  : — 

"The  third  ms.  consists  of  a  single  fragment  of 
parchment,  forming  four  mutilated  pages,  of  which 
the  first  is  in  a  good  Irish  hand  of  the  ninth  cen- 
tury, while  the  second,  third  and  fourth  are  in 
another  and  coarser  script,  generally  resembling  the 
Old-Irish,  but  differing  in  the  shape  of  the  t,  which 
rises  a  little  above  the  line,  and  is  sometimes  hardly 
distinguishable  from  c." 

It  is  an  imperfect  Latin  medical  treatise  o£ 
uncertain  origin, 

"and  contains  a  number  of  neo-Celtic  words.  Of 
these  one  is  Irish,  and  the  rest  are  British  words  for 
plants,  trees  and  other  components  of  the  mediaeval 
materia  medica.  That  these  words  are  not  Cymric 
is  clear  from  the  absence  of  a  prothetic  vowel  in 
scau  'eldertree  '  (Cymr.  yxgaw),  stlancss  'the  lesser 
plantain,'  and  sptrn,  '  thorn.'  That  they  are  Old- 
Breton  and  not  Cornish  is  probable  from  hoiarn 
'iron'  (Corn,  hoern),  kiscBlbarr  '  misletoe,'  now 
iselvarr,  a  word  peculiar  to  the  haut-vannetais,  and 
the  two  loanwords  from  the  French,  till '  limetree  ' 
(Fr.  tille)  and  guoced  '  woad,'  O.  Fr.  guaide,  now 
gnede." 

The  Zeitschrift  is  partly  in  English  and  partly 
in  German,  and  in  the  latter  language  Prof,  H. 
Zimmer  has  some  learned  '  Beitrage  zur  Er- 
klarung  irischer  Sagentexte.'  Prof.  J.  Strachan 
has  edited  a  Manx  song  repeated  to  him  by 
Thomas  Kermode,  of  Biadda,  near  Port  Erin, 
in  the  Isle  of  Man.  It  is  the  history  of  a 
disconsolate  lover  and  a  faithless  girl.  Mr. 
Strachan's  rendering  of  the  Manx  may  be  illus- 
trated by  the  last  couplet : — 

The  snow  of  Greenland  will  grow  red  like  rosea 
Before  I  can  forget  my  love. 

Mr.  D.  O'Foharta,  of  Calla  National  School,. 
CO,  Galway,  has  published  two  interesting  tales- 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


633 


taken  down  (one  by  a  nameless  pupil  and  one 
by  himself)  from  the  recitation  of  old  women, 
'  The  White  Hound  of  the  Mountain  '  and  '  The 
Shining  Sword.'  Father  Richard  Henebry,  a 
Waterford  man,  who  has  supplied  Prof.  Strachan 
with  much  useful  information,  publishes  a  song 
by  William  English,  an  Augustinian  friar  of  the 
last  century,  whose  works  were  long  popular 
in  the  south  of  Ireland.  It  is  a  series  of 
extravagant  jokes  on  a  tub  containing  the  alms 
of  many  farmers'  wives,  paid  in  lumps  of  butter 
of  diverse  colours  and  conditions.  At  the  end  of 
each  part  of  the  Zeitschrifb  is  a  summary  of 
recent  publications,  not  quite  so  complete  as  it 
might  be,  but  containing,  amongst  other  useful 
notes,  a  criticism  on  the  facsimile  of  the*  Yellow 
Book  of  Lecan  '  recently  published  by  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy.  Several  pages  of  this  facsimile 
are  illegible,  while  the  original  is  distinct 
enough  to  be  read  without  much  difUculty.  The 
book  is  far  from  creditable  to  whoever  was 
charged  with  the  technical  part  of  its  produc- 
tion. Every  scholar  who  has  purchased  this  ex- 
pensive facsimile  will  agree  with  Prof.  Meyer  : 

"The  mischief  once  done,  it  was  the  plain  duty 
of  the  editor  to  point  out  in  his  Introduction  what 
the  actual  state  of  the  original  is  in  those  cases  in 
which  the  photographer  has  been  unsuccessful. 
This  he  has  unfortunately  not  done.  There  is  not  a 
word  of  explanation  on  so  important  a  point.  Yet 
it  is  evident  that  Professor  Atkinson  prepared  his 
List  of  Contents  not  from  the  photographs,  but 
from  the  original.  In  my  opiniou  the  least  the  Aca- 
demy should  do  to  make  good  this  omission  would 
he  to  send  to  every  purchaser  of  their  book  a  care- 
ful comparison  or  collation  of  the  original  with  the 
published  facsimile.  The  expense  would  be  but  a 
trifle  compared  with  what  the  production  of  the 
book  must  already  have  cost.  Unless  they  do  so, 
the  blame  will  attach  to  them  of  having  thrown 
away  an  enormous  amount  of  money  on  a  book  of 
little  use  to  those  for  whom  it  is  intended." 

Prof.  Meyer  himself  is  a  large  contributor  to 
the  useful  Zeitschrift  he  has  instituted,  and  has 
published  in  it  the  tale  known  as  '  The  Cherish- 
ing of  Conaill  Cernach  '  and  that  on  the  death 
of  Finn,  several  Irish  quatrains,  as  well  as 
numerous  criticisms. 

His  '  Hibernlca  Minora  '  is  a  fragment  of  an 
old  Irish  treatise  on  the  Psalter,  a  piece  of 
which  the  chief  value  is  philological,  though 
it  is  not  uninteresting  as  a  survival  of  early 
literature.     As  Prof.  Meyer  says  : — 

"  The  Fragment,  then,  I  take  it,  is  one  of  the  few 
scanty  and  garbled  remains  that  have  reached  us 
of  the  earliest  literature  of  Ireland.  The  need  for 
such  a  Commentary  in  the  vernacular  must  have 
been  early  felt  in  the  Irish  schools  ;  for  the 
Psalter  was  the  first  book  put  into  the  hands  of 
the  clerical  student." 

A  copious  appendix  contains  several  much  more 
entertaining  texts,  such  as  '  The  Story  of  Mac 
Datho's  Pig,'  'The  Excuse  of  Gulide's  Daughter,' 
and  '  The  Death  of  the  Three  Sons  of  King 
Diarmait.'  The  book  concludes  with  a  copious 
verbal  index. 

When  to  these  works  are  added  his  numerous 
contributions  to  other  publications,  such  as  the 
Gaelic  Journal,  it  will  be  seen  how  industrious 
a  Celtic  scholar  is  Prof.  Kuno  Meyer. 


ODR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Mr.  David  Christie  Murray  is  so  capable  a 
novelist  himself  that  his  opinions  of  the  work 
of  other  novelists  cannot  be  without  interest. 
My  Contemporaries  in  Fiction  (Chatto  &  Windus) 
deals  not  only  with  living  writers,  but  includes 
essays  on  Dickens,  Charles  Reade,  and  Steven- 
son. Obviously  others  might  have  been  added, 
e.g.,  Thackeray,  George  Eliot,  and  Trollope. 
Mr.  Murray  was,  however,  at  liberty  to  select 
what  contemporaries  he  pleased.  His  judg- 
ments are  candid,  but  kindly  ;  not  profound, 
but  thoroughly  wholesome.  The  novelist  (re- 
ferred to  in  the  prefatory  remarks)  who  regretted 
that  Mr.  Murray  wrote  essays  instead  of  novels 
was  probably  right,  Mr.  Murray  modestly  says 
he  wrote  to  help  "  the  average  reader"  to  form 
just  opinions;  but  the  average  reader  is  faithful 


to  his  own  favourites,  and  obstinate  in  his  dis- 
likes. Mr.  Murray's  criticism  will  not  touch 
him  if  it  shows  flaws  in  his  favourites,  or  merits 
in  writers  whom  he  neglects.  Still,  if  there  do 
exist  average  readers  such  as  Mr.  Murray  has 
written  for,  they  could  not  do  better  than  to 
study  his  opinions  and  adopt  them.  In  his 
paper  on  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  there  is  a 
very  just  observation  to  the  effect  that  genius 
discovers  what  is  open  to  all  if  they  could 
only  see  it.  Going  back  in  recollection  to  Mr. 
Murray's  earlier  work,  it  seems  as  if  he  was 
at  one  time  on  the  track  of  discovering  the 
itinerant  showman.  Possibly  if,  instead  of 
criticizing  his  contemporaries,  he  had  resumed 
working  that  vein  it  might  have  been  better. 
Many  readers  at  all  events  will  hope  that  he  will 
not  abandon  original  work  for  criticism. 

From  time  to  time  industrious  contributors  to 
the  daily  press  send  extracts  from  Indian  papers 
to  show  the  sort  of  stuff  that  is  written  by  con- 
ceited baboos.  It  is  funny  enough  once  in  a 
way,  and  a  parody  of  such  stuff  is  about  equally 
funny.  Mr.  F.  Anstey  has  worked  the  joke 
too  hard.  A  page  or  two  of  his  Baboo  Jabherjee, 
B.A.  (Dent  &  Co.),  reprinted  from  Fundi, 
seems  amusing  in  a  moderate  degree,  but  272 
pages  of  it  cannot  keep  one  amused.  If  there 
are  readers  who  find  this  book  continuously 
exhilarating,  they  ought  perhaps  to  be  envied. 
It  may  at  least  be  admitted  that  the  standard 
of  jocularity  is  well  maintained  ;  any  page  is  as 
good  as  another. 

Mr.  Howells  or  his  publisher  (Edinburgh, 
Douglas)  may  be  commended  for  bringing  out 
two  more  neat  little  volumes  of  what  are  de- 
scribed as  farces.  The  design  on  the  cover  is 
bad,  but  in  all  other  respects  the  booklets  are 
decidedly  attractive.  They  contain  an  almost 
irreducible  minimum  of  matter  both  in  quantity 
and  quality.  A  Letter  of  Fntroduction  has  some 
illustrations  ;  Fice  o'clock  Tea  has  none.  The 
picture  of  a  pretty  American  lady  is  the  best 
thing  in  the  two  books.  The  literary  matter  is 
decidedly  poor.  The  note  "For  leave  to  act, 
apply  to  the  Publisher,"  seems  superfluous,  as 
the  farces  are  not  at  all  dramatic.  Whatever 
is  farcical  in  them  seems  to  be  unconscious. 
But  they  have  a  sort  of  interest  if  they  show,  as 
one  may  suppose  they  do,  more  or  less  accurately, 
bits  of  ordinary,  well-to-do,  vulgar  middle-class 
life  in  Boston. 

A  Servant  of  ^^  John  Company,"  by  H.  G. 
Keene  (Thacker  &  Co.),  is  the  author's  auto- 
biography, the  record  of  his  sorrows  and  his 
aspirations,  written  some  years  ago,  it  is  said, 
for  family  purposes,  and  now  revised  for  pub- 
lication. Whether  this  may  be  defended  on  the 
ground  of  important  public  service  exceptionally 
performed  is  open  to  reasonable  doubt,  and 
excuse  must  be  sought  for  not,  as  is  suggested, 
in  a  knowledge  of  the  world  beyond  the  four 
walls  of  his  court-house,  but  rather  in  the 
manner  in  which  his  story  is  told.  In  so  far  as 
it  amuses  or  interests  readers,  the  writer  may 
claim  justification  ;  where  it  wearies  them  with 
woeful  complaints  of  want  of  appreciation  by  his 
superior  officers,  or  offends  taste  in  references 
to  them,  it  deserves  condemnation.  On  the 
whole,  we  are  glad  to  think  that  the  good 
prevails  over  the  bad,  though  undoubtedly 
a  greater  margin  of  safety  is  desirable. 
Mr.  Keene's  services  in  India  extended  from 
1847  to  1882,  a  period  during  which  many  in- 
teresting events  occurred  ;  but  his  connexion 
with  them  was  not  immediate.  He  served, 
however,  ten  years  under  the  direct  rule 
of  the  Company,  also  throughout  the 
Mutiny,  during  which  he  had  charge  of  Dehra 
Doon  and  Mussooree  ;  and  after  that  he 
occupied  under  the  Crown  different  situa- 
tions. Several  of  his  contemporaries  achieved 
distinction,  and  are  more  or  less  known  to 
the  public.  He  mentions  Sir  Richard  Temple, 
Mr.  Hodgson  Pratt,  Lord  William  Hay  (now 
Marquis  of   Tweeddale),   John  Walter  Sherer, 


Sir  T.  D.  Forsyth,  and  Fred.  Cooper,  who  was 
his  shipmate  on  the  voyage  to  India,  and  proved 
to  be  a  man  of  much  talent,  ready  in  speech 
and  action,  and  resolute.  He  was  known  and 
liked  at  Lahore  when  Temple,  whom  he  de- 
lighted to  chaff,  was  John  Lawrence's  secretary, 
and  his  conduct  during  the  Mutiny  was  dis- 
tinguished. Like  many  another  able  man,  he 
was  his  own  worst  enemy,  and  it  is  pleasant  to 
find  from  Mr.  Keene's  pages  that,  though  dead 
long  ago,  he  is  not  yet  forgotten.  The  glimpses 
we  get  of  these  and  other  people  lighten  the 
book,  and  some  of  the  stories,  if  not  well 
founded,  are  well  told.  Here  are  two  about 
Daniel  Wilson,  who  was  Bishop  of  Calcutta  and 
celebrated  for  eccentricity  during  service  or 
whilst  engaged  in  family  devotion,  when  he 
often  introduced  his  guests'  names  in  a  manner 
more  piquant  than  conventional  : — 

"  A  young  clerical  servant  of  the  Company,  newly 
arrived  from  home,  was  a  guest  at  the  Palace,  await- 
ing orders,  and  instant  with  the  domestic  chaplain 
to  get  him  a  good  station.  The  importunity  reached 
the  Bishop  in  due  course,  but  for  some  days  pro- 
duced no  response.  At  last,  one  evening,  the  decision 
was  thus  strangely  imparted  :  '  Behold,  O  Lord  ! 
thy  servants  assembled  under  this  roof,  especially 

the  Rev.  Mr. .    Cast  over  him  thy  protection, 

seeing  that  he  leaves  us  to-morrow  morning  for  the 

remote  and  insalubrious  station  of  ,'  naming 

one  of  the  'penal  settlements'  of  the  Service.  Yet 
another  yarn  of  a  similar  nature  may  perhaps  be 
tolerated.  A  young  chaplain,  newly  joined,  was 
informed— by  a  practical-joke  man  at  the  Bengal 
Club— that  the  Bishop  liked  all  the  junior  clergy  to 
breakfast  with  him  on  certain  mornings.  The  next 
day  being  one  of  them,  the  Reverend  youth— who 
was  one  of  the  '  Private-Secretary  '  type— appeared 
at  the  Palace  breakfast-table,  in  pursuauce  of  what 
he  understood  to  be  the  etiquette  ;  and  he  found 
the  Bishop  courteous  to  benevolence  until  the  fatal 
moment  of  prayer  arrived.  Then  his  Lordship  was 
quite  unable  to  resist  temptation,  aud,  invoking  the 
divine  blessing  on  all  present,  included  'our  young 
friend  who  has  come  hither  without  an  invitation.^''' 

These  quotations  show  that  amusement  may  be 
found  in  Mr.  Keene's  pages  ;  wisdom,  too,  is 
present,  and  appears  in  the  chapter  on  the  great 
revolt,  in  which  he  successfully  impugns  the 
opinion  attributed  to  John  Lawrence  that  there 
were  no  political  reasons  for  the  outbreak,  as 
as  well  as  in  sensible  remarks  concerning  camp- 
life  and  the  need  for  controlling  the  dmla  or 
native  staff  in  transactions  with  the  people  ; 
unfortunately  this  good  is  blended  with  com- 
plaints of  his  treatment  and  his  blighted  career 
which  become  simply  wearisome.  The  volume 
is  well  turned  out,  the  type  clear  and  good, 
whilst  the  illustrations  by  Mr.  W.  Simpson 
(from  sketches  by  the  author)  are  judiciously 
chosen  and  pleasingly  drawn. 

The  exigencies  of  chronological  arrangement, 
which  may  have  rendered  it  desirable  that  a 
"Library  of  Historical  Novels  and  Romances" 
(Constable)should  begin  with  the  Anglo-Norman 
period,  will  perhaps  account  for  the  present 
reissue  of  Charles  Alacfarlane's  Camp  of  Refuge, 
The  best  justification  for  the  selection  of  this 
romance  is,  however,  to  be  found  in  the  critical 
introduction  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Gomme,  which  is 
altogether  an  admirable  and  moreover  an  im- 
portant piece  of  work.  The  contrast  between 
the  historical  methods  of  the  modern  editor 
and  the  crude  archaeological  apparatus  of  a  work 
written  in  the  worst  period  of  Victorian  his- 
torical literature  is  most  striking.  At  the  same 
time  Mr.  Gomme's  emendations  are  not  made 
in  any  censorious  spirit.  His  sole  purpose  is  to 
bring  his  author's  archaeology  up  to  date  by  a 
thorough  process  of  "posting."  It  will  be  suf- 
ficient to  give  as  an  instance  of  this  the  reference 
to  the  latest  and  not  the  least  valuable  addition 
to  the  story  of  Here  ward  contained  in  Mr. 
Round's  *  Feudal  England.'  As  for  the  literary 
style  in  which  the  novel  is  written,  it  is  perhaps 
a  matter  of  taste,  as  Mr.  Gomme  admits, 
whether  the  literary  method  of  Kingsley  or  thafe 
of  Macfarlane  is  the  better  suited  to  conveying 
historical  impressions.  It  may,  however,  be  at 
least  objected  that  the  phraseology  of  'The 
Camp  of  Refuge  '  would  be  equally  suitable  for  a 


634 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


tale  of  the  Crusades  or  of  the  Armada.  It  is,  in- 
deed, more  Elizabethan  than  Anglo-Norman  in 
its  mannerisms.  Such  imitations  are  not  usually 
successful,  and  the  realism  of  this  romance  is 
but  little  greater  than  that  of  the  late  Sir  F. 
Palgrave's  discursive  history  of  '  The  Merchant 
and  the  Friar,'  which  many  people  would  doubt- 
less gladly  see  included  in  the  present  series  in 
an  abridged  form. 

Saractuesca,  or  "  Sarracinesca  "  as  Mr.  Marion 
Crawford  used  to  spell  it,  has  been  reissued  in 
a  cheaper,  but  still  comely  form  by  Messrs. 
Blackwood. — Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  have  sent 
us  the  seventeenth  edition  oi  Marcella. — Messrs. 
Lawrence  &  BuUen  seem  intending  to  publish 
sporting  books  as  well  as  poetry,  and  have  sent 
us  a  reprint  of  Hatidley  Cross  in  two  small 
volumes.  It  cannot  be  said  that  Leech's  illus- 
trations appear  to  advantage  in  it. 

That  delightful  volume  The  Life  and  Letters 
of  Dean  Church  has  been  reissued  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  in  their  pleasant  "  Eversley  Series." 
We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Witherby  & 
Co.  the  October  issue  of  Lean's  Royal  Navy  List, 
a  most  useful  work  of  reference. 

Prof.  Villari  has  published  in  the  Nuova 
Antolugi'i  an  interesting  article  on  the  English 
critics  of  Machiavelli,  suggested  by  Mr.  Morley's 
Romanes  Lecture. 

We  have  on  our  table  Victoria,  Queen  and 
Empress,  by  R.  Davey  (Roxburghe  Press), — The 
Father  of  the  Brontes,  by  W.  W.  Yates  (Leeds, 
Spark), — Cicero  Fro  Lege  Manilla,  edited  by  the 
Rev.  R.  Harvey  (Hachette), — Fylos  and  Sphak- 
teria,  from  Thucydides,    Book  IV.,  edited    by 
W.  H.  D.  Rouse  (Rivingtons), — First  Steps  in 
Continuous  Latin  Frose,   by  W.  C,  F.  Walters 
(Blackie), — Fitt Fress  Series:  Moliere's  L'Avare, 
edited   by    E.  G.  W.   Brauuholtz  (Cambridge, 
University  Press), — A  Junior  Latin  Syntax,  by 
J.  A.  Stevens  (Blackie),  — TAe  Study  of  French, 
by  A.   F.   Eugene  and  H.   E.    Duriaux    (Mac- 
millan),— Introduction  to  American  Literature, 
by  F.  V.  N.  Painter,  Part  I.  (New  York,  Leach 
&  Co.),  — Frogress  in  Frinting  and  the  Graphic 
Arts  during  the  Victorian  Era,  by  J.  Southward 
(Simpkin), — Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ethnology,    1S92  -  93,      by      J.      W.      Powell, 
Vols.  XIV.  and  XV.  (Washington,  Government 
Printing    Office),  —  Reform    of    Chemical    and 
Fhysical    Calculations,    by  C.  J.   T.    Hanssen 
(Spon), — Genesis   of  the   Social    Conscience,    by 
H.  S.  Nash  (Macmillan),— ii'rfmitnd  Routledge's 
Date-hook  (Routledge), — History  of  the   Arme- 
nians in  India,  by  M.   J.   Seth  (Luzac), — The 
Star  of  the    Sea,   by  N.  Ter  Gregor  (J.  Hey- 
wood), — The  Worship  of  Lucifer,  by  M.  Sande- 
man     (Digby  &   Long),— Mrs.    Wylde,   by    L. 
Gardiner  (Jarrold),  -  2'/ie  Mistress  of  Elmhurst, 
by  Con  (Roxburghe  Press),— Life  of  St.  John  of 
the  Cross,   edited  by    D.   Lewis    (Baker), — The 
Modern    Reader's    Bible:     Ezekiel,    edited     by 
R.    G.    Moulton    (Macmillan),— G^mfs    through 
the  Shadows,  by  the  Rev.  A.  Chambers  (Taylor), 
— Grundprohleme  der  Natv.rwissenschaft,  by  Dr. 
A.  Wagner  (Berlin,   Borntraeger),— and  Saint 
Louis  et  les  Croisades:  Les  Fremiers  Valois,  by 
Madame   de   Witt    (Hachette).      Among    New 
Editions  we  have  The   West  Indies,  by  C.  W. 
Eves  (Low),— 4  Detailed   Course  of  Qualitative 
Chemical  Analysis  of  Inorganic  Substances,  by 
A.   A.   Noyes  ( Macmillan),' -T/ie  Garotters,   by 
W,   D.   Hovvells  (Edinburgh,   Douglas),— Sea/u 
dei    Tempi,    by     G.    Negri   (Milan,    Hoepli)"  — 
Elements  of  the  Comparotire  Anatomy  of  Verte- 
brates, translated  by  W.  N.  Parker  (Macmillan), 
—and   The  Fenitent  Bandito,  translated  by  Sir 
'  Toby  Matthew  (Art  and  Book  Company). 


Meyer's  (F.  B.)  Paul,  a  Servant  of  Jesus  Christ,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Moulton's  (K.  G.)  Select  Masterpieces  of  Biblical  Literature" 

16mo.  2/6  el. 
Santa  Teresa,  an  Appreciation,  by  A.  Whyte,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Sinker's  (H.)  Hezekiab  and  Lis  Age,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 


LIST  OP  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
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Colossiaiis.  8vo   10/6  cl. 
•  Barnett's  (S.)  The  Service  of  God.  Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Faith  of  Centuries,  Addresses  and  Essays,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl.  * 
Hanson's  (H.  H.)  Light  and  Leaven,  Historical  and  Social 
Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 


Law. 

Griffith's  (W.  H.)  A  Treatise  on  Joint  Rights  and  Liabilities, 

8vo.  5/  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Crane's  Picture  Books,  Reissue :  Cinderella,  Puss  in  Boots, 

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Day's  (L.  F.)  Windows,  a  Book  about  Stained  and  Painted 

Glass,  8vo.  21/  net,  cl. 
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84/net,  cl. 
Gladstone,  Right  Hon.  W.  B.,  Political  Life  of,  Cartoons 

from  '  Punch,'  Vol.  3,  4to.  20/  net,  cl. 
Law's  (E  )  A  Short  History  of  Hampton  Court,  illus.  7/6  net. 
Stillman's  (W.  J.)  The  Old  Rome  and  the  New,  and  other 

Studies,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Way's  (T.  R.)  Later  Reliques  of  Old  London,  4to.  21/  net.  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Burnside's  (H.  M.)  Drift  Weed,  Verses  and  Lyrics,  3/6  cl. 
Butler's  (S  )  The  Authoress  of  the  Odyssey,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Calvert's  CkV.)  Sir  H.  Irving  and  Miss  E.  Terry,  a  Record, 

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3/6  net,  cl. 
Meynell's  (A  )  The  Flower  of  the  Mind,  a  Choice  among  the 

Best  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Philosophy. 

Allen's  (G.)  The  Evolution  of  the  Idea  of  God,  8vo.  20/  net. 

Forsyth's  (A.)  Rapara,  or  the  Rights  of  the  Individual  in 
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Waldstein's  (L.)  The  Sub-conscious  Self  in  Relation  to  Edu- 
cation and  Health,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Political  Economy. 

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the  Theory  of  Wealth,  trans,  by  N.  T.  Bacon,  3/  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography . 

Charles  the  Great,  by  T.  Hodgkin,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl.     (Foreign 

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Jessopp,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Eighteenth  Century  Letters,  edited    by    R.  B.  Johnson : 

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Galton's  (A  )  Two  Essays  upon  Matthew  Arnold,  3/6  bds. 
Horridge's  (F.)  Lives  of  Great  Italians,  illus.  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Knight's  (A.  B.)  India  from  the  Aryan  Invasion  to  the  Great 

Sepoy  Mutiny,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Lee,  R.  G.,  and  the  Southern  Confederacy,  by  H.  A.  White, 

cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Macaulay's  Two  Essays  on  Pitt,   edited  by  A.   D.  Innes, 

12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Phillips's  (W.  A.)  The  War  of  Greek  Independence,  1821- 

18:«,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Roebuck,  J.  A.,  Life  and  Letters  of.  ed.  by  R.  E.  Leader,  16/ 
Smith's  (G.  B  )  The  United  States,  Vol.  2,  cr.  8vo  2/6  cl. 
Steevens's  (G  W  )  With  the  Conquering  Turk,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Wynne,  Frederick  R.,  Life  of,  by  J.  Hannay,  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Harris's  (H.  B.)  Pictures  of  the  Bast,  imp.  8vo.  8/6  cl. 
Rambles  in  Polynesia,  by  Sundowner,  cr.  8vo.  4/  cl. 

Philology. 

Searle's  (W.  G.)  Onomasticon  Anglo-Saxonicum,  20/  net. 

Smith's  (L.  H.)  Two  Papers  on  the  Oscan  Word  Auasaket, 
8vo.  3/6  net,  swd. 

Science. 

Babington,  C.  C,  Memorials,  Journal,  and  Botanical  Corre- 
spondence of.  cr.  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 

Baker's  (C.  F.)  Course  of  Practical  Chemistry  for  Medical 
Students,  12mo.  2/6  net,  bds. 

Canney's  (H.   B.   L )  The  Winter  Meteorology  of  Egypt, 
royal  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

Cooke's  (M.  C  )  Rambles  among  the  Wild  Flowers,  12mo.  5/ 

Duhring's  (L.  A.)  Cutaneous  Medicine,  Part  2,  8vo.  12/  cl. 

Harvey,  W.,  by  D.  Power,  .3/6    (Masters  of  Medicine  ) 

Hughes's  (M.  L.)  Mediterranean,  Malta,  or  IJndulaut  Fever, 
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Illaway's  (H. )  Constipation  in  Adults  and  Children,  17/  net. 

Medicine,  A  System  of,  edited  by  T.  C.  AUbut,  Vol.  4,  8vo. 
25/  net,  cl. 

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Reed's  (F.  C.)  A  Handbook  to  the  Geology  of  Cambridge- 
shire, cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 

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Aflalo's  (F.  G.)  Sea  Fish,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
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Barr's  (A.  B.)  A  Knight  of  the  Nets,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
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Gissing's  (G.)  Human  Odds  and  Ends,  Stories  and  Sketches, 

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Green's  (E.   E)  Battledown  Boys,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. ;    Tom 

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To  be  had  in  Remembrance,  compiled  by   A.  B.  Chance, 

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FOREIGN. 

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Kilgensteiu  (J.):  Die  Gotteslehre  des  Hugo  v.  St.  Victor, 

2m.  50. 
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Im.  50. 

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fortes,  7fr. 
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Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Barneville  (P.  de) :  Le  Rythme  dans  la  Pogsie  Franfaise, 

2fr.  50. 
Silvestre  (A.) :  Tristan  de  Leonois,  4fr. 

Philosophy . 
Fechtner  (B.) :  John  Locke,  5m. 

History  and  Biography. 
Druon  (H.)  :    Histoire  de  r£:ducation  des  Princes  dans  la 

Maison  des  Bourbons  de  France.  2  vols.  16fr. 
Goron  (M.) :  Mfiraoires,  Vol.  2,  A  travers  le  Crime,  3fr.  50. 

['hilology. 
Tallqvist  (K.  L.) :  Arabische  Sprichworter  u.  Spiele,  gesam- 

melt  u.  erklart,  4m. 

Science. 
Bubani  (P.):  Flora  Pyrenaea  per  OrdinesNaturales  giadatim 

digesta,  ed.  O.  Penzig,  Vol.  1,  16m. 
MiilltT  (N.  J.  C  ) :  Neue  Melhoden  der  Bakterienforscbung, 

Part  1,  30m. 
Roubinovitch  (J.)et  Toulouse  (6.)  :  La  MSlancolie,  4fr. 

General  Literature. 
Boub^e  (S.)  :  La  Jeunesse  de  Tartufe,  2  vols.  7fr. 
Cruppi  (J.)  :  La  Cour  d'Assises,  3fr.  50. 
Foley  ((J.) :  Petites  Amoureuses,  3fr.  50. 
Gay  (A.  du) :  L'Amour  Forc6,  3fr   50. 
Loti  (P  ) :  Figures  et  Choses  qui  Passaient,  3fr.  50, 
Lyan  (M.) :  Coeur  d'Enfant,  3fr.  hd. 
Meunier  (Madame  S.) :  Aimer  ou  Vivre,  3fr.  50. 
Mimande  (P.)  :  L'Heritage  de  Behauzin,  3fr.  50. 
Riche  (U.) :  L'Agonie  d'une  Jeunesse.  3fr.  50. 


DR.  JUSTIN   WINSOR. 

Bibliographers  and  students  of   American 
history  will  hear  with  regret  of   the  death  of 
Justin  Winsor,   the  well  -  known   Librarian   of 
Harvard.     He    was    born    at    Boston,    Mass., 
January  2nd,  1831,  and  studied  at  Harvard  and 
at  Heidelberg.     Between  1868  and  1877  he  was 
Superintendent  of  the  Boston  Public  Library, 
and    in   the   latter   year   became    Librarian    of 
Harvard  College  Library,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  his  death,  which  took  place  at  Cam- 
bridge,  U.S.,   October  22nd.     He  was   one  of 
the  founders  of  the  American  Library  Associa- 
tion, and  president  of  that  body  from  1876  to 
1886.     He    had    also    been    president   of    the 
American  Historical  Association.     In  1886  the 
University  of  Michigan  awarded   him  the   de- 
gree  of   LL.D.     Among  his   contributions    to 
bibliography     may      be      mentioned     '  Biblio- 
graphy  of   the    Original    Quartos    and    Folios 
of     Shakespeare '     (1876),     '  Reader's     Hand- 
book   of    the    American    Revolution '    (1879), 
as    well    as    '  Halliwelliana '    (1881),     '  Biblio- 
graphy   of  Ptolemy's   Geography'   (1884),    and 
many  other   articles    in   the    Harvard    *  Biblio- 
graphical   Contributions  '  (since  1877).     He  is 
perhaps    chiefly  known    as    the    editor   of    the 
'  Memorial  History  of  Boston  '(1880-82,  4  vols.) 
and  '  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America  ' 
(1883-89,  8  vols.).     He  also  wrote  '  History  of 
Duxbury,  Mass.'  (1849),  a   'Life  of  Columbus,' 
and  many  pamphlets.     In  his  two  books  '  From 
Cartier   to   Frontenac  '   and    '  The   Mississippi 
Basin  '  he  treated  the  history  of  North  America 
down  to  the  Peace  of  Paris,  1763,  with  special 
reference  to  the  influence  of  the  physiography 
of  the  country  upon  its  political  development. 
He  frequently  visited  Europe,  and  took  part  in 
the  International  Library  Conferences  held  in 
London  in  1877  and  1897.     His  name  appears 
on  the  title  of  the  English  Historical  Review  as 
American  editor.     Winsor's  knowledge  of  books 
was  extensive ;  he  paid  much  attention   to  Ame- 
rican cartography,  and  as  an  administrator  showed 
much  ability.     His  numerous  friends   both  in 
England   and   America   mourn    the    loss   of    a 
librarian   of    rare   technical    excellence   and   a 
warm-hearted  and  accomplished  gentleman. 


N"  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


635 


KURDISH  OR  GYPSY. 

Edinburgh. 

Our  information  about  the  Gypsies  of  Asia  is 
so  meagre  that  it  is  worth  pointing  out  a  fre.sh 
and  unlikely  source.  In  the  Gottingen  quarterly 
Orient  vnd  Occxdeiit  (1864,  pp.  104-6)  is  a 
'  Kurdish  Vocabulary  '  of  102  words,  contributed 
byDr.  Friedrich  Miiller,  a  Gypsiologist !  Whether 
at  Vienna  or  not  he  does  not  say,  but  in  the 
tavern  of  the  Golden  Angel,  where  he  generally 
passed  the  evening.  Dr.  Miiller,  on  Novem- 
ber 25th,  1863,  met  four  wanderers  on  their  way 
through  from  Urumiah  in  Persia.  They  spoke 
modern  Persian  and  Turkish,  and  one  of  them 
"Kurdish  as  his  mother  tongue,"  in  which  he 
sang  two  or  three  songs,  besides  supplying  the 
vocabulary.  Now  I  know  nothing  of  Kurdish, 
and  have  no  access  just  now  to  books  ;  but 
this  I  do  know,  that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
words  in  this  vocabulary  are  very  good  Romani, 
some  of  them  known  to  Gypsies  all  the  world 
over,  others  more  or  less  peculiar  to  the  Asiatic 
dialects  of  the  language.  In  the  following  list 
O.  stands  for  Ouseley,  who  wrote  on  the  Persian 
Gypsy  dialect,  1823  ;  N.  for  Newbold,  Syrian 
Gypsy  dialect,  1856  ;  E.  for  Miss  Everest,  ditto, 
1891  ;  and  P.  for  Paspati,  Asia  Minor  dialect, 
1870.  Dr.  Miiller  gives  agir,  fire  (cf.  ag,  N. ;  eg, 
P.)  ;  hap,  father  ihdh,  E.)  ;  dar,  tree  {dhal,  E.)  ; 
dast,  hand  (khast,  O.  ;  hast,  P.)  ;  kor,  blind 
{kori,  P  )  ;  mas,  fish  (mdtcha,  P.  ;  matche,  O.  ; 
machchi,  E. )  ;  mishk,  mouse  {mxiahk,  rat,  P. ) ; 
nan,  bread  (manayi,  E.) ;  jiav,  name  (passim)  ; 
pai,  foot  (pav,  O.  ;  bav,  P.)  ;  panir,  cheese 
{pendir,  P. ;  hanir,  Seetzen)  ;  sar,  head  (sir,  N.  ; 
ser6.  P.)  ;  shav,  night  {show,  N.)  ;  stir,  star 
(stiari,  P.) ;  and  zor,  strength  (passim),  besides 
the  numerals  yet.  one  ;  du,  two  :  chnr,  four  ; 
peng,  five  ;  sesh,  six  ;  havt,  seven  ;  hasht,  eight  ; 
nah,  nine  ;  and  dah,  ten.  To  find  an  Asiatic 
Gypsy  so  far  west  of  the  Ottoman  empire  and  at 
so  recent  a  period  has  a  high  interest  not  merely 
for  Gypsiologists,  but  for  folk-lorists  generally, 

F.  H.  Groome. 


BBUNETTO  LATINI'S  HOME  IN  FRANCE,  a.d.  1260-6. 
British  Museum,  October  27,  1897. 

Among  the  numerous  treasures  of  history  and 
literature  buried  among  the  archives  of  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster  in  their 
muniment  rooms  in  the  Abbey  is  a  valuable  set 
of  eighty  or  ninety  notarial  documents,  relating 
to  the  monetary  transactions  between  the  Abbey 
officials  and  the  banks  of  Florence  and  Siena  in 
the  reigns  of  Henry  III.  and  Edward  I.  When- 
ever any  business  had  to  be  transacted  in  the 
Papal  Chamber  at  Rome  touching  the  aifairs 
of  the  Abbey  and  the  elections  of  its  principal 
officials,  money  had  to  be  borrowed  to  pay  the 
expenses  of  the  Abbey  agents  and  proctors  in 
passing  their  suits  successfully  through  the 
Roman  courts.  In  briefly  cataloguing  this 
series  the  other  day  I  had  the  good  fortune  to 
light  upon  a  notarial  document  entirely  in  the 
autograph  of  Brunette  Latini,  the  famous  tutor 
of  Dante,  and  the  well-known  author  of  '  II 
Tesoro '  and  other  works.  These  works  were 
composed  and  written  by  Brunetto  while  in 
exile  from  Florence  and  living  in  France,  be- 
tween the  years  a.d.  1260  and  1266.  Up  to  the 
present  hour  it  has  never  been  known  where- 
abouts he  lived  in  France.  Boccaccio  could 
only  suggest  it  might  probably  have  been  at 
Paris,  but  this  notarial  document  is  dated 
"Apud  Barrim  super  Albam  [Bar  sur  I'Aube 
in  Champagne]  in  anno  dominice  Incarnationis 
Millesimo  ducentesimo  sexageaimo  quarto,  In- 
dictione  septima,  die  quarta  decima  exeunte 
Apreli,"  and  doubtless  at  Bar  sur  I'Aube 
Brunetto  lived  and  wrote  his  splendid  works. 

The  Westminster  instrument  is  fifteen  inches 
long  by  eleven  broad,  and  is  a  fine  specimen  of 
calligraphy.  At  the  foot  is  Brunette's  notarial 
mark,  and  the  signature  "  Et  ego  Brunettus 
Latinus  de  Florentia  Notarius  predicta  coram 
me  acta  Rogatus  publice  scripsi." 


Dr.  Guido  Biagi,  head  of  the  Laurentian 
Library  at  Florence,  happened  to  be  reading  in 
the  Museum  library  during  the  week  I  found  it, 
and  on  my  showing  it  to  him  he  instantly  recog- 
nized the  hand,  having  seen  at  Siena  other 
notarial  documents  by  Brunetto  written  at 
Florence.  Prof.  Biagi  most  courteously  pro- 
cured me  a  photograph  from  Siena  of  one  dated 
at  Florence  April  11th,  a.d.  1254,  which  corre- 
sponds exactly  in  handwriting  with  the  West- 
minster instrument.      Edward  J.  L,  Scott. 


'THE  savage  club  PAPERS.' 

Liverpool,  November  1,  1897. 

My  copy  of  the  first  volume  of  '  Savage  Club 
Papers '  is  dated  1867  (not  1868).  The  second 
volume  contains  the  date  1868  three  times  over, 
and  the  preface  refers  to  the  first  volume  as 
having  been  published  one  year  previously. 

Thos.  Ellison. 

Savage  Club.  November  2,  1897. 
As  you  still  challenge  my  accuracy  as  to  the 
date  of  issue  of  the  second  series  of  '  Savage 
Club  Papers,'  I  would  point  out  that  it  was  the 
intention  of  the  promoters  to  issue  a  volume 
annually.  No.  1  was  published  towards  the 
end  of  1867,  and  a  second  edition  of  that  volume 
was  issued  about  March  or  April  of  1868,  but 
there  was  no  change  whatever  in  its  contents. 
Volume  No.  2  was  not  placed  before  the  public 
until  1869,  but,  with  the  object  of  an  annual 
issue  always  in  his  mind,  my  friend  the  late 
Andrew  Halliday  printed  on  the  fly-leaf  "for 
1868,"  but  the  title-page  bears  date  1869.  It  is 
very  likely  that  in  some  of  the  early  copies  the 
title-page  was  marked  1868,  although  the  book 
was  not  really  published  until  1869.  In  verifi- 
cation of  my  statement  I  forward  herewith  a 
copy  of  vol.  ii,  for  your  inspection. 

J.    E.    MUDDOCK. 

*^(.*  The  first  series,  entitled  '  The  Savage 
Club  Papers,'  with  the  date  1867  on  the  title- 
page,  was  published  in  1866,  and  is  so  marked 
in  the  '  Catalogue  of  Printed  Books  in  the 
British  Museum.'  The  second  series,  entitled 
'The  Savage  Club  Papers  for  1868,' was  first 
published  in  December,  1867.  In  the  Athenceiim 
for  December  7th,  1867,  Messrs.  Tinsley 
Brothers'  advertisement  on  p.  781  states  that 
"The 'Savage  Club  Papers  for  1868  '  will  be 
ready  on  Monday  next."  In  our  issue  of 
December  14th,  1867,  the  advertisement  of 
Messrs,  Tinsley  Brothers  on  p,  795  men- 
tions "The  'Savage  Club  Papers  for  1868,' 
to  be  ready  this  day  at  all  book- 
sellers' "  ;  and  in  the  same  issue  the  same 
volume  appears  in  the  list  of  new  books. 
Consequently  the  book  Mr.  Muddock  refers  to 
as  "volume  No.  2"  was  placed  before  the 
public  in  December,  1867,  and  not,  as  he  states, 
in  1869.  We  reviewed  this  second  series  in  our 
issue  of  January  4th,  1868.  We  also  refer 
Mr,  Muddock  to  'The  English  Catalogue,' 
vol.  ii.  (1863-72),  p.  335,  which  he  would  do 
well  to  look  at.  The  copy  Mr.  Muddock  sends 
us  is  apparently  a  reissue,  and  it  has  misled 
him  as  to  the  date  of  first  publication. 


HitEtarp  Gossip. 

Mr.  Arthur  C.  Benson's  memoir  of  his 
father,  the  late  Archbishop,  will  probably  be 
published  at  the  end  of  1898  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan.  It  -will  consist  of  a  personal 
memoir,  reminiscences  by  various  friends,  and 
letters  and  extracts  from  the  Archbishop's 
private  diaries,  which  were  very  fully  and 
completely  kept.  Any  letters  of  the  Arch- 
bishop's or  biographical  particulars  which 
ought  to  be  included  should  be  sent  to  Mr. 
Benson  at  Eton  at  an  early  date, 

Mr.  H,  Warington  Smyth,  who  has  just 
returned  from  Siam  after  a  residence  of  five 


years  in  that  country,  is  engaged  in  writing 
a  book  on  Siam  and  the  Siamese.  His 
official  employment  in  inspecting  and  con- 
trolling the  mining  industry  on  behalf  of 
the  Government  led  him  into  many  out-of- 
the-way  districts,  which  have  not  hitherto 
been  described  by  any  European.  His 
book  will  contain  an  account  of  these 
journeys  and  of  the  mineral  wealth  and 
trade  resources  of  the  country.  Mr.Warington 
Smyth  was  in  Bangkok  during  the  time  of 
the  troubles  with  France  in  1893,  when  the 
French  gunboats  forced  their  way  to  the 
capital.  This  incident,  and  the  subsequent 
difficulties  arising  out  of  the  treaties,  in- 
cluding the  part  played  by  Great  Britain, 
will  be  fully  described  in  the  forthcoming 
book,  which  will  be  published  by  Mr. 
Murray  early  next  year. 

Two  lots  of  MSS.  of  considerable  interest 
will  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson 
&  Hodge  on  November  25th.  The  first  of 
these  comprises  the  original  holograph  letters 
on  the  natural  history  of  Selborne  addressed 
by  Gilbert  White  to  Thomas  Pennant 
between  August  10th,  1767,  and  July  8th, 
1773,  on  which  the  famous  '  Natural 
History  of  Selborne '  was  based.  With  the 
exception  of  four,  the  whole  series  is  in 
the  handwriting  of  Gilbert  White.  The 
second  MS.  is  *  A  Garden  Kalendar,' 
from  1751  to  1767,  in  Gilbert  White's 
own  handwriting ;  it  is  in  the  form  of  a 
consecutive  diary,  and  has  not  only  never 
been  published,  but  is  practically  unknown. 
Both  these  sets  of  papers  have  been  in 
possession  of  the  White  family  until  the 
present  time. 

Mrs.  Henry  de  la  Pasture,  whose 
previous  works,  'The  Little  Squire'  and 
'  A  Toy  Tragedy,'  were  noteworthy  for  their 
pictures  of  child  life,  has  written  a  novel 
dealing  with  characters  of  more  mature 
years,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  the  West 
Country.  The  book  wiU  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  in  a  few  days 
under  the  title  '  Deborah  of  Tod's.' 

The  resolutions  to  be  discussed  at  the 
Secondary  Education  Conference,  convened 
by  the  University  of  Durham  for  Saturday 
next,  will  favour  a  central  authority  with 
an  advisory  council,  representative  local 
authorities,  the  co-ordination  of  schools,  and 
the  registration  and  training  of  teachers. 

Mr.  Buxton  Forman's  bibliographical 
work  on  the  late  William  Morris,  which 
will  be  published  by  Mr,  Frank  Hollings 
in  a  week  or  two,  is  to  be  called  '  The  Books 
of  William  Morris  described,  with  some 
Account  of  his  Doings  in  Literature  and  the 
Allied  Crafts.'  The  volume  contains  a  good 
deal  that  is  biographical,  anecdotal,  and 
critical,  interwoven  with  the  exact  details 
of  Morris  bibliography,  and  has  a  consider- 
able number  of  illustrations — designs  by 
Morris,  by  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  portraits, 
facsimiles  of  handwriting,  &c.  Besides 
minute  descriptions  of  all  the  numerous 
editiones  principes  and  of  their  reproductions, 
there  are  very  full  lists  of  fugitive  writings 
— articles,  poems,  letters,  &c.,  published  in 
magazines,  reviews,  newspapers,  and  other 
publications. 

It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  a  lady.  Miss 
Cooke,  has  been  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Court  of  Governors  of  Victoria  University. 


636 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


A  Correspondent  draws  our  attention  to 
a  statement  made  in  the  fifty-second  volume 
of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,' 
s.v.  Mary  WoUstonecraft  Shelley,  that 
"  everything  of  importance  relating  to 
Mai-y  Shelley  may  be  found  in  the  bio- 
graphy by  Mrs.  Julian  Marshall,  written 
with  great  sympathy  and  diligence  from 
family  documents,"  and  that  "Mrs.  W.  M. 
Eossetti's  memoir  in  the  '  Eminent  Women 
Series'  is  on  a  much  smaller  scale."  This 
last  truth  must  not  dispense  the  student 
from  consulting  the  smaller  book,  for  the 
fact  remains  that  Mrs.  Eossetti  had  access 
to  every  paper  in  Mr.  Buxton  Forman's 
collection  of  Shelleyana,  including  hundreds 
of  letters  from  Mary  Shelley,  while  not  one 
of  those  letters  or  papers  was  seen  by  Mrs. 
Marshall. 

The  resignation  by  Miss  Bishop  of  the 
post  of  Principal  of  Holloway  College  has 
excited  general  regret  among  her  past 
and  present  pupils.  She  has  been  from 
its  commencement  the  main  factor  in  the 
development  of  the  institution,  and,  after 
several  years  of  patient  labour,  she  has  seen 
the  number  of  students  gradually  grow  until 
it  has  reached  a  hundred.  It  is  all  the  more 
to  be  regretted  that  an  ill-advised  innovation 
of  the  governors  should  have  brought  about 
her  withdrawal  at  the  moment  of  success 
A  portrait  of  Miss  Bishop  is  to  be  unveiled 
in  the  picture  gallery  of  the  College  on  the 
20th  inst. 

A  SECOND  edition  of  Mr.  D.  J.  Medley's 
•  Student's  Manual  of  English  Constitutional 
History'  is  in  the  press,  and  may  be  ex- 
pected about  Christmas.  It  is  understood 
that  the  author  has  incorporated  the  main 
results  of  Sir  Frederick  Pollock  and  Prof. 
Maitland's  'History  of  English  Law'  and 
oi  the  latter  scholar's  work  on  '  Domesday,' 
80  far  as  they  modify  opinions  previously 
accepted.  The  revised  doctrine  will  thus 
be  made  for  the  first  time  accessible  to 
general  readers  and  to  younger  students, 
for  whom  these  important  treatises  are  too 
large  and  too  severe. 

The  death  of  the  Eev.  T.  E.  Brown, 
formerly  FeUow  of  Oriel,  and  for  some 
thirty  years  Head  of  the  Modern  Side  at 
Clifton  College,  will  awaken  many  regrets, 
although  not  much  surprise,  as  his  health 
had  been  failing  for  some  years,  and  he 
had  in  consequence  severed  his  connexion 
with  the  school  in  1892.  The  boys  in  his 
house  were  greatly  attached  to  Mr.  Brown, 
and  he  exercised  an  influence  for  good  upon 
the  whole  school.  To  the  outside  world  he 
was  known  as  the  author  of  '  Betsy  Lee,' 
'  Fo'c's'le  Yarns,'  and  '  The  Doctor,'  works 
of  a  true  poet,  which  have  secured  him  a 
permanent,  if  not  conspicuous  place  in  litera- 
ture. A  man  eminently  straightforward  and 
kindhearted,  he  was  beloved  by  his  friends, 
and  can  hardly  have  had  an  enemy. 

Mr.  Shadworth  H.  Hodgson,  formerly 
President  of  the  Aristotelian  Society,  has 
in  the  press  a  new  philosophical  work,  en- 
titled '  The  Metaphysic  of  Experience.'  It 
consists  of  four  books,  distributed  over  as 
many  volumes.  The  titles  will  be  as 
follows  :  Book  I.,  '  General  Analysis  of 
Experience';  Book  II.,  '  Positive  Science '; 
Book  III.,  '  Analysis  of  Conscious  Action'; 
Book  IV.,  '  The  Eeal  Universe.' 


Of  the  'Struggles  and  Adventures  of 
Christopher  Tadpole,'  of  which  Messrs. 
Downey  &  Co.  are  to  produce  a  new  edition, 
with  reproductions  from  the  original  plates 
of  the  twenty-six  etchings  by  Leech,  there 
have  been  at  least  five  editions  since,  and 
including,  1818.  There  was  one  so  recently 
as  1893,  with  Leech's  pictures.  There  was 
another  in  1882,  without  them.  There  was 
one  in  1864,  with  a  portrait  of  the  author. 
How  far,  one  wonders,  is  '  Christopher  Tad- 
pole,' like  some  other  things  of  the  kind, 
kept  alive  by  the  genius  of  the  illustrator  ? 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  will 
shortly  publish  *  The  Story  of  AAikar  and 
his  Nephew  Nadab,'  a  lost  apocryphon  of 
the  Old  Testament  (see  Tobit  xiv.  10),  the 
Syriac  and  Carshuni  texts,  edited,  with  a 
translation  into  English,  by  Mrs.  Agnes  S. 
Lewis  and  Mr.  J.  Eendel  Harris. 

Sir  Eutherford  Alcock,  whose  death 
we  regret  to  see  announced,  was  well 
known  as  a  man  of  letters,  and  was  the 
author  of  '  Notes  on  the  Medical  History 
and  Statistics  of  the  British  Legion  in 
Spain,'  1838;  'Elements  of  Japanese 
Grammar,'  1861  ;  'A  Catalogue  of  Works 
of  Industry  and  Art  sent  by  Japan  to 
the  International  Exhibition,'  1862;  'The 
Capital  of  the  Tycoon,'  2  vols.,  1863  ; 
'Familiar  Dialogues  in  Japanese,'  1863; 
and  '  Art  and  Art  Industries  in  Japan,' 
1878.  He  also  edited  the  journal  of  Mr. 
A.  E.  Margary,  who  was  murdered  in 
South- AVestern  China  in  1875. 

The  'Bab  Ballads,'  which  their  author, 
Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert,  proposes  to  reissue 
shortly,  with  additions  both  to  the  text 
and  to  the  pictorial  illustrations,  came  out 
originally  in  1868  (dated  1869),  and  soon 
ran  into  a  second  edition.  Then  in  1873 
came  '  More  Bab  Ballads  '^  and  from  these 
two  volumes  were  selected  the  *  Fifty  Bab 
Ballads'  brought  out  in  1876  (dated  1877). 
Cheap  reprints  of  the  '  Ballads  '  apjjeared  in 
1882  and  1887. 

The  Leadenhall  Press  will  shortly  publish 
an  English  translation  of  M.  Edmond 
Demolins's  '  A  quoi  tient  la  Superiorite  des 
Anglo-Saxons?'  a  book  which  has  evoked 
considerable  discussion  in  the  continental 
press.  M.  Demolins  is  best  known,  perhaps, 
as  editor  of  Za  Science  Sociale. 

'  The  Art  of  Deer- Stalking,'  by  Wil- 
liam Scrope — which  is  to  form  the  new 
volume  in  "  The  Sportsman's  Library" — was 
issued  originally  by  Mr.  John  Murray, 
nearly  sixty  years  ago.  This,  like  so  many 
old  books,  rejoiced  in  a  voluminous  title : 
'  The  Art  of  Deer-Stalking,  illustrated  by  a 
Narrative  of  a  Few  Days'  Sport  in  the  Forest 
of  Atholl ;  with  some  Account  of  the  Nature 
and  Habits  of  Eed  Deer,  and  a  Short  De- 
scrijition  of  the  Scotch  Forests ;  Legends, 
Superstitions,  Stories  of  Poachers  and  Free- 
booters, &c.'  The  illustrations  consisted  of 
engravings  and  lithographs  after  paintings 
by  Sir  Edwin  and  Charles  Landseer  and  by 
the  author.  The  book  was  reprinted  by  a 
Glasgow  firm  in  1883,  the  drawings  of  1838 
being  more  or  less  closely  copied.  Mr. 
Arnold's  edition  will  have  the  frontispiece 
by  Edwin  Landseer  and  nine  photogravures 
from  the  original  plates. 

A  Correspondent  writes  : — 
"  It    is   worth    remembering  that    the    late 
Francis   Turner  Palgrave   was   not  only,  with 


Woolner,  in  August  and  September,  1860,  one 
of  Tennyson's  companions  during  that  tour  in 
Cornwall  which  supplied  much  of  the  local  colour 
of  the  later  '  Idylls  of  the  King,'  but  that  he  and 
Tennyson  were  the  witnesses  to  Browning's 
will,  February  12th,  1864.  Of  this  document 
John  Forster  (who  died  before  Browning)  was 
one  of  the  executors." 

Tue  next  addition  to  the  "  Muses' 
Library "  of  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Bullen 
will  be  '  The  Poems  of  Thomas  Carew,' 
edited  by  Mr.  Alsager  Yian.  There  should 
be  a  public  for  a  pretty  and  cheap  edition 
of  Carew's  verse,  and  assuredly  it  cannot 
be  said  that  the  market  is  overstocked. 
Three  or  four  years  ago  Carew  found 
an  accomplished  editor  in  the  Eev.  J.  W. 
Ebsworth,  but  prior  to  that  his  only  present- 
day  resuscitant  had  been  Mr.  Carew  Hazlitt, 
in  the  sixties.  There  is  reason  to  believe 
that  to  the  last  generation  and  the  one 
preceding  it  Carew's  best  work  was  more 
familiar  than  it  is  to  people  nowadays,  for 
it  figured  in  the  collections  of  Anderson  and 
Chalmers,  and  three  selections  from  it  were 
published  between  1810  and  1831. 

The  Hon.  Stuart  Erskine's  '  Guide  to 
Braemar'  is  now  in  type,  but,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  lateness  of  the  season,  will 
not  be  published  until  early  next  spring. 
Mr.  Erskine  is  at  present  engaged  upon  a 
history  of  Kildrummie  Castle. 

A  NEW  association  of  secondary  and 
university  teachers  has  been  formed  in 
Ireland,  for  the  special  purpose,  amongst 
others,  of  watching  and  attempting  to  in- 
fluence the  Intermediate  examinations. 

The  subjects  of  the  essays  for  which 
prizes  are  offered  by  Mrs.  Crawshayin  1898 
will  be  Byron's  '  Marino  Faliero,'  '  Hints 
from  Horace,'  and  '  Prayer  of  Nature,' 
Shelley's  '  Prometheus  Unbound  '  and  '  Ode 
to  the  West  Wind,'  and  Keats's  '  Sonnets.' 

On  the  10th  inst.  the  Archbishop  of 
Utrecht  is  expected  to  unveil  in  St.  Michael's 
Church  at  Z«yolle  a  monument  dedicated  to 
Thomas  a  Kempis. 

German  papers  report  regretfully  that  the 
appeal  for  the  relief  of  the  ex-captain  and 
novelist  Detlev  von  Liliencron,  who  is  in 
straitened  circumstances,  has  yielded  very 
poor  results.  The  sum  of  4,450  marks  only 
has  been  collected,  which  is  insufficient  to 
clear  his  debts.  "Would  it  not  be  well  to 
place  now  at  his  disposal  the  sums  which 
are  sure  to  be  collected  after  his  death  for 
a  monument  to  his  memorv  ? 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Second  Eeport  on  the  Museums 
of  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  with 
Evidence,  Appendix,  &c.  (6s.  4id.)  ;  and  the 
Fortieth  Annual  Eeport  on  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery  (2^^.). 

SCIENCE 


A  Memoir  of  William  Pengelly,  F.R.S.,  Geo- 
logist;    with   a    Selection  from   his    Corre- 
spondence.  Edited  by  his  Daughter,  Hester 
Pengelly.    With  a  Summary  of  his  Scien- 
tific Work  by  Prof.  Bonney.     (Murray.) 
A  Cornish  lad,  equipped  with   no  educa- 
tional weapons  except  those  obtained  in  his 
native  village,  goes  forth  to  fight  his  way 
in  the  world,  and  after  a  short  seafaring 
life  teaches  himself  sufficient  mathematics 


N"  3054,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEU:^ 


637 


to  start  as  a  teacher  in  Torquay ;  there  lie 
soon  acquires  reputation  as  a  scientific  lec- 
turer, and  gradually  rises  to  a  position  of 
influence ;  and  by  untiring  devotion  to  cer- 
tain departments  of  science — notably  the  ex- 
ploration of  bone-caves — ultimately  attains 
a  distinguished  position  as  a  geologist. 
Such,  in  brief,  was  the  career  of  William 
Pengelly.  His  was  a  life  undoubtedly  de- 
serving of  permanent  record,  if  only  as  a 
stimulus  to  the  struggling  student  of  other 
days ;  and  his  younger  daughter,  Miss 
Hester  Pengelly,  is  to  be  congratulated  on 
having  written,  with  graceful  simplicity,  a 
highly  interesting  memoir.  It  seems  that 
her  father  was  too  busy  a  man  to  keep  a 
systematic  diary,  but  he  was  a  copious 
correspondent,  and  many  of  his  letters  and 
those  of  his  wife  contribute  to  the  making 
of  the  book. 

As  a  scientific  investigator  Mr.  Pengelly's 
fame  is  practically  centred  in  the  famous 
exploration  of  Kent's  Cavern,  near  Torquay, 
a  work  nominally  conducted  by  a  committee 
of  the  British  Association,  but  personally 
superintended  by  him  for  sixteen  years.  It 
was  his  intention  to  write  a  comprehensive 
work  on  the  cave,  but  his  daily  duties,  as 
long  as  his  strength  lasted,  were  of  too 
engrossing  a  character  to  leave  leisure  for 
the  realization  of  this  intention.  Although 
the  activity  of  his  pen  is  sufficiently  attested 
by  the  fact  that  in  the  Royal  Society's  Cata- 
logue considerably  more  than  a  hundred 
papers  are  placed  to  his  credit,  yet  it  was 
as  a  lecturer  rather  than  as  a  writer  that 
he  was  best  known.  Pengelly  was  a  born 
lecturer,  and  while  he  was  yet  a  cabin- 
boj'  his  comrades  would  say  to  him, 
"  Here,  Bill,  put  up  a  mop  and  talk  to  that, 
for  we  have  no  time  to  listen  to  you."  When 
a  young  man  he  was  a  welcome  speaker  at 
local  institutions ;  and  as  his  reputation 
grew  his  courses  at  Torquay  on  astronomy 
and  geology  attracted  crowded  audiences, 
including  most  of  the  winter  visitors.  His 
speech  was  fluent,  lucid,  and  incisive,  while 
his  genial  presence  and  exuberant  humour 
made  him  a  general  favourite.  Like  all 
true  teachers,  he  had  the  magnetic  gift  of 
attracting  his  students,  and  his  own  scien- 
tific enthusiasm  always  proved  contagious. 
Some  of  his  most  notable  discourses  were 
delivered  in  London,  at  the  Eoyal  Institu- 
tion. 

Pengelly's  desire  for  the  general  dissemi- 
nation of  scientific  knowledge  led  him  to 
several  worthy  undertakings.  In  1837,  soon 
after  settling  in  Torquay,  he  was  instru- 
mental in  reorganizing  the  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tution, and  for  upwards  of  twenty  years 
laboured  on  its  behalf.  In  1844  Pengelly 
and  a  few  friends  founded  the  Torquay 
Natural  History  Society,  and  many  years 
later  he  originated  the  Devonshire  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Litera- 
ture, and  Art.  A  good  organizer  and  a 
most  energetic  worker,  he  was  the  leading 
spirit  in  these  enterprises,  and,  though 
working  for  a  livelihood  as  a  tutor,  gave 
up  much  of  his  time  for  the  good  of  others. 
In  1850  we  find  him  writing  as  follows  : — 

"I  accidentally  met  the  Earl  of  Wicklow  and 
Lord  Hatherton  to-day,  who  asked  me  whether 
I  delivered  the  lectures,  on  which  I  am  at  pre- 
sent engaged,  on  my  own  account,  or  if  I  am 
engaged  by  the  Natural  History  Society.  On 
being  informed  that  I  delivered  them  gratuit- 


ously, they  thought  me  wrong  in  doing  so. 
Lord  Hatherton  advised  me  to  pack  up  and 
settle  in  some  larger  town,  where  I  should 
doubtless  do  greatly  better  than  I  am  doing 
here  as  a  lecturer,  adding  that  no  man  in  Tor- 
quay is  so  underpaid  as  I  am  ;  and,  though  it 
might  be  all  very  well  to  preach  down  money 
in  the  pulpit,  it  nevertheless  is  a  good  thing  and 
a  necessary  one  in  this  world." 

People  at  Torquay  seemed  to  think  that 
Mr.  Pengelly's  time  was  public  property. 
As  his  reputation  widened  everybody  of 
importance  who  visited  the  place  called 
upon  him ;  and  after  Kent's  Cavern  became 
famous,  he  usually  accompanied  visitors  to 
the  cave.  Had  he  been  a  man  of  leisure  all 
this  would  have  been  pleasant  enough,  for 
he  was  naturally  a  social  being,  extremely 
fond  of  intellectual  companionship ;  but 
having  to  work  for  his  daily  bread,  the 
time  spent  in  polite  attention  to  visitors  was 
a  serious  sacrifice.  At  the  same  time  it 
brought  him  into  friendly  relations  with  all 
sorts  of  distinguished  people,  from  empe- 
rors downwards,  and  the  numerous  refer- 
ences to  these  should  make  Miss  Pengelly's 
pages  attractive  even  to  readers  who  care 
perhaps  but  little  about  the  age  of  the 
lignites  of  Bovey  Tracey,  and  would  hardly 
share  Mr.  Pengelly's  enthusiasm  over  the 
discovery  of  a  relic  of  the  sabre-toothed 
tiger.  Here,  for  instance,  is  an  extract 
from  one  of  Mrs.  Pengelly's  letters,  written 
in  1859:— 

"This  morning  we  had  a  two  hours'  visit 
from  the  Russian  Princess  Eugdnie,  the  Countess 
Tolstoi,  and  one  of  the  tutors.  We  were  ex- 
tremely pleased  with  them  all.  The  Princess  is 
not  pretty,  rather  small  features,  a  very  good 
forehead,  and  evidently  very  intelligent,  and 
extremely  interested  in  what  William  told  her. 
They  looked  at  the  corals  and  fossils,  &c.,  which 
she  seemed  to  understand  thoroughly,  and 
asked  leave  to  come  again  and  bring  the  younger 
ones,  who  were  much  disappointed  at  not  coming 

with  them  this  morning I  had  a  good  deal  of 

conversation  with  the  Countess  Tolstoi  ;  she 
told  me  the  eldest  princess  was  on  a  visit  to  the 
Queen  at  Osborne,  with  her  mother  the  Grand 
Duchess,  and  that  they  were  greatly  pleased 
with  the  Isle  of  Wight.  She  said  the  young 
princes  and  princesses  are  so  happy  here.  I 
said,  '  I  suppose  on  account  of  being  so  near  the 
sea.'  '  Oh  no,'  she  said,  '  they  have  a  palace  on 
the  sea-shore,  a  very  magnificent  one  ;  but  they 
enjoy  being  here  and  living  in  a  plain,  simple 
way.'  The  Grand  Duchess  telegraphed  to  the 
Emperor  the  other  day  after  her  arrival  here, 
'This  is  Paradise.'" 

The  Grand  Duchess  referred  to  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  Nicholas  I.,  and 
widow  of  the  Duke  of  Leuchtenberg.  One 
of  the  little  princesses  took  lessons  of  Mr. 
Pengelly  at  Torquay  : — 

"Like  so  many  of  his  pupils,  she  enjoys  her 
lessons  greatly,  and  is  much  attached  to  him. 
Countess  Tolstoi  says  she  keeps  running  to  the 
window  to  see  if  he  is  coming.  One  day  he 
had  a  very  pleasant  interview  with  the  Grand 
Duchess.  The  Princess  Eugenie  said  the  other 
day  after  leaving  us,  '  I  would  rather  have  Mr. 
Pengelly's  fossils  than  all  my  diamonds.'  " 

Pengelly  was  naturally  endowed  with  all 
the  essential  characteristics  of  a  genuine 
scientific  worker,  and  if  he  had  enjoyed  the 
advantage  of  early  training  would  un- 
doubtedly have  taken  a  foremost  place  in 
the  scientific  world.  As  it  was  he  came 
very  near  to  this  position.  He  was  a  man 
of  vigorous  and  logical  intellect,  seeking  at 
all  hazards  the  ascertainment  of  truth.     His 


scrupulous  regard  for  accuracy  gave  special 
value  to  his   cavern  researches ;  for  those 
who  best  knew  the  man  and  his   methods 
felt  safe  in  relying  implicitly  on  his  state- 
ments  as   to  the  precise  conditions   under 
which  a  given  object  happened  to  be  found. 
Although  a  man  of  rapid  intellectual  move- 
ment, as  well   seen  in  his  extemporaneous 
speaking,  ho  was  ever  on  the  alert  lest  he 
should  fall  into  error,  either  in  observation 
or  in  inference,  and   his   conclusions  were 
the  very  reverse   of   hasty.      Then,   again, 
he   was    a    man    of    marvellous    industry. 
Prof.  Bonney's  clear  review  of  his  scientific 
work  shows  how  varied  were  the  subjects 
which   engaged   his    attention ;    while    his 
correspondence    with    old    pupils,    visitors, 
and  others,  grew  so  large  as  sorely  to  tax 
his   energy.      At   one   time,    in   early  life, 
Pengelly  is  said  to  have  been  in  the  habit 
of  working  from  five  in  the  morning  until 
midnight.      No     constitution    could    stand 
such  strain  for  long.     Those  who  knew  his 
perseverance   and    industry,    and   yet    saw 
how  lightly  he  carried  his  labour — for  he 
was    a    man   of   exceptional    buoyancy   of 
spirits,  ever  ready,  with  sparking  eye,  for 
a  good  joke — will  be  rather   surprised  to 
hear  from  his  biographer  that  he  was  con- 
sidered to  be  a  man  of  delicate  health.     In 
spite  of  this  belief,  however,  he  must  have 
possessed  a  most  vigorous  physical  consti- 
tution, for,  with  all  his  work  and  its  inci- 
dental worry,  he  lived  for  upwards  of  four- 
score years.     William  Pengelly  was   born 
at  East  Looe  on  January  12th,  1812,  and 
died  at  Torquay  on  March  16th,  1894.     An 
excellent  portrait,  forming  a  frontispiece  to 
the   memoir,    vividly   recalls    the    cheerful 
features  of  the  man. 


Oil  Co' our  Indicator.  By  Frederick  Oughtie. 
(Published  by  the  Author.)— The  object  of  this 
chart  is  to  show  how  to  produce  the  chief 
decorative  tints,  and  it  is  well  arranged  for 
this  purpose.  Many  men  who  are  not  really 
colour-blind  fail  to  distinguish  shades  of  colour 
from  want  of  education,  and  such  a  chart  as 
this,  carefully  studied,  will  enable  any  house 
painter  to  avoid  mistakes  due  to  this  imperfect 
perception  of  differences  of  colour.  It  will,  of 
course,  be  of  no  use  to  the  really  colour-blind. 


THE    REV.    SAMUEL   HAUGHTON. 

No  man  in  our  generation  has  been  more 
distinctively  an  Irishman  and  a  Trinity  College 
man  than  Samuel  Haughton,  who  is  gone  after 
some  years  of  failing  health,  not  very  old  for 
his  position,  still  young  in  his  freshness  and 
his  temper,  surrounded  as  young  men  are  by  a 
host  of  attached  friends  and  admirers.  Yet  his 
life  was  only  stretched  to  its  span  by  the  in- 
cessant care  and  affectionate  sympathy  of  his 
sister  and  his  son,  who  made  the  old  man's 
home  as  bright  and  peaceful  as  a  summer 
sunset.  After  many  domestic  troubles  and 
trials  in  his  earlier  life,  the  clouds  passed  away 
and  left  him  years  of  delightful  sunshine, 
though  his  strength  was  waning,  and  he  saw 
the  night  closing  around  him.  In  recent  inter- 
views with  his  friends  he  distinctly  foretold  his 
coming  end,  and  preached  resignation  to  the 
devoted  guardian  of  his  life.  Nor  did  he  fail 
to  speak  of  the  firm  faith  which  so  often 
coloured  his  scientific  views,  and  made  him  in 
his  day  a  champion  of  simple  orthodoxy.  He 
never  exercised  any  spiritual  charge,  and  the 
few  remarkable  sermons  he  preached  were  any- 
thing but  those  of  a  theologian  ;  yet  with  the 
sceptic  he  would  make  no  compromise,  not  even 
to  reason  with  him,  but  would  pour  out  upon 
him  the  bold  expression  of  his  contempt. 


638 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


In  controversy,  too,  with  men  of  science  and 
in  practical  life  he  was  outspoken  beyond  the 
limits  allowed  to  average  men,  and  this  feature 
sometimes  gave  strangers  a  false  impression  of  his 
character.  He  had,  indeed,  no  taste  for  extreme 
nicety  in  words  or  precision  in  statements,  pro- 
vided thegreat  public  objects  to  which  he  devoted 
his  life  were  attained.  For  this  purpose,  and 
this  purpose  only,  he  loved  power  and  influence. 
Money  or  personal  advantages  he  despised.  The 
vices  he  consistently  assailed  with  ridicule  were 
meanness  and  idleness,  and  these  he  assailed 
because  of  their  effects  upon  the  College  which 
he  loved,  and  for  which  he  spent  his  long  life  of 
arduous  labour.  His  real  greatness  was  not  shown 
in  his  scientific  papers  and  books,  remarkable  as 
these  are,  but  in  his  powers  of  teaching,  con- 
trolling, and  leading  other  men.  He  had  the 
fortune  to  win  his  fellowship  six  months  after 
his  degree,  a  feat  unprecedented  even  in  the  old 
days  of  plural  vacancies,  and  now  out  of  the 
question.  But  this  unique  success  placed  him 
suddenly  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  in  a  position 
of  freedom  and  of  authority,  whereas  a  longer 
period  of  arduous  study  would  have  tended  to 
mellow  the  unripeness  of  his  too  young  and  fiery 
spirit,  whose  vast  resources  were  in  need  of  the 
discipline  of  long  and  patient  labour. 

Yet  after  a  few  years  he  showed  his  versatile 
genius,  first  by  organizing  and  teaching  with  his 
friend  Galbraith,  for  the  then  newly  opened 
competitions  for  commissions  in  the  artillery 
and  engineers,  classes  whose  success  was 
astounding.  Then  he  turned  his  mind  to 
medicine,  and  having  acquired  as  a  student  by 
the  usual  course  an  M.D.  degree,  he  became 
the  moving  spirit  in  the  medical  school  of 
Trinity  College,  which  assumed  its  size  and 
importance  owing  to  his  energy  and  influence. 
He  was  besides  an  accomplished  zoologist,  for  a 
time  Professor  of  Geology,  at  all  times  a  physical 
philosopher  intent  upon  the  great  problems  of 
the  creation  and  conservation  of  our  solar 
system,  the  laws  of  the  tides,  the  great  congre- 
gation of  the  stars  ;  in  fact,  the  sort  of  scholar 
that  seems  to  grow  freely  only  in  Dublin. 

His  presence  was  very  striking— a  splendid 
head,    eyes    sparkling    with    intelligence    and 
humour,   a  mellow  and   sonorous  voice,   aided 
by  the  rich  intonation  of  his  native  land.  These 
gifts,  together  with  his  readiness  in  retort  and 
his  vivacity  of  manner,  would  have  made  him 
a  great  popular  orator,  had  his  duties  lain  in 
the  direction  of  public  speaking.     But  he  was 
seldom  seen  on  a  platform.     Yet  in   scientific 
meetings,  such  as  those  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, he  was  one  of  the  rare  men  who  could  take 
his  audience  with  him  from  section  to  section. 
The  privileged    members    of    that  Association 
who  at  the  last  Dublin  meeting  heard  his  speech 
at  the  breakfast  in  the  Zoological  Gardens  will 
agree  that  such  a  burst  of   drollery,  wit,  and 
humour  has    been    unparalleled   in    their   ex- 
perience.    But  these  gardens  were  one  of  his 
many  homes,  endeared  to  him  by  his  sympathy 
for   all   animal  life,  and  his  affection  not  only 
for  dogs  that  were   his   constant   companions, 
but   for    all    the   dumb   creatures,    which     he 
strove  with  all    his  eloquence,  and  with  deep 
sentiment  rather  than  cold  reason,  to  save  from 
the  horrors  of  vivisection.     In  conversation  he 
was  often  brilliant,  always  instructive,  but  apt  to 
dominate  from  the  force  and  fulness  of  his  mind. 
He   used  often   to  say  that  he  regarded  Swift 
as    his    model    of   style,    whom   he   sought  to 
emulate,  not,  perhaps,  in  his  earlier  years  with 
sufficient  reservations.     But  in   directness,    in 
force,  in  true  patriotism,  as  opposed  to  senti- 
mentality or  provincialism,  he  was  an  earnest 
and  remarkable  disciple  of  that  great  Irishman. 
Above  all,  he  was  conspicuous  for  courage  ;  not 
only  physical  courage,  as  when   he  faced   the 
cholera  epidemic  in  1866   volunteering  to  spend 
days  and  nights  not  only  in  the  hospitals,  but 
in  the  dwellings  of  the  poor,  fighting  with  death  ; 
but  still  more  for  moral  courage,  when  he  faced 
and  destroyed  abuses  with  the  certainty  of  incur- 


ring odium,  and  even  the  loss  of  personal  friends. 
Yet  he  was  a  true  and  faithful  friend,  not  only 
to  old  comrades  and  contemporaries,  but  to  all 
the  younger  men  in  the  College  who  sought  his 
help  or  advice,  provided  that  they  were  earnest 
workers,  and  were  not  satisfied  with  the  mere 
performance  of  their  official  duties.  Regarding 
the  latter  class  he  had  very  decided  opinions, 
and  expressed  them  freely.  But  his  strong 
language  never  made  for  him  an  enemy  ;  every 
one  felt  that  behind  his  censure,  however  rudely 
expressed,  there  lay  a  kind  and  indulgent  heart, 
pitying  the  foibles  and  the  vanities  of  smaller 
minds.  He  was  justly  regarded  from  without 
as  one  of  the  most  brilliant  men  ever  produced 
by  his  famous  College  ;  those  who  knew  him 
from  within  are  agreed  that  he  was  one  of  the 
best,  M. 

ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

The  month  of  November  will  be  somewhat 
remarkable  for  having  no  planet  whatever  visible 
in  the  evening.  Mercury  will  be  in  superior 
conjunction  with  the  sun  on  the  morning  of  the 
8th,  Mars  in  conjunction  with  the  sun  about 
noon  on  the  21st,  and  Saturn  on  the  morning 
of  the  25th.  Venus  and  Jupiter  are  both 
morning  stars  :  the  former  is  still  at  no 
great  distance  to  the  east  of  the  latter,  in  the 
western  part  of  the  constellation  Virgo  ;  but 
whilst  Jupiter  is  moving  very  slowly  towards 
the  east,  the  more  rapid  motion  of  Venus  in 
the  same  direction  will  carry  her,  after  pass- 
ing a  little  to  the  north  of  Spica  on  the  6th, 
into  the  constellation  Libra  about  the  16th. 
Although  a  maximum  of  the  mid-November 
meteors  will  not  be  due  until  1899,  a  consider- 
able display  of  avant-couriers  may  be  expected 
this  year,  on  the  morning  of  the  15th  ;  the 
gibbous  moon,  being  in  the  same  quarter  of  the 
heavens  as  the  radiant  point  of  the  meteors, 
will  somewhat  interfere  with  their  conspicuous- 
ness. 

The  ceremonies  and  addresses  which  had  been 
arranged  for  the  opening  of  the  Yerkes  Observa- 
tory were  duly  enacted  last  month,  the  formal 
presentation  by  Mr.  Yerkes  and  the  acceptance 
by  the  President  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
being  made  on  the  21st.  A  pamphlet,  profusely 
illustrated  with  views  of  the  building  and  of  the 
great  telescope,  has  been  issued,  which  describes 
the  care  taken  in  the  selection  of  a  site,  ulti- 
mately fixed  on  the  western  side  of  Lake  Geneva, 
in  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  about  seventy 
miles  from  Chicago. 

The  orbit  of  the  comet  (a,  1897)  which  was 
discovered  by  Mr.  Perrine  at  the  Lick  Obser- 
vatory on  the  16th  ult.  has  been  computed  by 
Prof.  Kreutz.  The  perihelion  passage  will  not 
occur  until  December  8th,  at  the  distance  from 
the  sun  of  136  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean 
distance  ;  but  the  comet  was  nearest  the  earth 
(distance  0  80  on  the  same  scale)  on  the  23rd 
ult.  The  brightness  therefore,  which  at  the 
time  of  discovery  was  about  equal  to  that  of  a 
star  of  the  eighth  magnitude,  has  scarcely 
changed  since.  After  passing  during  the  last 
week  of  October  within  nine  degrees  of  the 
North  Pole,  the  comet  is  now  moving  in  a 
south-westerly  direction  through  part  of  the 
constellation  Draco,  passing  next  week  near 
the  stars  t  and  8  in  that  constellation.  Prof. 
Kreutz  points  out  that  it  was  probably  visible 
before  its  discovery,  and  suggests  that  search 
should  be  made  for  indications  of  it  on  photo- 
graphic plates  that  may  have  been  taken  of  the 
part  of  the  sky  in  which  it  was  then  moving. 

Although  the  periodical  comet  known  as 
Winnecke's  will  not  arrive  at  perihelion  on  its 
approaching  return  till  about  March  20th,  it  is 
possible  that  it  may  come  into  view  in  the 
course  of  the  present  month,  during  which  it  is 
moving  in  an  easterly  direction  through  the 
northern  part  of  the  constellation  Virgo,  Dr. 
Hillebrand,  of  the  Imperial  Observatory, 
Vienna,  has  published  in  Ast.  Nach.  No.  3447 
an     ephemeris     of     it.        It     was     first     dis- 


covered by  Pons  on  June  12th,  1819,  but  its 
periodicity  was  not  detected  until  its  redis- 
covery by  Prof.  Winnecke  in  1858,  when  that 
astronomer  fully  investigated  its  motions,  and 
showed  that  its  orbit  was  elliptic  with  a  short 
period  of  about  five  and  a  half  years.  It  was, 
however,  not  seen  in  1863,  when  it  was  un- 
favourably placed  for  observation,  but  was 
observed  in  1869  and  also  in  1875.  It  again 
escaped  detection  in  1880,  but  was  observed  at 
the  returns  of  1886  and  1892,  passing  its  peri- 
helion on  the  last  occasion  in  the  month  of 
June. 

Prof.  Holden  has  announced  (Ast.  Nach. 
No.  3454)  his  intention  of  retiring  from  the 
directorship  of  the  Lick  Observatory  at  the 
end  of  the  present  year,  when  Prof.  Schaeberle 
will  enter  on  the  duties  of  Acting  Director, 
Prof.  Holden  has  recently  published  a  very 
interesting  monograph,  or  rather  duograph, 
'  Memorials  of  William  Cranch  Bond  and  of  his 
Son  George  Phillips  Bond.'  They  were  the 
first  two  directors  of  the  Harvard  College  Obser- 
vatory, which  commenced  active  operations  in 
1847,  though  something  had  been  done  in  a 
smaller  building  before. 


THE    RKV,    p.    B.    BRODIE, 


The  death  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Bellinger  Brodie, 
of  Rowington,  in  Warwickshire,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  eighty-two,  breaks  another   link  in  the 
chain  which  binds  the  geologists  of  the  present 
day  with  the  heroes  of  the  science  in  the  early 
years  of  our  century.     While  a  student  at  Cam- 
bridge,   Mr.     Brodie,    like     so    many    others, 
acquired  an  enthusiastic  love  for  geology  under 
the     powerful     teaching     of    Prof.    Sedgwick. 
Brodie's  name  soon  came  to  be  identified  with 
the  study  of  fossil  insects,  and  in  1845  he  pub- 
lished a  work  on  this  subject.    Mr.  Brodie,  who 
was  a  nephew   of  the  celebrated   surgeon    Sir 
Benjamin  C.  Brodie,   was    elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Geological  Society  as  far  back  as  1834  ;  and 
the   Society  recognized   the  value  of  his  work 
by   the    award,    in    1887,    of    the    Murchison 
Medal.     A    resident     in    Warwickshire     since 
1853,    he    became    President    of    the    County 
Natural  History  and  Archaeological  Society,  and 
also  of  the  Warwickshire  Field  Club,  of  which 
he  was   practically   the    founder.     A   selection 
from   Mr,  Brodie's  extensive  geological  collec- 
tions  was  acquired   a   short   time   ago  by  the 
British    Museum.     Strangely   enough,    a    bio- 
graphical   sketch   by   Mr.    H.    B.    Woodward, 
accompanied   by  an   excellent  portrait  of  Mr, 
Brodie,  appears  in  the  current  number  of  the 
Geological  Magazine,  published  on  the  very  day 
of  his  death,  November  1st. 


SOCIETIES, 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— AW.  2.— 
The  President,  Sir  J.  Wolfe  Barry,  delivered  a  short 
address  to  the  members,  dealing  with  various 
matters  concerning  the  present  and  future  welfare 
of  the  Institution  —The  medals  and  prizes  awarded 
for  papers  during  the  seseion  1896-97  comprised  the 
Howard  Quinquennial  Prize  to  Mr.  H.  Bauerman  ; 
Telford  Medals  and  Premiums  to  Mr.  H.  A.  Hum- 
phrey, Col.  Penny cuick,  Mr.  E.  C.  Shankland,  Mr. 
T.  Holgate,  and  Mr.  D.  Dnimmond  ;  George  Stephen- 
son Medals  and  Telford  Premiums  to  Mr.  G.  E.  W. 
Cruttwell  and  Prof.  W.  C.  Unwin  ;  Watt  Medals 
aud  Telford  Premiums  to  Mr.  D.  Hay  and  Mr.  M. 
Fitzmaurice ;  Telford  Premiums  to  Mr.  H.  F, 
Donaldson,  Mr.  W.  Kipper,  Mr.  H.  W.  Kavenshaw, 
Mr.  J.  E.  Worth,  Mr.  W.  Santo  Crimp,  Mr.  S.  G. 
Homfray,  Major  Leach,  Mr.  O.  F.  Nichols,  51r.  J, 
Ramsay,  and  Mr.  H.  D.  Smith.  For  papers  read 
before  meetings  of  studeuts :  The  James  Forrest 
Medal  and  a  Miller  Prize  to  Mr.  A.  H.  Jameson  ;  the 
James  Prescott  Joule  Medal  and  a  Miller  Prize  to 
Mr.  H.  W.  Barker;  and  Miller  Prizes  to  Mr.  W, 
Beer,  Mr.  H.  F.  Brand,  Mr.  H.  Berridge,  Mr.  J.  W. 
Kitchin,  Mr.  C.  H.  Godfrey,  Mr.  R.  H.  Garvie,  Mr. 
T.  Carter,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  R,  Hurt. 

Royal  Institution.— AW,  1.— Sir  J.  Crichton- 
Browne,  Treas.  and  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  J.  W, 
Woodall  was  elected  a  Member. 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


639 


Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology.— ^>'yi'.  2.— 
Mr.  W.  Morrison,  V.  P.,  in  the  chair.— The  Secretary 
read  a  Biograi)hical  Record  of  the  late  Pregideat,  Sir 
P.  le  Page  Kenouf. 

Society  of  Engineers.— iViw.  1.— Mr.  G.  M. 
Lawford,  President,  in  the  chair.— A  paper  was  read 
by  Mr,  R.  F.  Grantham,  entitled  '  Sea  Defences.' 

Physical.— t'c^.  29. -Mr.  Shelford  Bidwell,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Prof.  Stroud  exhibited  the 
Barr  and  Stroud  'Range-finder,'  both  gentlemen 
contributing  towards  the  description  of  tlie  instru- 
ment. Prof.  Stroud  then  exhibited  and  described 
'A  Focometer  and  Spherometer.' 


MON. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Roysil  Academy,  4.  —  '  Anatomy.'  Mr  W.  Anderson. 

—  .Surveyors'  Institution,  8  —Opening  Address  by  the  President 

—  Geographical,    8}  —Introductory    .address    by  the   President ; 

•The  Jaclisoii-Harmsworth    Arctic    Expedition,"    Mr.   i'.   U. 

Jackson 
TuM.     Civil  Krglneers,  8.— 'The  Manchester  Ship  Canal,'  Sir  E.  L. 

Williams 
Wed.     Royal  Academy,  4.— 'Anatomy,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

—  Huguenot,  8—  Huguenot  Inventors  and  their  Inventions,'  Sir 

C  P    Taylor 
Thurs.  Electrical  Engineers.  8.—' Accumu'.ator  Traction  on  Kails  and 
Ordinary  Hoads,'  Mr  L.  Epstein. 

—  Mathematical.  8  — '  On  the  Poncelet  Polygons  of  a  Lima^on.' 

Pi  of.    F    Miirley ;    '  On    an    Extension    of    the    i;xponeiitial 
•rheorem,'  Mr    J    E    Campbell ;  and  Papers  by  Mr.  11.  Har- 
greaves  and  Prof  Forsyth. 
Koyal  Academy,  4  — •  Anatomy,"  Mr.  W  Anderson 
Physical,  5— 'The  Isothermals  of  Ether,'  Mr   J  Rose-Innes  ; 
'  Variation  with  Temperature  of  the  Electromotive  Force  of 
the    H-form    of    Clark  Cells,"  Messrs.   F.   S.  Spiers  and   F. 
Twyman. 
Astronomical,  8. 


FINE    ARTS 


FBI. 


THE   INSTITUTE    OF   PAINTERS   IN    OIL   COLOURS, 

Tnisisauumerous  collection,  but  the  drawings, 
though  not  uniformly  of  the  smallest  dimensions, 
are  most  of  them  of  exceedingly  small  value. 
Indeed,  it  is  truly  deplorable  that  of  more  than 
four  hundred  pictures,  so  few  should  be  ex- 
cellent and  absolutely  none  6rst  -  rate.  Yet 
we  must  not  forget  to  be  grateful  to  those 
who  have  reduced  the  number  of  hundreds  and 
carefully  hung  the  works  admitted  so  that  the 
galleries,  as  galleries,  really  look  picturesque. 

It  is  not  possible,  at  the  same  time,  to  avoid 
feeling  deep  regret  that  two  artists  of  renown  con- 
tribute works  so  painfully  inferior  to  what  they 
have  taught  the  world  to  expect  from  them, 
that  it  would  be  ungenerous  as  well  as  un- 
grateful to  name  them.  Rather  let  us  turn  to 
the  contributions  of  two  ladies  which  we  en- 
counter in  the  first  room  :  Miss  E.  Sprague's 
view  of  the  interior  of  the  entry  of  a  modern 
house  (No.  2),  a  bright  piece  of  work,  highly 
finished  and  solid,  although  the  frame  is  too 
splendid  and  spoils  it,  and  Miss  H.  D.  Smith's 
Reminiscence  of  the  Naval  Eevieic,  1897  (3), 
somewhat  coarse  and  opaque,  and,  unlike 
her  neighbour's  drawing,  only  too  evidently  a 
reminiscence,  and  not  a  study  from  nature. 
Miss  Smith  nevertheless  shows  sympathetic 
feeling  for  local  colour,  as  well  as  for  the 
colour  of  the  sea  in  the  deepening  twilight  of 
rough  weather.  Her  ships,  too,  are  well 
grouped,  and  the  general  effect  is  strong  and 
sincere. 

The  landscape  background  of  Sir  James 
Linton's  Best  (245)  is  most  expressive,  but  the 
reason  of  the  picture's  existence  is  a  good 
figure  of  a  lady  day-dreaming  near  the  fore- 
ground, though  its  execution  is  rough  and 
heavy  for  Sir  James,  who  usually  proves 
himself  a  thoroughly  accomplished  draughts- 
man and  models  drapery  as  finely  as  a  sculptor. 
— There  is  a  good  deal  of  cleverness,  a  true  sense 
of  art,  and  grace  of  a  voluptuous  sort  in  Mr. 
G.  W.  Joy's  Lesbia's  Sparrow  (257).  With 
chastening,  such  art  as  this  might  develope  to 
finer  things. — Mr.  F.  Dillon's  Grand  Portico  of 
the  Temple  of  Isis  (298)  has  too  much  the  air  of 
being  "done  at  home,"  and  among  its  many 
good  qualities,  such  as  purity  ofcolour  and  breadth 
of  light  and  shade,  that  of  being  interesting  is 
unfortunately  not  included. — The  leering  and 
haggard  mask  of  a  woman  who  is  neither 
goddess  nor  nymph,  which  Mr.  T.  B.  Kenning- 
ton  styles  Circe  (329),  suggests  that  the  painter 
means  to  be  a  moralist.  Certainly  he  has  not  re- 


presented the  classic  Circe.  Still,  there  is  some 
good  painting  in  his  big  picture,  as  well  as  some 
good  intentions. — Mr.  J.  C.  DoUman  has  aban- 
doned genre  of  another  sort  in  order  to  paint 
a  spirited  and  solid  Study  of  a  Chimpanzee  (41) 
swinging  in  the  air.— Mr.  S.  E.  Waller  is 
quite  himself  in  Keep  my  Secret  (111).  Both 
the  subject  and  the  extreme  cleverness  of  his 
design  are  what  might  be  anticipated.  A  tall 
and  somewhat  withered  equestrian  has  dis- 
mounted and  shows  to  her  horse  a  certain  letter, 
at  which  that  intelligent  animal— Mr.  Waller's 
horses  are  always  almost  human  —  looks 
sympathetically.  As  his  pictures  engrave 
unexpectedly  well,  we  should  not  be  surprised 
to  see  a  very  telling  print  of  '  Keep  my  Secret.' 
— A  rough  but  spirited  sketch  of  a  charge 
of  Georgian  cavalry  is  Mr.  W.  B.  Wollen's 
Inniskilling  Dragoons  at  Tournay  (133)  ;  but 
we  do  not  think  it  would  do  for  a  picture. — 
The  Equinoctial  Gales  (221)  of  Mr.  J.  A. 
Lomax,  two  elderly  gentlemen  quarrelling,  is, 
though  rather  hard  and  spotty,  very  fresh, 
somewhat  vulgar,  and  full  of  movement,  and 
the  accessories  are  cleverly  painted. 

The  admirable  landscape  which,  from  its 
sober  colours  and  silveriness,  Mr.  Aumonier 
calls  A  Grey  Day  (9),  is  a  most  tender  sketch 
from  nature,  and,  if  developed,  would  make 
a  good  picture,  pleasant  to  live  with.  —  Mr. 
E.  F.  Brewtnall,  who  contributes  the  too  daring 
Doomed  (38),  is  a  well  -  meaning  artist,  pos- 
sessed by  poetic  intentions,  much  of  which 
is  lost  in  pyrotechnics  and  paint,  and  but  for 
its  excesses  his  coast  piece  would  be  a  for- 
tunate as  well  as  vigorous  representation  of 
lurid  twilight,  a  wrecked  galley,  and  a  stormy 
sea.  — When  artists  have  something  to  spoil, 
it  is  better  to  paint  in  the  flat  and  somewhat 
feeble  manner  of  Mr.  C.  Kerr's  Help  of  the 
Helpless  (39)  than  as  Mr.  Brewtnail  does. 
Mr.  Kerr  has  depicted  the  place  of  a 
Norman  village,  in  the  middle  of  which  a  girl 
prays  at  the  foot  of  the  cross.  The  work  is 
dry  and  rather  opaque,  still  the  efTect 
homogeneous,  and  the  design 
—  If  Mr.  E.  M.  Wimperis's 
of  a  torrent  in  its  rock-strewn  bed,  called 
A  Dartmoor  Stream  (65),  possessed  more  colour, 
strength  of  tone,  and  light,  and  if  its 
motives  were  less  hackneyed,  it  would  be 
truer  and  more  impressive.  —  There  is  much 
that  is  charming  and  delicate  about  Mr. 
C.  W.  Wyllie's  On  the  Medicay  (173).  It  is 
harmonious  in  tone,  and  the  gradations  of  the 
light  are  certainly  subtle. — Another  really  good 
study,  distinguished  by  its  airy  spaciousness, 
is  Mr.  .J.  Somerset's  The  Medioay  beloxv 
Rochester  (178).  —  We  can  also  praise  The  Coinmon 
(184),  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Peppercorn ;  while  the  effect 
of  a  warm  afternoon  in  summer  upon  the  Dart, 
foliage,  and  boats  has  been  secured  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Bartlett  in  his  Dittisham  Ferry  (218),  which  is 
capital,  so  far  as  it  goes. — The  water,  too,  and 
luminous  sky  of  Mr.  E.  Hayes's  '■'■Alone  on 
a  rvide,  wide  sea"  (351)  are  excellent,  despite 
their  mannerisms  and  the  glassy  look  of  the 
forewater,  where  the  waves  are  almost  formless 
and,  in  their  motions,  hard  to  explain.  — If 
it  were  not  so  slight  and  thin,  as  well  as 
decidedly  mannered,  if  not  weak,  Mr.  A.  East's 
Betiveen  Abbeville  and  Amiens  (357)  would  be 
much  more  attractive  than  it  is.  Depicted 
with  very  choice,  refined,  and  delicate  tones 
and  tints  in  grey  weather  and  silvery  light  of 
the  softest,  this  still  backwater  on  the  Somme, 
but  for  the  defects  we  have  mentioned,  would 
be  a  really  charming  foundation  of  a  fine  land- 
scape. The  willows  and  spindling  ashes  of  the 
foreground,  and  the  just  perspective  of  the 
water's  surface,  are  good  enough  for  anything. 

Mr.  H.  Carter  has  looked  too  much  at 
Heer  Israels's  versions  of  evening  twilight 
ill  poor  cottages  for  his  Old  Highland 
Woman  (5)  to  be  an  independent  work, 
and  it  is  marked  by  that  brownness  of 
the  shadows  and   half-tones  which  shows  that 


IS 

spontaneous, 
large    picture 


it  is  not  painted  direct  from  nature.  How- 
ever, t  is  well  massed,  powerful,  and  homo- 
geneous, while  the  woman's  figure  is  excellent. 
— Heavier  than  usual,  somewhat  spotty,  and 
rather  painty  is  M.  Fantin  -  Latour's  Fleurs 
Varices  (8),  but  it  is  manifestly  the  work  of  an 
artist  who,  in  a  happier  mood,  has  produced 
the  far  finer  picture  No.  16,  entitled 

Roses  all  aflame 
Such  as  doea  summer  bring, 

a  charming  composition  of  colours  and  tones, 
firmly  and  frankly  drawn,  and  deftly  finished. 
No.  16,  in  fact,  wants  very  little  to  be  a  first-rate 
specimen  of  the  art  of  the  ablest  flower-painter 
in  Europe.  His  much  more  ambitious  Diana 
(292)  is  like  a  lovely,  but  artificial  opera-scene, 
where  a  somewhat  French  "Queen  and 
Huntress,"  who  may  be  more  fair  than  chaste, 
reclines  amid  the  shadows  of  dense  foliage,  and 
is  revealed  to  us  by  a  bright  gleam  of  light. 
The  picture  stands  out  amid  its  dull  surround- 
ings here  almost  as  finely  as  Diana  glows  in 
her  own  light ;  it  expresses  an  idea  which  is  at 
once  poetical  and  fresh. 

Three  good  lapdogs  appear  in  Mr.  A.  Wardle's 
My  Ladys  Pets  (382).— Although  it  is  below 
his  usual  level,  Mr.  E.  Parton's  large  "  When 
mists  steal  o'er  the  land  "  (400)  is  full  of  poetry, 
and,  if  it  were  less  painty,  would  come  near 
to  being  a  good  picture. — Among  the  con- 
tributors to  this  exhibition  from  whom  we 
expected  better  things  are  Messrs.  R.  W. 
Allan,   E.   Bundy,   B.  Barwell,   Joseph    Clark, 

F.  C.  Cotman,  F.  Dadd,  Val.  Davis,  S.  M. 
Fisher,    J.    Fulleylove,    J.    Haynes    Williams, 

G.  C.  Kilburne,  C.  E.  Johnson,  J.  W.  Nicol, 
J.  Parker,  A.  Stokes,  J.  S.  Sargent,  A.  C. 
Tayler,  and  G.  Wetherbee.  If  none  of  these 
more  or  less  capable  artists  can  contrive  to  put 
together  better  pot-boilers  the  more  is  the  pity, 
and  the  greater  the  condemnation  of  pot-boiling 
under  any  circumstances. 


Messrs,  Chapman  &  Hall  will  publish 
almost  immediately  a  small  book  on  *  Modern 
Architecture,'  by  Mr.  H.  Heathcote  Statham, 
founded  on  lectures  delivered  to  the  Architec- 
tural Association  of  London.  The  first  chapter, 
on  "  The  Present  Position,  "is  practically  a  reply 
to  the  views  enunciated  in  the  book  entitled 
'  Architecture,  a  Profession  or  an  Art.' 

We  are  requested  to  state  that  the  "sending- 
in  day"  of  the  New  English  Art  Club's  exhibi- 
tion at  the  Dudley  Gallery  is  fixed  for  Monday 
next,  the  8bh  inst.  It  will  be  necessary  for  non- 
members  of  the  club  to  obtain  the  written  invi- 
tation of  two  members  to  submit  not  more  than 
two  works  to  the  jury. 

To-DAY  (Saturday)  Mr.  Dunthorne  invites 
inspection  of  a  collection  of  water  -  colour 
drawings,  being  "Gleanings  from  Italy,"  by 
Miss  R.  Wallis. 

Some  of  the  pictures  now  on  view  at  Mr. 
McLean's  in  the  Haymarket  are  of  more  than 
ordinary  interest,  although  there  are  not  a  few 
that  we  do  not  care  much  for.  Visitors  will 
be  most  attracted  to  the  two  small  works  of 
M.  J.  L.  Gerome,  '  Le  R^tiare '  and  '  Le  Mir- 
millon.'  The  actions,  attitudes,  and  expres- 
sions of  the  figures  (the  face  of  the  retiarius 
only  is  seen)  are  designed  with  extraordinary 
care,  spirit,  and  sympathy,  and  so  are  their 
costumes,  weapons,  and  ornaments.  As  usual 
with  the  master,  the  finish  is  marvellous, 
but  they  lose  a  little  in  limpidity  and  bril- 
liance through  the  opacity  of  the  pigments 
and  that  hardness  which,  in  his  case,  attends 
the  researchful  touch  and  the  complete- 
ness of  technique  he  always  aims  at.  The 
retiarius  has  failed  in  the  first  casting  of 
his  net,  and,  being  at  a  disadvantage,  tries  to 
rush  upon  his  opponent  and  to  confuse  him  with 
feints,  cries,  and  insults,  while  the  latter,  stand- 
ing on  his  guard,  bides  his  time  to  use  his  sword 


640 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


and  shield.  Nexb  in  interest  to  these  is  a 
large  picture  of  a  very  different  subject.  Mile. 
R.  ^Bonheur's  work  of  1876,  called  '  A  Herd  of 
Wild  Boars  in  the  Fontainebleau  Forest,'  where 
the  beasts  are  nearly  lifesize.  In  addition  to 
these  we  commend  to  students  '  Une  Grande 
Dame'  of  M.  G.  Jacquet;  M.  A.  Schreyer's 
'Moorish  Retreat  before  Kashbar'  and  'The 
Siberian  Post,' a  capital  instance  of  his  paint- 
ing of  horses  and  tempest;  E.  Ellis's  'The 
Storm';  M.  P.  J.  Clays's  'Dutch  Coasters'; 
H.  Moore's  '  Bright  Morning  in  Autumn 
with  a  Strong  Breeze  '  ;  and  M.  F.  Flameng's 
sparkling  and  Watteau-like  '  The  Bosphorus, 
Time  of  the  First  Empire  '  :  in  the  foreground 
a  number  of  pretty  women  are  embark- 
ing. Less  attractive  than  these,  but  still  good 
and  characteristic  of  the  capital  painters,  are 
M.  V.  Chevilliard's  '  Every  Age  has  its  Plea- 
sure '  and  M.  Jacquet's  '  Haid^e.' 

The  Society  of  Miniaturists,  which  occupies 
part  of  the  Grafton  Galleries,  has  brought 
together  a  number  of  praiseworthy  modern  as 
well  as  older  works.  Of  the  former  the  follow- 
ing will  best  repay  attention  :  Miss  J.  Crow- 
hurst's  '  Portrait '  (No.  33)  ;  Mr.  H.  Heath's 
'  Winnie  '  (40)  ;  Mr.  A.  Praga's  '  Miss 
M.  Weinholb'  (56);  Mrs.  K.  A.  Behenna's 
'  Dr.  L.  Ogilvie  '  (66)  ;  Mrs.  C.  Meyer's  '  Le.slie  ' 
(71);  Miss  E.  J.  Rosenberg's  'The  late  Mrs. 
Spender'  (169)  and  'Miss  R.  Spottiswoode ' 
(170)  ;  Miss  F.  Cooper's  '  Barbara  '  (189) ;  Mrs. 
E.  Barnard's  '  Earl  of  Tankerville  '  (200)  ;  Miss 
D.  Mann's  '  Portrait  '  (235)  ;  Mr  H.  H.  Coll- 
yer's  '  Miss  R.  Westwood '  (236)  ;  and  Miss  N. 
Hadden's  '  The  Judge,'  a  cat  (270).  The  older 
miniatures  are  a  very  mixed  lot  ;  indeed,  while 
hardly  any  are  first  rate,  but  few  are  even 
second  rate. 

The  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Chichester,like  other 
deans  and  chapters,  do  not  seem  to  be  happy 
unless  they  have  some  scheme  for  interfering 
with  their  old  church.  Besides  an  entirely  new 
central  tower  and  spire,  and  a  choir  and  Lady 
chapel  rejuvenated,  they  must  needs  have  a  new 
west  front.  The  present  front  has  already 
undergone  "restoration,"  but  is  without  its 
north  tower,  which  is  said  to  have  been  taken 
down  on  account  of  its  ruinous  condition  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren.  It  is  now  proposed  to  erect 
a  new  one  in  mockery  of  the  other.  It  should 
be  remembered  that  this  would  be  within  100  ft. 
of  the  picturesque  detached  bell-tower,  the  view 
of  which  would  be  greatly  injured  by  it,  and  we 
hope  intending  subscribers  may  take  warning. 
A  print  of  the  proposed  work  is  now  being 
circulated  without  the  architect's  name.  What 
are  we  to  infer  from  this  ?  Needless  to  say,  the 
architect  is  Mr.  Pearson. 

Prof.  Ernest  Gardner  proposes  to  try 
the  experiment  of  vacation  classes  in  classical 
archaeology,  to  be  held  at  University  College 
next  January,  with  the  object,  chiefly,  of  giving 
public  -  school  teachers  the  opportunity  of 
studying  and  discussing  the  results  of  recent 
researches  in  Greece.  Mr.  Arthur  Evans  and 
Prof  Percy  Gardner  will  be  the  other  lecturers. 
There  will  be  demonstrations  also  at  the 
British  Museum. 

At  the  sale  by  Messrs.  Alexander,  Daniel  & 
Co.,  of  Bristol,  of  the  paintings  and  drawings 
in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Fussell,  '  A  Moorland 
Road,'  by  Mr.  Leader,  fetched  52L  10s.,  and  a 
♦  Landscape,'  by  J.  B.  Pyne,  43L  The  engravings 
fetched  better  prices,  two  by  David  Lucas,  after 
Constable's  'The  Lock'  and  'The  Cornfield,' 
bringing  84i.,  and  that  after  Constable's  'Vale 
of  Dedham,'  by  the  same  engraver,  55L 

Mr.  E.  J.  VAN  WissELiNGH  exhibits  at 
14,  Brook  Street,  a  collection  of  works  in  oil 
and  water  colours  by  Mr.  W.  Estall. 

The  admirable  engraver  and  lithographer 
M.  Charles  Louis  Courtry,  many  of  whose  plates 
are  well  known  in  this  country,  died  on  Tuesday 
in  his  native  Paris.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gaucherel 
and  M.  L.  Flameng.     He  gained  a  Medal  (of  the 


single  class  obtaining  before  1870)  in  1868  ;  a 
Third  Class  Medal  in  1874  ;  a  Second  Class 
Medal  in  1875  ;  in  1881  the  Legion  of  Honour  ; 
a  Medal  of  Honour  in  1887  ;  and  a  Gold  Medal 
in  1887.  At  the  last  Salon  he  exhibited  a  note- 
worthy etching  after  M.  T.  Riviere's  '  Salammbo 
et  Matho.' 

The  French  water-colour  painter  M.  Gaston 
Be'thuno,  one  of  whose  works  is  in  the  Luxem- 
bourg, died  on  the  26th  ult.,  aged  forty-three. 
The  subjects  of  his  pure,  luminous,  and  limpid 
drawings  were  mostly  derived  from  Provence 
and  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean. 

One  by  one  the  most  beautiful  landscapes 
selected  by  Turner  for  his  masterpieces  are, 
so  to  say,  degraded,  if  not  destroyed.  The 
latest  instance  is  on  the  river  bank  at  Mortlake, 
where  two  large  houses  of  the  Adam  type 
remained  almost  unchanged  since  Turner  painted 
in  1826  and  1827  his  celebrated  pictures  '  The 
Seat  of  William  Moffatt,  Esq.,  Mortlake -Early 
(Summer)  Morning  '  (R.  A.  1826),  and  '  Mortlake 
Terrace,  seatof  WilliamMoffatt,  Esq. — Summer's 
Evening  '(R.A.  1827).  Both  of  these  enchanting 
pictures  were  recently  seen  at  Winter  Exhi- 
bitions of  the  Royal  Academy,  when  we  gave 
their  history.  The  lapse  of  seventy  years 
or  so  had  not  then  robbed  the  fine  lines  of 
trees,  the  garden  lawns,  the  parapets  on 
the  river  bank,  of  any  of  the  picturesqueness 
Turner  immortalized.  It  is  true  that  the  South- 
western Railway  Company  long  ago  constructed 
an  iron  bridge  which,  though  by  no  means  the 
ugliest  thing  it  is  responsible  for,  cut  off  more 
than  half  the  eastward  view  of  the  picture  of 
morning.  It  is  likewise  true  that  about  two 
years  since  the  same  Company  added  another 
and  perfectly  frightful  triple-bow  bridge  wholly 
unsuited  to  the  landscape.  However,  neither 
of  these  engineering  feats  was  performed  close 
to  the  house  of  Mr.  Moffatt,  and  therefore 
both  of  them  might,  to  a  certain  extent, 
be  ignored  by  admirers  of  Turner,  though 
much  of  the  charm  of  the  adjoining  Barnes 
Terrace  was  destroyed  by  them.  "There  is, 
however,  no  ignoring  the  presence  of  a  big 
row  of  stables,  a  lofty  wall  of  glaring  stock 
bricks,  and  other  amenities  of  a  large  parish 
stoneyard  which  it  has  pleased  the  local  authori- 
ties to  erect  on  the  lawn  of  Mr.  Moffatt's  house. 

Among  the  novelties  of  Parisian  art  now  in 
hand  and  nearly  completed  is  the  new  throne 
of  oak,  sculptured  gold  incrustations,  em- 
broideries upon  silk,  and  other  sumptuous 
decorations,  which  the  Emperor  Menelek  has 
commissioned.  It  is  designed  in  the  Romano- 
Byzantine  style. 

The  Holbein  Exhibition  at  Bale  was  opened 
on  October  19th.  The  committee  has  issued  an 
illustrated  catalogue  at  the  price  of  50  centimes, 
containing  reproductions  of  some  of  Holbein's 
drawings,  of  which  the  museum  at  Bale  possesses 
so  large  a  collection. 

Arrangements  are  being  made  for  a  German 
National  Arts  and  Crafts  Exhibition  upon  a 
large  scale  in  1899  at  Dresden. 

The  Italian  caricaturist  "  Teja  "  has  died  at 
Turin,  aged  sixty-seven  years. 

The  sculptor  Luigi  Amici,  who  produced  the 
tomb  of  Gregory  XIV.  in  St.  Peter's,  has  just 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four  in  utter  destitu- 
tion in  a  hospital  at  Rome. 

The  long-expecfed  opening  to  the  public  of  a 
vast  and  importanthall  in  theLouvre  occurs  early 
this  month.  This  gallery  is  situated  between 
the  Pavilion  Denon  and  the  Port  Jean  Goujon, 
and  was  formerly  occupied  by  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Prince  Imperial ;  its  vault  is  sup- 
ported by  columns  sculptured  by  M.  Fremiet, 
and  it  is  among  the  noblest  of  the  modern 
portions  of  the  great  palace.  To  M.  C  Ravais- 
son-MoUien,  Keeper  of  the  Antiques  in  the 
Louvre,  occurred  tlie  excellent  idea  of  following 
the  example  of  South  Kensington,  obtaining 
casts  of  the  finest  antique  sculptures  from  all 


the  great  galleries,  and  installing  them  in  this 
hall,  which,  since  the  downfall  of  the  Second 
Empire,  has  been  shut  up,  if  not  empty. 

MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Crystal  Palice.— Saturday  Concerts. 
QuKEN's  Hall.— Saturday  Afternoon  Orchestral  Concerts. 
RicLiter  Concerts. 
St  James's  Hall. — Monday  Popular  Concerts. 
Queen's  Hall.  — Lamourtux  Orchestral  Concerts. 

The  rendering  of  Tschaikowsky's  '  Sym- 
phonie  Pathetique'  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
Concert  did  not  satisfy  expectations.  It 
cannot  be  imagined  for  a  moment  that  Mi. 
Manns  was  wanting  in  sympathy  with  the 
work,  but  the  tempi  were,  as  a  rule,  slower 
than  those  to  which  we  have  become  accus- 
tomed, and  the  general  rendering  of  the 
symphony  lacked  refinement,  a  strange 
fault  to  find  in  connexion  with  the  Palace 
orchestra.  Miss  Fanny  Davies  gave  the 
fullest  satisfaction  in  Mozart's  Pianoforte 
Concerto  in  d  minor,  a  masterpiece  which  it 
is  recorded  that  the  composer  played  at  an 
early  performance  from  memory,  that  is  to 
say,  without  book.  Beethoven's  '  Leonora ' 
Overture,  No.  3,  and  the  favourite  Prelude 
to  the  third  act  of  '  Die  Meistersinger'  were 
included  in  the  programme,  and  Miss  Ella 
Russell  as  the  vocalist  pleased  her  audience. 

For  once  the  name  of  Wagner  was  absent 
from  an  orchestral  concert  at  the  Queen's 
Hall,  but  the  scheme  of  last  Saturday  after- 
noon under  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood  might  be 
regarded  as  in  some  measure  an  "In 
Memoriam  "  concert,  though  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Dead  March  from  *  Saul,' 
the  programme  was,  of  course,  arranged 
before  the  death  of  the  Duchess  of  Teck. 
Though  several  members  of  the  regular 
orchestra  were  fulfilling  another  engage- 
ment, and  their  places  had  to  be  supplied 
by  deputies,  extremely  fine  performances 
were  secured  of  Tschaikowsky's  '  Symphonie 
Pathetique,'  the  impressive  overture  named 
'1812,'  and  Beethoven's  'Coriolan'  Over- 
ture. M.  A.  Eivarde  displayed  his  splendid 
technique  as  a  violinist  in  Saint- Saens's 
Concerto  in  b  minor.  No.  3,  a  work  written 
in  a  peculiarly  grateful  manner  for  the  solo 
executant. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  final  Eichter 
programme — final,  that  is  to  say,  for 
the  present — on  Monday  evening,  con- 
sisted entirely  of  excerpts  from  the 
B9,yreuth  master ;  and  as  an  immense 
audience  assembled,  it  would  seem  that 
the  popularity  of  Wagner's  music  is  in 
no  danger  of  waning  at  present.  Vocal 
items  were  prominent  at  this  enter- 
tainment, for  we  had  Hans  Sachs's  grand 
monologue  "Wahn!  Wahn !  "  from  the 
third  act  of  '  Die  Meistersinger,'  Pogner's 
address  from  the  first  act  of  the  same 
work,  and  Wotan's  "  Abschied  "  from  *  Die 
Walkiire,'  all  delivered  as  to  the  solo 
voice  by  Mr.  Andrew  Black,  who  rendered 
the  selections  in  his  most  conscientious 
manner.  The  purely  orchestral  items  were 
the  '  Faust '  Overture,  the  Introduction  to 
the  third  act  from  '  Die  Meistersinger,'  and 
the  Vorspiel  from  the  same  comic  opera. 
It  should  be  added  that  Miss  Marie  Brema 
was  highly  impressive  in  Briinnhilde's  final 
soliloquy  from  '  Gotterdiimmerung,'  and  that 
Mile.  Eosa  Olitzka  and  Mr.  Black  took  part 
in  the  fine  opening  scene  between  Erda  and 


N°3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


641 


the  "Wanderer  from  the  third  act  of  '  Sieg- 
fried.' 

Contrary  to  the  custom  that  he  pursued 
for  many  years,  Mr.  Arthur  Chappell  has 
issued  a  somewhat  elaborate  prospectus  con- 
cerning the  Monday  and  Saturday  concerts 
of  the  season,  which  were  successfully  in- 
augurated last  Monday  evening.  He  rightly 
commences  by  referring  to  the  enforced 
retirement,  by  reason  of  failing  health,  of 
Signer  Piatti  and  Mr.  Eies,  who  have  been 
so  intimately  associated  with  the  enterprise 
since  its  establishment  nearly  forty  years 
ago.  Meanwhile,  Mr.  Chappell  has  secured 
the  services  of  the  Frankfort  Quartet,  con- 
sisting of  Messrs.  Hugo  Heermann,  Fritz 
Bassermann,  F.  Naret  Koning,  and  Hugo 
Becker,  for  the  opening  performances  of  the 
season ;  and  later  on  the  Joachim  Quartet 
will  make  its  reappearance  for  seven  con- 
certs. Many  engagements  of  eminent 
instrumentalists  and  vocalists  are  also 
announced.  The  first  entertainment  opened 
with  Mozart's  Quartet  in  c,  the  last  and,  on 
the  whole,  the  finest  of  the  six  dedicated  to 
Haydn.  The  ensemhle  playing  in  this  was 
exquisite,  and  the  same  remark  will  apply 
to  the  rendering  of  Beethoven's  sombre  but 
concise  Quartet  in  rminor,  Op.  95.  Strangely 
enough,  there  were  no  pianoforte  solos,  but 
Herr  Heermann  played  violin  pieces  by 
Hubay  and  Wagner  excellently,  and 
Madame  Blanche  Marchesi,  who  has  happily 
once  more  recovered  her  health,  displayed 
exquisite  finish  in  airs  by  Haydn,  Gluck, 
and  Schubert. 

Though  the  famed  Lamoureux  orchestra 
no  longer  knows  M.  Lamoureux,  the  dis- 
tinguished Parisian  musician  retains  his 
power  as  a  conductor,  this  being  conclu- 
sively shown  at  the  first  of  a  series  of 
London  concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on 
Wednesday  evening,  with  the  splendid 
band  now  permanently  associated  with  the 
building.  The  rendering  of  Beethoven's 
*  Eroica '  Symphony  may  have  suggested 
at  times  that  Mr.  Wood's  force  was  not 
quite  familiar  with  a  new  conductor,  though 
the  great  work  was,  on  the  whole,  brilliantly 
interpreted,  as  were  Tschaikowsky's  pic- 
turesque '  Hamlet '  Fantasia-Overture  and 
Wagnerian  excerpts.  There  was  a  very 
large  audience. 


P«airal  <§a%%\^. 

The  Carl  Rosa  opera  season  at  Covent  Garden 
ended  last  Saturday  night,  and  has  left  memories 
which  are,  perhaps,  not  wholly  pleasant.  The 
production  of  Lord  Lome  and  Mr.  Hamish 
MacCunn's  'Diarmid'  of  course  lent  distinction 
to  the  enterprise,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  the  work  may  endure  in  spite  of  undeniable 
faults  in  the  libretto.  The  company,  however, 
is  too  ambitious.  To  offer  a  season  at  Covent 
Garden  with  a  partly  rehearsed  orchestra  and 
chorus,  while  the  regular  troupe  are  pursuing 
their  course  in  tlie  provinces,  may  be  regarded 
as  a  piece  of  rashness  scarcely  justifiable  in  any 
sense.  _  The  fact,  however,  remains  that  the 
financial  results  are  said  to  be  satisfactory,  and 
the  hope  may,  therefore,  be  expressed  that 
when  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company  next  visits 
London  it  will  do  so  in  its  full  strength,  and 
maintain  the  reputation  inaugurated  nearly  a 
■quarter  of  a  century  ago  in  the  metropolis  by 
the  lamented  manager. 

It  was  decidedly  unfortunate  that  the  fog  on 
Thursday  last  week  marred  the  effect  of' the 
recital  of  Greek  popular  music  offered  by  Mr. 


P.  Aramis.  Vocal  and  clioregraphic  illustra- 
tions were  prepared  by  the  distinguished  Parisian 
musician  M.  Bourgault-Ducoudray,  the  latter 
being  presented  with  much  grace,  though  hardly 
with  correctness,  by  Mile.  Sandrini,  the  ■premih-e 
danseiise  of  the  Paris  Opera.  A  second  recital 
is  announced  for  Friday  afternoon  this  week. 

On  Friday  afternoon  last  week  an  interesting 
pianoforte  and  violin  recital  was  offered  by 
Messrs.  van  Dooren  and  Bromley  Booth  at 
St.  James's  Hall.  The  programme  opened 
with  a  pleasant  suite  for  both  the  instruments 
named  by  Hans  Huber,  a  Swiss  composer,  born 
near  Olten  in  1852.  His  works  deserve  to  be 
better  known  than  they  are  at  present  in  this 
country.  In  Bach's  Chaconne  in  D  minor  M. 
van  Dooren  increased  the  impression  he  made 
at  first,  his  tone  as  an  executant  displaying  rich 
quality  and  his  technique  excellence  in  every 
respect.  For  Mr.  Bromley  Booth's  interpreta- 
tion of  Beethoven's  '  VValdstein '  Sonata  not 
much  that  is  favourable  can  be  said,  as  it 
lacked  the  masculine  character  imperatively 
demanded  by  the  work,  the  touch  being  rather 
feeble  and  the  style  generally  too  feminine. 
What  will  be  quite  appropriate  with  respect  to 
Chopin  may  be  altogether  out  of  place  when  Beet- 
hoven calls  for  consideration.  The  miscellaneous 
violin  solos  were  really  finely  rendered  by  M.  van 
Dooren  ;  and  songs — including  Wagner's  '  Die 
beiden  Grenadiere,'  a  more  dramatic,  but  less 
lyrical  setting  than  that  of  Schumann — were 
artistically  sung  by  Mr.  George  Fergusson. 

The  first  of  six  pianoforte  recitals  announced 
to  be  given  by  an  executant  named  simply 
Busoni,  but  presumably  Italian  by  birth,  took 
place  on  Thursday  afternoon  in  St.  James's 
Hall.  In  a  version  which  can  only  be  described 
as  a  caricature  of  Bach's  brilliant  Organ  Prelude 
and  Fugue  from  the  Fourth  Book,  Beethoven's 
final  Sonata  in  c  minor.  Op.  Ill,  and  Chopin's 
entire  set  of  twelve  Studies,  Op.  25,  the  pianist 
displayed  perfect  technique,  if  no  higher 
qualities.  "The  following  recitals  will,  at  any 
rate,  be  awaited  with  interest. 

Our  readers  may  like  to  be  reminded  that 
'  Elijah  '  will  be  performed  on  behalf  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Musicians  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Thurs- 
day eveningnextweek.  Theprincipalartists,who 
of  course  give  their  services,  include  Mesdames 
Esther  Palliser,  Stanley  Lucas,  Florence  Power, 
and  Hilda  Wilson,  together  with  Master  Percy 
Hale,  and  Messrs.  Lloyd  Chandos,  Reginald 
Brophy,  Stanley  Smith,  and  Watkin  Mills.  The 
chorus  will  include  the  boys'  choir  from  the 
London  Training  School  for  Choristers,  and 
the  performance  will  be  conducted  by  Mr.  Ran- 
degger. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Hadow,  of  Worcester  College, 
author  of  'Studies  in  Modern  Music,'  has 
written  an  essay  on  Haydn  (considered  as  a 
Croatian,  not  a  German  composer),  which  will 
be  published  shortly  by  Messrs.  Seeley  &  Co. 
It  will  contain  several  pages  of  Croatian  popular 
tunes  compared  with  passages  from  Haydn's 
works. 

A  Wagxer  programme  was  presented  at  the 
Halle  Concert  in  Manchester  on  Thursday  last 
week,  the  scheme,  of  course,  consisting  of  items 
perfectly  familiar  to  musical  amateurs,  that  is  to 
say,  from  the  Bayreuth  master's  music-dramas, 
with  an  increased  orchestra  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen.  It  is  said  that  the  Man- 
chester orchestra  was  never  heard  to  better 
advantage,  and  Mr.  Cowen  may  be  congratu- 
lated upon  this,  as  the  late  Sir  Charles  Halle, 
with  all  his  merits,  was  not  at  home  in  conduct- 
ing Wagner's  music. 

Miss  Ethel  Bauer  will  make  her  first 
appearance  this  season  at  a  concert  to  be  held 
at  the  Queen's  Small  Hall  on  Friday  next 
week  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Ernest  Cavour. 
Assisted  by  Miss  Winifred  Bauer,  she  will  per- 
form, amongst  other  items,  Brahms's  Sonata  for 
Violin  and  Pianoforte  in  g  major,  Op.  78. 


We  have  received  Syllabus  A  and  Syllabus  B 
of  the  examinations  in  music  to  be  held  next 
spring  by  the  Associated  Board  of  the  Royal 
Academy  and  the  Royal  College. 

We  hear  that  a  monument  is  to  be  unveiled 
at  St.  Petersburg  on  the  tomb  of  Peter  Tschai- 
kowsky  to-day,  the  fourth  anniversary  of  the 
composer's  death. 


Sin. 

MON. 

Ties. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3  HO.  Queens  Hall. 
Concert,  3  30.  Albert  Hall 
National  Sunday  League.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Herr  G  Lieblin^'s  Pianoforte  Kecital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Popular  (Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
M  Jean  and  Mile  ten  Have's  Recital.  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 

—  British  Chamber  Music  Concert,  8  Queen's  Small  Hall 

—  Mr,  Schulz-Curtius's  Warner  Concert,  8.15,  Queen's  Hall. 
Wed.      Ballad  Concert,  3.  St  James's  Hall. 

—  London  Ballad  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Carrodus  String  Quartet  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  llojal  lollese  of  Music  Concert,  8  SO,  Imperial  Institute 

—  Mile   Ella  Pancera's  Orchestral  Concert,  8  30,  St  James's  Hall. 

—  M  Lamoureux's  Orchestral  Concert.  8  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Thurs.  Messrs  Ross  and  Moore  s  Concert.  3.  St  James's  Hall. 

—  Royal  Choral  Society,  '  Elijah,'  8.  Albert  Hall 

—  Concert  in   Behalf  of  the   Society  for  Homes  for  Waifs  and 

Strays,  8,  Matin(5e  Theatre,  St  George's  Hall. 
Fri.       M.  Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 

—  Royal  College  of  Music  Orchestral  Concert,  7  i^. 

—  Royal  Society  of  Musicians'  Performance,  '  Elijah/ 8,  Queeu's 

Hall 

—  Miss  Ethel  Bauer  and  Miss  Margaret  Barter's  Concert,  Queen's 

Small  Hall 
Orchestral  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3 
Popular  Concert.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Polytechnic  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


Sir. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Lyric  --'  The  Cat  and  the  Cherub,'  a  Chinese  Play.  By 
Chester  Bailev  Fernald. 

Globe.—'  The  First-Born,'  a  Chinese  Play.  By  Francis 
Powers. 

The  two  plays  which,  after  a  breathless 
race  across  the  Atlantic,  were  respectively 
produced  in  London  on  Saturday  and  Monday 
last  are  adaptations  of  a  sketch  of  existence 
in  Chinatown,  San  Francisco,  by  Mr.  Chester 
Bailey  Fernald.  Coming  from  the  same 
source  and  depicting  what,  though  under 
different  names,  are  to  a  great  extent  the 
same  characters,  they  have  naturally  a  strong 
resemblance.  Each  tells  a  story  of  revenge 
for  the  murder  of  a  son,  and  each  is  grue- 
some rather  than  dramatic.  How  far  the 
life  depicted  is  characteristically  Chinese 
we  are  unable  to  say.  Squalor  enough  to 
justify  any  amount  of  resistance  to  a  Mon- 
golian invasion  is  exhibited ;  there  is  very 
little  employment  of  pigeon  English,  and  the 
characters  generally  talk  with  an  American 
accent  and  American  forms  of  expression 
which  they  may  have  in  part  picked  up  in 
their  association  with  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Western  States.  The  performance  at  one 
of  the  theatres  may  be  seen.  A  strong  love 
for  the  stage  or  for  the  most  prosaic  form  of 
realism  will  be  requisite  to  induce  a  visit  to 
both.  If  asked  which  we  recommend,  we 
feel  ourselves  in  the  position  of  Steele  when 
challenged,  according  to  his  own  account, 
to  pronounce  on  the  relative  merits  of 
Bullock  and  Penkethman.  Both,  said 
Steele, 

"are  of  the  same  age,  profession,  and  sex. 
They  both  distinguish  themselves  in  a  very  parti- 
cular manner  under  the  discipline  of  the  crab-tree, 
with  this  only  difference,  that  Mr.  Bullock  has 
the  more  agreeable  squall,  and  Mr.  Penkethman 
the  more  graceful  shrug.  Penkethman  devours 
a  cold  chick  with  great  applause  ;  Bullock's 
talent  lies  chiefly  in  asparagus.  Penkethman 
is  very  dexterous  at  conveying  himself  under 
a  table;  Budock  is  no  less  active  at  jumping 
over  a  stick.  Mr.  Penkethman  has  a  great  deal 
of  money  ;  but  Mr.  Bullock  is  the  taller  man." 

Some  such  humorous  contrast,  had  we 
another  Steele  to  shape  it,  is  called  for  by 
the  two  versions  in  question.  While 
careful  to  avoid  any  form  of    competition 


642 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3654,  Nov.  G,  '97 


that  could  only  lead  to  well  -  deserved 
humiliation,  we  may  say  that  the  playgoer 
will  be  more  satisfactorily  nauseated  at 
the  Lyric,  more  agreeably  deafened  at  the 
Globe.  Mr.  Powers's  adaptation  is  the  more 
difficult  of  comprehension,  Mr.  Fernald's 
the  harder  of  belief.  The  motive  to  crime 
in  the  former  is  the  more  Oriental ;  the 
method  of  execution  in  the  latter  the  more 
inhuman.  '  The  First  -  Born  '  illustrates 
more  phases  of  Chinese  life  and  organiza- 
tion ;  '  The  Cat  and  the  Cherub'  takes  much 
the  shorter  time  in  performance. 

It  cannot  be  said  that,  except  as  regards 
local  colour,  in  which  the  whole  is  steeped, 
there  is  gain  of  any  sort  to  our  stage  from 
the  new  importations.     To  those  who  have 
no  experience  of  Chinese  ways  it  may  be 
interesting  to  watch  the  peculiar  ambling 
gait  which  the  tight  shoe  gives  to  the  Chinese 
women  or  the  slouching  shuffle  which  appa- 
rently prevails  among  the  men.     Informa- 
tion,  or  what   has    to    be   taken   for  such, 
concerning   various    forms    of    superstition 
may   be   gained,    and    some   forms   of    re- 
ligious    observance    are     practised.       We 
hesitate    to     accept    as    true    a    scene    in 
which   a   Chinese   heroine   is   kissed   by  a 
lover  of   her  own  race.      Some  scenes  are 
impressive   in  the   same   manner  in  which 
the     pantomimic     presentations     of     Mile. 
Jane     May     were     impressive  ;     and     one 
scene   in    '  The   First  -  Born,'   in   which   a 
courtesan  who  pines  to  return  to  her  own 
country  prepares  the  way  for  a  murder  and, 
80  to  speak,  shrouds  and  envelopes  the  action 
in  singing,  is  daringly  conceived.     In  the 
performance  some  talent  of  a  commonplace 
order  was  exhibited,  but  there  was  nothing 
to   arrest   attention.      It    is    possible    that 
the  novelty  of  the  exhibition  will  stimulate 
curiosity  ;  but  our  own  actors,  whose  lines  of 
late  have  not  fallen  in  too  pleasant  places, 
have  little  to  fear  from  this  latest  incursion. 


The  news  that  Mr.  Hare  has  taken  the  Globe 
Theatre,  and  intends  to  resume  management, 
will  be  generally  welcomed.  Mr.  Hare  is  one 
of  the  few  actors  who  have  allowed  no  feeling  of 
personal  vanity  or  ambition  to  influence  their 
management,  and,  though  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  approved  performers  on  the  stage,  he  has 
been  too  seldom  seen  on  his  own  boards.  The 
house  will  reopen  next  year  for  the  perform- 
ance of  comedy  with  a  company  as  yet  not  fully 
made  up,  but  comprising,  it  may  be  assumed, 
Mr.  Charles  Groves,  Mr.  Gilbert  Hare,  and 
other  actors  who  have  been  playing  with  Mr. 
Hare  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Islington.  During 
the  present  week  Mr.  Hare  has  been  acting  at 
Brighton.  His  country  tour  will  conclude  with 
three  performances  next  week  at  Oxford. 

Her  Majesty's  reopened  on  Monday  with 
'  The  Silver  Key  '  and  '  Catharine  and  Petru- 
chio,'  the  former  presented  with  no  alteration 
of  cast  calling  for  attention.  In  Garrick's  base, 
but  laughable  compression  of  '  The  Taming  of 
the  Shrew  '  Mrs.  Tree  makes  a  capital  Catha- 
rine, and  Mr.  Tree  a  gallant  and  dashing  Petru- 
chio.  Much  of  the  old  and  detestable  comic  busi- 
ness is,  it  is  grievous  to  think,  preserved.  We 
own  to  a  disappointment.  A  management  so  in- 
telligent as  that  of  Her  Majesty's  should  have 
done  away  with  the  aggressive  portions  of  the 
comic  business,  which,  besides  consisting  of 
buffoonery  and  idiotcy,  throw  ridicule  on  Sliak- 
speare's  motive.  We  have  insisted  again  and 
again  that  Petruchio  subjugates  Catharine  by 
an     unreasonableness    worse    than    her     own, 


objecting  when  she    is    hungry    to  well-cooked 
victuals,  and  stamping  on  and  destroying  dresses 
concerning  which  the  heroine  says  :  — 
I  never  saw  a  bet.ter-fashion'd  gown. 
More  quaint,  more  pleasing,  more  commendable. 

When  the  dishes  are  obviously  uneatable,  and 
the  gowns  so  extravagant  that  no  woman  could 
wear  them,  Shakspeare  himself  is  held  up  to 
derision.  Yet  Garrick  tolerated,  and  probably 
invented,  this  business,  and  subsequent  managers 
of  repute  down  to  Mr.  Tree  have  been  short- 
sighted enough  to  lend  it  their  sanction.  That 
the  public  laughs  at  these  buffooneries  is  no 
vindication  of  their  retention.  The  judicious 
most  certainly  grieve. 

'A  Night  Session,'  a  one-act  farce  of  in- 
credible stupidity  produced  at  the  Globe  as  a 
lever  de  ridean,  is  said  to  be  adapted  from 
M.  George  (sic)  Feydeau.  M.  Feydeau  has 
done  some  poor  work  in  his  time,  but  we  are 
loth  to  credit  him  with  any  share  in  this  piece 
of  silliness  and  vulgarity, 

'The  Judgment  of  Paris,'  which  at  the 
Lyric  prefaces  'The  Cat  and  the  Cherub,'  is 
founded  on  '  Les  Charbonniers  '  of  M.  Philippe 
Gille,  with  music  by  M.  Coste,  a  piece  in  which 
at  the  Varietes,  in  1877,  Judic  and  Dupuis 
enjoyed  much  popularity.  Remarkable  pains 
have  been  taken  in  vulgarizing  this  trifle.  The 
success  is  proportionate  to  the  effort,  and  the 
whole  is  discreditable  to  English  or  American 
art.  For  once  a  first  night's  public  was  roused 
to  indignation  and  protest. 

This  evening  the  Haymarket,  from  which 
'  A  Marriage  of  Convenience  '  has  been  with- 
drawn, witnesses  the  production  of  Mr.  J.  M. 
Barrie's  adaptation  of  his  novel  '  The  Little 
Minister.' 

Mr.  Louis  N.  Parker's  romantic  comedy 
'  The  Vagabond  King  '  was  duly  removed  on 
Thursday  to  the  Court  Theatre,  Mr.  Murray 
Carson,  Mr.  Sydney  Brough,  Miss  Lena  Ash- 
well,  and  Mrs.  Crowe  reappearing  in  their 
original  parts. 

It  seems  probable  that  Mr.  Parker's  adapta- 
tion of  '  Le  Chemineau '  of  M.  Richepin  will 
be  the  next  novelty  at  Her  Majesty's. 

'SroRTiNG  Life,'  with  Mr.  Boyne  in  the 
character  of  the  hero,  created  by  him  a  week 
or  two  ago,  has  been  given  during  the  past  week 
at  the  Surrey. 


To  Correspondents.  — G.  L— B.  S.  D.— H.  M.  B.-G.  D. 
-received. 

L.  G.  K. — Not  suitable  for  us. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


M 


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644 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3654,  Nov.  6,  '97 


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a  difrerent  Process,  and  8  Woodcuts,  also  executed  by  Mr.  Strang. 

NEW  VOLUME  OF  "THE  PHILOSOPHICAL  LIBRARY." 

PICHTE'S  SCIENCE  of  ETHICS.     Translated  by  A.  E.  Keoeger, 

and  Edited  by  Prof,  the  Hon.  W.  T.  HARRIS.    Post  8vo.  9s. 

THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  HEGEL. 

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ROPHER:  being  Extracts  from  the  Works  of  Hegel.  Translated  and  Arranged  by  ELIZ.VHETH  S. 
HALDANE.    With  a  Portrait.    Crown  8vo.  5j. 

HAWTHORNE'S  FIRST  DIARY.  With  an  Account  of  its  Dis- 
covery and  Loss.  By  SAMUEL  T.  PICKABD,  Author  of  '  The  Lile  of  John  Oreenleaf  Whittier.'  16mo. 
3s.  M.  net. 

THE  LIFE  OF  HOGARTH. 

WILLIAM    HOGARTH.      By   Austin   Dobson.     An    entirely    New 

Edition,  largely  added  to  anJ  Revised,  with  a  full  Bibliography  of  Hogarth's  Pictures,  and  Reproduc- 
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THE     "WOLSELEY     SERIE  S." 

Edited  by  WALTER  H.  JAMES,  late  Capt.  R.E. 

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Field  -  Marshal  the  Right  Hon.  Viscount  Wolseley,  K.P.  G.C.B.  G.C.M.G.,  Commander-in-Chief,  has 
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LETTERS  on  STRATEGY.    By  the  late  Pbince  Kraft  Hohen- 

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A   HISTORY  of  CANADA.     By  Prof.  Charles   G.   D.  Roberts. 

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WOLKOWSKY.    Demy  8to.  10s.  6d.  w    » ...  .  j 


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'  The  Eleventh  Coniraandmeut."    Crown  8vo.  6s. 

A  MODERN  ATALANTA ;  and  other  Stories.    By  Maud  Vyse. 

M'ith  numerous  Illustrations  by  the  Author.    Crown  8vo  Gs. 

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By  H.  MAUDSLEY,  M  D.    Third  Eilition,  Revised  and  Rewritten.    Vis. 
NEW  VOLUMES  OF  THE  "INTERNATIONAL  SCIENTIFIC  SERIES."— Volume  LXXXIII. 

MEMORY.      By   F.   W.   Edeidge    Green,    M.D.,   Author    of    '  Colour- 

Blindness.'    With  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo  5s. 

The  ELEMENTS  of  HYPNOTISM.     The   induction,  the   Pheno- 

mena,  and  the  Physiology  of  Hypnosis.     By  RALPH  H.  VINCENT.    "With  17  Illustrations.    Second 
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Full  particulars  of  the  above  Series  will  be  sent  gratis  on  application. 

WHOM  HATH  GOD  JOINED  TOGETHER  P  and  WHOM 


MAY    MAN    PUT   ASUNDER?     A   Few  Notes  on  the  Subject  of  Divorce  and  Remarriage. 
SEXAGENARIAN  RECTOR.     Is. 

NOW  RE.VDY'. 


By  a 


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to  the  Present,    By  Rev   J.  MACGOWAN.    Demy  8vo,  16s.  net. 

TRCBNER'S  ORIENTAL  SERIES. 

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With  Translations,  Explanations,  and  Indices.    Arranged  by  HERMAN  JENSEN.    Post  8vo.  8s. 

A  WINDOW  in  LINCOLN'S  INN,  and  WHAT  v/as  SEEN 

WITHIN  and  WITHOUT.    By  ADDISON  MLEOD.    Fcap.  8vo.  5s. 

THE  PAMPHLET  LIBRARY. -EDITED  BY  ARTHUR  WAUGH. 

POLITICAL     PAMPHLETS.      Selected    and    Arranged    by  A.   F, 

POLLARD.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
"  A  most  useful  and  excellent  reprint."— .^(.'ifnirum. 

LITERARY  PAMPHLETS.  Selected  and  Arranged,  with  an  Intro- 
duction and  Notes,  by  ERNEST  RHYS,  Editor  of  "The  Camelot  Classics,"  "  Lyric  Poets,"  &c.  2  vols, 
crown  8vo.  5s.  each. 

"  Worthy  and  commendable...  .Very  interestin!;."—.lf(i<f«»iy. 


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Printed  by  John  Edward  Francis,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  BoildlnKs.  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. ;  and  Published  by  John  C.  Francis  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chanceir  Lane,  E.C. 

Agents  tor  Scotlahd,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradtate  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  November  6,  1897. 


THE   ATHENJEUM 

Somml  of  m^im  mtf  dForefgn  Eiterature,  defence,  tfie  mm  ^m,  Mmic  antr  tfie  Brama* 


No.  3655. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    13,    1897. 


PRICB 

THREEPENCE 

BBQISTKKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


BRITISH  ARCH^OLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.— 
The  SECOND  MEETING  of  the  SESSION  will  be  held  on 
"WEDNESDAY  NEXT,  November  17.  Chair  to  be  taken  at  8  v.n. 
Antiquities  will  be  exhibi:ea,  and  the  following  Paper  read  :  — 

'  Some  Illustrations  of  Domestic  Spinning,'  by  THUS.  I5LASHILL, 
Esq.,  Hon.  Treasurer 

GEO.  PATRICK.  Esq.  IHon. 

Rev   H.  J.  DUKINFIELD  ASTLEY,  MA. /Sees. 

"POYAL       HISTORICAL       SOCIETY. 

-I-^  (Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 

Patron— HER  MAJESTY  THE  QUEEN. 
President— The  Right  Hon  Sir  M.  E.  GRANT  DUFF,  GO  SI. 
THURSDAY,  November  18.  5  PM.,at  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geo- 
logy, Jermyn-street,  S  VV.,  the   following  Paper  will   be   read.— 'The 
Battle  ol  Marston  Moor.'  by  Mr.  O   H.  FIIITH. 

HUBERT  HALL,  Director  and  Hon.  Secretary. 
115,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  W.C. 

nfHE       FOLK-LORE       SOCIETY. 


The  FIRST  MEETING  of  the  SESSION  will  be  held  at  22,  ALBE- 
MARLE STREET,  PICCADILLY,  on  TUE.SDAY,  November  16.  at 
8  p.M,  when  a  Paper,  entitled 'Some  Syriac  Folklore  Items  gathered 
■on  Mount  Lebanon,'  will  be  read  by  Mr  F  SESSIONS,  who  will  also 
exhibit  a  Collection  of  Charms  worn  by  the  Native  Peasantry. 

AFeast  Cake  from  Calymnos  will  also  be  exhibited  by  Mrs.  GOMME. 

„   ,,,.  FA    MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.  Nov.  4, 1897. 

HTHE     LIBRARY     ASSOCIATION. 


The  NEXT  PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  20, 
HANOVER  SQUARE,  LONDON,  W  ,  on  DECEMBER  14,  1897,  com- 
mencing at  10  i.M.  If  two  or  mure  Candidates  desire  to  sit  for  Exami- 
nation at  any  of  the  large  Provincial  Towns,  arrangements  will  be 
made  for  them  to  do  so. 

Candidates  must  (1)  have  passed  the  preliminary  examination,  or  (2) 
produce  such  certificates  of  preliminary  general  education  as  will  be 
approved  by  the  Examination  Committee,  or  (3)  submit  a  certified 
declaration  of  having  been  for  three  years  engaged  in  practical  lihrary 
work.  Printed  forms,  on  whioh  this  declai-ation  must  be  made,  may  be 
obtained  on  application.  Each  candidate  must  give  notice,  and  pay  the 
lee  of  ten  shillings,  on  or  before  November  30.  The  candidate  is  also 
required  to  specify  which  sections  of  the  examination  will  be  taken. 

All  certificates,  fees,  and  other  communications  respecting  the 
examination  must  be  sent  to  Mr  J.  W.  Knaim»n,  Hon.  Sec.  of  the 
Examination  Committee,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  London,  W.C. 


AN  OXONIAN,  Reviewer  of  long  experience  in 
First-Class  Journals,  is  WILLING  to  READ  MSS.  for  APPROVAL 
or  Revise  and  Correct.  Would  be  glad  of  a  post  as  Literary  Adviser  to 
a  Publisher.— Dalrud,  12,  Bisham  Gardens,  Highgato,  N. 

JOURNALIST,  well  educated,  desires  EMPLOY- 
MENT  on  PROVINCIAL  CONSERVATIVE  PAPER.  Capable 
Sub-Editor.  Reporter,  and  Reader ;  good  Original  Writer,  and  ex- 
perienced In  Daily  Work.  Moderate  salary  Would  invest  in  good 
concern.    South  or  Midlands  preferred— J.  T.  D.  H.,  44,  Chancery  Lane. 

SECRETARIAL,  JOURNALISTIC,  or  LITERARY 
WORK  WANTED  by  an  educated  STENOGRAPHER  with  literary 
facility  and  Press  experience.  If  nonresident,  might  provide  .\ssocia- 
tion  or  Journal  with  free  headquarters  ;  if  resident,  mutual  terms 
possible. — Ceres,  59,  Chancery  Lane,  London. 


A  LINGUIST,  connected  with  several  Learned 
.Societies  abroad,  seeks  SECRF.rARIAL  WORK  Translations: 
French,  German,  Dutch,  Italian,  Spanish.  Scandinavian  Languages,  Re- 
search Notes.&c.— Write  E.Genlis.  43.  Southampton  Row,  London,  W.C, 

UXOR   and    PAINTER  in  WATER  COLOURS 

desires  VISITING  ENGAGEMENP,  or  to  accompany  a  few  Pupils 
on  a  Holiday  Tour.— Alfred  I.nnes  Pocock,  19,  Wood  Lane,  Uxbridge 
Koad,  W. 


AUTHOR  of  '  Queen's  English  up  to  Date,'  &c., 
READS  and  REVISES  MSS  ,  PROOFS,  &e.,  for  Authors  and 
others.  Experienced  Pressman  and  Publisher's  Reader  and  Reviser 
MSS.  placed.    References  to  Publishers —Anglophil,  342,  Strand. 


SUB-EDITOR  WANTED  for  a  PROVINCIAL 
MORNING  PAPER  of  Liberal  Politics.  Must  be  thoroughly  con- 
versant with  the  routine  of  Sub-Editorship,  and  able  to  supply  Leaders. 
Applicants  to  enclose  Specimens,  references,  &c  ,  and  state  salary 
expected.— Address  Liberil  Unionist,  care  of  Messrs.  C  Mitchell  & 
Co. ,  12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  E  C. 


H 


ULMB  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS,  OLDHAM. 


The  Governors  of  the  OLDHAM  HULME'S  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS 
SCHEME  will  shortly  proceed  to  elect  a  HEAD  MISIRESS. 

The  School  is  for  150  Girls  ( Day  Scholars)  between  the  ages  of  8  and 
17.    The  fees  are  81.  8s.  a  year. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  105  Scholars  attending  the  Schools.  The 
salary  will  be  lOOi.  a  year,  besides  Capitation  Fee  of  not  less  than  21.  for 
each  Girl.  Copies  of  the  Scheme  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 
Applications,  stating  age  and  experience,  together  with  20  copies  of 
testimonials,  printed  or  typewritten,  must  be  sent  to  the  undersigned 
on  or  before  tlie  10th  day  of  December,  1897. 

The  Head  Mistress  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  her  duties  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Summer  Term.  A.  NICHOLSON. 

»,         .,,,„,,         .  Governor  and  Hon.  clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Oldham,  November  2, 1897. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York  Place.  Baker  Street,  W. 
Tbe  Council  invite  applications  for  the  PROFESSORSHIP  of 
MENTAL  and  MORAL  SCIENCE— Applications,  with  one  copy  of 
testimonials,  should  be  sent,  on  or  before  Monday,  November  22  to 
the  Honorary  Secretary,  at  the  College,  from  whom  all  particulars  mav 
be  obtained.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 

THE     VICTORIA     UNIVERSITY.  — The 
EXTERNAL   EXAMINERSHIP  in   GREEK   falls   VACANT  in 
DECEMBER  NEXT  by  the  expiration  ol  the  term  of  Professor  R  Y 
■Typrell.    It  Is  tenable  for  three  years. 
Applications  should  be  sent  in  on  or  before  November  30. 
further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 
Manchester.  ALFRED  HUGHES,  Registrar, 


rjNIVERSITY   COLLEGE  of  SOUTH   WALES 

^  and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  ol  Wales.) 
The   Council    invites   applications   for    the    PROFESSORSHIP   of 
GREEK.    Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  sent  on  or  before 
Tuesday,  November  23,  1897,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
University  College,  Cardiff,  October  19,  1897. 

I>OYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
^  Cooper's  Hill.  Staines  —The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe,  India  and  the  Colonies.  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September,  18;i8.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraphs  Department,  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P.W.D  .  an.1  One  in  the  Trattic  Department,  Indian 
State  liailways  — For  particulars  apply  to  Secreiarv,  at  College. 


D 


ELEGACY     of 


LOCAL      EXAMINATIONS, 

OXFORD. 
TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS. 

For  the  convenience  of  Masters  of  Schools  who  are  already  engaged 
in  teaching,  and  who  wish  to  enter  for  the  EXAMINATION  for  the 
DIPLOMA  in  TEACHING,  to  be  held  by  the  UNIVERSITY  in  JUNE 
NEXr.  the  Delegacy  are  arranging  another  VACATION  COURSE  of 
CRITICISM  LESSONS  and  LECTURES  similar  to  that  held  in  August 
last  It  is  proposed  that  this  Course  consist  of  a  fortnight's  work  in 
Oxford  during  the  Christmas  Hotidays,  and  another  fortnight's  work 
during  the  Easter  Holidays,  and  that  during  the  intervening  term  I're- 
pared  Lcisons  be  corrected  and  other  aid  be  given  by  correspondence. 

The  CHRISTMAS  COURSE  will  take  place  between  the  dates  of 
JANUARY  1  and  15. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Lecturer  on  Educa- 
tion, M.  W.  KEiTiNGE.  Esq.,  59,  St.  Giles's  Street,  Oxtoid,  to  whom 
applications  should  be  made  before  December  1. 


S' 


CHOOL    for   the    DAUGHTERS   of    GENTLE- 

MEN,  Granville  House,  Meade,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns. — For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 

FRENCH  MASTERSHIPS.— The  Education  Com- 
mittee of  the  Scottish  Branch  of  the  Franco-Scottish  Society 
direct  the  attention  of  Educationalists  to  the  fact  that  a  list  of  highly 
qualified  FRENCH  TEACHERS  can  be  procured  from  Monsikir  Pail 
Melun,  Secretaire -G(5n<?ral  du  Comitt?  de  Patronage  des  iitudianta 
fitrangers.  La  Sorbonne,  I'aris. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schnnls  (for  Koys  or  Girls)  and  Tutors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad.— A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  R.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London.  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GAHBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO..  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements.- 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 


M 


ISS  LOUISA  DREWRY  would  like  to  form  a 

few  ADVANCED  CLASSES  in  different  London  Centres  for  the 
SrUDY  of  GREAT  WORKS  of  ENGLISH  LITERATURE.  She  wishes 
also  to  read  with  Private  Pupils— 143,  King  Henry's  Road,  N.W. 

'I'^YPE-WRITING.— MSS.,   Scientific,   and  of  all 

-L  Descriptions.  Copied.  Special  attention  to  work  requiring  care. 
Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-writing).  Usual  terms  —Misses 
E  B.  &  I.  Farr;ln,  Hastings  House,  Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London 
(for  seven  years  of  34,  Southampton  Street,  Strand). 

'■rO    AUTHORS    and    OTHERS.— MSS.  carefully 

-*  Type-written,  9d.  per  1,000  Words.  No  charge  for  Paper  or  Postage. 
—Address  Mr,  J.  G.  Rogers,  9,  Buxton  Road,  Chingford,  Essex. 

''rYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style.    Id.    per   folio 

JL  of  72  words.  References  to  Authors. — Miss  Gladding,  23,  Lans- 
downe  Gardens,  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

T^YFE- WRITING.— Manuscripts,    &c.,    copied. 

A  Terms.  Id  per  folio  (72  words);  5,000  words  and  over,  !.«,  per 
thousand,  paper  included.— Miss  Niohtingall,  Walkern  Road,  Steven- 
age^  

TYPE-WRITER.— AUTHORS'  MSS.,  Plays,  Re- 
views.  Literary  Articles,  &c.,  COPIED  with  accuracy  aud  despatch. 
Manifold  or  Duplicate  Copies— Address  Miss  E.  Tioae,  23,  Maitland 
Park  Villas,  Haverstock  Hill,  N.W.    Established  1884. 

n"«HE  BUSH  LANE  HOUSE  TYPING  OFFICE  — 

-L  Authors' MSS  ,  Plays.  Legal  and  General  Copying  executed  with 
accuracy  and  despatch.  Translations  and  Shorthand  Work  of  any 
description  undertaken. — For  quotations  apply  to 

Miss  H.  D.  Wilson,  Bush  Lane,  Cannon  Street,  EC. 

'■pYPE-WRITERS    and   CYCLES.— The   standard 

-L  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire  also  Bought 
and  Exchanp^ed.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terras,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS,  copied  from  \0d.  per  1,000  words.— N.  Taylor, 
74,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator.  London." 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9.  Strand,  London.— 
Confidential  Secretary.  Miss  PETHERRRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  Tripos. 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dutch  Ti-anslator  to  the  India  Office.  Permanent 
Staff  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries  Expert  Stenographers 
and  Typists  sent  out  fortemporary  work.  A'erhatim  French  and  German 
Reporters  for  Congresses,  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  Translations 
into  and  from  all  Languages.  Specialities:  Dutch  Translations,  Foreign 
and  Medical  Type-writing,  Indexing  of  Scientific  Books.  Libraries 
Catalogued. 
Pupils  Trained  for  Indexing  and  Secretarial  Work. 


FRANCE. —  The  ATHENiEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNESUR-MER.  CALAIS.  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUN. 
KIRK,  HAVRE,  LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE, 
MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIONANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  RlTOli,  Paris. 

T'^O  WEALTHY  PATRONS  of  LITERATURE 

Jl  and  ART— The  Author  of  a  well-known  Work,  entitled  'The 
Sonnets  of  Shakespeare  Solved,'  is  preparing  for  the  press  another 
important  Book  on  ELIZAIIE  IHAN  and  SHAKESPEAREAN  LITERA- 
TURE, &c  ,  illustrated,  consisting  of  Studies  and  Researches  upon  New 
and  Interesting  Topics.  The  Writer  for  many  years  assisted  Mr. 
Halliwell-Phillipps  and  other  Eminent  Scholars  He  now  requires 
FINANCING  to  a  small  amount  to  enable  him  to  complete  his  New 
Volume  for  Publication. 

Address  H.  B.,  77,  Nursery  Road,  Brixton,  S.W. 

9,  Hart  Streft,  Bloomsburt,  Lonook. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York 
Street.  Covent  Garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co  ,  Limited,  begs  to  annonnce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
will  be  glad  to  hear  from  Authors  with  MSS  ready  for  pabLication,  and 
consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

'l^HE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

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Valuable  Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  a  Selection  from  the 
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nmndrde  Pelnafort-Summula  Sacramentorum-La  Vra^^^ 
<ip  Trove-Dietes  des  Sa  ges  Philosophes,  &c  ORIGINAL,  AUiu- 
GKAPH  LEt'i'ERS  of  Gilbert  White  relating  to  the  Natural  History  of 
Se  borne    and  his  Unpublished  Garden  Calendar_s,r  Hob.  Naunt„„  s 

Fragmenta  Regalia  (s'aid  to  be  the  I'/i"'"''  ,f'*v'»f-S  i'pu'ho  KS  n' 
(onnected with  Shelley's  Cenci.  and  others.  Ihe  PRIN  Itp  BOOKMn- 
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cana-Laws  of  Massachusetts  and  Virginia-the  Collection  of  Plays 
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inustrated  Sporting  Books-First  Editions  of  English  and  American 
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MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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Street  Strand  W  C,  on  FRID.AY,  November  26,  at  1  o'c  oek  precisely, 
FNOKA%'lNGS  including  some  important  Examples  after  Reynolds, 
Romney  Bunbury,  Wheatley,  Westall,  Singleton  Cosway,  Hoppner, 
Lawrence  and  others,  many  in  proof  states  and  Hnely  printed  in 
coloirramong  them  being  a  complete  set  fin  proof  states)  of  the 
FvEoneBeautils-the  rare  Portrait  of  Latl.v  Ham,  ton  as  the  Spins  er 
finfly  printed  in  colours-London  Cries,  after  Wheatley  P"nted  in 
eolours-a  complete  set  of  the  Holbein  Portraits  by  Bartolojzi,  well 
priXd  iS  coloirs-Sporting  Prints-Fancy  Subjects-Battle  Scenes- 

*'^*'  May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Valuable  Autograph  Letters  of  Sir  PHILIP  FRASCIS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
"Street  Strand  W  C  on  S.^TUBDAY,  November  27,  at  1  o  clock 
nreciselv  FOR'1'Y-ONE  AUTOGRAPH  LEITBRS  from  Sir  Philip 
Franefs  to  his  Cousin  and  Brother-in-law,  Alexander  Maorabie,  at 
PWIadelphia  and  others  addressed  t:,  his  Cousin,  Major  I  »«?'  /on- 
rnuaueipiiia,  """  i„,„„„„tino-  rpfprenors  to  Junius;  a  «o  Letters  from 

=-iStSS?sEbMr;'rAS=i 

Wedderburn  (Lord  Loughborough). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


N°3655,  Nov. 


13 


'97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


651 


THE  ASHBURNHAM  LIBRAE  Y.— SECOND  FOR  TION. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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Engravings,  Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  Paintings. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W C,  on 
THURSDAY,  November  18,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGR.WINGS,  comprising  a  Collection  of  I'or- 
traits.  Maps,  Views,  and  Caricatures  relating  to  America  by  Haid, 
Spilsbury,  Chapman,  Garden,  Holloway,  Kyder,  Sherwin,  &c  —Fancy 
Subjects  by  and  after  Itartolozzi,  Cipriani,  KaulTman,  Cosway.  Single- 
ton, Delattre,  Scorodornoff,  many  being  finely  printed  in  colours— a 
Collection  of  Mezzotint  Portraits,  principally  in  Proof  states,  after 
Lawrence,  Reynolds,  Hoppner,  Kneller,  Beechey,  Northcote,  &c  — 
Caricatures  and  Sporting,  'I'opographical,  Historical,  and  Scriptural 
Subjects,  together  with  a  few  Water-Colour  Drawings  and  Paintings. 
On  view  one  day  prior.    Catalogues  on  application. 

Musical  Instruments  and  Music. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  WC,  on 
TUESDAY,  November  23,  and  Following  Day,  at  halt-past  12  o'clock 
precisely,  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  comprising  Grand  and  Cottage 
Pianofortes  —  Organs  and  Harmoniums  — Single  and  Double  Action 
Harps— Italian  and  other  Violins,  Violas,  and  Violoncellos,  Double 
Basses— Brass  and  Wood  Wind  Instruments— Guitars,  Mandolines,  and 
Banjos- and  several  small  Libraries  of  Music,  including  a  quantity  of 
Duplicates  from  the  Library  of  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 
On  view  one  day  prior.    Catalogues  on  application. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
Rev.  V.  WALLACE. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCriON,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W C,  on 
FRIDAY,  November  26,  MONDAY,  November  29,  and  Following 
Dav,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  M1SCELL.\NE(>VS 
BOOKS,  amongst  which  will  be  found  BlomeHeld's  Norfolk,  r2  vols  — 
Cussans's  Hertfordshire,  ."i  vols.— Hunter's  South  Yorkshire,  2  vols — 
Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes,  extra  illustrated— Camden  Society,  42 
yols  —Lowe's  Ferns,  8  vols  — Monthly  MicroscopicalJoumal—Gerarde's 
Herball— Lafontaine,  Contes— Harleian  Society— Zoologist,  11  vols — 
Hamerton's  Arts  of  France— Hora;  Beattc  Maria?  Virginia,  MS.  on 
vellum,  &c. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  November  .30,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  BRIl'ISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
STAMPS. 

Catalogiues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Coins  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCriON,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  WC  ,  on 
TUESDAY.  Dcember  7,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
Valuable  COLLECTION  of  GOLD,  SILVER,  and  COPPER  COINS, 
Antique  Gold  and  Silver  Watches,  Antique  Guns,  Bronzes,  Snuff-Boxes, 
and  other  Miscellaneous  Ettects.  formed  by  the  late  JAMES  HENRY 
JOHNSON,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  ot  Southport  and  Silverdale,  Lancashire.  By 
order  ol  the  Executors. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Engravings,  Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  Paintings. 

MESSRS.    PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY,  December  9,  and   Following  Day,    at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS  formed  by  the 
late  —  GREGORY,  Esq.,  M.A.,  removed  from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Library  of  the  late  —  GREGORY,  Esq.,  M.A.,  removed 
from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  13,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  —  GREGORY,  Esq  .  M.A., 
removed  from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex,  comprising  Modem  Theological 
and  Miscellaneous  Books  in  all  Branches  of  Literature. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 

ttOO  Lots  of  Miscellaneous  Property,  comprising  a  large  Quantity 
of  Postal  Telegraph  Apparatus  (by  order  of  the  Postmaster 
General),  also  Cameras  and  Lenses,  Scientific  Instruments, 
Lanterns  and  Slides,  ^c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXr,  November  19,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  S  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

MONDA  Y  and  TUESDA  Y,  November  n  and  23. 
The  valuable  and  important  Collection  of  British  Lepidoptera 
formed  by  the   late  J.  B.  HODGKINSON,  Esq. ;   also  the 
well-made  Cabinets  in  which  the  Collection  is  contained. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  has  received  instructions  to 
SELL  the  above  by  AUCTION  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  as  above,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely  each  day. 
On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 

MONDA  Y,  November  S9. 
The  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  Scientific  Collections  formed 
by  the  late  Mr.  JOHN  CALVERT,  comprising  the  remainder 
of  the  Savage  Curiosities  and  Weapons. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will   SELL  the  above  by 
AUCriON,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY,  November29,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues bad. 

IMPORTANT  NOTICE. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that  his 
Auction-Rooms  and  Offices,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  are 
OPEN  DAILY  for  the  reception  of 

MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY  of  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 
which  is  included  in  Sales  held  every  Friday  throughout  the  year. 
Established  17C0.  Telegraphic  Address  "  Auks,  London." 


Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Selections  from  Two 
Private  Libraries. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  11.'),  Chancery  Lane,  W  C  ,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
November  17,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCELL.VNEOUS 
BOOKS,  comprising  Woburn  Abbey  Marbles,  Large  Paper,  folio— 
Marlborough  Cabinet  of  Gems,  2  vols  Large  I'aper-Zompini's  Cries  of 
Venice— Album  of  Chinese  Drawings-Caulfleld's  Portraits,  7  vols.  4to. 
Large  Paper— Britton's  Cathedi-al  Antiquities,  &c.,  8  vols.— Lysons's 
Magna  Britannia,  6  vols,— Bossuet,  (Euvres,  12  vols.  Large  Paper- 
Bewick's  Birds,  2  vols  —Kelmscott  Utopia— Gladstone's  Homer,  3  vols., 
and  other  Recent  Classics,  and  Limited  Editions  of  Modern  English 
Poets— Prints  illustrating  the  fopography  of  London,  Sussex,  Salop, 
and  North  Wales— French  and  English  Novels— Old  Music— Prints,  &c. 
To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Many  Thousand  Volumes  of  Popular  Modern  Books  and  Re' 
mainders.  Stereo  Moulds,  Electrotypes,  and  Copyrights. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancerv  Lane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
November  24,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MANY  THOU- 
SAND VOLUMES  of  POPULAR  MODERN  BOOKS  and  REMAINDERS, 
comprising  144  Aaron's  ButterHy  Hunters  (7s.  6i/.)— 100  Aitkens's 
Science  of  Medicine,  2  vols.  (2/.  2s.).  and  The  Outlines  (12s.  6i/.)-300 
Andrews'a'Englandin  the  Days  of  Old  (Ts.  6d.)  and  200  Berkshire  and 
Cheshire  (7s  6(i. )— 600  Burton's  II  Pentamerone.  2  vols.  (3(.  3s.  net)— 
80  Dickens's  Character  Sketches  (1/.  lis.  6t/.)— 62  Finck's  Pacific  Coast 
Scenic  Ti>ur  (10s.  6i(.)— 5  Foster's  Medical  Dictionary,  4  vols.  (5/.  5^.)— 
340  Gordon  on  Electricity,  2  vols.  (2(.  2s. )— 20  Hill's  Footsteps  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  4to.  (3/.  3s,)  — '260  Hobbs's  Life,  Travel,  and  Adventure, 
2  vols.— 27  Keats's  Endymion,  Plates  by  Harper  (2;.  2s.)— 25  Kitto's 
Bible  2  vols  4ro.  (2/.  2s.)— 67  Larned's  Churches.  &c.,  of  Old  Fi-ance 
(8s  6d  )— fl6Lummis's  Poco  di  Tiempo  (10.-.  6i/.)— 1.150  Muther's  Modern 
Painting,  3  vols.  (21.  15s.  net)— 200  .Mv  Lawyer,  fifth  edition  (6s.)— 86 
Myrbach's  .Sketches  of  England  (21s.)— 10  500  Random  Series  of  Popular 
Fiction  c's.)— 60  Rose's  Engraved  Portraits.  2  vols.  (01.  6'..)- 100  Shake- 
spere's  Othello,  Plates  by  Marchetti,  4to.  (1(.  lis.  6d.\,  and  325  Romeo 
and  Juliet,  Bindley's  Plates  (U.  Is.)— 160  Scott's  Poems,  3  vols.  (7s.  6rf.) 
—3  239  The  Pageant  for  1896  and  1897  (6s.  each)— 2,100  The  Parade  (63.) 
—50  Thoresby,  The  Topographer,  2  vols.— 37  Tomlinson's  Doncaster 
(2i.  2s.)— 206  Van  Dyck's  Life  and  Work,  by  Alison  (4/.  4s.  »et)— 37  Van 
Dyck's  Art  for  Art's  Sake— 5.000  Victoria  Library  for  Gentlewomen  (6s.) 
—18  Warr's  Echoes  of  Hellas,  2  vols.  (4(.  4s.)-100  Waterton's  Home, 
crown  8vo.— 1,200  Wingfield's  English  Costume  i7s.  6<i.).  Also  the 
Electrotypes,  Stereo  Moulds,  and  Copyrights  of  many  of  the  foregoing. 
Many  Thousand  Volumes  of  Attractive  Juvenile  Hooks  and  Recent 
Works  of  Fiction  by  esteemed  Authors,  for  the  most  part  new  in  cloth, 
being  Surplus  Stock  from  several  Wholesale  Houses. 

Catalogues  will  be  forwarded  on  application. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQU.ARE 

A  Collection  of  Rare  Old  Etchings,  Engravings,  Water-Colour 

Drawings,  Sketches,  S^c. 

MESSRS,  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  will  SELL, 
at  their  Rooms  as  above,  on  TUESDAY,  November  23,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  ETCHINGS  by  Rembrandt, 
Callot,  .\ldegrave— Drawings  bv  the  Old  Masters,  from  the  Collection 
of  Charles  1  and  other  well-known  Collections— Water-Colour  Draw- 
ings—a series  of  Fifteen  Water  Colours  by  Rowlandson,  many  of  them 
engraved— and  Sketches  by  John  Leech,  W.  M.  Thackeray,  J.  Tenniel, 
S.  Prout,  Sir  E.  Landseer,  and  others. 

May  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE. 
Valuable  0!d  French  Enamel  Snuff-Boxes  of  the  highest  quality 
—Louis  XV.  and  XT  I.  Decorative  Furniture,  with  finely 
chased  Mounts— Old  Oriental  and  other  China— and  an  inter- 
esting Collection  of  Thirty-fice  Old  Almanacks,  the  Property  of 
M.  C.  H.  LEROY,  removed  to  Willis's  Rooms  for  convenience 
of  Sale. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 
to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms  as  above,  on  FRIDAY',  December  3,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  above  valuable  Property,  including  beautiful 
Old  Fiench  Enamelled  Bonbonniires- Etuis- Needle-cases— Watches— 
Bronzes— Cloeks—Candelabra—OlU  French  Furniture,  with  fine  Mounts 
—and  other  Decorative  Effects. 

May  be  viewed  the  four  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE. 
Old  French  Boxes,  Watches,  Chatelaines,  Bijouterie,  Statuary, 
Marble  Figures  and  Pedestals,  Decorative  China  and  EJfects, 
from  Various  Sources. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON   &  FISHER  will  include 
in  their  SALE  as  above,  on  FRID.AY,  Decembers,  a  quantity 
of  valuable  DECORATIVE  PROPERTY. 

May  be  viewed  the  four  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE,  S.W. 
A  very  important  Collection  of  Old  English  and  French  En- 
gravings formed  by  the  Hon.   W.   F.  B.  MASSEY-MAIN- 
WAlilNG,  M.P.D.L.,  during  the  last  twenty-five  years. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 
to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms  as  above,  on  MONDAY,  December  6, 
and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  day,  a  very  impor- 
tant COLLECTION  of  OLD  ENGLISH  and  FRENCH  ENGRAVINGS, 
including  23  beautiful  Drawings  and  Sketches  by  George  Morland— 
also  important  examples  of  the  English  School,  including  the  St. 
James's  and  the  St.  Giles's  Beauty,  English  Plenty  and  Indian  Scaroity, 
and  many  others  by  and  after  Sir  J.Reynolds,  Hamilton.  Bartolozzi, 
J.  R.  Smith,  Russell,  and  many  others,  in  Colours.  The  French 
Engravings  comprise  over  100  beautiful  Impressions.  Printed  in 
Colours,  oy  ana  after  Debucourt,  Alix,  Bonnet,  Huet,  &c.,  including 
many  Pi  oofs— also  over  100  F'rench  Engravings  in  Black  Original  Im- 
pressions by  and  after  the  best  French  Masters  of  the  last  century, 
Framed  and  in  Portfolio. 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

OLD  ENGRAVINGS,  SPORTING  PRINTS,  PAINTINGS,  DRAWINGS, 
MINI.ITURES,  BOOKS,  MANUSCRIPTS,  and  all  Classes  of  Lite- 
rary and  Artistic  Property,  can  be  included  in  early  SALES  by 
AUCTION.    Executors  and  Owners  should  apply  to 

KNIGHT,   FRANK    &    RUTLEY,   the   Conduit 
Street    Auction    Galleries,    9,    CONDUIT    STREET,    and    23.i, 
MADDOX  STREET,  W. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  THURSDAY.  November  18,  and  Following 

Day    the  SECOND    PORTION   of  the  COLLECTION  of   ORIENTAL 
OBJECTS  of  ART  of  Capt.  F.  BRINKLEY,  of  Tokio,  Japan. 

On  SATURDAY,  November  20,  MODERN  Pic- 
tures and  WATER-COLOUR  DR.AWINGS,  the  Property  of  a 
GENTLEMAN,  and  from  different  Sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  1,  the  CELLAR  of 

WINES  of  the  late  ARBUTHNOT  CHARLES  GUTHRIE,  Esq. 


NEW    BOOKS. 

— ♦ — 

THE 

MAKING    OF   ABBOTSFORD. 

By  the  Hon.  Mrs.  MAXWELL  SCOTT. 

With  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and 
Vignette  of  Abbotsford. 

374  pages,  square  crown  8vo.  price  7*.  6<?.  net. 

IN  NORTHERN  SPAIN. 

By  Dr.  HANS  GADOW,  M.A.  Ph.D.  F.R.S. 

438  pages,  containing  Map  and  89  lUustratioDS, 
demy  8vo,  cloth,  price  21s. 

' '  About  the  best  book  of  European  travel  that  has  appeared 
these  many  years." — Literary  H'orld. 

"  Mr.  Gadow  has  all  the  equiqment  of  a  really  desirable 
travelling  companion.  As  befits  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  he  is  a  trained  and  accurate  observer.  He  is  a 
botanist  and  a  naturalist,  a  philologist  and  an  archaeologist 
with  a  taste  for  ethnology,  and  is  a  well-read  man  to  boot 
A  most  comprehensive  and  practical  volume."— .<4cac(emy 

HOR^    SUBSECIV^. 

By  JOHN  BROWN,  M.D.  LL.D. 

NEW  EDITION,  in  3  vols. 
Crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  3s.  6d,  each. 

THE    NURSE'S    HANDBOOK 
OF  COOKERY. 

A  Help  in  Sickness  and  Convalescence. 

By  E.  M.  WOESNOP, 

First-Class  Diplomee  of  the  National  Training  School 

of  Cookery,  South  Kensington,  and  for  sixteen 

years  Teacher  of  Cookery  under  the 

London  School  Board. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  Is.  6d. 

"  A  useful  little  manual  of  invalid  cooVery  is  '  The  Nurse's 

Handbook  of  Cookery.'      Especially  valuable  will  be  found 

the  chapters  dealing  with  the  differing  nutritive  properties 

of  the  various  ioods."— Black  and  White. 


THE      CHRIST      in       SHAKSPEARE. 
By  CHARLES  ELLIS. 
Victorian  Edition,  leatherette,  3.«.  6d.     "A  very  valuable  addition  to 
Shakspearian  literature."— .Sc/iooi  Guardian. 

London  :  Houlston  &  Sons,  Paternoster  Square. 


AN    INTRODUCTION    TO 
STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

By  D.  H.  SCOTT,  M.A.  Ph.D., 
Honorary  Keeper  of  the  Jodrell  Laboratory, 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 
FLOWERING  PLANTS.     Fourth  Edition.     Illus- 
trated with  113  Figures, 
FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.    Second  Edition,    Illus- 
trated with  114  Figures, 
A    short    account   of    the    discovery,    by    the    Japanese 
botanists  Hirase  and  Ikeno,  of  the  occurrence  of  spermato- 
zoids  in  certain  Gymnosperms  has  been  inserted,  and  illus- 
trated by  sketches  from  preparations  which  these  observers 
generously  gave  to  the  author.    This  great  discovery  bridges 
over,  in  the  happiest  way,  the  gap  between  Flowering  and 
Flowerless  Plants. 

Crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  3s.  6d.  each. 

The  STORY  of  AB :  a  Tale  of 

the  Time  of  the  Cave  Men.  By  STANLEY 
WATERLOO,  Author  of  'An  Odd  Situation,' 
&c.  With  10  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Simon 
Harmon  Vedder,  and  Cover  Design  by  Will 
Bradley.     Crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  5s. 

EXILED   from    SCHOOL;    or, 

for  the  Sake  of  a  Chum.  By  ANDREW  HOME, 
Author  of  'From  Fag  to  Monitor,' &c.  With 
10  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Stephen  Reid. 
Crown  Svo,  cloth,  price  5s, 

R  E  -  I  S  8  U  E. 

DRYBURGH    EDITION 

OF   THE 

WAVERLEY    NOVELS. 

To  be  completed  in  25  Monthly  Volumes,  each 
containing  Photogravure  Frontispiece  on  Japanese 
Vellum  Paper,  8  Page  Woodcuts,  and  Vignette  Title, 
Large  crown  Svo.  bound  in  buckram,  price  3s,  Gd. 
per  Volume.     Volume  I.  now  ready. 

A.  &  C.  BLACK,  Soho  Square,  London. 


652 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^SOSS,  Nov.  13,  '97 


JOHN  G.  NIMIYIO'S   NEW  BOOKS. 


By 


NEW  WORK  ON  ENGLISH  MONASTIC  HISTORY. 
In  Two  Volumes,  demy  8vo.  cloth,  price  21s.  net. 

THE    ENGLISH   BLACK 
MONKS  OF  ST.  BENEDICT. 

A  Sketch  of  their  History  from  the  Coining 
of  St.  Augustine  to  the  Present  Day. 

By  the  Rev.  ETHELRED  L.  TAUNTON. 

Literature. — "  We  are  struck  with  the  skill  with  which  he 
has  mastered  the  details  of  a  somewhat  complicated  story, 
and  the  clear  way  he  has  set  it  down  for  the  benefit  of  his 
readers." 

limes. — "  The  book  is  written  from  a  Roman  Catholic 
standpoint,  but  its  tone  is  fair  and  reasonable." 

Monitor.  —  "Not  only  a  very  valuable  contribution  to 
English  ecclesiastical  history,  but  most  timely  and  per- 
tinent to  the  needs  of  the  hour." 

Catholic  Times. — "  A  work  of  no  ordinary  importance 

Will  form  a  lasting  monument  of  what  the  Benedictines 
have  done  for  England." 

NEW  LIBRARY  EDITION  OF  STEELE  AND 
ADDISON'S    SPECTATOR. 
In  Eight  Volumes,  extra  crown  8vo.  with  Original  Engraved 
Portraits  and  Vignettes,  buckram  cloth,  price  7s.  net  per 
volume.     Subscribers'  Names  for  the  eight  volumes  only 
accepted. 

The    SPECTATOR.      Edited   with 

Introduction  and  Notes  by  GEORGE  A.  AITKEN, 
Author  of  '  The  Life  of  Richard  Steele,'  &c. 

Pall  Mall  Gazette. — "  Undoubtedly  the  best  library  reprint 
of  this  famous  periodical  that  has  been  published." 

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simplest,  but  there  is  much  concealed  art  in  the  telling,  and 
the  knowledge  of  human  nature  exhibited  therein  is  pro- 
found  Readers  who  are  not  acquainted  with  these  moving 

little  dramas  should  make  good  the  defect.  There  is  waiting 
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MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited,  St.  Martin's  Street,  London,  W.C. 


N°  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


653 


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his  later  venture  is  better  than  the  earlier.  The  writer  has  gained  in  strength.  A  story 
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654 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3655,  Nov.  13, '97 


MR.  EDWARD  ARNOLD'S 

NEW  BOOKS. 


NOW    READY    AT    ALL     LIBRARIES    AND 
BOOKSELLERS'. 

RECOLLECTIONS  OF 

AUBREY   DE   VERE. 

1  vol.  with  Portrait,  demy  8vo.  165. 

spectator.—*'  The  '  Recollections'  are  likely  to  be  widely  read,  for  they 
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pathies, personal,  political,  social,  literary,  and  religious.  As  a  Catholic 
the  author  enjoyed  the  intimate  friendship  of  Cardinal  Newman  and 
Cardinal  Manning,  and  these  pages  thr<)w  additional  and  interesting 
sideliRhts  on  the  character  and  genius  of  each  of  these  distinguished 
men." 


A  MEMOIR  OF  ANNE  J.  CLOUGH, 

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By  her  Niece,  BLANCHE  CLOUGH, 

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THE    AUTOBIOGRAPHY   AND 

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JOHN  ARTHUR  ROEBUCK, 

Q.C.  M.P. 
Kdited  by  EGBERT  BADON  LEADER. 

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standard. — "The  mafjic.  the  glamour,  the  strange  melancholy,  the 
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veyed in  these  pages  in  a  manner  that  is  curiou«tly  fascinating.  Com- 
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MR.   JOHN    FOSTER.     Being  the 

Papers  and  Letters  of  John  Foster,  Esq.,  of  Fosterton, 
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By  Burton 


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656 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


REVUE 


DES 

REVUES 


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UN   NUMERO    SPECIMEN    SUR 
DEMANDE. 

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THE  LETTERS  OF 

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Edited,  wilL  Biographical  Additions,  by 

FREDERIC  G.  KENYON. 

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(hat  these  volumes  are  the  first  adequate  contribution  which 

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I'he  inestimable  value  of  the  collection  is  that  it  contains 
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poetry  they  will  be  invaluable,  and  to  us,  to  whom  the 
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MASON  (Can.  G.  E.).    CLAUDIA,  the 

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N'^  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 THE     ATHEN^UM 657 

MR.     MURRAY'S    LIST. 

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N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


661 


JOHN     LANE'S    LIST. 

THE    COMING    OF    LOVE,    AND    OTHER    POEMS. 

By  THEODORE  WATTS-DUNTON. 

Crown  8vo.  5s.  net. 


OPINIONS   OF   THE   PRESS. 

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"  Has  the  distinctive  quality  of  not  resembling  the  work  of  any  other  poet." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"Gives  the  author  a  definite,  permanent,  and  distinguished  position  among  present-day  poets." — Globe. 

"  '  The  Coming  of  Love'  will  be  among  the  enduring  poetic  work  of  the  century." — Star, 

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ARTHUR  O'SHAUGHNESSY,  his  Life  and  his  Work. 

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662 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


UNIFORM  EDITION  OF 

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THE  PROVIDENTIAL  ORDER  OF 
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London :    HODDER  &  STOUGHTON, 
27,  Paternoster  Row,  E.G. 


N"  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


663 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER  13,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

The  Life  of  Eenan 

Two  Books  about  Japan     

M.  Maeterlinck's  Aglavaine  and  Selysette 

An  Early  Irish  Biblical  MS 

Recent  Advances  in  Theism        

A  Reprint  and  Study  of  Mangan's  Poems 

New  Novels  (The  Two  Captains ;  Young  Nin  ;  The 
Son  of  a  Peasant ;  Katharine  Cromer ;  Cecilia ;  Jan, 
an  Afril<ander;  Three  Comely  Maids;  Mona  St. 
Claire;  A  Villain  of  Parts;  Miss  Providence: 
-  -     ■  668- 


P\GE 

663 
664 
665 
665 
066 
667 


Valentine ;  Luv  und  Lee) 

American  History  and  Biography 

Scottish  Fiction        

school-books     

Short  Stories 

Wordsworth  Literature 

The  History  of  France  and  Switzerland 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books 

Bbunetto  Latini  in  France;  'The  King's  Quair  ; 
Kurdish  or  Gypsy;  The  Treatise  'De  Aqua 
ET  Terra';  Sale 6/4 

Literary  Gossip         ••■       •;• 

Science— Memory  and  its  Cultivation;  Mr.  J.  W. 
Dunning:  Societies;  Meetings;  Gossip         676- 

Fink  Arts-Stained  Glass  as  Art;  Minor  Exhibi- 
tions ;  Gossip        „  ^'^ 

Music -The  Week;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week  ...        ...        ...        ...        >.•        •••      ^^*^ 

Drama— The  Week  ;  Gossip  681 


669 

669 

670 

...  670 

...  671 

...  671 

...  672 

672—673 


-675 
075 

-678 

-680 

-681 
-682 


LITERATURE 


The  Life  of  Ernest  Renan.  By  Madame  James 

Darmesteter.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Madamk  Darmesteter  has  produced  with 
exquisite  tact  an  admirably  proportioned 
sketch  of  Eenan's  life,  and  added  some  criti- 
cisms of  his  work.  No  one  could  be  in  a 
better  position  to  act  as  mediator  between 
Eenan  and  the  English  public,  which  never 
perhaps  took  him  quite  so  seriously  as  French- 
men did  in  Paris.  Her  distinguished  husband 
was  probably  nearest  akin  in  accomplishments 
and  mental  attitude  to  Eenan  of  all  the 
master's  pupils.  He  was,  as  it  were,  the 
beloved  disciple,  the  St.  John  of  the  Eenanite 
gospel.  She  herself  is  a  poet,  and  it  needs 
a  poet's  instinct  to  appreciate  some  sides  of 
Eenan's  complex  nature.  She  is  sufficient 
of  a  scholar  to  judge  a  scholar's  work,  suffi- 
cient of  a  Parisian  to  appreciate  the  part 
played  by  the  scholar  in  French  affairs, 
sufficient  of  a  Londoner  to  select  those 
aspects  of  a  scholar's  life  that  alone  would 
interest  the  English  public.  The  result  is 
quite  a  polished  gem  of  biography,  superior 
in  its  kind  to  any  attempt  that  has  been 
made  of  recent  years  in  England,  where  we 
seem  to  think  that  the  more  important  the 
personality  the  larger  the  number  of  volumes 
is  needed  to  bury  it. 

For  the  early  years  the  task  was  not  diffi- 
cult. Eenan's  own  '  Souvenirs '  and  the 
recently  published  account  of  his  sister 
afford  ample  material,  which  only  needs 
judicious  selection.  The  tale  of  the  years 
which  elapsed  before  he  found  his  true 
vocation,  the  scepticism  independently  arrived 
at  by  his  sister  (who  was  so  much  to 
him),  the  growing  attraction  towards  Semitic 
philology,  the  final  struggles  between  con- 
science and  vocation — all  these  are  told 
adequately  enough  within  the  compass  of  a 
few  pages. 

The  friendship  with  M.  Berthelot  and  its 
effects  in  the  placing  of  Science  on  the 
throne  just  vacated  by  Eeligion  form  the 
subject  of  the  second  of  the  four  parts  into 
which  the  biography  is  appropriately  divided. 
The  influence  of  M.  Berthelot's  father,  a 
Socialistic  doctor,  chimed  in  with  the  events 
of  1848  to  make  Eenan  adopt  the  Socialistic 
ideal  and  then  to  drop  it  when  disillusionized 


by  the  conduct  of  the  Paris  mob.  His  some- 
what curious  theory  that  humanity  exists 
solely  for  the  purpose  of  producing  the 
intellectual  elite  seems  to  date  from  this 
period. 

What  comes  out  most  effectively  in  this 
description  of  the  early  life  of  Eenan  is  the 
enormous  influence  upon  his  career  of  that 
remarkable  character  his  sister.     Not  pnly 
did   she   help   to    support   him   financially 
during  the  struggle  which  elapsed  after  he 
had  abandoned  the  idea  of  the  priesthood  and 
not  yet  attained  a  firm  position  in  the  world 
of  letters,  but  she  had  arrived  at  freedom 
of   opinion  long  before  he  did,   and  could 
thus  be  a  support  to  him  during  the  struggle 
of    his   thought  with  the  great  world-pro- 
blems. Her  taste  was  in  many  ways  superior 
to  his  own,  and  she  helped  to  tone  down 
that  tendency  to  irony  and  persiflage  which, 
when  her  influence  was  withdrawn,  formed 
the  most  serious  weakness  in  Eenan's  style. 
One  might  almost  credit  her  with  supplying 
the  manly  element  in  Eenan's  nature  and 
methods.      But,    as    Madame   Darmesteter 
very  subtly  points  out,  amid  all  his  seem- 
ing flabbiness  there  was  a  fund  of  Breton 
doggedness      which      ultimately     enabled 
him    to    have    his    own    way   in    all    the 
things   that  count.     Only  once,  and   for  a 
moment,  did  Eenan  succumb,  and  that  was 
with  regard  to  his  marriage.      His  sister, 
who  had  been  all  in  all  to  him,  especially 
after  her    return    from    her   Polish   exile, 
suddenly  found  a  formidable  rival  in  Ary 
Scheffer's   niece,    and   her    jealous    nature 
would  not  allow  her  to  divide  her  brother's 
heart  with  another  woman.     For  a  time  it 
seemed  as  if  Eenan  would  either  have  to 
sacrifice  the  woman  he  loved  or  the  woman 
to  whom  he  owed  all.     He  chose  what  we 
cannot  call  the  nobler  part,  yet  at  any  rate 
that  which  required  the  greater  sacrifice,  and 
announced  to  his  sister  that  henceforth  she 
should  have  no  rival.     But  his  generosity 
evoked   a  corresponding  sacrifice  fropa  his 
sister,  and  the   episode   ended   happily  in 
Eenan's  marriage. 

His  sister  accompanied  him,  as  every 
one  knows,  on  that  mission  to  Phoe- 
nicia during  which  Eenan  was  to  write 
the  book  that  made  him,  '  The  Life  of 
Christ.'  She  lived  to  copy  out  nearly  the 
whole  of  it,  but  both  brother  and  sister 
were  struck  down  by  malarial  fever.  While 
Eenan  was  unconscious  and  had  to  be 
removed  to  the  French  man-of-war  his  sister 
died  and  was  buried.  Madame  Darmesteter's 
comments  on  the  tragedy  deserve  quotation, 
as  being  finely  thought  and  finely  ex- 
pressed :  — 

"There  is  no  grief  so  terrible  as  to  feel  that, 
however  innocently,  we  have  abandoned  our 
dearest  in  their  hour  of  need.  It  is  the  grief  of 
Peter.  Renan  never  forgot  that  his  sister  died 
alone.  For  many  years  she,  at  least,  did  not 
forsake  him  ;  for  those  whom  we  lose  by  death 
do  not  quit  us  all  at  once.  All  the  company 
of  true  mourners  may  echo  the  words  of  Hippo- 

lytus,    /uet^'aj  fSpoTeia';  Trpoa-irecru)V   6/AtAtas 

k\vo)v  /xei/  avSfjv,  ofifia  8'ovx  opdv  to  croi'.  We 
feel  an  irresistible  regis  above  us.  An  inner 
presence  is  more  penetrating  and  more  inti- 
mate than  we  ever  knew  it,  for  the  dead  speak 
to  us  now  from  within.  Our  continual  medita- 
tion on  a  vanished  object  recreates  it  in  our- 
selves. We  grow  like  the  dead  we  adore  ;  their 
spirit  finds  a  home  in  us,  and  appears  to  use  us 
and  direct  us  at  its  will.     But  in  the  end  our 


natural  personality  reasserts  itself  ;  only  very 
few  souls  arc  transformed  into  the  image  they 
recall.  Kenan's  character,  so  sensitive,  so 
impressionable,  had  none  the  less  a  ground- 
work of  singular  unmodifiahleness ;  even  the 
kindred  spirit  of  Henriette,  so  like  his  own, 
could   not  permanently  change    that  stubborn 

essence Time   passes;    the  dead   remain  as 

dear  ;  but  their  intluence  pervades  us  less  and 
less,  shrinks  gradually  back  to  its  own  centre, 
leaves  us— as  the  fields  are  left  on  the  retiring 
of  a  flood— fertilized,  no  doubt,  and  richer,  but 
the  same  as  before,  land  and  not  water,  ourselves 
and  not  another,  for  the  rest  of  our  time...... 

Even  Love-in -Death  cannot  create  a  new  spirit 
within  us." 

The  remainder  of  the  volume  deals  with 
Eenan's  life  as  author ;  but  the  distinction 
of  this  work  consists  in  the  admirable  way 
in  which  the  events  of  the  life  and  the  tone 
of   the   books   are  shown   to   react  on  one 
another.     Each  of  the  literary  exploits  is 
appraised  with  a  firmness  of  criticism  which 
is   surprising   from   one  who  can  scarcely 
claim  to  be  an  expert  in  any  of  the  themes 
with   which   Eenan's   versatile    pen    dealt. 
In    particular,  Madame   Darmesteter    sees 
clearly  that  the   fundamental  weakness  of 
'  The    Life    of     Christ '    is     its    want    of 
scholarship.     Her  chapter,  too,  on  Eenan's 
curious  intrusion  into  contemporary  politics 
is  one  of  the  most  charming  in  the  book. 
With  subtle  irony  she  gives  an  imaginary 
talk    between    the   voluble    savant    and    a 
Philistine   farmer   of  Brie,  which  puts   in 
the    most    effective    way    the    incongruity 
of     the     thinker    interfering    in    practical 
affairs.       But      she      forgets     that     such 
interference,    while    ineffective   in    affairs, 
may     be     admirable     training     for     com- 
menting    on     the     worldly    life.      Gibbon 
owned    his    indebtedness    to    his   training 
with     the    Hampshire     militia,    and     pro- 
bably owed  still  more  to  his  silent  presence 
in    the    House    of    Commons.      Similarly, 
Eenan  may  have  got  from  his  candidature 
for    the  Chamber    of   Deputies   knowledge 
which  stood  him  in  good  stead  when  dealing 
with  the  Eoman  empire.     But  it  is  in  the 
next  chapter,  on  the  influence  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian    war    on    Eenan's    thought    and 
future,  that  Madame  Darmesteter's  skill  as 
a  biographer  displays  itself  at  its  highest. 
Much  that  is  enigmatic    in   his   later  pro- 
ductions, almost  all  that  alienated  readers 
on  this  side  of  the  Channel,  finds   its  ex- 
planation in  these  ten  pages  of  hers.     The 
war,  or  at  least   the  Commune,  killed   the 
Eenan  of  old,  killed  at  any  rate  the  sturdy 
Breton  in  him  that  had  given  him  the  ttoG 
o-Tw   whence   to   influence    an    infidel    and 
decadent  metropolis.    With  a  poet's  instinct 
she  imagines  for  a  moment  Eenan  actually 
dying  on  one  of  the  barricades  of  1871,  and 
thus   brings   out   with   subtle   artistry   the 
enormous  difference  between  Eenan  before 
and   after    the   Commune.     Henceforth   to 
the  end  of  the  book,  in  dealing  with  Eenan's 
very  varied  production  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life,   Madame  Darmesteter  gives  in 
almost  every  case  the  controlling  ideas  of  each 
of  his  works.     It  is  quite  remarkable  with 
what  skill  she  has  summed  up  the  substance 
of  a  bulky  volume  in  a  few  lines.     But  still 
more   striking  is   the   virile    power   of  her 
comments  upon  these  views.     Biography  in 
her  hands  becomes  like  poetry,  a  criticism 
of  life,  and  not  alone  a  criticism  of  a  life. 
Her  comments,  in  particular,  on  the  '  Frag- 


664 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


ments  Philosophiques,'  the  '  Ecclesiastes,' 
and  the  '  Drames  Philosophiques,'  say  in 
each  case  the  right  thing  in  the  right  way. 
She  even  solves  the  problem  of  that  highly 
enigmatic  production  the  'Abbesse  de 
Jouarre.' 

Madame  Darmestoter  produces  her  effects 
as  a  rule  by  a  line  here  and  a  line  there, 
which  ultimately  make  up  quite  a  living 
portraiture.  It  is  only  rarely  that  she  for- 
mally discusses  the  qualities  of  Eenan's 
mind  or  character,  but  when  she  does  the 
result  is  equally  enlightening.  Nowhere 
has  the  iridescence  of  Kenan's  genius  been 
more  adequately  expressed  than  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage : — 

"  His  own  mind  was  the  broadest  of  his  age, 
and  therefore  the  least  passionate.  He  was 
incapable  of  taking  a  side,  accepting  a  limit  to 
the  laws  of  reason.  If  Truth  spoke  from  the 
mouth  of  an  opponent,  he  was  eager  with  his 
unqualified  assent.  In  his  rare  affirmations  he 
never  forgot  that  things  have  always  their 
unseen  side,  which  may  possibly  contradict  all 
that  we  should  predicate  from  those  surfaces 
within  our  range  of  vision.  For  the  human 
eye — and  the  mind's  eye,  also— is  so  constructed 
that  it  cannot  see  every  face  of  an  object  at 
the  same  time.  Renan,  however,  saw  them  so 
immediately  one  after  the  other,  as  in  a  series 
of  rapid  dissolving  views,  that  his  vision  of 
things  was  never  simple,  but  blended,  as  it 
were,  from  a  set  of  contraries.  No  aspect  of 
Truth  engrossed  him  so  entirely  as  to  exclude 
an  instinctive  divination  of  its  opposite.  A  sort 
of  contranitency — if  we  may  use  the  word— an 
elastic  reaction  against  pressure,  which  became 
the  main  quality  of  his  mind,  assured  him  that 
the  truth  of  one  thing  does  not  necessarily 
establish  the  falsehood  of  its  apparent  negation. 
The  air  through  which  we  all  see  the  world  is, 
in  fact,  a  sort  of  vivid  prism,  iridescent,  opa- 
lescent, only  habit  has  dulled  our  sense  of  it. 
But  Renan  kept  in  his  mind's  eye  unimpaired 
that  intellectual  iridescence  which  illuminates 
the  inner  vision.  The  truth  of  his  most  con- 
sidered assertions  is  qualified  with  subtle 
reservations.  And  the  unity  of  his  mind, 
exceptionally  sincere  and  veracious,  is  made  of 
a  thousand  diversities  in  fusion,  as  a  painter 
mixes  his  white  from  a  medley  of  many 
colours." 

Almost  the  sole  occasion  on  which  Madame 
Darmesteter  fails  to  do  justice  to  any  of 
Kenan's  productions  is  in  her  treatment  of 
his  last  great  work,  the  '  Histoire  du  Peuple 
d'Israel.'  She  recognizes,  it  is  true,  the 
main  import  of  the  book  in  making  the 
prophets,  not  the  legislator,  the  central 
figure  of  development.  She  somewhat  over- 
rates its  originality,  since  Wellhausen  had 
already  laid  insistence  on  the  prophets' 
work.  But  she  does  not  explain  why,  not- 
withstanding, the  book  was  a  comparative 
failure.  Eenan  had  himself,  as  Madame 
Darmesteter  has  shown,  much  of  the  pro- 
phetic spirit,  and  displayed  it  prominently 
during  the  war.  But  he  has  failed  to  give 
a  vital  picture  of  the  prophetic  movement. 
Though  unfrocked,  he  remained  a  priest  till 
the  end,  and  perhaps  something  of  the  old 
antipathy  between  priest  and  prophet  pre- 
vented him  from  adequately  expounding  the 
creators  of  modern  religion.  Here,  and  here 
alone,  he  is  inferior  to  Ewald.  Perhaps, 
too,  it  will  always  require  a  Protestant 
atmosphere  to  sympathize  entirely  with  the 
prophets.  But  apart  from  this,  Madame 
Darmesteter's  treatment  is  always  adequate 
and  almost  always  penetrating,  though  put 
in  the  shortest  compass. 


It  is  difficult  to  speak  without  exaggera- 
tion of  the  merits  of  this  short  but  in  every 
way  admirable  biogi'aphy  of  Renan.  Coming 
to  it  with  memories  of  recent  biographies 
in  English,  which  have  dealt  with  less  im- 
portant personages  at  five  times  the  length, 
one  is  perhaps  inclined  to  over-estimate  the 
merits  of  brevity  and  artistic  composition. 
But  of  one  thing  we  can  be  sure  :  Madame 
Darmesteter  has  indeed  written  for  English 
readers  '  The  Life  of  Ernest  Eenan.' 


TWO  BOOKS  ABOUT  JAPAN. 

T/w    Gist    of   Japan.     By   the   Eev.   E.   B. 

Peery,  of   the   Lutheran   Mission,    Saga, 

Japan.     With    Illustrations.      (Oliphant, 

Anderson  &  Ferrier.) 
Gleanings    in  Buddha  Fields.     By    Lafcadio 

Hearn.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 
Though  both  these  books  are  worthy  of 
perusal,  they  are  so  upon  different  grounds. 
In  relation  to  Japan  they  stand,  indeed,  at 
opposite  poles  of  thought  as  to  substance, 
and  as  to  form  they  are  equally  unlike. 
Mr.  Hearn's  work  is  an  example  of  delicate 
literary  workmanship  of  an  almost  whollj' 
subjective  character ;  Mr.  Peery's  volume 
is  roughly  written,  but  portrays  with  ad- 
mirable truth  and  justice  the  Japanese 
people,  regarded  as  a  social  entity,  and  not 
as  an  objet  d^art  or  an  ethnological  "  sport." 
We  do  not,  however,  think  with  Mr.  Peery 
that  there  is  any  special  difficulty  in  under- 
standing the  Japanese  people,  other  than 
their  confused  script,  which  bars  the  way 
towards  a  comprehension  of  their  written 
thought.  They  are  very  like  other  people 
in  the  main;  even  the  so-called  "topsy- 
turvydom "  of  Japan,  as  of  other  Sinesian 
countries,  is  of  an  accidental  more  than  a 
real  character,  as  the  history  of  Chinese  and 
Japanese  custom  clearly  shows.  Formerly, 
writes  Mr.  Peery,  the  people  of  Nippon 
were  dubbed  liars,  more  recently  they  have 
been  called  fickle.  These  accusations  are  not 
altogether  groundless,  but  the  circumstances 
in  which  Japan  was  introduced  to  the 
West  and  the  events  of  the  last  thirty  years 
fully  explain  what  was  a  perfectly  natural 
lack  of  moral  courage  and  steadiness.  As 
in  China,  society  in  Japan  is  founded  upon 
obedience,  but  it  is  not  the  obedience  of  love. 
"The  proper  attitude  of  children  towards 
parents,"  we  are  told,  "  and  pupils  towards 
teachers,  is  not  one  of  love,  but  of  absolute 
obedience  and  reverence."  Even  Japanese 
patriotism,  the  heritage  of  the  chvmhin  of 
the  Tokugawa  period,  is  founded  not  so 
much  on  a  love  of  country  as  upon  a  sort 
of  pride  based  largely  upon  a  ridiculous 
contempt  of  other  countries,  and  especially 
of  Western  countries.  But  here  again  there 
is  an  explanation.  There  is  really  nothing 
in  the  history  of  Japan,  so  far  as  we  know, 
for  the  Japanese  to  be  specially  proud  of, 
unless  it  be  the  repulse  of  the  in- 
vading hordes  of  Kublai  Khan,  and 
their  peculiarly  artistic  craftsmanship. 
Hence  they  were  obliged — patriotism  being 
seen  to  be  a  necessary  element  in  the  new 
system — to  develope  the  particularism  of 
Old  Japan  into  an  exaggeration  of  their 
merits  as  adopters  of  the  civilization  of  the 
very  West  they  affect  to  despise.  The 
Japanese  need  in  no  wise  be  ashamed  of 
having  to  pass  through  this  transitional 
phase — often  enough  exhibited  in  the  his- 


tory of  the  West.  So  when  Mr.  Peery  caUs 
the  Japanese  "  vacillatory  and  changeful," 
and  charges  them  with  beginning  huge 
enterprises  with  enthusiasm,  only  to  aban- 
don them  in  a  short  while,  he  makes  no 
allowance  for  their  brief  acquaintance  with, 
and  little  practical  experience  of,  the  arts  of 
the  West,  with  which  they  came  in  contact 
barely  twenty  years  ago,  or  for  the  unrest 
of  a  changeful  political  and  social  epoch.  Nor 
is  the  charge  quite  true  in  point  of  fact ;  the 
railways,  lines  of  steamers,  posts,  and  tele- 
graphs of  Japan  are  fairly  large  enterprises  ioi 
so  recently  rejuvenescent  a  people  to  under- 
take, and  are  all  admirably  equipped  and 
managed.  We  have  taken  exception  to  one 
or  two  counts  in  the  indictment  to  be  extracted 
from  these  pages,  but  without  prejudice  to 
the  generosity  with  which  full  justice  is 
done  to  the  many  excellences  which  Japau 
has  inherited  from  the  past  or  assimilated 
from  the  West. 

Of  religion,  in  a  Christian  sense  of  the 
term,  there  is  hardly  a  trace  in  Japan.  At 
the  bottom  of  Christianity  is  love,  but  the 
word  even  does  not  exist  in  Japanese.  Their 
writers  have  imported  the  English  word 
under  the  strange  guise  of  rahu  (for  lahu  ov 
lavii),  and  rabu  sum  is  to  love,  or  rather  make 
love,  with  a  significant  degradation  of  mean- 
ing. Eeligion  therefore  is  mere  non-emotive 
ritual  (Buddhism),  or  almost  rituaUess  mytk- 
ism  (Shinto),  or  bare  practical  ethics  taught 
by  handbooks  and  manuals  issued  frona 
a  Government  office.  It  must  always  be 
remembered  that  in  Japan  the  springs  of 
civilization,  the  histories,  literatures,  and 
civilizations  of  Greece,  Eome,  and  Judaea, 
are  wholly  unstudied  ;  Mill  and  Spencer 
are  the  prophets  most  honoured  (at  a 
very  respectful  distance) ;  but  science  is  the 
Yahve  of  "renovated"  {aratametaru)  Japan. 
Mr.  Peery's  account  of  Christianity  in  Japan 
sums  up  the  experience  of  many  years'' 
earnest  work  as  an  American  Lutheran 
missionary,  chiefly  in  the  province  of 
Saga,  in  Western  Japan.  It  is  by  far 
the  most  authoritative  statement  on  the 
subject  that  we  have  met  with.  To 
those  who  take  any  interest  in  the  future 
and  in  the  welfare — not  merely  material — 
of  Japan  an  attentive  study  of  the  last 
six  chapters  of  the  book  may  be  com- 
mended. There  are  a  hundred  thousand 
Christians  in  Japan.  The  people  are  in  a 
plastic  condition,  and  have  no  strong  pre- 
judices of  a  quasi-religious  character  to 
overcome.  There  is  a  considerable  Christian 
literature,  and  over  eight  hundred  missionaries 
are  in  the  field,  aided  by  a  numerous  and  well- 
instructed  native  clergy.  There  is  no  official 
opposition.  During  tlie  late  war  imonshi  or 
native  Christian  chaplains  were  allowed  to 
accompany  the  troops,  and  aid  was  given  in 
the  distribution  of  Bibles  among  the  soldiers. 
Lastly,  Prof.  Chamberlain  (and  no  higher 
authority  exists)  declares  that  the  change  in 
the  position  of  Christianity  in  Japan  is  moat 
striking — indeed,  well-nigh  incredible.  Mr. 
Peery  may,  therefore,  possibly  be  justified  in 
the  confidence  with  which  he  looks  forward 
to  the  time  when  the  empire  of  Japan  shall 
no  longer  be  a  mission  field,  but  shall  her- 
self send  missionaries  to  the  millions  around 
her. 

Of  Mr.  Hearn's  volume  it  is  not  necessary 
to  say  much.  We  have  on  previous  occasions 
exhaustively  discussed  his  books  on  Japan, 


N'' 3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


665 


and  the  one  before  us  is  cast  pretty  much  in 
the  same  mould  as  that  of  its  foregoors.  In 
the  profundity  of  Buddhism  it  is  difficult 
to  have  much  faith.  There  is  too  much 
verbiage  in  its  literature,  and  a  great  deal 
of  logomachy  in  which  tlio  truth  the  religion 
contains  is  nearly  buried.  There  is  too 
little  appeal  to  human  experience  in  these 
treatises  to  furnish  any  adequate  solution 
of  the  great  problems  of  thought  and  life. 
Just  as  the  Japanese  appear  to  Mr.  Peery 
loveless  and  materialistic,  not  to  say  com- 
monplace, so  to  Mr.  Hearn  they  seem  filled 
with  delicate  forms  of  love,  and  immersed 
in  a  spirituality  to  which  the  most  ethereal 
essences  of  the  West  are  but  as  gross  matter. 
Now  in  Japanese,  or,  at  any  rate,  in  old 
Japanese  life,  as  in  the  landscape  of  Japan, 
there  was  or  is  a  weird  something  difficult 
to  define,  not  apparent  to  all,  or  to  any  one 
at  all  times — combinations  of  form  and 
colour,  light  and  shade,  peculiar  to  the  land, 
inducing  often  a  contemplative  mood  which 
may  easily  become  mere  sentimentality,  but 
at  its  best  developes  into  an  ecstasy  of 
keenly  delicious  inward  joy.  This  mood, 
this  joy,  however,  are,  there  cannot  be  a 
doubt,  unknown  to  the  Japanese  them- 
selves (save  in  possible  rare  instances). 
There  is  scarcely  a  trace  of  either  in  the 
literature  of  Japan  ;  they  are  purely  sub- 
jective phases  of  the  European  mind  when 
brought  into  view  of  man  and  nature  there. 
In  Mr.  Hearn's  book  China  is  barely  men- 
tioned, but  it  cannot  be  too  often  repeated 
that  practically  the  whole  art,  science, 
literature,  and  philosophy  of  Japan,  nearly 
all  its  polite  language,  very  many  of  its 
popular  expressions,  crowds  of  myths  and 
traditions,  are  importations  from  the  China 
of  the  Ming  and  anterior  dynasties,  or  imita- 
tions of  Celestial  originals  of  all  ages.  Even 
the  songs  translated  (with  many  embellish- 
ments) by  Mr.  Hearn  remind  one  of  China. 
They  are  simple  pieces,  presenting  obvious 
matters  prettily  enough,  and  with  a  little 
practice  may  easily  be  composed  by  the 
thousand,  like  the  sketches,  consisting  of 
half  a  dozen  irregular  lines,  described  in 
Mr.  Parsons's  pleasant  volume.  Nothing, 
perhaps,  better  illustrates  the  inchoate 
nature  of  Japanese  art  (admirable  as  it  is 
within  somewhat  restricted  limits)  than  the 
face  -  presentments  Mr.  Hearn  so  much 
admires  (after  a  long  incubation  of  non- 
comprehension),  and  the  Japanese  Minister, 
in  common  with  his  countrymen,  regards  as 
quite  ordinary.  It  is,  in  fact,  this  very 
inchoate  style  which  Mr.  Hearn  appears 
to  find  so  excellent  a  thing  in  art.  It  was 
not  unusual,  by-the-by,  for  the  Japanese 
artist  to  leave  the  faces  to  be  put  in  by  his 
pupils ;  we  have  seen  numbers  of  Hokusai's 
attempts  with  the  faces  thus  left  blank,  the 
features  being  afterwards  represented  by 
adding  six  curved  lines  entirely  conven- 
tional, with  a  little  hook  or  turn  or  two. 
The  birds,  flowers,  &c.,  so  deftly  limned, 
were  equally  well  drawn  by  the  Chinese 
centuries  ago,  and  reveal,  indeed,  the 
cunning  of  the  craftsman,  accustomed  to 
wield  a  brush  from  his  infancy,  much  more 
than  the  inspiration  of  the  artist.  If  care- 
fully examined,  the  technique  of  these  pro- 
ductions is  apparent  enough,  and  twigs, 
leaves,  birds,  &c.,  in  hundreds  of  kakemono 
are  essentially  not  much  more  than  repro- 
ductions of  types  which  can  be  learnt  with 


a  quite  singular  ease.  It  is  true  the  Euro- 
pean artist  does  not  perform  these  tricks  ; 
he  has  too  much  sense  to  attempt  them.  In 
decoration  Japanese  art  has  had  an  excellent 
influence,  but  the  methods  of  China  and 
Japan  are  altogether  incapable  of  producing 
the  impressive  or  delicate  effects  of  the 
pictorial  art  of  Europe. 

The  chapters  on  Buddhism  in  Mr. 
Hearn's  book  space  compels  us  to 
neglect.  They  are  finely  written,  but 
the  Buddhism  is  the  Buddhism  of  Mr. 
Hearn,  not  of  China  or  Japan,  or  of 
anywhere  else.  Nevertheless,  we  think 
them  the  most  attractive  of  these  gleanings. 
Laputa  is  placed  not  very  far  from  Japan  ; 
to  a  quasi-Laputa  Mr.  Hearn  has  gone,  and 
his  Laputian  experiences  are  more  interesting 
than  any  ordinary  terrestrial  experiences 
could  have  been. 


Aglavaine  et  Silysette.     Par  Maurice  Maeter- 
linck.    (Paris,  Mercure  de  France.) 
Aglavaine    and    Selysette.      Translated    by 

Alfred  Sutro.  (Grant  Eichards.) 
Mr.  Sutro' s  translation  of  *  Aglavaine  et 
Selysette '  is,  on  the  whole,  careful  and 
accurate  ;  but  it  fails  to  be  quite  good  for 
a  reason  which  the  study  of  Maeterlinck 
should  have  made  impossible.  Mr.  Sutro 
is  afraid  to  be  simple.  He  renders  "avant 
que  je  m'en  aille"  by  "  before  I  wend  my 
way  from  here,"  and  "on  ne  voit  plus  les 
hommes "  by  "the  voice  of  mankind  is 
still."  Maeterlinck  can  be  translated  per- 
fectly by  rendering  each  word  that  he  uses, 
just  as  he  uses  it,  into  the  precisely  corre- 
sponding word  in  English.  He  can  be 
translated  in  no  other  way.  "Whenever  Mr. 
Sutro  goes  wrong,  it  is  because  he  has,  for 
the  moment,  forgotten  this  fact.  Mr. 
Mackail's  introduction  is  written  with  deli- 
cacy and  insight.  It  is  the  work  of  one 
who  can  write,  and,  unlike  an  introduction 
to  '  Le  Tresor  des  Humbles '  on  which  we 
have  already  had  to  comment,  it  really  intro- 
duces us,  with  the  gesture  of  a  sympathetic 
and  accomplished  guide,  to  the  book  on 
whose  threshold  we  find  ourselves.  But 
Mr.  Mackail  must  not  say  of  Maeterlinck's 
characters  that  "  they  flicker  on  the  verge 
of  embodiment,  like  a  flame  in  the  door  way. ^^ 
Has  he  forgotten  in  Pater's  essay  on  '  The 
Poetry  of  Michelangelo '  that  passage  on 
"  the  new  body,"  "  a  breath,  a  flame  in  the 
doorway,  a  feather  in  the  wind  "  ? 

*  Aglavaine  et  Selysette  '  is  the  most 
beautiful  play  that  Maeterlinck  has  yet 
written  ;  it  is  as  beautiful  as  *  Le  Trosor  des 
Humbles.'  Hitherto,  in  his  dramatic  prose, 
he  has  deliberately  refrained  from  that  ex- 
plicit beauty  of  phrase  which  is  to  be  found 
in  almost  every  sentence  of  the  essays. 
Implicit  beauty  there  has  been  from  the 
first,  a  beauty  of  reverie  in  which  the  close 
lips  of  his  shadowy  people  seem  afraid  to 
do  more  than  whisper  a  few  vague  words, 
mere  hints  of  whatever  dreams  and  thoughts 
had  come  to  them  out  of  the  darkness.  But 
of  the  elaborate  beauty  of  the  essays,  in 
which  an  extreme  simplicity  becomes  more 
ornate  than  any  adornment,  there  has  been, 
until  now,  almost  nothing.  In  *  Aglavaine 
et  Selysette*  we  have  not  merely  beauty 
of  conception  and  atmosphere,  but  writing 
which  is  beautiful  in  itself,  and  in  which 
meditation  achieves  its  own  right  to  exist, 


not  merely  because  it  carries  out  that  con- 
ception, or  forms  that  atmosphere.     And  at 
the  same  time  the  very  essence  of  the  drama 
has  been  yet  further  spiritualized.     Maeter- 
linck has  always  realized,  better  than  any 
one  else,  the  significance,  in  life  and  art,  of 
mystery.  He  has  realized  how  unsearchable 
is  the  darkness  out  of  which  we  have  but 
just  stepped,  and  the  darkness  into  which 
we  are  about  to  pass.     And  he  has  reabzed 
how  the  thought  and  sense  of  that  twofold 
darkness  invade  the  little  space  of  light  in 
which,  for  a  moment,  we  move  ;  the  depth 
to  which  they  shadow  our  steps,  even  in  that 
moment's  partial  escape.     But  in  some  of 
his  plays  he  would   seem  to  have  appre- 
hended this  mystery  as  a  thing  merely  or 
mainly  terrifying — the  actual  physical  dark- 
ness  surrounding   blind    men,    the    actual 
physical  approach  of   death  as  a  stealthy 
intruder  into  our  midst ;  he  has  shown  us 
people  huddled  at  a  window,  out  of  which 
they  almost  feared  to  look,  or  beating  at  a  door, 
the  opening  of  which  they  dreaded.     Fear 
shivers  through  these  plays,  creeping  across 
our  nerves  like  a  damp  mist  coiling  up  out 
of  a  vaUey.     And  there  is  beauty  certainly 
in  this  "  vague  spiritual  fear  ";  but  certainly 
a  lower   kind   of   beauty  than  that  which 
gives  its  supreme  pathos  to  *  Aglavaine  et 
Selysette.'      Here  is  mystery  which  is  also 
pure  beauty,  in  these  delicate  approaches 
of  intellectual  pathos,  in  which   suffering 
and  death  and   error  become  transformed 
into  something  almost  happy,  so  fuU  is  it 
of  strange  light. 

And,  with  this  spiritualizing  of  the  very 
substance  of  what  had  always  been  so  fully 
a  drama  of  things  unseen,  there  comes,  as 
we  have  said,  a  freer  abandonment  to  the 
instinctive  desire  of  the  artist  to  write 
beautifully.  Having  realized  that  one 
need  not  be  afraid  of  beauty,  he  is  not 
afraid  to  let  soul  speak  to  soul  in  language 
worthy  of  both.  And,  curiously,  at  the 
same  time  he  becomes  more  familiar,  more 
human.  Selysette  is  quite  the  most  natural 
character  that  Maeterlinck  has  ever  drawn, 
as  Aglavaine  is  the  most  noble.  Meleandre 
is,  perhaps,  more  shadowy  than  ever,  but 
that  is  because  he  is  deliberately  sub- 
ordinated in  the  composition,  which  is  con- 
cerned only  with  the  action  upon  one  another 
of  the  two  women.  He  suffers  the  action 
of  these  forces,  does  not  himself  act ;  stand- 
ing between  them  as  man  stands  between 
the  calling  of  the  intellectual  and  the  emo- 
tional life,  between  the  simplicity  of  daily 
existence,  in  which  he  is  good,  affectionate, 
happy,  and  the  perhaps  "immoral" 
heightening  of  that  existence  which  is 
somewhat  disastrously  possible  in  the 
achievement  of  his  dreams.  In  this  play, 
which  touches  so  beautifully  and  so  pro- 
foundly on  so  many  questions,  this  eternal 
question  is  restated  ;  of  course,  not  answered. 
To  answer  it  would  be  to  find  the  missing 
word  in  the  great  enigma  ;  and  to  Maeter- 
linck, who  can  believe  in  nothing  which  is 
not  mystery,  it  is  of  the  essence  of  his 
philosophy  not  to  answer  his  own  question. 


Chapters  on  the  Book  of  Mulling.     By  H.  J. 
Lawlor,  B.D.     (Edinburgh,  Douglas.) 

The  Book  of  Mulling  is  a  Biblical  manu- 
script, written  in  Ireland  before  a.d.  1000, 
and  now  in  the  library  of  Trinity  College, 


GOG 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N%3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


Dublin.  It  derives  its  name  from  its  colo- 
phon, "Nomen  liautem  scriptoris  mulling 
dicitur  Finiunt  quatuor  evangelia." 

St.  Mulling  was  Bishop  of  Ferns  and 
died  in  096.  Early  Irish  manuscripts,  ex- 
cluding a  few  extremely  ancient  fragments, 
exhibit  two  forms  of  handwriting.  The 
Book  of  Armagh,  of  which  the  scribe  died 
in  807,  is  an  example  of  one  form,  and  the 
Book  of  Kells,  of  which  the  precise  date  is 
not  proved  by  any  entry,  is  the  finest 
example  of  the  other.  The  Book  of  Teiliau, 
which  contains  entries  proving  it  to  be 
earlier  than  the  year  1000,  and  the  Gospels 
of  MacEegol,  who  died  in  820,  are  in  the 
round-letter  style  of  the  Book  of  Kells.  It 
is  clear  that  this  splendid  handwriting  was 
in  part  contemporaneous  with  the  angular 
hand  of  the  Book  of  Armagh,  and  that  it 
died  out,  while  the  Armagh  hand,  which 
has  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
Bobio  Irish  notes  now  at  Milan  and  in  the 
Vatican,  is  the  ancestor  of  the  hand  still 
written  by  Irish  scribes.  The  types  of 
O'Kearney's  catechism  and  of  the  Louvain 
books — the  earliest  specimens  of  Irish  print- 
ing— were  copied  from  this  handwriting.  The 
history  of  the  Armagh  hand  can  be  clearly 
traced  for  about  eleven  hundred  years,  from 
800  to  the  present  day.  The  Book  of  Mulling 
is  written  in  it,  and  if  the  century  pre- 
ceding the  writing  of  the  Book  of  Armagh 
showed  no  more  change  than  the  century 
which  followed  the  death  of  Ferdomnach,  the 
Armagh  scribe,  there  is  no  reason  against 
the  acceptance  of  the  colophon  as  a  state- 
ment written  at  the  end  of  the  seventh 
century  by  Mulling  himself.  Mulling, 
Bishop  of  Ferns,  was  a  patron  saint  of  the 
O'Oavanaghs,  in  whose  custody  the  book 
had  been  for  some  centuries  before  it  was 
deposited  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Their 
house  of  Borris  Idrone  is  near  Tech  Moling, 
or  St.  Mullin's,  the  monastery  founded  by 
the  saint.  Dr.  Eichard  Bentley  expresses  an 
opinion  as  to  the  danger  of  determining  the 
genuineness  of  a  document  on  the  evidence 
of  style  alone,  and  too  little  is  at  present 
known  of  the  history  of  Irish  manuscripts 
for  the  final  acceptance  of  the  assertions 
made  even  by  thoroughly  competent  pala30- 
graphers  as  to  the  probable  date  of  par- 
ticular undated  manuscripts.  Every  manu- 
script thoroughly  studied  as  the  Book  of 
Mulling  has  been  by  Mr.  Lawlor  adds  to 
the  possibility  of  solving  the  problems  of  the 
date  of  the  books  of  KeUs,  Durrow,  and 
other  places. 

The  Book  of  MuUing  has  been  ignorantly 
bound  in  modern  times  : — 

"  The  volume  is  duly  described  on  the  back, 
'  Book  of  Mulling,'  and  its  contents  are  arranged 
in  the  following  order  :  (1)  ff.  1-17,  Gospel 
according  to  St.  Mark  ;  (2)  ff.  18-28,  Jerome's 
Epistle  to  Damasus,  the  Arguments  of  the 
Gospels,  and  the  Eusebian  Canons  ;  (3)  ff.  29- 
50,  Gospel  according  to  St.  Matthew,  and  other 
matter  ;  (4)  ff.  51-53,  three  portraits  ;  (5)  ff.  54- 
81,  Gospel  according  to  St.  Luke  ;  (6)  ff.  82-94, 
Gospel  according  to  St.  John,  colophon  and 
other  matter;  (7)  ff.  95-98,  fragments  of  St. 
Matthew  and  St.  Mark  ;  (9)  f.  99,  blank." 

It  is  in  Latin  throughout,  and  part 
of  its  text  is  that  of  the  Vulgate,  part 
of  the  old  Latin  version,  and  parts  from 
other  sources.  Mr.  Lawlor  discusses  at 
length  every  reading  and  the  relation  of 
all  the  readings  to  particular  texts.  The 
liturgical  fragment    has    been    as    far  as 


possible  transcribed,  and  is  exhaustively 
examined.  It  includes  part  of  the  hymn 
in  praise  of  St.  Patrick  composed  by 
St.  SechnaU  or  Secundinus.  The  following 
legend  accounts  for  the  veneration  in  which 
the  hymn  was  held  in  Ireland  : — 

"  Wlien  the  recitation  of  the  hymn  was  con- 
cluded, Sechnall  said,  '  I  must  have  reward  for 
it,'  said  he.  'Thou  shalt  have  it,'  said  Patrick, 
'  tlie  number  of  days  that  are  in  a  year,  the 
same  number  of  souls  of  sinners  shall  go  to 
heaven,  for  the  making  of  this  hymn.'  'I  will 
not  accept  that,'  said  Sechnall,  '  for  I  think  that 
too  little,  and  the  praise  is  good.'  '  Thou  shalt 
have  then,'  said  Patrick,  'the  number  of  the 
hairs  that  are  on  the  casula  of  thy  cowl,  the 
same  number  of  sinners  to  go  to  heaven,  for 
the  hymn.'  '  I  will  not  accept  it,'  said  Sechnall, 
'for  who  is  the  believer  who  v/ould  not  take 
that  number  to  heaven,  although  he  were  not 
praised  by  myself,  nor  by  any  one,  as  thou  art. ' 
'Thou  shalt  have,' said  Patrick,  'seven  every 
Thursday,  and  twelve  every  Saturday,  to  go  to 
heaven,  of  the  sinners  of  Erinn.'  'It  is  too 
little,'  said  Sechnall.  'Thou  shalt  have,' said 
Patrick,  '  every  one  to  go  to  heaven  who  sings  it 
lying  doivn  and  rising  tip.'  'I  will  not  accept 
that,'  said  Sechnall,  '  for  the  hymn  is  too  long, 
and  it  is  not  every  one  that  can  commit  it  to 
memory.'  '■  Its  whole  qrace^  theii,'  aa,id  Patrick, 
'  shall  be  upon  the  last  three  stanzas  of  it.'  '  Deo 
gratias,'  said  Sechnall." 

Great  ingenuity  is  shown  in  the  con- 
sideration of  a  curious  circular  device  which 
occurs  on  one  page  ;  and  in  an  appendix  are 
printed  the  old  Latin  Biblical  portions  of 
the  manuscript  known  as  '  The  Garland  of 
Howth.'  An  excellent  index  completes  this 
very  thorough  and  interesting  book.  The 
editor  deserves  the  highest  commendation 
for  his  perseverance  and  accuracy,  and  both 
Biblical  studies  and  Irish  palaeography  owe 
much  to  him  and  to  Prof.  Gwynn,  of  Trinity 
College,  at  whose  suggestion  the  work  was 
undertaken,  and  to  whose  teaching  the 
editor's  interest  in  the  subject  was  due. 


Recent  Advances  in  the  Theistic  Philosophy  of 
Religion.  By  James  Lindsay,  B.D,,  B.Sc. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
Encouraged  by  what  he  describes  as  "  the 
unusually  favourable  reception  accorded  in 
the  most  competent  quarters  "  to  his  former 
work  on  '  The  Progressiveness  of  Modern 
Christian  Thought,'  the  minister  of  St. 
Andrew's  parish,  Kilmarnock,  has  under- 
taken to  review  the  more  important  of 
recent  speculations  on  theism,  with  the 
object  of  showing  that  they,  too,  exhibit  a 
progressive  character.  He  tells  us  that  with 
feelings  of  amazement  and  dismay  he  finds 
writers  of  undoubted  ability  conveying  the 
contrary  impression  by  a  belated  treatment 
of  the  views  of  Descartes,  of  Hume,  and  of 
Kant,  as  though  since  the  days  of  these 
philosophers  the  world  of  thought  had 
relapsed  into  slumber.  Mr.  Lindsay  is  con- 
vinced that  it  has  been  far  otherwise.  In 
his  judgment  the  march  of  knowledge  in 
the  nineteenth  century  has  been  so  great, 
and  its  results  so  fruitful,  that  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  theistic  philosopher,  in  spite 
of  checks  and  reverses,  are  such  as  spring 
from  an  emlarras  de  richesses.  With  some 
confusion  of  language  he  declares  that  it  is 
not  the  purpose  of  his  work  to  add  to  exist- 
ing expositions  of  theism,  but  rather  to  take 
critical  account  of  them,  and  "to  cast  its 
own  distinctive  contribution  on  to  the  slowly 
rising  pile  of  theistic  knowledge,"    This  is 


certainly  a  sanguine  temper  to  bring  to  the 
discussion  of  a  subject  so  fraught  with  per- 
plexity. But  it  is  not  the  least  of  the  expec- 
tations which  Mr.  Lindsay  entertains .  Aware 
that  the  writers  of  theistic  works  have  often 
been  subjected  to  the  reproach  that  they 
have  not  duly  considered  the  bearings  of 
evolution  on  the  form  and  content  of  their 
theories,  he  states,  once  for  all,  that  it  has 
been  his  steadfast  aim  to  keep  those  bear- 
ings in  view,  and  to  yield  to  science  what- 
ever belongs  to  it.  All  that  he  desires 
is  at  the  same  time  "to  claim  for  God  on 
the  one  hand,  and  for  man  on  the  other, 
what  may  be  quite  as  rightfully  claimed  for 
them." 

Such   a   declaration,  placed  in   the   very 
forefront   of   a   volume    professedly  philo- 
sophic, might  well  engender  doubts  as  to 
the  wisdom  of  following  Mr.  Lindsay  through 
the  five  hundred  pages  of  his  review.     A 
writer,  it  might  be  thought,  who  describes 
his  book  as  a  distinct  addition  to  knowledge,  J^ 
and  begins  by  apparently  drawing  a  sharp    • 
line  of   cleavage   between   the   things  that 
belong  respectively  to  God,  to  man,  and  to 
science,  hardly  goes  the  right  way  to  work. 
But   Mr.   Lindsay   does   himself    some   in- 
justice.     This    initial     declaration,    while 
foreshadowing  the  tone  of  parts  of  his  worlc, 
does  not  really  represent  the  spirit  in  which 
it  is  undertaken.     He  is  carried  away  by 
the  strength  of  his  zeal  and  the  sweep  of 
his  own  exuberant  rhetoric,  as  often  happens 
with  writers  who  are  also  called  upon  to 
exercise  the  office  of  a  preacher  and  to  stimu- 
late congregations.  He  is  obviously  anxious 
to  make  a  calm  judicial  estimate  of  the  best 
that  has  been  said  and  thought  of  late  on 
the   subject   of  religion.     It  is  his  sincere 
desire  to  give  every  theory  its  due,  and  to 
leave  no  hostile  criticism  unexamined.  Above 
all,  he  seeks  to  prove  that  the  true  basis  of 
religion  is  to  be  found,  not  alone  in  a  con- 
scious relation  to  some  Power  in  the  universe 
higher  than  ourselves,  but  also  in  the  im- 
plicates of  reason  ;  that  theism  is,  in  a  very 
valid  sense,   the  true   unity  to   which  aU 
intelligence  aspires.     But  while  the  aim  of 
his  work  is   to   demonstrate   that  religion, 
rightly  understood,  is  thus    all-embracing, 
and  that  it  interprets,  to  use  his  own  lan- 
guage, the  claims  of  God  equally  with  those 
of  science  and  of  man,  it  must  be  confessed 
that  Mr.  Lindsay  often  writes  in   a   style 
which  is  apt  to  make  his  readers  forget  that 
aim.     His  thought  would  be  clearer,  more 
fruitful,  more  philosophical,  in  better  har- 
mony  with    the    sober   standard   of  truth, 
if   it    were   less   fervid    and    impassioned, 
and     if     he     always     remembered    that 
those  whose  views  are  opposed  to  his  own 
are    also    God's    creatures.      His   writing 
would  be  much  more  effective  if  he  were  to 
pay  some  attention  to  the  Greek  aphorism, 
"The  half  is  more  than  the  whole,"  and 
accept  Voltaire's  warning  that  the  adjective 
is  the  enemy  of  the  substantive.     While  not 
wanting  in  the  eloquence  of  enthusiasm,  his 
style  is  often  most  prolix  and  tortuous.     He 
indulges  in  strange  inversions  of  language, 
and  coins  many  curious  words. 

But  enough  of  criticism  that  is  provoked 
chiefly  by  the  literary  character  of  Mr.  Lind- 
say's work.  Whatever  be  its  defects,  they 
are  not  such  as  arise  either  from  lack  of 
reflection  or  from  lack  of  knowledge  of 
what  has  been  done  in  the  same  province  by 


]Sr%3655,  Nov.  13, '9r 


THE    ATHENiEliM 


6G7 


others.  It  is  not  only  the  speculations  of 
tho  classical  writers  that  Mr,  Lindsay 
appears  to  have  examined,  and  in  some 
sense  to  have  mastered ;  ho  is  also  con- 
versant with  the  theories  of  all  the  best 
known  and  many  of  the  obscurer  exponents 
of  the  modern  philosophy  of  theism  at  home 
and  abroad.  In  erudition,  at  least,  he  is 
well  equipped  for  his  task ;  nor  are  his 
criticisms  on  individual  books,  as  he  passes 
them  in  review,  wanting  in  force  or  ori- 
ginality. It  is,  for  instance,  a  happy 
observation  to  make  on  Mr.  Balfour's 
'  Foundations  of  Belief '  that  it  exhibits  a 
tendency  to  rob  Reason  in  order  to  pay 
Authority. 

Mr.  Lindsay's  treatment  of  what  are 
called  the  cosmological  and  the  ontological 
arguments  is  fresh  and  interesting.  He 
also  indicates  the  bearings  of  a  new  teleo- 
logical  argument  in  the  light  of  the  theories 
involved  in  the  use  (sufficiently  common 
among  men  of  science)  of  such  words  and 
phrases  as"  adaptation,"  "evolution,"  "the 
purposive  action  of  nature."  Many  other, 
too,  of  the  questions  that  naturally  arise 
in  the  discussion  of  theism  Mr.  Lindsay 
handles  in  a  suggestive  fashion,  although 
he  is  not  always  fair  to  arguments  that 
run  counter  to  his  own,  or  reach  his 
conclusion  by  methods  that  would  con- 
vince a  sceptic.  Of  his  treatment  of  these 
questions  it  will  be  sufficient  to  confine  at- 
tention here  to  what  he  says  on  the  person- 
ality of  Q-od,  and  on  that  touchstone  of  all 
philosophies  of  theism,  the  problem  of  evil. 

To  the  unreflective  mind  the  idea  of  per- 
sonality involves  a  body  and  a  brain  on  the 
human  model,  and  even  amongst  philo- 
sophers there  are  many  who  profess  them- 
selves unable  to  divest  the  idea  of  similar 
associations.  Fiske,  for  instance,  as  Mr. 
Lindsay  observes,  declared  in  his  'Cosmic 
Philosophy '  that  personality  in  God  is  in- 
conceivable apart  from  the  same  defects  and 
limitations  as  characterize  it  in  man.  Seeley, 
too,  in  his  *  Natural  Religion '  laid  down 
that  personality  involved  a  body  and  a  mor- 
tality. To  Strauss  an  absolute  personality 
was  something  "incapableof  being  thought." 
Many  great  writers,  too,  have  regarded  per- 
sonality as  a  limitation.  Mr.  Lindsay, 
however,  is  afflicted  with  no  such  scruples, 
and  it  is  his  endeavour  to  show  that  the 
tendency  of  most  recent  theistic  philosophy 
is  with  him.  He  holds — and  he  has  little 
difficulty  in  citing  an  array  of  other  writers 
who  also  hold — that  personality  is  in  no  wise 
to  be  described  as  physical  or  quantitative  ; 
that  its  essential  nature  is  of  an  intellectual 
and  moral  cast ;  that  it  consists  in  seK- 
consciousness  and  self-determination.  That 
this  is  the  true  view  there  can  be  no  manner 
of  doubt ;  but  the  relation  of  this  self-con- 
scious and  self-determining  spirit  to  the 
matter  in  which,  as  far  as  human  experi- 
ence goes,  it  is  always  enshrined,  presents 
difficulties  which  to  Fiske  and  Seeley  and 
Strauss  were  insuperable,  and  which  neither 
Mr.  Lindsay  nor  any  one  of  those  he  cites 
has  yet  been  able  to  solve.  There  is  much 
in  the  arguments  advanced  by  Mr.  Lindsay 
which  commands  assent,  particularly  when 
he  disputes  the  contention  that  personality, 
in  the  right  sense,  as  applied  to  God, 
involves  something  finite  and  limited,  and 
urges  that  there  is  an  aspect  of  personality 
which  would  make  the  Divine  the  only  true 


form  of  it.  But  at  the  same  time,  on  a 
review  of  the  whole  discussion,  the  plain 
man  will  be  tempted  to  say  that  the  per- 
sonality of  God  is  not  a  matter  which  is  in 
itself  susceptible  of  much  argument,  still 
less  of  demonstration.  It  is  an  assumption 
which  religion  demands,  if  it  is  to  have  any 
real  force  or  fervour.  If  there  is  any  power 
in  the  world  that  upholds  it  all  and  makes 
for  righteousness,  we  should,  as  Mr.  Lind- 
say suggests,  be  lowering  the  endeavours 
and  aspirations  of  men  not  to  conceive  it  as 
personal  in  the  sense  in  which  the  word 
has  been  defined.  But  the  personality  of 
God  is  no  more  than  a  postulate  of  the 
religious  consciousness  —  a  postulate  not, 
indeed,  dissimilar  from  that  which  demands 
the  existence  of  God  as  the  explanation  of 
life  and  the  world.  Whether  it  is  the  per- 
sonality or  the  existence  of  God,  it  is  well 
not  to  force  it  into  the  limits  of  a  too  exact 
definition,  but  to  accept  it  in  the  temper  of 
that  maxim  of  Goethe's  which  Mr.  Lindsay 
quotes  in  another  connexion :  "  It  is  not 
always  needful  for  truth  to  take  a  definite 
shape ;  it  is  enough  if  it  hovers  about  us 
like  a  spirit  and  produces  harmony." 

Mr.  Lindsay's  treatment  of  the  problem 
of  evil  is  somewhat  meagre ;  what  he  offers 
in  the  way  of  discussion  is  neither  very 
searching  nor  very  satisfying.  Not  that 
he  is  unaware  of  the  vast  importance  of  the 
subject.  He  sees  clearly  enough  what  are 
the  issues  that  have  been  raised  by  modern 
pessimism  ;  he  even  goes  so  far  as  to  say  that 
while  pessimism  may  not  have  the  last  word, 
it  will  have  a  place  in  any  message  to  man 
to  the  end.  Recent  philosophy  of  theism 
has,  he  considers,  shown  a  sufficient  appre- 
ciation of  the  difficulty  which  the  evil  of  the 
world  offers  to  belief  in  an  almighty  and 
beneficent  Author  of  it,  and  certain  it  is 
that  no  rational  exposition  of  theism  can 
now  attempt  to  evade  it.  But  he  does  not 
do  much  to  explain  the  difficulty.  He 
refers  sympathetically  to  the  theory  of  what 
has  sometimes  been  called  the  "permissive 
agency"  of  evil,  and  to  the  compensations 
of  moral  training,  stimulus  to  goodness, 
pity,  and  the  like  which  may  be  adduced 
to  justify  its  operation ;  but  he  feels,  and 
wisely  feels,  that  it  is  a  mere  quibble  to 
try  to  regard  these  compensations  as  in 
any  way  indicating  that  evil  is  unreal,  or 
merely  an  accident  of  imperfect  develop- 
ment. His  own  view  appears  to  be  that 
freedom  and  moral  responsibility  require 
and  even  justify  the  existence  of  evil.  If, 
he  says  in  effect,  there  were  no  freedom, 
with  the  implied  possibility  of  evil  and 
moral  transgression,  we  should  be  presented 
with  a  system  of  automatism ;  and,  he 
curiously  adds,  we  need  not  be  surprised  if 
God  does  not  care  to  reign  over  such  a  king- 
dom. The  subject  is  so  replete  with  per- 
plexity that  it  is  not  easy  to  challenge  any 
view  which  does  not  presuppose  acquaint- 
ance with  Divine  desires  and  intentions ; 
but  Mr.  Lindsay  either  does  not  see,  or  else 
omits  to  state,  that  to  suggest  the  inability 
of  God  to  devise  a  scheme  combining  free- 
dom with  absence  of  evil  is  to  put  a  serious 
restriction  on  His  omnipotence. 


James  Clarence  Mangan  :  Poems  and  a  Study. 
By  L.  I.  Guiney.  (Boston,  U.S.,  Lamsons  ; 
London,  Lane.) 

A  ouAiiMiNGLY  bouud  volume,  with  a  grace- 
ful drawing  by  Mrs.  Clement  Shorter,  this 
book  comes  on  the  avowed  mission  of  rescu- 
ing from  oblivion  the  works  of  an  Irish 
poet,  opium-eater,  and  drunkard.  While 
it  is  true  that  one's  knowledge  of  a  man's 
sins  should  not  prejudice  one  against  his 
art,  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  the  fact  that 
a  man  was  deficient  in  the  rudiments  of 
decency  and  self-command  is  no  good  reason 
for  extolling  his  verses.  Though  this  plea 
is  not  exactly  urged  by  Miss  Guiney,  yet  it 
seems  to  underlie,  or  rather  to  inspire,  the 
special  pleading  of  this  "  Study."  Of  course 
sjrmpathy  attaches  itself  to  the  unfortunate 
and  the  fallen,  but  sympathy  for  the  man 
has  no  place  beside  criticism  of  the  artist. 
James  Mangan  must  be  judged  on  his 
merits,  just  as  though  he  had  been  a 
respectable  person,  a  churchwarden,  and 
president  of  a  temperance  league. 

Miss  Guiney  proudly  tells  us  that  "he 
has  somehow  escaped  the  classifiers  ;  he  has 
never  been  run  through  with  a  pin,  nor  have 
his  wings  been  spread  under  glass  in  a 
museum."  With  all  respect  to  author  and 
biographer,  we  would  suggest  that  many 
a  meadow-brown  or  garden- white  enjoys  a 
like  immunity,  and  finds  no  food  for  pride 
in  an  escape  shared  by  so  many  of  his  kind. 

The  few  to  whom  James  Mangan  is  known 
know  him  chiefly  by  his  poem  '  My  Dark 
Rosaleen,'  a  song  full  of  fire,  and  command- 
ing a  certain  respectful  admiration,  which 
is  considerably  modified  when  the  reader 
learns  that  all  which  has  worth  in  '  My 
Dark  Rosaleen'  is  stolen  from  the  Gaelic, 
and  that  in  the  theft  the  jewels  have  been 
dimmed.  Miss  Guiney  obligingly  supplies  a 
literal  translation  of  the  Gaelic,  which  is  in 
its  rough  unrhythmic  form  a  far  finer  poem 
than  Mangan's  English  transcript. 

Far  be  it  from  us  to  deny  to  this  obscure 
author  certain  gifts  —  fire,  force,  and  a 
peculiar  and  startling  earnestness.  But 
these  qualities  are  blurred  by  a  constant 
wash  of  weakness — the  result  of  his  fatal 
and  unresisted  fluency.  Many  of  his  poems 
are  extremely  interesting  as  expressions  of 
thought  and  emotion.  Among  works  of 
art  they  have  no  place.  Miss  Guiney's 
enthusiasm  has  led  her  to  quote  ' '  the 
gallant  words  with  which  Schumann  once 
'  began  a  review  of  the  young  Chopin : 
'Hats  off,  gentlemen :  a  genius  ! '  " 
Applied  by  the  risen  sun  to  the  rising  star, 
these  words  are  generous  and  becoming ; 
spoken  by  Miss  Guiney  of  James  Mangan, 
they  are  merely  absurd.  This  unfortunate 
Irishman  had  talent,  and  talent  which  in 
brighter  circumstances  might  have  found 
expression  in  work  far  more  valuable  than 
any  fate  ever  allowed  him  to  produce. 
Genius  he  had  not.  One  mark  (the  greatest) 
of  genius  is  the  production  of  memorable 
lines — lines  which  at  once  catch  the  ear,  and 
irrevocably  fix  themselves  in  the  recollection 
— lines  which,  once  read,  are  never  to  be 
forgotten.  Read  Mangan's  poems  from 
beginning  to  end,  and  when  you  have  closed 
the  book  you  shall  find  abiding  with  you 
no  single  line.  An  imi^ression  of  confused 
and  misspent  effort  will  remain — nothing 
more. 


668 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


In  lier  zeal  for  the  glorification  of  lier 
author,  Miss  Guiney  does  not  even  hesitate 
to  suggest  that  to  him  Edgar  Allan  Poe 
owes  his  trick  of  reiteration,  and  asserts 
that  "any  critic  would  attribute "  the  fol- 
lowing lines  "to  Poe,  both  for  manner  and 
for  perfect  mastery  of  ghastly  detail": — 

I  was  mild  as  milk  till  then, 

I  was  soft  as  silk  till  then, 

Now  my  breast  is  like  a  den, 

Karaman  ! 

Foul  with  blood  and  bones  of  men, 

Karaman  I 

With  blood  and  bones  of  slaughtered  men, 

Karaman,  O  Karaman  ! 

"The mark  of  Poe's  maturer  poetry,  the 

employment  of  sonorous  successive  lines 
which  cunningly  fall  short  of  exact  dupli- 
cation, belongs  also  to  Mangan  in  the  same 
degree J^  Does  it?  Let  genius  speak  for 
itself  in  the  few  lines  which  Miss  Guiney 
herself  quotes : — 

Come,  let  the  burial  rite  be  read,  the  funeral  song 

be  sung. 
An  anthem  for  the  queenliest  dead  that  ever  died 

so  young, 
A  dirge  for  her,  the  doubly  dead  in  that  she  died 

so  young  ! 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  thing  in  the 
book  before  us  is  the  purely  biographical 
poem  called  *  The  Nameless  One,'  and  here 
the  interest  is  not  in  the  poetry,  but  in  the 
biography.  The  comic  verses  which  please 
Miss  Guiney  will  seem  to  English  readers 
almost  intolerable. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The   Two    Captains.     By  W.  Clark  Eussell. 
(Sampson  Low  «&  Co.) 

Mr.  Clark  Eussell  has  been  renewing  his 
acquaintance  with  the  author  of  '  Two  Years 
before  the  Mast,'  and  he  has  set  himself  to 
"  write  a  book  as  good  as  Mr.  Dana's,"  a 
story  which  shall  "  wear  the  shape  of  that 
incomparable  log-book."  At  all  events,  this 
is  the  promise  held  out  by  the  narrator  of 
'  The  Two  Captains,'  who  tells  us  that  he 
heard  his  "  collection  of  facts"  from  "one 
of  the  parties,  who  died  an  extremely  old 
man."  The  reader  in  a  critical  mood  may 
suggest  that  the  most  important  facts  of  the 
story  were  only  known  to  two  men,  both  of 
whom  died  three  -  quarters  of  a  century 
ago.  It  does  not  signify ;  but  when  a 
novelist  takes  any  trouble  at  all  to  create  an 
illusion,  he  might  as  well  take  just  sufficient 
trouble  to  create  a  good  illusion.  The  two 
captains  are  merchantmen  turned  pirates, 
and  this  book  tells  how  they  help  them- 
selves to  a  ship,  and  sail  her  under  the 
black  flag.  Indeed,  it  tells  very  little  more. 
There  is  no  hero,  and  there  is  but  an 
apology  for  a  heroine.  The  Gypsy  brings 
her  skippers  luck  up  to  a  certain  point,  and 
any  one  who  is  in  the  humour  for  a  pirate 
yarn  may  find  the  story  to  his  mind.  But 
it  is  not  precisely  on  a  level  with  Dana's 
book,  nor  yet  with  the  best  or  second-best 
work  of  the  novelist  who  wrote  '  The  Wreck 
of  the  Grosvenor.' 


Young  Nin.     By  F.  W.  Eobinson.     (Hurst 
&  Blackett.) 

Mr.  Eobinson's  new  heroine,  a  music-hall 
singer  sprung  from  the  slums  of  South 
London,  becomes  in  time,  and  against  her 
better  judgment,  no  less  a  personage  than 
an  English  countess.  Johnnie  Markingham, 


the  brainless  "scion  of  a  noble  race,"  is  as 
desperately  in  love  with  Young  Nin  as  it  is 
possible  for  a  man  of  his  nature  to  be.  On 
the  death  of  his  father  he  persists  in 
marrying  the  half-reluctant  singer,  helped 
by  the  plotting  of  her  parents,  and  especially 
of  her  more  ambitious  sister,  also  of  music- 
hall  renown.  The  heart  of  Young  Nin  is 
all  the  while  given  to  a  foreign  pianist,  who 
from  obscurity  arrives  at  fame.  The  girl 
herself  is  attractive,  but  not  clearly  defined. 
Eound  the  central  situation  and  people 
gather  other  persons  and  a  variety  of 
scenes  more  or  less  striking  in  kind.  Mr. 
Eobinson  is  not,  however,  at  his  best  in 
these  pages.  For  his  best  we  have  always 
cherished  an  affection.  He  may  be  no 
stylist,  but  he  has  a  good  command  of  the 
sensational,  and  he  possesses  a  knowledge 
of  human  nature  apparently  gained  at  first 
hand.  His  novels  of  the  lower  slopes  of  life 
seem  to  us  his  happiest.  In  writing  of 
Bohemians  their  ways  seem,  pre-eminently, 
his  ways,  and  their  thoughts,  for  the  time 
being,  his  thoughts.  And  here — generically 
speaking — we  prefer  his  Lambeth  to  his 
Grosvenor  Square.  In  nearly  everything  he 
writes  a  curious  uncertainty  and  an  atmo- 
sphere of  more  than  common  mystery  must 
be  noted.  They  may  be  telling,  but  they 
frequently  lead  to  "  expectations  not  after- 
wards realized."  In  the  present  story  an 
air  as  of  something  held  back,  deferred,  is 
very  marked.  It  seems  as  though  Nin's 
parents  and  sister  possessed  some  secret 
knowledge  concerning  her.  It  is  not  so. 
The  end  is  tragic,  but  the  tragedy  is  caused 
not  by  any  hidden  event  in  the  past,  but 
merely  by  the  clash  of  temperament  and 
incident  as  the  tale  unfolds. 


The  Son  of  a  Peasant.     By  Edward  McNulty. 

(Arnold.) 
Mr.  McNulty  possesses  some  of  the  qualities 
that  make  for  the  good  Irish  story,  and 
principally  the  gift  of  real  sympathy  with 
his  subject.  At  any  rate,  'The  Son  of  a 
Peasant'  gives  that  impression.  To  say  in  so 
many  words  what  constitutes  the  true  Irish 
or  any  other  spirit  is  almost  impossible. 
A  spirit  is  in  its  nature  and  essence  im- 
palpable and  undefinable.  Atmosphere, 
rather  than  description,  is  indispensable. 
Mr.  McNulty  is  endowed  with  the  nameless 
something  that  makes  his  effects  satisfying. 
One  may  or  may  not  know  the  ins  and  outs 
of  Irish  life  and  character,  yet  feel  that  here 
is  the  raw  material  of  both.  Most  writers 
of  Irish  stories  do,  we  assume,  aim  at  a 
judicious  blend  of  the  comical,  pathetic,  and 
what  for  want  of  a  better  word  must  be 
called  the  elfin  strain  of  feeling.  The  ordi- 
nary result  of  the  mixture  of  these  necessary 
ingredients  is  not  by  any  means  so  good 
as  we  get  here.  If  the  general  trend  of 
incident  is  a  little  misty,  if  too  much  is  left 
to  the  reader's  own  intuition,  we  do  not 
complain.  To  us  the  story  appeals  both 
pleasantly  and  strongly.  There  may  be 
too  much  insistence  on  the  quality  of  dry 
humour  involved  in  the  composition  of 
Constable  Kerrigan,  but  we  have  not  dis- 
covered it.  There  is  originality  in  Mr. 
McNulty's  view  of  the  man  bent  on  "  getting 
an  in  the  Foorce"  by  force  or  by  fraud. 
As  an  example  of  humour  and  pathos  and  of 
beautiful  simplicity  and  goodness  of  heart 
we  take  Flanagan,   general    "merchant," 


retailer,  and  consumer  of  whiskey.  A 
solemn  and  yet  a  genial  being  is  "Misther" 
Flanagan,  though  at  times  obliged  to  take 
refuge  from  the  strife  of  tongues,  or  from  a 
female  one,  "with  the  stars  and  the  pigs." 
Little  Patsy,  his  son,  is  a  real  and  most 
attractive  youngster.  Mrs.  Flanagan,  made 
up  of  equal  parts  of  shrew  and  Gummidgo, 
is  as  "trying"  a  house-mate  as  any  in  fiction 
or  in  real  life.  The  reputed  "  changeling," 
a  lame  young  schoolmaster,  is  fashioned  on 
another  plan  from  any  of  the  others.  Those 
who  remember,  not  long  ago,  a  curious  case 
in  the  papers  concerning  fairy  possession 
and  magic  and  the  means  of  exorcising  will 
not  consider  the  treatment  of  the  school- 
master by  his  neighbours  exaggerated,  nor 
even  the  final  tragedy  beyond  the  bounds  of 
the  probable.  The  obscure  mental  processes 
which  lead  the  peasant  grandfather  to  offer 
up  the  schoolmaster  on  the  shrine  of  his 
superstitious  fancies  are  well  suggested. 


Katharine     Cromer.      By    Helen     Craven. 
(Innes  &  Co.) 

*  Katharine  Cromer  '  is  the  sort  of  volume 
that  may  be  termed  extremely  "  up  to  date," 
if  not  beyond  it.  It  is  all  about  the  members 
of  a  clique  of  young  and  high-spirited  folk, 
come  of  good  old  stocks,  who  have  pro- 
gressed or  degenerated  (according  to  the 
point  of  view)  from  the  manners  and  customs 
of  their  forbears.  Katharine  Cromer,  or 
Lady  Kitty,  the  heroine  of  the  sketch,  is 
to  the  full  as  noisy,  slangy,  self-willed,  and 
self-advertising  as  it  has  so  far  entered  into 
the  heart  of  the  modern  unmarried  girl  to 
be.  But,  as  Americans  say,  there  is  "  more 
to  her"  than  this.  The  friend  who  tells 
her  story,  or  what  story  there  is  to  tell,  is 
almost  as  much  on  "  pleasure  bent,"  only  she 
takes  her  pleasures  a  little  more  frugally. 
There  is  no  repose  about  Lady  Kitty — not 
to  put  too  fine  a  point  upon  it,  she  is  as 
rackety  and  rowdy  as  possible.  As  a  novel 
of  manners,  contemporary  manners  or  no 
manners,  the  book  has  a  kind  of  interest 
of  the  "  smart,"  unpleasiug  sort.  The 
narrator  has  an  easy  enough  expression, 
and  can  hit  off  the  dialogue  and  scenes  at 
which  she  aims.  She  has  produced  several 
silhouettes  of  persons  of  both  sexes,  and 
they  suggest  some  truth  if  no  fascination. 
Katharine  Cromer  has  a  soul  attuned  to 
music  as  well  as  noise.  A  professional 
of  good  birth  with  a  divine  gift  of  song 
produces  a  tremendous  effect  on  her 
nerves  or  heart.  In  spite  of  this,  she  has 
a  misguided  kindness  for  a  being  nick- 
named "  Tabby,"  otherwise  Lord  Talbot, 
a  perfectly  brainless,  if  not  blameless  youth. 
The  singer  wins  the  public  and  the  lady, 
in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  old-fashioned 
parents.  But  one  feels  that,  though  the 
volume  ends  with  the  marriage.  Lady 
Kitty's  history  is  by  no  means  over.  Such 
a  slip  as  "laying"  for  lying  occurs — and 
not  in  the  dialogue  either.  It  may  be  a 
misprint.  On  the  other  hand,  it  may  be 
possible  that  the  caprices  of  fashion  dictate 
that  for  this  month  grammar  of  this  kind 
shall  "  obtain."     It  is  not  for  us  to  say. 


Cecilia.  By  Stanley  V.  Makower.  (Lane.) 
'  Cecilia  '   is    an  unpleasant  story  of  the 
disillusioning  kind,   if    disillusionment  be 
still  a  possible  attitude  in  young  or  old. 


N"  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


669 


We  were  about  to  say  it  is  merely  unplea- 
sant, but  the  fact  is  that  it  is  not  without 
cleverness  alike  in  matter,  method,  and 
manner.  There  is  some  grasp  on  reality, 
and  that  was  somehow  not  what  we  ex- 
pected. One  or  two  of  the  people  are 
observed  at  first  hand,  and  consistently 
developed.  Cecilia  is  the  study  of  a  nine- 
teenth or  perhaps  twentieth  century  girl — 
a  morbid  and  depressing  study,  but  dis- 
covering points  that,  given  the  conditions 
of  temperament  and  surroundings,  are 
natural  enough  consequences.  One  or  two 
characters  and  some  "interiors"  appear  to 
have  been  most  shrewdly  noted.  The  volume 
is  slight  and  probably  of  ephemeral  interest. 
One  does  not  exactly  admire  nor  esteem  it, 
yet  one  does  admit  a  kind  of  knowledge 
and  experience,  both  literary  and  human. 

Jan :    an  Afrikander.     By  Anna   Howarth. 

(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
There  are  both  novelty  and  interest  in  the 
character  of  Jan  Vermaak,  otherwise  Sir  John 
Fairbank.  The  story  of  his  life  is  natural, 
simple,  and  unaffected ;  it  is,  moreover, 
sufficiently  romantic  to  form  a  decidedly 
readable  novel.  It  is  true  that  the 
reader  has  to  accept  some  remarkable 
coincidences  in  identifying  the  son  of 
an  Englishman  by  a  Kaffir  woman  with 
the  heir  to  a  baronetcy  and  an  estate 
in  the  west  of  England.  There  is  also  a 
very  good  and  upright  young  man  whose 
character  has  never  been  subjected  to  the 
unbecoming  influences  of  an  English  public 
school  and  university ;  and  there  is  an 
implied  suggestion  that  a  "  man  of  the 
world"  formed  on  a  more  conventional 
model  would  hardly  have  acted  as  this  good 
young  man  did,  and  so  given  rise  to  a 
clever  little  romance.  These  considerations 
are,  however,  only  of  the  fringe  of  the  story. 
The  main  subject  is  adequately  worked  out. 
The  writing,  without  being  skilful,  shows 
ample  care  and  discretion ;  and  there  is  an 
agreeable  contrast  between  life  on  a  farm 
in  Natal  and  that  of  an  English  country 
house.  The  novel  is  one  that  can  be  read 
with  pleasure  by  old  and  young. 

Three  Comely  Maids.    By  Mary  L.  Pendered. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Readers  of  a  younger  generation  who  want 
to  know  what  the  more  commonplace  novels 
of  the  sixties  and  early  seventies  were  like 
may  get  a  very  good  notion  from  '  Three 
Comely  Maids.'  The  young  man  who  says 
"ma'am"  to  his  mother,  the  young  lady 
who  "  finishes  her  education  "  in  a  Spanish 
convent,  and  there  (of  all  places)  leams  to 
give  the  letter  j  (of  all  letters)  "  that 
melodious  liquid  sound  that  is  so  impossible 
to  a  purely  English  tongue " — these  are 
conventions  hardly  more  outworn  than  the 
squire's  daughter  who  takes  up  with  the 
tenant's  son,  or  the  impoverished  young 
ladies  of  good  family,  exquisite  beauty,  and 
rare  capacities  who  lead  a  cultivated  life  in 
a  cottage,  making  their  own  beds  and  giving 
music  lessons  in  purse-proud  families  until 
the  right  men  come  along  and  put  them  in 
the  station  which  they  are  fitted  to  adorn. 
At  the  same  time  it  must  be  owned  that 
ninety-nine  novels  in  every  hundred  are 
composed  by  the  aid  of  clicMs,  and  we  do 
not  know  that  those  now  in  circulation  have 
any  intrinsic  superiority  over  those  which 


satisfied  the  average  fiction-reader  of  five- 
and-twenty  years  ago.  "We  shall  be  curious 
to  see  how  Miss  Pendered's  revival  of  them 
attracts  that  reader's  daughters. 


Mona  St.  Claire.    By  Annie  E.  Armstrong. 

(Warne&Co.) 
This  story  is  in  its  nature  and  essence  of  a 
kind  not  much  read  nowadays.  An  attempt 
to  modernize  the  namby-pamby  contents  does 
not  make  them  much  more  nourishing  in 
quality.  Written  in  the  present  tense,  with 
a  little  slang  feebly  introduced — to  help  the 
modernizing  process  perhaps — this  is  one 
of  the  frequently  told  tales  of  a  family  of 
beautiful  British  girls,  poor  but  well  born. 
Their  escapades,  conversation,  love  affairs, 
are  mild  all  through ;  their  ill  fortune  and 
subsequent  prosperity  (including  good  mar- 
riages) are  all  very  like  much  of  what  has 
been  too  often  put  into  "girls'  books" 
before  now. 

A   Villain  of  Parts.    By  B.  Paul  Neuman. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

The  beginning  of  '  A  Villain  of  Parts '  is 
sufficiently  frightening.  There  is  quite  a 
thriU  in  it,  especially  when  the  epUeptic 
beggar  returns  to  interview  the  young  hero 
in  the  guise  of  an  able  -  bodied  tramp. 
Subsequent  subterranean  meetings  are  also 
fraught  with  mystery  and  excitement.  The 
story  is  short,  and  full  of  irregular  engage- 
ments and  skirmishes.  The  first  is  the  best ; 
still,  there  is  good  business  in  other  parts. 
The  strange  adventures  are  recounted  by 
a  very  youthful  gentleman  who  starts  on  an 
innocent  walk  to  meet  a  schoolfellow  with 
a  view  to  a  fossilizing  excursion.  Things 
more  interesting  and  exciting  than  fossils 
crop  up  on  the  way. 


Miss    Providence.      By    Dorothea    Gerard. 
(Jarrold  &  Sons.) 

Miss  Gerard's  new  story  is  not  ingenious, 
and  a  certain  prudery  on  her  part  deprives 
the  central  incident  of  all  likelihood.  The 
renunciation  by  the  heroine  seems  absurd  if 
she  is  really  in  love,  as  she  is  supposed  to  be, 
the  hero's  acceptance  of  it  without  further 
explanation  ridiculous,  and  the  solution  of 
the  difficulties  commonplace. 


Valenti7ie :    a   Story   of  Ideals.      By  Curtis 
Yorke.     (Jarrold  &  Sons.) 

The  ideals  of  the  unfortunate  Valentine,  in 
Curtis  Yorke's  readable  romance,  are  mostly 
destroyed  in  her  teens  ;  and,  though  she  is 
left  with  a  consolation  prize  at  the  end,  it 
(or  he)  must  have  seemed  to  her  proof  posi- 
tive that  in  this  world  it  is  safer  to  realize 
our  own  possessions  than  to  weave  fancies 
about  other  people.  This  story  has  not 
much  of  a  plot,  nor  much  movement  or  in- 
cident, beyond  such  as  can  be  introduced 
in  the  social  traffic  of  a  dozen  or  twenty 
human  beings.  It  is  the  simple  romance 
of  a  young  girl,  who  sees  plenty  of  trouble, 
selfishness,  and  casual  virtue  amongst  her 
relatives  and  friends.  Several  of  the  cha- 
racters are  well  drawn,  two  or  three  of  them 
are  amusing,  and  one  or  two  are  caricatures. 
Curtis  Yorke  can  tell  a  pretty  tale,  and 
'Valentine'  is  not  the  worst  she  has  written. 


Luv  und  Zee.  Von  Wilhelm  Jensen.  2  vols. 
(Weimar,  Felber;  London,  Williams  & 
Norgate.) 

In  this  novel  Jensen  returns  to  his  native 
Holstein,  which  he  has  made  so  peculiarly 
his  province.     He  depicts  the  life  in  a  little 
town  on  the  coast,  where  sea  and  land  inter- 
mingle so  closely  that  the  population  is  all 
but  amphibious.     His  own  sympathies  are 
with  the  sea ;   he  is  at  home  in  descriptions 
of  storm  and  all  the  changing  moods  of 
ocean ;    he  loves  to  join  the  sailor  folk  in 
their   nightly   gatherings    in   the    floating 
tavern,     zwn    stillen    Butt,    and    listen    to 
their  talk.     The  reader  may  wish  he  wero 
a  less   conscientious  chronicler,  and  think 
that    Plattdeutsch,    like    kailyard    Scotch, 
is  somewhat  abused  when  made  the  vehicle 
for  a  tedious  repetition  of  the  same  jokes 
and  the  narration  of  such  well-worn  yarns 
as  that  of  the  sailors  who  lit  a  fire  on  a 
whale's  back  under  the  impression  that  it 
was  an  island.  The  story  is  extremely  slight, 
and  had  the  author  been  content  to  con- 
dense it  into  a  novelette,  instead  of  expand- 
ing it  into  two  volumes,  he  might  have  kept 
our  interest  alive.     As  it  is,  the  episodes 
take  up   more  space  than  the  main  inci- 
dents.  The  small  talk  of  the  little  town,  the 
interminable  scenes  in  the  tavern,  a  series 
of  closely  related  thunderstorms,  all  begin- 
ning with  "yellow  serpents,"  alias  lightning, 
and  constantly  recurring  atmospheric  effects 
take  up  most  of  the  pages — all  good  of  their 
kind,  were  there  not  so  many  of  them.    The 
half  would  have  been  more  than  the  whole ; 
the  quarter  would  be  the  artistic    mean. 
Through  this  maze  of  alien  matter  winds  a 
slender  thread  of  plot,  compounded  of  ele- 
ments most  of    which  have  already  seen 
service    in   one   of  Jensen's    earlier  tales. 
Tamo    Fleming,   the    worthy  doctor,   is  a 
somewhat  ill-defined  person,  with  his  peda- 
gogical theories,  founded  probably  on  Her- 
bert Spencer,  on  "making  the  punishment 
fit  the  crime."     Why  he  marries  the  wife 
whom  he  afterwards  proceeds  to  educate, 
why  he  retires  from  practice  and  society,  is 
by  no  means  clear.    Nor  do  we  quite  under- 
stand the  fatal  fascination  of  Held  Wilbet, 
the  weird  maiden  of  the  mermaid  form  and 
flashing  eyes,  who  lures  the  hero,  Alf  Over- 
beck,  away  from  home  and  friends  and  duty 
to  set  out  with  her  for  South  America,  where 
he  slaves  in  the  diamond  mines  in  order  to 
win  wealth  for  one  who  proves  herself  a 
faithless  wife.     Madlene,  his  cousin,  whom 
he  has  jilted  for  this  dangerous  charmer,  is 
only  too  ready  to  forget  and  forgive.     She 
and  her  mother  and  grandmother  are  all 
patient  Grizzels,  such  as,  we  fancy,  could 
hardly  be  found  even  in  Germany  now  out- 
side the  pages  of  a  novel.     But  none  of  the 
characters   is  really  convincing.     They  are 
not    persons,    but  types,    and    rather    the 
figures   inserted  in  a  landscape  than  the 
necessary  components  of  a  picture. 


AMERICAN   HISTORY   AND   BIOGRAPHY. 

American  History  told  by  Contemporaries  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.),  edited  by  Albert  Bushnell  Hart, 
is  a  first  volume,  and  is  intended  to  give  illus- 
trative passages  from  contemporary  writers. 
The  period  covered  by  this  volume  extends  from 
1492  to  1689,  which  is  styled  the  "Era  of 
Colonization."  Prof.  Hart  explains  that  two 
theories  are  held  as  to  the  teaching  of  history  : 
the     first,    which     he    says    ia    the    English 


670 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


method  (!),  consists  in  grounding  the  student 
in  well-chosen  secondary  works ;  the  second  is 
to  insist  upon  a  knowledge  of  original  sources. 
He  adds  that 

"  the  English  metliod  may  be  compared  to  an  orderly 
ship  canal,  going  straight  to  the  end,  with  an  ascer- 
tamed  depth  of  water,  but  always  shallow  and  con- 
fined :  the  other  method,  to  a  natural  river,  abound- 
ing in  deep  pools,  and  joined  by  a  multitude  of 
brandies  which  one  cannot  explore  ;  with  many 
unfordable  places;  but  winding  among  human 
habitations,  and  giving  glimpses  of  human  life." 
With  this  volume  in  his  hand  the  teacher  will 
find  it  easy  to  impart  a  knowledge  of  American 
history,  while  the  student  will  find  it  as  easy 
to  extend  his  knowledge.  The  references  to 
authorities  are  many  and  minute,  and  even  a 
librarian  may  increase  his  bibliographical  in- 
formation by  a  careful  study  of  the  volume.  In 
short,  Prof.  Hart  has  made  an  excellent  begin- 
ning, and  deserves  high  commendation. 

A  Memoir  of  Robert  G.  Winthrop  (Boston, 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.)  has  been  prepared  by  his 
son  with  filial  piety  and  in  good  taste.  Mr. 
Winthrop,  who  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-five  in 
1894,  was  one  of  the  many  notable  men  who 
have  helped  to  make  Boston  famous.  He  had 
the  advantage  over  some  of  them  in  being 
the  direct  descendant  of  John  Winthrop,  the 
best  and  greatest  of  New  England  colonial 
governors,  and  one  of  his  many  claims  to  an 
honourable  place  in  literature  is  to  have  written 
the  life  of  his  distinguished  ancestor.  His  own 
reputation,  however,  has  been  chiefly  local.  He 
received  an  excellent  education,  and  was  well 
read  in  the  Latin  classics,  from  which  he 
could  quote  with  a  felicity  rare  among  his 
countrymen  ;  he  took  his  degree  at  Harvard 
at  nineteen,  afterwards  qualifying  himself 
to  practise  law.  Being  of  independent 
fortune,  he  did  not  pursue  his  profession,  but 
engaged  in  the  slippery  business  of  politics. 
He  was  a  good  speaker,  polished  as  well  as 
fluent,  and  the  Whig  party,  to  which  he  belonged, 
rewarded  him  with  the  honour  of  representing 
Massachusetts  in  Congress,  where  he  was  soon 
acknowledged  as  a  coming  man.  He  was 
elected  in  1840,  but  he  did  not  take  part  in 
debate  for  a  year.  He  was  opposed  to 
the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  he  was  foremost 
in  checking  the  impulse  to  war  against  this 
country  on  account  of  the  Oregon  question. 
In  his  day,  as  in  ours,  it  was  customary  to 
charge  Great  Britain  with  wickedness  of  the 
deepest  dye  ;  but  Mr.  Winthrop  did  not  join  in 
the  denunciations.  In  a  most  eflfective  speech 
he  put  the  case  in  a  nutshell,  saying,  "Once 
assume  the  position  that  neither  the  words  nor 
the  deeds  of  Great  Britain  are  to  be  taken  in 
evidence  of  her  designs,  but  that  her  assurances 
are  all  hollow  and  her  acts  all  hypocritical,  and 
there  is  no  measure  of  aggression  and  outrage 
which  you  may  not  justly  apprehend  from  her." 
Mr.  Winthrop  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  the  thirtieth  Congress,  and 
he  succeeded  Webster  as  Senator  for  Massachu- 
setts, yet,  despite  his  personal  popularity  and 
oratorical  power,  he  did  not  make  any  great  mark 
as  a  politician.  He  would  join  neither  the  ex- 
treme men  from  the  North  rior  the  extreme  men 
from  the  South.  Being  too  little  of  a  partisan 
to  please  the  members  of  his  own  party,  he  left 
the  political  field  without  hesitation  or  regret 
when  he  found  that  he  could  not  follow  the 
course  which  he  deemed  right.  The  disap- 
pointment of  his  life  was  that  he  was  not 
elected  Governor  of  Massachusetts  ;  the  real 
loss,  however,  was  on  the  side  of  the  State.  He 
travelled  much  in  Europe,  and  was  on  intimate 
terms  with  the  notable  men  in  its  principal 
cities  ;  he  was  indefatigable  in  all  works  of 
charity  and  mercy,  and  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society  profited  greatly  for  thirty 
years  by  his  advice  and  aid.  He  was  an  honour 
to  his  native  city,  and  this  '  Memoir '  has  done 
justice  to  him. 

The.  Industrial  Evolution  of  the  United  States, 
by  Dr.    Carroll   Wright    (Gay  &    Bird),   and 


N°3655, 


Nov.  13,  '97 


Baumwollproduldion  und  Pjlanzungsunrtschaft 
in  den  Nordamerikanischen  Sudstaaten,  by  Dr. 
Ernst  von  Halle  (Leipzig,  Duncker&  Humblot), 
are  two  works  which  exhibit  American  progress 
in  a  clear  and  impressive  fashion.  The  figures 
and  plates  in  both  enable  the  reader  to  see  at 
a  glance  how  much  has  been  achieved  within 
a  brief  space  of  time.  In  both  books  the  lesson 
which,  though  not  obtruded,  cannot  be  missed, 
is  the  great  part  which  machinery  has  played  in 
the  process.  In  truth,  if  it  were  not  for  the 
inventive  genius  of  the  American,  his  country 
would  lag  far  behind  in  the  industrial  race,  while 
it  is  equally  true  that  invention  has  become  a 
necessity  in  America  owing  to  the  dearness  of 
labour.  Many  instances  are  adduced  of  the 
enormous  increase  in  the  amount  of  work  per- 
formed by  a  machine  in  comparison  with  hand 
labour,  and  one  relating  to  the  newspaper 
printing  press  is  remarkable  and  suggestive. 
It  is  to  the  efi'ect  that  one  machine  minder 
and  four  skilled  labourers  will  turn  out  in  an 
hour  as  many  printed  newspapers  as  a  man 
and  a  boy,  working  ten  hours  a  day  on  the  old 
presses,  could  do  in  a  hundred  days.  Still 
more  striking  is  the  fact  that,  with  the  perfect- 
ing of  machinery,  the  demand  for  labour  has 
increased.  Dr.  Wright's  book  is  filled  with 
facts,  and  it  has  a  good  index.  The  first  part 
only  of  Dr.  von  Halle's  has  appeared,  and  it 
deals  with  the  period  when  slavery  prevailed. 


SCOTTISH   FICTION. 

That  Maitland  of  Lethington  should  now  for 
the  first  time  be  introduced  as  the  central  per- 
sonage in  an  historical  novel  is,  when  one  comes 
to  think  of  it,  somewhat  extraordinary.  On  the 
whole,  we  are  grateful  to  Mr.  W.  Beatty  for  The 
Secretar  (A.  Gardner),  a  fairly  lively  story  of 
the  Marian  age  in  Scotland,  though  we  think 
his  Lethington  (who  runs  about  the  Canongate 
talking  to  the  burgesses  and  tradesmen,  goes 
personally  to  place  Ainslie's  daughter  in  safe 
custody,  and  generally  places  himself  on  a 
level  with  John  Kilgour,  the  literary  tapster)  is 
a  rather  undignified  conception.  The  historic 
doubter  will  be  relieved  to  find  that  the  most 
damnatory  letters  in  the  celebrated  casket  were 
written  by  the  aforesaid  John  Kilgour  for  his 
employer  Ainslie  of  the  tavern,  who  was  himself 
the  instrument  of  Morton  ;  also  that  the  first 
"  band  "  (for  the  destruction  of  Darnley)  was  re- 
moved from  the  casket  by  Morton  (this  seems 
probable  enough),  and  was  then  "reduced  to 
ashes  "  by  a  flash  of  lightning  just  when  Leth- 
ington was  about  to  put  his  hand  upon  it.  Mr. 
Beatty  has  read  his  Knox,  and  very  often  turns 
out  a  fine  passage  in  archaic  Scottish  ;  but  we 
should  like  a  locus  classicus  for  such  a  word  as 
"vim,"  and  have  our  doubts  about  Morton's 
jester  quoting  Wordsworth.  It  is  in  his 
"  riding  "  and  warlike  passages  that  the  author 
is  at  his  best. 

Scottish  Border  Life.  By  James  C.  Dibdin. 
(Methuen  &  Co.)— A  kailyard  series  without 
any  kail,  except  the  veriest  "runts"  and  out- 
sides  of  that  occasionally  juicy  product.  There 
is  nothing  in  the  book  distinctive  of  the  Border, 
except  certainly  the  accurate  nomenclature  ;  and 
nothing  in  the  way  of  reflection  contributed  by 
the  author,  except  of  the  tritest  kind. 

If  Over  the  Bills  (Methuen  &  Co.)  is  her  first 
novel,  Miss  Mary  Findlater  is  in  many  respects 
to  be  congratulated.  Not  only  does  she  hold 
our  interest  from  first  to  last,  but  the  book  im- 
proves as  it  proceeds  both  in  style  and  construc- 
tion. The  scene  is  laid  in  the  Highlands  some 
fifty  years  ago,  part  of  it  in  a  desolate  spot,  to 
which  the  title  refers.  Theinterest  of  the  story 
lies  mainly  in  the  contrast  drawn  between  the 
characters  of  two  girls,  accentuated  as  they 
develope  and  their  lives  are  crossed  to  some 
extent  by  the  same  influences.  Annie  Eraser, 
whose  empty-headed  selfishness  is  occasionally 
overdrawn  and  shows  a  tendency  in  its  results 
to    cheap  sensation,  is    nevertheless    a    living 


picture,  and  throws  into  stronger  relief  the  fine 
character  of  her  friend  Dinah  Jerningham. 
Dinah  inherits  certain  qualities  from  her  hard- 
headed  and  heartless  parent,  to  which  she  adds 
a  boundless  capacity  for  aflTection  and  a  great 
power  of  self-renunciation.  The  strongest  scenes 
in  the  book  are  between  her  and  Lewis  Camp- 
bell, a  charming  figure  himself,  but  chiefly 
of  interest  in  his  successive  relations  to  these 
two  women.  Jane  Anne,  a  minor  character, 
cleverly  drawn  and  important  as  a  link  in  their 
destinies,  is,  however,  kept  admirably  sub- 
servient to  the  principal  figures,  round  whom 
the  action  centres  throughout. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 


First  Steps  in  Anglo-Saxon.  By  Henry  Sweet. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.)— We  are  not  sure 
whether  this  ingenious  little  book  will  be  found 
suited  for  class  use,  but  for  beginners  who  have 
to  dispense  with  the  aid  of  a  teacher  it  may  be 
cordially  recommended.  The  outline  of  the 
grammar,  which  occupies  twenty-five  pages, 
contains  only  what  the  learner  absolutely  re- 
quires to  know  in  order  to  proceed  to  the  trans- 
lation of  the  accompanying  texts  ;  but  the  more 
diflicult  points  are  treated  with  greater  fulness 
than  in  the  author's  'Primer,'  or  in  elementary 
grammars  generally.  The  reading  lessons  con- 
sist of  extracts  (with  some  alterations)  from 
the  astronomical  treatise  which  was  first  printed 
in  Wright's  '  Treatises  of  Popular  Science  ' ;  an 
adaptation  of  the  Gloss  to  ^Ifric's  'Colloquy,' 
freed  from  the  Latin  idioms  incident  to  an  inter- 
linear translation  ;  and  a  prose  retelling  of  the 
story  of  Beowulf.  The  Anglo-Saxon  words,  and 
the  inflectional  forms  which  are  not  found  in 
the  grammar,  or  which  present  special  difficulty, 
are  explained  in  the  notes  at  the  end  of  the 
book,  in  the  order  of  their  first  occurrence. 
References  to  earlier  explanations  are  given 
wherever  the  student  might  be  likely  to  have 
forgotten  them.  Dr.  Sweet's  Beowulf  saga,  as 
it  may  well  be  called,  is  a  learned  and  skilful 
piece  of  work,  and  will  probably  be  read  with 
interest  even  iDy  advanced  students. 

Outlines  of  English  Literature.  By  J.  Logie 
Robertson.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.)— These  out- 
lines for  young  scholars,  with  illustrative  speci- 
mens, are  written  in  an  easy  and  pleasant  style, 
but  they  lack  the  sense  of  proportion,  and  are 
defective  in  other  ways.  For  instance,  more 
space  is  given  to  Thomson's  poetry  than  to 
Milton's.  "Chaucer's  London  was,"  quotes 
our  author, 

Small  and  white  and  clean. 

This  will  not  do  :  if  it  had  been  clean,  the 
"Black  Death"  might  have  been  less  of  a 
scourge  ;  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  fourteenth 
century  saw  "great  beasts"  publicly  slaugh- 
tered in  the  streets,  which  ran  with  their  blood. 
The  '  Religio  Medici '  should  have  been  men- 
tioned with  '  Urn  Burial '  as  Sir  Thomas 
Browne's,  and  the  fact  (of  which  we  now 
possess  full  evidence  from  the  Harley  papers) 
that  Defoe's  chief  business  was  that  of  a 
Government  spy.  To  say  of  Goldsmith  that 
"his  fame  now  is  that  of  a  poet,  and  rests 
on  '  The  Deserted  Village,'  "  is,  in  view  of  'The 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,'  as  strange  as  to  consider 
'  Ivanhoe  '  Scott's  "  masterpiece." 

Nineteenth  Century  Prose.  By  J.  H.  Fowler. 
—  Nineteenth  Century  Poetry.  By  A.  C. 
M'Donnell.  (Black.)— These  neat  little  volumes 
begin  a  "Literary  Epoch  Series,"  which  aims 
at  providing  the  elements  of  literary  criticism 
without  recourse  to  "cram."  The  method 
adopted  is  to  print  selected  passages  of  six  poets 
and  prose  writers  with  brief  notes  on  biography 
and  general  and  technical  criticism,  and  seems 
sensible  and  well  carried  out  on  the  whole. 
Mr.  Fowler  is  the  better  editor  of  the  two  : 
some  of  Mr.  M'Donnell's  criticism  is  unfortu* 
nate,  as  when  he  says  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury :  "  The  age  became  one  of  severe  scientific 


N^SeSS,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


671 


inquiry,  and  poets,  like  other  men,  were  tho- 
roughly imbued  with  its  spirit."  This  is  un- 
fortunately true  of  Tennyson  only,  nob  of  our 
poets  at  large.  It  is  also  too  much  to  say  that 
sublimity  belongs  to  Wordsworth  and  Milton 
alone  among  English  poets. 

Exercises  in  Latin  Accidence,  By  S.  E. 
Winbolt.  (Methuen  &  Co.)— We  have  tested 
Mr.  Winbolt's  book  with  great  care,  and  find 
it  accurate  and  well  arranged  ;  it  has  also  the 
advantage  of  being  adapted  to  the  'Shorter  Latin 
Primer.'  We  notice  that  the  exercises  show  some 
humour  instead  of  the  usual  arid  Ollendorfian 
level  of  English  for  translation,  and  that  boys 
are  now  let  into  secrets  not  accorded  to  earlier 
generations  about  deponents  with  an  ablative 
and  the  future  infinitive  passive. 

Latin  Verse  Unseens.  Selected  by  G.  Middle- 
ton.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) — These  are  well 
selected,  and  we  are  glad  to  see  some  of  the 
lesser  lights  of  Latin  literature  not  omitted. 
It  may  be  doubted  if  it  was  wise  to  print  at 
the  beginning  full  references  to  the  sources 
whence  the  passages  are  taken,  so  that  the 
wily  boy  may  get  at  a  translation. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Heatley  is  a  well-known  teacher 
and  writer  for  boys.  Pantoia  (Longmans 
&  Co.),  which  he  has  produced  as  a 
sequel  to  his  'GrPGCula,'  is  a  book  of  short 
Greek  passages  with  brief  notes,  which  can  be 
recommended  for  its  variety  and  arrangement. 
Appendix  B,  on  ov  and  /^r),  does  not  include  the 
idiom  ov  fxrj  ere  Kpvxpw,  which  occurs  in  piece  18, 
and  is  not  sufliciently  explained  in  the  notes. 

The  first  Latin  exercises  which  the  Rev.  J. 
Went  has  entitled  Facillima  (same  publishers) 
are  written  on  the  sound  principle  of  dealing 
with  the  normal  rather  than  with  irregularities, 
and  are  well  adapted  to  lead  on  the  beginner  to 
severer  things. 

Hints  in  Greek  Prose.  By  W,  C.  F.  Walters. 
(Blackie  &  Son.) — Mr.  Walters  wisely  leaves 
a  good  deal  to  the  teacher,  and  his  book  is 
useful  and  suggestive.  The  list  of  Greek  meta- 
phors is  interesting,  but  for  general  purposes 
the  model  of  study  should  be  rather  the  Greek 
orators  than  Thucydides,  whose  extraordinary 
style  does  not  tend  to  lucidity  in  imitators. 

Xenophon :  Anabasis,  Booh  III.  Edited  by 
G.  M,  Edwards.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 
— Xenophon's  Greeks  were  not  more  tired  of 
marching  when  they  sighted  the  sea  than  we  are 
of  the  useless  multiplication  of  school-books. 
Mr.  Edwards's  notes  are  sound,  but  could  hardly 
help  being  so  in  so  well-worked  a  field.  Cita- 
tions from  Jonah,  Layard,   and   a   remarkable 

Teuton  who  opines  that  "the  Retreat is  a 

proof  that  democracy  was  after  all  the  best  con- 
stitution for  the  Greeks "  are  probably  new 
features  !  It  is,  however,  really  time  to  make 
some  special  protest  when  one  finds  book  iii.  of 
the  'Anabasis,' which  has  already  been  edited  in 
the  "  Pitt  Press  Series  "  by  a  competent  scholar, 
now  again  edited  for  the  same  series.  "  Occidit 
miseros  crambe  repetita  magistros  "  :  we  hope 
the  modern  schoolmaster  will  survive  ;  but  he 
has  much  to  bear. 

The  Children's  Study :  France,  by  Mary  Row- 
sell  (Fisher  Unwin),  is  pleasantly  written,  and 
gives  a  great  deal  of  history  and  information  of 
all  kinds  in  a  very  small  compass.  Numerous 
anecdotes  enliven  the  narrative,  and  in  two 
respects  this  little  history  of  France  is  a 
welcome  change  from  Mrs.  Markham's— one  is 
that  we  have  no  "  George,"  and  the  other  that 
we  escape  the  too  frequent  expression  of  Mrs. 
Markham's  personal  dislike  of  France  and  the 
French,  which  with  much  want  of  proper  feeling 
she  forced  on  her  readers  on  every  occasion. 
Miss  Rowsell's  English  is  not  by  any  means 
invariably  above  suspicion,  but  her  book  has 
many  good  qualities. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

The  Dorrington  Deed-Box.  By  Arthur  Mor- 
rison. (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) — For  purposes  of 
fiction  the  character  of  the  detective  (from 
Vidocq  to  Inspector  Bucket)  must  have  been 
exploited  for  all  it  is  worth.  Mr.  Arthur  Mor- 
rison has  evolved  some  interest  out  of  the 
detective  in  previous  volumes.  His  latest  col- 
lection of  tales  has  to  do  with  one  Dorrington, 
who  appears  in  six  such  stories.  In  the  first 
he  endeavours  to  murder  and  rob  a  chance 
acquaintance,  and  the  seizure  of  the  detective's 
papers  enables  the  author  to  tell  the  tale  of 
various  other  "inquiries"  in  which  Dorrington 
was  interested.  Perhaps  the  best  is  one  in 
which  the  wrong  horse  is  treated  with  a  hypo- 
dermic injection,  the  villain  fondly  imagining 
he  has  prevented  the  favourite  from  running 
in  a  popular  race ;  and  the  part  which  the 
detective  plays  in  this  scheme  is  well  described. 
Of  its  kind,  this  collection  of  stories  is 
extremely  well  written,  and  the  interest  is  well 
maintained  throughout.  The  illustrations  to  the 
volume  are  superior  to  those  usually  found  in 
this  class  of  literature.  One  in  particular,  by 
Mr.  S.  L.  Wood,  is  a  remarkably  good  drawing 
of  a  horse  foreshortened. 

The  volume  called  A  Modern  Atalanta,  and 
other  Stories  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  does  not 
materially  distinguish  Miss  Maud  C.  Vyse  from 
the  host  of  young  ladies  who  nowadays  write 
stories  with  fluency  and  publish  them,  or  at 
any  rate  send  them  to  publishers  with  per- 
severance. Why  some  get  into  print  with  more 
ease  than  others  remains  a  mystery.  The  first 
story  in  this  set  is  typical  of  the  class.  A 
young  woman  of  a  literary  turn  calls  herself 
Atalanta  ;  gets  actually  beaten  in  a  footrace 
by  a  young  man  through  stopping  to  pick  up 
a  rose  thrown  by  some  one  else — rather  a  con- 
fusion here  in  the  mythology ;  and  is  meta- 
phorically distanced  in  magazine  competitions 
by  the  thrower  of  the  rose,  whom  she  only 
knows  as  an  idealess  country  squire,  but  who 
thus  asserts  his  right  to  the  part  of  Hippomenes. 
The  first  young  man  is  Meleager.  He  saves 
Atalanta  from  a  bull,  and  gets  tossed.  With 
a  brain,  perhaps,  confused  by  the  shock,  he 
whispers,  "  Meleager  died  for  Atalanta's  sake  " 
— again  hardly  an  accurate  way  of  putting  it ; 
and  dies  himself.  Then  the  other  man — called 
usually  Percival  Fenwick,  but  at  least  once 
Percival  Morris — takes  up  the  running,  and  in 
course  of  time  reveals  himself  as  her  competitor, 
with  the  usual  result.  If,  by  the  way,  the 
young  lady's  articles  were  not  better  studied 
than  her  description  of  the  gulls  on  the  Thames, 
"with  their  red  bills,"  we  can  hardly  wonder 
that  editors  were  content  to  compliment  them. 
The  colour  of  a  London  gull's  bill  is  no  doubt 
dubious,  but  if  Miss  Vyse  looks  again,  she  will 
see  that  the  birds  which  haunt  Blackfriars 
Bridge  all  belong  to  the  yellow-billed  varieties. 
'  The  Miniature  '  turns  on  the  theme,  generally 
disagreeable,  of  a  brother  who  unawares  falls 
in  love  with  his  sister.  The  writer's  perfect 
innocence,  however,  deprives  it  of  its  usual 
repulsiveness,  but  at  the  cost  of  reality. 

Miss  Frances  Forbes-Robertson's  Odd  Stories 
(Constable  &  Co.)  have  somewhat  more  body 
in  them,  though  we  are  not  prepared  to  say 
that  this  is  due  to  anything  else  than  a  some- 
what more  extensive  study  of  current  fiction. 
None  of  her  types  is  precisely  unfamiliar,  and 
her  diction  has  a  way  of  reminding  the  reader 
now  of  one,  now  of  another  among  the  writers 
dear  to  modern  culture  : — 

"  He  hesitated.  '  You  are  charming,  but  you  have 
a  fault.' 

"  '  Many,'  she  answered  ;  '  which  have  you  dis- 
covered ? ' 

"  '  A  flattering  one  to  me.' 

" '  You  hardly  deserve  that  1 ' 

" '  I  thought  I  didn't— 'tie  your  caprice  to  give 
them  to  the  imdeserving.' 

They  had  better  have  my  faults  than—' 

You  lack  a  virtue  I  would  have  you  give  me.' " 


IS  I  ' 


And  so  on,  and  so  on.  The  modern  master  of 
the  stichomuthia  was  surely  not  for  nothing  in 
the  begetting  of  this.  The  story  called  '  Jotchie ' 
(why  are  these  hideous  pet-names  a  "note"  of 
our  realistic  school  ?),  on  the  other  hand,  might 
be  an  adaptation  from  the  French,  down  to  the 
curious  ignorance  of  English  ways  implied  in 
the  notion  that  a  man  could  inherit  a  baronetcy 
from  a  cousin  of  a  diff"erent  name  from  his  own — 
connected  with  him,  therefore,  on  the  female  side. 
Barristers,  again,  are  not  found  in  "  oflices," 
though  no  doubt  the  same  French  word 
serves  for  these  as  for  "chambers."  The 
author  hardly  seems  aware  that  the  hero 
of  this  story  would  be  called  a  vile  cad 
in  all  societies  where  any  code  of  conduct 
obtained  other  than  that  favoured  by  the 
creations  of  the  late  M.  de  Maupassant.  Many 
of  Miss  Forbes-Robertson's  stories  are  merely 
whimsical,  and  those  we  like  the  best.  Andersen, 
of  whom  we  are  more  than  once  reminded,  is  a 
safer  model  for  a  lady  story  -  teller  to  follow 
than  the  "master  "  just  named. 

Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.  By  J.  Le  Breton. 
(Macqueen.)  — The  author  tells  us  that  this 
volume  is  "a  novel  of  the  Graces,"  though  the 
contents  suggest  a  different  description.  Three 
stories  of  unequal  length  are  used  to  illustrate 
the  cardinal  virtues  of  faith,  hope,  and  charity, 
and  the  best  of  these  is  not  that  which  deals 
with  charity.  Beyond  the  scope  of  the  title- 
page  there  is  little  in  the  three  stories  to  bind 
them  together.  They  are  commonplace  de- 
scriptions of  commonplace  people  and  things, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  find  in  them  much  that  can 
either  interest  or  please  the  reader. 

John  Strange  Winter  has  a  large  army  of 
admirers,  and  the  volume  which  she  has  entitled 
Princess  Sarah,  and  other  Stories  (Ward,  Lock  & 
Co.),  will  doubtless  find  many  readers.  We  are 
not  told  whether  the  stories  are  new  or  old  ;  one 
of  them — 'Miss  Mignon,'  to  wit— is  certainly 
an  old  favourite,  and  it  is  moreover,  in  our 
judgment,  one  of  the  best  tales  in  the  book. 
The  history  of  Princess  Sarah,  which  occupies 
nearly  half  the  volume,  is  too  full  of  the  un- 
grammatical  remarks  of  Sarah's  vulgar  relations 
to  be  altogether  to  our  taste. 

Those  who  care  for  Breton  customs  and 
legends  will  find  a  volume  of  five  little  stories 
by  M.  Anatole  Le  Braz,  published  by  M.  Cal- 
mann  L^vy  under  the  title  Pdques  d'Islande, 
which  describes  only  the  first,  much  to  their 
taste,  though  in  a  lugubrious  vein.  The  author's 
previous  writings  on  the  songs  of  Brittany  have 
made  their  mark. 


WORDSWORTH  LITERATURE. 

In  spite  of  Wordsworth's  well-known  asser- 
tion that  each  of  his  verses  has  ' '  a  worthy  pur- 
pose " — how  the  epithet  "worthy  "now  seems 
to  brand  with  dulness  and  commonplaceness 
every  person  and  thing  on  which  it  is  bestowed ! — 
no  one  (not  even  those  who,  with  Swift,  hold 
that  "Parnassus  is  not  a  cure  of  souls")  will 
fail  to  welcome  the  prettily  got-up  and  well- 
chosen  selection  of  Wordsworth's  poems  which 
we  owe  to  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  and  Messrs.  Long- 
man. They  are  those  loved  by  both  young  and 
old,  and  many  of  them  date  back  to  the  time 
when  the  poet  and  his  most  poetical  sister  were 
living  at  Dove  Cottage,  practising  "  plain  living 
and  high  thinking,  "and  so  poor  that  even  paper 
on  which  to  "take  down"  his  poems  was  not 
always  forthcoming  when  the  poet  wanted  it. 
Some  of  them  were  written  on  any  scrap  that 
came  to  hand — even  the  paper  bags  in  which 
their  little  purchases  had  been  brought  home 
were  often  utilized  in  this  way  by  William, 
while  Dorothy  either  bought,  or  made  herself, 
a  little  book  of  any  kind  of  common  paper  in 
which,  in  very  closely  written  lines,  she  noted 
down  the  events  of  each  day,  while  just  inside 
the  cover  is  sometimes  found  a  tense  or  two 
of  some  German  verb  which  she  was  anxious 
to  learn.     Of  the  straits   to  which  she    must 


672 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N-'SeSS,  Nov.  13, '97 


have  been  reduced  in  her  tiny,  but  precious 
journals,  when  so  many  alterations  had  to  be 
chronicled  in  that  most  refractory  poem  'The 
Pedlar,'  it  is  painful  to  think.  The  illustrations 
are  by  Mr,  Alfred  Parsons,  and  most  of  them 
are  very  good — that  of  Rydal  Mount  especially 
so.  There  is  none  of  Dove  Cottage,  where  the 
brother  and  sister  weathered  tho  storm  of 
poverty  together. 

Poems  in  Two  Volumes  hy  William  Words- 
worth. Reprinted  from  the  Original  Edition  of 
1807.  Edited  by  Thomas  Hutchinson,  M.A. 
(Nutt.) — If  we  wish  to  understand  Coleridge 
and  Wordsworth,  we  ought  to  read  them  in  the 
successive  editions  they  published  when  they 
were  alive.  By  so  doing  we  live  with  the  poet 
through  his  poetic  life,  and  the  textual  changes 
become  in  some  measure  a  record  of  his  history. 
It  may  be  useful  to  the  collator  to  print  various 
readings  at  the  foot  of  a  page,  but  it  is  con- 
fusing, and  disturbs  the  unity  of  impression. 
Each  stage  in  a  poem  should  be  taken  by  itself. 
Undoubtedly  we  shall  read  three  or  four  times 
over  many  verses  which  have  not  been  altered, 
and  this,  we  admit,  may  be  a  great  hardship  to 
the  ordinary  reader,  who  considers  himself  a 
monument  of  endurance  if  he  goes  through  any 
author  from  beginning  to  end.  There  are,  how- 
ever, a  few  persons,  it  may  be  hoped,  who  care 
to  read  Coleridge  and  Wordsworth  more  than 
once,  and  it  is  to  them  that  our  plan  is  recom- 
mended. Hitherto  it  has  not  been  easy,  for 
early  editions  are  rare  and  dear.  Prof. 
Fiowden,  however,  has  republished  the  '  Lyrical 
iBallads '  of  1798,  and  Mr.  Hutchinson  has 
followed  with  the  Poems  of  1807  —  two  in- 
valuable aids  to  the  student.  The  '  Poems  in 
Two  Volumes '  is  not  merely  a  reprint.  The 
preface  and  the  notes,  which  are  in  the  best 
sense  of  the  word  scholarly,  are  a  contribution 
to  the  literature  connected  with  Wordsworth  of 
far  greater  importance  than,  perhaps,  five-sixths 
of  the  essays  on  him.  Their  thoroughness  and 
accuracy  might  serve  as  a  text  for  a  few  lectures 
— which  would  be  extremely  useful  just  now — 
by  some  distinguished  professor  on  the  duties 
and  responsibilities  of  editors.  One  of  the  notes 
is  particularly  interesting.  Wordsworth  told 
Crabb  Robinson  that  "he  wrote  his  '  Beggars  ' 
to  exhibit  the  power  of  physical  beauty  and 
health  and  vigour  in  childhood,  even  in  a  state 
of  moral  depravity."  In  1807  the  second  line 
of  the  last  stanza  stood  thus  :  — 

Sweet  Boys,  you  're  telling  me  a  lie. 
Ifc  now  stands  "  Hush,  Boys,"  &c.,  and  it  might 
be  supposed  that  "  Hush  "  for  "  Sweet  "  implies 
some  kind  of  moral  recantation.  But  Mr. 
Hutchinson  greatly  relieves  us  by  the  in- 
formation in  a  note  on  '  The  Solitary  Reaper ' 
that  Wordsworth  in  1827  and  subsequently 
removed  the  word  "sweet"  from  no  fewer  than 
twenty-five  places  in  his  poems.  The  correction, 
therefore,  does  not  imply  that  Wordsworth's 
delightful  sympathy  with  these  vagrants  was  an 
atom  less  in  1850  than  in  1807,  a  point  of  some 
importance.  The  only  fault  we  have  to  find 
with  the  book  is  that  the  paper  is  too  soft  and 
woolly. 


THK   HISTORY   OF   FRANCE   AND    SWITZERLAND. 

We  have  received  two  more  volumes  (III. 
and  IV.)  of  Mr.  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy's 
French  Revolution  (Chatto  &  Windus),  bringing 
the  narrative  down  to  the  temporary  triumph 
of  the  Feuillants  over  the  Jacobins  after  the 
flight  to  Varennes.  The  style  has  lost  some  of 
its  earlier  rapture,  and  we  confess  that  the 
increase  of  sobriety  is  a  welcome  gain.  Mr. 
McCarthy,  too,  has  been  at  obvious  pains  to 
read  up  the  memoirs  and  general  evidence 
bearing  upon  the  time,  and,  so  far  as  incident 
is  concerned,  he  has  laboured  after  accuracy 
with  a  will.  Did  the  mob  stab  the  queen's  bed 
with  their  pikes  or  not  during  the  fight  at  the 
Palace?  Mr.  McCarthy  devotes  several  con- 
scientious pages  to  the  proof  that  they  probably 


did.  Yet  the  matter  is  not  of  supremo  im- 
portance after  all.  When  it  comes  to  the 
development  of  the  meaning  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, the  conclusions  are  scarcely  startling, 
either  through  the  profundity  of  their  wisdom 
or  the  daring  of  their  paradox.  There  are  those, 
however,  who  delight  in  the  externalities  of  a 
miglity  upheaval,  and  to  them  Mr.  McCarthy 
may  be  cordially  recommended.  He  is  always 
readable,  and  he  never  taxes  the  intellect.  But 
this,  we  hope,  will  be  the  last  of  the  "  French 
Revolutions  "  for  the  railway  journey. 

The  house  of  Calmann  Ldvy  publishes  Le 
Second  Umpire:  La  Maison  de  I'Fmpereur,  by 
the  Due  de  Conegliano,  the  grandson  of  Marshal 
Moncey,  who,  as  Marquis  de  Conegliano  during 
his  father's  life,  was  in  the  Imperial  household. 
M.  F.  Masson  contributes  to  this  magnificent 
volume  an  admirable  preface  in  which  he  says 
all  that  can  be  said  for  the  Second  Empire,  and 
omits  all  that  can  be  said  against  it,  the  worst 
of  which  is  that  its  birth  in  a  military  conspiracy 
against  the  Constitution  threw  it  into  the  hands 
of  adventurers  like  Morny,  and  that  it  fell 
through  a  disgraceful  ignorance  of  its  true 
military  situation  in  face  of  the  army  reforms  of 
Prussia.  The  stately  view  given  by  MM.  de 
Conegliano  and  Masson  needs  to  be  corrected, 
we  will  not  say  by  Victor  Hugo's  poems,  but 
at  least  by  Zola's  '  Son  Excellence  Eugene 
Rougon.'  If  a  French  general  ever  becomes 
the  Ccesar  of  the  Third  Republic,  even  if  he  is 
wise  enough  to  discard  the  Bonaparte  tradition, 
and  to  retain  the  image  and  superscription  of 
Marianne,  he  will  find  in  the  present  volume 
the  necessary  court  guide  of  a  dictator.  Let  us 
hope,  if  we  regard  but  the  aesthetic  side  of 
politics,  that  his  stables  will  be  as  well  kept  as 
were  those  of  Napoleon  III.  It  is,  indeed, 
strange  that  none  of  the  old  monarchies  can 
turn  out  horses  and  carriages.  The  Paris  state 
processions,  while  General  Fleury  was  Master 
of  the  Horse,  were  without  a  rival ;  but  the 
semi-state  or  "dress"  processions,  without 
running  footmen  or  footmen  standing  behind, 
and  with  only  a  dozen  light  landaus  with  four 
horses  each,  remain  still  more  unapproachable, 
as  every  horse  was  an  English  thoroughbred 
exactly  similar  to  every  other.  The  sotnias  of 
the  bodyguard  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia  com- 
pare favourably  with  even  the  Cent  Garde,  but  the 
few  first-class  Orlofi"  trotters  of  St.  Petersburg 
cannot  make  a  show  to  be  named  with  such  a 
procession  as  went  to  the  Gare  St.  Lazare  to 
fetch  the  Sultan  in  1867. 

Another  Bonapartist  book  is  La  Jeunesse  de 
Napoleon,  by  M.  Arthur  Chuquet,  published 
by  MM.  Armand  Colin  &  Cie.  with  the  sub-title 
"Brienne."  It  relates  the  life  of  Bonaparte 
up  to  and  inclusive  of  his  course  at  the  cadet 
school,  and  gives  a  large  amount  of  carefully 
compiled  information  upon  the  gentlemen  cadets 
who  were  at  Brienne  with  him. 

Historic  Studies  in  Vaud,  Berne,  and  Savoy 
from  Boman  Times  to  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  and 
Gibbon,  by  General  Meredith  Read  (Chatto  & 
Windus),  is  a  work  in  two  large  volumes  which 
it  would  require  many  pages  of  the  A  thencsum 
to  give  an  adequate  account  of.  It  is  partly 
historical  and  partly  biographical,  and  contains 
much  information  for  the  historian  or  bio- 
grapher who  is  more  capable  of  dealing  with 
his  material  than  the  late  General  Read. 
He  spent  eighteen  years  in  collecting  manu- 
scripts and  facts,  and  many  more  in  writing 
these  volumes,  a  task  which  was  nearly  finished 
five  days  before  his  death  at  Paris  on  Decem- 
ber 27th,  1896.  General  Read  had  a  piece  of 
good  fortune  resembling  that  of  the  man  in  the 
Oriental  tale  who  found  a  great  store  of  precious 
stones,  but  had  such  difficulty  in  disposing 
of  them  that  he  did  not  become  much 
richer.  A  vast  collection  of  manuscripts  and 
other  things  was  unexpectedly  put  at  General 
Read's  disposal  in  La  Grotte,  the  house  in  which 
Gibbon  lived  at  Lausanne,  and  whichlDeyverdun 
bequeathed  to  him  ;   but  the  General  had  not 


tho  gift  of  extracting  the  valuable  ore  from  the 
heap.     He  thus  describes  its  character  : — 

"  In  these  great  depositaries  of  La  Grotte  I  found 
letters,  parchments,  diplomas,  titles  of  nobility, 
fragments  of  unprinted  books,  unpublished  poems, 
written  and  printed  music,  portraits  in  oil,  pencil 
drawings,  silhouettes,  engravings,  broken  barpsi- 
cbords,  disabled  billiard-tables,  the  remains  of 
Gibbon's  theatre  ;  in  fact,  the  odds  and  ends  of  a 
family  life  of  three  or  four  hundred  years,  whose 
threads  lay  before  me  broken  and  in  confusion." 
Unhappily  General  Read  laboured  to  bring 
those  threads  together,  instead  of  concentrating 
his  attention  upon  Gibbon,  and  producing,  as 
he  might  have  done,  many  new  particulars 
about  him.  He  found  Gibbon's  '  Journal ' 
written  in  French  during  the  historian's  first  visit 
to  Switzerland.  Extracts  are  supplied  ;  but 
General  Read  was  so  111  advised  as  to  turn  them 
into  English.  Certainly  the  original  French 
should  have  been  printed  in  a  foot-note  or  the 
appendix.  A  long  and  very  interesting  letter 
to  Deyverdun,  written  in  London  by  Gibbon  on 
May  7th,  1776,  describing  the  publication  of 
the  first  volume  of  the  '  History,'  ought  also  to 
have  appeared  in  the  French  original.  As  a 
translator  the  General  is  not  entirely  trust- 
worthy, as  we  have  found  by  comparing  the 
French  in  a  facsimile  of  Gibbon's  handwriting 
with  the  English  version  on  the  other  side  of 
p.  442  of  the  second  volume.  Reproductions 
of  portraits  of  Gibbon  and  Deyverdun  are 
attractive,  that  of  the  former  being  the  most 
pleasing  likeness  which  has  been  published.  At 
the  manor-house  of  Mex  "  the  Wedgwood  china 
service  of  Gibbon,  cream-coloured,  with  wreaths 
of  green  leaves,  is  still  in  daily  use,"  and 
Madame  de  S^very  told  General  Read  "that 
Gibbon's  supply  of  table-linen  was  so  large  in 
quantity  and  excellent  in  quality,  that  his  table- 
cloths and  napkins  are  still  in  use  at  Mex,  and 
betray  no  signs  of  fatigue  or  age."  We  are  glad 
to  observe  that  General  Read  was  convinced  by 
statements  in  the  Athenceum,  to  which  he  refers, 
that  Francis  was  not  the  author  of  the  letters 
signed  "Junius." 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

In  Certain  Personal  Matters  (Lawrence  & 
BuUen)  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  tries  the  new  humour, 
and  meets  with  a  success  which  is  hardly 
worthy  of  his  talents.  He  rollicks  in  the  new 
humour  ;  he  talks  about  his  unconventional 
ways  as  a  literary  man,  about  his  tobacco  and 
his  dirty  collars,  about  the  misty  person  called 
Euphemia,  who  is  his  wife,  and;the  whole  stock- 
in-trade  of  the  business.  But  it  is  sadly  uncon- 
vincing. The  fun  is  all  of  that  ironical  turn 
which  depends  on  the  assumption  of  a  gullible 
innocence  on  [the  part  of  the  narrator,  that  is 
so  obviously  unreal  and  wearisome.  Besides, 
it  is  all  so  stale  ;  if  it  has  been  done  once  it  has 
been  done  a  hundred  times,  and  one  knows 
exactly  what  is  coming  as  soon  as  each  essay 
begins,  generally  with  an  irritating  air  of 
ignorance  and  stupidity.  Some,  however,  are 
rather  better ;  the  paper  on  '  Blades  and 
Bladery'  is  distinctly  funny,  but  it  is  a  rare 
exception.  Mr.  Wells  should  return  to  his 
tales  of  gruesome  horror  :  they  are  much  more 
original  and  much  more  entertaining. 

The  favourable  reception  of  Mr.  Frewen 
Lord's  volume  of  historical  essays  on  the  lost 
colonial  possessions  of  England  has  fortunately 
encouraged  him  to  write  a  sort  of  companion 
volume  on  the  other  side  of  the  question,  The 
Lost  Empires  of  the  Modern  World  (Bentley  & 
Son).  Obviously  the  intention  of  this  later 
volume  is  to  point  the  moral  lightly  indicated 
by  its  predecessor,  this  time  at  the  expense  of 
our  continental  neighbours,  whose  characteristic 
criticisms  of  British  acquisitiveness  are  amusingly 
rendered  by  our  author.  The  method  of  Mr. 
Lord's  historical  researches  into  the  making  of 
the  lost  empires  of  Portugal,  Spain,  France, 
and  Holland,  and  the  several  vicissitudes  inci- 
dental to  their  possession,  must  not  be  hastily 


N°  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


673 


assumed  from  a  glance  at  his  pages,  destitute 
of  foot-notes  or  references  to  authorities.  Mr. 
Lord  intends  his  book  to  be  read  by  as  many 
people  as  possible,  therefore  he  has  presented 
it  to  them  in  the  most  attractive  form.  At  the 
same  time  there  has  been  no  lack  of  industry  in 
the  compilation  of  a  work  which  the  author 
modestly  avers  could  have  been  "compassed  by 
any  man  with  a  year's  leisure  at  his  disposal." 
If  Mr.  Lord  has  availed  himself  of  the  special 
researches  of  Mr.  Beazley,  Major  Martin  Hume, 
Dr.  Bourinot,  and  Dr.  Theal,  it  is  perhaps 
because  his  own  original  work  in  other  fields 
had  led  him  to  recognize  the  utility  of  such 
authorities.  We  feel  more  confidence  in  the 
general  trustworthiness  of  the  "facts"  which 
Mr.  Lord's  clever  pen  invests  with  more  than  the 
charm  of  fiction  than  in  many  of  the  versions 
that  appear  in  so-called  works  of  reference.  As 
in  the  case  of  his  former  volume,  Mr.  Lord  has 
prefaced  and  concluded  his  purely  historical 
essays  by  certain  personal  and  political  reflec- 
tions which  once  more  we  venture  to  think  had 
been  better  away.  If  the  "  Little  Englander  " 
really  stands  in  need  of  moral  and  intellectual 
reformation,  we  fancy  that  he  would  prefer  to 
seek  a  less  boisterous  father  confessor  than 
Mr.  Lord. 

Lillipid  Lectures  and  Lazy  Lessons  and  Essays 
on  Conduct  (Bowden)  are  reprints  of  the  light, 
limited,  somewhat  pointless  essays  of  the  late 
W.  B.  Rands,  each  volume  being  introduced  by 
a  prefatory  note  by  Mr.  R.  Brimley  Johnson. 
Rands  wrote  for  young  people  with  a  distinctly 
educational  purpose  ;  he  lectured  them  as  one 
that  loved  them,  and  if  he  was  pragmatical 
and  a  trifle  commonplace,  he  was  possessed  of 
several  graceful  ideas,  and  came  near  to  a 
genuine  literary  style.  The  essays  are  as  well 
suited  for  simple  imaginations  in  1897  as  they 
were  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  ;  and  perhaps 
there  is  just  as  much  need  and  room  for  them 
as  when  they  were  first  written.  These  volumes 
certainly  deserve  the  attention  of  parents  and 
teachers  who  are  wont  to  be  careful  as  to  the 
sort  of  reading  which  they  put  in  the  way  of 
children. 

A  Dictionary  of  Slang,  Jargon,  and  Cant.  By 
Albert  Barrere  and  Charles  G.  Leland.  2  vols. 
(Bell  &  Sons. ) — The  first  edition  of  this  book, 
which  was  privately  printed  for  subscribers,  was 
reviewed  at  some  length  in  the  Athenceum  of 
February  14th,  1891.  In  the  preface  to  the  new 
edition  Prof.  Barrere  says  that  the  work  is 
reissued  "  with  some  alterations  and  correc- 
tions. "  So  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  discover 
the  alterations  consist  merely  of  omissions.  It 
would  not  be  safe  to  assert  that  no  positive 
corrections  have  been  made,  but  we  have  sought 
for  them  carefully  without  finding  them.  The 
errors  and  defects  which  were  pointed  out  in 
our  review  still  remain.  The  omissions,  which 
amount  altogether  to  about  fifty  pages  out  of 
nine  hundred  and  fifty,  are  unquestionably 
improvements.  Having  examined  all  the  pas- 
sages that  have  been  expunged — a  task  which 
the  correspondence  in  type  and  size  of  page 
between  the  two  editions  renders  fairly  easy — 
we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  everything 
in  the  original  work  that  was  of  the  slightest 
value  has  been  retained.  In  spite  of  its  many 
faults,  the  book  is  the  most  complete  dictionary 
of  English  slang  hitherto  published,  of  course 
excepting  Messrs.  Farmer  and  Henley's  '  Slang 
and  its  Analogues,'  which  only  wealthy  people 
can  afford  to  buy.  The  paper  and  type  are 
good,  and  those  who  purchase  the  work  in  its 
new  form  will  be  under  no  disadvantage  as  com- 
pared with  the  possessors  of  the  more  expensive 
edition. 

The  Secret  History  of  the  Oxford  Movement, 
by  Mr.  Walter  Walsh  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.), 
deals  too  much  with  theological  polemics  for 
adequate  criticism  in  a  secular  journal  like  the 
Athencenm.  Enough  that  the  author  smites 
Ritualists  and  "  Romanizers"  vigorously,  though 


rather  wildly.  It  is  not  exactly  easy  to  dis- 
cover why  he  should  call  his  book  a  "secret" 
history.  Even  his  revelations  with  regard  to 
'  The  Priest  in  Absolution  '  have  been  more 
or  less  anticipated  by  Lord  Redesdale,  and, 
for  the  most  part,  he  depends  on  authorities 
that  are  accessible  at  every  public  library. 
There  is  not  much  mystery  nowadays  about 
Newman's  '  Apologia  '  or  Bishop  Wilberforce's 
'Life.' 

Messrs.  BAiLLii;RE,  Tindall  &  Cox  have 
sent  us  an  illustrated  guide  to  Franzensbad,  a 
watering-place  in  Bohemia,  not  far  from  Carls- 
bad and  Marienbad,  but  not  so  well  known  in 
this  country,  although  it  has  long  been  cele- 
brated in  Central  Europe.  Goethe  sojourned 
there  and  wrote  a  description  of  the  Kammer- 
biihl,  an  extinct  volcano  ;  Herder,  Beethoven, 
and  Prince  Bliicher  were  also  visitors  in  the 
early  part  of  the  century.  Moor  or  mud  baths 
are  a  great  feature  of  the  treatment. 

Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  have  sent  us  the  fourth 
volume  of  their  tempting  issue  of  Boswell's 
Life  of  Samuel  Johnson  in  their  "Temple 
Classics." 

The  Three  Rylands  (Stock),  by  Dr.  J.  Culross, 
consists  of  brief  memoirs  of  three  Baptist  minis- 
ters, father,  son,  and  grandson— men  of  note  in 
their  day  and  distinguished  by  a  genuine  love 
of  learning.  The  eldest  was,  however,  the  most 
vigorous  and  masculine  of  the  three.  He  edu- 
cated among  others  Samuel  Bagster  the  elder, 
the  well-known  publisher  of  Bibles.  The  little 
book  forms  a  respectable  contribution  to  the 
ecclesiastical  history  of  England  from  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century  to  the  middle  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

Mr.  John  Latey,  editor  of  the  Penny  Illus- 
trated Paper,  is  first  in  the  field  with  a  "Golden 
Annual  "  on  the  Klondyke  gold  discoveries.  It 
is  entitled  The  Star  of  Klondyhe,  and  presents 
a  cluster  of  Alaskan  gold  stories. — We  have 
also  received  the  first  number  of  HoUandia,  a 
periodical  for  Dutch  residents  in  this  country. 

Mr.  Stock  has  issued  a  replica  (he  calls  it  a 
facsimile)  of  the  two  demure  little  volumes  in 
which  The  Christian  Year  first  appeared.  This 
revival  will  have  an  interest  for  many.  A  few 
prefatory  words  by  the  Bishop  of  Rochester 
and  a  list  of  Keble's  emendations  of  his  original 
text  are  prefixed  to  the  first  volume. 

Messrs.  Constable  have  issued  as  the  twenty- 
third  and  twenty-fourth  volumes  of  the  superb 
edition  they  are  publishing  of  Mr.  Meredith's 
romances  The  Amazing  Marriage,  of  which  we 
spoke  in  high,  but  not  too  high,  terms  when  it 
first  appeared  two  years  ago. 

We  have  received  the  Reports  of  the  Free 
Libraries  at  Lincoln,  St.  Helens,  Southwark  (St. 
Saviour's),  and  Stoke  Newington,  which  speak 
of  prosperity.  St.  Helens  can  congratulate 
itself  on  acquiring  a  handsome  building  for  its 
central  library  thanks  to  the  generosity  of  Sir 
David  Gamble.  At  Southwark  a  sound  financial 
position  has  been  achieved.  At  Stoke  Newing- 
ton a  good  deal  has  been  spent  on  repairs  and 
furniture  as  well  as  on  books.  —  We  have  a 
Catalogue  of  the  Central  Library  at  St.  Helens  ; 
also  one  of  the  books  included  under  the  letter 
I  in  the  Reference  Library  at  Wigan.  —  The 
Essex  Archpeological  Society  has  issued  a  Cata- 
logue (Colchester,  Wiles)  of  its  library. 

We  have  on  our  table  Lord  Bolingbroke, 
edited  by  the  Hon.  Stuart  Erskine  (Roxburghe 
Press), — Guide  to  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  trans- 
lated from  the  Dutch  by  the  Rev.  B.  J.  Ber- 
rington  (Luzac), — JEschylus:  Persce,  edited  by 
J.  H.  Haydon  (Clive),'— TAe  Gallic  War  of 
C.  Jxdius  Ccesar,  Book  IV.,  edited  by  J.  Brown 
(Blackie),  —  Guide  to  the  Choice  of  Classical 
Boohs :  New  Supplement,  1879-1896,  by  J.  B. 
Mayor  (Nutt),  —  A  First  Book  in  tvriting 
English,  by  E.  H.  Lewis  (Macmillan), — Cole- 
ridge's The  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner,  edited 
by    H.    Bates   (Longmans), — A    Common-Sense 


Method  of  Double  -  Entry  Book  -  keeping,  by 
S.  Dyer,  Parts  I.  and  II.  (Philip),— Z-t/e  in 
Early  Britain,  by  B.  C.  A.  Windle  (Nutt),— 
The  Chief  Aim  of  Man,  by  G.  S.  Merriam  (Gay 
&  Bird), — Posterity,  its  Verdicts  and  its  Methods 
( Williams&Norgate), — Economics  and  Socialism, 
by  F.  U.  Laycock  (Sonnenschein),  —  Model 
Draioing  on  True  Principles,  by  W.  Mann 
(Nelson), — A  Vest-Pocket  Medical  Dictionary, 
by  A.  H.  Buck,  M.D.  (Bailliere  &  Co.),— The 
Procession  of  the  Flowers,  by  T.  W.  Higginson 
(Longmans), — Practical  Millinery,  by  J.  Ortner 
(Whittaker  &  Co.),  —  The  Art  and  Craft  of 
Coachbuilding,  by  J.  Philipson  (Bell),  —  The 
Vivarium,  by  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Bateman  (Upcott 
Gill),  —  Ferrets,  by  N.  Everitt  (Black),  — 
Tea,  by  D.  Crole  (Lock wood), — The  Postmaster 
of  Market  Deignton,  by  B.  P.  Oppenheim  (Rout- 
ledge), —  Unrelated  Twins,  by  B.  Otterburn(Digby 
&  'Long),— Balzac's  The  Seamy  Side  of  Historyy 
translated  by  C.  Bell  (Dent), — On  Many  Seas, 
by  F.  B.  Williams  (Putnam), —  Yowcg  England, 
Vol.  XVIII.  (S.S.U.),  — i?Jig/ts/i  Ann,  by  R. 
Ramsay  (Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.), — Pro  Patria, 
by  Jean  Delaire  (Digby  &  Long), — Tales  of  the 
Rock,  by  Mary  Anderson  (Downey  &  Co.), — 
Minuscula,  Lyrics  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Love,  by 
F.  W.  Bourdillon  (Lawrence  &  BuUen), — The 
Ejnc  of  Olympus,  by  C.  R.  Low  (Digby  &  Long), 
—  Women  of  the  Old  Testament,  by  the  Rev. 
R.  F.  Horton,  D.D.  (Service  &  Paton),— T/ie 
Return  to  the  Cross,  by  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Nicoll, 
LL.D.  (Isbister),  —  St.  Raid's  Conception  of 
Christ,  by  D.  Somerville  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T, 
Clark), — L'Eternelle  Faiblesse,  by  Leon  Miral 
(Paris,  L^vy), — and  John  Locke,  by  Dr.  E. 
Feciitner  (Stuttgart,  HaufF).  Among  New- 
Editions  we  have  Reflections  on  the  Art  of  War, 
by  Brigadier-General  R.  C.  Hart,  V.C,  C.B. 
(Clowes), — Sir  Walter  Scott  Continuous  Readers: 
The  Talisman,  by  W.  Melven  (Black),— T/ie 
Centuries  (West,  Newman  &  Co.), — and  Poems, 
by  M.  Barr  (Barr  &  Co.). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Cam's  (Dom  B.)  A  Benedictine  Martyr  in  England,  the  Life 

and  Times  of  Dom  John  Roberts,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Evans's  (late  Eev.  E.  H.)  True  and  False  Aims,  and  other 

Sermons,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Forrest's  (D.  W.)  Christ  of  History,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Music  for  the  Soul,  Daily  Keadings  from  Uev.  A.  Maclaren, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Pulpit  Commentary  Reissue  :  Ecclesiastes,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Torakins's  (H.  G.)  Abraham  and  his  Age,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Vaughan's  (C.  J.)  University  and  other  Sermons,  cr.  8vo.  6/ 

Fint  Art  and  Archnology. 
Atkinson's  (T.  D.)  Cambridge   Described  and   Illustrated, 

royal  8vo.  21/  net,  cl. 
Fraser's  (J.)  Illustrated  Record  of  Retrospective  Exhibitioa 

at  South  Kensington,  1896,  4to.  ai/  net,  cl. 
Hopkins's  (T.)  The  Dungeons  of  Old  Paris,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
MacGibbon  (D.)  and   Ross's  (T.)  The  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture of  Scotland,  Vol.  3,  42/  net,  el. 
Peters's    (J.    P.)    Nippur,    or    Explorations,    &c.,    on    the 

Euphrates,  Vol.  2,  8vo.  12  6  cl. 
Remington's  (P.)  Drawings,  oblong  folio,  21/  cl.  in  box. 
Robertson's  (T.  S.)  The  Progress  of  Art  in  English  Churcb 

Architecture,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Russell's  (P.)  The  Haughtyshire  Hunt,  illus.  royal  8vo.  14/ cT. 
Singer  (H.  W.)  and  Strang's  (W.)  Etching,  Engraving,  and 

other  Methods  of  printing  Pictures,  4to.  \hl  net,  cl. 
Temple's  (A.  G.)  The  Art  of  Painting  in  the  Queen's  ReigH, 

4to.  63/  net.  cl. 
Voltaire's  Candide,  edited  by  W.  Jerrold,  20/  net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Atteridge's  (H.)  Butterfly  Ballads  and  Stories  in  Rhyme, 

illus.  4to.  3/6  cl. 
English  Masques,  with  Introduction  by  H.  A.  Evans,  3/6  cl, 
German  Lyrical  and  other  Poems,  trans,  by  H.  C.  Galletly, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  swd. 
Herrick's  (R.)  Hesperides,  Poems  and  other  Remains,  edited 

by  'W.  C.  Hazlitt,  2  vols.  12mo.  7/  cl. 
NicoU's  (W.  R.)  Sunday  Afternoon  Verses,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Poems  by  a  New  Zealander,  12rao  5/  cl. 
Poems    of    the    Love   and    Pride    ot  England,  edited    by 

F.  and  M.  Wedmore,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Rodd's  (R.)  Ballads  of  the  Fleet,  and  other  Poems,  6/  cl. 
Rubaiyat    of    Omar    Khayyam,    a    Paraphrase,   by    R.    Le 

Gallienne,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Shakespeare's  Henry  V.,  Part  1,  edited  by  W.  A.  Wright,  2/' 
Sigerson's  (D.)  The  Fairy  Changeling,  and   other  Poems, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Simms's  (J.  R.)  Notes  on  the  'Way  in  Verse,  cr.  8vo.  il  net. 
Smith's  (B.  G.)  Songs  from  Prudentius,  4to.  .5/  net,  cl. 

Bibliography. 
Book  Sales  of  1S97.  with  Introduction  by  T.  Scott,  15/  net. 
Forman's  (H.  B.)  The  Books  of  William  Morris,  8vo.  10/6  net. 
Phillips's  (C.  E.  S.)  Bibliography  of  X  Ray  Literature  aiK3 
Research,  8vo.5/  cl. 


674 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


Philosophy. 
Adams's  (J.)  The  Herbarlian  Psychology  applied  to  3duca- 

tion,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Wundt's  (W.)  Kthical  Systems,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
History  and  Biography. 
Chambers's  Biographical  Dictionary,  8vo.  10/6  cl. 
Dykes,  John  Bacchus,  Life  and  Letters,  edited  by  Rev.  J.  T. 

Fowler,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Egerton's  (H.   E  )  A  Short    History   of    British    Colonial 

Policy.  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
Gibbon's  Decline  and  Fall  of  Soman  Empire,  ed.  by  Bury, 

Vol.  4,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Low's  (C.  R.)  Famous  Frigate  Actions,  cr.  Svo.  ZI&  cl. 
Martin,  Inspector-General  Sir  J.  K.,  by  Sir  J.  Fayrer,  6/  cl. 
Minchin's  (J.  G.  C.)  Old  Harrow  Days,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Napoleon  L,  New  Letters  of,  from  the  French  by  Lady  M. 

Loyd,  8vo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Sherring's  (H.)  The  Mayo  College,  "  the  Eton  of  India,"  15/ 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Hayae's  (M.  H.  B.)  The  Pioneers  of  the  Klondyke,  3/6  cl. 

Philology. 
Anstead's  (A.)  A  Dictionary  of  Sea  Terms  for  Yachtsmen,  7/6 
Men-of-War  Names,  their  Meaning  and  Origin,  by  Capt. 

Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Molloy's  (G.)  The  Irish  Difficulty,  Shall  and  Will,  cr.  Svo.  2/6 
Renaud  of    Montauban,    done     into    English   by    Caxton, 
retranslated  by  R.  Steel,  4to.  7/6  cl. 
Science. 
Dixon's  (C.)  Our  Favourite  Song-Birds,  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Fisher  (H.  K.  C)  and  Darby's  (J.  C.  H.)  Students'  Guide  to 

Submarine  Cable  Testing,  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Simmona's  (A.  T.)  Physiography  for  Advanced  Students,  4/6 
Spinks's  (W.)  House  Drainage,  8vo.  5/cI. 
Wharton   (H.   B.)    and    Curtis's  (B.  F.)    The    Practice  of 
Surgery,  royal  Svo.  25/  net,  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Bain's  (C.)  Ace  o'  Hearts,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Burnett's  (F.  H.)  His  Grace  of  Osmonde,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Cambridge's  (A.)  At  Midnight,  and  other  Stories,  3/6  cl. 
Canon,  The,  an   Exposition  of    the  Pagan    Mystery   per- 
petuated in  the  Cabala,  Svo.  12/  net,  cl. 
De  Quincey,  T.,  A  Selection  from  the  Works  of,  cr.  Svo.  3/6 
Dibbs's  (B.)  In  Summer  Isles,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Dodd's  (C.  T.)  Domestic  Economy  for  Scholarship  Students, 

cr.  Svo.  2/  sewed. 
Fenn's  (G.  M.)  High  Play,  a  Comedy  of  the  Stage,  6/  cl. 
Granville's  (C.)  Mr.  John  Foster,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Greig's  (C.)  When  all  Men  Starve,  showing  how  England 

hazarded  Naval  Supremacy,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Groome's  (D.)  Up-to-Date  and  Economical  Cookery,  3/6  cl. 
Hichens's  (R.)  Byeways,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hickson's  (Mrs.  M.)  Concerning  Teddy,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Hocking's  (J.)  "  And  shall  Trelawney  Die  ?"  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Hough's  (E.)  The  Story  of  the  Cowboy,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Hutchinson's  (H.  G.)  The  Golfing  Pilgrim  on  Many  Links, 

cr.  Svo.  6/  ol. 
Kennard's  (Mrs.  B.)  At  the  Tail  of  the  Hounds.  6/  cl. 
Lehmann's  (R.  C.)  Rowing,  5/  cl.    (Isthmian  Library.) 
Little  Journeys  to  the  Homes  of  Famous  Women,  5/  cl. 
Macpherson's  (Rev.  H.  A.)  A  History  of  Fowling,  21/  net,  cl. 
Masters's  (C.)  The  World's  Coarse  Thumb,  illus.  cr.  Svo.  3/6 
Melrose's  (C.  J.)  Modern  Scientific  Whist,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Moore's  (F.)  Parson  Prince,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Murray's  (D.  C.)  This  Little  World,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Out-of-Door  Library  :  Angling,  Big-Game  Shooting,  Moun- 
tain Climbing,  Athletic  Sports,  cr.  Svo.  5/  each,  cl. 
Page's  (B.  M.)  A  Matrimonial  Freak,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Patrick's  (C.  H.  C.)  Maude  Chatterton,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Fenn's  (R.)  Cherrwink,  a  Fairy  Story,  illus.  4to.  6/  cl. 
Real  Ghost  Stories,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Robertson's  (C.  G.)  Voces  Acaderaicse,  ISmo.  3/6  cl. 
Rose's  (J.  H.)  The  Rise  of  Democracy,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Sandeman's  (M.)  Sir  Gaspard's  Affinity,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Spratling's  (B.)  The  Morrison  Family,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Stables's  (G.)  The  Island  of  Gold,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Sutcliffe's  (H.)  A  Man  of  the  Moors,  12mo.  5/  cl. 
Taylor's  (N.  L.)  By  Still  Harder  Fate,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Thomas's  (J.)  To  the  Angels'  Choir,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Wrightson's  (W.  G.)  John  Royston,  a  Sketch,  or.  Svo.  6/  cl. 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Bertholet  (A.) :  Das  Buch  Hesekiel  erklart,  4m. 
Budde  (K.)  :  Das  Buch  der  Richter  erklart,  2m.  50m. 
Kerber  (G  ) :    Die  religionsgeschichtliche  Bedeutung    der 
hebraischen    Bigennamen    des    alten    Testamentes    v. 
neuem  gepriift,  2m.  80. 
Preuschen  (E.):  Palladius  u.  Rufinus,  12m, 
Titius  (A.) :   Das  Verhaltnis   der    Herrnworte  im  Markus- 

evangelium  zu  den  Logia  des  Matthaus,  Im.  60. 
Weiss  (J.) :  Beitiage  zur  paulinischen  Rhetorik,  2m.  SO. 

Law. 
Liebermann  (F.) :  Die  Gesetze  der  Angelsachsen,  Vol.  1, 
Part  1,  Sm. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeeology . 
Bourdery  (L.)  et  Lachenaud  (E.) :  Leonard  Limosin,  lofr. 
Broussole  (J.  C.)  :  La  Vie  Esthgtique,  3fr.  50. 
Chwolson  (D.) :  Syrisch-nestorianische  Grabinschriften  aus 

Semirjetschie,  neue  Folge,  6m. 
Jacquemin  (R.):  Iconographie  du  Costume  du  IV.  au  XIX. 

Sifecle,  4.50fr. 
Miinz  (S.):  Italienische  Reminiscenzen  u.  Profile,  5m 
Uzanne  (O.) :  Les  Modes  de  Paris  de  1797  a  1897,  iOfr.  ' 
Zimmermann    (M.   G.) :    Oberitalische    Plastlk  im    friihen 
u.  hohen  Mittelalter,  30m. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama, 
Bouhelier  (St.-G.  de) :  figle,  3fr.  50. 
Cotta'scher  Musen-Almanach  f.  1898,  6m. 
Curel  (F.  de) :  Le  Repas  du  Lion,  2fr. 
Gothein  (M.) :  John  Keats,  Leben  u.  Werke,  2  Bde.  lOra. 
Patkanov  (S.) :    Die   Irtysch-Ostjaken  u.  ihre  Volkspoesie, 

Part  1,  3m.  50. 
Schmid    (D.) :    William    Congreve,    sein    Leben    u.    seine 
Lustspiele,  4m. 

Music. 

Nagel  (W.):  Geschichte  der   Musik  in   England,  Part 
8m. 


de     la     Philosophie, 


Philosophy. 
Boutroux   {'E.) :     Etudes    d'Histoire 

7fr.  60. 

Drews  (A.) :  Das  Ich  als  Grundproblem  der  Metaphysik,  Sm. 
Herckenrath  (C.    R.  C.)  :    ProblCmes    d'EsthStique   et   de 

Morale,  2fr.  50. 

Political  Economy. 
Charles  (B.) :  Theories  Sociales  et  Politiciens,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography , 
Duquet  (A.)  :  Guerre  1870-1871,  3fr.  50. 
Knauth  (P.) :  Goethes  Sprache  u.  Stil  im  Alter,  3m.  60. 
Leudet  (M.) :  Guillaume  II.  Intlme,  3fr.  50. 
Stern  (A.)  :  Geschichte  Buropas  seit  den  Vertriigen  v.  1815 

bis  zum  Frankfurter  Frieden  v.  1871,  Vol.  2,  9m. 
Geography  and  Travel. 
Quinet  (Madame  E.) :  De  Paris  i  Edimbourg,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Raoul  v.  Houdenc :    Samtliche  Werke,  hrsg.  v.  M.  Fried- 

wanger  :  Vol.  1,  Meraugis  v.  Portlesguez,  10m. 
Vatsyayana  :  Das  Kamasiitram,  aus  dem  Sanskrit  iibers.  v. 

R.  Schmidt,  16m. 

Science. 
Brunner   v.  Wattenwyl :    Betrachtungen  iib.  die  Farben- 

pracht  der  Insekten,  36m. 
Dellingshausen  (N.) :    Grundziige  der  kinetischen  Natur- 

lehre,  10m. 
Fechner  (G.  T.) :  KoUektivmasslehre,  hrsg.  v.  G.  F.  Lipps, 

14m. 
Ostwald  (W.)  :     Die   wissenschaftlichen    Grundlagen    der 

analytischen  Chemie,  5m. 

General  Literature. 
Allais  (H.)  :  Histoires  Pgnales,  3fr.  50. 
Baihaut  (Ch.) :  Impressions  Cellulaires,  3fr.  50. 
Bonnefois  (M.)  :  La  Fille  du  Forain,  3fr.  50. 
Bouchard  (J.)  :  Le  Triomphe  de  I'Amour,  3fr.  50. 
Floran  (M.)  :  Orgueil  Vaincu,  3fr.  50. 
Gauthiez  (P.) :  L'Age  Incertain,  3fr.  50. 
Harris  (G.)  :  L'Inutile  Amour,  3fr.  50. 
Lazare  (B.) :  L'Affaire  Dreyfus,  3fr.  50. 
Lecomte  (G.)  :  Les  Valets,  3fr.  50. 
Pu.jo  (M.) :  La  Crise  Morale,  3fr.  50. 
Verne  (J.) :  Le  Sphinx  des  Glaces,  Part  2,  3fr. 


The  question  is,  Where  was  this  work  of  the 
famous  Florentine  composed  ?  He  was  exiled 
from  Florence,  and  living  in  France,  according 
to  Mr.  Scott,  between  the  years  a.d.  1260  and 
1266,  but  his  precise  place  of  residence  has  been 
hitherto  undetermined.  Mr.  Scott  has  found  a 
document  which  proves  that  in  1264  he  was  at 
Bar  sur  I'Aube,  in  Champagne  ;  but  it  does  not 
follow  that  he  was  not  also  for  some  time  resi- 
dent in  Paris  ;  indeed,  from  the  nature  of  his 
occupation,  it  is  most  probable  that  he  was 
temporarily  located  there. 

M.  Martin  Dairvault,  in  the  introduction  to 
his  edition  of  the  curious  '  Livre  du  Roi  Dancus,' 
has  noticed  a  MS.  fragment  of  the  '  Tesoro  '  in 
the  Bibliothfeque  Nationale,  Paris  (No,  12,581 
des  Fonds  Fran§ais),  which  is  dated  1284.  Mr. 
Scott  does  not  need  to  be  told  that  the  work 
was  originally  written  in  French,  and  was 
subsequently  translated  into  Italian  by  Bono 
Giamboni.  It  was  first  printed  in  folio  at 
Treviso  in  1474.  If  the  fragment  discovered 
by  M.  Dairvault  in  Paris  be,  as  I  infer,  a  por- 
tion of  the  original  French  MS.  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Brunetto  Latini,  dated  1484,  the 
'Tesoro,'  or  some  portion  of  it,  must  have  been 
composed  in  Florence  on  his  return  from  France 
after  the  death  of  Manfred  in  1266  ('Biog, 
Univ.,'  xxiii.  420  ;  xxvi.  476).  His  own  death 
took  place  at  an  acivanced  age  in  1294, 

J.  E.  Harting. 


2, 


BRUNETTO  LATINI   IN  FRANCE. 
Dorney  Wood,  Burnham,  Bucks,  Nov.  S,  1897. 
Somewhat  more  is  known  concerning  Bru- 
netto Latini's  movements  in  France  than   Mr. 
Scott's  interesting  note  in  last  week's  AthencBum 
would  seem  to  imply.     On  his  way  back  from 
his  mission  to  Alphonso  X.  of  Castile  in    1260, 
Brunetto  heard  of  the  disastrous  defeat  of  the 
Florentine  Guelfs  at  Montaperti  in  September 
of  that  year,  and  he  thereupon  abandoned  his 
intention  of  returning  to  Italy,  and  took  refuge 
in  France.     It  appears  from  what    he   himself 
says  in  the  '  Tesoretto  '  (xxi.  3)  that  he  first  of 
all  went  to  Montpellier,  one  of  the  cities  most 
frequented  by  Italians    in  France.     We    know 
also  that  he  was  in  Paris  in  1263,   where    he 
exercised  his  notarial  functions  in  the  interest 
of    certain  of    his  exiled  fellow  citizens,  as  is 
proved   by    a   document    in    his    handwriting, 
dated  September  15th  of  that  year  {sqq  Rassegna 
Italiana,   March,   1885).      And    we  now  know 
further,  from  the  document  discovered  by  Mr, 
Scott,  that  he  was  at  Bar-sur-Aube,  in  Cham- 
pagne, in  the  spring  of  the  next  year, 

Mr.  Scott  assumes  on  the  strength  of  this 
document  that  Bar-sur-Aube  was  Brunette's 
place  of  residence  in  France,  and  that  he  there 
wrote  his  'Tre'sor.'  But  considering  that 
Brunetto  was  certainly  domiciled  in  Paris 
during  one  period  of  his  exile,  that  in  the 
'  Trdsor '  itself  (iii.  53)  he  makes  a  most  signifi- 
cant reference  to  Paris,  and  that  that  work 
(containing  as  it  does  copious  extracts  from 
Aristotle,  Cicero,  Sallust,  Palladius,  Solinus, 
Isidore  of  Seville,  and  a  dozen  other  writers, 
classical  and  medijBval)  must  have  been  written 
within  reach  of  a  well-furnished  library,  such 
as  the  University  of  Paris  would  naturally 
supply,  it  seems  more  reasonable  to  conclude 
that  his  headquarters,  at  any  rate,  during  his 
exile  were  in  the  capital  of  the  He  de  France, 
and  that  his  magniim  opus  (which  was  written, 
be  it  remembered,  not  in  the  Champagne 
dialect,  but  in  that  of  the  He  de  France,  "le 
langage  des  Francois  ")  was  composed  in  that 
city.  Paget  Toynbee. 

The  interesting  discovery  made  by  Mr, 
Edward  Scott  in  the  muniment  room  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  communicated  by  him  in 
your  last  issue  (p.  635),  caused  me  to  refer  to 
some  notes  which  I  printed  a  few  years  ago  on 
Brunetto  Latini's  celebrated  work  '  II  Tesoro ' 
(c/.  'Bibliotheca  Accipitraria, '  1891,  pp.  137-8). 


'THE  KING'S  QUAIR.' 

M.     Jusserand    in    his    pamphlet    entitled 
'  Jacques     I.     d'Ecosse,    fut  -  il    Po^te  1 '    has 
recently  published  a  rejoinder  to  Mr.  Brown's 
criticism  as  to  the  authorship  of  '  The  King's 
Quair,'  and  has  decided  not  to  "  desert  the  flag 
of     King    James."      While    waiting    for    Mr. 
Brown's    reply  may  I  be   permitted  to  add  a 
word  on  a  portion  of  the  subject  to  which  both 
disputants  appear  to  attach  some  importance, 
viz.,  the  date  of   the  Scottish  king's   capture, 
which    M.   Jusserand  supposes   to   have  taken 
place  a  little  before    Easter,   1405,   while   Mr. 
Brown  places  it  a   year  later  ?     Contemporary 
chroniclers  are  contradictory  on  the  question  of 
chronology.    Bower  ('Scotichronicon,'  Hearne's 
edition,  iv.  1162)  says  that  James  was  captured 
on  March  30th,  a  short  time  after  the  Earl  of 
Northumberlan(i  had  sought  refuge  in  Scotland. 
He  begins  his  chapter  with  the  year  1404,  but 
this  need  not  be  meant  to  cover  all  the  events 
recorded  in  it.     Now  the  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land fled  to  Scotland  from  Berwick  about  the 
end  of  June,  1405,  so  that  if  Bower  is  right  the 
capture  of    James   would  fall  on  March  30th, 
1406. 

Wyntoun  (Laing's  edition,  iii.  94-96)  records 
that  James  was  taken  to  the  Bass  by  Sir  David 
Fleming,  that  Fleming  was  killed  on  his  way 
back  to  Edinburgh,  and  that  James  afterwards 
set   sail  and  was    captured    on    Palm   Sunday 
following.     These  events  he  dates  in  1405,  so 
that  if  he  is  right  the  capture  took  place  on 
April  12th,  1405,     But  Fleming  was  certainly 
not  dead  at  that  time,  for  he  negotiated  the 
flight  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  into  Scot- 
land in  June,  1405,  and  subsequently  warned 
him  of  the  plot  to  seize  him  and  exchange  him 
for  the  Earl  of  Douglas.   This  led  to  the  murder 
of  Fleming  on  February  14th,  1406.     If,  there- 
fore, Wyntoun's  testimony  is  to  stand  his  year 
(1405)  must  be  altered,     M.  Jusserand  (p,  43) 
denies  that  there  is  "  any  authentic  document 
in  which  Fleming  is  represented  as  being  alive 
later  than  March,  1405,"     I  understand,  how- 
ever, that  he  has  already  withdrawn  this  pas- 
sage, being  convinced  by  entries  in  J,  Robert- 
son's  '  Collections  for  a  History  of  Aberdeen ' 
(Spalding  Club),  i,  503  ;  ii.  351  ;  iii.  200 ;  iv. 
87,    172,   173,  458,    in    which    Fleming    signs 
documents  dated  June  23rd,  August  10th,  24th, 
September  1st,  and  October  28th,  1405. 

But  Wyntoun  says  that  James  was  captured 
in  time  of  truce,  and  it  is  urged  that  a  truce 


N°  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


675 


between  England  and  Scotland  is  known  to 
have  expired  at  Easter,  1405,  while  there  is  no 
evidence  that  any  truce  between  the  two  coun- 
tries existed  after  that  date.  But  when  the 
Scots  burnt  Berwick  in  June,  1405,  it  was  dis- 
tinctly charged  against  them  that  they  had  made 
their  attack  during  a  time  of  truce  ;  and  when 
James  Douglas  wrote  his  reply  on  July  26th, 
1405  (Pinkerton,  i.  451),  he  retorted  upon  the 
English  for  plundering  in  the  Clyde  in  the  pre- 
vious month  in  spite  of  the  truce  "tane  and 
sworn  a-late,"  Letters  are  also  extant,  written 
by  Scots  in  December,  1405,  and  January,  1406, 
complaining  of  violations  of  the  truce  by  Eng- 
lish pirates  ;  and  at  Easter,  1406,  the  truce  was 
renewed  for  another  year.  So  that  if  Wyntoun's 
date  were  altered  to  1406  his  statement  about 
the  truce  would  be  quite  in  accordance  with  the 
facts. 

On  the  other  hand,  we  have  the  direct  evi- 
dence of  contemporary  English  chroniclers 
(' Annales,'  418  ;  Walsingham,  ii.  273),  who  dis- 
tinctly date  the  capture  in  1406,  and  from  this 
time  onward  there  is  a  continuous  series  of 
entries  on  the  Exchequer  Rolls  for  the  expenses 
of  James  as  a  prisoner,  not  one  of  which  is 
dated  earlier  than  the  summer  of  1406,  for 
Rymer's  extracts  from  the  '  Rotulus  Viagii '  are 
now  admitted  by  everybody  to  be  mistaken  in 
the  year. 

All  this  is  allowed  by  M.  Jusserand,  though 
he  still  contends  that  the  capture  may  have 
really  taken  place  a  year  before  the  first  payments 
were  entered  on  the  Issue  Rolls,  and  he  points 
to  the  absence  of  any  warrant  to  the  Constable 
of  the  Tower  which  would  prove  the  exact  date 
at  which  the  incarceration  began.  But  even  on 
this  point  we  are  not  wholly  without  documen- 
tary evidence,  for  in  the  Exchequer  Accounts 
of  7  and  8  Henry  IV.  (Q.  R.  Wardrobe,  68/8) 
is  an  entry  showing  291.  10s.  Qd.  expenses  of 
James  filz  au  roy  d'Escosse,  the  Earl  of  Orkney, 
Archibald  Edmondeston,  and  other  gentles  of 
Scotland,  being  at  our  charges  at  their  first 
coming  to  the  Tower  of  London,  anno  7  (i.  e. 
some  time  between  September  29th,  1405,  and 
September  29th,  1406). 

I  take  it  therefore  as  proved  that  James  of 
Scotland  was  captured  in  1406,  and  I  see  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  testimony  of  Bower,  which 
fixes  the  exact  day  as  March  30th.  This  date 
is  in  agreement  with  all  the  known  facts,  and 
is  only  contradicted  by  Wyntoun.  Now,  as 
somebody's  account  must  be  rejected,  I  feel 
that  the  least  amount  of  violence  will  be  done  by 
supposing  that  Wyntoun  has  made  a  mistake. 

But  it  is  just  here  that  Mr.  Brown's  pretty 
imagination  comes  into  play.  He  sees  the 
anonymous  poet,  in  whose  existence  M.  Jus- 
serand altogether  disbelieves,  writing  '  The 
King's  Quair '  some  forty  years  after  King 
James's  death,  and  unsuspectingly  tapping 
Wyntoun  for  his  dates,  mistakes  and  all.  Into 
a  discussion  of  the  probability  of  this  ingenious 
hypothesis  I  must  not  dare  to  venture,  though 
I  look  with  interest  for  a  possible  recrudescence 
of  the  controversy.  If,  however,  this  is  not  to 
be,  and  M.  Jusserand  is  to  be  considered  as 
having  had  the  last  word,  I  would  at  least  claim 
in  the  interest  of  historical  accuracy  to  have 
proved  that  he  is  mistaken  in  fixing  the  date  of 
King  James's  capture  in  1405. 

May  I  suggest  that  Mr.  Brown  will  do  well 
not  to  rely  too  much  upon  the  supposition  that 
balais  is  an  uncommon  word  ?  It  really  occurs 
abundantly  both  in  English  and  French 
inventories,  and  was  evidently  quite  a  common 
word  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

Mr.  Brown  is  also  mistaken  in  suppos- 
ing that  James  was  at  Southampton  on 
May  14th,  1412,  for  the  "brother  of  Bedford" 
referred  to  in  Humphrey's  letter  was  not  created 
Duke  of  Bedford  till  May  6th,  1414.  The  mis- 
take, like  many  another,  is  due  in  the  first 
instance  to  the  careless  editing  of  the  'Fac- 
similes of  National  MSS.' 

J.  Hamilton  Wylie. 


KURDISH   OR  GYPSY. 
University  College,  Sheffield,  Nov.  6,  1897. 

It  is  a  pity  that  Mr.  F.  H.  Groome  did  not 
consult  a  Persian  or  Turkish  dictionary  before 
sending  you  his  list  of  Kurdish  or  Gipsy  words. 
A  casual  hunt  in  Redhouse  shows  that  his 
numerals  are  Persian,  as  are  all  his  words, 
except  kor  (  =  %?<?•),  "blind,"  which  is  Arabic, 
and  acjir,  "fire,"  which  I  hare  not  succeeded 
in  finding. 

The  travellers  from  whom  the  vocabulary  was 
obtained  came  from  Persia,  and  spoke  "  modern 
Persian  and  Turkish."  Mr.  Groome's  selected 
words  are  Persian  words,  are  used  in  Turkish, 
and  are  presumably  neither  "  Gipsy  "  nor 
"  Kurdish  "  in  origin. 

W.  C.  F.  Anderson. 


THE  TREATISE  '  DE  AQUA  ET  TERRA.' 
Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  New  York,  Oct.  27,  1897. 
The  copy  of  the  very  rare  1508  edition  of 
this  treatise  presented  to  the  Cornell  University 
Library  by  Mr.  Willard  Fiske  adds  another  to 
the  list  of  known  copies  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Paget  Toynbee  in  the  Atlien(€um,  October  16th, 
No.  3651.  This  copy  was  No.  1979  in  the 
'  Catalogue  de  la  Biblioth^que  de  feu  M.  Bene- 
detto Maglione,  de  Naples,'  Paris,  1894,  and 
Mr.  Fiske  paid  for  it,  I  believe,  450  francs.  It 
has  wide  margins,  with  a  few  MS.  annotations. 
A  few  months  after  making  this  purchase, 
while  looking  through  the  Danteiana  in  the 
public  library  of  Perugia,  Mr.  Fiske  discovered 
the  copy  referred  to  by  Mr.  Toynbee.  The 
latter  copy  still  remains  in  Perugia. 

Theodore  W.  Koch. 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson  sold  last  week 
the  library  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  C.  Baring,  which 
included  some  fine  examples  of  the  early  printed 
classics.  The  Aldine  Boccaccio  of  1522  fetched 
161.;  the  Catullus  of  1502,  9^.;  the  Aristotle, 
5  vols.,  1495-8,  28^.;  the  Biblia  Grisca  of  1518 
(bound  by  Derome),  4,01.  10s.;  the  Aldine 
Demosthenes  of  1504,  101.  10s. ;  the  Homer  of 
1524,  20J.;  the  Horace  of  1501,  Ul.  5s.;  the 
Musaeus,  Hero  et  Leander,  1494,  2ol.  10s. ;  the 
Herodotus,  1502,  131. ;  Rhetores  Antiqui  Grseci, 
1508,  101.  Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  4  vols., 
1780,  fetched  9L  English  Chronicles,  28  vols., 
brought  391.  Dante,  La  Commedia,  1491, 16L  5s. 
Ritson's  works,  first  editions,  29  vols.,  17^ 
Gould's  Birds,  25  vols.,  184L  10s.  Sowerby's 
Botany,  11  vols.,  151. 


HitetHrp  ffiossi'p. 

A  NE"W  serial  story  by  Mr.  Stanley  J. 
Weyman  will  begin  in  the  January  number 
of  the  Cornhill  Magazine.  The  title  is  'The 
Castle  Inn,'  and  the  scene  is  laid  in  Eng- 
land in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

The  centenary  of  Heine  will  engage  the 
pens  of  several  writers  in  the  Christmas 
number  of  Cosmopolis.  Mr.  I.  Zangwill  has 
written  a  story,  based  on  Heine's  life, 
entitled  '  From  a  Mattress  Grave.'  Prof. 
Dowden  an  article  entitled  '  Heinrich  Heine : 
a  Centenary  Retrospect,'  and  Mr.  Hyndman 
an  article  on  '  Society  of  the  Future,'  treat- 
ing the  subject  from  a  Socialist  point  of 
view.  French  and  German  articles  on  the 
Heine  centenary  will  also  appear  in  the 
same  number  of  Cosmopolis. 

The  fifth  issue  of  Mr.  Buxton  Forman's 
one-volume  'Keats's  Poems'  being  just 
exhausted,  a  new  edition  is  in  the  press, 
and  will  be  ready  before  Christmas.  The 
opportunity  has  been  taken  to  perfect  this 
edition  by  adding  two  short  pieces  recently 


unearthed,  and  by  rejecting  the  so-called 
'  Sonnet  to  George  Iveats  written  in 
Sickness,'  and  the  beautiful  couplets  'Vox 
et  Pra3terea  Nihil,'  hitherto  supposed  to  be 
a  rejected  passage  from  '  Endymion.'  As 
shown  in  a  paper  on  Keats  in  the  second 
volume  of  '  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,'  those  two  poems  have  been 
wrongly  attributed  to  Keats. 

There  are  several  interesting  books 
and  MSS.  in  the  four  days'  sale  which 
Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  will 
commence  on  November  22nd,  in  addition 
to  the  Gilbert  White  MSS.  which  we 
referred  to  last  week.  The  sale  comprises 
selections  from  the  libraries  of  Lord  Auck- 
land, the  Eev.  H.  R.  Wadmore,  Capt.  Hawley 
Smart,  Mr.  W.  Pennington  (the  last  three 
deceased),  and  others.  The  more  interesting 
rarities  include  a  copy  of  the  genuine  first 
edition  of  Skelton's  translation  of  '  Don 
duixote,'  1612  (of  which  the  Ashburnham 
copy  sold  for  106/.);  a  collection  of  Ameri- 
can almanacs,  1779-91  ;  John  Davies'  (of 
Hereford)  'The  Muses  Sacrifice,'  1612,  first 
edition ;  Thomas  Forde's  own  copy  of 
'  Virtus  Eediviva,'  1661,  with  his  autograph 
on  the  fly-leaf ;  first  editions  of  Goldsmith 
(two  of  'The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,'  1766), 
Hawthorne,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  and 
Longfellow ;  an  unusually  tall  and  clean 
copy  of  Lovelace's  '  Lucasta,'  1649  ;  a  copy 
of  the  Charter  granted  by  William  and 
Mary  to  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  and  '  Acts  and  Laws,'  Boston,  1714-19; 
a  beautiful  example  of  Fontenelle,  '  Qiluvres 
Diverses,'  on  large  paper,  and  in  a  rich  red 
morocco  binding  by  Derome  ;  Beza,  '  Con- 
fessione  deUa  Fede  Christiana,'  1560,  for- 
merly the  property  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  each  cover  inscribed  "  Maria  R. 
Scotoru";  a  fine  copy  of  the  first  edition  of 
Urquhart's  translation  of  Eabelais,  1653  ; 
some  rare  lace  books ;  a  number  of  Books 
of  Hours ;  a  second  folio  of  Shakspeare, 
measuring  12f  in.  by  8f  in.;  and  a  fif- 
teenth century  MS.  '  Histoire  de  Troye,* 
with  seventeen  large  finely  painted  and 
illuminated  miniatures. 

Mr.  John  Payne  has  just  (incidentally  to 
his  labours  upon  the  translation  of  Hafiz) 
completed  a  metrical  version  of  the  whole 
of  Omar  Khayyam's  quatrains,  between 
eight  hundred  and  nine  hundred  in  number, 
or  nearly  three  quarters  more  than  have  ever 
yet  been  presented  to  the  English  public. 
The  special  feature  of  the  new  translation 
will  be  an  attempt  to  reproduce  the  very 
characteristic  and  varied  scheme  of  rhyme 
and  rhythm  of  tho  originals,  and  so  to  give 
an  idea  of  Khayyam's  verse  as  it  might 
appear  to  a  native  of  Persia ;  and  it  is 
believed  that,  notwithstanding  the  pheno- 
menal difficulties  involved  in  this  course, 
the  version  will  be  found  to  be  far  more 
literal  than  any  which  now  exists.  The 
book  will  be  at  once  issued  by  the  Villon 
Society  by  subscription  in  the  usual  manner. 

The  centenary  of  the  birth  of  Dr.  Moir 
("  Delta")  is  to  be  celebrated  at  his  native 
Musselburgh.  The  date  is  January  5th, 
1898. 

Mr.  S.  E.  Gardiner  is  to  deliver  an 
address  before  the  Edinburgh  University 
History  Society  on  Monday  next. 

The  article  '  Sir  Walter's  Garden,'  which 
appears  in  this  month's  number  of  Temple 


676 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


Bar,  is  said  to  be  from  the  pen  of  Mrs. 
Porter,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  John 
Blackwood,  with  whose  name  Mrs.  Oli- 
phant's  history  of  the  house  of  Blackwood 
has  made  the  public  familiar. 

Mr.  Thomas  Macknight,  of  the  Northern 
Whig,  is  preparing  a  new  edition  of  his 
*  History  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  Burke  ' 
and  a  completely  annotated  edition  of 
Burke's  works.  A  review  of  the  first  edition 
of  Mr.  Macknight's  book,  which  appeared 
in  the  Athencvum  in  December,  1860,  is 
republished  in  '  Papers  of  a  Critic '  (Murray, 
1875). 

A  LIBRARY  edition  of  Miss  Preer's 
'Life  of  Marguerite  of  Navarre,'  with 
illustrations,  is  about  to  be  published 
by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  The  same  firm 
announces  '  Crown  Jewels  :  a  Brief  Re- 
cord of  the  Wives  of  English  Sovereigns 
from  1066  to  1897,'  with  a  preface  by  Lady 
Herbert  of  Lea. 

The  Cardiff  School  Board  recently  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  consider  the  question 
of  Welsh  teaching  in  its  schools.  The  com- 
mittee has  advised  the  Board  to  provide 
teachers  in  the  first  standard,  as  well  as  in 
the  "six-year-old  classes"  of  the  infant 
schools. 

The  University  Court  of  Wales — on  the 
recommendation  of  the  Senate — is  taking 
steps  to  provide  for  the  foundation  of  four 
research  fellowships,  and  more  than  half  of 
the  amount  necessary  to  secure  the  income 
of  four  fellows  for  five  years  has  already 
been  promised. 

The  Eev.  G.  E.  Ffrench  writes  on  the 
8th  inst.:  — 

"  You  may  perhaps  think  it  worthy  of  notice 
that  the  date  of  your  next  issue  will  be  the 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  beginning  of  the 
famous  walking  tour  on  which  'The  Ancient 
Mariner '  was  planned.  It  was  on  Novem- 
ber 13th,  1797,  that  Wordsworth,  Dorothy 
Wordsworth,  and  Coleridge  set  off  to  walk  to 
Linton  and  the  Valley  of  the  Rocks." 

We  hear  that  Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett 
think  of  adding  to  the  attractions  of  one 
of  their  cheap  editions  of  '  John  Halifax, 
Gentleman,'  by  including  in  it,  as  frontis- 
piece, a  reproduction  in  photogravure  of  the 
portrait  of  the  author  by  Prof.  Herkomer. 
This  portrait,  which  will  be  reproduced  by 
permission  of  Mr.  Craik,  has  hitherto,  we 
believe,  been  unpublished.  As  indicating 
the  continued  popularity  of  'John  Halifax,' 
we  may  note  that  of  the  aforesaid  cheap 
editions,  ranging  in  price  from  six  shillings 
to  sixpence,  over  260,000  copies  have  in  the 
aggregate  been  sold.  Of  these,  more  than 
half  were  of  the  five-shilling  edition,  and 
more  than  a  third  of  the  sixpenny. 

About  two  hundred  young  women  are 
said  to  have  been  admitted  as  Zuhorerinnen 
at  the  University  of  Berlin,  after  having 
satisfied  the  authorities  regarding  their  pro- 
ficiency. The  faculties  chosen  by  them  are 
those  of  philosophy,  medicine,  and  juris- 
prudence. Theology  evidently  finds  no 
favour  with  the  fair  sex. 

The  second  volume  of  the  '  Eegesta 
Diplomatica  nee  non  Epistolaria  Historiso 
Thuringise,'  edited  by  Dr.  Dobenecker  for 
the  Society  of  Thuringian  History  and  Anti- 
quities, is  expected  to  be  issued  shortly. 
The  first  volume  covered  the  period  from 


the  year  500  to  1152,  and  the  second  volume 
will  reach  from  1152  to  1246. 

The  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
Vienna  has  undertaken  the  reprinting  of 
Ligarrague's  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment into  Basque,  1571.  This,  the  most 
important,  if  not  quite  the  earliest  document 
in  the  Basque  tongue,  will  be  printed  imder 
the  supervision  of  Dr.  Hugo  Schuchardt,  of 
Gratz,  one  of  the  first  living  Basque  scholars, 
and  of  Pastor  Th.  Linschmann,  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  defunct  Berlin  periodical 
Emlcara. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Supplement  to  the  Annual  Peport 
of  the  Local  Government  Board,  containing 
the  Report  of  the  Medical  Officer  (3s.  \d.) ; 
Returns  of  Endowed  Charities  in  Seven 
West  Riding  Parishes  ;  and  an  Index  of 
Names  and  Places  mentioned  in  the  Reports 
on  Endowed  Charities  in  the  County  of 
Merioneth  {2d.), 


SCIENCE 


Memory  mid  its  Cultivation.  By  P.  W. 
Edridge  -  Green,  M.D.  "  International 
Scientific  Series."  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
Du.  Edridge  -  Green^  is  an  independent 
thinker,  and  has  made  many  observations 
and  criticisms  that  are  really  valuable.  On 
the  other  hand,  his  work  is  antiquated 
in  its  foundation  and  is  not  of  any  great 
applicability  ;  for  it  is  based  on  what 
is  really  the  old  scholastic  doctrine  of 
mental  "  faculties,"  translated  into  physio- 
logical terms,  and  the  practical  application 
on  which  the  author  seems  to  lay  most  stress 
is  a  system  of  mnemonics  not  essentially  dif- 
ferent from  those  "  artificial  systems"  which 
he  himself  regards  as  of  very  partial  utility. 
Yet  in  spite  of  defects  in  philosophical  con- 
ception and  failure  in  pursuit  of  what  is 
pei'haps  a  chimerical  aim,  he  is  interesting 
and  not  unsuccessful  in  the  pure  science  of 
the  matter. 

On  the  philosophically  fundamental  ques- 
tion as  to  the  relations  between  mind  and 
body  Dr.  Edridge-Green  holds  no  coherent 
theory  at  all.  Sometimes  he  speaks  of  mind 
as  an  entity  acting  on,  and  acted  on  by,  body 
as  another  entity ;  sometimes  he  identifies 
the  various  "faculties  of  the  mind"  with 
parts  of  the  brain,  speaking  of  "  faculties" 
as  actually  "  in  the  cerebrum "  and  as 
"  emitting  nervous  force."  While  he  rejects 
phrenology,  he  regards  the  phrenological 
system  as  "  certainly  the  best  system  extant, 
as  far  as  the  discovery  and  definition 
of  ultimate  faculties  (excluding  memory) 
is  concerned."  Yet  when  he  comes  to 
criticize  the  phrenological  enumeration 
of  the  faculties  and  to  suggest 
impi'ovements  in  it,  his  criticisms  and 
suggestions  are  good  within  the  limits 
of  the  doctrine,  and  he  goes  some  way 
towards  resolving  the  "  faculties "  into  the 
psychological  elements  of  which  they  are 
composed.  For,  of  course,  there  is  no 
harm  in  speaking  of  "  faculties,"  if  we 
take  them  not  as  principles  of  scientific 
explanation,  but  only  as  a  somewhat  arti- 
ficial description  of  certain  totals  that  psy- 
chological science  has  to  resolve.  A  good 
example  of  the  merits  and  defects  of  Dr. 
Edridge-Green's  method    is  his  treatment 


of  the  "colour-sense."  "Colour-blindness," 
he  says  in  one  place,  "is  an  affection  due 
to  deficiency  of  the  faculty  of  colour."     A 
little  further  on,  however,  he  remarks  that 
"  the  psycho-physical  colour  series  consists 
of  six  units"   (more    or    less).     That  is  to 
say,  there  are  on  one  side  elements  in  the 
nervous  system  that  are  differently  affected 
by  so  many  kinds  of  physical  impression, 
and,  corresponding  to  these,   so  many  ele- 
ments of  sense  that  are  psychically  different. 
Thus   we   have  passed  beyond  the   merely 
verbal  reference  to  a  "faculty"  as  a  cause, 
and   have   come   upon  a   piece  of   genuine 
analysis.     Further  on  again,  the  remark  is 
made  that  "if  colour-blindness  were  only 
due  to  an   absence   of   one  set  of    retinal 
colour-perceiving  elements,   the   other   two 
sets   being   normal,  a    colour-blind   person 
would  take  quite  as  much  interest  in  the 
two  elements  that  he  had  as  normally  con- 
stituted persons  do  in  their  three  ";  but  ob- 
servation proves  that  actually  this  is  not  so. 
Hence,  Dr.  Edridge-Green  argues,  we  must 
recur  for  explanation  to  the  presence  of  a 
larger  or  smaller  "  faculty  of  colour,"  each 
person  taking  interest  in  a  thing  according  to 
the  amount  of  his  faculty  for  the  particular 
thing.  This  is  evidently  in  itself  no  scientific 
explanation   at   all ;    yet   it   points   to   the 
necessity  for  bringing  in  something  beyond 
elements  of  sense.     AVe  have  to  take  into 
account,  in  fact,  over  and  above  the  elements, 
their  relations  to  one  another.      And  this 
Dr.  Edridge-Green  usually  does.     So  that, 
going  beyond  the  merely  verbal  reference  to 
"  faculties,"  he  often  furnishes  psychological 
explanation  of  the  best  kind. 

In  physiology,  as  in  psychology,  the 
author  has  not  always  the  newest  lights. 
His  view  that  the  optic  thalami  and  the 
corpora  striata  are  the  seats  respectively  of 
sensory  and  of  motor  memory  is  very  dis- 
putable. And  although  in  his  view  that 
perception  and  memory  of  an  impression  do 
not  occupy  the  same  portion  of  the  brain 
he  agrees  with  some  of  the  latest  authorities, 
his  argument  here  is  vitiated  by  the  as- 
sumption that  each  distinct  mental  faculty 
must  have  a  locally  distinguishable  seat. 
Where  he  seems  to  be  at  his  best  is  in  the 
reduction  of  both  "  sensory  "  and  "  motor  " 
memory  to  particular  experiences.  By 
this  he  gets  rid  of  that  rather  unfortunate 
term  of  the  physiologists,  "  unconscious 
cerebration."  Unless  there  has  been  some 
past  particular  experience,  he  shows,  no 
amount  of  "unconscious  cerebration  "  will 
end  in  any  mental  product.  If  a  piece  of 
mental  work  that  could  not  be  done  before 
is  done  after  an  interval  of  rest,  the  real 
explanation  is  that  there  has  been  some 
revival  of  particular  impressions  which 
could  not  previously  be  revived  for  want 
of  the  appropriate  linking  with  the  present. 
Those  who  speak  of  "unconscious  cerebra- 
tion" would  perhaps  admit  this  when  it 
is  pointed  out ;  but,  after  all,  their 
phrase  remains  a  misleading  one,  and  Dr. 
Edridge-Green  has  substituted  a  correct 
statement  of  the  problem  in  psychological 
terms  for  what  is  little  more  than  a  mere 
general  assertion  that  some  kind  of  physio- 
logical process  is  correlated  both  with  those 
mental  processes  that  come  into  full  con- 
sciousness and  with  those  that  do  not.  He 
also  brings  to  light  a  false  implication  of 
the  phrase  of  the  physiologists,  in  so  far 


N°3655,  Nov.  13, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


677 


as  this  suggests  that  mental  work  can  be 
done  at  all  without  mental  conditions. 

Connected  with  this  view  that  specific 
psychological  explanation  must  be  sought 
of  the  revival  of  memories  is  the  principle 
Dr.  Edridge-Green  lays  down  that 

"each  impression  remains  distinct  and  separate 
from  the  others,  unless  combined  by  an  effort 
of  the  will,  or  through  directly  reviving  a 
previous  impression,  which  becomes  subse- 
quently revived  as  being  similar." 

This  he  well  illustrates  by  such  examples  as 
that  of  asking  any  one  to  draw  the  figures 
on  the  clock-face  without  looking  at  a  time- 
piece. All  the  requisite  single  impressions 
have  been  both  received  and  repeated 
in  combination  numberless  times,  and  yet 
some  mistake  is  inevitably  made  if  they 
have  never  been  consciously — or,  as  he  says, 
voluntarily — brought  into  relation  with  one 
another.  Though  there  may  be  some  dis- 
pute as  to  the  precise  share  of  volition  in 
bringing  impressions  together  in  the  first 
instance,  the  examples  given  certainly  show 
that  effective  memory  is  not  possible  without 
previous  understanding. 

In  drawing  up  practical  rules,  though 
we  do  not  think  the  attempt  at  a 
mnemonic  system  particularly  valuable, 
Dr.  Edridge-Green  furnishes  a  number 
of  hints  that  are  useful.  One  of  these 
is,  in  reviving  the  memory  of  anything, 
first  to  find  out  how  much  we  know 
without  renewing  the  original  impressions, 
and  then  to  renew  these,  so  as  to  fill  up 
what  is  wanting.  If  it  is  said  that  we 
do  this  spontaneously,  the  reply  may  be 
made  that  rules  cannot  be  more  than  the 
formulation  of  the  best  spontaneous  pro- 
cedure. 

It  must  be  remarked  that  Dr.  Edridge- 
Green  assigns  to  the  term  "  memory  "  rather 
an  extended  sense,  using  it  to  mean  what 
some  psychologists  call  "  retentiveness,"  or 
the  general  fact  that  impressions  are  reviv- 
able.  All -peist  impressions,  he  holds,  might 
be  revived,  given  the  proper  conditions. 
Thus,  in  a  sense,  there  is  "  memory"  of  all 
that  has  ever  been  experienced.  From 
"remembrance,"  which  is  an  involuntary 
process,  he  distinguishes  "  recollection," 
which  is  voluntary.  All  "recognition  of 
objects"  is  part  of  memory.  We  do  not 
usually  say  that  we  "  remember"  a  familiar 
object,  but  psychologically  its  recognition 
belongs  to  memory  in  the  generalized  sense. 
On  these  points  of  terminology,  at  least,  no 
objection  can  be  raised  to  Dr.  Edridge- 
Green's  treatment.  Among  psychologists 
slight  individual  differences  seem  unavoid- 
able, and  no  one  can  complain  if  terms  are 
used  by  each  writer  consistently,  and  if 
their  meanings  do  not  deviate  too  much 
from  ordinary  usage. 


ME.    J.    W.    DUNNING. 

Me.  J.  W.  Dunning,  who  died  suddenly  on 
Friday,  October  15th,  was  the  only  son  of  a 
well-known  Yorkshire  solicitor,  and  was  born 
at  Leeds  in  the  year  1833.  He  was  in  1858 
elected  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
in  1861  he  was  called  to  the  Bar,  and  enjoyed  a 
considerable  practice  as  an  equity  draftsman 
and  conveyancer  until  a  paralytic  stroke  led  to 
his  retirement  five  years  ago.  In  his  early 
boyhood  Mr.  Dunning  was  an  enthusiastic 
collector  of  Lepidoptera,  and  he  joined  the 
Entomological  Society  when  a  lad  of  sixteen 
years  of  age.      He  served  as  Secretary  from 


January,  1862,  to  January,  1871,  and  as  Vice- 
President  several  times,  and  in  1883  and  1884 
he  was  President.  His  presidential  addresses 
were  admirable  in  point  of  style.  He  was 
also  the  compiler  and  editor — or,  at  least,  one 
of  the  most  active  compilers  and  editors — of  the 
'  Accentuated  List  of  the  British  Lepidoptera  ' 
published  by  the  Entomological  Societies  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  in  1858,  and  it  is 
believed  that  he  bore,  if  not  the  entire,  at  least 
the  greater  part  of  the  cost  of  its  publication  ; 
indeed,  his  claims  to  the  esteem  of  entomo- 
logists are  mainly  due  to  the  interest  which  he 
always  took  in  the  affairs  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society,  and  his  munificent  donations 
to  its  funds.  Over  and  over  again  when  the 
treasurer's  balance-sheet  showed  a  deficit  Mr. 
Dunning  paid  the  amount  requisite  to  place 
the  Society  again  on  a  proper  financial  basis, 
and  quite  recently  he  sent  unsolicited  a  donation 
of  4ol.  By  his  influence  and  energy  he  obtained 
for  the  Society  its  incorporation  by  royal  charter 
in  the  year  1885. 


SOCIETIES. 

Geographical —iN'oy.  8.— Sir  C.  Markham,  Pre- 
sident, iu  the  chair. — The  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  Fellows  :  Messrs.  H.  W.  H.  Dobbins,  E.  0. 
Evans,  G.  E.  H.  B.  Hamilton,  J.  G.  Hitchfield, 
H.  E.  Knott,  and  T.  E.  Sansom  —The  paper  read 
was  '  Three  Years  in  Franz  Josef  Land,'  by  Mr.  F.  G. 
Jackson. 

Aech^ological  Institute. —  iVw.  3.  — Judge 
Baylis  in  the  chair. —  Mr.  F.   G.  Hilton  Price  ex- 
hibited seven  burgesses'  caps  or  flat-caps  of  the  six- 
teenth century  found   in  Finsbury.— A  paper  was 
read  by  Mr.  J.  Park  Harrison  on  'Carfax  Tower.' 
He  said  that  the  results  of  recent  research  showed 
that  two  rude  arches  and  a  doorway  high  up  in  the 
north  wall  inside  the  ringers'  chamber  are,  without 
doubt,  of  early  Saxon  date.    This,  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
when  known  will  lead  to  their  preservation  intact 
on  account  of  the  interest  they  possess  in  connexion 
with  the  history  of  the  city.    The  Oxford  Council 
and  the  eminent  architect  and  antiquary  employed 
by  them  would,  it  cannot  be  doubted,  have  taken 
measures  to  do  so  had   it  been  known    that  the 
remains  were  of  earlier  date  than  Canute.    Anthony 
Wood,  in  his  '  City  of  Oxford,'  says  that  the  earliest 
mention  he  could  find  of  St.  Martin's  Church  was  in 
a  charter  by  which  Canute  gave  a  church  dedicated 
to  St.  Martin  to  Abingdon  Abbey,  circa  1035,  adding 
that  this  was  some  time  after  he  became  possessed 
of  it,  and  also  that  it  was  believed  in  his  time  to 
have  been  built  by  Eadward  the  Elder.  Mr.  Fletcher, 
too,  the  last  vicar  previous  to  the  union  of    the 
parish  of  St.  Martin  and  the  adjoining  parish  of  All 
Saints,  and  the  consequent  demolition  of    Carfax 
Church    to  widen  the  highway,  points  out  in  his 
history  of  the  former  parish  that  Canute's  charter 
"  was  not  the  foundation  of  a  church."  and  that  it 
was  not  known  when  St.  Martin's  Church  was  built. 
History,  then,  merely  contributing    the    bare  fact 
that  a  church  dedicated  to  St.  Martin  was  given  to 
Abingdon  Abbey  by  Canute,  it  rests  with  archseo- 
logy  to  ascertain  whether  any  distinctive  architec- 
ture inside  the  tower  is  of  a  Saxon  type ;  and  this 
can  be  sliown  to  be  so.    The  evidence  is  too  tech- 
nical  for  an    abridged   report,  and   would   require 
photographs  to  illustrate  it.    It  may  be  stated,  how- 
ever, that  the  remains  exhibit  peculiar  structural 
features  common  to  Roman  and  Saxon  architecture, 
which   Mr.  Micklethwaite,  our  principal   authority 
on  Saxon  ecclesiology,  informs  us  continued  in  use 
to  the  end  of  the  Saxon  i)eriod.    It  may  be  styled 
a  wall-impost,  the  object  of  which  was  to  support 
framed  centring    for  turning  arches.    The  earliest 
examples  of  this  structural  feature  are  to  befound 
at  the  east  end  of  Oxford  Cathedral,  and  are  believed 
to  date  from  the  first  half  of  the  eighth  century. 
They  are  in  a  wall  which  Ethelred  II.  appears  to 
have  religiously  preserved  when,  as  we  learn  from 
his  charter  of  1002,  he  restored   and  enlarged  the 
church     founded     by     St.    Frideswide     and    her 
father.     There    are    also    two    other    examples    in 
Oxford,  Canute's  "famous  city."    They  may  be  of 
ninth  century  date.    In  all  four  cases  the  space  of 
the  arches  is  more  than  the  width  of  the  doorway 
below.    The  exterior  of  Carfax  Tower  was  shown, 
if  it  were   stripped   of  later  work,  namely,  Early 
English,    Decorated,   and    modern,  to   have    been 
of   true    Saxon    proportions,    and     the    walls,   as 
usual    in    the  style,  only    3  ft.   6  in.    thick.  —  Mr. 
F.   G.  Hilton    Price    contributed  a  paper   on    the 
remains  of  Carmelite  buildinps  upon  the  site  of  Ye 
Marygold  at  Temple   Bar.     It  was  in  1878-9  that 
extensive  excavations  were  made  at  Temple  Bar  for  J 


the  purpose  of  building  the  new  bank  of  Messrs. 
Child  &  Co.  During  these  excavations  a  square 
cellar  was  found  which  seemed  to  have  the  appear- 
ance of  a  crypt  of  an  ancient  building,  a  portion 
having  a  pointed  roof  which  was  supported  by 
several  large  stone  pillars.  Three  feet  below  the 
floor  of  this  cellar  was  found  a  layer  of  encaustic 
tiles,  having  a  green  and  yellow  glaze,  and,  in 
another  part,  a  large  quantity  of  human  bones 
arranged  in  five  regular  rows,  lying  north-east  and 
south-west.  A  copper  cauldron  was  also  discovered, 
and  pronounced  to  be  of  the  time  of  King  John. 
No  documentary  history  was  kno  wn  to  exist  by  which 
these  early  foundations  could  be  identified  with  any 
early  building  until  this  year,  when  Mr.  W.  F.  Noble 
came  across  some  old  documents  in  the  Record 
Office  relating  to  the  history  of  the  site  of  Ye 
Marygold.  A  Recovery  Roll  for  Easter  term  in  the 
seventh  year  of  James  I.  describes  the  tenement 
called  Ye  Marygold  as  once  "  parcel  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  the  late  dissolved  Priory  of  Carmelite 
ffryers  in  the  suburbs  of  the  City  of  London," 
founded  in  1241.  From  this  and  other  documents 
Mr.  Noble  was  able  to  trace  the  continued  owner- 
ship of  Ye  Marygold  from  1241  to  the  present  day, 
a  period  of  656  years.  From  the  evidence  thus 
brought  forward,  Mr.  Price  considered  it  proven 
that  the  Carmelite  priory  stood  on  the  site  of  No.  1, 
Fleet  Street.       

BUITISH  ARCH^OLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.— iV(;j\  3. 
— Mr.  T.  Blashili,  Hon.  Treasurer,  in  the  chair.— The 
Rev.  J.  Cave-Browne  exhibited  a  mediicval  terra- 
cotta vase  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Maidstone. — 
Mr.  J.  C.  Gould  showed  and  read  notes  on  several 
examples  of  James  II.'s  base  coinage  known  as  Irish 
gun  money.    This  was  issued  by  James  II.  after  his 
landing  in  Ireland  in  1689  with  five  thousand  fol- 
lowers, to  obtain  funds  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
war  he  was  engaged  in.    His  first  step,  a  proclama- 
tion increasing  the  value  of  English  coins  in  circu- 
lation, was  soon  followed  by  the  manufacture  of 
this  "  gun  money,"  consisting  of  six  different  pieces 
made  of  copper  or  brass  and  baser  metals,  obtained 
by  the  melting  down  of  old  copper  pots  and  kettles 
and  brass  cannons.    The  half-crowns  thus  formed 
were  shortly  afterwards  called  in,  and  the  half-crown 
obverse  and  reverse  were  obliterated  and  the  pieces  re- 
stamped  with  crown  dies,  and  thus  raised  to  the  value 
of  five  shillings  each.  This  obliterating  process  was, 
however,  so  very  imperfectly  carried  out  that  several 
of  the  examples  exhibited  distinct  traces  of   the 
original  design.    Another  coinage  of  this  period  was 
that  of  pennies  and  halfpennies  of  tin  or  white 
metal  having  a  plug  of  "  Prince  Rupert's "  metal 
inserted.    During   the  short  period  of  James  II.'s 
struggle  in  Ireland  all  these  coins  were  circulated 
and  maintained  their  nominal  value,  owing  to  the 
promise  that  they  should  be  redeemed  hereafter, 
and  the  threat  that  the  Provost- Marshal  would  hang 
every  one  who  refused  to  accept  them.    Mr.  Gould 
also  exhibited  some  examples  of  .James's  British 
pewter  coins  with  a  plug  of  copper  or  mixed  metal 
in  the  centre  of  each,  which  circulated  also  in  Ire- 
land.— Mr.  C.  H.  Compton  read  a  paper  on  Rhuddlan, 
a  town  or  village  in  Flintshire,  where  are  the  ruins 
of  a  castle,  and  formerly  were  a  hospital,  a  priory, 
and  a  preceptory  of  Knights  Templars.  The  earliest 
record    of    the   place   is  in    A.D.  795,  of  a    battle 
between  the  Saxons  and  Welsh,  in  which  Caradoc, 
King  of  North  Wales,   Meredyth,  King  of  Dyvid, 
and  Offa,  King  of  Mercia,  were  slain.    Very  little  is 
known  of   the   hospital.     It    was    most    probably 
merged  into  the  priory,  which  lasted  till  the  dissolu- 
tion,   when   it   was  granted    to    Henry  ap    Harry, 
32  Henry  VIII.    The  castle   is  said  to  have  been 
built  by  Lleuelyn  ap  Siltoyllt  in  A.D.  1015,  and  after 
frequently  changing  hands  between  the  English  and 
Welsh   it  was    held   by  King  Edward  I.  when  he 
conquered  the  Welsh  in  1282,  and  it  was  here  that 
the  terms  of  the  Welsh  capitulation   known  as  the 
Statute  of  Rhuddlan  were  signed  on  the  Sunday  in 
mid-Lent    in    1284. — The    Chairman    made    some 
observations  on  the  formation  of  the  castle,  and  Mr. 
Worsfold,  Mr.  Patrick,  and  others  took  part  in  the 
discussion. 

Philological.— A'ov.  5. — Dictionary  Evening. — 
Rev.  Prof.  Skeat  in  the  chair.— Mr.  H.  Bradley, 
joint-editor  of  the  Society's  '  Oxford  English  Dic- 
tionary,' made  a  report  of  his  work  on  the  F  words 
which  he  has  edited.  Since  his  last  report,  twenty 
months  ago,  the  Delegates  had  moved  him  to 
Oxford,  and  given  him  a  capital  house  and  work- 
room for  his  staff.  He  had  in  consequence  nearly 
doubled  his  rate  of  production,  had  finished  F,  and 
was  well  on  with  Ga.  In  F  are  no  Greek  words 
save  "fancy  "and  "  frantic"  and  their  allies  ;  and  no 
English  words  with  Latin  prefixes  begin  with  F  ;  so 
the  F  words  are  mainly  old  and  popular.  Great 
attention  had  been  given  to  the  history  of  scientific 
terms,  which  Mr.  Bradley  illustrated  by  the  develop- 
ment of  the  meanings  of  "function."  He  dis- 
cussed the  form  and  meaning  of  "frenzy,"  which 


678 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


was  (1)  delirium  or  temporary  insanity,  (2)  a  iit  of 
passion.    "Frantic"   was    (1)    temporarily    insane 
(2)  mad,  (3)  as  if  mad.     "Free"  was  (1)  dear,  those 
akin  to  the  liead  of  the  house  ;  (2)  loose ;  (3)  cha- 
racterized   by    spontaneity;     (4)    exempt,    havins 
special  privileges.    A  "  free  "  grammar  school  was 
one  in  which  the  teaching  was  free,  to  some  pupils 
at  any  rate.    "  Libera    Schola  Grammaticalis  "  was 
translated  from  the  English  name.    In  a  will  of 
1488,    founding    a   grammar   school,    the    teacher 
was    to   "freely    teach";    in    1500,    in    Lancaster, 
the    master   shall    keep   a  free    school,    nothing 
taking     therefor  " ;     in     1648     the      Blackbrook 
school  was  half-free.    A  "  free  mason  "  was  not  a 
mason  of  free-stone,  but  a  travelling  mason  made 
free  from  local  guilds.    In  the  sixteenth  century  it 
was  used  complimentarily  for  any  skilled  mason. 
In  some  lists  the  "  free  mason  "  is  contrasted  with 
the  rough  masons  and  bricklayers.     Then  the  word 
Signified  a  member  of  a  guild  of  free  and  accepted 
masons,   to  which    later  honorary   members   were 
admitted,  and  the  societies  became  social  ones     In 
1646  Ehas  Ashmole  was  a  Free  Mason,  that  is   he 
says,  an  Accepted  Mason.    In  1717  the  grand  lodges 
were  founded.    "  Fresh,"  A.-S.  fersc,  passed  into  the 
Komanic  languages,  and  our  "fresh "  is  from  French  • 
(1)  new,  recent ;  (2)  having  the  appearance  of  fresh- 
ness ;  (3)  unsalted  or  fresh  water,  as  contrasted  with 
sea-water.    Then,  as  words  develope  contradictory 
meanings   "fresh"  is  (1)  sober,  in  1425;   (2)  half- 
drunk,  W.  Scott,  1812.     The    Romanic    sense    of 
cool     18  sparingly  represented,  in  Mandeville  and 
a  few  other  writers.    "  Fret  "  in  "  fretwork  "  is  pro- 
bably not  A.-S.  fratwa,   ornaments,  fratwian,  to 
adorn,  but  the  O.F.  frete.  possibly  connected  with 
L./racius.    Mr.  Bradley  then  dealt  with  "  frettish," 
,  i"^V  ,''frog,"  "frontispiece,"  the  suffix  " -ful," 
"fudge,"   "fun,"   "furt"    (a    misprint    for  fury), 
^fuss,"  "fylfot,"  &c.     He  returned  thanks  to  his 
helpers.  Profs.  Sievers,  Napier,  and  P.  Meyer;  Sir  F 
Pollock  ;    Dr.  Fitzedward    Hall  ;    Messrs.  Prosser 
Maitland,  Furnivall,    &c.  ;    and    a    warm    vote   of 
thanks  to  him  for  his  services  to  the  '  Dictionary ' 
was  passed.    A  third  editor  for  the  'Dictionary,' 
Mr.  Craigie,  is  now  in  training  under  Mr.  Bradley.— 
Prof.  Napier  then  reported  on  the  progress  of  the 
±;Dglish  School  at  Oxford,  and  Prof.  Skeat  and  Mr. 
Crollancz  on  that  of  the  English  School  at  Cam- 
bridge.—Prof.   Skeat  also    asked  for    help  in  the 
revision  of  his  '  Etymological  Dictionary,'  at  which 
he  18  now  hard  at  work. 


Institution  op  Civil  Engineers.  -  iVbr.  9.— 
bir  J.  W.  Barry,  President,  in  the  chair.  — Four 
?irP?.''^'x.^^  ^'''  ^-  ^-  Williams,  Mr.  W.  Eliot,  and  Mr. 
W.  O.  E.  Meade-King,  dealing  with  the  construction 
and  working  of  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal,  were 
read. 

Aristotelian.  —  JN-i?!;.  l.  —  Mr.  Bosanquet  in 
the  chair.  —  The  presidential  address  was  de- 
livered by  Mr.  Bosanquet  on  the  subject  of 
Hegel's  Theory  of  the  Political  Organism.'  The 
address  was  directed  to  restating  Hegel's  theory  in 
view  of  the  criticisms  of  Mr.  McTaggart  in  the  July 
number  of  the  Inttrnational  Journal  of  Ethics 
Ihe  principal  point  insisted  on  was  the  impossibility 
of  obtaining  a  just  view  of  the  nature  of  society 
whether  through  the  distinction  of  means  and  ends 
or  otherwise,  so  long  as  society  is  understood  as  a 
number  of  individuals  in  certain  groupings  and  rela- 
tions. It  was  suggested  that  if  the  conception  of 
end  can  be  applied  to  society  at  all  on  Hegelian 
pnnciples.  the  end,  in  it  or  of  it,  must  be  taken  as 
the  embodiment,  in  a  real  system,  of  the  free  will 
which  wills  itself.  Of  such  an  embodiment  the 
plurality  of  individuals  is  a  sine  qua  non,  the  will 
not  being  complete  in  a  single  given  or  bodily 
indmdual.  It  was  further  maintained  that  the 
relation  of  individual  to  society,  as  thus  understood, 
may  tairly  be  taken  as  involved  in  Hegel's  meta- 
physic,  and  that  the  remoteness  of  the  absolute 
trom  any  actual  experience  does  not  invalidate  this 
conclusion. 

HELLENic.--iV«r.  4.-Mr.  Talfourd  Ely  in  the 
'^  if-'Tl^™^-  ^\  .Gardner  read  a  paper  on  a  vase 
which  he  was  kindly  permitted  to  publish  by  the 
authorities  of  the  Harrow  School  Museum.  It  was 
the  gem  of  the  collection  presented  to  that  museum 
by  Sir  G.  Wilkinson  ;  it  could  be  identified  from 
description  with  a  vase  of  which  a  tracing  existed 
m  the  apparatus  of  the  German  Institute  at  Rome 
and  which  was  found  at  Vitorchiano.  The  main 
subject  of  the  vase  was  the  combat  between  Cfeneus 
and  the  Centaurs  ;  this  scene  was  represented  with 
extraordinary  life  and  vigour.  The  foreshortening 
S  i,-^,M°''X  °^  °°^  ^*  '•^e  Centaurs,  seen  from 
Demnd  like  the  horse  in  the  Issus  mosaic,  was  a  very 
bold  experiment  in  drawing  ;  and  the  faces  espe- 
cially that  of  this  same  Centaur,  were  marked 
by  a  skill  in  rendering  character  and  expression 
hardly  ever  surpassed  or  even  equalled  in  Greek 
vase-painting.    The  vase  could  only  belong  to  the 


very  finest  school  and  period-to  the  later  style  of 
the   cycle    of   Euphronius  ;   in  the  works   of    this 
master    and    his   associates  many    similar    charac- 
teristics   could    be  found,    and  especially  in  those 
vases  assigned  by  Dr.  Hartwig  to  Onesimus.    Pro- 
ceeding to  discuss  the  myth.  Prof.  Gardner  pointed 
out  the  inconsistencies  of  the  accepted  tradition, 
both  with  itself  and   with  artistic  representations 
Accepting    Mannhardfs  explanation  of  the    battle 
of   the   Centaurs  and  Lapiths  as  derived  from  the 
common  present  belief  that  the  devastation  wrought 
by  storms   is  the  result  of  a  conflict  between    the 
spirits  of  the  wood,  he  looked  for  the  origin  of   the 
Oajneus  story  in  rites  connected  with  such    spirits, 
and  pointed  out  evidence  that  the  tale  of  the  burial 
of  Caeneus  was  derived  from  one  of  those  human 
sacrifices    that    so     often     seem     to    have    been 
associated    with     pine     trees     in     Greece.  —  Mr. 
G.   B.  Grundy  then  read  a  paper  on  Salamis.    He 
expressed   surprise  that  the   main    thesis  of  Prof. 
Goodwin's  paper,  published  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Archajological  Institute  of  America  in  1882-3,  had 
not  been  accepted  in  recent  histories  of  Greece.    He 
thought,  however,  that   Prof.  Goodwin  had  failed 
to  show  that  Herodotus's  account  is,  as  it  stands,  in 
favour  of  that  scheme  of  the  battle  for  which  Prof. 
Goodwin  argues.    Herodotus  seems  to  have  had  at 
his  disposal  information  which  was  in  its  essential 
characteristics  similar  to  the  first-hand  information 
ot  Aschylus  and    the    second-hand  information  of 
Diodorus,    but   to  have  used    it   mistakenly.     He 
antedates    the    first    movement    of     the     Persian 
fleet    to    the   Strait  to  the    afternoon   instead    of 
the   night  before   the   battle,   describes  the  move- 
ments in  the  night  in  terms  of  the  movements  in 
the  next  day's  battle,  and  has  consequently  nothing 
to  say  of  the  main  movements  in  the  battle  itself. 


N**  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


MoN. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 


Wed. 


RoyalAcademy,  4 -'Demonstrations,' Mr  W  Anderson 
Aristotelian,  8.-' Freedom,'  Mr.  J  E  Moore     *'"'^'^^'"'- 

—  Institute    of   British   Architects,  8 -'Notes  on   Renaissance 

Architecture    in    Malta,    with    Special    Reference    to    "he 

c.^.'"''^'"^'°"'"'"''''e'"<''St1ohn,'Mr.  A  S  Flower 

TuEs.     SUt,sti«.i,    5S.-.  Notes    on   the    Subjects   discuslld   at    the 

if  pi?^    ,        the     International     Statistical     Institute     at 

St  Petersburg,  1897.'  Major  P,  G  Craigie 

~  siiip^^clnar'''  ^-"'^""Sion  ol  Papers  on  the  Manchester 

—  Zoological,  85  -'  British  Medusae,'  Mr.  E  T.  Browne     'Three 

?Rn7"h^J"?f""n'"  Buttertiies  collected  in  Natal  in  896  and 
1897  by  Mr.  Guy  A.  K  Marshall,'  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler-  • 'rhe 
Sydney  Bush-Rat  (J«»..,- octowo/n),' Mr  E  R  Waite 
Royal  Academy,  4.-' Demonstrations,'  Mr  W.' Anderson 
Meteorological,  7J -'Results  of  a  Comparison  blJween  the 
tri^  «  Wecoids  obtained  simultaneously  from  aCampbell 
U^^'i^^^^r^^^Tl^l^""  """'  ^  '"'^'^'^  rho.ogi^p'^h'i'c 

—  ^"S"f^^liild-sS"Mr"'l^'^''\%°t?'  "■""'  '"^  "^''"'^- 

—  Geological,  8 

—  Microscopical,  8. 

—  Societyof  Arts,  8 -"l-he  Colonies:   their  Arts    Manufactures 

and  commerce,' Major-General  Sir  O  T  iTurne  ' 

—  British  Archaological  Association,  8.-' Some  lilustrations  of 

Domestic  Spinning,' Mr.  T.BIashill        """"=  illustrations  of 
'rHi'Es.  Royal,  4J. 

—  Linnean^  8.—'  pn    Pontobolhos   mmiaarensis,'  Prof.  A    Dendv  • 

Chapman  *   ^^"^    ^^""^    "'   Foriminifera,'    Mr     F.' 

—  Chemical,  8  -'  The  Decomposition  of  Camphoric  Acid  by  Fusion 

with  Potash  orSoda.lJr  A.  W.  Crosslcy  and  Mr  \V  H 
An^'.^'J""  •  ■  E'^Pe'-iments  on  the  Synthesis  of  Camphoric 
other  Papers"  ^"""^  ^"^  ^-  "   ^'^■■'''°'  •»""   l  and 

Royal  Academy, 4— 'Demonstrations,' Mr.  W.  Anderson. 


Fai. 


M.  Vallery  Radot,  the  son-in-Iaw  of  M 
Pasteur,  has  all  but  finished  the  book  he  has 
been  busy  on  for  some  time  past.  It  relates 
the  story  of  M.  Pasteur's  life,  tells  of  his 
''pens^es  et  croyances,"  and  includes  extracts 
from  his  letters.  M.  Vallery  Radot  is  known 
to  the  world  of  letters  by  a  monograph  on 
Madame  de  Sevign^,  and  also  by  his  charming 
'Histoire  d'un  Savant  par  un  Ignorant,'  ol 
which  Lady  Claud  Hamilton  published  a  trans- 
lation. It  is  to  be  hoped  the  new  volume  may 
also  appear  in  an  English  dress. 

At  a  meeting  on  Thursday,  November  4th,  of 
the  General  Committee  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Zoology,  to  be  held  at  Cambridge 
on  August  23rd,  1898,  the  chair  was  taken  by 
Mr.  Sclater,  who  read  a  letter  from  Sir  William 
Flower,  stating  that  imperative  medical  advice 
constrained  him  to  resign  the  post  of  President 
of  the  next  Congress.  It  was  then  proposed  by 
Prof.  Newton  and  unanimously  agreed  that  Sir 
John  Lubbock  be  elected  President.  It  was 
thought  proper,  however,  that  this  should  not 
be  made  public  till  the  Permanent  Committee 
of  the  Congress,  which  sits  in  Paris,  had  notified 
its  approval  in  a  formal  way.  That  formal 
approval  has  now  been  signified.  At  the  same 
meeting  the  Executive  Committee  was  appointed : 
President,  Sir  John  Lubbock ;  Vice-Presidents, 


the  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Dr.  W.  T.  Blanford,  Sir  W.  H.  Flower, 
the  President  of  the  Linnean  Society,  Prof.  Ray 
Lankester,  Prof.  A.  Newton,  Mr.  P.  L.  Sclater, 
the  President  of  the  Entomological  Society,  Sir 
William  Turner,  and  Lord  Walsingham  ;  Trea- 
surers, Prof.  S.  J.  Hickson  and  Mr.  Sclater  ; 
Secretaries,  Prof.  F.  Jeffrey  Bell,  Mr.  G.  C. 
Bourne,  and  Mr.  A.  Sedgwick  ;  Ordinary 
Members,  Dr.  Gadow,  Mr.  F.  D.  Godman, 
Lieut. -Col.  Godwin-Austen,  Sir  G.  F.  Hampson, 
Mr.  S.  F.  Harmer,  Prof.  Howes,  the  Hon.  W. 
Rothschild,  Mr.  H.  Saunders,  Prof.  Seeley,  Dr 
D.  Sharp,  Mr.  A.  E.  Shipley,  Prof.  C.  Stewart, 
and  Dr.  H.  Woodward.  It  should  be  added 
that,  thanks  to  the  kindness  of  the  Zoological 
Society,  the  oflicial  address  of  the  oflicers  of  the 
Congress  is  3,  Hanover  Square,  London,  W. 

The  following  is  a  lisb  of  those  who  have  been 
recommended  by  the  President  and  Council  of 
the  Royal  Society  for  election  into  the  Council 
for  the  year  1898  at  the  anniversary  meeting 
on  November  30th  :— President,  Lord  Lister  ; 
Treasurer,  Sir  J.  Evans  ;  Secretaries,  Prof.  M. 
Foster  and  Prof.  A.  W.  Riicker  ;  Foreign  Secre- 
tary, Sir  E.  Frankland;  Other  Members  of 
the  Council,  Prof.  W.  G.  Adams,  Prof.  T.  C 
Allbutt,  Sir  R.  S.  Ball,  Rev.  T.  G.  Bonney, 
Prof.  J.  Cleland,  Prof.  R.  B.  Clifton,  Prof.  J.  A. 
Ewing,  A.  B.  Kempe,  J.  N.  Langley,  J.  Larmor, 
Prof.  N.  Story  Maskelyne,  Prof.  R.  Meldola, 
Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton,  W.  J.  Russell,  D.  H,  Scott, 
and  Prof.  W.  F.  R.  Weldon. 

Compulsory  insurance  has  been  introduced 
since  the  beginning  of  the  present  session  into 
the  Applied  Science  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg.  Regular  students  of 
chemistry  and  physics  will  have  to  pay  a  nominal 
premium  of  three  marks,  and  in  case  of  accident 
the  compensation  will  be  regulated  according  to 
the  amount  of  injury  received  during  the  ex- 
periments carried  on  in  the  presence  of  the 
lecturers.  Thus  any  one  permanently  in- 
capacitated for  work  will  receive  2,000  marks 
per  annum.  It  may  be  assumed  that  this  most 
judicious  measure  will  be  imitated  in  other 
institutions. 

Prof.  Ernst  Schering,  of  the  University  of 
Gottingen,  has  just  died  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
four.  He  was  Director  of  the  Institute  of 
Theoretical  Astronomy,  Geodesy,  and  Mathe- 
matical Physics,  and  editor  of  Gauss's  works. 


FINE    ARTS 


Stained    Glass    as    Art.     By    H.    Holiday. 

Illustrated.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
This  is  rather  a  tiresome  book  to  read 
because,  although  the  author  has  abundance 
of  practical  knowledge  of  his  subject  and 
much  enthusiasm,  he  has  little  or  no  lite- 
rary capacity.  He  does  not  possess  the 
power  of  putting  his  materials  in  an 
attractive  shape,  and  wearies  the  reader  by 
introducing  with  fidget^'  scrupulosity  a  host 
of  trifling  matters.  On  the  other  hand, 
he  is  candid  and  sincere  when  speaking  of 
other  practitioners  of  the  art  and  craft  in 
which  he  is  most  interested,  and  he  has  the 
courage  to  speak  out  when  describing  the 
ignorance  and  charlatanry  which  have  so 
often  marred  modern  glass-painting. 

He  is  a  little  behind  his  time,  however, 
and  except  in  a  few  minor  respects,  which 
are  really  idiosyncratic,  the  artistic  and 
technical  tenets  he  sets  forth  do  not  differ 
materially  from  those  which  writers  on 
the  verrier's  art  enunciated  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago ;  in  fact,  since 
glass-painting  passed  out  of  the  grasp  of 
the  tradesmen  who  worked  to  order,  and 


N"  3655,  Nov. 


13,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


679 


ceased  to  be  the  subject  of  mere  archseology. 
Those  who  fostered  its  renascence  had 
mastered  the  logical  principles  of  design 
in  glass-painting,  and  in  numerous  in- 
stances applied  them  with  great  success. 
In  short,  the  whole  practice  of  this  noble 
branch  of  art  was  revolutionized.  The 
results  are  everywhere  round  about  us, 
although,  no  doubt,  far  from  being  all 
equally  meritorious  and  valuable.  Of  what 
was  called  stained  glass  at  the  time  with 
which  Mr.  Holiday  begins  his  book  hardly 
any  is  now  made,  and  it  is  simply  a  ques- 
tion of  time  and  cost  when  the  trans- 
parencies that  disfigure  Glasgow  Cathedral, 
St.  Paul's,  and  other  churches  are  removed. 
At  the  time  they  were  introduced  this 
journal  defended  the  true  principles  of 
design  against  various  antagonists,  among 
them  Mr.  Wilson,  the  head  master  of 
the  Government  School  of  Design  at  Glas- 
gow, a  well-known  writer  on  art,  who 
defended  the  doings  of  the  Munich  manu- 
facturers. Transparencies  are  extinct  even 
in  Munich,  and  the  general  acceptance  of 
true  decorative  principles  has  done  much  to 
render  Mr.  Holiday's  labours  superfluous. 

We  ought  not,  however,  to  be  ungrate- 
ful for  the  pains  he  has  taken.  Nor 
is  there  any  reason  to  object  to  his  in- 
troducing into  his  volume  his  own  designs 
for  windows  which  have  been  set  up 
here  and  abroad,  although  this  proceed- 
ing gives  to  the  book  somewhat  more  of 
the  character  of  a  trade  circular  than  he 
intended ;  and  we  are  thankful  to  him  for 
the  capital  reproductions  of  Sir  E.  Burne- 
Jones's  designs  for  St.  Philip's,  Birming- 
ham, and  some  useful  cuts  from  windows  at 
Chartres  and  elsewhere.  The  book  might, 
indeed,  have  contained  with  advantage 
more  examples  of  ancient  glass  which  has 
escaped  the  restorer.  Some  of  the  illustra- 
tions, however,  are  a  little  hackneyed  ;  for 
instance,  the  glazing  of  the  ante-chapel  at 
New  College,  Oxford.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  is  fair  to  Mr.  Holiday  to  say  that  his 
illustration  of  principles  by  the  practice  of 
the  sculptor  of  the  frieze  in  the  cella  of  the 
Parthenon — which  belongs  to  another  and 
apparently  not  analogous  branch  of  the 
same  art — is  decidedly  happy  and  ingenious. 
The  writer  says  : — 

"  The  first  broad  distinction  that  may  be 
noted  between  the  light  and  shade  in  good 
stained  glass  and  that  in  good  pictorial  work 
is  that  in  the  former  only  so  much  is  employed 
as  is  necessary  to  convey  a  sense  of  form 
in  the  individual  objects,  and  very  little 
suffices  for  this  ;  in  the  latter  much  more  is 
demanded,  atmosphere  and  chiaroscuro  (that  is 
to  say,  large  divisions  of  light  and  shadow). 
These  qualities  are  wholly  unnecessary  for  con- 
veying the  forms  of  separate  objects,  but  cannot 
be  dispensed  with  where  it  is  intended  to  realize 
natural  effects  as  a  whole.  The  absolute  im- 
practicability of  realizing  such  effects  in  glass 
was  shown  in  dealing  with  the  technical  possi- 
bilities of  the  material,  and  any  attempt  to 
represent  them  approximately  can  only  satisfy 
those  who  are  wholly  ignorant  of  their  real 
beauty,  while  it  will  involve  the  sacrifice  of 
all  those  jewelled  and  glittering  qualities,  so 
precious  in  glass,  which  have  no  resemblance  to 
the  light  and  shade  of  a  natural  scene.  An 
analogy  has  already  been  mentioned  as  existing 
between  stained  glass  and  bas-relief  in  relation 
to  colour,  and  it  is  observable  also  in  relation 
to  light  and  shade.  The  extreme  dissimilarity 
of  the  materials  renders  this  analogy  the  more 


striking  and  less  likely  to  mislead.  The  point 
in  common  as  regards  colour  is  that  it  cannot 
be  realistic  in  either  art,  and  is  only  employed 
for  decorative  purposes.  The  point  in  common 
as  regards  light  and  shade  is  that  in  both 
materials  the  design  lies  on  a  single  plane. 
In  the  relief  any  large  masses  of  tone 
are  impossible,  in  the  glass  they  are  pos- 
sible, but  in  a  window  any  appearance 
of  retiring  planes  is  eminently  unsuit- 
able, and  the  tones,  inseparable  from  such 
groupings  in  nature,  are  incomparable  with  the 
characteristic  beauties  of  the  material.  The 
single  plane,  which  should  not  be  lost  sight  of, 
demands  therefore  that  simplicity  of  light  and 
shade  which  is  inevitable  in  bas-relief." 

After  citing  a  particular  portion  of  the 
Phidian  frieze  to  illustrate  his  argument, 
and  giving  a  cut  of  one  of  the  ranks  of 
horsemen,  our  author  proceeds  : — 

"Different  planes  are  implied,  but  they 
are  nob  represented  [in  the  frieze].  In  the 
group  of  horsemen  here  given  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  horses  are  one  behind  another,  and  an 
examination  of  a  sufficient  length  of  the  frieze 
will  show  that  they  are  in  ranks  of  seven.  The 
horseman  on  our  left  in  the  illustration  is  at 
the  near  end  of  such  a  rank,  while  behind  him 
to  the  right  are  seen  five  of  the  next  rank  and 
the  forelegs  of  a  sixth  horse,  each  partly  con- 
cealed by  his  next  neighbour.  The  seventh  or 
nearest  one  of  this  rank  is  in  the  next  slab,  and 
is  wholly  displayed.  A  distance  of  about  twenty- 
five  feet  may  be  inferred  between  the  youth 
and  horse  on  our  left  and  the  pair  that  they 
partly  conceal,  but  both  are  the  same  size,  and 
the  entire  depth  is  conveyed  in  a  relief  no- 
where exceeding  an  inch  and  a  half.  It  will  be 
readily  understood  from  this  example  how  dis- 
tinct are  truth  and  beauty  of  detail  from  realizing 
natural  effects  ;  and  how  slight  a  relief,  and 
therefore  what  simple  light  and  shade,  are  suf- 
ficient to  express  this  beauty  of  detail." 

Mr.  Holiday's  purpose  is  not  too  clearly  ex- 
pressed, and  we  do  not  like  his  use  of  the  word 
"  glittering,"  a  favourite  with  him  in  speak- 
ing of  stained  glass  ;  but  after  reading  this 
ingenious  illustration  it  is  rather  hard  upon 
the  student  suddenly  to  find  himself  perusing 
his  mentor's  views  of  the  Armenian  atro- 
cities and  his  Socialistic  politics.  More  to 
the  purpose  is  what  we  are  told  as  to  the 
arabesques  in  the  loggie  of  the  Vatican  : — 

"  Here  are  specimens  of  Raphael's  charming 
arabesques  in  the  Vatican.  They  are  full  of 
grace  and  playful  fancy,  but  one  feels  they  are 
ornamental  painting  rather  than  ornament. 
They  are  genuine,  but  mark  the  point  at  which 
decadence  is  inevitable  ;  no  further  develop- 
ment in  that  direction  is  possible." 

Of  course  it  was  not  possible.  The  deco- 
rations are  not  homogeneous  and  inter- 
dependent; and,  worst  of  all,  they  are  not 
organic,  and  nothing  inorganic  can  develope 
into  a  better  thing,  though  it  may  grow 
bigger,  and  in  that  respect  worse ;  but  it 
will  never  become  greater. 

What  Mr.  Holiday,  on  p.  136,  writes 
concerning  "  the  human  figure "  means, 
we  presume,  the  nude ;  but  his  remarks  are 
by  no  means  lucid,  and  we  cannot  see  why 
he  has  created  a  difB.culty  about  the  treat- 
ment of  "  the  figure  "  in  stained  glass.  Of 
course  it  has  often  been  treated  rightly  and 
successfully;  nor  was  there  at  any  epoch  an 
objection  to  representing  it.  It  is  rather 
amusing  to  find  our  author  going  out  of  his 
way  to  praise  Blake's  '  Sons  of  the  Morn- 
ing,' which  illustrates  the  best  and  noblest 
decorative  principles.  But  a  studious  critic 
of  those  canons  might  as  well  have  pointed 
out  that  Cimabue's    magnificent  rank   of 


archangels  holding  sceptres,  analogues  as 
they  are  to  the  '  Sons  of  the  Morning,'  are 
even  apter  illustrations  of  the  true  decorative 
laws  applicable  to  glass-painting  than  the 
Panathenaic  frieze.  The  "  beauty  of  de- 
tail "  so  much  prized  by  our  author, 
and  found  in  its  noblest  form  in  the 
frieze,  does  not  exist  in  any  of  the  master 
works  of  ancient  glass-painting  that  we 
know  of.  In  some  of  them  there  is,  indeed, 
a  multiplicity  of  resplendent  details ;  but 
of  beautiful  detail,  such  as  the  great 
Athenian  work  presents,  there  is  little. 
It  is  not  in  the  nature  of  stained  glass  that 
there  should  be  much,  whereas  sculpture 
lends  itself  to  the  representation  of  beauty 
of  all  sorts,  and  delights  in  an  exquisitely 
finished  surface,  apart  from  which  beauty 
of  detail  is  impossible. 

One  of  the  most  difficult  chapters  of  Mr. 
Holiday's  book  is  that  which  discusses 
"The  Influence  of  Limitations  of  Form 
and  Space  on  Decorative  Art."  He  labours 
this  subject  ingeniously,  and  feels  the  value 
of  that  subtle  influence  which  is  in  ques- 
tion. But  with  all  his  advantages  of  expe- 
rience, zeal,  and  labour,  he  fails  to  make  its 
nature  clear  to  the  unlearned  reader,  for 
whoso  benefit  he,  at  the  outset,  tells  us  that  he 
is  writing.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  he  is  liable 
to  lose  himself  in  the  enunciation  of  com- 
monplaces which  he  seems  apt  to  take  for 
new  truths.  Elsewhere  we  find,  as  may 
be  supposed  from  his  fondness  for  beauty 
of  detail,  his  sense  of  grace  and  his 
joy  in  finished  workmanship  exceed  his 
love  for  that  masculine  force  and  virile 
purpose  which  ought  to  inspire  design 
for  stained  glass.  For  example,  the  plates 
representing  combatant  angels  (fig.  52), 
and  the  angels  of  the  '  Jacob's  Ladder,' 
which  is  painted  from  our  author's  designs, 
in  the  east  window  of  Christ  Church, 
Brooklyn,  U.S.,  are  instances  of  this  ten- 
dency of  his.  While  he  is  right  in  censuring 
the  uninformed  popular  feeling  which  still 
demands  sham  medieevalism  in  glass- 
painting,  he  seems  to  have  overlooked  the 
fact  that  it  is  largely  due  to  some  sort  of 
recognition  that  picture-making  was  radi- 
cally wrong,  and  he  fails  to  point  out  that 
the  root  principle  of  the  whole  subject 
is  that  whereas  in  a  window  all  objects 
are  displayed  by  transmitted  light,  it  is 
preposterous  to  represent  them  as  if  they 
were  made  visible  by  reflected  light.  This 
fact  lies  at  the  base  of  the  whole  technical 
question,  and  the  few  words  required  to  state 
it  dispose  of  that  realism  to  refuting  which 
our  author  has  devoted  entire  chapters, 
while  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  logical 
and  scientific,  as  well  as  consonant  with  the 
spirit  of  art  and  the  practice  of  antiquity. 
In  a  roundabout  way  Mr.  Holiday  (see 
pp.  17  and  18)  suggests  something  to  this 
effect,  but  he  does  not  state  it  clearly. 


MINOR   EXHIBITIONS. 

The  cabinet  pictures  and  minor  works  of 
Heer  Israels,  more  than  fifty  in  all,  which  may 
now  be  seen  at  Messrs.  Boussod,  Valadon  & 
Co.'s,  Regent  Street,  are  interesting  as  a  whole, 
although  they  are  too  mannered  and  none  of 
them  is  ambitious.  The  best  are  '  Enfants  de 
la  Mer';  'An  Errand,'  a  child  in  a  field  path  ; 
the  brilliant 'Cottage  Madonna, 'which  is  in  water 
colours;  '  A  Fisher  Girl';  '  Waiting  for  the 
Bride';  'Grief,'  an  interior,  with  a  widow  and 
child  mourning  a  recent  loss  ;  '  Old  and  Worn,' 


680 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


which  is  even  more  lugubrious  than  Heer 
Israels's  pathetic  pieces  are  apt  to  be  ;  and  the 
exceptionally  bright  and  clear  '  Industry.' 

The  water-colour  sketches  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Yeats, 
which  are  now  on  view  at  the  Cliflbrd  Gallery, 
Haymarket,  are  wilfully  thin,  loose,  and  tiinisy  ; 
they  are,  in  short,  as  to  painting  proper,  much 
the  same  as  plates  "out  of  focus  "  are  to  proper 
photography.  —  The  "Sketches  by  Mr.  D. 
Hardy,"  which  may  be  seen  at  the  same 
place,  and  represent  dancers,  masqueraders, 
sportsmen  and  sportswomen  of  a  sort,  gambler.s, 
casino- haunters,  and  the  like,  are  smart,  saucy, 
and  clever. 

"Gleanings  from  Italy"  is  the  collective 
title  of  more  than  fifty  neat  and  pretty,  deftly 
drawn  and  brightly  coloured  drawings  of  houses, 
landscapes,  and  woodlands  which  Miss  R.  Wallis 
has  brought  together  at  Mr.  Punthorne's. 

At  61,  Jermyn  Street  may  be  seen  a  number  of 
admirable  drawings,  which  no  one  ought  to  over- 
look, of  "  Game  Birds  and  Wild  Fowl,"  by  Mr. 
A.  Thorburn.  The  best  of  them  are  the  bright, 
carefully  drawn,  and  solid  '  Snipe '  ;  the  well- 
studied  '  Grouse  on  the  Wing  '  ;  the  very  natural 
'Mallard  Hit'  ;  that  sound  and  brilliant  snow 
piece  'Ptarmigan  on  the  Hill-top ';  and 'Part- 
ridges.' 


The  general  scheme  of  the  forthcoming  exhi- 
bition at  the  New  Gallery,  which  will  be  opened 
to  the  public  on  January  1st  next,  will  be  very 
much  on  the  lines  of  the  Royal  Academy 
Winter  Exhibitions  and  those  of  the  defunct 
British  Institution.  Works  by  old  masters  and 
deceased  artists  of  the  British  School  will  be 
shown,  with  special  reference  to  Rossetti  and 
his  contemporaries  who  are  no  longer  living, 
such  as  F.  Walker,  G.  Mason,  Pinwell,  and 
Albert  Moore.  The  title  of  this  gathering, 
"An  Exhibition  of  Works  Ancient  and  Modern 
by  Artists  of  the  British  and  Continental 
Schools,"  describes  it  well  enough.  The  pro- 
moters of  the  exhibition  invite  contributions  of 
noteworthy  examples. 

The  death  of  Signer  G.  B.  Cavalcaselle  is  the 
subject  of  sincere  and  deep  regret.  He  was 
born  at  Legnano  in  1820,  and,  intending  to 
become  an  artist,  studied  painting  with  unusual 
earnestness  and  care  in  the  Academy  at  Padua. 
This  education  proved  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance to  him  when,  abandoning  the  practice  of 
design,  he  determined  to  apply  the  knowledge 
he  had  gained  to  the  study  of  the  Old 
Masters.  Meeting  in  1847  with  the  late 
Sir  Joseph  Crowe,  who  was  then  quite  a 
young  man,  he  agreed  to  join  with  him  in 
compiling  that  excellent  volume  which,  despite 
the  great  advances  since  made  on  the  his- 
torical and  biographical  side  of  the  subject, 
remains  to  this  day  a  leading  critical  authority. 
This  work,  published  in  1857  as  'Early 
Flemish  Painters,'  has  been  translated  into 
more  than  one  language,  and  despite  some 
defects  in  its  literary  construction,  which  are 
chiefly  attributed  to  Crowe,  and  make  it  rather 
difficult  to  read,  is  a  model  of  its  kind. 
Before  and  for  some  time  after  it  appeared 
Cavalcaselle  occupied  himself  as  a  book 
illustrator,  as  well  as  in  executing  diagrams 
for  the  use  of  lecturers  upon  art  who  could  not 
master  the  rudiments  of  draughtsmanship.  He 
was  also  deeply  involved  in  schemes  for  the 
expulsion  of  the  Austrians  from  Italy,  and  he 
suffered  greatly  in  the  national  cause.  His  most 
serious  work  was,  published  conjointly  with 
Crowe,  in  1864,  his  authoritative  'History  of 
Painting  in  Italy,'  which  at  once  took  a  lead- 
ing position.  Then  came,  1871,  '  The  History 
of  Painting  in  North  Italy,'  a  still  better  b  ok, 
exhibiting  the  fruits  of  thought,  research,  and 
sound  knowledge.  'The  Life  of  Titian' 
appeared  in  1877,  and  remains  the  bestauthority, 
and  as  a  picture  of  Titian's  times  has  a  value 
apart  from  its   criticism.      At   last   these   two 


N°36o5,  Nov.  13 ,'97 


friends  produced  'Raphael :  his  Life  and  Works,' 
2  vols.,  1882-1885,  wliich  is  the  ripest  and 
soundest  of  all  their  books.  It  is  well  known 
that  all  these  books,  the  'Titian'  especially, 
appeared  in  a  form  which  is  less  elaborate 
than  was  originally  proposed.  The  effects  of  the 
compression  are  obvious,  but  in  this  respect  the 
'  Raphael '  suffered  least. 

Mr.  W.  Bemrose,  author  of  the  '  Life  of 
Joseph  Wright,  of  Derby,'  is  going  to  publish 
in  December  a  monograph  on  '  Bow,  Chelsea, 
and  Derby  Porcelain,  being  further  Information 
relating  to  these  Factories,  obtained  from 
Original  Documents,  not  hitherto  Published.' 
The  original  documents  upon  which  it  is 
founded  have  not  been  hitherto  accessible,  and 
are  said  to  throw  considerable  light  upon 
obscure  points  in  the  history  of  the  Bow, 
Chelsea,  and  Derby  porcelain  works.  The 
Derby  products  are  found  to  be  earlier  and  of 
more  importance  than  has  hitherto  been  sup- 
posed to  be  the  case.  Plates  of  marks  used  at 
the  three  factories,  and  a  "chronograph  "  relating 
to  these  works  and  the  Derby  pot  works,  are 
also  supplied.  The  exact  site  of  the  Chelsea 
works  is  now  ascertained,  and  particulars  are 
given  relative  to  Sprimont.  The  volume  is  illus- 
trated by  collotype  and  other  plates,  and  the 
old  lists  of  objects  made  at  these  factories  may 
enable  collectors  to  identify  many  objects  when 
no  marks  are  available.  A  jiortrait  of  William 
Duesbury  and  facsimile  pages  from  his  work- 
book of  1751-3  whilst  he  was  enamelling  por- 
celain in  London  form  a  feature  of  the  volume. 

There  are  a  few  rare  and  interesting  coins 
and  medals  in  the  collection  formed  by  the  late 
Mr.  George  Augustus  Pepper  -  Staveley,  of 
Crawley,  which  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  & 
Hodge  will  sell  on  December  3rd  and  following 
day,  notably  a  gold  noble  of  the  second  coinage 
of  Henry  IV.  ;  a  gold  ryal  or  noble  of  Eliza- 
beth, with  the  hand  mint-mark  ;  a  few  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  early  English  silver  coins  ;  a  curious 
lot  including  a  false  Anglo-Gallic  denier  of 
William  I.  and  one  of  Richard  I.  (the  former 
from  the  Neville  Rolfe  sale,  1882,  where  it  is 
described  as  genuine  and  unique,  and  as  figured 
by  Ducarel  in  his  '  Ang.-Gall.  Coins  '),  &c. 

Mr.  H.  a.  Harper's  "Views  of  Jerusalem 
and  the  Holy  Land "  will  be  shown  to  the 
public  on  and  after  Monday  next.  The 
private  view  is  appointed  for  to-day  (Satur- 
day). 

The  friends  of  Prof.  Barnabei  in  England 
will  be  glad  to  hear  that  he  now  fills  the  office 
of  Director-General  of  Fine  Art  at  the  Ministry 
of  Public  Instruction  at  Rome. 

M.  Emile  Molinier  has  acquired  for  the 
Louvre  the  collection  of  mediiBval  Egyptian 
art  work,  objects  in  marqueterie,  iidaid  brass, 
&c.,  formed  by  M.  Baudry,  the  architect,  during 
his  residence  at  Cairo. 

The  Fine-Arts  Commission  which  lately  sat 
in  Brussels  has  recommended  the  Belgian 
Government  to  "levy  a  tax  "  of  ten  centimes 
upon  every  visitor  who  enters  one  of  the 
national  museums  on  a  Sunday  ;  in  other  words, 
to  charge  so  much  for  admission  to  one  of  those 
establishments.  This  would  be  analogous  to 
the  fees  taken  on  certain  days  in  the  National 
Gallery.  The  minister  concerned  is  said  to  be 
favourable  to  this  proposal. 

The  Parisian  journals  report  that  M.  Osiris, 
who  has  lately  expended  immense  sums  on  the 
restoration  of  Malmaison,  which  he  has  bought, 
has  deposited  100,000  francs  in  the  Banque  de 
France,  to  be  at  the  disposition  of  the  Syndicat 
de  la  Presse  Parisienne  as  a  reward  for  the 
most  meritorious  work  of  the  Exposition  de 
1900,  from  an  artistic,  industrial,  or  humani- 
tarian point  of  view. 

At  Boscoreale,  on  the  slopes  of  Vesuvius, 
the  remains  of  another  Roman  villa  have  been 
excavated.  The  ancient  building  lies  not  far 
from  the  rich  Pompeian   country  house  where 


the  famous  silver  vases  were  found  two  years 
ago,  and  has  almost  the  same  plan  and  arrange- 
ment, being  divided  into  two  distinct  parts,  viz., 
the  house  of  the  proprietor  and  that  of  the 
farmer.  The  most  remarkable  result  has  been 
the  discovery  of  a  number  of  wall-paintings, 
consisting  chiefly  of  landscapes  and  sea-pieces, 
with  a  great  variety  of  scenes  full  of  charm  and 
life.  One  of  the  frescoes  represents  a  country 
house  near  the  banks  of  a  river  which  is  crossed 
by  a  bridge  ;  on  the  bridge  is  an  angler  fishing 
with  his  line.  On  another  is  to  be  seen  a  small 
village  on  the  seashore  ;  near  the  houses  rises  a 
pyramid,  a  fact  which  can  be  alleged  to  prove 
once  more  the  influence  of  Graeco- Egyptian  art 
on  the  school  of  the  Campanian  wall-painters  in 
imperial  times.  Some  decorative  pictures,  with 
groups  of  plants,  flowers,  and  animals,  especially 
birds  and  fishes,  are  also  to  be  noted,  together 
with  a  mythological  scene  representing  a  Silenus 
and  Bacchus  with  the  panther  at  his  feet.  This 
last  is  on  a  wall  of  the  torcnlarium,  or  room 
where  the  wine  was  prepared.  The  cella  vinaria, 
or  cellar,  containing  still  four  large  dolia,  or 
vases  for  wine,  has  also  been  disinterred.  Near 
it  was  another  room,  which  was  used  as  granary, 
as  we  can  judge  from  some  jrro^fi  inscriptions, 
in  which  corn  and  beans  are  mentioned.  Some 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  farm  appear  to  have 
taken  refuge  in  the  rooms  of  the  villa  in  the 
moment  of  the  catastrophe,  seven  skeletons 
having  been  found  scattered  here  and  there  in 
the  excavations. 


MUSIC 
THE   WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall  —Philharmonic  Concerts.  'Samson  et. 
Dalila.' 

Crystal  Palace  —Saturday  Concerts. 

St.  James's  Hall.— Popular  Concerts. 

Queen's  Hall.— Mottl  Concerts.  Lamoureux  Concerts. 
Ballad  Concert. 

St.  James's  Hall.  —  Mile.  Pancera's  Concert.  Ballad 
Concert. 

It  was  a  disappointment  for  the  sub- 
scribers to  the  Philharmonic  Society  that 
the  illness  of  Herr  Edvard  Grieg  prevented 
his  appearing  at  the  first  concert  of  the 
autumn  season  on  Thursday  last  week ;  but 
the  programme  as  originally  arranged  was 
preserved  intact.  Mr.  Frederick  Dawson 
presented  an  extremely  powerful  rendering 
of  the  picturesque  Pianoforte  Concerto  in 
A  minor;  and  three  charming  Lieder  were 
sweetly  sung  by  Miss  Marcella  Pregi,  a 
soprano  with  a  girlish  but  sympathetic 
voice.  Beethoven's  Overture  to  *  Fidelio,' 
Grieg's  'Peer  Gynt'  Suite,  and  Mendels- 
sohn's '  Italian  '  Symphony  were  included 
in  the  scheme,  the  last-named  work  being 
given  "In  Memoriam,"  as  the  composer 
died  on  November  4th,  1847. 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  M.  Saint- 
Saens's  work  '  Samson  et  Dalila '  regarded 
as  a  "  Biblical  work,"  it  is  beautiful  in  con- 
ception and  in  music  as  interpreted  accord- 
ing to  the  French  composer's  national 
feelings,  which  it  is  at  the  Queen's  Hall. 
Last  Saturday's  performance  must  command 
attention,  for  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd  as  Samson 
and  Miss  Marie  Brema  as  the  pleasing 
Philistine  woman  who  lures  Samson  to  his 
ruin  by  patriotic  motives  were  at  their 
best.  Mr.  Henry  Wood  conducted  the 
work  for  the  first  time,  and  it  went  well, 
excellent  service  being  rendered  by  Mr.  Orme 
Darvall,  Mr.  Reginald  Brophy,  Mr.  Louis 
Frolich,  Mr.  E.  Branscombe,  and  Mr.  W.  A. 
Peterkin  in  the  subordinate  parts. 

Mr.  Eugene  d' Albert  is  nothing  if  not 
erratic,  and  for  reasons  best  known  to  him- 
self the  preludes  to  his  operas  '  Der  Rubin ' 


N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


681 


and  *  Gemot,'  originally  announced  in  the 
Crystal  Palace  programme  last  Saturda}', 
were  withdrawn.  Mr.  d' Albert,  however, 
was  practically  unsurpassable  in  Beethoven's 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  G,  No.  4,  which  was 
put  forth  with  sufficient  masculine  force  and 
with  enough  energy  to  merit  the  encouraging 
applause  it  received .  The  principal  orchestral 
items  were  Beethoven's  slight  Symphony 
in  F,  No.  8,  and  Mendelssohn's  '  Puy  Bias  ' 
Overture.  Mr.  John  Child  was  the  vocalist. 
The  second  Monday  Popular  Concert 
started  with  Brahms's  cheerful  Quintet  in 
F  major,  Op.  88,  in  three  movements, 
though  the  second  is  virtually  an  adagio  and 
a  scherzo  united,  as  it  were,  in  one.  The 
only  other  concerted  work  was  Dvorak's 
fresh  and  generally  delightful  Quartet  in  o. 
Op.  106,  strangely  marked  "first  time," 
though  it  is  certainly  not  a  novelty  in 
London  ;  the  Frankfort  executants,  assisted 
in  the  ablest  manner  in  the  first-named 
work  by  Mr.  Hobday,  displayed  their  fine 
abilities  for  eftsemble  playing.  Brahms  was 
associated  with  two  of  his  most  pleasing 
Lieder,  'An  die  Nachtigall'  and  "  Meine 
Liebe  ist  griin,"  tastefully  sung  by  Miss 
Esther  Palliser,  who  was  also  heard  to 
advantage  in  airs  by  Faure  and  Henri 
Falcke.  Minor  pianoforte  solos  were  de- 
livered with  much  energy  by  Miss  Katie 
Goodson,  who  perhaps  might  have  chosen 
some  work  of  importance. 

It  is    impossible   to   imagine    that  Herr 
Felix  Mottl  is  not  in  harmony  with  Techai- 
kowsky's  *  Symphonie  Pathetique,'  but  there 
were  moments  in  the  interpretation  of  this 
now   famous   work   at   the   Carlsruhe   con- 
ductor's  concert   in   the  Queen's   Hail,  on 
Tuesday   evening,   which  were  not   in    the 
main   to  the  satisfaction  of  amateurs,  who 
have  grown    familiar  with   the   symphony 
under   such   conductors    as    Herr   Eichter, 
Mr.    Henry    J.    AVood,    and    Mr.    Manns. 
The    force  and  imagination   of   the   music 
were     not     expressed     with    full    deliver- 
ance,   and   yet   at    times    one    felt   that    a 
master   was  wielding  the   haton.      Marsch- 
ner'a  musicianly  and  effective  Overture  to 
'  Hans    Heiling,'    too   rarely    heard,    was 
well   played.      The    chief    new    artist     at 
Bayreuth  this  season,  M.  van   Pooy,  from 
Holland,  made  his  first  appearance  in  Eng- 
land, and  fully  confirmed  the  initial  impres- 
sions which  he  produced  in  the  Bavarian 
art   centre.     His  grand  voice  told  well  in 
the  closing  scene  from  '  Die  Walkiire,'  in 
which  he  was  happily  associated  with  Miss 
Marie  Brema,  who  may  now  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  best  representatives  of  Briinn- 
hilde  at  present  available.     The  remainder 
of  the  programme  scarcely  calls  for  criticism. 
The    second    orchestral    concert    of    the 
present  series  under  the    conductorship   of 
M.  Lamoureux  took  place   at  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  Wednesday  evening,  and  possessed 
great    musical     interest.     Highly    finished 
performances  were  given  of  Mendelssohn's 
'  Hebrides  '     Overture      and     Beethoven's 
Fourth    Symphony   in    b    flat,    and    three 
orchestral    pieces  were  heard   for  the  first 
time  in  England,  namely,  the  Prelude  to 
Sylvio  Lazzari's  lyric  drama  '  Armor,'  which 
lias   not  yet   been  given  on  the   stage ;    a 
legend  for  orchestra  entitled  '  Sauge  fleurie,' 
by  Vincent  d'Indy  ;  and  the  final  movement, 
*  Napoli,'  from  Charpentier's  suite  'Impres- 
sions d'ltalie.'     The  themes  in  the   first- 


named  are  expressive,  but  their  treatment 
is  scarcely  to  bo  appreciated,  apart  from 
their  connexion  with  the  drama.  M.  d'Indy's 
legend  is  based  on  a  pathetic  fairy  tale, 
and  is  most  graceful  and  pleasing,  and, 
moreover,  cleverly  scored.  The  last  novelty 
may  be  described  as  a  carnival  scene,  and 
is  extremely  vivacious  and  bright.  A  beauti- 
ful interpretation  of  the  "  Good  Friday 
music"  from  'Parsifal'  completed  the 
evening's  entertainment. 

Mile.  Ella  Pancera,  a  clever  young  pianist 
who  has  already  created  a  good  impression 
in  London,  ventured  on  an  orchestral  con- 
cert at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Wednesday 
evening,  and  was  heard  in  three  concertos 
— Grieg's  in  A  minor,  Chopin's  in  E  minor, 
and  Liszt's  in  a.  Her  interpretations  were 
somewhat  cold  in  expression,  but  were  intel- 
ligently and  clearly  phrased  and  possessed 
all  necessary  brilliancy.  Mr.  Hamish 
MacCunn  conducted,  and  a  pleasing  feature 
of  the  evening  was  an  admirable  perform- 
ance of  his  picturesque  overture  '  The  Land 
of  the  Mountain  and  the  Flood.' 

Ballad  concerts  were  given  on  Wednesday 
afternoon  by  Messrs.  Boosey  at  the  Queen's 
Hall,  and  by  Mr.  William  Boosey  at  St. 
James's  Hall.  Both  were  well  attended, 
but  the  programme  of  neither  calls  for 
criticism. 


The  Westminster  Orchestral  Society  has  issued 
its  announcements  for  the  thirteenth  season. 
Concerts  will  be  given  in  the  Westminster  Town 
Hall  on  December  8th,  March  9th,  and  June  1st, 
and  an  extra  orchestral  and  choral  concert  in 
St.  James's  Hall  on  May  11th,  in  which  the 
Streatham  and  Reigate  choral  societies  will 
participate  in  the  performance  of  a  new  Mass  in 
D  by  the  Westminster  Society's  conductor  Mr. 
Stewart  Macpherson.  The  proceeds  of  this 
entertainment  will  be  handed  over  to  the  West- 
minster Hospital.  The  general  arrangements 
are  excellent,  all  the  programmes  as  promised 
having  features  of  interest,  including  new  com- 
positions. 

I^f  commemoration  of  Mendelssohn's  death, 
which  occurred  on  November  4th,  1847,  a  con- 
cert of  the  master's  works  was  given  at  the 
South  Place  Institute  last  Sunday  evening,  the 
programme  including  the  Quintet  in  B  tl-^t. 
Op.  87  ;  the  Octet  in  e  flat ;  and  the  "Violin 
Concerto. 

Those  admiraVjle  pianists  Messrs.  Ross  and 
Moore,  who  play  in  eyisemhle,  were  heard  to  the 
fullest  advantage  at  their  concert  in  St.  James's 
Hall  on  Thursday  afternoon  in  duets  for  two 
pianofortes  by  Von  Wilm,  Chopin,  Schumann, 
Rubinstein,  and  other  composers.  Miss  Edith 
Robinson,  a  violinist  with  a  neat  style,  played 
virtuoso  solos  with  much  acceptance  ;  and  vocal 
pieces  were  interpreted  with  more  or  less 
success  by  Miss  Gertrude  Lynes,  Miss  May 
Finney,  Mr.  George  Devoll,  and  Mr.  Edwin 
Isham. 

Madame  Teresa  Tosti,  a  contralto  from 
Paris,  and  Herr  Rudolf  Panzer,  a  pianist  from 
Berlin,  will  give  three  vocal  and  pianoforte 
recitals  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Ernest 
Cavour  at  the  Steinway  Hall  on  Novem- 
ber 17th  and  24th,  and  December  2nd. 

Mr.  Michael  GuN>r  will  open  the  new 
Lyric  Hall,  Dublin,  with  concerts  on  Friday 
evening,  November  26th,  and  Saturday  after- 
noon, November  27th,  for  which  occasion  Mr. 
Adlington  has  engaged  Madame  Ella  Russell, 
Master  Bruno  Steindel,  and  other  distinguished 
artists. 

Mr.  Frederick   Dawson   has    been    highly 


successful    in    Berlin.       The    following    is    an 
extract  from  his  letter  : — 

'•  At  the  611(1  of  my  last  recital  in  Berlin  there  was 
a  scene  of  the  greatest  excitement.  As  I  was  play- 
ing the  third  extra  ))iece  (encores),  De  Pachmana 
and  Kiindworth  and  a  host  of  others  were  on  the 
|)latform  crowding  round,  and  when  I  had  finished 
— what  a  time  !  I  was  eiubiaced  all  round." 

The  new  opera  '  Sarema,'  by  Zemilinski,  the 
libretto  of  which  is  based  on  Rudolf  von  Gott- 
schall's  drama  '  Die  Rose  vom  Kaukasus,'  is 
said  to  have  been  favourably  received  on  its 
performance  at  the  Hoftheater  in  Munich. 

A  COMMITTEE  has  been  formed  at  Amsterdam 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  monument  to  Jan 
Pieterszon  Sweelinck,  who  died  in  the  year  1621, 
and  whom  the  poet  Vondel  called  in  an  epitaph 
the  "Phoenix  of  music."  He  had  been  active 
as  an  organist  for  a  whole  generation  at  Amster- 
dam, which  town,  like  Deventer,  claims  the 
honour  of  having  been  the  birthplace  "  of  the 
greatest  Dutch  organist." 


PEUFOKMANCES  NEXT   WEEK. 


SfN. 

Mox. 

Tij-s. 

Wed. 
Tiiliis 

Fill. 


Concert,  .•) 30,  Queens  Hall. 
Concert,  3  30,  Albert  Hall. 
National  Sunday  League,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Herr  G,  Lieblin^'s  Pianoforte  Hecital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Mr  H.  Lane  Wilson's  Vocal  Ilecital,  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
Miss  May  Mukle's  Violoncello  Keciial,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hill. 
Popular  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Count  P  Uochaid's  Flute  Hecital,  3,  Steinway  Hall, 
liritisli  Chamber  Music  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Mr  Schulz-Curtius's  Wagner  Concert,  8.1.5,  Queeu's  Hall, 
llallail  Conceit,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Goinpertz  Quartet  Concert.  8,  Queen  s  Small  Hall. 
Messrs  Koss  and  Moore  s  Concert.  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Herr  August  Stradel's  Kecital.  3.  Steinway  Hall. 
Philharmonic  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Isa  MacDougall's  ('oncert.  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Mr.  Adlington's  Concert,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Miss  G  M.  Hudson's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Charing  Cross  Hospital  (Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr  Arthur  Thompson's  Vocal  Kecital,  8.15,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3 
Popular  Concert,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Orohesti-al  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Polvtechnic  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Alnia  Mater  Male- Voice  Choir  Concert,  8.30,  Uoyal  Academy  ol 
Music. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Haymarket.— '  The  Little  Minister,'  a  Play  ia  Four  Act?. 
By  J.  M.  Barrie. 

Had  any  hand  other  than  that  of  Mr. 
Barrie  dealt  with  '  The  Little  Minister '  iu 
the  fashion  in  which  that  writer  has  himself 
treated  it  the  cry  of  want  of  reverence  would 
have  been  raised,  for  Mr.  Barrie  has  indeed 
"  plucked  out  the  heart  "  of  his  own  "  mys- 
tery." In  spite  of  clumsiness  of  construc- 
tion and  the  arbitrary  fashion  in  which  the 
denoument  is  brought  about,  the  story  lives 
on  the  strength  of  its  scenes  of  wooing  and 
the  atmosphere  in  which  these  are  enveloped. 
Though  more  than  a  little  improbable,  the 
conquest  by  the  gipsy  of  the  zealous  and 
ardent  young  preacher  pleases  and  stimu- 
lates, and  the  manner  in  which  he,  in  turn, 
obtains  the  mastery  over  and  subjugates 
her  is  human  and  moving.  It  is  other- 
wise when,  instead  of  being  a  gipsy  brat 
in  whom  the  instincts  of  irresponsibility 
and  vagabondage  are  unconquerable,  the 
heroine  becomes  a  young  lady  of  rank  and 
breeding.  That  Lady  Babbie,  the  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Eintoul,  could  not  have 
loved  the  Rev.  Gavin  Dishart  had  she 
dwelt  in  the  same  house  with  him  or 
been  subject  to  the  sustained  influence 
of  his  masterfulness  and  his  piety  we  do 
not  say.  In  that  case,  had  he  known  her 
birth  and  position,  he  would  not  have  dared 
to  lift  his  eyes  to  her.  Without  any  more 
of  the  gipsy  in  her  than  the  costume,  black 
hair  with  rowan  "  berries  wreathed,"  and  a 
habit  of  prowling  about  the  country  at  all 
hours  of  the  night,  she  flashes  upon  him, 
and,  though  more  likely  to  be  taken  by  him 
for  a  limb  of  Satan  than  a  fitting  associate 


682 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


of  his  motlier  and  partner  in  his  work,  is 
chosen  by  him  for  wife.    Wholly  unconvin- 
cing is  all  this.    There  are  elaborate  devices 
of  priests'   chambers,  moving  pictures,  and 
secret  passages,  all  probable  enough  in  a 
country   house   in   Scotland.      We   refuse, 
however,  to  believe    in   her  ladyship's  in 
terest  in  the  weavers  of  Thrums,  to  accept 
her  long  absences  from  home,  and  her  pro- 
pensity to  "trace  huge  forests  and  unhar- 
boured  heaths,"  and  resent  her  selection  for 
her  husband  of  the  condescending  gentleman 
who  tries  to  awe  her  with  the  splendour  of  the 
drawing-room  in  which  she  will  have  hence- 
forward   to    live.      Excellent    pictures   are 
doubtless    presented   of    the    deacons    and 
precentors  and  other  worthies  of  the  Auld 
Licht  church.    We  accept  without  question- 
ing    the     Lang    Tammases,    the     Snecky 
Hobarts,  the    Silva    Toshes,  and  the   Eob 
Dows    who    are    set    before    us,    and    we 
concede   that   more   of   the   atmosphere   of 
the   original   than  we    expected   has    been 
retained.     But  there  is  nothing  for  them  to 
do.     They,  like  Gavin  Dishart,  may  mistake 
a  lovely  and    high-born   lady  for   a  gipsy 
queen.     She  runs,  however,  no  risk,  nor  are 
we  torn  with  apprehension  for  her  safety 
when  Eob  Dow  gets  her  in  his  grip  and  is 
moved  to  slay  her.     She  has  but  to  reveal 
her  identity,  and  they  will  all  off  caps  to 
her.     The    piece    accordingly,    which    has 
begun  in  idyl,  ends  in  farce.    Very  amusing 
is  it  to  see  her  effervescent   ladyship  fool 
her  father  and  her  accepted  suitor  to  the 
top  of  their  bent,  and  make  them  the  agents 
in  uniting  her  to  the  man  from  whom  they 
seek  to  separate  her.   Her  proceedings,  none 
the  less,  leave  us  with  the  conviction  that 
a  less  eligible  occupant  of  a  Scottish  manse 
could  not  be  conceived,  and  we  know  not  which 
infatuation  is  the  more  hopeless,  that  of  the 
minister  who  chooses  such  a  consort,  or  of 
the  lady  who  stoops  to  so  unlikely  a  spouse. 
There  is  no  call  to  lecture  Mr.  Barrie.     Out 
of   a   sufficiently  intractable   novel   he  has 
extracted   a  play  that  is    to   the  full    as 
diverting  as  it  is  preposterous,  that  abounds 
in  touches  pleasing  or  whimsical,  and  that 
is  at  the  same  time  pure  and  healthy.     The 
public  likes  his  work,  and  will  flock  to  see 
it,  and  if  he  has  himself  no  fault  to  find 
with  his  treatment  of  his  own  book  who  else 
shall  cavil  ?     Miss  Winifred  Emery  gives  a 
striking  picture  of  the  wayward  girl  who 
anticipates  the   coming  revolt  of    her  sex, 
and  is  as  emancipated  as  the  best  or  worst 
of  her   sisters   of   a  couple  of  generations 
later.     The  actress  looks  very  pretty  in  a 
costume  which  now  seems  daring,  but  was 
scarcely  so  sixty  or  seventy  years  ago.     The 
stern   Calvinistic   supporters   of    the    little 
minister  are  lifelike  and  real.     Mr.  Maude 
makes  the  most  (which  is  not  much)  of  the 
petulant  and  amorous  little  minister. 


Though  not  without  either  novelty  or  charm, 
' The  Vagabond  King'  of  Mr.  L.  N.  Parker  is 
not  hkely  in  its  present  shape  to  retain  lasting 
possession  of  the  Court  Theatre.  Its  sketches 
of  the  mock  Court  in  Park  Lane  are  vigorous 
in  their  satire,  and  the  whole  tinsel  world  is 
cleverly  depicted.  The  motives  and  actions  of 
some,  at  least,  of  the  characters  are,  however, 
incomprehensible,  and  in  the  last  act  the  author 
seems  to  have  gone  out  of  his  way  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deriding  his  own  action.      Miss  Lena 


Ashwell  displayed  both  tenderness  and  power 
as  the  heroine  ;  and  Miss  Bateman,  Miss  Ellis 
Jeffreys,  Mr.  Murray  Carson,  Mr.  Sydney 
Brough,  Mr.  Athol  Forde,  Mr.  Ross,  and  Mr. 
Gilbert  Farquhar  gave  the  whole  a  satisfactory 
interpretation. 

Mr.  Forbes  Robertson's  tenure  of  the 
Lyceum  has  been  prolonged  from  the  4tli  of 
December  to  the  11th.  After  that  date,  as  no 
other  suitable  theatre  seems  vacant,  the  perform- 
ances of  'Hamlet,'  though  still  in  full  vogue, 
will  have  to  cease. 

Mr.  Frohman  has  lost  no  time  in  realizing 
that  '  The  First-Born  '  was  a  failure,  and  instead 
of  transferring  his  company,  as  was  promised, 
from  the  Globe  to  the  Duke  of  York's,  has 
reshipped  it  to  America.  Instead  of  two 
Chinese  tragedies,  accordingly,  there  is  one. 
We  are  painfully  reminded  of  the  fate  of  the 
ten  little  nigger  boys. 

At  a  performance  for  a  charitable  purpose  on 
Thursday  afternoon  at  Her  Majesty's,  a  variety 
of  pieces  were  given.  Among  them  was 
one  novelty,  'The  Other  Woman,' a  duologue, 
rendered  by  Miss  Winifred  Emery  and  Miss 
Esme  Beringer. 

Miss  Amy  Sedgwick — news  of  whose  death, 
on  the  7th  inst.,  in  her  sixty-third  year,  at  her 
residence,  Hill  View,  Hayward's  Heath,  has 
been  received — was  born  in  Bristol.  In  1852 
she  played  in  London  as  an  amateur,  and  the 
following  year  was  seen  at  Richmond  as  Julia 
in  '  The  Hunchback.'  After  playing  in  Bristol, 
and  for  three  years  in  Manchester,  she  appeared 
in  London  at  the  Haymarket,  October  5th,  1857, 
as  Pauline  in  'The  Lady  of  Lyons,'  and  sub- 
sequently played  Constance  in  '  The  Love 
Chase.'  She  was,  7th  of  November,  the  original 
Hester  Grazebrook  in  Tom  Taylor's  'Unequal 
Match.'  She  was  subsequently  seen  as  Julia  in 
'  The  Hunchback,'  Lady  Teazle,  Juliana  in  '  The 
Honeymoon,'  Rosalind,  Mrs.  Haller,  and  Miss 
Dorillon  in  '  Wives  as  they  Were  and  Maids  as 
they  Are.'  Original  parts  in  plays  by  Palgrave 
Simpson  and  other  dramatists  were  also  assigned 
her.  After  playing  at  the  Olympic  and  the 
Princess's,  at  which  latter  house  she  was  the 
original  Aurora  Floyd  in  an  adaptation  by  Mr. 
C.  S.  Cheltnam  of  Miss  Braddon's  novel,  she 
appeared  in  1866  at  Drury  Lane  without  much 
success  as  Lady  Macbeth  to  the  Macbeth  of  Barry 
Sullivan.  About  1871  she  practically  retired 
from  the  stage,  though  she  returned  to  the 
Haymarket  for  a  short  time  in  '  The  Love 
Chase.'  She  appears  to  have  been  twice  married, 
being  spoken  of  at  one  time  as  Mrs.  Pemberton, 
and  subsequently  as  Mrs.  Parkes  Goodtry. 

'  In  the  Days  of  the  Duke  '  will  shortly  be 
withdrawn  from  the  Adelphi,  and  succeeded  by 
a  revival  of  '  Secret  Service.' 

A  FARCE  by  Mr.  Alfred  C.  Calmour  with  the 
title  of  '  Frolicsome  Fanny '  will  be  given  on 
the  25th  inst.  at  an  afternoon  representation 
at  the  Gaiety,  with  a  cast  including  Mr. 
Arthur  Williams,  Miss  Larkin,  and  Miss  Nina 
Boucicault. 

'  Admiral  Guinea,'  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Henley 
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a  one-act  play  by  Miss  Margaret  Young,  in 
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Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert  has  begun  proceedings  for 
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upon  his  communications  to  an  interviewer. 

In  addition  to  '  The  Babes  in  the  Wood  '  at 
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subject  of  Cinderella,  for  which  an  absolutely 
ideal  heroine  has  been  secured  in  Miss  Cissy 
Loftus. 


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T.  a.  F.— B.  H.  B.— F.  W.— B.  L.  M.— received. 
H.  F. — We  are  not  sure. 

J.  F.  L.  T.— Apply  to  Mr.  B.  at  the  British  Museum. 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


683 


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N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


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NOTABLE  LETTERS  from  MY  POLITICAL  FRIENDS.— II.  Senator 

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THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  of  English  and  Foreign  Literature,  Science, 
The  Fine  Arts,  Music,  and  The  Drama. 

The  ATHEyJEUM /or  October  30  conU^ins  Articles  on 

MR.  RUDYARD  KIPLING'S  CAPTAINS  COURAGEOUS. 

'Ihe  COMPLETION  of  the  LIFE  of  PUSEY. 

A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  of  WILLIAM  MORRIS. 

WHITE  MAN'S  AFRICA 

ESSAYS  on  a  NEW  CRITICAL  MEIHOD. 

MR.  S.  R.  GARDINER'S  HISTORY  of  the  COMMONWEALTH. 

NEW  NOVELS :  The  King  with  Two  Faces  ;  The  Silver  Fox  ;  Secretary 
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BOOKS  on  PLATO. 

our  library  table— list  of  new  books. 

mr.  f.  t.  palgrave  ;  the  library  ass0ci.4.ti0n. 

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FINE  ARTS— The  Society  of  Portrait  Painters  ;  Gossip. 
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THOMAS  and  MATTHEW  ARNOLD  as  EDUCATORS. 

The  VICTORIAN  GOLDEN  TREASURY. 

PAPERS  of  WILLIAM  WILBERFORCE. 

The  RED  BOOK  of  the  EXCHEQUER. 

UNPUBLISHED  REMAINS  of  W    S.  LANDOR. 

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a  Wife.' 

CHRISTMAS  BOOKS. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE— LIST  of  NEW  BOOKS. 

The  ASHBURNHAM  LIBRARY;  SIR  PETER  LE  PAGE  RENOUF ; 
.ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL  and  the  HUMANISTS;  The  LIBRARY 
ASSOCIATION. 

Also— 

LITERARY  GOSSIP. 

SCIENCE  :— Astronomical  Literature  ;  Societies ;  Meetings ;  Gossip. 

FINE  ARTS:— The  Blazon  of  Episcopacy;  Notes  from  Asia  Minor; 
Gossip. 

MUSIC  :— The  Week  ;  Gossip ;  Performances  Next  Week. 

DRAMA:— The  Diary  of  Master  William  Silence  ;  Gossip. 


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NOTES   AND    QUERIES. 

(EIGHTH  SERIES.) 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  contains— 

NOTES  :—Casanoviana— Death  of  General  Wolfe— Johnstone  of  Wara- 
phray— Vanishing  London— W.  Axon,  LL  B— "Belling"  :  "Row- 
ing "  :  "  Wawling  "— Boadicea— Mangin  -Honor  Oak. 

QUERIES  :—Vauxhall  Tickets— "  Hooves  "—Baptismal  Shell- Nursery 
Rhyme— Alternative  Pronoun— Don  Juan— Sir  W  Dugdale- "  Bar- 
mitzvah"— Author  of  Poem— Gibraltar  and  the  King  of  Spain— Arms 
of  Flaxby  and  Kingswood  Abbeys— Cackling  of  Hens— Queen  Anne 
as  Empress- Lines  by  Wordsworth— Boston  Pardons— Moore,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury— Austrian  Name— Kids— "  Whip-Dog  "  Day— 
Dr.  'lh«ophile  de  GarenciC'res— "  Bird  of  hundred  dyes  "—Authors 
Wanted. 

REPLIES  :— Bow  Church,  Cheapside—'  Historical  English  Dictionary  '— 
Lord  Chancellor  Bacon— Fraternity  of  Genealogists— Words  of  Song 
Wanted— Beanfeast :  Beano— County  of  Hants-Juvenile  Authors- 
Ethnology  of  Trades— "  Cabbiclow  "  and  "  Bacalhao"—' The  Plain 
Englishman'— "Diaper"- Mr.  Pickwick  at  the  Seminary  — Grub 
Street— "Does  the  sun  put  out  the  fire  ?  "—Earthenware  Water- 
pipes— 'The  Chimes '—Butter  at  Wedding  Feasts— Oak  Trees— An 
Old  Estate— Horset-' Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau'—Fit=  Fought 
—Scott  Anniversaries— Ancient  Font— Split  Infinitive- "Thee"  or 
"  Thou ' '— "  Who  fears  to  speak  of  '98  ?  "— Scart  Soup-"  Pure  Well  " 
— Crabbe's  '  Lady  Barbara '— litle-page  of  '  Latter  Day  Pamphlets  '— 
"Lillilo"— R.  Colegate—"  Returns  "—J  Wilkinson  — Birmingham 
Vote— "  Feer  and  Flet"— "Godard":  "  Lagman." 

NOTES  on  BOOKS:— Florio's  'Essays  of  Montaigne '-Baring-Gould's 
'Lives  of  the  Saints '—Gray's  'Poems  of  Constable '—Magazines 
and  Reviews. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

THE  NUMBER  FOR  OCTOBER  30  contains— 

NOrES:— Geoffrey  Chaucer  — Dog-whipper  —  ' Dictionary  of  National 
Biography '  — Browningiana  — Mitfoid's  'History  of  Greece'— 
"Churn"-  "Churnubble  "— Bocase  'Iree- Gammer  Gurton— "  Om- 
nibi  "-Club— East  Anglian  Pronunciation— Discovery  of  Cinerary 
Urns. 

QUERIES :  —  " Cabbiclow " :  "Eacalhao  "— Druidism- 'Memoirs  ot 
D'Artagnan'  — Leatherhead  B.-idge  — "Lead-eater"— Rotten  Row, 
Nottingham— Words  of  Song- 'Cirage"- Local  Silversmiths— Mr. 
Cuthill— "Dunter  "— Col.  H  Ferribosco  — Rev.  Dr.  Broome— Oak 
'I'rees  — Indulgence  in  Muffins- D'Artois  — Hampshire  School— 
'  Widdicombe  Fair— Scottisli  Body-Guards- Rev.  J.  B.  Deane— Mrs. 
Haywood— Lady  Dorothy  Dubois— Flambard— 'The  Plain  English- 
man '—Chateau  Y'quem. 

REPLIES:— The  Kensington  Canal— Endorsement  of  Bills— Cope  and 
Mitre  — "Milord"— Sea  Sergeants —  ' The  Counter-rat '-Chinese 
Folk-lore— Evona-'Dav-Book  of  Wonders'— BSvesiers  — Motto  of 
College  of  Surgeons— King  Lear— Folk-lore  of  the  Moon— "Rain- 
fall" of  Seeds— "Diaper"— "Apparata"  — Luck  Money  — Grim- 
thorped— A  Bookbinding  Question— Chess  and  the  Devil— Davaar— 
"  Head  Poll  "— Howth  Castle— Record  Giavedigger-Smoking  before 
Tobacco— Glass  Fracture— Montagu— Early  Headstones— Nonsense 
Verses  — "la  Armathanus"- Author  Wanted  — Due  d'Epernon— 
Reference  Wanted— Characters  in  Dickens. 

NOTES  on  BOOKS  ;— Gardiner's  '  History  of  the  Commonwealth  and 
Protectorate,'  Vol.  II. —  "The  Historical  English  Dictionary'  — 
Wheatley's  Historical  Portraits'— Tuer's  'History  of  the  Horn- 
Book.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents.    

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N°  3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


687 


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The  SECRET  of  WYVERN  TOWERS.    (The  Gentleman's  Annual 

for  1897.)    By  T.  W.  SPEIGHT,  Author  of  '  The  Mysteries  of  Heron  Dyke.'    Demy  8vo.  decorated  cover,  Is. 
London:  CHATTO  &  WINDUS,  111,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  W.C. 

NEW    NOVEL    BY    A    NEW    WRITER. 

DUST      0'      GLAMOUR. 

By  H.  SIDNEY   WARWICK. 

JUST  PUBLISHED. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  338  pp.,  price  3*.  Qd. 

Bristol :  J.  W.  ARROWSMITH.     London  :  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL  &  CO.,  LIMITED. 

NOTICE. 


J.  NISBET  &  CO.'  S  LIST. 


The  FAITH  of  CENTURIES:  Essays. 

Edited  by  the  Rev.  the  Hon.  W.  E.  BOWEN,  and 
containing  Contributions  from  the  BISHOP  OF 
ROCHESTER,  BISHOP  BARRY,  Canon  SCOTT- 
HOLLAND,  Canon  NBWBOLT,  Rev.  J.  E.  C.  WELL- 
DON,  Professor  RYLB,  and  the  Rev.  T.  B.  STRONG. 
Extra  crown  8vo.  7s.  6rf. 

PICTURES   of  the  EAST.     A  Set  of 

Forty  Full-Page  Original  Drawings  to  illustrate  the 
Life  of  Our  Lord  and  the  Preaching  of  St.  Paul.  With 
Notes  and  Explanations.  By  Mrs.  RBNDEL  HARRIS. 
Imperial  8vo.  %s.  &d. 

SEVEN  YEARS  in  SIERRA  LEONE. 

The  Story  of  William  A.  B.  Johnson.    By  the  Rev.  A.  T. 
PIERSON,  D.D.,   Author  of  'The  New  Acts    of   the 
Apostles,'  &c.    Crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 
"  The   story  of  Mr.  Johnson's  labours  is  one    of    great 
Christian  heroism  and  singular  success." 

Glasgoiv  Daily  Mail. 

LORD    SHAFTESBURY  as   SOCIAL 

REFORMER.  A  New  Biography.  By  EDWIN  HODDBR. 
Crown  8vo.  2s.  Qd. 
"  A  very  stimulating  little  monograph." — Times. 


On  MONDAY  NEXT  will  be  published,  The  RISE 
of  DEMOCRACY,  by  J.  HOLLAND  BOSE, 
M,A.y  crown  8vo,  cloth, price  2s,  6d,,  being  the  First 
Volume  of  "  The  Victorian  Era  Series,'' 

The  Subsequent  Volumes  of  the  Series  will  be  published 
successively  on  the  15th  of  each  month, 

London:  BLA.CKIE  &  SON,  Limited,  50,  Old  Bailey. 


NEW    STORIES. 
The    RIP'S    REDEMPTION.      A 

Trooper's    Story.    By    E.    LIVINGSTON    PRESCOTT, 
Author  of  '  Scarlet  and  Steel.'    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
"  A  story  of  surpassing  beauty  and  tenderness." 
"  Well  written."— Atanrfard.  Hastings  Times. 

"  Extremely  interesting." — Manchester  Guardian. 

LADY  ROSALIND.  By  Mrs.  Marshall. 

Extra  crown  8vo.  6s. 

A  FIGHT  for  FREEDOM:    a  Tale  of 

the    Land   of  the    Czar.      By    GORDON    STABLES, 
M.D.  R.N.    Illustrated.    Extra  crown  8vo.  gilt,  5s. 
"  A  fascinating  tale  for  boy  or  girl." — Record. 

IN  the   SWING  of  the   SEA.     By  J. 

MACDONALD   OXLBY,   Author  of  'On  the  World's 
Roof,'  &c.    Illustrated.    Extra  crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 
"  A  lively  romance  such  as  boys  and  girls  love." — Record. 


J.  NISBET  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  21,  Berners  Street,  W. 


ri^HE    PENNY    CHRONOLOGY.      A    Series    of 

M.     Important  Dates  in  the  History  of  the  'World  from  the  Reign  ol 
David  to  the  Present  I'ime.    By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A..  F.R.A.S. 

G.  Stoneman,  39,  Warwick  Lane,  E.C. 


DISABLEMENT  BY  DISEASE 

(TYPHOID  FEVER,  SMALL-POX,  TYPHUS,  &c.),  and 

ACCIDENTS  OF  ALL  KINDS 

INSCRED  AGAINST  BY  THE 

■RAILWAY  PASSENGERS'    ASSURANCE    CO. 

LIABILITY  INSURANCE.        FIDELITY  GUARANTEE. 
64,  CORNHILL,  LONDON.  A,  VIAN,  Secretary. 


RANDY 


V. 


WHISKY. 


B 

Owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  obtaining  pure 
Brandy  at  a  moderate  price.  Whisky  is  often  re- 
commended to  invalids  and  others.  This  is  no 
longer  necessary,  as,  owing  to  their  large  purchases 
of  fine  Brandy  foi  Grant's  Morella  Cherry  Brandy, 
THOMAS  GRANT  &  SONS  are  enabled  to  oflEer 
the  genuine  old  REGINA  BRANDY  at  the  low 
price  of  4.8s.  per  Dozen  Case,  delivered  to  any  part 
of  England;  or  it  can  be  obtained  through  any 
Wine  Merchant. 

Small  Sample  free  for  cost  of  postage  (Threepence). 
T.  GRANT  &  SONS,  Maidstone. 


E 


P     P     s 


COCOA. 


Extract  from  a  LscrrRE  on  'Foods  and  their  Vail'ES,'  bt  Dr. 
Andrew  Wilson,  F.R.S.E.,  &c.— "11  any  motives— first,  ol  due  regard 
lor  health,  and  second,  ol  getting  Inll  food-value  for  money  expended— 
can  be  said  to  weigh  with  us  in  choosing  our  foods,  then  I  say  that 
Cocoa  (Epps's  being  the  most  nutritious)  should  be  made  to  replace  tea 
and  cofl'ee  without  hesitation.  Cocoa  is  a  food ;  tea  and  cofifee  are  not 
foods.  This  is  the  whole  science  of  the  matter  in  a  nutshell,  and  he 
who  runs  may  read  the  obvious  moral  of  the  story." 

DINNEFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 
The  best  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  ol  the  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN, 

HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 
And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 
Children,  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


688 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3655,  Nov.  13,  '97 


SOME     NEW     VOLUMES 

PUBLISHED  BY  GAS  SELL  d  COMPANY. 

ENTIRELY  NEW  AND  IMPORTANT  WORK  BY  A  LEADING  MEDICAL  PRACTITIONER. 

CASSELL'S  FAMILY  DOCTOR.  A  New  and  Original  Work.  By  a  Medical  Man.  Illustrated.  10s.  6d. 

This  work  has  been  written  by  a  medical  man   of  wide  experience  and  brilliant  attainments  as  a  general  practitioner,  with  the  avowed  intention  of 
suppljing  a  family  friend  and  medical  adviser  to  the  mother  of  a  family  or  head  of  a  house  in  times  of  emergency  from  sudden  illness  or  accident. 

RIVERS  of  the  SOUTH  and  WEST  COASTS.   With  numerous  Illustrations  by  leading  Artists.  42s. 

"A  more  beautiful  book  for  the  drawing-room  table  can  hardly  be  imagined." — Daili/  Nens. 

PICTORIAL  ENGLAND  and  WALES.    With  upwards  of  320  beautiful  Illustrations  prepared  from 

Copyright  Photographs.     Cloth,  9«. ;  on  superior  paper,  half- Persian,  in  box,  15?.  net. 

NEW  FAIRY  STORY  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'WANTED  A  KING.' 

TWO  OLD  LADIES,  TWO  FOOLISH  FAIRIES,  and  a  TOM  CAT :  the  Surprising  Adventures  of 

Tuppy  and  Tue.     Showing  why  they  left  Fairyland,  what  Puss-in-Boots  had  to  do  with  it,  and  why  the  Spring  was  late  that  Year,      By  MAGGIE 
BROWNE.     With  4  Coloured  Plates  and  numerous  Illustrations  by  A.  Rackham.     3«.  Qd. 


WITH  NATURE  and  a  CAMERA :  being  the  Adventures  and  Observations  of  a  Field  Naturalist 

and  an  Animal  Photographer.     By  RICHARD  KEARTON,  F.Z.S.,  Author  of  'British  Birds'  Nests,'   &c.     Illustrated  by  a  Special  Frontispiece,  and 
180  Pictures  of  Wild  Birds,  Animals,  Insects,  &c.,  at  work  and  play,  from  Photographs  taken  direct  from  Nature,  by  Cherry  Kearton.     2  Is. 

The  MAGAZINE  of  ART  YEARLY  VOLUME.     With  about  1,000  Choice  Illustrations,  and  a 

Series  of  Special  Plates,  2\s. 

CHEAP    EDITION    OF 

BISHOP  ELLICOTT'S  COMMENTARY  for  ENGLISH  READERS.    Embracing  the  Old  and  New 

Testaments.     8  vols. 

The  OLD  TESTAMENT.    5  vols.  1  The  NEW  TESTAMENT.    3  vols. 

4s.  each  Volume.     The  set  of  8  vols.  30s. 

The  CHURCH  of  ENGLAND.    A  History  for  the  People.    By  the  Very  Rev.  H.  D.  M.  Spence,  D.D., 

Dean  of  Gloucester.     Illustrated.     Vol.  II.  6s. 

MR.  ARNOLD-FORSTER'S    NEW  HISTORY  OF   ENGLAND. 

A  HISTORY  of  ENGLAND,  from  the  Landing  of  Julius  Caesar  to  the  Present  Day.     By  H.  0. 

ARNOLD-FORSTEB,  M.P.     Illustrated.     5s. 

"  The  picturesqueness  of  its  manner,  its  fine  national  spirit,  its  insistence  on  those  parts  of  the  story  that  have  most  use  and  interest  for  the  modern 
world,  its  numerous  choice  of  appropriate  and  interesting  illustrations— all  these  things  make  it  a  book  not  for  the  cloistered  student  but  for  everybody  who 
wishes,  not  merely  to  be  instructed,  but  to  be  won  to  an  interest  in  a  study  too  often  made  repellent  by  the  Dryasdusts." — Scotsman. 

FAMILIAR  GARDEN  FLOWERS.    With  200  beautiful  Coloured  Plates  by  F.  E.  Hulme,  F.L.S. 

F.S.A.,  and  Descriptive  Text  by  SHIRLEY  HIBBERD.     Popular  Edition.     To  be  completed  in  5  vols.  3s.  &d.    Vols.  I.,  II.,  and  III.  now  ready. 

CASSELL'S  MAGAZINE  YEARLY  VOLUME  for  1897.    The  First  Volume  of  the  Enlarged  Series. 

With  upwards  of  1,250  Original  Illustrations.     Cloth,  8s. 

WORKS     BY    J.     M.     BARRIE. 

FIFTIETH    THOUSAND. 

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AN    ILLUSTRATED   EDITION  OF 

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NEW    WORKS    OF    FICTION. 
The  WROTHAMS  of  WROTHAM  COURT.    By  Frances  Heath  Freshfield. 


6s. 


BY  a  HAIR'S-BREADTH.    By  Headon  Hill.    6s. 

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CHEAP    EDITIONS. 
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1893).     By  JOHN  BLOUNDELLE-BUKTON.     3s.  brf. 

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HBSBA  STKBTTON.    3s.  6rf. 


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Editorial   CommDnications  shoald  be   addressed   to   "The  Editor "  — AdTertisemeats  and   Basiness   Letiers  to   "The   Pnblisher "  —  at  the   Ollice,   Bream's  Buildings,   Chancery  Lane,  E.C, 

Printed  by  John  Edward  Francis,  Athenaenm  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. ;  and  Pnbllsbed  by  Jokh  C.  Fhakcis  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

Agents  IorScoTL4«D,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradfute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday.  November  13.  1897. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

Sioiirnalf  of  aEnglt^D  anb  d^orefgn  Utterature,  Science,  tfie  dFtne  ^m,  Mw^it  mti  fbt  S^rama. 


No.  3656. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    20,    1897. 


PRICB 

THREEPENCE 

REGTSTKKEU  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


HE     LIBRARY     ASSOCIATION. 


The  NEXT  PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  20, 
HAT40VER  SQUAHR,  LOiNDON,  W  .  on  DKCEMnEU  U.  1H97,  com- 
TDCncinj;  at  10  v.m.  If  two  or  more  Candidates  desire  to  sit  for  Exami- 
nation at  any  of  the  large  Provincial  Towns,  arrangements  will  be 
made  for  them  to  do  so. 

Candidates  must  fl)  have  passed  the  preliminary  examination,  op  (2) 
produce  such  certificates  of  preliminary  general  education  as  will  be 
approved  by  the  Examination  Committee,  or  (3)  submit  a  certilled 
declaration  of  having  been  for  three  years  engaged  in  practical  Uhrary 
work.  Printed  forms,  on  which  this  declaration  must  be  made,  may  be 
obtained  on  application.  Each  candidate  must  give  notice,  and  pay  the 
fee  of  ten  shillings,  on  or  before  November  3o.  The  candidate  is  also 
required  to  specify  which  sections  of  the  examination  will  be  taken. 

All  certificates,  fees,  and  other  communications  respecting  the 
examination  must  be  sent  to  Mn  J.  W.  Knapman,  Hon.  Sec.  of  the 
Examination  Committee,  17,  Itloomsbury  Square,  London,  W.C. 

JAPANESE  GALLERY.  — ORIENTAL  ART.— 
Mr.  T.  J.  LARKIN  has  ON  VIEW  the  highest-class  JAPANESE 
l,ACaUER,  CHINESE  CEKAMICS,  JADES,  &c.,  at  28,  NEW  BOND 
STREET,  W. 

LIBRARIAN.— A  GRADUATE,  aged  35,  desires 
a  post  as  ASSISTANT  LIRRARIAN.    Salary  no  object— Address 
M.  A.,  care  of  Housekeeper,  22,  Southampton  Ruildings,  W.C. 

TO  PUBLISHERS.— Well-known  EDITOR  wishes 
to  EMPLOY  PORTION  of  his  TIME  in  READING  for  PUB- 
LISHERS. Pei-sonally  acquainted  with  many  Authors  of  note  Regular 
Contributor  of  Literary  Articles  to  Two  London  Dailies.— Address 
VicoxHN,  care  of  Willing's,  162,  Piccadilly,  W. 

AN  OXONIAN,  Reviewer  of  long  experience  in 
Krst-Claas  Journals,  is  WILLING  to  READ  MSS.  for  APPROVAL 
or  Revise  and  Correct.  Would  be  glad  of  a  post  as  Literary  Adviser  to 
a  Publisher.— D.iLiiiAD,  12,  Bisham  Gardens,  Highgate,  N. 

READERSHIP  WANTED  by  JOURNALIST. 
Experienced  both  capacities.  Publisher's  Reader  and  Reviser  in 
Technical  and  Scientific  Books  as  well  as  Newspapers.  London  or 
elsewhere, — Write  J.  McAlister,  1,  Wharfdale  Road,  London,  N. 

A  LINGUIST  seeks  SECRETARIAL  WORK. 
Translations:  French.  German,  Dutch,  Italian.  Spanish,  Scandi- 
navian Languages.  Research  Notes,  Glossaries,  Indexing,  &c.— Write 
E.  Genlis,  43,  Southampton  Row,  London,  W.C. 

SUB-EDITOR  WANTED  for  a  PROVINCIAL 
MORNING  PAPER  of  Liberal  Politics  Must  be  thoroughly  con- 
Tersant  with  the  routine  of  Sub-Editorship,  and  able  to  supply  Leaders. 
Applicants  to  enclose  Specimens,  references,  &c  ,  and  state  salary 
expected. — Address  Libcu\l  Unionist,  care  of  Messrs.  C.  Mitchell  & 
Co.,  12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  EC. 

SECRETARY  PARTNER,  to  take  FINANCIAL 
CONTROL  of  well-established  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTION. 
Business  aptitude  essential.  Literary  inclinations  desirable.  Invest- 
ment bv  arrangement  —Address  Delt.v,  at  Hilburn's  Advertisement 
Offices,  379,  Strand. 

T^HE  COMMITTEE  of  the  CORPORATION  of 
SOUTHPORT  SCHOOL  ol  ART  require  a  SECOND  ART  MASTER 
to  teach  Design,  Modelling,  and  Elementary  Work  at  a  salary  of  luo/. 
per  annum. 

Particulars  of  the  appointment  may  be  obtained  from  Mr.  F.  W. 
T£\GUE,  Secretary,  Victoria  Science  and  Art  School,  Southport. 


H 


ULME     GRAMMAR     SCHOOLS,     OLDHAM. 


The  Governors  of  the  OLDHAM  HULME'S  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS 
SCHEME  will  shortly  proceed  to  elect  a  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

The  School  is  for  150  Girls  (Day  Scholars)  between  the  ages  of  8  and 
17.    The  fees  are  8/.  8s.  a  year. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  105  Scholars  attending  the  Schools.  The 
salary  will  be  lOO;.  a  year,  besides  Capitation  Fee  of  not  less  than  2/.  for 
each  Girl.  Copies  of  the  Scheme  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 
Applications,  stating  age  and  experience,  together  with  20  copies  of 
testimonials,  printed  or  type-written,  must  be  sent  to  the  undersigned 
on  or  before  the  21st  day  of  December,  1897. 

The  Head  Mistress  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  her  duties  at  the 
commencement  oj  the  Summer  Term.  A.  NICHOLSON, 

Governor  and  Hon.  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Oldham,  November  2, 1897. 

THE     VICTORIA      UNIVERSITY.  — The 
E.KTERNAL  EXAMINERSHIP  in   GREEK   falls  VACANT  in 
DECEMBER  NEXT  by  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  Professor  R.  Y. 
Tyrrell.    It  is  tenatde  for  three  years. 
Applications  should  be  sent  in  on  or  before  November  30. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 
Manchester.  ALFRED  HUGHES,  Registrar. 


u 


NIVERSITY 


of 


GLASGOW. 


ADDITIONAL  EXAMINERSHIPS. 

The  University  Court  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW  will  shortly 
proceed  to  appoint  the  following  E.XAMINERS:  (a)  EXAMINERS  for 
DEGREES  in  ARTS,  viz.,  FOUR  EXAMINERS  (1)  In  MORAL  PHI- 
LOSOPHY and  LOGIC;  (2)  In  ENGLISH;  (3)  In  EDUCATION;  and 
(4)  In  HISTORY. 

The  appointment  in  each  case  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  January  1 
next,  at  the  following  annual  salaries,  viz..  Moral  Philosophy  and 
Logic.  50!. ;  English,  30/. ;  Education.  10/  10s. ;  and  History,  2U. 

(b)  EXAMINER  in  FRENCH  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS  and  for  the 
PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATIONS. 

The  appointment  will  be  for  three  years  from  February  I  next,  at  an 
annual  salary  of  .30/. 

Candidates  should  lodge  twenty  copies  of  their  application  and  testi- 
monials with  the  undersigned  on  or  before  December  11  next. 

ALAN  K   CLAPPERTON,  Secretary  of  the  Court. 

91.  West  Regent  Street,  Glasgow. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  PROFESSORSHIP  of 
MENTAL  and  MORAL  SCIENCE.— Applications,  with  one  copy  of 
testimonials,  should  be  sent,  on  or  before  Monday,  November  22,  to 
the  Honorary  Secretary,  at  the  College,  from  whom  all  particulars  may 
be  obtained.  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE   of  SOUTH   WALES 
and  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 

{A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

The  Council  invites  applications  for  the  PROFESSORSHIP  of 
GREEK.  Applications  and  testimonials  should  be  sent  on  or  before 
Tuesday,  November  23,  1897,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

University  College,  Cardiff,  October  19. 1897. 

"POYAL    INDIAN   ENGINEERING   COLLEGE, 

■LXj  Cooper's  Hill,  Staines  —The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe.  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September.  I808.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraphs  Department.  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P.W  D  ,  ann  One  in  the  Traffic  Department.  Indian 
State  Railways— For  particulars  apply  to  Secretarv,  at  College. 


D 


ELEGACY     of 


LOCAL     EXAMINATIONS, 

OXFORD. 


TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS. 


For  the  convenience  of  Masters  of  Schools  who  are  already  engaged 
in  teaching,  and  who  wish  to  enter  for  the  EXAMIN.\riON  for  the 
DIPLOMA  in  TEACHING,  to  be  held  by  the  UNIVERSITY  in  JUNE 
NEXT,  the  Delegacy  are  arranging  another  V.\C.\TI()N  COURSE  of 
CRITICISM  LESSONS  and  LECTURES  similar  to  that  held  in  August 
last.  It  is  proposed  that  this  Course  consist  of  a  fortnight's  work  in 
Oxford  during  the  Christmas  Holidays,  and  another  fortnight's  woi-k 
during  the  Easter  Holidays,  and  that  during  the  intervening  term  Pre- 
pared l-e«sons  be  corrected  and  other  aid  be  given  by  correspondence. 

The  CHRISTMAS  COURSE  will  take  place  between  the  dates  of 
JANUARY  1  and  15 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Lecturer  on  Educa- 
tion, M.  W.  Kkatince.  Esq.,  59,  St.  Giles's  Street,  Oxford,  to  whom 
applications  should  be  made  before  December  1. 

LANGLAND      COLLEGE,      EASTBOURNE. 
Patrons. 
The  Right  Hon    LORD  ABERDARE 
The  Right  Rev.  the  LORD  BISHOP  OF  PETERBOROUGH. 
Sir  DOUGLAS  GALTON,  K  C.R    F.R  S. 
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— Editiones  Principes— rare  Early  Printed  Books— Americana  — Laws 
of  Massachusetts  and  Virginia— the  Collection  of  Plays  formed  by  the 
late  Rev,  John  Genest  for  his  '  History  of  the  Stage —fine  Illustrated 
Sporting  Books— First  Editions  of  English  and  American  Authors — 
Books  in  fine  Bindings— and  Works  in  General  Literature. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Collection  of  Engravings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  November  26,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
ENGRAVINGS,  including  some  important  Examples  after  Reynolds, 
Romney,  Bunbury,  Wheatley,  Westall,  Singleton,  Cosway,  Hoppner, 
Lawrence,  and  others,  many  in  proof  states  and  finely  printed  in 
colours,  among  them  being  a  complete  set  (in  proof  states)  of  the 
Bygone  Beauties— the  rare  Portrait  of  Lady  Hamilton  as  the  Spinster, 
finely  printed  in  colours— London  Cries,  after  Wheatley,  printed  in 
colours— a  complete  set  of  the  Holbein  Portraits  by  Bartolozzi,  well 
printed  in  colours— Sporting  Prints— Fancy  Subjects— Battle  Scenes — 
Views. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Autograph  Letters  of  Sir  PHILIP  FRANCIS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W C,  on  SATURDAY,  November  27,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  FORTY-ONE  AUTOGRAPH  LEITERS  from  Sir  Philip 
Francis  to  his  Cousin  and  Brother-in-law,  Alexander  Macrabie.  at 
Philadelphia,  and  others  addressed  l-.y  his  Cousin.  Ma,ior  Raggs.  con- 
taining many  most  interesting  references  to  Junius ;  also  Letters  from 
other  supposed  Authors  of  Junius,  viz..  Lord  Barrington,  Edmund 
Burke,  William  Burke,  John  Home,  and  Alexander  Wedderburn  (Lord 
Loughborough). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had, 

A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  CHARLES  WVMAJV,  Esq.;  the 
Library  of  the  late  G.  G.  CUNNINGHAM,  Esq. :  and 
other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Honse,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  November  29,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  and  interesting  BOOKS  and 
MANUSCRIPTS,  including  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  CHARLES 
WYMAN,  Esq.,  consisting  ol  an  extensive  Series  of  English  and 
Foreign  Works  relating  to  Typography,  Bibliography,  &c.— Miscel- 
laneous Pamphlets— Illustrated  and  Early  Printed  Books;  a  PORTION 
of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  B.  T.  L.  FREKE.  Esq.,  including  Poetry 
anil  Topography— Brathwait's  The  Good  Wife,  1618,  excessively  rare ;  a 
PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  G.  G.  CUNNINGHAM,  Esq.,  of 
Windermere,  consisting  principally  of  Historical.  'Theological,  and 
Classical  Works;  the  PROPERTY  of  the  late  C.J.  WADE,  Esq.,  J. P., 
and  Barrister-at-law,  comprising  First  Editions  of  Scarce  Works, 
Poetry,  'Topography,  and  including  Law  Reports,  205  vols. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Sporting  Books  and  Engravings  of 
J.  A.  TOMPKINS,  Esq.,  of  New  York. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  December  2,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, the  COLLECTION  of  SPORTING  BOOKS  and  ENGRAVINGS, 
the  Property  of  J.  A.  TOMPKINS,  Esq..  of  New  York,  comprising 
Scarce  Works  by  C.  J.  Apperley  (Nimrod),  C  P.  Collyns,  W.  B.  Daniel, 
Sciope,  Surtees,  and  others— Books  illustrated  by  J.  Leech,  Geo  C'ruik- 
shank.  Aiken,  Rowlandson,  J.  Scott,  "Phiz, "  E  and  C  Landseer,  &c.— 
First  Editions  of  the  Writings  of  Charles  Dickens,  Rudyard  Kipling, 
Lever,  Mayhew,  'Thackeray,  and  others— Engravings  by  Rowlandson, 
Bretherton,  H.  Bunbury,  Bartolozzi,  &c— Portraits,  Caricatures.  Views, 
Fancy  Subjects,  Original  Drawings,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Coins  and  Medals  of  the  late 
G.  A.  PEPPER-STAVELEY,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wUl  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  December  3,  and  Following  Day. 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  COINS  and  MEDALS 
formed  by  the  late  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  PEPPER-STAVELEY,  Esq., 
of  Crawley,  Sussex,  comprising  Greek  and  Roman  Coins,  in  Gold  and 
Silver— Ancient  British  and  English  Gold  Coins— Anglo-Saxon  and 
English  Silver  Coins  — English  Siege  Moneys  — English  Proofs  and 
Pattern  Pieces— British  Commemorative  and  War  Medals— and  Foreign 
Coins  and  Medals,  in  Gold  and  Silver. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THEASHB  URN  HA  M  LIBRAR  Y.— SECOND  POR  TION. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON  &  HODGB 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  6.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  at  I  o'clock  precisely,  the  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  magnificent 
LIBRARY  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  of  ASHBURNHAM. 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  Is. 
each.  Copies,  illnstrated  with  six  Facsimiles  of  the  Bindings  in  gold 
and  colours  by  Origgs,  price  5s.  each. 


W  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


691 


THE  ABBUTHNOT  MISSAL,  HORuE,  AND 
PSALTER. 

MBSSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  FRIDAY.  December  10.  immc- 
dlatelT  after  the  close  of  the  Fifth  Day's  Sale  of  the  Second  Portion  of 
the  Library  of  the  Kight  Hon.  Earl  of  Ashburnhani.  the  valuable 
Scottish  MSS.  known  as  the  ARBUTHNOX  MISSAL.  HOR«,  and 
FSAL'iBR.  the  Property  of  the  Kepresentatives  of  the  late  VISCOUNT 
ABBUTHNOTT. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Musical  Instruments  and  Music,  including  a  large  quantity  of 
Duplicates  from  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  WC.  on 
TUESDAY,  November  23.  and  Following  Day.  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely.  GRAND  and  COTTAGE  PIANOFORTES  by 
Broadwood,  Erard.  Steinway.  Metzler,  Pohlmann.  Hagspiel,  G  White, 
&c.— Organs  and  Harmoniums  by  Cramer.  Bell  &  Co.,  Alexandre,  Black- 
man,  Kelly— Single  and  Double  Action  Harps  by  Erard,  Erat— Violins, 
Violas.  Violoncellos,  and  Double  Basses— Inlaid  Italian  Mandolines- 
Guitars  by  Panormo,  Lacote,  Jerome,  Chappell.  &c  —a  large  quantity 
•of  American  and  Zither  Banjos- Hi-ass  and  Wood  Wind  Instruments  by 
Boosey,  Besson,  Huffett.Bainbridge,  Butler,  Courtois,  Clinton.  Chappell, 
Distin,  Lacy,  Lamy,  Metzler,  Mahillon  Riviere  &  Hawkes,Wheatstene. 
&c.— also  several  small  Libraries  of  Music,  including  a  large  quantity 
Of  Duplicates  fiom  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 

On  view  one  day  prior.    Catalogues  on  application. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
Rev.  R.  WALLACE. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square,  W C,  on 
MONDAY,  November  29,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  MISCELLANEOUS 
BOOKS,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Blomefleld's  Norfolk,  12  vols  — 
Camden  Society,  42  vols  — Cussans's  Hertfordshire,  3  vols.— Nichols's 
liiterary  Anecdotes,  extra  illustrated— Hunter's  South  Yorkshire— Mary 
Stuart,  by  Skelton  ;  Queen  Elizabeth,  by  Creighton  ;  and  Queen  Victoria, 
by  Holmes,  Edition  de  Luxe— Lowe'sFerns— Hamerton'sArts  of  France 


— Gerarde's  Herball- 
Miniatures,  &c. 


-Horae  Beatoe  Marise  Virginis,  MS.  on  vellum,  with 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  November  30.  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  BRiriSH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
STAMPS. 

Catalogues  may  be  had ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Coins  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester  Square.  W.C  .  on 
FRIDAY.  December  3.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  GOLD.  SILVER,  and  COPPER  COINS, 
Antique  Gold  and  Silver  Watches,  Antique  Guns,  Bronzes.  SnuffBoxes, 
and  other  Miscellaneous  Ettects.  formed  by  the  late  JAMES  HENRY 
JOHNSON,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  of  Southport  and  Silverdale,  Lancashire.  By 
order  of  the  Executors. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


■jy/TESSRS.   PUTTICK    & 


Guaranteed  Violins. 

SIMPSON   will   SELL 

by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47,  Leicester  Square,  W  C  ,  on 
TUESDAY.  December  7,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  VIOLINS,  VIOLAS,  VIOLONCELLOS,  &c., 
comprising  choice  examples  of  the  works  of  A  mati.  Ruggerius.  Gagliano. 
Vuillaurae.  Lupot,  W.  Forster,  Betts.  and  other  Masters,  with  the  Bows 
and  Cases,  the  whole  of  which  are  guaranteed  to  the  Purchaser. 

Catalogues  in  preparation. 


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Engravings,  Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  Paintings. 

MESSRS.    PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON  will   SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY^,  December  9,  and   Following  Day,    at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS  formed  by  the 
late  Rev.  J.  H,  GREGORY",  M.A.,  removed  from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Library  of  the  late  Rev.  J.  H.  GREGORY,  M.A.,  removed 
from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCI'ION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  13.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Kev  J  H.GREGORY, 
M.A.,  removed  from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex,  comprising  Modern  'Theo- 
logical and  Miscellaneous  Books  in  all  Bi-anches  of  Literature. 
Catalogues  in  preparation, 

MONDAY  and  TUESDAY  NEXT. 
The  valuable  and  important  Collection  of  British  Lepidoptera 
formed  by  the   late  J.  B.  hODGKlNSON,  Esq.;   also  the 
well-made  Cabinets  in  which  the  Collection  is  contained. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  has  received  instructions  to 
SELL  the  above  by  AUCTION  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  as  above,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely  each  day. 
On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  mornings  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues bad. 

FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 

ItOO  Lots  of  Scientific  and  Photographic  Apparatus,  Lanterns 
and  Slides,  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXT.  November  26,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 
On  view  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MONDAY,  November  29. 
The  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  Scientific  Collections  formed 
by  the  late  Mr.  JOHN  CAL  VER  T,  comprising  the  remainder 
of  the  Savage  Curiosities  and  Weapons. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will   SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY,  November  29,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 

IMPORTANT  NOTICE. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that  his 

Auction-Rooms  and  Offices.  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  are 
OPEN  DAILY  for  the  reception  of 

MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY  of  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 
which  is  included  in  Sales  held  every  Friday  throughout  the  year. 
Established  1760.  Telegraphic  Address  "  Auks,  Loudon." 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE. 

A  Collection  of  Rare  Old  Etchings.  Water-Colour  Drawings, 

Sketches,  ^c. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  will  SELL, 
at  their  Booms  as  above,  on  WEDNE.SDAY.  November  24.  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  ETCHINGS  by  Rembrandt, 
Callot,  Aldegrave— Drawings  by  the  Old  Masters,  from  the  Collection 
of  Charles  I  and  other  well-known  Collections— Drawings  and  sketches 
by  John  Leech— a  series  of  Fifteen  Water  Colours  by  Rowlandson,  many 
of  them  engraved— W.  M.  Thackeray,  J.  Tenniel,  S,  Prout,  Sir  E.  Land- 
seer,  and  others. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE. 
Valuable  Old  French  Enamel  Snuf-Boxes  of  the  highest  quality 
— Louis  XV.  and  XV I.  Decorative  Furniture,  uith  finely 
chased  Mounts— Old  Oriental  and  other  China— and  an  inter- 
esting Collection  of  Thirty-fioe  Old  Almanacks,  the  Property  of 
M.  C.  H.  LEROY,  removed  to  Willis's  Rooms  for  convenience 
of  Sale. 

ESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 

to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms  as  above,  on  FRIDAY,  December  3,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  above  valuable  Property,  including  beautiful 
Old  French  Enamel  BonbonniOres  — Etuis  — Needle-cases— Watches- 
Bronzes— Clocks— Candelabra— Old  French  Furniture,  with  fine  Mounts 
—and  other  Decorative  Eft'ects. 

May  be  viewed  the  four  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE. 
Beautiful  Old  French  Boxes  of  the  Louis  Seize  Period.  Watches, 
Chatelaines,  Bijouterie,  Statuary,  Marble  Figures  and  Pedes- 
tals, Decorative  China  and  EJfects,from  Various'JSources. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON   &  FISHER  will  include 
in  their  SALE  as  above,  on  FRIDAY',  Decembers,  a  quantity 
of  valuable  DECORATIVE  PROPERTY. 

May  be  viewed  the  four  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  Sf.  JAMES'S  SQUARE,  S.W. 
A  very  important  Collection  of  Old  English  and  French  En- 
gravings, Drawings,  and  Sketches  by  G.  Morland  formed  by 
the  Hon.  W.  F.  B.  MASSEY-MAINWARING,  M.P.  D.L., 
during  the  last  twenty-five  years . 

ESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 

to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms  as  above,  on  MONDAY.  December  6, 

and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  day.  a  very  impor- 
tant COLLECTION  of  OLD  ENGLISH  and  FRENCH  ENGRAVINGS, 
including  '.'3  beautiful  Drawings  and  Sketches  by  George  Movland— 
also  important  examples  of  the  English  School,  including  the  St. 
James's  and  the  St.  Giles's  Beauty.  English  Plenty  and  Indian  Scarcity, 
and  many  others  by  and  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds.  Hamilton.  Hartolozzi, 
J.  R.  Smith,  Russell,  and  many  others,  in  Colours.  'The  French 
Engravings  comprise  over  100  beautiful  Impressions  Printed  in 
Colours,  by  and  after  Debucourt,  Alix,  Bonnet,  Huet,  &c.,  including 
many  Proofs— also  over  100  French  Engravings  in  Black  Original  Im- 
pressions by  and  after  the  best  French  .Masters  of  the  last  century. 
Framed  and  in  Portfolio. 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Many  Thousand  Volumes  of  Popular  Modern  Books  and  Re- 
mainders, Stereo  Moulds,  Electrotypes,  and  Copyrights. 

ESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane.  W,C  .  on  WKDNESDAY, 
November  24,  and  'Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock,  MANY  THOU- 
SANU  VOLUMES  of  POPULARMODERN  BOOKS  and  REMAINDERS, 
comprising  100  Aitken's  Science  of  Medicine,  2  vols.  (2i.  2s. Land  The 
Outlines  (12s.  6rf.)— .WO  Andrews's  England,  Berkshire,  and  Cheshire 
(7s  Qj  )— 500  Burton's  11  Pentamerone,  2  vols.  (3(.  3s.  net)— SO  Dickens's 
Chai-acter  Sketches  (IMIs.  6(i.)— 5  Foster's  Medical  Dictionary.  4  vols. 
(51  5s.)— 340  Gordon  on  Electricity.  2  vols.  (2i.  2s.)— 20  Hill's  Footsteps 
of  Dr  Johnson.  4to.  (3(.  3.«.)— 1,150  Muther's  Modern  Painting,  3  vols. 
C't  15s.  net)— 86  Myrbaehs  Sketches  of  England  (21s.)— 10,500  Random 
Series  of  Popular  Fiction  (2s.)— 60  Rose's  Engraved  Portraits.  2  vols. 
(G(  6<  )— 3  239  The  Pageant  for  1890  and  1897  (6.<.  each)— 2.100  The  Parade 
(6s  )— 50  Thoresby.  'The  Topographer.  2  vols.— 37  Tomlinsons  Doncaster 
(2i  2s  )— 206  Van  Dyck's  Life  and  Work,  by  Alison  (4i.  4s.  net)— 5,000 
Victoria  Library  for  Gentlewomen  (6s. ).  Also  the  Electrotypes,  Stereo 
Moulds,  and  Copyrights  of  many  of  the  foregoing. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


M^ 


M^ 


M^ 


M 


ESSRS,     CHRISTIE,    MANSON    &    WOODS 

respectfully  give  notice   that   they  will    hold    the    following 

SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On     TUESDAY,     November     23,     ORIENTAL 

PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  and  Objects  of  Art 
and  Decoration  from  Private  Sources. 

On  FRIDAY,  November  26,  the  FIRST  POR- 
TION of  the  COLLECTION  of  WATCHES  and  JEWELLERY  formed 
by  the  late  MARCUS  SHARPE,  Esq 

On  SATURDAY,  November  27,  MODERN  PIC- 
TURES and  DRAWINGS  of  E.  H.  MANNERING,  Esq.,  deceased. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  1,  the  CELLAR  of 

WINES  Of  the  late  ARBUl'HNOT  CHARLES  GUTHRIE,  Esq. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  1,  the  COLLEC- 
TION of  ARMOUR  and  ARMS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On     FRIDAY,     December     3,     JEWELLERY, 

MINIATURES.  SILVER  PLATE,  and  PLATED  ARTICLES  of  the 
late  Mrs.  C.  E.  S.  ALLEN. 

On  SATURDAY,  December  4,   PICTURES  and 

DRAWINGS  belonging  to  the  GORDON  'TRUST;  also  PICTURES 
and  DRAWINGS  from  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late  WILLIAM 
ANGERSTEIN.  Esq.;  and  EARLY  ENGLISH  PICTURES,  the  Property 
of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

Super-royal  8vo.  buckram,  12s.  net. 

'■pHE     RELIQUARY    and    ILLUSTRATED 

A.      ARCIM:OLOGIST.     a  Quarterly  Journal  and  Review.    Volume 
for  1897.    Edited  by  J.  ROMILLY  ALLEN,  F.S  A. 

"This  fine  volume  does  credit  to  British  archa-ology.  It  is  made 
up  of  the  four  quarterly  numbers  issued  this  year,  and  is  the  most 
attractively  illustrated  publication  that  has  come  before  us  for  some 
time.  The  periodical  is,  to  quote  the  sub-title.  '  devoted  to  the  study  of 
the  early  Pagan  and  Christian  antiquities  Of  Great  Britain  ;  mediivval 
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Institutions,  Art,  Social  Life,  Writings,  and  Controversies  of  the  Christian  Church  from  the 

time  of  the  Apostles  to  the  Age  of  Charlemagne.     It  commences  at  the  period  at  which: 

the  '  Dictionary  of  the  Bible'  leaves  off,  and  forms  a  continuation  of  it ;  it  ceases  at  the  Age 

of  Charlemagne,  because  (.ns  Gibbon  has  remarked)  the  reign  of  this  monarch  forms  the 

important  link  of  ancient  and  modern,  of  civil  and  ecclesiastical  history.    It  thus  stops 

short  of  what  we  commonly  call  the  Middle  Ages. 

A  DICTIONARY  of  CHRISTIAN  BIOGRAPHY,  LITERA- 

TURE,  SECTS,  and  DOCTRINES.  From  the  Time  of  the  Apostles  to  the  Age  of 
Charlemagne.  By  VARIOUS  WRITERS.  Edited  by  WILLIAM  SMITH,  D.C.L.,  and 
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period  which  has  yet  been  published,  either  in  England  or  abroad. 

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Origin  and  History  of  the  Christian  Hymns  of  all  Ages  and  Nations,  with  Special 
Reference  to  those  contained  in  the  Hymn- Books  of  English-speaking  Countries,  and 
now  in  Common  Use.  Edited  by  JOHN  JULIAN,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Wincobank,  Shef- 
field. 1616  pp.  medium  Svo.  21.  2s. 
"  One  of  the  most  remarkable  books  which  have  ever  issued  from  the  press.  It  is  a  com^ 
plete  guide  to  the  hymnology  of  Christendom." — Daily  News. 

DEAN  HOOK'S  CHURCH  DICTIONARY.    A  Popular  and 

Cheaper  Edition.    Svo.  12s. 

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Including  the  Laws,  Institutions,  Domestic  Usages,  Painting,  Sculpture,  Music,  the 
Drama,  &c.  Edited  by  Sir  WM.  SMITH,  LL.D.,  Hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  Hon.  Ph.D. 
Leipzig;  WILLIAM  WAYTE,  M. A.,  late  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  G.  B. 
MARINDIN,  M.A.,  late  Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge.  Third  Revised  and 
Enlarged  Edition  (2000  pp  ).  With  900  Illustrations.  2  vols,  medium  Svo.  31s.  6d. 
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Professor  Jebb's  Address  at  the  Hellenic  Society,  June  ZU,  1891. 

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both  on  account  of  the  labours  which  have  conspired  to  produce  it,  and  on  account;  of  the 
■wide  interest  which  it  possesses  for  various  classes  of  students — I  mean  the  Third  Edition  of 
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F.  WARRE  CORNISH,  M.A.,  Vice-Provost  of  Eton  College.  In  1  vol.  with  upwards 
of  1,850  Illustrations,  medium  Svo. 

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BIOGRAPHY,  and  GEOGRAPHY,  Compiled  from  his  larger  Dictionaries. 
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N"  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


699 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER  20,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

BtlZABETHAN   RECORDS   OF  THE   FVTTON  FAMILY 

A  New  Issue  of  Swift's  Prose  Works  

Mr.  Grant  Allen  on  the  Evolution  of  Religion 

Coleridge  in  the  Muses'  Library       

History  of  the  Coldstream  Guards 

Mr.  Fleming's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  

New  Novels  (Wayfaring  Men ;  A  Fiery  Ordeal ;  A 
Prince  of  Mischance;  At  the  Tail  of  the  Hounds; 
The  Race  of  To-day;  Margaret  Forster;  For  the 
Life  of  Others;  Paul  Mercer;  Middle  Greyness ; 
The  Settling  of  Bertie  Merian)  704 

Christmas  Books        

American  Fiction      

Women's  Poetry         

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      707- 

A  Warning  to  Collectors  ;  Notes  from  Oxford  ; 
Sales  ;  Brunetto  Latini's  '  Tr^or  ';  '  The 
Story  of  Ahikar  AND  Nadab';  The  Arbuthnott 
MSS 709- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science— Natural  History  in  Shakspeare's  Time  ; 
Geographical  Literature;  Anthropological 
Notes;  Societies;  Meetings;  Gossip      ...      712- 

Fine  Arts— Small  Books  about  Big  Churches  ; 
Mr.  J.  B.  Burgess  ;  Central  Asian  Antiqui- 
ties ;  Gossip  

Music— The  Week;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week  716- 

Drama— Gossip  


PAGE 

699 
700 
700 
701 
702 
703 


-705 
705 
706 
706 

-709 


-711 
711 


—714 


715 

-717 
717 


LITERATURE 

Gossip  from  a  Muniment  Room :  being  Passages 
in  the  Lives  of  Anne  and  Mary  Fytton, 
157If-1618.  Transcribed  and  edited  by 
Lady  Newdigate-Newdegate.  (Nutt.) 
A  DAINTY  binding  strewn  with  Fytton 
violets  covers  a  solid  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  history  of  the  period. 
The  ladies  whose  lives  are  therein  briefly 
sketched,  and  whose  portraits  are  repro- 
duced, were  associated  with  many  of  the 
great  men  and  women  of  their  day,  and  it  is 
to  be  regretted  that  Lady  Anne  Newdigate's 
correspondents  were  not  so  careful  or  so 
fortunate  in  preserving  her  replies  as  she 
was  in  storing  their  letters  to  her.  These 
give,  indeed,  a  strange  picture  of  the 
manners  and  customs  of  the  time,  and 
somewhat  explain,  when  taken  with  known 
circumstances,  the  amount  of  reality  in 
the  enthusiastic  language  of  contemporary 
poets  to  the  objects  of  their  admiration. 
The  two  daughters  of  Sir  Edward  Fytton,  of 
Gawsworth,  Cheshire,  seem  to  have  been 
equally  distinguished  by  warm  sisterly  affec- 
tion and  by  personal  and  mental  attractions. 
But  their  fortunes  were  strangely  different. 
It  may  be  that  with  them  environment  had 
more  than  usual  power  in  determining 
character  and  fortune. 

The  elder,  Anne,  born  in  1 574,  was  married 
in  her  teens  to  John  Newdigate,  himself 
a  youth  of  sixteen.  The  bridegroom's 
father  was  in  embarrassed  circumstances, 
and  for  nine  years  Sir  Edward  Fytton 
entirely  supported  the  youthful  pair 
and  their  attendants.  She  then  left  her 
father's  home  to  settle  down  with  her 
husband  at  Arbury,  where  she  led 
a  faithfully  domestic  life,  brightened  by 
the  exercise  of  a  gracious  hospitality  and 
a  large  correspondence.  Her  friends  re- 
peatedly mourned  that  she  should  have  so 
steadfastly  determined  to  nurse  all  her  own 
children,  and  thereby  shut  herself  out  from 
courtly  grandeur  and  social  gaiety.  Letters 
in  strains  of  almost  idolatrous  devotion  were 
received  by  her  from  her  half-cousin.  Sir 
Richard  Leveson,  who  even  calls  her  his 
"dear  wife"  and  her  infants  "our 
children "  ;  from  Sir  Foulke  Greville  the 
second  down  to  his  death  in  1606,  at  over 


eighty  years  of  age ;  from  Sir  Foulke 
Greville  the  third,  afterwards  Lord  Brooke ; 
from  Henry  Carey  ;  and  from  Francis  Beau- 
mont (not  the  poet,  but  the  critic  who  wrote 
a  foreword  to  Speght's  *  Chaucer  ').  Perhaps 
his  letters  are  the  most  curious  of  all  the 
series.  Evidently  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
himself,  in  Anne's  widowhood  he  pleaded 
with  her  to  listen  to  the  love  suit  of  his 
cousin  Sanders,  and  make  him  happy  by 
becoming  "the  phoenix"  to  his  "dying 
pelican."  But  Lady  Anne  Newdigate's 
devotion  to  her  children  survived  their 
infancy.  She  resisted  all  temptation, 
and  died  a  widow  in  1618,  leaving  her 
kinsman  Sir  Francis  Englefield  her  chief 
executor  and  the  guardian  of  her  children. 
Many  women  had  been  inspired  with  a 
passionate  affection  for  her,  and  had 
addressed  her  as  "  sweet  sister,"  such  as 
Lady  Ashburnham,  Lady  Grey,  Mildred 
Cooke,  and  other  kindred  spirits. 

Mary  Fytton  was  more  than  three 
years  younger,  having  been  baptized 
in  1578.  Her  father  did  not  find  a 
husband  for  her  in  her  infancy,  probably 
on  account  of  the  expense  he  had  incurred 
with  his  elder  daughter,  as  a  dower  was 
always  an  item  towards  a  girl's  "advance- 
ment in  marriage."  In  the  year  that  her 
sister  went  to  Arbury,  Mary  became  maid  of 
honour  to  the  Queen.  The  interest  that 
surrounds  every  person  associated  with 
Elizabeth  has  been  increased  in  her  case 
by  the  skilful  attempt  of  Mr.  Tyler  to  link 
her  name  with  Shakspeare's  as  the  dark 
lady  of  the  Sonnets.  Any  decision  on  this 
question,  of  course,  depends  upon  the  pre- 
vious decision  of  the  name  of  the  youth 
addressed  in  the  earlier  Sonnets,  on  which 
critics  are  pretty  equally  divided.  Some 
believe  him  to  be  the  Earl  of  Southampton, 
others  the  Earl  of  Pembroke.  We  know  that 
Mary  Fytton  had  love  passages  with  the 
latter,  and  Mr.  Tyler  has  collected  many 
records  that  seem  to  prove  that  she  also 
was  Shakspeare's  tempter.  Lady  Newdi- 
gate -  Newdegate  does  not  believe  this. 
Indeed,  the  evidence  now  brought  forward 
shows  that  there  is  no  parallel  in  character 
between  Mary  Fytton  and  Shakspeare's  dark 
lady ;  no  personal  parallel  either,  if  the 
portraits  are  to  be  credited,  as  she  is 
handsome,  fairer  than  her  sister,  and  has 
grey  and  not  black  eyes. 

In  1595,  when  Sir  Edward  Fytton  left  his 
daughter  exposed  to  the  perils  of  the  Court, 
he  appealed  to  his  old  friend  Sir  William 
KnoUys,  the  Queen's  cousin,  to  watch  over 
her — an  eminently  suitable  guardian,  one 
would  think,  married,  elderly,  rich,  respect- 
able, and  the  Comptroller  of  the  Eoyal 
Household.  Sir  William  cordially  accepted 
the  responsibility  of  being  the  "  good  shep- 
herd "  to  the  "innocent  lamb"  amid  the 
wolves  and  foxes  of  the  Court ;  but,  en- 
slaved by  her  fresh  charms,  he  used  his 
opportunities  to  undermine  her  notions  of 
right  and  wrong  by  wooing  her  in  no  un- 
certain fashion,  and  by  extorting  some  sort 
of  promise  to  marry  him  when  his  old 
wife  should  die.  A  speedy  exodus  for 
that  wife  this  pious  Puritan  openly 
prays  for,  and  is  not  ashamed  to  ask 
his  adorable  gossip  Anne  to  unite  her 
prayers  with  his  to  hasten  the  time  when 
he  might  marry  her  sister.  One  can  imagine 
the  effect  such  a  position  would  have  upon 


the  innocence  of  "  the  lamb."     The  jealous 
espionage  of  an  experienced  and  privileged 
lover  on  the  one  hand,  and  a  sense  of  in- 
creasing bondage  on  the  other,  would  tend 
to  develope  hypocrisy  and  rebellion.     Then 
on  her  horizon  flashed  the  brilliant  courtier 
Lord    Herbert,    beautiful    and    charming, 
romantically  melancholy  at  times,  with   an 
ailing  father  and  great  prospects.  No  doubt 
the   girl   fell   over   head   and  ears  in   love 
with  him,   and  saw  through  him  a  means 
of    escape   from   the  worries  of    her   diffi- 
cult position.     The   primrose   path   led   to 
disaster.  The  Queen  was  furious.   Lord  Her- 
bert, now  Earl  of  Pembroke  (for  his  father 
had  died),  a  royal  ward,  was  committed  to 
the  Fleet,  and  Mary  Fytton  to  the  custody  of 
Lady  Hawkins,  though  not  for  long.     Her 
loving   father  was  permitted   to  carry  her 
away    home    to    Gawsworth,    deeply    em- 
bittered, and  eager  in  his  efforts  to  mend 
matters.  Mary's  friends  generally  considered 
Pembroke  to  blame.     He  deserted  her  in 
the  hour  of  need,  showed  no  kindness  or 
sympathy   with    her    trouble,    and    utterly 
renounced     all     marriage.       Sir    William 
Knollys  indignantly  called  him  "the  Man 
of    Sin."     One  good  point    in   her  elderly 
admirer  was  his  faithfulness  to  "his  first 
love,"  as  he  calls  her.   "  God  knows  I  would 
refuse  no  penance  to  redeem  what  ys  lost," 
he  wrote  to  her  sister  Anne.     It  was  not  his 
fault  that  the  engagement,  such  as  it  was, 
did  not  continue  in  its  original  force.   Many 
others  sympathized  with  her.   Anne  Newdi- 
gate never  frowned  on  her,  but  received  her 
with  all  honour  at   her   house,   introduced 
her   to   her  friends,  and  tried  to  heal  the 
wound.     The  gossip  of  Sir  Peter  Leycester 
quoted  by  Ormerod,  that  she  had  two  children 
by  Sir  Eichard  Leveson,  is  almost  proved 
impossible  from  Anne's  correspondence.  Sir 
Eichard  was  too  much  taken  up  with  Anne 
to  think  much  of  Mary,  and  the  mistake 
probably  arose  from    Mary,  when  left  out 
in    the    cold,    becoming    attached    to    Sir 
Eichard's  friend  Capt.  Polwhele.     None  of 
her   friends   thought  him  good  enough  for 
her,  the  loving  sister  being  especially  con- 
temptuous of  him.  Unfortunate  in  her  second 
fancy,  Mary  seems  to  have  forgotten  herself 
again,  but   Capt.  Polwhele   was    only   too 
glad   to  marry  her.     Her  mother's   shame 
and  mortification  approached  bitterness,  but 
after  the  marnage  the  family  accepted  the 
husband.     The  great-uncle  Francis  Fytton, 
who  had  married  the  Dowager  Countess  of 
Northumberland,  looked  on  him  with  special 
favour,  and  left  affectionate  remembrances 
to  him  and  his  "  dear  niece  Mary."     Pol- 
whele  did   not    live    long,   and   Mary  was 
married  a   second  time  to  John   Lougher. 
She  survived  both  him  and  her  sister. 

Lady  Newdigate-Newdegate  has  fulfilled 
her  self-imposed  task  gracefully,  andstudents 
of  the  period  are  indebted  to  her  for  much 
valuable  and  trustworthy  information.  It 
would,  however,  have  been  prudent  to  have 
had  her  book  revised  by  a  specialist.  A  few 
explanatory  notes  might  have  been  added, 
and  one  or  two  trifling  errors  struck  out. 
For  instance,  Jervais  Pierpoint  was  in  the 
Tower  at  the  same  time  as  Edward  Arden 
and  Francis  Throgmorton,  and  on  the  same 
accusation  of  being  a  Papist  and  traitor. 
On  him  was  found  a  letter  from  Francis 
Beaumont,  who  addresses  him  as  his  good 
brother,  and  adds,  "  Your  sister,  my  very 


700 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°365G,  Nov.  20,  '97 


good  wife,  hath  sent  you  a  lettoi-  and  two 
fallow-deer  pies.  Grace  Dieu.  19th  Decem- 
ber, 1583."  Was  this  wife  alive  when  he 
urged  the  suit  of  cousin  Sanders?  After  his 
reference  to  Palamon  a  note  is  added,  "  See 
Drj'den's  'Palamon  and  Arcite '";  but 
Drjden  was  not  then  born.  The  rendering 
of  the  story  referred  to  might  have  been 
Chaucer's,  but  was  probably  Eichard  Ed- 
wards's '  Palamon  and  Arcite,'  jilayed  before 
the  Queen  in  1566,  or  the  drama  performed  at 
the  Eose  Theatre,  1594 — perhaps  even  '  The 
Two  Noble  Kinsmen.'  The  notices  of  the 
Fyttons  in  the  State  Papers  might  also 
have  yielded  something,  and  an  index  would 
have  been  a  valuable  addition  to  the  little 
book. 


The  Prose  Works  of  Jonathan  Swift,  D.D. 
Edited  by  Temple  Scott.— Vol.  II.  Swiff  s 
Journal  to  Stella,  1710-171S.  Edited  by 
Frederick  Eyland,  M.A.     (Bell  &  Sons.) 

The  *  Journal  to  Stella '  has  long  stood  in 
need  of  editing,  far  more  than  any  other  of 
Swift's  works.     It  abounds  in  references  to 
persons   great   and   small,  to   political  and 
social  "  occurrents,"  to   ephemeral  publica- 
tions ;  and  to  identify  and  explain  all  these 
demands  an  editor  steeped  in  the  history, 
literature,  broadsides,  and  press  news  of  the 
time  of  the  Harlej'  administration.     There 
has  long  been  a  rumour  that  such  an  editor 
exists,  and  that  elaborate  notes  are  being 
accumulated.      Meanwhile     Mr.     Eyland's 
present  edition  will  satisfy  all  but  the  few 
who  dream  of  an  ideal.     It  is  a  creditable, 
conscientious   performance,  which    must  in 
fairness  be  judged  in  connexion  with  the 
restrictions  imposed  by  conditions  of  space 
and  price.     As  far  as  the  text  is  concerned, 
Mr.   Eyland   has   done   all   that   could    bo 
done.     He   has   collated    the   twenty  -  five 
letters  of   which  the  original   manuscripts 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum ;  the 
rest  he  has  been  obliged  to  reprint  from  the 
first  edition,    published  by  Deane  Swift  in 
1768,  although  it  is  clear  that  this  insensate 
cousin     plrjed     fatuous     tricks    with    the 
Dean's  MS.     If  only  the  lost  forty  letters 
could   be   found !     Possibly   they   are    still 
tying  in   some  dusty  press  (in  Ireland   or 
Herefordshire  ?)    unrecognized    and    unre- 
membered.     An  odd   circumstance  is    that 
Letter    I.,    which    belonged    to    the    first 
fortj',    given    by    Swift    in     1738    to    his 
housekeeper,     Mrs.     Whiteway,     has     not 
been     lost     with     its     thirty  -  nine     com- 
panions,  but  has   joined   the   twenty -four 
(originally    twenty-five)    which    Dr.    Lyon 
found  among  the  Dean's  papers,  and  which 
percolated  through  various  hands  till  some 
worthy   booksellers    presented   them,    with 
other  correspondence,  to  the  British  Museum. 
How   and   when  did   Letter   I.   change   its 
place?  The  editor  (1766)  of  the  last  twenty- 
five,  Hawkesworth,  never  saw  the  first  forty 
when  preparing  his  tenth  volume  ;  and  it 
does  not  appear  that  Deane  Swift,  when  he 
published  (1768)  the  first   forty,   delivered 
to  him  by  his  mother-in-law,  Mrs.  Whiteway, 
had  possession  in  MS.  of  the  last  twenty-five. 
One  of  these  twenty-five  is  missing,  but  it 
is  highly  improbable  that  Hawkesworth  ex- 
changed it  with  Deane  Swift  for  the  Letter  I. 
which  has  mysteriously  joined  the  remaining 
twenty-four.     Presumably  Forster  searched 
for  the  lost  thirty-nine;    but  if  the  heirs, 


administrators,  and  assigns  of  the  departed 
Deane  Swift  preserved,  presented,  or  sold 
the  MSS.,  there  is  no  question  that  their 
pi-esont  possessors  would  "hear  of  some- 
thing to  their  advantage  "  if  they  would 
produce  them.  We  want  another  Forster 
to  institute  a  second  and  still  more  thorough 
search.  Mr.  Eyland's  collation  of  the  letters 
in  the  Museum  shows  how  recklessly 
Hawkesworth  mutilated  the  text.  Deane 
Swift  was  undoubtedly  even  less  scrupulous, 
and  possessed  a  positive  genius  for  silly 
blunders,  so  that  the  discovery  of  the  letters 
he  maltreated  might  bring  important  results. 
It  is  a  pity  that  Swift  himself  (as  well  as 
later  hands)  made  such  complete  erasures 
in  the  British  Museum  letters.  Mr.  Eyland 
is  frequently  obliged  to  indicate  these 
lacunae  by  asterisks,  and  as  no  doubt  in 
cases  of  difficulty  he  had  the  assistance  of 
the  skilled  officers  of  the  department,  we 
must  conclude  that  nothing  more  can  be 
done  to  decipher  the  over-written  passages. 
We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  present  editor 
declines  to  follow  Forster  in  his  fanciful 
conjectures.  Imaginary  readings  are  worse 
than  useless  :  they  are  pernicious. 

In  the  matter  of  annotation  Mr.  Eyland 
has  obviously  been  cramped  by  want  of 
space.  Five  hundred  and  thirty  pages  of 
good  type  and  paper  for  three-and-sixpence 
("  subject ")  cannot  well  be  expanded  further 
by  an  elaborate  commentary.  What  the 
editor  has  done  is  to  include  all  that  was 
essential  in  Scott's  notes,  generally  reducing 
them  to  their  lowest  expression,  but  some- 
times reproducing  them  in  full  with  acknow- 
ledgment. He  also  reprints  all  the  notes  of 
the  original  edition,  which  were  certainly 
worth  retaining.  He  adds  a  good  many 
explanations  and  identifications  of  his  own, 
and  others  borrowed  from  Sir  Henry  Craik's 
works,  &c.  For  example,  Mr.  Eyland  has 
found  out  that  the  Lady  Lucy  and  Moll 
Stanhope  whom  Swift  visited  at  Hamp- 
stead  were  respectively  the  wife  of  Sir 
Berkeley  Lucy,  of  Facombe  and  Netle}^, 
and  the  daughter  of  Lady  Lucy's  sister, 
Olivia  Stanhope,  wife  of  the  Dean  of 
Canterbury.  For  the  rest,  the  notes  are 
quite  sufficient  to  elucidate  the  text  for 
the  average  reader,  though  hardly  to  con- 
tent a  genuine  student. 

The  introduction  is  the  least  satisfactory 
part  of  the  book.  The  account  there  printed 
of  Esther  Johnson  is  meagre  and  perfunc- 
tory :  the  reader  is  not  told  when  or  where 
she  was  born  or  when  she  died,  who  her 
father  was,  or  anything  to  speak  of  about 
her  character  or  mode  of  life.  The  disputed 
question  of  her  alleged  marriage  to  Swift  in 
1716  is  evaded  on  the  plea — really  a  little 
ignoble — that  if  it  took  place  at  all  it 
happened  after  the  '  Journal '  stopped,  and 
therefore  is  no  concern  of  the  present  editor. 
On  the  contrary,  we  hold  that  everything 
that  relates  to  Esther  Johnson  is  the  busi- 
ness of  the  editor  of  the  '  Journal  to  Stella,' 
and  that  he  would  have  done  better  to  face 
the  problem  and  answer  it  to  the  best  of  his 
ability  than  to  take  refuge  in  a  chrono- 
logical excuse.  It  is,  at  least,  another 
opportunity  lost  of  exposing  Orrery's  lies 
and  Tom  Sheridan's  inventive  imagination. 
For  the  sake  of  completeness,  we  should 
have  been  disposed  to  include  in  this 
volume  the  '  Journal  at  Holyhead '  and 
the    'Character    of    Mrs.    Johnson';     and 


at  least  to  refer  to  the  few  letters 
and  i)oems  addressed  to  Stella.  We 
must  take  exception  to  the  remark  (p.  xix, 
note)  that  Swift's  "  oddities  of  hand- 
writing suggest  a  mental  twist  likely  to  lead 
to  insanity."  Mr.  Eyland  seems  to  infer 
that  Swift  eventually  became  insane.  Any 
"specialist  in  mental  disease"  such  as  he 
refers  to  will  tell  him  that  the  Dean  of  St. 
Patrick's  died  imbecile,  but  that  mad  he 
never  was.  His  disease  has  been  identified, 
and  has  no  connexion  with  insanity. 

Besides  the  well-known,  rather  smug  por- 
trait of  Stella  belonging  to  Mr.  Villiers 
Briscoe,  once  in  the  j)osse8sion  of  Charles 
Ford,  Messrs.  Bell  have  reproduced  the  more 
girlish  portrait  in  the  collection  of  Sir  F.  E. 
Falkiner,  which  will  be  new  to  most  readers. 
Is  there  not  a  third,  a  miniature,  preserved 
in  the  family  of  Mr.  Swift  MacNeill  ? 


The  Evolution  of  the  Idea  of  God :  an  Inquiry 
i?ito  the  Orif/ins  of  Religions,  By  Grant 
Allen.     (Grant  Eichards.) 

There  is  no  adequate  reason  for  the  exist- 
ence of  this  bulky  volume.  It  is  almost 
entirely  a  rechavjfe  of  the  views,  and  for  the 
most  part  of  the  examples,  of  Mr.  Herbert 
Spencer,  Mr.  Frazer,  and  Mr.  W.  Simpson. 
Mr.  Grant  Allen's  own  contributions  to  the 
subject  might  easily  have  been  exjjounded 
in  the  space  of  a  couple  of  sheets,  and  have 
already  been  brought  before  the  world  in 
magazines  and  in  an  introduction  to  one 
of  the  volumes  of  the  "  Carabas  Series." 
Mr.  Allen  owns  his  special  indebtedness  to 
the  first-named  two  thinkers,  but  claims  to 
have  modified  their  views  in  some  respects. 
If  everybody  who  thinks  he  has  made  an 
improvement  upon  an  elaborate  theory  put 
forward  in  a  large  volume  feels  himself 
called  upon  to  repeat  much  of  that  volume 
in  expounding  his  variations  from  it,  the 
world  has  a  pretty  prospect  before  it.  Big 
books  at  any  time  are  a  great  evil,  but 
when  they  are  other  people's  big  books 
repeated  unnecessarily  they  are  little  less 
than  intolerable. 

It  is  just  possible,  however,  that  we  may 
be  doing  Mr.  Allen  injustice  in  charging 
him  with  having  filled  out  his  pages,  not 
alone  with  the  views,  but  even  with  the 
examples  of  his  authorities.  But  he  has 
himself  to  blame  if  injustice  has  been  done 
him,  since  he  has  chosen  to  omit  all  references 
to  the  sources  whence  he  has  obtained  his 
examples;  and  as  many  of  them  are  obviously 
borrowed  from  Mr.  Spencer  or  from  Mr. 
Frazer,  one  can  only  suppose  that  the  omis- 
sion of  references  was  due  to  Mr.  Allen's 
objection  to  see  his  foot-notes  peppered 
with  "Spencer,  Spencer,  Frazer,  Frazer." 

Mr.  Allen  combines  his  authorities  in  the 
following  way.  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  is 
of  opinion  that  gods  were  originally  ghosts 
of  ancestors.  With  that  simple  key  Mr. 
Allen  explains  the  development  of  the  god 
idea  up  to  the  monotheism  of  the  Hebrew 
prophets.  That  fills  the  first  half  of  his 
book.  Mr.  Frazer  in  his  remarkable  mono- 
graph '  The  Golden  Bough '  proved  the  ex- 
istence of  human  gods  and  of  the  custom 
of  eating  them  in  order  to  obtain  communion 
with  the  divine.  This  supplies  Mr.  Allen 
with  sufficient  material  for  the  second  half 
of  his  book,  in  which  he  explains,  by  means 
of  Mr.  Frazer' s  theories  and  examples,  the 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


701 


central  mysteries  of  Christianity,  the  Incar- 
nation and  the  Eucharist.  In  this  latter  part 
Mr.  Allen  is  simply  drawing  out  explicitly 
the  deductions  which  Mr.Frazer  evidently  in- 
tended to  be  drawn  from  his  own  researches. 
The  concluding  passage  of  Mr.  Frazer's 
book  was  sufficient  indication,  to  any  one 
who  can  read  between  the  lines,  of  the 
bearing  of  his  views  on  the  central  dogma 
of  Christianity.  But  Mr.  Allen  in  his 
"hasty  synthesis,"  as  he  justly  calls  it,  has 
failed  to  note  the  entirely  disparate  concej^- 
tions  of  the  Godhead  contained  in  the  two 
halves  of  his  book.  In  the  first  the  god  is 
the  dead  man ;  in  the  second  the  god  is  the 
living  man.  There  is  a  gulf  between  the 
two  conceptions  which  Mr.  Allen  makes  no 
attempt  to  bridge. 

Now  it  would  not  be  very  difficult  to  make 
a  plausible  <i  priori  connexion  between  Mr. 
Frazer's  and  Mr.  Spencer's  views.  It  might 
be  contended,  for  example,  that  the  idea  of 
the  divine  comes  originally  from  the  idea 
of  royalty ;  that  the  strongest  man  of  the 
primitive  clan  had  gifts  made  to  him,  and 
was,  accordingly,  regarded  as  the  source 
and  spirit  of  all  prosperity  to  the  village. 
Mr.  Frazer's  volume  would  provide  suffi- 
cient evidence  for  this  view.  Then  when  the 
god-king  dies  the  same  honours  continue  to 
be  paid  to  his  dead  body,  since  the  savage 
does  not  really  believe  in  death.  For  the 
latter  part  of  this  theory  there  is  all  the 
•evidence  that  Mr.  Spencer  has  collected. 
The  view  is  entirely  novel,  and,  if  true, 
would  reconcile  Mr.  Spencer  and  Mr.  Frazer. 
But  there  would  be  no  necessity  for  publish- 
ing a  big  volume  reproducing  Mr.  Spencer's 
and  Mr.  Frazer's  examples  in  order  to  con- 
firm such  a  view,  which  would  remain  as 
hypothetical  and  d  priori  at  the  end  of  that 
process  as  it  is  when  thus  casually  thrown 
out. 

The  fact  is,  Mr.  Allen  possesses  no  very  clear 
idea  as  to  the  nature  of  the  proof  required 
in  such  investigations  as  these.  He  finds 
some  ingenious  explanation — and  Mr.  Allen, 
it  must  be  owned,  is  never  less  than  in- 
genious— for  a  certain  set  of  phenomena, 
and  proceeds  henceforth  to  consider  this 
explanation  as  giving  the  true  cause  of  the 
phenomena.  But  he  rarely  discusses  any 
of  the  alternative  explanations  that  could 
be  adduced,  still  more  rarely  attempts  any 
process  of  verification.  The  mere  ingenuity 
of  the  idea  or  the  amount  of  simplification 
it  produces  among  the  phenomena  appears 
to  be  his  chief  criterion .  He  is  good  enough  in 
his  preface  to  furnish  a  list  of  the  ingenious 
novelties  which  he  offers  in  this  way  to  the 
student  of  primitive  thought.  The  first  of 
these  affords  a  good  example  of  his  method : 

"  The  establishment  of  three  successive  stages 
in  the  conception  of  the  Life  of  the  Dead,  which 
might  be  summed  up  as  Corpse-worship,  Ghost- 
worship,  and  Shade-worship,  and  which  answer 
to  the  three  stages.  Preservation  or  Mummih- 
cation,  Burial,  and  Cremation." 

In  the  first  stage  the  corpse  is  regarded 
as  being  still  alive,  and  is  therefore  pre- 
served ;  in  the  second  it  is  regarded  as 
having  been  deprived  of  its  spirit,  and 
is  put  away  in  hope  of  resurrection ;  and 
in  the  third  the  spirit  is  regarded  as  the 
real  man,  and  its  husk  is  burnt,  leading  to 
the  conception  of  the  immortality  of  the 
soul.  No  one  can  deny  the  ingenuity  of 
this,    though   its   novelty   is   not    quite   bo 


marked  as  Mr.  Allen  thinks.  But  what  is 
wanted  is  some  proof  that  these  suggested 
stages  in  the  disposal  of  the  dead  are  in 
pi-oper  chronological  order.  Mr.  Allen 
makes  some  attempt  to  show  that  the  prac- 
tice of  exposure  of  the  dead,  which  he  calls 
preservation  of  the  corpse,  is  tolerably  fre- 
quent among  the  lower  savages.  But  a  few 
pages  further  on  he  is  concerned  to  show 
that  "burial  goes  back  with  certainty  to 
the  neolithic  age,  and  with  some  probability 
to  the  pala)olitliic."  If  so,  what  becomes 
of  Mr.  Allen's  three  stages?  Again,  in 
what  part  of  his  series  would  Mr.  Allen  put 
the  widespread  custom  of  burial  by  canni- 
balism, if  we  can  so  call  it?  Evidence  for 
this  is  as  extensive  as  for  exposure  of  the 
dead,  and  extends  back  to  the  cave  men, 
so  that  it  has  quite  as  good  a  claim  to  be 
regarded  as  the  earliest  form  of  burial  as 
the  corpse- worship  postulated  by  Mr.  Allen's 
hypothesis.  Mr.  Allen  refers  to  cei-emonial 
cannibalism  as  appearing  during  the  stratum 
of  belief  when  the  corpse  is  thought  to  be 
alive ;  but  he  makes  no  attempt  to  explain 
why  savages  should  eat  that  which  they 
think  to  be  alive.  In  fact,  the  whole 
theory  is  one  of  those  "half-formed  con- 
victions" which  Mr.  Allen  with  some  naivete 
declares  his  willingness  to  withdraw  if 
not  favourably  accepted.  But  there  is  a 
recognized  method  of  submitting  such  convic- 
tions to  expert  criticism  ;  specialist  journals, 
not  books,  are  the  proper  medium  for  flying 
ideas  of  this  tentative  character. 

So,  again,  with  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing and  plausible  novelties  which  Mr.  Allen 
offers  in*  this  book  and  has  already  pub- 
lished on  previous  occasions.  The  origin  of 
cultivation,  according  to  him,  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  early  man  offered  up  cereals  on  the 
graves  of  the  dead,  which  would  be  at  first 
the  only  piece  of  cultivated  ground  near  a 
tribal  clearing.  Here  alone  would  be  the 
requisite  conditions  for  a  proper  growth  of 
vegetable  food-stuffs.  But  there  appears  to 
be  a  curious  circular  reasoning  in  this  view, 
ingenious  as  it  is.  Till  the  cereals  are 
cultivated  they  are  not  valuable  as  food- 
stuffs. Why,  then,  should  they  have  been 
offered  to  the  dead  as  food  before  they  were 
cultivated?  What  probability,  again,  is 
there  of  early  man  having  remained  in 
the  same  neighbourhood  as  the  grave  long 
enough  to  observe  the  reappearance  of  the 
seed  ?  -E!r  hypothesi  it  could  not  have  been 
man  in  the  agricultural  stage  who  first  prac- 
tised cultivation,  and  before  that  stage  man 
is  nomad.  Mr.  Allen  has  not  considered 
these  preliminary  questions,  and  until  he 
has  done  so  his  clever  suggestions  must 
be  regarded  as  not  proven. 

In  this  last  case  no  account  is  taken  of 
institutional  arch?eology  in  dealing  with  the 
growth  of  institutions.  This  is  characteristic 
of  Mr.  Allen's  method.  Similarly,  he  leaves 
out  of  account  the  possibility  of  totemistic 
influences  in  dealing  with  the  question  of 
animal  sacrifice  and  of  animal  gods.  He 
dismisses  it  with  Mr.  Spencer's  very  in- 
adequate suggestion  that  it  arose  from  clan 
badges,  and  leaves  out  of  account  the  whole 
conception  of  totemism  as  a  form  of  social 
organization.  It  is  one  of  the  elementary 
principles  of  the  subject  treated  in  this  book 
that  the  gods  of  a  people  and  its  social 
organization  are  directly  related.  Yet  Mr. 
Allen  practically  leaves  this  entirely  out  of 


account  in  order  to  obtain  a  quite  illusory- 
simplification  of  his  problem. 

When  Mr.  Allen  comes  to  treat  the  his- 
toric religions  of  the  Bible  his  method  is 
even  less  satisfactor}'.  While  at  times  he 
speaks  as  if  no  reliance  could  be  placed 
upon  the  sources,  he  makes  use  of  their  very 
words  and  metaphors  to  press  his  curious 
views.  In  one  place  he  doubts  the  existence  of 
St.  Paul,  in  another  he  attributes  to  him  the 
final  process  in  the  evolution  towards  mono- 
theism. According  to  him  Jahweh  was 
originally  a  god  of  stone  carried  about  in 
the  Ark.  That  may  or  may  not  be,  but 
references  in  the  Psalms  to  the  "  Eock  of 
our  Salvation"  can  scarcely  be  adduced  as 
proofs  that  Jahweh  was  originally  a  phaUic 
tumulus  placed  on  a  grave.  So,  too,  it  is 
little  more  than  playing  upon  words  to  con- 
nect the  saying  "  Upon  this  rock  will  I  build 
my  Church  "  with  such  a  prehistoric  idea. 
Mr.  Allen  is  convinced  that  the  idea  of  Jesus 
in  some  way  became  substituted  for  the  corn 
and  wine  god  represented  in  many  ancient 
myths.  That,  again,  may  or  may  not  be  so, 
but  the  materials  of  the  Eucharist  cannot  be 
pressed  into  evidence  of  this,  since  they  grew 
historically  out  of  the  ordinary  ingredients 
of  the  Passover  meal.  Mr.  Allen  ought  to 
have  given  some  evidence  that  Christian 
converts  accepted  Christ  as  the  substitute 
or  equivalent  of  Dionysus  or  Adonis.  It  was 
obvious  that  Mr.  Frazer's  materials  would 
before  long  be  used  in  explanation  of  the 
central  mysteries  of  Christianity;  _Mr. 
Frazer  himself  not  obscurely  hints  this_  at 
the  end  of  his  work;  but  the  explanation 
must  be  made  with  more  skill  and  with 
more  knowledge  of  the  elements  of  the  pro- 
blem than  are  displayed  by  Mr.  Grant 
Allen. 

The  author  somewhat  naively  concludes 
his  work  by  declaring  it  to  be  only  a  pre- 
liminary treatment  of  the  subject.  He  asks 
for  guidance  from  the  public  whether  he 
slK>uld  continue  his  researches.  If  it  "  fails 
to  interest  the  public  he  must  perforce  be 
content  to  refrain  from  going  any  deeper  in 
print  into  this  fascinating  theme."  This 
bulky  exposition  of  his  views  does  not  con- 
tain anything  sufficiently  novel,  sufficiently 
well  thought  out,  to  encourage  Mr.  Allen  to 
further  labours  in  this  direction. 


Ifuses'  Lihrarv.—The  Poetry  of  S.  T.  Coleridge. 

Edited  by"  Richard  Garnett,  C.B.,  LL.D. 

(Lawrence  &  BuUen.) 
This  little  volume  of  Coleridge's  choice 
poetry  may  fitly  rank  with  the  Bridges- 
Drury  edition  of  Keats  in  the  same  series. 
To  follow  —  and  that  so  soon  —  the  late 
James  Dykes  Campbell  in  the  field  he  had 
made  peculiarly  his  own  was  undoubtedly 
a  bold  undertaking,  which,  however,  is  more 
than  justified  by  the  result.  Mr.  Dykes 
Campbell,  while  possessed  of  sound,  strong, 
and  independent  tastes,  neither  was,  nor 
pretended  to  be,  a  literary  critic  in  _  the 
strict  sense.  In  a  critical  study  of  Coleridge 
the  poet  therefore  lay,  it  was  clear,  his  suc- 
cessor's opportunity ;  nor  has  Mr.  Garnett 
failed  to  seize  this  and  turn  it  to  good 
account.  Well  versed  in  the  five  great  litera- 
tures on  which  Coleridge  chiefly  nourished 
his  poetic  vein  ;  possessed  too,  like  Cole- 
ridge, of  a  happy  skill  in  metrical  transla- 
tion, Mr.  Garnett!  approaches    his  subject 


702 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


■with  the  confidence,  and.  discourses  upon  it 
with  the  authority,  which  come  of  familiar 
knowledge.  Wisely  waiving  inquiry  into 
the  philosophical  and  critical  sides  of  the 
poet's  genius,  he  confines  himself  in  the 
introduction  to  the  discussion  of 

"Coleridge's  place  in  poetical  literature  as 
the  incarnate  transition,  so  to  speak,  from  the 
eighteenth  to  the  nineteenth  century,  summing 
up  in  his  own  person,  in  the  restricted  field  of 
English  poetry,  that  description  of  spiritual 
evolution  which  Goethe  has  exhibited  on  a  large 
scale  in  his  symbolical  representation  of  Faust 
and  Helena's  passage  from  the  classical  to  the 
mediaeval  age.  The  poetries  of  the  eighteenth 
and  the  nineteenth  centuries  lie  associated  within 

the  covers  of  his  writings He  has  the  unique 

distinction  among  the  singers  of  his  time  of  him- 
self exemplifying  the  antagonistic  styles  within 
the  compass  of  his  own  verse." 

Some  will  be  disposed  to  rejoin  here. 
What  of  Wordsworth  and  his  poems  of 
1793  ?  Dr.  Garnett,  however,  is  in  the 
right.  For  though  the  'Evening  Walk' 
and  the  '  Descriptive  Sketches '  are  in  the 
normal  Popian  metre,  in  style  and  method 
they  are  as  far  as  possible  removed  from 
Popian  models.  Here,  as  later  on,  Words- 
worth describes  with  his  eye  on  the  object. 
So  much  for  the  method  of  these 
poems ;  as  for  their  style,  it  is  Darwinism 
exaggerated.  All  the  faults  of  that 
dazzling  but  vicious  versifier,  the  author 
of  'The  Loves  of  the  Plants,'  are  here 
reproduced  in  heightened  shape.  Every- 
thing is  tricked  out  in  some  visual  figure 
— even  feelings  and  abstract  conceptions; 
everywhere  —  to  quote  Coleridge  in  the 
'Biographia'  —  there  is  "the  glare  and 
glitter  of  a  perpetual  yet  broken  and  hetero- 
geneous imagery."  The  blood  from  the 
chamois-hunter's  wounded  feet  is  "  Lapp'd 
by  the  panting  tongue  of  thirsty  skies"  {i.e.^ 
the  sun's  hot  rays  !) ;  of  a  cottage  hidden 
among  trees  we  read  that  "  The  redhreast 
Peace  had  buried  it  in  wood  " — an  allusion 
to  the  ballad  of  the  '  Children  in  the  Wood  ' ! 
It  was  the  very  extravagance  of  his  errors 
in  these  early  poems  that  drove  Words- 
worth into  the  opposite  vice  in  'The  Thorn' 
and  other  ballads  of  1798.  "L'exces 
des  defauts,"  as  M.  Legouis  well  observes, 
"fait  prevoir  l'exces  memo  de  la  reforme." 

Adequately  to  discuss  Dr.  Garnett's  intro- 
duction would  take  us  far  beyond  our 
limits  ;  we  must  content  ourselves  with  a 
word  or  two  about  his  notes.  Through  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  S.  M.  Samuel  he  has  been 
able  to  print  some  interesting  marginalia 
written  by  the  poet  in  a  copy  of  '  Sibylline 
Leaves  ';  he  also  prints  an  important  note 
on  '  Zapolya '  in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  Lock- 
hart,  transcribed  from  the  fly-leaf  of  a  copy 
in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  John  Pearson  & 
Co.  Instances  of  the  imitation  of  Coleridge 
by  Shelley,  Keats,  Peacock,  Dobell,  &c., 
are  adduced,  and  Heine's  translation  of  the 
lines,  "Alas!  they  had  been  friends  in 
youth,"  &c.,  is  reprinted.  It  is  strange  that 
before  Dr.  Garnett  no  editor  has  printed 
the  albatross  passage  from  Shelvocke. 
Its  omission  by  J.  D.  C,  however,  was  not 
due  to  ignorance  of  its  purport,  for  he  had 
read  the  substance  of  it  in  the  essay,  '  Cole- 
ridge as  a  Poet,'  by  Prof.  Dowden  {Fort- 
nightly, September,  1889),  from  which  he 
took  the  account  of  Coleridge's  indebtedness 
to  Dorothy's  Journal  for  the  "thin  grey 
cloud  "  and  the  "  one  red  leaf  "  in  the  open- 


ing lines  of  '  Christabel.'  On  this  latter 
point  Dr.  Garnett  is  in  doubt ;  he  thinks  the 
debt  may  have  been  the  other  way.  But 
the  entries  in  the  Journal  do  not  read  like 
quotations,  and  we  know  from  a  comparison 
of  the  original  "  dripping"  passage  in  the 
earliest  version  of  '  This  Lime-Tree  Bower ' 
(that  sent  to  Southey  in  July,  1797 ; 
S.  T.  C.'s  '  Letters,' p,  225)  with  the  same 
lines  as  they  stand  in  the  '  Annual  Antho- 
logy '  for  1800,  and  from  a  comparison  of 
loth  with  Dorothy's  Journal  for  Eebru- 
ary  10th,  1798,  that,  in  one  case  at  least, 
Coleridge  had  recourse  to  the  Journal  for 
his  imagery,  Dr,  Garnett  points  out  that 
the  Journal  belongs  to  1798,  and  'Chris- 
tabel,' according  to  Coleridge  himself, 
to  1797;  this,  however,  is  not  decisive. 
The  truth  is  that  the  exordium  of 
'  Christabel,'  as  it  now  stands,  is  just 
twice  as  long  (fifty-four  lines)  as  it  was 
originally  {i.e.,  in  1797).  The  postscript  of 
a  letter  from  Lamb  to  Coleridge,  written 
April  16th  or  17th  (Ainger,  i.  p.  161),  care- 
fully studied,  shows  that  this  exordium 
at  first  comprised  11.  1-13,  23-30,  37-42, 
55  sqq.;  and  that  at  some  later  date  the 
three  passages — printed  in  the  text  as  three 
separate  paragraphs  —  11.  14-22,  31-36, 
43-54,  in  all  twenty-seven,  or,  as  Lamb 
puts  it,  "  about  thirty  "  lines,  were  added. 
Now  in  these  added  passages  the  imagery 
is  all  borrowed  from  Dorothy's  Journal  of 
1798  (see  Eversley  edition). 
LI.  14,  15  :— 

Is  the  night  chilly  and  dark  ? 
The  night  is  chilly,  but  not  dark. 

Journal,  March  25th,  27th. 
LI.  21,  22  :— 
'Tis  a  month  before  the  month  of  May, 
And  the  Spring  comes  slowly  up  this  way. 

Journal,    March    20th,     24th,    April    6th. 

Cf.  'The  Three  Graves'  (1797),  11.  470-1  : 

"The  Spring  was  late  uncommonly." 

LI.  33,  34  :— 

And  naught  was  green  upon  the  oak 
But  moss 

Journal,  January  21st. 

LI.  16-19  :— 
The  thin  grey  cloud,  &c. 
Journal,  January  25th,  27th,  3l8t. 

LI.  48-52  :— 
The  one  red  leaf,  &c. 
Journal,  March  7th. 

We  may  regard  it  as  fairly  established  then 
that  the  first  draft  of  *  Christabel '  belongs 
to  1797,  and  that  at  some  subsequent  date, 
probably  1799,  Coleridge  expanded  the 
opening  lines  with  imagery  taken  from 
Dorothy's  Journal. 

The  poems  in  this  volume  are  printed  in 
small  but  remarkably  clear  type ;  "  warn- 
ings "  for  ivanings  occurs  on  p.  228.  The 
'  Water  Ballad  '  might  more  fitly  have  been 
placed  amongst  the  "  Translations."  It  is 
a  version  of  the  barcarolle,  "  Batelier,  dit 
Lisette,"  in  Eugene  de  Planard's  comic 
opera  of  '  Marie,'  which  was  set  to  music 
by  Ferdinand  Herold,  and  produced  in  1826. 
To  conclude,  this  edition  of  Coleridge's  poetry 
will  be  welcome  to  the  lover  of  dainty 
books,  and  it  is  one  which  the  student  of 
that  myriad-minded  man  cannot  afford  to 
neglect. 


A    Ilistortj   of  the    Cokhtreain    Guards  from 

1815   to  1895.      By  Lieut.-Col.  Koss-of- 

Bladensburg.    Illustrated.    (Innes  &  Co.) 

The  Coldstream  Guards  in  the  Crimea.     (Same 

author  and  publishers.) 
CoL.  MacKinnon  only  brought  his  history 
of  this  famous  regiment  down  to  the  end  of 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  Col,  Ross  has 
produced  a  continuation  which  reaches  to 
the  present  time,  written  with  the  ability 
to  be  expected  from  the  author,  and  show- 
ing traces  of  considerable  labour  and  re- 
search. He  has  further  extracted  from  it 
the  portion  of  his  narrative  devoted  to  the 
Crimean  War  and  issued  it  separately.  His 
chronicle  is  somewhat  swollen  by  little  his- 
torical essays  on  matters  often  only  indirectly 
connected  with  his  subject — matters,  more- 
over, of  which  the  author  might  reasonably 
credit  his  readers  with  sufficient  knowledge. 
For  instance,  a  Coldstreamer  is  no  more  in- 
terested than  any  one  else  in  the  state  of 
politics  in  Paris  after  Waterloo,  while  an 
account  of  the  state  of  Europe  in  1853-4  is 
scarcely  needed  for  comprehension  of  the 
part  played  by  the  regiment  in  the  Crimean 
War.  So  much  for  superfluities.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  volumes  would  surely 
have  been  rendered  more  interesting  had 
they  been  supplied  with  details  concerning 
the  socio-military  life  of  the  officers ;  and 
it  would  have  been  well  had  the  author 
written  more  at  length  on  the  doings  and 
experiences  of  those  of  the  regiment  wha 
took  part  in  the  operations  in  Egypt  in 
1882-5.  From  1815  till  1854  not  much 
of  striking  interest  befell  the  regiment, 
but  here  and  there  in  the  record  occur  little 
matters  of  detail  which  are  acceptable.  For 
example,  there  is  probably  not  now  living  a 
single  officer  or  man  who  was  ever  quartered 
in  the  infantry  barracks  at  Knightsbridge, 
and  few  know  where  they  stood.  They 
were.  Col,  Ross  tells  us,  situated  just  at  the 
back  of  the  present  site  of  the  Alexandra 
Hotel,  and  were  abandoned  in  1836,  The 
system  of  billeting  in  London  was  not 
finally  abolished  for  the  Guards  till  1837. 
In  1822  the  1st  Battalion  3rd  Guards  were 
billeted  in  Lower  Westminster, 

There  had  been  made  a  few  changes  in 
the  dress  of  the  Guards  after  Waterloo, 

"but  a  more  complete  and  permanent  change 
began  to  be  adopted  in  the  year  1830,  and  was 
not  finally  eifected  until  1834.  It  may  be  suffi- 
cient to  state  here,  that  blue  trousers  with  gold 
lace,  those  of  Oxford  grey  mixture  with  the 
red  stripe  (for  winter  wear),  and  the  present 
gold  and  crimson  sashes  were  then  introduced. 
The  gorget,  the  white  pantaloons,  or  breeches 
and  stockings  (worn  in  the  evening),  and  the 
cap  -  lines  and  tassels  of  !N  on  -  commissioned 
officers  were  discontinued  ;  and  the  bearskin 
cap  became  the  head- dress  of  the  whole  Regi- 
ment instead  of  the  Grenadier  company  only, 
as  was  formerly  the  case.  The  Rose — one  of 
the  distinctive  badges  of  the  Coldstream,  which 
has  now,  unfortunately,  entirely  disappeared 
from  the  uniform  of  Officers,  though  still  happily 
to  be  seen  on  that  belonging  to  Non-com- 
missioned officers  and  men— was  then  retained 
on  the  epaulettes,  and  was  not  removed  until 
a  quarter  of  a  century  later.  Further,  a  braided 
great-coat  was  allotted  to  Officers  of  the 
Brigade,  of  the  same  pattern  for  the  three 
Regiments,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Line. 
Lastly,  Field-Officers  of  the  Guards  were  ordered 
by  the  King  {Brigade  Order,  March  2,  1831)  to 
wear  the  same  sword  belt,  as  that  of  a  General 
Officer," 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


703 


An   important   change   in   tlie   terms   of 
enlistment  took  place  during  the  long  peace. 
Up    to    1847    military    service    had    been 
unlimited,  though  occasionally  in  times  of 
emergency  men  had  been  enlisted  for  from 
two  to  seven  years,  or  until  the  end  of  the 
war.     Even  malingerers  who  had  maimed 
themselves    were    retained    in    the    ranks, 
being,   as    a   punishment,  put   to  all   sorts 
of    distasteful   work.      In    1847    the    term 
for    enlistment    was    fixed    at    ten    years, 
with    the    power,    if    permitted,    to   serve 
another    eleven    years     for     pension.      In 
1867  the   first   period    was   increased  from 
ten  to  twelve  years.      In  1870   the  system 
of    short    service,    part    with   the   colours, 
part  with  the  reserve,  which  exists  at  the 
present   time,  was  introduced.     In    1836  a 
great  inducement  to  good  conduct,  badges 
with  a  penny  a  day  for  pay  and  pension, 
was   instituted.     The   period    for   the   first 
badge  was  afterwards  reduced  from  seven 
to  five  years.     An  idea  of  the  strictness  of 
discipline  in  the  Guards  may  be  formed  by 
reading  the  regimental  order  of  July  14th, 
1832.      No  soldier  was   to    have  leave   all 
night,  and  only  six  men  per  company  were 
to  have  leave  till  midnight.    No  man  unless 
clear   of   the   defaulters'  list   for   a   month 
could  get  leave  "  or  any  other  indulgence." 
No  soldier  under  two  years'  service  in  the 
regiment  could  apply  for  a  pass.     It  is  a 
mistake  to  suppose  that  there  was  no  mus- 
ketry practice.     We  find  that  during    the 
occupation  of  France  from  the  summer  of 
1815  till  the  autumn  of  1818  the  Coldstream 
were  continually  practised  in  musketry,  and 
with   fair  results.     The  ^Guards,    however, 
from  want  of  a  convenient  range,  did  not 
practise  when   in   London,  but   there  was 
always   a  course  when  they  were   in   out- 
quarters.     Up  to  1843  the  firearm  had  been 
substantially  the  same  for  nearly  a  century. 
In  1843,  however,  a  percussion  musket  was 
introduced.     This  was  in  its  turn  replaced 
by  the  Minie  rifle  at  the  end  of  1853  and 
the  beginning  of  1 854  in  most  of  the  infantry 
at  home,  though  several  regiments  fought 
at  Inkerman  with  the  percussion  musket. 

The  doings  of  the  Coldstream  in  the 
Crimea  in  1854  are  well  told  and  insufiicient 
detail,  and  various  episodes  of  the  desperate 
struggle  at  Inkerman  are  brought  home  to 
us  in  a  vivid  manner  by  means  of  extracts 
from  the  accounts  of  Captains  Harvey, 
Tower,  and  Wilson,  and  others  who  took 
part  in  the  fight.  In  the  brigade  of  Guards 
the  proportion  of  wounded  to  killed  was 
roughly  two  to  one,  instead  of  as  usual 
three  to  one.  The  loss  of  the  Coldstream 
was,  out  of  a  total  of  438,  207,  of  whom 
8  ofiicers  were  killed  and  5  wounded  out  of 
17.  That  at  Tel  el  Kebir  in  1882,  the  next 
occasion  on  which  it  saw  fighting,  the 
brigade  was  more  than  merely  technically 
or  constructively  present,  may  be  gathered 
from  the  fact  that  it  lost  on  that  day  one 
man  killed  and  two  officers  and  twenty  men 
wounded,  the  share  of  the  Coldstream  being 
one  officer  and  seven  men  wounded,  one  of 
the  latter  subsequently  dying  of  his  injuries. 
In  1884  the  Guards  were  represented  in  the 
Nile  campaign  by  a  Guards  camel  regiment 
formed  of  detachments  from  each  battalion. 
As,  however,  every  one  knows,  and  Col. 
Eoss  puts  it,  "  the  expedition  had  been 
sent  a  month  too  late." 

The  last  experience  the  Coldstream  had 


of  warfare  was  in  1885  under  Sir  Gerald 
Graham  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Suakin. 
The  regiment  was  represented  on  this 
occasion  by  the  1st  Battalion.  It 
had  only  one  sharp  encounter,  and  that 
was  at  Hashin  on  the  20th  of  March, 
where  the  Coldstream  lost  one  man, 
who  died  of  wounds,  and  eight  wounded. 
Considering  that  Col.  Eoss  himself  served 
in  that  campaign,  we  regret  that  he  has 
confined  his  account  of  it  to  a  few  pages, 
rather  dry  and  almost  devoid  of  personal 
incident.  The  illustrations  in  the  larger 
volume  of  the  uniform  of  the  regiment  at 
different  periods  of  its  existence  are  worth 
looking  at.  Col.  MacKinnon,  in  his  history 
of  the  Coldstream,  had  not  inserted  any 
representations  of  dress;  this  omission  is 
now  supplied,  but  it  is  to  be  regretted  that 
we  are  not  shown  the  costume  in  which 
the  regiment  fought  in  the  Peninsula  and 
at  Waterloo.   ^^^_ 

Manj  Queen  of  Scots  from  her  Birth  to  her 
Flight  into  England.  By  David  Hay 
Fleming.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 
It  is  strange  that  a  life  of  Mary  Stuart 
should  be  dull ;  but  dull  this  life  unques- 
tionably is.  Its  author  seems  unable  to 
discriminate  between  what  is  essential  to 
his  theme  and  what  quite  trivial.  His  text 
comprises  less  than  180  pages  in  large  type, 
against  more  than  330  of  closely  printed 
notes.  In  that  text,  with  the  barest  refer- 
ence to  Chastelard,  one  constantly  lights  on 
passages  like  this  : — 

"  As  godmother  Elizabeth  sent,  by  the  hands 
of  Bedford,"'  a  massive  '  font  of  gold,  curiously 
wrought  and  enamelled,  weighing  three  huu- 
dred  and  thirty-three  ounces,'"'  which  reached  its 
destination  in  safety  in  spite  of  those  who  lay  in 
wait  near  Doncaster  to  intercept  it.'""  Bedford 
was  instructed  what  to  'say  pleasantly  |^as  to 
its  size  and  its  use  on  the  next  occasion  ;'"'  but 
within  six  months,  on  the  eve  of  her  ill-fated 
marriage  with  Bothwell,  Mary  sent  it  to  the 
mint.'"^" 

How  Mr.  Hay  Fleming  intends  his  notes 
to  be  used  we  cannot  say.  If  on  the  one 
hand  the  reader  is  to  break  off  and  study 
each  in  its  proper  place,  he  will  surely 
forget  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  long 
before  he  has  got  to  the  close.  If  on  the 
other  hand  they  are  meant  to  be  kept  to 
the  finish,  they  suggest  a  dinner  where  one 
should  first  get  fish,  roast,  and  game,  and 
afterwards  the  sauces.  There  is  far  too 
much  unnecessary  Scotch.  We  doubt  if, 
in  spite  of  all  the  late  kailyard  novels,  one 
Southron  reader  in  fifty  will  be  able  to  inter- 
pret :  "  Public  opinion  became  clamant  that 
they  too  '  sould  thole  and  suffer  for  thair 
demeretis' ";  "Bothwell  was  waschit  with 
sowteris  bleking";  "a  princely  propyne"; 
or  "It  was  now  rumoured  that  she  had  a 
secret  defence  upon  her  body,  a  '  knape 
scall'  for  her  head,  and  dagg  at  her 
saddle."  Then  Mr.  Hay  Flemiug  has  a 
most  irritating  trick  of  scarcely  ever  citmg 
an  authority  by  name,  but  merely  alluding 
to  him  as  "  the  most  picturesque  of  modern 
historians,"  "a  distinguished  physician," 
"one  of  Mary's  earliest  and  most  ardent 
champions,"  "Mary's  earliest  apologist," 
"  one  of  her  most  recent  and  most  brilliant 
apologists,"  and  so  on;  it  would  be  shorter 
and  infinitely  better  to  say  Froude,  Bishop 
Lesley,  Sir  John  Skelton,  &c. 


It  is  a  pity,  for  Mr.  Hay  Fleming  has 
plainly  taken  enormous  pains  to  be  accu- 
rate.    His  work  is  accurate,  in  the  sense  of 
being   free  from  actual    blunders,    as    very 
few  works  on  the  subject  are  ;  the  statement 
that  Mary  went  "  from  Dumfries  to  Dun- 
drennan "    is    an   approach    to    a   blunder, 
which,  however,  is  half  corrected  by  a  note. 
At  the  same  time  the  work  is  anything  but 
impartial.     "Mary  Stuart,"  we  wrote  four 
years  since,  "  must  for  almost  all  writers  be 
either   a   saint   or   a   Jezebel."      Mr.   Hay 
Fleming  is  not  of  the  canonizing   faction. 
His    unfairness   towards    Mary    comes   out 
nowhere  more  strongly  than  in  this  remark 
on  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  Francis  II.: 
"  Sorrowful  as  Mary  appeared  at  the  time,  it 
was  declared  long  afterwards  by  one  of  her 
staunchest  friends  that,  as  he  understood, 
she  was  not  innocent  in  the  matter.'*"     One 
turns  up  note   54  with  some  curiosity ,_  and 
here  is  the  evidence  :   "Dr.  Thomas  Wilson 
informed  Cecil,  on  the  8th  November,  1571, 
that  the  Bishop  of   Eoss,  then  in   prison, 
had  owned  to  him  that  he  credibly  under- 
stood that  Mary  had  poisoned  her  first  hus- 
band, the  King  of  France."     On  evidence 
Hke  that  one  should  not  give  a  dog  a  bad 
name,  let  alone  the  insoluble  puzzle  what 
conceivable  motive  Mary  could  have  had  for 
poisoning  Francis. 

But  Mr.  Hay  Fleming  clears  up  none  of 
our  puzzles.  The  chief,  we  take  it,  are 
three — why  Mary  was  seemingly  a  con- 
senting party  to  the  overthrow  of  the 
Gordons  at  Corrichie ;  why  Elizabeth  per- 
mitted Darnley  to  go  North;  and  why 
Darnley  was  not  blown  up  in  the  explosion 
of  Kirk-of -Field.  His  note  upon  this  last 
difficulty  is  a  medley  of  inconsistencies ;  he 
might  at  least  have  referred  to  M.  Philipp- 
son's  '  Histoire  de  Marie  Stuart,'  iii.  298-9. 
But  of  that  important  work  he  seems  to 
have  made  the  very  scantiest  use,  whilst 
he  never  once  alludes  to  Mr.  Swinburne's 
masterly  essay,  reprinted  in  his  'Miscel- 
lanies '  from  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,' 
where,  as  nowhere  else,  one  gets  the  true 
woman  and  queen.  Instead  he  makes  con- 
stant use  of  the  '  Detectio  '  and  the  '  Book 
of  Articles.'  In  his  second  volume,  which 
is  to  deal  with  the  English  captivity,  per- 
haps he  will  explain  what  credit  he  attaches 
to  those  works.  To  us  they  seem  nothing 
more  than  a  speech  for  the  prosecution. 
Such  a  speech  is  not  evidence,  and  if  evi- 
dence in  support  of  it  be  lacking,  it  remains 
just  a  speech  for  the  prosecution.  "  Bishop 
Lesley,"  says  Mr.  Hay  Fleming,  "lies 
shamelessly";  so,  far  more  shamelessly, 
does  George  Buchanan,  e.g.,  in  the  passage 
cited  by  Mr.  Hay  Fleming  himself  on  p.  416, 
1.  26.  The  next  time  money  is  to  be  raised 
in  Edinburgh,  in  place  of  the  hackneyed 
bazaar  we  would  suggest  a  great  trial  of 
Mary,  Uueen  of  Scots,  in  costumes  of  the 
period,  with  the  best  legal  talent  for  and 
against  her.  The  verdict— "  Guilty,"  per- 
haps, "but  strongly  recommended  to  mercy 
—should  be  made  binding  upon  all  pos- 
terity. 


704 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'' 3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


NEW  NOVELS. 

TTayfaring   Men.     By  Edna  Lyall.     (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 

Edna  Lyall  was  never  more  didactic  or 
more  solemn.  The  purpose  of  her  work  is 
partly  to  confer  her  benediction  on  "  a  pro- 
fession [the  profession]  which  I  admire  and 
respect,"  and  partly  to  urge  the  iniquity  of 
the  English  divorce  laws  through  the  ter- 
rible example  of  Christine  Greville,  who, 
teing  engaged  to  the  virtuous  actor  Mac- 
ueillie  (why  not  Macneill  ?),  leaves  him 
to  contract  a  mercenary  marriage,  and  can- 
not, when  Sir  Eoderick  Fenchurch  proves 
unfaithful,  obtain  a  divorce  and  marry  her 
former  lover.  Christine  is  made  the  most 
of,  but  it  is  impossible  to  sympathize  deeply 
with  her  distress.  The  actor,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  a  good  deal  to  be  pitied.  But  then 
such  austere  self-command  and  such  power 
of  virtuous  soliloquy  are  probably  their  own 
reward.  For  his  love— well,  in  Christine's 
circumstances  a  lover  would  have  had  little 
hesitation  in  keeping  the  rest  of  the  world 
off,  'per  fas  et  nefas.  But  the  book  is 
avowedly  "other-worldly,"  and  exhibits 
little  knowledge  either  of  this  planet  or  the 
"  profession"  which  adorns  it. 


A   Fiery    Ordeal.     By  Tasma.     (Bentlev  & 
Son.) 

Madame  Coxjvreur's  death  in  the  full 
strength  of  her  womanhood  ends  a  short 
career  as  a  novel-writer  with  the  posthumous 
volume  before  us.  If  in  the  next  century 
Australian  society  becomes  literary,  and 
recognizes  the  debt  it  owes  to  the  writers 
of  romances  who  have  described  Australia, 
while  Mrs.  Campbell  Praed  will  be  the 
representative  of  Queensland,  it  is  in  Vic- 
toria rather  than  in  Tasmania  that  Madame 
Couvreurwill  be  remembered.  'Uncle  Piper' 
took  us  to  Melbourne,  and  the  scene  of  '  A 
Fiery  Ordeal '  lies  wholly  in  Victoria.  There 
is  but  one  striking  character  in  the  present 
readable  volume — the  heroine,  and  she  is 
very  young.  It  is  impossible  to  say  what 
she  may  be  at  thirty-five,  or  what  she  would 
have  been  had  not  she  married  the  right 
man  at  twenty-four,  after  marrying  the 
wrong  one  at  eighteen.  Australian  novelists 
always  have  bush  fires  in  reserve  to  burn 
up  every  trace  of  an  inconvenient  husband. 


A   Prince    of  Mischance.     By    Tom    Gallon. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Tojx  Gallon  has  followed  his  first  suc- 
cess with  a  well -told  tale,  which  deals 
with  the  growth  and  development  of  a 
quartet  of  original  characters.*  In  the  old 
house  of  the  gentle  old  "professor"  by  the 
Western  sea  grow  up  two  girls  of  different 
endowments  and  a  dreamy  lad,  his  pupil. 
"Paddy"  is  unpractical  by  nature,  and  his 
education  in  a  sequestered  home,  to  which 
he  is  consigned  by  his  mother,  an  irre- 
sponsible and  selfish  female  Skimpole,  has 
no  tendency  to  correct  him.  In  after  life, 
with  no  conscious  treachery  at  heart,  he 
plays  fast  and  loose  with  two  women  much 
better  than  himself. 

"  Had  any  one  taken  Arthur  Paddison  by  the 
throat,  and  cried  out  on  him  for  disloyalty,  and 
pointed  to  worshipping  little  Barbara,  Paddy 
would  very  properly  have  been  sturdily  in- 
dignant— would  have  protested  his  virtuous 
intentions— and   would    have    been   absolutely 


sincere,  from  his  own  standpoint.  Your 
dreamer  is  a  coward,  and  selfish  ;  unable,  by 
lack  of  energy,  to  strike  out  a  path  for  himself  ; 
he  desires  to  keep  the  world,  and  men,  and 
things  as  he  found  them  — material  round  which 
to  weave  his  dreams  easily.  He  must  stand  in 
the  centre,  controlling  his  small  world  of  beings 
without  effort,  so  that  they  revolve  round  him, 
with  their  faces  turned  towards  him.  And  that 
man  is  his  avowed  enemy  who  would  seek  to 
change  their  courses,  or  to  turn  their  faces  to 
himself.  So  with  Paddy  ;  after  much  striving, 
and  many  failures,  his  small  world  had  got  itself 
again  into  position,  and  he  beheld  himself  again 
in  the  midst— dreamed  that  he  controlled  it. 
Whatever  outside  course  he  contemplated — as 
with  Barbara  —  must  not  affect  them  or  their 
attitude.  Perhaps  he  had  not  got  as  far  as  that 
unconscious  thought  ;  probably  he  was  merely 
content  that  things  should  remain  as  they  were 
— indefinitely." 

This  is  a  good  picture  of  the  moral  in- 
stability which  often  works  more  woe  than 
deliberate  vice.  Let  it  bo  understood  that 
the  author  is  rarely  thus  didactic.  Fidelity 
in  little  Barbara  Denton,  self-sacrifice  in 
the  ill-starred  Eva,  appreciativeness  and 
recognition  of  a  single  ideal  in  the  Greek 
prince  Gennadius,  are  implicit  in  their 
actions.  The  hero,  who  comes  upon  the 
scene  so  picturesquely,  making  for  a  time 
the  fourth  in  the  professor's  group  of  wards, 
and  visits  it  again  at  the  end  with  the  same 
stormy  surroundings  of  the  Atlantic  rollers 
on  the  Western  shore,  is  rather  the  occasional 
spirit  with  Ithuriel's  spear  who  from  time 
to  time  reduces  the  actors  to  their  primitive 
simplicity  than  a  constant  factor  in  the  pro- 
gress of  their  lives.  He  is  a  somewhat 
noble  if  fantastic  figure,  and  Eva  might 
have  done  worse  than  link  her  fortunes 
with  him.  The  lymphatic  sister,  Lucy,  is 
hardly  worth  dying  for;  but  when  do 
extraneous  motives  justify  heroism  ?  This 
is  a  clever  and  suggestive  book. 


At  the  Tail  of  the  Sounds.     By  Mrs.  Edward 
Kennard.     (White  &  Co.) 

Mrs.  Kennard's  new  work  will  please 
every  one  who  enjoys  a  good  hunting  story, 
for  it  is  the  best  she  has  yet  printed. 
Naturally,  her  horse  portraits  are  better 
than  those  of  the  human  animal,  and  we 
know  and  understand  the  qualities  of  Salt- 
fish,  Kowena,  and  Phryne  "  the  frail,"  as 
these  qualities  come  out  in  the  experience 
of  equiue  life,  to  an  extent  that  interests  us 
more  than  any  other  characterization  the 
author  has  attempted  ;  but  in  the  loves  of 
the  sporting  major  and  the  little  widow  she 
has  risen  to  a  higher  humanity,  both  in 
humour  and  pathos,  than  she  lias  hitherto 
given  evidence  of  possessing.  The  art  of 
the  story-teller  is  also  better  exhibited,  in 
that  the  incidents  of  the  field  and  stable  are 
woven  into  the  plot  instead  of  occurring  as 
mere  episodes,  and  the  fortunes  of  horses 
and  their  masters  react  upon  each  other 
skilfully. 

The   Race   of    To-day.     By   Lord   Granville 

Gordon.  (White  &  Co.) 
Another  turf  novel  of  the  simplest  and  most 
uncompromising  order  will  probably  meet 
with  appreciation  from  those  who  understand 
the  mysteries  of  horse-racing.  The  story 
is  vigorously  written  and  healthy  in  tone. 
Lord  Granville  Gordon  has  doubtless  taken 
more  pains  to  ensure  the  appreciation  of  its 


technical  details  by  the  public  for  whom 
such  stories  are  written  than  a  popular 
novelist  who  recently  afforded  occasion 
for  scoffing  to  the  unliterary  "  book- 
maker." 

Margaret     Forsler.     By    George    Augustus 
Sala.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

Mrs.  Sala's  preface  states  that  this  novel 
was  dictated  by  her  late  husband  "  week  by 
week  "  in  1893.  It  bears,  in  fact,  numerous 
signs  of  this  method  of  composition.  It  is 
very  long  and  diffuse,  and,  like  a  "  dream 
within  a  dream,"  is  too  inconsequent  and 
discordant  to  be  regarded  as  a  serious  work 
of  fiction.  Reading  Mrs.  Sala's  preface 
after  toiling  through  the  novel  itself,  we  are 
not  surprised  to  find  it  stated  that 

"the  majority  of  the  characters  in  'Margaret. 
Forster  '  are  drawn  from  studies  of  real  people, 
and  therefore  can  hardly  be  called  creatures  of 
fiction  and  imagination We  knew  our  Mar- 
garet Forster  ;  we  had  a  sincere  affection  for 
dear,    clever,    battered    old    Lady    Guendoline 

Dragnette Paul  Tregillon,  the  painter,  was 

our  own  familiar  friend," 

and  so  on.  But  these  biographic  sketches 
are  hardly  calculated  to  delight  the  reader. 
With  regard  to  the  subject,  the  story  is  one 
of  fashionable  life  in  London  when  "  San- 
down,  Hurlingham,  and  Eanelagh  as  yet 
were  not ' ' ;  and  it  bears  some  resemblance 
to  a  popular  work  entitled  '  The  Sorrows 
of  Satan.'  We  are  assured  that  the  two 
stories,  though  first  printed  within  a  year  of 
one  another,  have  "  coincided"  accidentally. 
Several  misprints  occur  in  the  volume. 


For   the    Life   of   Others.     By  G.   Cardella. 
(Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 

The  beautiful  heroine  is  sore  let  and 
hindered  in  running  her  Christian  race, 
and  it  is  not  until  her  loved  one  ia  killed 
(by  lightning)  almost  in  her  arms  that  peace 
comes  upon  her.  He  gained  his  V.C.  before 
he  was  of  full  age ;  he  became  a  distin- 
guished diplomatist,  and  is  said  to  have  won 
175/.  by  placing  five  louis  en  plein  on  the 
winning  number  at  roulette.  We  are  not 
surpi'ised  to  learn  that  he  broke  the  bank 
immediately  afterwards.  To  speak  more 
seriously,  this  is  a  very  long  novel,  written, 
it  seems,  to  justify  the  view  that  a  girl 
should  not  marry  if  there  are  symptoms 
of  hereditary  disease  in  her  family.  He? 
wealth,  her  beauty,  and  the  insistence  of 
her  would-be  lover,  are  mere  details.  The 
sentiment  of  the  book  is  refined  and  well- 
intentioned,  while  the  grammar  is  frequently 
defective.  G.  Cardella  has  written  much 
better  literature  than  this. 


Paul  Mercer,  By  James  Adderley.  (Arnold.) 

That  the  son  of  an  unadventurous  Tory 
Minister  and  peer — the  godson,  if  we  mis- 
take not,  of  a  Whig  Minister  and  peer — 
after  having  been  comfortably  destined  for 
"  the  Church,"  should  develope  into  a  Chris- 
tian Socialist  of  the  most  audacious  type  is, 
even  in  these  times,  a  cause  for  wonder. 
That  he  should  try  to  win  for  his  cause  fol- 
lowers in  society  is,  from  his  point  of  view, 
only  right.  This  is  the  reason  for  the 
appearance  of  '  Paul  Mercer,'  a  novel  with  a 
purpose.  But  Mr.  Adderley  writes  so  well 
when  he  pleases,  as  in  the  earlier  chapters 
of  this  story,   and    has  such,  an   eye  for 


N»  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


705 


humour  and  for  character,  that  literature 
must  almost  grudge  him  even  to  the  newest 
side  of  an  old  Church. 


Middle  Greyness.   By  A.  J.  Dawson.    (Lane.) 

Mk.  Dawson  can  impress  his  figures  on  the 
mind's  retina,  and  knows  the  value  of  an 
appropriate  landscape  for  a  background. 
The  broken  diplomatist  and  ex-soldier  who 
passes  his  solitary  days  in  the  gunyah  at 
Warroo  Gully,  drawing  from  the  mysterious 
genius  of  the  bush  such  consolations  of  a 
spiritual  sort  as  are  still  within  his  reach, 
is  a  personality  which  will  haunt  the 
reader's  memory.  The  chapters  dealing 
with  Australian  life  are  perhaps  the  most 
effective ;  but  the  relations  to  Trottie 
Gumming  of  the  two  cousins,  sons  of  the 
exile  of  New  South  Wales,  who  have  been 
brought  up  by  their  uncle,  her  father,  afford 
an  opportunity  of  watching  the  growth  of 
a  singularly  fresh  and  fascinating  slip  of 
English  girlhood  into  the  tenderer  fulness 
of  the  woman.  The  father,  James  Gumming, 
is  not  badly  drawn,  though  his  excessive 
deference  to  success  and  utter  heartlessness 
to  each  of  his  adopted  sons  in  turn  when 
they  fall  short  of  his  conception  of  tangible 
worldly  success  are  almost  exaggerated,  even 
for  a  financial  Gradgrind.  Still,  his  fat, 
white  hand  raised  in  deprecation,  and  his 
process  of  looking  through  his  wineglass 
for  reminiscences,  are  graphic  if  trifling 
traits.  There  is  something  pathetic  in  the 
expatriated  beach-comber  undertaking  twice 
the  journey  back  to  England  and  its  con- 
Tentionalism,  the  "  middle  greyness  "  which 
gives  the  book  its  rather  enigmatic  title,  in 
order,  first  to  get  sight  of  the  two  sons  from 
whom  he  has  been  separated  for  their  life- 
time, and  on  the  second  occasion,  by  offer- 
ing himself  as  secretary  to  the  elder,  the 
brilliant  M.P.,  Robert  Darley,  to  lend  him 
the  aid  of  his  own  knowledge,  and  to  stand 
between  him  and  the  hereditary  curse  of 
intemperance  which  he  dreads  for  him. 
Robert's  fall  is  too  sudden  and  abso- 
lute to  be  quite  true  to  life,  yet  it  is 
true  that  the  failure  of  the  highest  ability 
is  more  absolute  than  the  lapses  of  medio- 
crity. That  excellent  fellow  Will,  the 
younger  son,  who  incidentally  and  without 
self-assertion  gains  his  cousin's  heart,  and 
makes  up  to  his  unhappy  father,  whom  he 
never  knows  as  such,  for  the  sentimental 
void  which  embitters  that  broken  cynic's 
better  nature,  is  a  true  type  of  the  charity 
that  seeks  not  her  own,  and  is  found  only 
once  or  twice  in  a  lifetime.  But  Will  and 
Trottie  are  worth  depicting  even  as  unusual 
in  their  perfection.  That  Will  should  earn 
his  fame  as  a  novelist  is  a  loyal  imagina- 
tion. 

The  Settling  of  Bertie  Merian,     By  Naranja 

Amarga.  (Arrowsmith.) 
Introductions  ended  and  preliminaries  done, 
one  expects  the  business  of  light  novels  to 
begin.  The  sooner  the  better  for  every  one. 
The  author  of  'The  Settling  of  Bertie 
Merian '  is  neither  pedantic  nor  long- 
winded,  3'et  the  initial  stage  is  never  past. 
Vague  people  continue  to  hurl  themselves 
to  the  front,  we  do  not  know  wherefore. 
The  consequence  is  '  The  Settling  of  Bertie 
Merian'  has  an  unsettling  effect  on  the 
reader  as  well  as  no  story  of  its  own.    It 


begins  rather  amusingly,  and  appears  in- 
clined to  develope  pleasantly  into  a  novel  of 
manners.  But  it  is  not  to  be.  A  fatiguing, 
bouncing  book,  not  without  ideas,  but  full 
of  the  sound  and  babble  of  numerous  non- 
entities, is  the  impression  given.  Irrelevant 
persons,  in  the  shape  of  a  bevy  of  girls 
bearing  pet  names,  pervade  the  pages  for 
no  particular  reason.  Ada,  Hetty,  Detta, 
Etta,  Edmie,  Ellie,  Minna,  Terry,  May, 
Nollie,  Lollie,  are  a  few  of  them  culled  at 
a  venture.  We  have  an  idea  that  some  of 
them  might  have  been  put  to  better  purpose 
— the  author  seems  capable  of  it — or  alto- 
gether excluded. 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 


Vince  the  Rebel,  by  Mr.  George  Manville 
Fenn  (Chambers),  is  really  an  account  of 
the  pleasures  which  may  be  extracted  from 
punting,  fishing,  and  camping-out  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  meres  and  lakes.  Vince  takes 
arms  for  Monmouth,  and  after  Sedgemoor 
he  and  his  cousin  have  many  escapes,  getting 
through  the  various  difficulties  which  attend 
their  sojourn  in  the  bog  by  the  assistance  of  a 
faithful  attendant  of  the  kind  which  makes  up 
for  defective  intellect  by  a  strong  development 
of  the  instinct  of  the  countryman.  The  story 
will  be  popular,  though  there  is  little  or  none  of 
the  warlike  adventure  which  boys  love.  We 
venture  to  doubt  if  the  term  "  grandma,"  here 
employed  ad  nauseam,  was  in  vogue  in 
James  IT. 's  time. — Tlie  Boys  of  Huntingley,  by 
K.  M.  and  R.  Eady  (Melrose),  supplies  an  account 
of  a  school  mystery,  a  sneak  who  writes  an 
anonymous  letter,  and  of  the  school  hero, 
who,  outgrowing  an  infatuation  for  betting  and 
low  society,  comes  out  finally  in  creditable 
colours  as  the  avenger  of  the  oppressed,  and  the 
scholastic  hope  at  Oxford  of  his  enthusiastic 
schoolfellows.  —  Jack's  Mate,  by  Noel  West 
(Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.),  is  a  tale  of  Western 
life,  of  bronchos,  prairie  fires,  mining,  and 
adventures  with  horse  thieves.  Young  Beres- 
ford,  the  hero,  is  happily  cleared  from  the 
cloud  which  unjustly  shadowed  his  exile  from 
England,  and  his  love  story  ends  successfully. 
One  of  the  characters,  little  Charlie  Tennant, 
is  a  bright  and  interesting  study. 

Paris  at  Bay,  by  Mr.  Herbert  Hayens  (Blackie 
&  Son),  will  be  much  appreciated  by  boys.  It 
is  full  of  adventures,  "  bluggy  "  enough  to  stir 
the  most  sluggish  imagination,  and  not  weakened, 
as  schoolboys  would  perhaps  say,  by  any  silly 
love  afl'airs.  It  begins  with  the  rout  at  Sedan, 
and  ends  with  the  overthrow  of  the  Commune. 
During  almost  the  whole  of  the  time  which  in- 
tervenes between  these  two  great  events  the 
hero,  Geoffrey  Townsend,  and  his  bosom  friend, 
Stephen  Wilton,  go  with  their  lives  in  their 
hands,  killing  and  expecting  to  be  killed,  and 
the  rather  uninteresting  heroine  is  caught  away 
from  their  sight  and  ours  and  shut  up  in  the 
prison  of  Mazas,  only  to  reappear  at  the  end  of 
the  book.  Her  disappearance  does  not  awaken 
much  sense  of  loss  in  the  reader.  Some  of  the 
scenes — especially  the  battle  of  Sedan — are  really 
well  described,  and  though  Mr.  Hayens  is  not 
a  Stanley  Weyman,  and  his  critics  would  have 
liked  a  stronger  thread  of  romance  in  the  story, 
they  may  read  it  with  interest.  It  does,  how- 
ever, seem  most  unlikely  that  any  Englishman — 
especially  one  who  had  a  talent  for  getting  into 
dangerous  situations  and  had  never  acquired  a 
French  accent — could  have  weathered  the  storm 
of  suspicion  which  was  one  of  the  most  striking 
features  of  the  Commune. 

The  Zone  of  Fire.  By  Headon  Hill.  (Pear- 
son.)— A  Baggara  chief,  who  performs  from  time 
to  time  on  the  music-hall  stage  in  the  principal 
European  cajjitals  and  invests  his  wealth  in 
arms  and  a  rock-bound  fortress  within  con- 
venient   range  of    the  Soudanese  desert,   is  a 


remarkable  conception.  When  it  is  added  that 
a  ballet-girl  who  has  acted  with  him  enlists  as  a 
private  soldier  in  order  to  revenge  herself  on  a 
captain  in  the  Royal  Pioneers,  who  has  behaved 
to  her  in  a  very  commonplace  way  ;  that  the 
ballet-girl's  brother  gets  out  to  the  Soudan  as  a 
war  correspondent  ;  that  a  peer's  son  goes  out 
as  a  gentleman  ranker,  in  order  to  be  near 
sweet  Constance  Vereker,  the  colonel's  daughter, 
v/ho  has  gone  out  as  a  nurse  ;  that  all  these 
people  find  themselves  sooner  or  later  captives 
in  Abd  Ul-Zook's  mountain  stronghold  ;  that  all 
complications  are  finally  solved  by  the  intelli- 
gence of  a  comic  cockney  private,  who  has 
developed  his  wits  as  a  private  detective  in 
London  ;  and  that  the  wicked  Charters  gets  his 
deserts  at  the  hands  of  the  remarkable  Baggara 
chief,  who  commits  a  noble  suicide,  it  will  be 
seen  that  Mr.  Hill  has  provided  much  stirring 
incident  for  ingenuous  youth. 

We  must  confess  that  we  view  with  some 
uneasiness  the  rapid  growth  of  the  "  Fifty- two 
Library."  We  have  already  had  'Fifty-two 
Stories  for  Boys '  and  '  Fifty-two  Stories  for 
Girls,'  'Fifty-two  more  Stories,'  'Fifty-two 
further  Stories,'  'Fifty-two  other  Stories' — we 
have  neither  space  nor  time  to  enumerate  all 
the  titles  which  Mr.  Miles  has  been  ingenious 
enough  to  invent,  but  we  note  that  twenty- 
three  stout  volumes  have  already  appeared,  and 
we  cannot  help  thinking  that  there  may  be 
twenty-nine  more  on  the  road.  The  latest  books 
of  the  series  are  entitled  Fifty-two  Stories  of 
Duty  and  Daring  for  Boys  and  Fifty-two 
Stories  of  Duty  and  Daring  for  Girls  (Hutchin- 
son &  Co.).  Some  of  the  tales  are  attractive,  as, 
for  instance,  'Dobbin  of  Ours,'  which  is  an 
extract  from  'Vanity  Fair,'  and  'Two  Stories  of 
Cromarty '  by  Hugh  Miller;  but  there  are  many 
that  we  could  well  do  without.  It  must,  of  course, 
be  exceedingly  difficult  to  find  or  write  104 
little  stories  all  dealing  with  "duty  and  daring," 
and  it  is  not  wonderful  if  the  industrious 
editor  does  not  always  succeed.  He  lightens 
his  task  by  making  several  subdivisions, 
and  this  ought  to  be  noted  by  the  reader, 
who  may  otherwise  be  occasionally  puzzled. 
We  were  at  a  loss,  for  instance,  to  under- 
stand how  Edgar  Allan  Poe's  weird  tales  of 
'  The  Facts  in  the  Case  of  M.  Valdemar  '  and 
'  The  Masque  of  the  Red  Death  '  could  in  any 
way  illustrate  "duty  and  daring"  until  we 
observed  that  they  belonged  to  a  group  of 
stories  headed  "Mystery  and  Imagination." 
There  are  not  many  tales  worthy  of  note  in 
the  volume  devoted  to  girls  :  the  historical 
group  is  perhaps  the  best,  at  any  rate  the 
matter  is  interesting. 

Sturdy  and  Stilts,  The  Siege  Perilous,  The 
Faith  of  his  Father  (S.P.C.K.),  and  Slceleton 
Tiee/ (Partridge  &  Co.)  are  four  books  alike  in 
that  they  are  about  boys  and  for  boys,  but  in 
all  other  respects  unlike.  Miss  Lyster  draws 
in  'Sturdy  pnd  Stilts'  a  beautiful  picture  of 
friendship.  "I  feel,"  said  Algie  solemnly, 
"just  exactly  as  Jonathan  did  about  David ;  I  do 
really."  Algie  and  Jack  are  an  utter  contrast  : 
one  is  the  complement  of  the  other  ;  nature 
evidently  meant  them  to  cling  together.  The 
story  of  their  lives  is  full  of  interest  and  adven- 
ture. The  lads  do  not  sit  quietly  at  home,  but 
go  out  into  the  world  to  meet  what  fate  may 
send  them  ;  they  live  in  stirring  times,  and 
it  falls  to  their  lot  to  go  through  the 
fiery  furnace  of  the  Indian  Mutiny. 
Miss  Lyster  knows  how  to  write,  and  we 
feel  sure  that  '  Sturdy  and  Stilts '  will  be 
popular. — In  '  The  Siege  Perilous,'  by  Austin 
Clare,  we  have  the  autobiography  of  a  lad  who 
lived  and  cared  for  himself  only,  hence  sad 
trouble  and  confusion.  The  experience  of  life 
brings  repentance,  and  at  the  last  Roger  turns 
to  the  right  ;  but  the  story  of  his  selfish  and 
self-centred  life  is  an  ugly  one. — Miss  Helen 
Shipton  gives  us  in  '  The  Faith  of  his  Father '  a 
powerful  sketch  of  faith  wrecked  and  hope  well- 
nigh  crushed  by  a  piece  of  fiendish  jugglery. 


706 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  365G,  Nov.  20,  '97 


The  book  is  almost  too  sad,  but  luckily  upon  a 
day  the  clever  knave  is  unmasked  and  right  is 
triumjihant,  and  we  have  a  comfortable  ending, 
which  is  always  to  be  desired.  —  '  Skeleton 
Reef  '  is  a  good  rattling  tale  of  the  sea.  Pirates, 
derelicts,  mysterious  islands  —  all  that  is 
exi)ected  in  a  buccaneering  story  we  find  in  Mr. 
St.  Leger's  stirring  pages,  which  will  certainly 
find  many  readers  among  holiday  boys. 

Beside  the  Guns  (S.P.C.K.),  by  Miss  M.  E. 
Shipley,  is  an  attractive  little  volume,  being  the 
story  of  a  brother  and  sister  who  spend  and  are 
spent  for  the  good  of  others.  Felix  ends  his 
noble  life  as  a  missionary  and  a  martyr.  Mona 
has  a  harder  fate,  for  she  lives  on  bereft  of 
her  darling.  Their  example  is  inspiring. — The 
story  of  Jenny,  by  Mrs.  E.  Cartwright  (Gardner, 
Darton  &  Co.),  is  not  particularly  amusing, 
nor,  we  are  bound  to  add,  is  it  very  edifying 
reading  for  the  young.  There  is  nothing  wrong 
with  the  morals  of  the  book,  which  is  only  the 
chronicle  of  a  little  girl's  visit  to  her  aunt.  But 
the  heroine,  who  is  a  thoughtless  youngster, 
though  entirely  well-meaning,  spends  her  time 
in  scrambling  out  of  one  scrape  into  another, 
and  the  child  who  reads  of  Jenny's  adventures 
will  fill  her  head  with  all  sorts  of  foolish  and 
disobedient  pranks.  There  is  so  much  to  read 
that  is  worth  reading  and  remembering  that  it 
always  seems  a  pity  to  waste  time  over  trivial 
tales. 


AMERICAN   FICTION. 


In  Jerome  (Harper  &  Brothers)  we  have  yet 
another  of  Miss  M.  E.  Wilkins's  pictures  of 
New  England  village  life.  '  Jerome  '  has  a  fair 
share  of  the  talents  and  excellent  qualities  we 
have  so  frequently  noted  in  this  lady's  work. 
The  present  story  is  just  a  little  monotonous 
and  long  drawn  out.  The  fibre  of  the  material 
is  a  trifle  thin,  and  becomes  attenuated  when 
spun  out  to  over  five  hundred  pages.  The  hero 
of  the  tale  is  a  being  of  enormous  resolution 
and  determination,  with  an  almost  abnormal 
development  of  what  Americans  know  as  "sand" 
in  his  composition.  This  tendency  grows  on 
him  to  such  an  extent  that,  to  believe  him 
natural  and  possible,  we  have  always  to  re- 
member we  are  dealing  with  a  specimen  of  New 
England  manhood.  He  is  a  hardy  plant  native 
to  the  soil,  yet  with  generous  impulses  obscured 
by  "dourness."  His  early  boyhood  is  the  best 
part  of  the  book,  for  it  comprehends  a  touching 
mixture  of  vigour  and  tenderheartedness.  There 
are  plenty  of  other  people  conceived  and  exe- 
cuted in  Miss  Wilkins's  own  admirable  manner  ; 
yet  there  is  nothing  particularly  sympathetic 
about  any  of  them.  One  gets  to  know  one's 
New  England  very  thoroughly.  Certain  of  the 
author's  descriptions  of  nature  are  as  good  as 
they  can  be,  as  good  as  anything  she  has  written 
in  that  line.  The  description  on  p.  148  of  a 
night  in  spring  could  not  be  easily  matched  in 
its  power  of  quiet  yet  poignant  suggestion. 

"Who  fears  to  speak  of  ninety-eight  ?  "  Not, 
apparently,  Mr.  Patrick  C.  Faly,  attorney-at- 
law,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  author  of  Ninety-eight 
(Downey  &  Co.).  Whether  any  patriotic  object 
can  be  served  by  recalling  the  sordid  and  bloody 
details  of  that  cruel  time  is  doubtful.  Less 
doubtful  is  it  that  from  a  frankly  partisan  point 
of  view  a  highly  stirring  narrative  has  been  com- 
piled of  the  short-lived  successes  of  the  Irish 
insurgents  in  that  year.  The  taking  of  Wex- 
ford, the  fiasco  at  I^ewRoss,  the  races  of  Castle- 
bar,  are  spirited  bits  of  description,  although 
the  intemperate  zeal  which  mars  the  smallest 
allusion  to  the  iniquities  of  the  "ascendency 
party,"  and  the  gentle  manner  in  which  the 
corresponding  atrocities  of  the  "  Croppies  "  are 
slurred  over,  deprive  the  narrative  of  any 
pretensions  to  serious  historical  value.  It  is 
impossible  to  sympathize  much  with  the  whiskey- 
sodden,  blaspheming  leaders  of  the  popular 
party,  although  individuals  like  the  gentle 
Bagenal   Harvey,    and    types  like   Connel-am- 


Bard,  and  the  heroic  and  single-hearted  Mary 
Doyle,  recall  the  merits  and  misfortunes  of  the 
strangely  compacted,  but  highly  strung  Irish 
character.  The  illustrations  by  Mr.  M'Cormick 
might  be  clearer. 

Menolah:  a  Tale  of  the  JRiel  Rebellion.  By 
Ernest  G.  Henham.  (Skeftington  &  Son.) — 
Menotah,  or  "Heart  that  knows  no  sorrow,"  is 
the  musical  name  of  Mr.  Henham's  heroine,  a 
beautiful  Indian  girl  of  North  Canada.  The 
story  is  less  a  story  of  the  rebellion  itself  than 
a  study  of  character  and  incident  of  an  exciting 
kind.  It  is  based  on  the  treatment  of  Indians 
by  their  white  invaders — the  real  cause  of  all 
the  troubles.  Of  course  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany and  its  methods  and  practices  are  intro- 
duced. Some  fine  scenes  and  stirring  episodes 
make  the  book  worth  reading.  There  are  good 
descriptions  of  the  "noble  savage,"  wild  life, 
and  grand  scenery.  The  action  is  concentrated 
into  a  short  space  of  time,  and  mixed  with  the 
strain  of  sadness  and  wrong  are  some  amusing 
scoundrels  ready  to  drink,  dice,  die,  or  do  and 
dare  anything  that  may  turn  up. 

Life's  Way,  by  Schuyler  Shelton  (Bentley  & 
Son),  describes  the  meeting  in  a  Berlin  boarding- 
house  of  two  young  Americans  of  opposite  sexes. 
The  man  falls  in  love  with  somebody  else,  and 
a  fourth  somebody  falls  in  love  with  the  girl, 
these  being  Germans.  Unfortunately,  each  of 
the  second  pair  has  a  more  potent  attraction  : 
she  is  a  commencing  opera-singer,  in  whom  the 
fact  of  being  kissed  kindles  the  self-confidence 
the  lack  of  which  has  hitherto  been  the  one 
stumbling-block  that  has  kept  her  from  de- 
voting herself  to  her  art,  while  he  is  a  widower, 
who  has  joined  a  religious  body,  is  out  in  the 
world  for  his  year  of  final  probation,  and  ulti- 
mately thinks  it  his  duty  not  to  "go  back  on  " 
his  vows.  So  these  matches  do  not  come  ofi", 
and  the  original  pair  find  out  abruptly  enough 
that  they  have  "  wanted"  each  other  all  along. 
Motives  somewhat  inadequate,  behaviour  some- 
what improbable,  the  reader  will  say.  The 
author  is,  we  suspect,  young,  and  has  not  as 
yet  much  experience  of  human  nature  outside 
of  American  novels ;  but  the  story,  though 
defective  in  construction,  is  gracefully  told, 
and  there  are  touches  here  and  there — such  as 
the  awakening  of  inspiration  in  Hedwig,  not 
by  the  love  that  has  given  her  confidence  to 
practise  her  art,  but  by  the  practice  of  the  art 
itself — which  do  seem  to  suggest  that  the  ex- 
perience, when  it  comes,  will  find  the  faculty 
for  making  use  of  it  already  in  existence. 
Meanwhile,  we  would  point  out  that  "  elapsion  " 
is  not  an  improvement  on  "lapse,"  and  that 
"  Kurfursten  "  is  not  a  nominative  singular,  nor 
indeed  an  existing  word. 

There  is  no  touch  of  distinction  in  the  method 
of  Pharisees,  by  Mr.  A.  Kevill  Davies  (Ward, 
Lock  &  Co.)  ;  but  as  a  presentation  of  probable 
experiences  in  the  case  of  a  beautiful  young 
woman  left  destitute  in  New  York  by  the  death 
of  her  only  parent,  it  deserves  commendation. 
Poor  Nina  Harwood  suffers  much  and  bravely  ; 
but  it  is  a  little  difficult  to  see  where  the  justi- 
fication of  the  title  may  be  found.  In  the  case 
of  the  organist  and  his  family  certainly  a  most 
crude  instance  of  hypocrisy  occurs  ;  and  Nina 
when  starving  is  naturally  indignant  at  being 
refused  an  alms  by  a  lady  who  has  just  osten- 
tatiously given  a  large  cheque  to  the  collection 
of  a  fashionable  meeting-house  ;  yet  her  suffer- 
ings would  probably  have  been  as  varied  had  no 
Pharisaism  survived  in  the  world.  It  is  pleasant 
to  note  that  at  the  nadir  of  her  fortunes  she  is 
relieved  and  afforded  a  fresh  start  by  the  bene- 
volence of  the  New  York  police — the  period  of 
her  success  as  a  flower-girl  being  one  of  the 
happiest  and  best  described  incidents  in  her 
career.  Less  pleasant  is  it  that  the  odious 
American  stockbroker  should,  after  all,  retain 
her  affections  when  she  has  come  into  her  Eng- 
lish inheritance  ;  and  least  probable  of  all  is  the 
truly  American  conception  of  the  grandfather, 
an   English  commoner  of  ancient   family  and 


landed  estate  (and  a  millionaire  I),  behaving 
with  such  diabolical  vindictiveness  to  his  grand- 
daughter and  the  daughter  of  the  woman  he 
himself  has  loved. 

Paste  Jewels.  By  John  Kendrick  Bangs. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) — There  may  be  some 
persons  who  can  enjoy  reading  about  the  misde- 
meanours of  domestic  servants,  though  thegreater 
number  of  employers  certainly  find  their  own 
tale  in  real  life  sufliciently  complete  without 
pursuing  it  into  the  realms  of  fiction.  These 
"  seven  tales  of  domestic  woe  "  may  at  least  bring 
comfort  to  the  English  housewife  in  the  re- 
flection that  the  household  trials  of  our  Trans- 
atlantic kinsfolk  are  greater  than  our  own.  The 
author  of  them  states  "that  the  incidents  on 
which  the  stories  are  based  are  unfortunately 
wholly  truthful."  Hence  instruction  may  be 
gained  from  them  ;  it  is  to  be  feared  that  little 
amusement  will  be  combined  with  it,  and  if  it 
were  not  to  convey  the  unpleasant  moral  that 
servants  must  be  ruled  by  fear,  not  kindness, 
it  is  not  easy  to  see  why  this  little  book  should 
have  been  written. 

There  appear  to  have  been  two  important 
events  in  the  family  history  of  The  Carstairs 
of  Castle  Craig  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  whose 
story  Mr.  Hartley  Carmichael  has  told.  One, 
which  is  associated  with  the  marriage  of  a  Car- 
stairs  and  the  amiable  daughter  of  a  fraudulent 
attorney,  is  the  subject  of  this  volume  ;  the  other 
has  yet  to  be  published.  Both  stories  are,  "  in 
deference  to  modern  wishes,"  dressed  up  in  the 
form  of  novels  ;  and  if  the  second  is  as  good  as 
the  first  there  is  no  reason  why  they  should  not 
be  popular.  There  is  no  sign  of  genius  in  the 
telling  of  the  story  ;  but  there  is  evidence  of 
capacity  of  more  than  average  degree,  and  at 
least  as  high  as  that  which  distinguished  the 
same  writer's  story  entitled  '  Rooted  in  Dis- 
honour.' '  The  Carstairs  of  Castle  Craig  '  is  said 
to  be  a  chronicle  edited  from  notes,  which  are, 
we  suppose,  purely  imaginary  ;  if  they  are  not, 
we  can  only  say  that  their  chronology  is  some- 
what puzzling.  We  notice  that  the  author  dates 
his  preface  from  Richmond,  Virginia,  upwards 
of  a  year  ago.  The  book  is  remarkable  in  a 
season  which  has  thus  far  produced  too  little 
good  fiction.      


WOMEN  S    POETRY. 


Realms  of  Unlcnoton  Kings.  By  Laurence 
Alma  Tadema.  (Grant  Richards.)  —  In  this 
unpretentious  little  green-paper-covered  volume 
the  critic  recognizes  with  sudden  joy  the  work 
of  a  true  poet.  The  book  has  many  faults — 
many  weaknesses.  Time  must  develope  and 
patience  prune  for  many  a  long  year  before 
Miss  Alma  Tadema  will  be  able  to  produce  a 
perfect  poem  ;  but  the  root  of  the  matter  is  in 
her.  Let  us  say  plainly  yet  once  again  that 
great  poetry  is  not,  and  cannot  be,  the  result  of 
inspiration  alone  ;  to  the  making  of  it  must  go 
patient  toil,  and  a  persevering  study  of  the  rules 
of  art.  No  man  ignorant  of  the  laws  of  per- 
spective, the  use  of  colours,  and  the  tricks  of 
the  brush,  expects  to  paint  a  great  picture  "  by 
inspiration."  He  must  toil  humbly  at  the 
drudgery  of  his  art,  and  inspiration,  if  he  be  a 
true  artist,  will  teach  him  to  apply  what  he  has 
learnt,  to  the  making  of  a  picture  that  shall 
live.  For  inspiration  without  technical  skill  is 
like  a  soul  without  a  body.  This  Miss  Alma 
Tadema  should  lay  to  heart.  She  must  learn, 
and  she  has  very  much  to  learn.  She 
must  teach  herself,  or  be  taught,  that  "fire" 
cannot  be  scanned  as  a  dissyllable,  that  the 
anaptest  is  a  good  servant  and  a  bad  master, 
and  that  the  "probing  of  radiant  eyes"  is  an 
extremely  unpleasant  metaphor.  Many  errors 
of  rhythm  mar  the  book.  The  false  quantities 
of  women  poets  are  notorious  — the  greatest  of 
them  being  also  the  greatest  offender.  Why 
should  not  young  women  who  desire  to  write 
poetry  serve  a  voluntary  apprenticeship  to 
prosody,  somewhat  akin  to  that  to  which  boys 


N"  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


707 


are  bound,  reluctant,  in  their  schooldays  1  Miss 
Alma  Tadema  might  set  herself  to  work  on  a 
few  simple  exercises  in  verse  much  to  her  own 
advantage.  The  other  great  fault  of  '  Realms 
of  Unknown  Kings '  is  vagueness  and  inco- 
herence of  thought ;  but  this  Time  may,  we 
hope,  be  trusted  to  amend.  The  following 
sonnet,  full  of  imperfections,  is  by  no  means  a 
representative  example  of  Miss  Alma  Tadema's 
work,  and  is  yet,  perhaps,  one  of  those  poems 
most  suited  to  quotation  : — 

A  LEAVE-TAKING. 

Farewell !  since  all  divides  us  now,  the  heart 
Must  come  away.    My  thoughts  no  longer  dare 
Fly  to  thy  breast  and  lodge  in  secret  there, 
But  like  storm-driven  birds,  out-nested,  dart 
Hither  and  thither.    Lo,  in  every  part 
Shattered  I  see  my  bower  of  patience,  bare 
My  hope's  green  garden,  ruin  everywhere. 
Farewell !  now  all  proclaims  it  I    Where  thou  art 
1  may  not  be  ;  these  eyes  must  lose  their  light. 
Silence  invade  mine  ear  ;  death,  death  to  all 
That  yesterday  was  very  life  !     I  call 
These  truths  unto  my  soul — it  will  not  hear. 
But  smiles  within  me  still,  as  one  whose  ear 
Is  held  by  distant  music  in  the  night. 

Here  there  is  much  that  is  faulty  and  weak — 

-especially  in  construction — but  for  all  that  the 

poem    is    one   of   distinct    and    high   promise. 

Better  balanced,  better  wrought,  is 

A  THANKSGIVING. 

I  have  watched  stars  that  shone  in  a  false  Heaven, 
My  hands  have  ached  for  jewels  of  eye-worth. 
For  flowers  rooted  in  unholy  earth 

And  I  thank  God  for  all  He  has  not  given. 

Pure  is  the  star  that  lights  my  steps  and  guards  them, 
Clear  is  the  gem  my  heart  may  beat  beneath : 
I  see  white  blossoms  on  a  sacred  heath 

And  I  have  empty  hands  to  stretch  towards  them. 

The  first  section  of  the  book  is  called  "Voices 
of  Many  Women,"  and  in  these,  especially  in 
the  longer  ones,  the  peculiar  interest  of  Miss 
Alma  Tadema's  work  lies.  Mr.  Grant  Richards 
has  done  his  part  well.  The  book  is  pretty  and 
dainty,  and  all  who  have  eyes  for  the  promise 
of  true  poetry  should  make  this  little  volume 
their  own. 

Another  lean  little  papery  book,  Verses,  by 
Elizabeth  Waterhouse  (Newbury,  Hawkins), 
lies  before  us,  and  we  know  not  whether  author 
or  publisher  is  to  blame  for  the  insane  fancy 
dress  in  which  it  masquerades.  On  reflection 
we  conclude  that  the  sackcloth  and  ashes  should 
be  worn  by  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Waterhouse.  We 
imagine  that  Mr.  Thomas  Hawkins  of  Newbury 
would  hardly  have  ventured  to  print  a  book 
like  this,  save  at  the  author's  special  and  earnest 
solicitation.  The  poems  are  printed  throughout 
in  italics,  of  a  peculiarly  curly  and  annoying 
kind  ;  a  perfectly  delirious  ampersand  flouts  one 
in  almost  every  line,  till  one  grows  weary  of 
deciphering  the  original  et  in  the  symbol ;  and 
the  long  s  is  added,  standing  for  the  last  straw 
to  break  the  back  of  the  reader's  patience.  The 
poems,  if  any  should  seek  to  strip  them  of  their 
disguise,  will  be  found  to  be  quite  modern, 
and  so  is  swept  away  the  only  possible  excuse 
for  the  masquerade — that  it  represents  the 
character  of  the  wearer.  The  final  aggravation 
is  the  discovery  that  the  poems  are  some  of 
them  very  pretty,  and  all  instinct  with  pure 
feeling  and  true  sentiment.  Mrs.  Waterhouse 
has  conquered  the  technical  difficulties  that 
beset  Miss  Alma  Tadema.  Her  poems  have 
more  form,  but  less,  alas  !  of  inspiration.  Yet 
they  would  be  pleasant,  even  on  a  second  read- 
ing, and  we  regret  the  more  deeply  the  out- 
rageous typographical  follies  which  cause  the 
whole  being  to  shrink  from  the  very  idea  of 
ever  facing  such  horrors  again.  No  one  but 
a  friend  or  a  reviewer  would  read  Mrs.  Water- 
house's  book  as  it  stands,  and  not  even  a 
reviewer  or  a  friend  could  read  it  a  second 
time,  except  in  a  new  edition. 

Poems  and  Songs,  by  W.  E.  Brockbank 
(Fisher  Unwin),  is  a  stout  volume  of  ladylike 
verse,  diversified  by  passages  wherein  the  author 
doubtless  felt  that  she  was  rising  far  above  the 
level  of  feminine  art.  These  passages  are,  alas  ! 
the  least  pleasing  because  they  are  the  most 
pretentious.  The  book  is  full  of  echoes.  The 
lady  who  drowned  herself  in  the  tarn  is  rather 
amusing  : — 


Soon  sh«  arose  and  stood 

Midst  the  scant  fern, 
Calm,  for  she  knew  she  could 

Never  return 

From  the  dread  tarn. 

Looked  with  eyes  glist'ning  bright 

O'er  the  dark  water. 
Prayed  that  her  parents  might 

Pardon  their  daughter 
After  the  tarn. 

'  After  the  Tarn,'  in  itself  meaningless,  manages 

to  suggest  '  After  the  Ball. '     '  Violets  '  suggests 

"When  hollow  hearts  shall  wear  a  mask,"  and 

'  Rosemarie '  resembles   nothing    so    much   as 

Calverley's  immortal  "Butter  and  eggs  and  a 

pound  of  cheese."     We  should  like  the  author 

to  ask  herself — it  cannot  be  himself — what  she 

really  meant  by  "  lightning  in  the  ebb  of  love," 

and  whether 

Rare  and  fine  as  the  hymn  of  the  flowers 
Greeting  the  sun  after  the  soft  spring  showers 

is  really,  as  she  seems  to  think  it,  a  correct 
couplet.  There  are,  however,  some  tolerable 
verses  among  this  mass  of  matter.  '  Prayer ' 
would  be  good  were  it  less  ambitious.  '  Jack  o' 
the  Lantern  '  has  merit  ;  but  why  should  it  not 
be  Jack  o'  Lantern  in  the  good  old  way  ?  '  The 
Lime  Tree  '  is  almost  charming  ;  but  the  book 
as  a  whole  is  a  failure.  It  is  again  the  old  story : 
young  authors  will  not  believe  that  the  scissors 
are,  after  all,  the  poet's  best  friend.  If  Miss 
Brockbank's  next  book  were  half  the  length  of 
this  one,  and  if  she  would  sandpaper  more  than 
a  little  such  verses  as  the  scissors  spared,  she 
might  produce  a  book  pleasant  and  readable 
enough.  As  for  the  present  volume,  it  is 
wearisome  exceedingly,  and  though  we  cannot 
say,  in  the  author's  own  words,  "  'tis  naught  to 
endure,''  yet  we  cordially  endorse  the  view  that 
the  book  is 

A  certain  cure  for  pain  in  a  dreamless  sleep. 

A  genuine  enthusiasm  for  the  good  and  the 
beautiful  marks  Miss  L.  M.  Little's  poems  Wild 
Myrtle  (Dent  &  Co.),  and  they  are  not  unpleasant 
reading,  in  spite  of  the  careless  rhythm  and  defec- 
tive rhyme  that  we  have  already  deplored  in  the 
verses  of  Miss  Alma  Tadema.  'Misunderstood'  is, 
inits  way,  a  "human document,"  and  is  decidedly 
the  best  poem  in  the  book.  '  A  Lament  for  the 
Drummond  Castle,'  though  it  cannot  be  scanned, 
can  be  enjoyed  ;  it  has  a  heartfelt  ring  about 
it  that  would  be  worth  much  to  Miss  Little 
could  she  but  combine  it  with  a  greater  severity 
and  correctness  of  form.  If  Miss  Little  would 
remember  that  poetry  is  an  art,  not  a  pastime 
— if  she  would  study  that  art,  and  would  learn 
that  "Elysian  "  does  not  rhyme  with  "  vision," 
would  refrain  from  poems  beginning  "We  all 
of  us  know  Trilby,"  and  would  take  the  trouble 
to  polish  one  poem  before  she  begins  another 
— she  would,  we  imagine,  be  able  to  produce  a 
volume  of  more  real  worth  than  this  '  Wild 
Myrtle,'  which,  wholesome,  frank,  and  pleasant 
as  it  is,  has  yet  a  fatal  slovenliness  of  thought 
and  of  expression  which  goes  near  to  mar  all. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE, 

Mes-srs.  Blackwood  &  Sons  publish  With 
the  Conquering  Turk,  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Steevens, 
who  was  at  the  front  with  the  Turkish  staff 
during  the  war  in  Thessaly  asa  newspaper  corre- 
spondent. Mr.  G.  W.  Steevens  has  produced 
in  rapid  succession  works  of  scholarship,  an 
excellent  book  on  the  navy,  and  letters  from 
America  during  the  Presidential  election  which 
were  remarkable  for  their  liveliness  and  smart- 
ness of  journalistic  impression  ;  and  in  the 
present  volume — which  relates,  we  believe,  his 
first  experiences  as  a  war  correspondent — he 
shows  that  in  that  class  of  work,  if  he  cares  for 
it,  he  will  be  able  also  to  win  laurels.  He 
is  strongly  pro-Turk,  as  is  right  in  a  corre- 
spondent on  the  Turkish  side.  It  is  im- 
possible to  be  a  good  war  correspondent  unless 
you  share,  at  all  events  to  some  extent,  the  feel- 
ings of  those  among  whom  you  find  yourself. 
There  is  one  passage  in  his  book  which  we 
regret,  but  one  passage  only,  given  the  point 


of  view,  which  is  confessedly  not  impartial.    He 
attacks  the  Greeks  because  of  their  panic  flight 
from   positions   which   their   numbers   did   not 
allow  them  to  defend  ;  but  while  such  attack  is 
usual  and    to  be   expected,   we    do  not  know 
suflicient  ground  for  the  personal  onslaught  made 
here  on  the  Duke   of    Sparta.     Mr.    Steevens 
goes  so  far  as  to  suggest  that,  the  Greeks  being, 
according   to   him,    a   race   of    swaggerers   and 
cowards,  the  king's   son,  having   headed  them 
in  their  flight,  will  be  a  fit  king  for  Greece. 
Mr.  Steevens  as  a  correspondent  on  the  Turkish 
side  was  not  in  a  position  to  know,  upon  any 
evidence  worth  having,  what  was  the  attitude 
of  the  Greek  prince,  and  the  personal  reproach 
is,  therefore,  not  only  probably  unjust,  but  also 
unwise.     He  admits  all  through  his  book  that 
he  is  aware  of  the  character  of  reports  in  time 
of  war,  and  how  little    trustworthy  they  are, 
and  he  should  not  credit  them  in  a  matter  of 
moment  both  to  an  individual  and  to  a  whole 
race.     With   regard    to   panic    there   is   much 
to  be  said  in  a  philosophical  and  in  a  military 
sense.      The  Goorkhas   and    the    best    British 
troops  are  not  subject  to  panic.     But  inferior 
British  regiments  have  frequently  a  tendency  to 
it,  and  sometimes  in  an  aggravated  form.      The 
French,  who  are  perhaps  of  all  races  the  most 
military  and    the  most    warlike — and  the  two 
things  are  not  the  same — are  remarkably  subject 
to  panic,  although  they  are  sometimes  the  very 
best    of    soldiers.     Panic,  in   other    words,  by 
no  means    negatives   the   military  spirit,    and 
by  no  means  disproves  courage.     The  armies, 
indeed,    which     are    occasionally     subject     to 
panic,  are  probably  on  the  whole  (always  with 
the  exception  of  the  Goorkhas)  the  best  ;  and 
the  Goorkhas,  oddly  enough,  have  only  shown 
their    immunity    from    panic  when  serving  as 
mercenaries  for  a  foreign  people.     The  Greeks 
fought  badly  on  most  occasions  through  the  war, 
although  on  one  occasion  they  won,  according 
to  Mr.    Steevens,    a    victory ;    and    the  Turks 
in   a    different    way    fought    badly    also,    the 
officering  on  both  sides  having  been  apparently 
about  on    the    same  low  level.     In  a  military 
sense  the  war  was  a  fiasco,  and  real  students  of 
the  art  of  war  have  nothing  to  learn  from  its 
annals.     On  the  other  hand,  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  picturesque  there  was  much  to  be 
said,  and  all  this  has  been  said  most  pleasantly 
and  excellently  by  Mr.  Steevens.   He  has  shown, 
as  he  showed  in  '  The  Land  of  the  Dollar,'  that 
he  possesses  the  true  journalistic  touch  which 
can  turn  all  the   ordinary  events   of   life  into 
excellent   correspondence,    and   his    book    will 
have  a  deserved  success.     Some  of  the  anec- 
dotes will  be  of  special  interest  to  the  public. 
For    example,    it    is    too    commonly    believed 
that  there  is  a  fierce  hostility  between  Greek 
and    Turk,    and    travellers    to   Constantinople 
are  generally  startled  to   find  those  peaceable 
subjects  of  the  Sultan  the  Levantine  Greeks 
exhibiting  in  their   dwellings   in   the   Turkish 
capital    engraved     portraits    of    the    King    of 
Greece,  and  decorating  their  houses  upon  his 
fete-day,  but  at  the  same  time  always  behaving, 
even  in  time  of  war  against  Greece,  as  excellent 
subjects  of  the  Turk.     Similar  in  its  teaching  is 
the  anecdote  the  author  tells  of  the  reception 
in  his  house  at  the  same  time  both  of  Greek 
refugees  and  of  the  Turkish  staff  by  one  of  the 
leading  Mohammedans  of  Larissa,   deputy  for 
the  town  in  the  Greek  Assembly,  and  equally 
popular  with   both   races.     There  is  one  great 
Mohammedan  landowner  in  Thessaly  who  has 
always  stated  that  personally  he  has  never  had 
the  slightest  difficulty  with  the  Greeks  since  the 
annexation,  and  that  he  returned  his  members 
to  represent  his  interests  in  the  Greek  Parlia- 
ment with  a  feeling  that  those  interests  were  as 
well  represented  as  they  had  been  formerly  at 
Constantinople.     The  tolerance   of  both  Turk 
and  Greek  is  complete,  and  it  is  only  in  out- 
of-the-way    places    like    Crete     that    ferocity 
exists   either   between   the   races    or    between 
the  religions.     After  all,  the  mother  -  Church 


708 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3650,  Nov.  20,  '97 


of  Greece  is  tlie  one  ■\vhicli  n.ade  terms  with 
the  Turk  before  he  stormed  Constantinople, 
and  which  holds  its  court  in  the  Turkish 
capital  under  the  sign-manual  of  the  Sultan, 
and  specially  protected  by  his  police.  Mr. 
Steevens  has  the  true  journalistic  instinct 
for  character,  and  makes  as  much  as  ever 
did  even  "  Eothen  "  Kinglake  liimself  of  the 
oddities  of  his  servants  and  of  casual  acquaint- 
ances of  the  route.  One  Bey  figures  specially 
in  these  pages,  and  is  really  a  character  of 
high  fiction,  though  we  frankly  concede  to  his 
creator  that  his  outline  no  doubt  exists  in  real 
life.  The  Turkish  official  who,  when  oflered 
wine,  whispers  with  a  gesture  of  renunciation, 
and  in  the  best  French,  "  No,  my  friend,  it  is 
forbidden  by  our  religion,"  and  then,  his 
jollity  conquering  him,  shouts  out  in  a  voice 
of  thunder,  "I  drink  secretly,"  is  not  to  be 
forgotten.  We  shall  hope  frequently  to  hear  of 
Mr.  Steevens  as  a  correspondent,  if  not  as  a  war 
correspondent ;  and  if  he  turn  to  the  latter 
trade,  which  is  supposed  to  provide  its  best  men 
with  both  the  ha'pence  and  the  kicks  which  do 
not  always  go  together  in  life,  we  wish  him 
for  the  next  occasion  a  better,  or,  in  other 
words,  a  more  scientific  war  than  that  which  he 
had  on  his  first  introduction  to  the  guns. 

We  have  to  record  the  appearance  of  the  third 
volume  of  The  Political  Life  of  tlie  Right  Hon. 
W.  E.  Gladstone,  illustrated  with  Cartoons  and 
Sketches  from  * Funch,'  published  by  Messrs. 
Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.,  which  completes  this 
handsome  work,  excellent  for  joresents.  A  pre- 
face, signed  by  the  well-known  initials  of  Mr. 
H.  W.  Lucy,  tells  us  that  the  book  has  been 
edited  by  Mr.  Milliken,  the  Punch  poet  whose 
untimely  death  was  chronicled  not  long  ago. 
The  task  has  been  brought  to  a  close  by  Mr. 
Lucy  with  a  dignity  of  style  which  causes  the 
last  chapter  to  be  a  more  than  worthy  ending  to 
an  excellent  piece  of  modern  history. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  have  issued  in  London 
the  fourth  and  concluding  volume  of  Prof.  W.  M. 
Sloane's  Life  of  Najwleon  Bonaparte.  We  greatly 
praised  the  first  volume  of  this  work,  but  have 
since  had  to  modify  our  language  with  regard  to 
the  life  as  it  was  in  progress.  The  fourth  volume 
is  the  least  good  ;  it  is  a  mere  record  of  battles. 
The  pictures  are  pretty  enough,  but  not  well 
chosen.  For  example,  by  far  the  finest '  Retreat 
from  Moscow,'  that  by  Charlet  (at  Lyons),  is 
missing,  and  altogether  inferior  ones  are  repro- 
duced. The  Waterloo  campaign  of  Prof.  Sloane  is 
ill  told  and  confused,  useless  to  the  real  student, 
and  not  enlightening  to  the  unskilled  reader. 
The  general  conclusions  on  Napoleon  are  not 
well  put,  although  in  themselves  sound  and  wise 
enough.  The  style  is  often  feeble  and  unequal  to 
the  dignity  of  the  subject.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  series  makes  a  very  handsome  gift-book, 
and  the  admirable  conception  formed  of  it  at  the 
beginning  by  Prof.  Sloane  and  sketched  in  the 
first  volume  makes  us  hope  for  better  things 
from  him  in  the  future,  even  on  the  same 
subject. 

Facsimiles  of  Royal,  Historical,  Literary,  and 
other  Autographs  in  tlie  Department  of  Manu- 
scripts, British  Museum.  Edited  by  George  F. 
Warner,  M.A.  Third  Series.  (Printed  by  order 
of  the  Trustees.) — This  third  series  of  facsimiles 
maintains  in  every  way  the  high  reputation  of 
its  two  predecessors  lately  reviewed  in  our 
columns.  The  documents  range  over  a  period 
of  nearly  four  centuries,  from  l-tTl  to  1839,  and 
Mr.  Warner  has  been  happy  and  judicious  in 
his  selection.  Some  particularly  rare  signa- 
tures are  given,  notably  those  of  Edward  IV., 
Henry  VII.,  Elizabeth  of  York,  and  Lady  Jane 
Grey.  The  printed  versions  of  these  manu- 
scripts are  very  helpful  in  most  instances,  as 
when  we  have  to  decipher  such  cryptic  hands  as 
those  of  Clxarles  V.,  Garrick,  and  Erasmus  ;  but 
this  series  is  remarkable  for  the  large  number  of 
documents,  written  in  bold,  clear  hands,  which 
require  no  such  assistance.  We  refer  to  those  of 


Mary  Tudor,  Henry  IV.  (of  France),  James  II., 
Ben  Jonson,  Pope,  Swift,  Thomas  Gray,  Hume, 
and  Macaulay.     Not  clearer  are  the  hands  of 
Junius  (a  portion  of   whose  dedication  of   his 
'  Letters  to  the  English  Nation '  is  given).  Dr. 
Samuel  Johnson,  and  Bolingbroke.     A  letter  by 
Warren   Hastings   to   his  wife,   written   imme- 
diately after  his  duel  with  Philip  Francis,  will 
be  read  with  interest,  as  also  will  be  the  letter 
from  Sir  Isaac  Newton  to  Dr.  William  Briggs 
on  the  latter's  work,  the  'New  Theory  of  Vision.' 
Garrick's    effusion    records    the    delight    with 
which  Lord  Camden  had  read  Gibbon's  history, 
and   Dr.   Johnson's   letter  begs   the   favour  of 
Warren  Hastings   towards   Hoole's   translation 
of  'Orlando  Furioso,' a  favour  readily  granted 
by  the  great  Indian  proconsul.     We  have  said 
enough  to  show  the  varied  nature  of  the  con- 
tents of  this  third  series,  which  will  doubtless 
receive  an  extensive  welcome.     A  few  slips  may 
be  noticed  in  the  exact  transliteration  printed 
along   with   the   facsimiles.     In   Edward   IV. 's 
letter  "  pourroit  "  at  the  end  of  the  seventh  line 
should  be  pouoroit ;    "en"  at  the  end  of  the 
twelfth    line   should  be    on.     In  the    Book  of 
Hours  "  laudabitis  "  in  the  fourth  line  should  be 
laudabilis,  and  "  maister  "  before  the  signature 
of  Henry  VII.  should  be  maistre.     In  Ralegh's 
letter    "  prosperety  "    in    the   fourteenth    line 
should  be  sprosperety  (sic).     How   Sir  Walter's 
slip  of  the  pen  arose  can  be  seen  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  first  letter  of  the  word  prosperety 
at  the  close  of  the  letter.    In  Archbishop  Laud's 
letter  "by"   towards   the  end    of    the  second 
paragraph  should  be  bije,  as   at   the  beginning 
of  the  second  sentence.     But  these  are  minor 
blemishes  in  a  work  admirably  executed.     The 
Trustees  promise  two  more  series,  when  they 
think  sufficient  will  have  been  issued  to  make 
a  volume.     The  public  will  eagerly  look  for  the 
publication   of    the   two    remaining    parts.     If 
the  Trustees  can  issue  such  a  collection  from  the 
manuscript  stores  at  the  British  Museum,  we 
may  express  a  hope  that  Sir  Henry  Maxwell 
Lyte  may  one  day  publish  a  similar  volume  or 
volumes  from  the  more  extensive  collection  of 
national  records  under  his  charge. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  has  sent  us  American  Con- 
tributions to  Civilization,  and  otlier  Essays,  by 
Dr.  C.  W.  Eliot,  President  of  Harvard.  We  find 
among  Dr.  Eliot's  addresses  one  on  '  Municipal 
Misgovernment,' which  institutes  a  comparison 
between  British  towns  and  the  cities  of  the 
United  States,  based  on  the  tables  of  mortality, 
which  is  extraordinarily  favourable  to  this 
country.  The  addresses  which  strike  us  as  the 
best  are  '  Why  We  Honour  the  Puritans '  and 
'Heroes  of  the  Civil  War,'  which  are  most 
wiae  and  most  eloquent. 

Pierre  Loti  is  always  sure  of  his  own  public, 
but  Figures  et  Choses  qui  passaient  (Calmann 
L4vy)  will  not  rank  among  his  good  volumes. 
While  the  Academician  was  in  command  of  the 
revenue  cruiser  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bidassoa 
he  wrote  many  pretty  sketches  of  the  Basque 
country,  both  of  France  and  of  Spain,  and  there 
are  some  of  them  here,  which  form,  with  a 
perfect  picture  of  Burgos,  the  best  things  in 
the  book.  They  are  followed  by  a  rather  poor 
Selamlik  from  Constantinople,  some  war  corre- 
spondence from  Annam  in  1883,  and  a  horrible 
description  of  the  digging  up  of  some  corpses 
from  the  graves  where  they  had  lain  three 
years — a  literary  outrage  unrelieved  by  art.  The 
first  story  in  the  volume  is  one  of  a  dead  child, 
told  with  that  atheistic  melancholy  which  is 
Loti's  dominant  note. 

The  Bursar  of  St.  Paul's  School  has  published 
and  sent  us  an  excellent  version  of  the  seven 
penitential  Psalms  in  Latin  elegiacs  by  Mr. 
R.  J.  Walker,  which  is  distinguished  by  neat- 
ness and  a  close  adherence  to  classical  models. 

That  the  first  Leopardi  centenary  would  pro- 
duce a  flood  of  Leopardi  literature  was,  of 
course,  to  be  foreseen  as  inevitable.  It  is  fondly 
to    be    hoped,    however,   that    all   Leopardian 


partisans  and  detractors  may  prove  less  long- 
winded  than  Dr.  Franco  Ridella.  His  Una 
Sventura  Postuma  di  Giacomo  Leopardi  (Turin, 
Clausen)  tells  in  some  five  hundred  closely 
written  pages  what  might  have  been  put  into 
an  essay  of  some  twelve  or  fifteen.  The  upshot 
of  the  defence  is  this.  As  all  the  world  knows, 
the  unhappy,  sickly  Italian  poet  passed  the  last 
seven  years  of  his  life  in  Naples  and  its  environs 
in  company  with  Antonio  Ranieri,  then  a  rising 
young  lawyer,  in  later  life  an  Italian  patriot 
and  senator,  who  tended  him  with  more  than 
a  brother's  care,  and  to  whom  the  dying  man 
bequeathed  his  manuscripts  and,  in  a  sense,  his 
memory.  After  Leopardi's  death  Ranieri  pub- 
lished his  remains  in  an  excellent  sympathetic 
biography.  Great  was  the  surprise  of  the  world, 
therefore,  when  in  1880  this  same  Ranieri  issued', 
a  book  entitled  '  Sette  Anni  di  Sodalizio  con  Gia- 
como Leopardi,' in  which  he  denigrates  the  poet 
and  strips  him  of  many  of  the  laurels  with  which 
he  had  himself  helped  to  crown  him.  It  is  to 
explain  this  enigma  that  Dr.  Ridella  writes  this 
book — an  enigma,  however,  that  the  intelligent 
public  had  long  since  guessed,  the  fact  being 
that  when  Ranieri  indited  his  second  book  he 
was  already  old  and  fading,  and  suffering  (as  is 
proved  in  these  pages  by  medical  authorities)  from 
senile  decay.  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that 
Italians  will  be  so  terribly  long-winded.  The 
value  as  well  as  the  efficacy  of  Dr.  Ridella's  book 
would  have  been  greatly  enhanced  by  concision 
and  directness. 

MM.  Perrin  &  CiE.  publish  Le  Roman  dri 
Prince  Othon,  being  Mr.  Egerton  Castle's  clever 
translation  of  Stevenson's  best  book,  reviewed 
by  us  when  it  came  out  in  London.  The  dedi- 
cation to  Sir  F.  Pollock  now  also  appears  in 
the  French  tongue. 

Mrs.  Watson  has  published  a  new  edition 
of  her  clever  story  The  Vicar  of  Langthwaite 
(Clarke  &  Co.),  which  is  ornamented  with  a 
frontispiece. 

Mr.  Nimmo  has  sent  us  another  specimen  of 
his  cheap  reissue  of  the  "  Border  Edition  "  of 
the  "Waverley  Novels. "  The  instalment  before 
us  contains  the  whole  of  Guy  Manriering  in 
large,  readable  type,  and  is  adorned  with  the 
excellent  illustrations  of  the  original  issue. 
This  serviceable  reprint  of  Mr.  Nimmo's  de- 
serves success. 

Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  have  forwarded  a 
number  of  Letts's  Diaries,  which  maintain  to  the 
full  the  reputation  they  have  long  enjoyed  for 
solid  workmanship  and  excellent  arrangement. 
— Messrs.  Eason  &  Son,  of  Dublin,  have  sent  us 
copies  of  The  Every  Hour  Diary.  It  will  be  highly 
useful  to  those  suffering  from  a  multiplicity 
of  engagements.  The  small  pocket-book  whiclt 
contains  the  Monthly  Index  Diary  is  an  especially 
convenient  form. — Messrs.  John  Walker  &  Co. 
have  sent  us  some  of  their  dainty  Bach-Loop 
Pocket  Diaries,  which  have  deservedly  gained  a 
secure  place  in  the  affections  of  the  public. 

We  have  received  catalogues  from  Mr. 
Daniell  (autographs  and  MSS. ,  interesting),  Mr, 
Dobell  (good),  Mr.  Edwards,  Messrs.  Ellis  &  Co, 
(mnsic,  valuable), Mr.  Glaisher(good),Mr.Higham 
(two,  theology),  Mr.  Lausfer(portraits,interesting), 
Messrs.  Maurice  &  Co.,  Mr.  Menken, Messrs.  Par- 
sons &  Sons,  Messrs.  Pearson  &  Co.  (good),  Mr. 
Smith,  and  Mr.  Spencer.  We  have  also  catalogues 
from  Mr.  Ball  of  Barton-on-Humber,  Mr. 
Fawn  and  Messrs.  George's  Sons  (good)  of 
Bristol,  Mr.  Murray  of  Derby,  Mr.  Johnstorb 
of  Edinburgh,  Messrs.  Young  &  Sons  of 
Liverpool,  Mr.  Blackwell  of  Oxford  (classics,, 
good),  Mr.  Hitchman  of  Sheflield,  Mr.  E. 
Mackay  of  Stirling,  and  Mr.  Pollard  of  Truro 
(local  books).  From  abroad  M.  Nijhoff  of  the 
Hague  has  sent  us  a  catalogue  of  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  books,  Messrs.  Baer  &  Co.  of  Frank- 
fort one  of  social  science,  Mr.  Spirgatis  of 
Leipzig  one  of  folk-lore  (good),  and  Mr.  Hirsch' 
of  Munich  an  interesting  illustrated  catalogue: 
of  bookbindings. 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


709 


We  have  on  our  table  Impressions  of  a  Journey 
round  the    World,  by  G.   H.  Peters  (Waterlow 
&  Sons), — The  Klondike  Goldjields,  and  How  to 
Get   There,    by   F.   James   (Routledge),— J5Jxer- 
cises  and   Test  Questions  on  the   Tutorial  Latin 
Grammar,  by  F.  L.  D.  Richardson  and  A.  E.  W. 
Hazel  (Olive), — Magtienat's  Method,  French  Prac- 
tical Course,  by  J.  Magnenat  (Macmillan), — The 
Frinciples  of  Criticism,   by  W.  Basil  Worsfold 
(George  Allen), — The  Epic  of  Sounds:  an  Ele- 
mentary Interpretation  of  Wagner's  Nibelungen 
Ring,  by  F.  Winworth  (Simpkin), — The   Origin 
of    Celestial    Laws    and    Motions,    by    G.    T. 
Carruthers  (Bradbury  &  Agnew), — The  Flags  of 
the    World,  by  F.  E.   Hulme  (Warne),— Doctor 
Mendi^d's   Hygienic    Guide    to  Home,  by  J.  J. 
Eyre  (Scientitic  Press), — Bath  as  a  Health  Re- 
sort   (Tlie    Bath    Corporation),  —  The     Winter 
Meteorology    of    Egypt    and    its    Influence    on 
Disease,   by  H.  E.   Leigh  Canney  (Bailliere  & 
Co.),  —  Humanitarian    Essa]/s,    by    M.    Adams 
and  othei-s  (W.  Reeves), — Hunting  and   Prac- 
tical Hints  for  Hunting  Men,  by  G.  F.  Under- 
bill (Bliss,  Sands  &  Co.),— The  Metric  System 
of    Weights  and    Measures,    by   J.    H.    Smith 
(Longmans), — Communisyn    in   Central   Europe 
in     the     Time    of    the     Reformation,    by    K. 
Kautsky  (Fisher  Unwin), — Lectures  on  Physio- 
logy:    First     Series,     On    Anitnal     Electricity, 
by     A.     D.    Waller    (Longmans),  —  Furrows, 
by  C.  Hamilton    (Digby  &    Long), — An  Attic 
in    Bohemia,    by    E.    H.    Lacon   Watson    (E. 
Mathews),  —  The   King's    Oak,    by   R.  Croraie 
(Newnes), — Miss  Merivale's    Mistake,   by  Mrs. 
Henry  Clarke  (S.&.IJ.),— Froggy ;  or.  My  Lord 
Mayor,  by  C.  J.  Scotter  (Leadenhall  Press), — 
Lady   Croome's  Secret,   by   Marie  Zimmerman  n 
(Addison), — The   Mystery    of  Hope   Lodge,    by 
H.  S.   Streatfeild  (S.P.C.K.),— 2V).e  Duke    and 
the  Damsel,  by  R.  Marsh  (Pearson), — The  Ad- 
ventures  of  Mabel,    by   R.    Pyke  (Bowden),  — 
Gordon  League  Ballads,  by  Jim's  Wife  (Skef- 
fington), — The  Celtic  Church  in  Ireland,  by  J. 
Heron,  D.D.  (Service  &  Paton), — Pre- Reforma- 
tion Worthies,  by  the  Rev.  W,  Cowan  (Stock), 
— Faith    and    Social     Service,   by     G.    Hodges 
(Gardner    &    Darton),  —  I'he  Faith   by  u-hich 
We    Stand,    by   the    Rev.    John    Tunis    (New 
York,    Pott),  —  Histoires    Penales,    by    Henri 
Allais   (Paris,    Calmann    L^vy), — and   Le   Ville 
Medicee  di  Cafaggiulo  e  di  Trebbio,  by  Giuseppe 
Baccini  (Florence,  Lastrucci). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH, 

Theologt/. 

Abbot's  (L.)  The  Theology  of  an  Evolutionist,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
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Spurgeon's  (C.  H.)  The  ISverlasting  Gospel,  Sermons,  3/6  cl. 

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Johnson's  (L.)  Ireland,  with  other  Poems,  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Keats,  Odes  of,  with  Notes,  &c.,  by  A.  C.  Downer,  3'6 
Langton's  (C  )  The  Light  of  Shakespeare,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Levetus's  (B.  L.)  Verse  Fancies,  4to.  5/  cl. 
Malcolm's  (C.  H.)  Poems,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
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Scott's  Poetic.ll  Works,  Standard  Edition,  Vol.  1,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Vision    and    Creed    of    Piers    Ploughman,    edited    from  a 

Contemporary  MS.  by  T.  Wright,  2  vols.  12mo.  7/cl. 

Music. 

Country  Garland  of  Ten  Songs  from  Herrick's  Hesperides, 

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Jiibliography. 
Madan's  (P.)  A  Summary  Catalogue  of  Western  MSS.  in  the 

Bodleian,  Vol.  4,  8vo.  25/  cl. 


History  and  Biography . 
A'Beckett's  (G.  A.)  The  Comic  History  of  England,  Vol.  1,  9/ 
Barnato,  B.  I.,  a  Memoir,  by  H.  Raymond,  with  Portraits, 

&c.,  8vo.  6/cl. 
Graham's  (R.  D.)  The  Masters  of  Victorian  Literature,  1837- 

1W97.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Johnson's  Lives  of  Prior  and  Congreve,  with  Introduction, 

&c..  by  F.  Ryland,  12mo.  2/cl. 
McCabe's  (J.)  Twelve  Years  in  a  Monastery,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Macdonald,  Flora,  the  Maid  of  Skye,  by  J.  G.  Phillips,  6/  cl. 
Marguerite    d'Angouleme,  (Jueen  of  Navarre,  Life  of,  by 

M.  W.  Freer.  2  vols.  8vo.  21/  cl. 
Risdoii,  Tristram,  Note-book  of,  translated  by  J.  Dallas  and 

H.  G.  Porter,  royal  8vo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Stowe,  H.  B.,  Life  and  Letters  of,  ed.  by  A.  Fields,  7/6  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Barklv's  (F.  A.)  From  the  Tropics  to  the  North  Sea,  3/6  cl. 
Bryce's  (J.)  Impressions  of  South  Africa,  8vo.  14/  net,  cl. 
Mitchell's  (D.  G.)  American  Land  and  Letters,  7/6  net,  cl. 
Norway's   (A.  H.)   Highways  and   Byways   in  Devon  and 

Cornwall,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Tarr's  (K.  S.;  First  Book  of  Physical  Geography,  6/  net,  cl. 
Wells's  (S.)  Mediterranean  Days,  illus.  12mo.  3/6  net,  cl. 

Philology. 
Catullus,   Lesbia  of,  arranged  and   translated  by  J.  H.  A. 

Tremenheere,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Science. 
Adie  (U.  H.)  and  Wood's  (T.  B.)  Agricultural  Chemistry, 

2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  3/6  each,  net. 
Bjorling's  (P.  R.)  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocket-book,  5/ 
Cooke's  (S.)  The  Foundations  of  Scientific  Agriculture,  4/6 
Curtis's  <C.  C.)  A  Text-book  of  General  Botany,  12/  net,  cl. 
Robinson's  (L.)  Wild  Traits  in  Tame  Animals,  10/6  net,  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Ainslie's  (N.)  Among  Thorns,  a  Novel,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Baily's  Fox-Hunting  Directory,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Blake's  (M.  M.)  The  Blues  and  the  Brigands,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Cotton's  (A.  B.)  Queer  Creatures,  4to.  2/6  bds. 
Crockett's  (S.  R.)  The  Surprising  Adventures  of  Sir  Toady 

Lion,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Darmesteter's  (Madame  J.)  A  Medijeval  Garland,  6/  cl. 
Dendy's  (J.)  Successful  Life,  a  Series  of  Essays,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Douglas's  (M.)  Breaking  the  Record,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Edwards's  (C.)  Railway  Nationalization,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Edwards's  (N.)  A  Self-Worshipper,  cr.  8vo.  2,6  cl. 
Farjeon's  (B.  L.)  Miriam  Kozella.  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Farrow's  (G.  K.)  The  Wallypug  in  London,  roy.  16mo.  3/6  cl. 
Fitzgerald's  (P.)  Pickwickian  Manners  and  Customs,  2/6  cl. 
Four   Hundred  Animal   Stories,  selected  by   R.   vjocbraue, 

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Hazell's  Annual,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

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alt-span.  Ritus,  9m. 
Pesch  (C.) :  Pra;lectiones  Dogmaticse,  Vol.  5,  5m. 
Staehelin  (R.)  :   Huldreich  Zwingli,  sein  Leben  u.  Wirken, 

4m.  80. 

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Heberdey    (R) :    Opramoas,   Inschriften   vom    Hereon   zu 

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neue  Folge,  5m. 
Reichel  (W.) :  tJber  vorhellenische  Gotterculte,  4m. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Lyonnet  (H.)  :  Le  Theatre  en  Espagne,  3fr.  50. 

Bibliography. 
Wiener  (S.) :  Bibliotheca  Friedlandiana,  Fasc.  3,  2m. 

history  and  Biography. 
Firmin-Didot  (G.) :  Royaut6  ou  Empire,  la  France  en  1814, 

7fr.  60. 
Langlois  (C.  V.)  et  Seignobos  (C.)  :  Introduction  aux  Etudes 

Historiques.  3fr.  50. 
Lavisse    (E.)  :    Album  Historique  :    Vol.  2,    XIV.   et  XV. 

Sificles,  I5fr. 
Pieper    (A.):      Die    piipstlichen    Legaten    u.    Nuntien  in 
Deutschland,  Frankreich,  u.  Spauien,  Part  1,  5m. 

Philology. 
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Lundstrom    (V.):    Columellse    Opera:     Fasc.    1,    Liber    de 

Arboribus,  Im.  75. 
Praetorius    {¥.) :    Uber   den    riickweichenden    Accent    im 

Hebraischen,  4m. 
RoUin    (G.):    Aliscans,    m.    Berllcksicht.   v.    Wolframs    v. 

Eschenbach  Willehalm  kritisch  hrsg.,  6m. 

iScience. 
Roemer  (F.)  u.  Freeh   (F):    Lethjea    Palaeozoica,   Vol.    1, 
Part  3,  10m. ;  Vol.  2,  Part  1, 24m. 


General  Literature, 
Albalat  (A.)  :  Marie,  3fr.  60. 
Aubray  (O.) :  Lettres  k  ma  Cousine,  3fr.  50. 
Brunetiire  (F.) :    Manuel    de  I'Histoire  de  la  Litterature 

Franfaise,  5fr. 
Cim  (A.) :  C6sarin,  4Er. 
Furcy-Cliatelain  :    Le    Pan  -  Americanisme   et    I'fiquilibre 

Amerieaiii,  6fr. 
Gebhart  (£.) :  An  Son  des  Cloches,  3fr.  50. 
Gu6  (P.)  :  Les  Luttes  de  Marguerite,  3fr.  60, 
Kaiser  (I.) :  Hero,  3fr.  50. 
Lecomte  (G. ) :  Les  Valets,  3fr.  60. 
Maury  (E.) :  L'Impuissance  d'aimer,  3fr.  50. 
Neveux  (P.) :  Golo,  3fr.  50. 
Plessis  (F.):  Le  Mariage  de  Lfionie,  3fr.  50. 
Rovel  (H.):  Jean  Praxtel.  3fr.  50. 
Strada  (J.) :  Don  Juan,  5fr. 


A   WARNING  TO  COLLECTORS. 

As  executors  of  the  late  William  Morris,  we 
think  it  right  to  warn  collectors  that  unautho- 
rized reprints  of  some  of  his  contributions  ta 
the  weekly  and  monthly  press  are  now  being 
offered  for  sale  at  high  prices.  It  would  be 
well  for  those  concerned  in  the  manufacture  of 
such  "rarities"  to  remember  that  they  ar» 
engaged  in  an  act  of  piracy,  and  that  they  lay 
themselves  open  to  proceedings  under  the  Copy- 
right Act.  F.  S.  Ellis. 

S.  C,  Cockerell. 


notes  FROM   OXFORD. 


November,  1897. 

The  opening  of  a  new  academical  year  finda 
the  University  happily  undisturbed  by  any  burn- 
ing question.  It  is,  indeed,  rumoured  that  some 
of  those  who  opposed  the  granting  of  degrees  to 
women  are  anxious  to  press  forward  the  scheme 
for  a  separate  women's  university.  But  it  may 
be  hoped  that  their  anxiety  to  stave  oflf  the 
admission  of  women  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
will  not  blind  them  to  the  paramount  importance 
of  carefully  considering  the  whole  situation 
before  hastily  assuming  that  a  women's  uni- 
versity, presumably  modelled  on  the  lines  of  the 
existing  London  University,  is  the  only  alter- 
native. It  is  at  least  doubtful  whether,  even  if 
such  a  university  were  desirable  in  itself,  the 
time  has  arrived  for  its  creation.  Any  attempt 
to  rush  the  question  now  would  be  disastrous. 

The  Research  Degrees  established  a  few  years 
ago  are  attracting  a  very  fair  number  of  capable 
candidates,  two  of  whom  (Mr.  Mulvany,  Fellow 
of  Magdalen,  and  Mr.  Corlidge,  of  Harvard  and 
Balliol)  have  already  taken  their  degrees.  Difii- 
culties  have,  of  course,  been  met  with,  arising, 
for  the  most  part,  out  of  our  inveterate  habit  of 
overloading  the  statutes  with  details,  and  thus, 
necessitating  little  amendments  by  fresh  statutes, 
and  irritating  the  University  by  perpetual  legisla- 
tion on  small  points.  The  proposal  to  complete 
the  scheme  by  the  creation  of  doctorates  in 
science  and  letters  is  still  under  the  considera- 
tion of  the  Hebdomadal  Council. 

The  munificent  offer  made  by  the  Drapers' 
Company  to  build  i^  new  Radcliffe  Library  at  the 
Museum  has  been  already  mentioned  in  these 
columns.  Plans  have  been  prepared  by  Mr. 
Graham  Jackson,  and  Convocation  will  shortly 
be  asked  to  assign  a  site  for  the  building  at  the 
south-western  corner  of  the  Museum.  In  what 
way  the  space  now  occupied  by  the  library  can 
best  be  utilized  is  still  a  matter  of  debate.  Pro- 
bably, however,  the  claims  of  pathology  wilt 
be  recognized  as  the  most  urgent. 

The  Ashmolean  Museum  has  received  yet  one 
more  valuable  gift  from  Dr.  Drury  Fortnum. 
He  has  recently  presented  his  collection  of 
rings,  and  they  are  now  all  arranged  in  the  case.* 
which  he  has  had  specially  made  for  them,  and 
placed  in  the  Fortnum  Room.  Almost  at  the 
same  moment  one  of  the  oldest  possessions  of 
the  Ashmolean,  the  Tradescant  collection  of 
pictures,  has  been  put  into  proper  condition. 
The  pictures,  which  are  of  considerable  in- 
terest for  the  history  of  English  art,  have 
been  thoroughly  and  carefully  cleaned,  and 
the  effect  of  the  whole  collection  will  be  a 
surprise  to  those  who  only  knew  them  in  their 
familiar  dirt  and  dinginess. 


-^ 


710 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"'  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


Stress   has  often  been  laid  in  these  notes  on 
the  importance  of    encouraging  among  Oxford 
men  a  first-hand  study  of  ancient  monuments. 
The  improvement  in  this  respect  has  been  very 
marked.     The  greatly  increased    facilities    for 
archteological  work  afforded  by  the  Ashmolean 
Museum  in  its  new  home,  the  presence  there  of 
Prof.  Gardner  and  Mr.  Evans,  and  not  least  the 
institution  of  the  Craven  Fellowship,  have  all 
contributed  to  this  result.    During  the  next  few 
months  quite  a  company  of  Oxford  men  will  be 
engaged  in  excavation,   exploration,   or    study 
abroad.     Mr.  Hogarth,  the  first  Craven  Fellow, 
goes  out  as  Director  of   the  British   School  at 
Athens,    and    he    will    have  with    him    Prof. 
Richards  from  CardifiF,   Mr.   Edgar,  of  Oriel — 
both  former  Craven  Fellows — and  Mr.  Spilsbury, 
of  Queen's,  who  holds  the  studentship  given  by 
the    Committee    of    the   British   School.     Mr. 
Anderson,   of  Christ  Church,  will  continue  the 
valuable    work   which   he  has    been    doing    in 
Phrygia,  and  he  will  be   accompanied  by  Mr. 
Crowfoot,  of  Brasenose.     Mr.  Ashby,  of  Christ 
Church,  the  newly  elected  Craven  Fellow,  con- 
templates work  in    Italy,  and  especially  in  the 
Campagna  Romana.     Finally,  Mr.  Grenfell  and 
Mr.   Hunt    propose    returning    once    more    to 
Egypt,  in  spite  of  the  heavy  demands  made  on 
their  time  by  the  examination  of  the  great  mass 
of  material  which  they  have  already  collected. 

The  popularity  of  the  Indian  and  home  Civil 
Services   steadily  increases,    and    with    it    the 
number    of  Oxford    and    Cambridge  men  who 
are  each  year  successful  in  obtaining  places.     It 
would  be  foolish  to  complain  of  this.     It  is  a 
good  thing  for  the  public  service,  and  among 
the  duties  of  the  universities  that  of  training 
men  to  be  efficient  public  servants  is  certainly 
one.     Nevertheless,  the  situation  is  not  without 
its  risks.  The  annual  Government  examination, 
on  the  results    of  which  this  year   about  one 
hundred  places  were  awarded,  may  easily  become 
too  powerful  a  factor  in  shaping  the  aspirations 
and  moulding  the  studies  of  our  students.    Care 
must  be  taken  that  our  own  examinations  are 
not  overshadowed  in  importance    by  one  over 
which  we  have  no  direct  control,  and  that  our 
teaching  is  not  diverted  from  its  proper  aims 
and  subordinated  to   the   requirements    of   an 
oflBcial    syllabus.     In  Oxford  we  have  another 
difficulty  to  meet.     An  increasing   number   of 
candidates  are  successful  in  their  third  year  ; 
during  their  fourth  year  most  of  their  time  is 
necessarily  taken    up   with    their    professional 
studies,   and  reading  for  Final  Honours  is  for 
many  of  them  out  of  the  question.      They  leave 
us  with  their  course  unfinished,   to  their  own 
loss,  and  the  disorganization  of   our  teaching. 
In   other   words,  some   reconsideration  of    the 
customary  four  years'  Honours    course 
inevitable. 


seems 
P. 


SALES. 

Messrs.    Sotheby,    Wilkinson    &    Hodge 
sold  on  the  8th  inst.  a  selected  portion  of  the 
library  of  the  late  Hon.   Percy   Ashburnham. 
The  following  are  the  chief  prices  realized  :  A 
Collection   of    Three    Hundred    Drawings    and 
Engravings   of   Plans  of   Battle  and  Sieges  in 
France  and  the  Low  Countries,  made  for  Presi- 
dent de  Lamoignon  between  1600  and  1050,  131. 
Boccaccio,  Decameron,  in  French,  old  morocco, 
1757,    121.   10s.     Cervantes,   Don    Quixote,   by 
Shelton,   first  edition  of    both    parts  together 
1620   39L  10s.    Charles  I.,  Eikon  Basilike,  1049, 
one  of  the  presentation  copies  from  Charles  II., 
91.    10s.     Coryat's     Crudities,    1611,    181.    5s. 
Defoe's  Robinson  Crusoe,  first  edition,  original 
calf,  1719,  791.     Gerarde's  Herbal,  1636,  91.  5s. 
Hardyng's   Chronicle,    1543,    101.     Holinshed's 
Chronicles,  1577,  18L  15s.    Mascall  on  Planting 
and    Grafting,    1599,    7^.    10s.     Sir   T.    More's 
Works,   1657,   IQl.     Queen   Elizabeth's   Prayer 
Book,    second     edition,    1578,     361.      Racine, 
(Euvres,    old   morocco,    Paris,    1760,    201.    10s'. 
Schopperus,  Panoplia,  with  woodcuts  by  Jost 


Amman,  and  Holbein's  Imagines  Mortis,  in 
1  vol.,  1547-68,  151.  15s.  Speculum  Passionis, 
woodcuts  by  H.  Schauffelein,  1507,  151. 

On  Thursday,  the  11th  inst.,  the  same  auc- 
tioneers sold  110  examples  of  modern  artistic 
bindings,  the  property  of  an  amateur,  deceased, 
done  in  imitation  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the 
most  celebrated   collectors,   chiefly  of  the  six- 
teenth century.     These  all  realized  high  prices, 
some  of  which  follow.    Paulus  ^mylius,  mosaic 
morocco,    Francis   I.    style,    Paris,     1543,    211. 
Biblia     Germanico  -  Latina,     Wittemb.,    1574, 
10    vols.,    old    calf,    with    painted    figures    of 
Luther  and  Melanchthon,  39L     Chirurgia,  Lut. 
Par.,  1554,  imitation  Diane  de  Poictiers,  45L 
Choul,    Religione    de'    Romani,    Catherine   de 
Medicis    binding,    1558,    211.    10s.       Cromerus 
de   Origine   Polonorum,   Henri  II    and   Diane 
de  Poictiers,   Basil.,  1555,  31/.     Constitutiones 
Clementinarum,    Philip    II.    Rex    Catholicus, 
Paris,   1501,  301.  ;  another  specimen,  24L  10s. 
Doletus    de    Lingua    Latina,    mosaic    binding, 
Henri   II.    and   Diane   de   Poictiers,    30L    10s. 
Durer,  De  Symmetria  Partium,  the  same  style 
of  binding,  Norimb.,.  1532,  251.     Fuchsius,  His- 
toire  des  Plantes,  the  same  style,  Paris,  1549, 
361.     Hieronymus  super   Genesim,  a  very  fine 
specimen,   Venet.,    1497,    40L      Steph.    Niger, 
Dialogus,    Mediol.,    1517,     Francis     I.     style, 
271.    10s.     Officium   B.V.M.,    MS.   on   vellum, 
imitation   Maioli,  281.     Procopius,   Henry  III. 
style,  fine,  Paris,  1580,  281.    Seneca,  Paris,  1580, 
in  the  most  elaborate  manner  of  Clovis  Eve,  60L 
The  total  of  110  numbers  realized  1,907^.  16s.  6d., 
giving  an  average  of  about  17/.  4s.  for  each. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  12th  and 
13th  inst.  a  portion  of  the  library  of  the  late 
Mr.  G.  T.  Robinson,  of  Kensington.     Its  chief 
characteristic  was  Old   English  literature,    but 
mostly  in  imperfect    copies.      They,    however, 
realized  good  prices,  as  the  following  selection 
shows:  81  Astrological  Almanacs,  between  1665 
and  1799,  lOL  15s.     Biblia  Latina,  MS.  of  four- 
teenth century,  17/.  15s.    Horse  ad  Usum  Sarum, 
Paris,  Vostre,  1501,  22/.  Michael  Drayton,  The 
Owle,  first  edition,  1604,  21/.   10s.     Gascoygne 
(G.),  Supposes,  a  Comedie,  and  five  other  plays, 
10/.      Die    Deutsche    Bibel,    Nuremb.,    1483, 
29/.     10s.     Celtis,    Libri   IV.   Amorum,   Diirer 
woodcuts,  1501,  27/.  Dictionary  of  Architecture, 
1849-92,    12/.     15s.     Dietterlin,     Architecture, 
1598,    10/.     Euclid,    editio    princeps,    Venet., 
1482.      Smith's    Catalogue    Raisonn^,   9  vols., 
1829-42,    30/.     10s.      Weigel,    Passio    Christi, 
elaborately  bound,   1693,   15/.   15s.      Horse   ad 
Usura  Romanum,  Paris,  1492,  21/.  10s.  Milton's 
Doctrine  and  Discipline  of   Divorce,  presenta- 
tion   copy,   1644,    12/.     Academy    Catalogues, 
1769-84,  some  in  MS  ,  19/.  15s.     Pilgrimage  of 
Perfection,  W.  de  Worde,  1531,  13/.  10s.    Mon- 
taigne, Essais,  by  Florio,  first  edition,  1603,  21/. 
Percival  le  Galloys,  Paris,  1530,  50/.  Hypneroto- 
machia   Poliphili,   1499,  31/.      Tijou,   Book  of 
Drawings,  1693,  &c.,  18/. 


of  Benevento  (February  26th,  1265/6)  and 
Tagliacozzo  (August  23rd,  1268),  which  (through 
the  defeat  and  death  of  Manfred  and  Conradin) 
finally  extinguished  the  pretensions  of  the 
Hohenstaufen  in  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  secured 
the  dominion  to  the  great  Guelf  champion 
Charles  of  Anjou.  Paget  Toynbee. 


BBUNETTO  LATINI'S   '  TRfiSOH.' 

Dorney  Wood,  Burnham,  Bucks,  Nov.  15,  1897. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Harting  writes  in  last  week's 
AtheiKBum  as  if  it  were  an  open  question 
whether  Brunetto  Latini  Avrote  his  '  Tr^sor '  in 
France  or  in  Italy.  There  is  no  doubt  about 
the  matter.  Brunetto  himself  states  in  one  of 
the  autobiographical  passages  in  the  '  Tr^sor ' 
(I.  i.)  that  the  work  was  written  in  France. 
He  says  : — 

"  Se  aucuns  demandoit  por  quoi  cist  livres  est 
escriz  en  romans,  selonc  le  langage  des  Francois, 
puisque  nos  somes  Ytaliens,  je  diroieque  ce  est  por 
.ii.  raisons  :  I'une,  car  nos  somes  en  France ;  et 
I'autre  porce  que  la  parleure  est  plus  delitable  et 
plus  commune  i\  toutes  gens." 

It  is,  however,  evident  that  additions  were 
made  to  the  work  after  Brunetto's  return  from 
exile — whether  by  Brunetto  himself  or  by  an 
interpolator  the  critics  are  not  agreed  —  for 
reference  is  made  in  it  to  the  "  crowning 
mercies"    (from     the    Guelf    point  of    view) 


St.  Patrick's  College,  Maynooth,  Nov.  15,  1897. 

In  common  with  all  who  take  an  interest  in 
the   history  and  literature  of  mediaeval  times, 
I  feel  indebted  to  Mr.  Scott  for   having  given 
publicity  in  your  columns  to  the  valuable  dis- 
covery   relating    to    Brunetto    Latini    recently 
made    by  him  in    the    Westminster    archives. 
From    this    document  it  is  evident  that  "  Ser 
Brunetto  "  resided  for  some  time   at  Bar-sur- 
Aube  in  France.     Is  it  certain,  however,  that 
his  great  work  '  Li  Tresors  '  was  written  there, 
as  Mr.   Scott  suggests  ?      Or  are  we  to  accept 
absolutely  the  other  theory  of  your  two  corre- 
spondents, Messrs.   Paget  Toynbee   and  Hart- 
ing, that  the  work  was  written  in  Paris  '^ 

We  know  from  the  words  of  Ser  Brunetto 
himself  that  '  Li  Tresors  '  was  written,  at  least 
as  far  as  the  main  body  of  the  work  is  con- 
cerned, in  France  :  — 

"  Et  se  aucuns  demandoit  por  quoi  cist  livres  est 
escriz  en  romans,  selonc  le  langage  des  Francois, 
puisque  nos  somes  Ytaliens,  je  diroie  que  ce  est  por 
ij  raisons  ;  I'une  car  nos  somes  en  France  ;  et  I'autre 
porce  que  la  parleure  est  plus  delitable  et  plus  com- 
mune a  toutes  gens." — Liv.  I.  Part  I.  ch.  i.  p.  5. 

Again,  at  the  end  of  the  second  part  of 
the  first  book,  speaking  of  the  expulsion  of  the 
Guelf s  from  Florence  in  1260,  he  writes  : — 

"Et  avec  els  [la  Guelfe  partie  de  Florence]  en  fu 
chacie  maistres  Brunez  Latin  ;  et  si  estoit  il  par 
cele  guerre  esilllez  en  France,  quand  il  fist  cest 
livre,  por  I'amor  de  son  ami,  selonc  ce  que  il  dit 
el  prologue  devant." 

This  is  all  the  author  tells  us  in  the  work 
itself  as  to  the  whereabouts  of  its  composition. 
For  the  rest  I  do  not  agree  on  all  points  with 
any  of  your  other  correspondents.  I  think  the 
work  was  probably  conceived  at  Montpellier, 
the  materials  collected  and  arranged  in  Paris, 
the  literary  draft  completed  in  some  such 
quiet  place  as  Bar-sur-Aube,  the  whole  produc- 
tion rather  frequently  remodelled  and  retouched, 
and  finally  completed  by  some  slight  additions, 
made  after  Brunetto's  return  to  Florence. 

In  the  edition  of  '  Li  Tresors  '  published  in 
1863,  and  edited  by  M.  Chabaille  for  the 
Imperial  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  France, 
attention  is  called  to  an  old  and  unpublished 
commentary  on  Dante,  mentioned  in  the  '  Life 
of  Ambrosius  Traversarius '  (Florence,  1759, 
folio,  p.  clix),  in  which  it  is  alleged  that 
Brunetto  actually  taught  philosophy  in  the 
Paris  LTniversity.  Although  this  statement  is 
not  confirmed  by  any  writer  of  authority,  and 
may  be  only  a  transposition  of  the  suggestion 
of  Boccaccio  from  the  ideal  to  the  real,  yet  it 
may  be  taken  for  what  it  is  worth,  particularly 
in  the  light  of  other  considerations,  which,  to 
say  the  least,  give  it  the  colour  of  probability. 

If  Dante  paid  two  visits  of  considerable 
length  to  the  great  Parisian  school,  it  is  not  at 
all  unlikely  that  he  was  urged  thereto  by  the 
example  and  advice  of  the  master  who  taught 

him 

come  r  uom  s'  eterna. 

The  varied,  almost  universal  character  of  the 
contents  of  Brunetto's    'Treasury,'  so  similar, 
in  many  features,  to  the  '  Speculum  Universale  ' 
of  Vincent  of  Beauvais,  is  proof  that  they  must 
have  been  acquired  and  put  together  in  some 
great  centre  of  learning.     The  scholastic  divi- 
sions   and   treatment   of    the   various   subjects 
dealt  with  are  characteristic  of  the  professor  of 
philosophy.     The  juridical  sense  and  grasp  of 
details    indicate    the    practised    lawyer.      The 
happy  illustrations    from    fable    and    romance, 
the    fine   flowers   of    rhetoric   with   which   the 
theme   is   embellished,  the  versatile   power   of 
assimilating  knowledge  from  sources  the  moat 
varied,  all  mark  out  the  man  of  culture,  the 


N"  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


711 


diplomatist,  the  writer  skilled  in  all  the  accom- 
plishments of  his  art.  Finally,  the  rich  vein  of 
Christian  faith,  the  intimate  acquaintance  with 
Holy  Scripture,  the  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
principles  and  teaching  of  theology,  which  are 
noticeable  in  all  his  works,  prove  that  Brunetto 
had  been  uncommonly  well  trained  in  all  the 
sacred  sciences.  Such  varied  acquirements  lead 
us,  naturally  enough,  to  associate  his  name  with 
the  great  school  in  which  theology,  philosophy, 
the  law,  and  the  arts  flourished,  in  his  day  in 
France,  in  most  fertile  activity,  side  by  side. 

At  Montpellier  a  school  of  law  and  medicine 
was,  no  doubt,  in  full  repute  when  Brunetto 
passed  there  on  his  return  from  Spain.  He 
may  have  profited  by  the  opportunities  that  it 
afforded.  Itwas  most  probably  there  that  his  pro- 
ject matured  and  took  shape.  But  he  realized 
the  defects  of  his  education,  and  turned  his  eyes 
towards  Paris.  The  cultivation  of  the  arts 
which  still  gives  France  her  literary  pre-eminence 
amongst  the  nations  was  then,  as  now,  one  of 
the  great  attractions  of  the  Paris  University, 
and  in  all  probability  proved  the  real  magnet 
for  Ser  Brunetto. 

The  great  number  of  variants  in  the  different 
codices  of  the  '  Tresors  '  MSS.  is  a  pretty  clear 
indication  that  the  original  draft  was  fre- 
quently retouched  by  the  author.  This  may 
have  been  done  at  Bar-sur-Aube.  It  was  pro- 
bably done  again  and  again  at  Florence.  Here, 
too,  some  slight  additions  were  made,  notably 
those  referring  to  Berengarius  and  his  sons,  to 
Frederick  II.,  and  to  Manfred.  No  wonder 
that  these  parts  should  be  absent  from  the 
codex  brought  to  light  by  M.  Dairvault,  and 
referred  to  by  Mr.  Harting.  They  are  absent 
in  all  the  early  MSS.  of  '  Li  Tresors.' 

J.  F.  HoGAN,  D.D. 


Great  Malvern,  Nov.  15,  1897. 
In  his  introduction  to  '  Li  Tresors  '  Brunetto 
Latini  gives  as  one  of  his  reasons  for  writing  it 
in  "  romans  selonc  la  raison  de  france  (al.  le 
langagedes  francois)"  that  he  was  in  "France": 
"  por  ce  ke  nous  somes  en  france."  As  the 
"  raison  de  france  "  can  only  refer  to  the  dialect 
of  the  lie  de  France,  it  is  evident  that  he  means 
he  was  there ;  and  Mr.  Toynbee  is  clearly  right 
in  maintaining  that  the  work  was  composed  in 
Paris.  F.  W.  Boxjrdillon, 


'THE   STORY  OF  AHIKAR  AND   NADAB.' 

Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby  writes  to  us  complaining 
of  the  Cambridge  Press  saying  '  The  Story  of 
A/iikar  and  his  Nephew  Nadab '  is  a  "lost 
apocryphon  "  of  the  Old  Testament  : — 

"I  cannot  understand  why  this  book  is  called 
'  a  lost  apocryphon,'  unless  the  expression  applies 
simply  to  the  Syriac  version,  as  it  is  well 
known  in  Arabic,  and  several  versions  exist  in 
English,  French,  and  German,  by  Chavis  and  Gazette, 
Caussin  de  Perceval,  Agoub,  Habicht,  Burton,  and 
others.  Burton  {'  Suppl.  Nights,'  vi.  pp.  3-38)  trans- 
lates the  story  under  the  title  of  'The  Say  of 
Haykar  the  Sage  '  ;  but  it  is  also  called  'The  Wise 
Heykar,'  '  Story  of  Sinkarib  and  his  Two  Viziers,' 
&c.  See  also  his  notes  and  my  own  in  Burton's 
•  Book  of  the  Thousand  Nights  and  a  Night,' 
X.  pp.  471,  473,  530  ;  'Suppl.  Nights,'  vi.  pp.  iii,  vii, 
ix,  3-38,  and  351  ;  Nichols's  edition,  viii.  pp.  239,  242, 
270,  306  ;  xii.  pp.  xv,  xvii-xx,  1-28,  193.  No  doubt 
there  are  Orientalists  who  could  give  us  further 
information  about  this  story." 

Mr.  A.  G.  Ellis  writes  from  the  British 
Museum  : — 

"  The  Arabic  version  of  the  Legend  of  Ahikar,  or 
Haikar,  has  been  known  for  some  years  past.  An 
edition  was  published  at  Beirout  in  1890  by 
A.  Salhani  in  his  '  Contes  Arabes.'  More  recently  a 
slightly  different  recension,  in  which  the  story  is 
told  in  the  first  person  instead  of  in  the  third, 
has  been  edited  by  M.  Lidzbarski,  together  with  a 
Modern  Syriac  version,  in  '  Die  Neu-aramaischen 
Handschriftender  k.  Bibliothek  zu  Berlin,'  Weimar, 
1894.  Of  this  last  recension  the  British  Museum 
possesses  a  very  fair  Carshunic  MS.,  Add.  7209, 
If.  182-213.  Besides  these  Arabic  texts  a  French 
translation  by  M.  Agoub  appeared  in  Paris  in  1824." 


THE  ARBUTHNOTT  MANUSCRIPTS. 

Three  most  interesting  and  highly  important 
MSS.  will  be  offered  for  sale  immediately 
after  the  close  of  the  fifth  day's  sale  of  the 
Ashburnham  Library  on  the  10th  of  Decem- 
ber at  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge's. 
They  are  the  Arbuthnott  Missal,  Psalter, 
and  Horse,  and  were  written  by  James 
Sibbald,  Vicar  of  Arbuthnot,  in  1491,  1482, 
and  1482-3,  respectively.  The  Missal  is  the 
only  one  of  Scottish  use  now  extant,  con- 
sequently its  historic  interest  and  value  are 
manifest  ;  the  use  is  that  of  Salisbury,  but  the 
Calendar  and  Sanctorale  in  this  Missal  are  both 
interesting  and  important.  It  is  on  vellum, 
and  extends  to  244  leaves,  folio,  written  in  large 
Gothic  characters,  the  capitals  painted  in  blue 
and  red,  with  a  full-length  painting  of  St. 
Ternan  (apostle  and  traditionary  first  archbishop 
of  the  Picts)  in  archiepiscopal  robes  ;  there  are 
also  seven  finely  painted  and  illuminated  his- 
toriated  miniature  initials,  fifteen  ornamental 
initials  in  the  "  camieu "  style,  and  twenty 
three-quarter  borders,  painted  and  illuminated 
in  ornaments  of  flowers,  leafy  scrolls,  fruits, 
grotesques,  &c.  The  running  headlines  through- 
out the  volume  are  "Ecclie.  de  Arbuthnot  liber 
b'ti  terrenani." 

The  Arbuthnott  Prayer  Book,  '  Hor£e  Beatse 
Marije  Virginis  ad  Usum  Ecclesiae  S.  Ternani 
in  Arbuthnot,'  is  also  on  vellum,  and  extends 
to  eighty  leaves,  quarto  ;  it  is  written  in  large 
Gothic  characters,  red  and  black.  There  are 
six  full-page  finely  painted  miniatures  within 
richly  illuminated  floreate  borders,  three 
large  and  rich  ornamental  initials,  with 
similar  borders  round  three  parts  of  the  margins. 
The  paintings  in  this  most  interesting  Prayer 
Book  are  of  undoubted  Scottish  workmanship  ; 
they  represent  St.  Ternan  in  his  pontifical 
robes,  the  Salutation,  the  Virgin  and  Child, 
the  Resurrection,  the  Crucifixion,  and  the  cele- 
bration of  the  Eucharist,  At  the  end  is  a  full 
obituary  of  the  Arbuthnott  family  from  1314  to 
1551.  This  Prayer  Book  was  written  for  Robert 
Arbuthnott. 

The  Psalter,  'Psalterium  Latinum  ad  Usum 
Ecclesise  S.  Ternani  in  Arbuthnot,'  extends  to 
141  vellum  leaves,  small  quarto,  with  seven 
richly  illuminated  floral  scroll  borders,  and 
large  ornamental  initials  in  the  "camieu  "  style. 
The  Sir  Robert  Arbuthnott  for  whom  the  Missal 
and  the  Psalter  were  written  had  founded  the 
chaplaincy,  which  was  held  by  Sibbald  in 
connexion  with  the  vicarage  ;  the  autograph 
"Robertus  de  Arbuthnot"  occurs  on  the  last 
leaf.  In  the  Calendar  for  September  is  an 
entry  of  the  death  of  the  Scottish  king 
James  IV.  at  Flodden  in  1513.  Sibbald  died 
in  1507,  according  to  an  entry  in  the  Missal. 
These  three  MSS.  apparently  for  a  short  time 
got  separated,  but  they  were  again  united  in 
the  possession  of  the  grandson  of  the  Sir  Robert 
Arbuthnott  for  whom  they  were  originally 
written  ;  he  was  also  a  Robert,  and  died  in 
1579,  since  which  period  they  have  never  been 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  family.  They  are  now 
to  be  sold  together  in  one  lot  by  order  of  the 
representatives  of  the  late  Viscount  Arbuthnott. 

W.  R. 


Hiterarg  CEIossfp. 

Mr.  Mxtrray  will  publish  shortly  a  book 
of  a  somewhat  unusual  kind,  named 
'The  Memoirs  of  a  Highland  Lady.'  It 
contains  the  reminiscences  of  Miss  Grant  of 
Eothiemurchus,  who  became  the  wife  of 
General  Smith,  of  Baltiboys,  co,  Wicklow, 
and  died  in  1885  in  her  eighty-ninth  year. 
She  left  a  minute  record  of  her  whole  life, 
which  was  printed  a  short  time  ago  for 
private  circulation  ;  but  ttie  interest  which 
it  aroused  has  been  such  as  to  induce  the 
family  to  give  it  to  the  world.     It  furnishes 


a  lively  picture  of  those  feudal  feelings 
and  that  spirit  of  clanship  which  still  cha- 
racterized Scottish  social  life  during  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century.  The 
author's  recollections  carry  her  back  to 
the  days  when  dwellers  in  the  Highlands 
depended  chiefly  on  their  own  produce  for 
the  necessaries  of  life — when  their  flocks 
and  herds  supplied  them,  not  only  with 
the  greater  part  of  their  food,  but  with 
fleeces  to  be  woven  into  clothing  or  carpets, 
or  with  leather  to  be  dressed  at  home. 
Another  interest  lies  in  the  impression 
gradually  produced  on  the  reader,  through  a 
succession  of  details,  of  intimate  familiarity 
with  a  form  of  family  life  and  a  conception 
of  family  duty  which  has  passed  away.  In 
these  d&js,  when  girls  are  educated  to  be 
independent,  a  study  of  a  very  difEerent 
environment  may  have  a  charm  for  many 
readers.  The  author's  range  of  acquaint- 
ances was  as  varied  as  it  was  wide.  Among 
the  names  of  those  whom  she  knew  or 
about  whom  she  writes  are  to  be  found 
Mr.  Perceval,  Mr.  Canning,  Lord  Lauder- 
dale, Sir  Francis  Burdett,  Lords  Eldon, 
Stowell,  and  Jeffrey,  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
Shelley,  Mrs.  Thrale,  Mrs.  Siddons,  and  the 
Kembles.  The  work  will  be  edited  by  Lady 
Strachey,  a  niece  of  the  author. 

Father  Gerard  having  expressed  an 
opinion  that  Thomas  Winter's  long  narra- 
tive of  Gunpowder  Plot  preserved  at  Hat- 
field is  a  forgery,  Lord  Salisbury  has  kindly 
consented  to  lend  the  volume  containing  it 
to  the  Public  Record  Office  for  a  short  time 
to  enable  all  who  are  interested  in  the  sub- 
ject to  examine  the  original  document. 

Something  very  like  a  voice  from  the 
dead  has  just  reached  the  subscribers  for 
certain  Kelmscott  Press  publications.  The 
two  long-expected  volumes  of  early  English 
metrical  romances,  '  Sire  Degrevaunt '  and 
'  Syr  Ysambrace,'  have  at  length  (in  the 
middle  of  November,  1897)  been  delivered 
from  Leighton's  bindery,  complete  with 
their  frontispieces  by  Sir  Edward  Burne- 
Jones.  '  Syr  Ysambrace '  has  the  usual 
posthumous  colophon  setting  forth  that  the 
book  was  finished  on  the  14th  of  July,  1897, 
and  is  sold  "  by  the  trustees  of  the  late  Wil- 
liam Morris."  But  the  colophon  of  '  Sire 
Degrevaunt '  records    that    the    book   was 

"  printed  by  WiUiam  Morris and  finished 

on  the  14th  day  of  March,  1896,"  and  that 
it  is  "  sold  by  William  Morris  at  the  Kelm- 
scott Press."  The  term  "finished"  doubt- 
less relates  to  the  eighty-two  pages  of  the 
book,  without  its  title-page  and  frontispiece, 
the  addition  of  which  can  scarcely  be  said  to 
vitiate  the  statement.  The  border  of  p.  1  is  the 
very  choice  one  employed  in  '  Shakespeare's 
Poems,'  the  '  Life  of  Wolsey,'  and  some 
other  Kelmscott  octavos.  The  border  in 
which  the  frontispiece  is  now  placed  opposite 
p.  1  is  not  strictly  a  counterpart  border, 
being  a  little  bolder  in  treatment,  but  the 
two  pages  make  a  beautiful  whole.  In 
'  Syr  Ysambrace '  the  slighter  grape  -  vine 
border  used  in  '  John  Ball '  and  some  other 
Kelmscott  books  of  that  size  reappears 
at  p.  1,  and  opposite  it,  within  a  corre- 
sponding border,  is  Sir  Edward  Burne- 
Jones's  elaborate  design  of  the  hero  on  his 
knees  while  his  castle  burns  on  the  far  side 
of  an  exquisitely  drawn  wood.  The  trustees 
are  to  be  congratulated  on  the  completion 


712 


THE     ATHENE UM 


N°  365G,  Nov.  20,  '97 


of  two  most  treasurable  little  books  out  of 
the  short  list  left  for  them  to  complete  before 
closing  the  press. 

The  "anniversary  study"  in  the  Corn- 
hill  Magazine  for  December  is  devoted  to 
Wilkes,  and  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  W.  B. 
Duffield.  Sir  Edmund  F.  Du  Cane  con- 
tributes a  budget  of  unpublished  anec- 
dotes of  Waterloo  and  the  Peninsula,  mainly 
derived  from  conversations  with  the  late 
Lieut.-Col.  Molloy  ;  and  Mr.  T.  C.  Down, 
of  the  Bar  of  the  North- West  Territories, 
gives  a  detailed  account,  compiled  from  the 
letters  of  a  party  of  Manitobans,  of  a  journey 
made  this  season  from  Winnipeg,  via  Van- 
couver, Juneau,  the  Chilcoot  Pass,  and  the 
Lewes  and  Yukon  rivers,  to  the  Klondike 
goldfields.  Mr.  Frank  Bullen  writes  on  the 
perils  and  profits  of  sperm  whale  fishing. 
Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  discourses  discursively  and 
anecdotally  '  Concerning  Clothes  '  ;  and  the 
number  is  completed  by  a  further  paper  on 
'  Humours  of  Clerical  Life,'  by  the  Eev. 
Stewart  Bernays,  the  usual  instalment  of 
'  Pages  from  a  Private  Diary,'  the  '  Loss  of 
the  Philip  Herbert,'  a  forgotten  episode  of 
British  naval  heroism,  chronicled  by  Mr. 
A.  H.  Norway,  and  short  stories  by  Miss 
Begbie,  Mrs.  Mansergh,  and  Mr.  C  L. 
Calderon. 

Blackwood'' s  Magazine  for  December  will 
contain  an  article  by  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  on 
'  Ker  of  Kersland  :  Cameronian,  Jacobite, 
and  Spy,'  and  a  reply  by  Sir  Henry  Craik 
to  Prof.  Saintsbury's  criticisms  of  '  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor.' 

The  idea  of  a  pension  scheme  for  the 
Dulwich  masters,  which  is  not  new,  is  now, 
we  hear,  influentiaUy  supported,  and  may 
come  to  something  in  the  near  future. 
Considering  the  ample  endowments  of  Dul- 
wich College,  some  such  arrangement  might 
have  been  expected  long  ago. 

Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  is  engaged  on  a 
memoir  of  the  late  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Murray, 
formerly  Master  of  the  Queen's  Household, 
and  sometime  British  Minister  at  the  Courts 
of  Persia,  Portugal,  Saxony,  and  Denmark, 
the  intimate  friend  of  Samuel  Rogers  and 
his  set,  and  will  be  glad  to  receive  any 
letters  of  Sir  Charles's  which  may  be  in  the 
possession  of  his  friends  or  their  descendants. 
The  publishers  are  Messrs.  William  Black- 
wood &  Sons,  to  whose  care  communications 
should  be  sent. 

Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.  are  to  bring 
out  the  first  volume  of  a  philological  work 
by  Archdeacon  Baly,  entitled  'Eur- Aryan 
Eoots.'  The  second  will  be  published  in 
the  course  of  the  next  two  years.  The 
scheme  of  the  work  is  to  attribute  to 
tlieir  original  "  Eur- Aryan  roots  "  all  Eng- 
lish words  which  can  be  so  derived.  Full 
indices  will  be  appended  to  both  volumes. 

Mr.  Anderson,  the  librarian  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen,  is  going  to  publish  a 
series  of  sketches  of  the  history  of  the 
University  since  the  union  of  King's  Col- 
lego  with  Marischal  College  in  1860  down 
to  1889,  the  date  of  the  Universities  (Scot- 
land) Act.  Among  the  contributors  will  be 
the  Marquis  of  Huntly,  Mr.  W.  Keith 
Leask,  Mr.  Alexander  Mackie,  Dr.  W.  L. 
Mollison,  Dr.  Eobertson  Nicoll,  Emeritus 
Professor  Struthers,  &c. 


Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  will  publish 
at  the  end  of  this  month  a  novel  by  Mr. 
Francis  H.  Hardy,  entitled  '  The  Mills  of 
God.'  The  scene  of  the  story  is  laid  in 
America,  and  the  author  has  introduced 
some  characteristic  incidents,  including  a 
realistic  account  of  an  attemj)ted  train 
robbery. 

Mrs.  Craigie's  new  novel,  '  The  School  for 
Saints,'  which  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  is  to  pub- 
lish, relates  "part  of  the  history  of  the 
Eight.  Hon.  Eobert  Orange,  M.P.";  but  a 
sequel  to  '  The  School  for  Saints '  is  in- 
tended, in  which  Orange's  career  after  his 
marriage  (1870-80)  will  be  chronicled. 

Since  the  publication  of  Mr.  K.  0. 
Meinsma's  excellent  monograph  on  the  per- 
sonal biography  and  surroundings  of  Spinoza 
— a  work  unfortunately  accessible  only  to 
those  who  can  read  Dutch,  but  full  of  new 
information  and  corrections— a  society  has 
been  formed  in  the  Netherlands  for  the 
acquisition  of  Spinoza's  house  at  Eynsburg 
and  the  formation  of  a  Spinoza  museum. 
The  annual  subscription  is  3  fl.  Dutch,  with 
the  alternative  of  a  life  composition  of  not 
less  than  100  fl.  Dr.  J.  te  Winkel,  of 
Amsterdam,  is  the  treasurer. 

The  illness  which  suddonlj^  attacked  Sir 
William  Ingram,  managing  proprietor  of 
the  Illustrated  London  News,  at  his  shooting 
lodge  in  the  Highlands,  was  congestion  of 
the  liver,  and  for  some  days  his  condition 
caused  serious  alarm ;  but  he  is  now  happily 
on  the  road  to  recovery.  Meanwhile  Mr. 
Charles  Ingram  is  taking  his  brother's  work 
at  the  newspaper  office  as  well  as  his  own. 

The  decease  is  announced  of  Dr.  von 
Eiehl,  a  noted  journalist  in  the  days  of 
German  revolution  and  reaction  ( 1 846-1 853), 
who  became  a  professor  at  Munich  in  1854, 
and  Director  of  the  Bavarian  National 
Museum  in  1885.  He  was  a  voluminous 
author,  his  most  popular  book  being  his 
'  Naturgeschichte  des  Volkes  als  Grundlage 
einer  deutschen  Socialpolitik,'  which  filled 
no  fewer  than  four  volumes,  and  ran  through 
several  editions.  An  almost  equal  vogue 
was  attained  by  his  *  Kulturstudien  aus 
drei  Jahrhunderten,'  his  '  Musikalischo 
Charakterkiipfe,'  and  his  '  EeligiiJse  Studien 
eines  Weltkindes.'  He  further  published 
a  great  number  of  Novellen. 

The  demise  is  also  announced  of  Mr. 
F.  A.  Malleson,  for  many  years  Yicar  of 
Broughton  -  in  -  Furness,  who  compiled 
'Euskin's  Letters  to  the  Clergy  on  the 
Lord's  Prayer  and  the  Church,'  and  wrote 
a  popular  book  on  Wordsworth  and  sundry 
theological  works. 

November  30  will  be  the  eightieth 
birthday  of  Prof.  Theodor  Mommsen.  He 
has  received  in  anticipation  a  splendid 
present  from  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  in  the  shape 
of  an  album  with  pictorial  and  verbal  repre- 
sentations of  the  new  Borgia  a^jartments  at 
the  Vatican. 

Messrs.  Downey  &  Co.  write  to  us  com- 
plaining that  in  speaking  a  fortnight  ago  of 
the  edition  of  '  Christopher  Tadpole,'  with 
Leech's  etchings,  which  they  promise,  we 
led  our  readers  to  believe  that  an  edition 
with  the  etchings  had  appeared  in  1893. 
Now,  we  never  said  so,  and  were  careful 
to  speak  of  "  Leech's  pictures "  in  men- 
tioning  it.     The    edition    referred   to  was 


furnished  with  illustrations  copied  or  re- 
pi'oduced  from  Leech's  drawings;  but,  of 
course,  we  should  have  been  sorry  to  lead 
any  one  to  suppose  that  they  were  the 
etchings.  Yv^'e  might  have  added,  for  the 
sake  of  making  the  matter  unmistakable, 
that  it  was  a  very  cheap  edition,  and  had 
we  had  an  idea  anj'body  would  mistake  our 
meaning  we  should  have  done  so.  Of 
course,  Messrs.  Downey's  edition  belongs 
to  quite  a  different  category. 

The  whole  of  the  copies  forming  the  one- 
volume  edition  recently  issued  of  Mr.  Andrew 
Tuer's  '  History  of  the  Horn-book '  were 
taken  up  as  soon  as  it  appeared,  and  con- 
sequently both  editions  are  now  out  of 
print. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Eeport  of  the  Chief  Inspector  of 
Factories  and  Workshops  for  1896  (55.  \d.) ; 
Appendix  YII.  to  the  Final  Eeport  of  the 
Vaccination  Commission,  dealing  with  the 
Outbreak  of  Small-pox  at  Gloucester  (7s.) ; 
a  List  of  "  Schools  Warned "  in  England 
and  Wales  (1^.);  and  eight  more  Eeturns 
of  the  Endowed  Charities  of  West  Eiding 
Parishes. 


SCIENCE 


Natural  History  in  Shakespeare^ 8  Time  :  being 
Extracts  illustrative  of  the  Subject  as  he 
knew  It.  Made  by  H.  W.  Seager.  Also 
Pictures  thereunto  belonging.     (Stock.) 

The  above  is  the  full  and  somewhat  affected 
title,  but  the  headlines,  "  Shakespeare's 
Natural  History,"  are  liable  to  mislead,  and 
convey  the  impression  that  the  work  is  an 
explanatory  treatise  on  the  poet's  allusions 
to  "animals,  vegetables,  and  minerals." 
It  is  true  we  are  told  in  the  preface  that 
the  book  is  "a  collection  of  the  quaint 
theories  about  natural  history  accepted  by 
Shakespeare  and  his  contemporaries,"  but 
our  experience  is  that  the  reading  of  pre- 
faces is  chiefly  confined  to  conscientious 
reviewers.  To  prevent  disappointment,  we 
may  say  at  once  that  the  present  volume  is 
a  collection  of  extracts  from  works  which 
were  the  standard  authorities  in  the  time  of 
the  poet  and  his  contemporaries,  one  of  the 
author's  objects  being,  apparently,  to  show 
the  farrago  of  nonsense  provided  for  readers 
of  the  Elizabethan- Jacobean  period.  Mr. 
Seager' s  other  object  was,  no  doubt,  to 
make  a  book  out  of  the  notes  accumulated 
during  a  labour  which  was  probably  one  of 
love  ;  and  although  more  might  have  been 
made  of  the  subject,  yet  the  compilation 
contains  a  great  deal  of  interesting  legendary 
matter,  and  affords  good  promiscuous  feed- 
ing. 

The  standard  authority  on  natural  history 
in  Shakspeare's  youth  was,  doubtless.  Friar 
Bartholomew's  '  De  Proprietatibus  Eerum,' 
through  the  translation  by  Trevisa  and 
edited  by  Berthelet,  dated  1535,  though 
Batman's  enlarged  and  amended  edition  of 
1582  may  have  exercised  some  influence. 
Another  important  work,  for  the  time,  was 
the  '  Hortus  Sanitatis,'  with  its  archaic,  but 
spirited  woodcuts,  which  are  reproduced 
by  Mr.  Seager ;  and  this  must  have  been 
popular,  inasmuch  as  five  dated  editions 
appeared  between  1490  and  1517.  Topsell's 
'  History    of    Four  -  footed     Beasts    and 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


713 


Serpents,'  Holland's  *  Pliny,'  Holinshed 
and  Harrison's  '  Description  of  Britain,' 
Gerard's  '  Herbal,'  Lupton's  '  Thousand 
Notable  Things,'  &c.,  were  probably  better 
known  to  the  next  generation  than  to  exact 
contemporaries  of  Shakspeare,  for  he  died 
in  1616.  The  above,  and  even  later  works — 
down  to  Evelyn's  '  Silva,'  which  is  stretch- 
ing a  point — are  freely  quoted  ;  in  fact,  the 
book  is  chiefly  made  up  of  extracts  from 
the  first  three  works  mentioned ;  but  numbers 
of  persons  would  never  dream  of  referring 
to  the  originals,  and  are  probably  unaware 
of  their  existence,  and  to  this  class  of 
reader  the  work  wiU  be  agreeable.  It  may 
even  be  instructive,  for  many  customs  which 
still  survive  are  explained.  For  instance, 
the  ears  of  cats — especially  stable- cats — are, 
or  were,  frequently  trimmed,  and  Topsell 
tells  us  why  this  was  done  in  his  time : — 

"Those  which  will  keep  their  cats  indoors 
and  from  hunting  birds  abroad,  must  cut  off 
their  ears,  for  they  cannot  endure  to  have  drops 
of  rain  distil  into  them,  and  therefore  keep 
themselves  in  harbour." 

Topsell  was  well  aware  that  cats  conveyed 
infectious    diseases,     and    cites    a   notable 
example ;  while  at  the  present  day  the  cat 
or  the  kitten    is  probably  unrivalled  as  a 
disseminator  of  scarlet  fever  and  diphtheria 
among  children.    Harrison,  in  his  '  Descrip- 
tion of  England,'  furnishes  an  interesting  list 
of  the  "  wild  fowl  bred  on  our  land,"  adding 
that  "  as  for  egrets,  pawpers,  and  such  like, 
they  are  daily  brought  to  us  from  beyond 
the  sea";  but  we  have  no  idea  what  fearful 
fowl  "pawpers  "  may  be,  and  reference  to 
Prof.  Newton's  '  Dictionary  of  Birds  '  does 
not    enlighten  us.      Mr.   Seager    does    not 
often  venture  upon  an  editorial  note,  and 
when    he    does    the  result   is   not    always 
happy,  e.g.,  "the  bunting  is  the  woodlark  " 
had    better    been  left    unsaid ;    while    the 
suggestion  might  have  been  hazarded  that 
Shakspeare's   "cat  o'  mountain"  was  the 
lynx.      That  Shakspeare,    Massinger,    and 
others    were    under     the    impression    that 
"your     serpent    of     Egypt"    and    "your 
crocodile"  were  "bred  of  your  mud  by  the 
operation  of  the  sun  "  is  not  wonderful,  for 
even  in  these  days  of  school  boards  many 
people   would,    if    questioned,    express    the 
belief  that  beetles  and  other  creeping  things 
are  bred   "of  dirt";    and    at    p.   116  is  a 
fearful  picture  of    a    tester-bed    with    two 
large  pillows,  and  four  monsters  supposed 
to  be  fleas,  but  rather  resembling  the  insect 
that  walketh    in    darkness.      Another    cut 
of    a   lady   attending  to   a   boy's   head    is 
highly  realistic,  and  is  also  interesting  as 
showing  the  costume  of   the  period.     The 
statement   in  Minsheu's  *  Dictionary '    that 
martins  or  martlets  are  so  called  "because 
they  come  to  us  about  the  end  of  the  month 
of  March  from  warm  regions    and   depart 
before  the  feast  of  St.  Martin,"  strikes  us 
as  little  known.     This  notice  might  be  ex- 
tended indefinitely,  but  the  above  are  a  few 
of  the  points  we  have  marked  in   a  book 
which  deserves  to  be  popular,  while  well- 
informed  people  may  be  warned  off. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  LITERATURE. 

Mr.  Edward  Stanford  publishes  in  the  new 
issue  of  "  Stanford's  Compendium  of  Geography 
and  Travel  "  North  America:  Vol.  I.,  Canada 
and  Newfoundland,  by  Dr.  S.  E.  Dawson.  The 
author  in  his  preface  shows  he  thinks  that  some  I 


at  home  are  indifierent  whether  Canada  remains 
British    or  joins    the    United    States.     We  are 
inclined    to  doubt  this.     But    by  allowing   her 
organized  militia  to  decrease  in  number,  and  by 
failing  to  provide  a  sufficient  reserve  of  guns 
and  rifles  and  ammunition,  Canada  has  herself 
hardly  shown  an  appreciation  of  modern  facts. 
We  could  do  much,  if  not  at  war  with  a  great 
coalition,  to   help  to  defend  Canada  up  to  and 
including  Lake  Superior ;  but  the  defence  of  the 
equally  long  and  far  more  exposed  frontier  from 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  Vancouver  city  must 
make  heavy  demands  on  Canadian  patriotism, 
and  if  the  Canadians  are  as  anxious  to  mould 
their    own    destinies    as    are    the    Swiss,    for 
example,   they  do  not  take  the  same  effective 
means  of  proving  it.    It  is  possible  to  reply  that 
if   the   United   States  ever  resolve  to  conquer 
Canada   they  can   do  it,   but   that  is    not  Dr. 
Dawson's  line,  and  a  corresponding  reply  with 
regard  to  Germany  might,  indeed,  be  made  to 
the  Swiss  Federal  Council  by  a  Swiss  opponent 
of   "  militaryism."     The  merits  of  the  volume 
before  us  are  immense,   and   if  we  note  a  few 
defects,  it    is    for    the    purpose    of    improving 
the  next  issue.     Dr.  Dawson  does  not  discuss 
adequately  the  future   communications   of   the 
North-West  with   Europe.     Whether    Hudson 
Bay    can     or    cannot    be     used     for    trade    is 
the     most     important     politico  -  geographical 
question  to  be   asked   as    to   British  America, 
and    Dr.    Dawson    does    not    help    us    to    an 
answer.     He    twice    tells    us     that    the    great 
Nelson  river  is  named  not  after  Lord  Nelson, 
but  after  another  British  sailor  of  the  name,  but 
he  does  not  point  out  the  prospects  o*^  trade 
following  its  route.  Our  search  for  this  informa- 
tion has  shown  us  that  Dr.  Dawson  repeats  him- 
self a  good  deal  and  that  his   index  is  defective, 
though  accurate  as  far  as  it   goes.      The  only 
other   main   defect  which  we   have   discovered 
concerns  the  claims  of  the  French  in  Newfound- 
land.    It  is  misleading  to  say  that  "  the  French 
catch    lobsters   and    erect    permanent    canning 
establishments,  and  prevent  the  English  from 
doing  the  same,"  as  this  practice  was  brought 
to  an  end  some  years  ago  by  the  Modus  Vivendi, 
which  maintains  the  lobster-canning  establish- 
ment of  both  races,  forbids  the  erection  of  new 
ones    by  either,   and    is    enforced    by    the   two 
commodores.     It  is  also  misleading  to  say  that 
the  Conservative  Government  of  1879  prevented 
the  colony  from  putting  a  railway  station  on 
"  the  French  Shore  "  without  adding  that  this 
foolish  decision  was  afterwards   reversed.      In 
the  list  of  authorities  on  the  subject  the  three 
latest  works  should  have  been  added,  as  they 
give   a    more    perfect    account    of    the    French 
Shore   difficulty  than   do  Dr.   Harvey's   earlier 
references   here    quoted,    which    are    now   out 
of   date.      To    say   that    Cape    Race   is    "one- 
third    of    the    distance    across    the    Atlantic " 
suggests  but  does    not    answer    the    questions 
where  from  and  where  to.     It  is  not  true,  as 
is  stated  in  contrasting  the  summer  warmth  of 
Canada   with  that  of  the  mother  country,  that 
"a  crop  of  tobacco  cannot  be  grown  in   Eng- 
land."    We    do  not    like  the  French    use    of 
secular  in  "secular  stream,"   "secular  waste," 
and  so  forth.     Our  readers  may  be  interested 
to  learn  from  Dr.  Dawson  that  Anticosti,  which 
is  122  miles    long,  and    contains  2,600  square 
miles  and     253  people,    "  has  been   purchased 
by  M.   Menier,  the  chocolate  manufacturer  of 
France,  who  is    reported  to  be  stocking  it  as 
a    game    preserve."     In    looking    through    the 
700    and    odd    pages    of    the    book    we    have 
not     come     across     an     important     downright 
blunder,  and  the  general  scope  and  execution 
of  the  work,  like   those  of  the  'Asia,'  'Africa,' 
and  '  Australasia  '  of  the  series,  are  admirable. 

Health  in  Africa.  By  D.  Kerr  Cross,  M.B. 
With  an  Introduction  by  SirH.  Johnston,  K.C.B. 
(Nisbet.)— Since,  as  Dr.  Cross  remarks  in  his  pre- 
face, no  one  in  Central  Africa  escapes  malarial 
fever,  a  book  like  this,  which  tells  how  to  guard 
against  it  and  what  to   do  in   the  absence  of 


medical  help,  is  likely  to  be  of  value  to  settlers 
and  travellers.  Sir  Harry  Johnston  bears 
testimony  to  Dr.  Cross's  knowledge  of  his 
subject,  and  mentions  that  it  is  founded  on  ten 
years'  experience  of  medical  work  at  the  north 
end  of  Lake  Nyasa.  This  book  is  intended  as 
a  vade  mecum  for  travellers,  and  therefore 
goes  little  into  pathology,  but  describes  many 
disorders  common  to  Africa  and  other  countries, 
as  well  as  the  method  of  recovering  people 
nearly  drowned  and  the  treatment  of  injuries. 
The  chief  fault  of  the  work  is  that  the  author 
tells  little  that  he  has  himself  observed,  and 
extracts  too  much  from  books.  He  has  made 
a  compilation,  and  seems  to  have  few  opinions 
based  on  his  own  experience.  The  object  of 
the  book  is  excellent,  but  a  much  better  one 
might  have  been  expected.  There  is  little  in 
what  Dr.  Cross  tells  which  might  not  have  been 
written  by  a  man  who  had  access  to  a  good 
medical  library,  but  had  never  been  to  Africa. 

Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co.  publish  for  the 
Castle  Mail  Packets  Co.  The  Giiideto  South  Africa, 
edited  by  Messrs.  Samler  Brown  and  Gordon 
Brown.  It  is  described  as  being  for  "  tourists, 
sportsmen,  invalids,  and  settlers,"  and  deserves 
the  description,  as  it  is  full  and  accurate  on  all 
heads.  Arrangement  is  wanting,  but  this  does 
not  matter  as  there  is  a  good  index. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL   NOTES. 

Several  communications  of  an  anthropo- 
logical character  made  at  recent  meetings 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  are  recorded 
in  its  Proceedings.  Mr.  John  Ward  described 
excavations  in  barrows  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Buxton.  In  that  on  Thirkel-low 
a  skeleton  was  found  nearly  entire,  with  the 
exception  that  the  bones  of  the  skull  were 
absent,  leading  to  the  inference  that  the  corpse 
was  buried  headless.  Close  to  the  hands  was 
a  small,  highly  finished,  perforated  stone  axe. 
Col.  Fishwick  noted  a  discovery  of  sepulchral 
urns  on  Pule  Hill,  Yorkshire.  Mr.  Read  com- 
mented on  two  hoards  of  bronze  implements 
from  Grays  Thurrock,  in  Essex,  and  Southall, 
in  Middlesex,  added  by  the  lamented 
Sir  Wollaston  Franks  to  the  collections 
in  the  British  Museum.  In  connexion  with 
this  subject,  Mr.  Gowland  also  made  some 
valuable  remarks  on  the  composition  of  the 
metal  and  the  ancient  manufacture  of  bronze. 
Mr.  T.  Gann  read  a  paper  on  the  contents  of 
more  than  fifty  mounds  opened  by  him  in 
British  Honduras,  Guatemala,  and  Yucatan. 
A  mound  at  Sta.  Rita,  in  the  northern  part  of 
British  Honduras,  was  erected  over  a  building 
which  was  beautifully  decorated  on  the  outside 
with  paintings  on  stucco,  representing  human 
and  other  figures  elaborately  costumed  and 
ornamented.  Jn  mounds  near  Benque  Viejo 
a  number  of  objects  of  chert  and  obsidian  were 
found.  The  Rev.  E.  B.  Savage  communicated 
a  note  on  ancient  burial  customs. 

The  contents  of  the  current  number  of  the 
Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  are 
noteworthy  as  embodying  the  results  of  anthropo- 
logical research  in  many  different  directions.  Mr. 
A.  W.  Moore  and  Dr.  Beddoe  have  constructed 
from  records  of  the  physical  characters  of  1,112 
members  of  the  Royal  Manx  Fencibles,  made 
between  1803  and  1810,  a  complete  series  of 
statistical  tables,  from  which  they  arrive  at 
certain  deductions  as  to  the  distribution  of  races 
in  the  Isle  of  Man.  Dr.  Paul  Topinard  com- 
municates (through  Dr.  Garson)  observations 
on  the  anthropology  of  Brittany,  where  he  dis- 
tinguishes four  types  of  people.  Two  are  the 
survivors  of  knowm  historic  or  prehistoric  races, 
one  is  the  product  of  the  mixture  of  these  two, 
and  one  should  be  the  direct  descendant  of  the 
autochthonous  race  of  the  neolithic  age,  and 
indeed,  as  he  thinks,  of  the  palajolithic  age. 
Miss  G.  M.  Godden  concludes  her  able  mono- 
graph on  the  Naga  and  other  frontier  tribes  of 
North-East  India.  SirG.S  Robertson  contributes 


714 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


an  account  of  Kafiristan  and  its  people.  Mr. 
W.  B.  Harris  describes  the  Berbers  of  Morocco] 
a  division  of  the  Hamitic  people,  who  have  held 
themselves  aloof  from  Arab  and  European  alike, 
and  whose  wild  country  has  been  seldom  visited! 
Mr.  Seton-Karr  records  his  recent  discoveries 
of  the  lost  flint  mines  of  Egypt  and  of  ancient 
stone  implements  in  Somaliland.  Mr.  O.  M. 
Dalton  comments  on  the  ethnographical  objects 
found  in  Quito  and  other  parts  of  Ecuador  by 
Mr.  Edward  Whymper,  lately  added  to  the 
Christy  collection.  Mr.  R.  H.  Mathews  con- 
tributes a  paper  on  the  bull-roarers  used  by  the 
Australian  aborigines. 

The  ethnographical  and  scientific  museums  in 
certain  of  our  colonies  are  in  various  stages  of 
development  or  stagnation.  At  Perak,  according 
to  the  Government  Blue-book  just  issued  on  the 
Federated  Malay  States  (C.  8,661  of  1897),  con- 
siderable additions  have  been  made  to  the 
ethnographical  section.  The  collection  of  Malay 
silverwork  has  been  brought  up  to  400  pieces 
in  all,  but  more  space  is  required—"  three  times 
the  present  floor  space  could  easily  be  filled 
without  going  outside  the  Malayan  regions." 
At  Selangor  the  museum  is  in  a  state  of  transi- 
tion, pending  its  removal  to  another  building, 
and  in  the  mean  time  a  question  has  been  raised 
as  to  the  justification  for  supporting  it  out 
of  Government  funds.  What  is  wanted  is  an 
efficient  curator  with  sufficient  funds  to  procure 
specimens  and  cases  for  their  exhibition.  Surely 
the  time  has  gone  by  when  there  can  any  longer 
be  a  doubt  as  to  the  value  of  these  museums. 


SOCIETIES. 

^  Geological.— iVw.  3.-Dr.  H.  Hicks,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Capt.  the  Hon.  W.  Grimston  was 
elected  a  Fellow  ;  Dr.  O.  Fraas,  of  Stuttgart,  M.  L 
Dollo,  of  Brussels,  and  M.  E.  de  Margerie,  of  Paris 
were  elected  Foreign  Correspondents  of  the  Society. 
—  Mr.  Bauerman,  as  one  of  the  three  delegates 
appointed  by  the  Council  on  behalf  of  the  Society 
to  attend  the  recent  International  Geological  Con- 
gress held  at  St.  Petersburg,  gave  a  short  account 
of  the  work  of  the  Congress,  dwelling  more  par- 
ticularly on  the  excursion  to  the  Ural  Mountains, 
m  which  he  had  taken  part.— The  following  com- 
munication was  read:  'A  Contribution  to  the 
Paleontology  of  the  Decapod  Crustacea  of  Eng- 
land, by  the  late  J.  Carter  (communicated  by  Prof. 
T.  McKenny  Hughes). 

Statistical.— ?»^o«.  16.-Right  Hon.  L.  H.  Court- 
ney, President,  in  the  chair.— Major  Craigie,  in  his 
capacity  of  Honorary  Foreign  Secretary,  brought 
under  the  notice  of  the  Society  a  report  on  the 
subjects  discussed  at  the  meeting  of  the  Inter- 
national Statistical  Institute  at  St.  Petersburg  in 
August  and  September  last. 

_  LiNNEAN.— A^o«.  4.— Dr.  A.  Giinther,  President, 
m  the  chair.— Messrs.  F.  Tufnail  and  J.  Stewart 
Kemington  were  elected  Fellows.— Mr.  F.  G.  Jack- 
son, leader  of  the  Jackson-Harmsworth  Polar 
iixpedition,  exhibited  a  series  of  lantern-slides 
Illustrating  some  zoological  observations  of  the 
expedition,  the  most  noteworthy  being  views  of 
the  hibernaculum  of  the  Polar  bear  and  of  the 
breeding  haunts  in  Franz  .Tosef  Land  of  the 
ivory  gull  (Pagophila  eburnea),  the  eggs  of  which 
were  also  shown.— A  discussion  followed,  in  which 
Messrs.  Harting,  H.  Saunders,  H.  O.  Forbes,  H. 
A^-X'  ^?,*^  4-  Trevor-Battye,  the  Rev.  F.  A.  Walker, 
and  Dr.  Murie  took  part.-Mr.  H.  Fisher,  botanist  to 
the  expedition,  brought  for  exhibition  a  collection 
of  plants  made  by  him  in  Franz  Josef  Land,  the 
consideration  of  which  was  deferred  for  want  of  time. 
—Mr.  Reginald  Lodge  exhibited  some  lantern-slides 
of  marsh  birds,  their  nests,  eggs,  and  young,  from 
photographs  recently  taken  in  Spain  and  Holland.- 
bir  J.  Lubbock  read  a  paper  'On  the  Attraction  of 
Flowers  for  Insects,'  which  dealt  chiefly  with  the 
points  raised  in  three  recently  published  memoirs 
by  Prof.  Plateau,  who  had  attempted  to  show  that 
the  scents  and  not  the  colours  of  flowers  serve  to 
attract  insects.  Sir  John  Lubbock  explained  that 
his  view,  like  that  of  Sprengel  and  Darwin,  was 
tbat  to  insects  flowers  were  indebted  for  both  their 
scent  and  colour.  Not  only  had  the  present  shapes 
and  outlines,  colours,  the  scent,  and  the  honey  of 
tlowers  been  gradually  developed  through  the  un- 
conscious selection  exercised  by  insects,  but  this 
applied  even  to  minor  points,  such  as  the  arrange- 
ment of  lines  and  the  different  shades  of  colour. 
rror.  fiateau   had   recorded   a  series   of   experi- 


ments  on  the  dahlia,  in  which  he  showed  that  bees 
come  to  these  flowers  even  when  the  ray-florets 
have  been  removed.  Discussing  this  point,  Sir  J. 
Lubbock  said  it  was  somewhat  singular  that  Prof. 
Plateau  should  have  selected  as  proving  that  insects 
are  entirely  attracted  by  scent  a  flower  which  had, 
so  far  as  he  knew,  no  scent  at  all.  He  gave  several 
reasons  for  disputing  the  conclusions  drawn  by 
Prof.  Plateau  from  his  experiments,  and  recorded 
others  made  by  himself  which  refuted  them.  He 
had  selected  species  of  flowers  in  which  the  scent  is 
in  one  part  and  the  coloured  leaves  in  another,  as, 
for  instance,  the  Erynginm  amethystimim.  This 
flower  is  surrounded  by  brilliant  blue  bracts  ;  and 
he  found  that  if  the  two  parts  were  separated,  the 
bees  came  more  often  to  the  bracts  than  they  did  to 
the  flowers  themselves.  He  maintained,  therefore, 
that  the  observations  of  Prof.  Plateau  did  not  in 
any  way  weaken  the  conclusions  which  had  been 
drawn  by  Sprengel,  Darwin,  and  others,  and  that  it 
was  still  clear  that  the  colours  of  flowers  serve  to 
guide  insects  to  the  honey,  and  in  this  way  secure 
cross-fertilization.— A  discussion  followed,  in  which 
Mr.  A.  W.  Bennett,  Mr.  Grabham,  and  Dr.  H.  O. 
Forbes  took  part.— Mr.  W.  C.  Worsdell  communi- 
cated a  paper  '  On  Transfusion-tissue,  its  Origin  and 
Functions  in  the  Leaves  of  Gymnospermous  Plants.' 

Entomological.— A^oy.  3.-Mr.  R.  Trimen,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Mr.  Selwyn  Image  was  elected 
a  Fellow.— Mr.  ,L  J.  Walker  exhibited  specimens  of 
Amsolabis  annuUpes,  Luc,  an  introduced  species 
of  earwig  taken  among  bones  at  the  chemical  works 
at  Queenborough,  and  of  Brachysonms  hirtus,  Boh., 
a  rare  weevil,  taken  among  dead  leaves  at  Chatham. 
—Mr.  Janson  exhibited  a  variety  of  Melanargia 
galatea  of  a  clear  yellowish  cream  colour,  without 
trace  of  the  usual  black  markings.  It  was  captured 
between  Dover  and  Walmer  in  1843,  and  was 
still  in  perfect  condition.— Lord  Dormer  showed  a 
remarkable  openwork  cocoon  of  an  unknown 
Japanese  moth,  constructed  from  the  larval  hairs. 
--Mr.  Jacoby  exhibited  fine  examples  of  both  sexes 
of  the  Australian  hepialids,  Charagria  ramsayi, 
C.  splendens,  and  Hepialus  daphnandri.  —  Vl\^ 
Nicholl  exhibited  a  selection  from  the  butterflies 
collected  by  her  this  year,  in  June  and  July,  in  the 
Albarracm  Mountains  in  Aragon,  containing  several 
additions  to  the  list  of  the  district  published  in 
Madrid  by  Don  Zapater  and  Herr  Max  Korb.  The 
species  of  greatest  interest  were  Erehia  zapateri, 
Oberth.,  Ccenonympha  iphioides.  Stand.,  Satyrus 
prieuri,  Pier.,  and  its  fulvous  var.  uhagoni,  which 
was  observed  to  be  much  more  attractive  to  the 
males  than  the  normal  form  was  ;  Argynnis  hecate, 
Esp.,  and  Parnassius  apollo,  L.,  of  which  a  female 
variety  occurred  with  red-centred  ocelli  on  the 
upperside  of  the  forewing.-The  Rev.  H.  S.  Gorham 
showed  examples  of  the  following  rare  beetles  from 
the  New  Forest:  Notiophilus  rufipes,  Vellelus  dila- 

1,^'  i>''-''"'Onyx  sulcicollis,  and  Lytta  vesicatoria. 
—Mr.  Tutt  showed  a  series  of  Noctuaj,  taken  at 
Romford  by  the  Rev.  W.  CJaxton,  all  of  aberrant 
form  ;  and  for  Mr.  J.  Merrin  a  specimen  of  Aglais 
urticfe  with  a  silvery  costal  spot  on  the  underside 
of  the  forewings,  a  series  of  Melitcea  aurinia,  and 
an  example  of  SyricMhus  malva,  ab.  taras,  taken 
near  Gloucester.  —  Mr.  Kirkaldy  exhibited  a  com- 
plete series  of  species  of  the  genus  Notonecta,  L., 
specimens  of  the  larva  and  imago  of  the  very  rare 
Beinostoma  dilatatum  (Say.),  from  Arizona,  and 
specimens  of  Antipaloeoris  marshalli,  Scott,  from 
Ceylon,  which  was  previously  recorded  from 
Corsica  alone.— Papers  were  communicated  by  the 
President  on  'New  or  Little-Known  Species  of 
African  Butterflies,'  and  by  Mr.  E.  Meyrick  on  '  New 
Lepidoptera  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand.' 

Meteorological.— A^(M\  17.— Mr.  E.  Mawley 
President,  in  the  chair.-Mr.  R.  H.  Curtis  gave  the 
Results  of  a  Comparison  between  the  Sunshine 
Records  obtained  simultaneously  from  a  Campbell- 
Stokes  Burning  Recorder  and  from  a  Jordan  Photo- 
graphic Recorder.'-After  the  paper  had  been  read 
a  discussion  ensued  as  to  the  merits  of  the  respective 
sunshine  recorders. 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


Mathematical.— A'rti;.  11.— Prof.  Elliott  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Messrs.  J.  B.  Dale  and  G  B. 
Mathews  were  admitted  into  the  Society.— The 
Treasurer  (Dr.  J.  Larmor)  read  his  Report,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  pointed  out  that  the  publications 
of  the  Society  had  of  recent  years  grown  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  tax  its  utmost  resources,  and  that,  were 
It  not  for  the  help  of  the  funds  munificently  estab- 
lished many  years  ago  by  Lord  Rayleigh,  and  more 
recently  by  the  late  Lieut.-Col.  Campbell  (to  whose 
recent  decease  the  President  had  previously  re- 
ferred), the  Society  would  be  compelled  materially  to 
restrict  Its  sphere  of  activity.— After  the  ballot  had 
been  taken,  the  gentlemen  whose  names  were  given 
in  the  Athenteum  for  October  23rd  were  declared  to 
be  duly  elected  on  the  Council  for  the  session  1897-8. 
—The  following  papers  were  communicated  :  '  On 


an  Extension  of  the  Exponential  Theorem,'  by  Mr. 
J.  E.  Campbell,—'  Certain  Allied  Forms  in  Legendre's 
Functions  between  Arbitrary  Limits,'  by  Mr  R 
Hargreaves,— '  On  the  Poncelet  Polygons  of  a 
LimaQon,'  by  Prof.  F.  Morley,— 'The  Calculus  of 
Equivalent  Statements  '  (No.  7),  by  Mr.  H.  MacColl, 
"'J'^^  Character  of  the  General  Integral  of  Partial 
Differential  Equations,'  by  Prof.  Forsyth, —and 
'Note  on  Bessel  Functions,'  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Mac- 
donald. 

^nYsiCku—Nov.  12.— Mr.  G.  Johnstone  Stoney 
V  P.,  in  the  chair.-Mr.  J.  Rose-Innes  read  a  paper 

On  the  Isothermals  of  Ether.'— A  paper  '  On  the 
Variations  in  the  E.M.F.  of  the  H-form  of  Clark 
Cells  with  Temperature,'  by  Messrs.  F.  S.  Spiers, 
F  Twyman,  and  W.  L.  Waters,  was  read  by  Mr. 
Waters. 


MON. 


TUES. 

Wed. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

London  Institution,  5.—' Peterborough  Cathedral  and  its  Re- 
storation,' Mr    A.  Mitchell. 

Geographical,  8J.—' four  Years'  Exploration  in  Central  Asia." 
Dr.  Sven  Hedin. 

Civil  Engineers,  8.— 'Central -Station  Electric  Coal  - Minine 
Plant  in  Pennsylvania,'  Mr.  W  S.  Gresley. 

Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  Progress  of  Metallurgy  and  Metal  Mining 

„'" '^'"*"<=^ '•"""K '■'•e  last  Half  Century,' Prof.  J.  Douglas. 
Thuks.  Royal,  4J. 

—  London   Institution,  6.— 'With   Greek  and    'rurlt  during  the 

Recent  War,'  Mr.  F.  Villiers 

—  Electrical  Engineers,  8  —Continued  Discussion  on  '  Accumulator 

Traction  on  Rails  and  Ordinary  Koads.' 

—  Antiquaries,  8J.—' Cocoa-nut    Cup    belonging   to    Yarborough 

Church,  Lincolnshire,'  Dr.  E.  M.  Sympson ;  '  Stall-Plate  ol 
Charles,  Earl  ol  Worcester,  KG,  1496-1526,- .Mr  C  H  Read. 
•  Roman  Ruildings  uncovered  at  Clanville,  near  Andoveri 
and  a  Remarkable  Deposit  of  Romano-British  Metal  Vessels  at 
Appleshaw,  Hants,'  Rev.  G.  H.  Engleheart 


The  unfortunate  death  of  Oapt.  E.  Y. 
Watson  during  the  Indian  frontier  war  is  a 
matter  of  great  regret  to  those  who  are  inter- 
ested in  the  scientific  treatment  of  the  study  of 
insects.  Capt.  Watson  was  well  known  to 
entomologists  as  a  student  of  butterflies,  and 
his  contributions  to  knowledge  were  highly 
esteemed. 

The  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Woods 
and  Forests  contains  an  interesting  hint  of  the 
formation  of  a  School  of  Forestry.  The  report, 
just  circulated,  is  that  laid  before  Parliament 
in  "dummy"  in  June.  In  it  Mr.  Stafford 
Howard  says  that  Mr.  Hill,  Conservator  of 
Forests  in  the  Indian  service,  is  to  examine 
and  report  on  "Her  Majesty's  Royal  Forest 
of  Dean,"  with  a  view  to  make  it  an  object- 
lesson  for  those  Britons  who  at  present  have  to 
live  at  Nancy  in  order  to  study  forestry.  The 
newspapers  have  assumed  that  this  examination 
lies  in  the  future,  but  it  belongs  to  the  past.  Mr. 
Hill's  visits  were  paid  last  spring  and  in  the  early 
summer,  and  the  materials  for  his  report  were 
in  his  possession  when  the  Woods  and  Forests 
Report  was  laid  before  Parliament  in  June. 
The  question  is  what  the  Treasury  and  the 
Government  of  India  will  do. 

The  third  International  Congress  for  Applied 
Chemistry,  which  is  to  take  place  next  year  at 
Vienna,  will  consist  of  twelve  sections.  We 
also  hear  that  Dr.  H.  R.  von  Perger  has  been 
elected  president  vice  Prof.  A.  Bauer,  who  has 
been  obliged  to  decline  the  honorary  oflice  on 
account  of  the  state  of  his  healtli. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  present  session  of  the 
German  Chemical  Society  at  Berlin  was  devoted 
to  a  Gedachtnisfeier  in  honour  of  Prof.  Victor 
Meyer,  late  of  Heidelberg.  Dr.  Theodore  Cur- 
tius,  of  Bonn,  well  known  by  his  scientific  re- 
searches, has  been  appointed  his  successor. 

Dr.  Leonhard  Sohncke,  Professor  of  Experi- 
mental Physics  and  Director  of  the  Physical 
Laboratory  at  the  Technical  High  School  of 
Munich,  died  on  the  2nd  inst.  in  his  fifty-sixth 
year.  Dr.  Sohncke  was  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  at  that  place,  and  author  of  the 
scientific  work  '  Entwickelung  einer  Theorie 
der  Krystallstructur.'  He  also  distinguished 
himself  by  his  researches  in  electricity  and 
magnetism. 

Perrine's  comet  (a,  1897)  is  still  in  the  con- 
stellation Draco,  moving  in  a  south-westerly 
direction  towards  Lyra.  It  has  so  much 
diminished  in  brightness  as  to  be  out  of  the 
reach  of  any  but  powerful  telescopes. 


I 


N^'Sese,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


715 


FINE    ARTS 


MOHE   SMALL   BOOKS   ABOUT   BIG    CHURCHES. 

St.  FauVs  Cathedral.  By  the  Rev.  Canon 
Newbolt.  Illustrated  by  Herbert  Railton.— 
Wells  Cathedral.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Church. 
Illustrated  by  Herbert  Railton.— £?(/  Cathe- 
dral. By  the  Rev.  Canon  Dickson.  Illus- 
trated by  Alexander  Ansted.  (Isbister  &  Co.) 

Durham  Cathedral.  By  William  Greenwell. 
Fifth  Edition.     (Durham,  Andrews  &  Co.) 

Notes  on  the  Painted  Glass  of  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral. With  Preface  by  the  Very  Rev.  F.  W. 
Farrar.    (Aberdeen,  University  Press.) 

The  first  three  of  the  books  before  us  continue 
a  series,  the  beginning  of  which  we  noticed 
several  weeks  ago  ;  and  they  are  of  the  same  kind, 
though  none  of  these  is  quite  so  flimsy  as  some 
of  its  forerunners.  And,  so  far  as  we  know, 
all  appear  now  for  the  first  time.  There  is  a 
chapter  on  Wells  Cathedral  by  another  writer 
in  the  book  from  which  many  of  the  series 
have  been  reprinted  ;  but  this  by  Canon 
Church  is  new,  and  the  best  of  the  group. 
Canon  Church  knows  his  subject  well,  and  in 
a  short  space  has  supplied  a  good  summary  of  the 
history  of  the  building.  He  does  not  attempt 
to  describe  it.  The  illustrations,  as  they  are 
called,  illustrate  nothing,  and  disfigure  the 
book. 

The  St.  Paul's  and  Ely  books  are  chiefly 
descriptive  in  a  rambling  fashion,  and  either  of 
them  delivered  orally  might  serve  as  a  demon- 
stration of  its  subject  to  a  party  of  sightseers, 
but  to  the  reader  they  are  unsatisfying.  Canon 
Newbolt  thinks  it  necessary  to  apologize  for 
St.  Paul's  because  it  is  not  Gothic  ;  and  he  is 
not  consistent  when  he  commends  the  work  of 
decoration  now  going  on  in  the  church,  and  at 
the  same  time  condemns  the  proposed  super- 
session of  Thornhill's  pictures  as  "destroying 
history."  Canon  Dickson's  archseological  posi- 
tion is  sufficiently  indicated  by  his  taking 
"chantry"  to  mean  an  enclosed  chapel,  and  his 
use  of  "presbytery  "and  "  retro-choir  " as  inter- 
changeable words.  The  illustrations  are  as  in 
the  rest  of  the  series. 

We  welcome  a  new  edition  of  Dr.  Green- 
well's  little  book,  which,  though  modestly 
called  an  address,  is  the  best  and  fullest 
handbook  on  any  English  building  that  we 
know.  It  is  convenient  in  form,  and  no  part 
of  its  hundred  pages  is  wasted  by  tiresome 
verbiage.  The  most  important  new  matter  is 
an  account  of  the  discoveries  lately  made  about 
the  east  end  of  the  Norman  church,  as  to  the 
meaning  of  which  Dr.  Greenwell's  opinion  com- 
mends itself  more  to  us  than  do  some  others 
which  we  have  seen.  There  are  also  some  very 
severe  remarks  on  the  inaccuracy  of  the  recent 
attempt  to  "restore"  the  ancient  chapter- 
house, which  was  wantonly  destroyed  a  hundred 
years  since.  Something  might  well  have  been 
added  about  the  fatuity  of  the  whole  business. 
The  illustrations  are  from  photographs,  well 
chosen  and  generally  good.  There  are  (what 
every  such  book  should  have)  a  good  plan  and 
an  index. 

The  Canterbury  book  is  anonymous,  but  we 
learn  from  the  preface  that  it  is  the  work  of  a 
lady.  Dr.  Farrar's  preface  is  only  an  introduc- 
tion to  and  commendation  of  the  rest.  The  old 
glass  at  Canterbury  has  sufi'ered,  first  from 
Puritan  violence  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
when  most  of  it  was  lost  ;  then  from  ignorant 
botching  in  the  eighteenth  century,  when  much 
of  what  was  left  was  taken  from  its  proper 
places,  and  mixed  up  in  new  ones,  without 
regard  to  date  or  subject,  in  almost  hopeless 
confusion;  and  last  from  "restoration"  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  when  it  has  been  largely 
adulterated  with  modern  imitations.  It  was  a 
good  idea  to  seek  out  and  collect  all  the  evi- 
dence about  the  glass  that  can  be  found,  and,  by 
comparing   it  with    the   windows  as   they  are 


now,  to  attempt  to  unravel  the  tangle.  But 
unfortunately  the  writer  has  treated  her  autho- 
rities much  as  the  eighteeenth  century  glaziers 
did  the  glass,  and  it  is  often  difficult  to  find  out 
from  whom  she  is  copying,  whilst  her  own 
descriptions  are  not  always  clear.  Nevertheless, 
if  the  book  bear  the  test  of  use,  it  will  possess 
a  permanent  value  in  helping  the  student  to 
distinguish  the  genuine  work  from  the  modern 
forgeries  with  which  nearly  all  of  it  is  mixed. 
Representations  of  painted  glass  in  black  and 
white  are  of  necessity  only  diagrams,  and,  as 
such,  those  here  given  are  well  done,  and  they 
do  illustrate  the  text  with  which  they  are  asso- 
ciated. The  Latin  quotations  want  some 
revision. 


MR.    JOHN    BAGNOLD    BURGESS,    R.A. 

After  a  valetudinary  life  which,  nevertheless, 
was  extended  considerably  beyond  the  average 
duration,  this  painstaking  and  studious  painter 
passed  away  on  Friday  evening  of  last  week, 
leaving  unfinished  at  least  two  pictures  of  more 
than  usual  importance,  which  the  gradual 
failure  of  his  health  had  prevented  him  from 
completing.  The  son  of  William  Burgess,  a 
landscape  painter  and  teacher  of  painting  who 
resided  chiefly  at  Dover,  J.  B.  Burgess  was 
born  in  1830,  and  when  quite  a  youth  became 
a  student  in  the  Royal  Academy,  and  was 
trained  as  a  figure-painter.  In  1850  he  ex- 
hibited at  Trafalgar  Square  for  the  first  time — 
a  genre  subject  of  the  class  to  which  he  adhered 
for  many  years,  the  title  being  'Inattention,' 
No.  349.  The  British  Artists'  Gallery  of 
1851  contained  his  '  Study  of  a  Head ';  in 
the  next  year  his  '  Fancy  Sketch  '  was  at  the 
Academy;  in  1853  he  was  willing  to  sell  'A 
Cottage  Interior,  from  the  walls  of  the  British 
Institution,  for  the  modest  price  of  151.  From 
this  date,  however,  his  progress  was  gradually, 
but  by  no  means  rapidly,  upwards.  All  his 
works  betrayed  the  influence  of  John  Phillip, 
who  was  a  favourite  artist  at  that  time,  and,  in 
greater  degrees,  the  effect  of  studies  in  Wilkie's 
later  manner,  and,  most  of  all,  of  their  common 
model  Murillo.  "These  influences  naturally  led 
Burgess  to  extend  his  studies  from  Spanish  and 
quasi-Spanish  art  to  Spain  itself,  where,  especi- 
ally at  Seville,  he  found  abundant  stores  of 
Murillo's  materials  ready  at  his  hand,  hardly 
changed  since  the  master  died  there  in  1682. 
Yet  Burgess  was  twenty-eight  years  old  before, 
about  1858,  he  reached  Spain.  The  first  fruit 
of  the  visit  was  'Castilian  Almsgiving,'  which 
he  sent  to  the  Academy  in  1859,  No.  457. 
From  this  time,  with  some  exceptions,  he 
annually  sent  one  or  more  Spanish  subjects  to 
the  Academy.  Nobody  was  surprised  when,  in 
1877,  he  was  elected  an  Associate,  his  picture 
of  the  year  being  '  Licensing  the  Beggars,  Spain,' 
a  thoroughly  Murillian  theme  and  work.  With 
him  were  chosen  Mr.  J.  E.  Boehm,  Mr.  H.  W.  B. 
Davis,  Mr.  P.  R.  Morris,  Mr.  B.  Riviere,  and 
Mr.  A.  Waterhouse.  He  had  to  wait  till  1889  to 
become  an  R.A.,  a  promotion  secured  by  his 
capital  '  Gipsy  Girl  of  Seville  '  at  Burlington 
House  in  1888,  and  'Making  Cigarettes  at 
Seville'  and  'A  Sevillana,' both  of  which  pre- 
ceded it  there  in  1887. 

CENTRAL   ASIAN   ANTIQUITIES. 

University  College,  London. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  some  of  the  most 
important  discoveries  affecting  the  literary  his- 
tory of  India  have  resulted  from  excavations 
made,  it  might  seem,  almost  at  haphazard  by 
natives  beneath  the  sandy  deserts  of  Central 
Asia,  many  hundreds  of  miles  to  the  north  of 
the  Himalayas. 

An  important  public  letter  has  recently  been 
printed  by  the  Government  of  India,  addressed 
in  September  last  to  their  Under-Secretary  by 
Dr.  A.  F.  Hoernle,  the  well-known  archaeologist 
at  Calcutta.  From  it  we  learn  that  Mr.  G. 
Macartney,  CLE.,  Agent  to  Government  in 
Kashgar,    has    continued    his    very  important 


collections  in  that  region.  The  objects  hitherto 
discovered  thereabouts  have  been  of  the  greatest 
interest.  I  need  only  refer  to  Lieut.  Bower's 
discovery  of  a  number  of  Sanskrit  MSS. — inter- 
preted with  consummate  skill  and  patience  by 
Dr.  Hoernle— to  the  Weber  MSS.,  and  recently 
the  finds  of  Capt.  Godfrey  and  Mr.  Macartney 
himself,  all  now  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Hoernle, 
and  partially  published  by  him  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Bengal  Asiatic  Society. 

The  native  agents  who  actually  found  the 
objects  made  some  of  them  over  to  representa- 
tives of  other  European  states  ;  and  in  this  way 
it  happened  that  portions  of  one  and  the  same 
MS. — highly  interesting  and  unique  both  as  to 
characters  and  language — exist  at  Paris  and 
St.  Petersburg.  This  was  noticed  at  the  recent 
Oriental  Congress,  and  previously  referred  to 
in  your  columns  (Athen.  No.  3647,  p.  387).  Two 
small  books  in  characters  and  language  unknown, 
but  thought  to  be  Turki,  have  reached  the 
British  Museum. 

Besides  acquisitions  of  which  some  descrip- 
tion is  available,  other  travellers  —  e.g.,  the 
Swedish  traveller  Dr.  Hedin  and  some  Russians 
— have  also  acquired  collections  not  as  yet  made 
known  to  the  learned  world.  "The  greatest 
credit,  therefore,  is  due,"  says  Dr.  Hoernle, 
"to  Mr.  Macartney  for  securing  the  present 
valuable  collection  of  MSS.,  terra  -  cottas, 
statuettes,  and  other  objects."  Dr.  Hoernle 
goes  on  to  suggest  that  Mr.  Macartney  should 
be  encouraged  to  continue  his  efforts,  and  that 
after  the  results  have  been  sent  to  Calcutta  for  his 
own  examination  and  description,  they  should 
be  ultimately  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 
Amongst  the  more  noteworthy  of  the  objects 
now  under  review  are  some  terra  -  cottas  of 
Grseco-Buddhist  design  and  a  phallus  "in- 
scribed in  Nagari  characters  of  at  least  the  fifth 
century  A.D.";  monkeys  playing  on  the  syrinx 
like  satyrs  ;  also  about  two  hundred  and  fifty 
coins  of  various  dates — Chinese  of  at  least  the 
first  century  a.d.,  Indo-Scythian  with  Kharoshil 
and  Chinese  inscriptions  (a  rare  combination), 
and  Sassanian  of  the  third  or  fourth  century  a.d. 
Mr.  Macartney  writes  on  July  30th  that  a  fresh 
consignment  is  on  its  way.      Cecil  Bendall. 


The  ninth  Congress  of  Archaeological  Societies 
will  be  held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries on  Wednesday,  December  1st,  at  11.15 
A.M.  Viscount  Dillon,  President  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  will  take  the  chair.  Among  the 
subjects  for  debate  are  :  Catalogue  of  Effigies  ; 
the  Best  Form  of  Index  for  Transactions  of 
Societies  ;  the  Annual  Index  of  Periodicals  ; 
and  a  report  on  the  proposed  Catalogue  of 
National  and  Family  Portraits.  A  report  will 
be  read  on  the  Formation  of  the  National 
Photographic  Record  Association.  The  Cata- 
logues of  Local  Museums  and  the  Ancient 
Monuments  Act  will  also  be  discussed.  If  time 
permit,  short  papers  will  be  read  on  '  How  to 
Preserve  Antiquities,'  by  Mr.  George  Payne, 
and  '  How  to  Excavate,'  by  Mr.  St.  John  Hope. 
The  annual  dinner  in  connexion  with  the  Con- 
gress will  be  held  at  7  P.M.  at  the  Holborn 
Restaurant. 

Messrs.  Agnew  &  Sons  have  again  collected 
in  Old  Bond  Street,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Artists'  General  Benevolent  Institution,  a 
most  interesting  group,  twenty  in  number,  of 
masterpieces  of  the  English  School.  These 
works  embrace  Constable's  famous  'Stratford 
Mill  on  the  Stour,'  better  known  as  'The 
Young  Waltonians,'  which  was  bought  of  the 
painter  by  Archdeacon  Fisher  as  a  gift  for  his 
solicitor,  as  recorded  in  Constable's  'Life.'  It 
was  at  the  Academy  in  1820,  and  engraved  by 
D.  Lucas.  By  Gainsborough,  the  collection 
comprises  the  portraits  of  Mrs.  Drummond 
(born  Harley)  and  her  sister,  Lady  Rodney  ; 
by  Hoppner  are  the  portraits  of  Miss  J. 
Beresford    Miss   F.   Beresford,   and   Lady  E. 


716 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


Howard,  afterwards  Duchess  of  Rutland  ;  by 
Lawrence  are  the  portraits  of  the  daughters  of 
Col.  C.  Hardy,  a  group,  and  Miss  E.  Farren, 
afterwards  Countess  of  Derby  ;  by  Reynolds  is 
'The  Fortune-Tellers,'  portraits  of  Lord  H. 
Spencer  and  his  sister  Lady  Charlotte,  a 
group  famous  in  John  Jones's  and  J.  K. 
Sherwin's  prints,  but  not  to  be  confounded 
with  the  other  Reynolds,  formerly  at  Knole, 
and  known  as  'The  Gipsy  Fortune-Teller. ' 
The  work  now  in  view  was  painted  in  1777, 
and  exhibited  in  the  British  Institution, 
1813  ;  at  the  National  Portrait  Exhibition, 
1867 ;  and  at  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  (for  the  cata- 
logue of  which  see  its  history)  in  1884,  No.  46. 
It  was  lent  to  the  Academy  in  1891  by  Sir 
C.  Tennant,  who  bought  it  for  20,800L  of  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  (whose  ancestor  paid 
Reynolds  273L  for  it).  It  was  engraved 
by  Sherwin  and  Jones  severally.  The  still 
more  famous  portrait  of  '  Lady  Anne  Fitz- 
patrick,'  engraved  by  Jones  as  '  Sylvia,'  is  now 
in  Bond  Street.  S.  Cousins  engraved  it  a  second 
time.  Near  it  is  Sir  Joshua's  charming  portrait 
of  Miss  Ridge,  daughter  of  the  Councillor  of 
whom  Goldsmith  wrote  : — 

full  certain  I  am 

That  Ridge  is  anchovy,  and  Keynolds  is  lamb. 

There  are,  besides,  three  Romneys,  and 
Turner's  '  Sheerness '  and  'Walton  Bridges,' 
which  were  both  of  them  lately  at  the  Academy. 
The  dinner  of  the  Institute  of  Architects 
appointed  to  commemorate  the  incorporation  of 
the  society  will  be  celebrated  at  the  Hotel 
Metropole  on  the  2nd  prox.,  when  Mr.  Aitchi- 
son— on  whom  the  Queen  has  bestowed  the 
Jubilee  Medal— will  preside. 

To-DAY  (Saturday)  is  appointed  for  the 
opening  of  the  picture  -  selling  season  at 
Christie's,  when  there  will  be  dispersed  various 
works  by  or  attributed  to  Callcott,  Crome, 
W.  Huggins,  S.  Bough,  Messrs.  A.  Goodwin, 
Fantin,  and  A.  Grimshaw.  Artistically  speak- 
ing, the  most  interesting  instances  are  Mr.  F. 
Sandys's  small  panel  of  '  Oriana,'  which  was  at 
the  Academy  in  1861,  and  a  number  of  studies 
by  the  same  artist  in  chalk  and  ink. 

Messrs.  Frost  &  Reed  have  formed  afc  the 
Art  Gallery,  Clare  Street,  Bristol,  a  collection 
of  drawings  by  Mr.  T.  Lloyd  which  have  not 
been  before  exhibited,  though  they  represent 
subjects  familiar  to  those  who  have  followed  our 
notes  on  the  annual  gatherings  of  the  Old  Water- 
Colour  Society,  where  Mr.  Lloyd  is  generally 
well  in  evidence.  The  new  drawings  are  twenty- 
two  in  number. 

Messrs.  Frost  &  Reed,  we  may  add,  are 
bringing  out,  to  begin  in  January  next,  a  series 
of  etchings  of  the  Temple,  by  Mr.  Percy  Thomas, 
with  an  introduction  and  notes  written  by 
Canon  Ainger.  The  subjects  will  include  the 
Temple  Church  and  Cloisters,  the  Middle 
Temple  Hall,  the  Master's  House,  and  others. 

A  Guarantee  Fund  of  5001.  having  been 
promised,  it  is  intended  to  hold  the  suggested 
Loan  Exhibition  of  Shropshire  Antiquities  in 
the  month  of  May  next  year.  The  Archbishop 
of  York  and  the  Earl  of  Powis  are  among  the 
patrons.  It  is  proposed  to  arrange  for  the 
delivery  during  the  exhibition  of  a  series  of 
popular  lectures  on  subjects  connected  with 
archteology  by  experts  in  different  branches  of 
the  subject.  The  exhibition  will  be  divided 
into  the  following  sections  :  (1)  Arms,  Armour, 
Military  Trophies  ;  (2)  Heraldry  ;  (3)  Corpora- 
tion and  Church  Plate,  Pewter,  Drinking  Cups, 
&c.  ;  (4)  Shropshire  China  and  Earthenware 
previous  to  1850  ;  (5)  Pictures  and  Prints  of 
Archaeological  Interest  relating  to  the  County 
of  Salop,  Portraits  of  Shropshire  Worthies  (not 
living),  and  Brass  Rubbings  ;  (6)  Books  and 
MSS.  printed  in,  and  relating  to,  the  County 
prior  to  1800  ;  (7)  Relics  from  Uriconium  ; 
(8)  Coins  and  Tokens  connected  with  the 
County;  (9)  Stone  Implements,  &c.,  found  in 
the  County  ;    and  (10)  Miscellaneous  (Ancient 


Punishments,  Old  Needlework,  &c.).  Mr. 
Auden,  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  the  Shrop- 
shire Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society, 
and  Mr.  Southam,  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Exhi- 
bition, will  be  glad  to  hear  from  owners  of 
objects  of  interest. 

Mr.  J.  RoMiLLY  Allen,  F.S.A.,  has  been 
appointed  Yates  Lecturer  in  Archaeology  at 
the  University  College,  London,  and  intends 
to  give  a  course  of  eight  lectures  in  May  and 
June  next  year  on  '  Celtic  Art  and  its  Develop- 
ments.'  Mr.  Romilly  Allen  delivered  a  course 
of  Rhind  Lectures  for  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Scotland  some  time  back. 

The  Report  of  the  Director  of  the  National 
Gallery  of  Ireland  for  the  year  1896  has  been 
published,  and  states  that  over  65,000  persons 
visited  the  building  during  the  period,  of  whom 
nearly  19,100  did  so  on  Sundays.  Among  the 
purchases  were  '  A  View  of  Verona,'  by  J. 
Holland  ;  a  portrait  of  a  lady  ascribed  to  Van 
Dyck  ;  '  The  Resurrection,'  by  D.  Teniers  ;  the 
'  Interior  of  a  Church  at  Delft,'  by  E.  De  Witte  ; 
and  'Judith  and  Holofernes,'  by  A.  Mantegna. 
The  authorities  of  the  institution  appeal  for 
more  room. 

In  our  notice  of  the  exhibition  at  the  Insti- 
tute of  Painters  in  Oils  (Athen.  No.  3654)  we 
remarked  that  Mr.  H.  Carter's  '  Old  Highland 
Woman  '  was  so  brown  in  the  shadows  and  half- 
tones that  it  seemed  not  to  have  been  "  painted 
direct  from  nature."  Mr.  Carter  assures  us  that 
the  whole  of  the  picture  was  painted  in  the 
cottage  depicted,  so  we  hasten  to  apologize  for 
the  injustice  we  have  done  him. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Auguste 
Boulard,  a  landscape  and  portrait  painter  of 
some  note,  a  pupil  of  Cogniet  and  Jules  Dupr^, 
and  one  of  the  latest  survivors  of  the  epoch  of 
1830.  He  had  attained  the  age  of  seventy-two 
years  and  the  distinction  of  a  place  in  the 
Luxembourg  for  his  '  L'Enfant  du  Pecheur,' 
which,  however,  is  not  worthy  of  him. 

The  French  journals  report  that  Prince 
Radziwill  has  undertaken  to  restore  the  monu- 
ment at  Ermenonville  of  Jean  Jacques  Rous- 
seau, which  is  the  work  of  Lesueur,  and 
comprises  bas-reliefs,  allegorical  infants,  and 
pilasters  richly  carved.  Erected  in  1780,  this 
memorial  is  much  weather-worn. 

The  Italian  authorities  are  so  generally  care- 
ful in  sanctioning  restoration  of  public  monu- 
ments that  we  regret  to  have  to  report  an 
instance  where  a  most  precious  example  of  early 
Italian  art  is  at  present  receiving  unsatisfactory 
treatment.  This  refers  to  the  tabernacle  or 
high  altar  of  Or  San  Michele  at  Florence. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  it  was  originally 
ornamented  with  mosaics  in  precious  stones. 
These,  it  is  stated,  were  taken  out  by  the 
French  about  a  hundred  years  ago,  and  pieces 
of  glass,  with  the  pattern  painted  and  gilt  on  the 
inside,  were  set  up  in  place  of  the  old  work.  The 
French  restoration  is  now  being  removed,  but 
the  method  is  continued,  only  the  drawing  of 
the  ornament  being  more  careful.  But  the 
flashy,  garish  effect  remains,  the  new  colour 
being,  perhaps,  even  more  crude  than  the 
former.  Some  beautiful  specimens  of  early 
Florentine  mosaic  ornament  let  into  stone,  as 
in  the  Or  San  Michele  altar,  are  to  be  seen  on 
the  staircase  of  the  Museo  del  Duomo,  and 
surely  if  the  restoration  was  to  be  made  it  might 
at  least  have  been  on  the  old  lines,  of  which 
there  is  such  a  fine  example  at  hand. 

MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Albert  Hall.— 'Blijali.'  Koyal  Choral  Society. 
Queen's  Hall.— '  Klijah,"  Koyal   Society  of    Musicians. 
Saturday  Orchestral  Concerts. 

tJRYSTAL  Palace  — Salurriay  Concerts. 

QuEE^'s  Hall. — Herr  Felix  Moltl's  Wagner  Concert. 

The  Albert  Hall  Eoyal  Choral    Society 
commenced  their  season  on  Thursday  last 


week  with  an  exceedingly  fine  performance 
of  '  Elijah.'  It  is  understood  that  the 
changes  in  the  choir  have  been  more 
numerous  than  usual,  but  little  decline  in 
excellence  was  noticeable.  On  the  whole, 
despite  an  occasional  uncertainty,  all  the 
more  important  choruses  were  delivered 
with  the  same  force  and  brilliancy  as  cha- 
racterized them  under  the  late  Sir  Joseph 
Barn  by .  As  on  numberless  previous  occasions, 
the  part  of  the  prophet  was  taken  by  Mr. 
Santley,  and  although,  of  course,  his  voice  is 
somewhat  worn,  he  is  still  its  most  impressive 
exponent.  The  representatives  of  the  other 
three  principal  parts  were  Madame  Albani, 
Signorina  Giulia  Ravogli,  and  Mr.  Lloyd.  It 
is  understood  that  the  Italian  artist  is  anxious 
to  attain  a  position  as  an  oratorio  singer, 
and  she  is  on  the  high  road  to  success,  for 
she  sang  with  fine  expression,  and  her 
English  pronunciation  is  good,  though  not 
quite  perfect  as  yet.  Sir  Frederick  Bridge 
conducted. 

There  is  no  need  in  this  place  to  press 
the  claims  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Musi- 
cians on  the  attention  of  those  interested  in 
the  art.  Although  the  conditions  of  member- 
ship might  wisely  be  made  less  onerous,  the 
Society  is  doing  good  work,  as  is  proved  by 
the  fact  that  nearly  4,000Z.  was  expended  last 
season  in  the  charitable  objects  for  which 
the  institution  was  founded,  and  the  ex- 
penses of  management  are  incredibly  small. 
It  is  no  longer  considered  necessary  to  repeat 
'  The  Messiah '  at  every  annual  public  per- 
formance. Other  works  are  now  presented 
from  time  to  time,  and  'Elijah'  was  given 
on  Friday  last  week  in  the  (iueen's  Hall.  We 
have  frequently  had  fault  to  find  with  the 
chorus  at  these  performances,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  all  the  more  gratifying  to  be  able 
to  state  that  on  this  occasion  it  was 
decidedly  efficient.  The  orchestra,  almost 
to  a  man,  consisted  of  members  of  the 
Society,  and  the  general  performance,  under 
Mr.  liandegger,  was  as  spirited  as  could  be 
desired.  The  leading  vocalists  were  Miss 
Esther  Palliser,  Miss  Hilda  Wilson,  Mr. 
Lloyd  Chandos,  and  Mr.  Watkin  Mills ; 
and  the  subordinate  parts  were  taken  by 
Miss  Florence  Power,  Miss  Stanley  Lucas, 
Mr.  Reginald  Brophy,  and  Mr.  Stanley 
Smith,  As  all  offered  their  services  gratuit- 
ously, criticism  is,  of  course,  inadmissible. 

The  programme  of  the  fourth  of  the 
Saturday  afternoon  orchestral  concerts  at 
the  (iueen's  Hall  was  fully  up  to  the 
average  in  merit ;  but  the  attendance  was 
less  than  usual,  though  Schubert's  great 
Symphony  in  c,  No.  9,  figured  in 
the  scheme.  At  least  so  it  proved,  but 
the  work  was  simply  announced  "  Sym- 
phony in  c,"  and  it  might  have  been  the 
lighter  work,  No.  6,  which  is  known  only  to 
a  few.  Mr.  Wood's  tempi  in  the  No,  9  are 
somewhat  slower  in  the  scherzo  and  Jinale 
than  those  adopted  by  Mr.  Manns.  Which 
is  right  it  is  impossible  to  say,  for  this  is 
a  matter  admitting  of  individual  judgment. 
The  clever  Overture  to  the  opera  '  The 
Barber  of  Bagdad,'  by  Cornelius,  and 
Tschaikowsky's  sparkling  little  suite  '  Casse- 
Noisette '  were  in  the  programme.  The 
rendering  of  the  second  and  third  movements 
from  Mozart's  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  d 
minor  by  little  Bruno  Steindel  was  a  wonder- 
ful display  of  precocious  genius,  and  more 
than  ever  wo  implore  the  child's  friends  to 


N"'  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


717 


nurture,  and  not  force,  the   singular  talents 
with  which  he  is  undoubtedly  endowed. 

An  overture  by  Dr.  Charles  Vincent,  en- 
titled "The  Storm  Overture,  an  orchestral 
ballad  in  a  minor,"  headed  the  Crystal 
Palace  programme  last  Saturday.  The  work 
was  first  heard  at  Bradford  in  1894,  and  is 
an  attempt  to  depict  in  music  Longfellow's 
poem  '  The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus.'  The 
composer  has  assigned  names  to  his  themes, 
such  as  "The  Skipper's  Little  Daughter," 
"  The  Fearless  Skipper,"  "  The  Storm,"  and 
"A  Prayer."  Dr.  Vincent  evidently  does  not 
believe  that  the  music  should  be  permitted  to 
speak  for  itself.  Whatever  opinion  we  may 
liave  on  this  point,  let  us  hasten  to  say  that 
his  overture  is  a  scholarly  piece  of  work,  well 
scored,  as  befits  a  doctor  in  music.  Schu- 
mann's Symphony  in  c,  a  work  that  for 
beauty  and  originality  may  be  placed  by 
the  side  of  Schubert's  No.  9  in  the  same 
key,  was  magnificently  played  under  Mr. 
Manns.  Fraulein  Wietrowetz,  whose  violin 
playing,  it  may  be  said  without  rudeness, 
is  more  masculine  than  feminine,  supplied 
a  highly  intellectual  reading  of  Brahms's 
Violin  Concerto,  in  which,  however,  the 
orchestration  is  more  interesting  than  the 
solo  part.  Mile.  Zelie  de  Lussan  being 
unable  to  appear  as  the  vocalist  in  con- 
sequence of  illness,  her  place  was  taken  by 
Madame  Marie  Duma,  who  showed  herself 
highly  artistic  in  '  Elizabeth's  Greeting ' 
and  a  song  by  Franco  Leoni. 

The  second  of  Herr  Felix  Mottl's  so-called 
Wagner  Concerts  took    place   on   Tuesday 
evening,  and    again  there   was   a  crowded 
audience.     The  first  part  contained  nothing 
by  Wagner.      It   commenced  with    Bizet's 
charming    suite  '  L'Arlesienne,'   No.   1,    in 
which  the  orchestra  seemed  thoroughly  at 
home.     Frau  Ellen  Gulbranson  then  made 
her  first  appearance  on  a  London  platform. 
We  commented  last  year  upon  this  lady's 
fine  impersonation  of  Briinnhilde  at   Bay- 
reuth,   and  may   now   say  that   she   seems 
equally  well  qualified  to  take  a  position  in 
the  concert-room.      Her    first  efforts   were 
three  songs  by  Grieg,   '  Solvejg's  Lullaby,' 
'  Nocturne  '  from  '  Monte  Pincio,'   and   '  A 
Swan.'     The  words  of   the  first   and  third 
were  by  Ibsen,  and  of  the  second  by  Bjorn- 
son.     They  were  sung  in  Norse,  but  in  the 
book   they   were   printed    in   German   and 
English,    which    was     rather     perplexing. 
Frau   Gulbranson   sang   the  Lieder  in   the 
purest  manner,  her  voice  being  of  beautiful 
quality   and   her   method    above   reproach. 
A  remarkably  crisp  and  spirited  perform- 
ance of  Beethoven's  Symphony  in  f,  No.  8, 
followed,  the  finale  being  taken  at  a  peril- 
ously rapid  pace.  The  first  three  Wagnerian 
selections  were  '  Siegfried's  Eheinfahrt,'  the 
'Waldweben,'  and  the  'Trauermarsch,'  all  of 
which  were  most  eloquently  interpreted.  The 
concert   ended  with   the  wonderful  closing 
scene  from  '  Gotterdammerung,'  which,  it  is 
safe  to  say,  has  never  been  more  effectively 
presented   in   a   concert-room.     Frau    Gul- 
branson declaimed  the  part  of  Briinnhilde 
with  the  utmost  dignity,  and  Herr  Mottl's 
orchestra    brought   out    all  the  wonderful 
weaving  and  interweaving  of  themes  from 
the  trilogy  with  all  possible  clearness. 


The  Committee  of  the  Gloucester  Festival,  a 
meeting  that  will  not  take  place  until  early  in 
September  next  year,  has  already  issued  pre- 
liminary particulars  of  the  proposed  arrange- 
ments, which,  of  course,  are  subject  to  revision. 
On  Sunday,  the  4th,  there  will  be  a  special 
afternoon  service  in  the  cathedral,  with  the  full 
orchestra  and  chorus,  and  it  will  include  new  works 
by  Sir  John  Stainer,  Dr.  Harford  Lloyd,  and 
Mr.  Herbert  Brewer.  The  festival  proper  will 
open  on  the  following  Tuesday  morning  with 
'Elijah,'  as  usual,  and  the  evening  programme, 
also  in  the  cathedral,  will  consist  of  Brahms's 
'Requiem,' an  organ  concerto,  and  Parti,  of 
'  The  Creation,' a  work  that  is  almost  invariably 
given  in  a  mutilated  form.  Wednesday  morn- 
ing will  be  occupied  with  Dvorak's  '  Stabat 
Mater,'  Brahms's  Variations  on  a  Theme  by 
Haydn,  and  the  '  Lobgesang ';  and  in  the 
evening  there  will  be  a  concert  in  the  Shire 
Hall,  the  performance  to  consist  of  a  new 
orchestral  work  by  Miss  Rosalind  Ellicott 
and  '  The  Golden  Legend.'  On  Thursday  morn- 
ing there  will  be  a  new  work  by  Dr.  Hubert 
Parry,  the  '  Eroica  '  Symphony,  VVesley's  motet 
"  In  exitu  Israel, "and  Parts  I.  and II.  of  Bach's 
'  Christmas  Oratorio.'  A  setting  of  Psalm  xcvi.  by 
Dr.  Harwood,  Mozart's  Symphony  in  g  minor, 
Spohr's  'Last  Judgment,'  and  Mendelssohn's 
"  Hear  my  prayer"  will  be  given  in  the  even- 
ing. 

As  there  will  be  no  Bayreuth  Festival  next 
year  it  is  much  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Schulz- 
Curtius  will  find  it  practicable  to  carry  out  his 
idea  of  producing  Wagner  cycles  under  special 
conditions.  He  has  acquired  the  rights  of  per- 
formance in  the  later  works,  and  the  idea  is  to 
give  them  without  cuts  and,  of  course,  in  Ger- 
man. They  would  commence  at  5  o'clock,  and 
an  interval  of  an  hour  and  a  half  would  be 
allowed  for  dinner.  The  stage  of  Covent  Garden 
will  undergo  partial  reconstruction,  which  it 
sadly  needs,  and  there  would  seem  to  be  little 
difficulty  in  carrying  out  the  enterprise. 

A  ONE-DAY  festival  is  in  contemplation  at 
St.  David's  Cathedral  on  the  patron  saint's  day 
next  year,  when  a  new  oratorio,  entitled  '  Dewi 
Sant,'  by  Mr.  D.  Jenkins,  will  be  produced. 

The  Stock  Exchange  Choral  and  Orchestral 
Society  has  issued  its  prospectus  for  the  fifteenth 
season.  Three  concerts  will  be  given  at  the 
Queen's  Hall,  the  dates  being  December  6th, 
February  8th,  and  April  5th.  Among  the  most 
important  works  promised  are  Beethoven's  Sym- 
phony in  c  minor,  the  introduction  to  the  third 
act  of  Humperdinck's  musical  play  '  The  Chil- 
dren of  the  King,'  Dvorak's  symphony  'From 
the  New  World,' Grieg's  suite  'A  us  Holberg's 
Zeit,'  some  new  work  by  an  English  composer, 
Mozart's  Symphony  in  o  minor,  and  Saint- 
Saens's  Concerto  for  violoncello.  Mr.  Arthur 
W.  Payne  will  be  the  conductor. 

Madame  Teresa  Tosti,  a  contralto  from 
Paris,  and  Herr  Rudolf  Panser,  from  Berlin, 
will  give  three  vocal  and  pianoforte  recitals  at 
the  Steinway  Hall  shortly. 

The  second  pianoforte  recital  of  Signor 
Busoni  took  place  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Friday 
afternoon  last  week,  the  principal  feature  of  his 
programme  being  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  B  flat, 
Op.  106.  Of  this  great  work  Signor  Busoni  pre- 
sented an  intelligent,  if  not  powerful  reading,  the 
enormous  technical  difficulties  being  surmounted 
with  apparent  ease.  Some  Chopin  pieces  were 
tastefully  played,  but  we  might  have  been  spared 
the  items  marked  "  Bach-Tausig  "  and  "Schu- 
mann-Liszt. "  Pianists  display  a  strange  fondness 
for  these  abominations,  which  are  more  worthy 
of  the  virtuoso  than  the  artist. 

Three  masterpieces  were  presented  at  last 
Saturday's  Popular  Concert,  namely,  Schumann's 
Quartet  in  a  minor,  Beethoven's  '  Waldstein ' 
Sonata,  and  Brahms's  Pianoforte  Quartet  in  a. 
Op.  26.     The  executants  were  Messrs.  Kruse, 


Inwards,  Gibson,  Paul  Ludwig,  and  Eugen 
d'Albert,  and  the  ensemble  in  the  concerted 
works  was  exceedingly  good.  Mr.  d'Albert's 
rendering  of  the  sonata  was  remarkable  for 
power,  breadth  of  style,  and  unfailing  accuracy. 
We  have  seldom  heard  the  great  work  better 
played. 

Monday's  programme  commenced  with  Beet- 
hoven's '  Rasomousky '  Quartet  in  E  minor, 
Op.  59,  No.  2,  the  quartet  party  being  the  same 
as  on  Saturday,  save  that  Mr.  Ludwig  was  re- 
placed by  Mr.  Whitehouse.  Brahms's  charac- 
teristic Pianoforte  Trio  in  c  minor.  Op.  101, 
was  the  remaining  concerted  work.  The  pianist, 
Mile.  Pancera,  gave  a  neat,  but  certainly  not 
powerful  rendering  of  Chopin's  Sonata  in  B 
minor,  Op.  58  ;  and  Mr.  Plunket  Greene  sang 
in  his  earnest  manner  a  selection  of  antiquarian 
songs  and  Prof.  Stanford's  capital  setting  of  the 
Clown's  songs  fi-om  'Twelfth  Night.' 

Messrs.  Ross  and  Moore  gave  the  second  of 
their  ensemble  pianoforte  recitals  on  Thursday 
afternoon  at  St.  James's  Hall,  and  a  large 
audience  assembled.  The  programme  com- 
menced with  two  movements  from  Mozart's 
fine  Sonata  in  D,  and  this  was  followed  by  a 
very  spirited  set  of  variations  in  e  flat  minor  by 
Sinding,  after  which  the  players  were  twice  re- 
called. Other  items  by  Schytte,  Liszt,  Duver- 
noy,  and  Rubinstein  were  given  later  in  the 
programme,  and  all  with  matchless  precision. 
At  tlis  same  time  we  fail  to  perceive  why 
such  feeble  and  half-trained  vocalists  should  be 
permitted  to  appear  at  these  concerts.  One 
high-class  singer  would  be  sufficient  to  give 
variety  to  the  pianoforte  music. 

We  are  forced  to  omit  all  notice  of  several 
recent  concerts.  Concerts  are  becoming  so 
numerous  that  they  overtax  the  powers  of  the 
most  willing  chronicler. 

Continental  papers  report  that  Mascagni  has 
finished  his  new  opera,  entitled  '  Iris,'  which 
treats  of  a  Japanese  subject. 


PERrORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


MON. 


Thcus 
Fnt. 


Orchestral  Concert.  3  30.  Queen's  Hall. 

Concert,  3  30.  Albert  Hall 

National  Sunday  League.  7.  Queen's  Hall. 

Dr.  Edvard  Grief's  Recital.  3,  fit  James's  Hall. 

Mr  Henry  Leipolil's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

I'opular  Concert,  8.  St.  James's  Hall. 

Herr  August  stradel's  Recital.  Steinway  Hall. 

Mi.ss  Muriel  Mustard's  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 

Trinity  College  Concert,  7 

HiKhbiiry  Philharmonic  .Society,  Dvorak's    'Spectre's  Bride, 

&c.,  8,  Highbury  Athenanim. 
Miss  Florence  Power's  \'ocal  Recital,  8.  St  James's  Hall. 
British  Chamber  Music  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Ballad  Concert,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Madame  I'osti  and  Heir  Panzers  Vocal  and  Pianoforte  Recital, 

3.  Steinway  Hall. 
Ogle  Street  School  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
M   Lanioureux's  Concert  8  .'10,  Queen's  Hall, 
Miss  G  Peppercorn's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Miss  Dora  I'ickell  s  Vocal  liecital,  3,  Queens  Small  Hall. 
Carrodus  string  Quartet  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
M.  Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Royal  Artillery  Band  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall 
Miss  Gertrude  Lynes's  Concert,  8  30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Popular  Concert,  3.  St  James's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 
Orchestral  (Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 
Polytechnic  Concei't,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


The  weeks  immediately  preceding  Christ- 
mas are  usually  the  slackest  of  the  year, 
and  so,  after  a  bu.sy  autumn  season,  they  are 
this  year  likely  to  prove.  No  purely  dramatic 
novelty  calling  for  notice  has  been  given  during 
the  last  fortnight,  and  none  seems  to  be  in  con- 
templation. '  Peter  the  Great '  is  not  likely  to 
be  given  at  the  Lyceum  before  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  the  production  at  Her  Majesty's  of 
'Julius  Ctesar  '  is  reserved  for  January. 

One  or  two  revivals  are,  however,  imminent, 
the  first  being  that  of  '  Secret  Service  '  at  the 
Adelphi.  Her  Majesty's  will  be  occupied 
with  a  revival  of  '  A  Man's  Shadow,' 
which  is  fixed  for  the  27th  inst.  In  this 
adaptation  of  '  Roger  le  Honte  '  (given  at  the 
Haymarket  September  12th,  1889),  Mr.  Lewis 


718 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3656,  Nov.  20,'97 


Waller,  in  place  of  Mr.  Fernandez,  will  play 
Raymond  de  Noirville.  Mr.  Tree  will  repeat 
his  performance  of  Laroque  and  Luversan,  Mrs. 
Tree  will  again  be  Madame  Laroque,  Mr. 
Lionel  Brough  will  replace  Mr.  Collette  as 
Picolet,  and  Messrs.  Allan  and  Robson  will 
reappear. 

In  the  debatable  land  between  music  and 
the  drama  things  are  busier.  '  The  Scarlet 
Feather,'  an  adaptation  in  two  acts,  by  Mr. 
Harry  Greenbank,  of  '  La  Petite  Mariee '  of 
MM.  Leterrier  and  Vanloo,  with  music  of  M. 
Lecocq,  first  given  at  the  Renaissance,  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Shaftesbury  on  Wednesday  with  a 
cast  including  Misses  Nellie  Stewart  and  Decima 
Moore  and  Mr.  E.  C.  Hedmondt.  A  revival  at 
the  Savoy  of  '  The  Grand  Duchess '  is  also  in 
immediate  prospect. 

At  Her  Majesty's  on  Wednesday  afternoon 
the  third  acts  respectively  of  '  The  Red  Lamp  ' 
and  '  Trilby  '  were  given,  together  with  '  The 
Ballad-monger,'  Mr.  Tree  on  each  occasion 
playing  his  original  part.  The  whole  constituted 
a  remarkable  exhibition  of  versatility.  Mrs. 
Tree  repeated  her  eminently  poetical  rendering 
of  Loyse  in  'The  Ballad-monger,'  and  Miss 
Dorothea  Baird  was  once  more  welcomed  as 
Trilby. 

A  MISCELLANEOUS  entertainment  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Theatrical  Fund  was  given  on 
Thursday  afternoon  at  Drury  Lane. 

At  a  presentation  to  the  Hon.  Sir  Spencer 
Ponsonby-Fane  at  the  Criterion  Theatre  on  the 
occasion  of  his  golden  wedding  there  was  a  re- 
presentative gathering  of  actor-managers.  The 
silver  cup  presented  was  very  large  and  massive. 
Mr.  Wyndham  and  Sir  Squire  Bancroft  as  the 
spokesmen  acquitted  themselves  excellently  on 
an  occasion  of  abundant  interest. 

An  adaptation,  by  the  author  and  Miss  Isabel 
Bateman,  of  Mr.  Mason's  novel  'The  Courtship 
of  Morrice  Buckler'  is  promised  for  the  6th  of 
December  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Islington. 

'A  Bishop's  Daughter'  is  the  title  of  a  play 
by  Mr.  Robert  Buchanan  and  his  associate  in 
'  Sweet  Nancy  '  and  '  The  Strange  Adventures  of 
Miss  Brown  '  which  is  to  be  produced  early  in 
the  new  year. 

The  promised  reappearance  of  Mrs.  Bernard 
Beere  at  the  Comedy  Theatre  will  have  to  take 
place  in  some  piece  other  than  '  Le  Pater '  of 
M.  Fran9ois  Coppee,  the  performance  of  which, 
though  it  was  seen  in  London  in  1893,  was 
interdicted  at  the  Comedie  Francaise.  The 
English  rights  of  '  Le  Pater  '  are  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  John  Hare,  by  whom  a  rendering  will  pro- 
bably be  given. 

The  Duke  of  York's  Theatre  will  reopen 
before  long,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Frohman,  with  'The  Happy  Life,'  by  Mr. 
Louis  N.  Parker,  for  which  Mr.  Hermann 
Vezin  and  Miss  Dorothea  Baird  have  been 
engaged. 

Early  in  the  new  year  Mr.  E.  Terry  will,  it 
is  stated,  reappear  at  his  own  theatre  in  '  The 
White  Knight,'  by  Mr.  R.  Stuart  Ogilvie,  and 
'Shadows  on  the  Blind,'  by  Messrs.  Darnley 
and  Bruce,  a  curious  collection  of  Scottish 
names. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  —  who  have  been 
unable  to  obtain  a  theatre  suitable  to  their 
requirements— will  not  be  seen  in  London  until 
the  late  summer  of  next  year,  when  they  will 
occupy  their  old  home  the  St.  James's  during 
the  absence  of  Mr.  Alexander. 

One  married  name  of  Miss  Amy  Sedgwick  was 
Goostry,  and  not  "Goodtry"as  we  last  week 
stated.  Miss  Sedgwick  also  married  in  1863 
Dr.  W.  B.  Parkes.  She  was  accordingly  thrice 
married. 


To  CORRESPONHENTS.— B.  D.— W.  H.— A.  T.  B.— W.  H.  C. 
—J.  p.— J.  F.  L.  T.— received. 
B.  S.  D. — Too  long,  unfortunately,  for  insertion. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


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old  privileges  in  order  to  compete  on  equal 
terms  with  men,  to  come  across  a  lady  such 
as  appears  in  '  A  Lady  of  Quality ';  a  heroine 
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of  conquering  womanhood  with  which  we  were 
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720 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3656,  Nov.  20,  '97 


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commended to  invalids  and  others.  This  is  no 
longer  necessary,  as,  owing  to  their  large  purchases 
of  line  Brandy  for  Grant's  Morella  Cherry  Brandy, 
THOMAS  GRANT  &  SONS  are  enabled  to  offer 
the  genuine  old  REGINA  BRANDY  at  the  low 
price  of  iSs.  per  Dozen  Case,  delivered  to  any  part 
of  England;  or  it  can  be  obtained  through  any 
Wine  Merchant. 
Small  Sample  free  for  cost  of  postage  (Threepence), 

T,  GRANT  &  SONS,  Maidstone, 
■pPPS'S  COCOA. 


fpHE  MOST  NUTRITIOUS. 
■pPPS'S  COCOA, 


HARPER  &  BROTHERS. 


p  RATEFUL  and  COMFORTING. 


Tj^PPS'S  COCOA. 


DINNBFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 
The  best  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HEAKTBURN, 

HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 
And  Safest  Aperient  for  Delicate  Constitutions, 
Children,  and  Infants. 

D      NNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


724: 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


N°365G,  Nov.  20,  '97 


CHAPMAN^^HiXL'SJ^EW  BOOKS. 

TO  BE  READY  IN  A  FEW  DAYS. 

The  BUILDING  of  the  EMPIRE :  the  Story  of  England's  Growth  from  Elizabeth  to  Victoria.   I 

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The  ART  of  PAINTING  in  the  QUEEN'S  REIGN :  being  a  Glance  at  some  of  the  Painters  and 

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Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  A.  T.  QUILLER 
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THE   ATHEN^UM 

gjoumal  of  (Bncili^f)  antr  dj^oreigrt  literature,  Science,  tfie  dFine  ^rtjs,  i^lugifc  antf  tfie  lirama. 


No.  3657. 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER    27,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

EEQISTEKED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


CHRISTMAS  LECTURES. 

EOYAL  INSTITUTION  of  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
Albemarle  Street,  Piccadilly,  W. 
Prof.  OLIVER  LODGE,  D  Sc.  LL  D.  F.R.S  ,  will  deliver  a  Course  of 
SIX  LECTURES  (adapted  to  a  Juvenile  Auditory)  on  'The  Principles 
-of  the  Electric  Telegraph.'  commencinjf  on  TUESDAY,  December  y8, 
1897,  at  3  o'clock;  to  be  continued  on  December  30;  and  Janu- 
ary 1.  4,  6,  8. 1898.  Subscription  (for  Non-MemberS)  to  this  Course,  One 
Guinea  (Children  under  Sixteen,  Haifa-Guinea);  to  all  the  Courses  in 
the  Season,  fwo  Guineas.  Tickets  may  now  be  obtained  at  the  Institu- 
tion. 

BRITISH  ARC  BIOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION.— 
The  THIRD  MEETING  of  the  SESSION  will  be  held  at  32,  Saek- 
-ville  Street,  Piccadilly,   W.,  on  WEDNESDAY    NEXT,   December  1. 
'Chair  to  be  taken  at  8  o'clock.    Antiquities  will  be  exhibited,  and  the 
following  Paper  read  :  — 
'Notes  on  the  City  of  London,'  bv  A.  OLIVER,  Esq.  A.R.I.B.A. 

GEO    PA  IKICK.  Esq    A  R.I  B  A.  IHon. 

Rev.  H.  J.  DUKINFIELD  AS'ILEY,  MA. /Sees. 

THE     LIBRARY     ASSOCIATION. 


The  NEXT  PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  20, 
HANOVER  SQUARE,  LONDON,  \V..  on  DECEMBER  14,  1897.  com- 
mencing at  10  \.m.  If  two  or  more  Candidates  desire  to  sit  for  Exami- 
nation at  any  of  the  large  Provincial  Towns,  arrangements  will  be 
made  for  them  to  do  so. 

Candidates  must  fl)  have  passed  the  preliminary  examination,  or  (2) 
produce  such  certificates  of  preliminary  general  education  as  will  be 
Approved  by  the  Examination  Committee,  or  (3)  submit  a  certified 
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work.  Printed  forms,  on  which  this  declaration  must  be  made,  may  be 
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All  certificates,  fees,  and  other  communications  respecting  the 
examination  must  be  sent  to  Mr.  J.  W.  Ivkapmin,  Hon.  Sec.  of  the 
Examination  Committee,  17,  Bloomsbury  Square,  London,  W.C. 

THE  ETCHED  WORK  of  D.  Y.  CAMERON 
and  DRAWINGS  and  STUDIES  by  Miss  KATHERINE 
CAMERON,  R.S  W.  NOW  ON  VIEW  at  Mr.  R.  GUrEKUNST'S, 
No  16,  King  Street,  St.  James's.— Admission,  including  Catalogne,  One 

Shilling. 

JAPANESE  GALLERY.  — ORIENTAL  ART.— 
Mr.  T.  J.  LARKIN  has  ON  VIEW  the  highest-class  JAPANESE 
LACQUER,  CHINESE  CERAMICS,  JADES,  &c.,  at  28,  NEW  BOND 
STREET,  W. 

TO  PUBLISHERS.— Well-known  EDITOR  wishes 
to  EMPLOY  PORTION  of  his  TIME  in  READING  for  PUB- 
LISHERS. Personally  acquainted  with  many  Authors  of  note  Regular 
Contributor  of  Literary  Articles  to  Two  London  Dailies.— Address 
■ViGONi.iN,  care  of  Willing's,  162,  Piccadilly,  W. 

TO  GENTLEMEN,  AUTHORS,  &c. —Advertiser, 
middle  aged,  seeks  ENGAGEMENT  as  LIBRARIAN  and  PRIVATE 
SECRETAJIY.  Thorough  knowledge  of  both  Ancient  and  Modern 
Books;  used  to  keeping  Accounts;  methodical;  trustworthy.  South 
of  England  preferred,  but  no  objection  to  travel.— Apply  F.  B.  De 
BuTELoR,  Holland  Road,  Maidstone. 

SSISTANT  REQUIRED  in  the  LIBRARY  of  a 

SCIENTIFIC  SOCIETY.  Age  20  to  30.  The  salary  will  depend 
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in  own  handwriting,  to  Box  42,  care  of  Brown's,  17,  Tothill  Street, 
■Westminster. 

EATH      COUNTY      (DUAL)      SCHOOL, 

GLAMORGANSHIRE. 
WANTED    in    JANUARY     an    ASSISTANT     MISTRESS.       Usual 
Secondary  School   Subjects       Salary  90/.,  non-res.,  per  annum.— Full 
particulars,    with    South    Kensington    qualifications    (if    any),    to    be 
addressed  to  the  He\d  Master  by  December  14. 

NIVERSITY    COLLEGE     of    WALES, 

ABERYSTWYTH. 

The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  ASSIST  A.NT  LECTURER 
in  the  DEPARTMEN  1'  of  KNGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURE 

Applications,  together  with  testimonials,  should  be  sent  not  later 
than  December  13,  1897,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  par- 
ticulars may  be  obtained.  T.  MORTIMER  GREEN,  Registrar. 

November,  1897. 

HE     VICTORIA      UNIVERSITY. —The 

EXTERNAL   EXAMINERSHIP  in   GREEK  falls  VACANT  in 
DECEMBER  NEXT  by  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  Professor  R.  Y. 
Tyrrell     It  is  tenable  for  three  years 
Applications  should  be  sent  in  on  or  before  November  30. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 
Manchester.  ALFRED  HUGHES,  Registrar. 


u 


NIVERSITY       of        GLASGOW. 


ADDITIONAL  EXAMINERSHIPS. 

The  University  Court  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW  will  shortly 
proceed  to  appoint  the  following  EXAMINERS:  (a)  EXAMINERS  for 
DEGREES  in  ARTS,  viz.,  FOUR  E.KAMINERS  (1)  In  MORAL  PHI- 
LOSOPHY and  LOGIC;  (2)  In  ENGLLSH;  (3)  In  EDUCATION;  and 
(4)  In  HISTORY. 

The  appointment  in  each  case  will  be  for  Three  Years  from  January  1 
next,  at  the  following  annual  salaries,  viz..  Moral  Philosophy  and 
Logic,  50(. ;  English.  30/. ;  Education.  10/.  lOs. ;  and  History,  21/. 

(b)  EXAMINER  in  FRENCH  for  DEGREES  in  ARTS  and  for  the 
PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATIONS. 

The  appointment  will  be  for  three  years  from  February  1  next,  at  an 
annual  salary  of  30/. 

Candidates  should  lodge  twenty  copies  of  their  application  and  testi- 
monials with  the  undersigned  on  or  before  December  11  next 

ALAN  E   CLAPPER-rON,  Secretary  of  the  Court. 

91,  West  Regent  Street,  Glasgow. 

OYAL    INDIAN    ENGINEERING   COLLEGE, 

Cooper's  Hill,  Staines  —The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe,  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September.  1898.  The  Secretary  of 
Slate  will  offer  them  for  competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraphs  Department.  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P. WD  ,  and  One  In  the  Traffic  Department,  Indian 
St&te  KttUways.— For  particulars  apply  to  Secbetakt,  at  College. 


DELEGACY     of      LOCAL     EXAMINATIONS, 
OXFORD. 
TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS. 

For  the  convenience  of  Masters  of  Schools  who  are  already  engaged 
in  teaching,  and  who  wish  to  enter  for  the  EXAMINA  TION  for  the 
DIPLOMA  in  TEACHING,  to  be  held  bv  the  UNIVRHSITY  in  JUNE 
NEXT,  the  Delegacy  are  arranging  another  VACA'l'ION  COURSE  of 
CRITICISM  LESSONS  and  LEOl'URES  similar  to  that  held  in  August 
last.  It  is  proposed  that  this  Course  consist  of  a  fortnight's  work  in 
Oxford  during  the  Christmas  Holidays,  and  another  fortnight's  work 
during  the  Easter  Holidays,  and  that  during  the  intervening  term  Pre- 
pared Lessons  be  corrected  and  other  aid  be  given  by  correspondence. 

The  CHRIS'IMAS  COURSE  will  take  place  between  the  dates  of 
JANU.ARY  1  and  15 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Lecturer  on  Educa- 
tion, M.  W.  Ke.vtinge,  Esq.,  59,  St.  Giles's  Street,  Oxford,  to  whom 
applications  should  be  made  before  December  1. 

OCHOOL   of    MODERN    ORIENTAL    STUDIES. 

KJ  Founded  by  the  Imperial  Institute  in  union  with  University  College 
and  King's  College,  London. 

The  "OUSELEY"  SCHOLAUSHIPS  for  1898,  each  of  50/.  per  annum. 
for  Two  Years,  will  be  awarded  should  sufhcient  merit  be  shown,  the 
First  for  proficiency  in  Bengali,  the  Second  for  proficiency  in  Turkish, 
and  the  Third  for  proficiency  in  Chinese 

The  Examinations  will  take  place  early  in  July,  1898. 

Competitors  must  give  notice  on  or  before  July  1.  Full  particulars 
may  be  obt-ained  of  the  Secretary  to  the  School,  Imperial  Institute, 
London,  S.W.  F.  A.  ABEL, 

Hon.  Secretary  and  Director  of  the  Imperial  Institute. 

LANGLAND      COLLEGE,      EASTBOURNE. 
Patrons. 
The  Right  Hon   LORD  ABERDARE 
The  Right  Rev.  the  LORD  BISHOP  OF  PETERBOROUGH. 
Sir  DOUGLAS  GALTON,  K.C.B    F.R.S. 
Sir  JOHN  T.  DILLWYN  LLEWELYN,  Bart.  M.P.  F.R.S. ;  and  others. 
Principal— Miss  M    E.  VINTER, 
Seven  years  Head  Mistress  of  the  Swansea  High  School,  Girls'  Public 
Day  School  Company ;    four   years  Chief  Mathematical    and    Science 
Mistress,    Kensington    High    School;    Senior    Optime,    Mathematical 
Tripos,  Cambridge;    Intermediate  Science,  London  University,  First 
Division ;    Certificated    Student    in  Honours,  and  Scholar  of  Girton 
College,  Cambridge ;  Associate  and  Arnott  Scholar  of  Bedford  College, 
London. 

Entire  charge  of  Children  whose  parents  are  abroad. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN.  Granville  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Principal. 

pOACHES    and    VISITING    TEACHERS.— Ex- 

Vy  perienccd  University  Women,  with  distinctions  in  Literature, 
History.  Classics.  Mathematics,  French.  German.  Moral  and  Natural 
Science,  are  RECOMMENDED  by  the  UNIVERSITY  ASSOCIATION  of 
"WOMEN  TEACHERS.  Lessons  also  by  Correspondence,  and  Prepara- 
tion for  Examinations.— Hon.  Sec,  48,  Mall  Chambers,  Kensington,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
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Strand,  London.  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABBITAS, 
THRING  &  CO..  who.  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  'I'utors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements.— 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

9,  Hart  Street,  Bloomsbury,  Londok. 

MR.  GEORGE  REDWAY,  formerly  of  York 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  and  late  Director  and  Manager  of  Kegan 
Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.,  Limited,  begs  to  announce  that  he  has 
RESUMED  BUSINESS  as  a  PUBLISHER  on  his  own  account,  and 
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consider  proposals  for  New  Books.    Address  as  above. 

WTHACKER  &  CO.,  Publishers  and  Exporters, 
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Address  "  Publishing  Department,"  W.  TuACKEa  &  Co.,  2,  Creed  Lane, 
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-l  Proprietor,  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster  Row.  The 
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H'^O    AUTHORS.  — The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

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application. 

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&  Co.,  12  and  13,  Red  Lion  Court,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 

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by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C  on 
TUESDAY,  November  30,  and  Following  Day,  at  half-past  5  o'clock 
precisely,  rare  BRITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
STAMPS. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Guaranteed  Violins. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Honse.  47,  Leicester  Square,  W  C,  on 
TUESDAY,  December  7,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  VIOLINS,  VIOLAS,  VIOLONCELLOS,  &c., 
comprising  choice  examples  of  the  works  of  A  mati,  Ruggerius,  Gagliano, 
Vuillaume,  Lupot,  W.  Forster,  Belts,  and  other  Masters,  with  the  Bows 
and  Cases,  the  whole  of  which  are  guaranteed  to  the  Purchaser. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Engravings,  Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  Paintings. 

MESSRS.    PUTTICK   &   SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C.  on 
THURSDAY,  December  9,  and   Following  Day,    at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS  formed  by  the 
late  Rev.  J.  H.  GREGORY,  M.A.,  removed  from  Hurst  Green,  Sussex. 
Catalogues  In  preparation. 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


727 


Library  of  ike  late  Reic.  J.  H.  GREGORY,  M.A.,  retnoved 
from  Hurst  Green,  .VuJSfX. 

MESSRS.  PDTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY,  December  13,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes  past 
J  o'elocit  precisely,  the  LIBKAKY  of  the  late  Rev  J  H.  GREGORY. 
M.A.,  removed  from  Hurst  Green.  Sussex,  comprising  Modern  Theo- 
logical and  Miscellaneous  Hoolis  in  all  Branches  o(  Literature. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK&  SI MPSONbegto  announce 
that  the  SALE  advertised  Jor  DECEMBER  3  has  been  unavoid- 
ably POSTPONED. 

MONDAY  NEXT. 

The  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  Scientific  Collections  formed 
by  the  late  Mr.  JOHN  CALVERT,  comprising  the  remainder 
^f  the  Savage  Curiosities  and  yVeapons. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will   SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  bis  Great  Rooms.  38.  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY  NEXT,  November 29,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  ol  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues had. 

FRIDA  Y  NEXT. 

UOO  Lots  of  Scientific  and  Photographic  Apparatus,  Lanterns 
and  Slides,  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will   SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXT,  December  3,  at  half-past  12  o'clock,  precisely. 
On  view  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  bad. 

MONDAY,  Decembers. 

A.  Collection  of  Curiosities  and  Native  Weapons.  Dress,  ^c., 
from  New  Guinea  and  other  Parts — Native  Skulls—Anti- 
quities — a  Skeleton  of  a  Moa  Bird — Insects — Minerals — 
Fossils — and  other  Natural  History  Specimens. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will  SELL  the  above   by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY,  December  6.  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
bad. 

THURSDA  Y,  December  9. 
Choice  Wines,  by  order  of  MESSRS.  H.  H.URTER  .S   SONS. 

MR,  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms,  38.  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  THURSDAY,  December  9,  at  half  past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

Sample  bottles  may  be  obtained  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues 
liad. 

IMPORTANT  NOTICE. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that  his 
Anction-Rooms  and  Ofifices.  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  are 
OPEN  DAILY  for  the  reception  of 

MISCELLANEOUS  PROPERTY  of  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 
which  is  included  in  Sales  held  every  Friday  throughout  the  year. 
Established  1760.  Telegraphic  Address  "  Auks,  London." 

Valuable  Law  Books  —  Many  Hundred    Parliamentary 
Blue-books  (about  Haifa  Ton),  <5'C. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane.  'WC.,  on  THURSDAY, 
December  2,  at  1  o'clock.  VALUABLE  LAW  BOOKS,  including  a  Pro- 
fessional Library,  comprising  the  New  Law  Reports,  1865-6  to  1870, 
115  vols.— Moore's  Privy  Council  cases,  24  vols, — House  of  Lords  Cases, 
32  vols. — Crown  Cases  and  Criminal  Appeals— Equity  Reports,  175  vols. 
— King's  and  Queen's  Bench  Reports  98  vols — Common  Pleas  and  Nisi 
Prius  Cases,  100  vols. — Series  of  Jurist  and  Law  Journal— Pritchard's 
Admiralty  Digest,  2  vols.— Chitty's  Prerogatives  of  the  Crown— Hale 
and  Hawkins's  Pleas  of  the  Crown.  4  vols.  —  and  other  Text-Books 
—about  Half  a  Ton  of  Parliamentary  Blue-books— House  of  Lords 
Journals,  100  vols.,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRFSTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  TUESDAY,  November  30,  a  COLLECTION  of 

JAPANESE  METAL  WORK,  LACQUER,  and  PORCELAIN  from 
Various  Sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  1,  the  CELLAR  of 

■WINES  ol  the  late  AKBUrHNOT  CHARLES  GUTHRIE,  Esq. 

On  WEDNESDAY,   December  1,  the  COLLEC- 
TION of  ARMOUR  and  ARMS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On  THURSDAY,  December  2,  PORCELAIN  and 

DECORATIVE  OBJECTS  of  the  late  J.  WEBSTER,  Esq  ,  and  of  the 
late  Mrs.  H.  C.  PRICE. 

On     FRIDAY,     December     3,     JEWELLERY, 

MINIATURES,  SILVER  PLATE,  and  PLATED  AKTICLES  of  the 
late  Mrs.  C.  E.  8.  ALLEN. 

On  SATURDAY,  December  4,   PICTURES  and 

DRAWINGS  belonging  to  the  MARY  RACTCLIFF  CHAMBERS 
TRUST;  also  PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  from  the  COLLECTION  of 
the  late  WILLIAM  ANGERSTRIN,  Esq  ;  and  EABLY  ENGLISH 
PICTURES,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On  MONDAY,  December  6,  the  COLLECTION  of 

MEZZOTINTS  of  W  H  BINGHAM-COX.  Esq.,  and  EAKLY  ENGLISH 
ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  BARONE'i'. 

On    TUESDAY.    December   7,    OLD    ENGLISH 

SILVER,  JEWELS,  LACE,  MINIATURES,  and  OBJECTS  of  VERTU, 
the  Property  of  the  late  J.  WEBSrER,  Esq  ,  and  others. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  8,  and  Following 

Day,  OLD  CHINESE  PORCELAIN  received  direct  from  the  East. 

n,  PARK  ROAD  SOUTH,  BIRKENHEAD. 

BY  MESSRS.  BRANCH  &  LEETE,  on  TUES- 
DAY, .30th  inst ,  about  2  30  p  m,  on  the  Premises  as  above  (at  the 
conclusion  of  the  hale  of  Furniture  and  other  Effects),  select  COLLEC- 
TION of  about  THIRTY  ARTISTS'  PROOF  ENGRAVINGS  from  the 
Works  of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  R.A.  all  brilliant  impressions  of  the 
scarce  plates  by  John  Burnet.  F.R  S.,  Thomas  Landseer.  A.R  A.,  Sam 
Cousins,  R.A.,  and  B  P  Gibbon ;  also,  after  Rosa  Bonheur,  The  Horse 
Fair  and  A  Foraging  Party. 

Catalogues  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Avctioneers  60 
Hanover  Street,  Liverpool.  ' 


THE      FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW, 
Edited  by  W.  L.  COURTNEY. 
DECEMBER. 

A  FRENCH  VIEW  of  the  BRITISH  E.MPIRE.     By  Baron  Pierre  de 

Conbertin. 
SHAKESPEARE'S  SONNETS.    By  William  Archer. 

The    INFLUENCE   of   HENRY   GEORGE   in    ENGLAND.      By   J.  A. 

Hobson. 
LORD  ROSEBERY'S  APOSTASY. 
ANNALS  of  a  PUBLISHING  HOUSE.    By  C.  Stein. 
"  LA  RfiVOLTE."    By  Villiers  de  lisle  Adam. 
'The  CRISIS  in  SPAIN.    By  Marquis  de  Ruvigny,  Cranstoun  Metcalfe, 

and  Leonard  Williams. 

D.\NTE  as  a  RELIGIOUS  TEACHER.    II.    By  Rev.  E.  Moore,  D.D. 

MOUNET  SULLY.    By  Yetta  Blaze  de  Bury. 

ENGLAND  and  FRANCE  in  WEST  AFRICA.     With  Map.     By  Rev. 
W.  Greswell. 

The  MONSTROUS  REGIMENT  of  WOMEN.    By  Janet  E.  Hogarth. 

POETRY  of  WILLIAM  MORRIS.     By  Nowell  Smith. 

PARLIAMENTARY  DIFFICULTIES  in  AUSTRIA.    By  GermanicuB. 


c 


HAPMAN'S        MAGAZINE. 

Edited  by  OSWALD  CRAWFURD. 
For  DECEMBER. 

CONTAINS     ARTICLES     ON 

The  BOOKSELLING  QUESTION,  by  F.  FRANKFORT  MOORE, 

"  A  PUBLISHER,"  and  F.  H.  EVANS, 

And  SEVEN  COMPLETE  STORIES  by 

EDWIN  PUGH,  BEA'TRICE  HERON-MAXWELL,  K.  CHIPPENDALE, 

A.  BLAIIl  LEES,  WILLIAM  DOUGL.VS,  and  DUDLEY  W.  BUCKLE. 

Chapman  &  Hall,  Limited. 


THE 


1 


GEOGRAPHICAL       JOURNAL. 

ConUnts.     NOVEMBER.     Price  25. 

Baron  Nordenskjold  finds  Fresh  Water  by  boring  through  hard 
Crytitalline  Rock.  By  Sir  Clements  R  Markhani,  KCB  F  K  8.— Mr. 
Fitzgerald's  Expedition  to  Aconcagua.  By  E  A.  Fitzgerald  —Geo- 
graphy at  the  British  Association.  Toronto.  1897  — I'he  Phlegra'an 
Fields.  By  R,  T.  Gunther,  MA — British  Caves  and  Speleology.  By 
E,  A.  Martel.— On  the  Distribution  of  Towns  and  Villages  in  England. 
By  Geo.  G.  Chisholm,  M.A.  B  Sc  — On  the  Distribution  of  Earthquakes 
in  Japan.  By  Charles  Davison,  Sc.D,  F  G  S  — The  Monthly  Iteeord.— 
Alfred  Kaiser's  Journey  in  East  Africa —Geographical  Literature  of 
the  Month.— New  Maps  —Numerous  Maps  and  Illustrations. 

Edward  Stanford,  26  and  27,  Cockspur  Street,  Charing  Cross,  S.W. 

THE       GENEALOGICAL        MAGAZINE, 
Monthly,  price  Is. 

Contents  for  JANUARY. 
The  BARONETAGE  and  the  NEW  COMMITTEE. 
The  NELSON  PEDIGREE. 

The  LOUDOUN  FAMILY.    By  Alfred  C.  Jonas,  F.R.H.S.,  tie. 
LANE  ol   BENTLEY   (now  of   KINGS  BROMLEY),  co.  STAFFORD. 
(Continued.)    By  Henry  Murray  Lane,  Chester  Herald. 

The  LORDS  and  MARQUISES  of  RAINEVAL  in  PICABDY.  By  the 
Marquis  of  Ruvigny  and  Raineval. 

LITTLECOAT. 
COCKADES. 

ROYAL  DESCENT  of  ISSUE  of  MARRIAGE  of  SIR  ROBERT  BELL, 
KNT.    By  John  Henry  Josselyn. 

The  BURIAL-PLACE  of  RICHARD  CARREC,  the  DESCENDANT  of 
THEADOR,  PRINCE  of  SOUTH  WAXES.  By  W.  J.  Simpson, 
M  K. S.A.I. 

LONDON  TAVERN  SIGNS. 

A  LI.'^T  of  STRANGERS.  (Continued.)  By  Rev.  A.  W.  Cornelius 
Hallen. 

REVIEWS. 

QUERIES  and  CORRESPONDENCE. 

A  GAZETTE  of  the  MONTH.    Being  a  Chronicle  of  Creations,  Deaths, 

and  other  Matters. 
BY  the  WAY. 

Elliot  Stock,  62,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.C. 

THE  ANTIQUARY. 

Monthly,  price  6d. 
Contents  for    JANVAB.Y. 
NOTES  of  the  MONTH.    Illustrated. 

QUARTERLY  NOTES  on  ROMAN  BRITAIN.  XXIII.  By  F.  Haver- 
field,  MA,  F  S.A. 

DOMESTIC  and  other  MORTARS.    By  Florence  Peacock.    Illustrated. 

FOREIGN   LEGISLATION   for  the   PRESERVATION    of   ANCIENT 

BUILDINGS. 
SPANISH  HISTORIC  MONUMEN'TS.    El  Cristo  de  la  Luz.    By  Joseph 

Louis  Powell.    Illustrated. 

NOTES  on  the  STORY  and  PLAY  of  'ARDEN  of  FAVERSHAM. 
By  W.  Carew  Hazlitt. 

PUBLICATIONS  and  PROCEEDINGS  of  ARCHiEOLOGICAL 
SOCIETIES. 

REVIEWS  and  NOTICES  of  NEW  BOOKS  :  'The  Church  of  St.  Mary 
the  Virgin,  Oxford  ;  •  Captain  Cuellar's  Adventures  in  Connacht  and 
Ulster';  'The  Elevation  and  Procession  of  the  Ceri  at  Gubbio'; 
'  The  Hawkshead  Parish  Registers,  1568-1701.' 

Elliot  Stock,  62,  Paternoster  Row,  London. 

BIRMINGHAM  ARCHITECTURE.  —  Pee  the 
BUILDER  of  November  27  (4rf.,  by  post  4|d.)  for  fully  illus- 
trated Article  on  Birnungham.  being  the  Eleventh  of  a  Series, 
appearing  at  intervals,  on  the  Architecture  of  our  Large  Provincial 
'Towns.    Through  any  Newsagent,  or  direct  from 

The  Publisher  of  the  Builder,  46,  Catherine  Street,  London,  W.C. 

VILLON    SOCIETY.— The    QUATRAINS    of 

V  OMAR  KHAYYAM.  Now  first  completely  done  into  English 
Verse  by  JOHN  PAYNE.  Subscription,  1/.  Is.;  Large-Paper  Copies, 
2(  2.S.  Intending  Subscribers  will  please  address  the  Hon.  Sec,  Alired 
FoRMAN,  Esq  ,  49,  Comeragh  Road,  West  Kensington,  W. 

GUIDE    in    EVBRY-DAY    MATTERS   of    PRO- 
PERTY and  INCOME.     Writing  to  Banker— Cheques— Invest- 
ments—Wills,  &c.    Sixth  Edition.    Price  3s.  6d. ;  post  free,  3s.  8ii. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  St.  Martin's  Street,  London,  W  C. 


W 


ORKS     by      MARY     C.     ROW  SELL. 


Price  Is.  illustrated. 

THE  GREEN  MEN  OF  NORSWELL,  and  other  Stories. 

Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.,  Limited. 

THE  PEDLAR  AND  HIS  DOG.    Is.  6rf. 
"Admirably  told,  in  beautiful  English,  and  the  author's  well-known 
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Blackie  &  Son,  Limited,  50,  Old  Bailey. 


NEW    BOOKS. 


The    MAKING    of   ABBOTSFORD. 

By  the  Hon.  Mrs.  MAXWELL  SCOTT.  With 
Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  Vignette  of 
Abbotsford.  374  pages,  square  crown  8vo, 
price  7s.  6^.  net. 

"The  volume  Is  one  that  appeals  to  Scottish  readers, 
and  in  which  they  will  find  a  great  deal  to  interest  them, 
and  which  well  deserves  their  attention." 

Aberdeen  Free  Press. 

"Mrs.  Maxwell  Scott's  very  agreeable  collection  of  essays 
contains  much  more  than  '  The  Making  of  Abbotsford.'  Her 
style  is  excellently  simple  and  lucid,  and  lier  book  cannot 
but  be  welcome  to  many  lovers  of  things  old." — Timxs. 


IN   NORTHERN    SPAIN.     By   Dr. 

HANS  GADOW,  M.A.  Ph.D.  F.R.S.  Contain- 
ing Map  and  89  Illustrations.  Demy  8vo. 
cloth,  438  pages,  price  21s. 

"  About  the  best  book  of  European  travel  that  has  appeared 
these  many  years." — Literary  World. 

"  Mr.  Qadow  has  all  the  equipment  of  a  really  desirable 
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Society,  he  is  a  trained  and  accurate  observer.  He  is  a 
botanist  and  a  naturalist,  a  philologist  and  an  archaeologist, 
with  a  taste  for  ethnology,  and  is  a  well-read  man  to  boot. 
A  most  comprehensive  and  practical  volume." — Academy , 


An  INTRODUCTION  to  STRUC- 
TURAL BOTANY.  By  D.  H.  SCOTT,  M.A. 
Ph.D.  F.R.S.,  Honorary  Keeper  of  the  Jodrell 
Laboratory,  Royal  Gardens,  Kew. 

FLOWERING  PLANTS.  Fourth  Edition.   Illus- 
trated with  115  Figures. 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  Second  Edition.  Illus- 
trated with  116  Figures. 

A  short  account  of  the  discovery,  by  the  Japanese 
botanists  Hirase  and  Ikeno,  of  the  occurrer.ce  of  spermato- 
zoids  in  certain  Gymnosperras  has  been  inserted,  and  illus- 
trated by  sketches  from  preparations  which  these  observers 
generously  gave  to  the  author.  This  great  discovery  bridges 
over,  in  the  happitst  way,  the  gap  between  Flowering  and 
Flowerless  Plants. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  3s.  6^.  each. 


The  NURSE'S  HANDBOOK  of 

COOKERY.  A  Help  in  Sickness  and  Con- 
valescence. By  E.  M.  WORSNOP,  First-Class 
Diplomee  of  the  National  Training  School  of 
Cookery,  South  Kensington,  and  for  sixteen 
years  Teacher  of  Cookery  under  the  London 
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of  the  various  foods." — Black  and  White. 


The   STORY    of   AB.     By    Stanley 

WATERLOO,  Author  of  'A  Man  and  a 
Woman,'  'An  Odd  Situation,'  &c.  With  10 
Full  -  Page  Illustrations  by  Simon  Harmon 
Vedder,  and  Cover  Design  by  Will  Bradley 
Crown  Bvo,  cloth,  price  5s. 

"  The  story  is  sensational :  it  abounds  in  mammoths  and 
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S.  H.  Vedder." — Academy. 

"The  woods  and  rivers  and  their  wild  inhabitants,  the 
cave  bear,  the  cave  tiger,  the  rhinoceros,  the  mammoth,  and 
even  the  sea-serpent,  re  brought  to  life  again ;  and  the 
lives  of  the  cave  men  and  the  shell  men  are  ingeniously 
reconstructed.     The  book  is  full  of  adventure."— .Vcotsman. 

"  He  has  made  a  story  which  should  be  equally  engaging 
to  the  scientist  who  is  fond  of  fiction  and  the  fiction  reader 
who  is  fond  of  science." — Daily  Mail. 


EXILED  from   SCHOOL;    or,  for 

the  Sake  of  a  Chum.     By  ANDREW  HOME, 
Author  of  'From  Fag  to  Monitor,' &c.     With 
10  Full-Page   Illustrations  by  Stephen   Reid. 
Crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  5s. 
"  The  book  is  brimful  of  amusement." — Education, 


DRYBURGH    EDITION. 

WAVERLEY     NOVELS. 

RE-ISSUE.  To  be  completed  in  25  Monthly 
Volumes, each  containing  Photogravure  Frontispiece 
on  Japanese  Vellum  Paper,  8  Page  Woodcuts,  and 
Vignette  Title,  Large  crown  8vo.  bound  in  buck- 
ram,  price  3s.  Qd.  per  Volume.  Volumes  I.  and  II. 
now  ready. 

A.  &  C.  BLACK,  Soho  Square,  London. 


728 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


MR.  T.    FISH[ERJU^^^WIN'S    LIST. 

AN     IMPORTANT     NOVEL 


BY 


JOHN     OLIVER     HOBBES. 


THE 


SCHOOL      FOR      SAINTS, 

In  green  cloth,  gilt  tops,  price  6s. 

NOW  EEADY  AT  ALL  LIBEARIES  AND  BOOKSELLERS'. 


JUST  RBADY,  A  NEW  RAIDING  ROMANCE  BY  LORD  ERNEST  HAMILTON 

The  OUTLAWS  of  the  MARCHES.     Illustrated.     In 

*'  Unwin's  Green  Cloth  Library."    6s. 


The   PEOPLE 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  6s. 


A  STORY  OF  RUSTIC  LOVE. 

Of  CLOPTON.     By    George 


Bartram. 


"  Mr.  Bartram  has  written  a  very  remarkable  book ;  his  poaching  scenes  especially  are 
narrated  with  a  zest  and  vigour  which  one's  memory  cannot  easily  parallel  from  our 
literature." — Literature. 

SECOND  EDITION,  A  REALISTIC  TALE  OF  LONDON  SLUM  LIFE. 

LIZA    of  LAMBETH.     By    W.    Somerset   Maugham. 

Cloth,  3s.  6(i.  ^ 

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does  not  beat  that  one  in  vividness  and  knowledge  of  the  class  it  Aeyicts." —Standnrd. 


DR.  WEIR  MITCHELL'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

HUGH     WYNNE:     Free   Quaker,    sometime   Brevet 

Lieut.-Col.  on  General  Washington's  Staff.     "  Unwin's  Green  Cloth  Library."    6s. 
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GARDEN  FERNS.     Coloured  Figures  and  Descriptions,  with 

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PHYCOLOGIA  BRITANNICA;    or,  History  of  British 

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FOR  ALL  LOVERS  OF  CAGE  BIRDS. 

FOREIGN  FINCHES  in    CAPTIVITY.     By  Arthur   G. 

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for  the  whole  book." — Feathered  World. 

In  Monthly  Parts,  demy  4to.  with  4  Coloured  Plates,  7s.  Gd.  net. 

TERACOLUS :  a  Monograph  of  the  Genus.     By  E.  M. 

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METEORS,  AEROLITES,  and  FALLING   STARS.     By 

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N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


MESSRS.   0.  ARTHUR    PEARSON'S    NEW  BOOKS. 


SECOND    EDITION    NOW    READY. 


MEN      WHO      HAVE      MADE      THE      EMPIRE 

ByGEORaEGRIFFITH. 

With  16  FuU-Page  Illustrations  by  STANLEY  L.  WOOD.     Demy  8vo.  cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  7s.  6d 
^^  A  Series  of  Twelve  Life-Pictures  of  the  Men  wlio  have  done  most  to  build  up  the  greatest  Imperial  Fabric  that  the  sun  has  ever  shone  upon 

Nelson  ItsX^e  I's  iTitl'j  bTt^ht^a^verTRe^nSant  r^est  ct' /o7?Lf f  e^  Y"  ^  H^  M''  '^^^-^  ^^  ''u'  destfnrorour'^iil'^ttrafhfsTx^^llent  account  of 
suited  the  best  authorities  on  the  Srioul^erfods  of^vvhVrhTi^^rpi/  iJ  t  ^"^l  f  „°*^''  ""^iTu  "^^T  ^^  ^""^^  ^*  °"«  "'^^^  ^°r«ted  ^^  ^^r.  He  has  con- 
popular  book  or.  a  subject'of^WcVtrmlnTE^Sishme^^^^  ^^^'^^^'^ «^  »^-  P-'i-'i  a  thoroughly  readable 


I    N 


SECOND      EDITION      NEXT     WEEK 

JOYFUL         RUS 

Jun. 


S    I    A. 


By    JOHN    A.    LOGAN, 

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,  J^  ull--t^age  Illustrations  from  Photographs,  10s.  6<?. 


A  STIRRING  ROMANCE  OF  THE  TIMES  OF  FRANCIS  I 

JOHN     OF     STRATHBOURNE. 

By    R.     D.     C  H  E  T  W  O  D  E. 

,  Crown  8vo.  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

higher  prlL'^^tf/^'flrianleo^^^^^  '''  the  handiwork  of  Mr.  Stanley  Weyman,  and  it  would  be  difficult  to  give 

dauntless  courage  change  the  Lorn  of  a  fair  and  hi^hL^^^  ^    '  in  common  mth  '  A  Gentleman  of  France'  that  the  hero's  unselfish  devotion°and 

has  too  much  sfirit  ancforiglnality  to  be  indSfed  tl  anv  one  Tor  iiTf^r        T^^^    °*  '^'  l°l^'''  ^^T'"""-  .^f  ^""''^  '^^  resemblance  ends.     Mr.  Chetwode 
the  civil  wars,  when  bands  of  SLirava^SnnnrntZ.^^  P'^*"'^'  °^  feudal  France-when   justice  slumbered  during 

right  in  his  own  eyes  "-t'»°L    ^  ^      unprotected  districts  with  impunity,  and  each  noble,  if  he  could  muster  sufficient  following,  did  what  seemed 


POPULAR    NOVELS    AT    THREE    SHILLINGS    AND    SIXPENCE. 


The  INVISIBLE  MAN.    By  H.G.Wells.   Crown 

8vo.  cloth. 

Mr  wS"/"/"^^*^^  enhance  the  reputation  of  a  very  ingenious  story-teller. 
S  Zt  -^  remarkable  faculty  of  invention,  and  a  still  more  remarkable 

gift  of  persuasion."— 7«w«7-«(e(^  London  News. 

"  I  have  not  been  so  fascinated  by  a  new  book  for  many  a  day." 

Mr.  Clement  K.  Shorter  in  the  BooTiman. 

"Without  exception  one  of  the  most  weird  and  creepy  books  we  ever 
i-emember  to  have  read."— rr^e/iiZy  ,^M«.  ^^  uuuks,  we 

n.«drS^w2i7''  told  with  that_  fertility  of  imaginative  resource  which  has 
made  Mi.  Wells  conspicuous  in  this  domain  of  fiction."-i>ai^y  Chronicle. 

FORTUNK'S  FOOTBALLS.    By  G.  B.  Burgin. 

c+rJ'f'""  ^^^^^°,^as  an  alert  eye  for  the  eccentricities  of  character The 

strongly  accentuated  character- drawing  verges  here  and  there  on  caricature, 

^totl  ^^^WTT  °^  '^^^^•^e^tion  is  on  the  lines  of  truth,  and  remains  con- 
vincing.  — Daily  A'ens. 

"A  clever  story  agreeably  told Distinctly  above  the  average,  erainentlv 

readable,  and  competent  to  convince  the  most  sensitive  reader  tliat  he  is  being 
treated  as  an  honest  man  by  an  author  whose  honest  work  speaks  for  itself  in 
the  sustained  interest  of  every  page."— P«ZZ  3Iall  Gazette. 

The  ^TYPEWRITER   GIRL.      By   Olive    Pratt 

^tvlp"«*L-^f.^^^''  is  exceptionally  winning.     It  possesses  a  fresh  felicity  of 

f™t^K^  ^  .?-°''?'*y  f  °<^  '^^^'■"^  °*  o»"o°k  that  mark  it  out  from  the  soon 
unremembered  'books  of  the  honr.'"— Sun. 

U  y^n'^^!2^tl-^^?  lu^V^  *^''  ''°°'''  "^'^^'^  t^e title  of  'Olive Pratt Rayner,' 
tpytnr.  n^I  kT'I  f^^-  ^^\^P"en  an  amusing  story-extremely  slight  in 
texture,  no  doubt,  but  withal  bright  and  humorous."-  Westminster  Gazette. 

r^r.rr.ii.?!^^'''  ■^''^^\^'i^  Original,  this   tale  by  an   unknown  writer  ought  to 

o?Th™e       "^"^f ''*^ '"/^^'^ ^"«*  be  considered  one  of  the  successes 

fnrfnrfW.ff''^  i"''^''',.''*  '^^'■*  ^^"^  Original  Writing  will  look  out  eagerly 
for  further  efforts  from  Mrs.  Olive  Pratt  Rayner's  witty  and  racy  pen. " 

Sheffield  Independent. 


The  SKIPPER'S  WOOING.    By  W.  W.  Jacobs. 

"In  'The  Skipper's  Wooing,'  as  in  'Many  Cargoes,'  Mr.  W.  W.  Jacobs 
proves  himself  to  belong  to  the  tribe  of  benefactors.  The  story  of  how  Capt. 
Wilson,  master  and  owner  of  the  schooner  Seamew,  won  the  hand  of  Miss 
Annis  Gething,  is  one  which  few  people,  to  use  an  expressive  vulgarism  will 

be  able  to  read  'with  a  straight  face.' Those  who  have  read  Mr.  Jacobs's 

earlier  stories  can  readily  imagine  how  irresistibly  ludicrous  are  the  develop- 
ments of  the  p\ot."— Spectator. 

HER   ROYAL    HIGHNESS'S    LOVE  AFFAIR. 

By  J.  MACLAREN  COBBAN. 

A  ^l'  ^'"^"^^^^s"  Cobban  has  dipped  his  pen  in  the  same  ink-bottle  used  by 
Mr.  Anthony  Hope,  and  I  think  with  quite  as  much  success.    '  The  Prisoner  of 
Zenda '  was  not  more  charming  than  is  '  Her  Royal  Highness's  Love  Affair.' " 
,  Morning  Leader. 

Une  ot  the  most  original  stories  which  has  come  under  our  notice  for 
some  time." — Manchester  Courier. 

"  One  of  the  most  entertaining  stories  we  have  read  for  many  a  day 
A  delightfully  brisk  and  wholly  enjoyable  piece  of  humorous  phantasy." 

North  British  Daily  Mail. 

The   DUKE   and  the   DAMSEL.     By  Richard 

MARSH. 

"Clever   and  amusing The    situations,   the   characters,   the    literary 

handhng  and  the  dramatic  action  are  all  smart,  piquant,  and  intensely  eniov- 
sh\e."— Scotsman.  -r  i        .  /      j  j' 

"This  is  a  delightful  book— witty,  humorous,  interesting,  and  enter- 
taining from  beginning  to  end.  The  dialogue  is  capital,  and  the  plot  and  its 
working  out  alike  unconventional."— ^JT-wiw^Aam  Daily  Gazette. 

The  IRON  CROSS.    By  R.  H.  Sherard. 

"  Sufficiently  novel  in  its  scene,  which  is  a  fishing  village  in  the  Landes 
situated  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  about  thirty  miles  from  the  Spanish  frontier' 
to  be  interesting ;  sufficiently  romantic  in  its  theme,  which  is  the  search  for 
hidden  treasure  and  the  things  which  resulted  therefrom,  to  satisfy  the  popular 
tastefor  romance;  and  sufficiently  short  and  smartly  written  to  be  acceptable 
to  critics  to  whom  literary  form  counts  for  something."— fii^air^ow  Herald, 


C.  ARTHUR   PEARSON,  Limited,  Henrietta  Street,  W.C. 


732 THE     ATHENJEUM N'^  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 

SOCIETY  EOR  PROMOTTO^CB^        KNOWLEDGE. 

HISTORICAL  CHURCH  ATLAS.    Illustrating  the  History  of  Eastern  and  Western  Christendom, 

until  the  Keformation,  and  that  of  the  Anglican  Communion  until  the  Present  Day.    By  EDMUND  McCLUEB,  M.A.     Containing  18  Coloured  Maps,  besides  some  50  Sketch- 

Maps  in  the  Text.     Demy  4to.  cloth  boards,  leather  back,  16s. 
This  Atlas  is  intended  to  indicate  some  of  the  stages  of  the  Church's  expansion,  and  at  the  same  time  to  show  briefly  the  interdependence  of  ecclesiastical  and  secular  history.    The 
information  given  on  the  maps  has  been  necessarily  limited  by  their  size  and  number,  but  the  main  features  of  the  spread  of  the  Christian  faith  have  been,  it  is  hoped,  broadly  traced,  and 
the  allied  changes  in  political  geography  sufficiently  depicted. 

THEODORE  and  WILFRITH.     Lectures  delivered  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  in  December,  1896. 

By  the  Eight  Eev.  G.  F.  BROWNE,  D.D.  D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Bristol.     Small  post  8vo.  with  several  Illustrations,  cloth  boards,  3s.  6d. 
"  The  Bishop's  polemic  is  sturdy  in  argument  but  scrupulously  temperate  in  tone,  and  it  need  hardly  be  said  that  he  illustrates  his  thesis  with  great  ecclesiastical  and  archaeological 
learning." — Times,  September  17. 

The  ANCIENT  HEBREW  TRADITION  as  ILLUSTRATED  by  the  MONUMENTS.    A  Protest 

against  the  Modern  School  of  Old  Testament  Criticism.     By  Dr.  FRITZ  HOMMBL,  Professor  of  the  Semitic  Languages  in  the  University  of  Munich.     Translated  from  the 
German  by  EDMUND  McCLURK,  M.A.,  and  LEONARD  CROSSLfe.     With  Map.     Large  post  8vo.  buckram  boards,  5s. 

"  Under  the  weight  of  Dr.  Horamel's  cumulative  evidence  the  latest  fortress  of  the  '  Higher  Criticism '  will  have  to  be  promptly  evacuated  or  surrendered  at  discretion.  The  book 
has  been  admirably  translated  by  Mr.  McClure  and  his  coadjutor." — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  We  are  profoundly  grateful  to  Dr.  Hommel  for  work  whose  results  w  ill  do  much  to  reassure  many  a  timid  and  distressed  believer." — Record. 

"  We  can  recommend  Dr.  Hommel's  well-argued  and  deeply  interesting  book  to  the  careful  consideration  of  all  Biblical  students." — Oxford  Ueview. 

SIDELIGHTS  on  CHURCH  HISTORY:  the  Liturgy  and  Ritual  of  the  Ante-Nicene  Church. 

By  the  Eev.  F.  B.  WAERBN,  B.D.  F.S.A.    Demy  8vo.  cloth  boards,  5s. 

CHRISTIAN  LIFE  in  SONG  (Te  Deum  Laudamus).     The  Song  and  the  Singers.     By  the  late 

Mrs.  BUNDLE  CHAELES.    Crown  8vo.  cloth  boards.  3s.  6d.  {In  the  press. 

The  STRUGGLE  of  the  NATIONS :   Egypt,  Syria,  and  Assyria.     By  Prof.  Maspero.     Edited  by 

the  Rev.  Prof.  SAYCE.    Translated  by  M.  L.  McCLUEB.    With  Maps,  Three  Coloured  Plates,  and  over  400  Illustrations.    Demy  4to.  (approximately),  cloth,  bevelled  boards, 
25s.  ;  half  morocco  (bound  by  Riviere),  50s. 

This  is  a  companion  volume  to  '  The  Dawn  of  Civilization,'  and  contains  the  History  of  the  Ancient  Peoples  of  the  East  from  the  Fourteenth  Egyptian  Dynasty  to  the  end  of  the 
Eamesside  period.  This  interval  covers  the  sojourn  of  the  Israelites  in  Egypt  and  their  exodus  therefrom.  The  recent  discovery  of  an  Egyptian  Stele  mentioning  the  Israelites  gives 
special  interest  to  this  volume,  where  the  matter  is  discussed  with  his  usual  acumen  by  the  author. 

"  The  translation  by  M.  L.  McClure  is  in  both  cases  excellent.     Prof.  Maspero's  presentation  of  the  new  learning  is  at  once  eminently  popular  and  attractive." — Times. 

"  The  author  has  throughout  attempted  to  reproduce  for  us  the  daily  life  of  the  various  peoples  of  whom  he  treats,  and  in  this  he  has  succeeded  admirably." — Academy. 

The  DAWN  of  CIVILIZATION  (EGYPT  and  CHALD^A).    Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 

By  Prof.  MASPERO.    Edited  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  SAYCB.    Translated  by  M.  L.  McCLURE.    With  Map  and  over  470  Illustrations,  including  Three  Coloured  Plates.    Demy 
4to.  (approximately),  clotb,  bevelled  boards,  24s. 

Prof.  Maspero,  by  using  the  result  of  the  most  recent  researches  in  Egypt  and  Mesopotamia,  has  brought  this  new  edition  up  to  the  latest  date. 

PATRIARCHAL  PALESTINE.    By  the  Rev.  Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  Queen's  College,  Oxford.    Crown 

8vo.  with  Map,  buckram  boards,  4s. 
[This  book  is  the  first  to  apply  the  Tel-el-Amarna  Tablets,  both  published  and  unpublished,  towards  elucidating  the  condition  of  Syria  at  this  period.    It  also  contains  a  recent  and 
important  revision  of  the  Egyptian  Geographical  Lists  bearing  on  Palestine.] 

The   "  HIGHER   CRITICISM "  and  the  VERDICT  of  the  MONUMENTS.     By  the  Rev.  Prof. 

A.  H.  SAYCE,  Queen's  College,  Oxford.     Fifth  Edition.     Demy  8vo.  buckram,  bevelled  boards,  7s.  6rf. 
"A  really  valuable  and  important  work  ;  perhaps  the  best  which  Prof.  Sayce  has  yet  vit'M&n."— Academy. 

ANCIENT  HISTORY  from  the  MONUMENTS.-The  HISTORY  of  BABYLONIA.     By  the  late 

GEORGE  SMITH.    Edited  and  brought  up  to  date  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  A.  H.  SAYCB.    Fcap.  8vo.  cloth  boards,  2s. 

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N°3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


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736 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


ARMAND   COLIN   &   C^^- 

]^;diteurs, 

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NEW    PUBLICATIONS. 


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Contents  :—\i\'OTi%  en  nous— L'eveil  de  la  conscience— Le 
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les  morts  — La  religion  — L'id6al—La  religion  de  I'idfeil  — 
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HISTOIRE  DE  LA  LANGUE  ET  DE  LA 

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chestnuts."  — iAooim;?  Times. 

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S.  (M.  H.).-OPTIMUS,    and    other 

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SWAN  SONNENSGHEIN  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  London. 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


737 


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dealing  with  genius.    This  is  a  work  of  genius  as  much  as  Mr.  Mere 

dith's  best  work," 

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even  teri  ifying,  we  must  avow  it  to  be  a  work,  of  real  genius." 

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738 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '9f 


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N*^  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


739 


SATURDAY,   NOVEMBER  27,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 

A  Study  of  the  Falkland  Family      

LiTEKAKY  Pamphlets  

Supplement  to  Prof.  Skeat's  Chaucer        

The  Greek  War  of  Independence       

Two  Handbooks  on  English  Literature      

A  Life  of  Pope  Adrian  IV 

New  Novels  (The  Beth  Boak ;  The  Tree  of  Life ;  The 
People  of  Clopton  ;  A  Passionate  Pilgrim  ;  A  Sinless 
Sinner;  Peace  with  Honour;  The  Ne'er-do-Weel ; 
A  Matrimonial  Freak ;  A  Spanish  Maid  ;  Orgueil 
Vaincu)  743. 

Sporting  Literature  

Short  Stories 

Napoleonic  Literature      

Books  of  Adventure  

Philological  Literature 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      748- 

Agricultuke  and  Burial;  New  Papyri;  Examiners 
at  Glasgow  Umveksity;  Thomas  Winter's 
Confession  ;  '  Thr  Story  of  Ahikar  and  Nadan  '; 
Bbathwait's  'The  Good  Wife';  Mr.  E.  Wal- 
FOBD;  The  Kelmscott  Press  750- 

LiTERARY  Gossip         

Science— Surgical  Biography;  Societies;  Meet- 
ings; Gossip  752- 

FiNK  Arts— Christmas  Books  ;  Chichesteb  Cathe- 
dral ;  The  Montagu  Sale  ;  Gossip  ...      754- 

Music-The  Week;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week  756- 

Drama— The  ' Wasps •  at  Cambridge;  Gossip 


PAGE 

739 
740 
741 
742 
742 
74.3 


-745 
745 
746 
747 
747 
748 

-749 


-751 
751 

-754 

-755 

-757 
767 


LITERATURE 

Falklands.     By  the  Author  of  the  '  Life  of 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby.'     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

This  volume  excites  curiously  mingled  feel- 
ings. It  is  a  special  study,  and  one  which 
throws  a  strong  side-light  on  the  period  of  the 
Eomanist  revival  in  England  under  James  I. 
and  Charles  I.  There  is  a  goodly  array  of 
facts  and  parade  of  authorities  and  a  super- 
abundance of  light  humorous  reading.  The 
book  is,  moreover,  superbly  illustrated.  The 
frontispiece  alone,  a  reproduction  of  Van 
Dyck's  portrait  of  Lucius  Cary,  second 
Viscount  Falkland,  is  worth  the  price  of 
the  volume;  not  to  mention  the  other  repro- 
ductions which  it  contains  of  portraits  by 
Vansomer  of  Henry,  first  Viscount  Falkland, 
and  his  wife,  and  by  Jonson  of  Letice,  wife 
of  Lucius  Cary. 

Yet  there  is,  with  all  this,  an  uncomfort- 
able undercurrent  of  suspicion  within  us 
that  we  are  accepting  a  gift  from  the  Greeks. 
To  begin  with,  the  interest  of  the  book  does 
not  centre — where  every  Englishman  would 
expect  it  to  centre — in  Falkland  himself,  nor 
even  in  his  father.  The  first  Viscount  Falk- 
land was  Lord  Deputy  in  Ireland  and  played 
a  part  by  no  means  insignificant  in  the 
history  of  his  time.  His  son,  as  a  scholar 
and  philosopher  and  poet,  was  the  friend 
of  Hales  and  Hobbes  and  Chillingworth, 
of  Ben  Jonson,  Waller,  and  Suckling  ;  as  a 
politician,  he  was  a  constitutionalist  and  a 
patriot ;  as  a  Royalist,  he  was  a  chevalier 
without  reproach.  His  life  is  the  one  pure, 
calm  page  in  the  history  of  that  troubled 
and  exciting  period,  and  his  memory  is 
cherished  by  every  Englishman  who  still 
reveres  high  principle  and  pure  motive 
rather  than  opportunism  and  party  allegi- 
ance. So  much  is,  of  course,  told  the  reader 
in  the  book  before  us.  It  could  not  be 
avoided.  But  quite  manifestly  it  is  the 
career  of  the  mother,  not  of  the  father  or 
the  son,  which  engages  the  author's  atten- 
tion and  sympathy.  Lady  Falkland,  wife  of 
the  first  and  mother  of  the  second  Viscount 
Falkland,  became  a  Papist  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, i.e.,  in  1604.  She  did  not,  however, 
openly  profess   her   conversion  till  twenty 


years  later  at  Dublin,  and  the  result  was 
a  separation  between  her  and  her  husband, 
then  Lord  Deputy.  She  thereupon  returned 
(?  was  sent  back  by  her  husband)  to  Eng- 
land, and  a  goodly  portion  of  the  remainder 
of  T.  L.'s  pages,  and  certainly  the  whole  of  his 
sympathies,  are  spent  on  this  peculiar  lady's 
consequent  trials  and  troubles,  first  with  her 
husband  and  later  with  her  son.  She 
remained  a  thorn  in  her  husband's  flesh  till 
his  death,  and  when  after  his  decease  the 
care  of  her  younger  children  was  decreed 
to  her  eldest  son  Lucius,  the  second  Vis- 
count, she  managed  to  take  two  of  the 
younger  boys  from  him.  They  were  got 
over  to  France  and  placed  in  a  Benedictine 
convent  at  Paris.  Of  her  daughters  three 
became  Benedictine  nuns  at  Cambray. 
Altogether,  out  of  eleven  children,  six  fol- 
lowed the  apostasy  of  their  mother,  and  this, 
pace  T.  L.,  is  the  origin  of  his  book. 

But  more  remains  to  be  said.    The  mate- 
rial of    their  own  and  their  mother's    life 
and    adventures  was    furnished   by  one    of 
these    children     to    a    Jesuit    author  —  as 
likely  as  not  Father  Holland — and  by  him 
drawn  out  into  a  narrative  of  the  "life  of 
the   Lady   Falkland."     The   manuscript  of 
this  "life"   bears  traces  of  the  correcting 
hand  of  one  of  the  younger  sons,  who  has 
interpolated  in  places  such  phrases  as  "  my 
brother  Lucius"  and  so    on.     The  "life" 
lay  in  manuscript  until  quite  recently,  when 
it  was  published  by  a  Roman  Catholic  society 
from  the  original  in  the  archives  at  Lille, 
whither  the  manuscript  had  been  removed 
some  time  after   1793  from  the  library  of 
the  English  Benedictine  nuns  at  Cambray. 
The  book  is  curious  and  intensely  interest- 
ing— like  all  the  memoir  literature  of  the 
time — from  its  fulness  of  detail.     But  much 
sanity  and  temperance  is  needed  in  the  use 
of  it  for  purely  historical  purposes.     T.  L. 
assumes,   as   indeed    every   writer   hitherto 
has  done,  that  '  The  Lady  Falkland  '  was 
written  by  one  of  her  daughters,  but  this  is 
disproved  by  internal  evidence.     The  lan- 
guage used  on  pp.  57  and  63  of  the  little 
book  in  reference  to  the  disrespectful  atti- 
tude of  the  daughters  to  their  mother  pre- 
cludes any  such  opinion,  and  the  passages 
to  be  quoted  immediately  will  substantiate 
the  Jesuit  origin  of  the  book.     The  prov- 
able inaccuracy   of    certain    statements    in 
it  adds  further  confirmation  of  this   view. 
No   daughter  writing  of    her    own  mother 
could  have  made  an   error  of  twenty  years 
in  the  date  of  that  mother's  conversion  to 
Romanism.     In  *  The  Lady  Falkland '  that 
event  is  assigned  to  the  year  1625.     It  is 
made   to   take   place   in   London  after   her 
return   from  Ireland,  and  is  attributed   to 
the  mental  anguish  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  her  daughter.  Every  word  of  this  account 
T.  L.  slavishly  adopts,  and  further  embel- 
lishes it  insinuatingly  thus  : — 

"  She  had  advanced  to  that  stage  of  High- 
Churchism,  common  enough  in  the  present  day, 
in  which  the  devotee  believes  Angh'can  clergy- 
men '  to  be  as  they  pretended,  truly  priests 
(never  yet  having  heard  the  contrary,  that  being 
the  truth  they  most  unwillingly  hear  of  any) ; 
she  was  desirous  at  least  to  do  as  like  Catholics 
in  all,  and  to  draw  as  near  them  as  she  could.' 
For  this  reason  she  made  up  her  mind  to  go  to 
confession,  and  she  asked  Dr.  Cozens  to  hear 
her." 

There  is  not  a  word  of  truth  in  the  whole 
story.     Lady    Falkland's    conversion    had 


taken  place  twenty  years  before,  had  been 
openly  professed  in  Dublin  before  her 
return  to  London,  and  had  actually  led  to 
that  return,  the  reasons  for  which,  T.  L.  says, 
"are  not  very  certain,  but  her  husband  may 
have  hoped  that  she  would  be  able  to  induce  the 
English  ministers  to  give  him  more  money  "  ! 

The  point  of  the  authenticity  of  this  little 
book    '  The   Lady  Falkland  '    is  worth   in- 
vestigating, and  we  are  surprised  that  the 
question  has  never  been  raised.    For  a  very 
notable  issue  hangs   upon  it.     It  seems  to 
have  escaped  the  notice  of  every  biographer 
of    Chillingworth.     The   life    even   in    the 
'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  '  makes 
absolutely  no  reference  to  it.     And  yet  the 
small  compass  of  its  pages  contains  more  of 
first-hand  personal  information  about  Chil- 
lingworth  than   can    be  gleaned   from  the 
whole    remaining   mass    of    the    historical 
literature  of  the  period.     The  substance  of 
the  charges  against  the  honour  and  honesty 
of   the    great   divine  which  these  personal 
references    constitute    is    copied      in     this 
book.      In  all  probability  T.  L.'s  purpose 
is  merely   a    gossii)y    one,    and   his    indis- 
criminate use  of  this  authority  is  apparently 
due  to  a  lack  of   true  historical  sense — a 
conclusion  which  could   be  confirmed  from 
almost  any  and  every  page  of  his  book.    But 
on  such  a  ground  and  in  such  a  connexion  it 
is  impossible  to  allow  it  to  pass  unchallenged. 
According   to    '  The  Lady  Falkland,'  Chil- 
lingworth disgraced  her  hospitality  in  Lon- 
don by  acting  as  Laud's  spy  upon  her,  by 
lying  as  to  his  own  change  of  religion,  by 
intriguing  about  her  daughters,  and,  after 
his  expulsion  from  her  house,  by  securing  a 
tyrannical  tutorship  over  her  younger  sons, 
then  in  the  care  of  their  brother  Lucius. 
The  story  contradicts  itself.     The  very  cha- 
racter  of  Chillingworth   as   drawn   by   the 
narrator   contradicts    itself.      The    account 
given  of  Chillingworth's  intrigues  over  the 
daughters'  conversion  is  simply  incompre- 
hensible. The  animus  of  the  unknown  writer, 
in  fact,  gives  him  entirely  away.     Speaking 
of   these  intrigues,  the    author  (whom    we 
conjecture  to  have  been  the  Jesuit  Holland) 
says : — 

"  To  find  means  to  do  this  in  a  manner  most 
for  his  purpose  he  pretends  to  have  been  sent 
for  by  the  Bishop  of  London,  feigning  much 
apprehension  of  what  should  be  the  matter, 
commending  himself  to  every  one's  prayers, 
encourages  himself  as  if  in  some  conflict  with 
fear  (whilst  my  I  ord  of  London  never  sent  for 
him  nor  thought  of  him,  nor  was  he  ever  with 
him,  as  one  of  his  chaplains  aftirmed  of  his  own 
knowledge)  ;  he  returns  (as  he  pretended)  from 
my  Lord  of  London  sad  and  full  of  thoughts,  but 
would  not  tell  why,  but  next  morning,  as  being 
better  resolved,  seems  more  cheerful,  and  then 
professes  openly  that  my  Lord  of  London,  on 
examining  him  of  what  he  had  done  hitherto  in 
matter  of  religion  and  also  cf  his  further  inten- 
tions, proposed  to  him  that  if  he  were  writing 
a  book  (as  he  made  show)  of  enquiry  into  religion 
as  to  be  a  guide  to  others  that  \sic\  he  should 
put  himself  forth  of  the  communion  of  the 
Catholic  Church  till  this  were  done,  and  that  to 
this  end  he  had  offered  him  an  oath  to  forbear 
for  the  space  of  two  years  (for  so  long  would 
this  book  he  thought  be  writing)  the  com- 
munion of  both  Churches  :  that  having  resolved 
through    the    hope    of    the    great    fruit    that 

would  follow  he  had  taken  it But  that  not 

sufficing  after  some  days'  dispute  about  it, 
he  adds  to  his  already  (as  he  had  said)  taken 
oath  this  clause  exa-pt  in  danger  of  death,  yet 
without  pretending  so  much  as  to  ask  my  Lord 


740 


THE    ATHEN^QM 


N"3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


of  London's  consent,  any  more  indeed  than  he 
had  for  tlie  making  of  it  or  did  after  for  the 
breaking  of  it,  communicating  with  the  Pro- 
testant Church  within  less  than  a  quarter  of  a 
year.  But  his  tale  hung  not  well  together  in 
many  things.  He  did  also  for  their  [that  is  the 
Misses  Gary's]  better  satisfaction  give  them  in 
writing  that  all  he  did  was  only  out  of  the  desire 
of  the  advancement  and  for  the  glory  of  the 
Catholic  Church  and  faith,  setting  his  name  to 
it,  and  this  he  did  not  above  two  days  before  he 
professed  himself  openly  [a  Protestant],  and  it 
was  not  five  days  after  before  he  writ  down  this 
unheard-of  assertion,  'Roman  Catholics  are  held 
for  heretics  by  the  Church  of  England,  and  that 
they  are  so  shall  be  proved  by  William  Chilling- 
worth.'  " 

Following  this  the  Jesuit  writer  states 
that  Lady  Falkland,  overhearing  some  of 
Chillingworth's  lies,  and  thereby  discovering 
his  duplicity  and  intrigue,  indignantly  for- 
bade him  her  house,  and  yet  goes  on  com- 
placently to  add  a  triumphant  account  of 
a  four  days'  disputation  which  ensued, 
during  all  which  time  Ohillingworth  "stayed 
in  the  house"  on  terms  of  respect.  It  is 
his  account  of  this  disputation  which  deter- 
mines, to  our  thinking,  both  the  authorship 
of  the  book  and  its  worthlessness  as  any 
historic  testimony  against  Ohillingworth. 
Being  worsted  in  argument,  Ohillingworth 

"so  lost  all  his  pretended  serenity  as  to  be 
so  uncivil  as  to  call  the  other  fool  and  knave, 
which,  being  only  answered  with  smiles,  put 
him  into  such  a  rage  and  fury  that  he  swelled 
so  with  it  and  looked  so  terribly  that  he  might 
well  have  been  suspected  to  be  possessed  :  and 
now  at  the  end  of  his  two  days  which  he  had 
spent  from  morning  till  night  with  this  Father, 
seeming  to  have  almost  lost  his  senses  with 
anger,  and  having  no  more  to  say  for  all  his 
long  preparation,  he  was  fain  instead  of  proofs 
to  thunder  out  threats  with  a  confused  heap  of 
dreadful  words  as  hell,  damnation,  and  devil, 
seeking  to  frighten  them  whom  he  knew  enough 
inclined  to  fear,  when,  by  the  consent  and  good- 
will of  all,  he  was  forbid  the  house." 

The  animus  which  is  here  revealed  is 
evinced  again  and  again  : — 

*'  To  a  young  Catholic,  Camilla,  that  served 
one  of  them  [the  Misses  Cary]  and  had  been 
reconciled  [to  the  Romish  Church]  with  them, 
daring  to  do  more,  he  [Chillingworth]  would 
make  her  hear  him  by  force,  holding  her,  in 
spite  of  her  teeth,  when  she  ofi'ered  to  go,  and 
keeping  down  her  hands  when  she  would  stop 
her  ears,  into  which  he  would  bawl  his  blas- 
phemies, yet  though  she  since  fell — may  it 
please  God  mercifully  to  raise  her  again — he 
had  not  the  content  to  have  any  hand  in  it." 

But  not  merely  is  animus  chargeable 
against  this  unknown  writer,  not  merely 
also  ignorance  of  fact  (as  in  the  case  of  the 
date  of  Lady  Falkland's  conversion),  there 
is  evidence  of  direct  and  wilful  misrepre- 
sentation. As  might  be  supposed,  he  refers 
to  the  charge  of  Socinianism  against  Ohil- 
lingworth. But  where  the  age  simply 
charged  Chillingworth,  as  it  did  Falkland 
himself,  with  Socinianism  as  with  a  moderate 
rationalism,  Father  Holland  (if  it  is  he) 
must  needs  be  specific.  He  goes  one  better 
than  ordinary  rumour.  He  quotes  from 
Ohillingworth's  own  mouth  : — 

"  There  was  one  God  and  3  persons,  as  there 
were  3,  100,  1000,  10,000  persons  (men  or 
angels),  and  thus  he  meant  what  he  said,  but 
that  he  had  never  said  he  believed  one  God  in 
three  Persons,  nor  that  the  three  Persons  were 
one  God,  nor  that  they  had  anything  to  do  with 
one  another." 


T.  L.  repeats  this  latter  story  on  p.  81  of 
his  book  before  us.  He  might  at  least  have 
referred  to  Chillingworth's  preface  to  his 
own  work,  where — speaking  of  the  Jesuit 
Knott's  tortuous  correspondence  with  him 
before  the  publication  of  '  The  Religion  of 
Protestants' — he  says  : — 

"  I  desired  the  gentleman  who  dealt  between 
us  to  return  this  answer  or  to  this  effect  :  '  That 
I  believed  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  the  deity 
of  our  Saviour,  and  all  other  supernatural  veri- 
ties revealed  in  Scripture  as  truly  and  as  heartily 
as  yourself  or  any  man.'  " 

Before  such  an  issue  as  is  raised  by  this 
book  we  hardly  care  to  pause  to  examine 
other  phases  of  T.  L.'s  work.  It  is  light 
and  easy  reading,  but  this  only  by  virtue 
of  a  method  which  is  essentially  unhistorical, 
and  of  a  taste  which  is  essentially  vulgar. 
The  book  is  merely  a  series  of  extracts 
strung  together,  with  not  the  slightest 
attempt  at  critical  estimation  of  relative 
historical  authenticity  and  worth.  The 
author  shows  no  sign  of  any  real  acquaint- 
ance with  first  -  hand  work  at  historical 
sources — e.ff.,  on  p.  40  he  prints  "  10™  ti" 
in  place  of  10™'',  being  manifestly  unaware 
that  it  simply  stands  for  10,000"  or  10,000^. 
No  less  faulty  than  his  historical  sense  is 
his  literary  taste.  Who  to-day,  in  describing 
a  household  open  to  literary  geniuses  as 
Falkland's  was,  would  descend  to  a  reference 
to  the  trouble  of  finding  "clean  sheets"  for 
the  guests?  But  we  could  forgive  this  were  it 
not  for  the  foolish  and  clumsy  iteration  with 
which  the  writer  returns  again  and  again  to 
the  fable  of  an  impurity  in  Falkland's  pri- 
vate life.  This  is  a  typical  instance  of  our 
author's  method  of  handling  his  theme  : — 

"  Clarendon's  defence  had  better  be  accepted 
as  final,  and  it  may  be  invidious  to  observe  that 
the  knowledge  of  his  wife's  being  '  an  excellent 
person  '  does  not  invariably  keep  a  husband  in 
the  path  of  perfection  ;  that  clever  women,  even 
when  they  possess  no  alluring  beauty,  some- 
times make  men  fall  in  love  with  them  ;  or  that 
it  is  a  very  dangerous  thing  for  a  married  man 
to  drift  into  an  unanticipated  flirtation  with  an 
attractive  woman  whose  conversation  he  '  ex- 
ceedingly loves  '  over  the  subject  of  virtue.  If 
Letice  was  satisfied  why  should  not  we  be  ?  As 
the  poet  sang  of  her, 

she 

Had  only  of  Herself  a  jealouaie. 

Let  the  subject  drop  !  Possibly  Letice  may 
have  made  the  same  remark  about  it  to  Falk- 
land. She  would  not  be  the  first  or  the  last 
wife  to  make  it  to  her  husband  after  a  disagree- 
able conversation  about  a  similar  subject." 

Could  anything  be  more  nauseous?  and 
about  Lucius,  second  Viscount  Falkland  ! 


Pamphlet  Library.  —  Literary  Pamphlets. 
Edited  by  Ernest  Rhys.  (Kegan  Paul 
&Co.) 

We  do  not  wish  to  complain  of  the 
"Pamphlet  Library"  on  the  mere  score 
of  its  existence.  It  is  not  a  real  addition  to 
scholarship,  of  course;  but  then  that  is  hardly 
a  stone  to  throw  at  a  single  series  of  books  in 
an  age  of  bookmaking.  And  if  it  be  otiose 
to  reprint  once  more  Sidney's  '  Apologie  for 
Poetry,' Milton's  '  Areopagitica,'  or  Pope's 
'  Essay  on  Criticism,'  yet  it  is  not  otherwise 
than  convenient  to  have  in  a  handy  form 
such  less  familiar  pieces  as  Campion's 
'  Observations  in  the  Art  of  English  Poesie,' 
Daniel's  '  Defence  of  Ehyme,'  and  the  docu- 


ments in  that  brisk  bit  of  polemic  between 
Wordsworth,  Byron,  and  Bowles. 

But  we  feel  bound  to  protest  against  the 
manner  in  which  Mr.  Ernest  Rhys  has  dis- 
charged his  editorial  obligations.  Not  much 
was  required  of  him  :  there  is  really  nothing 
very  vital  to  say  about  the  pamphlet,  the 
distinction  between  which  and  kindred  forma 
of  literature  is  mainly  an  external  one ;  a 
brief  preface  and  still  briefer  introductory 
notes  to  each  number  would  have  sufficed. 
But  Mr.  Rhys  insists  on  encumbering  his 
pages  with  foot-notes  which  to  one  set  of 
readers  will  appear  trivial  and  superfluous, 
to  another  lamentably  inadequate.  These 
notes  are  of  the  "  miss  Rehoboam,  spot 
Melchizedek"  order.  Milton  will  name 
half  a  dozen  writers  in  a  paragraph ; 
Mr.  Rhys  will  give  you  those  valu- 
able things,  the  birth  and  death  dates 
of  four  of  them,  and  leave  the  other  two 
unregarded.  And  neither  in  the  notes 
nor  in  the  skimble-skamble  introduction 
does  he  display  that  virtue  of  accuracy 
which  is  the  first  requirement  of  scholar- 
ship. When  we  find  "  Patridge  "  for  Part- 
ridge, "iEthispica"  for  ^thiopica,  "Shi- 
lotas  "  for  Philotas,  we  are  willing  to 
attribute  something  to  the  printer's  devil,, 
who  is  also  probably  responsible  for  the 
humorous  substitution  of  "Poggins"  for 
Poggius  in  the  text,  although  the  true 
scholar  makes  a  point  of  asserting  his  own 
individuality  over  that  of  the  printer's  devil. 
But  what  are  we  to  think  when  Duns  Scotus 
is  called  "  subtilis  "  on  one  page  and 
"angelic"  on  another;  or  when  "the 
*  Laertus '  of  Diogenes"  is  quoted  for 
Diogenes  Laertius ;  or  when  we  leara 
that  Evander,  in  the  -33neid,  "  was  leader  of 
the  Pelasgi,  and  opposed  to  Cacus,  who  was 
chief  of  a  different  sacerdotal  faction "  ? 
What  on  earth  has  Mr.  Rhys  got  into  hia. 
head  here  ? 

These  are  happy  samples  of  the  annota- 
tions. But  it  is  in  the  fine  unfettered  styla 
of  the  introduction  that  Mr.  Rhys's  qualities 
are  best  seen.  He  has  an  infallible^aw-  for 
the  inappropriate  phrase  and  the  blunt  word. 
His  sentences  are  broken-backed  and  fla- 
grantly ungrammatical.  He  tells  us  that 
"  even  in  the  *  Harleian  Miscellany '  and 
Lord  Somers'  collection  of  tracts,  the  early 
beginning  of  this  occasional  literature,  about 
the  time  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  are  easily 
distinguished";  or,  again,  "Savage  wa» 
surprised  at  the  meanness  of  the  entertain- 
ment, and  after  some  hesitation  ventured 
to  ask  for  wine,  which  Sir  Richard, 
not  without  reluctance,  ordered  it  to  be 
brought."  Here,  too,  we  should  be  willing 
to  assume  misprints,  were  it  not  that,  though 
more  demonstrably  incorrect,  these  sentences 
are  not  more  essentially  slovenly  than  many 
of  their  pretentious  fellows.  And  how  Mr. 
Rhys  ramps  it  over  the  analogies  of  lan- 
guage !  Bacon,  for  him,  makes  an  "  enter- 
taining collect  of  apothegms,"  Milton's 
manner  in  verse  is  "latinic,"  and  Johnson's 
praise  "  autocratical."  Swift  has  an 
"  animus  to  Steele."  We  need  hardly  add 
that  when  Mr.  Rhys  takes  occasion  to  quote 
a  dozen  words  from  Aristotle,  he  cannot 
accomplish  the  feat  without  omitting  a 
breathing  and  putting  an  accusative  for  a 
genitive. 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


741 


Chaucerian  and  other  Pieces.  Edited  from 
Numerous  MSS.  by  the  Eev.  Walter  W. 
Skeat,  Litt.D.  Being  a  Supplement  to  tlie 
*  Complete  Works  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer.' 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

This  volume  is  a  valuable  addition  to  Prof. 
Skeat's  Chaucerian  work — in  its  way,  indeed, 
an  invaluable  addition.  It  has  long  been 
wanted,  and  consequently  deserves  a  hearty 
welcome  from  all  students  of  our  later 
mediaeval  literature,  and  a  particularly 
hearty  welcome  from  all  students  of 
Chaucer ;  for  it  not  only  introduces  to  us 
some  poetic  names  scarcely,  or  not  at  all, 
known  before,  but  in  introducing  them  it 
finally  relieves  the  name  and  the  fame  of 
Chaucer  from  the  ascribed  authorship  of 
numerous  pieces  with  which  he  had  nothing 
in  the  world  to  do,  except  as  a  model,  or 
in  some  sense  an  inspirer.  Certainly  no 
more  important  contribution  to  our  know- 
ledge of  fifteenth  century  poetry  has  been 
made  for  many  a  long  day. 

In  the  last  century  and  far  on  into  the 
present  one  an  immense  heap  of  very 
dubious  stuff  was  piled  up  at  Chaucer's 
door.  Some  things  in  it  were  better  than 
others.  Certain  persons — we  must  not  take 
the  name  of  "  critic  "  in  vain  by  calling 
them  critics,  though  they  wrote  what  were 
supposed  to  be  discriminating  essays  and 
literary  histories — cried  up  '  The  Flower 
and  the  Leaf,'  for  instance,  and  pronounced 
it  to  be  unquestionably  Chaucer's  handi- 
work, and,  unfortunately,  it  was  even 
selected  as  one  of  the  poems  to  furnish 
illustrations  for  the  Chaucer  window  in 
the  Poets'  Corner  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
But  for  the  most  part  that  heap  was  of 
a  very  sorry  description ;  but  it  was  reso- 
lutely labelled  "  Chaucer,"  and,  to  drop  our 
metaphor,  it  was  again  and  again  printed 
and  published  as  his.  This  melancholy  fact 
cannot  but  make  one  wonder  whether  the 
writers  who  spoke  so  warmly  of  these  pieces, 
or  some  of  them,  had  ever  really  read  them 
through.  We  have  all  heard  of  a  critic 
who  shrank  from  perusing  books  sent  him 
for  review  lest  he  should  take  a  prejudice 
against  them.  Perhaps  these  second  -  rate 
pseudo- Chaucerian  writings  were  eulogized 
according  to  the  same  method  ;  at  least, 
some  startling  circumstances  are  now  and 
then  brought  before  us  by  the  faithful  in- 
dustry of  Prof.  Skeat.  Thus  it  is  incontro- 
vertibly  shown  that  the  later  sheets  of 
Thynne's  copy  of  '  The  Testament  of  Love  ' 
in  1532,  "whence  all  later  editions  have 
been  copied  more  or  less  incorrectly,"  by 
some  accident  got  disarranged,  and  were 
not  printed  in  their  proper  order,  so  that 
in  all  the  latter  part  of  the  edition  there 
is  no  proper  consecutiveness,  the  thread 
of  the  treatise  is  broken  ever  so  many 
times,  and  the  sense  hopelessly  con- 
fused and  destroyed.  This  disarrange- 
ment not  many  months  ago  Mr.  Bradley, 
assisted  by  an  important  observation  of 
Prof.  Skeat's,  brilliantly  conjectured  and 
assuredly  proved.  What,  then,  is  to  be 
thought  of  those  who  have  discoursed  on 
'  The  Testament  of  Love '  as  it  is  printed  by 
Thynne  as  if  it  ran  on  coherently  and  in- 
telligibly? Godwin,  who  turns  it  to  such 
large  account  in  his  '  Life  of  Chaucer,'  after 
what  manner  could  he  have  read  part  iii.  ? 
And  the  same  question  must  be  asked  about 


several  since  Godwin  —  several  who  had 
ceased  to  believe,  as  Godwin  believed,  that 
the  said  *  Testament '  was  by  Chaucer  and 
was  autobiographical.  There  used  to  be  a 
story  of  an  imperfectly  educated  young 
woman,  who,  to  be  sure,  possessed  a  Prayer 
Book,  but  was  often  observed  in  the  midst 
of  her  devotions  to  be  holding  it  upside 
down,  and,  when  expostulated  with  as  to 
that  curious  habit,  she  replied  that  that  was 
her  way  —  that  she  always  read  so.  We 
are  inclined  to  think  that  much  of  the 
study  of  our  older  and  archaic  writers  was 
carried  on  in  some  such  wise,  certainly  by 
"  the  general  reader,"  and  not  unfrequently 
by  editors  and  biographers.  Prof.  Skeat 
furnishes  many  examples  of  a  text  utterly 
obscure  and  corrupt  which  has  yet  been 
accepted  as  clear  and  accurate.  Sheer  non- 
sense has  occasionally  passed  current.  No 
wonder  if  the  wildest  attributions  of  author- 
ship prevailed.  No  wonder  if  there  was 
fathered  upon  Chaucer  a  tribe  of  other 
people's  children. 

As  to  some  of  these  vagrants  thus 
lavishly  assigned  to  Chaucer,  there  has 
been  for  a  generation  and  more  a  shrewd 
suspicion,  or  even  a  strong  conviction,  that 
they  were  of  very  different  paternity.  Prof. 
Skeat's  new  volume  gathers  together  with 
irresistible  force  all  the  various  arguments 
that  justify  such  suspicions  and  con- 
firm such  convictions.  These  arguments 
have  been  scattered  up  and  down  in 
diverse  tractates  and  serials.  It  is  a  great 
benefit  to  have  them  collected ;  but  Prof. 
Skeat  has  done  much  more  than  collect  them. 
With  abundant  learning  he  has  reinforced 
them  by  an  exact  scrutiny  of  language, 
of  allusions,  of  style,  especially  metrical 
style.  And  in  the  way  of  external  evidence 
he  has  been  fortunate  enough — such  inde- 
fatigable diligence  deserves  to  be  fortunate 
— to  make  some  new  and  decisive  discoveries. 
So  that  works  that  used  to  be  ascribed  to 
Chaucer  are  now  plainly  found  to  have  been 
written  by  other  persons — by  a  score  of 
other  persons — a  score  of  poetasters  of  more 
or  less  merit  or  demerit.  Grateful  as  we 
are  for  what  Prof.  Skeat  has  done,  wo  can- 
not but  wish  he  had  done  yet  more,  and 
dealt  similarly  with  certain  other  pseudo- 
Chaucerian  pieces,  as  'Chaucer's  Dream' — 
or,  to  give  it  its  proper  name,  '  The  Isle  of 
Ladies ' — the  *  Lamentation  of  Mary  Magda- 
leyne '  (Miss  Skeat's  inaugural  dissertation 
for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  at 
the  University  of  Zurich  might  easily  have 
been  adapted  for  her  distinguished  father's 
use),  the  '  Craft  of  Lovers,'  the  '  Ten  Com- 
mandments of  Love,'  the  'Nine  Ladies 
Worthy.'  These  additions  would  no  doubt 
have  involved  a  second  volume,  but  to 
have  had  them  treated  by  such  an 
excellently  trained  and  equipped  specialist 
as  Prof.  Skeat,  could  he  possibly  have  under- 
taken all  this  extra  labour,  would  have 
more  than  justified  a  second  volume; 
and  the  present  volume  would  have  been 
all  the  pleasanter  to  handle  had  some  of 
its  contents  been  reserved  for  a  second,  for 
truly  it  is  somewhat  too  corpulent  for  read- 
ing in  an  easy-chair.  "  It  is  quite  certain," 
says  our  editor,  "  that  not  less  than  twenty 
authors  are  represented  in  the  mass  of 
heterogeneous  material  which  appears  under 
Chaucer's  name  in  a  compilation  such  as 
that  which  is  printed  in  the  first  volume  of 


Chalmers's  '  British  Poets.'  "  Thus  modern 
scholarship  distinguishes  twenty  -  one  or 
more  writers  where  uncritical  ages  beheld 
only  one !  And  wo  may  picture  Prof. 
Skeat  as  carting  much  rubbish  away  from 
Chaucer's  door — carting  away  productions 
of  some  sixteen  of  those  twenty-one  or  more  ! 
This  is  a  blessed  clearance,  and  must  surely 
be  a  real  benefit  to  the  general  knov/ledge 
of  the  greatest  English  poet  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  who  is  also  one  of  the  greatest 
English  poets  of  all  ages. 

But  all  the  pieces  in  the  volume  before 
us — though  not  one  is  by  Chaucer — show, 
by  their  former  ascription  or  by  their  con- 
tents, how  supreme  a  figure  he  was  in  his 
own  time  and  down  to  the  Elizabethan  age. 
Usk's  admiring  reference — we  may  now 
name  with  certainty  the  author  of  *  The 
Testament  of  Love '  —  must  have  been 
penned  before  Chaucer  reached  his  poetic 
maturity,  or  at  latest  only  just  when  he  was 
reaching  it,  for  in  March,  1388,  this  unfor- 
tunate— perhaps  justly  unfortunate — man 
was,  after  nearly  thirty  blows  of  a  sword, 
beheaded  ("post  triginta  mucronis  ictus 
decapitatus").  He  makes  great  use  of 
Chaucer's  translation  of  Boethius,  and  it 
will  be  seen  mentions  Troilus  by  name 
(Love  is  speaking  to  Usk  in  his  "  derke 
prison")  :— 

"  Myne  owne  trewe  ser vaunt,  the  noble  philo- 
sophical poete  in  Englissh,  whiche  evermore 
him  besieth  and  travayleth  right  sore  my  name 
to  eucrese — (wherefore  al  that  willen  me  goud 
owe  to  do  him  worship  and  reverence  bothe  ; 
trewly,  his  better  ne  his  pere  in  scole  of  uiy 
rules  coude  I  finde) — he  (quod  she)  in  a  tretis 
that  he  made  of  my  servant  Troilus  hath  this 
mater  touched  and  at  the  ful  this  question 
assoyled." 

The  question,  of  course,  is  whether,  if  God 
is  the  author  of  everything.  He  is  not  the 
author  of  evil — of  "  bad  works,"  and  so  not 
justified  in  punishing  the  doings  of  man- 
kind. 

' '  Certaynly,  his  noble  sayinges  can  I  not 
amende ;  in  goodnes  of  gentil  manliche  speche 
without  any  maner  of  nycete  of  storiers 
imaginacion,  in  witte  and  in  good  reson  of 
sentence  he  passeth  al  other  makers.  In  the 
boke  of  Troilus  the  answere  to  thy  question 
mayst  thou  lerne." 

And  the  volume  abounds  in  reminiscences 
and  echoes  of  Chaucer's  songs.  It  repre- 
sents what  may  be  called  "  the  school "  of 
Chaucer.  The  lady  who  wrote  '  The  Flower 
and  the  Leaf '  drew  her  inspiration  mainly 
from  him,  as  in  all  probability  certain  lines 
in  the  prologue  to  '  The  Legend  of  Good 
Women'  provided  her  with  her  theme. 
The  tributes  of  Hoccleve  and  Lydgate  to 
their  great  master  are  well  known.  But 
even  when  there  is  no  formal  praise,  we 
notice  in  their  writings  the  yet  more  sub- 
stantial compliment  of  imitation.  Chaucer 
was  verily  "  the  god  of  shepherds,"  i.  e.,  the 
idol  of  versemen,  for  many  generations  ;  and 
both  nominally  and  virtually  this  volume 
illustrates  and  celebrates  his  glory. 

Some  of  the  poets  whose  works  were 
imputed  to  Chaucer  have  here  their  names 
declared  for  the  first  time,  at  least  for  the 
first  time  so  far  as  most  people  are  con- 
cerned. Sir  Eichard  Eos  and  Sir  Thomas 
Clanvowe  must  for  the  future  have  a  place 
made  for  them  in  our  literary  histories. 
Eos  it  was  who  translated,  in  the  Leicester- 
shire   dialect,   Alan    Chartier's   *  La    belle 

9 


742 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N''  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


Dame  sans  Mercy.'  Yet  more  interest  may- 
be taken  in  Olanvowe,  for  he  is  the  author 
of  a  poem  that  attracted  both  Milton  and 
Wordsworth,  viz.,  '  The  Cuckoo  and  the 
Nightingale';  see  Milton's  earliest  sonnet, 
and  Wordsworth's  modern  rendering  of  the 
poem — a  rendering  made  with  much  respect 
and  tenderness,  in  a  very  different  spirit 
from  that  in  which  Dryden  set  himself  to 
reproduce  our  older  poetry. 

There  are  several  other  matters  suggested 
by  this  volume  on  which  we  would  gladly 
dwell,  if  time  and  space  permitted.  But  we 
have  said  enough  to  show  that  it  deserves 
the  careful  perusal  of  all  students  of  our 
literary  history.  Of  course,  it  is  not  ex- 
haustive, either  in  its  selections  or  its  argu- 
ments ;  but  undoubtedly  in  its  line  it  makes 
an  epoch ;  it  makes  a  new  departure  in 
formally  and  finally  severing  from  the 
Chaucerian  canon  much  that  has  no  kind 
of  right  or  business  to  be  admitted  into  it. 

We  may  just  notice  that  when  Prof. 
Skeat  so  conscientiously  and  so  generously 
had  the  later  pages  of  '  The  Testament  of 
Love '  reset  on  the  announcement  of  Mr. 
Bradley's  discovery,  he  forgot,  sometimes 
at  least,  to  alter  his  references  to  the  old 
pagination:  "p.  140"  on  p.  xxiii  should 
be  "  p.  123,"  and  so  on  p.  xxvii.  On  p.lxxv 
the  Professor  speaks  as  if  the  statement  that 
the  author  of  '  The  Court  of  Love'  was  a 
*'  clerk  of  Cambridge "  was  not  derived 
from  internal  evidence.  He  thinks  *  The 
Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale '  was  pos- 
sibly written  in  May,  "as  it  relates  so 
much  to  the  time  of  spring."  But  are  not 
those  references  to  spring  conventional? 
And  there  are  other  trifles  of  this  kind 
that  have  caught  our  eye.  Probably  no  one 
knows  better  than  Prof.  Skeat  that  here 
and  there  his  views  or  theories  are  open  to 
discussion. 

Such  blemishes,  we  need  scarcely  say, 
do  not  in  the  least  diminish  our  gratitude 
for  this  learned  and  effective  volume.  Most 
emphatically  and  sincerely  can  we  adopt  a 
certain  hackneyed  phrase,  and  assert  that 
no  English  scholar's  library  can  be  com- 
plete without  it. 


The  War  of  Oreeh  Independence,  1881-1833. 
By  W.  Alison  Phillips,  M.A.  (Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.) 

Mk.  Phillips  presents  his  readers  with 
yet  another  version  of  the  more  or 
less  familiar  story  of  the  Greek  war 
of  independence,  or  rather  of  that 
combination  of  guerilla  fighting  and  in- 
ternational intrigue  which  ended  in  the 
establishment  of  the  Greek  kingdom.  No 
doubt  there  is  room  for  a  sober  and  im- 
partial volume  of  moderate  length  dealing 
with  the  events  of  1821-32  as  a  matter  of 
definitive  record;  but  it  is  not  given  to 
every  writer  to  understand  what  is  implied 
by  the  sobriety  and  impartiality  of  history. 
The  virtue  of  sobriety  increases  in  propor- 
tion as  a  man  relishes  and  appreciates  good 
wine ;  and  a  judge  who  looks  only  to  the 
letter  of  the  law,  and  regards  a  crime  in 
one  man  as  precisely  equivalent  to  the  same 
crime  in  another  man,  is  anything  rather 
than  impartial.  The  Greek  question,  as  it 
happens,  is  a  good  test  of  the  historical 
instinct  and  judgment.  Mr.  Phillips  has 
an  abstract  desire  to  be  impartial,  and  he 


evidently  thinks  that  he  has  attained  his 
desire.  Yet  he  attaches  himself  to  the 
school  of  those  who  set  a  Greek  massacre 
against  a  Turkish  massacre,  argue  that  the 
one  is  the  same  crime  as  the  other,  and  call 
it  favouritism,  or  "  fanatical  Philhellenism," 
to  point  out  that  massacre,  obscene  cruelty, 
and  the  desolations  of  selfish  tyranny  are 
the  abiding  characteristics  of  Turkish  rule. 
It  is  true  that  the  militant  "  Philhellene " 
is  not  exactly  the  man  to  write  a  sober  and 
definitive  record  of  modern  Greek  history, 
for  he  makes  it  his  object  to  press  home  the 
indictment  of  the  Turk,  and  to  put  his  plea 
for  Greece  on  other  grounds  than  the  merely 
historical.  But  even  a  professed  historian 
of  Greece  cannot  be  impartial  if  he  does  not 
demonstrate  the  essential  difference  between 
the  ancestral  fury  of  the  Turk  and  the 
isolated  fury  of  revenge  or  demoralization 
which  has  been  displayed  by  all  his  victims 
in  the  course  of  their  struggle  for  freedom. 
Mr.  Phillips  has  produced  what  is  in 
many  respects  an  orderly  and  serviceable 
account  of  the  revolutionary  period,  begin- 
ning with  an  admission  of  the  practical 
continuity  of  the  Greek  race  and  type.  He 
does  not  claim  to  have  made  any  inde- 
pendent inquiry,  or  to  have  done  much 
more  than  compile  his  narrative  from 
Gordon  and  Finlay,  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 
and  Prokesch-Osten.  Unfortunately  he  has 
taken  varying  shades  of  colour  from  the 
books  which  he  has  consulted.  He  trusts 
that  "the  charge  of  partisanshij)  at  least" 
may  not  be  proved  against  him ;  and  per- 
haps it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  his  story  has 
the  appearance  of  being  particoloured.  He 
is  nervously  afraid  of  being  thought  an 
enthusiast;  and,  by  way  of  avoiding  the 
very  suspicion  of  enthusiasm  for  the  better 
of  two  causes,  he  has  preferred  to  rely 
mainly  on  the  evidence  of  writers  whose 
prejudice  against  the  Greeks  was  conspi- 
cuous. Amongst  the  authorities  cited  in 
his  preface  is  a  worthless  farrago  circulated 
in  Paris  two  years  ago,  under  the  title  of 
*  Musulmans  et  Chretiens,'  about  the  cha- 
racter of  which  he  ought  to  be  under  no 
delusion,  though  he  takes  the  strange  course 
of  guaranteeing  all  its  statements.  Here  is 
his  own  description  of  the  work  ; — 

"This  little  book  was  issued  by  its  author  as 
a  counterblast  to  the  Armenian  agitation,  and 
is  intended  as  an  apology  for  the  Turk,  and 
an  indictment  of  the  Oriental  Christians.  M. 
Lemaitre,  however,  damages  a  strong  case  by 
his  extreme  partisanship.  The  facts  he  gives 
are  true  enough  ;  but  he  carefully  omits  all 
those  that  would  tell  against  his  case.  This  is 
perhaps  only  repaying  the  more  fanatical  Phil- 
hellenes  in  their  own  coin  ;  but  it  is  a  method 
of  controversy  for  which  it  is  impossible  to  feel 
much  sympathy." 

Yet  Mr.  Phillips  frequently  quotes  this 
precious  authority ;  and  in  one  instance, 
where  Finlay  recognized  a  sign  of  compunc- 
tion on  the  part  of  an  Athenian  mob  during 
a  massacre  of  Turkish  prisoners,  he  thinks 
it  necessary  to  introduce  a  corrective  "fact" 
from  M.  Lemaitre — this  "fact"  being  a 
mere  boast  of  personal  prowess  quoted  from 
the  narrative  of  a  French  naval  officer. 

A  strictly  impartial  history  of  these 
twelve  years  of  bloodshed  and  intrigue 
has  still  to  be  written.  Gordon's  account 
is  that  of  an  eye-witness  ;  but  it  is  not  suf- 
ficiently comprehensive,  and  it  is,  perhaps, 


too  friendly  to  the  Greeks.  Prokesch-Osten 
sees  everything  through  the  medium  of  his 
admiration  for  Metternich  ;  Mendelssohn- 
Bartholdy  has  much  to  recommend  him,  but 
he  did  not  write  for  Englishmen  ;  Finlay  is 
too  long-winded,  and  he  is  not  free  from 
personal  antipathies.  As  for  those  to  whom 
Mr.  Phillips  refers  as  fanatical  Philhellenes, 
their  interest  is  in  the  future  rather  than  in 
the  past ;  they  do  not  undertake  to  tell  the 
history  of  Greece,  but  only  draw  morals 
from  it ;  and  the  charge  of  preferring  the 
cause  of  the  Greek  to  the  cause  of  the  Turk 
will  probably  sit  lightly  on  their  conscience. 
Mr.  Phillips  does  not  confine  himself  to  the 
third  and  fourth  decades  of  the  century ;  he 
comes  down  to  the  tenth,  and  draws  his 
conclusions  from  the  events  of  yesterday. 
Greece,  he  says,  "  which  might  have  been  a 
bulwark  of  British  power  [!]  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, lies  crushed  and  bleeding  beneath 
the  heel  of  the  Turk."  Lord  Salisbury 
wanted  to  create  a  greater  Greece,  but  he 
was  prevented  by  Greeks  and  Philhellenes. 
The  Greeks  are  not  only  bankrupt  as  a 
nation,  but  also  "  factious,  unstable,  and 
dishonest"  as  a  people.  Yet  "the  future 
of  the  East  lies  not  with  the  Turks. .  .  .but 
with  those  despised  and  often  degraded 
Christian  peoples,"  the  Greeks  and  their 
neighbours.  The  sympathies  of  the  author 
are  perplexingly  mixed ;  and  it  is  to  be 
feared  that  the  perplexity  may  only  be 
increased  by  attempting  to  reconcile  such 
opinions  as  that  last  quoted  with  a  disposi- 
tion to  accept  M.  Lemaitre  as  an  authority 
on  matters  of  fact. 


Literatures  of  the  World. — A  Short  History  of 

English  Literature.     By  Edmund  Gosse. 

(Heinemann.) 
Victorian  Literature :    Sixty   Years  of  Boohs 

and    Boohmen.       By    Clement    Shorter. 

(Bowden.) 
The  remarkable  vogue,  at  this  moment,  of 
literary  handbooks  is  somewhat  disconcert- 
ing. There  are  now  half  a  dozen  different 
series  before  the  public,  each  of  which  pro- 
fesses to  survey,  on  comprehensive  lines, 
greater  or  smaller  portions  of  the  whole  field 
of  literature.  Brilliant  scholars  and  clever 
critics  are  pressed  into  the  service.  They 
are  compelled  to  work  in  a  groove  which 
may  or  may  not  suit  their  individual  tempera- 
ments, and  in  the  mean  time  the  detailed  and 
first-hand  work  which  we  look  to  them  to 
accomplish  is  neglected.  Take  Mr.  Gosse, 
for  instance.  He  has  already  written  a 
volume  on  '  Eighteenth  Century  Litera- 
ture '  in  one  series,  and  a  volume  on  '  The 
Jacobean  Poets  '  in  another.  Now  he  comes 
forward  with  a  third  volume,  surveying  the 
complete  development  of  English  litera- 
ture from  William  of  Palermo  to  Walter 
Pater,  in  which  of  necessity  he  travels 
once  more  over  much  ground  already  trod. 
And  for  a  second  series  of  '  Seventeenth 
Century  Studies,'  or  for  that  elaborate 
study  of  such  a  figure  as  Donne  which  he 
could  well  supply,  we  wait  in  vain. 

This  is  a  preliminary  grumble,  and  we 
hasten  to  add  that  if  the  thing  is  to  be  done 
at  all,  Mr.  Gosse  does  it  as  well  as  anybody 
— perhaps  better.  And  the  more  liberal 
sweep  he  is  allowed,  the  less  he  is  tied  down 
to  troublesome  facts  and  dates,  the  more 
satisfactory  is  his  accomplishment.    In  four 


N'  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


743 


hundred  pages  he  has  succeeded  in  giving 
a  really  useful  account  of  the  whole 
process  of  evolution  in  English  letters — an 
account  based  upon  a  keen  sense  at  once 
of  the  unity  of  his  subject  and  of  the 
rhythm  of  its  ebb  and  flow,  and  illumined 
by  an  unexampled  felicity  in  hitting  off  the 
leading  characteristics  of  individual  writers, 
"  placing  "  them  critically  in  a  few  graceful 
lines.  Mr.  Gosse  certainly  has,  what  is 
relatively  so  rare  amongst  English  writers, 
the  genius  for  the  phrase.  How  good,  to 
take  one  example  alone,  is  this,  on  the 
fundamental  difference  between  Milton  and 
his  co-religionists  ! — 

"  His  brain  was  not  an  empty  conventicle, 
stored  with  none  but  the  necessaries  of  devo- 
tion :  it  was  hung  round  with  the  spoils  of 
paganism  and  garlanded  with  Dionysiac  ivy. 
Within  the  walls  of  his  protesting  contem- 
poraries no  music  had  been  permitted  but  that 
of  the  staidest  psalmody.  In  the  chapel  of 
Milton's  brain,  entirely  devoted  though  it  was 
to  a  Biblical  form  of  worship,  there  were  flutes 
and  trumpets  to  accompany  one  vast  command- 
ing organ.  The  peculiarity  of  Milton's  position 
was  that  among  Puritans  he  was  an  artist,  and 
yet  among  artists  a  Puritan." 

But  we  do  not  wish  to  give  the  impression 
that  Mr.  Gosse's  book  is  merely  a  chain  of 
purple  patches.  It  is  not  so.  He  has  a 
firm  grip,  as  we  have  said,  on  the  evolution 
of  literature.  He  would  even  recall  literary 
history  to  a  more  scientific  standpoint,  bid 
it  view  its  subject  as  "  an  organism,  directed 
in  its  manifestations  by  a  definite,  though 
obscure,  and  even  inscrutable  law  of 
growth."  And  therefore  he  is  able  to  put 
in  their  right  light  those  periods  of  litera- 
ture which,  from  the  side  of  positive  achieve- 
ment, are  the  least  attractive.  He  lays 
great  stress,  for  instance,  on  the  import- 
ance of  the  eighteenth  century  as  a 
disciplinary  age  for  an  over  -  intellec- 
tualized  poetry.  There  is  no  better  bit 
of  criticism  in  the  whole  book  than  Mr. 
Gosse's  analysis  of  the  different  attitude  of 
the  various  transition  poets  at  the  end 
of  the  eighteenth  century — Thomson,  Gray, 
CoUins,  Goldsmith,  Cowper,  Crabbe,  and  so 
forth — in  face  of  the  opposing  forces  that 
pulled  them,  now  back  to  Pope,  now  on  to 
Wordsworth.  On  Bacon  and  some  of  the 
English  divines  we  do  not  find  Mr.  Gosse's 
verdicts  so  satisfactory,  or  his  account  so 
sound  as  it  should  be  ;  but  perhaps  brevity 
has  obscured  some  points.  As  a  whole,  the 
book  is  full  of  insight  and  serenity  of  judg- 
ment. Mr.  Gosse  has  got  things  into  their 
right  proportions.  For  fads  and  half- 
informed  criticism  he  has  a  delicious  irony. 
Of  the  Shakspearean  "  verse  -  tests  "  he 
gravely  writes : — 

"  At  one  time  it  was  supposed  that  the 
'  end-stopt '  criterium,  for  instance,  might  be 
dropped,  like  a  chemical  substance,  on  the  page 
of  Shakespeare,  and  would  there  immediately 
and  finally  determine  minute  qualities  of  Peele 
and  Kyd,  that  a  fragment  of  Fletcher  would 
turn  purple  under  it,  or  a  greenish  tinge  betray 
a  layer  of  Rowley.  It  is  not  thus  that  poetry 
is  composed  :  and  this  ultra-scientific  theory 
showed  a  grotesque  ignorance  of  the  human 
pliability  of  art." 

We  still  think  that  Mr.  Gosse  might  be 
doing  more  important  work  than  writing 
manuals  of  literary  history ;  but  in  any 
case  his  conception  of  a  literary  historian's 
duties  is  helpful  and  judicious. 


Mr.  Shorter' 8  rather  slight  volume  is 
meant,  as  he  says,  to  be  more  bibliogra- 
phical than  critical ;  indeed,  the  space  of  less 
than  two  hundred  pages,  with  the  ample 
and  pleasant  margin,  would  be  quite  insulli- 
cient  for  an  exhaustive  critical  dictionary 
of  Victorian  books  and  bookmen.  He  writes 
like  a  practised  journalist,  letting  us  into 
some  secrets  of  his  personal  preferences,  and 
taking  the  practical  rather  than  the  resthetic 
point  of  view,  so  that  the  atmosphere 
is  rather  one  of  publishers'  lists  than  of 
paradoxes.  Out  of  the  delicate  task  of 
dealing  with  living  writers  he  comes  very 
well ;  and  though  he  apologizes  for  probable 
errors  of  date  and  fact,  his  book  is,  as  far 
as  we  have  tested  it,  quite  as  sound  in  these 
matters  as  more  elaborate  works.  Mrs. 
Gaskell's  'Charlotte  Bronte'  (p.  71)  has 
surely  not  had  so  large  a  sale  as  Boswell's 
'  Johnson '  and  some  other  biographies. 
The  "  unlimited  right  of  private  haziness" 
may  be  pleasantly  restricted  by  a  perusal 
of  this  Jubilee  memorial  of  Victorian 
literature,  which  is  provided  with  an  ex- 
cellent index. 


Nicholas  Breahspear  {Adrian  IV.),  Englishman 
and  Pope.  By  Alfred  H.  Tarleton.  (A.  L. 
Humphreys.) 

This  handsome  volume  at  first  excites  a  feel- 
ing of  joy  that  an  author  can  be  found  in 
these  degenerate  days  who  dares  to  break 
away  from  the  fashion  of  writing  biographies 
in  a  "  series,"  and  ventures  upon  an  inde- 
pendent monograph  printed  in  a  noble  type 
and  in  a  quarto  shape  recalling  the  produc- 
tions of  the  men  of  letters  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  But  it  is  with  sincere  regret  that 
the  critic  finds  his  expectations  are  not 
realized ;  and  his  regret  is  all  the  greater 
because  Mr.  Tarleton  writes  modestly  and 
in  an  excellent  spirit,  and  gives,  on  the 
whole,  a  fair  and  readable  account  of  Pope 
Adrian  IV. 's  life.  Still,  his  work,  when  all 
is  said  and  done,  does  not  carry  us  further 
than  such  older  historians  as  Milman.  It 
is  not  in  any  sense  a  scholarly  performance. 
Mr.  Tarleton  has  no  conception  of  the  com- 
parative value  of  authorities,  and  he  cites 
Ciacconius  and  "  Ughell "  as  though  they 
stood  on  the  same  footing  as  contemporary 
writers.  Nor  is  he  at  all  properly 
acquainted  with  the  literature  of  his  subject. 
For  instance,  on  pp.  137  scqq.  he  speaks  of 
"  John  of  Salisbury — Joannes  di  Saresbria," 
invoking. quite  unjustifiably  the  'Dictionary 
of  National  Biography '  as  his  authority  for 
this  remarkable  spelling;  and  adds,  quaintly 
enough,  that  he  "was  better  known,  perhaps, 
under  his  later  title  of  Parvus,  Bishop  of 
Chartres."  Mr.  Tarleton  then  tells  us  that 
"  in  all  probability  he  was  employed  on 
various  secret  missions  by  his  friend  "  the 
Pope,  "  and  no  doubt  knew  more  of  the 
secret  history  of  the  times  he  lived  in  than 
he  has  chosen  to  put  on  record."  Had  he 
read  more  of  the  article  in  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography '  he  might  have 
learnt  that  John  of  Salisbury  did,  in  fact, 
write  an  important  fragment  of  the  history 
of  his  own  time,  and  have  gained  some  new 
light  on  the  nature  of  Arnold  of  Brescia's 
political  ideas.  We  should  like  to  know 
also  what  authority  Mr.  Tarleton  has  for 
the  statement  that  William  the  Conqueror 
obtaiued  leave  fronj  Alexander  II.  to  invade 


England  "  on  the  direct  understanding  that 
his  fealty  was  to  be  paid  to  the  Pope  for  his 
new  kingdom." 

But  in  truth  we  are  treating  too  seriously 
a  writer  who  believes  that  Denmark  was  so 
strong  that  "  the  Danegelt,  or  tribute,"  was 
"  exacted  from  England  down  almost  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  II.,"  that  decanus  means 
"a  deacon,"  that  Zurich  in  the  twelfth 
century  was  ' '  the  most  flourishing  town 
in  Switzerland,"  and  that  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  bore  "the  title  of  King  or  Duke  of 
Burgundy."  He  cannot  even  read  his  text 
correctly.  He  quotes  a  remark  made  to 
Abelard  by  his  pupils,  and  forthwith  attri- 
butes it  to  Abelard  himself  (pp.  78,  79). 
In  a  translated  passage  (p.  143)  he  turns 
the  cardinal  deacon  of  SS.  Cosmas  and 
Damianus  into  "  S.  Como  and  S.  Damien  "  ; 
and  when  he  finds  the  Bishop  of  Lisieux 
(Luxoviensis)  mentioned  he  transplants 
him  to  "  Luxeuil  or  Luxen — the  old  diocese 
of  Be8an90n."  When  John  of  Salisbury 
cites  Q.  Serenus,  Mr.  Tarleton  writes 
"  Q.  Severus  "  (p.  147) ;  and  when  the  same 
author  says  it  would  take  a  volume  to 
recount  the  virtues  of  Adrian  IV.,  this  is 
made  to  refer  not  to  the  Pope,  but  to  the 
ring  which  he  gave  John  for  the  investiture 
of  Henry  II.  with  Ireland.  We  may  add 
that  Mr.  Tarleton' s  account  of  the  argu- 
ments for  and  against  the  famous  bull 
wherein  Adrian  gave  his  assent  to  the 
English  king's  design  of  invading  Ireland 
is  the  most  confused  statement  imaginable  ; 
and  he  does  not  see  that  the  question  of  the 
genuineness  of  the  existing  bull,  against 
which  the  internal  evidence  seems  to  us 
decisive,  is  quite  independent  of  the 
positive  assertion  of  John  of  Salisbury 
that  Adrian  granted  Ireland  as  an  here- 
ditary possession  to  Henry  II.  When  we 
read  that  Henry  the  Lion  was  "Duke  of 
Burgundy,"  we  suppose  this  is  a  mis- 
print for  Bavaria  (p.  213)  ;  but  on 
the  same  page  we  are  told  that  he 
was  Count  Palatine  of  Bavaria,  whereas 
Otto  of  Wittelsbach  held  that  office. 
The  Florentine  year  is  said  to  have  been 
"  one  year  earlier  than  the  ordinary  reckon- 
ing," when  it  really  began  on  March  25, 
nearly  three  months  later.  A  bull  of  Adrian's 
is  given  in  which  the  legend  on  the  Papal 
rota  is  printed  as  though  it  formed  part  of  the 
text.  In  one  of  the  maps  Guienne  is  marked 
as  a  separate  territory  from  Aquitaine,  Lund 
is  placed  in  Holstein,  and  Trondhjem,  which 
is  required  for  the  narrative  of  Cardinal 
Nicolas's  Northern  legation,  is  altogether 
omitted.  But  space  fails  us  to  record  more 
of  the  mistakes  we  have  noted,  and  we  can 
only  lament  that  Mr.  Tarleton' s  keen  in- 
terest in  his  subject  did  not  lead  him  to 
equip  himself  with  the  necessary  knowledge 
before  venturing  to  write  his  book. 


NEW  NOVELS. 
The  Beth  Boole.     By  Sarah  Grand.     (Heine- 

mann.) 
Sarah    Grand    is    getting    a    very  heavy 
hand ;  she  always  has  written  with  a  pur- 


pose. 


but    in    one    book    at   least  — '  The 


Heavenly  Twins  ' — she  produced  some  good 
reading  in  spite  of  her  purpose.  But  here 
she  sacrifices  everything  to  vague  rodo- 
montade about — well,  that  is  the  trouble; 
it  is  difficult  to  know  exactly  what  about. 


ui 


The  athenjeum 


N«  3657,  Nov.  27,  '9T 


There  is  a  great  deal  of  abuse  of  men,  but 
women  are  not  entirely  spared  ;  only  certain 
■women  are  held  up  to  admiration — women 
who  sit  in  semicircles  and  make  speeches 
which  are  recorded  by  shorthand  reporters, 
and  received  with  enthusiastic  applause. 
The  aiithor  judiciously  abstains  from  saying 
what  all  their  speeches  are  about — perhaps 
that  is  reserved  for  later  books.  We  know 
it  is  no  good  expostulating  with  Sarah 
Grand  about  having  a  purpose  in  the  sense 
of  a  doctrine  to  preach  in  her  novels ;  she 
would  say  quite  frankly  that  she  cares 
nothing  about  novel -writing  as  an  art, 
except  in  so  far  as  it  can  be  used  as  a 
vehicle  for  her  doctrines.  Quite  so,  but 
let  her  at  least  have  a  definite  purpose 
and  not  be  vaguely  angry  about  things  in 
general.  She  sacrifices  her  own  objects, 
whatever  they  may  be,  by  losing  her 
amenity  and  nagging  instead  of  telling  her 
story  well.  As  it  is,  Beth — who  occasion- 
ally does  and  says  amusing  things  as  a 
child,  though  even  those  things  are  spoilt 
by  her  precocious  air  of  setting  the  world 
to  rights  by  them — becomes  a  perfectly  in- 
supportable bag  of  fads  and  views  without 
a  spark  of  humanity  in  her  when  she  has 
grown  up  to  womanhood.  The  author  is 
successful,  indeed,  in  producing  some  pretty 
loathsome  men,  but  she  overreaches  herself 
in  this,  for  they  are  simply  ridiculous 
puppets  which  would  be  disgusting  were 
they  not  so  absurdly  unreal.  Above  all, 
Sarah  Grand  must  not  try  to  make  her 
favourite  characters  smart ;  some  of  Beth's 
scathing  replies  to  various  men  have  a 
■dignified  stupidity  about  them  which  is 
almost  amazing. 

The  Tree  of  Life.  By  Netta  Syrett.  (Lane.) 
*  The  Tree  of  Life,'  Miss  Syrett's  prettily 
clothed,  well -printed  volume,  is  not  alto- 
gether unacceptable,  though  it  unfortunately 
falls,  or  seems  to  us  to  fall,  into  the  genre 
ennuyeux.  Why  it  should  do  so  is  one  of 
those  things  that  cannot  be  exactly  ex- 
plained even  by  experts  or  specialists.  The 
story  is  not  frankly  and  straightforwardly 
tiresome ;  on  the  contrary,  and  at  first 
especially,  it  appears  inclined  to  develope, 
humanly  and  artistically,  on  interesting 
lines.  The  author  has  acquired  a  lightness 
of  touch  and  a  knack  of  presentation  that 
promise  and  do  occasionally  serve  well.  But 
the  whole  thing  wears  a  deeply  premeditated 
air.  The  general  aspect  and  trend  is  at  once 
superficial  yet  studied.  If  such  a  thing  can 
be  as  a  touch  that  seems  light  and  is  in 
reality  laboured,  we  have  it  here.  No  real 
originality  or  strength  of  conception  leavens 
the  carefully  chosen  material.  The  actual 
writing  is  often  very  good,  only  once  or 
twice  marred  by  what  to  us  appears  a  mis- 
placed or  awkward  use  of  the  words  "what- 
ever," "expect,"  and  "I  am  agreeable" — 
an  unpleasant  solecism.  To  set  against 
these  little  lapses  into  inelegance  of  speech 
are  a  pretty  sense  of  decorative  effect,  an 
eye  for  a  pleasing  "interior,"  and  some 
subtle  touches  in  landscape  produced  with- 
out superabundance  of  adjective  or  descrip- 
tion. The  dialogue  is  occasionally,  but  only 
occasionally,  happy.  The  early  scenes  of 
child-life  seem  to  us  the  best  part.  Here  we 
have  something  like  a  real  divination  or 
recollection  of  childhood,  of  the  attitude  of 
a  child- mind  towards  many  things.    The 


forlorn  groping  after  beauty  and  happiness, 
the  hills  of  difficulty  that  on  the  path  of 
educational  endeavour  loom  mountain  high, 
the  half-comprehended  sense  of  spiritual 
isolation,  the  lack  of  sympathy  and  fellow- 
ship, are  all  there.  Christine's  youthful 
loneliness  is  well  realized  and  represented. 
Most  of  what  follows  reads  a  little  like  echoes 
of  other  and  stronger  voices.  What  one 
specially'-  notes  is  the  clever  and  quite 
justifiable  adoption  and  adaptation  of  the 
manner  and  motives  of  latter-day  fiction, 
rather  than  evidences  of  an  individual  lite- 
rary or  artistic  temperament.  There  is  no 
kind  of  inevitableness  in  the  evolution  of 
the  conduct  and  characters  of  the  actors  in 
the  story.  The  least  sign  of  it  one  gladly 
hails,  for  it  means  much,  and  it  makes  up 
for  lack  of  present  skill  by  conveying  a 
promise  of  good  things  to  come. 


TJie   People    of   Clapton.     By  George   Bar 
tram.     (Fisher  Unwin.) 

If  readers  can  endure  a  dialect  story,  or 
rather  connected  series  of  stories,  all  couched 
in  the  broadest  vernacular  of  the  "shires" 
from  the  first  page  to  the  last,  they  will  not 
be  without  reward  for  their  perseverance 
if  they  peruse  '  The  People  of  Clopton.' 
The  poachers  and  small  farmers  and  their 
womenkind  are  drawn  with  commendable 
fidelity,  and  some  scenes  in  the  experience 
of  Exeter  Dick  and  his  friends  Jack  Fowsey 
and  George  are  like  a  bit  of  Fielding.  But 
it  is  strong  meat  and  requires  an  effort  to 
masticate,  and  will  be  too  much  occasionally 
for  a  squeamish  digestion.  For  Arcady  is 
not  a  paradise  of  virginity,  though  chaste 
beside  the  purlieus  of  the  town.  So  the 
book  is  not  for  boys  and  girls,  and  as  little 
is  it  decadent  or  immoral.  As  a  true  pic- 
ture of  a  phase  of  manners  forty  or  fifty 
years  ago,  a  phase  that  is  everywhere 
perishing,  it  may  stand  as  a  "document." 
There  may  be  slight  anachronisms  —  the 
Devonshire  squire  who  was  righteously 
handled  by  Exeter  Dick  appears  an  unlikely 
survival — but  on  the  whole  rustic  life  of 
that  day  is  cleverly  portrayed.  The  senti- 
ments of  Jack  Fowsey  on  poaching,  and  of 
Exeter  Dick  on  West-Country  and  Midland 
beauties,  are  worth  preserving.  "  I  dunno 
exackly,"  says  the  former, 
"'as  I'd  keer  to  kill  gaame  at  all  if  the 
law  warn't  agen  it.  It 's  that  as  maakes 
porchin'  fun.  I  know  roight  YjeW  that  the 
hotter  ould  Dick  Wroight  used  to  be  arter 
me,  the  clusser  I  worked  the  covers — till  at 
laast  I  foond  oot  he  were  afraid  to  tak'  me  even 
if  he  had  a  chaance,  an'  that  seeamed  to  spoil 
things.  Then  come  Dick  England,  an'  he  were 
sich  a  mutton-headed  fool  theer  were  no  valley 
in  ootwittin'  him,  an'  that  spoiled  things  agen. 
This  here  Naylor  is  joost  the  koind  I  loike — 
knows  a  bit,  he  does,  an'  faancies  he  knows  a 
davvel  o'  a  lot,  an'  'ud  ha'  ye  if  he  could — it 's 
quoite  a  pleasure  to  do  a  bit  alonger  him.'  " 

"  Oi  reckon,"  says  the  latter, 
" '  there  be  as  mooch  diffrence  atwixt 
Devon  gells  an'  Midland  gells  as  atwixt 
Devon  coontry  an'  the  coontry  roond  Clopton. 
Coontry  roond  here  be  arl  very  well,  but  for 
pratty  soights  an'  swate  soft  air  'ee  moost  go  to 
Devon,  laad.  Eh — they  pratty  laanes  an'  woods, 
an'  the  hills  near  the  say,  an'  the  little  villages 
a-hoidin'  awaay  doon  in  the  valleys  by  the 
shoor,  an'  the  soft  sky  in  summer,  an'  the 
breeze  that  puffs  on  ye  loike  a  lady  fannin'  ye 
wi'  her  scented  handkercher !  Laad,  Oi  wish 
I  were  free  to  go  back  theer,  an'  'ee  wi'  Oi  for 


a  spell,  an'  Oi'd  show  'ee  plaacesasthe  paainter 
chaps  keeps  a-troyin'  to  maake  into  picturs,  but 
the  davvel  a  pictur'  can  touch  raal  thing.  An' 
the  Devon  gells  be  sm.aller  an'  darker — aye,  an' 
a  loomp  prattier  than  these  here  big-breasted 
hussies  o'  your  coonty,  as  is  on'y  fit  to  breed 
great  thick-head  louts  wi'  big  legs  an'  baacon 
faaces,  an'  no  moor  action  in  they  nor  in  a  block 
o'  wood — joost  good  navvies,  as  sayin'  goes. 
Hast  heerd  what  the  Fenman  said,  Georgie — 
"  Oi  can  ate  baacon  an'  cabbage  an'  wheel  a 
barrer  o'  muck  wi'  anybody  in  the  land  1 "  That 
be  way  wi'  moost  Midlanders,  joost  good  for 
atin'  an'  navvyin',  an'  how  should  they  be 
other,  born  o'  fat  thick-ankled  mares  loike  Mid- 
land lasses  1  But  Devon  lasses  they  be  smaart 
an'  taakin',  an'  this  last  swateheart  o'  moine — 
eh,  but  she  were  a  bonny  little  critter  !  and  Oi 
were  soft  on  she  as  a  boy  on  roipe  apples.'  " 


A   Passionate   Pilgrim.     By  Percy  White. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  quest  of  the  epigram  in  fiction  has  of 
late  been  somewhat  overdone.  In  spite 
of  sundry  terse  and  pointed  sayings,  the 
quantity  has,  as  a  rule,  been  in  excess  of 
the  quality.  '  Mr.  Bailey-Martin  '  contained 
epigrammatic  touches  ;  so  did  '  Corruption.' 
There  were  fewer  in  '  Andria,'  and  '  A 
Passionate  Pilgrim '  is  perhaps  even  less 
remarkable  for  their  presence.  Still,  it  is 
the  clever  book  of  a  shrewd  and  clever 
author,  who  has  done  better  things,  and 
will,  in  all  probability,  do  more.  It  affords 
clear,  concise  impressions  (not  too  detailed 
in  kind)  of  a  variety  of  characters  and  circum- 
stances. The  cynical  vein  is  here  tempered 
by  an  undercurrent  of  quiet  sadness  and  a 
sense  of  mild  disillusion.  Mr.  White  creates 
a  general  feeling  of  love's  young  dream  and 
the  ideals  of  callow  youth.  There  is  a 
good  deal  that  distinguishes  *  A  Passionate 
Pilgrim  '  from  the  common  novel.  A  light, 
firm  touch  and  a  happy  power  of  selection 
are  the  most  distinctive  features. 


A  Sinless  Sinner.     By  Mary  H.  Tennyson, 
(Macqueen.) 

The  writer  of  this  unattractive  story  has 
certainly  earned  the  doubtful  distinction 
of  having  piled  one  upon  another  more 
nauseating  and  painful  occurrences  than 
even  a  hardened  reviewer  can  remember  to 
have  met  with  in  one  volume  before.  Only 
those  with  a  morbid  taste  can  find  any  pos- 
sible interest  in  reading  the  experiences  of  a 
child-murderer  who  is  tortured  in  a  reforma- 
tory, and  cursed  with  an  improbable  villain 
of  a  brother  for  whose  sake  she  performs 
monstrosities  of  self-sacrifice.  There  is 
little  art  and  less  human  nature  to  redeem 
the  extravagances  of  the  story,  and  it  is 
with  a  sense  of  relief  that  one  reaches  the 
end  of  the  brother  and  sister,  and  also  of 
this  eminently  unpleasant  and  by  no  means 
powerful  production. 


Peace  tvith  Honour.     By  Sydney  C.   Grier. 

(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
There  is  much  novelty  in  the  setting  of 
this  story,  and,  long  as  it  is,  it  can  be  read 
with  ease  and  pleasure  throughout.  The 
lady  doctor  who  accompanies  a  European 
mission  to  the  Court  of  a  semi-civilized  state 
in  Central  Asia  is  the  heroine,  and  her 
presence  is  rendered  necessary  by  the  fact 
that  the  Ameer's  female  relatives  are  in 
need  of  medical  attention.  Useful  as  she 
is,  this  remarkable  young  lady  constitutes 


N«  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


745 


a  serious  element  of  complication  in  the 
affairs  of  the  mission,  and  gives  rise  to 
an  excellent  novel.  It  is  due  to  the 
exciting  incidents  of  the  story  that  the 
writer's  somewhat  laboured  style  interferes 
but  little  with  the  reader's  pleasure.  The 
novel  must  be  classed  as  Anglo  -  Indian 
literature  of  a  type  in  which  Anglo-Indians 
appear  to  the  best  advantage,  and  it  can  be 
read  by  young  and  old  alike. 


Tlic   Ne'er-do-weel.      By    Annie    S.  Swan. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

AiraiE  S.  Swan  was  a  little  unkind  to  her 
hero  when  she  branded  him  with  the  title 
of  "The  Ne'er-do- Weel."  It  is  true  that 
Donald  Orde  ran  away  from  school  and  from 
home;  but  the  school,  he  averred,  was  "a 
prison,"  and  the  home  was  presided  over  by 
a  stony-hearted  uncle,  and  Donald  for  the 
rest  of  his  life  is  altogether  virtuous  and 
exemplary.  It  is  true  also  that  he  unwit- 
tingly commits  bigamy,  but  that  is  entirely 
the  fault  of  his  first  wife,  who  pretends  to 
drown  herself,  but  only  leaves  her  scarf 
by  the  shores  of  the  lake,  and  becomes  a 
governess.  The  wives  are  not  so  lifelike 
as  their  husband.  He  is  trotted  about  the 
world ;  he  begins  life  in  a  Highland  glen, 
makes  his  fortune  in  South  Africa,  and 
ends  as  a  member  of  Parliament  and 
leader  of  London  society.  There  is  a  good 
deal  that  is  fairly  attractive  about  the  book 
in  spite  of  the  plot  and  the  ladies. 


A  Matrimonial  Freak.     By  Edith  M.  Page. 
(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 

A  VOLUME  like  'A  Matrimonial  Freak'  being, 
strictly  speaking,  not  literature  at  all,  it  is, 
perhaps,  needless  to  view  it  from  a  literary 
point  of  view.  As  the  ordinary  laws  of 
common  sense  are  also  set  at  naught  in  its 
pages  it  would  be  lost  labour  to  attempt  to 
judge  it  from  a  practical  standpoint  either. 
Therefore  the  less  said  about  it  the  better 
for  every  one. 

A    Spanish  Maid,     By  L.   Quiller  Couch. 
(Service  &  Paton.) 

Miss  Quiller  Couch's  new  volume,  which 
she  dedicates  "To  my  Teacher,"  is  an  ambi- 
tious excursion  into  one  of  the  most  difficult 
of  literary  regions — the  supernatural.  Mr. 
Kipling  has  done  some  wonderful  things 
in  that  line.  We  have  been  strangely 
thrilled  by  '  The  Phantom  'Eickshaw,'  and 
that  blood-curdling  story  'The  Mark  of 
the  Beast,'  in  which  he  proves  the  affinity 
of  his  genius  to  that  of  Dickens,  who 
excelled  in  precisely  similar  tours  de  force, 
such  as  '  The  Thirteenth  Juryman,'  whose 
face  was  "the  colour  of  impure  wax,"  and 
the  eerie  '  Signalman's  Story '  of  the  appa- 
rition at  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel.  But 
the  one  thing  needful  in  tales  of  this 
class  is  that  they  should  be  convincing — the 
sliding-traps  which  bring  the  denizens  of 
the  unseen  world  upon  the  stage  must 
never  creak  or  jerk — and  that  is  just  where 
Miss  Quiller  Couch,  whether  from  want  of 
experience  or  imagination,  unfortunately 
fails.  The  "dark,  square-rigged  vessel,'' 
manned  by  corpselike  mariners,  which 
drops  the  Spanish  maid  on  Averack  beach 
to  be  the  curse  of  a  simple  Cornish  village, 
is  altogether  too  obvious  a  contrivance ;  it 
gets  on  the  reader's  nerves  by  appearing  in, 


the  offing  with  the  periodic  punctuality  of 
a  mail-steamer.  Another  and  more  easily 
curable  defect  in  the  book  is  that  its  canvas 
is  too  crowded  with  characters.  The  girl 
herself,  with  her  dark  sinister  beauty,  which 
allures  and  intoxicates  all  the  men  and 
makes  all  the  women  desperately  jealous, 
is  strikingly  conceived  and,  on  the  whole, 
skilfully  drawn  ;  but  the  villagers  of  Lande- 
carrock,  worthy  souls,  are  continually  getting 
in  each  other's,  and  the  story's,  way.  They 
have  an  irritating  habit  of  standing  in  their 
gardens  and  talking  at  large  in  unexcep- 
tionable dialect;  and  their  parson  is  a 
tedious  old  gentleman,  who  prattles  imper- 
turbably  about  botany  and  antiquities,  and 
whose  arrival  on  the  scene  invariably  puts 
a  drag  on  the  action.  When  all  is  said  and 
done,  however,  the  book  is  not  without  a 
certain  promise,  and  if  Miss  Quiller  Couch 
will  follow  the  advice  given  long  ago  by 
the  best  lady-writer  of  the  day  to  its  most 
exuberant  poet — "to  sow  with  the  hand 
and  not  with  the  whole  sack  " — she  will  not 
improbably  succeed  in  producing  something 
at  once  more  simple  and  more  satisfying 
than  *  A  Spanish  Maid.' 


Orgueil  Vaincu.     Par  Mary  Floran.     (Paris, 

Calmann  Levy.) 
We  have  already  had  occasion  to  praise  '  La 
Faim  et  la  Soil '  and  other  novels  suitable 
for  family  reading  by  the  present  writer, 
and  the  novel  before  us  may  also  be  recom- 
mended, though  the  author  is  in  it  not  at 
her  very  best. 


SPORTING   LITERATURE. 


Mouniain,  Stream,  and  Covert,  by  Alexander 
Innes  Shand  (Seeley  &  Co.),  is  a  collection  of 
articles  on  sport  and  rural  life,  remodelled  and 
rearranged  from  various  magazines,  and  illus- 
trated attractively,  partly  by  drawings  of  birds 
by  Mr.  Thorburn,  gipsies  and  tramps  by  Mr. 
Morrow,  curling  by  Mr.  L.  Speed,  all  good  of 
their  kind,  and  partly  by  reproductiona  of  well- 
known  pictures  which  have  little  to  do  with 
the  text.  There  are  also  two  illustrations  of 
red  deer  by  Mr.  Sidney  Steel,  a  comparatively 
new  recruit  in  the  army  of  illustrators.  The 
result  in  a  general  way  is  an  addition  to  the 
already  extensive  library  which  may  be  de- 
scribed as  suitable  for  a  shooting  lodge.  We 
cannot  say  much  more  in  praise  of  the  book, 
except,  indeed,  that  it  is  well  turned  out ;  for 
repetitions,  perhaps  inevitable  when  writing 
for  dififerent  periodicals,  are  irritating  when 
collected,  and  the  style  in  parts  seems  to  want 
compression.  Thus,  instead  of  simply  saying 
"for  obvious  reasons,"  we  have  "for  reasons 
we  need  hardly  pause  to  condescend  upon"; 
and  when  game  is  seldom  seen  "it  is  rela- 
tively rarely  that  you  get  a  glimpse  of  it." 
Again,  we  are  constantly  referred  to  what  hap- 
pened sixty,  forty,  or  twenty  years  ago  ;  but 
there  is  nothing  to  show  when  the  article  was 
written,  and  therefore  the  date  cannot  be  fixed. 
Then  here  and  there  we  are  favoured  with  the 
stock  sentiments  about  shooting  of  a  certain 
class  of  writers,  who  presumably  find  them 
acceptable  to  their  readers,  but  we  confess 
to  surprise  at  meeting  them  here.  No  doubt 
pigeon  -  shooting  may  be  approved  or  con- 
demned, as  also  what  Mr.  Shand  calls  the 
battue,  a  word  not  in  common  use  by  English 
sportsmen ;  but  we  question  whether  the  "dying 
doves  in  their  blood-soaked  plumage"  or  the 
hand-fed  pheasants  which  "meet  the  usual  fate 
of  pets  as  they  come  to  untimely  ends  "  suffer 
more  than  their  wilder  brethren.  The  author 
writes  better  when  describing  fishing,  specially 
in  the  Tweed  and  the  country  about  the  borders ; 


yet  surely  the  expression  "to  clique"  a  fish  is 
unusual.  The  Scotch  often  use  the  term  "  clip  " 
or  "  cleek  "  for  gaff,  and  perhaps  "  clique  "  is  a 
mere  inadvertence  which  has  escaped  correction, 
as  * '  You  must  still  make  your  casts  have  doubled 
up  "  (p.  173)  undoubtedly  is  for  ''half  doubled 
up." 

Of  a  different  and  more  robust  type  are 
the  Keminiscences  of  a  Huntsman,  by  the  Hon. 
Grantley  F.  Berkeley  (Arnold),  a  reprint  of 
the  well-known  work  published  in  1854,  which 
Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  has  selected  as  a  volume 
of  the  "Sportsman's  Library."  That  it  stands 
the  test,  and  can  still  be  perused  with  profit  as  well 
as  amusement,  is  much  to  say  in  favour  of  the 
genuine  merits  of  the  work.  The  author  seldom 
descends  to  fine  writing,  which  is  a  great  comfort 
to  the  reader,  but  is  direct  in  description  and 
sometimes  graphic.  He  naturally  met  many 
well-known  sportsmen  of  his  day,  amongst 
whom  Mr.  Peyton,  Col.  Kingscote,  Lord  Alvan- 
ley.  Lord  Cardigan,  and  Sir  George  Wombwell 
may  be  mentioned.  Of  Sir  George  the  story  is 
told  that  when  looking  for  his  second  horse  he 
received  the  quaint  reply  to  the  question  :  — 

" '  I  say,  damn  it,  farmer,  have  you  seen  my 
fellow?'  'No!  upon  my  soul,'  replied  the  bluff 
agriculturist,  with  his  hands  in  his  breeches 
pockets,  '  I  never  did.'  " 

Readers  of  Mr.  Surtees's  books  will  recollect 
a  similar  answer  put  into  the  mouth  of  that 
notable  character  "  Independent  Jimmy." 
There  is  also  a  story  of  Lord  Alvanley,  who, 
happening  to  meet  Mr.  Gunter,  of  Berkeley 
Square,  in  the  field,  complimented  him  on  the 
appearance  of  his  horse  : — 

"'Yes,  my  lord,'  he  replied,  'but  he  is  so  hot  I 
can  hardly  ride  him.'  '  Why  the  devil  doa't  you 
ice  him,  then,  Mr.  Gunter  1 '  Avas  the  fuuny  re- 
joinder," 

Here,  again,  is  a  story  eminently  suited  for  the 
many  who  are  anxious  to  write,  containing 
a  recipe  for  the  production  of  a  book  of  two 
volumes  : — 

"It  chanced  that  the  port  wine  and  the  ink  put 
by  the  side  of  his  [Mr.  Goodlake's]  plate  after 
dinner,  were,  as  I  have  said  before,  precisely  of  the 
same  hue,  and  in  the  same  sized  wine-glass.    Mr. 

Goodlake  was  laying  down  the  law when,  on 

wishing  to  wash  down  his  last  clause  with  a  glass 
of  port,  he  took  up  the  wrong  beaker  and  bolted 
the  ink.  Great  was  the  snluttering,  great  the  con- 
sternation among  surrounding  friends  ;  but  the  ink 
was  down,  and  no  blotting-paper,  even  were  an 
arm-chair  or  his  dressing-gown  to  be  lined  with  it, 
could  absorb  the  black  draught,  and,  at  the  risk  of 
dreaming  of  a  printer's  devil,  on  his  ink  to  bed  Mr. 

Goodlake  was    obliged    to    go For  a  time  the 

patient  was  restless,  and  showed  a  considerable 
degree  of  uneasiness  in  the  presence  of  Johnson's 
'Dictionary';  but  at  last,  after  many  throes,  we 
were  all  delighted  and  enlightened  by  the  ink 
coming  out  in  two  volumes,  on  coursing,  under 
Mr.  Goodlake's  hand." 

As  Berkeley  got  old  his  tastes  changed,  as  most 
sportsmen's  do,  and  he  began  to  prefer  rearing 
and  taming  the  wild  animals  to  destroying 
them  ;  not  the  least  interesting  part  of  his  book 
refers  to  this,  and  there  is  also  some  sound 
advice  on  the  question  of  giving  up  sport  when 
nerve  begins  to  fail  and  irritability  prevails. 

Mr.  Cornish's  Nights  with  an  Old  Gunner, 
and  other  Studies  of  Wild  Life  (Seeley  &  Co.), 
is,  like  Mr.  Shand's  book  above  mentioned, 
a  reprint  of  articles  already  published.  This 
practice  of  making  stories  do  double  duty  is 
becoming  so  common  that  presumably  it  must 
pay,  and  when  the  articles  are  illustrated  in  the 
first  instance,  pictures  as  well  as  prose  can  be 
twice  used.  Though  not  particularly  fond  of  this 
mode  of  bookmaking,  we  may  say  that  these  studies 
by  the  observant  author  of  '  Life  at  the  Zoo  ' 
prove  themselves  worthy  of  republication.  The 
old  gunner,  and  the  lobster-hunter  who  catches 
his  prey  with  unprotected  hands  and  feet,  are 
good  company,  and  the  remarks  about  birds  and 
beasts  are  always  interesting  and  generally  accu- 
rate. The  author  underestimates  the  stock  of 
fish  in  the  Serpentine,  and  also,  probably,  the 
numbers  of  London  sparrows  ;  and  he  does  not 


746 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


mention  a  pretty  sight  which  may  constantly 
be  seen  at  the  exit  of  the  Serpentine,  where 
men  feed  the  sparrows  with  seed,  the  bold 
birds  catching  it  in  the  air  when  thrown 
to  them,  and  occasionally  taking  it  from  the 
hand.  In  writing  about  the  various  paradises 
or  sanctuaries  for  deer  and  other  wild  animals, 
we  think  Mr.  Cornish  overlooks  the  fact  that 
our  native  stock  is  probably  the  best  suited  to 
our  country.  If  we  desire  to  introduce  foreign 
beasts,  specially  those  of  great  size,  with  any 
prospect  of  success  beyond  what  may  be  attained 
in  a  zoological  garden,  we  must  begin  by  making 
room  for  them  in  our  densely  inhabited  little 
island,  and  this  could  only  be  effectually  done 
by  deporting  people,  and  increasing  the  area  of 
waste  land.  Somewhat  similarly,  the  necessity 
of  providing  suitable  food  is  often  overlooked 
when  a  river  is  restocked  with  fish,  and  this 
omission  accounts  for  much  want  of  success. 

The  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue  in  The  Story  of  a 
Bed  Beer  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — written,  we  are 
told  in  the  epistle  dedicatory,  for  a  young  kins- 
man, aged  nine  years — has  supplied  an  admir- 
able book  of  its  kind,  whereby  youth  may 
"gain  not  only  that  which  the  great  Mr.  Milton  (in 
his  tract  of  Education)  hath  called  the  helpful 
experiences  of  hunters,  fowlers  and  fishermen,  but 
such  a  love  of  God's  creatures  as  will  make  the 

world  the  fuller  of  joys because  the  fuller  of 

friends." 

Unquestionably  the  life  of  the  wild  red  deer  of 
Devon  is  here  set  forth  from  the  ripe  experience 
of  many  a  long  ride  and  many  a  chase  by  one 
whose  eye  for  nature  is  observant  and  whose 
power  of  communicating  in  an  interesting  way 
the  knowledge  gained  is  remarkable.  We  know 
not  whether  the  author  drew  the  stag  which 
forms  the  frontispiece,  but  it  is  well  done. 
The  volume  is  nicely  turned  out,  paper  and  type 
both  good,  and  it  is  in  every  respect  likely  to  be 
a  welcome  present  for  the  young. 

The  Haughtyshire  Hunt,  by  Mr.  Fox  Russell 
(Bradbury,  Agnew  &  Co.),  is  certainly  a  clever 
enough  bit  of  sporting  farce,  and  describes  the 
endeavours  of  Mr.  Binkie,  the  tallow-chandler, 
and  his  family  to  obtain  county  rank  in  the  exclu- 
sive circles  of  Haughtyshire — rather  a  hackneyed 
theme.  Travers  Augustus  Binkie,  the  son  of 
the  house,  with  his  two  precious  friends,  who 
live  upon  him  and  nurse  him  for  their  own  pur- 
poses ;  the  horse  -  dealers,  gentle  and  simple, 
who  make  their  prey  of  him ;  the  amorous  duke, 
who  rules  the  county  and  the  pack  ;  his  cool- 
headed  and  stately  son  Gravity,  who  is  always 
keeping  his  parent  out  of  mischief  ;  Will  the 
huntsman  and  his  myrmidons  ;  Penelope,  the 
daughter  of  the  ambitious  pair,  who  has 
the  sense  to  attach  herself  to  a  good  gentleman 
and  sportsman,  albeit  without  title  or  wealth — 
all  these  and  others  are  sketched  in  a  lively 
style,  amid  a  series  of  incidents  which  would 
compel  the  most  weary  to  smile.  But  the  narra- 
tive would  scarce  avail  without  the  process- 
illustrations  by  Mr.  R.  J.  Richardson,  which 
are  at  least  as  humorous  as  the  letterpress. 
Horse,  fox,  and  hound  are  beautifully  depicted. 
Travers  himself  appears  in  all  phases,  from  the 
self-satisfied,  underbred  buck  to  the  limp  and 
hopeless  individual  who  has  bogged  his  horse  in 
the  brook  and  lost  his  boot  in  the  process.  The 
action  of  the  horses  is  masterly.  Our  favourites 
of  all  the  plates  are  the  scene  at  Aldridge's  and 
the  delightful  grouping  of  the  court  in  the 
breach  of  promise  case,  with  Tottie  Turnover 
under  cross-examination. 

A  healthy  story  of  hunting  days,  joined 
with  a  very  simple  and  unaffected  love  episode, 
constitutes  a  so-called  seasonable  publication. 
As,  however,  these  elements  are  not  enough  to 
fill  a  volume,  Mr.  Phillpotts  Williams,  the 
author  of  Over  the  Open  (White  &  Co.),  provides 
some  diversion  in  the  form  of  an  Irish  servant, 
several  sets  of  verses  of  a  comic  or  pathetic 
nature,  and  a  superfluous  and  not  absolutely 
accurate  account  of  the  Commemoration  Pro- 
cession of  las*^  June.      There  is  little  literary 


skill  in  the  book  ;  but  it  is,  nevertheless,  more 
readable  than  most  "  hunting  "  novels. 


SHORT   STORIES. 


The  three  Last  Studies  left  by  Hubert 
Crackanthorpe  (Heinemann)  are  preceded  by 
a  touching  poem  of  farewell  to  him  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke,  and  an  appreciative 
notice  by  Mr.  Henry  James.  It  seems  but  a 
short  time  ago  that  we  welcomed  his  first  re- 
markable little  book,  '  Wreckage, '  and  though 
he  has  never  surpassed  the  best  things  in  that 
volume,  these  three  stories  show  no  diminution 
in  his  special  power.  As  Mr.  Henry  James 
notices  in  his  essay,  Crackanthorpe  seems  to 
have  found  a  peculiar  delight  in  fixing  on  a 
sordid  or  commonplace  incident  and  drawing 
out  of  it  the  interest  to  be  found  in  its  exhibition 
of  humanity.  He  never  in  his  most  successful 
stories  — of  which  'Trevor Perkins'  inthisvolume 
is  certainly  one — cared  to  put  a  whole  life  into 
the  glare  of  daylight,  but  was  content  to  send 
a  momentary  tiashlight,  as  it  were,  on  one 
incident  of  it,  and  so  suggest  what  the  whole 
life  would  be  like.  In  'Trevor  Perkins,'  for 
example,  little  more  is  vouchsafed  than  a  bare 
conversation  one  evening  in  the  park  between  a 
City  clerk  and  a  waiting  girl  of  a  cheap  coffee- 
house. But  from  this  one  conversation  the 
whole  tragedy  of  his  life  and  the  emptiness  of 
hers  are  suggested  in  a  far  more  eflfective  way 
than  if  their  whole  lives  had  been  duly  chro- 
nicled. So  in  'Anthony  Garstin's  Courtship'  the 
end  comes  almost  as  a  surprise,  it  is  so  incon- 
clusive at  first  sight ;  but  it  appears  on  reflection 
to  be  absolutely  right — there  is  really  nothing 
more  to  be  said,  as  all  the  elements  of  the 
tragedy  are  there  to  be  pieced  together  by  the 
most  casual  observer.  The  third  story  is  a  more 
elaborate  and  detailed  study  than  any  of  the 
others — of  a  girl's  character  changed  from  the 
hardness  of  bad  surroundings  to  the  trust  and 
mellowness  of  love.  It  shows  great  tenderness 
of  observation,  and,  though  not  so  striking  as 
the  shorter  sketches,  suggests  that  Crackanthorpe 
would  not  have  proved  inadequate  to  a  sus- 
tained picture  of  life.  This  book  does  nothing 
but  add  to  the  regret  felt  at  the  untimely  death 
of  a  writer  of  such  brilliant  promise. 

We  must  confess  to  a  feeling  of  disappoint- 
ment after  reading  the  stories  which  Mrs.  F.  A. 
Steel  has  produced  under  the  title  of  Li  the 
Permanent  Way  (Heinemann).  It  is  not  that 
they  are  bad.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  good, 
and  it  is  just  because  they  are  so  good  that 
they  ought  to  be  better.  Nor  is  it  easy  to  say 
what  it  is  that  one  feels  to  be  lacking.  There 
is  point  enough  in  most  of  the  stories,  the  mise- 
en-scene  is  generally  picturesque  and  interesting, 
and  the  characters  talk  like  human  beings. 
But  in  hardly  any  instance  does  one  feel  that 
the  characters  are  human  beings  ;  they  do  not 
seem  to  carry  that  conviction  of  their  existence 
which  those  of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  do,  for 
example.  Take  the  story  called  '  The  Blue- 
Throated  God,'  in  its  way  a  strong  story.  Excel- 
lent as  it  is,  however,  it  never  arrests  the 
reader  with  the  horror  it  should,  because  he 
cannot  feel  that  Sambo  and  Bannerman  are 
anything  but  clever  inventions  ;  to  be  terrified 
by  the  resemblance  of  Sambo  to  Siva  he  wants 
to  be  more  convinced  of  Sambo's  personality. 
In  the  same  way  the  engine-driver  Crawford, 
who  appears  in  several  stories,  is  not  a  person, 
but  a  bundle  of  experiences,  very  different  from 
a  man  like  Mr.  Kipling's  Strickland.  And  it 
is  the  same  with  almost  all  the  stories  ;  they 
are  clever,  even  pathetic  stories  about  people, 
but  the  people  themselves  are  not  realized.  On 
the  whole,  the  best  story  in  the  book  is  '  Young 
Lochinvar, '  because  in  that  the  two  children  are 
really  called  into  existence.  But  it  must  not 
be  imagined  that  the  stories  are  not  worth 
reading ;  they  are  well  told,  and  in  their  sum 
they  give  a  collection  of  figures  from  Indian 
life  —  not  so   real,    indeed,   as  some   of    Mr. 


Kipling's,  but  useful  and  interesting  like  those 
wooden  figures  with  various  Indian  costumes 
which  our  fathers  used  to  bring  back  from  India 
to  show  the  types  of  natives. 

By  the  Rise  of  the  Biver,  by  Austin  Clare 
(Chatto  &  Windus)— a  volume  of  sketches  of 
scenery  and  character  among  the  hills  of  the 
southern  branch  of  the  Upper  Tyne — contains 
much  simple  and  agreeable  reading.  The  country 
between  Hexham  and  the  Westmoreland  and 
Cumberland  borders,  the  features  of  the  land- 
scape, and  the  peculiarities  of  the  people  are 
dealt  with  in  a  dozen  chapters,  four  of  which 
contain  long  and  substantial  narratives.  The 
shorter  tales  and  sketches  contain  the  best 
writing  which  the  collection  afi"ords  ;  it  is  cha- 
racterized by  care,  and  is  never  without  elements 
of  interest.  The  monotony  of  life  and  scenery 
is,  however,  almost  too  faithfully  represented 
in  the  text ;  and  we  confess  to  finishing  the 
volume  with  some  little  sense  of  weariness, 
due  perhaps  to  over-elaboration  on  the  part  of 
the  writer.  Locally,  the  collection  should  have 
attractions  ;  and  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  that 
the  material  of  which  the  book  is  composed 
first  appeared  in  the  columns  of  the  Newcastle 
Weekly  Courant.  For  a  wider  circle  of  readers 
there  is  much  that  will  interest  the  student  of 
folk-lore. 

The  first  of  Mr.  H.  C.  Macllwaine's  stories, 
The  Twilight  Beef  (Fisher  Unwin),  a  powerful 
description  of  the  hardships  and  eventual  defeat 
of  two  staunch  and  brave  comrades  pioneering 
in  the  mining  regions  of  West  Australia,  is  left 
by  the  writer  undated, 

"  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  disturbing  the  repose 
of  official  records  of  the  first  gold  discovery  in  a 
certain  district  now  world-famous  for  its  mines." 

Whatever  be  the  degree  of  invention  as  to 
details,  there  is  no  doubt  the  terrors  of  the 
wilderness  are  fully  painted  :  — 

"  The  horror  of  getting  lost ;  then  the  agony  of 
thirst— his  horse  drops  under  him  and  he  drinks 
the  blood  ;  then  the  '  wild  mercy  of  madness,'  when 
he  tears  off  his  clothes  and  tries  to  tear  off  his  flesh 
as  well.  At  that  stage  gentle  Nature  persuades  him 
that  water  's  fire  in  case  he  comes  across  it,  and 
apparently  sometimes  that  by  consequence  fire  is 
water  also — though  I  never  heard  of  that  —  for 
assuredly  this  man  was  walking  rejoicingly  into  ours 
as  into  a  babbling  brook  when  I  caught  him." 

'  The  Poet  of  Deadhorse  Flat '  is  rather 
farcical,  the  expedient  of  two  ingenious  owners 
of  unmarketable  estates  at  Chatsworth,  a  remote 
Australian  town,  to  boom  their  deserted  village 
by  spreading  the  fame  of  one  Cranky  Jim,  an 
old  and  drunken  shepherd,  as  a  poet  of  vast 
mystery  and  depth,  being  audacious  to  a  degree. 
But  it  is  wonderful  how  the  rhapsodies  they 
publish  in  his  name  succeed  with  the  public, 
until  a  gentle  young  enthusiast  for  woman's 
rights  comes  from  England  to  soothe  Jim's 
dying  moments,  and  the  hardened  conspirators 
are  forced  in  shame  to  confess  their  enormities. 
'The  Decivilizationof  Mr.  Smyth,'  with  its  tragic 
episode  of  the  death  of  the  faithful  bush-girl  he 
loves,  is  perhaps  the  best  of  these  three  stories 
of  Australian  life. 

Slight  and  facile,  but  workmanlike  on  the 
whole,  are  the  stories  by  Mr.  Justin  McCarthy, 
The  Three  Disgraces  (Chatto  &  Windus).  The 
tale  which  gives  its  name  to  the  volume  is  one 
of  the  thinnest,  and  turns  on  the  singular 
expedient  of  the  female  relatives  of  a  noble 
Russian  exile  for  throwing  possible  enemies  oft' 
the  scent  by  making  themselves  remarkable  for 
their  garish  dress  and  general  atrocity  of  ensemble. 
Most  devoted  is  the  fidelity  and  afi"ection  of  the 
mother  and  daughters  (though  the  Princess  Marie, 
one  of  the  daughters,  is  by  a  slip  called  the 
eldest  of  the  three)  if  measured  by  the  horrors 
of  their  disguise.  Even  a  fervent  lover  fails  to 
penetrate  it,  until  undeceived  by  recognition  of 
a  voice.  '  A  Lying  Vision  '  has  more  substance 
in  it,  and  the  idea  of  Sir  Joseph  Carnaway,  the 
pompous,  "self-made"  potentate  of  a  manufac- 
turing community,  being  carried  away  and  held 
I  to  ransom  in  a  Greek  or  Calabrian  fashion  in  the 


N*'  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


747 


prosaic  English  town  of  Bargenhouse  has  much 
to  recommend  it.  Of  the  rest,  the  final  love 
passages  between  the  rich  and  practical  young 
widow  and  the  honest  war  correspondent,  who 
only  finds  out  the  irretrievable  condition  of  his 
affections  when  his  fair  friend  and  comrade 
advises  him  to  marry,  are  an  excellent  justifica- 
tion of  the  custom  attributed  to  Leap  Year. 

A  Tragedy  of  Grub  Street,  and  other  Stories. 
By  Adair  Fitzgerald.  (Red way.) — The  lower 
slopes  of  Grub  Street  are  not  in  fiction,  whatever 
they  may  be  in  reality,  the  gayest  of  resorts.  Mr. 
Fitzgerald's  story  of  a  young  man  of  that  coun- 
try is  painted  in  as  dark  a  hue  as  almost  anything 
of  the  kind  lately  produced.  His  tragedy  is  an 
admixture  of  gloom  and  bitterness  without  relief 
of  any  sort,  unless  the  kindness  of  the  little 
maid  for  the  wrecked  hero  may  stand  for  such. 
There  is  feeling  and  an  occasional  strong  touch. 
It  is  the  only  story  in  the  collection  that  needs 
particular  mention.  The  rest  are  depressing, 
but  not  exactly  stupid,  yet  without  any  attempt 
at  distinguished  treatment  or  diction. 

Stories  and  Play  Stories.  By  Violet  Hunt, 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  A.  Henniker,  Lady  Ridley, 
Joseph  Strange,  Arthur  Handel  Hamer,  and 
others.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) — Nineteen  stories 
by  fourteen  people  provide  a  volume  of  very 
light  fare.  Miss  Violet  Hunt  contributes  a 
triplet  of  her  dialogue  scenes  after  the  manner 
of  "Gyp."  Mrs.  Henniker's  little  tale,  'Mrs. 
Livesey,'  records  a  pathetic  instance  of  womanly 
self-sacrifice.  Others  are  more  or  less  charac- 
teristic of  the  authors  named  on  the  title-page, 
or  of  others  duly  signed  if  not  so  named.  With 
one  exception  we  cannot  say  they  produce  any- 
thing more  than  a  vague  and  passing  impres- 
sion. '  Harling's  Destiny,' by  Bulkeley  Ores  well, 
is  this  exception.  It  strikes  a  far  stronger  and 
a  much  more  individual  note  than  anything  else 
in  the  collection.  The  interest  hangs  on  pecu- 
liar psychological  conditions,  admirably  divined 
and  briefly  analyzed.  The  bald  simplicity  of 
the  commonplace  life  and  surroundings  of  the 
victim  of  capricious  fate  enormously  enhances 
the  sense  of  doom  that  pervades  the  story. 
The  humdrum  suburban  interests  of  one  poor 
human  insect  suddenly  illumined  by  the  glare 
of  a  remorseless  and  seemingly  purposeless 
stroke  of  destiny  have  a  grim  effectiveness,  an 
inexorable  rigour,  that  leave  one  wondering. 
The  quickened  senses  and  nerves  of  the  man, 
the  dreamlike  feeling  as  of  everything  having 
happened  before,  even  to  the  identical  words, 
are  tellingly  represented.  Very  strangely  and 
keenly  is  the  tragedy  flashed  on  the  reader. 
The  obscure  struggle  of  the  man's  own  brain 
to  right  itself,  to  strive,  as  it  were,  to  heed 
the  warning  voices  of  his  soul,  to  deal  with  the 
awful  act  of  physical  annihilation  lying  in  wait 
for  him,  constitutes  a  remarkable  stretch  of 
sympathetic  imagination.  A  curiously  vivid 
study  this  of  vague  and  oppressive  sensations 
and  presentiments  of  coming  disaster. 

The  fashion  of  the  hour  turns  Celestial  City- 
wards just  now.  We  have  imported  Chinese 
dogs  ;  a  Chinese  play  is  running,  and  so  are 
Chinese  stories.  Under  the  Dragon  Throne 
(Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.)  is  a  collection  of  five 
tales  of  Chinese  life  by  the  joint  authors  L.  T. 
Meade  and  Prof.  Douglas.  They  tell  of  strange 
adventures  and  perils,  in  which  the  lives  of 
Englishmen  living  in  treaty  ports  or  inland 
districts  are  involved.  The  good  offices  of 
the  British  Consul  and  his  deputies  are  much 
to  the  front.  The  differences  between  the 
character,  manners,  and  customs  of  the  Eng- 
lish resident  and  the  Heathen  Chinee  are 
carefully  contrasted.  One  or  two  of  the  epi- 
sodes recorded  are  interesting  in  their  way.  If 
they  serve  to  while  away  unpleasant  quarters 
of  hours  in  railway  journeys  they  will  sufficiently 
justify  their  existence. 

The  Maison  Didot  publishes  an  edition  of 
those  pretty  stories  of  Hellenic  life,  Nouvelles 
Grecques,  by  Bikilas,  which  were  translated  into 


French  by  the  Marquis  de  Queux  de  Saint- 
Hilaire,  and  are  now  beautifully  illustrated  by 
seven  artists  of  Greek  race.  The  stories  are 
fit  for  family  reading,  and  those  who  want  a 
reading-book  in  French  full  of  Greek  local 
colour  will  like  the  volume,  which  is  also 
suitable  for  a  Christmas  gift-book. 


NAPOLEONIC   LITERATURE. 


The  last  fortnight  has  been  prolific  in  Wel- 
lington and  Napoleon  literature.  In  reviewing 
last  week  the  concluding  volume  of  Prof. 
Sloane's  '  Napoleon  '  we  expressed  regret  that 
his  Waterloo  was  confused,  but  we  had  already 
upon  our  table  a  better  Waterloo  in  The  Wel- 
lington Memorial :  Wellington,  his  Comrades  and 
Contem2)oraries,  by  Major  Arthur  Griffiths,  an 
illustrated  volume,  published  by  Mr.  George 
Allen.  Major  Griffiths  has  written  a  simple 
and  familiar  life  of  Wellington,  with  no  nonsense 
about  it,  and  comes  to  a  just  judgment  on  most 
points.  We  are  able  highly  to  commend  this 
work  for  the  general  public. 

Very  difierent  is  the  light  thrown  upon 
Wellington's  rival  by  the  recent  publication  in 
Paris  of  the  letters  of  Napoleon  which  were 
excluded  from  the  official  publication  of  the 
Second  Empire  by  the  Commission  presided 
over  by  Prince  Napole'on  (Jerome).  The  regard 
of  the  latter  for  the  memory  of  his  father,  King 
Jerome,  and  Louis  Napoleon's  regard  for  that 
of  his  mother,  were  the  dominant  motives  for 
the  suppression  of  most  of  the  letters,  a 
selection  of  which  are  now  translated  by  Lady 
Mary  Loyd,  and  published  as  New  Letters  of 
Napoleon  I.  by  Mr.  Heinemann.  Students 
already  knew  the  worst  about  these  letters, 
which  Lanfrey  had  ransacked  ;  but  to  the 
general  public  Lanfrey's  authorities  were  un- 
known, and  his  volumes  were  looked  on  as 
inspired  by  party  passion.  Even  Barras  has 
not  damaged  the  Bonapartes  more  than  their 
chief  does  in  these  letters,  which  Napoleon  III., 
had  he  been  a  Bonaparte,  would  probably 
have  destroyed.  A  fresh  illustration  is  given 
by  them  to  Louis  Napoleon's  retort  to  his 
cousin's  angry  "  Vous  n'avez  rien  des  Bona- 
partes,"— "Pardon!  j'en  ai  la  famille."  We 
find  Napoleon  the  Great  telling  his  brother 
Louis,  King  of  Holland,  over  and  over  again, 
that 

"  which  I  have  told  you  a  hundred  times  already. 
You  are  no  king,  and  you  do  not  know  how  to  be  a 
king.  Such  things  would  never  have  happened  in 
the  days  of the  Dutch  Republic." 

The  "Dutch  Admiral"  contemptuously  alluded 
to  in  the  same  letter,  dated  three  months  before 
the  request  of  the  King  of  Holland  for  a  separa- 
tion from  Queen  Hortense,  is  no  doubt  the  one 
who  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  king.  Six  months 
later  we  have  this  imperial  order:  "Admiral 
Verhuell  [sic],  who  is  at  Paris,  has  orders  to  be 
gone  in  twenty-four  hours."  Napoleon  himself 
here  states  that  he  opened  the  letters  from  and 
to  his  brothers  and  sisters,  and  many  of  his 
orders  to  Fouch^  and  Savary  about  them  are 
expressly  founded  on  the  secret  information 
thus  obtained.  He  writes  to  Lavalette,  Post- 
master-General :  "lam  sorry  you  should  have 
allowed  Princess  Pauline's  letter  to  the  Comte 
de  St.  Leu  to  pass."  The  Comte  was,  of 
course,  his  and  her  brother  Louis,  after  his 
abdication.  Another  brother,  Lucien,  "prefers 
a  disgraced  woman,  who  bore  him  a  child  before 

he   had   married   her to  the  honour  of   his 

name   and   family."      For    this    the    Emperor 
charges    him    with    "unexampled    selfishness, 
which  has   carried  him  far   from   the   path   of 
honour  and  duty." 
"  Once  Lucien  has  divorced  Madame  Jouberthon 

if  he  chooses  to  recall  her  and  live  with  her 

in  any  intimacy  he  chooses,  I  shall  make  no  diffi- 
culty, for  the  political  aspect  is  all  I  care  for." 

As  for  Jdrome,  half  the  volume  relates  his 
misdeeds : — 

"  Miss  Patterson  has  been  in  London This  has 

only  increased  her  guilt." 


"  If  he  shows  no  inclination  to  wash  away  the  dis- 
honour with  which  he  has  stained  my  name,  by 

forsaking    his  country's  flag for  the  sake  of  a 

wretched  woman,  I  will  cast  him  off  for  ever." 

The  result  was  that  Jerome  "cast  off"  "Miss 
Patterson,"  who  was  his  wife,  and  was  rewarded 
with  a  throne  and  torrents  of  Billingsgate  about 
all  his  acts  as  king.  Napoleon's  abuse  of  Murat 
and  of  Joseph  Bonaparte  is  almost  as  violent ; 
and  when  the  latter  is  driven  from  his  capital, 
his  brother  tells  him  that  Spain  had  a  general 
too  few  and  a  king  too  many.  Napoleon's 
jealousy  and  littleness  and  spite  have  never 
before  stood  revealed  as  they  do  here.  He 
complains,  for  instance,  to  his  police  that  a 
newspaper  describing  Wagram  has  been  allowed 
to  praise  "  the  Prince  of  Ponte-Corvo,  who  did 
anything  but  well."  In  1802  the  Pope  is  re- 
quested to  "secularize"  "Citizen  Talleyrand" 
(the  precedent  of  Caesar  Borgia  being  quoted  by 
Napoleon,  who  makes  a  great  show  of  his  canon 
law)  "for  the  Church's  good."  In  1809  the 
Pope  "  is  a  dangerous  madman,  and  must  be 
shut  up."  FoucM  is  directed  under  the  Em- 
peror's hand  to  lock  up  Cardinal  Pacca  in  a 
fortress  for  being  "an  adherent  "of  the  Pope. 
In  1810,  because  another  cardinal  does  not 
attend  the  second  marriage  of  the  divorced 
Emperor,  he  is  ordered  to  resign  his  arch- 
bishopric "before  the  evening,"  and  the  son 
of  the  divorced  wife,  the  Viceroy  Eugene,  is 
to  send  for  him  and  tell  him 
"  the  indignation  I  feel  at  the  shameful  conduct  of 
a  man  whom  I  have  loaded  with  benefits,  whom  I 

have  made  Cardinal,  Archbishop,  and  Senator, 

and  whose  infamous  debauclieries  I  concealed,  by 
interrupting  the  course  of  criminal  proceed- 
ings" 

Barras  is  avenged  on  those  who  call  him  a  liar 
— which,  however,  no  doubt  he  was.  It  is, 
perhaps,  worth  noting  that  Napoleon,  after 
his  second  marriage,  writes  of  Josephine,  not 
as  "the  Empress  Josephine,"  which  was  her 
official  style  after  the  divorce,  but  as  "the 
Empress."  It  is  only  by  the  context  that  his 
officers  could  discover  whether  Josephine  or 
Marie  Louise  was  intended  by  the  phrase. 


BOOKS   OF   ADVENTURE. 

El  Carmen,  by  George  Crampton  (Digby, 
Long  &  Co.),  contains  a  lively  picture  of  life 
in  the  province  of  Cordoba,  in  the  River  Plate. 
Considering  the  large  interests  which  Europe 
has  acquired  in  the  Argentina,  and  the  little 
that  is  known  of  the  country  by  Europeans,  the 
story  of  an  English  settler's  life  on  the  plains 
should  have  some  elements  of  attraction. 
Though  not  well  written,  the  volume  is  one  that 
can  be  read  with  interest ;  the  details  are  care- 
fully studied,  and  local  and  technical  phrases 
are  explained.  In  a  short  preface  the  author 
notes  that  "  the  surging  wave  of  Italian 
immigration "  will  soon  obliterate  the  older 
characteristics  of  the  country. 

One  of  the  Broken  Brigade,  by  Mr.  Clive 
Phillipps  -  Wolley  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.),  is 
a  description  of  life  in  British  Columbia  and 
Assiniboia,  the  experiences  of  a  broken- 
down  farmer  and  "hired  man,"  who  is  even- 
tually associated  with  the  North-West  police 
on  the  wintry  plains  among  the  Crees.  But 
Noel  Johns  throughout,  by  virtue  of  his  un- 
selfish manliness,  more  than  compensates  for 
the  lack  of  the  astuter  qualities  which  makes  him 
the  victim  of  the  Yankee  "real-estate  agent," 
and  a  voluntary  outcast  from  his  family  and 
friends.  Some  characters,  as  that  of  Chrissie 
Gilchrist,  the  American  "belle,"  and  Stobart, 
the  burly  Canadian  sergeant  of  police,  are 
strongly  drawn,  if  their  types  be  commonplace  ; 
and  the  local  colouring  of  Northern  prairie  life 
leaves  nothing  to  be  desired.  The  adventures 
of  the  cousins,  Trevor  and  Noel,  in  the  blizzard, 
the  refuge  taken  in  the  Indian  "  Dead-tent,"  and 
the  hint  of  the  supernatural  in  Noel's  death 
by  the  grey  wolf  (the  embodiment  of  the  Cree 
chief's  spirit?)  rise  to  some  height  of  literary 
power. 


748 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N''  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


Rouqhing  it  in  Siberia,  by  Mr.  Robert  L. 
Jefferson,  is  an  interesting,  though  badly  written 
volume  on  the  gold  production  of  Russia  and 
on  the  Trans-Siberian  railway,  now  so  advanced 
that  the  author  tells  us  that  a  first-class  through 
ticket  to  Krasnoiarsk  can  be  bought  at  Riga 
for  51.  15s.,  which  seems  a  miracle  of  cheapness. 
His  book  has  come  for  perusal  and  notice  into 
the  hands  of  a  reviewer  who  knows  the  Siberian 
gold  mines,  and  went  to  visit  them  before  the 
railway  had  been  thought  of.  It  is  clear  from 
Mr.  Jefferson's  well-told  adventures  that  Siberian 
hotels  are  what  they  were.  Until  the  railway 
becomes  the  ordinary  road  for  Englishmen 
going  to  Pekin  and  Shanghai,  and  for  American 
globe-trotters,  it  will  be  impossible  for  ladies 
to  travel  in  Siberia.  It  took  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury of  Russian  railways  to  effect  much  improve- 
ment in  the  hotels  even  at  Astrakhan.  The 
book  is  published  by  Messrs.  Sampson  Low. 


PHILOLOGICAL   LITERATURE. 

Index  Andocideus,  Lycurgeus,  Dinarcheus.  By 
L.  L.  Forman.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.)— 
We  have  carefully  tested  Mr.  Forman 's  index, 
and  found  it  an  admirable  and  exhaustive  piece 
of  work,  all  the  more  valuable  because  the 
Attic  orators  have  not  been  studied  so  much  as 
they  might  have  been  in  England  or  America. 
It  seems  ungracious  to  suggest  any  increase  to 
what  must  have  been  a  laborious  task,  but  Mr. 
Forman  might  with  advantage  have  distinguished 
e'xw  (habeo)  and  e'xw  (sum),  and  indicated  in 
the  introduction,  or  by  a  "pseud-And."  in  the 
text,  the  very  slight  claims  of  the  speech  against 
Alcibiades  to  be  the  work  of  Andocides.  The 
'  Index,'  which  adopts  the  notation  of  Blass,  has 
been  exceedingly  well  printed  by  the  Clarendon 
Press. 

In  Epigrafia  Latina,  by  Serafino  Ricci  (Milan, 
Hoepli),  one  of  the  well-known  and  handy 
"Manual!  Hoepli,"  the  author  has  supplied 
a  great  deal  of  information  about  Latin  epi- 
graphy, with  a  satisfactory  display  of  specimens 
reproduced.  The  appendices,  particularly  those 
on  the  letters  and  abbreviations  which  puzzle 
the  student  at  the  outset,  are  as  full  as  any  we 
have  seen.  Where  the  book  is  disappointing  is 
in  reproducing  inscriptions  without  any  explana- 
tion of  their  diflSculties  except  a  reference  to 
other  books  and  scholars.  Thus  no  manual  of 
epigraphy  should  fail  to  explain  the  important 
and  interesting  hymn  of  the  Arval  Brothers  ; 
but  here  there  are  no  notes  on  the  text  to  be 
read,  and  the  student  is  put  off  with  a  reference 
to  Hiibner  and  the  '  C.  I.  L.' 

Notae  Criticae  in  Platonis  Libros  de  Bepublica. 
Contulit  J.  L.  V.  Hartman.  Pars  I.,  Lib,  I.-V. 
(The  Hague,  Sijthoff.) — The  writer  passes  under 
review  nearly  all  that  has  been  written  about 
the  text  of  the  first  half  of  the  '  Republic ' 
during  the  last  twenty  or  twenty-five  years,  and 
also  brings  forward  criticisms  of  an  older  date 
which,  as  he  thinks,  had  undeservedly  fallen 
into  oblivion.  He  deprecates  being  called  "a 
hunter-out  of  glosses  "  (p.  42)  ;  but  his  general 
tendency  is  towards  excision,  which  is  frequently 
recommended  on  very  slight  grounds.  Often 
the  mere  fact  that  it  is  possible  to  dispense 
with  the  ejected  word  or  words  is  deemed  suffi- 
cient. Thus,  on  p.  76,  one  such  word  is  exiled 
on  an  appeal  to  a  dictum  of  Cobet :  "  elegantes 
breviloquentias  corrumpere  librarii  solent." 
When  positive  arguments  against  the  received 
text  are  advanced,  they  are  often  too  weak  to 
bear  investigation.  At  3296  of  Plato's  text  the 
words  eVcKot  ye  yjpw;  are  dismissed  because 
Cicero  in  '  De  Senectute,'  §  7,  does  not  recog- 
nize them.  Cicero's  translation  is  free,  but, 
fairly  considered,  it  makes  rather  in  favour  of 
the  suspected  words  than  against  them.  Dr. 
Hartman  pays  much  attention  to  the  work  of 
English  scholars.  He  lays  stress  on  the  service 
which  Prof.  Campbell  did  by  providing  an  accu- 
rate collation  of  the  Paris  MS.  A,  but  condemns 
him,    along    with    Hermann    and  others,    for 


adhering  too  closely  to  that  MS.  The  writer's 
own  emendations  are  few  and  not  particularly 
successful  ;  while  his  attacks  on  the  received 
text  are  in  large  part  misdirected.  But  his 
notes  will  be  indispensable  to  future  editors, 
because  they  concentrate  the  results  of  a  vast 
amount  of  scattered  criticism.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  second  portion  of  the  tractate 
may  speedily  appear. 

Silva  Maniliana.  Congessit  Joh.  P.  Postgate. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) — Manilius  was 
long  neglected  by  English  scholars,  but  now 
within  a  short  space  two  works  specially 
devoted  to  a  consideration  of  his  text  have 
appeared  in  England.  To  the  '  Noctes 
Manilianae '  of  Prof.  Ellis  now  succeeds  the 
'  Silva  Maniliana '  of  Prof.  Postgate.  It  is 
greatly  to  be  wished  that  more  critical  work  of 
the  kind  were  achieved  in  England  ;  for  this 
ojniscidum  will  take  a  high  rank  among  similar 
productions.  We  give  it  high  praise  when  we 
say  that  a  certain  proportion  of  the  corrections 
of  the  textual  tradition  proposed  in  its  pages  are 
obviously  right,  and  will  establish  themselves 
in  the  text  of  the  author.  But  in  truth  to 
nearly  all  such  books  might  be  applied  the 
words  used  by  Martial  of  his  own  epigrams  : 
"Sunt  bona,  sunt  quaedam  mediocria,  sunt 
mala  plura."  The  'Silva'  is  no  exception  to 
the  rule.  Several  emendations  in  it  are  un- 
necessary, and  several  are  unsuccessful.  In  the 
warfare  of  criticism  many  arrows  are  shot  for 
one  which  finds  its  way  through  the  joints  of 
the  armour.  The  great  fault  of  Prof.  Postgate's 
book  is  the  besetting  fault  of  nearly  all  such 
work— its  over-wrought  subtlety.  In  some  cases 
the  arguments  brought  against  the  traditional 
text  are  almost  elusive  from  their  excessive 
refinement.  Yet  the  writer  successfully  defends 
the  text  in  many  places  against  similar  subtlety 
on  the  part  of  Bentley,  for  whom,  however,  he 
professes  an  admiration  which  will  strike  most 
readers  as  exaggerated.  Anything  like  detailed 
criticism  of  a  writing  of  this  class  would  be  out 
of  place  except  in  journals  specially  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  classical  scholars  ;  in  these 
the  pamphlet  will  doubtless  receive  the  atten- 
tion to  which  its  importance  entitles  it.  We  can 
only  here  quote  two  or  three  illustrative  pas- 
sages.    First  let  us  take  iii.  537  sq.  : — 

Sunt  quibus  et  caeli  placeat  nascentis  ab  horae 
Sidere  quem  memorant  horoscopon  inventuros, 
Parte  quod  ex  ilia  discribitur  hora  diebus 
Omne  genus  rationis  agi  per  tempora  et  astra. 

The  writer  emends  inventuros  to  inventores,  an 
admirable  and  convincing  correction.  But  he 
feels  uncomfortable  about  "sidus  horae." 
Doubtless  "sidus  horae"  alone  would  be  a 
strange  phrase;  but  surely  "sidus  horae  nas- 
centis," "  the  star  that  rules  the  hour  of  birth," 
is  an  expression  natural  enough.  In  v.  542  sq. 
there  is  a  reference  to  the  universal  flood  : — 
infestus  totis  cum  finibus  oninis 

Incubuit  pontus,  tirauit  navifraga  tellus, 

Et  quod  erat  regnum,  pontus  fuit. 

On  this  Prof.  Postgate  writes,  "cur  enini  quae 
navibus  timenda  erat  ipsa  timeret  tellus  ? "  He 
also  objects  to  the  change  of  tense  from  erat  to 
fiiit,  and  writes  fremuit  for  timuit  and  furit  for 
f%{,it.  But  the  very  point  of  what  Manilius  wrote 
is  thus  missed ;  he  meant  to  represent  the  sea  as 
turning  the  tables  on  the  land  and  conquering 
the  conqueror.  The  change  of  tense  was  in- 
tentional, and  can  be  paralleled.  The  altera- 
tions bring  about  a  great  weakening  of  the  force 
of  the  passage,  which  is  quite  in  the  rhetorical 
vein  of  Manilius.  We  find  a  similar  weakening 
in  iv.  602,  "  laeva  freti  caedunt  Hispanas  aequora 
gentes,"  where  caedunt  is  altered  to  accedunt 
on  the  plea  :  "fieri  potest  ut  tundant  aliquem 
aequora  non  caedant."  But  (as  Prof.  Postgate 
excellently  demonstrates  elsewhere)  Manilius 
was  a  stretcher  of  ordinary  phrases,  and  it  is 
no  great  stretch  for  him  to  speak  of  the  sea 
as  "lashing";  moreover,  the  metaphor  has 
parallels  in  most  languages. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Messrs.  Blackie  &  Son  publish,  under  the 
title  The  Rise  of  Democracy,  the  first  volume 
of  "The  Victorian  Era  Series,"  from  the  pen 
of  Mr.  J.  Holland  Rose,  who  is  to  edit  the 
series.  An  interesting  historical  account 
of  British  Radicalism  of  the  first  half  of  the 
century  fills  a  large  part  of  the  volume,  and 
the  only  criticism  which  we  will  offer  upon  it 
is  that  the  large  part  played  by  Bentham  as  a 
teacher  was  shared  by  William  Godwin.  Bent- 
ham  rightly  figures  here,  but  Bentham  taught 
the  Whigs,  through  the  Lansdowne  family, 
rather  than  the  Radicals,  and  Godwin,  who  is 
ignored  by  Mr.  Rose,  was  more  read  by  the 
Radicals  with  whom  he  is  concerned.  As  the 
author  comes  to  our  times  he  makes  a  good  deal 
of  the  change  of  J.  S.  Mill,  from  the  strict 
Benthamism  taught  him  by  his  father,  towards 
more  cautious  views  and  "  safeguards,"  but  he 
neglects  the  sharp  curve  by  which  in  later  life 
Mill  turned  to  views  far  more  extreme,  and 
came,  for  example,  to  advocate  free  education, 
which  he  had  opposed.  Mr.  Rose  writes  of  the 
"toning  down  of  his  democratic  ardour,"  but, 
after  1865,  Mill  tuned  up  again  to  Radical 
concert-pitch.  In  his  account  of  the  Redis- 
tribution Act  of  1885  Mr.  Rose  says,  "In  place 
of  twenty-two  members,  London  and  its  vast 
suburban  districts  were  to  return  sixty-two." 
The  metropolis,  with  West  Ham  and  Croydon, 
returns  sixty-two  members.  No  exact  com- 
parison is  possible  with  the  number  that  this 
area  returned  before  the  redistribution,  as 
although  the  area  represented  by  the  "metro- 
politan members,"  which  had  been  slightly 
larger  than  the  metropolis,  was  not  much 
reduced,  the  other  areas  were  "  new 
boroughs  "  cut  out  of  county  divisions. 
The  metropolis  and  "  suburban  districts  " 
formerly  returned  far  more  than  Mr.  Rose's 
twenty-two,  and  now  return  far  more  than  his 
sixty-two.  Chiswick  and  the  rest  of  the  Ealing 
division  of  Middlesex,  which  he  does  not  in- 
clude, is,  for  example,  indistinguishable  from 
the  metropolis  ;  and  the  Wimbledon  division  of 
Surrey  actually  includes  8,000  metropolitan 
freeholders,  but  is  not  classed  by  Mr.  Rose  in 
"London  and  its  vast  suburban  districts."  It 
is  better  to  avoid  figures  when  they  cannot  be 
accurate,  or  to  stick  to  known  areas,  such  as 
"  the  metropolis."  Mr.  Rose  speaks  of  "equal 
electoral  districts"  as  "now  approximately 
secured."  In  1886  the  most  over- represented 
district  had  eight  times  the  weight  in  the  Com- 
mons of  the  most  under-represented  district. 
The  disparity  now  is  fourteen  to  one,  which  is  a 
long  step  from  equality.  Mr.  Rose,  at  p.  226, 
seems  unaware  that  the  1892  Parliament  carried 
the  second  reading  of  the  Mines  Eight  Hours 
Bill  on  a  division,  and  that  the  Bill  broke  down 
in  committee  on  the  refusal  of  its  authors  to 
accept  local  option.  These  are  errors  of  detail, 
and,  on  the  whole,  we  are  able  to  praise  the 
volume  as  a  moderate  and  impartial  view  of  the 
democratization  of  the  Constitution. 

Messrs.  Methuen  &  Co.  publish  in  the 
"  Social  Questions  of  To-day  "  series  a  perfectly 
executed  volume  by  Mr.  Clement  Edwards  on 
Eaikvay  Nationalization.  The  writer  contri- 
buted articles  on  the  subject  to  the  Weekly 
Times  and  Echo,  which  are  here  revised  and 
improved,  and  which  form  a  complete  view  of 
the  subject,  except,  indeed,  of  its  history. 
The  question  is  treated  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  trader,  of  the  passenger,  and  of  the 
whole  State,  and  the  Australian  and  continental 
systems  are  examined.  There  is  little  account 
of  the  prolonged  previous  agitation  on  the 
subject,  which  failed.  Financial  proposals  for 
purchase  are  worked  out  by  the  author. 

The  Age  of  Tennyson.  By  H.  Walker.  (Bell 
&  Sons.)— This  modern  period  is,  perhaps,  as 
difficult  as  any  to  deal  with  in  a  handbook,  but 
the  author  is  well  equipped  for  his  task.  The 
qualities  which  we  indicated  as  characteristic  of 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


749 


Prof.  Walker  in  his  book  on  the  greater  Vic- 
torian poets  are  usefully  displayed  here.  There 
is  no  striving  after  epigram,  no  undue  bias  to  be 
detected,  but  a  soundness  and  sobriety  of  style 
and  arrangement  which  are  essential  for  a  "hand- 
book." All  the  greater  figures  are  satisfactorily 
treated,  except  that  the  account  of  Tennyson's 
'  In  Memoriam  '  should  mention  its  views  on 
Evolution.  Readers  will  note  with  pleasure 
the  increased  appreciation  of  Edward  Fitzgerald, 
but  though  he  took  as  much  piins  to  avoid 
recognition  as  many  modern  men  do  to  secure  it, 
we  cannot  call  him  "  one  of  the  greatest  poets 
of  the  age."  His  many  and  admirable  letters, 
which  chiefly  occupied  his  later  life,  deserved 
a  word  or  two,  and  Omar,  even  in  his  tran- 
script, is  surely  more  a  philosopher  than  "wise 
old  popular  Horace,"  who  had  not  the  fine  scorn 
nor  scientific  attainments  of  the  Persian.  Law- 
rence, the  author  of  'Guy  Livingstone,'  is 
hardly  to  be  compared  with  Lord  Lytton, 
except  in  his  fondness  (surprising  to-day)  for 
classical  allusions:  he  makes  his  farmers  quote 
Homer,  but  his  hero,  invariably  a  beau  sabreur, 
is  much  nearer  Ouida.  D.-irley,  Mr.  Robert 
Buchanan,  and  O'Shaughnessy,  who  figures  so 
largely  in  Mr.  Palgrave's  later  '  Golden  Trea- 
sury,' should  have  been  mentioned. 

The  memoir  of  Roddy  Owen  which  his  sister 
Mrs.  Bovill  and  Mr.  G.  R.  Askwith  have  com- 
piled and  Mr.  Murray  has  published  is  put 
together  with  taste  and  tact.  Roddy  Owen 
seems  to  have  been  idle  at  Eton  ;  he  only  man- 
aged to  enter  the  army  through  the  militia, 
rather  an  ignominious  thing  for  one  who  when 
a  child  bad  pored  over  '  Locke  Concerning  the 
Human  L^nderstanding  ';  and  for  several  years 
he  seemed  content  with  the  fame  which  his  skill 
and  hardihood  as  a  gentleman  jockey  earned  for 
him.  An  amusing  retort  of  his  in  this  period 
of  his  career  is  worth  quoting.  He  was  aide- 
de-camp  to  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  and 
"  his  love  for  testing  every  kind  of  horse  rather 
tended  to  interfere  with  the  peace  of  parades.  He 
generally  rode  thoroughbreds,  not  too  easy  to  handle, 

and  quite  unaccustomed  to  field  days But  occa- 

sionallj  the  General  resented  this  idiosyncrasy 

'  The  General  says  you  are  never  to  come  out  on  that 
horse  again,'  was  a  message  sent  at  Aldershot,  where 
in  1889  and  1890  he  was  A.D.C.  to  General  Sir  Evelyn 
Wood,  by  the  mouth  of  an  A.D.C.  not  too  renowned 
for  his  skill  in  the  saddle.  'All  right,'  replied 
Eoddy  ;  '  next  time  you  shall  ride  him.'  " 

But  when  he  went  to  Uganda  with  Sir  Gerard 
Portal  his  higher  qualities  asserted  themselves, 
and  he  showed  himself  a  real  leader  of  men, 
resolute,  active,  and  full  of  resource.  Again,  his 
letters  when  acting  as  correspondent  of  the 
Pioneer  on  the  Indian  frontier  show  him  alive 
to  the  nature  and  possibilities  of  mountain 
warfare.  His  early  death  in  Africa  deprived  the 
country  of  a  man  who  would  have  made  his 
mark  had  larger  opportunities  fallen  to  his  share. 

The  Journal  of  Countess  Frangoise  Krasinska, 
Great-grandmother  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  trans- 
lated from  the  Polish  by  Kasimir  (sic)  Dzie- 
konska  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  is  a  somewhat 
puzzling  little  book.  The  history  contained  in 
the  '  Journal '  is  correct  ;  there  certainly  was 
a  son  of  Augustus  III.  who  was  for  a  short 
time  Duke  of  Courland,  but  was  obliged  to 
abandon  his  claims  in  the  presence  of  those  of 
the  Birens,  or  perhaps  Biihrens  as  the  name 
ought  to  be  spelt.  Many  of  the  other  per- 
sonages introduced  are  undoubtedly  historical. 
So  also  the  delineation  of  Polish  customs  seems 
accurate.  We  know  from  the  '  Pan  Tadeusz  ' 
of  Mickiewicz  how  a  particular  kind  of  soup 
was  ofifered  to  a  rejected  suitor,  and  there 
are  many  good  stories  among  the  Malo-Russians 
about  the  pumpkins  used  for  the  same  purpose. 
But  the  whole  tone  of  thought,  the  sentimental- 
ism,  the  softening  down  of  disagreeable  expres- 
sions and  direct  language,  is  so  characteristic  of 
our  age  that  we  are  inclined  to  put  the  book  in 
the  same  catagory  as  '  The  Maiden  and  Married 
Life  of  Mary  Powell '  and  '  The  Household  of 
Sir  Thomas  More,'  by  the  late  Miss  Manning.  As 


such  we  can  recommend  it,  furnishing  as  it  does 
amusing  reading,  curious  pictures  of  the  magnifi- 
cence of  old  Polish  life,  and  glimpses  of  olk-lore. 
We  do  not  understand  why  the  translator  (a 
lady)  calls  herself  Kasimir  ;  we  had  always 
thought  that  the  feminine  form  of  that  most 
Polish  of  names  was  Kazimira.  Certainly  Sobi- 
eski's  wife  was  Maria  Kazimira.  In  all  other 
respects  the  Polish  names  are  scrupulously 
accurate.  The  description  of  the  old  count  read- 
ing the  chronicles  of  the  country  to  his  family 
strikes  us  as  improbable.  They  are  in  Latin  ; 
and  in  the  eighteenth  century  the  Pole  did  not 
trouble  himself  much  about  the  antiquities  of  his 
country.  His  ambition  was  to  be  as  much  like  a 
Frenchman  as  possible.  Nothing  is  said  about 
the  circumstances  in  which  this  journal  has 
been  preserved.  It  does  not  appear,  so  far  as 
our  own  knowledge  goes,  to  have  ever  been 
printed  in  Polish.  "The  literature  of  this  kind 
in  the  vernacular  is  scanty,  but  there  are  the 
memoirs  of  Pasek  (1656-1688),  of  considerable 
importance  for  Polish  history,  and  the  delightful 
letters  of  John  Sobieski  to  his  wife  during  his 
campaign  against  the  Turks.  Frenchwoman 
though  she  was,  she  had  thoroughly  acquired 
and  invariably  used  the  Polish  language. 

Mr.  Heinemann  has  sent  us  Sixty  Years  of 
Empire,  a  reprint  of  the  articles  published  by 
the  Daily  Chronicle  in  Jubilee  time.  Taken 
as  a  whole  they  must  be  pronounced  able, 
but  not  particularly  informing.  Mr.  Clodd 
supplies  a  businesslike  survey  of  Victorian 
science,  but  Victorian  literature  has  proved 
rather  too  much  for  Mr.  Lionel  John- 
son. One  of  the  neatest  articles  is  Mr. 
Walkley's  on  the  Victorian  stage,  but  then  he 
was  not  hampered  by  a  superabundance  of 
material  so  far  as  the  dramatists  go.  It  is  only 
just  to  point  to  the  permanent  value  of  Mr. 
Morgan- Browne's  statistics.  But  the  bulk  of 
the  book  reads  like  the  work  of  busy  men, 
writing  for  a  temporary  object.  As  a  result  it 
is  discursive.  Some  of  the  portraits— particu- 
larly that  of  Lord  Palmerston — are  grotesque. 

Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg,  R.N.,  pub- 
lishes through  Mr.  Edward  Stanford  Men-of- 
War  Names,  their  Meaning  and  Origin.  The 
list  of  names  for  each  principal  naval  power  is 
given  in  turn,  and  in  the  case  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  but  not  in  other  cases,  a  note  is 
added  showing  by  what  ship  the  name  is  borne. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  list  of  past  ships 
which  have  borne  the  same  name.  The  few 
errors  we  have  noted  are  not  important.  Joan 
of  Arc  is,  we  believe,  not  yet  "canonized." 

Mr.  Mosher,  of  Portland,  Maine,  whose 
unauthorized  reprints  have  more  than  once 
off'ended  legitimate  susceptibilities,  revived 
some  little  time  since,  in  his  magazine  the 
Bibelot,  William  Morris's  early  story  The  Hollow 
Land,  which  originally  appeared  in  the  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Magazine.  Quite  lately  he  has 
printed  the  tale  as  a  tiny  volume  on  Japanese 
paper  in  a  very  choice  manner.  It  is  stated 
that  the  issue  consists  of  but  twenty-five  num- 
bered copies,  and  that  of  these  only  twenty  were 
for  sale.  How  many  have  reached  this  country 
it  would  be  hard  to  guess — presumably  very 
few,  as  their  importation  would  be  a  piracy. 
The  time  may  come  when  the  public  will  de- 
mand a  reprint  of  the  magazine.  In  the  mean 
time  it  is  a  pity  to  give  a  factitious  importance 
to  these  remarkable,  but  immature  stories  of 
Morris  by  making  separate  books  of  them. 

The  edition  of  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  which 
Messrs.  Service  &  Paton  send  us  is  well 
printed  on  good  paper,  and  the  introduction 
by  Mr.  Lang  is  excellent  and  characteristic. 
But  we  cannot  say  Mr.  Brock  has  succeeded  in 
his  illustrations. 

The  new  edition  of  The  Poetical  Works  of 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Brouming,  which  has  been 
produced  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  under 
the  eflicient  editorship  of  Mr.  Kenyon,  will 
be  welcome.      It    ranges  with    the    reprint   of 


her  husband's  poems  issued  last  year  by  the 
same  firm,  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  not 
containing  any  foot-notes  by  Mr.  Birrell.  A 
useful  chronological  list  of  Mrs.  Browning's 
works  and  a  good  index  add  to  the  value  of 
this  welcome  volume. 

MM.  Perrin  et  Cie.  publish  L' Heritage  de 
Behanzin,  by  M.  Paul  Mimande,  the  author 
of  a  clever  book  on  New  Caledonia.  The  most 
modern  views  of  slavery  and  of  the  relations  of 
the  great  powers  with  their  new  black  subjects 
in  Africa  are  set  forth  in  the  present  volume. 
At  p.  106  the  author  explains  that,  to  the 
French,  "  Dahomey "  now  means  everything 
between  Lagos  and  German  Togoland,  from  the 
sea  to  the  Niger,  and  he  frankly  admits  that 
since  its  annexation  the  kingdom  has  "grown." 

The  house  of  Calmann  L^vy  publishes  De 
Paris  a  £:dimbonrg,  by  Madame  Edgar  Quinet. 
It  contains  a  pretty  account  of  the  life  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,  a  good  deal  of  bookmaking 
about  John  Knox,  and  an  excellent  appreciation 
of  the  beauties  of  Edinburgh  as  a  city.  Almost 
every  English  phrase  is  wrong,  and  the  national 
game  of  Scotland  is  invariably  referred  to  as 
"gulf."  Madame  Quinet  failed  to  find  the 
finest  things  (French  too)  in  the  National 
Gallery  of  Scotland  ;  she  will  wound  some 
readers  by  going  much  out  of  her  way  more 
than  once  to  call  Auguste  Comte  a  "lunatic  "; 
she  thinks  Miss  Rhoda  Broughton  a  novelist  of 
"  thirty  or  forty  years  ago,"  but  classes  her 
with  Jane  Austen  ;  yet,  on  the  whole,  Madame 
Edgar  Quinet  is  a  pleasant  guide  in  a  pleasant 
journey  enough. 

The  same  publishers  issue  La  Cour  d' Assises, 
by  M.  Jean  Cruppi,  a  volume  which  is 
pleasantly  and  fairly  written,  institutes  many 
comparisons  between  French  and  English 
procedure,  and  will  be  of  interest  to  English 
lawyers,  and  even  generally  to  the  public. 

Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers  have  sent  us 
a  reissue  of  F.  Anstey's  amusing  story  Th& 
Tinted  Venxi,s,  illustrated  by  Mr.  Bernard  Part- 
ridge.— A  new  edition  of  H.  Seton  Merriman's 
romance  The  Grey  Lady,  illustrated  by  Mr.  A. 
Rackham,  has  been  brought  out  by  Messrs.  Smith 
&  Elder. — The  Clarendon  Press  has  published 
a  fifth  edition  of  Mr.  Saintsbury's  serviceable 
book  A  Short  History  of  French  Literature. 
The  bibliographical  notes  would  be  the  better 
of  enlargement. — Mr.  Melrose  has  brought  out 
a  pretty  edition  of  Bunyan's  Grace  Abounding  ; 
but  Mr.  A.  Smellie's  introduction  is  not  good. 

We  have  received  from  the  Scientific  Press 
Burdett's  Official  Nxirsing  Directory,  a  new  work 
of  reference  which  promises  to  be  of  much  value. 
Nobody  compiles  books  of  the  kind  so  well  as 
Sir  H.  Burdett.— The  Estates  Gazette  Oflice  has 
brought  out  once  again  its  useful  Diary  and 
Directory  for  Surveyors,  Auctioneers,  and  Land 
Agents.  We  are  ^lad  to  see  that  Mr.  Wilson 
has  inserted  a  table  of  metric  weights  and 
measures. — The  News  of  the  World  has  sent  us 
a  handy  Almanack  and  Encyclopedia. 


LIST  OF  NBW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Lang's  (J.  M.)  The  Expansion  of  the  Christian  Life,  5/  cl. 
Pulpit  Commentary  Reissue  :  Isaiah,  Vol.  1,  8vo.  6/cl. 
Smith's  (H.  P.)  The  Bible  and  Islam,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Spurgeon's  (C.  H.)  We  Endeavour,  Helpful  Words,  2/  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archteology. 
Armstrong's  (W.)  The  Art  of  W.  Q.  Orchardson,  3/6  net,  cl. 
Fincham's   (H.  W.)  Artists  and   Engravers  of  British  and 

American  Book-Plates,  4to.  21/  net,  cl. 
Horner's  (S.)  Greek  Vases,  Historical  and  Descriptive,  3/6  cl. 
London  as  Seen  by  C.  D.  Gibson,  ob.  4to.  20/  cl. 
Nicholson's  (W.)  An  Almanac  of  Twelve  Sports.  4to.  2/6  bcfs. 
Our  English  Minsters,  Second  Series,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Pearce's  (W.  J.)  Painting  and  Decorating,  cr.  8vo.  12/6  cl. 
People  of  Dickens,  drawn  by  C.  D.  Gibson,  folio,  20/ 
Smith's  (A.)  Christopher   Tadpole,   with    26  Etchings   by 

J.  Leech,  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Bacchylides,   The   Poems  of,   from    a    Papyrus    in  British 

Museum,  edited  by  F.  G.  Kenyon,  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Blind's  (M.)  Poems,  Selections  from,  by  A.  Syraons,  7/6  cl. 
Field's  (B.)  Lullaby  Land,  Songs  of  Childhood,  illus.  6/  cl. 
Heath's  (S.)  Songs  for  the  Children,  with  Pictures  in  Black 

and  White,  4to.  6/  cl. 


750 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


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AGRICULTURE  AND   BURIAL. 

The  reviewer  of  Mr.  Grant  Allen's  book  on 
'  The  Evolution  of  the  Idea  of   God '   touches 
on  his  theory  that   agriculture  arose  from  the 
offerings  of  cereals  on  the  graves  of  the  dead. 
The  reviewer  says  :  "Till  the  cereals  are  culti- 
vated they  are  not  valuable  as  food-stuffs.  Why, 
then,  should  they  have  been  offered  to  the  dead 
as  food  before  they  were  cultivated  1  "     There 
appears  to  be  a  case  partly  in  point,  about  which 
one  would  be  glad  to  know  more.   Last  year  Mr. 
Nutt   published  a  volume  of  native   Mdrchen, 
translated   from    the   Australian   (I    think    by 
Mrs.   Langloh  Thompson),  in  which  an  uncul- 
tivated cereal  was  described  as  being  cooked  and 
eaten.    Unluckily  I  have  not  a  copy  of  the  book 
by  me,  but  the  fact  was  new  to  me.     It  would 
be  interesting  to  know  more  about  a  cereal  used 
by  a  nomadic  and  non  -  agricultural  race.     In 
descriptions     of    Australian    funeral     customs 
(which    include     burning,    burying,     and     the 
exposure  of  bodies)   I  have  not  observed  that 
the   seeds  of  this  cereal  are  offered  at  graves, 
where  graves  exist  in  Australia.         A.  Lang. 


with,  and  therefore  anterior  to,  those  of  the 
Revenue  Papyrus.  There  are  reasons  (too  long 
to  expound  here)  which  lead  me  to  incline  to 
the  latter  conclusion  ;  and  if  this  be  correct, 
the  papyrus  dates  from  the  earlier  portion 
of  the  reign  of  the  second  Ptolemy,  viz.,  before 
260  B.C.  These  questions  will  be  discussed  in 
a  paper  shortly  to  be  read  before  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  wherein  the  texts  will  be  made 
public. 

The  other  novelty  is  a  mathematical  papyrus, 
of  which  the  hand  points  to  the  first  century  a. D., 
of    which  a  photograph  was  sent  to  me  from 
Chicago  by  Prof.  Goodspeed.     With  the  aid  of 
a  mathematical  colleague,  Mr.  William  Roberts, 
who  controlled  the  argument  and  thus  corrected 
some  of   my  readings,  I  have  deciphered  this 
document,  which  turns  out  to  be  a  fragment 
from  a  book  on  practical  mensuration  determin- 
ing various  plane  figures  from  the  length  of  their 
sides.      Four  propositions  are  sufficiently  pre- 
served to  admit  of  their  complete  reconstruction. 
But  I  have  yet  to  learn  from  Chicago  whether 
these  difficulties  have  not  been  already  solved 
there,  and  in  what  form  the  owners  propose  to 
publish  the  document.     At  all  events,  the  text 
and  its  argument  are  now  clear,  and  nothing  is 
more  curious  than  the  extraordinary  inaccuracy 
with  which  the  figures  which  accompany  the  text 
are  drawn.     But  the  reasoning  is  without  flaw. 

J.  P.  Mahaffy. 


EXAMINERS  AT  GLASGOW  UNIVERSITY. 

November  23,  1897. 
I  SEE  from  your  advertisement  columns  that 
the  University  of  Glasgow  is  again  advertising 
for  "Additional  Examiners."  It  may  save  mere 
Englishmen  some  useless  labour  if  you  will 
remind  them  that  exclusive  dealing  in  educa- 
tional matters  is  still  the  law  north  of  the 
Tweed,  and  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Glasgow 
University  Court  informed  me  in  1894  that 
"  the  regulation  providing  that  examiners  for 
degrees  in  Arts  must  be  members  of  one  of 
the  Scotch  universities  cannot  yet  be  con- 
sidered as  repealed."  Cantab. 


NEW.PAPYRI. 

As  is  my  wont,  I  desire  to  announce  in  these 
columns  the  discovery  of  some  interesting  new 
documents  on   papyrus.      The  first  come  from 
the  pectoral  piece  of  a  mummy  case  of  no  artistic 
value,  lying  for  some  years  in  the  Ashmolean 
Museum    at    Oxford,    which    the    enlightened 
Director,  Mr.  Arthur  Evans,  kindly  permitted 
me  to  take  in  pieces,  as  it  was  clearly  made  of 
layers   of   papyrus.      There   were   some   blank 
pieces  and  some  scraps  of  no  importance  ;  but 
the  main  surface  of  the  piece  was  made  up  of 
two  layers,  which  were   taken  from  the  same 
roll,    and    had    upon    both    sides    consecutive 
columns    of    writing.      A    glance    showed   me 
that     the     handwriting     on     both    was    early 
Ptolemaic,    of    the   same   age    as    the   earliest 
business  documents  in  the  Petrie  papyri.     On 
the  recto  is  a  list  of  items  giving  the  amount  of 
various  crops  planted  in  three  several  villages  of 
the  Fayyum — Philagris,  Euemeria,  and  Athenas 
Kome.     The  acreage  of  each  is  given,  and  we 
learn  from  rough  drafts  of  letters  on  the  verso 
that  what  we  have  before  us  is  the  official  report 
of  a  geometer  regarding  the  allegation   that  an 
insufficient  quantity   of   knekos,    a   plant   from 
which  oil  was  extracted,  had  been  sown  the  pre- 
ceding year.     The  strange  thing,  in  view  of  the 
famous  Revenue  Papyrus  and  its  provisions,  is 
that  neither  sesame  nor  croton  oil  is  mentioned. 
This  omission  either  implies  that  in  a  few  ex- 
ceptional villages  only  knekos  oil  was  made,  or 
that  the  regulations  before  us  are  inconsistent 


THOMAS  WINTER'S  CONFESSION. 

31,  Farm  Street,  November  22,  1897. 

I  FIND  it  stated  in  your  issue  of  Saturday  last 
that  Winter's  confession  has  been  brought  for 
inspection  from  Hatfield  to  London,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  opinion  expressed  by  me  that  the 
document  is  a  forgery. 

I  cannot  think  that  any  opinion  of  mine  would 
have  weight  sufficient  to  suggest  such  a  course, 
which  has,  I  suppose,  been  adopted  in  conse- 
quence of  certain  arguments  adduced  in  a 
pamphlet  which  I  recently  published,  entitled 
'The  Gunpowder  Plot  and  the  Gunpowder 
Plotters.'  John  Gerard,  S.J, 


'THE  STORY  OF  AHIKAR  AND  NADAN." 

Cambridge,  November  21, 1897. 

The  story  of  A/iikar  and  Nadan  is  a  lost 
Apocryphon  in  the  sense  that  it  appears  never  to 
have  been  included  in  any  edition  of  the  O.T. 
Apocrypha,  and  that  some  of  its  recent  editors 
have  not  mentioned  its  connexion  with  Tobit. 
Salhani,  for  instance,  says  only  :  — 

"On  y  reconnait  le  style  vulgaire  de  Syria  et  le 
ton  simple,  na'if  et  ?ans  apprets  d'un  lecteur  de  la 
Ste.  Bible.  Plusieurs  avis  mis  dans  la  bouche  du 
sage  Ha'iqar  sont  tires  des  proverbes  de  Salomon." 

There  is,  therefore,  room  for  Dr.  Rendel  Harris 
to  treat  the  subject  from  a  fresh  point  of  view. 
My  share  of  the  proposed  woi-k  is  limited  to  the 
transliteration  into  Arabic  of  a  Carshuni  MS. 
which  is  not  among  the  sources  mentioned  by 
your  correspondents,  and  this  was  done  before 
I  saw  Salhani's  text,  which,  excellent  as  it  is  in 
many  respects,  has  more  than  the  usual  propor- 
tion of  misprints.  Agnes  Smith  Lewis. 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


751 


BRATHWAIT'S  'THE  GOOD  WIFE,'  1618. 
A  PERFECT  copy  of  tliis,  one  of  the  rarest  books 
in  the  English  language,  has  just  been  discovered 
by  Messrs.  Sotheby'svigilant  and  able  cataloguer, 
bound  up  with  '  Epitaphia  Joco-Seria,'  Cologne, 
1623,  and  included  in  a  very  ordinary  lot  of 
modern  books,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr. 
B.  T.  L.  Frere.  How  it  got  into  this  rather 
motley  company  will  probably  for  ever  remain 
a  secret ;  the  original  calf  cover,  the  back  of 
which  is  hanging  by  shreds,  bears  the  arms 
of  Edward  Bering  ("Edoardus  Dering  miles  et 
Baronettus  ").  Dering  apparently  paid  id.  for 
the  copy  of  'The  Good  Wife,'  as  that  amount  is 
marked  on  the  title-page,  whilst  from  a  similar 
MS.  statement  in  '  Epitaphia  Joco-Seria '  we 
learn  that  its  cost  was  Is.  6cl.,  and  the  "new 
binding "  Is.  2d.  Under  these  entries  the 
writer  has  roughly  outlined  the  Dering  arms, 
instead  of  writing  his  name  or  initials. 

'  The  Good  Wife  :  or  a  Rare  One  amongst 
Women,'  by  "  Musophilus,"  was  printed  for 
Richard  Redmer,  and  is  "to  be  sold  at  his  shop 
at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's,"  1618.  The  only 
complete  copy  hitherto  recorded  is  now  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  ;  it  belonged  to  Malone,  who 
gave  6s.  6d.  for  it  in  1788.  The  copy  now  in 
the  British  Museum  (C.  30,  b.  19)  is  very  im- 
perfect :  it  is  described  in  the  '  Bibl.  Angl. 
Poetica,'  1815,  priced  at  101.  10s.,  having  been 
purchased  at  Farmer's  sale  in  1798  for  7s.  6d., 
and  Mr.  Hazlitt  thinks  that  it  was  previously 
Beauclerk's  copy,  and  from  his  sale  in  1781, 
No.  3182.  Therefore  the  copy  now  in  the 
market  is  the  second  complete  one  known. 
Concerning  it  Dr.  Bliss  says  : — 

"Taking  tliis  volume  altogether,  I  think  it  one 
of  the  most  curious  as  well  as  one  of  the  scarcest 
books  of  the  period  to  which  it  belongs." 

The  address  "  To  the  Reader  "  is  very  curious. 
It  runs  thus  : — 

"Understand  (gentle  reader)  that  this  Treatise 
was  long  since  intended  for  the  press,  but  upon  the 
publishing  of  that  iudicious  and  sententious  Poena 
writ  by  the  worthy  deceased  knight  Sir  Thomas 
Ouerberie  meerely  concurring  with  this  Title, 
though  in  matter  and  manner  different :  it  was 
thought  meete  to  be  restrained  till  better  oppor- 
tunitie  (which  is  now  afforded)  might  giue  it  liberty 
to  be  revived.  Receiue  it  then  as  it  was  first  intended, 
and  so  may  the  Autliors  labor  to  thee  directed,  be 
by  thy  prayers  mutually  requited." 

The  "  distinct  sections  in  this  book  "  con- 
tained :  "1.  The  Good  Wife  ;  2.  Observations 
upon  Epitaphs  ;  3.  Epitaphs  ;  4.  The  Prodigals 
Glasse  ;  5.  The  Mourners  Meanes." 

It  may  be  here  mentioned  that  '  A  Wife '  of 
Overbury  appeared  in  1614,  a  year  after  the 
author's  death.  The  point  now  is  this  :  Who 
was  the  author  of  'The  Good  Wife'?  Mr. 
W.  Carew  Hazlitt  ('Handbook,'  i.  51),  in  this 
matter  as  in  most  others,  is  very  emphatic,  and 
describes  the  book  as  "  merely  part  of  Hannay's 
'Happy  Husband.'"  The  British  Museum 
authorities,  in    their    '  Catalogue    of   Books   in 

the  Library to  the  Year  1640'  (ii.  768),  enter 

it  under  Patrick  Hannay's  name,  upon  what 
grounds  it  is  impossible  to  say.  Hannay's 
'  A  Happy  Husband  ;  or.  Directions  for  a 
Maide  to  Choose  her  Mate,'  was  not  published 
until  1619  ;  but  in  the  British  Museum  copies 
of  the  two  books  both  title-pages  are  prefixed 
in  modern  type.  That  of  '  A  Happy  Hus- 
band'  is  said  to  be  by  "P.  H.,  Gent.,"  and 
that  of  'The  Good  Wife'  by  "  R.  B[rathwait], 
Gent."  Oneof  theseveralviomsdegfiterreof  Brath- 
wait  was  "Musophilus,"  which  he  used  on  his 
*  New  Spring  shadowed  in  sundry  Pithie  Poems,' 
1619.  Hannay  never  used  such  a  pseudonym. 
Both  the  British  Museum  and  Mr.  Hazlitt  are 
wrong.  The  '  Happy  Husband '  is  as  undoubtedly 
the  work  of  Hannay  as  '  The  Good  Wife  '  is 
the  work  of  Brathwait ;  and  it  is  astonishing  to 
me  how  any  other  conclusion  could  have  been 
arrived  at.  The  fact  is  doubtless  that  the 
first  careless  bibliographer  who  wrote  about  it 
blundered,  and  he  has  been  followed  by  others 
who  have  taken  him  "on  trust."     As  Lowndes 


points  out,  the  part  by  Hannay  concludes  with 
the  first  leaf  of  signature  c,  from  which,  with 
the  new  title,  Brathwaifs  portion  commences. 

The  question  of  its  authorship  ought  not  to 
enter  into  the  matter  at  all.  The  Registers 
of  Stationers'  Hall  reveal  the  fact  that  on 
May  30th,  1618,  Richard  Redmer  entered 
"a  Booke  called  the  Good  Wife,  or  a  rare 
one  amongst  women,  written  by  Richard  Brath- 
wait." On  the  20th  of  January  following  is  also 
revealed  the  fact  that  John  Beale  entered  a 
book  called  '  Direction  for  a  Maid  to  Choose 
her  Mate  '  (the  sub-title  of  '  A  Happy  Husband  ') 
as  "by  Patrick  Hanney. "  It  would  require 
quite  a  column  to  enumerate  all  the  blunders 
which  successive  writers,  except  the  despised 
Lowndes,  have  committed  in  connexion  with 
this  little  book. 

The  original  owner  of  the  book,  Sir  Edward 
Dering,  Knt.,  of  Surrenden  -  Dering,  was 
created  a  baronet  on  February  1st,  1629  ;  he 
was  a  man  of  considerable  talents  and  learning. 
Burke  tells  us  that  he  adopted  on  one  occasion 
a  very  eccentric  mode  of  showing  his  erudition, 
viz.,  that  of  presenting  a  Bill  from  the  gallery  of 
the  House  of  Commons  "for  the  extirpation  of 
bishops,  deans,  and  chapters,"  and  prefacing 
his  motion  with  two  verses  of  Ovid,  the  classical 
application  of  which  was  said  to  have  been  his 
sole  motive  for  the  proceeding  : — 

Cuncta  prius  tentanda  ;  sed  immedicabile  vulnus 
Bnse  recidendum  est,  ne  pars  sincera  trahatur. 

He  died  in  June,  1644.  There  is  nothing  what- 
ever to  show  how  the  book  left  his  family — 
doubtless  it  was  borrowed  and  never  returned. 
It  is  to  be  sold  on  Monday  next,  November  29th. 

W.  Roberts. 


MR.   K.   WALFOKD. 


The  death  is  announced  of  this  busy  man  of 
letters,  who  in  his  time  played  many  parts.  He 
was  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Balliol,  and 
although  he  gained  the  Chancellor's  Medal  for 
Latin  verse,  and  was  proxime  accessit  for  the 
Ireland,  he  only  obtained  a  Third  in  Greats. 
Ordained  about  1846,  he  speedily  became  a  Roman 
Catholic,  but  more  than  once  subsequently 
changed  his  creed.  He  turned  schoolmaster, 
was  for  some  years  "a  coach,"  translated  for 
"  Bohn's  Classical  Library,"  and  published  a 
number  of  elementary  school-books.  Subse- 
quently he  became  connected  with  the  Times, 
was  long  reporter  for  that  journal,  contributed 
largely  to  its  obituary  notices,  and  edited 
several  peerages  and  a  handsome  volume  on 
'County  Families.'  He  was  also  editor  for 
some  years  of  the  Gentlemaris  Magazine  and 
also  of  the  St.  James's  Macjaziiie.  He  com- 
pleted Thornbury's  'Old  and  New  London,'  and 
wrote  '  Holidays  in  Home  Counties,'  '  Pleasant 
Days  in  Pleasant  Places,'  and  'Tales  of  our 
Great  Families.'  He  started  the  Antiquary, 
and  when  he  fell  out  with  the  publisher  he  com- 
menced a  rival  magazine,  which  he  carried  on 
for  some  six  years.  He  cannot  as  an  archfeo- 
logist  be  said  to  have  reached  a  high  degree  of 
accuracy  or  discernment.  Some  years  ago  he 
retired  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  amused  his 
leisure  by  publishing  a  volume  of  poems. 


THE  KBLMSCOTT  PRESS. 

When  the  history  of  the  Kelmscott  Press 
comes  to  be  written,  it  will  be  necessary,  unless 
the  memories  of  those  most  concerned  in  it 
under  Morris  are  fresh  and  available,  to  rely  a 
good  deal  on  the  colophons  of  the  various  books 
for  such  details  as  those  referred  to  in  our  Gossip 
columns  of  last  week.  The  trustees  have  been 
very  careful  and  exact  in  such  information  as 
they  have  given  from  time  to  time  ;  but  we  do 
not  know  that  much  notice  has  been  taken  of 
their  deliverances.  When  '  The  Water  of  the 
Wondrous  Isles '  reached  the  subscribers  a  few 
weeks  ago,  probably  but  few  of  them  noticed 
the  points  in  which  the  book  diverged  from 
what  it  would  have  been  in  typographic  detail 


had  Morris  lived  to  see  it  through.  There  is 
the  wealth  of  floriated  and  foliated  capitals,  of 
side  ornaments  and  centre  ornaments  ;  there, 
too,  is  a  marginal  border  for  the  opening  of  each 
of  the  seven  books,  with  a  large  ornamental 
initial  word  in  six  cases  out  of  the  seven.  But 
some  of  the  borders  stand  opposite  the  large 
white  margins  of  undecorated  pages,  and  not 
one  has  a  counterpart  border  facing  it  One- 
half  of  the  initial  words  and  all  the  borders  are 
repetitions  from  'The  Well  at  the  World's  End,' 
and  one  of  the  word-designs  occurs  twice.  The 
colophon  records  that 

"  the  borders  and  ornaments  were  designed  en- 
tirely by  William  Morris,  except  the  initial  words 
'Whilom'  and  'Empty,'  which  were  completed  from 
his  unfinished  designs  by  R.  Catterson-Smith." 

It  is  almost  needless  to  say  that  they  are  admir- 
ably completed.  The  eighth  and  last  volume 
of  the  Kelmscott  '  Earthly  Paradise,' delivered 
later  than  '  The  Water  of  the  Wondrous  Isles,' 
closes  with  a  special  colophon,  stating  that 
"the  borders  in  this  edition  were  designed  by 
William  Morris,  except  those  on  p.  4  of  vols,  ii., 
iii.,  and  iv.,  afterwards  repeated,  which  were  de- 
signed to  match  the  opposite  borders,  under  Wil- 
liam Morris's  direction,  by  R.  Catterson-Smith." 
From  this  colophon  we  also  learn  that,  with 
the  exceptions  named  above,  every  letter, 
border,  title-page,  and  ornament  used  at  the 
press  was  designed  by  Morris,  save  only  the 
Greek  type  in  'Atalanta  in  Calydon.'  That  Greek 
type,  as  duly  chronicled  in  '  Atalanta's  '  own 
colophon,  was  designed  by  Mr.  Selwyn  Image. 

The  scheme  of  '  The  Earthly  Paradise  '  in- 
cluded just  fifty  of  these  elaborate  full-page 
borders  ;  and  fifty  there  are.  Like  the  lady's 
teeth  in  the  Song  of  Songs,  they  are  all  twins, 
and  not  one  is  barren  among  them.  But  we 
may  presume  that,  if  Morris  had  not  been  cut 
oflf  before  the  completion  of  the  work,  we  should 
have  had  a  far  greater  variety.  As  matters 
actually  stand,  ten  of  these  designs  (live  pairs 
of  borders)  have  to  serve  for  the  whole  fifty 
bordered  pages  ;  and  very  well  they  serve, 
being  arranged  so  that  the  sense  of  repetition 
scarcely  detracts  from  the  impression  of  decora- 
tive wealth. 


Iluerars  ffiossip. 

Mr.  Walter  Sichel  is  credited  with  having 
written  the  article  on  minor  poets  in  the 
current  number  of  the  Quarterly.  Dr.  Dabbs, 
the  late  Laureate's  medical  adviser,  is,  it 
is  rumoured,  the  author  of  the  article  on 
Tennyson  in  the  same  number. 

Mr.  Sidney  Low,  who  is  to  be  entertained 
at  a  farewell  dinner  at  the  Grand  Hotel  this 
evening,  retires  from  the  St.  James's  on 
the  last  day  of  this  month. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Alfred 
Spender  is  recovering  from  his  severe 
illness,  and  has  been  able  to  return  to 
Tudor  Street.  Mr.  Gould  has  edited  the 
Westminster  Gazette  during  Mr.  Spender's 
absence. 

Mrs.  Flora  Annie  Steel,  the  author  of 
'  On  the  Face  of  the  Waters,'  has  sailed  for 
India  with  a  view  to  writing  another  novel. 
The  scene  of  the  new  stoiy  will  probably 
be  laid  at  Lucknow. 

The  Oxford  Association  for  the  Promotion 
of  Education  of  Women  reports  that  six 
First  Classes  were  obtained,  that  two  of 
its  students  have  for  the  first  time  won  the 
highest  honours  in  Mathematical  Modera- 
tions, and  that  two  others  appear  in  the 
First  Class  in  the  School  of  English  Lan- 
guage and  Literature.  The  members  of 
the  Head  Mistresses'  Association  have  been 
invited  to  visit  Oxford  in  October  next  for 
the  purpose  of  discussing  educational  sub- 
jects with  the  Council  and  teachers  of  the 


752 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3657,  Nov.  27, '97 


Association.  Dr.  Edward  Caird,  Master  of 
Balliol,  will  be  the  President  of  the  Associa- 
tion during  the  ensuing  year.  Mrs.  Nettle- 
ship,  the  mother  of  the  late  Prof.  Nettleship 
and  of  Mr.  Lewis  Nettleship,  has  lately  pre- 
sented to  the  library  which  was  founded 
some  few  years  ago  in  memory  of  her  elder 
son  over  three  hundred  volumes  from  Mr. 
Lewis  Nettleship's  library. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Parker's  new  story,  the 
scene  of  which  is  laid  chiefly  in  Jersey,  will 
run  through  Good,  Words  before  appearing 
in  book  form. 

It  is  likely,  we  are  sorry  to  hear,  that  the 
Society  of  Authors  will  decline  to  co-operate 
■with  the  publishers  and  booksellers  in  sup- 
pressing excessive  discounts.  If  this  turns 
<3ut  to  be  true,  this  is  a  mistake  on  the  part 
of  the  authors,  for  it  is  eminently  to  their 
interest  that  the  country  bookseller  should 
be  able  to  earn  a  living.  They  will  find  this 
out  when  he  disappears  and  they  fall  victims 
to  the  cheapjack  and  the  draper. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Henry  Brad- 
shaw  Society  was  held  on  November  17th  in 
the  meeting-room  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. The  Bishop  of  Bristol  presided. 
The  Council's  report  showed  that  the  work 
of  the  Society  is  being  steadily  carried  on, 
though  with  some  delays  in  regard  to  par- 
ticular volumes.  The  concluding  part  of 
the  Westminster  Missal,  including  elaborate 
collations  of  many  English  and  other 
missals,  has  just  been  issued,  and  will,  it 
is  hoped,  shortly  be  followed  by  the  two 
volumes  of  the  Irish  '  Liber  Hymnorum,' 
containing  the  text,  with  notes,  and  with  a 
translation  and  glossary  for  the  Irish  hymns 
and  prefaces.  The  Eosslyn  Missal  and  the 
Coronation  Book  of  Charles  V.  of  France 
were  mentioned  as  in  an  advanced  state  of 
preparation,  while  some  progress  has  also 
been  made  with  the  edition  of  the  Hereford 
Breviary.  The  finances  and  membership  of 
the  Society  continue  to  be  in  a  satisfactory 
condition.  The  officers  for  1897  were  re- 
elected for  the  coming  year. 

A  new  novel  by  Miss  Mary  Angela 
Dickens  will  be  published  early  next  year 
by  Messrs.  Hutchinson.  Early  next  year  also 
Messrs.  Methuen  will  publish  a  novel  by 
Miss  Lucy  Maj'nard,  who  is  at  present  only 
known  by  her  occasional  contributions  to 
magazine  literature. 

The  suggestion  for  a  new  "  University  of 
Westminster,"  referred  to  in  the  Athenceum 
some  months  ago,  is  now  fathered  by  twenty- 
two  medical  men  on  the  staffs  of  the  London 
hospitals,  who  have  put  forward  an  elabora,te 
scheme  and  a  draft  of  a  charter.  No  attempt 
eeems  to  have  been  made  to  secure  the  co- 
operation of  the  institutions  which,  if  the 
idea  were  realized,  would  help  to  form  the 
faculties  of  arts,  science,  law,  theology,  and 
music.  It  becomes  more  and  more  evident 
that  nothing  but  the  resolute  action  of 
Government  will  suffice  to  endow  London 
with  a  single  teaching  university'. 

The  British  Museum  edition  of  the  remains 
of  Bacchylides  will  be  published  on  Decem- 
ber 8th,  and  the  facsimile  of  the  MS.  will 
appear  shortly  afterwards.  As  soon  as  the 
text  is  published  the  MS.  will  be  placed 
on  view  in  the  Manuscript  Saloon  of  the 
Museum. 

His  Honour  Judge  Cameron,  of  the 
Native  Court  of  Appeal,  Cairo,  has  in  the 


press  a  work  on  '  Egypt  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,'  which  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  & 
Co.  hope  to  have  ready  for  publication,  with 
a  map,  early  in  the  new  year.  The  narra- 
tive covers  the  whole  of  the  century,  and 
includes  the  chain  of  events  from  Mehemet 
Ali  and  his  successors  until  the  British 
occupation. 

The  Genealogical  Magazine  for  December 
will  contain  an  article  on  baronetage  and 
the  new  Committee  of  Privileges. 

Mr.  Harrisse  has  been  writing,  and  Mr. 
B.  F.  Stevens  is  going  to  publish,  a  mono- 
graph called  '  The  Diplomatic  History  of 
America:  its  First  Chapter,  1452-1493- 
1494.'  The  work  is  dedicated  by  permis- 
sion to  the  American  Ambassador,  Col. 
Hay.  It  consists  of  twenty  chapters, 
descriptive  of  early  diplomacy  for  the 
possession  of  the  New  World — treaties,  de- 
marcation lines.  Papal  bulls,  and  scientific 
theories,  with  a  map  showing  at  a  glance 
the  line  of  demarcation,  as  fixed  by  the 
Treaty  of  Tordesillas  (1494),  according 
to  Ferrer  (1495),  Cantino  (1502),  Enciso 
(1518),  the  Badajoz  experts  (1524),  Ribeiro 
(1529),  Oviedo  (1545),  and  the  Sevillian 
cartographers  (1550),  transferred  on  an 
English  Admiralty  chart.  A  hundred  and 
seventy  notes  follow  the  text.  A  list  of  Mr. 
Harrisse' s  works  is  appended  which  fills 
seven  pages ! 

The  death  is  announced  of  Prof.  Calder- 
wood,  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  As 
a  student  ho  wrote  a  volume  on  '  The  Philo- 
sophy of  the  Infinite,'  in  which  he  com- 
bated the  views  of  his  teacher,  Sir  W. 
Hamilton,  on  '  The  Absolute.'  After  this 
he  became  a  popular  minister  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  pretty  nearly 
forgotten  by  metaphysicians  when  the 
Chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Edinburgh 
fell  vacant,  and  at  the  eleventh  hour  he 
was  brought  out  as  a  candidate  for  it  by 
his  co-religionists,  and  elected  against  Dr. 
Hutchison  Stirling  and  Prof.  T.  H.  Green, 
of  Balliol,  by  the  vote  of  the  late  Mr.  Adam 
Black  !  It  is  only  fair  to  the  late  professor 
to  say  that  he  did  his  best  to  justify  his 
election  by  assiduous  attention  to  the  duties 
of  his  chair  and  judicious  kindness  to  his 
students.  His  writings,  '  A  Handbook  of 
Moral  Philosophy,'  '  The  Eelations  of  Mind 
and  Brain,'  '  Evolution  and  Man's  Place  in 
Nature,'  were  not  remarkable  works ;  they 
showed  genuine  study  of  the  subjects  treated 
of,  and  a  steady  increase  of  capacity  to  deal 
with  the  problems  raised  in  them.  In  fact, 
the  professor  thoroughly  earned  the  respect 
of  the  philosophical  world  which  his  pro- 
motion had  astonished. 

Last  summer  we  published  a  protest 
against  the  appearance  of  a  poem  called 
'  Dora '  in  a  collection  of  modern  Dutch 
poetry,  without  any  indication  that  it  was 
a  translation  from  Tennyson.  Prof.  C.  P. 
Tiele,  of  Leyden,  now  writes  to  say  that  he 
was  the  translator  of  the  poem  in  question, 
and  is  not  responsible  for  the  omission  of 
Tennyson's  name,  which  he  duly  noted  in 
his  poems,  though  the  compiler  of  the 
anthology  in  question  has  not  done  so. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Report  of  the  Director  of  the 
National  Gallery,  Ireland  {Id.);  a  Return 
showing  Aggregate  Naval  Expenditure  on 
our  Sea-going  Force,  Aggregate  Tonnage 


of  Mercantile  Marine,  &c.  {Id.);  and  Re- 
ports on  the  Endowed  Charities  of  the 
County  of  Merioneth  (1«.  %d.),  of  the  Parish 
of  Kirkby  Malzeard,  Yorkshire  (2^.),  and  of 
the  Parish  of  St.  James,  Westminster  Id.). 

SCIENCE 


SURGICAL   biography. 

John  Hunter,   Man  of  Science  and  Surgeon, 
by  Mr.   Stephen  Paget,  with   Introduction  by 
Sir  James  Paget  (Fisher  Unwin),  is  the  first  of 
a  series  called  "Masters  of  Medicine,"  the  pur- 
pose of  which  is  to  record  the  lives,  the  diffi- 
culties,  and  the   triumphs  of   those  who  have 
done    most    for    the    advancement    of   medical 
science  in  modern  times.    It  is  issued  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Ernest  Hart,  and  it  is  intended 
for  the  general  public  as  well  as  for  the  medical 
profession.    John  Hunter  is  the  father  of  modern 
scientific  surgery.    He  created  pathology,  or  the 
science  upon  which  all  surgery  is  based,  for  it 
deals  with  the  principles  of  disease.    It  is  right, 
therefore,  that  his  life  should  begin  the  series, 
since  surgery,  as  a  result  of  his  labours,  is  now 
more  progressive  than  medicine.    Born  in  1728  at 
Long  Calderwood,  in  Lanarkshire,  the  youngest 
child  of  a  large  family,  John  Hunter  seems  to 
have  spent  his  earlier  years  in  following  his  own 
bent,  which  led  him  into  the  fields  more  often 
than   into    the    school,    for   throughout   life  he 
remained   somewhat   illiterate,   and   his   habits 
were  apt  to  be  rough.     He  watched,  he  says, 
"the    ants,  bees,  birds,  tadpoles,   and    caddis 
worms  ;   he  wanted  to  know  about  the  clouds 
and  the  grasses,  and  why  the  leaves  changed 
colour   in   the   autumn— pestering  people  with 
questions  about  what   nobody  knew   or  cared 
anything  about."     He  gave  himself,  in  fact,  the 
ideal  training  of  a  naturalist.    In  the  mean  time 
his  elder  brother  William,  who  became  in  some 
respects  even  more  distinguished  than  John,  had 
gone  to  London,  where  he  undertook  to  continue 
the  course  of  lectures  to  naval  surgeons  which 
had   been   given    for    some   years    by   Samuel 
Sharpe,  surgeon  to  Guy's  Hospital.      Hunter's 
lectures  soon   became  famous,  and  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  Great  Windmill  Street   School 
of    Medicine,    the  parent   of    modern   medical 
teaching  in  England.      Here  William,  wanting 
an  assistant,  sent  for  his  youngest  brother,  then 
idling  at  home,  found  him  to  be  a  born  dissector, 
and  gave  him  a  teaching  post  in  his  newly  estab- 
lished school.     The  work,  however,  proved  too 
hard  for  the  young  man  just  brought  from  the 
fresh  air  of  a  Scotch  farm,  and  in  a  short  time 
symptoms    of    consumption    began    to    appear. 
He   was    ordered    abroad,  and  in   1760  he  left 
England  as  staff  surgeon  in  the  army,  serving 
first  at  Belle-Isle  and  afterwards  in  Portugal. 
Three  years  later  he  returned  to  London,  and 
began  to  practise  as  a  surgeon  in  Golden  Square. 
Slowly  he    acquired  fame  :    first   as  a   man   of 
science,  when  he    was    made   a   Fellow  of   the 
Royal  Society  in  1767  ;  then  as  a  surgeon,  for  he 
was  appointed  surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hospital 
in  1768  ;  lastly,  as  one  of  the  greatest  teachers 
and  thinkers  in  all  the  history  of  medicine.   This 
fame  was  largely  posthumous,  but  his  reputation 
still  increases.     He  died  suddenly  October  16th, 
1793,  and  was  buried  in  the  vault  of  St.  Martin's- 
in-the-Fields,  whence  his  remains  were  rescued 
in  1859  to  be  reinterred  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
All  this  and  much  more  Mr.  Paget  tells  in  the 
book  before  us,  often  by  extracts  from  contem- 
porary letters,  but  always  with  strict  accuracy 
in  detail.      Hunter's  life  has  been  written  so 
repeatedly  that  there  seemed  to  be  little  more  to 
tell.     Mr.  Paget's  research,  however,  has  added 
several  new  facts,  chiefly  obtained  fromtheBaillie 
manuscripts  lately  presented  to  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  of  England  by  Miss  Hunter 
Baillie,  herself  a  lineal  descendant  of  Dorothea, 
the    Hunters'    sister  ;    and    the    present    bio- 
graphy is    the    best    extant.      The  facts   are 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


753 


clearly  grouped  and  the  story  well  told,  for 
Mr.  Paget  is  a  master  of  English  prose,  whilst 
the  publisher  has  done  all  in  his  power  to  make 
the  volume  attractive.  It  is  light,  handy  in 
size,  and  tastefully  bound  ;  the  printing  is 
good,  and  the  portrait  of  Hunter  forming  the 
frontispiece  is  well  rendered.  If  the  other 
volumes  of  the  series  reach  the  same  high 
standard  of  excellence,  those  who  desire  to 
know  how  medicine  has  attained  its  present 
position  cannot  do  better  than  buy  and  read 
them  as  they  appear. 

Dr.  William  Smellie  and  his  Contemporaries. 
By  John  Glaister,  M.D.  (Glasgow,  MacLehose. ) 
— Smellie  is  one  of  the  most  important  writers 
on  midwifery,  and  but  little  has  hitherto  been 
known  about  his  life.  Dr.  Glaister  has  devoted 
himself  to  a  thorough  investigation  of  every 
fact  to  be  found  of  the  life  of  Smellie,  and  his 
biography  will  henceforward  be  the  chief  autho- 
rity on  its  subject.  William  Smellie  was  born 
at  Lanark  in  1697,  and  died  in  the  same  district 
in  1763,  having  in  the  interval  made  a  fortune 
by  the  practice  of  midwifery  in  London.  The 
chief  interest  of  his  life  for  general  readers  is 
his  relation  to  Smollett.  He  and  the  novelist 
were  both  pupils  of  John  Gordon,  a  surgeon  in 
Glasgow,  and  they  were  intimate  from  1744  to 
1748.  Smollett  communicated  a  case  of  separ.i- 
tion  of  the  pubic  joint  which  ia  printed  in 
Smellie's  book,  and  he  revised  the  composition 
of  the  whole  work  at  the  same  time  that  he  was 
translating  'Don  Quixote.'  Dr.  Glaister  has 
published  in  facsimile  a  letter  of  Smollett  to 
Dr.  John  Moore,  the  author  of  'Zeluco,'who 
had  also  been  a  pupil  of  Gordon,  which  estab- 
lishes conclusively  the  literary  aid  given  by 
Smollett  to  Smellie.  The  professional  part  of 
Dr.  Glaister's  book  is  thoroughly  done,  and  he 
has  shown  not  only  the  scope  of  Smellie's 
original  work,  but  his  scientific  relation  to  other 
writers  on  midwifery. 


SOCIETIES. 


Royal.— iN'bf.  18.— Lord  Lister,  President,  in  the 
chair.— Dr.  Haldane.  Mr.  G.  Murray,  Prof.  H.  A. 
Nicholson,  and  Prof.  H.  H.  Turner  were  admitted 
into  the  Society.  —  The  President  reported  the 
attendance  at  Windsor,  in  July  last,  of  a  deputation 
to  present  an  address  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.— 
Notice  was  given  of  the  ensuing  anniversary  meeting 
(Nov.  30),  and  auditors  of  the  Treasurer's  accounts 
were  elected.  —  The  following  papers  were  read  : 
'Account  of  a  Comparison  of  Magnetic  Instrunjents 
at  Kew  Observatory,'  by  Mr.  C.  Chree,— '  Note  on 
the  Influence  of  Very  Low  Temperatures  on  the 
Germinative  Power  of  Seeds,'  by  Messrs.  H.  T. 
Brown  and  F.  Escombe,— 'Oa  the  Structure  and 
Affinities  of  Fossil  Plants  from  the  Pala?ozoic 
Rocks  :  IL  On  Spencerites,  a  New  Genus  of  Lyco- 
podiaceous  Cones  from  the  Coal  Measures,  founded 
on  the  Lepidodendron  spenceri  of  Williamson,'  by 
Mr.  D.  H.  Scott,-and  '  The  Histology  of  the  Cell- 
wall,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Mode  of  Con- 
nexion of  Cells,'  by  Mr.  W.  Gardiner. 


Geographical. — Nov.  22.— Sir  C.  Markham,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair. — The  following  were  elected 
Fellows  :  Capt.  Hon.  C.  Bingham,  Capt.  M.  D.  Bell, 
H.  M.  Crookshank  Pacha,  Major  J.  C.  Cox,  Lieut.  T. 
Dannreuther,  Lieut.  A.  H.  Festing,  Major  S.  C.  N. 
Grant,  Prof.  A.  C.  Haddon,  Col.  M.  Hancock,  Capt. 

E.  T.  James,  Lieut.-Col.  D.  A.  Johnston,  Lieut.  F.  Lyon, 
Prof.  J.  Milne,  Major  S.  Paterson,  Lieut.  A.  L.  Renton, 
Lieut.  G.  E.  Smith,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  Walker,  Rev. 
R.  A.  R.  White,  and  Messrs.  T.  J.  Allen,  W.  G.  Asp- 
land,  H.  V.  Barclay,  O.  L.  Beringer,  D.  Bruce,  T.  H. 
Beare,  J.  Brickwood,  W.  A.  Buchanan,  W.  S.  Curtis, 
H.  S.  H.  Cavendish,  G.  M.  Campbell,  W.  Cheesman, 

F.  H.  Cheesewright,  C.  Deas,  E.  J.  Dyer,  W.  W. 
Davidson,  W.  F.  S.  Dugdale.  G.  K.  French,  F.  C.  R. 
Frost,  G.  W.  Gore-Harvey,  R.  H.  Henning,  G.  H.  St. 
Hill,  R.  McD.  Hawker,  D.  E.  Hume,  E.  A.  H.  Jay, 
E.  Koop,  A.  Krauss,  H.  Kemp-Welch,  H.  Lister, 
H.  Mellish,  P.  McCallum.  R  B.  McClure,  M.  J.  C. 
Meikleiohn,  T.  W.  Moore,  G.  Macartney,  W.  P. 
May,  W.  Mole,  J.  Pakeman,  J.  R.  Pease,  J.  T.  Read, 
R.  Robinson,  R.  Roach,  Haakon  Skattum,  J.  W. 
Shelley.  C.  J.  Thomas,  A.  N.  Thorpe,  De  Sales 
Turland,  and  R.  E.  Villiers. — The  paper  read  was 
'Four  Years'  Exploration  in  Central  Asia,'  by  Dr. 
Sven  Hedin. 


British  Aech^ological  Association.— iV««;.  17. 
—  Mr.  C.  H.  Compton,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.- Mr. 
Earle  Way  exhibited  some  antiquities  from  Egypt  : 
two  bronze  figures  representing  Osiris  and  Isis  and 
Horus,  of  about  700  BC;  also  a  specimen  of  cloth 
from  a  mummy  recently  unrolled  ;  and  two  ancient 
bronze  sheep-bells.  Mr.  Way  also  submitted  some 
Roman  coins  of  Carausius,  Constantius,  and  Con- 
stantine,  found  lately  in  excavating  for  a  sewer  in 
Union  Road,  South  wark,  and  a  shilling  of  Charles  I. 
—Mr.  T.  Blashill  then  read  a  paper  entitled  '  Some 
Illustrations  of  Domestic  Spinning.'  He  said  that 
spinning,  except  in  its  modern  revival,  might  be 
considered  a  lost  art,  and  although  it  went  out  m 
England  only  some  fifty  or  sixty  years  ago,  it  is  as 
completely  forgotten  by  the  world  as  if  it  had 
for  centuries  been  unknown.  From  time  to  time 
spindle-whorls  discovered  in  deep  excavations  had 
been  exhibited  at  meetings  of  the  Association, 
and  implements  used  in  spinning  were  to  be  seen 
in  the  most  ancient  Egyptian  sculptures,  and 
spindles  with  the  whorl  attached  were  found  in 
Egyptian  excavations.  As  regards  hand-spinning 
with  spindle  and  distaff  there  had  been  no  progress 
through  all  the  ages,  and  the  most  ancient  specimens 
extant  might  be  used  by  women  who  in  remote 
countries  practise  hand  -  spinning  to  -  day.  Mr. 
Blashill  very  graphically  described  the  use  of  the 
spinning  and  wool  wheels  he  had  brought  for  exhi- 
bition. The  great  wool  wheel  was  in  use  as  early  as 
the  fourteenth  century,  and  lingered  on  in  Wales 
down  to  recent  times.  The  ordinary  spinning-wheel 
was  known  as  early  as  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  being  at  first  turned  by  hand  and  after- 
wards by  a  treadle.  The  earliest  spinning-wheel 
extant  in  this  country  is  believed  to  be  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  is  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  In  former  times  the  art  of  spinning 
was  a  necessary  accomplishment  for  women  and 
girls,  and  perhaps  its  use  was  rendered  more  popular 
by  the  idea  that  it  promoted  grace  in  the  female 
form.  In  the  year  1721  an  aged  lady  left  consider- 
able property  for  the  purpose  of  endowing  a  school 
for  spinning.  The  art  was  practised  in  this  country 
in  the  drawing-rooms  and  servants'  halls  of  country 
houses  as  late  as  1830.  In  the  museum  at  Constance 
there  are  several  good  examples  of  spinning-wheels, 
but  their  use  is  now  forgotten.  Rabbit  wool  is  spun 
at  Aix  in  Savoy  at  the  present  time.  A  large  number 
of  engravings  and  drawings  illustrated  the  paper.— 
An  interesting  discussion  followed,  in  which  Mrs. 
Collier  remarked  that  the  Sutherland  folks  still  use 
the  spinning-wheel,  and  Mr.  Way  said  that  "home- 
spun "  is  made  in  the  Isle  of  Lewis  at  the 
present  day.  —  Speaking  of  Egypt,  Mrs.  Mar- 
shall said  the  Bedouin  use  their  fingers  only 
and  no  distaff.  —  Mr.  Gould  mentioned  that 
in  pulling  down  a  house  in  Essex  twenty-eight 
years  ago  a  distaff  was  found,  but  its  use  was 
utterly  unknown.— Mr.  Astley  pointed  out  that 
the  wheels  used  in  the  Princess  of  Wales's  schools 
at  Sandringham  were  just  the  same  as  those  upou 
the  table.— Mr.  Patrick  announced  that  during 
some  recent  alterations  at  the  Bishop's  Palace  at 
Peterborough  part  of  the  great  drain  of  the  monas- 
tery had  been  laid  open,  the  line  of  which  was  pre- 
viously unknown. 

Numismatic— iN'or.  18.— Sir  J.  Evans,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Mr.  Leopold  Grant  and  Mr.  J.  Grafton 
Milne  were  elected  Members,  and  Mr.  F.  A.  Walters 
was  proposed.— The  President  exhibited  a  selection 
of  eleven  Roman  imperial  gold  coins  (in  a  magnifi- 
cent state  of  preservation)  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
Marcus  Aurelius,  and  Faustina  I.  and  II.,  recently 
acquired  by  him  from  a  hoard  lately  found  in  Egypt. 
—The  Rev.  G.  F.  Crowther  exhibited,  on  behalf  of 
Mr.  W.  Maish,  a  Durham  penny  of  Edward  III.,  on 
which  the  name  of  Ireland  is  omitted  from  the 
inscription  on  the  obverse  ;  the  coin  is  also  peculiar 
in  having  the  crozier  to  the  left,  and  two  pellets  on 
the  right  and  one  on  the  left  of  the  crown  ;  rev. 
legend,  dunolm.  Mr.  Crowther  also  exhibited  a  York 
farthing  of  the  same  king,  reading  EDWARDVS  EEX, 
and  examples  of  the  Diamond  Jubilee  medals  in 
silver  and  bronze  of  the  larger  size,  and  in  silver  of 
the  smaller  size.— Mr.  F.  Spicer  exhibited  a  half- 
groat  of  David  II.  of  Scotland,  struckat  Edinburgh, 
differing  from  all  the  specimens  described  by  Burns 
in  having  six  arcs  around  the  bust  and  a  star  on  the 
sceptre-handle.  It  is  believed  to  belong  to  the  last 
issue  of  coins  by  David  II.— Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence 
exhibited  some  interesting  varieties  of  the  coins 
of  William  the  Conqueror.— Mr.  R.  A.  Hoblyn  exhi- 
bited a  circular  disc  of  cast  bronze,  apparently  the 
lid  of  a  box,  on  which  were  impressions  from  the 
dies  (probably  executed  by  Croker)  of  two  trial 
farthings  of  Queen  Anne,  dated  1713,  with  the 
mottoes  ANGLIC  PALLADIVM  and  largitor  PACIS. 
—Dr.  B.  V.  Head  gave  an  account  (contributed 
by  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill)  of  an  interesting  discovery  of 
Roman  and  ancient  British  coins  and  bronze  objects 
at  Honley,  near  Huddersfield,  in  1894.  The  Roman 
coins  were  denarii  and  bronze,  ranging  from  circ. 


B.C.  209  to  AD.  73.  The  British  coins  consisted  of 
five  new  and  unpublished  small  silver  pieces  of  the 
time  of  Venutius,  King  of  the  Biigantes,  and  of  his 
faithless  Queen  Cartimandua,  who  conspired  against 
him  circ.  A.D.  69,  and,  in  conjunction  with  her  hus- 
band's armour-bearer,  Vellocatus,  succeeded  for  a 
short  time  in  depriving  him  of  his  kingdom  (Tacitus, 
'Hist.,'  iii.  45).  One  of  these  remarkable  coins,  ex- 
hibited by  Dr.  Head,  was  struck  in  the  queen's  name, 
the  first  syllable  of  which,  CART.,  is  clearly  legible 
upon  it. — Dr.  Head  next  read  a  paper  contributed  by 
Canon  Greenwell  on  rare  Greek  coins  recently  added 
to  his  collection. 

Zoological.— iVw.  16.— Dr.  A.  Giinther,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair.— The  Secretary  read  a  report  on  the  addi- 
tions to  the  menagerie  during  June,  July,  August, 
September,  and  October.  He  also  read  some  notes 
made  by  Mr.  A.  Thomson,  head  keeper,  on  the 
breeding  of  two  species  of  glossy  ibis  (^Plegadis 
guaranna  and  P.  falcindlns)  in  the  Society's 
gardens,  and  made  remarks  on  the  differences  in 
their  plumages.  He  exhibited  an  egg  of  the  Brazilian 
cariama  {Car lama  cristata),  laid  in  the  Society's 
gardens,  and  read  some  notes  made  by  Mr.  A. 
Thomson  on  the  breeding  of  this  bird.  — Mr.  Sclater 
gave  an  account  of  some  of  the  more  interesting 
animals  observed  by  him  during  a  recent  visit  to 
the  Zoological  Gardens  of  Cologne,  St.  Petersburg, 
Moscow,  and  Berlin.— Mr.  R.  Lydekker  exhibited  a 
skin  of  the  blue  bear  of  Tibet  {  (Jrsus  pruinosus), 
described  and  figured  in  the  Society's  Proceedings 
for  1897,  p.  412,  jjI.  xxvii.,  and  a  sketch  of  the  Altai 
deer  (Cervus  eustepharms),  taken  from  a  specimen 
in  the  menagerie  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  atWoburn 
Abbey.  —  Notes  and  communications  were  read  : 
from  Messrs.  Oldfield  Thomas  and  R.  Lydekker, 
stating  that  during  the  preparation  of  their  paper 
on  the  dentition  of  the  manatee,  published  in  the 
last  part  of  the  Proceedings,  a  memoir  by  Dr.  C. 
Hartlaub,  in  which  some  of  their  conclusions  had 
been  anticipated,  had  been  overlooked,— from  Mr. 
E.  T.  Browne  '  On  British  Medusae,'  being  a  con- 
tinuation of  a  previous  paper  'Ou  British  Hydroids 
and  i!dedusa3,'  published  in  the  Proceedings  for  1896: 
eight  species  were  now  treated  of  at  length,— and 
from  Mr.  E.  R.  Waite,  of  the  Australian  Museum, 
Sydney, '  On  the  Sydney  Bush-rat  {Mus  arboricola, 
W.  S.  Macleay),'  treating  of  the  habits  of  the 
animal  in  a  wild  state  and  of  its  anatomical 
characters.— A  communication  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Mudge 
'  On  the  Myology  of  the  Tongue  of  Parrots '  was 
read  by  the  author.  Specimens  of  six  different 
species  of  the  Psittacidai  had  been  examined,  and  a 
detailed  description  of  the  muscles  of  each  of  them 
was  given  in  this  paper.  —  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler 
enumerated  the  species  (138  in  nuoiber)  contained 
in  three  consignments  of  butterflies  collected  in 
Natal  in  1896  and  1897  by  Mr.  G,  A.  K.  Marshall, 
and  gave  the  dates  of  the  capture  of  the  specimens, 
the  localities  where  they  were  found,  and  other 
interesting  notes  concerning  them.  One  new  genus 
(Chrysoritis)  and  one  new  species  {Cacyreus 
marshalU)  were  described.  — A  third  portion  of  a 
paper  on  the  spiders  of  the  island  ot  St.  Vincent,  by 
jVI.  E.  Simon,  was  communicated  by  Dr.  D.  Sharpe 
on  behalf  of  the  Committee  for  investigating  the 
Fauna  and  Flora  of  the  West  Indian  Islands.  Of  the 
species  enumerated  forty-six  were  described  as  new, 
which  included  three  new  genera,  viz.,  Mysmenopsis, 
Homalometa,  and  Mesobria.— Prof.  Newton  exhi- 
bited some  specimens  of  new  or  rare  birds'  eggs,  and 
read  some  notes  upon  them.  Amongst  these  were 
the  first  properly  authenticated  examples  of  the 
eggs  of  the  curlew-sandpiper  {Tringa  subarqiiaia), 
obtained  by  Mr.  Popham  on  an  island  in  the  mouth 
of  the  Yenisei  river  in  July  last.  Other  eggs  exhi- 
bited were  those  of  lurdvsvarius,  Chasiempis  sand- 
vicensis,  Himatione  virens,  Jimheriza  rustica,  and 
Podoces  panderi. 

Entomological.— 7\W.  17.— Mr.  R.  McLachlan, 
V.P.  and  Treasurer,  in  the  chair.  —  Miss  B.  F, 
Chawner,  Mr.  F.  N.  Brown,  Mr.  Albert  Harrison, 
Mr.  Albert  Norris,  Mr.  Stephen  Pegler,  Mr.  E.  G.  J. 
Sparke,  and  Mr.  Wilmot  Tunstall  were  elected 
Fellows.  —  Mr.  Selwyn  Image  exhibited  male 
examples  of  Pieris  brassices,  with  a  black  spot  on 
the  disc  of  the  forewings.  They  were  bred  from 
larvaj  found  on  tropaaolum  at  Lee,  North  Devon, 
and  six  out  of  ten  males  showed  this  variation.  He 
also  showed  a  dark  aberration  of  Vanessa  urticts, 
taken  at  Copthorne,  Sussex,  and  two  fine  specimens 
of  Plusia  moneta  taken  on  valerian  near  Balcombe, 
Sussex.— Mr.  M.  Burr  exhibited  three  new  species 
of  Rumanian  Orthoptera  in  illustration  of  a  later 
communication.  —  On  behalf  of  Mr.  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerell,  of  Mesilla,  New  Mexico,  two  specim  ens 
of  Synchloe  lacinia  from  that  locality  were  exhi- 
bited, to  show  the  remarkable  forms  of  variation 
found  in  individuals  occurring  at  the  same  time 
and  place  and  on  the  same  flowers.- Mrs.  Nicholl 
communicated  a  paper  '  On  the  Butterflies  of 
Aragon,"   and    Mr.    Burr    a   'List    of    Rumanian 


754 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


Orthopteia.'— Wi".  Tutt  read  a  paper  entitled  '  Some 
Results  of  Eecent  Experiments  in  hybridizing 
Tephrosia  histurtata  and  'Jhphrosia  crepvscularia.^ 

Institution  op  Civil  Engineers.— i\'«u.  23.— 
Sir  J.  W.  Barry,  President,  in  tbe  chair.— The  paper 
read  was  entitled  '  Central  -  Station  Electric  Coal- 
Miniug  Plant  in  Pennsylvania,  U.S.A.,'  by  Mr.  W.  S. 
Gresley. 

Historical.— .A^oi'.  18.— Sir  M.  E.  Grant  DufE, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  B.  Felce  and  the  Rev. 
D.  Young  were  elected  Fellows.— A  paper  was  read 
by  Mr. C.  H.  Firth  'On  the  Battle  of  Marston  Moor,' 
illustrated  by  a  contemporary  plan  prepared  by 
Prince  Rupert's  quartermaster-general,  which  has 
been  photographed  and  published  by  the  Society.— 
A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Mr.  Spenser  Wilkin- 
son took  part, 

Aristotelian.  —  iVoy.  15. —  Mr.  A.  Boutwood, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  E.  Mooney,  Mr.  W.  Mac- 
Dougall,  and  Mr.  W.  R.  Boyce  Gibson  were  elected 
Members. — Mr.  G.  E.  Moore  read  a  paper  '  On  Free- 
dom.'—A  discussion  followed. 


MON. 


TCES. 


■Wed. 


Fri. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 

Royal  Academy,  4  -'  Demonstrations,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson. 

London  Institution,  S—  Tlie  Pre-Raphaelite  Art  of  Sir  John 
Millais,'  Mr  W   Wallis 

Surveyors'  Institution,  7—' Some  Points  on  Ordinary  Tithe' 
Mr.  L.S.Wood.    (Junior  Meeting  ) 

Aristotelian,  8-' Physiological  Conditions  of  Consciousness' 
Mr.  \V.  MacUougall. 

Society  of  Arts.  8  — '  Gutta  Fercha,'  Dr.  E.  F.  A  Obach 
(Cantor  Lecture  ) 

Royal,  4. —Anniversary  Meeting. 

Civil  Engineers,  8  —'The  Law  of  Condensation  of  Steam,' 
Messrs  H.  L.  Callendar  and  J.  T.  Nieolson. 

Zoological,  8J.— ■  Regeneration  of  the  Legs  in  the  Blattidap,' 
Mr.  H.  H  Brindley  i  '  Gigantic  Sea-Perch  (Sttreolepis  gigas) ' 
and  'New  Tortoise  of  the  Genus  Sternothierus,'  Mr  G  A. 
Boulenger;  'Mountain  Reedbuck  from  the  Eastern  Trans- 
vaal,'  Mr.  F,  V  Kirby 

Royal  Academy,*  —'Demonstrations,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson 

Archa-ological  Institute,  4.—'  The  Eastern  Omophorion  and  the 
Western  Pallium.' Dr  J  Wickham  L.gg  ;  ■  A  liloomery  (Iron 
Smelting  Furnace)  on  Coniston  Lake,'  Mr  H  S  Cowper 

Geological,  8  -  '  A  Revindication  of  the  Llanberis  Uncon- 
formity,'Rev.  J,  F  Blake;  'The  Geology  of  Lambay  Island, 
CO.  Dublin,'  Messrs.  C.  I  Gardiner  and  S.  H.  Reynolds. 

Entomological,  8. 

Society  of  Arts,  8  — '  The  American  Bicycle:  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  its  Making,' Prof  L  Waldo 

British  Archaological  Association,  8.— 'Notes  on  the  City  of 
London.' Mr  A  Oliver, 
i.  London  Institution,  6  -'Signalling  across  Space,'  Prof    S    P 
Thompson, 

Linnean.  8. -'Anatomy  of  Caiidina  coriacea.'  Prof.  A  Dendy  • 
'  Some  Desmids  from  the  United  States,'  Messrs.  W  West 
and  G  S.  West 

Chemical,  8 -Election  of  Fellows;  'On  Collie's  Space-formula 
for  Benzene,'  Dr,  F  E.  Matthews. 

Antiquaries.  8J  —  •  Knife  with  Silver-gilt  and  Enamelled 
Mount  of  the  Sixteenth  Centur?,'  .sir  J  C  Robinson  ■  ■  Ingot 
of  Tin  found  in  Westminster  Abbey,'Mr  J  T.  Micklethwaite  • 
'  Recent  Discoveries  at  St.  Albans,'  Mr.  W.  Page.  ' 

Royal  Academy,  4  — •  Demonstrations,'  Mr.  W.  Anderson 

Physical,  5  -'The  Failure  of  German  Silver  and  Platinoid 
Wires.'  Mr.  R  Applevard, 

Philological,  8—' Notes  on  the  Metre  of  Shakspere's  "  Co^io- 
lanua,"'M^  B  Dawson. 

Civil  Engineers,  8  — •  Permanent  Way  :  its  Construction  and 
Relaying,'  Mr.  G  Stirling     (Students'  Meeting  ) 

Geologists'  Association,  8— 'Notes  on  the  Geology  of  the 
Stort  Valley  (Herts  and  Essex)  with  Special  Reference  to 
the  Plateau  Gravels,'  Rev.  Dr  A  Irving 


Prof.  M.  Forster  Heddle,  of  St.  Andrew.s, 
•whose  death  occurred  a  few  days  ago,  had 
devoted  much  of  his  life  to  the  study  of  the  miner- 
alogy of  Scotland.  As  Professor  of  Chemistry 
for  many  years  at  the  University  of  St.  An- 
drews he  made  a  large  number  of  mineral 
analyses,  -which  he  communicated  from  time  to 
time  to  various  scientific  societies.  On  retiring 
some  years  ago  from  his  professorship,  Dr. 
Heddle  visited  South  Africa  in  connexion  with 
certain  mining  enterprises.  Always  an  enthu- 
siastic collector  of  minerals,  he  acquired  in  the 
course  of  his  long  career  a  large  and  valuable  col- 
lection ;  and  it  is  matter  of  congratulation  that 
most  of  his  Scottish  minerals  were  acquired,  a 
short  time  back,  by  the  Edinburgh  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art. 

The  great  brightness  of  the  moon  on  Sunday 
morning,  the  14th,  interfered  with  the  visibility 
of  the  Leonid  meteors,  whilst  the  cloudy  state 
of  the  sky  next  morning  (which  would  pro- 
bably have  been  that  of  the  principal  display) 
prevented  any  from  being  seen  on  that  occasion. 
A  certain  number,  however,  were  noticed  on  the 
14th  ;  but,  so  far  as  can  be  gathered  from  the 
various  reports,  it  seems  likely  that  the  portion 
of  the  stream  passed  through  this  year  was  thinly 
scattered.  That  of  next  year  will  probably  be 
thicker,  and  the  maximum  will  be  due  in  1899. 
The  Andromeda  stream,  connected  with  the 
defunct  comet  of  Biela,  which  appeared  so  con- 
spicuously on  the  evening  of  November  27th 


in  1872  and  1885,  may  be  expected  in  greatest 
abundance  a  day  or  two  earlier  in  1898. 

The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest  eastern 
elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  20th  prox.,  and 
will  be  visible  in  the  evening  after  sunset  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  month,  in  the  constella- 
tion Sagittarius  ;  he  will  be  near  the  moon  on 
Christmas  Day,  the  conjunction  having  taken 
place  in  the  morning.  Venus  rises  now  not 
much  more  than  an  hour  before  the  sun,  and 
later  still  as  December  advances ;  during  its 
course  she  will  move  in  an  easterly  direction 
through  Scorpio  (passing  about  five  degrees  due 
north  of  Antares  on  the  14th)  into  Sagittarius. 
Mars  will  not  be  visible  until  the  beginning  of 
next  year,  when  he  will  appear  a  little  before 
sunrise  in  the  constellation  Sagittarius  ;  he  will 
be  in  conjunction  with  Venus  about  midnight 
on  the  30th  prox.  Jupiter  is  still  in  the  western 
part  of  Virgo,  and  a  beautiful  object  in  the 
morning  ;  by  the  end  of  next  month  he  will  rise 
before  midnight.  Saturn  is  in  Scorpio,  and  will 
be  in  conjunction  with  Venus  on  the  12th  prox., 
but  will  scarcely  be  visible  until  nearly  the  end 
of  the  month,  just  before  sunrise. 


FINE    ARTS 


CHRISTMAS    BOOKS. 

The  Life  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  M.  J. 
Tissot,  with  notes  translated  by  Mrs.  A.  Bell 
(Sampson  Low  &  Co.),  is  the  first  instalment  of 
a  large  number  of  reproductions  of  that  wonder- 
ful series  of  pictures  in  body-colour  for  which  we 
have  more  than  once  expressed  warm  admira- 
tion. The  365  designs  would  in  any  circum- 
stances be  an  amazing  collection  ;  but,  en- 
riched as  they  are  with  an  infinite  multitude 
of  details  of  customs,  costume-s,  architecture, 
&c.,  reproducing  the  characteristics  of  Eastern 
landscape  and  atmosphere,  all  studies  on  the 
spot  from  nature,  and  marked  by  rigid  topo- 
graphical accuracy,  they  arc  but  faintly  praised 
when  we  speak  of  them  in  the  highest  terms. 
As  works  of  art  they  deserve  not  less  admiration 
for  vigour,  variety,  and  originality,  as  well  as  on 
account  of  the  designer's  genius.  The  reproduc- 
tions before  us  are  successful  beyond  expecta- 
tions, whether  as  regards  their  spirit,  veracity, 
or  completeness,  or,  when  the  colouring  of  the 
originals  is  concerned,  their  fidelity  and  quite 
exceptional  brightness— a  quality  which,  in 
colour-printing,  is  the  hardest  to  secure  and 
retain.  The  letterpress  contains  the  Gospels  in 
Latin  and  English,  a  numerous  body  of  illustra- 
tive and  historical  notes  by  M.  Tissot,  and  his 
own  account  of  how  and  why  and  when  he 
undertook  a  task  of  prodigious  magnitude, 
which  had  never  till  then  been  attempted, 
except  by  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  working  on 
an  extremely  limited  scale.  M.  Tissot  has 
constructed  a  sort  of  harmony  of  the  Gospels, 
arranging  the  narratives  under  appropriate 
headings,  as  "The  Holy  Childhood,"  "The 
Ministry,"  "The  Holy  Week,"  "The  Passion," 
and  "  The  Resurrection." 

Undine.  By  F.  de  la  Motte  Fouqut^.  Illus- 
trations by  II.  M.  M.  Pitman.  (Macmillan.)— 
Miss  Pitman,  whose  etched  contributions  to  the 
Academy  have  called  attention  to  her  consider- 
able, but  perhaps  hardly  as  yet  matured,  skill, 
was  fortunate  in  choosing  this  famous  novelette, 
and  in  this  case  she  has  devoted  even  more  care 
and  industry  than  before  to  her  task.  The  re- 
condite meanings  the  lady  has  read  into  '  Undine ' 
are  remarkably  well  set  forth  in  the  graceful 
and  spiritual  designs  which  express  her  views 
of  "The  Aspiration  of  the  Soul"  and  one  or 
two  more  mystical  themes.  There  is  un- 
expected passion  in  the  design  called  "  Nuptial 
Sleep,"  but  there  the  composition  is  marred  by 
certain  disproportions  which  are  not  beautiful. 
In  other  examples  the  shortcomings  of  Miss 
Pitman's  draughtsmanship  have  caused  her 
work  to  fail  and  her  meaning  to  be  lost.     The 


clumsy  portraits  of  Bertalda  and  the  figures 
of  the  aged  foster-father  of  Undine  and  his 
wife  are  instances  of  this.  These  shortcom- 
ings are  quite  a  contrast  to  "  The  Fisherman's 
Cottage,"  an  elaborate  landscape,  "  Undine  fly- 
ing into  the  Dark  Night,"  "How  they  found 
Undine  Again,"  "Undine  Dancing,"  and,  best 
of  all,  the  lovely  dancing  figures  preceding 
chapter  vi. 

Poems  by  John  Keats.  With  Illustrations  by 
R.  A.  Bell.  (Bell  &  Sons.)— Although  we  do 
not  like  the  paper,  the  typography  and  arrange- 
ment of  this  book  are  decidedly  attractive.  The 
binding  is  tolerable,  but  not  such  as  an  artist 
would  choose  for  Keats.  The  charm  of  the 
book  consists  in  Mr.  R.  Anning  Bell's  designs, 
which  abound  in  Keatsian  grace,  sweetness, 
and  spirit,  and  are  seldom  weak  and  common- 
place. As  they  are  mainly  in  outlines  we 
should  have  preferred  to  have  them  engraved  in 
a  lighter  manner,  and,  most  of  all,  with  a  less 
uniformly  thick  line.  The  employment  of  such 
a  line  is,  of  course,  a  mere  aflectation  which  is 
just  now  in  fashion.  Mr.  Raleigh's  "intro- 
duction," though  it  is  somewhat  high-pitched, 
is  sympathetic,  careful,  and  accomplished. 
Though  not  professing  to  be  complete,  the 
volume  omits  few,  if  any,  of  Keats's  best  pieces. 

Sixty  Years  a  Queen :  the  Story  of  Her 
Majesty's  Reign.  Told  by  Sir  H.  Maxwell. 
Illustrated.  (Harmsworth  Brothers.)— Sir  Her- 
bert Maxwell  has  performed  the  exceedingly 
diflicult  task  of  writing  a  "Jubilee  "  history  of 
the  British  Empire  and  its  people  during  the 
period  in  question  with  astonishing  tact,  and, 
on  the  whole,  great  success.  Of  course,  it  was 
not  possible  to  cast  rose-coloured  light  upon 
the  sufferings,  losses,  and  blunders  of  the  nation 
and  its  leaders  during  so  long  a  period.  The 
retreat  from  Cabul,  the  Indian  Mutiny,  the 
Alabama  business,  the  defeats  in  South  Africa, 
and  the  death  of  General  Gordon  had  to  be 
treated  in  a  candid  manner  and  the  best  made 
of  them.  In  these  respects  the  author  has  been 
at  once  wise  and  fortunate  ;  nor  is  he  wanting 
in  magnanimity  and  a  noble  confidence  in  the 
race.  Of  course  a  large  portion  of  the  book  is 
devoted  to  Her  Majesty's  actions  and  sayings  : 
her  influence  is  certainly  not  minimized,  and 
Court  functions,  marriages,  christenings,  and 
funerals  are  by  no  means  forgotten.  At  the 
same  time,  social,  scientific,  literary,  musical, 
and  artistic  matters  are  set  forth  with  care,  good 
judgment,  and  fairness,  as  well  as  with  as  much 
detail  as  could  be  expected  within  the  limits 
of  a  volume  which  extends  to  240  pages 
quarto,  quite  half  of  which  are  filled 
with  good  cuts  of  all  sorts  of  subjects,  such 
as  portraits  of  eminent  persons,  landscapes, 
ships,  machinery,  buildings,  ceremonies,  designs 
by  "  H.  B.,"  Leech,  and  Sir  .1.  Tenniel,  auto- 
graphs, maps,  weapons,  and  what  not,  the  whole 
of  which  subserve  the  main  purpose  of  the  text, 
which  is  to  show,  by  contrasts  of  all  sorts  between 
what  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  Queen's  reign 
and  what  is  now,  how  prodigious  has  been  the 
progress  of  the  nation  in  all  good  things, 
such  as  wealth,  education,  comfort,  virtue, 
prowess,  and  science.  As  illustrations,  if  not 
invariably  as  works  of  art,  the  cuts  printed 
with  the  text  are  generally  very  good  indeed. 
Some  of  the  numerous  portraits  are  excellent, 
and  borrowed  from  good  pictures  by  eminent 
artists  or  photographs  from  the  life.  The 
views  of  buildings,  too,are  extremely  interesting. 
The  large  series  of  portraits  of  the  Queen  at 
divers  ages  and  in  many  circumstances  is  valu- 
able, and  exactly  what  such  a  book  requires. 
The  worst  part  of  the  book  is  the  too  splendid 
binding  and  its  raw  blue  sides. 

The  History  of  Reynard  the  Fox.  Turned  into 
English  Verse  by  F.  S.  Ellis.  (Nutt.)— Mr. 
F.  S.  Ellis  has  made  two  attempts  to  modernize 
this  ancient  and  excellent  satire.  In  his  first, 
"a  metrical  rendering"  based  on  Caxton's 
translation    and    published    in    1894,    he    had 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


755 


"allowed  the  burlesque  vein  to  overmaster  the 
quiet  humorous  irony  which  gives  so  great  a 
zest  to  the  original,"  so  he  has  entirely  re- 
modelled that  version  and  wishes  this  to  super- 
sede it.  This  is  in  Mr.  Morris's  style  and  metre, 
but  Mr.  Morris  was  a  poet,  and  Mr.  Ellis  is 
only  occasionally  "  somewhat  poetical."  He  has 
felt  at  liberty  "to  accentuate  some  points,  and 
widen  the  range  accorded  to  some  incidents." 
He  seems  to  think  that  '  Reynard  the  Fox  '  is 
unknown  in  this  country,  and  hopes  "  that  this 
new  and  complete  version  may  draw  the  atten- 
tion of  English  readers"  to  it.  Personally,  we 
like  our  attention  drawn  to  a  book  which  faith- 
fully sets  before  us  the  original  which  it  pro- 
fesses to  introduce  to  us,  and  we  are  not  very 
fond  of  the  metre  Mr.  Ellis  has  chosen,  which 
even  in  Mr.  Morris's  hands  sometimes  degene- 
rated into  sing-song.  Mr.  Crane's  illustrations 
are  always  noteworthy,  but  those  in  this  book 
are  few  in  number  and  not  important. 

Red  Apple  and  Silver  Bells  :  a  Book  of  Verse 
for  Children  of  all  Ages.  By  H.  Hendry,  Illus- 
trated by  A.  B.  Woodward.  (Blackie  &  Son.) 
— "  To  the  best  of  our  recollection  "  Mr.  Hendry 
sees  the  world  as  children  see  it,  and  he  writes 
charmingly  and  musically  about  it ;  many, 
indeed  most,  of  his  verses  are  delightful  in  all 
respects— childish,  but  not  silly;  funny,  but  not 
foolish  ;  and  sweet  without  being  goody.  Miss 
Woodward's  designs  are  just  what  the  verses 
require,  and  (an  unusual  merit  in  these  days  of 
hurry  and  presumption)  they  are  carefully  and 
delicately  drawn,  and  exquisitely  finished  after 
nature  ;  consequently  they  are  beautiful.  Here 
is  a  specimen  of  the  serious  verse,  referring  to  a 
great  ship  as  seen  and  thought  about  by  a  child : 

Down  green  Hollows  and  over  green  Hills, 

Through  thickets  of  tangled  Foam, 
The  great  Sea-Greyhound  has  held  away 

In  a  long  chase  Home. 
Over  the  Ocean,  thro'  dark  and  clear, 

She  raced  where  the  black  Winds  ride  ; 
And  to-night  I  saw  her,  slow  and  tired, 

Pant  up  with  the  Tide. 
Slow  and  tired,  with  a  sound  as  of  Sobs, 

In  the  dark  she  glided  past 
For  the  great  Sea-Greyhound  had  won  her  way 
To  the  Port  at  last  I 

A  Book  of  Nursery-Rhymes.  Illustrated  by 
F.  D.  Bedford.  (Methuen  &  Co.)— The  designs 
(which  are  printed  in  rather  pale  colours)  of  Mr. 
Bedford  are  quite  unobjectionable,  but  they 
are  decidedly  tame,  which  is  the  only  positive 
thing  about  them.  We  remember  some  of  the 
rhymes,  but  many  others  are  new  to  us,  and 
these  are  not  the  best. — Little  Hearts,  by  Miss 
F.  K.  Upton  (Routledge  &  Sons),  is  a  very 
goody  and  rather  gushing  book,  with  designs 
that  are  not  good  enough  for  anything  better. — 
We  care  very  little  more  for  Little  Grown-  Ups 
(Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.),  for  which  the  Misses 
M.  Humphrey  and  E.  S.  Tucker  are  responsible 
as  illustrator  and  author.  The  title-page  assures 
us  the  book  was  "printed  in  America,"  and 
certain  curiously  un-English  phrases  lead  us  to 
infer  that  the  book  came  from  the  United  States. 
The  infants  who  are  "  printed  in  colours  "  are 
so  clean  and  smart  and  wax-like  that  humanity 
is  nothing  to  them.  The  infants  who  are  re- 
produced in  monochrone  are  not  without  charms 
of  a  sort. 

Phil  May's  ABC  (Leadenhall  Press)  is  a 
thin  quarto  in  a  glaring  red  cover,  and  in  fifty- 
two  designs  comprises  two  alphabets  complete. 
Everything  Mr.  May  designs  is  wonderfully 
clever  and  thoroughly  like  nature,  animated,  full 
of  character  and  fun.  But  admitting  heartily 
all  that  can  be  said  in  favour  of  his  works,  we 
must  say  that  we  are  getting  tired  of  the 
mean  and  sordid  world  it  is  his  pleasure  to 
illustrate  with  such  unequalled  insight  or  mock 
with  such  deftness  and  veracity.  The  worst  of 
it  is  that  while  Mr.  May's  policeman  is  a  cari- 
cature, his  gutter  brats,  laundry  girls,  and 
organ-grinders  are  not. 

The  Rape  of  the  Lock.  By  A.  Pope.  (Smithers.) 
— This  neatly  printed  little  book  contains  re- 
duced versions  of  Mr.  A.  Beardsley's  afiFected 


and  laboriously  whimsical  designs,  about  which 
we  have  already  expressed  an  opinion. 

The  Victoria  Painting  Book  for  Little  Folks 
(Cassell  &  Co.)  contains  nearly  three  hundred 
outlines  in  faint  ink  intended  to  be  coloured  by 
children.  A  large  proportion  of  them  are  ex- 
tremely pretty  and  lively,  and  quite  suitable 
for  their  purpose.  They  are,  however,  much 
too  small  and  too  full  of  detail  to  admit  of 
colouring  except  by  deft  draughtsmen  ;  no  other 
hands  could  use  them. 

Zig-zag  Fables,  as  pictured  by  J.  A.  Shepherd 
(Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.),  are  so  stupid  that  it 
is  enough  to  mention  them. 


CHICHESTER   CATHEDRAL. 

At  the  mayor's  feast  at  Chichester  on  the 
9th  inst.  the  Bishop  of  Chichester  was  so  good 
as  to  give  the  company  some  particulars  as  to 
the  proposed  north-west  tower  of  his  cathedral 
church.  According  to  the  report  of  his  lord- 
ship's remarks  in  a  local  paper,  the  tower 
'■  was  built    by   Bishop   Seffrid    in   the   thirteenth 

century What  Bishop  Seffrid  did  then,  the  men 

in  this  century  were  going  to  do  now  under  the 
direction  of  one  of  the  most  eminent  architects  of 
the  day.  That  part  of  the  building  was  not  suffi- 
ciently strong  at  present  to  bear  the  north-west  end 
of  the  cathedral,  and  unless  something  was  done, 
there  would  be  danger  througii  that  end  of  the 
building  pressing  on  the  space  [«/<?]." 
To  remedy  this  state  of  things,  the  bishop 
informed  the  mayor  it  was 

"  intended  to  restore,  as  far  as  they  could,  line  for 
line  and  stone  for  stone,  the  work  which  Bishop 
SefErid  did  in  the  thirteenth  century." 
And  yet  the  bishop  had  the  temerity  to  tell 
his  audience  that  "a  sham  tower  was  not  going 
to  be  erected  "  ! 

If  the  north-west  part  of  the  church  is  not 
at  present  strong  enough  to  stand  by  itself,  how 
can  it  bear  the  additional  weight  of  the  pro- 
posed new  tower  1  And  how  can  the  new  tower 
be  built  without  destroying  and  rebuilding  the 
old  work  now  standing  on  its  site  ? 

Intending  subscribers  would  do  well  to  pause 
and  inquire  how  much  more  of  the  cathedral 
church  is  to  be  made  over  to  "  one  of  the  most 
eminent  architects  of  the  day  "  before  assisting 
the  Restoration  Committee  in  their  work  of 
destruction.       _^__^_ 

THE   MONTAGU   SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  began 
on  the  16th  and  concluded  last  Saturday  the  sale 
of  the  fifth  and  final  portion  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
and  English  coins  and  medals  collected  by  the 
late  Mr.  Hyman  Montagu.  Among  them  were  : 
Ecgbeorht,  802-839,  Penny,  Canterbury,  with 
monogram  of  "  Dorob,"  10?.  10s.  Alfred,  871- 
901,  Penny,  London,  bust  to  right,  diademed, 
monogram  of  London,  lOZ.  17s.  The  post- 
Conquest  coins  included  Penny,  Stamford, 
bust  in  profile  to  left,  crowned,  by  an  un- 
published moneyer,  lOL  5s.  Edward  III.,  Gold 
Noble,  third  coinage,  1346,  7L  Richard  II.,  Gold 
Noble,  lOL  Henry  IV.,  Gold  Noble,  37L;  and 
another,  but  of  the  light  coinage,  after  thirteenth 
year  of  reign,  2U.  10s.  Henry  VIII.,  Gold 
Sovereign  of  the  first  coinage,  15L ;  another,  of 
the  fourth  coinage,  12/.  2s.  ;  another,  of  the 
fourth  or  fifth  coinage  of  Bristol,  12f.  5s.  ; 
and  Half  -  Sovereign  of  the  fourth  or  fifth 
coinage,  9L  2s.  Edward  VI.,  Gold  Sovereign, 
fourth  coinage  of  Southwark,  8J.  7s.  Elizabeth, 
Gold  Ryal,  second  issue,  27i. ;  another,  of  the 
same  issue,  111.  James  I.,  Gold  Spur  Ryal, 
1605-12,  201.  Charles  I.,  Silver  Shilling, 
Briot's  coinage,  and  a  Sixpence  of  the  same 
issue,  17L ;  a  Silver  Pattern  Broad,  1630,  101.  ; 
Half-Crown  of  the  Exeter  mint,  1644,  31L  ; 
Gold  Three-Pound  Piece,  Oxford  mint,  1643, 
14L  10s.  ;  another  of  the  same  type,  19i.  ; 
and  a  Gold  Unite  of  the  same  mint,  1644,  9L 
Commonwealth,  Pattern  Half-Crown,  1651,  by 
Blondeau,  14L  Oliver  Cromwell,  Pattern  Crown, 
1658,  known  as  the  "Dutch  Crown,"  121.  5s. 


Charles  II.,  GoldFive-Guinea  Piece  of  the  milled 
coinage,  1673,  13L  2s  ;  Crown,  1681,  and  a 
Half-Crown  of  1673,  16i.  Anne,  Guinea,  1703, 
lOL  The  historical  medals  included  the  Sir 
Thomas  Fairfax  (the  battle  of  Marston  Moor), 
gold,  1645,  lOL  5s.  A  large  punning  Medal  in 
gold  on  Oliver  Cromwell's  death,  20L  5s.  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Peace  of  Breda,  24L  Among  Mr. 
Montagu's  books  the  *  Chronicles  and  Memorials 
of  Great  Britain,'  eighty-nine  volumes,  fetched 
lOL 


Next  Tuesday  is  appointed  for  the  election 
of  a  successor  to  Sir  .John  Gilbert  as  President 
of  the  Society  of  I'ainters  in  Water  Colours. 
The  chances  seem  to  be  about  equal  in  favour 
of  Mr.  H.  Clarence  Whaite  or  Mr.  H.  Her- 
komer,  who  is  an  R.A.  and  Slade  Professor  at 
Oxford  to  boot.  It  is  understood  that  Mr. 
Alma  Tadema  has  been  offered  the  distinction, 
but  declined  to  become  a  candidate. 

The  private  view  of  the  Winter  Exhibition  of 
the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours  is 
appointed  for  to-day  (Saturday).  The  public 
will  be  admitted  to  the  gallery  on  Monday 
next. 

At  Mr.  MacLean's,  Haymarket,  the  private 
view  occurs  to-day  (Saturday)  of  a  collection 
of  drawings  by  Mr.  Androntzos,  which  may  be 
seen  by  the  public  on  Monday  next. 

Until  December  22nd  an  exhibition  of  en- 
gravings, etchings,  photogravures,  and  photo- 
graphs will  remain  open  at  the  New  Gallery. 

Messrs.  Foster  sold  on  Wednesday  last  a 
very  fine  life-size  whole-length  '  Portrait  of  a 
Nobleman '  by  Zucchero  for  819L ,  and,  besides 
other  pictures  and  engravings  at  smaller  prices, 
an  artist's  proof  of  M.  Brunet  -  Debaines's 
etching  after  Millais's  '  Chill  October  '  for 
17  guineas. 

A  remarkable  discovery  of  between  thirty 
and  forty  Romano-British  pewter  vessels  has 
been  made  at  Appleshaw,  near  Andover,  by  the 
vicar,  the  Rev.  G.  L.  Engleheart,  while  digging 
a  trial  trench  on  the  supposed  site  of  a  Roman 
villa.  The  deposit  consists  of  large  circular 
dishes,  bowls  of  various  forms  and  sizes,  cups, 
jugs,  platters,  &c.  Most  of  the  dishes  have 
incised  central  ornaments  which  are  strongly 
suggestive  of  the  designs  of  late  mosaic  pave- 
ments. The  whole  find  was  exhibited  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  at  their  meeting  on  the 
25th  inst. 

An  enamelled  stall-plate  of  one  of  the  Knights 
of  the  Garter,  that  of  Charles,  Earl  of  Worcester, 
K.G.  from  1496  to  1526,  has  lately  turned  up  in 
New  Zealand  !  Through  the  instrumentality  of 
Mr.  Charles  H.  Read,  it  has  been  handed  over 
to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Windsor,  to  be  re- 
stored to  its  original  place  in  St.  George's  Chapel, 
whence  it  was  stolen  about  fifty  years  ago. 

The  Times  of  Tu-3sday  last  records  the  death 
on  the  20th  inst.  of  Mr.  John  Alham  Beaton, 
a  well-known  manufacturer  and  designer  of 
decorative  works,  stained  glass,  furniture, 
woven  fabrics,  and  carving  in  various  materials. 
Commercially  Mr.  Heaton  was  extremely  suc- 
cessful, and,  in  regard  to  art,  considerably  more 
able  than  many  of  his  contemporaries.  His 
book  on  '  Furniture  and  Decoration  in  England 
during  the  Eighteenth  Century '  possesses  many 
merits.     He  was  born  in  1830. 

Messrs.  J.  M,  Dent  &  Co.  will  shortly  pub- 
lish '  Pictures  and  Studies  of  Classic  Greek 
Landscape '  by  Mr.  J.  Fulleylove,  the  well- 
known  and  admirable  painter  of  modern  and 
ancient  architecture.  To  this  work,  which  will  be 
a  large  quarto,  comprising  forty  photogravures, 
Mr.  H.  W,  Nevinson  will  contribute  descriptions 
and  appropriate  notes.  The  illustrations  are 
taken  from  drawings  exhibited  by  the  Fine-Art 
Society  in  1896. 


756 


THE    ATKEN^UM 


The  ancient  remains  discovered  at  Ther- 
mopylns  while  the  Greek  troops  were  making 
entrenchments  durii-g  the  late  war  have  been 
recently  examined  by  the  French  School  of 
Athens.  They  consist  of  a  strong  square  build- 
ing of  about  eight  metres  on  each  side,  belong- 
ing, as  it  seems,  to  the  time  of  the  Persian 
wars,  and  of  a  necropolis  of  later  date.  The 
former,  which  was  thought  at  the  beginning 
to  be  a  small  Doric  temple,  is  a  watch-tower 
built  on  a  hill  in  order  to  command  one  of 
the  mountain  paths  which  turned  Thermo- 
pylaj  in  the  rear,  probably  the  famous  path 
of  Ephialtes.  The  latter  consists  of  a  number 
of  tombs  cut  in  the  soft  rock  of  the  place  at  a 
mile  distance  from  the  springs  of  warm  water 
■which  gave  its  name  to  the  pass.  They  did 
not,  however,  prove  very  rich,  containing  only 
common  unpainted  pottery  and  iron  arms.  A 
coin  of  Delphi  of  the  Roman  imperial  times 
shows  that  the  burial-place,  the  origin  of  which 
is  perhaps  Hellenistic,  continued  to  be  used  till 
the  Roman  epoch. 

The  Society  of  Arts  has  awarded  a  silver 
medal  to  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  for  a  paper 
'  On  the  Artistic  Treatment  of  Heraldry,'  read 
before  the  Society  in  February  last. 

It  is  proposed  to  have  in  Paris  during  the 
coming  spring  an  exhibition  of  the  works  of  the 
late  Louis  Frangais,  the  venerable  and  poetic 
landscape  painter,  whose  death  we  recorded 
some  time  ago.  There  is  to  be  also  an  exhibi- 
tion of  all  the  works  of  Charles  Courtry,  whose 
death  we  have  recently  recorded. 

The  restoration  of  the  fa(,;ade  of  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  at  Louvain,  which  was  "  restored  "  not 
more  than  fifty  years  ago,  has  been  recom- 
menced. 

Mr.^  Gutekunst,  of  16,  King  Street,  St. 
James's,  has  opened  an  exhibition  comprising 
etchings  by  Mr.  R.  Cameron,  and  studies  and 
drawings  by  Miss  K.  Cameron. 


N°  3H57,  Nov.  27,  '97 


MUSIC 
THE  WEEK. 

Queen's     Hall.  —  Philharmonic    Concerts.      Saturday 
Orchestral  Concerts. 
St.  James's  Hall.— Popular  Concerts. 
Queen's  Hall.— Laraoureux  Concerts. 

Ever  on  the  alert  to  secure  musicians  of 
the  first  rank  to  participate  in  their  con- 
certs, the  Philharmonic  Society  invited  M. 
Moszkowski  to  conduct  some  of  his  com- 
positions at  the  second  of  the  autumn  series 
of  concerts  on  Thursday  evening  last  week. 
Over  eleven  years  have  elapsed  since  the 
composer — who  has  been  incorrectly  de- 
scribed as  a  Eussian  musician,  as  he  was 
born  in  Breslau  of  a  Polish  father  and 
finished  his  musical  studies  in  Berlin,  where 
he  gave  a  concert  as  early  as  1873— appeared 
in  London.  M.  Moszkowski  was  last  with 
us  in  1886,  and,  therefore,  he  is  compara- 
tively a  stranger.  The  first  work  from  his 
pen  was  the  well-written,  if  not  strikingly 
original  Violin  Concerto  in  c,  Op.  30,  which 
has  been  heard  before  in  London.  The  solo 
part  is  unquestionably  effective,  and  it  was 
vigorously  rendered  by  M.  Gregorowitsch, 
who  may  take  rank  as  a  rising  violinist. 
An  aria  from  the  opera  '  Boabdil,  der  letzte 
Maurenkonig,'  beginning  with  the  words 
"Erfullt  mein  Sehnen,"  proved  decidedly 
dull,  though  it  was  admirably  sung  by 
Mile.  Rosa  Olitzka.  Far  more  acceptable 
were  three  ballet  movements  from  the 
same  opera,  which  was  produced  at  the 
Berlin  Hof theater  in  1891.  These  are 
piquant  in  manner,  and  the  third,  a  Moorish 
Fantasia,  was  encored,  though  the  first,  en- 


titled "  Malagueiaa,"  is  the  most  attractive. 
Mile.  Rosa  Olitzka  was  scarcely  wise  in 
giving  as  her  second  song  the  great  scetia 
for  soprano  known  as  "The  Invocation  to 
IIopo  "  from  '  Fidelio,'  as  the  music  lies  for 
the  most  part  too  high  for  her  voice.  Sir 
Alexander  Mackenzie  conducted  fine  per- 
formances of  Mozart's  '  Jupiter  '  Symphony 
and  Wagner's  Overture  to  'The  Flying 
Dutchman.' 

It  is  many  years  since  Liszt's  extra- 
ordinary '  Faust '  Symphony  was  heard  in 
London,  and  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Henry 
Wood  for  its  revival.  The  work  was  first 
played  in  London  on  March  11th,  1880, 
when  we  gave  a  full  description  of  the  work 
{Athen.  No.  2738) ;  but  Mr.  Walter  Bache 
did  not  secure  such  a  good  reading  as  that 
gained  by  Mr.  Henry  Wood  in  the  Queen's 
Hall.  The  middle  movement,  inscribed  to 
Margaret,  is  beautiful  and  grows  on  ac- 
quaintance, but  the  first  and  third,  dedicated 
respectively  to  Faust  and  Mephistopheles, 
are  not  beautiful.  It  is  all  very  well  to  say 
that  Faust  typifies  a  spirit  of  unrest,  and 
Mephistopheles  fiendish  malignancy ;  but 
we  do  not  want  such  things  in  music,  which 
should  be,  before  everything  else,  repose- 
ful and  peaceful.  Mr.  Frederic  Lamond 
was  at  his  best  in  Rubinstein's  Pianoforte 
Concerto  in  d  minor,  No.  4,  giving  an  inter- 
pretation almost  worthy  of  the  composer. 
The  programme  included  Beethoven's 'over- 
ture 'Leonora,'  No.  3,  and  the  lovely 
prelude  to  '  Hansel  and  Gretel.'  To-day's 
scheme  will  contain  Beethoven's  Choral 
Symphony,  for  the  first  time  at  these  con- 
certs. 

Tartini  is  best  known  by  his  work  entitled 
'The  Devil's  Sonata,'  owing  to  the  curious 
legend  attached  to  it.  Herr  Kruse  may 
therefore  be  thanked  for  introducing  another 
Sonata  in  d  at  last  Saturday's  Popular  Con- 
cert. It  is  a  vigorous  work  in  the  quaint 
Italian  style,  and  it  was  well  played. 
Haydn's  Quartet  in  d.  Op.  70,  No.  5,  and 
Schumann's  Pianoforte  Quartet  in  e  flat, 
Op.  47,  were  included  in  the  programme. 
Mile.  Ella  Pancera  was  again  the  pianist, 
choosing  for  her  solo  Grieg's  Ballade  in 
G  minor,  Op.  24,  which  suited  her  very 
well ;  and  Mr.  Kennerley  Eumford  gave 
satisfaction  as  the  vocalist. 

The  programme  on  Monday  was  more 
than  usually  interesting.  It  opened  with 
a  Quartet  in  e  flat,  new  to  these  con- 
certs, by  Mr.  Eugen  d' Albert.  This 
begins,  curiously  enough,  with  an  extended 
and  elaborate  movement  andante  con  moto,  in 
place  of  the  usual  allegro.  It  is  very  clever, 
and  on  the  whole  fresh,  but  it  must  be  heard 
a  second  time  before  full  judgment  can  be 
formed  as  to  its  merits.  The  allegro  vivace 
in  c  minor,  virtually  a  scherzo,  which  follows, 
is  sprightly,  and  can  be  comprehended  at 
once.  Then  comes  another  slow  movement 
in  A  flat,  commencing  with  a  lengthy  and 
expressive  solo  for  viola.  The  finale  is  quite 
simple  in  construction,  but  as  spirited  as 
could  be  desired.  The  quartet  is  the  work 
of  a  thorough  musician,  and  it  received 
ample  justice  from  Messrs.  Kruse,  Inwards, 
Gibson,  and  Ludwig.  Another  enjoyable, 
if  melancholy  item  was  Tschaikowsky's 
Pianoforte  Trio  in  a  minor,  Op.  50,  dedi- 
cated "  A  la  memoire  d'un  grand  artiste." 
The  great  artist  was  Nicolas  Rubinstein, 
who,  it  must  be  candidly  confessed,  has  not 


left  much  mark  on  the  world.  But  he  gave 
inspiration  to  the  Russian  composer  for  a 
great  work,  elegiac  in  character,  and  wholly 
original  in  thematic  treatment  and  freshness 
of  detail.  The  trio  was  beautifully  played 
by  Messrs,  d' Albert,  Kruse,  and  Ludwig, 
and  should  be  frequently  heard.  Mr. 
d' Albert  was  quite  at  his  ease  in  Beethoven's 
Sonata  in  c  minor.  Op.  Ill  ;  and  Miss  Rosa 
Green  was  agreeable  in  songs  by  Bemberg, 
Vidal,  Goring  Thomas,  and  Hubert  Parry.  ±, 
A  very  interesting  programme  was  pro-  t 
vided  at  the  third  concert  conducted  by 
M.  Lamoureux  on  Wednesday  evening.  It 
commenced  with  Mendelssohn's  'Reforma- 
tion '  Symphony,  a  work  scarcely  on  a  level 
with  the  '  Italian '  and  '  Scotch  '  symphonies,  ^ 
but  certainly  not  deserving  of  neglect.  ^ 
Next  was  placed  Handel's  Concerto  in  b  flat, 
for  two  oboes  and  strings,  No.  2  of  a  set  of 
six  known  in  the  composer's  time  as  "  oboe 
concertos,"  but  published  under  the  title  of 
'  Concerti  Grossi.'  The  b  flat  Concerto  is  a 
melodious  and  genial  work,  quite  charac- 
teristic of  Handel,  and  the  solo  parts  were 
excellently  played  by  Messrs.  D.  Lalande 
and  E.  Davies.  A  novelty,  so  far  as  we 
are  aware,  was  the  symphonic  poem  '  Le 
Chasseur  Maudit,'  by  the  late  Cesar  Franck, 
a  Belgian  musician  who  naturalized  him- 
self as  a  Frenchman.  He  had  many  pupils, 
several  of  whom  have  attained  eminence, 
but  he  did  not  shine  much  as  a  composer. 
The  present  work  is  based  on  Burger's 
poem  '  Der  Wilde  Jaeger,'  a  horrible  story, 
and  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  music 
should  be  sensational  and  ugly  for  the 
most  part.  Tschaikowsky's  beautiful 
Elegy  from  his  Serenade  for  Strings, 
Op.  48,  came  quite  as  a  relief.  M.  Saint- 
Saens's  symphonic  poem,  '  The  Youth  of 
Hercules,'  is  fairly  familiar  here,  and  it  is 
therefore  only  necessary  to  record  an  ex- 
tremely fine  performance  of  a  picturesque 
work.  The  concert  ended  with  the  Overture 
to  '  Der  Freischiitz,'  and  the  playing  through- 
out the  evening  showed,  by  energy  and 
perfect  attention  to  the  nuances,  that  M. 
Lamoureux  has  gained  complete  command 
over  his  English  orchestra. 


^ttsiral  (i^ssijr. 

The  Crystal  Palace  Concert  last  Saturday 
only  demands  formal  record.  The  symphony 
was  Schubert's  '  Unfinished  '  in  b  minor  ;  Herr 
Robert  Hausmann  played  the  solo  part  in 
Dvorak's  Violoncello  Concerto  in  the  same  key, 
and  the  '  Coriolan  '  and  '  Tannhauser  '  overtures 
were  included  in  the  programme.  Mr.  Edward 
Lloyd  was  the  vocalist,  and  there  was  a  good 
attendance. 

Miss  Muriel  Mustard,  yet  another  juvenile 
"  prodigy  "  pianist,  aged  nine,  gave  a  recital  at 
St  James's  Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon.  The 
child  fairly  astonished  her  hearers  in  Beet- 
hoven's early  Sonata  in  c  minor,  Op.  10,  No.  1, 
Chopin's  Nocturne  in  B  major — not  one  of  the 
most  interesting  of  the  series— and  in  various 
other  items.  Her  touch  and  execution  are  both 
pure,  and,  what  is  more,  the  little  player  seems 
to  have  an  innate  perception  of  the  music  she 
is  interpreting.  All  the  more  reason,  therefore, 
for  careful  nurturing  of  her  talents  without 
forcing.  Miss  Mustard  received  able  assistance 
at  her  concert  from  Mrs.  Helen  Trust,  Mr. 
Herbert  Grover,  and  Mr.  Herbert  Walenn.  ■ 

Miss  Florence  Power's  vocal  recital  at  St. 
James's  Hall  on  Tuesday  afternoon  demands  a 
few  words  of  recognition.     The  young  aspirant 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


757 


has  a  pure  mezzo-soprano  voice,  and  was  suc- 
c«s8ful  in  airs  by  Purcell,  Hook,  Bemberg, 
Barnby,  Schumann,  Meyerbeer,  Dvoriik,  and 
Goldmark.  Mr.  Dettmar  Dressel  and  Mr.  Hans 
Dressel — the  first  as  a  violinist  and  the  second 
as  a  violoncellist,  both  equally  capable  on  their 
respective  instruments — took  effective  part  in 
the  concert. 

Messks.  Boosey  &  Co.'s  London  Ballad 
Concert  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Wednesday 
afternoon  contained  a  feature  new  to  these 
entertainments,  namely,  a  selection  of  composi- 
tions from  "the  olden  time,"  carried  out  by 
that  enterprising  antiquarian  musician  Mr. 
Arnold  Dolmetsch,  assisted  by  Mrs.  Elodie 
Dolmetsch,  Miss  Helene  Dolmetsch,  Mrs. 
Bertha  Moore,  and  Messrs.  Jack  Robertson  and 
Charles  Copland.  Compositions  by  Henry  VIII. , 
Giles  Farnaby,  Christopher  Simpson,  Marin 
Marais,  Domenico  Scarlatti,  J.  S.  Bach,  Rameau, 
and  Purcell  were  effectively  rendered  on  the 
virginals,  harpsichord,  lute,  viola  da  gamba, 
and  viola  d'amore.  The  performers  wore,  for 
the  sake  of  additional  effect,  Louis  Quinze 
costumes. 

An  evening  concert  in  aid  of  the  Benevolent 
Fund  of  the  Royal  British  Nurses'  Association 
•will  be  given  by  Miss  Maude  Danks  at  St. 
James's  Hall  on  December  20th  (under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Ernest  Cavour),  when  she  will 
be  assisted  by  Mrs.  Clement  Scott  (who  will 
give  a  recitation  especially  written  for  this  occa- 
sion by  Mr.  Clement  Scott),  Mrs.  Plowitz- 
Cavour,  Madame  Irma  Sethe,  Miss  Lilian 
Stuart,  Mr.  Ffrangcon  Davies,  Messrs.  Ross  and 
Moore,  Mr.  Edwin  Lemare,  and  Mr.  Stanley 
Hawley. 

Herr  David  Popper  has  arrived  in  London, 
and  will  play  a  concerto  of  his  own  composi- 
tion with  the  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra  this  day 
(Saturday). 

Hekr  Ludwig  Bosendorfer,  proprietor  of 
the  Concertsaal  bearing  his  name,  offers  in 
memory  of  Hans  von  Biilow,  who  opened  it 
twenty-five  years  ago,  three  prizes,  of  the 
respective  value  of  2,000,  1,200,  and  800 
kronen,  for  the  best  new  "  Klavier-Concerte  " 
with  orchestral  accompaniment.  The  competi- 
tion will  be  open  to  "all  comers,"  and  the 
prize-winners  will  retain  the  copyright  of  their 
compositions.    


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sun. 

MON. 


Toes. 


Wed. 

Thurs, 


FBI. 
6iT. 


Orchestral  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

National  Sunday  League,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Virgil  Clavier  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 

Mr.  David  Jones's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert  in  Aid  of  the  Clerkenwell  Benevolent  Society, 
8,  Agricultural  Hall. 

Popular  Concert,  8.  St.  James's  Hall. 

Mr.  Frederik  Frederiksen's  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

Madame  Blanche  Marchesi's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall 

Master  Bruno  Steindel's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Small 
HaU. 

St  Andrew's  Day  Concert,  7  30,  Queen's  Hall, 

Scotch  Concert,  8,  Albert  Hall. 

British  Chamber  Music  Concert,  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

St  Andrew's  Day  Scotch  Concert,  8.  St  James's  Hall. 

M.  Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 

Gompertz  Quartet  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

M.  Lamoureux's  Concert,  8  30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Madame  'losti  and  Herr  Panzer  s  Vocal  and  Pianoforte  Recital, 
3,  Steinway  Hall 

Miss  Isabel  MacDougall's  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

Herr  Georg  Liebling's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall 

Royal  Engineers'  Band  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Philharmonic  Concert,  8,  Queen  s  Hall. 

Willy  Hess  Quartet  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

Victoria  Madrigal  Society,  8,  St.  Martin's  Town  Hall. 

Miss  Holiday  and  Mr.  Sutcliffe's  Chamber  Concert,  8  30  Ken- 
sington rown  Hall. 

Mr.  G.  M.  Hudson's  Concert,  4,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

Mr.  Lamond's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  HaU. 

Mr.  Harol  Charles  s  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall 

Orchestral  Concert  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

Patti  Concert,  3,  Albert  Hall 

Polytechnic  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall 

Orchestral  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall 


DRAMA 

the    •  -WASPS  '   AT  CAMBRIDGE. 

The  Greek  Play  Committee  at  Cambridge 
have  scored  another  success  in  a  brilliant  per- 
formance of  the  'Wasps'  of  Aristophanes. 
Any  doubt  that  might  have  been  felt  before- 
hand as  to  the  acting  quality  of  this  delightful 
comedy  has  been  dispelled  by  the  result ;  and 
if  the  comparative  absence  of  plot  were  felt  to 


be  a  difficulty,  the  fact  that  the  play  went 
briskly  from  start  to  finish  is  all  the  more  to 
the  credit  of  the  two  principal  actors,  upon 
whom  so  much  depended.  The  materials  cer- 
tainly are  of  the  scantiest,  and  most  of  the 
witty  allusions  to  Athenian  politics  and  persons 
of  the  day  are  necessarily  lost  upon  a  modern 
audience.  And  yet  the  genuine  fun  of  the 
situation  ;  Bdelycleon's  devices  to  prevent  his 
infatuated  father  from  devoting  his  whole  time 
to  the  functions  of  an  Athenian  dicast,  judge 
and  juryman  in  one  ;  the  animated  debate  as 
to  the  real  significance  of  the  office  and  Philo- 
cleon's  reluctant  admission  that  after  all  he  was 
more  of  a  slave  than  a  despot,  as  he  fondly 
imagined  ;  the  mock  trial  in  his  own  house  ; 
the  gradual  transformation  of  the  old  man 
under  his  son's  influence  from  a  meddlesome 
haunter  of  the  law  courts  into  a  mere  pleasure- 
loving  reveller  and  buffoon  ;  the  chorus  of  his 
fellow  dicasts,  malevolent  busybodies  in  the 
typical  guise  of  wasps,  ever  restlessly  buzzing 
round  their  prey,  but  yielding  as  the  play  pro- 
ceeds to  the  same  influences  as  Philocleon  him- 
self ;  the  wild  dance  in  which  the  whole  trans- 
action is,  as  it  were,  laughed  off  the  stage— all 
these  elements  served  to  keep  the  large  audiences 
at  Cambridge  thoroughly  amused,  and  if  after 
all  the  whole  performance  savoured  rather  of 
burlesque  than  of  comedy,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  prove  from  the  actual  text  that  this  was  not 
the  predominant  character,  at  any  rate  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  play,  when  it  was  first  pre- 
sented in  the  theatre  of  Dionysus. 

The  play  was,  of  course,  considerably  shortened, 
and  divided  into  three  acts,  the  first  ending  at 
the  point  where  Philocleon  is  reluctantly  con- 
vinced by  his  son  and  his  colleagues  that  his 
devotion  to  the  law  courts  is  a  blunder  ;  the 
second  consisting  of  the  trial  in  his  own  house 
of  the  dog  who  had  stolen  the  cheese  ;  the  third 
opening  with  the  amusing  dialogue  between 
father  and  son  on  the  way  to  conduct  oneself 
in  good  society,  and  ending  with  the  wild  frolic 
which  followed  upon  Philocleon 's  first  introduc- 
tion to  the  convivialities  of  Bdelycleon  and  his 
friends. 

As  has  been  said,  the  success  of  the  play 
largely  depended  upon  the  two  principal  actors, 
and  the  [jarts  of  Philocleon  and  Bdelycleon 
could  hardly  have  been  better  sustained  than 
by  Mr.  S  R  Fry  and  Mr.  R.  Balfour.  Mr. 
Fry  threw  himself  into  the  character  of  the  old 
dicast  with  extraordinary  vigour,  though  the 
burlesque  was  at  times  too  extravagant,  and  his 
movements  throughout  rather  too  fidgety  ;  but 
on  the  whole  it  was  a  remarkably  good  perform- 
ance, especially  in  the  debate  with  his  son  on 
the  dicast's  office,  where  the  gradual  change 
from  triumphant  pride  to  humiliation  was  very 
well  expressed.  His  dance  in  the  third  act  also 
deserves  special  mention  for  its  variety  and 
agility.  Mr.  Balfour's  Bdelycleon  was  quite 
admirable  throughout.  Entering  into  all  the 
humour  of  the  part  with  ease,  but  without 
exaggeration,  he  seemed,  as  it  were,  to  hold 
the  play  together  by  his  alertness  and  resource. 
In  the  debate  in  the  first  act,  in  the  trial  scene, 
and  in  the  dialogue  at  the  opening  of  the  third 
act  he  was  equally  effective  and  delightful. 

Of  the  minor  characters,  special  praise  is  due 
to  Mr.  J.  B.  Dyne,  whose  Xanthias  was  ex- 
cellent, and  to  Mr.  G.  T.  M.  Evans,  the  leader 
of  the  chorus,  who  made  the  most  of  his  part 
throughout,  but  surpassed  himself  in  the  dance 
of  the  chorus  at  the  end  of  the  second  act.  But, 
indeed,  the  whole  chorus  deserve  great  credit. 
They  had  evidently  been  well  trained  ;  their 
action  was  natural  and  vigorous  without  being 
overdone,  the  management  of  their  wings  and 
stings  being  particularly  effective,  while  the 
formal  dance  at  the  end  of  the  second  act  was 
most  successful.  The  costume  of  the  wasps  might 
perhaps  have  been  more  telling  if  all  had  been 
dressed  as  their  leader  was,  in  strict  yellow  and 
black  ;  but  the  idea  which  prevailed,  that  the 
double  character  of  citizen  and  wasp  must  be 


preserved  by  a  suitable  variety  in  the  colouring 
of  the  chiton,  was  doubtless  more  accordant  with 
probable  Greek  usage,  and  the  uniform  head- 
dress with  antennae,  the  clear  gauze  wings,  and 
the  yellow  abdomen  with  its  sting,  quite  suffi- 
ciently emphasized  the  wasp-like  charactei'  in  all 
the  choric  evolutions.  Thus  the  rush  of  the 
wasps  against  Bdelycleon  and  his  slaves  in  the 
first  act  was  positively  alarming. 

The  other  costumes  call  for  no  special  com- 
ment, these  and  the  scenery  showing  the  usual 
care  and  taste  of  the  Cambridge  management. 
A  word,  however,  should  be  said  of  the  use,  for 
the  first  time  in  Cambridge,  of  a  single  level  of 
stage  both  for  actors  and  chorus.  It  is  not 
understood  that  this  was  a  deliberate  conces- 
sion to  Dr.  Dorpfeld's  well-known  theory,  which 
probably  finds  more  opponents  than  supporters 
in  Cambridge,  but  an  arrangement  which 
happened  to  fall  in  better  with  the  construction 
of  the  theatre  was  felt  in  this  case  to  be 
specially  justified  by  the  fact  that  the  chorus 
play  so  large  a  part  in  the  action.  However 
this  maybe,  the  effect  left  nothing  to  be  desired, 
the  depth  of  the  stage  giving  ample  room  for 
the  choric  dances. 

It  would  not  be  right  to  conclude  this  notice 
without  some  reference  to  Mr.  Noble's  delightful 
music,  which  contributed  materially  to  the 
success  of  the  performance.  It  had  through- 
out the  qualities  of  brightness  and  melody, 
with  quite  sufficient  suggestion  of  the  humour 
of  the  situations.  The  adaptation  of  the  well- 
known  '  Hymn  to  Apollo  '  to  the  invocation 
episode  in  the  second  act  was  very  happy,  and 
the  following  prayer  of  the  chorus  faithfully 
reflected  the  mock-heroic  character  of  the  text. 
The  music  of  the  dances  at  the  end  respectively 
of  the  second  and  third  acts  was  very  exhil- 
arating, and  Mr.  Noble  played  his  part  as  con- 
ductor with  conspicuous  spirit  and  success. 

r. 


The  lease  of  the  Novelty  Theatre,  extending 
over  eighty  years,  has  been  purchased  by  Mr. 
Penley,  by  whom  the  theatre  is  to  be  entirely 
reconstructed.  It  is  possible  that  the  good  for- 
tune that  has  attended  Mr.  Penley  may  once 
more  wait  upon  him,  and  that  the  first  experi- 
ence of  success  which  a  theatre  sit'iated  in  or 
near  Holborn  has  known  may  be  reserved  for 
the  Novelty.  We  will  not  prejudge  matters, 
but  we  are  not  sanguine. 

The  Adelphi  was  closed  on  the  first  two  days 
of  the  week.  On  Wednesday  it  reopened  with 
a  revival  of  Mr.  William  Gillette's  drama  of 
'Secret  Service.'  The  piece  was  given  with 
the  Adelphi  company,  by  which,  in  September, 
the  original  American  interpreters  were  replaced. 
Miss  Pateman  is  again  Mrs.  Varney  ;  Miss 
Millward,  Edith  Varney  ;  Miss  Esmond,  Caro- 
line Mitford  ;  Mr.  William  Terriss,  Lewis 
Dumont ;  and  Mr.  Harry  Nicholls,  Brigadier- 
General  Randolph.  The  reception  was  once 
more  favourable,  i"ontrasting  with  that  awarded 
a  French  adaptation  recently  produced  in  Paris, 
and  speedily  withdrawn.  The  performance  by 
Misses  Millward,  Pateman,  and  Esmond,  Mr. 
Terriss,  and  Mr.  Harry  Nicholls  wins  forgive- 
ness for  a  piece  the  motive  of  which,  if  it  is  not 
like  the  dream  of  a  psychopath,  shows  a  species 
of  moral  topsy-turvydom  to  be  expected  in 
Gilbertian  burlesque  rather  than  in  Adelphi 
melodrama. 

Mr.  Forbes  Robertson's  tenure  of  the 
Lyceum  is  prolonged  until  December  18th. 
Reports  that  Mr.  Robertson  has  secured  the 
Adelphi  Theatre  have  been  widely  circulated 
in  the  press.  They  are  without  foundation, 
and  no  negotiations  have  been  attempted. 

'  The  Cat  and  the  Cherub  '  is  this  week 
withdrawn  from  the  Lyric  to  make  room  for 
'Dandy  Dan,'  which  is,  according  to  present 
arrangements,  to  be  produced  on  December  4th. 


758 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


The  invasion  of  Chinese  plays  is  now  at  an  end, 
and  our  dramatists  may  pursue  the  even,  the 
very  even,  tenor  of  their  way  without  appre- 
hension of  Mongolian  rivalry. 

This  evening  witnesses  the  substitution 
at  Her  Majesty's  of  'A  Man's  Shadow'  for 
'  Catharine  and  Petruchio'  and  'The  Silver  Key.' 

A  ONE-ACT  play  by  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford,  called 
'A  Supreme  Moment, 'is  shortly  to  be  produced 
at  the  Comedy  Theatre,  with  Mrs.  Bernard 
Beere  in  the  chief  part.  It  has  been  translated 
into  French  by  Mr.  Walter  Herries  Pollock 
with  a  view  to  its  production  on  the  French 
stage.  A  successful  adaptation  of  one  of  Mrs. 
Clifford's  stories  was  played  for  some  time  in 
Paris  two  years  ago.  She  refused  to  sanction 
its  translation  into  English  as  she  is  herself 
dramatizing  the  same  story. 

After  remaining  closed  for  a  dozen  years, 
the  Imperial  Theatre,  Westminster,  closely  and 
pleasantly  associated  with  the  late  Miss  Litton, 
will  reopen.  It  aims  only,  however,  at  being 
reckoned  with  the  suburban  houses  which  are 
occupied  with  touring  companies,  and  will,  it  is 
believed,  open  with  a  performance  of  '  One  of 
the  Best.' 

The  Adelphi  management  has,  it  is  said, 
secured  the  rights  of  '  Petites  Folles,'  by 
M.  Alfred  Capus,  the  latest  novelty  at  the 
Nouveautds. 

'  A  Brace  of  Partridges,'  a  farcical  comedy 
by  Mr.  Robert  (Janthony,  has  been  played  at 
the  Kingston-on-Thames  Theatre. 

'  When  the  Lamps  are  Lighted,'  a  drama 
by  Messrs.  George  II.  Sims  and  Leonard 
Merrick,  was  played  on  Monday  at  the  Grand 
Theatre,  Islington,  with  Mr.  John  F.  Sheridan 
and  Miss  Whiteford  in  the  principal  parts. 

Mr.  Thomas  Thorne  will  make  his  reappear- 
ance in  London  on  the  afternoon  of  Monday, 
December  6th,  at  the  Strand  Theatre,  in  a 
farcical  comedy  in  three  acts  entitled  '  The 
Triple  Alliance.'  The  cast  will  comprise  Mr. 
Fred  Thorne,  Mr.  George  Thorne,  Mr.  Charles 
Thursby,  Mr.  Frank  '  Gillmore,  Miss  Kate 
Phillips,  Miss  Emily  Thorne,  and  Miss  Alice 
de  Winton. 

It  is  arranged  that  Mr.  Oscar  Barrett's 
pantomime  of  '  Cinderella  '  shall  be  produced 
at  the  Garrick  on  the  afternoon  of  Boxing  Day 
so  as  to  avoid  competition  with  '  The  Babes  in 
the  Wood '  at  Drury  Lane.  In  addition  to 
those  we  have  announced,  Mr.  John  Le  Hay, 
Mr.  Harry  Nicholls,  and  Miss  Kate  Phillips 
have  been  secured. 

'  Trelawney  of  the  Wells,'  an  original 
comedy  in  four  acts  by  Mr.  Pinero,  will  be  pro- 
duced at  the  Court  in  the  middle  of  January, 
with  a  cast  including  Misses  Irene  Vanbrugh, 
Hilda  Spong,  and  Isabel  Bateman  ;  Mr.  Dion 
Boucicault,  Mr.  Paul  Arthur,  and  Mr.  Herbert 
Iloss.  A  revival  of  '  The  Children  of  the  King  ' 
is  promised  at  the  same  house  for  December  4th. 
Afternoon  representations  of  stories  by  Hans 
Christian  Andersen,  arranged  by  Mr.  Basil  Hood 
and  with  music  by  Mr.  Walter  Slaughter,  are  to 
be  given  at  Terry's  Theatre. 

The  '  Fall  und  Busse  Marias,  der  Nichte  des 
Einsiedlern  Abraham,"  by  the  famous  nun 
Rosvvitha  or  Hrotsuit  of  Gandersheim,  was 
performed  last  week  in  the  hall  of  the  Kauf- 
mannisches  Verein  at  Vienna. 


To  CoRRE.SPONr>EXT.s.— J  R.  H.— J.  p.— Q,  T  C  — E   M  — 
J.   M.-M.   U.   C.-D.   H.   F.-B.    U.—H.   C.   P.— S.    C— 

received. 

G.  B.— L.  S.  T.— We  cannot  undertake  to  answer  such 
questions. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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THE    IMPERIAL    PRESS.   LIMITED. 

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PROSPECTUS. 

The  laree  amount  of  inttuential  support  which  has  been  obtained  for  the  important  undertaking  of  "The  Imperial  Press  "and  the  prospect  of  wide 
reaching  resulfs  frTm  the  effort  of  its  Committees,  in  the  direction  of  promoting  the  unity  of  the  British  Empire  have  suggested  the  great  desirabihty  o:, 
e  tSdiL  the  s^her^^^  usefulness.  The  Organizing  or  Executive  Committee  have  therefore  determined  to  seek  the  co-operation  of  a  much  larger  numbe; 
o^MeSrs  whoSntres^^^  in  all  pfrts  of  fhis  Empire-can  aid  the  accomplishment  of  the  public  objects  of  the  Imperial  Press;  and  this  can  bes.j 

be  brought  about,  the  Committee  believe,  by  a  considerable  enlargement  of  the  shareholding  body.  >,,„„„y,t  tn  V^Par  in  fnrthprance  of  th<l 

It  will  be  readily  admitted  that  no  more  powerful  influence  than  that  of  an  Educative  Press  could  possibly  be  brought  to  bear  in  turtherance  ot  tn< 
ereat  obiects  sought   o  be  attaTn^^^^^  as  those  chief  volumes  of  "  The  Imperial  Library  "-by  Magaz  nes,  by  Newspapers,  and  by  other  mean 

SL  Eompa^srof  LiLra^^^^  Art,  it  is  believed  that  a  substantial  impetus  can  be  given  to  the  great  Imperial  movement  now  progressing  for  umfyin^| 

the  magnificent  Empire  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

THE     OBJECTS     OF    THE     IMPERIAL    PRESS,     LIMITED.  ....  „; 

have  been  warmly  commended  by  a  considerable  number  of  public  men  (in  addition  to  those  who  form  its  General  Committee)  competent  to  form  a  soum 
iudgment  as  to  its  merits;  as  an  instance  of  which,  the  following  opinion  of  a  very  representative  man  is  given  :— 

LORD     CHARLES     BERESFORD, 

'^  '  'n^YwUlouf scheme' ev7ry  possible  success.     I  think  there  is  ample  scope  for  •  The  Imperial  Press  Limited  'to  educate  f^-P^f^^^^^J^Sl'Sf  yo' 
to  make  them  see  that  the  Empire  means  more  than  these  little  islands.     Then  there  is  the  question  of  the  Navy  /or  ^h^^^  I  am  always  ™^f '  ^J^^^^y^ 
can  only  make  people  realize  that  our  Navy  is  the  buttress  which  supports  the  bridge  betwee«.  the  ?^"0"/ P^^f t^.  ?f  t^^^.  sSScWn  Ae^e  very  prScS  eslons 
or  inefficient,  the  whole  structure  will  crumble,  you  will  be  doing  a  most  excellent  work.     I  think  that  jour  idea ^ of  sandwiching  tnese  very  practical 
in  the  Imperial  Magazine,  between  more  palatable  and  entertaining  matter,  is  well  planned  and  deserves  success. 

"THE     IMPERIAL     LIBRARY,"  ^     .,,        ^.        ^  •  .  „u;ofl„  ^. 

already  inaugurated,  will  be  continued  in  a  series  of  Volumes  which,  elegantly  bound,  will  be  published  at  Sj^each  net  and  -"^?-  -"n^ble'mTemt  .  L. 
works  of  far-reaching  interest,  giving  information  upon  the  various  sub]ects  concerning  o'^^g'^eatBmpre--so  designed  ^^  *^ Jf  jT.  G°eater  Britain." 
progressing,  for  strengthening  the  ties  which  unite  the  Mother  Country  to  the  splendid  Colonies  which  ^^^^  ^^^  P°^%f  ^*^^^^^  splendid 

^    ^    The  far-reaching  object  for  which  "THE  IMPERIAL  LIBRARY  "has  been   founded  '^^^^  ^ring  home  to  the  mmds  of  ^ 
Empire  a  knowledge  of  what  they,  as  citizens  in  their  huge  commonwealth,  are  so  proud  to  P°f  ^f '^^f  ,*^"\\*  J^  JPf„'^g;3^^^^  coUecter' 

person  at  prjsen^t^po^sses^ses.^^  commenced  the  issue  of  "THE  IMPERIAL  LIBRARY"  by  the  ,  ublication  of 

IMPERIAL  DEFENCE, 

from  the  able  and  well-known  pen  of  Sir  GEORGE  SYDENHAM  CLARKE,  K.C.M.G.  F.RS.     This  volume,  which  is 

Dedicated  by  express  permission  to  HER  MAJESTY  the  QUEEN-EMPRESb, 
deals  autho.itatively  and  exhaustively  with  the  great  and  all-important  subject  of  the  Defence  of  the  British  Empire.  [SE£!  NH^^l  ^A  i^^. 


N'SeST,  Nov.27, '97 THE    ATHEN^UM 761 

THE  IMPERIAL  PRESS,  LIMITED— continued. 

'  IMPERIAL  DEFENCE '  has  already  received  the  highest  commendations  of  the  Press,  as  will  be  shown  by  the  following  extract  from  the 

TIMES  on  '  IMPERIAL  DEFENCE.' 
The  Leading  Journal  says : — 

"  The  conductors  of  the  *  IMPERIAL  LIBRARY '  may  be  congratulated  on  having  secured  the  services  of  Sir  George  Clarke  to  contribute  an  inaugural 
volume  on  '  Imperial  Defence.'  No  writer  of  our  time  is  better  qualified  to  do  justice  to  so  inspiring  a  theme,  or  has  shown  a  more  comprehensive  grasp  of  its  real 
dimensions  and  conditions.  The  growth  of  that  Imperial  sentiment  which  makes  for  unity  and  passionately  repudiates  all  thought  of  separation  is  perhaps  the 
most  significant  characteristic  of  the  reign  whose  splendid  achievements  and  long  duration  the  whole  Empire  is  now  on  the  eve  of  celebrating.  If  the  note  of 
the  last  century  was  Imperial  expansion,  that  of  the  present  is  Imperial  concentration.  We  have,  indeed,  extended  the  bounds  of  Empire  in  these  later  days 
far  more  widely  than  our  forefathers  did.  But  the  world  has  grown  smaller  since  the  close  of  the  last  century,  and  with  the  contractions  of  time  and  space — 
which  we  owe  to  science  and  to  mechanical  enterprise — has  grown  a  deeper  sense  of  kin  and  a  larger  wisdom  in  framing  that  Imperial  body  politic  of  which  it 
is  the  soul.     It  is  therefore  not  without  a  deep  significance  that  Sir  George  Clarke's  stimulating  essay  on  'Imperial  Defence'  should  be  dedicated  in  this  year 

of  Jubilee   'to  the  Queen-Empress,  by  Her  Majesty's  most  gracious  permission.' The  method  pursued  by  Sir  George  Clarke  is  unimpeachable,  and  the 

principles  enunciated  by  him  are  justified  by  history  and  now  accepted  by  the  highest  authorities  of  the  State.  In  the  coming  pan-Britannic  festival  of  the 
Empire  the  wise  counsels  proffered  in  this  luminous  exposition  of  the  things  which  belong  to  its  peace  should  not  pass  , unheeded.  There  is  no  time  like 
the  present  to  take  thought  for  the  common  defence  of  what  all  the  subjects  of  the  Queen  now  regard  as  their  common  and  inalienable  patrimony ;  and 
we  know  not  where  to  look  for  better  assistance  than  is  to  be  found  in  this  masterly  essay  for  giving  such  thought  precision  and  such  action  consistency." 

Other  Volumes  of  "  THE  IMPERIAL  LIBRARY"  ready  for  Immediate  Publication  or  in  Preparation  are  the  following  : — 

IMPERIAL    BRITAIN. 

A  Comprehensive  Description  of  the  Geography,  History,  Commerce,  Trade,  Government,  and  Religion  of  the  British  Empire.  In  Two  Volumes.  With  Maps 
and  other  Illustrations.  Vol.  I.  (ready  shortly).  The  BRITISH  EMPIRE  in  EDROPE.  Vol.  II.  The  BRITISH  EMPIRE  in  ASIA,  AFRICA,  AMERICA,  and 
AUSTRALIA.  By  the  Rev.  THEODORE  JOHNSON,  M.A.,  late  Chief  Diocesan  Inspector  of  Schools  for  Rochester  Diocese,  and  Author  of  '  A  Geography  and 
Atlas  of  the  British  Empire,' '  A  Handbook  of  English  History,'  '  The  Parish  Guide,'  &c. 

IMPERIAL  AFRICA. 

A  Description  of  the  History,  Geography,  Commerce,  Government,  and  Prospects  of  the  British  Possessions  in  Africa,  with  Notes  on  Anthropology,  Natural 
History,  Native  Customs,  and  Languages.  In  Three  Volumes,  with  Illustrations  and  Maps.  Vol.  I.  BRITISH  WEST  AFRICA  (ready  shortly).  Vol.  II. 
BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA.  Vol.  HI.  BRITISH  SOUTH  AFRICA.  By  Major  A.  F.  MOCKLER-FERRYMAN,  F.RG.S,  F.Z.S.,  &c.,  of  the  Oxfordshire 
Light  Infantry,  Author  of  '  Up  the  Niger,'  'In  the  Northman's  Land,'  &c. 

THE  EVOLUTION  OF  FEDERALISM. 

By  Dr.  JETHRO  BROWN,  Principal  of  the  Tasmanian  University,  and  the  Honourable  ANDREW  INGLIS  CLARK,  Attorney-General  for  Tasmania. 

BIRDS  OF  THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE. 

Fully  Illustrated.    By  Dr.  W.  T.  GREENE,  F.Z.S.,  Author  of  '  The  Song  Birds  of  Great  Britain,'  '  Favourite  Foreign  Birds,'  &c. 

THE  FERN  WORLD.    (Ready  shortly,  Eighth  and  Revised  Edition.) 

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762 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


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AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 

By  MOSES  COIT   TYLER, 

Professor    of    American    History    in    Cornell    University,    and    Author    of 
'A  History  of  American  Literature  during  the  Colonial  Time,'  &c. 

FROM  MR.  GLADSTONE. 
*^»  (I  YoT  nearly  half  a  century  I  have  been  an  admiring  student  of  the  American  Revolution,  and 
I  believe  myself  to  owe  to  it  an  appreciable  part  of  my  own  political  education," 

(Signed)         W.  E.  Gladstone. 
FROM  MR.  LECKY. 
*^*  "It  seems  to  me  to  be  both  admirable  in  its  thoroughness  and  a  perfect  model  of  the  candid 
treatment  of  a  highly  controversial  subject.     It  is  full  of  instruction  to  both  our  countries." 

(Signed)  W,  E.  H.  Lecky. 

Illustrated  Christmas  List  on  Application. 
G.    P.    PUTNAM'S    SONS,  24,   Bedford    Street,  Strand,   London;    and  New  York. 


N°  3657,  Nov.  27,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


763 


WORTER-BUCHER. 

SOEBEN  ERSCHIEN. 

MURET    VOLLSTANDIG. 

Encyklopaedisches  Woerterbuch  der  englischen  u.  deutschen  Sprache. 

TEIL    I.    (ENGLISCH-DEUTSCH). 
Von  Prof.  Dr.  ED.  MURET. 

A.  GROSSE  AUSGABE.  2460  Seiten  gr.  Lexikon-Format.  1.  AUSGABE  in  LIEFERUNGEN : 
24  Lieferungen  v.  je  6-7  Bg.  Preis  pro  Lieferung  1  M.  50  Pf.— 2.  AUSGABE  in  HALBBAENDEN  : 
Preis  pro  Halbband  geheftet  a  18  M.,  in  eleganten  Halbfranzbilnden  gebunden  a  21  M. 

B.  HAND-  u.  SCHUL-AUSGABE  (AUSZUG  aus  der  GR.  AUSGABE).  845  S.  gr.  Lexikon-Format. 
Preis :  geheftet  6  M.,  geb.  7  M.  50  Pf. 

MURET  ist  das  einzige  grosse  internationale  englisch-deutsche  Worterbuch,  das  auf  der  Hohe  der 
Zeit  steht  und  dem  die  iiberaus  grossen  Fortschritte  der  neueren  nation alen  englischen  Lexikographie  zu 
gute  gekommen  sind. 

PROSPEKT  GRATIS  UND  FRANKO. 

Der  DEUTSCH-ENGLISCHE  TEIL  der  GROSSEN  AUSGABE  von  Prof.  Dr.  Daniel  Sanders 
und  Prof.  Dr.  Im.  Schmidt  erscheint  seit  Januar  d.  Js.  in  Lieferungen  k  1  M.  50  Pf.  und  wird  in  etwa 
3  Jahren  vollstitndig  spin.  Teil  II.  der  Hand-  und  Schul-Ausgabe  dagegen  wird  schon  Ende  nachsten 
Jahres  komplett  vorliegen. 

LANGENSCHEIDTSCHE  VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG  (Prof.  G.  Langenscheidt),  Berlin,  SW.  46. 

THOS.  DE  LA  RUE  &  CO.'S  LIST. 

THE    STANDARD    WORK    ON    WHIST. 

NEW  EDITION  (Twenty-third),  Eighty-sixth  Thousand,  cap.  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  extra,  price  5s. 

Handsomely  printed  in  Red  and  Black.     Revised  throughout. 

WHIST,  LAWS  and  PRINCIPLES  of.     By  "  Cavendish." 

THE  STANDARD  WORK  ON  PIQUET. 
NEW  EDITION  (Ninth),  cap.  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  extra,  price  5s.    Handsomely  printed  in  Red  and  Black. 

PIQUET,    LAWS    of.      Adopted   by  the    Portland    and    Turf   Clubs. 

With  a  Treatise  on  the  Game  by  "  CAVENDISH." 

NEW  EDITION  (Fourth),  cap.  8vo.  cloth,  gilt  extra,  greatly  Enlarged  and  Revised  throughout,  price  5s. 

ECARTE,    LAWS    of.      Adopted   by  the    Portland   and   Turf  Clubs. 

With  a  Treatise  on  the  Game  by  "  CAVENDISH." 


THE     STANDARD    WORK     ON     BILLIARDS. 
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BILLIARDS.    By  J.  Bennett,  Ex-Champion.    Edited  by '^Cavendish." 

With  upwards  of  200  Illustrations. 

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WHIST    DEVELOPMENTS:    American   Leads  and  the  Unblocking 

Game.    By  "  CAVENDISH." 

CARD    GAMES    by    ''CAVENDISH."      Price  U.   each.      American 

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SHORT    WHIST,    LAWS    of.      Edited   by  J.  L.    Baldwin;    and   a 

Treatise  on  the  Game  by  JAMES  CLAY. 

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WHIST,  PHILOSOPHY  of.     By  Dr.  Pole,  F.R.S.     An  Essay  on  the 

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a  Guide  to  the  Game  by  "  BOAZ." 

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PORTABLE  DIARIES,  CALENDARS,  &c.,  for  1898,  in  great  variety,  may  now  be  had  of  all  Booksellers  and 
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NOW  READY,  PRICE  ONE  SHILLING. 

CHAMBERS'S  JOURNAL 

CHRISTMAS  NUMBER. 

THE  COMBINED  CHRISTMAS  AND 
DECEMBER  NUMBER. 

COMPLETE  STORIES 

BY 

GUY    BOOTHBY,   T.   S.  E.  HAKE,  J.  ARTHUR 

BARRY,  ROGER  POCOCK,  W,  E.  CULE, 

IN 

CHRISTMAS    NUMBER 

OF 

CHAMBERS'S  JOURNAL. 

Some  of  the  other  Contents. 

The  STORY  of  the  MAROONS. 

MEMORIES  of  CHARLES  DICKENS.  By  M.  Q. 
Holyoake. 

The  DOOM  of  the  AIR-GOD.  By  B.  J.  Rocke 
Surrage. 

MESSAGES  from  the  SEA.     By  W.  Allingham. 

EARLY  CONTRIBUTORS  to  CHAMBERS'S 
JOURNAL.  (Containing  unpublished  Letters 
from  John  Gait,  Thomas  Cavlyle,  Thackeray, 
Thomas  De  Quincey,  and  R.  L.  Stevenson.) 

The  PALACE  of  GOLDEN  DEEDS. 

TREASURE  -  SEEKING  in  FRANCE  at  the 
PRESENT  DAY. 

BLACKWOODS:  the  History  of  a  Publishing 
House. 

THIS  CHRISTMAS  NUMBER  IS 
COMPLETE  IN  ITSELF. 

THE    PENNY    CHRONOLOGY.      A    Series    of 
Important  Dates  in  the  History  of  the  World  from  the  Reign  of 
David  to  the  Present  Time.    By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B  A.  F.R.A.S. 
G.  Stoneraan,  39,  Warwick  Lane,  E.C. 


DISABLEMENT  BY  DISEASE 

(TYPHOID  PEVER,  SMALL-POX,  TYPHUS.  Ac),  and 

ACCIDENTS  OF  ALL  KINDS 

INSURED    AGAINST   BY   THE 

"RAILWAY   PASSENGERS'    ASSURANCE    CO. 

LIABILITY  INSURANCE.        FIDELITY  GUARANTEE. 
64,  CORNHILL,  LONDON.  A.  VXAN,  Secretary. 


E 


P     P     s 


s 


COCO 


Extract  from  a  Lecture  on  'Foods  and  their  Values,'  bv  Dr. 
Andrew  Wilson,  F.R.S. E.,  &c.— "  If  any  motives— first,  of  due  regard 
lor  health,  and  second,  of  getting  lull  food-value  for  money  expended— 
can  be  said  to  weigh  with  us  in  choosing  our  foods,  then  I  say  that 
Cocoa  (Epps's  being  the  most  nutritions)  should  be  made  to  replace  tea 
and  coffee  without  hesitation.  Cocoa  is  a  food ;  tea  and  coffee  are  not 
foods.  This  is  the  whole  science  of  the  matter  in  a  nutshell,  and  he 
who  runs  may  read  the  obvious  moral  of  the  story.  " 


B 


RANDY 


V. 


"WHISKY. 


Owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  obtaining  pure 
Brandy  at  a  moderate  price,  Whisky  is  often  re- 
commended to  invalids  and  others.  This  is  no 
longer  necessary,  as,  owing  to  their  large  purchases 
of  fine  Brandy  for  Grant's  Morella  Cherry  Brandy, 
THOMAS  GRANT  &  SONS  are  enabled  to  offer 
the  genuine  old  REGINA  BRANDY  at  the  low 
price  of  485,  per  Dozen  Case,  delivered  to  any  part 
of  England;  or  it  can  be  obtained  through  any 
Wine  Merchant. 

Small  Sample  free  for  cost  of  postage  (Threepence). 

T.  GRANT  &  SONS,  Maidstone. 

DINNEFORD'S      MAGNESIA. 
The  best  remedy  for 
ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN, 

HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 
And  Safest  Aperient  lor  Delicate  Constitntiotis, 
Children,  and  Inlants. 

D  1  N  N  E  F  0  R  D'S 


MAGNESIA. 


764 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  3657,  No\    ^7,  '97 


MESSRS.   RIVINGTONS'   LIST. 


THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  HEBREWS. 

Containing  Chapters  on  the  Hebrew  Patriarchs— The  Composition  of 

the  Pentateuch — The  Exodus  out  of  Egypt — The  Conquest  of  Canaan 

— The  Age  of  the  Judges — The  Establishment  of  the  Monarchy. 

By   the   Rev.   A.    H.    SAYCE,  Professor   of  Assyriology  at  Oxford, 

Author  of   '  The  Egypt  of  the  Hebrews  and  Herodotos.'     Crown  8vo. 

8«.  Qd.  ■  [Jvst  ready. 

This  is  an  attempt  to  write  a  history  of  the  Israelites,  for  the  first  time, 

from  a  purely  archaeological  point  of  view.     The  history  is  brought  down  to 

the  disruption  of  Solomon's  kingdom,  and  is  shown  to  have  formed  an  integral 

part  of  what  we  have  learned  from   recent  archffiological  discovery  to  have 

been  the  history  of  the  ancient  East.     Reasons  are  given  for  rejecting  the 

results  of  the  so-called  Higher  Criticism,  and  for  substituting  the  historical  for 

the  linguistic  method  in  dealing  with  the  Hebrew  records.     In  the  main,  their 

antiquity  and  historical  character  is  vindicated,  more  especially  as  regards  the 

Levitical  legislation. 

THE  EGYPT  OF  THE  HEBREWS 
AND  HERODOTOS. 

By  the  Rev.  A.  H.  SAYCE,  Professor  of  Assyriology  at  Oxford. 
Second  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  7*.  ^d. 

Contents.— Ihe  Patriarchal  Age — The  Age  of  Moses— The  Exodus 

— The    Hebrew  Settlement  in   Canaan — The  Age  of    the    Israelitish 

Monarchies — The  Age  of  the  Ptolemies— Herodotos  in  Egypt — In  the 

Steps  of  Herodotos— Memphis  and  the  Fayydm — Appendices — Index. 

"  Professor  Sayce  has  a  story  of  singular  fascination  to  tell.     Every  person 

interested  intelligently  in  Holy  Scripture  should  make  it  a  matter  of  duty  to 

read  this  book." — Yorhshire  Post. 

"  On  the  whole,  we  know  of  no  more  useful  handbook  to  Egyjjtian  history, 
summing  up  in  a  popular  form  in  a  short  compass  the  results  of  Egyptian 
research  down  to  the  present  time." — Church  Times. 

THE  TEACHING  OF  THE  RUSSIAN  CHURCH, 

particularly  on  those  Questions  in  which  its  Teaching  differs  from 
that  of  the  Western  Church,  and  on  which  Controversy  and  Discus- 
sion have  been  raised. 

By  ARTHUR  C.  HEADLAM,  B.D.,  Rector  of  Welwyn,  Herts. 
Crown  8vo.  Is.  Qd.     Published  for  the  Eastern  Church  Association. 

[^Just  ready. 

THE  POWER  OF  AN  ENDLESS  LIFE, 

AND  OTHER  SERMONS. 

By  DAVID  WRIGHT,  M.A.,  late  Vicar  of  Stoke  Bishop,  Bristol, 
Author  of  'Waiting  for  the  Light'  and  'Thoughts  on  some  Words  of 
Christ.'  With  a  Preface  by  the  Rev.  Canon  AINGER,  M.A.  LL.D., 
Master  of  the  Temple.     Crown  8vo.  5«.  {Lately  published. 

ART  AND  LIFE,  AND  THE  BUILDING 
AND  DECORATION  OF  CITIES. 

Arts  and  Crafts  Lectures.  By  Members  of  the  Arts  and  Crafts  Exhi- 
bition Society.     Crown  8vo.  Qs. 

ART  AND  LIFE.    By  T.  J.  Cobden  Sanderson. 

BEAUTIFUL  CITIES.    By  W.  K.  Lethaby. 

TIiB  DECORATION  OF  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS.    By  Walter  Crane. 

PUBLIC  SPACES,  PARKS,  AND  GARDENS.    By  Reginald  Blomfield. 

COLOUR  IN  THE  ARCHITECTURE  OF  CITIES.    By  Halsey  Ricardo. 

VENICE :  an  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Republic. 

By    HORATIO    F.    BROWN,    Author  of    'Life   on    the   Lagoons.' 
Second  Edition.     Demy  8vo.  with  Maps,  16s. 
"  Mr.  Brown  has  brought  to  his  task  both  knowledge  and  sympathy,  and 
the  result  of  his  labour  is  that  he  has  produced  a  book  worthy  of  his  subject. 

From  first  to  last  the  story  is  one  of  absorbing  interest." 

Aberdeen  Journal. 

LIFE  ON  THE  LAGOONS. 

By  HORATIO  F.  BROWN,  Author  of  'Venice:  an  Historical  Sketch.' 
Second  Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo.  with  numerous  Illustrations,  Qs. 
"  No  writer  since  Mr.  Ruskin  has  so  thoroughly  entered  into  the  charm  of 
Venice  as  Mr.  Horatio  Brown,  and  to  this  he  adds  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
her  history.  In  the  new  edition  of  '  Life  on  the  Lagoons '  he  has  rewritten  the 
chapter  on  the  structure  of  the  Venetian  Estuary,  and  added  a  brief  but  not 
insufficient  history  of  the  city.  In  its  new  and  illustrated  form  it  will  even 
better  than  before  serve  as  an  excellent  guide-book  to  those  who  are  happy 
enough  to  be  in  Venice,  and  a  constant  recall  to  those  who  would  fain  be  there 
again." —  Guardian. 


AN  ADVANCED  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND. 

For  Use  in  Upper  Forms  of  Schools  and  Colleges. 

By  CYRIL  RANSOME,  M:A.,   late  Professor  of  Modern  History  and 

English  Literature,  Yorkshire  College,  Victoria  University. 

Third  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  1  vol.  with  Maps  and  Plans,  7s.  Qd. 

May  also  be  had  in  Two  Periods.     Period  I.  To  Elizabeth,  1603,  4s. 

Period  II.  To  Victoria,  1895,  4s. 

"This  is  a  really  valuable  book.... ..A  book  sure  to  be  widely  used  for 

educational  purposes An   excellent, 'well-arranged,   clear,  temperate,   jast, 

and  patriotic  book,  and  it  deserves  a  wideand  hearty  welcome." — Sjjeciator. 

"It  will  supply  a  want  long  felt  in  the  educational  world The  cha- 
racters of  leading  personages  are  sketched  with  great  fairness." 

Daily  Chronicle. 

"  It  is  extremely  practical  and  well  arranged.     The  narrative  flows  easily, 
and  the  details  are  not  too  closely  packed  together." — Guardian. 

PERIODS  OF  EUROPEAN  HISTORY. 

General  Editor —  ARTHUR  HASSALL,  M.A.,  Student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.    With  Maps.     Crown  8vo. 

Period  I.  The  Dark  Ages,  476-918. 

By  C.  W.  C.  OMAN,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls'.  College,  Oxford.     7s.  6d. 

Period  II.  The  Empire  and  the-Papacy,  918-1272. 

By  T.  F.  TOUT,  M.A.,  Professor  of  History  at  Yictoria  University,  Manchester. 

[/n  the  press. 

Period  III.  The  Close  of  the  Middle  Ages,  1272-1494. 

By  R.  LODGE,  M.A.,  Professor  of  History  at  the  University  of  Glasgow. 

Period  IV.  Europe  in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  1494-1598. 

By  A.  H.  JOHNSON,  M.A.,  Historical  Lecturer  to  Merton,  Trinity,  and  University 
Colleges,  Oxford.  [Lately published. 

Period  V.  The  Ascendancy  of  France,  1598-1715. 

By  H.  O.  WAKEMAN,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  and  Tutor  of  Keble 
College,  Oxford.     6s. 

Period  VI.  The  Balance  of  Power,  1715-1789. 

By  A.  HASSALL,  M.A.,  Student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

Period  VII.  The  Revolution  in  Europe,  1789-1815. 

By  H.  MORSE  STEPHENS,  M.A.,  Professor  of  History  at  Cornell  University, 
Ithaca,  U.S.A.    6s. 

Period  VIII.  Modern  Europe,  from  A.D.  1815. 

By  G.  W.  PKOTHERO,  Litt.D.,  Professor  of  History  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh. 

OUTLINES  OF  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

By  H,  F.  PELHAM,  M.A.  F.S.A.,  President  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  Camden  Professor  of  Ancient  History  in  the  University  of 
Oxford.     Second  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  with  Coloured  Maps,  6s. 

THE  MAKING  OF  THE  ENGLAND 
OF  ELIZABETH. 

By  ALLEN  B.  HINDS,  B,A.,  Scholar  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
Crown  8vo.  is.  6d, 

A  COMPANION  TO  PLATO'S  REPUBLIC. 

Being  a  Commentary  adapted  to  Davies  and  Vaughan's  Translation 
for  English  Readers. 

By  BERNAND  BOSANQUET,  LL.D.,  formerly  Fellow  of  University 
College,  Oxford.     Second  Edition.     Crown  8vo.  6^. 

ESSAYS  IN  ENGLISH  LITERATURE, 

1780  to  1860. 

By   GEORGE    SAINTSBURY,   Professor  of    Rhetoric  and  English 
Literature  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.     Third  Edition. 
Crown  8vo.  7s.  6d. 

ESSAYS  ON  FRENCH  NOVELISTS. 

By  Professor  GEORGE  SAINTSBURY.     Second  Edition,  Revised, 
Crown  8vo,  7s.  Gd. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ESSAYS. 

By  Professor  GEORGE  SAINTSBURY.     Second  Edition. 
Crown  8vo.  7s.  Gd. 


London :    RIVINGTONS. 


Editorial   Communications  should  be   addressed  to  "The  Editor "  — AdTenlsements  ind   Easiness  Letters  to  "The  Pnblisher "  —  at  the  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 

Printed  by  John  Edward  Francis,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Bulldinzs,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G.;  and  Published  by  John  C.  Francis  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G. 

Aitents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradfute  and  Mr.  John  Menzies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  November  27,  1897. 


THE   ATHENJEUM 

9lottma(  of  (JBrtgliuD  antr  dForefgtt  Etterature,  Science,  tbt  d^ine  ^vt0,  iWuiSfc  antr  tfie  I9rama» 


No.  3658. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER 


4,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

RBGISTBKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


u 


GOVERNMENT  GRANT  of  4,0OOZ.  to  DEFRAY 
the  EXPKNSES  of  SCIENTIFIC  INVESTIGATION.— Applica- 
tions for  the  year  1898  to  be  considered  at  the  ANNUAL  MEETINO  of 
the  GOVERNMENT  GRANT  COMMITTEE  must  be  forwarded  to  the 
Clerk  to  the  Government  GaANTCoMMinrE.  Royal  Society,  Burlinston 
House,  London,  W.,  by  January  31,  and  must  be  written  upon  Printed 
Forms,  which  can  be  obtained  from  the  Clerli. 

ROYAL    SOCIETY   of    PAINTERS   in   WATER 
COLOURS— Gallery,  5i,  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W,— WINTER  EXHI- 
BITION NOW  OPEN —Admission  Is.,  10  to  5. 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HERK:OMER,Jun,,  Secretary  0)ra(fm.). 

JAPANESE  GALLERY.  — ORIENTAL  ART.— 
Mr.  T.  J.  LARKIN  has  ON  VIEW  the  hiehest-class  JAPANESE 
LACQUER,  CHINESE  CERAMICS,  JADES,  &e.,  at  28,  NEW  IJOND 
STREET,  W. 

ARTISTS  who  are  desirous  of  EXniBITING  a 
COLLECTION  of  PICTURES  are  invited  to  apply  to  the  under- 
mentioned. The  Proprietor  is  open  to  hold  an  exclusive  Exhibition, 
under  personal  supervision,  of  approved  work. — Address  Gallery,  care 
ol  Willing's,  162,  Piccadilly,  W. 

MR.    SPENSER     WILKINSON    wishes    to 
RECOMMEND    his    PRIVATE    SECKETARY     and    AMANU- 
ENSIS.—169,  Oakley  Street,  S.W. 

SUCCESSFUL     COACH,    with    good    Premises, 
requires  the  CO-OPERATION  of  ANOTHER  with  connexion  and 
capital —M.  A.,  Payne's  Library,  Jersey. 

A  LINGUIST  seeks  SECRETARIAL  WORK. 
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766 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N'>  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


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Trustees— Right  Hon.  Sir  M.  Grant  Duff, 
Klght  Hon.  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart,  MP,  Right  Hon.  Earl  of  Rosebery. 
The  Library  contains  about  170,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modem 
Literature,  In  various  Languages.  Subscription,  31.  a  year ;  Life  Mem- 
bership, according  to  age.  Fifteen  Volumes  are  allowed  to  Country 
and  Ten  to  Town  Members.  Readlag-Raom  open  from  Ten  to  half- 
past  Six.  Catalogue.  Fifth  Edition,  2  vols,  royal  8to.  price  21»  •  to 
Members,  16».    C.  T.  HAOBERG  WRIGHT.  Secretary  and  Librarian. 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 
PRODUCERS  AND  PUBLISHERS  OF 

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numerous  issues : — 

The   GREAT    MASTERS   in   the 

CHIEF  CONTINENTAL  GALLERIES. 
This  collection  of  Reproductions  embraces  almost  the  whole  of  the 
Masterpieces  of  the  Great  Artists  of  the  Filteenth    Sixteenth,  and 
Seventeenth  Centuries,  and  is  rich  in  examples  of  the  Italian,  Flemish, 
Dutch,  German,  French,  and  Spanish  Schools  of  Painting. 

BRITISH    ARTISTS    of  the 

VICTORIAN  ERA. 
Through  the  courtesy  of  the  owners,  the  Autotype  Company  are 
enabled  to  publish  Autotype  Reproductions  of  several  important  works 
lately  exhibited  at  the  Corporation  of  London  Art  Gallery,  Guildhall. 
'I'he  Series  includes  notable  examples  of  J.  M.  W.  TURNER,  H.A., 
D.  G.  ROSSETTI,  DAVID  COX,  F.  SANDYS,  FRED  WALKER,  A.R.A., 
J.  PETTIE,  R.A.,  G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A.,  &c. 

The  Autotypes  measure  about  18  inches  longest  line,  and  are  published 
at  12s  each. 

FRENCH    PAINTERS    of    the 

NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 
Permanent  Autotype  copies  of  Works  by  JEAN  FRANCOIS  MILLET, 
THfiODORE    ROUSSEAU,    COROT,    DAUBIONY,    JULES    BREI'ON, 
DAGNAN  BOUVERET,  BOUGUEREAU,  MEISSONIER,  CABANEL,  &c. 

The    TATE    COLLECTION 

(NATIONAL  GALLERY  of  BRITISH  ART). 

A  number  of  the  Pictures  now  exhibited  at  Millbank  have  been 
published  in  Autotype,  including  the  chief  Works  of  G.  F.  WAT'X'S,K.A. 
Further  additions  are  contemplated. 

WORKS     by    DANTE     GABRIEL 

ROSSETTI,  Sir  EDWARD  BURNE-JONES,  and  ALBERT  MOORE. 
Including  the  'Blessed  Damozel,'  'Proserpine,'  'The  Lamp  of 
Memory,'  '  Venus's  Looking  Glass,'  '  Wine  of  Circe,'  &c. 


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16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W, 
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Inspection  invited. 

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AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

GALLERY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
In  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLES 
L.  BASTLAKK,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.    Price  to  Subscribers,  11. 10». 

[_l'art  V.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.     By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
Reproductions  of  the  Famous  Drawings  at  Windsor 
Castle,  bound  in  Artistic  Cover.    Price  5^  5j. 


The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
NATIONAL  GALLERY,  LONDON;  AMSTERDAM, 
BERLIN.  BRUSSELS,  CASSEL,  DRESDEN,  HAAG. 
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and  Spanish  are  in  circulation. 

CATALOGUES  of  English  or  Foreign  Books, 
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Also  10-12,  Barton  Arcade,  Manchester. 


The   GREAT    BRITISH   POR- 

TKAITI8T8.  A  large  Series  of  Autotype  Reproductions  of  Engrav- 
ings after  famous  Worlds  by  Reynolds,  Oainsborougta,  Rowney, 
Lawrence,  Hoppner,  &c. 

FREDERIC   SHIELDS.    Twenty- 

eight  Autotype  Copies  from  the  Series  of  Prophets  and  Apostles 
painted  in  the  Chapel  of  the  Ascension,  Hyde  Fark  Place,  London. 
Each  Autotype  measures  17  by  5J  inches,  and  is  mounted  on  Plate 
and  India  Paper  with  Title.  The  set  in  strong  Portfolio,  Ten  Guineas. 

[Just  published. 

The   GOOD   SHEPHERD,    CHRIST 

and  PETER,  The  ANGEL  GUARDIAN.  Autotypes  of  these  noble 
Drawings  by  FREUERIC  SHIELDS.  Price  One  Guinea  to  Four 
Guineas  each. 

The  NORWICH  SCHOOL  of  PAINT- 

ING.  A  Series  of  Plates,  printed  In  Various  Permanent  Pigments 
after  OOTMAN,  CROME,  STARK,  VINCENT,  LEMAN,  LOUND 
BRIGHT,  &c. 

The   'LIBER    STUDIORUM '   of 

J.  M.  W.  TURNER,  R  A  Reproduced  in  Facsimile  by  the  Auto- 
type Process,  and  accompanied  with  Notices  of  each  Plate  by  the 
Rev.  STOPFORD  BROOKE.  M  A.  Published  in  3  vols,  each  con- 
taining 24  Illustrations.  Net  price  Four  Guineas  per  Volume.  The 
Plates  are  sold  separately  with  the  Commentary  appertaining,  at 
3s.  6d.  each. 

NOTESonthe'LIBER  STUDIORUM' 

of  J.  M.  W.  TURNER,  R.A.  By  the  Rev.  STOPFORD  BROOKE, 
M.A.    Illustrated.    Price  7s.  6d. 

OLD   PARIS.    Ten   Etchings   by  C. 

MERYON,  Reproduced  on  Copper  by  the  Autogravure  Process,  and 
accompanied  with  Preface  and  Illustrated  Notes  by  STOPFORD  A. 
BROOKE,  M.A.  Enclosed  in  an  elegant  Portfolio.  Price  Three 
Gaineas. 

The   NATIONAL   GALLERY, 

LONDON.  A  completely  New  Series  of  the  Chief  Works  in  this 
Collection,  Reproduced  in  permanent  sepia  pigment.  Each  Print 
measures  about  18  by  15  inches,  and  is  sold  separately,  price  12s. 

ALBERT   DURER.     Ninety-three 

Drawings  Reproduced  in  Facsimile  from  Originals  in  the  British 
Museum  DescriptiveText  by  SIDNEY  COLVIN,  M.A.  The  volume 
is  imperial  folio,  half-morocco.  Plates  linen  guarded.  Price  Six 
Guineas     Edition  100  copies. 

A  Series  of  Antotype  Facsimiles  of  the  finest  Proofs  of  this  Master's 
TVork  in  the  Department  of  Prints  and  Drawings,  British  Museum. 
The  copies  are  in  all  cases  of  the  exact  size  of  the  Original  Copper- 
plates. 

Those  interested  in  Art,  and  in  the  recent  developments 
of  the  Photographic  Keproduction  of  Pictures,  are  invited  to 
inspect  the  Company's  extensive  Collection  of  Autotypes 
and  Autogravures  of  all  Schools  now  on  view  at  their 
Gallery,  74,  New  Oxford  Street,  where  may  also  be  seen  a 
series  of  examples,  framed  in  mouldings  of  special  designs, 
made  in  call,  walnut,  and  other  hard  woods. 


LEADING   ARTISTS  of  the  DAY. 

9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BUUNB  JONES, 
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MANN,  &o. 

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THACKERAY      HOTEL       (Temperance), 
Facing  the  British  Museum, 
GREAT  RUSSELL  STREET,  LONDON. 

This  newly  erected  and  commodious  Hotel  will,  it  is  believed,  meet 
the  requirements  of  those  who  desire  all  the  conveniences  and  advan- 
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THE  ASHBUBNHAM  LIBRARY.— SECOND  POBTTON, 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1.1,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  December  6.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  magnificent 
LIBRARY  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  of  ASHBURNHAM. 

May  be  viewed.  Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  Is  each.  Copies 
illustrated  with  Six  Facsimiles  of  the  Bindings  in  gold  and  colours  by 
Griggs,  price  6s.  each. 

THE  ARBUTHNOT  MISSAL,  HORJE,  AND 
PSALTER. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  FRIDAY,  December  10,  imme- 
diately after  the  close  of  the  Fifth  Day's  Sale  of  the  Second  Portion  of 
the  Library  of  the  Right  Hon.  Earl  of  Ashburnham,  the  valuable 
Scottish  MSS.  known  as  the  ARBUTHNOT  MISSAL,  HOR^,  and 
PSAL'lER  the  Property  of  the  Representatives  of  the  late  VISCOUNT 
ARBUTHNOfT. 

May  be  viewed.  Catalogues  may  be  had  of  Messrs  LiNosiv,  Howe 
&  Co.,  W.S,  32,  Charlotte  Square,  Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Aut-rioNXEas. 

Engravings,  the  Property  of  a  Lady. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street  Strand,  W.C.  on  WEDNESDAY,  December  15,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  LADY, 
comprising  Meiiotint  and  other  Portraits,  some  fine  proofs— Engrav- 
ings by  Old  Masters— a  few  Fancy  Subjects  by  G.  Morland  and  others- 
Collections  of  Engravings  in  Volumes. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Engravings  of  the  English  Schools  and  Water- Colour  Drawings, 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  k  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand.  W  C,  on  THURSDAY,  December  16,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  ENGLISH 
SCHOOLS  including  many  printed  in  Colours,  and  comprising  works 
by  Bartolozzi.  Earlom,  Val.  Green,  W.  Hamilton  Angelica  Kaufmann, 
G  Morland,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  J  R  Smith,  J.  Ward,  Wheatley.  and 
others— a  Series  of  Portraits  of  the  Pretenders  and  their  Adherents- 
and  Water-Colour  Drawings  by  T.  Rowlandson,  C.  Dayes,  T.  Hearne. 
S.  Prout,  Clarkson  Stanfleld,  Girtin. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  J^  U  M 


767 


The  valuable  Library  of  a  Gentleman,  chiefly  bound  by 
Zaehnsdorf  and  Morrell. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellinaton 
Street.  Strand.  W  C  ,  on  FUIHAY.  December  17,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuiiljle  LIMRAllV  of  a  GEN'M.KMAN. 
consisting  of  iinportant  Works  in  the  various  iiranches  of  English  and 
foreign  Litirature— rare  Modern  French  Jtool-s.  most  of  which  are 
printed  oa  Large  and  Japanese  Paper,  and  many  of  them  with  the 
Illustrations  in  Two  and  Three  States  and  compiising  La  Fontaine. 
Contes  et  Nouvelks.  2  vols,.  1705— Contes  et  Nouvelles.  2  vols 
••I'apier  <lu  Japon "  (Didot.  1795),  reprint  188.1  —  Worlidge's  Gems. 
1>  vols  .  Originalissue  of  the  I'lates.  printed  upon  satin  — Lucretius  de 
Heruni  Natura,  I-arge  Taper— Hetit  Contours  du  XVIIIii^me  Siide. 
12  vols.— Parry's  Four  Arctic  Voyages.  :)  vols.  Large  Paper— La  Fon- 
taine, Contes,  "  lidjtion  des  Feiniers  Oi'ncraux.  "  2  vols..  1702  Hou- 
braken's  Heads  of  Illustrious  Persons.  Large  Paper.  &c  .  chielly  bounil 
4n  the  best  style  by  Zaehnsdorf  and  Morrell  —  Works  illustrated  hy 
II  K  Krowne,  liewick.  Hlake.  H  Doyle.  Leech,  Hugh  I  homson. 
Kowlandson.  and  others— Fiist  Editions  of  the  Writings  of  Dickens. 
Andrew  Lang.  Surtees.  Thackeray,  iSc— liiogiaphv,  Poetry,  Voyages 
and  Travels— fine  Illustrated  liooks. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Guaranteed  Violins,  including  the  Property  of 
A.  J.  HIPKINS,  Kftj..  F.S.A. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMFSUN  will  SELL 
by  AFCnoN.  at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square,  vv  0  ,  on 
TUESDAY.  December  7,  at  ten  minutes  pa-t  I  o'clock  piecisely.  a 
valuable  COLLKCI'lON  of  VIOLINS.  VIOLAS.  VIOLOiNCELLoS.  &c  , 
including  the  Property  of  A.  J.  niPKIMS,  Esq,,  F.S  A.,  comprising 
choice  examples  of  the  works  of— 

A  mat!  Forster  Panormo 

IJetts  Guamerius  Kocca 

Cappa  Gagliano  I'estore 

Dodd  Guadagnint  'N'uiliaume 

Fendt  Pressenda  And  other  Masters. 

withtheKowsandCases.THE  WHOLE  OF  WHICH  ARE  GU  AH  ANI'EEI) 
TO  THE  PURCH.iSEK  ACCOKDING  TO  THE  DESCRIPTION  IN 
CATALOGUE. 

On  view  the  Saturday  and  Monday  prior,  and  morning    of    Sale. 
Catalogues  on  application. 


Engravings,  Water-Colour  Drawings,  and  Paintings,  including 
the  Property  of  the  late  Hiv.  J.  H.  GllEGOHY,  M  A. 
^ESSRS.    PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 


M^ 


by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
THURSD.AY.  December  ii.  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely.lBNGKAVlNDS,  coasislingof  a  choice  Collection  of 
Fancy  Subjects  by  Bartolnzzi.  Huck,  C'onde.  Knight,  hyland,  Wilkin, 
&c.— tine  Mezzotints  by  Dawe.  Green.  Ward,  s.  it.  Smith,  &c— a  Col- 
lection of  Mezzotint  Portraits  by  Atkinson,  liarney.  Cousins  Davis 
V,  Green,  Hodgetts,  J.  Jones.  Lupton.  Mejer,  8,  W.  Reynolds.  Say, 
C  Turner  Ward,  Zobel  — fine  Cai-icalui-es  by  llowlandson  — Sportiiig 
Prints  by  Aiken.  Wolstenhnlme  — London  Views  by  Malton— Artists' 
Proof  Engravings  and  Etchijigs -Water-Colour  Drawings  by  Alkeu, 
Ansell,  Unwin,  Parley,  &;  — anda  few  Oil  Paintings. 

Catalogues  on  application 


Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W  C  ,  on 
MOND-iY,  December  13,  and  two  Following  Davs.  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOK.S,  both  English  and 
Foreign,  amongst  which  will  be  found  Harvey's  Phycologia  Kritannica 
—Roberts's  Holy  Land— Grego's  Parliamentary  Elections,  extra  illus- 
trated—Boydell's  Shakespeare— Lafontaine's  Tales  in  English  Verse, 
inlaid  to  4to  size  and  extfa  illustrated— Voltaire,  La  Pucelle  d'Orli5ans 
—Scott's  Novels,  First  Editions  — Hyron's  English  Dards,  extra  illus- 
trated—Stedman's  Surinam.  Coloured  Plates— Hussey's  liritish  Myco- 
logy—Lemon's History  of  Punch,  extra  illustrated,  with  Portraits  and 
Autograph  Letters— Surtees  Society  Publications,  25  vols.  —  hurns's 
Poems.  1787— Racine,  CEuvres,  IG97— Marguerite  de  Navarre,  Contes  et 
Nouvelles,  1698— Heures  a  Lusaige  de  Paris,  printed  on  vellum— First 
Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever.  &c— Works  relating  to  Ame- 
rica, many  in  line  Bindings  by  Bedford,  RiviOre,  Zaehnsdorf,  Cham- 
boUe,  Duru,  Niedr^e,  Hardy,  Menil,  &c. 

Catalogues  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK    &    SIMPSON   will   SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square    W  C     on 
TUESDAY,  December  U.  and  Following  Day,  at  half-past  5  o'clock 
■—    BRiriSH,    FOREIGN,    and   COLONIAL    POSIAGE 

Catalogues  on  application. 


precisely,   rare 
STAMPS. 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE, 
A  very  important  Collection  of  Old  English  and  French  En- 
gravings, Drawings,  and  Sketches  by  G.  Morland  formed  bu 
the  Hon.  W.  F.  B.  M ASSEY-MAINWARISG,  M.P.  D.L., 
during  the  last  twenty-five  years. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 
to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms  as  above,  on  MONDAY'  December  6 
and  Two  Following  Days,  at  I  o'clock  precisely  each  day.  a  very  imnor- 
tant  COLLECTION  of  OLD  ENGLISH  and  FRENCH  ENGRAVINGS 
including  23  beautiful  Drawings  and  Sketches  by  George  Morland— 
also  important  examples  of  the  English  School,  including  the  St 
James's  and  the  St  Giles's  Keauty.  English  Plenty  and  Indian  Scarcity 
and  many  others  by  and  after  Sir  J.  Reynolds.  Hamilton.  Itartolozzi' 
J.  R.  Smith,  Russell,  and  many  others,  in  Colours.  The  French 
Engravings  comprise  over  luO  beautiful  Impressions  Printed  in 
Colours,  by  and  after  Debucourt.  Alix.  Bonnet.  Huet  &c  including 
many  Proofs-also  over  loo  French  Engravings  in  Black  Original  Im° 
pressions  by  and  after  the  best  French  Masters  of  the  last  century 
Framed  and  m  Portfolio. 

May  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE. 

By  order  of  the  Administrator  of  the  late   Mrs.   UK  WIN' 
deceased.— Decorative  Furniture,  Beautiful  Old  English  Plate 
and  Plated  Articles.  Jewellery,  Old  Oriental  and  other  China 
and  a  variety  of  Effects,  removed  for  convenience  of  Sale. 

Ty/TESSRS.  ROBINSON  &  FISHER  are  instructed 

o^A  Poifn^^'^^  "'"f  P^.o^s,  as  above,  on  THURSDAY,  December 
wen  madi  pTm^???7'p*^  ^  o'clock  precisely  each  day,  the  superior  and 
™n inTRonm  R,'l»  n^'  <^"™P';;''°S  «ed  and  Table  Linen-Mahogany 
Dining.Room  Suites-Carpets-Bookcases-Plate  and  Plated  ArticTes-- 
^^i'^fh^^nS!  "'^  old  Oriental.  Dresden,  Stvres,  Worcester  ?belsea 
P^?f^r^  s?i"L'°'i"'"f  ^  ^  '^'■^'^  quantity  of  interesting  Early  Engl.sh 
Pottery.  Swansea,  Nantgarrow.  Leeds,  old  Wedgwood  &c  and  old 
^l\T^  F.namels-Jewellery-Enamelled  and  Gold  Snuff-boxes- 
KerrrtrvTEffem''  "™"'"  Clocks-China  and  Glass-and  a  varfety 
May  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MONDAY  ^■EXT.-Curiosities. 
TV/TR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 

frlv  impVt'  n'''^*^  Konms.  38  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  on  MON- 
DA-y  NEXT,  Decembers,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  preciselv  a  val.iihio 
COLLECTION  of  CURIOSITIES  from  MANY  PAM'S-a  cillecM^n  if 
Birds  mounted  in  Cases-a  Skeleton  of  the  Moa  from  New  Zea land- 

Sne.'^PMn^"™,'  H  An.mals-Shells-Minerals-Two  Unique  Medicine 
Pipes— Flint  and  others  Implements,  cite, 

lo^erhrd'"®  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 


rilURSDA  Y  NF.\r.  at  1.00  prechely. 
Abmit  a  Thousand  Dozen  rf  choice  Wines,  part  the  Prn-perty  nf 
the  late   Ittajor-General    lilULTON.  nf  Oi,  Picca<lillij.  to- 
gether toith  a  further  Portim  of  the  Stuck  of  .i/essrs.    11. 
HUHTEH  ly  XtJ.WS,  tcho  h  ive  removed  their  Cellars. 

MR.  J.  C.  SrEVF>NS    will    SELL    the  above  by 
AUC  IION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  33,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
as  above. 

Sample  bottles  may  be  obtained  three  days  prior,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  J'urtion  of  the  l.ibraty  of  the 
late  Jtev.  C tnon  h'LU'YN,  Muster  of  the  Chart'i- house— 
Orien'.al  Manw^cripts  —  Framed  Engravings  by  /.and.seer.  Ac. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SKLL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  w.c  .  on  TUESDAY. 
December?,  and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock.  MISCELLANEOIS 
BOOKS  (as  above),  comprising  Augu^tini  Opera.  11  vols.  — Waring's 
Masterpieces.  &c..  4  vols.— Ihcimson's  Seasons— sir  Jos.  RcyncdiU's 
Works— Lady  Schreiiier's  Pl.iying  (  ards,  3  vols  -Tuer's  Histmy  of  tlie 
Horn-Hook.  2  vols.— Hoare's  Giral'ius,  2  vols —Neale  and  Itraylcv's 
We-tmiaster  Ab^ey.  2  vols  -Wilkinson's  Londina.  2  vols.— Pugin's 
Gothic  Architecture.  3  vols.— Revue  d'.Archit  cture.  23  vols  — Lavarer's 
I'hysiognomy,  5  vols  —Malory's  .Morte  Dai  thur.  3  vols.— Lodge's  Por- 
traits, 12  vols  — Ranke's  Seventeenth  Centurv  G  vols  —Surtees  Society, 
:«)  vols.— Jowett's  Plato.  3  vols. -Geo.  A.  .sala's  Works,  34  vols.— Geo. 
Borrows  Works.  11  vols.  —  Halibur ton's  Works.  IS  vols  — Hissey's 
I'living  Tours,  7  vols.- an  Illustrated  Granger  in  6  vols —Dickens's 
Works,  fiilition  de  Luxe,  .'io  vols.- Reclus's  Geography,  15  vols  — 
Turner's  Domestic  Architecture,  4  vols  — Oi-iental  Manuscripts  and 
Scrap  Albums  of  Native  Colouict  Drawings  on  talc  and  on  rice  paper 
—Framed  Engravings  after  I.andseer,  Leighton,  Nicol,  Sadler,  and 
others. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  followinor 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  — 

On  MONDAY,  December  6,  the  COLLECTION  of 

MEZZOTINTS  of  W  H  BINGHAM-COX,  Esq.,  and  EARLY  ENGLISH 
ENGR.AVINGS,  the  Propei ty  of  a  BARONET. 

On    TUESDAY.    December   7,    OLD    ENGLISH 

SILVER.  JEWELS,  LACE,  MINIATURES,  and  OBJECTS  of  VERTU, 
the  Property  of  the  late  J.  WEBSTER,  Esq.,  and  others. 

On   WEDNESDAY,  Decembers,  and  FollowiDg 

Day,  OLD  CHINESE  PORCELAIN  received  direct  from  the  East. 

On    THURSD,\Y,     December    9,    OBJECTS    of 

ART,  DECORATIVE  FURNI  lURE,  SCULPTURE,  TAPESTRY^  &c. 

On    FRIDAY,    December    10.  tlie  REMAINING 

PORTION  of  the  COLLEinioN  of  WATCHES  and  JEWELLERY 
jormed  by  the  late  MARCUS  SHARPE,  Esq  ,  J. P. 

On  SATURDAY,  December   11,  PICTURES  and 

DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  Rev.  H.  R.  WADMORE,  deceased, 
and  others. 

On    MONDAY,    December    13,    ENGRAVINGS 

after  R.  COSWAY,  and  OLD  ENGLISH  COLOURED  PRINTS. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  15,  and  Following 

Day.  COLLECTION  of  CHINESE  and  JAPANESE  WORKS  of  ART 
sold  by  order  of  the  Court  of  Bankruptcy). 

On    FRIDAY,  December  17,    COLLEOTION  of 

ORIENTAL  OBJECTS  of  ART.  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  ;  and 
PORCELAIN.  OBJECTS  Of  ART,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE 
from  numerous  sources. 


BLACKWOOD'S  MAGAZINE. 

No,  986      DECE.MBER,  1897.     2s.  6d. 

JOHN  SPLENDID  :  the  Tale  of  a  Poor  Gentleman,  and  the  Little  Wars 

of  Lorn     By  Neil  Munro.    Chaps.  5-8. 
The  ENTRY-  and  TRAINING  of  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 
ADVENTURES  of  the  COMTE  de  la  MUETTE  during  the  REIGN  of 

TERROR.— 'The  Footpad  ;  Des  Pierrettes.    By  Bernard  Capes. 

KER  of  KERSLAND,  CAMERONIAN,  JACOBITE,  and  SPY.  By 
Andrew  Lang. 

MARUSKA:  an  Incident  in  Modern  Life. 

I)R   PUSEY  and  the  OXFORD  MOVEMENT. 

The  EGLINTON  TOURNAMENT. 

The  STORY  of  ST   P.^UL'S. 

The  FUTURE  of  OUR  N  W.  FRONTIER. 

SIR  RUTHERFORD  ALCOCK  and  the  FAR  EAST. 

'The  BRIDE  of  LAMMERMOOR';  Sir  Henry  Craik,  K.C.B.  and  Prof. 

Saintsbury. 

'MAGA'  and  her  PUBLISHERS. 

William  Blackwood  &  Sons.  Edinburgh  and  London. 

'THE      NINETEENTH       CENTURY. 

1  No.  250.     DECEMBER,  1897. 

The  PROBLEM  BEYOND  the  INDIAN  FRONTIER.  By  Sir  Auck- 
land Colvin.  K.C.S  I.  K.C.MG.  CLE. 

The  DUAL  and  the  'TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  and  GRE.iT  BRITAIN. 
By  Francis  de  Pressens^,  Foreign  Editor  of  Le  Teinps. 

OUR  RESERVES  for  MANNING  the  FLEET. 

1,  By  the  Right  Hon,  Lord  lirassey 

2.  By  Rear  Admiral  Lord  Charles  Beresford. 
TAMMANY.    By  Fred.  A.  McKenzie. 

The  DANISH  VIEW  of  the  SLESVIG-HOLSTEIN  QUESTION.  By 
Dr.  A  D.  Jorgensen,  the  late  Historian  and  Keeper  of  the  State 
Archives  of  Denmark. 

The  NEW  LEARNING.    By  Herbert  Paul. 

OUR    PUBLIC    ART    MUSEUMS:    a    Retrospect.      By    Sir   Charles 

Robinson,  Her  Majesty's  Surveyor  of  Pictures. 
BILLIARDS.    By  Dudley  D.  Pontifex. 

The  WAYS  of  "  SETTLEMENTS  "  and  of  "  MISSIONS."  By  the  Rev 
Canon  Barnett. 

SOME  REMINISCENCES  Of  THOMAS  HENKY  HUXLEY.  By  Pro- 
fessor St.  George  Mivart. 

IN  the  SUB-EDITOR'S  ROOM.    By  Michael  MacDonagh. 

The  PRESENT  SI'TUATION  of  ENGLAND ;  a  Canadian  Impression 
By  Lieut  -Col.  George  T  Denison. 

London :  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.,  Limited. 

THE      CHRIST      in       SHAKSPEARE. 
By  CHARLES  ELLIS. 
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London  :  Houlston  &  Sons,  Paternoster  Square. 

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The    MAKING    of   ABBOTSFORD. 

By  the  Hon.  Mrs.  MAXWELL  SCOTT.  With 
Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  Vignette  of 
Abbotsford.  374  pages,  square  crown  8vo. 
price  7s.  6d.  net. 

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"  A  volume  of  charming  papers." — Echo. 

"  Mrs.  Maxwell  Scott's  very  agreeable  collection  of  essays 
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style  is  excellently  simple  and  lucid,  and  her  book  cannot 
but  be  welcome  to  many  lovers  of  things  old." — Times. 

IN   NORTHERN    SPAIN.     By   Dr. 

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A  most  comprehensive  and  practical  volume."— u4carfemy. 

An    INTRODUCTION    to    STRUC- 
TURAL  BOTANY.     By  D.  H.  SCOTT,  M.A. 
Ph.D.  F.R.S.,  Honorary  Keeper  of  the  Jodrell 
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FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  Second  Edition.  Illus- 
trated with  116  Figures. 

Crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  3«.  Qd. 
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trated by  sketches  from  preparations  which  these  observers 
generously  gave  to  the  author.  This  great  discovery  bridges 
over,  in  the  happiest  way,  the  gap  between  Flowering  and 
Flowerless  Plants. 


The  NURSE'S   HANDBOOK  of 

COOKERY.     A   Help   in    Sickness   and  Con- 
valescence.    By  E.  M.  WORSNOP,  First-Class 
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of  the  various  tooda."— Black  and  White. 


The   STORY    of   AB.     By    Stanley 

WATERLOO,  Author  of  'An   Odd  Situation,' 
ice.     With  10  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Simon 
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excitements,   and    is    most    admirably  illustrated    by  Mr. 
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"The  woods  and  rivers  and  their  wild  inhabitants,  the 
cave  bear,  the  cave  tiger,  the  rhinoceros,  the  mammoth,  and 
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lives  of  the  cave  men  and  the  shell  men  are  ingeniously 
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EXILED  from    SCHOOL;    or,  for 

the  Sake  of  a  Chum.     By  ANDREW  HOME, 
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"  The  book  is  brimful  of  amusement." — Education. 


A.  &  C.  BLACK,  Soho  Square,  London. 


768 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


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TRAVEL  AND  ADVENTURE. 
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The  HEART  of  a  CONTINENT :    a  Narrative  of  Travels  in  Manchuria,  the  Desert  of  Gobi,  Turkestan,  the 

Himalayas,  the  Hindu  Kush,  the  Pamirs,  &c.     From  1884  to  1894.    By  Captain  FRANK  YOUNGHUSBAND,  CLE.,  Indian  Staff  Corps,  Gold  Medallist  Royal  Geographical 
Society.     With  Maps,  Illustrations,  &c.    Medium  8vo.  21s. 

The  BIBLE  in  SPAIN ;  or,  the  Journeys  and  Imprisonments  of  an  Englishman  in  an  Attempt  to  Circulate 

the  Scriptures  in  the  Peninsula.    By  GEORGE  BORROW.    A  New  Edition,  carefully  Revised,  with  Notes  and  a  Glossary,  by  the  late  RALPH  ULICK  BURKE,  Author  of  '  A 
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JOHN  MUKRAY,  Albemarle  Street. 


N°3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


773 


HENRY    SOTHEKAN    &    CO/S    PUBLICATIONS. 


ME.  MILLAISS  NEW  WORK. 

BRITISH  DEER  and  their  HORNS.     By  Joh.v  Guille  Millais,  F  Z.S.    With 

185  Text  and  Full-Pafje  Illustrations,  mostly  by  the  Author  ;  also  Ten  Blectrogravures  and  a  Coloured  Frontispiece 
by  the  Author  and  Sidney  Steel,  and  a  Series  of  Unpublished  Drawings  by  Sir  Kdwin  Landseer,  which  were  formerly 
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The  BIBLE  and  its  TRANSMISSION :   an  Historical  and  Bibliographical 

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INCUNABULA    BIBLICA.       A    Set    of    the    Fifty-Four    large    Plates    in    Photo- 

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DR.  BOWDLER  SHARPES  GREAT  WORK.— UNIFORM  WITH  MR.  GOULDS  WORKS  IN  FOLIO. 

MONOGRAPH  of  the  PARADISEIDiE ;   or,  Birds  of  Paradise,  and  Ptilono- 

rhvnchida;  or  Bower  Birds.  By  R.  BOWDLER  SHAKPK,  LL  D.  F.L.S.,  &c.,  of  the  Ornithological  Department, 
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MONOGRAPH  of  the  HIRUNDINIDiE,  or  FAMILY  of  SWALLOWS.    By 

Dr.  BOWDLER  SHARPE  and  CLAUDE  W.  WYATT.  Illustrated  with  103  Hand-Coloured  Plates  and  26  Coloured 
Maps,  showing  Distributimi.     2  vols.  4to.  half-morocco  gilt,  top  edges  gilt,  i.21, 

IN  FORWARD  PREPARATION. 

MONOGRAPH  of  the  FAMILY  of  THRUSHES.      By  the  late  Henry  Seebohm. 

Edited  and  Completed  by  Dr.  BOWDLER  SHARPE.  Illustrated  with  141  Plates  drawn  by  J.  G.  Keulemans  and 
Coloured  by  Hand  ;  also  fine  Photogravure  Portrait. 
MESSRS,  H.  SOTHKRAN  &  CO.  have  great  pleasure  in  announcing  the  immediate  publication  of  the  above  very 
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Bowdler  Sharpe,  who  as  Mr.  Seebohm's  intimate  friend  was  well  acquainted  with  his  intentions  in  the  work,  has  completed 
the  portions  left  unfinished,  and  will  see  it  through  the  press,  aud  no  further  guarantee  is  needed  for  its  production  as  the 
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The  work  will  be  published  in  Parts,  each  containing  12  Plates,  and  the  whole  Edition  will  be  strictly  limited  to  250 
Copies,  for  which  immediate  application  is  recommended. 

A   CALENDAR   of  the   INNER   TEMPLE    RECORDS.     Edited  by  F.  A. 

INUERWICK,  Q  C,  one  of  the  Masters  of  the  Bench.  Vol.  I.  21  HEN.  Vll.  (1505)— 45  ELIZ.  (1603).  With  Illustra- 
tions drawn  by  T.  G.  Jackson,  A.R.A.     Imperial  8vo.  Roxburghe  binding,  price  II.  net. 

TWO  NEW  PRINTS. 

MILLAIS  (Sir  J.  E.,  P.R.A.).    The  LAST  TREK.    Very  finely 

reproduced  in  Photogravure  from  the  Artist's  Original  Drawing  (his  last  finished  production). 

The  whole  Impression  limited  to  550  Copies,  Proofs  before  letters  on  India  paper,  price  21.  2s.  net. 
The  above  Print  is  a  wholly  new  photogravure  from  Sir  John  Millais's  last  complete  drawing,  which 
he  produced  as  a  frontispiece  to  his  son's  woik,  '  A  Breath  from  the  Veldt,'  where  it  appears  on  a  reduced 
scale.  It  therefore  possesses  a  twofold  interest,  as  one  of  the  very  last  productions  of  its  Author's  pen, 
and  from  its  own  touching  subject — the  death  of  a  hunter  on  the  Veldt,  watched  by  his  two  faithful 
native  "  boys,"  utider  the  ra3S  of  the  setting  sun.  The  reproduction  is  a  very  fine  one,  and  conveys  with 
remarkable  success  the  e£Eect  of  the  original  drawing. 

SEEBOHM  (HENRY,  F.Z.S.),  Author  of '  Siberia  in  Europe,'  &c. 

Portrait  of,  finely  reproduced  in  Photogravure  from  the  last  Photograph  of  the  Author,     Proof 

Impressions  on  India  Paper,  price  15s.  net. 
From  Mr.  Seebohm's  great  eminence  as  an  ornithologist,  and  the  great  respect  in  which  he  was  held 
by  his  many  friends,  it  has  been  thought  that  many  would   like  to  possess  a  good  portrait  of  him  in  a 
permanent  form.     The  above  has  been  excellently  reproduced  on  a  good  scale  as  a  Photogravure  from 
a  Photograph  approved  by  Mrs.  Seebohm,  and  is  limited  to  lO'J  Copies. 

MK      GOULD'S      WORKS. 

A  FULL  DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  of  the  GRAND  ORNITHOLOGICAL  and  other  WORKS 
of  the  late  JOHN  GOULD,  F.R.S.F.Z.S.,  &c.,  with  Memoir  of  the  Author  and  other  information, 
will  be  sent  jiost  free  on  appUcation  to  the  PubUshers. 


TWO  NOTEWORTHY  REMAINDERS. 

A  most  beautiful  Work,  limited  to  2.50  Copies,  never  yet 
brought  before  the  general  public. 

THE  LIFE  AND  WORK  OF 
SIR   ANTHONY  VAN   DYCK. 

By  JULES  J.  GUIFFREY. 

Translated  from  the  French  by  WILLIAM  ALISON.  With 
19  Etchiugs  of  Paintings  (now  etched  for  tlie  first  time), 
8  Heliogravures,  and  over  lOJ  Illustrations  in  the  Text. 
Folio,  buckram  extra.  The  whole  Edition  limited  to 
2b0  copies,  numbered,  published  il.  is.  net.  Price 
11.  10s.  net. 
This  exhaustive  biography  of  the  great  Flemish  painter  is 
based  on  the  researches  of  the  highest  authorities,  aud  largely 
on  a  valuable  anonymous  MS.  in  the  Louvre,  which  presents 
Van  Dyck's  life  and  work  in  a  wholly  new  light,  and  has 
been  overlooked  by  every  other  historian  of  the  Flemish 
School  M.  Guiffrey's  volume  contains  a  full  and  complete 
catalogue  of  all  Van  Dyck's  works  — paintings,  etchings, 
drawings,  &c.  (including  many  linown  only  through  the 
engravings  of  Bolswert,  Vorsterman,  Pontius,  De  Jode,  and 
others),  and  ot  all  engravings  and  etchings  after  his  paint- 
ings. This  covers  a  total  of  over  1,500  paintings  and  a, 000 
prnits.  In  every  instance  the  present  whereabouts  of  each 
picture  is  stated,  with  its  number  in  the  latest  published 
catalogue.  In  selecting  the  illustrations  it  has  been  thought 
best,  nistead  of  giving  reproductions  of  the  numerous 
masterly  engravings  alter  Van  Dyck,  which  would  in- 
evitably have  suffered  by  reduction,  to  reproduce  in  fac- 
simile over  a  hundred  original  drawings  from  the  hand  of 
the  artist  himself.  Talent  reveals  itself  not  only  in  finished 
Compositions,  in  which  an  artist  concentrates  all  his  efforts 
and  endeavours  to  put  forth  all  his  powers  ;  the  slightest 
strokes,  the  improvisations  of  the  inspiration  of  a  moment, 
the  experiments  of  a  hand  at  practice— all  possess  a  striking 
fascination  when  they  are  the  work  of  a  master.  Besides 
the  facsimiles  in  the  text,  the  book  is  illustrated  by  a 
number  of  important  works  of  Van  Dyck,  reproduced  by 
the  Du.jardin  heliogravure  process,  as  well  as  by  19  original 
etchings,  which  will  be  of  especial  interest,  inasmuch  as 
they  are  after  paintings  never  etched  before.  The  intrinsic 
merits  of  these  etchings  will  be  apparent,  since  they  have 
been  e.Kecuted  by  such  masters  of  the  needle  as  Gaujean, 
Boulard,  Noel  Massoii,  Courtry,  Salmon,  Jlilius,  Fraeukel, 
ana  Hecht. 

THE  ONLY  COMPLETE  HISTORY  OF  THE  PAINTING 
OF  THE  CKNTURY-EXCEKDINGLY  CHEAP. 

THE  HISTORY  OF 
MODERN    PAINTING. 

By  RICHARD  MUTHBR, 

Professor  of  Art  History  in  the  University  of  Breslau,  late 

Keeper  of  the  Royal  Colleciionof  Prints  and  Engravings 

at  Munich.     Comprising  2304   pages,  with    over   1,300 

Illustratious.  3  vols.  imp.  8vo.  cloth,  with  gilt  lettering, 

top  edges  gilt,  published  21.  15s.     Price  11.  Is.  net. 

'The  History  of  Modern  Painting,' appearing  almost  at 

the  end  of  the  XlXth  Century,  affords  a  complete  view  of 

the    art    movements    of    the    period,   beginning   with    the 

revival  of  Art  in  England  under  Hogarth,  Hej  nolds,  and 

Gainsborough. 

The  story  opens  with  the  English  Art  of  the  XVIIIth 
Century,  and  treats  at  length  of  the  English  painters  and 
iliustraurs  of  the  XlXth  Century,  of  the  schools  prior  to 
1840,  of  the  water-colour  artists,  of  the  plein-air  school  of 
Constable  and  his  influence  upon  French  Art,  and  of  the 
realists  of  the  school  of  Eastlake  and  Arraitage,  of  Ruskin 
and  the  Pre-Raphaelites,  and  John  Phillip;  and  traces  all 
these  movements  to  the  present  day,  careiully  distinguish- 
ing the  tendencies  of  the  various  schools,  and  omitting 
neither  the  new  Pre-Haphaelites,Burne-Jones,  Morris,  Walter 
Crane,  and  Watts,  nor  J.  M'N.  Whistler  ana  the  "  Boys  of 
Glasgow."  France  receives  a  large  share  of  space  ;  and  from 
France  we  are  led  to  America  and  American  painters  living 
abroad;  to  Germany,  Belgium,  Dmmark,  Holland,  Italy, 
Norway,  Sweden,  Russia,  and  Spain  ;  whilst  the  influence  of 
Japan  is  not  overlooked. 

To  show  how  complete  the  history  is,  it  may  be  stated 
that  it  describes  the  work,  and  in  most  cases  gives  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  life,  of  1,417  artists,  whilst  the  bibliographical 
lists  of  works  and  articles  on  the  subject  cover  m  less  than 
70  closely  printed  pages.  The  lists  of  names  ol  artists  and 
their  dates,  which  conclude  each  volume,  make  it  of  the 
utmost  importance  for  reference. 

Yet  however  fascinating  the  letterpress  of  such  a  work 
may  be,  a  history  of  painting  without  illustrations  would 
fail  to  convey  a  sufficient  conception  of  the  subject.  In  Dr. 
Muther's  work  there  are  an  average  of  two  illustrations — 
comprising  portraits  of  many  of  the  artists,  and  reproduc- 
tions of  their  most  important  works— *o  three  pages  of  the 
text,  and  it  thus  appeals  to  all  lovers  of  art  who  possess  pic- 
tures or  would  possess  them,  to  all  who  crowd  exhibitions 
and  picture  galleries,  and  to  every  one  who  is  interested  in 
art  and  history. 

r/.l/is.—"  There  need  be  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  this  work  of 
Mather  the  most  authoritative  thai  exists  on  the  subject,  the  most 
complete,  the  best  informed  of  all  the  general  histories  of  Modern  Art.' 
/7.VJ5S  (Second  Notice)— "Not  only  the  best,  but  the  only  history 
ol  Modern  Painting  which  has  any  pretension  to  cover  the  whole 
ground.  The  English  is  good,  and  the  book  does  not  read  like  a  trans- 
lation  Mr.  HiUier's  excellent  translation." 

DAILY  NEWS—"h  monumental  work  of  cyclopoDdic  value Ihis 

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THE  BETH  BOOK. 

Being  a  Study  from  the  Life  of 

Elizabeth  Caldwell  Maclure, 

a  Woman  of  Genius. 

BY 

SARAH  GRAND, 

Author  of  '  The  Heavenly  Twins.' 
1  vol,  6s. 

PUNCH.— "The  heroine  of  the  'Beth  Book'  is 
one  of  Sarah  Grand's  most  fascinating  creations. 
With  such  realistic  art  is  her  life  set  forth  that,  for 
a  while,  the  reader  will  probably  be  under  the 
impression  that  he  has  before  him  the  actual  story 
of  a  wayward  genius  compiled  from  her  genuine 
diary.  It  is,  the  Baron,  who  greatly  admires  the 
work,  ventures  to  think,  a  Grand  mistake  on  the 
part  of  the  gifted  authoress  that  she  should  have 
written  any  portion  of  this  book  with  such  a  special 
purpose  in  view  as  must  necessarily  limit  the 
recommendation  of  its  perusal  to  a  comparatively 
narrow  circle,  not  '  a  vicious  circle,'  but  one  com- 
posed of  '  those  who  know,'  and  now  grieve,  with 
Hamlet,  that  'ever  they  were  born  to  set  things 
right.' ^  Apart  from  this  reservation,  the  story  is 
absorbing ;  the  truth  to  nature  in  the  characters, 
whether  virtuous,  ordinary,  or  vicious,  every  reader, 
with  some  experience,  will  recognize.' 

The  Baron  de  B.-W. 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

SKETCH.  —  "  Madame  Sarah  Grand  has  given 
us  the  fruits  of  much  thought  and  hard  work  in  her 
new  novel,  wherein  she  tells  of  the  'life  of  a 
woman  of  genius.'  Beth's  character  is  moulded  by 
the  varied  experiences  of  her  early  youth,  and  every 
detail  is  observed  with  the  masterly  hand  that  gave 
us  the  pranks  of  the  '  Heavenly  Twins.'  As  a  study 
of  the  maturing  process  of  character  and  of  the 
influence  of  surroundings  exercised  on  a  human 
being,  this  book  is  a  complete  success  and  stands 
far  ahead  of  the  novels  of  recent  date." 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

STANDA/^D.—"  The  style  is  simple  and  direct, 
and  the  manner  altogether  is  that  of  a  woman  who 
has  thought  much  and  evidently  felt  much.  It  is 
impossible  to  help  being  interested  in  her  book." 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

DAILY  CHRONICLE.  — '^Thexe  is  humour, 
observation,  and  sympathetic  insight  into  the  tem- 
peraments of  both  men  and  women.  Beth  is 
realized ;  we  more  than  admit,  we  assert,  that  we 
love  her." 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

GLOBE. — "It  is  quite  safe  to  prophesy  that 
those  who  peruse  'The  Beth  Book 'will  linger  de- 
lightedly over  one  of  the  freshest  and  deepest 
studies  of  child  character  ever  given  to  the  world, 
and  hereafter  will  find  it  an  ever-present  factor  in 
their  literary  recollections  and  impressions." 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH.— ^'Ku  ideal  work." 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

DAILY  iW^/Z/.— "  A  fine  piece  of  work." 

THE  BETH  BOOK. 

CHRISTIAN.— ''Yevy  good  fiction,  sparkling 
with  wit,  and  not  devoid  of  pathos.  It  is  not  easy 
to  convey  to  the  reader  how  well  and  ably  all  this 
is  told."  ^ 


ST.    IVES: 

The  Adventures  of  a  French 
Prisoner  in  England. 

BY 

ROBERT  LOUIS  STEVENSON, 

Author  of  '  The  Ebb-tide.' 

1  vol.  crown  8vo.  6«. 

TIMES. — "The  historical  novel  has  been  much 
with  us  of  late,  but  neither  Stevenson  himself  nor  any 
one  else  has  given  us  a  better  example  of  a  dashing 
story,  full  of  life  and  colour  and  interest.  St.  Ives 
is  both  an  entirely  delightful  personage  and  a 
narrator  with  an  enthralling  style — a  character 
who  will  be  treasured  up  in  the  memory  along 
with  David  Balfour  and  Alan  Breck,  even  with 
D'Artagnan  and  the  Musketeers." 

ST.  IVES. 

DAILY  CHRONICLE.— '^  It  is  indeed  a  model 
of  the  picaresque  novel,  the  novel  of  perpetual 
movement  and  roadside  adventure." 

ST.  IVES. 

DAILY  NEWS.  — "y^e  see  our  author  at  his 
best.  It  is  Stevenson  with  his  rare  eighteenth 
century  quaintness,  grace,  and  humaneness,  to 
which  is  added  a  sense  of  nature  permeating  the 
whole  work  and  lending  to  it  a  charm  that  the 
masters  of  the  eighteenth  century  did  not  possess." 

ST.  IVES. 

ILL  USTRA  TED  L OND ON  NEWS.  —  "  The 
flight  of  St.  Ives,  his  visit  to  England,  his  return 
to  Scotland,  and  all  the  further  complications — 
all  these  are  told  in  the  best  Stevensonian  manner 
— the  champagne  of  style." 

ST.  IVES. 

SCOTSMAN.— "■  It  is  a  dashing  book.  The  hero 
is  a  glorious  fellow.  It  has  '  passion,  impudence, 
and  energy,'  and  in  the  multitude  of  its  quickly 
changing  scenes  '  there  shines  a  brilliant  and 
romantic  grace.'  It  is  a  tale  to  keep  many  readers 
sitting  up  late  at  night." 


ST.  IVES. 


WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE.— '' As  a  study  of 
character  St,  Ives  is  a  consummate  piece  of  work, 
at  once  picturesque,  subtle,  and  original.  No  more 
promising  hero  for  a  romantic  history  could  have 
been  devised  ;  and  it  is  the  chief  delight  of  the 
book  that  with  so  fortunate  a  start  one  never  loses 
interest  in  his  personality." 

ST.  IVES. 

OBSERVER.— "  Ymely  imagined  and  written 
it  contains  also  that  spirit  of  adventure  which 
Stevenson  always  successfully  instilled  into  his 
writings." 

ST.  IVES. 

LITERATURE.  — '''^ever,  perhaps,  have  the 
fascination  and  the  foibles  of  the  typical  French- 
man been  studied  with  such  humorous  insight, 
or  hit  off  with  such  felicity  of  touch.  The  dialogue 
is  of  Stevenson's  best." 

ST.  IVES. 

BLACK  and  WHITE.— ''  A  rattling  story  of 
adventure,  written  for  the  most  part  in  English  as 
fine  as  any  Stevenson  ever  gave  us." 

ST.  IVES. 

GLASGOW  HERALD.— ''^t.  Ives  is  a  most 
amusing  companion,  and  the  tale  of  his  adventure 
is  'sound  and  pretty  probable.'  The  book,  in 
short,  is  a  permanent  addition  to  English  literature."  | 


THE  CHRISTIAN. 

BY 

HALL    CAINE. 

1  vol.  crown  8vo.  Qs. 

Mr.  Gladstone  writes:— "I  cannot  but  regard 
with  warm  respect  and  admiration  the  conduct  of 
one  holding  your  position  as  an  admired  and 
accepted  novelist  who  stakes  himself,  so  to  speak, 
on  so  bold  a  protestation  on  behalf  of  the  things 
which  are  unseen  as  against  those  which  are  seen, 
and  are  so  terribly  effective  in  chaining  us  down  to 
the  level  of  our  earthly  existence." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

Dean  Farrar.  —  "  After  all  deductions  and  all 
qualifications,  it  seems  to  me  that  '  The  Christian  ' 
is  of  much  more  serious  import  and  of  much  more 
permanent  value  than  the  immense  majority  of 
novels.     It  is  a  book  which  makes  us  thiijk." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

SKETCH. — "It  quivers  and  palpitates  with 
passion,  for  even  Mr.  Caine's  bitterest  detractors 
cannot  deny  that  he  is  the  possessor  of  that  rarest 
of  all  gifts,  genius." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

NEWCASTLE    DAILY   CHRONICLE.— '^Es- 

tablishes  Mr.  Caine's  position  once  for  all  as  the 
greatest  emotional  force  in  contemporary  fiction.  A 
great  effort,  splendid  in  emotion  and  vitality,  a  noble 
inspiration  carried  to  noble  issues — an  honour  to 
Mr.  Hall  Caine  and  to  English  fiction." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

STANDA /,D.— ''The  book  has  humour,  it  has 
pathos,  it  is  full  of  colour  and  movement.  It 
abounds    in    passages    of    terse,    bold,    animated 

descriptions 'ihere  is,  above  all,  the  fascination 

of  a  skilful  narrative." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

SPEA  KER.—"  It  is  a  notable  book,  written  in  the 
heart's  blood  of  the  author,  and  palpitating  with 
the  passionate  enthusiasm  that  has  inspired  it.  A 
book  that  is  good  to  read,  and  that  cannot  fail  to 
produce  an  impression  on  its  readers." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

CHRISTIAN  WORLD.  —  "  '  The  Christian  ' 
bears  in  its  four  hundred  and  fifty  odd  pages  the 
traces  of  hard  and  conscientious  work." 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

TIMES. — "  This  novel  has  much  force  and  fire 

THE  CHRISTIAN. 

SCOTSMAN— "  There  can  be  no  doubt  what- 
ever  concerning  the  impassioned  force,  and  the 
immense  care  and  labour  bestowed  on  the  story. 
It  is  the  embodiment  of  a  great  conception  wrought 
out  with  consummate  skill." 


THE  CHRISTIAN. 

GLASGOW  HERALD.— "One  of  the  most 
enthralling  and  powerful  romances  that  has  come — 
and  that  is  saying  no  little — from  the  author's  pen." 


London:  WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 


7G 


THE    ATHEN^.UM 


N°.3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


RICHARD   BENTLEY  &  SON'S 
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REVOLUTION.       By     ADOLPHE    THIERS 
Translated  by  FREDERICK  SHOBERL.    With 
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The    LIFE    of  JOHN    CHURCHILL, 

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THEODOR  MOMMSEN.  Translated  (with  the 
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DICKSON.     5  vols,  crown  8vo.  37s.  6d. 

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TION. By  Sir  EDWARD  CREASY,  late  Chief 
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From  the  German  of  the  late  Prof  MAX 
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be  obtained  separately,  21*. 

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ANTOINETTE.  By  HENRIETTE  FELICITE 
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With  2  Portraits.     1  vol.  crown  8vo.  6*. 

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THE     ATHEN^UM 


/ 1 


SATURDAY,  DECEMBER  4,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

777 
779 
779 
780 


William  Morris's  Water  of  the  Wondrous  Isles 

A  Memoir  of  Miss  Clough  

Literary  History  of  the  American  Kevolution 

Remains  of  E.  L.  Nkttleship      

New  Novels  (Dariel ;  Niccolina  Niccolini ;  In  Years 
of  Transition  ;  Sir  Gaspard's  Affinity  ;  Le  Mariage 

deLeonie;  Golo)     782—783 

Books  on  Banking      783 

Thk  Literature  of  Sport  783 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      784—785 
E-taminers    at    Glasgow    University;     Winter's 
Narrative  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot;   Brath- 
wait's   'The  Good  Wife';   Notes    from    Cam- 
bridge; Sale;  Prof.  Leggk 785—788 

Literary  Gossip         788 

Science— The  Founders   of    Geology;   Societies; 

Meetings;  Gossip  789—790 

Fine  Arts  —  Blomfield  on  Renaissance  Architec- 
ture; The  Society  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours  ;  New  Prints  ;  Congress  of  Archaeolo- 
gical Societies;  Gossip         790—792 

Music-The  Week;  Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week  793—794 

Dbama— The  Week;  Gossip  794 


LITERATURE 


The     Water    of   the     Wondrous     Isles,       By 

William  Morris.  (Longmans  &  Co.) 
Hitherto,  in  reviewing  Morris's  prose 
poems,  we  have  essayed  to  give  our  readers 
a  brief  outline  of  the  story  of  each ;  but  in 
none  of  these  cases  have  we  ever  been  able 
to  satisfy  ourselves  that  we  were  doing  jus- 
tice to  what  even  those  who  do  not  like  them 
must  call  the  most  original  compositions  in 
the  imaginative  literature  of  our  time.  It  is 
not  merely  that  to  endeavour  to  reproduce 
in  colourless  language  any  notion  of  the 
beauty  of  the  story  was  to  confront  a  task 
as  hopeless  as  that  of  the  gipsy  girl  whose 
first  effort  on  being  taught  to  write  was 
to  represent  by  phonetic  signs,  cut  on  the 
"bark  of  a  tree,  the  nightingale's  song; 
but  there  is  between  the  incidents  of  all 
these  stories  a  certain  kinship  which  the 
exquisite  but  quaint  verbal  texture  of 
the  narrative  partly  conceals.  Behind 
this  texture  the  loveliness  of  each  incident 
seems  at  once  familiar  and  unfamiliar,  like 
the  face  of  the  Persian  maiden  which,  from 
behind  the  shifting  hues  of  her  "  Peri- woven 
veil,"  outshone  each  new  loveliness  of  each 
new  rival  face  in  the  harem.  Stripped  of 
this  verbal  texture,  the  kinship  we  are 
speaking  of  becomes  so  apparent  that  the 
reader  is  a^t  to  think  the  riches  of  the  most 
inventive  of  all  nineteenth  century  poets 
iad,  like  other  riches,  their  limits. 

For  this  reason  we  do  not  propose  to  fur- 
nish an  outline  of  the  story  before  us.  More- 
over, there  is  another  reason  for  adopting 
this  course :  we  shall  by  this  abstention 
secure  more  space  in  which  to  consider 
the  series  as  a  whole.  Yet  we  wiU  confess 
that,  should  we  succeed  in  finding  a  proper 
place  in  literary  art  for  a  kind  of  work 
which  is  absolutely  unique,  we  shall  be  more 
Jortunate  than  we  dare  hope  to  be.  The 
time  for  making  such  a  retrospect  seems  to 
liave  come,  for  it  has  been  hinted  of  late 
that  when  Morris  produced  the  first  of  these 
saga-like  narratives,  in  which  material  of  the 
most  essentially  poetical  kind  is  presented 
in  a  form  which  is  not  that  of  metre,  nor 
even  that  of  measured  prose,  his  poetical 
impulse — at  least,  his  metrical  impulse — 
was   moving  towards  a  premature    death. 


That  this  was  not  so  none  knows  better  than 
the  writer  of  these  lines.     Two  things,  how- 
ever,  had  come  to  an   end — first,  Morris's 
belief  that  the  producer  of  artistic  poetry 
can  any  longer   (for  the  present,  at  least) 
look  for  recognition   in  this  country,   and, 
secondly,    his   belief    that   long   narratives 
could  be  written  in  metre  any  more.     Not 
that  Morris  had  even  the  ordinary  share  of 
that  sensitiveness  to  criticism   from  which 
poets  are  apt  to  suffer.    No  other  poet  of  our 
time,  and  perhaps  no  poet  of  any  other  time, 
ever  took  up  as  he  did  the  purely  Olympian 
attitude   towards    the    literary  arena.      Of 
late  years  he  refused  to  read  criticisms  of 
his  work  at  all   until   he  had   learnt  who 
was   the   critic   that   wrote   about   him,   or 
rather,  by  what  authority  the  writer  spoke. 
Perhaps,  however,  our  use  of  the  words 
"  artistic  poetry  "  requires  a  little  explana- 
tion.    The   two   forces    that    move   in   the 
production   of   all   poetry  are  (as  we    said 
once  when  comparing,  or  rather  when  con- 
trasting, the  methods   of    the   troubadours 
with  the  methods  of  the  trouveres)  poetic 
energy  and  poetic  art.     In  poets  of  a  great 
cycle  like  that  of  Athens  in  the  time  of  the 
dramatists  and  that  of  England  in  the  time 
of  Shakspeare,  these  two  forces  are  seen  in 
something  like  equipoise.     But  great  cycles 
are   rare.     Morris's    early   work,    however, 
was  produced  in  a  most  remarkable  period 
in  the  history  of  English  poetry.    Although 
he  was  nearly  of  the  same  age  as  Rossetti, 
he  was,  at  the  beginning    at   least  of  his 
poetical  career,  as  much  under  the  influence 
of  that  powerful  personality  as  were  any  of 
Eossetti's  younger  friends.     And  even  after 
Morris  had  himself  achieved  a  position  equal 
to  Eossetti's  own,  to  see  these  two  together 
(down  at  Kelmscott,  for   instance)   was  to 
see  a  sight  indeed.      For   though   Nature 
moulded   Eossetti  for   a   dominant  person- 
ality,   she   moulded    Morris   on    the    same 
lines.     If   among   the    many  classifications 
into  which  writers  may  be  grouped  there 
is  one  which  divides  them  into  those  whose 
personalities  seem  greater  than  their  work, 
and  those  whose  work  seems  greater  than 
their  personalities,  Morris  belonged  to  the 
former   group    as    surely   as    did   Eossetti 
himself. 

Fine  as  his  works  are,  they  do  not  seem 
to  represent  him  to  the  full,  as  the  works 
of  certain  other  English  writers,  both  in 
prose  and  verse,  seem  to  represent  them. 
Eich,  for  instance,  as  was  the  personality 
of  Charles  Dickens,  it  did  not  seem  to  be 
quite  so  rich  as  '  Martin  Chuzzlewit.'  Eich 
as  was  the  personality  of  Browning,  it  did 
not  seem  to  be  quite  so  rich  as  *  The  Eing 
and  the  Book.'  But  notwithstanding  all 
its  marvellous  variety  and  power,  Morris's 
work  seemed  less  powerful  and  less  various 
than  Morris  himself.  Moreover,  if  Eossetti 
was  wilful,  so  was  Morris.  The  true  realities 
of  life  were  to  him  his  own  delightful,  genial, 
and  noble  whims,  literary,  artistic,  and  social. 
Those  who  deny  to  him  sagacity,  however — 
great  sagacity — assuredly  never  knew  him. 
To  the  impact  of  only  one  other  personality 
was  his  own  in  the  slightest  degree  plastic  : 
that  of  Eossetti,  and  at  the  beginning  of 
his  career  this  plasticity  must  have  been 
marked  indeed. 

Now  Eossetti,  even  in  his  earliest  days, 
when  he  was  most  entirely  captivated  by  the 
artless  movements  of  Blake's  poetry,  was 


deeply  impressed  with  the  idea  that  imagina- 
tive literature,  so  soon  as  it  passes  into 
metrical  form,  becomes  a  fine  art,  and  there- 
fore subject  to  law.  And  once  when  a 
friend  quoted  to  him  the  fine  saying  of  the 
Arabian  writer  Ibn  el  Wardi,  that  "  true 
art  lies  in  the  abandonment  of  artifice,"  his 
impromptu  remarks  upon  the  difference 
between  artifice  and  art  would  have  made 
the  fortune  of  any  writer  on  poetics.  The 
older  he  got  the  more  importance  he  attached 
to  metrical  form.  Of  this,  let  us  quote  one 
instance  out  of  many.  When  Eossetti  at 
Kelmscott  wrote  'The  Cloud  Confines,'  Morris 
(who  was  not  in  the  habit  of  criticizing  the 
work  of  his  friends)  made,  on  hearing  it 
read,  a  remark  upon  the  lines  : — 
War  that  shatters  her  slain, 
And  peace  that  grinds  them  as  grain, 
Arid  eyes  fixed  ever  in  vain 
On  the  pitiless  eyes  of  Fate. 

There  was,  Morris  thought,  a  certain  lack 
of  rightness  in  speaking  of  War  "  shatter- 
ing" victims  already  "slain."  Also  he 
suggested  that  the  word  "them"  in  the 
second  line  above  quoted  was  ambiguous. 
"I  suppose,"  said  Eossetti,  "that  you  would 
have  me  say 

Peace  that  grinds  men  as  grain. 
That,  of  course,  would  have  prose  accuracy. 
But  when  the  struggle  is  between  prose 
accuracy  and  metrical  music,  prose  accuracy 
must  give  way ;  otherwise  why  write  in 
verse  at  all  ?  " 

The  effect  of  Eossetti's  teaching  was  at 
that  time  very  great ;  and  although  it  can- 
not be  said  that  in  his  own  work  he  bestowed 
more  than  adequate  attention  upon  the  artistic 
side  of  poetry,  his  influence  may  very  likely 
have  caused  other  writers  to  do  so,  though 
Morris  was  not  of  these,  to  be  sure.  Yet 
this  must  be  said  of  Morris's  work — that 
though  he,  the  most  rapid  of  writers,  never 
gave  to  his  lines  the  Uihcb  labor  which  Tenny- 
son and  Eossetti  gave  to  theirs,  he  was, 
when  he  wrote  '  The  Earthly  Paradise,'  fully 
impressed  with  the  Eossettian  theory  that 
poetry  is  a  fine  art  and  subject  to  law, 
though  born,  like  all  the  other  fine  arts,  of 
inspiration. 

We  are  speaking  of  a  time  which,  owing 
to  fluctuations  in  criticism  and  in  public  taste, 
seems  far  away,  though  as  a  matter  of  fact 
it  is  removed  from  us  only  a  few  years — 
a  time  when  not  only  Morris's  '  Earthly 
Paradise'  was  being  written,  read,  and 
applauded,  but  when  some  of  Tennyson's 
'Idylls  of  the  King,'  Mr.  Swinburne's  'Songs 
before  Sunrise,'  and  Eossetti's  sonnets  and 
ballads  were  filling  the  air  with  such  music 
as  can  never  be  heard  again,  for  music  is 
uo  longer,  we  are  told,  to  be  the  English 
poet's  quest. 

If,  as  we  have  said,  this  idea  of  paying 
great  attention  to  the  artistic  side  of  poetry  did 
not  run  to  excess  in  the  methods  of  William 
Morris,  can  the  same  be  said  of  certain  other 
poets — those  called  in  those  antediluvian 
days  the  "  Pre-Eaphaelite  "  group  ?  Is  the 
poetry,  for  instance,  of  O'Shaughnessy 
anything  but  an  artistic  exercise  based  on 
a  study  of  Edgar  Poe  and  Mr.  Swinburne? 
The  swing  of  the  pendulum  in  the  opposite 
direction  was  perhaps  necessary  —  at  all 
events,  it  came.  For  a  time,  however,  it 
moved  very  slowly ;  but  there  are  those 
who  think  it  has  of  late  years  moved  rapidly 
enough  and  far  enough. 


778 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


It  would  be  unseemly  here  to  criticize 
contemporary  criticism,  but  it  may,  without 
intending  offence,  be  said  that  while  the 
appi'eciation  of  poetry  as  an  energy  is  as 
strong  as  ever  in  the  criticism  of  the  present 
day,  the  appreciation  of  poetry  as  an  art  is 
non-existent,  except  in  one  or  two  quarters 
which  we  need  not  indicate.  Compare,  for  in- 
stance, the  remarks  on  accent  and  quantity 
in  English  verse  in  Crowe's  forgotten  treatise 
on  versification  with  the  laudatory  remarks 
that  we  nowadays  see  lavished  upon  some 
line  in  which  both  quantity  and  accent  are 
ignored.  But  to  go  no  further  back  than  the 
time  when  Rossetti's  poems  were  published, 
compare  the  critical  canons  then  in  vogue 
with  the  critical  canons  of  the  present  day. 
On  account  of  a  single  cockney  rhyme,  the 
critics  of  that  period  would  damn  a  set  of 
verses  in  which  perhaps  a  measure  of  poetic 
energy  was  not  wanting.  The  critics  of 
to-day  fall  for  the  most  part  into  two  classes : 
those  who  do  not  know  what  is  meant  by 
a  cockney  rhyme,  and  those  who  love  a 
cockney  rhyme. 

Imperfect  versification,  unscannable  lines, 
are  now  the  hall-mark  of  original  genius. 
If  ever  we  see  quoted  with  approval  a  line 
by  Mr.   William  Watson — by  far  the  best 
metricist  among  recent  poets — it  is  certain 
to  be  one  of  his  few  unmetrical  lines,  certain 
to  be  a  line  where  the  main  stress  falls  on 
the  or  a  or  of.     The  one  serious  fault  that 
the  critics  could  find  with  Mr.  Swinburne's 
last  poem,  '  The  Story  of  Balen,'  was  that 
the   difficulties    of    the    metre    were    with 
triumphant  ease  mastered,   that  the  metre 
was  so  fully  sustained,  the  rhyme  so  fault- 
less,  the  workmanship  so  good.     Even   in 
Rossetti's  time  the  swing  of  the  pendulum 
seems    to     have    begun,    for    at   the    time 
when     his    '  Ballads    and    Sonnets  '    was 
being  reviewed,  he  said  the  Catnach  element 
of  English   poetry   was    all    that    criticism 
demanded.     And  this  was  before  the  time 
when    Tennyson    was    disparaged    because 
so  fine  a  master  of  poetic  art  must  needs 
be    jejune,  and  when  Browning   is  set  far 
above  him,  not  on  account  of  the  richness 
of  Browning's  work  (and  rich,  indeed,  it  is), 
but  because  a  good  number  of  Browning's 
lines  are  only  verses  from  the  typograj)liical 
point  of  view.      To   Dante   Rossetti    Walt 
AVhitman  was,  as  appears  by  the  AUingliam 
letters,   a  mere   mouthing  "  Orson."      The 
'  Leaves  of  Grass '  were  a  subject  of  "  loath- 
ing "  to  him,  as  they  were  to  Morris.    To  the 
critics  of  the  present  time  Whitman  is  a  sort 
of  amalgam  of   Shakspeare,    Wordsworth, 
and    Shelley;   the    musical   movements    of 
Wagner  are  referred  to  as  explaining  the 
metrical  movements  of  ''the  master." 

Though  we  state  thus  pointedly  the  case, 
we  are  not  saying  which  school  of  criticism 
deserves  the  more  respect.  We  merely 
record  an  interesting  and  suggestive  fact  of 
literary  history.  If  in  poetical  criticism  the 
wisdom  of  one  generation  is  the  folly  of  the 
next,  it  is  the  same  in  everything  man  says 
and  in  everything  he  does,  so  whimsical  a 
creature  has  the  arch-humourist  Nature  set 
at  the  top  of  the  animal  kingdom.  As  to 
what  has  brought  about  all  these  changes, 
we  have  no  time  to  inquire  into  that.  The 
causes  are  many,  no  doubt,  and  among 
them  must  be  mentioned  the  passion  for 
prose  fiction.  Novels  bring  the  reader  much 
nearer  to  real  life  than  poetry,  or  at  least 


they  seem  to  do  this,  and  they  can  achieve 
what  is  called  "  modernity."  To  achieve 
the  same  kind  of  closeness  of  touch  which 
is  within  the  compass  of  prose  fiction  is 
apparently  the  aim  of  the  kind  of  poets 
who  take  for  their  motto  this  same  word 
"  modernity." 

The  great  master  of  modernity  in  all 
poetic  art  is,  of  course,  Villon,  and  priceless 
are  his  pictures  of  life  in  old  France.  And 
in  a  certain  sense  Rossetti  is  answerable  for 
the  new  poetry  of  "  modernity,"  inasmuch 
as  he  introduced  Villon.  But  unluckily 
Villon  thought  that  "modernity,"  to  be 
true,  has  to  be  ugly.  Had  Villon  given 
us  the  beautiful,  the  pictorial  side  of 
the  France  of  his  period — its  courage,  for 
instance,  its  chivalry,  its  pageantry — he 
would  have  lost  his  touch  of  modernity, 
for  it  is  the  beauty  of  this  world  which  is 
perennial  and  immortal,  the  ugliness  which 
is  accidental  and  modern.  And,  after  all, 
the  modernity  of  Villon  is  in  some  degree 
retrieved  by  the  beauty  of  his  poetic  art. 

But  neither  at  Villon's  Helicon,  the 
thieves'  kitchen,  nor  in  the  cockney  music- 
hall,  whence  poor  'Arry  and  'Arriet  have 
been  driven  by  the  invasion  of  the  con- 
temporary bard,  can  be  found  an  atmo- 
sphere which  the  true  poet  can  breathe. 
And  as  to  the  great  poets,  such  a  word 
as  "modernity"  to  them  is  meaningless. 
To  them  when  at  work  one  epoch  is  as 
modern  as  another.  It  is  with  the  elemental 
in  man's  life  that  they  deal,  and  not  with 
the  accidental.  Priam's  prayer  to  Achilles 
is  more  true,  and  therefore  more  modern  as 
well  as  moi-e  truly  ancient,  than  anything 
that  "Dan  Leno"  or  even  "Little  Tich" 
can  teach  the  poet's  soul.  To  Shakspeare, 
Cleopatra  was  as  modern  a  woman  as  Mrs. 
Ford,  and  he  could  have  delineated  a  woman 
of  the  palfeolithic  period,  had  he  known  that 
there  ever  had  been  such  women,  as  truly 
as  he  painted  Mrs.  Ford  and  Cleopatra. 

Once,  many  years  ago,  Morris  was 
inveigled  into  seeing  and  hearing  the  great 
poet-singer  Stead,  whose  rhythms  have  had 
such  a  great  effect  upon  the  "art  poetic," 
the  author  of  '  The  Perfect  Cure '  and  '  It 's 
Daddy  This  and  Daddy  That,'  and  other 
brilliant  lyrics.  A  friend  with  whom  Morris 
had  been  spending  the  evening,  and  who  had 
been  talking  about  poetic  energy  and  poetic 
art  in  relation  to  the  chilly  reception  ac- 
corded to  '  Sigurd,'  persuaded  him — much 
against  his  will — to  turn  in  for  a  few 
seconds  to  see  Mr.  Stead,  whose  perform- 
ance consisted  in  singing  a  song,  the  burden 
of  which  was  "I'm  a  perfect  cure,"  while 
he  leaped  up  into  the  air  without  bending 
his  legs  and  twirled  round  like  a  dervish. 
"  What  made  you  bring  me  to  see  this 
d — d  tomfoolery?"  Morris  grumbled;  and 
on  being  told  that  it  was  to  give  him  an 
example  of  poetic  energy  at  its  tensest 
without  poetic  art,  he  grumbled  still  more 
and  shouldered  his  way  out.  If  Morris 
were  now  alive — and  all  England  will  sigh, 
"Ah,  would  he  were!  " — he  would  confess, 
with  his  customary  emphasis,  that  the  poet 
had  nothing  of  the  slightest  importance  to 
learn  even  from  the  rhythms  of  Mr.  Stead, 
marked  as  they  were  by  terpsichorean 
pauses  that  were  beyond  the  powers  of  the 
"  Great  Vance,"  and  even  of  Mr.  Chevalier 
himself. 

But  apart  altogether  from  the  operation 


of  the  influences  we  have  been  glancing  at, 
Morris,    after  the  piiblication    of  '  Sigurd,' 
came   to   the  conclusion  that,   even  should 
the  pendulum  take  another  turn  in  favour 
of   poetic    art,    the   time    for   writing   long 
narratives  in  verse  was  gone  by  for  ever. 
He  was  far  too  good  a  critic  not  to  know 
that  all  the  qualities  of  a  great  epic  are  to 
be  found  in  '  Sigurd.'     It  has  the  eagerness 
of  the  Iliad,   it  has  the  romance   and   the 
picturesqueness  of  the  Odyssey ;  while  the 
noble  rhythmic   movement   in   which   it  is 
written  is  handled  with  the  skill  of  a  master 
of  metre.     But  the  critics  did  not  appreciate 
it.     It  made  no  impression  on  the  public. 
He  was  far  too  good  a  critic  also  not  ta 
know  that,  as  regards  narrative  poetry,  the 
modern   poet   works    under  very   different 
conditions  from  those  which  governed  him 
in  past  times.     If  an  epic  as  grand  as  the 
Iliad   and   as   picturesque   as  the  Odyssey 
were  written  now,  it  would   find  but   few 
readers.    In  the  same  way  that  the  richness 
of  stage  trappings  has  in  England  destroyed 
the    drama    as    a    flexible    form,    so     the 
flexibility   of    narrative    poetry    has    been 
destroyed  by  the  detailed  realism  of  prose 
fiction.     In  a  word,  epics  and  long  metrical 
narratives  are  no  longer  possible.  Tennyson 
shared  this  view  of  Morris's,  for  once  when 
a  friend,  in  talking  of  'The  Idylls  of  the 
King,'  called  the  group   an  epic,  he  said, 
"It  is   not  an  epic ;    the  day  is  past  for 
epics." 

There  was  a  deal  of  acute  insight  shown 
in  Poe's  remark  that  there  are,  properly 
speaking,  no  such  things  as  long  poems — 
poems  that  cannot  be  read  through  at  a 
single  sitting — and  that  what  we  call  epics 
are  simply  a  succession  of  short  poems. 
This  being  so,  "  brevity,"  which  was  always 
"  the  soul  of  wit,"  has  now  become  the  soul 
of  poetry  too.  If  it  is  not  true  to  say  that 
in  order  to  arrest  the  reader's  attention  now- 
adays the  story  has  to  be  developed  from 
the  inside,  in  the  Browning  way,  it  is  true 
that  the  story  has  now  to  be  flashed  upon 
the  reader's  mind  in  scenes,  much  in  the 
same  way  that  Kean  used  to  make  his 
audience  "  read  Shakspeare  by  flashes  of 
lightning." 

Morris  was  put  into  this  predicament ; 
he  was  a  narrative  poet  pure  and  simple, 
and  poetical  narratives  on  the  old  lines  had 
become  impossible.  Some  new  form  must 
be  found  ;  but  where  to  find  one  ?  A  friend 
suggested  a  plan  which  he  had  himself 
adopted — a  plan  in  some  way  akin  to  that 
of  the  old  cantefalle,  that  of  telling  the  story 
by  sudden  and  short  dramatic  pictures 
enlinked  by  brief  prose  statements  of  the 
situation  after  the  manner  of  stage  direc- 
tions. Morris  saw  the  convenience  of 
this  method,  but  it  was  quite  foreign  to 
his  genius.  Moreover,  he  saw,  as  most  of 
those  who  have  thought  over  the  matter  see, 
that  these  poetic  forms  of  ours,  whose 
vitality  has  lasted  ever  since  the  rhymed 
romance  measures  conquered  and  killed  off 
the  scansion  by  alliterative  bars  natural  to 
the  English  genius,  must  come  to  an  end  at 
last — must  certainly  be  worn  out  some  day. 
And  as  to  decasyllabic  blank  verse,  although 
in  his  first  volume  Morris  showed  that  he 
had  a  true  ear  for  it,  he  got  at  last  to  dis- 
like it  so  intensely  that  he  used  to  say  with 
an  angry  laugh,  "I  wish  that  an  Act 
of  Parliament  could  be  passed  prohibiting 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


779 


the  use  of  blank  verse  for   the   next  fifty 
years."    But,  then,  what  other  form  is  there 
left  in  which  to  embody  motifs  of  a  remote 
and   an   exceedingly  poetical  kind  —  those 
which  alone  Morris  loved?  "Walt  Whitman's 
hybrid    medium    he    detested    even    more 
than    Eossetti   did ;    and    as    regards    the 
prose  of  our  time,  this  also  he  considered 
as   absolutely  unsuitable   for   the    embodi- 
ment   of     poetic    motifs.       If    ever     there 
was  a  born  storyteller,  it  was  Morris.     In 
metrical  language  or  in  language  without 
metre,  in  tapestries,  in  book  illuminations, 
and    even,    as    Eossetti    used    to    say,    in 
"samplers,"   he    must   be    telling    stories. 
One  poet  friend  of  his,  on  account  of  those 
additions  to  '  Peter  Harpdon's  End  '  which 
still  remain  unpublished,    advised  him  for 
years    to    write     poetical     plays,    another 
advised    him    to    write     novels.      But    to 
write   plays   he   must   work   in    that   very 
blank-verse  medium  that  he  now  detested. 
To  write  novels  he  must  engage  himself  with 
the  hideous  Victorian  framework  in  which 
the  modern  dramatic  picture  has  to  be  set ; 
he    must    contemplate    the    "sorrow    and 
ehame"   of  wall-papers  without  a  dash  of 
sage  green  in  them,  chairs  and  tables  smell- 
ing of  french  polish  and  Tottenham  Court 
Road,  mirrors  tricked  out  in  Brixton  mil- 
linery.     For     he     knew     full     well     that 
although   as   poet  he   could  deal  with  the 
•elemental  only  in  human  life,  as  a  writer 
of    prose    fiction    he    would   have   to   deal 
with    the    accidental    and    the    temporary 
too,  and  hideous   indeed  to  him  were  the 
accidental  and  the  temporary  of  the  present 
time.      Was  it     not    inevitable,    therefore, 
that  he  should  turn  to  his  beloved  Icelandic 
sagas  for   models  ?     No  doubt  his  passion 
for  archaisms  was  apt   to  run  away  with 
him ;     but    to    say,    as   many    are    saying 
now,    that    it    was    in    a    mere    spirit    of 
whim  that  Morris  essayed  to  write  stories 
of  a  purely  poetical  motif  in  a  diction  that 
is  at  once  concrete  and  archaic   is  to  talk 
nonsense,    and    unjust    nonsense.     To    try 
them  by  the  critical  canons   by  which  we 
should  try  prose  fiction  of  the  most  romantic 
type  —  of    even     so    romantic    a    type    as 
*  Undine ' — would  be  a  great  mistake  and 
a  great  injustice.    Although  written  without 
metre  they  have  all  the  qualities  of  poems 
eave  those  of  metre  alone.     The  atmosphere 
is  entirely  poetic  ;  so  is  every  incident,  so  is 
the    diction — concrete,  picturesque    beyond 
that  of  most  poets. 


-4  Memoir  of  A?ine  Jemima  Clough.  By  her 
Niece,  Blanche  Athena  Clough,  Vice- 
Principal  of  Newnham  College,  Cam- 
bridge.    (Arnold.) 

Miss  Clough's  memoir  of  her  aunt  is 
satisfactory,  in  the  sense  that  it  gives  us 
an  intimate  knowledge  of  her  heart  and 
mind — more  intimate  than  even  her  best 
friends  could  have  possessed  in  her  lifetime. 
"We  knew  her  family  already  from  the 
biography  of  her  brother  Arthur,  the  mis- 
fortunes of  her  father,  the  straitened  cir- 
cumstances and  struggle  for  independence. 
But  here  we  have  the  same  facts  at  closer 
quarters — the  same  chequered,  almost  de- 
pressing story — told  without  reserve  in  the 
diaries  of  Anne  Clough,  from  the  monotonous 
days  of  her  girlhood  in  Charleston  to  the 
labour  and  vicissitude  of  her  early  woman- 


hood in  Liverpool.  Against  this  dark  set- 
ting the  evidence  of  her  own  brave  spirit 
and  of  her  brother's  helpful  sympathy 
stands  out  in  high  relief.  What  finer 
appreciation  could  a  brother  receive  than 
such  a  sentence  as  this  in  the  private  journal 
of  his  only  sister  ? — 

*'  He  is  the  comfort  and  joy  of  my  life  ;  it 
is  for  him,  and  from  him,  that  I  am  incited  to 
seek  after  all  that  is  lovely  and  of  good  report." 

Miss  Blanche  Clough  has  done  well  to 
leave  us  a  hundred  little  traits  which  a 
more  timorous  biographer  might  have  ex- 
punged, but  which  will  surely  increase  the 
number  of  her  aunt's  admirers.  We  quote 
from  the  journals  at  hazard,  beginning  with 
Anne  Clough's  twentieth  year  : — 

"One   bad   thing  I   have  done,  I  have  been 

reading  Byron's  'Corsair.' I  had  not  courage 

to  speak  out  boldly  what  I  thought.     In  short, 

lama  great  liar My  thoughts  were  di-stracted 

a  good  deal—  full  of  love  and  such  things.  There 
would  .surely  be  great  enjoyment  in  being  in 
love.     These  things  will   rise   up.     Nonsense  ! 

This  won't  do  ;  all  these  wild  fancies  must 

be  quelled,  and  so  they  shall,  or  I  am  ruined 

Some  pleasant  talks  with  aunts  and  M.  I  don't 
know  whether  to  call  it  exactly  nonsense.  It 
was  about  flirting,  love  •  making,  &c.  I  am 
always  afraid  of  this  talk,  and  yet  I  love  it  very 

much  when  I  venture  upon  it I  believe  I 

have  found  out  that  I  am  not  at  all  to  suit  the 
general  taste." 

Skip  thirty  years,  and  take  the  same 
woman  as  she  appeared  to  one  of  her  first 
five  boarders  in  the  Regent  Street  house 
at  Cambridge  which  was  the  nucleus  of 
Newnham  College : — 

"There  was  a  good  deal  of  friction  between 

Miss   Clough   and  some  of   us We  did  not 

really  understand  her  at  all.  I  believe  if  she 
had    had     more    weaknesses     and     limitations 

we   should   have  liked  her  better She  had 

some  obvious  faults  of  manner,  and  these  we 
did  see,  and  probably  exaggerated.  She  did 
not  dress  well  or  walk  well,  and  she  had  a 
certain  timidity  and  irresoluteness." 

The  girls  of  twenty  craved  "  more  weak- 
nesses "  in  the  woman  of  fifty,  who  was  all 
weakness  except  for  her  will,  and  all  sym- 
pathy except  towards  a  wrong.  Miss  Clough 
says  of  her  aunt  that 

"  her  appearance  was  at  any  rate  unimpeachably 
feminine,  and  her  timid,  hesitating  manner  dis- 
pelled all  idea  of  the  '  capable  woman '  who  is 
an  object  of  antipathy  to  many." 
Yet  her  journal  shows  how  strong  was 
the  fundamental  character  which  prevailed 
through  her  weakness,  and  her  whole  life 
proved  how  far  more  effectual  the  sym- 
pathetic insight  of  a  timid  woman  may  be 
than  the  mere  force  of  a  strong-minded 
woman. 

We  have  dwelt  on  these  aspects  of  the 
character  of  Anne  Clough  because  they  are 
more  distinctive,  and  will  be  to  many  people 
less  familiar,  than  the  public  record  of  her 
active  and  beneficent  life.  The  history  of 
Newnham  College,  and  of  the  whole  memor- 
able struggle  for  the  intellectual  emancipa- 
tion of  women,  is  outlined  in  these  pages 
with  admirable  directness  and  with  much 
interesting  detail.  The  main  object  of  the 
volume  is  to  adjust  a  beautiful  character  in 
the  framework  of  a  serviceable  life  ;  and  the 
pious  task  has  been  faithfully  performed. 
The  brother  and  sister  who  used  to  play  and 
dream  amongst  the  cotton  bales  at  Charles- 
ton both  made  their  mark,  under  somewhat 
unlikely   conditions,    upon    their   day   and 


generation,  and  both  are  worthily  enshrined 
in  the  affection  of  their  fellow  countrymen. 
The  lives  of  Arthur  Hugh  and  Anne  Clough 
afford  a  curious  parallel :  their  ethical 
quality  was  almost  identical,  and  they 
will  always  be  remembered  in  association 
with  each  other,  as  examples  not  precisely 
of  strength,  but  rather  of  the  winning  force 
of  militant  weakness. 


The  Literary  History  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution. By  Moses  Coit  Tyler.  Vol.  II. 
(Putnam's  Sons.) 
Prof.  Tyler's  second  volume,  which  com- 
pletes his  work,  deserves  as  high  praise  as 
the  first.  His  object  is  to  enable  the  reader 
"  to  enter  more  truly  into  the  very  history  of 
our  Revolution — to  know  something  more  of 
that  history  than  what  lies  on  the  surface,  than 
what  was  enacted  in  physical  battles — even  the 
invisible,  the  spiritual,  battles  of  the  men  and 
women  who  favoured  or  who  opposed  the  Revo- 
lution." 

The  American  Loyalists  have  been  treated 
with  the  contumely  which  is  generally  the 
lot  of  those  who  have  upheld  lost  causes. 
Till  Prof.  Tyler  wrote  this  work  their  case 
had  never  been  faithfully  and  fully  pre- 
sented. Many  of  the  pamphlets  and  books 
from  which  he  quotes  are  great  rarities, 
and  even  those  who  consider  themselves 
well  read  in  the  literature  of  America  will 
find  some  things  in  his  pages  which  are 
quite  new  to  them.  We  believe  that  he 
may  be  trusted  implicitly,  as  he  has  taken 
infinite  pains  to  verify  his  references. 

Other  historians  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution are  so  occupied  with  the  events  of  the 
war  that  they  pay  but  little  if  any  heed  to 
the  feelings  of  both  sides  while  it  was  in 
progress.  Prof.  Tyler  writes  that 
"no  student  of  the  American  Revolution  who 
would  now  qualify  himself  to  enter  into  the 
very  thought  and  passion  of  those  Americans 
who  honestly  opposed  that  great  procedure,  can 
refuse  to  himself  a  careful  reading  of  these  four 
satires  of  Jonathan  Odell." 
Yet  George  Bancroft's  history  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  which  is  minute  in  detail 
and  is  regarded  by  his  countrymen  as  a 
standard  work,  leaves  the  reader  in  the 
dark  as  to  this  writer  and  others  whose 
influence  was  as  great. 

Many  of  the  authors  here  cited  were 
politicians  also,  Samuel  Adams  and  Thomas 
Paine  being  conspicuous  among  them.  The 
first  is  correctly  designated  "  the  real 
director  of  the  policy  of  opposition  in  the 
Eastern  Colonies"."  As  incessantly  as  Wilkes 
himself  in  his  earlier  years,  he  harped  upon 
the  word  liberty,  and  wrote  as  if  the  people 
in  possession  of  that  boon  must  be  happy 
and  prosperous.  Like  many  persons  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic,  he  had  a  horror  of 
a  standing  army,  and  he  regarded  soldiers 
as  the  servants  of  tyrants.  He  could  under- 
stand submitting  to  the  civil  magistrate  or 
to  a  policeman;  but  he  held  that  "to  be 
called  to  account  by  a  common  soldier,  or 
any  soldier,  is  a  badge  of  slavery  which 
none  but  a  slave  will  wear."  While  ex- 
treme in  some  notions  to  the  verge  of  the 
ridiculous,  he  had  the  insight  to  perceive 
that  those  who  enjoyed  liberty  had  a  duty 
to  discharge,  and  the  courage  to  avow  his 
views  as  freely  as  this  : — 

"It   is  not  unfrequent  to  hear  men  declaim 
loudly  upon  liberty,  who,  if  we  may  judge  by 


780 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


the  whole  tenor  of  their  actions,  mean  nothing 
else  by  it  but  their  own  liberty — to  oppress, 
without  control  or  the  restraint  of  laws,  all  who 
are  poorer  or  weaker  than  themselves." 

While  Samuel  Adams,  a  New  Englander, 
was  largely  instrumental  in  fomenting  the 
revolutionary  war,  Paine,  an  Englishman, 
inspirited  tlie  colonists  to  declare  and  main- 
tain their  independence.  Prof.  Tyler  cha- 
racterizes Paine  more  correctly  than  Mr. 
Moncure  Conway  when  writing  : — 

"  He  had  to  the  full  the  journalistic  tempera- 
ment— its  tastes,  capacities,  limitations.  He 
had  no  interest  in  the  past,  except  so  far  as  the 
past  had  a  direct  message  for  the  present.  His 
life  was  the  life  of  to-day.  He  rose  from  his 
bed  every  morning  to  ask  what  was  the  upper- 
most thought,  the  keenest  necessity,  the  most 
notable  event  of  that  particular  day.  Books  to 
him  were  of  no  vital  account :  his  only  library 
was  a  heap  of  pamphlets  and  a  pocket  stuffed 
full  of  newspapers.  All  that  he  wrote  was  sug- 
gested by  an  occasion,  and  was  meant  for  one. 
By  some  process  of  his  own  he  knew  just  what 
the  people  thought,  feared,  wished,  loved,  and 
hated  :  he  knew  it  better  than  they  knew  it 
themselves.  The  secret  of  his  strength  lay  in 
his  infallible  instinct  for  interpreting  to  the 
public  its  own  conscience  and  its  own  conscious- 
ness, and  for  doing  this  in  language  which,  at 
times,  was  articulate  thunder  and  lightning." 

The  works  of  the  loyalist  writers  are  least 
known,  and  from  them  many  telling  quota- 
tions are  made.  They  ridiculed  the  men 
who  entered  Congress  and  the  army.  Jona- 
than Odell  wrote : — 

Confusion  blows  her  trump,  and  far  and  wide 
The  noise  is  heard — the  plough  is  laid  aside ; 
The  awl,  the  needle,  and  the  shuttle  drops  ; 
Tools  change   to   swords,   and   camps  succeed  to 

shops ; 
The  doctor's  glister-pipe,  the  lawyer's  quill, 
Transformed  to  guns,  letain  their  power  to  kill ; 
From  garrets,  cellars,  rushing  through  the  street. 
The  new-born  statesmen  in  committees  meet; 
Legions  of  senators  infest  the  laiid. 
And  mushroom  generals  thick  as  mushrooms  stand. 

The  conduct  of  the  members  of  Congress, 
more  especially  as  regarded  the  currency, 
was  so  absurd  that  the  satirist  had  an 
easy  task.  One  member  is  stated  by  Prof. 
Tyler  to  have  said,  when  it  was  proposed  to 
levy  a  tax  to  pay  the  interest  on  a  loan : — 

"  Do  you  think,  gentlemen,  that  I  will  con- 
sent to  load  my  constituents  with  taxes,  when 
Ave  can  send  to  our  printer  and  get  a  wagon-load 
of  money,  one  quire  of  which  will  pay  for  the 
whole  ? " 

These  words  were  spoken  a  century  and  a 
quarter  ago,  yet  similar  words  have  escaped 
<lerision  when  uttered  at  a  later  date  both  in 
Congress  and  other  legislative  assemblies. 
Mostcurious  particulars,  some  of  them  drawn 
from  unpublished  papers,  are  here  quoted 
to  show  the  result  of  Congress  issuing 
oblong  pieces  of  printed  paper  and  styling 
them  money.  The  notes  thus  issued  re- 
presented 140,000,000  dollars  in  1779  :— 

"At  the  end  of  the  year  1777,  one  Congress 
dollar  was  worth  only  thirty-three  cents,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  year  1779  only  twelve  cents,  and 
at  the  beginning  of  1780  less  than  two  cents.  A 
correspondent  of  General  Gates,  writing  from 
Virginia  in  the  latter  year,  mentions  the  pay- 
ment of  eleven  dollars  for  a  pound  of  brown 
sugar,  of  seventy-five  dollars  for  a  yard  of  linen, 
and  of  one  hundred  dollars  for  a  pound  of  tea. 
When,  in  the  year  1780,  Gates  was  ordered  by 
Congress  to  proceed  from  his  home  in  Virginia 
to  the  army  in  South  Carolina  —  not  a  long 
journey — he  was  allowed  thirty  thousand  dollars 
in  continental  money  for  his  travelling  expenses. 
On    arriving   at   his    destination,    he   found   it 


necessary  to  build  a  hundred  yards  of  picket' 
ing  as  an  enclosure  for  some  British  prisoners 
in  his  custody,  and  was  somewhat  startled 
to  find  that  it  cost  him  $500,000.  In  1781 
Jefferson  records  the  fee  of  his  physician  for 
two  calls  as  ^3,000,  and  the  price  of  three  quarts 
of  brandy  as  $355  :  50.  Thomas  Paine  men- 
tions the  purchase  of  a  pair  of  woolen  stock- 
ings, for  which  he  paid  $300." 

The  pulpit  in  America  has  frequently 
been  used  for  purely  political  purposes,  and 
this  was  done  with  marked  effect  before 
and  during  the  Revolution.  Loyalist  clergy- 
men were  soon  silenced,  while  those  who  were 
accounted  patriots  enjoyed  full  scope  for  their 
powers.  One  of  them,  the  Rev.  Ezra  Stiles, 
is  designated  "one  of  the  wisest,  acutest, 
and  noblest  men  of  that  period";  yet  he 
certainly  displayed  a  lack  of  sense  and  good 
taste  when  he  said  in  a  sermon  delivered 
in  1783,  "It  is  next  to  an  impossibility  to 
tame  a  monarch,  and  few  have  ruled  without 
ferocity,"  and  apostrophized  Washington 
in  these  words  : — 

"Such  has  been  thy  military  wisdom  in  the 
struggles  of  this  arduous  conflict,  such  the 
noble  rectitude,  amiableness,  and  mansuetude 
of  thy  character,  something  is  there  so  singu- 
larly glorious  and  venerable  thrown  by  Heaven 
about  thee,  that  not  only  does  thy  country 
love  thee,  but  our  very  enemies  stop  the  mad- 
ness of  their  fire  in  full  volley,  stop  the  illiberal- 
ity  of  their  slander  at  thy  name,  as  if  rebuked 
from  Heaven  with  a  '  Touch  not  m.ine  An- 
nointed,  and  do  my  Hero  no  harm  ! '  Thy  fame 
is  of  sweeter  perfume  than  Arabian  spices  in 
the  gardens  of  Persia.  A  Baron  de  Steuben 
shall  waft  its  fragrance  to  the  monarch  of 
Prussia  :  a  ISIarquis  de  Lafayette  shall  waft  it 
to  a  far  greater  monarch,  and  diffuse  thy  renown 
throughout  Europe.  Listening  angels  shall 
catch  the  odor,  waft  it  to  heaven,  and  per- 
fume the  universe." 

TheEev.  Dr.  William  Smith  is  anotherdivine 
whose  influence  was  considerable,  and  his 
sermon  preached  on  the  23rd  of  June,  1775, 
at  Philadelphia,  was  the  subject  of  much 
comment  in  England.  The  Rev.  John 
Wesley  criticized  it  adversely  in  the  Monthly 
Review.  Prof.  Tyler  notes  this,  and  he  adds 
that  "Junius  himself"  took  part  in  the 
discussion.  This  is  a  mistake.  Junius 
never  wrote  about  the  sermon  ;  but  the 
critique  of  Wesley  upon  it  was  bitterly 
attacked  in  the  Gentleman^  Magazine  for 
November,  1775,  by  a  writer  who  signed 
his  contribution  "  Americus." 

There  were  no  Tory  writers  left  in  the 
land  after  the  Revolution  to  ridicule  or 
comment  upon  the  bombastic  nonsense  of 
triumphant  and  ruthless  patriots.  By  ex- 
pelling those  who  had  fought  or  written 
against  them,  the  majority  gratified  their 
desire  for  vengeance,  and  got  rid  of  many 
superiors  in  culture  and  intellect.  Prof. 
Tyler  appears  to  regret  the  intolerance  of 
his  forefathers ;  he  notes,  moreover,  that 
the  hatred  for  Tories  and  Toryism,  avowed 
in  1774, 

"never  failed  or  faltered  in  quantity  or  force 
till  long  after  the  Revolution  ended,  if  indeed 
it  can  be  said  to  have  failed  and  faltered  even 
yet." 

He  writes  in  another  place  that  the  Revolu- 
tion left  behind  it  "on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic  a  legacy,  perhaps  an  endless  legacy, 
of  mutual  ill  will."  But  the  ill  will  is  con- 
fined to  one  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Hatred 
of  America  has  never  been  an  active  prin- 
ciple with  us.     Indeed,  the  British  people 


are  not  good  haters,  simply  because  they 
regard  either  with  indifference  or  contempt 
the  nations  who  envy  and  hate  them. 

The  prevailing  tone  of  Prof.  Tyler's  work 
is  excellent;  the  extracts  from  little-known  and 
very  rare  books  and  pamphlets  are  curious 
and  instructive  reading.  At  the  end  of 
this  volume  a  bibliography  of  the  printed 
materials  consulted  covers  upwards  of  fifty 
pages.  In  short,  the  reader  of  the  entire 
work  will  learn  a  great  deal  that  is  novel 
about  the  American  Revolution,  and  will  dO' 
so  in  a  decidedly  pleasant  way. 


PMlo&ophical  Lectures  and  Remains  of  Richard 
Lewis  Nettleship.  Edited,  with  a  Bio- 
graphical Sketch,  by  A.  C.  Bradley  and 
Gr.  R.  Benson.  2  vols,  (Macmillan&  Co.) 
It  is  more  than  five  years  since  Nettleship 
perished  on  Mont  Blanc,  but  the  tardy 
appearance  of  these  volumes  is  due  to  no 
want  of  reverence  to  his  memory.  The  work 
of  the  joint  editors  has  been  at  the  same- 
time  one  of  love  and  of  no  small  difiiculty^ 
and  the  fault  is  not  theirs  if  the  result  is  a 
sense  of  tender,  lingering  disappointments 
Nettleship  was  a  tutor  at  Balliol  for  twenty- 
three  years,  yet  during  that  period  he  pub- 
lished only  his  memoir  of  Green  ;  an  essay 
on  the  theory  of  education  in  the  '  Republic' 
of  Plato,  which  he  contributed  to  LLellenica  ;. 
and  a  paper  in  Macmillan' s  Magazine  for 
November,  1878,  entitled  'An  Italian  Study 
of  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress."  '  la 
addition  to  this  he  assisted  in  the  transla- 
tion of  Lotze's  '  Logik  und  Metaphysik.'  He 
did  not  leave  behind  him  any  opus  magnuniy 
even  in  fragment,  the  '  History  of  Sicily '  for 
which  he  had  made  large  collections  having 
been  only  partly  written",  and  finally 
abandoned.  His  editors  have,  therefore^ 
been  reduced  to  a  few  miscellaneous  papers,, 
letters,  a  fragment  of  a  work  on  Plato,  and 
notes  of  two  sets  of  lectures,  on  logic  and 
Plato  respectively.  This  ought  not  to  ba- 
the life  work  of  a  man  who  lived  even  to- 
forty-six.  Nor,  indeed,  is  it.  Though  fitted 
to  be  more,  Nettleship  never  escaped  from, 
the  life  of  a  college  tutor.  As  his  nature 
and  intellectual  power  matured  he  planned 
to  escape  from  it,  to  settle  in  London,  and 
to  devote  himself  to  creative  work  in 
philosophy.  He  was,  however,  cut  off  before^ 
the  realization  of  his  purpose,  and  the  loss, 
and  regret  are  ours.  But  such  a  view  takes- 
no  account  of  the  direct  stimulative  influence 
of  Nettleship  in  his  college.  The  quiet, 
suppressed,  but  intense  tone  of  Mr.  Benson's 
sympathetic  and  masterly  memoir  of  him 
which  is  prefixed  to  vol.  i.  is  only  one 
testimony  to  the  reality  of  that  influence, 
and  to  the  feeling  of  love  and  reverence 
which  his  intellect  and  teaching  evoked 
in  such  of  his  students  as  came  into  close 
contact  with  him.  The  key-note  to  his 
character  and  teaching  was  a  perfect 
sincerity.  In  his  lectures  he  scorned  the 
adventitious  aid  of  reference  to  controversy 
or  of  negative  criticism.  In  the  whole  of 
the  volumes  before  us  there  is  not  a 
reference  to  his  master  Green  or  to  Hegel. 
He  knew,  as  he  himself  said  in  his  memoir 
of  Green,  what  a  field  Oxford  opens  to  those 
who  have  a  faith  to  communicate.  Yet  he 
communicated  none.  He  formed  no  school, 
he  taught  no  system,  but  by  his  own 
example,  as  well  as  by  his  uttered  word, 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


781 


he  taught  his  pupils  "to  think  and  to 
believe  in  thinking,"  and  the  stimulus — 
intensive  rather  than  extensive — is  felt  and 
gratefully  acknowledged  in  these  volumes, 
and  not  there  alone.  It  is  difficult,  there- 
fore, to  resist  the  conviction  that  this  direct 
personal  influence  must  remain  as  the  result 
of  his  work  and  life,  rather  than  his  pub- 
lished matter.  But  all  the  more  acutely  do 
we  feel  the  irony  of  the  fate  which  cut  him 
off  on  the  threshold  of  what  promised  to  be 
his  true  creative  period. 

Of  the  works  here  published  the  chief 
interest  centres  in  the  lectures  on  logic. 
The  two  other  works,  the  fragment  on 
Plato  and  the  lectures  on  the  '  Eepublic,' 
are  mainly  exegetical.  The  former  of  these 
two,  which  is  here  printed  with  the  title 
'Plato's  Conception  of  Goodness  and  the 
Good,'  is  part  of  a  work  on  Platonism 
which  Nettleship  projected  at  the  invitation 
of  the  S.P.C.K.  As  originally  planned, 
it  was  to  form  a  companion  volume  to 
Wallace's  'Epicureanism'  and  Mr.  Capes's 
*  Stoicism.'  The  idea  of  writing  a  work 
on  Plato  in  250  pages  for  the  general 
public  attracted  Nettleship  by  its  difficulty, 
but  as  he  proceeded  with  it  he  manifestly 
found  the  work  of  compression  within  the 
prescribed  limits  an  impossibility.  The  only 
chapter  which  he  completed  of  the  five  pro- 
jected occupies  nearly  160  pages  of  the  first 
volume  before  us.  He  was  not  averse  from 
the  process  of  cutting  down,  but  the  growtH 
of  his  own  mind  modified  his  views,  and  in 
the  end  the  book  remained  a  fragment  and 
unpublished — one  testimony  among  many 
of  the  pernicious  effects  of  the  present  vogue 
of  "  series  "  writing. 

This  fragment,  as  we  now  have  it  (and 
practically  it  is  all),  is  devoted  entirely  to 
Plato's  '  Ethics  ' — that  side  of  the  Greek 
philosopher's  work  with  which  Nettleship 
had  most  affinity.  Dividing  the  specifically 
ethical  writings  of  Plato  into  two  groups, 
as  dealing  either  with  the  nature  of  good- 
ness, or  with  the  nature  of  the  good  or  end 
of  life,  he  treats  in  succession,  by  way  of 
analj'^sis  and  7-esume,  the  *  Protagoras,' 
'  Meno,'  '  Laches,'  '  Charmides,'  and  'Euthy- 
demus ';  the  '  Gorgias,'  'Philebus,'  and 
*  Eepublic'  The  order  is  manifestly  Nettle- 
ship's  own,  and  due  entirely  to  his  sub- 
jectivity. He  does  not  refer  to  the  '  Thesc- 
tetus,'  '  Euthyphro,'  or  '  Symposium.'  With 
the  exception  of  the  position  assigned  to 
the  *  Philebus,'  his  order  comes  nearest 
Ueberweg's  reconstruction  of  these  portions 
of  the  Platonic  dialogues.  But  there  is  no 
thought  of  any  determination  of  the  chro- 
nological crux  as  such.  The  connecting 
link  throughout  is  the  subjective  develop- 
ment of  Plato's  idea  of  the  good,  and 
naturally  all  the  lines  by  which  we  follow  < 
that  development  lead  to  the  '  Eepublic. '  I 
We  can  only  read  this  fragment  in  the 
light  of  the  fullest  intuitive  sympathy  as 
much  with  Nettleship's  self  as  with  the 
author  he  is  analyzing,  and  seldom  has  a 
perusal  impressed  us  with  so  fine  a  sense  of 
subtle  power  of  analysis  and  reproduction. 

This  impression  is  deepened  and  broadened 
by  the  study  of  the  lengthier  '  Lectures  on 
Plato,'  which  fill  the  whole  of  vol.  ii.  But 
where  in  the  fragment  we  are  reading 
Nettleship's  own  writing,  with  all  the  fused 
sequence  and  harmony  of  literary  composi- 
tion stamped  upon  it,  in  the  '  Lectures '  we 


have   only   a   reproduction   from   students' 
notes.    The  lectures  have  been  reconstructed 
by  Mr.  Benson  from  his  own  notes  of  the 
lectures  as  delivered  in  1885  and  from  other 
students'  notes  of  them  in  1887  and  1888. 
If  Nettleship  had  lectured  from  MS.,  and 
from  the  same  MS.  year  after  year,  this 
method  would  presumably  afford  an  autho- 
ritative text,  so  far  as  it  goes.     But  Nettle- 
ship did  not.      He  lectured  with  a  blank 
sheet  of  paper  before  him  and  with  a  re- 
markable   fluency.      Not    only,   therefore, 
would  his  lectures  be  bound  to  vary  some- 
what, if  only  in  details,  year  after  year,  but 
also  no   notes,  unless    stenographic,   could 
possibly  reproduce  them  with  full  justice. 
The  process  of  note-taking  in  a  philosophy 
class  is  as  difficult  an  exercise  as  can  well  be 
imposed  on  a  student.     As  a  matter  of  fact, 
certain  difficulties  arising  from  this  soiirce 
are  adverted  to  and  acknowledged,  as  on 
pp.  156,  235,  323.     But  with  these  excep- 
tions the  '  Lectures '  read  with  remarkably 
true  sequence,  both  of  matter  and  literary 
form,  from  beginning  to   end.      To  have 
accomplished  such  a  task  of  reconstruction 
is  an  achievement.   As  to  the  subject-matter 
of  the  lectures,  however,  it  is,  as  before, 
merely  exegetical.      They  form  a  running 
abstract  of  and  comment  upon  the  matter  of 
the  'Eepublic,'  never   swerving  from  it  to 
degenerate  into  controversy  or  mere  nega- 
tive criticism.     Nettleship  himself  breathes 
throughout  the  exposition,  and  we  feel  that 
we  are  following  the  development  of  his  own 
ethical  system  equally  with  that  of  Plato. 
At  the  end  we  are  stiU  left  to  ourselves  to 
solve  the  problem  of  the  literary  conception 
and  unity  of  the  '  Eepublic'  The  question  is 
not  even  raised.     There  is,  indeed,  some- 
thing  intensely   admirable    in    the    quiet, 
unswerving  sincerity  with  which  the  main 
line   of    interest — the   development   of   the 
ethical  idea  in  the  individual  and  in  the  State 
— is  followed  without  any  adventitious  refer- 
ence  to   divergent  or   controversial   topics. 
Manifestly  to  him,  as  to  Hegel  and  his  own 
master  Green,  the  attraction  of  Greek  philo- 
sophy, and  of  Plato  in  particular,  lay  in  the 
atmosphere  of  pure  thought  which  it  created 
and   strove  to  rise  to  and  live  in,  and  in 
following  its  study  Nettleship  was  following 
the  true  line  of  his  own  intellectual  develop- 
ment. 

The  '  Lectures  on  Logic,'  here  reproduced 
with  a  master's  hand  by  Mr.  Bradley,  form 
the  third  important  work  in  the  volumes 
before  us,  the  remainder  comprising  only 
miscellaneous  papers  on  '  Immortality,' 
'  Pleasure,'  '  Spirit,'  '  Individuality,'  some 
travel  notes,  and  extracts  from  letters.  Prom 
their  subject-matter  these  lectures  on  logic 
constitute  Nettleship's  single  attempt  at  con- 
structive philosophical  work.  He  is  no 
longer  restricted,  as  in  the  studies  of  Plato, 
to  the  work  of  exegesis.  As  a  piece  of  ex- 
position it  is  highly  characteristic,  and  the 
short  compass  of  its  one  hundred  and  twenty 
pages  is  doubtless  destined  to  form  his 
most  permanent  contribution  to  philosophic 
literature.  Unfortunately,  for  the  mere 
question  of  its  form  we  are  again  reduced 
to  students'  notes  of  the  lectures,  and  in 
this  instance  quite  manifestly  briefer  notes 
than  in  the  case  of  the  '  Eepublic'  The 
lectures  reproduced  are  those  of  the  1888 
course,  without  the  supplementary  historical 
portions  in  which  he  discussed   the  philo- 


sophers of  chief  importance  in  the  history 
of  logic,  but  with  the  addition  of  a  few 
notes  taken  from  earlier  courses  of  the  same 
lectures.  The  reader  is  left  in  effect  with  only 
the  first  portion  of  the  course,  that,  viz., 
in  which  Nettleship  treats  explanatorily 
of  some  of  the  terms  current  in  logical 
treatises,  and  of  a  few  of  the  chief  problems 
of  logic. 

Starting    from    the    Oxford    standpoint, 
and  treating  logic  in  the  widest  sense  as 
the  theory  of  knowledge,  he  passes  in  review 
a  portion  of  the  terminology  of  philosophy 
— thought,  sense,    and    imagination ;    lan- 
guage; conception,  perception,  and  sensation; 
the  concept,  subjective  and  objective,  and 
so  on.     The  whole  reads  at  first  sight  like 
an   essay  in  definition,  and  as    a   general 
introduction  to  a  philosophy  course  rather 
than  to  a  logic  of  the  Schools.     Questions 
of  formal  induction  or  inductive  logic  are 
not  touched  upon.     But  there  is  a  unity  of 
purpose  in  these  lectures,  viz.,  the  develop- 
ment of  Nettleship's  idea  of  the  concept — a 
development  which  throws  a  strong  reflex 
light  upon,  or  is  itself  strongly  illuminated 
by  (who  can  tell  which  ?),  his  own  philo- 
sophical nature    and    growth.     The    chief 
interest    centres    in     Section     IX.,    where 
Nettleship,   under    the    heading  "Concept 
and  Thing,"  treats  of  the  distinction  between 
subjective  and  objective,  self  and  not  self. 
The    treatment    is     highly    engaging    and 
stimulating,  but  in  one  part  of  it,  at  least, 
unsatisfactory,  suggesting  a  possibility  that 
the  reproduction  of    Nettleship's  words   or 
thought  has  been  here  a  matter  of  difficulty 
and  not  completely  successful.     To  get  rid 
of   the   contrast    between   "concept"    and 
"thing,"  between  subjective  and  objective, 
by  putting  into  the    term  "concept"  of  a 
thing  the  meaning  of  "  our  various  experi- 
ences of  that  thing,"  is  simply  to  beg  the 
question,  is  simply  to   abolish  the  contrast 
by  abolishing  one  of  the  terms  contrasted — 
objectivity.  Behind  the  concept  itaelf,  behind 
the   various    experiences    inhering    in    the 
mind  and  forming  that  concept,  there  still 
lies  the  world  of  matter — the  thing  itself, 
which  is  not  in  the  mind  and  never  can  be. 
Does  it  so  lie,  or  does  it  not  ?    And  can  we 
abolish  the  objective  by  saying  that  "the 
tree   outside    my   consciousness    is    simply 
nothing  to  me"?     When  the  argument  is 
shifted  from   such  concepts   as    "tree"    to 
such  concepts   as    "time,"    "space,"    and 
"motion,"  we  are  on  very  different  ground. 
The   whole    of    this    section,    so   highly 
important   and   suggestive,   is    the   key   to 
Nettleship's  philosophic  nature.     His   one 
feeling  or  instinct  was  a  perception  of  the 
unity  and  continuity  of  all  phenomena,  all 
experience,  all  existence.     To  him  the  three 
sides  of  a  triangle  were  not  so  much  three 
lines  marking  off  its  particular  figure  from 
surrounding  space.      They  were  the  three 
lines  of  junction  between  it  and  all  space 
beyond — marks  and  limits  not  of  the  indi- 
viduality of  the  triangle,   but   of   its   con- 
tinuity with    surrounding    space.      Bread 
is   one   thing   in   the   loaf,  another  in   the 
stomach,    another    when    it    has     become 
blood  and  muscle  and  nerve,   and  yet  an- 
other when   it   is   translated   into   thought 
and  feeling  and  emotion.     But  throughout 
"there  is  absolute  continuity  in   aU  these 
changes."     In  the  same  spirit  he  wrote  ia 
one  of  his  latest  letters  :— 

9 


782 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N'*  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


"I  tliiiik  1  shall  end  my  Uuys  hs  soiuothin;^ 
like  a  Spinozist.  At  least,  I  get  more  and  more 
to  feel  that  there  is  absolut.oly  no  difference  in 
principle  between  what  is  called  physical  and 
what  is  called  spiritual." 

To  such  a  mind  the  distinctions  of  ordinary 
nomenclature  were  mere  stubble  ;  and  it  is 
in  the  light  of  this  mental  conditionment  of 
his  that  we  are  to  follow  the  development  of 
his  thought  in  these  "  logic"  lectures. 

Upon  all  his  work  there  is  stamped  this 
one  same  quality — perfectly  sincere,  inde- 
pendent, elementary  investigation  by  way 
of  definition  or  of  discussion,  not  of  mere 
terminology  as  such,  but  of  the  distinctions 
underlying  all  terminology.  And  for  the 
purpose  of  stimulating  thought  —  inde- 
pendent thinking — the  high  value  of  that 
work  can  hardly  be  estimated,  and,  from 
this  point  of  view  alone,  his  loss  to  philo- 
sophy can  only  vaguely  be  foreshadowed. 
There  is  something  touchingly  indicative  of 
this — of  the  gain  won,  of  the  loss  sustained 
— in  the  words  of  his  epitaph  in  the  college 
chapel: — 

"  He  loved  great  things  and  thought  little  of 
himself  :  desiring  neither  fame  nor  influence, 
he  won  the  devotion  of  men,  and  was  a  power 
in  their  lives :  and  seeking  no  disciples,  he 
taught  to  many  the  greatness  of  the  world  and 
of  man's  mind." 


NEW  NOVELS. 


JDariel :    a  Romance   of  Surrey.     By   R.   D. 

Blackmore.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
Mr.  Blackmoee  seems  to  have  been  so 
enamoured  of  the  character  of  John  Eigg, 
yeoman,  of  the  parish  of  Oaro,  that  he 
cannot  imagine  a  hero  differing  from  the 
honest  John,  even  in  the  matter  of  style. 
It  is  thus,  for  instance,  that  George  Cran- 
leigh  opens  his  narration  of  the  present 
story: — 

"  If  any  man  came  to  me  and  said  '  You  are 
going  to  tell  your  tale,  good  sir,  without  know- 
ing how  to  handle  it,'  I  should  look  at  him  at 
first  with  some  surprise  and  anger  at  his  inter- 
ference, yet  in  a  very  few  minutes,  unless  he 
wanted  to  argue  about  it,  probably  he  would 
have  my  confession,  and  a  prayer  for  his  assist- 
ance. For  every  one  knows  how  to  do  a  thing, 
much  better  than  the  one  who  does  it." 

Who  would  not  suppose,  from  such  a  begin- 
ning, that  this  "  romance  of  Surrey  "  was  an 
historical  romance,  dating  about  the  days  of 
Dutch  William  ?  Not  at  all ;  George  Cran- 
leigh,  often  called  Farmer  Jarge,  is  a  nine- 
teenth century  hero,  ruined  (at  least  his 
father  Sir  Harold  Cranleigh  has  been  ruined) 
by  Free  Trade,  Mr.  Blackmore's  special 
bogey,  against  which  even  Circassian  surs 
are  made  to  lift  up  their  voice.  Another 
point  of  resemblance  between  '  Dariel '  and 
Mr.  Blackmore's  most  celebrated  story  is  in 
the  great  length  of  both.  In  the  case  of 
the  first-mentioned  the  length  is  quite  dis- 
proportionate either  to  the  number  of  cha- 
racters introduced  or  the  complication  of 
the  history ;  for  though  '  Dariel '  certainty 
does  not  lack  the  element  of  romance,  still 
less  that  of  improbability,  for  tho  first  two 
hundred  pages  it  jogs  along  in  a  very  hum- 
drum fashion,  and  all  the  action  there  is  is 
confined  to  four  or  five  characters.  In  the 
very  opening  chapter  George,  riding  home 
from  market,  surprises  a  maiden  of  surpass- 
ing beauty  upon  her  knees  in  a  ruined 
chapel.      She    proves    to    be    Dariel,    the 


daughter  of  Sur  Imar,  a  Circassian  prince, 
who,  because  a  blood  feud  has  arisen  between 
him  and  his  sister,  has — for  the  sake  of  peace 
and  lest  she  should  be  tempted  to  evil  deeds 
—  with  his  daughter,  his  foster-brother 
Stepan,  and  a  body  of  retainers,  come  to 
England  and  settled  peaceably  in  a  deserted 
house  in  Surrey.  It  is  difficult  to  feel 
stirred  by  a  strong  sense  of  romance  at  the 
thought  of  this  prince  of  the  tribe  of  the 
Lesghians  settled  in  Surrey  —  perhaps 
because  the  situation  lacks  probability. 
And  certainly  the  romance  is  not  supplied 
by  the  concurrent  love  of  Jackson  Stone- 
man,  the  stockbroker,  for  "  our  Grace,"  as 
the  son  of  Sir  Harold  Cranleigh,  of  Crogate 
Hall,  perpetually  calls  his  sister.  Sir  Harold, 
ruined,  as  has  been  said,  has  retired  to  a 
cottage  on  his  estate :  they  have  now  only 
one  tenant-farmer  left  upon  it,  and  the  Hall 
is  let  to  Stoneman ;  while  George,  the  second 
son,  turns  himself  into  a  farmer,  and  Grace 
into  a  dairymaid.  They  enter  so  thoroughly 
into  their  parts  that  it  can  hardly  be  said 
that  George  ever  talks  like  a  gentleman, 
and  Grace  generally  has  the  manners  of  a 
servant  girl.  The  scene  of  Mr.  Stoneman's 
proposal  and  acceptance  is  a  triumph  of 
vulgarity.  Grace  never  addresses  her  "  ad- 
mirer" (that  is  the  name  for  him)  without 
bringing  in  his  name,  "  Mr.  Stoneman." 
' '  Mr.  Stoneman  !  Is  it  possible  ?  This  is 
one  of  my  brother's  proceedings!"  "You 
have  seen  more  of  them  than  I  have,  Mr. 
Stoneman";  "Excuse  me,  Mr.  Stoneman"; 
"  Take  care,  Mr.  Stoneman,"  and  so  forth, 
while  "  Mr.  Stoneman "  himself  is  quite 
equal  to  the  occasion.  This  is  how  he 
introduces  himself  into  the  dairy  while 
Grace  is  weighing  her  butter  : — 

"I  won't  say  a  word  if  I  may  come  in.  O, 
do  let  me  come  in  and  be  calculated  too.  If  I 
may  only  sit  upon  a  pan  upside  down,  or  any- 
how, quite  out  of  sight  in  the  corner.  Oh,  what 
a  sweet  place  !  I  could  live  upon  the  smell  of 
it.  But  I  won't  even  go  near  the  lace  edging  of 
a  pat." 

However,  after  the  first  two  hundred  pages 
have  been  passed  we  get  to  business,  and 
the  story  of  Sur  Imar,  with  the  events  which 
follow  upon  it,  makes  a  much  more  exciting 
history.  The  novel  ought  to  have  begun 
about  this  point,  for  even  then  there  are  left 
300  closely  printed  pages.  The  plot,  with- 
out being  very  recondite  or  remarkably 
original,  is  sufficiently  complicated  to  be 
interesting ;  and  perhaps  it  would  be 
scarcely  fair  to  the  author  to  explain  it 
fully.  It  turns,  as  has  been  said,  on  a 
blood  feud.  Prince  Rakhan,  of  the  Osset 
tribe,  had  secretly  murdered  the  father  of 
Imar,  though  Imar  was  told  by  Schamyl, 
the  historic  champion  of  the  Caucasus,  that 
the  older  man  had  been  killed  by  the 
Russians.  Rakhan  had  acted  from  revenge 
because  the  Prince  of  the  Lesghians 
had  refused  him  his  daughter  Marva. 
But  Marva  escaped  from  her  convent 
at  Tiflis  and  married  Rakhan,  ignorant, 
of  course,  of  his  crime.  Later  on  Rak- 
han persuaded  Imar  that  his  wife  Orla 
had  been  unfaithful  to  him,  and  Imar, 
though  he  did  not  kill  Orla,  caused  her 
to  commit  suicide,  to  discover  his  mistake 
before  the  breath  had  quite  left  her  body. 
He  had  his  revenge,  however,  and  killed 
Rakhan  in  a  duel.  This  tragic  history  is 
told  by  Imar  himself  to  George.     He  has 


scarcely  finished  it  when  he  passes  on  to — 
what  thinks  the  reader  ? — a  denunciation  of 
Free  Trade !  Imar  had  hoped  to  reconcile 
the  feud  by  a  marriage  between  his  daughter 
and  his  sister  Marva's  son,  Hafer — say  rather 
her  supposititious  son — until  he  is  overruled 
by  the  love  of  Dariel  and  George.  All  these 
events,  however,  are  only  the  forerunners 
of  further  plots  on  the  part  of  Marva, 
which  make  of  the  last  third  of  the 
book  an  exciting  narrative.  When, 
during  this  portion,  Mr.  Blackmore  takes 
his  readers  into  the  scenery  of  the 
Caucasus  his  writing  improves  greatly 
in  character.  He  is  more  at  home  with 
nature  than  with  modern  men  and  women. 
On  the  whole,  he  would  do  well  to  eschew 
contemporary  history.  About  the  date  of 
the  French  war  and  the  days  of  Nelson 
is  as  late  as  he  can  wisely  allow  himself 
to  go. 

JSficcolina  Niccolini.  By  the  Author  of 
'  Mademoiselle  Mori.'  (Gardner,  Darton 
&Co.) 
A  STORT  of  how  an  Italian  child  with  an 
English  mother  lost  both  her  parents  and 
was  left  unclaimed  and  unknown  in  a  little 
town  on  the  Riviera ;  how  she  was  allowed 
to  run  wild  with  the  other  children  of  the 
place,  whom  she  dominated  by  her  im- 
perious temper  and  artistic  genius ;  how 
she  was  adopted  by  a  good  lady  inclining, 
though  a  Catholic,  to  Evangelical  views  ;  and 
how  she  was  finally  restored  to  the  step- 
grandmother  who  had  been  the  innocent 
caufie  of  her  mother's  runaway  marriage — 
would  seem,  indeed,  to  be  compounded  of 
fairly  well  -  worked  materials.  Thanks, 
however,  to  the  skill  and  taste  of  the 
veteran  writer  who  has  delighted  at  least  two 
generations,  it  turns  out  a  pleasant,  whole- 
some tale,  which,  though  nowhere  over- 
stimulating,  carries  the  reader  along.  It 
also  shows  a  good  deal  more  familiarity 
with  Italian  ways  than  many  more  pre- 
tentious novels  of  Italian  life.  It  is  posi- 
tively refreshing  to  find  a  writer  who 
realizes  that  to  this  day  Romans,  Tuscans, 
Ligurians,  are  those  first,  and  Italians  very 
much  afterwards.  An  interesting  episode 
of  life  in  the  Vaudois  valleys  incidentally 
introduces  the  reader  to  a  little-known  corner 
of  the  world. 

In  Years  of  Transition.    By  Samuel  Gordon. 

(Bliss,  Sands  &  Co.) 
A  WANT  of  purpose,  or  at  any  rate  of  exe- 
cution, and  a  good  deal  of  inequality  are 
conspicuous  features  of  this  volume.  'In 
Years  of  Transition'  gives  the  impression 
that  the  author  has  somehow  failed  to  grip 
his  characters  and  the  situations  in  which 
he  has  placed  them.  The  story  now  and 
again  takes  on  a  stronger  and  more  effective 
manner,  but  presently  relapses  into  some- 
thing almost  like  a  decrepit  air.  The  scenes 
pass  in  Paris,  and  occasionally  suggest  a 
real  acquaintance  with  certain  phases  of  the 
life  of  that  city,  but  more  often  have  an 
appearance  of  want  of  reality  and  know- 
ledge. 

Sir  Gaspardh  Affinity.    By  !Mina  Sandeman. 

(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 
So  far  as  we   can   perceive  there   is   little 
about  an  affinity  and  less  about  Sir  Gas- 
pard   in   this   rambling  narrative.      Expe- 


N"  3658,  Dkc.  4,  '97 


THE     A  T  IT  E  N  iR  U  M 


783 


rience  in  the  ways  of  authors  and  publishers 
should  teach  one  to  expect  the  worst  at 
times,  and  yet  these  singularly  purposeless 
and  wonderfully  weak  volumes  aro_  pro- 
ductive of  a  shock  of  mild  surprise,  if  not 
resentment.  Why  tliey  should  be  offered 
-to,  and  presumably  accepted  by,  the  reading 
public  is  a  cruel  enigma.  But  there  is  a 
remedy — neglect  is  not  always  a  criminal 
offence. 

Xe  Mariage  de  Leonie.    Par  Frederic  Plessis. 

(Paris,  Colin  &  Cie.) 
"There  can  be  no  sufficient  reason  why  young 
ladies  should  not  read  the  pretty  love  story 
by  M.  Plessis  which  gives  its  name  to  this 
■volume,  and  an  amusing  trifle  by  which  it 
is  eked  out  to  a  sufficient  number  of  pages. 
We  notice,  however,  in  both  productions 
signs  that  allusions  are  now  allowed  in 
Prance,  as  here  in  all  except  the  most 
rigid  circles,  to  facts  of  life  which  were 
once  excluded  by  our  French  neighbours 
from  books  published,  as  this  is,  in  special 
collections  "  pour  les  jeunes  fiUes."  It  may 
be  recommended  to  the  general  reader. 


•Golo.     Par  Pol  Neveux.     (Paris,  Calmann 

Levy.) 
The  miserable  story  of  the  hopeless  love 
of  a  weak  man  for  a  rather  wooden  woman 
is  accompanied  in  '  Golo '  by  a  remarkable 
wealth  of  poetic  description,  and  by  a  dis- 
play of  profound  study  of  French,  peasant 
life. 


BOOKS    ON    BANKING. 


Banlis  and  Banking.  By  H.  T.  Easton. 
<Effingham  Wilson  &  Co. )— Mr.  Easton  explains 
in  his  preface  the  reason  why  he  wrote  this  little 
work.  He  desires  to  trace  how  our  complex 
system  of  banking  has  grown  up,  and  he  hopes 
that  his  book  may  be  of  service  to  those  can- 
didates who  are  preparing  for  the  Institute  of 
Bankers'  examinations.  AAvork  of  this  descrip- 
tion scarcely  gives  much  opportunity  for  quota- 
tions. By  those  who  are  in  an  early  stage  of 
their  banking  studies  it  may  be  read  with  profit. 
Mr.  Easton  speaks,  and  strongly,  of  the  im- 
portance of  a  perfectly  sound  system  of  bank- 
ing. It  is  not  too  mucli  to  say  that  the  banks 
of  the  country  form  at  least  as  large  an  element 
in  its  prosperity  as  the  railways.  The  circula- 
tion of  money  is  as  important  as  the  circulation 
of  passengers  and  of  goods.  Yet  several  times 
during  the  course  of  this  century  the  facility  of 
circulation  has  been  imperilled.  Care,  caution, 
and  courage  have  prevented  that  catastrophe 
from  occurring  ;  yet  it  is  possible,  and  must 
remain  so  always.  One  of  the  inevitable  risks 
of  every  banking  system  is  that  a  too  sudden 
and  large  withdrawal  of  deposits  must  compel 
every  bank  in  this  country  to  close  its  doors. 
As  early  as  the  opening  years  of  this  century, 
when  our  banking  system  was  still  in  its  early 
infancy,  Ricardo  had  stated  the  truth  of  this  in 
his  clearest  and  most  incisive  manner  : — 

''  On  extraordinary  occasions  a  general  panic  may 
seize  the  couutry  when  every  one  becomes  desirous 
of  possessing  himself  of  the  precious  metals  as  the 
jnost  convenient  mode  of  realising  or  concealing  his 
property.  Against  such  panic  banks  have  no  security 
on  any  system." 

Mr.  Easton  does  well  to  draw  our  attention  to 
this  passage.  Fortunately  in  its  most  extreme 
form  such  an  event  has  scarcely  ever  happened 
of  recent  years.  Fortunately,  also,  those  who 
require  a  bank  to  hand  them  ten  bags  of 
sovereigns  holding  1,000L  each  will  find  that 
they  have  a  very  cumbersome  and  awkward 
possession.  Let  us  hope  it  may  be  long  before 
such  an  event  as  a  serious  crisis  and  a  "  run" 


occurs  again  ;  but  it  is  perfectly  true,  as  stated 
by  M.  de  Laveleye,  that 

'•■  tlie  more  a  country  expels  the  precious  metals 
from  the  channels  of  circulation  and  replaces  them 
by  instruments  of  credit,  bank  notes,  cheques, 
warrants,  deposits,  clearing-houses,  &c.,  and  the 
more,  at  the  same  time,  it  develops  its  relations  with 
foreign  countries,  the  more  it  will  be  exposed  to  the 
periodical  return  of  financial  perturbations,  because 
more  easily  an  unfavourable  balance  of  trade  and 
payments  will  disturb  all  the  mechanism  of  ex- 
change, and  will  require  from  the  managers  of 
credit  institutions  redoubled  circumspection,  pru- 
dence, and  ability.'' 

Mr.  Easton  has  chronicled  the  crises  which 
have  occurred  in  this  country  for  more  than  a 
century.  One  thing  is  clear  from  his  statement, 
that  the  proper  method  of  dealing  with  such  a 
malady  is  better  understood  now  than  it  was. 
A  crisis  is  a  time  of  feverish  distress.  To  give 
the  patient  confidence  is  to  ensure  a  cure.  It  is 
sad  in  looking  back  to  see  what  blunders  have 
been  committed  with  the  best  intentions.  Our 
banking  system  has  been  slowly  adjusting  itself 
to  modern  requirements.  Mr.  Easton  comments 
unfavourably  on  the  growth  of  the  system  of 
branch  banking.  With  all  its  drawbacks  the 
extension  of  this  system  is  inevitable.  Modern 
requirements  call  for  it,  and  the  only  course 
open  is  to  render  the  system  as  safe  and  as 
sound  as  possible.  With  this  we  are  sure  Mr. 
Easton  will  agree.  His  work  shows  that  he 
has  studied  the  subject  with  attention,  and  it 
also  gives  evidence  of  a  practical  knowledge  of 
the  subject,  which  is  most  necessary  to  a  writer 
on  banking. 

A  Handbook  of  the  Law  of  Banks  and  Bankers. 
By  W.  de  Bracy  Herbert,  M.A.  (Clement 
Wilson.)— The  handbook  which  Mr.  Herbert 
has  written  has  the  great  merit  of  being  read- 
able, but  the  scale  on  which  it  is  composed 
compels  it  to  be  slight.  It  is  provided  with  an 
index,  the  contents  of  which  refer,  if  not  to 
every  page  of  the  volume,  at  all  events  to  every 
page  on  which  an  important  subject  is  mentioned. 
These  are  both  considerable  advantages,  but  the 
book  would  have  been  more  convenient  to  those 
for  whose  service  it  is  intended  had  the  paper 
on  which  it  is  printed  been  less  bulky.  This  is 
not  a  usual  complaint  to  make  of  a  book,  but 
in  this  case  the  volume  would  have  been  much 
more  usable  had  a  thinner  paper  been  chosen. 
The  statement  of  the  legal  position  throughout 
appears  to  be  quite  trustworthy,  though,  as  we 
have  said,  the  slightness  of  the  scale  on  which 
the  work  is  composed  does  not  allow  of  a  state- 
ment in  any  great  detail.  The  condensation 
has  been  so  close  in  places  as  scarcely  to  be 
compatible  with  clearness.  Thus  the  passage 
on  p.  46, 

"A  banker  may  cross  specially  to  another  banker, 
for  collection,  any  cheque  he  has  received,  although 
it  has  been  already  crossed  specially  ;  and  where  an 
uncrossed  or  generally  crossed  cheque  is  sent  to  a 
banker  for  collection,  he  may  cross  it  specially  to 
himself," 

may  not  be  perfectly  clear  to  all  readers.  What 
this  passage  means  is  this  :  if  a  banker  receives 
a  cheque  which  has  been  crossed  specially  to 
him,  he  may  cross  it  to  his  agent  for  collection  ; 
if  it  has  been  crossed  specially  to  any  other 
bank,  he  cannot  negotiate  it.  Some  of  the 
points  Mr.  Herbert  mentions  may  scarcely  be 
familiar  to  all  bankers,  and  he  does  well  to  draw 
attention  to  them.  Thus  he  mentions  that  it  is 
permissible  to  place  an  adhesive  stamp  on  a 
cheque  drawn  on  plain  paper.  If  cheques 
'■  come  into  the  hands  of  the  banker  without  such  a 
stamp,  ho  may  ailix  the  necessary  stamp  to  them, 
cancel  it,  and  charge  the  customer  with  the  value, 
but  the  customer  would  not  be  thereby  relieved  from 
any  penalty  which  he  might  have  incurred  under  the 
Stamp  Act." 

The  uncertainty  of  the  law  as  to  "negotiable 
instruments "  is  well  illustrated  in  the  two 
recent  cases  as  to  dealings  with  bankers'  deposit 
receipts  after  the  death  of  the  person  in  whose 
name  they  stood  :  — 

"A  donatio  mortis  eau-id  of  a  cheque  not  pre- 
sented in  the  drawer's  lifetime  is  invalid  (Hewitt 


V.  Kaye,  18lJ8,  L.R.,  G  Eq.,  1!'8),  but  not  so  a  note 
with  this  form  of  cheque  filled  in  on  the  back.  In 
a  recent  case  a  testator  held  a  banker's  deposit  note 
for  iJSOZ.,  and  iu  his  last  illness,  and  very  shortly 
before  his  death,  he  wrote  over  a  stamp  on  the  back 
of  the  note  a  form  ol  cheque  :  '  Pay  self  or  bearer 
580^.  and  interest,'  and  handed  it  to  his  sister-in- 
law,  who  was  attending  him,  and  said, '  I  am  going 
to  give  it  j'ou  conditionally.  If  I  get  well,  give  it 
me  back  ;'if  not,  you  are  all  right'  He  then  died^ 
and  it  was  held  that  there  was  a  good  gift." 

Transactions  of  this  description  are  often 
a  source  of  great  trouble  to  bankers. 
Again,  the  chapter  on  "Banker's  Lien" 
and  that  on  "Bankers  as  Bailees"  may 
be  read  with  advantage.  Both  these  subjects 
are  continually  coming  to  the  notice  of  bankers, 
and  there  are  few  points  among  ordinary 
transactions  which  require  more  care  in  dealing 
with  them.  Mr.  Herbert's  handbook  will  be 
of  service,  though,  as  we  have  mentioned,  it 
would  have  been  of  more  use  had  it  gone  into 
greater  detail. 

A  Contribution  to  the  Bihliogra2)hy  of  the 
Bank  of  Emjland.  By  T.  A.  Stephens.  (Effing- 
ham Wilson  &  Co.)— This  book  is  a  very  un- 
pretending, but  very  useful  example  of  a  class 
of  publications  the  importance  of  which  is 
well  exemplified  in  the  quotation  inserted  by 
McCulloch  in  the  preface  to  his  '  Literature  of 
Political  Economy  ':  — 

'■  Vous  ne  devez  jamais  lire  uu  livre,  que  vous  ne 
sachiez  quel  eu  a  ete  I'auteur,  le  temps  auquel  il  a 
ecrit,  sa  vie,  I'estime  qu'on  en  fait,  et  quelle  en  est 
la  bonne  impression." 

This  expresses  what  a  careful  reader  should 
always  do,  and  Mr,  Stephens  has  well  assisted 
him  to  do  it  in  this  little  volume.  It  forms,  as 
stated  on  the  title-page,  a  contribution  to  the 
bibliography  of  the  Bank  of  England,  but  this 
bare  description  gives  only  a  slight  notion  of  the 
pains  and  labour  bestowed  on  the  book,  which 
represents  many  years'  work  in  something  like 
two  hundred  pages.     Mr.  Stephens  tells  us  : — 

"  No  systematic  bibliography  of  the  Bank  has 
hitherto  been  attempted.  Indeed,  until  recently, 
bibliography  has  been  a  comparatively  neglected 
department  of  English  literature.  Now,  to  workers 
in  historical  fields,  bibliographies  have  become  an 
absolute  necessity,  and  as  time  produces  a  greater 
specialisation  of  work,  and  makes  available  a  larger 
mass  of  material,  their  value  will  be  enhanced." 

The  idea  of  the  work  was  suggested  by  Mr. 
H.  G.  Bowen,  the  chief  cashier  of  the  Bank. 
The  plan  gradually  expanded,  and  the  present 
volume  is  the  result.  The  list  of  publications 
mentioned  goes  back  as  far  as  the  year  1651. 
Between  that  date  and  1694,  the  year  when  the 
Bank  was  founded,  many  tracts  were  issued, 
favouring  or  opposing  the  project  of  establishing 
the  Bank.  From  1694  onwards  publications 
naturally  are  more  frequent,  some  commending, 
some  criticizing.  A  short  description  is  given 
of  most  of  the  works  named.  A  selection 
naturally  had  to  be  made  in  many  cases,  as, 
for  example,  among  the  tracts  evoked  by  the 
Report  of  the  Bullion  Committee.  But  the 
most  important  have  been  selected,  and  suffi- 
cient descriptions  have  been  given  to  enable 
the  reader  to  understand  the  value  of  the 
works  enumerated.  Mr.  Stephens  records  his 
thanks  to  the  then  Governor  of  the  Bank,  Mr. 
A.  G.  Sandeman,  for  his  assistance  in  allowing 
the  book  to  be  printed  at  the  Bank  and  at  the 
Bank's  expense.  But  a  small  edition  has  been 
published,  and  we  should  recommend  any  one 
interested  in  economics  to  secure  without  delay 
a  copy  of  a  work  which  he  will  be  sure  to  find 
useful.  It  may  soon  become  rare  and  difficult 
to  procure.        ^^^ 

THE    LITERATURE    OF    SPORT. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Lehmann  is  responsible  for 
RoiL-iwj  in  "The  Isthmian  Library,"  published 
by  Messrs.  Innes  &  Co.,  which,  on  the  whole, 
is  excellent.  The  "coaching"  notes  are  both 
sound  and  bold — for  example,  the  advice,  not 
generally  given,  to  let  the  oar  be  somewhat 
more  than  at  right  angles  to  the  water  when  it 


784 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''  3658,  Dfx'.  4,  '97 


grips  hold,  and  to  press  down  the  legs  firmly  at 
the  finish  of  the  stroke.  On  the  other  hand, 
as  regards  tlie  rake  of  the  stretcher  and  difficulty 
of  bending  the  ankle-joint  Mr.  Lehmann  makes 
undue  concession  to  human  weakness.  If  a  man 
wants  to  row  he  must  take  the  ^trouble  to 
become  supple,  and  if  he  will  from  the  standing 
jjosition  sit  down  slowly  to  within  an  inch  of 
the  ground  an  increasing  number  of  times  every 
day  this  is  easily  accomplished.  Our  author's 
statement  that  in  1896  Oxford  rowed  with  oars 
three  inches  shorter  outboard  than  those  of 
Cambridge  is  opposed  to  what  has  been  stated  in 
the  newspapers,  and  as  a  scientific  argument  is 
based  upon  the  supposed  fact,  the  matter  is  worth 
notice.  In  the  remarks  on  strokes,  who,  like 
poets,  have  to  be  born,  not  made,  Mr.  Bristowe 
is  forgotten,  though  his  deeds  were  perhaps  the 
most  considerable  of  all  time.  In  a  chapter  on 
sculling,  by  Mr,  Guy  Nickalls,  the  style  of  the 
amateur  is  vaunted  as  against  the  no-style  of  the 
professional  ;  and  we  are  told,  truly  enough, 
that  amateurs  can  row  away  from  professionals. 
Unfortunately,  however,  the  subject-matter  is 
not  rowing,  but  sculling,  and  the  professional 
happens  to  be  able  to  scull  away  from  the 
amateur.  As  Mr.  Nickalls  is  learned  upon 
clogs,  it  may  be  worth  saying  that,  whether  for 
rowing  or  for  sculling,  the  French  sandal  with 
no  toes  is  preferable  to  the  English  North- 
Country  clog.  The  book  is  beautifully  and  use- 
fully illustrated,  but  the  photographs  of  eight- 
oared  crews  in  motion  appear  to  be  those  of 
American  crews,  and  not  the  best  in  the  United 
States.  We  should  have  preferred  present- 
ments of  the  New  College  Oxford  eight  of  1896 
or  1897,  or  of  an  Eton  eight.  Yale  and  Harvard 
are  improving,  and  will  beat  us  some  day — 
perhaps,  but  they  have  not  done  so  yet. 

The  old-fashioned  sport  of  boxing,  we  are  glad 
to  learn  from  Mr.  R.  Allanson  Winn  in  hisvolume 
on  Boxing  (Innes  &  Co.),  is  increasing  in  favour. 
At  the  same  time  it  is  difticult  not  to  agree  with 
him  that  fighting  for  a  "  knock-out  "  in  so  many 
rounds  has  a  tendency  to  diminish  the  value 
of  training,  and  to  eliminate  the  test  of 
endurance  which  was  a  valuable  element  in 
old-fashioned  boxing.  The  gloves,  too,  have  a 
tendency,  by  increasing  the  punishing  power 
and  protecting  the  knuckles,  to  shorten 
pugilistic  contests.  From  a  literary  point  of 
view  we  regret  the  old  euphemisms  which  graced 
Bell's  Life.  The  contrast  presented  by  Ame- 
rican descriptions,  such  as  that  of  the  fight  be- 
tween Sullivan  and  Corbett,  is  all  for  the  worse. 
The  bonhomie  and  frequent  generosity  of  such 
fighters  as  King  and  Sayers  seem  to  be  as 
much  out  of  vogue  in  modern  prize-fights  as  the 
classic  language  of  the  sporting  reporter.  Mr. 
Winn's  counsels  are  reasonable  and  valuable, 
and  his  illustrations  drawn  from  authenticated 
sources.  Only  two  errors  have  crept  into  the 
text,  as  far  as  we  can  judge.  Mr.  Osbaldeston 
in  giving  his  verdict  against  Caunt  certainly  did 
not  decide  against  the  man  who  repeatedly  and 
wilfully  abused  the  rules  of  the  ring.  That  man 
was  Bendigo.  Also  King's  smashing  blow  which 
decided  his  second  battle  with  Jem  Mace  was  a 
cross-counter  on  the  left  cheek.  Is  not  the 
swelling  on  the  "right  " cheek  mentioned  in  the 
last  round  a  slip  of  the  pen  ?  This  is  another 
handsome  addition  to  "  The  Isthmian  Library." 

"Wonders  are  many:  none  greater  than 
man,"  may  well  be  repeated  by  a  reader  of  the 
Sporting  and  Athletic  Records  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
collected  by  Mr.  H.  Morgan-Browne  in  his 
compact  and  interesting  volume.  All  sorts  of 
feats  are  conveniently  tabulated  after  due  con- 
sideration of  their  credibility.  The  human  race 
has  certainly  not  degenerated  of  late  years,  and 
world's  records  are  mostly  English  records.  We 
notice  that  in  fifteen  out  of  twenty  annual  con- 
tests Cambridge  holds  the  lead  over  Oxford. 
Some  of  the  records  of  our  American  cousins 
suggest  the  Greek  long  jump  of  forty-nine  feet 
or  so. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLF. 
Mr.  Herbert  Vivian  has  written  a  lively 
monograph  on  Serria,  which  is  published  in  a 
handsome volumeby Messrs. Longman&Co.  The 
book  is  complete,  and  it  was  needed,  and  any 
criticism  of  detail  that  we  may  offer  is  subject 
to  strong  general  approval.  Mr.  "Vivian  does 
not  seem  to  know  Russia  well,  and  he  regards 
as  either  Servian  or  belonging  specially  to  the 
Servian  Church  a  great  deal  which  is  either  uni- 
versal in  Slav  countries  or  universal  in  the  Eastern 
Church.  Similar  judgment  has,  however,  un- 
fortunately to  be  passed  upon  most  descrip- 
tive works.  Our  author  is  terribly  severe  on 
Prince  Alexander  of  Bulgaria,  who  is  guilty  of 
"cowardice,"  of  "cowardly  flight,"  of  "vices," 
and  of  "galloping  back  headlong"  from  his 
army  on  a  false  rumour.  This  is  not  the  repu- 
tation which  Alexander  of  Bulgaria  has  left 
among  the  best  military  judges  of  Europe.  If 
it  were  true,  how  comes  it  that  Mr.  Vivian's 
Servians,  who  are  the  most  excellent  of  "martial 
material,"  and  the  training  of  whose  officers  is 
"in  every  way  admirable,"  were  disgracefully 
beaten  by  a  very  inferior  Bulgarian  force  under 
the  Prince's  personal  command  ?  Mr.  Vivian 
tells  us  that  the  Servians  serve  for  two  years, 
and  that 
"  all  authorities  are  agreed  that  three  years  should  be 

the  minimum The  result  is  that  the  ofQcers  have 

to  work  nearly  twice  as  hard  as  any  other  officers  in 
Europe." 

He  does  not  seem  aware  of  the  reduction  of 
service  in  Germany  to  two  years,  or  of  the  fact 
that  the  French  do  not  serve  three.  The  Swiss, 
who  make  a  great  army  out  of  a  militia  service, 
we  will  not  even  name  to  him,  though  the  Swiss 
artillery  is  wonderfully  superior  to  the  Servian 
of  which  he  boasts.  Mr.  Vivian's  slight  oddity 
as  a  writer  is  illustrated  by  the  following  pas- 
sage : — 

"As  an  instance  of  the  extraordinary  ignorance 
about  England  which  prevails  in  Servia,  I  may 
mention  the  widespread  delusion  that  we  are 
Protestants." 

Of  course  Mr.  Vivian  can  justify  his  use  of  the 
term  "Catholic,"  but  "Protestant"  is  also 
official.  Perhaps  he  will  commence  an  agita- 
tion—for which  there  is  ground  in  the  strong 
feeling  of  many  of  the  bishops,  clergy,  and 
laity  of  the  Church  of  England — against  the  use 
of  "P."  for  all  not  "  R.  C."  in  the  "creed 
registers  "  of  the  workhouses  throughout 
England.  His  Servian  friends  may  have  heard 
of  "  the  Protestant  religion  as  by  law  estab- 
lished," and  of  "the  heirs  of  her  body,  being 
Protestants." 

Mr.  Henry  De  R.  Walker  has  written  a 
useful  volume,  Austrnlian  Democracy,  which  is 
published  by  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin.  'The  author 
has  not  the  gift  of  clearness  or  arrangement, 
but  he  is  impartial,  and  everything  that  can 
be  wanted  is  to  be  found  by  those  who  look  for 
it  in  his  pages.  The  account  of  the  working  of 
adult  suffrage  in  New  Zealand  and  in  South 
Australia  is  valuable.  It  is  unfortunate  for 
our  author  that  his  chapter  on  Federation  is 
out  of  date,  and  that  the  later  article  from  a 
newspaper  which  he  has  added  to  it  has  also 
become  out  of  date,  owing  to  the  amendments 
introduced  into  the  Commonwealth  Bill  in 
September  and  October  last.  He  has  a  habit 
of  using  the  word  "Province  "  for  each  of  the 
great  colonies  which  is  unusual,  and  unlikely  to 
be  sanctioned  by  the  Commonwealth  Act  of  the 
future. 

Mr.  Ernest  Law  has  brought  out  a  Short 
History  of  Hampton  Court  (Bell  &  Sons),  in  the 
main  derived  from  his  larger  book.  In  review- 
ing his  former  work  we  were  obliged  to  express 
disapproval  of  Mr.  Law's  ideas  of  how  history 
should  be  written.  Still,  the  book  contains  a 
good  deal  of  information,  not  always  accurate, 
in  a  small  space.  The  cuts  are  numerous  and 
indifferent. 

The  Archaeological  Report  of  the  Egypt  Ex- 
ploration Fund  for  1896-1807,  edited  by  F.   LI. 


Griffith  (37,  Great  Russell  Street),  contains  not 
only  an  account  of  the  work  of  the  Fund,  but 
also  a  valuable  resume  of  the  progress  of  Egypto- 
logy generally.  Of  especial  interest  is  the  repro- 
duction of  a  papyrus  of  the  first  century  a.  i>., 
which  contains  part  of  the  fourth  book  of  "Thucy- 
dides,  and  was  secured  at  Oxyrhynchus  last 
winter.  It  strikes  one  more  blow  at  the  licence 
of  emendation  and  interpolation  which  some- 
scholars  have  assumed  in  the  case  of  Thucydides, 
for  beyond  variants  in  spelling  and  a  few  new 
trifling  readings,  it  presents  no  difi^erences  from 
the  text  to  which  we  are  accustomed.  The 
new  Menander  proved  Meineke  in  the  wrong, 
and  this  fragment  of  Thucydides  upsets  some, 
ingenious  theories  of  corruption  in  the  MSS. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  scholars  will  in  future  be 
more  ready  to  believe  in  the  text,  and  less  in 
their  own  plausible  arrangements. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  have  sent  us  a 
reissue  of  Friendship's  Garland  in  the  familiar 
white  cloth  binding.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
amusing,  but  not  one  of  the  best,  of  Matthew 
Arnold's  books. — Messrs.  Macmillan  have  sent 
us  a  second  edition  of  Mrs.  Oliphant's  Makers  of 
Modern  Rome. 

We  have  received  two  further  instalments  of 
the  excellent  edition  of  Mr.  Meredith's  romances 
that  Messrs.  Constable  are  publishing — Sandra 
Belloni  and Rhoda Fleming.  This  edition  deserves 
to  be  popular. — Adam  Johnstone's  So7i,  one  of 
the  many  novels  of  Mr.  Marion  Crawford,  has 
been  reprinted  by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  The  same 
publishers  send  us  a  new  reissue  of  the  notice- 
able Sketches  of  Rural  Life  of  the  late  Mr.  Lucas. 
The  two  portraits  are  welcome,  but  the  insertion 
of  the  dramatic  fragments  is  a  mistake. 

Decidedly  clever  and  amusing  are  the  dia- 
logues and  sketches  of  the  Oxford  of  to-day 
which  Mr.  C.  Grant  Robertson  has  reprinted 
and  entitled  Voces  Academics  (Methuen  &  Co.). 
They  are  somewhat  in  the  style  of  '  Voces 
Populi,'  but  the  influence  of  'The  Dolly  Dia- 
logues '  is  also  obvious,  and  has  resulted  in  an 
undue  preponderance  of  the  petticoat  through- 
out. "The  local  colour  is  very  thickly  laid  on, 
and  the  language  full  of  esoteric  undergraduate 
verbiage,  though  we  have  been  spared  that 
horror,  "if  the  wuggins  comes  to  the  wuggins." 
The  little  volume  is  nicely  got  up. 

Madame  E.  de  Laveleye  is  editing  Emile  d& 
Laveleye's  review  articles,  and  under  the  title 
Essais  et  £tiides,  Troisieme  Serie,  gives  us  his 
last,  ranging  from  1883  to  1892.  They  are  joub- 
lished  in  Paris  by  M.  Alcan,  and  by  a  Belgian 
house  at  Ghent.  Those  on  colonies  and  on  the 
last  letters  of  J.  S.  Mill  are  of  the  most  interest. 
"  Schaw  Lefebre  "  is  rather  a  bad  (new)  mis- 
take. The  Chairman  of  the  Commons  Pre- 
servation Society  may  answer  to  that  name  in 
Belgium,  but  M.  de  Laveleye  did  not  so  spell 
the  name  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

We  have  received  catalogues  from  Mr- 
Baker  (theology),  Messrs.  Bull  &  Auvache, 
Mr.  Dobell  (interesting),  Mr.  Menken,  Messrs. 
Rimell  &  Son  (topographical  engravings),  and 
Mr.  Spencer.  We  have  also  catalogues 
from  Messrs.  Meehan  of  Bath  (good),  Mr. 
Downing  of  Birmingham  (book-plates,  interest- 
ing), Mr.  Wild  of  Burnley,  Messrs.  Deighton, 
Bell  &  Co.  (science)  and  Messrs.  Macmillan  & 
Bowes  (good)  of  Cambridge,  Mr.  Baxendine  of 
Edinburgh  (good),  and  Mr.  Blackwell  of  Ox- 
ford. From  abroad  M.  Spirgatis  of  Leipzig  has 
sent  us  a  catalogue  (Oriental  tongues  of  the 
Bible),  and  Messrs.  Baer  &  Co.  of  Frankfort 
two  catalogues  (art  of  the  seventeenth,  eigh- 
teenth, and  nineteenth  centuries,  and  general). 

We  have  on  our  table  England  to  an  Indian 
Eye,  by  the  Rev.  T.  B.  Pandian  (Stock),— 
Analytic  Geometry,  by  P.  A.  Lambert  (Mac- 
millan),— Scott's  Woodstock,  edited,  with  notes, 
by  Bliss  Perry  (Longmans),  —  The  Ethics  of 
Browning's  Poems,  by  Mrs.  Percy  Leake  (Grant 
Richards), — Thalysie,  by  J,  A.    GH3izfes    (Idea- 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


785 


Publishing  Co.), — Hell,  by  Oudeis  (Roxburghe 
Press), — Death,  the  Knight,  and  the  Lady,  by 
H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole  (Lane),  —  Max,  by  J. 
Crosskey  (Lane),  —  For  Treasure  Bound,  by 
Harry  Collingwood  (Griffith  &  Farran), — The 
Great  Gold  Mine,  by  C.  E.  M.  (S.P.C.K.),— -4 
Folar  Eden,  by  C.  R.  Kenyon  (Partridge), — 
Angelica's  Troubles,  byL.  E.  Tiddeman  (S.S.U.), 
—The  Parish  Clerk,  by  A.  R.  Hope  (S.P.C.K.), 
— Dr.  Burleigh's  Boys,  by  C.  Edwardes  (Griffith 
&  Farran), — Poems,  by  G.  Cookson  (Innes), — 
If  I  ivere  God,  by  R.  Le  Gallienne  (Bowden), — 
Christian  Martyrdom  in  Bussia,  edited  by  V. 
Tchertkoff  (Brotherhood  Publishing  Co.),— The 
Dynamics  of  Religion,  by  M.  W.  Wiseman 
(The  University  Press,  Limited},  —  St.  Augus- 
ti7ie  of  Canterbury  and  his  Comjyanio7is,  from 
the  French  of  Father  Brou  (Art  and  Book 
Co.), — A  History  of  CJiristianity  in  the  Apostolic 
Age,  by  A.  C.  McGiffert,  D.D.  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T. 
Clark), — Beasons  for  the  Higher  Criticism  of  the 
Hexateuch,  by  the  Rev.  I.  Gibson  (Philadelphia, 
U.S.,  Jacobs),  —  Our  Churches  and  Why  We 
Belong  to  Them,  by  the  Rev.  Canon  Knox  Little 
and  others  (Service  &  Paton),  —  In  a  Plain 
Path,  Addresses  to  Boys,  by  the  Rev.  W.  J. 
Foxell  (Macmillan),  —  Mane,  by  A.  Albalat 
(Paris,  Colin), — Petits  Portraits  et  Notes  d'Art, 
by  G.  Larroumet  (Hachette), — and  Le  Creature 
Sovrane,  by  A.  Padovan  (Milan,  Hoepli). 
Among  New  Editions  we  have  A  Manual  of 
Ethics,  by  J.  S.  Mackenzie  (Clive), — Behind  the 
Bungalow,  by  Eha  (Thacker),  —  The  Secret 
Societies  of  all  Ages  and  Countries,  by  C.  W. 
Heckethorn,  2  vols.  (Red way),  —  and  Lyrics, 
by  John  B,  Tabb  (Lane). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Baring-Gould's  Lives  of  tbe  Saints,  Vol.  10,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net,cl. 
Church's  (late  R.  \V.)  Village  Sermons,  Third  Series,  H/  cl. 
CoUins's  (W.  K.)  The  Beginnings  of  English  Christianity,  3/6 
Day's  (Rev.  E.  H  )  Considerations  for  Advent  on  the  Rela- 
tion of  the  Word  to  the  World,  12mo.  2/  cl. 
Gladden's  (W.)  Seven  Puzzling  Bible  Books,  12mo.  5/  cl. 
Mackenzie's  (P.)  Lectures  and  tjermons,  cr.  8vo.  3/t!  cl. 
MacNeil,  J.,  late  Evangelist  in  Australia,  a  Memoir,  by  his 

Wife,  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Oxenham's  (F.  N.)  The  Validity  of  Papal  Claims,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 
Parallel  History  of  the  Jewish  Monarchy,  Part  1,  arranged 

by  R.  Somervell,  8vo  2/  cl. 
Texts  and  Studies .-  Vol.  5,  No.  2,  Clement  of  Alexandria, 

8vo.  3/  net,  swd. 
Wardle's    (C.   S  )    Voices    of   the    Day,  Thoughts    on    the 

Message  of  God  in  Nature,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Law. 
Fuller's  (H.  J.)  The  Preparation  of  Parliamentary  Plans  for 

Railways,  8vo.  2/6  net,  bds. 
Harrison's  (B.)  The  Constitution  and  Administration  of  the 

United  States  of  America,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  swd. 
Parky n's  (B.  A  )  The  Law  of  Master  and  Servant,  cr.  8vo.  7/6 
Wines   (F.)  and   Karen's  (J.)   The  Liquor    Problem  in  its 

Legislative  Aspects,  cr.  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Fine  Art  and  Archeology. 
Bygone  Durham,  edited  by  W.  Andrews,  8vo.  7/fi  cl. 
Cruikshink  Fairy  Book,  40  Illustrations  by  G.  Cruikshank, 

8vo.  6/  cl. 
Handbook  to  Christian  and  Ecclesiastical  Rome,  Part  2,  5/cl. 
Huson's  (T.)  Photo-Aquatint  and  Pho'ogravure,  2/  net,  cl. 
Keene,  Charles,  The  Work  of,  Introduction  and  Comments 

by  J.  Pennell,  folio,  73/6  net,  cl. 
Martin's  (U  )  The  Glasgow  School  of  Painfing,  6/  net,  cl. 
Naegely's  (rt.)  J.  F.  Millet  and  Rustic  Art,  Kvo.  6/  cl. 
Pecorone  of  Ser  Giovanni,  translated  into  English  by  W.  G. 

Waters,  4to.  42/  net,  cl. 
Rogers  (H.)  and  Darnborough's  (J.  W.)  The  R.  D.  Scheme 

of  Wood-Carving,  Elementary  Course,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Douglas's  (Sir  G.)  Poems  of  a  Country  Gentleman,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
M'llwraith's  ij.  N.)  A  Book  about  Shakespeare,  written  for 

Young  People,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Poems  of  Childhood,  4to.  2/6  cl. 

History  and.  Biography . 
BickneU'B  (A.  L.)  The  Story  of  Marie  Antoinette,  8vo.  12/ cl. 
Butler,  W.  J.,  late  Dean  of  Lincoln,  Life  and  Letters  of, 

8vo.  12/6  net,  el 
Crosland's  (N.)  Rambles  round  my  Life,  an  Autobiography, 

cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Hooper's  (G.)  The  Campaign  of  Sedan,  12mo.  3/6  cl.  (Bohn's 

Standard  Library  ) 
Ingram's  (J.  F. )  Natalia,  a  Condensed  History  of  Natal  and 

Zululand,  ob.  4to.  10/6  cl. 
Joyce's  (P.  W.)  A  Child's  History  of  Ireland,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Le  Bon's  (A.)  Modern  France,  5/  cl.     (Story  of  the  Nations.) 
Lord's   (W.   F.)  Sir  Thomas  Maitland,  the  Mastery  of  the 

Mediterranean,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Macfarlarve's  (C.)  The  Dutch  in  the  Med  way,  12ino.  3/6  cl. 
Sayce's  (Rev.  H.)  The  Early  History  of  the  Hebrews,  8/6  cl. 
Walker's  iG.)  Aberdeen  Awa',  Sketches  of  its  Men,  Manners, 

&c.  cr.  8vo.  .5/  net,  cl. 
Wiseman,  Cardinal.  The  Life  and  Times  of,  by  W.  Ward, 

2  vols.  cr.  8vo.  24/  cl. 
Younghusband's  (G.  J.)  Indian  Frontier  Warfare,  Svo.  10,6  cl. 


Geography  and  Travel. 
Jones's  (O.  G.)  Rock-Climbing  in  the  English  Lako  District, 

royal  Svo.  15/  net,  cl. 
Scholtz's  (W.  C.)  The  South  African  Climate,  Svo.  5/  cl. 

Philology. 
Anwyl's  (B.)  A  Welsh  Grammar  for  Schools,  Part  1,  2/6  el. 
Kilburn's  System  of  Memory  Training  :  Part  2,  Languages, 

cr.  Svo.  2/6  cl. 
Plauti  (T.  Macci)  Trinummus,  with  Introduction  and  Notes 

by  J.  H.  Gray,  12mo.  .3/6  cl. 
iVcience. 
Cohn  (J.)  and  Swales's  (F.)  Practical  Horse  Dentistry,  .3/6  cl. 
Lockyer's  (Sir  N.)  The  Sun's  Place  in  Nature,  Svo.  12/  cl. 
Lungwitz's  (A.)  Text-Book  of  Horseshoeing,  illus.  7/6  net,  cl. 
Volkert  (C.)  and  Powles's  (H.  H.  P.)  Model  of  a  Locomotive 

Steam  Eugine,  4to.  4/6  net,  bds. 
Wilson's  (E.)  Electrical  Traction,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Alexander's  (R.)  The  Vicar  of  St.  Nicholas,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Bailey's  (W.  M.)  Pupil  Teacher's  School  Management,  4/6  cl. 
Balzac's  A  Daughter  of  Eve,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  net.  cl. 
Bates's  (L.)  Games  without  Music  for  Children,  cr.  Svo.  2/  cl. 
Bowman's  (J.  A.)  Old  Gems  in  a  New  Setting,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Briggs's  (H.  M  )  By  Roadside  and  River,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Conr.id's  (J  )  The  Nigger  of  the  Narcissus,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Couch's  (M.  Q  )  Some  Western  Folk,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Earle's  Microcosmography,  edited  by  A.  S.  West,  12mo.  3/  el. 
Foster's  (R.  F.)  Complete  Hoyle,  an  Encyclopaedia  of  all  the 

Indoor  Games,  cr.  Svo.  7/6  cl. 
Fuller's  (A.)  Pratt  Portraits,  sketched  in  a  New  England 

Suburb,  Svo.  9/  net,  cl. 
Gomme's  (G.  L  )  Lectures  on  the  Principles  of  Local  Govern- 
ment, Svo.  12/  cl. 
Hill's  (A.)  A  Run  round  the  Empire,  being  the  Log  of  Two 

Young  People,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Kemp's  (G.)  A  Modern  Meribnli,  a  Novel,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Kennedy's  (W.  S.)  In  Portia's  Garden,  cr.  Svo.  7.6  cl. 
Le  Conte's  (C.  B.)  The  Statue  in  the  Air,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Moffat's  (D.)  Crickety  Cricket,  illustrated,  cr.  Svo.  2/6  bds. 
Otterburn's  (B  )  Nurse  Adelaide,  a  Novel,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Ramsden's  (Lady  G.)  A  Smile  within  a  Tear,  and  other  Fairy 

Stories,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Rhoades's  (W.  C.)  A  Houseful  of  Rebels,  cr.  Svo.  6/  cl. 
Roberts's  (M.)  Strong  Men  and  True,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
St.  Aubyn's  (A.)  A  Fair  Impostor,  cr.  Svo.  4/  cl. 
Scott's  (E  )  Dancing  a  Pleasure,  12mo  2/  cl. 
Scott's  (W.)    Waverley   Novels,   Border    Edition  :    Vol.   3, 

Antiquary,  cr.  Svo.  3/6  cl. 
Spencer's  (H.)  Various  Fragments,  Svo.  4/ cl. 
Thoreau's  (H.  D.)  Walden,  with  Introduction  by  B,  Tarrey, 

2  vols.  cr.  Svo.  18/  cl. 
Tweedale's  (V.)  What  shall  it  Profit  a  Man  ?  cr.  Svo.  fi/  cl. 
Watei house's  (J.  M.)  The  Medhursts  of  Mindala,  cr.  Svo.  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Aschkanaze  (M.)  :  Tempus  Loquendi :  Ueber  die  Agada  der 

palastinens.  Amoriier.  2m.  40. 
Falke  (R.)  :  Buddha,  Mohammed,  Christus,  Part  2,  3m. 
Griinhut  (L  ) :  Midrasch  Schir  Ha-Schirim  edirt,  Im.  60. 
Nosgen  (K.  F.)  :   Symbolik    od.  konfessionelle  Prinzipien- 

lehre,  8m.  50. 
Weiss  (J.) :  Ueber  die  Absicht  u.  den  literarischen  Charakter 

der  Apostelgeschichte.  2m. 
Worter  (F.)  :    Beitriige   zur  Dogmengeschichte  des  Semi- 

pelagianismus,  3ra. 

Fine  Art  and  Archeology . 
Balzac  (H.  de) :  La  Fille  aux  Yeux  d'Or,  200fr. 
Furtwiingler    (A.)  :     Sammlung    Somzge :     Antike    Kunst- 

denkmaler,  80m. 
Gruyer  (A.)  :  La  Peinture  au  Chateau  de  Chantilly  :  Ecole 

Franfaise,  40fr. 
Knackfuss  (H.) :  Tizian,  3m. 
Kraus  (P.  X  ) :  Geschichte  der  christlichen  Kunst,  Vol.  2, 

Part  1,  14m. 

Music  and  the  Drama. 
Deroulfede  (P.):  La  Mort  de  Hoche.  2fr. 
Houdard  (G  ) :  Le  Rythme  du  Chant  dit  Gregorien  d'apres 

la  Notation  Neumatique,  25fr. 
Weber  (J.) :  Meyerbeer,  3!r. 

Philosophy. 
Fulliquet  (M.)  :  Essai  sur  I'Obligation  Morale,  7fr.  .50. 
Le  Daiittc  (F.) :  L'Individualile,  2fr.  50. 
Pillon  (F.)  :  La  Philosophic  de  Ch.  Secrgtan,  2fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography . 
Au'ard  (A.) :  fitudes  et  Lemons  sur  la  Revolution  Franfaise, 

Second  Series,  3fr.  50. 
Ehrlich  (M.J:  Goethe  u.  Schiller,  ihr  Leben  u.  ihre  Werke, 

12m. 
Hocquard  (E.)  :  L'Expedition  de  Madagascar,  lOfr. 
Kleinpaul   (R.):    Die  Lebendigen   u.   die  Toten  in   Volks- 

glauben.  Religion  u   Sage.  6m. 
Lamairesse  (B.)  et  Dujarric  (G.) :  Vie  de  Mahomet,  Vol.  1, 

5fr. 
Lapie  (P.)  :  Les  Civilisations  Tunisiennes,  3fr.  50. 
Quellen    u.    Forscbungen    aus    italienischen    Archiven    u. 

Bibliotheken,  Vol.  1,  2  parts,  10m. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Roux  (E.) :  Aux  Sources  de  I'lrraouaddi,  7fr.  60. 

Philology. 
Cochin  (H.) :  La  Chronologie  du  Canzoniere  de  Petrarque, 

4fr. 
Francken  (C.   M.):    Lucani   Pharsalia    cum     Commentario 

Critico,  Vol.  2,  Books  6-10,  9m.  60. 
Paulcke  (M.):   De  Tabula    Iliaca   Quaestiones  Stesichoresc, 

2ni.  50. 
Zimmern  (H.) :  Vergleichende  Grammatik  der  semitischen 

Sprachen,  5m.  50. 

Science. 
Costantin  (J.) :  Les  VSgetaux  et  les  Milieux  Cosmiques,  6fr. 
Pagel  (J.)  :  Geschichte  der  Medicin,  2  parts,  22m. 
Roche  (G.)  :  La  Culture  des  Mers  en  Europe,  6fr. 

General  Literature. 
Almanachde  Gotha,  1898,  lOfr. 
Detourbet  (1{.)  :  L'Espionnage  et  la  Trahison,  5fr. 
Froment  (A.)  :    L'Espionnage    Militaire    en    France    et    a 

I'Etranger,  3fr.  50. 
Menorval  (E.  de)  :  Promenades  a  travers  Paris,  6fr. 


EXAMINERS  AT  GLASGOW  UNIVERSITY. 

November  29,  189T. 

With  reference  to  the  letter  dated  Novem- 
ber 23rd,  signed  "  Cantab,"  I  have  to  state  that 
the  regulation  providing  that  "Examiners  fo? 
Degrees  in  Arts  "  in  the  Scottish  Universities 
"must  be  members  of  the  Scottish  Uni- 
versities "  was  repealed  by  Her  Majesty's 
Commissioners  by  Ordinance  No.  66,  dated' 
February  4th,  1895.  These  examinerships  are 
now  open.  Cantab  is  therefore  in  error  in  the- 
statement  he  makes,  and  he  might  have  inquired 
more  carefully  before  writing,  seeing  that  in  my 
letter  to  him  of  1894,  which  he  refers  to,  I  drew 
his  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  repealing 
ordinance  was  already  in  draft. 

I  may  remind  Cantab  that  these  regulations 
are  not  made  by  the  Scottish  Universities,  bub 
by  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners. 

Alan  E.  Clapperton, 
Sec.  Glasgow  University  Court, 


THE  ALLEGED  FORGERY  OF  WINTER'S  NARRATIVE. 
OF  THE  GUNPOWDER  PLOT. 

November  26,  1897. 
I  DO  not  intend  to  take  up  the  time  of  your 
readers  by  any  further  examination  of  the  de- 
tails of  Father  Gerard's  criticism  of  my  story  of 
Gunpowder  Plot,  though  I  may  point  out  that 
there  is  a  difference  between  us  in  the  interpre- 
tation as  well  as  in  the  examination  of  docu- 
ments. It  has  long  been  known  that  the  MSS. 
show  interpolations  containing  statements  nob 
in  tiie  same  handwriting  as  the  original.  At  the 
present  day  no  one  would  defend  such  a  pro- 
ceeding if  the  interpolations  were  not  submitted 
to  the  person  from  whom  the  evidence  pro- 
ceeded, and  voluntarily  accepted  by  him,  though, 
even  thenthe  strengthof  ourmoral  condemnation, 
would  depend  upon  whether  the  added  testimony 
was  invented  by  those  who  used  it  or  transported 
from  some  other  piece  of  evidence  at  their  dis- 
posal. Take  it,  however,  at  the  worst,  there 
seems  to  me  a  long  distance  between  intro- 
ducing occasionally  false  details  and  the  whole- 
sale forgery  of  documents  required  by  Father- 
Gerard's  theory.  A  suspicion  is  raised — a  feel- 
ing that  we  have  to  do  with  unscrupulous  men  ;; 
but  this  seems  to  me  to  be  countervailed  by 
certain  points  of  internal  evidence  which,  in  my 
judgment.  Father  Gerard  has  not  been  successful! 
in  meeting. 

Here  T  should  stop,  but  that  Father  Gerard., 
has  attempted  to  show  that  this  further  step 
was  actually  taken,  and  that  the  long  Narrative 
of  Thomas  Winter  is  a  forgery  on  which  no 
reliance  can  be  placed.  In  support  of  this  view 
he  has,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  '  The  Gunpowder 
Plot  and  the  Gunpowder  Plotters'  (London  and 
New  York,  Harper  &  Brothers),  produced  six  fac- 
similes. Of  these  the  last  is  from  a  copy  of  the 
Narrative  now  in  the  Record  Office  ;  the  third 
from  the  signatures  of  Winter  and  the  Commis- 
sioners ;  whilst  the  hfth  is  from  the  Narrative- 
itself,  and  the  firso,  second,  and  fourth  are  from. 
Winter's  undoubted  writing,  accompanied  in 
each  case  by  his  signature.  Those  which  bear 
most  directly  on  the  question  are  Nos.  4  and  5,, 
because  they  were  both  written  about  the  same 
time  :  No.  4  on  November  25th,  No.  5  on  the- 
23rd  or  25th  of  the  same  month,  under  much- 
the  same  conditions  in  respect  to  recovery  from, 
a  wound  in  the  shoulder. 

These  two  facsimiles  being  what  they  are,  I 
do  not  wonder  that  some  of  those  who  looked  at 
them  came  to  the  conclusion  that  a  mere  glance- 
at  them  showed  such  a  diffei-ence  of  appear- 
ance in  the  writing  as  to  be  conclusive  of 
forgery  in  the  Narrative.  It  was  certainly  the 
first  impression  they  conveyed  to  myself,  till  by 
the  kindness  of  Lord  Salisbury  the  volume  in 
which  the  Narrative  is  contained  was  tempo- 
rarily transferred  from  Hatfield  to  the  Record 
Office,  when  a  juxtaposition  of  the  two  docu- 
ments removed  the  impression  conveyed  by  the- 
facsimiles.     The  facsimile  of  the  Narrative  was 


786 


taken,  aa  Father  Gerard  himself  states,  "two- 
thirds  of  the  original  size."  On  the  other  hand 
that  of  the  holograph  note  (No.  4)  has  been 
somewhat,  though  not  considerably  enlarged 
Put  the  two  originals  together  and  much  of  the 
difference  disappears,  being  in  my  opinion  no 
more  than  what  is  likely  to  be  found  between 
a  short  note  written  in  a  hurry  and  a  long  com- 
position put  together  at  leisure,  especially  when 
the  latter  is  written  to  be  shown  to  persons 
whose  favourable  opinion  is  desired  by  the 
writer.  ^ 

Having  thus  cleared  the  way,  I  requested 
Mr.  Brodie,  of  the  Public  Record  Ofhce,  and 
Mr.  Warner,  of  the  British  Museum,  to  examine 
the  two  documents,  whilst  Father  Gerard  asked 
i>  ather  Gasquet  to  act  on  his  behalf.  The  result 
was  that  they  all  three  pronounced  the  two  to 
be  in  the  same  handwriting— of  course,  with 
the  exception  of  certain  insertions  in  the  Nar- 
rative, in  Coke's  hand,  of  which  I  shall 
have  something  to  say  hereafter.  Father 
Gasquet,  however,  thought  that  some  difficulty 
was  created  by  the  spelling  "Winter"  in  the 
signature  oUhe  Narrative  in  place  of  the  usual 

Wintour  an  opinion  in  which  I  certainly 
concur  with  him.  I  may  add  that  Mr.  Warner, 
who  has  had  wide  experience  in  the  detection 
of  forgeries,  tells  me  that  in  no  case  has  he 
been  more  absolutely  certain  that  no  forgery  is 
to  be  traced. 

After  this  it  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  go  into 
details  as  to  the  formation  of  letters,  a  matter 
which  could  hardly  be  explained  in  print,  espe- 
cially as  any  one  who  takes  an  interest  in  it  can 
make  his  own  examination  at  the  Record  Office 
for  some  little  time  to  come. 

As,  however,  there  are  many  who  distrust 
expert  opinion  in  handwriting,  I  proceed  to  add 
some  considerations  which  support  it  in  the 
present  instance,  especially  as  no  one  would 
gather  from  Father  Gerard's  account  the  state 
m  which  the  MS.  really  is,  crowded  with  inter- 
lineations and  marginal  corrections.  In  every 
case  1  have  modernized  the  spelling. 

1.  In  the  first  paragraph  of  the  Narrative  we 
have  an  interlineation  in  the  same  handwriting 
as  that  of  the  remainder  of  the  document^ 
changing  aspiring  to"  into  "affectin^^  hereby  " 
In  the  second  paragraph  we  havealine°originaliv 
runmng  thus:  "Mr.  Catesby  sent  thither  to 
me,  entreating  to  come  up  to  London  "  Of  this 
•|to  me"   and    "up"   are   scratched  out,  and 

me  added  above  the  line  after  the  word 
"entreating.  '  Evidently  we  have  here-and 
other  examples  follow-a  draft  in  the  process 
of  correction.  A  forger  would  surely  have  his 
draft  by  him  ready  to  be  copied  out  in  order 
to  write  no  more  words  than  were  absolutely 
necessary.  •' 

2.  If  the  Narrative  were  forged,  it  would  be 
forged  with  some  object.  No  such  object  appears 
in  the  present  case.  All  that  reached  the  public 
was  the  printed  document,  and  nobody  could 
learn  from  that  whether  the  original  was  in 
Winters  hand  or  in  that  of  one  of  Salisbury's 

3.  In  the  account  of  his  return  with  Fawkes 
from  Flanders  there  is  a  hiatus,  thus  •  "fWel 
came  both  in  one  passage  to  Greenwich,  near 
which  place  we  took  a  pair  of  oars  and  landed  at 
the  and  came  to  Mr.  Catesby."  In  the 
copy  we  have,  "We  took  a  pair  of  oars  and  so 
came  up  to  London,  and  came  to  Mr  Catesby  " 
A  forger  would  have  had  the  name  of  the  stairs 
at  hand  or  would  not  have  indicated  them  at  all 
whereas  it  was  a  point  that  Winter  might  easily 
have  forgotten.  ^ 

wt;J"*^r  '!f%th«  Narrative  "Thomas 
Winter.  In  the  four  other  si<matures  fac 
similed  by  Father  Gerard  the  surname  is  always 
Wmtour.  Th,s  is  the  last  mistake  of  which 
a  forger  would  be  guilty.  Nothing  could  be 
easier  for  his  employers  than  to  obtain  a 
genuine  signature  ;  nothing  more  certain  than 
that  in  such  a  case  he  would  have  copied  it 
literally.     On  the  other  hand,   I   do   not   fee 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


inclined  to  adopt  the  suggestion  that  we  have 
here  a  mere  accidental  change  by  the  conspirator 
himsel/,  such  as  that  which  occurs  in  the  sig- 
natures of  Raleigh.  It  is  more  likely  that  the 
alteration  was  made  on  purpose,  and  the  sig- 
nature itself  gives  some  evidence  of  this  In 
three  of  the  Wintour  signatures  facsimiled 
by  J^  ather  Gerard  each  letter  joins  the  next 
one,  and  in  the  fourth  the  division  is  not  after 
the  t,  but  after  the  o.  In  the  Winter  signature 
there  is  a  distinct  break  between  the  t  and  the 
er.  What  the  writer's  intention  was  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  with  certainty  ;  but  I  am 
inclined  to  suggest  that  the  writer  hoped  to 
work  on  the  compassion  of  the  kino-  or  the 
members  of  the  Council,  and  consequently 
adopted  a  signature  familiar  to  them. 

5  "There  is,"  writes  Father  Gerard  (p.  21). 
clear  evidence  that  he  [i.e.,  Winter]  was  still 

quite  incapable  of  either  composing  or  tran- 
Trtl    ^  *  lengthy  narrative."     This  he  proves 

"by  his  signature  affixed  to  the    record    of    the 
hprTtf  °°   ^''"°h,he   un,iervvent    upon    Novem! 
bei   2oth......and  still  more  evidently  by  the  short 

holograph  note  of  half  a  dozen  lines^addressed  .?.. 
to  the  Lords  Commissioners." 

This  argument  I  have  already  dealt  with  ; 
and  I  only  add  here  that  there  is  strong 
external  evidence  that  Winter  was  capable  of 
composing  and  writing  a  long  narrative.  Not 
only  did  Waad,  the  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower 
write  on  November  21st,  as  quoted  by  Father 
Gerard  : — 

"Thonias  Winter  doth  find  his  hand  so  stron- 
as  after  dmner  he  will  settle  himself  to  write  tha 
he  ha  h  verbally  declared  to  your  lordship,  adding 
what  he  shall  remember  ";  i^,  auumg 

but  on  the  26th,  after  the  latest  date  for  this 
narrative,  Waad  again  wrote  to  Salisbury  •— 

"Thomas  Winter  hath  set  down  in  writing  of  his 
own  hand,  as  he  was  directed,  the  whole  course  of 
his  employment  into  Spain,  which  1  send  to  your 
L.  herein  inclosed."-Hattield  MSS.,  cxiii.  fol.  U. 
After  this,  I  hope  we  shall  hear  no  more  of 
Winter  s  being  unable  to  write  at  length 

6  There  remains  a  line  of  inquiry  into  which 
Father  Gerard  has  not  entered,  namely,  into 
the  relationship  between  the  three  forms  in 
which  Winter  s  Narrative  has  reached  us  ■ 
(a)  that  in  his  own  hand,  (6)  the  MS.  copy  in 
the  Record  Office  and  (c)  the  printed  copy  in 
the  'Kings  Book.'  These,  however,  may  be 
practically  reduced  to  two,  as  the  text  of  the 
printed  copy  is,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
?,  y^'°'i^o"''^P'■'"^^'  verbally  identical  with  the 
K.O.  MS.,  the  spelling  alone  being  freely  dealt 
with.  A  heading  has,  however,  been  intro- 
duced, the  date  of  November  23rd  there  «iven 
being  the  same  as  that  in  the  MS.  copy       " 

Comparing,  therefore.  Winter's  own  narrative 
with  the  copy  we  are  at  once  struck  by  the 
tact  that  the  former  has  not  only  many  inter- 
lineations, but  several  marginal  additions  All 
these,  with  the  exception  of  Coke's  insertions 
are  in  the  same  handwriting,  which  may  now 
be  accepted  as  Winters  own.  Besides  these 
there  is  a  note  on  the  back  in  a  different  hand- 
writing : — 

JZ''5n^°wl''/TH'^  °'''^-  ^''^  t"»e  Robert  Keys 
came  m.     What  I  L  were  wished  amongst  them  to 

was^expSted.^'^  ^'""^  ^'°^  ''  "'--•  '''^^' '— ^ 
These  questions  plainly  indicate  the  points  on 
which  the  Government  desired  further  informa- 
tion. Taking  them  in  reverse  order,  the  ques- 
tion about  money  was  only  partially  answered 
by  Winter  at  the  first  writing  of  the  Narrative, 
where  we  find  : — 

1  '"^J'm^';^'^''/'  ^'''  ^-  ^'«''3]  P'-nmised.  as  I 
heard  Mr  Catesby  say,  fifteen  hundred  ;  the  second 
Lv^-,  riesliani],  two  thousand  pounds.*  Mr  Fercv 
hunself  promised  all  that  he  could  get  of  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland's  rent." 

All  this  remains  unaltered  and  unadded  to  in 
the   Hatfield  Narrative^showing,  I  think,  that 

wy"n'"'fi«'T  t^e  "f^f^f  in   'Wt.at  Ounpowder  Pl^t 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


the  Government  could  not  persuade  Winter  to 
give  information  which  he  did  not  possess,  and 
was  either  unable  or  unwilling  to  forge  an 
addition  to  his  statement.  In  the  copy  in  the 
Record  Office,  however,  we  have  inserted  after 
"rent,"  in  James's  own  hand,  "which  is  was  [sic] 
about  four  thousand  pounds,"  and  these  words 
appear  in  the  printed  book,  with  the  obvious 
omission  of  "is."  Here,  at  least,  is  a  case  of 
the  supplying  of  information  not  in  the  original 
narrative,  though  probably  derived  from  some 
other  source. 

Secondly,  the  question  about  the  lords  is  not 
answered  either  in  the  Narrative  itself  or  in  any 
subsequent  addition  to  it— another  proof  that 
the  Government  had  not  at  its  disposal  a  forger 
to  create  the  evidence  it  wanted.  The  two 
remaining  questions,  however,  do  receive  an 
answer  :  the  one  about  Keyes  by  a  marginal 
addition,  "about  a  month  before  Michaelmas," 
which  appears  in  the  R.O.  copy  also  in  the 
form  of  a  marginal  note,  "This  was  about," 
&c.;  the  answer  to  the  other  question  about 
the  oath  by  a  marginal  note  in  the  Hatfield 
paper,  which  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  R.O. 
copy  :— 

"You  shall  swear  by  the  blessed  Trinity  and  by 
the  bacrament  you  now  purpose  to  receive  never 
to  disclose,  directly  nor  indirectly,  by  word  or  cir- 
cumstance,  the  matter  that  shall  be  proposed  you 
to  keep  secret,  nor  desist  from  th'  execution  thereof 
uutill  the  rest  shall  give  you  leave." 

The  other  marginal  additions,  which  are  of  no 
great  importance,  are  embodied  in  the  R.O. 
copy. 

We  are  now  in  a  position  not  only  to  con- 
sider the  bearing  of  these  facts  on  the  question 
of  forgery,  but  also  to  come  to  at  least  a  pro- 
bable conclusion  as  to  the  reason  of  the  change 
of  date  from  the  23rd  to  the  25th,  of  which 
so  much  has  been  made.  As  Waad  informs  us. 
Winter  was  to  begin  to  write  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  21st.  When  his  confession  was  finished, 
some  one  on  the  part  of  the  Government  must 
have  asked  the  fourquestions  written  on  the  back  ; 
and— at  least,  according  to  a  probable  hypothesis 
—it  was  then  returned  to  Winter,  who  made  the 
addition  about  the  date  of  Keyes 's  admission,  but 
did  not  answer  the  other  three.  In  this  state  it 
was  copied  out  in  the  form  in  which  it  exists  in 
the  R.O.,  and  this  stage  was  reached  on  the  23rd. 
This  particular  copy  was  submitted  to  the  king, 
as  appears  from  the  interlineations  in  his  hand 
already  referred  to.  We  have  no  attestation  by 
the  Commissioners  in  their  handwriting,  but  we 
have^  their  names  affixed  to  this  copy  in  Salis- 
bury's hand,  and  we  have  the  heading  in  the 
printed  copy  : — 

"  Thomas  Winter's  confession,  taken  the  xxiii.  of 
November,  1605.  in  the  presence  of  the  Councillors 
whose  names  are  underwritten." 

I  incline  to  think  that  a  fair  copy,  now  lost, 
was  taken  of  the  Narrative  as  it  existed  on  the 
23rd,  that  this  was  attested  by  the  Commissioners, 
and  that  a  further  copy  was  made  from  this, 
which  is  the  one  we  now  possess. 

After  this  some  one  must  have  pressed 
Winter  for  an  answer  about  the  oath. 
This  Winter,  it  may  fairly  be  argued,  now 
added  in  a  marginal  note.  This,  it  may  be  sup- 
posed, was  completed  on  the  25th,  as  we  are 
thereby  enabled  to  understand  why  Coke  should 
have  changed  the  November  23rd  which  Winter 
had  written  into  November  25th.  For  some 
reason  or  another  (perhaps  because  the  earlier 
form  was  already  printed)  this  addition  was  not 
included  in  the  copy  produced  at  the  trial. 
We  have,  however,  Coke's  declaration  at  the 
bottom  of  the  Hatfield  document :  "Delivered 
by  Thomas  Winter,  all  written  with  his  own 
hand,  25  Nov.,  1605,"  and  also  the  endorse- 
ment in  Salisbury's  hand  :  "25  Nov"*-',  Mr.  Tho. 
^y inter's  declaration,"  which  must  be  held  to 
give  the  final  date.  It  is  perhaps  necessary  to 
add  that  even  if  this  hypothetical  explanation  of 
the  variation  in  date  be  rejected,  the  argument 
against  the  document  itself  being  a  forgery 
stands  precisely  where  it  did. 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


787 


Omitting  notice  of  unimportant  catch- 
marks,  &c.,  there  are  four  substantial 
additions  in  Coke's  handwriting  :  (1)  The 
alteration  of  Winter's  date  of  the  23rd  to  tlie 
25th.  (2)  The  insertion  of  a  title:  "The 
voluntary  declaration  of  Thomas  Winter,  of 
Hoodington,  in  the  county  of  Worcester,  Gent., 
the  25  of  Nov^  1605,  at  the  Tower."  (3)  The 
prefixing  to  the  note  about  the  oath,  "  The 
effect  of  the  oath  You,"  The  last  word  being 
identical  with  the  first  word  of  Winter's  note, 
■which  had  been  almost  effaced  by  a  blot,  proves 
it  to  have  been  written  subsequently  to  Winter's 
note,  and  possibly  later  than  the  25th,  when  the 
paper  seems  from  marginal  references  tohave  been 
in  Coke's  hands  as  material  for  his  case  against 
the  plotters.  (4)  The  interlineation  of  the  words 
"  at  the  hands  of  Gerard  "  as  explanation  of  the 
statement  that  the  conspirators  had  received 
the  Sacrament.  This,  however  does  not  appear 
in  the  Narrative  as  read  at  the  trial  ('  State 
Trials,'  i.  203).  Samuel  R.  Gardiner. 


BRATHWAIT'S  'THE   GOOD  WIFE,"  1618. 

My  article  on  this  little  rarity  in  last  week's 
Athenceiim  excited  a  far  wider  interest  than 
I  anticipated,  the  copy  itself  being  even  rarer 
than  I  thought.  It  is  probably  unique.  There 
were  two  editions,  the  earlier  of  which  is  dated 
1618  ;  it  is  full  of  typographical  errors,  and  the 
last  page  of  the  work  has  this  address  "  To  the 
Reader":— 

"  Understand  courteous  Reader  the  sundry 
escapes  committed  in  this  Treatise  were  occa- 
sioned upon  a  late  received  hurt  by  the  author, 
which  detained  him  from  coming  to  the  press,  but 
the  next  impressicm  (doubt  it  not)  shall  give  thee 
more  full  and  ample  satisfaction,"  &c. 

At  the  bottom  of  this  page  is  given  a  long,  but 
not  exhaustive  list  of  these  errors.  In  the 
next  impression,  dated  1619,  most  of  these 
errors  are  corrected,  and  consequently  the  list 
itself  does  not  appear.  The  differences,  there- 
fore, apart  from  the  distinct  title-pages,  between 
the  first  and  the  second  issue  are  sufficiently 
obvious  to  immediately  distinguish  one  from 
the  other. 

The  book  is  made  up  of  eighty  leaves,  the 
signatures  a  and  l  being  in  fours  and  b  to  k  in 
eights.  The  Dering  copy  sold  on  Monday  last 
was  examined  by  a  number  of  booksellers  and 
bibliographers,  and  immediately  pronounced 
incomplete,  inasmuch  as  the  catchword  "The" 
on  A  4  verso  (the  first  leaf  of  this  sheet  is  blank) 
did  not  correspond  with  the  first  line  of  b  1, 
which  reads,  "O  let  my  hopes,"  &c.  That,  of 
course,  would  seem  to  be  conclusive,  but 
the  inference  is  in  this  instance  entirely  un- 
justifiable. The  sequence  of  the  poem  is  quite 
unbroken,  and  there  can  be  no  question  about 
the  catchword  being  a  typographical  blunder. 
The  British  Museum  copy,  the  Bodleian  copy, 
and  another  in  a  private  library,  all  of  which, 
curiously  enough,  are  of  the  later  (i.e.,  1619) 
issue,  preserve  the  same  erroneous  catchword. 
My  statement,  consequently,  that  the  copy  sold 
on  Monday  for  62i.  is  complete  cannot  now 
admit  of  any  question  ;  whilst  the  fact  of  its 
being  the  only  one  recorded  of  the  first  issue 
greatly  enhances  the  interest  of  the  little  book 
itself. 

As  regards  its  history  since  it  left  the  Dering 
family,  Mr.  F.  S.  Ellis  suggests  that  it  was  in- 
cluded in  the  Dering  sale  held  at  Messrs.  Puttick 
&  Simpson's  July  10th  to  13th,  1861  ;  but  I 
have  gone  through  the  catalogue  twice  very 
carefully,  and  it  was  certainly  not  sold  on  that 
occasion.  This  catalogue  was  drawn  up  by  the 
late  Mr.  Puttick,  and  his  son  tells  me  that  the 
Dering  collection  at  the  time  of  the  sale  was  in 
reality  the  property  of  one  of  the  Frere  family; 
it  is,  therefore,  easy  to  account  for  the  Brath- 
wait's  appearance  in  the  small  collection  of  the 
late  Mr.  B.  T.  L.  Frere. 

Of  the  many  errors  which  have  been  per- 
petrated in  connexion  with  'The  Good  Wife,' 
perhaps  the  most  appalling  is  that  in  the  '  Dic- 


tionary of  National  Biography,'  art.  "  Brath- 
wait,"  where  it  is  stated  that  "he  contributed 
the  'Good  Wife,'  together  with  'An  Exquisite 
Discourse  of  Epitaplis,'  to  Patrick  Hannay's  '  A 
Happy  Husband  '  "  !  Of  course,  he  did  nothing 
of  the  sort.  '  The  Good  Wife '  was  written  several 
years  before  Hannay's  book,  although  it  only 
preceded  it  in  print  by  a  few  months. 

W.  Roberts. 


NOTES   FROM  CAMBRIDGE. 

December  2,  1897. 

The  most  interesting  event  of  the  present 
term  (now  rapidly  approaching  its  end)  has 
been  the  presence  here,  on  the  same  day,  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  England,  who  received  honorary 
degrees  on  November  11th.  The  Senate  House 
was  well  filled,  and  both  the  distinguished  re- 
cipients of  degrees  were  welcomed  with  hearty 
applause.  There  was  a  general  feeling  that  both 
were  men  whom  the  University  delighted  to 
honour.  On  the  same  day  a  very  large  nuniber 
of  the  judges,  members  of  this  or  of  the  sister 
university,  dined  with  Lord  Russell,  at  the  invita- 
tion of  the  Vice-Chancellor,  in  the  hall  of  Down- 
ing College.  A  number  of  residents,  including 
many  of  those  who  are  engaged  in  teaching  law 
here  were  invited  to  meet  these  distinguished 
lawyers.  This  remarkable  gathering  afforded 
an  opportunity  of  wishing  prosperity  to  the 
Cambridge  Law  School  ;  that  school  could 
scarcely  have  any  greater  encouragement  than 
was  given  by  the  presence  of  so  many  distin- 
guished lawyers  who  seemed  very  glad  to  recall 
their  connexion  with  the  old  universities.  Lord 
Justice  Collins,  himself  an  Honorary  Fellow  of 
Downing  College,  received  special  congratula- 
tion on  his  recent  promotion. 

Residents  are  happy  in  having  at  present  no 
great  questions  under  discussion  ;  the  result  of 
the  women's  degrees  movement  last  term  seems 
to  have  left  few  heartburnings  behind.  The 
supporters  and  many  of  the  opponents  of 
the  proposals  then  brought  forward  will  unite 
in  feeling  pleasure  in  learning  that  the  colleges 
of  Newnham  and  Girton  are  more  flourishing 
than  ever.  It  is  stated  that  the  entries  at 
Newnham  are  so  numerous  that  all  vacancies 
which  are  likely  to  occur  in  the  course  of  1898 
are  appropriated;  students  are  now  being  entered 
for  1899  and  1900.  At  Girton  also  the  number 
of  students  desiring  to  enter  is  so  large  that  a 
very  considerable  extension  of  the  buildings  is 
found  necessary.  The  facts,  so  prominently 
brought  forward  last  term,  as  to  the  practical 
equivalence  of  the  woman's  degree  certificate 
to  the  man's  degree  may,  perhaps,  now  be 
recognized  by  persons  outside  the  University, 
and  thus  the  mere  discussion  of  the  admission 
of  women  to  a  more  distinct  and  official  recog- 
nition may  have  done  something  to  remove  a 
disability  which  in  some  cases  amounted  to 
a  hardship.  While  the  women's  colleges  are 
full  to  overflowing,  it  is  pleasant  to  be  able  also 
to  report  some  increase  in  the  ordinary  entry 
of  freshmen.  The  numbers  of  the  different 
colleges  go  up  and  down  in  a  manner  that  it  is 
difficult  to  understand,  and  still  more  difficult 
for  the  efforts  of  the  members  of  those  colleges 
to  affect ;  but,  on  the  whole,  the  entries  for  the 
present  term  are  distinctly  larger  than  those 
of  last  year. 

The  regulations  for  the  Previous  Examina- 
tion (now  frequently  taken  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  first  term  of  residence)  are  under 
discussion.  An  influentially  signed  memorial 
has  been  presented  to  the  Council  of  the  Senate 
asking  that  this  examination  may  be  held  some 
time  before  the  beginning  of  the  Michaelmas 
term  for  those  who  are  about  to  begin  residence. 
At  present  the  examination  takes  place  at  the 
very  beginning  of  October,  and  there  is  an 
awkward  interval  before  the  appearance  of  the 
lists,  during  which  it  is  impossible  to  arrange 
what    lectures    the    men    shall   attend.     It   is 


thought  that  it  would  be  convenient,  both 
for  the  schools  and  for  college  arrangements 
here,  if  the  examination  could  be  held  some 
time  about  the  end  of  the  school  summer  term. 
Some  of  the  memorialists  would  be  glad  to  see 
the  examination  held  also  at  places  away  from 
Cambridge,  but  to  this  various  objections  are 
urged.  Proposals  have  also  been  brought  for- 
ward by  the  General  Board  of  Studies  for 
changes  in  the  subjects  of  the  Previous  Examina- 
tion. It  is  proposed  to  abandon  Paley's  'Evi- 
dences '  as  an  examination  subject,  and  to 
substitute  a  period  of  Old  Testament  history. 
Paley  appears  to  have  gone  out  of  favour,  and 
it  seems  to  bo  admitted  that  it  is  not  a  suit- 
able subject  for  an  elementary  examination. 
It  is  pointed  out  that  very  frequently  the  book 
itself  is  not  studied,  but  enough  is  picked  up 
from  Paley  "sheets"  and  Paley  "ghosts" 
to  satisfy  the  examiners.  More  difference  of 
opinion  exists  as  to  the  substitute.  Another 
proposal  of  the  General  Board  affects  the 
additional  subjects  for  the  Previous  Examina- 
tion which  are  required  from  all  candidates  for 
honours.  It  is  proposed  to  extend  the  range  of 
this  examination  ;  but  the  scheme  was  severely 
criticized  at  the  discussion  a  week  ago,  and  the 
proposals  appear  not  unlikely  to  lead  to  the 
abolition  of  these  additional  subjects  altogether. 
They  are  a  survival  from  the  time  when  all 
honour  students  in  Arts  had  to  take  the  Mathe- 
matical Tripos,  and  seem  to  be  now  unnecessary. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  be  able  to  report  that  the 
number  of  candidates  for  the  Local  Examina- 
tions is  fully  maintained.  For  the  December 
examinations  (which  begin  on  December  13th) 
no  fewer  than  17,000  candidates  are  entered. 
Four  examinations  (Higher,  Senior,  Junior, 
and  Preliminary)  are  conducted  simultaneously, 
and  the  local  centres  are  so  numerous  that  the 
organization  of  these  examinations  is  a  very 
complicated  and  difficult  matter. 

The  Local  Lectures  are  not  only  being  con- 
ducted with  success  upon  the  old  lines,  but  are 
showing  signs  of  fresh  developments.  Short 
"pioneer"  courses  have  been  given  at  several 
towns  with  the  view  of  arousing  interest,  and 
have  produced  good  results.  It  is  anticipated 
that  several  new  centres  will  shortly  be  formed, 
and  that  thus  the  field  of  operations  will  be  sub- 
stantially extended.  W. 


SALE. 
Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
sold  on  November  22nd  and  three  following 
days  books  and  MSS.  from  the  libraries  of 
Lord  Auckland  and  others,  many  of  which 
realized  very  high  prices,  some  of  which  follow : 
The  Scourge  of  Venus,  by  Henry  Austin,  1653, 
131.  F.  Beaumont's  Poems,  1653,  151.  5s. 
Laborde,  Chansons,  1773,  501.  Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  Shelton's  translation,  first  edition,  4U. 
Horfe  of  the  fifteenth  century,  30L  MS.  Latin 
Bible  of  the  fourteenth  century,  701.  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost,  fourth  title,  1668,  181.  5s.  John 
Davies's  The  Muses'  Sacrifice,  1612,  wants  title, 
131.  R.  Lovelace's  Lucasta,  first  edition,  1649, 
381.  Virgil,  by  Gawin  Douglas,  imperfect,  1553, 
16L  Massachusetts  Charters,  1714-1719,  201.  5s. 
Biblia  Sacra  Latina,  MS.,  fourteenth  century, 
31L  Boethius,  Liber  de  Musica,  MS.,  thirteenth 
century,  by  an  English  scribe,  100/.  Ciceronis 
Officia,  &c.,  Grolier  binding,  Paris,  Trechsel, 
1533,  31/.  Dorat,  Les  Baisers,  large  hoUand 
paper,  1770,  26/.  lOs.  A  MS.  Armenian  Evan- 
gelium,  with  beautiful  illuminations,  Ssec.  XVI., 
39/.  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  first  edition, 
imperfect,  Salisbury,  1766,  45/.  Horje,  MS.  on 
vellum,  illuminated,  Scec.  XV.,  59/.  Horae, 
with  Tory's  decorations,  Paris,  1556,  36/. 
Churchyard's  Chips,  First  Part,  1578,  18/.  15s. 
Horfe,  on  vellum,  MS.  for  Louis  XL,  bound  for 
the  Regent  Philippe  d'OrMans,  104/.  Horae,  on 
vellum,  MS.  done  for  Jacquetta  of  Luxem- 
burg, Duchess  of  Bedford,  Ssec.  XV.,  100/. 
HorR},    with    Tory   borders,    Paris,    1543,    80i. 


788 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


Apuleius,    Roniaj,    Sweynheyni     et    Panrwirtz 
1469,    21L    10^f.       Dictes    des     Saiges     Philo- 
^nphes,     MS.     on     vellum,    illuminated,    58/ 
Fontenelle,    (Euvres     Diverses,     large     paper 
hound  by  Derome,  m.  10s.     Gould's  Birds  of 
Europe,  471.     Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Plays 
1647,   IGl.   10s.     Badminton   Library,  on  large 
P^PfL  24   vols.,    98/.      La    Fontaine,    Fables, 
1765-^5  23i.  10s.   LouvetdeCouvray,  Chevalier 
xie  ±  aublas,  vellum  paper,  proofs  before  letters, 
bound    by    Courteval,    1798,    49/.     Beza,    Con- 
fessione    della    Fede    Christiana,    15G0,     Mary 
Queen    of     Scots'    copy,    52/.       Rabelais,     by 

y/4"''^''^',^'''^^  ^"<^  ^^'^O'^'i  ^ooks,  first  edition, 
16o3,    19/      10s.       Ovide,    par    Banier,    plates 
gouache,  bound  by  Derome,  1767-71    20/    10s 
Gilbert    White's    Original     Holograph    Letters 
/?m  ^"o?,"*^  ""^  ^'^  Natural  History  of  Selborne 
y"^',i^f'-  ''^^^  '"s  unpublished  Garden  Calen- 
dar, lid.    Raymundus  de  Pennaforti,  Summula 
Sacramentorum,   MS.   on  vellum,  Ssec.   XIV 
211.      bhakspeare.    Second    Folio,     1632,    51/' 
La  Vraye  Histoire  de  Troye,  MS.  on  vellum' 
with  illuminations,  Sjbc.  XV.,  345/.     The  col- 
lection of  plays  formed  by  John  Genest  for  his 
History  of  the  Stage,  and  containing  many  MS 
iiotes  by  him,  realized  134/.     The  total  of  the 
iour  days'  sale  was  4,758/.  86-. 


PROP.  LEGGE. 
We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  the  Rev 
James  Legge,  LL.D.,  the  Professor  of  Chinese 
^t  the  University  of  Oxford,  which  occurred  on 
Monday  last  after  a  short  illness,  at  his  resi- 
dence at    Keble  Terrace,   Oxford.     Dr.   Leeee 
was  born  in  1815  at  Huntly,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
and  was   therefore  at   the  time  of  his  decease 
m  his  eighty-third  year.     He  was  educated  at 
Huntly  and  at  Aberdeen,  and  graduated  at  the 
Aberdeen  University  in  1835.  He  subsequently 
studied  at  the  Highbury  Theological  Colle-e 
and    It  was   at  this  period  that  he    began    tlie 
study  of  Chinese  m  the  Reading  Room  of  the 
British  Museum.     In  1839  he  went  to  Malacca 
preparatory  to  undertaking  the  work  of  a   mis- 
sionary in  China,  and  while  there  took  charcre 
.  Jv  ^"Slo-Chinese  College  which   had  been 
established  for  the  training  of  both  English  and 
■Chinese  youths  for  the  mission  field.  Li  addition 
to  the  administrative  duties  thus  thrust  upon 
him   he   found   time   to  prosecute  his  Chinese 
studies   and   to   translate    into   the   vernacular 
several  Christian  dissertations  and  tracts      Im- 
mediately after  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  in 
1842  he  went  to  Hong  Kong,  where  he  resided 
for  thirty  years.     This  was  the   busiest  period 
of  his  life.     Besides  performing  regular  duty  at 
the   local    Congregational   Church,   he  devoted 
his  leisure  time  to  the  translation  of  the  Chinese 
glassies   and  to  rendering  into  Chinese   works 
^n  the  Christian  doctrines.     His  translations  of 
the  Chinese  classics  must  ever  remain  monu- 
ments of  minute  scholarship  and  indefatigable 
industry      In  his  weighty  volumes  we  havt  the 
views  of  the  authors  as  understood  by  native 
commentators   placed  distinctly  and  accurately 
J)efore  us.     As  he  repeatedly  said,  he  found  in 
the  commentators  all  that  was  necessary  for  an 
understandingof  the  works  of  which  they  treated, 
and  he  relied  implicitly  on  their  interpretation 
of  all  passages    Besides  the  classics-the  '  Four 
Books'  and   the   'Five  Ching '-he   translated 
several    Buddhist    and  Taois!  works    some  of 

l^tJi'^"T^^%T''^  '^''  "^^'^^^d  B««ks  o 
China   a'fnnl"  ^^^^'.^^^^  ^^^^'^  his  return  from 
China,  a  fund  was  raised  to  establish  for  him  a 

Seln'o?  t?;  n''  ''  ^f  ^"'^'^-  '^'^h  the  generous 
rSF?  '^1%  University  a  sufficient  income  was 
raised,  and  for  the  last  one-and-twenty  years  he 
had  devoted  himself  to  the  duties  o?  his  'o' 
fessorship  and  to  throwing  open  to  the  publL 
the  mines  of  wisdom  and  information  which  are 
of  CMnT      "''^  '"  '^'  ^^"''''  ""'^'^°^"  tong-^ 


Henry  Seton  Merriman's  new  novel  is 
called  '  Eoden's  Corner.'  It  will  run  through 
Harper's  Magazi7ie,  beginning  with  the 
January  1898  issue.  It  will  bo  illustrated 
by  Mr.  T.  de  Thulstrup.  Mr.  Charles 
Dudley  Warner  will  discuss  Tennyson  as 
the  interpreter  of  nineteenth  century 
thought  and  feeling  in  the  "Editor's 
Drawer"  of  the  January  issue  of  the 
magazine. 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward's  biography,  in  two 
volumes,    of    Cardinal    Wiseman    will    be 
issued  next  Tuesday  by  Messrs.  Longman 
Cardinal   Manning   collected   materials  for 

^"f^  .t  "^^""^  '^  1^^^'  immediately 
after  Wiseman's  death,  and  they  subse- 
quently passed  into  the  hands  of  Father 
Morris.  After  Mr.  Morris  died  Cardinal 
Vaughan  placed  his  papers  at  Mr.  Ward's 
disposal.  Mr.  Morris's  account  of  the 
Errington  case  has  been  printed  almost 
entire  by  Mr.  Ward. 

There  is  a  long  appendix  of  documents 
bearing  on  the  Errington  case,  which  Mr. 
Purcell  has  made  so  notorious.  Of  foreign 
correspondence  there  is  only  a  brief  selec- 
tion, chiefly  letters  from  Dollinger  and 
various  French  bishops.  The  lengthy 
memorandum  on  the  crisis  of  1847  which 
Wiseman  presented  to  Lord  Palmerston  on 
behalf  of  Pio  Nono,  is  printed  for  the  iirst 
time. 

_  The  winter  meeting  for  teachers,  which 
IS  to  bo  held  at  the  College  of  Preceptors 
between  January  4th  and  15th,  will  include 
courses  of  lectures  on  the  principles  of 
class  teaching,  on  art  and  art  teaching  and 
on  the  teaching  of  science.  Separate  lectures 
will  be  given  by  Sir  Walter  Besant  Mr 
Arthur  Sidgwick,  Sir  Joshua  Fitch,'  Mr' 
Walter  Crane,  Mr.  Findlay,  and  others  • 
and  visits  will  be  paid  to  tlie  National  Gal- 
lery and  sundry  educational  institutions  in 
London. 

Sir  H.  Truesian  Wood  writes  : 

"A  committee  of  the  Society  of  Arts  is  now 
at  work  on  the  subject  of  the  deterioration  of 
modern  paper.  It  is  a  matter  of  general  repute 
that  many  books  are  now  printed  on  paper  of 
so  inferior  a  character  that  it  is  liable  t^j  perish 
in  a  short  space  of  time  ;  but  the  committee  are 
anxious  to  have  definite  examples  before  them 
of  books  which  have  thus  sufl^-ered.  Mic^ht  I  ask 
if  any  of  your  readers  who  have  had  ex'perience 
of  such  cases  would  kindly  communicate  the 
facts  to  me  ;  and  also  if  they  would  send  me 
any  examples  of  books  printed  within  the  last 
fifty  years  in  which  the  paper  shows  signs  of 
perishing?  I  need  not  say  that  any  such  books 
will  be  carefully  preserved,  and,  after  the  com- 
mittee have  Imd  an  opportunity  of  inspecting 
them,  returned  to  the  lenders." 

A  SOCIETY  has  been  formed  at  Man- 
chester, called  the  Lancashire  Parish  Register 
Society,  for  the  purpose  of  printing  and 
publishing  the  registers  of  the  ancient 
parishes  of  the  county.  The  annual  sub- 
scription IS  fixed  at  a  guinea,  and  the  pro- 
visional committee  consists  of  the  President, 
Col.  iishwick  ;  the  honorary  secretary,  the 
T  '^  ^v-  Lowenberg;  the  treasurer,  Mr. 
J.  R.  ^aithwaite;  and  Major  Parker,  the 
Rev.  J.  n.  Stanning,  and  Messrs.  H. 
Brierley  J  E.  Worsley,  C.  W.  Sutton, 
J.  H.  Nicholson,  and  W.  Farrar. 

Keats's  residence  at  Hampstead  is  an 
inexhaustible  topic  of  erroneous  statement. 


The  air  of  that  suburb  seems  infec- 
tious of  error.  In  a  publication  called 
the  Hampstead  Annual,  just  issued,  are 
some  three  and  a  half  pages  of  large  type 
contributed  by  Dr.  Robertson  Nicoll,  under 
the  title  of  '  Keats  in  Hampstead.'  In  this 
article  we  are  told  that  Keats's  brother  Tom 
died  m  the  first  week  of  November,  1817; 
that,  when  Keats  met  Fanny  Brawne  at  the 
Dilkes',  she  was  "living  in  Devonshire 
Street  ' ;  and  that  Miss  Chester  converted 
the  two  semi-detached  houses  of  Wentworth 
Place  into  one  and  called  it  Lawn  Bank, 
Here  are  three  and  a  half  misstatements  in 
three  and  a  half  pages.  Tom  Keats  died 
more  than  a  year  later  than  alleged— on 
the  1st  of  December,  1818  ;  the  Brawnes 
lived  in  Downshire  Hill  at  the  time  men- 
tioned—not Devonshire  Street ;  and  Went- 
worth Place  became  Lawn  Cottage  in  Miss 
Chester's  time,  though  it  is  now  Lawn 
Bank.  The  half  error  is  in  saying  that  the 
actress  made  the  alterations,  when,  in  fact, 
George  IV.  had  them  done  to  provide  her 
with  a  suitable  residence. 

It  is  strange  enough  to  meet  in  the  afore- 
named Hampstead  Annual,  among  the  ori- 
ginal contributions  of  which,  ostensibly,  it 
IS  composed,  some  familiar  old  sonnets  of 
Leigh  Hunt's.  Here  be  six  sonnets  to 
Hampstead,  which  may  well  seem  like 
treasure- trove  to  the  younger  generation 
of  denizens  of  that  breezy  height,  coming 
with  the  sign-manual  of  so  redoubted  a 
resident  of  bygone  years.  But  five  of  them 
are  those  very  five  pages  which  endear  to 
the  collector  of  original  editions  the  second 
issue  of  'The  Feast  of  the  Poets,'  being 
the  most  notable  of  its  titles  to  be  described 
as  "amended  and  enlarged"  (they  are  not 
in  the  first  edition) ;  and  the  sixth  is  from 
'  Foliage.' 

The  decease  is  announced,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-four,  of  Dr.  Hedderwick,  tlie  founder 
and  proprietor  of  the  Glasgow  Evening 
Cttizen.  An  active  and  industrious  jour- 
nalist. Dr.  Hedderwick  was  known  to 
a  wider  public  by  his  'Lays  of  Middle 
Age '  and  '  The  Villa  by  the  Sea.'  Some 
SIX  years  ago  he  published  a  pleasant 
volume  of  reminiscences  under  the  title 
of  'Backward  Glances.'— The  decease  is 
also  announced  of  Miss  E.  Nussey,  the 
school  companion  and  friend  of  Charlotte 
Bronte,  who  was  a  great  source  of  informa- 
tion to  successive  biographers  of  the  Brontes. 

The  Society  for  the  History  and  Anti- 
quities of  Lorraine  has  decided  on  issuing  a 
dictionary  of  the  various  dialects  spoken 
in  that  province.  It  will  form  a  pendant 
to  the  Alsatian  Dictionary,  which,  as  we 
reported  some  time  ago,  is  in  course  of 
publication. 

The  good  people  of  Mayence  have  defini- 
tively decided  on  holding  the  Guttenberg- 
Feier  in  the  year  1900,  which  date  we 
advocated  as  far  back  as  two  years  ago. 
We  also  learn  that  a  preliminary  pro- 
gramme of  the  proceedings  which  are  to 
take  place  on  the  fifth  centenary  of  the 
great  inventor's  birth  has  already  been 
issued. 

Mr.  Erjvest  Ehys  writes  : — 

"  With  reference  to  your  review  of  'Literary 
Pamphlets,' and  in  justice  to  the  editor  of  the 
'  Pamphlet  Library '  as  well  as  to  myself,  will 
you  let  me  explain  that  some  of  my  proof-sheets 


N''3658,  Dec.  4, '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


789 


embodying  many  corrections,  and  corrections 
of  many  of  the  errors  pointed  out  by  your  re- 
viewer, were,  through  some  fatality,  returned 
to  me,  instead  of  being  duly  intrusted  to  the 
printers  ?  So,  too,  I  am  afraid  that  in  this  case  at 
least  the  printer's  devil  must  not  be  held  account- 
able.    Give  the  devil  his  due  !  " 

FiioM  Paris  comes  the  news  of  tlie  decease 
of  M.  Charles  Buet,  a  journalist,  novelist, 
and  dramatist  of  much  activity. 

The  foundation  of  an  American-German 
University  is  reported  from  Chicago. 
Hitherto  three  faculties  only  have  been 
established,  those  of  Philosophy,  Philology, 
and  Biology,  together  with  a  department 
for  Art.  The  professors  are  said  to  lecture 
both  in  English  and  German  according  to 
the  requirements  of  the  students. 

Prussia  boasts  already  of  one  chair  of 
modern  German  literature,  and  now  we  hear 
that  another  chair  for  the  same  subject  has 
been  founded  at  Bonn. 

There  are  no  Parliamentary  Papers  of 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week. 


SCIENCE 

The  Founders  of  Geology.     By  Sir  Archibald 

Geikie,  F.R.S.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Soon  after  the  death  of  Prof.  George  Hunt- 
ington Williams,  of  Baltimore,  who  passed 
away  three  years  ago  at  the  age  of  only 
thirty-eight,  the  widow  generously  endowed 
a  memorial  lectureship  at  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  where  her  husband 
had  occupied  the  Chair  of  Inorganic  Geology. 
At  the  invitation  of  the  trustees,  Sir  Archi- 
bald Geikie  inaugurated  this  lectureship 
last  spring  by  the  delivery  of  a  course  of 
geological  lectures,  which  are  published  in 
this  volume.  The  audience  to  whom  the 
discourses  were  addressed,  though  not  large, 
was  select,  comprising  geologists  of  emi- 
nence drawn  to  Baltimore  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  from  Canada. 
In  order  to  interest  equally  those  who  were 
working  in  vei-y  diverse  departments  of 
geological  science,  a  selection  was  wisely 
made  of  a  general  historical  subject  and 
not  of  any  special  toijic  of  limited 
scope.  Sir  Archibald's  pen  never  moves 
with  more  ease  than  when  sketching  the 
life  and  work  of  some  geological  worthj' ; 
and  his  '  Founders  of  Geology  '  contains 
half  a  dozen  excellently  written  essays,  por- 
traying some  of  the  central  figures  in  the 
early  history  of  his  favourite  science. 

Undoubtedly  the  most  original  feature  in 
the  volume  is  the  prominence  assigned  to 
the  French  school  of  geologists  in  the  latter 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  The  author 
believes  that  the  influence  of  these  pioneers 
has  hitherto  been  much  underrated  in  this 
country.  It  is  not  pretended  for  a  moment 
that  France  preceded  Italy  in  producing 
men  whose  philosophical  insight  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  science  of  the  earth  ;  but 
most  of  the  early  Italian  authorities  lived 
before  the  period  which  the  author  has 
selected  for  special  study.  That  period 
comprises  about  seventy  years  —  between 
1750  and  1820;  but  these  limits  are 
extended  towards  the  end  of  the  book,  so  as 
to  include  a  sketch  of  the  work  of  Sedgwick, 
Murchison,  and  Logan  ;  whilst,  in  order  to 
embrace  a   reference  to  the  foundation  of 


microscopic  petrography,  the  period  is  made 
so  elastic  as  to  stretch  right  into  the  sixties. 
In  the  middle  of  the  last  century  Buffon 
stands  out  as  the  dominating  figure  in  the 
natural  science  of  France.  But  it  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  there  were  many  others, 
like  Desmarest,  to  whom  geology  undoubt- 
edly stands  much  in  debt  ;  and  among 
Bulfon's  contemporaries  the  author  points 
especially  to  Jean  Etienne  Guettard — a  man 
whose  name  will  hardly  be  known  to  the 
geologists  of  this  country  or  of  America. 
The  resuscitation  of  Guettard's  memory 
was,  indeed,  the  most  striking  incident  in 
Sir  Archibald's  lectures. 

Endowed  from  childhood  with  an  enthu- 
siastic taste  for  natural  history,   Guettard, 
who  was  educated  as  a  doctor  of  medicine, 
became   the   companion    of    the    Duke    of 
Orleans  in  the   course  of   his  travels,   and 
the  custodian  of  his  collections  of  natural 
objects.      The    connexion    which    Guettard 
traced  between  the  flora  of  a  district  and 
the  nature  of  its  rocks  led  him  to  the  study 
of  what,  in  pre-geological  times,  was  called 
mineralogy ;    and,    having   laid    down   the 
character  of  the  rocks  on  a  map  of  France, 
he  is  claimed  as  the  founder  of  geological 
cartography.     Yet  it  must  be  admitted  that 
Guettard's  maps  show  no  acquaintance  with 
the  stratigraphical  sequence  of  the  geological 
formations,  and  are  not  to  be  even  remotely 
compared  with  the  famous  maps  of  William 
Smith.      Another    of    Guettard's    achieve- 
ments was  the  recognition  of   extinct  vol- 
canoes in  Central  France,  though  here  his 
observations    were    seriously    tinged    with 
error,  inasmuch  as  he   curiously  held  that 
basalt  was  not  of  igneous  origin.  He  seems, 
however,  to  have    recognized  the  scientific 
value  of  organic  remains,  and  to  have  held 
advanced  views  as  to  the  sculpturing  of  the 
land  by  agents  of  erosion.     Altogether,  he 
was  unquestionably  a  most  notable  character; 
3'et   his   own    countrymen    for  a  long  time 
ignored  his  researches,  and  it  is  consequently 
no    wonder   that    he    has    been    practically 
unrecognized  in  England.     For  a  large  part 
of  this  neglect,  however,  he  has  only  himself 
to  thank :  he  was,  in  truth,  a  terribly  volumin- 
ous writer,  sending  forth  paper  after  paper, 
volume   after  volume,  written   in   so   cum- 
brous and  diffuse  a  style  that  few  cared  to 
wade  through  his  effusions.     With  a  little 
literary  elegance  and  one-tenth  of   his  in- 
dustry his  scientific  reputation  would  pro- 
bably have  been  very  different. 

Writings  on  the  history  of  geology 
are  by  no  means  common  in  our  litera- 
ture. Lyell  opened  his  famous  'Prin- 
ciples '  with  a  brief  sketch  ;  Fitton  in  the 
eai-ly  j-ears  of  this  century  contributed  to 
the  Edinburgh  Review  some  valuable  articles  ; 
and  Sir  A  Geikie  himself  has  on  more  than 
one  occasion  touched  upon  certain  periods 
and  phases  of  geological  progress.  Con- 
sidering, however,  the  general  paucity  of 
such  works,  '  The  Founders  of  Geology  '  will 
be  welcomed  as  an  acceptable  addition  to 
this  class  of  literature. 


SOCIETIES. 

Royal.— iNW.  25.  — Lord  Lister,  President,  in  the 
chair. — Profs.  J.  H.  van't  Hoff,  H.  de  Lacaze- 
Duthiers,  W.  Pfeffer,  and  F.  Zirkel  were  elected 
Foreign  Members.— Notice  of  the  CBSuing  anniver- 
sary meeting  was  given,  and  the  list  of  officers  and 
Council  nominated  for  election  was  read.— The 
following  papers  were  read  :  '  On  the  Geometrical 


Treatment  o  the  "Normal  Curve"  of  Statistics, 
with  especial  reference  to  Correlation  and  to  the 
Theory  of  Error,'  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Sheppard,—*  Mathe- 
matical Contributions  to  the  Theory  of  Evolution  : 
IV.,  On  the  Probable  Errors  of  Frequency  Con- 
stants, and  on  the  Inlluence  of  Random  Selection 
on  Variation  and  Correlation,'  by  Prof.  K.  Pearson 
and  Mr.  L.  N.  G.  Filon, — '  On  certain  Natural  Media 
for  the  Cultivation  of  the  Bacillus  of  Tubercle,'  by 
Dr.  A.  Kansome,—  ' Further  Note  on  the  Trans- 
plantation and  Growth  of  .viammalian  Ova  within  a 
Uterine  Foster-mother,'  by  Mr.  W.  Heape,— 'Further 
Observations  upon  the  Comparative  Physiology  of 
the  Suprarenal  Capsules,'  by  Mr.  S.Vincent, — '  Sum- 
mary of  Prof.  Edgewortli  David's  Preliminary 
Report  on  the  Boring  at  Funafuti,'  by  Prof.  T.  0. 
Bonney, — and  '  On  the  Determination  of  the  Indices 
of  Refraction  of  Various  Substances  for  the  Electric 
Ray  :  IL,  Index  of  Refraction  of  Glass,'  and  'On 
the  Influence  of  the  Thickness  of  Air-space  on  Total 
Reflection  of  Electric  Radiation,'  by  Prof.  J.  C. 
Bose. 

Geological.— iVyr.  17.— Dr.  H.  Hicks,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Messrs.  H.  Fleck  and  E.  B.  B.  Newton 
were  elected  Fellows. — The  following  communica- 
tions were  read  :  '  The  Geology  of  Rotuma,'  by  Mr. 
J.  Stanley  Gardiner,  communicated  by  Mr.  .1.  E. 
Marr,— 'A  Geological  Survey  of  the  Witwatersrand 
and  other  Districts  in  the  Southern  Transvaal,'  by 
Dr.  F.  H.  Hatch,— and  '  Observations  on  the  Genus 
Aclisina,  de  Koninck,  with  Detcriptions  of  British 
Species  and  of  some  other  Carboniferous  Gastro- 
poda,' by  Miss  J.  Donald,  communicated  by  Mr. 
J.  G.  Goodchild. 


LiNNEAN.— JVfm  18.— Dr.  A.  Giiuther,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Messrs.  P.  Goiffon,  D.  A.  Jones,  and 
E.  R.  Budden  were  admitted  Fellows. — The  Presi- 
dent atmouuced  that  since  the  close  of  last  session 
the  Society  had  received  from  Prof.  G.  J.  Allman  a 
portrait  of  himself,  an  excellent  likeness,  painted 
by  Miss  Busk,  whose  portrait  of  her  late  father  was 
DOW  hanging  near  it. — Mr.  R.  M.  Middleton  exhibited 
and  made   remarks  on  some  ants    received    from 
Ephesus.    These  had  been  referred  to  in  a  previous 
commuiacation  as  being  made  use  of  in  Asia  Minor 
fur  the  purpose  of  holding   together  the  edges  of 
incised  wounds  by  means  of  their  strongly  hooked 
and   sharp   mandibles    {Juiirn.    Linn.    Soo.,   Zool., 
vol.  XXV.  p.  405).    The  s})ecies  was  now  identified 
as  Cataglyphitis  viatica,  Fabr. — Mr.  T.  Christy  gave 
some  additional  information  derived  from  foreign 
correspondents.  —  Mr.   J.    E.   Harting   exhibited  a 
great    black    woodpecker    {Picus    martius)    lately 
received  from  Col.  W.  C.  Diwson,  of  Weston  Hall, 
Otley,  Yorkshire,  where  it  had  been  shot  on  Sep- 
tember 8th  last.    This  could  not  be  the  bird  which 
had  recently  been  lost  from  the  Zoological  Gardens, 
since  the  latter  did  not  escaj)e  until  October  9th. 
Allusion  was  made  to  the  numerous  records  of  the 
occurrence  of  this  species  in  England,  some  of  which, 
at  least,  seemed  worthy  of  credence. —  Mr.  Howard 
Saunders  expressed  the  opinion  that  there  was  no 
sufficient  ground  for  including  Picus  martius  iu  the 
list  of  British  birds,  as  it  was  not  likely  to  be  a 
voluntary   visitor  to  this  country.— The    President 
remarked  that  the  perfect  state  of  plumage  of  the 
specimen  exhibited  was  satisfactory  evidence  of  its 
not  iiaving  recently  escaped  from  captivity  ;   and 
that  the  late  Lord  Lilford,  the  year  before  his  death, 
had  given  two  black  woodpeckers  in  his  aviary  in 
Northamptonshire  their  liberty  iu  consequence  of 
their  ailing  in  health.    It  seemed  possible  that  one 
of  these  might  be  the  bird  lately  shot. — Mr.  J.  E. 
Harting  also  exhibited  a  hybrid  pheasant  and  black 
grouse  received  that  day  from  Shropshire.     In  ap- 
pearance it  resembled  a  similar  hybrid  of  which  a 
coloured  figure  is  given  in  early  editions  of  White's 
'Selborne.' — Three  white  ^a.vin(\ge&{Perdix  cinerea) 
were  exhibited,  shot  on  the  Berwyn  mountains  in 
Wales  early  in  October.    It  was  remarkable  that  in 
a  covey  of  nine  birds  no  fewer  than  five  were  white. 
—Mr.   H.  Leigh  exhibited  the  skull  of  a  red  deer 
recently  shot  by  him  in  Scotland,  in  which  there 
was  a  singular  distortion  of  the  pedicel,  resulting 
from  an  ancient  fracture  of  the  left  temporal  bone. 
—A  paper  by  Prof.  A.  Dendy,  of  Canterbury  College, 
N  Z  ,  was  read  on  Pontobolhus  manaarensis  (gen.  et 
spec,  nov.),  a  problematical  cusbion-shaped  marine 
object,  measuring  from  13  to  3(5  mm.  in  transverse 
diameter,  found  attached  to  rocks  in  shallow  water 
in  the  Gulf  of  Manaar.    It  was  found  to  be  concen- 
trically laminated  and  to  contain  calcareous  material, 
and  a '•ground-substance  "the  various  micro-chemical 
reactions  of  which  were    carefully  described,  and 
which,  if  protoplasmic,  yielded  no  traces  of  nuclear 
structures.    Minute  algaj  were  also  detected,  and  in 
the  deeper  layers  foreign  particles  iu  the  form  of 
sand-grains.      The    predominant    component    was 
found  to  be  a  dense  feltwork  of  minute  filaments, 
for  the  most  part  radially  arranged  and  destitute  of 
contents,  which,  after  prolonged  study,  the  author 
had  come  to  regard  as  bacterial.    Comparison  was 


790 


THE    ATIIENiEUM 


instituted    between    these    filaments    and    certain 
Schizophjta,  and  between  the  entire  object  and  cer- 
tain calcareous  algoid  "  pebbles,"  descri  bed  by  M  urray, 
from  Michigan  and  elsewhere,  as  also  between  it  and 
the  gigantic  rhizopod  Lof  tusia  (Carp,  and  Brady) ;  and 
Mr.  Dendy  inclined  to  the  belief  that  it  might  be  a 
symbiote  mvolving  some  gigantic  rhizopod  undeter- 
mined and  a  bacterial  organism.— Prof.  Howes  sub- 
mitted some   microscopic    sections    of    the    object 
made  at  South  Kensington.     He  pointed  out  that 
spicules,  apparently  of  sponges,  could  be  detected 
among  the  foreign  particles,  and  remarked  that  to 
him    and    his    colleagues    it    appeared  that,  while 
bacteria   were   jiresent,  algal   filaments   were  over- 
whelmingly predominant,  and  that  the  evidence  for 
the  supposed  presence  of  a  gigantic   rliizopod  was 
exceedingly  slender.     In  this  criticism  he  was  sup- 
ported    by    Mr.    George    Murray,    who    had    also 
examined  the  material,  and  who  put  forward  a  sug- 
gestion of  probable  similarity  to  the  algal  '•  pseudo- 
morphs"    apparently    parasitic    on    sponges,    first 
recorded  by   Carter  in  the   Annals  and  Mag.  Nat. 
:g'«/-  for  1878.— Mr.   F.  Chapman  read  a    paper  on 
Haddonia,    a    new    genus    of    Foraminifera,    from 
Torres    Straits.    He    explained,    with    the    aid    of 
lantern-slides,  that  Haddonia  is  a  calcareo-arenaceous 
type,  of  the  subfamily  Lituolinaj  (of  Brady).     The 
species    H.     torrcsicnsis    adheres    to   coral -rock, 
and  resembles  an  attached  and  well-grown  Hnplo- 
phragmium.    The   test,  which  measures  from  one- 
half  to  nearly  two-thirds  of  au    inch  in  length,  is 
Sinuous  and   irregularly   septate.    The  shell-wall  is 
of  complex  structure,  being  porous,  rough   on  the 
exterior,  and  polished  within  ;  and  on  the  buttress- 
like projections  on   the  interior   are  hyaline  non- 
tuberculate  layers  of  shell-material.    The  aperture 
of  Haddonia  is  i)artia]ly  closed  by  a  flap  or  valve, 
sometimes  directed  towards,  sometimes  away  from, 
the  attached  surface  of  the  test.     The  genus  bears 
some  affinity    with    the    little-known  genus    Bdel- 
loidina  of  Carter,  and  to  a  lesser  degree  with  the 
hyaline    genera    Eupertia    and    Carpentaria.     The 
specimens   of  H.  ton-esiensis  were  found  in  great 
abundance  on  two  pieces  of  coral-rock  collected  by 
Prof.  A.  C.  Haddon  in  the  Torres  Straits  in  1889. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— i\'<^y.  .SO  — 
Mr.  J.  C.  Hawkshaw,  Member  of  Council,  in  the 
chair.— The  paper  read  was  '  On  the  Law  of  Con- 
densation of  Steam,'  by  Messrs.  H.  L.  Callendar  and 
J.  T.  Nicolson. 

_  Physical.— iVW.  26.-Mr.  S.  Bidwell,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Mr.  B.  Appleyard  read  a  paper  'On 
the  Failure  of  German-Silver  and  Platinoid  Wires.' 
—Prof.  Perry  then  read  a  note  on  a  question  in 
thermo  ■  dynamics,  arising  from  correspondence 
that  had  taken  place  between  himself,  Prof.  Ramsay, 
and  Mr.  Kose-Innes  with  regard  to  a  paper  in  the 
Koyal  Society's  Transactions. 


MON. 


TUES. 


Wed. 
Thur 


Fai. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Victoria  Institute,  4J  -'  Ancient  Tithe-givinjr,-  Dr.  Lansdell 
iondon  Institution,  6—' rarliaments  of  the  Queen,' Mr.  H  W. 

Royal' Institution,  5  -General  Monthly 

Engineers,  'S  -' The  Pollution  ot  Water  and  its  Correction,' 
Mr  K  K.  Middleton.  ' 

Society  of  Alts.  8—' Gutta  Percha,'  Lecture  II  Ur  E  F  A 
Obach.    (Cantor  Lecture.)  .  *.  ^ 

Surveyors'  Institution,  8.-' Royal  Commissioners'  Sueeeste.l 
Amendments  to  the  Agricultural  HoldiuKs  Act  188:i  'Mr  V 
Puncliard  ,    uu  ,   .■.    j.. 

^A°iT'ttc''wOTk^'  -Lieut    Peary  will  give  an  Account  of  his 

Colonial  Institute.  8 

Civil  Engineers    8  -Discussion  '  On  the  Law  of  Condensation 

of  .steam  ■  Hallot  for  Members  "u^cusauou 

Biblical  Archicology,  8  -'Cuneiform  Inscriptions  and  the  Book 

ol  Kings,  Prof,  Oppert 
Society  of  Arts,  8--  1  he  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Industries 

of  Sweden  as  shown  at  the  Stockholm  Exhibition  of  I8<J7  ■ 

Mr  liennett  H.  Diough 
1.  Royal.  41 

H"'''J"X"*n 'i"'°^  ®  -'O"  ">«  Frontier  of  History  in  Britain  • 
Prof   W.  It  Dawkins.  ' 

Electrical  Engineers,  8  -Annual  Geneial  Meeting 
Mathematical,  8  -  •  1  he  Construction  of  the  Straight  Line 
joining  1  wo  Given  Points,' Prof.  W  Kurnside  ;  A  Iheoiem 
concerning  the  Special  .Systems  of  Point  Groups  on  a  Part - 
cular  lype  of  Base  Curve,'  Miss  F.  Hardcastle,  'A  General 
lype  of  Vortex  Motion.' Mr  R  Hargreaves  "cnciai 

Tt!ur'^'ifn'fAT;'5"'fi"'*'"  "o*^"  U'awings  atValFoBtanalba. 
TiV^\  /  ,,  ^'.'^'"'f-'ll  I  •  Antiquities  lately  found  in  Hristol  ' 
M^   A     *-    Iiichaid;  'Earliest  Charter  of    Saffron  Walden  ' 

Mr  ^-v  h^^Sl'  •:  '"KO'  o'  '''in  found  in  Westminster  Abbey '' 
Mr.  J.  r  Micklethwaite.  >•>..  i»uuc,, 

Astronomical,  8. 


^cienct  (§antig. 
The  Official  Report  of  the  Madras  Museum 
for  189G-7,  drawn  up  by  Dr.  A.  G.  Bourne, 
in  the  absence  of  Mr.  Thurston,  the 
very  capable  superintendent,  shows  a  satis- 
factory record  of  progress.  How  the  Museum 
IS  appreciated  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact 
that  on  the  day  of  the  Pongul  feast 
January  14th)  over  77,000  people  visited  it. 
Ihe  farst  Saturday  in  every  month  is  set  apart 

o  La     /'^J*^^  °^    ^^^  ^"^'"^  women,   and    over 
^,OU0  of    them   have  attended.     The  Museum 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


has  been  thrown  open  on  Sundays,  and  has 
attracted  numbers  of  the  literate  class  who 
cannot  leave  their  work  on  weekdays.  Important 
additions  have  been  made  in  the  imposing  New 
Museum  buildings  and  the  hand.somo  hall  of  the 
Coiinemara  Public  Library,  which  was  opened 
by  the  Governor,  Sir  Arthur  Havelock,  at  the 
end  of  last  year.  The  ethnological  collections 
have  been  housed  in  the  New  Museum,  and  an 
anthropological  research  laboratory  has  been 
organized.  Progress  has  also  been  made  by 
Mr.  Thurston  in  the  anthropological  survey  of 
the  tribes  of  Southern  India.  The  list  of  addi- 
tions made  to  the  Museum  contains  a  large 
number  of  rare  and  interesting  specimens,  and 
the  bird  gallery  and  collection  of  live  snakes 
have  been  notably  increased.  The  library  is 
indebted  to  Mr.  Sundara  Sastry  for  about  a 
thousand  volumes  of  general  interest,  and  other 
presentations  amounted  to  over  300  ;  but  it  may 
be  suggested  to  English  authors  and  publishers 
that  the  gift  of  recent  books  to  the  Connemara 
Library  would  be  a  graceful  and  acceptable  act. 
Herr  J.  MoLLER,  of  Kiel,  has  published 
in  Ast.  Nach.  No.  3459  a  continuation  of  the 
ephemeris  of  the  comet  discovered  by  Mr. 
Perrine  at  the  Lick  Observatory  on  the  16th 
of  October,  the  approximate  place  for  to-night 
(the  4th  of  December)  being  E.  A.  18"  10'", 
N.P.D.  36°  5',  and  the  motion  very  slow  in 
a  south  -  westerly  direction.  The  comet  is 
now  very  faint,  but  he  remarks  that  it 
has  not  conformed  to  the  theoretical  changes 
of  brightness  due  to  distance,  and  it  is 
possible  that  on  approaching  perihelio.'"  (it 
is  due  in  that  position  on  the  9th  ^nst.) 
a  development  of  inherent  light  will  take 
place,  causing  some  increase  of  apparent  bright- 
ness. The  comet  reckons  as  /*,  1897,  because 
D'Arrest's  periodical  comet,  which  was  faintly 
visible  last  summer  and  first  seen  by  Mr. 
Perrine  on  June  28th,  became  on  this  return 
a,  1897. 

An  occupation  of  the  small  planet  Ceres, 
No.  1,  by  the  moon  was  observed  by  Dr.  Schorr 
at  Hamburg  and  by  Prof.  Harzer  at  Kiel  on 
the  13th  ult.  The  egress  only  could  be  seen, 
which  was  not  instantaneous,  like  the  reappear- 
ance of  a  fixed  star,  but  an  increase  of  brightness, 
lasting  from  one  to  two  seconds,  was  noticed. 

Dr.  Hebb  is  to  succeed  Prof.  Jeffrey  Bell  as 
one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Royal  Micro- 
scropical  Society,  a  post  which  the  latter  has 
held  for  the  last  fifteen  years. 

The  thirteenth  and  last  volume  of  'Cayley's 
Collected  Papers'  will  be  published  by  the 
Cambridge  University  Press  in  a  few  days.  A 
supplementary  volume,  containing  the  titles  of 
all  the  papers  and  a  complete  subject-index  to 
the  thirteen  volumes,  is  in  the  press  and  will  be 
published  early  in  1898. 


FINE    ARTS 


A  Uistonj  of  Renaissance  Architecture  in 
England,  1500-1800.  By  Eeginald  Blom- 
field,  M.A.  2  vols.  (Bell  &  Sons.) 
Mr.  Blomfield  has  produced  the  first 
scholarly  and  comprehensive  history  of  the 
decadence  of  English  architecture,  and  his 
book  is  likely  to  remain  the  standard  one 
on  the  subject  for  a  long  time.  The  ground, 
or  parts  of  it,  have  often  been  gone  over  by 
others,  but  the  only  two  worthy  of  mention 
are  Mr.  James  Fergusson  in  his  '  History  of 
the  Modern  Styles  of  Architecture,'  and  Mr. 
Loftie  in  his  '  Inigo  Jones  and  Wren.'  Mr. 
Fergusson,  we  believe,  considered  himself  to 
be  a  professional  architect,  but  he  lacked 
appreciation  of  the  art  of  architecture,  and 
his  statements  of  fact  are  often  careless  and 
inaccurate.     His  book  has  been  accepted  as 


a  text-book  only  for  want  of  another.  Mr. 
Loftie,  of  whom  Mr.  Blomfield  writes  with 
respect,  is  as  eccentric  in  his  taste  as  he  is 
in  the  choice  of  terms  to  describe  it.  The 
new  book,  therefore,  fills  a  gap  which  needed 
to  be  filled,  and  it  fills  it  well. 

We  have  called  it  a  history  of  the 
decadence  of  English  architecture,  which 
it  is,  although  its  author  would  not  accept 
that  description  of  it.  He  gives  the  word 
"renaissance"  its  literal  meaning  when 
applying  it  to  English  architecture,  but 
his  historical  fairness  and  generally  just 
criticism  show  but  too  clearly  how  ill  it 
describes  the  case. 

The  Eenaissance,  as  Mr.  Blomfield  admits, 
was  in  origin  a  literary  movement,  and  its 
influence  in  art  came  through  literature.  In 
Italy,  and  to  some  degree  also  in  France, 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  new  learning,  acting 
on  men  already  trained  to  the  highest 
degree  of  technical  skill,  produced  work  of 
surpassing  brilliance.  But  it  was  a  fatal 
narcotic,  and  the  first  excitement  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  sinking  which  ended  only  in 
death. 

In  England  the  story  comes  later  in  date, 
but  it  is  the  same.  We  find  Renaissance 
work  here  quite  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  done  by  Italians  brought 
over  by  the  king  and  a  few  other  great 
persons.  ^  These  men  were  not  architects, 
and  their  work  was  merely  decoration 
applied  to  buildings  designed  in  the  native 
manner.  It  was  a  fashion  only,  and  soon 
passed  out  of  favour  without  permanently 
affecting  our  architecture,  which  for  a  good 
part  of  a  century  went  on  in  its  own  way. 
This  first  Renaissance  effort  here  is  interest- 
ing, though  it  was  barren,  and  Mr.  Blom- 
field, following  chiefly  Mr.  Higgins's  paper 
in  the  Archmological  Journal,  has  given  a 
good  account  of  it. 

The  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I. 
show  us  architecture  of  a  very  mixed  sort. 
Some  of  the  plainer  examples  are  excellent, 
but  the  more  ambitious  ones  are  often  over- 
loaded with  ornament  barbarously  designed 
and  ignorantly  applied.  On  this  strange 
period  Mr.  Blomfield  has  thrown  more 
light  than  any  former  writer,  and  he  shows 
clearly  how  all  that  is  good — and  there  is 
much  that  is  good— in  what  we  call  Eliza- 
bethan architecture  comes  of  the  surviving 
English  tradition,  whilst  the  incongruous 
novelties  were  forced  upon  the  builders  by 
the  pedantry  of  employers,  who  would  needs 
be  in  the  fashion,  and  imbibed  their  Italian 
ideas  through  the  medium  of  German 
pattern  -  books.  Of  the  architects  of  this 
time  Mr.  Blomfield  takes  small  account, 
and  he  thinks  the  mysterious  John  Thorpe 
was  not  an  architect  at  all,  but  a  surveyor 
and  valuer.  There  is  one  point  of  which 
he  might  have  made  more,  namely,  the 
influence  of  what  may  be  called  New  Road 
work  in  disseminating  outlandish  decora- 
tions. There  is  no  doubt  that  not  only  the 
tombs  and  monuments  in  churches,  but  the 
chimney-pieces  and  some  other  things  in 
houses,  were  often  purchased  from  yards 
in  a  few  large  towns,  and  sent  down  to  be 
fixed  in  their  places  by  the  men  on  the  spot. 
This  is  certainly  the  explanation  of  such 
cases  as  that  of  the  chimney-piece  from 
South  Wraxhall,  figured  on  p.  37,  in  which 
the  architrave  is  set  above  the  frieze. 

Real    English    Renaissance    architecture 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


791 


begins  with  Inigo  Jones.  He  was  followed 
by  Wren ;  and  after  these  two  great  men 
all  is  sinking  —  first  to  the  respectable 
though  not  strong  work  of  Gibbs  and 
Hawkesmore  and  a  few  others ;  then  to 
the  dull  pedantry  of  Campbell,  Eipley,  and 
Kent ;  and  last  to  the  bathos  of  Nash  and 
Sir  John  Soane.  All  this  Mr.  Blomfield  sets 
forth  excellently  well,  and  it  is  chiefly  in 
his  obiter  dicta  that  it  is  difficult  to  agree 
with  him.  In  his  admiration  for  the  later 
work  he  scarcely  does  justice  to  the  English 
architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages.  For  in- 
stance, he  says  : — 

"Architecture  is  an  art  with  its  own  limits 
and  ideals,  not  dependent  on  sculpture  and 
painting,  as  the  medioevalist  had  made  it,  but 
complete  within  itself,  and  capable  of  realizing 
its  full  effect  by  simple  qualities  of  line,  mass, 
and  proportion," — 

an  excellent  statement  of  an  important 
truth  as  to  architecture,  but  one  which  the 
"  medioevalist "  understood  as  well  as  the 
man  of  the  Renaissance,  or  perhaps  better. 
Has  Mr.  Blomfield  ever  seen  a  Yorkshire 
Cistercian  church  ?  He  mentions  Durham 
Cathedral  in  a  way  which  implies  that  at 
least  he  has  seen  it. 

He  says  of  the  designs  of  the  pedant 
architects  that  they  were    "  made  without 

regard  to  materials  or  climate,  and were 

in  fact  little  more  than  academical  exercises," 
and  adds : — 

"Many  of  these  designs  were  extremely  fine 
in  themselves,  and  several  of  the  eighteenth 
century  architects  were  very  able  men  ;  but  an 
art  such  as  architecture,  based  on  the  actual 
facts  of  existence,  cannot  afford  to  be  insane. 
When  once  the  clue  of  use  and  reasonableness 
was  abandoned,  no  further  limit  to  architectural 
experiment  existed." 

Now  he  who  wrote  this  should  have 
understood  that  the  "  Gothic  revival," 
which  he  classes  with  the  "  Greek  revival  " 
and  some  other  short-lived  fashions,  was 
not  an  attempt  to  put  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury into  mediaeval  clothes,  but  the  aim  of 
the  real  leaders  was  to  restore  the  "  sanity," 
the  loss  of  which  Mr.  Blomfield  deplores. 
Mr.  Blomfield  and  his  book  themselves 
testify  to  the  vitality  of  the  teaching  of 
Augustus  Welby  Pugin,  whose  children 
are  all  the  real  English  architects  of  to-day, 
though  some  of  the  younger  ones  know  it 
not,  and  perhaps  afiect  to  despise  him. 

We  will  not  part  with  so  good  a  book  as 
this  is  with  a  list  of  trifling  errors.  But  if 
a  second  edition  is  called  for,  as  we  hope 
it  may  be,  it  should  be  carefully  read  over 
for  the  correction  of  dates  and  some  few 
errors  of  statement  not  important  in  the 
general  argument.  And  if  the  many  illus- 
trations can  be  rearranged  so  as  to  bring 
more  of  them  near  to  the  text  which  belongs 
to  them,  it  will  add  to  the  convenience  of 
the  users  of  the  book.  The  illustrations 
themselves  are  well  chosen  and  generally 
well  executed,  though  a  few  are  rather  too 
sketchy.  The  printing  and  general  get-up 
of  the  book  are  good. 


THE    SOCIETY   OF  PAINTERS    IN    WATER   COLOURS. 

WINTER   EXHIBITION. 

(First  Notice.) 

Most  of  the  drawings  in  this  exhibition  are 
neither  more  nor  less  than  sketches,  and 
studies,  properly  so  called,  are  by  no  means 
numerous.     In  fact,  there  are  so  few  elaborate 


and  complete  works  in  the  gallery  that  the  Old 
Society  would,  we  think,  have  done  better  to 
retain  the  half  -  apologetic  title  of  "Sketches 
and  Studies  "  in  preference  to  the  non-descrip- 
tive name  of  "Winter  Exhibition"  which  it 
now  bears,  for  it  would  have  been  a  sort  of 
justification  for  the  absence  of  drawings  by  so 
many  of  the  leading  members.  It  is,  however, 
creditable  to  a  society  which  is  within  seven 
years  of  its  century  that  it  can  put  forward  a 
collection  so  full  of  fresh  matter,  and  from  many 
points  of  view  attractive  and  praiseworthy. 

The  weakness  of  these  exhibitions,  even  more 
than  of  the  summer  ones,  lies  in  the  paucity  of 
figure  pictures  and  studies  of  subjects  proper, 
a  defect  even  more  conspicuous  than  usual. 
Fortunately,  Sir  F.  Powell,  who  generally 
paints  land  or  sea  scapes,  contributes  a  charming 
drawing,  which  he  modestly  calls  Sketch  of  a 
Girl  (No.  4),  leaning  against  a  fence.  The  pure 
sunlight  and  the  girl's  blue-and-white  dress 
have  afforded  him  an  excellent  opportunity  for 
making  a  delicate  study  in  harmonies  of  light 
and  colour. — Mr.  A.  E.  Emslie,  too,  sends 
Farewell,  Summer  (14),  a  highly  pleasing  draw- 
ing of  a  girl  holding  some  autumnal  flowers. 
Technically  it  is  excellent,  but  rather  lacks 
animation  and  a  purpose  :  shortcomings  which 
are  not  always  discoverable  in  the  artist's  pro- 
ductions. His  Bright  as  a  Daisy  (38)  is  a  little 
too  sentimental,  but  it  is  pretty  enough,  though 
it,  too,  lacks  purpose. —It  is  difficult  to  say 
whether  Mr.  Wallis's  Door  of  a  Mosqrie  at  Cairo 
(25)  is  more  excellent  as  a  figure  picture  or  as  a 
powerful  study  of  effect,  colour,  and  light  and 
shade.  The  group  of  sumptuously  clad  modern 
Egyptians  is  no  doubt  an  important  element  of 
the  background,  and,  though  in  dignity  and 
importance  below  the  standard  of  the  painter, 
it  is  a  broad,  homogeneous,  and  highly  scientific 
work  of  art. —  There  is  hardly  so  much  that  is 
scholarly  in  Mr.  Herkomer's  chief  contribution, 
On  Strike  (30),  a  workman,  his  wife  and 
children  at  their  cottage  door,  looking 
pinched,  wan,  and  sad.  There  is  a  touch 
of  sardonic  humour  in  the  man's  expression 
which  indicates  that  he  takes  himself  to  be  a 
victim  of  society,  and  not  a  little  of  a  hero. 
The  type  selected  is,  if  we  do  not  mistake,  the 
same  Mr.  Herkomer  gave  us  some  years  ago, 
and,  although  the  pathos  of  the  picture  is  a 
little  obvious,  the  coloration  too  feverish,  its 
tonality  too  ifervid,  and  the  execution  rather 
unequal  and  thin,  the  whole  is  a  noteworthy 
instance  of  an  artist  capable  of  fine  things,  who 
is  often  unjust  to  his  powers.  His  portraits  of 
John  Parker,  Esq.  (243),  and  E.  A.  Goodall, 
Esq.  (249),  belong  to  a  series  of  likenesses  of 
members  of  the  Old  Society.  The  florid  exag- 
geration perceptible  in  these  portraits  is  more 
characteristic  of  the  painter  than  of  his  col- 
leagues, and  should  be  toned  down ;  still 
they  are  like  and  strongly  painted.  —  The 
sentiment  of  Mr.  L.  Smythe's  large  drawing 
Goldfish  (44)  is  extremely  pretty,  the  colour 
is  rich  and  harmonious,  and  the  tonality 
choice.  It  is  a  dainty  rather  than  a  masculine 
piece  of  work.  We  do  not  care  for  the  same 
artist's  Fair  Trespassers  (242)  and  Four  Leaves 
from  a  Sketch-Book  (264). 

We  may  next  notice  a  series  of  graceful  and 
charming  studies  by  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones.  Of 
these  The  Field  of  Boaz  (55)  expresses  his  idea  of 
Ruth  "amid  the  alien  corn."  The  beauties 
inherent  in  exquisite  arrangements  of  broken 
tints  and  tones  and  pure  lines  are  delightful  ; 
but  this  dainty  art  is  over-fastidious  and  defi- 
cient in  fibre,  somewhat  effeminate  in  fact,  and 
yet  pure  and  noble.  The  painter  lives  in  a 
world  of  his  own  creating  which  resembles 
nothing  else  artistic,  and  is  least  of  all  realistic. 
Exquisite  elegance  and  the  ever-present  and 
overpowering  charm  of  an  inestimable  sense 
of  style,  which  is  one  of  the  rarest  attain- 
ments in  English  art,  pervade  this  drawing 
and  its  neighbours,  the  so-called  Study  (58), 
which  is  a  sort  of  artistic  dream,  half  realized 


in  almost  mysterious  forms  and  delicate  and 
deliciously  graded  tones,  and  Angels  of  the 
Sepulchre  (59),  figures  which  are  the  originals 
of  one  of  the  most  majestic  and  impressive  of  all 
the  artist's  designs,  heroic  in  size,  and  powerful 
and  beautiful  in  colour.  One  of  these  mag- 
nificent beings  is  in  the  act  of  speaking,  with  a 
hand  stretched  out  as  if  in  warning  ;  the  other 
holds  part  of  his  white  robe  against  his  lips, 
as  if  to  hush  his  breathing.  Both  are  seated, 
and  the  solemnity  of  their  aspect  will  impress 
every  visitor  to  the  gallery.  There  is,  too,  a 
great  deal  that  is  beautiful  in  Sir  Edward's 
Aiicilla  Matntina  (61),  the  single  figure  of  a 
damsel  clad  in  blue  shot  with  gold,  and  carry- 
ing a  piece  of  amber-coloured  drapery.  Vain 
Waiting  (60)  is  less  important  and  definable. 

An  Evening  I  Eemember  (74)   shows    what 
delight  Mr.  T.  Lloyd  takes  in  ancient  gardens 
full   of   flowers,    rich   in   colour  and    still    re- 
splendent, although  twilight  begins  to  darken 
the  world  and  the  last  fires  of  sunset  fade  in  the 
west.     The  figures  that  give  a  human  interest 
to  the  scene  are  in  Mr.  Lloyd's  best  style,  and 
are  singularly  pretty.     This  is  the  most  pathetic 
and  suggestive  drawing  by  Mr.  Lloyd  that  we 
have  seen.     It  belongs,  we  think,  to  a  higher 
class  than  his  usual  works.       His  Good-Night, 
Sweetheart!  (121)  narrowly  misses  being  senti- 
mental,   the   greatest   offence    in   a   picture   of 
sentiment.     It   just   remains,   in   fact,    on   the 
safe   side.      The   lovers   parting   in   a  country 
road,  the  terraced  wall   of  a   noble  garden,  a 
darkening  avenue  of  trees,  and  a  still  luminous 
though  rapidly  fading   sky,   are   all   excellent. 
The  whole  is  broad,  strong,   and  harmonious. 
Besides,  its  careful  execution  gives  to  it  a  species 
of  importance  and  a  charm  which  it  is  impos- 
sible not  to  respect. — Mr.  Glindoni  was  much 
more  ambitious  than  usual  when  he  set  about 
painting  on  so  large  a  scale  and  with  so  much 
detail   his  pseudo-mediajval   subject.  No.   197, 
called  "  What  d'  ye  lack?"  representing  a  six- 
teenth century  fish-shop,  of  which  the  rather  too 
big  proprietor  obtrusively  addresses  a  lady,  who 
must  be  a  princess  of  the  blood  royal  at  least,  so 
very  fine  is  she ;  in  short,  she  is  evidently  one  of 
those   ladies  who  were   accustomed   to   go  out 
marketing  of  a  morning  clad  in  coronatic  n  robes 
and  attended  by  handsome  young  striplings  of 
noble  blood,  such  as  the  one  we  see  here,  whose 
portrait  is  by  a  great  deal  the  best  element  in  Mr. 
GUndoni's  picture. — The  chic  and  stage  charms 
of   "  What  d'  ye  lack  1 "  fade  into  nothing  when 
we  come  to  the  learned  craftsmanship,  reticence, 
and  sincerity  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Hughes's  works  in 
red  chn\k— Study  (212),  Miss  H.  V.  Tebhs  (214), 
and  Study  (229),  all  instances  fine  in  style  and 
highly  accomplished.     It  is  a  pity  that  the  head 
of   the   last    is    disproportionately    small.  —  A 
beautiful  picture  is  Mr.  R.  W.  Macbeth's  The 
Fairy  Tale  (246),  a  girl  reading  in  the  shadowy 
interior  of  a  sunlight  bower.     Rich,  luminous, 
and  solid,  this  is  a  veritable  work  of  art. — We 
like,    too,    Mr.    Brewtnall's   Sxjlvia   (215)  very 
much,  and  there  is  a  good  deal  of  freshness  and 
tenderness  about  his  small,  half-length  figure  of 
a  girl,  entitled  lolanthe  (257). — Much  clearer, 
finer,  and  better  in  character  than  the  published 
cuts  from  it  is  Mr.  A.  Hopkins's  Original  Draw- 
ing for  'Punch'  (272).  — Still  finer   than   the 
published  versions  are  Mr.  W.  Crane's  Original 
Drawings  for  Spenser  s  '  Shepheard's  Calender  ' 
(273  and  277).— Among  the  less  important  pic- 
tures in  which  figures  arecombinea  with  landscape 
is  Mrs.  Allingham's  Cottage  near  Freshtvater  (32), 
pleasing,    though  thin,    too    uniformly    green, 
and  mannered,  as  are  also  At  a  Cottage  Door 
(263)   and    On    the  Downs  (17),   but  in  a   less 
degree  ;  indeed,  there  is  much  in  them  that  is 
pretty,  simple,  and  fresh. 

NEW   PRINTS. 

Mr.  LEFkvRE  has  published  a  large  etching, 
of  which  we  have  from  him  a  remarque  proof, 
by  Mr.  J.  Dobie,  after  Mr.  W.  D.  Sadler's 
unusually  ambitious  and  elaborate  picture  called 


792 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3658,  Dec.  4, '97 


•London  to  York,' an  illustration  of  coaching 
days,  which  was  exhibited  at  the  publisher's 
gallery  in  1895,  along  with  many  other  works  of 
the  painter.  As  usual,  Mr.  Sadler  has  told  his 
story  with  exhaustive  care  and  searching  study, 
adding  abundant  accessories  of  costume  and  fur- 
niture, from  the  stuffed  jack  in  a  case  on  the 
wall  to  the  teapot  used  by  the  ladies  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  composition.  Mr.  Dobie, 
always  careful  and  sympatb.etic  when  Mr. 
Sadler's  works  are  concerned,  has  done  his  best 
in  this  case,  and  succeeded  thoroughly  in  a  task 
of  unusual  complication  and  difficulty. 

Messrs.  Obach  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a  remarcpie 
proof  of  their  capital  original  etched  portrait  of 
'Johannes  Brahms,'  a  bust  in  nearly  three- 
quarters  view  to  the  right  and  about  three- 
quarters  of  life-size.  It  is  full  of  character  and 
expression,  and,  being  the  work  of  Herr  W. 
Unger,  a  good  likeness  and  sound  piece  of  handi- 
work. The  etched  remarqne  is  a  bar  of  music, 
a  facsimile  of  the  composer's  autograph.  To  all 
his  admirers  it  will  be  extremely  welcome. 

We  have  received  from  the  Berlin  Photo- 
graphic Company  a  "finished  proof"  of  their 
latest  issue,  a  large  reproducti,  n  of  Rossetti's 
great  picture,  now  at  Liverpool,  of  'Dante's 
Dream.'  It  is  not  only  the  largest  of  his  works, 
but  in  some  respects,  as  he  rightly  considered 
it,  his  masterpiece.  However,  it  is  so  well 
known  that  we  need  not  repeat  the  descrip- 
tion of  it  which  appeared  in  these  columns 
when  it  formed  part  of  the  Rossetti  Exhibi- 
tion at  the  Royal  Academy.  Our  present 
concern  is  with  the  print  before  us,  of  which 
we  have  pleasure  in  saying  that,  on  the 
whole,  it  is  eminently  satisfactory  ;  indeed,  but 
for  a  certain  lack  of  breadth  and  simj'licity  in 
the  general  effect,  which  is,  nevertheless,  not 
considerable  enough  to  mar  our  delight,  it  might 
be  called  a  nearly  perfect  version,  the  process 
employed  being  what  it  is.  The  animation  of 
the  design  is,  of  course,  completely  preserved, 
and  so,  too,  are  the  grace  of  the  figures  and 
the  pathetic  beauty  of  the  ladies'  faces. 

Very  good  also  is  the  photogravure,  of 
which  we  have  from  the  Fine -Art  Society 
"an  artist's  proof,"  reproducing  Leighton's 
'  Hercules  wrestling  with  Death  for  the  Body 
of  Alcestis.'  It  is  extremely  solid,  clear,  and 
soft,  without  losing  any  of  the  firmness  and 
precision  of  Leighton's  always  scholarly  touch. 
But  for  its  being  a  little  dark,  while  the 
rendering  of  the  sufficiently  varied  tones  and 
tints  of  the  original  is  somewhat  monotonous, 
it  is,  being  photographic,  all  we  could  wish. 

The  Autotype  Company  has  sent  us  a  copy  of 
a  new  photograph  from  the  west  front  of  Peter- 
borough Cathedral,  in  which  it  looks  as  good  as 
new,  and  not  at  all  like  a  venerable  piece  of 
architecture  ;  but  it  shows,  even  more  distinctly 
than  the  building  itself,  that  the  west  front  is 
simply  a  very  beautiful,  but  not  homogeneous 
mask  to  the  body  of  the  great  church. 

CONGRESS   OF   ARCH J:0L0GICAL   SOCIETIES. 

The  ninth  Congress  of  Archfeological  Societies 
■was  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries on  Wednesday,  Viscount  Dillon  in  the 
chair.  The  societies  in  union  now  number 
thirty-nine,  the  Cambrian  Archa3ological  Society, 
the  newly  formed  Thoroton  Society  of  Notting- 
hamshire, and  the  Fi.'lklore  Society  having 
been  just  admitted.  After  the  report  and  state- 
ment of  accounts  had  been  passed,  and  the 
Standing  Committee  re-elected  with  certain  addi- 
tions, the  first  subject  for  discussion  was  the 
drawing-up  of  a  ca'^alogue  of  effigies.  Mr. 
St.  John  Hope  announced  that  Mr.  W.  H. 
Richardson  had  almost  completed  a  rough  pre- 
liminary list  of  effigies  for  the  whole  of  England. 
Dr.  Cox  hoped  that  the  list  would  include  all 
effigies,  semi- effigies,  busts  or  medallion  portraits, 
even  down  to  the  pi-esent  day;  this  would  check 
reckless  removal  at  "  restorations,"  and  it  must 
be  remembered  that  monuments  now  new  would 
in  their  turn  grow  old.     Mr.   Holthouse  advo- 


cated the  inclusion  of  incised  portrait  slabs  in 
the  list  ;  but  this  did  not  meet  with  much  sup- 
port, as  it  was  thought  that  all  incised  slabs 
should  be  separately  catalogued  at  a  future  date. 
Lord  Dillon,  Chancellor  Ferguson,  the  Rev.  E.  H. 
Goddard,  and  Messrs.  Mill  Stephenson,  Nevill, 
and  Rice  took  part  in  the  discussion,  and 
eventually  Dr.  Cox's  proposal  was  carried  una- 
nimously. 

A  proposition  to  amend  the  annual  index  of 
archaeological  Proceedings  issued  by  the  Union, 
by  the  inclusion  of  antiquarian  articles  from 
general  magazines  and  literary  papers,  was  sup- 
ported by  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  and  Mr.  Ralph 
Nevill  (hon.  sec),  and  after  considerable 
debate  was  referred  back  to  the  Standing  Com- 
mittee. 

The  third  subject  was  that  of  ancient  earth- 
works. Mr.  T.  W.  Shore  complained  of  the 
misleading  nomenclature  of  the  Ordnance  Sur- 
vey, and  moved  that  the  Government  be  re- 
quested to  undertake  an  accurate  survey  of 
all  early  earthworks,  seeking  the  guidance  of 
experts.  This  was  seconded  by  Mr  Rutland, 
but  opposed  by  Mr.  Phillimore  and  Chancellor 
Ferguson.  An  interesting  discussion  followed, 
which  was  taken  part  in  by  Sir  John  Evans, 
Messrs  Hope,  Payne,  Cox,  and  others,  with  the 
result  that  the  resolution  was  withdrawn,  the 
general  opinion  being  that  such  surveys  would  be 
far  better  done  by  private  enterprise  under  the 
guidance  of  local  archa3ological  societies.  The 
excellent  Archseological  Survey  maps  for  Kent, 
Hertfordshire,  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland, 
and  other  counties,  were  cited  by  Mr.  Mill 
Stephenson. 

Mr.  Reid,  of  the  British  Museum,  next  drew 
attention  to  the  Ancient  Monuments  Act,  and 
the  action  taken  in  that  direction  by  the  Govern- 
ments of  other  civilized  nations.  At  the  instiga- 
tion of  the  last  Congress  our  own  Government 
was  approached,  and  the  Foreign  Office  con- 
sented to  gather  information  through  their 
ambassadors  and  consuls.  The  results  would 
be  published  in  a  Blue-book  when  Parliament 
met.  The  information  would  certainly  give  a 
much  desired  impetus  to  the  extension  of  our 
own  Ancient  Monuments  Act.  At  present  no 
country  did  so  little  in  that  direction  (save 
Russia)  as  England.  In  the  discussion  Dr.  Cox 
mentioned  the  action  that  was  being  taken  by 
the  Northamptonshire  County  Council  with 
regard  to  the  two  Eleanor  crosses  of  that 
county. 

Mr.  Gomme  drew  the  attention  of  the 
Congress  to  the  desirability  of  catalogues  of 
local  museums  being  printed  on  some  uniform 
basis,  stating  that  the  majority  of  provincial 
museums  had  no  catalogues  or  else  very  in- 
different ones.  He  instanced  the  catalogue  of 
the  Blackmore  Museum,  Salisbury,  as  a  good 
example  of  the  method  to  be  adopted.  The 
Rev.  E.  H.  Goddard  produced  the  first  part 
of  the  catalogue  of  the.  Devizes  Museum  as 
recently  issued  by  the  Wilts  Society.  Sir  John 
Evans  said  that  that  catalogue  was  worthy  of 
very  high  praise.  It  was  generally  considered 
that  the  matter  was  one  of  high  importance, 
and  a  sub-committee  to  deal  with  the  question 
was  appointed,  consisting  of  Sir  John  Evans, 
Messrs.  Reid,  Hope,  and  Gomme,  and  Dr.  Cox. 
At  the  afternoon  session,  when  Dr.  Cox  suc- 
ceeded Lord  Dillon  in  the  chair,  the  question 
of  county,  municipal,  and  parish  records  was 
under  discussion.  It  was  stated  that  the  borough 
of  Doncaster  had  sought  the  assistance  of  the 
Union  with  regard  to  their  early  and  valuable 
documents,  and  had  accepted  the  advice  of  the 
Standing  Committee  to  put  themselves  in  the 
hands  of  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Page. 

Mr.  Lionel  Cust,  Director  of  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery,  brought  forward  a  report  on 
the  question  of  national  and  family  portrait 
cataloguing.  Schedules  have  been  printed  for 
the  technical  describing  of  portraits,  and  a  large 
number  already  filled  up.  A  sub-committee  on 
this  matter  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Lord 


Dillon,  Sir  Charles  Robinson,  and  Messrs.  Cust, 
O'Donoghue,  Gomine,  and  Nevill,  and  this  highly 
useful  work  is  to  be  pressed  forward. 

Mr.  Hope  presented  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  last  year  to  suggest  the  best 
form  of  indexing  the  Transactions  of  societies. 
The  recommendations  were  twenty  in  number, 
one  of  the  most  important  and  practical  being 
the  abolition  of  separate  "place,"  "person," 
and  "subject"  indexes,  in  favour  of  a  single 
comprehensive  index.  Mr.  Round  seconded 
the  adoption  of  the  report,  which  was  eventually 
carried  with  unanimity,  and  ordered  to  be 
printed. 

The  report  on  the  formation  of  a  National 
Photographic  Record  Association  was  briefly 
introduced  by  Mr.  Scamniell,  the  hon.  secretary 
of  the  Association.  Other  business,  including 
papers  by  Mr.  Payne  and  Mr.  Hope,  had  to  be 
adjourned  for  lack  of  time. 

The  Congress,  which  has  now  made  its 
definite  mark  on  British  archseology,  was  very 
well  attended,  leading  representatives  being 
present  from  the  Royal  Archseological  Institute, 
the  British  Archaeological  Association,  the  Royal 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland,  the  Cambrian 
Society,  the  Folk-lore  Society,  as  well  as  the 
county  societies  of  Berkshire,  Buckingham- 
shire, Cheshire,  Cumberland,  Derbyshire,  Essex, 
Gloucestershire,  Hampshire,  Herefordshire, 
Hertfordshire,  Kent,  Lancashire,  Middlesex, 
Norfolk,  Nottinghamshire,  Oxfordshire,  Surrey, 
Sussex,  Wiltshire,  and  Yorkshire. 

In  the  evening  the  delegates  and  friends  dined 
together  at  the  Holborn  Restaurant.  In  the 
absence  through  indisposition  of  Sir  John  Evans, 
the  chair  was  taken  by  Dr.  Cox,  with  whom 
the  idea  of  this  Union  of  Archaeological 
Societies  originated  just  ten  years  ago. 


The  Fine- Art  Society  has  invited  us  to  see, 
on  and  after  to-day  (Saturday),  a  collection  of 
water-colour  drawings  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Cook,  en- 
titled "The  Quest  of  Beauty  and  the  Sunny 
South  and  Utopia  "  ;  Mr.  Dunthorne  invites  us, 
in  the  same  manner,  to  see  an  exhibition  of 
"Butterflies  and  Moths";  Mr.  Clifford  shows 
"  Seventy  Pictures  painted  in  Spain,"  by  Mr. 
P.  S.  Nisbet ;  while  at  the  Continental  Gallery 
Mr.  L.  de  Littrow  illustrates  the  Austrian 
Riviera  and  the  islands  in  the  Adriatic. 

Mr.  Ernest  A.  Waterlow,  A.R.A.  ,  has 
been  elected  President  of  the  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours. 

The  report  that  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones  has 
resigned  all  connexion  with  the  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours  is  not  correct ;  his 
position  in  that  respect  remains  unchanged.  He 
is,  like  Messrs.  W.  C.  T.  Dobson,  C.  Davidson, 
and  W.  Holman  Hunt,  an  Honorary  Retired 
Member,  and  he  contributes  four  works  to  the 
current  exhibition. 

In  the  place  of  M.  Cavalcaselle  the  Academie 
des  Beaux-Arts  has  elected  M.  Venturi,  of 
Milan  ;  in  the  place  of  M.  A.  de  Vrient,  the 
Belgian  painter  of  note,  M.  A.  Struys,  of 
Mechlin  ;  and  instead  of  M.  Engerth,  of  the 
same  capital,  M.  Kroyer,  of  Copenhagen. 

On  Friday  next,  the  anniversary  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  the  year's  prizes  awarded  to  the 
students  in  its  schools  will  be  distributed. 

The  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours 
announces  that  from  the  17th  of  January  to  the 
5th  of  February  next  a  special  loan  exhibition 
of  water-colour  and  black-and-white  works  of 
Sir  John  Gilbert,  its  late  President,  will  be  held 
at  the  gallery  in  Pall  Mall.  This  is  as  it  should 
be  ;  but  such  a  collection  will  not  include  the 
artist's  masterpieces,  his  sumptuous,  energetic, 
and  veritably  "  romantic  "  works  in  oil.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  a  gathering  of  these  fine  things 
will  be  made.  The  City,  which  owes  to  Sir 
John  the  gift  of  his  noble  '  Fair   St.   George,' 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


793 


will  do  well  to  fill  the  gallery  at  Guildhall  with 
these  pieces. 

'J.  F.  Millet  and  Rustic  Art'  is  the  title 
of  a  work  to  be  published  shortly  by 
Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  Among  the  letters  contained 
in  the  volume  are  several  from  Millet's  mother 
and  grandmother,  which  throw  light  on  the 
early  privations  of  the  painter's  life.  It  con- 
tains also  a  photographic  portrait  of  Millet, 
taken  in  his  rustic  dress,  just  before  his  death. 

An  illustrated  monograph  on  Glasgow  Cathe- 
dral, edited  by  Mr.  G.  Eyre-Todd,  and  contain- 
ing contributions  by  various  hands,  is  to  be 
issued  by  Messrs.  Morison,  of  Glasgow.  Arch- 
bishop Eyre,  Mr.  A.  H.  Millar,  and  others  have 
lent  their  aid. 

Messrs.  Branch  &  Leete  sold  last  Tuesday, 
at  Claughton,  Birkenhead,  a  number  of  engrav- 
ings of  Landseer's  works.  The  finest  of  these 
fetched  the  following  prices :  '  The  Stag  at 
Bay,'  engraved  by  T.  Landseer,  501.  8s.  ;  'The 
Challenge  '  and  '  The  Sanctuary,'  a  pair,  by  John 
Burnet,  771.  Ss.  6d.  ;  'Dignity and  Impudence,' 
by  T.  Landseer,  331.  12s. ;  '  Bolton  Abbey  in  the 
Olden  Time,'  by  S.  Cousins,  43L  Is.  ;  and 
'Laying  down  the  Law,'  by  T.  Landseer, 
351.  14s.  An  engraving  of  'The  Horse  Fair,' 
after  Rosa  Bonheur,  also  fetched  431.  Is. 

Yet  another  book  upon  Velazquez  is  pro- 
mised ;  it  is  from  the  hands  of  the  Spanish 
critic  M.  de  Bernete,  and  will  soon  be  pub- 
lished. 

The  Belgian  painter  M.  Franz  Verhas,  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  Salon,  Paris,  and 
brother  of  M.  Jan  Verhas,  is  dead,  aged  seventy- 
one  years. 

A  monument  to  commemorate  Lavoisier  is  to 
be  erected  in  the  Place  de  la  Madeleine,  Paris, 
on  the  axis  of  the  north  entrance  of  the  church 
and  that  of  the  Rue  Tronchet. 

The  long-intended  restoration  of  the  west 
front  of  the  Cathedral  at  Rouen  is  to  be  pro- 
ceeded with  immediately. 

M.  Merciis  is  at  work  upon  an  elaborate 
monument  of  Gounod,  comprising  three  sym- 
bolical figures  and  other  elements. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall.— Sat r.rciay  Orchestral  Concerts. 
Cbystal  Palace.— Saturday  Concerts. 
St.  James's   Hall.— Popular  Concerts.     Madame  Mar- 
cbesi's  Recital. 
Queen's  Hall— Lair.cureux  Concerts. 

Successful  as  Mr.  Eobert  Newman  is  in 
the  capacity  of  a  high-class  concert  manager, 
he  should  bear  in  mind  the  virtues  of 
moderation.  Last  Saturday  afternoon  at 
the  Queen's  Hall  there  was  an  over-lengthy 
first  part,  including  Grieg's  first  'PeerGynt' 
Suite,  the  prelude  to  the  third  act  of  'Lohen- 
grin,' Saint-Saens's  piquant  symphonic  poem 
'  Le  Eouet  d'Omphale,'  all  splendidly  ren- 
dered, and  various  violoncello  solos  in  which 
Herr  David  Popper  displayed  almost  mira- 
culous command  over  his  instrument.  Then 
came  Beethoven's  Choral  Symphony,  in 
which  Mr.  Henry  Wood's  orchestra  and 
choir  _  achieved  what  may  be  legitimately 
described  as  a  triumph.  There  may  have 
been  minor  faults,  but  the  performance 
was  one  of  the  finest  we  have  heard  in 
London  of  the  gigantic  work,  thanks  in  a 
measure  to  the  adoption  of  "  Le  Diapason 
Normal,"  a  truly  welcome  improvement  on 
our  former  hideously  high  pitch,  now  hap- 
pily moribund. 

The  Crystal  Palace  programme  last  Satur- 
day afternoon  included  '  La  Mer,'  described 
as  a  symphonic  sketch  by  M.  Paul  Gilsen, 


a  Belgian  musician,  who  was  born  in  1865 
at  Brussels,  and  studied  under  M.  Gevaert  at 
the  Conservatoire.  '  La  Mer '  is  a  somewhat 
extravagant  work,  dealing,  as  a  matter  of 
necessity,  with  an  episode  suggestive  of 
storm ;  but  in  all  the  four  movements, 
denominated  "Sunrise,"  "Sailors'  Songs 
and  Dances,"  "Twilight,"  and  "  A  Storm," 
and  especially  in  the  finale,  programme 
music  is  handled  in  a  very  effective 
way.  A  vigorous  interpretation  of  Liszt's 
rhapsodical  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  e  flat 
was  given  by  M.  Gabrilowitsch,  and  songs 
by  Mozart  and  Wagner  were  pleasantly 
rendered  by  Miss  Esther  Palliser. 

The  Popular  Concert  last  Saturday  com- 
menced with  Brahms's  somewhat  abstruse 
Quartet  in  c  minor,  Op.  51,  No.  1.  Herr 
Maczewski  says,  in  words  peculiarly  applic- 
able to  this  work:  "  Brahms's  deep  brooding 
earnestness  and  his  abstraction  from  external 
things  absorb  him  so  completely  in  his  idea 
that  he  sometimes  loses  his  feeling  for  beauty 
of  sound."  This  holds  good  of  many  of  the 
master's  early  works,  but  late  in  life  he 
adopted  a  far  lighter  and  more  genial  style, 
thus  reversing  the  process  of  Beethoven.  We 
have  an  illustration  of  this  in  the  melodious 
Pianoforte  and  Violin  Sonata  in  a,  Op,  100, 
well  rendered  by  Madame  Soldat  and  Mr. 
Frederic  Lamond.  The  latter  gave  a  fine 
performance  of  Schumann's  glorious  Fan- 
tasia in  c,  Op.  17,  and  the  concert  ended 
with  Beethoven's  Pianoforte  Trio  in  b  flat, 
Op.  97.  Miss  Pulvermacher  was  successful 
in  songs  by  Massenet  and  C.  Lucas. 

On  Monday  the  programme  was  opened 
with  Mozart's  String  Quintet  in  c.  No.  5, 
a  work  seldom  heard,  though  it  is  in  the 
master's  ripest  manner.  It  was  composed 
in  1787,  just  a  month  before  the  far  finer 
companion  Quintet  in  o  minor,  which  justly 
ranks  among  Mozart's  most  esteemed 
chamber  works.  The  Quintet  in  c  received 
ample  justice  from  Madame  Soldat  and  her 
Lamond  was  again  the 
played  acceptably  Beet- 
hoven's Sonata  in  a  flat,  Op.  110,  as  did 
Madame  Soldat  in  the  same  composer's 
Romance  in  f  for  violin,  Op.  50.  Miss 
Louise  Phillips  was  in  all  respects  com- 
mendable in  her  vocal  selections,  and  the 
concert  ended  with  an  excellent  interpre- 
tation of  Brahms's  Pianoforte  Quartet  in 
G  minor,  Op.  25. 

There  was,  of  course,  a  full  attendance  at 
Madame  Blanche  Marchesi's  vocal  recital  on 
Monday  afternoon,  and  another  valuable 
lesson  was  imparted  to  young  female  vocal- 
ists. If  Madame  Marchesi's  voice  were 
perfect  in  quality  she  would  be  the  finest 
concert  soprano  of  the  age,  for  her  technique 
is  perfection  itself.  She  sang  equally  well 
in  English,  French,  Italian,  and  German. 
Many  of  her  songs  were  unfamiliar,  but 
some  are  well  known,  and  perhaps  her  finest 
effort  was  her  last,  Schubert's  '  Erlkonig.' 
Herr  Johann  Kruse  played  violin  solos  by 
Spohr,  Tschaikowsky,  Joachim,  and  Paga- 
nini  with  much  brilliancy,  the  concert 
therefore  being  an  unqualified  success.  Mr. 
Henry  Bird  was,  as  ever,  a  perfect  accom- 
panist. 

The  concert  directed  by  M.  Lamoureux  on 
Wednesday  evening  was  one  of  the  most 
successful  of  the  current  series,  though  the 
audience  was  not  particularly  large,  owing, 
perhaps,  to  the  fact  that  the  bulk  of  the 


co-artists.      Mr. 
pianist,      and 


programme  was  made  up  of  French  music, 
concerning  which  English  amateurs  continue 
to  display  for  the  most  part  unjustifiable 
indifference.  The  principal  item  was  a 
Symphony  in  f  by  Boellmaun,  an  Alsatian 
musician,  who  was  born  in  1 862,  and  died 
a  few  weeks  ago  at  the  age  of  thirty-five. 
Many  of  his  compositions  have  been  heard 
here  ;  but  his  symphony  was  a  novelty,  and 
it  is  not  a  work  to  be  lightly  judged.  Its 
construction  is  j^eculiar,  but  not  so  extra- 
vagant as  alleged,  and  the  themes  have  the 
merit  of  being  ear-haunting.  AVe  should 
be  glad  to  hear  the  symphony  again 
under  the  eminent  French  conductor. 
Other  numbers  were  Berlioz's  bright 
overture  '  Le  Carnaval  Eomain,'  M. 
Chabrier's  prelude  to  the  second  act  of 
'  Gwendoline,'  M.  Saint  -  Saens's  fine 
'  Marche  Heroique,'  and  Massenet's  'La 
Troyenne  regrettant  sa  Patrio,'  a  move- 
ment belonging  to  the  incidental  music 
written  in  1873  for  the  version  of  'The 
Eumenides,'  from  the  pen  of  M.  Leconte 
de  Lisle,  pi-oduced  at  the  Paris  Odeon. 
There  is  a  suggestion  of  the  ancient  Dorian 
mode  in  the  movement,  and  it  is  so  effective 
in  the  concert-room  that  a  repetition  was 
desired  and  accorded.  The  performance 
ended  with  the  Overture  to  '  Tannhauser.' 
Six  more  orchestral  concerts  will  be  given 
under  the  direction  of  M.  Lamoureux  in  the 
spring  of  next  year. 


Miss  Esperanza  Kisch-Schorr's  pianoforte 
recital  in  St.  James's  Hall  on  Monday  after- 
noon was  artistically  successful,  the  painstaking 
artist  having  much  improved  since  she  first 
visited  this  country.  She  commenced  with  one 
of  Tausig's  abominable  perversions  of  Bach's 
great  organ  preludes  and  fugues,  with  which 
pianists  with  any  sense  of  self-respect  should 
refuse  to  deal.  Afterwards,  however,  we  had 
Schumann's  vigorous,  if  rather  tragic  Sonata 
in  G  minor,  Op.  22,  which  was  energetically,  if 
somewhat  too  rapidly  played,  rendering  the 
touch  less  clear  than  it  should  be.  Items, 
for  the  most  part  unfamiliar,  by  various  com- 
posers were  interpreted  with  spirit  and  excellent 
execution. 

St.  Andrew's  Day  was  observed  on  Tuesday 
by  concerts  at  the  Albert,  St.  James's,  and 
Queen's  Halls,  and  other  places  in  London,  and 
much  innocent  amusement  was  doubtless  aflbrded 
to  thousands  of  people,  though  serious  criticism 
of  entertainments  of  this  nature  is  obviously 
not  required. 

Herr  Georg  Liebling  secured  a  fairly 
large  audience  a*-  his  third  pianoforte  recital 
at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Thursday  afternoon. 
His  programme  commenced  with  Beethoven's 
popular  Andante  in  f,  an  excellent  teaching 
piece,  and  the  next  work  was  Chopin's  Andante 
Spianato  in  o,  curiously  followed  by  the 
Polonaise  in  e  flat.  After  these  came  the 
'  Wanderer '  Fantasia  of  Schubert,  Op.  15, 
which  was  finely  rendered  as  to  technique, 
though  the  tempi  in  the  first  and  third  move- 
ments were  perhaps  a  little  too  fast.  The  rest 
of  the  programme  does  not  call  for  remark. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  from  heart 
disease  of  Herr  Pollini,  the  Director  of  the 
Hamburg  Hoftheater.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  the  deceased  manager  brought  his  company 
to  Drury  Lane  in  1882,  and  produced  in  very 
creditable  fashion  some  of  Wagner's  works,  then 
new  to  London.  Herr  Pollini  endeavoured  in 
all  sincerity  to  gain  acceptance  for  English 
operas  by  Sir  A.  C.  Mackenzie  and  Prof.  Villiers 
Stanford,  but  without  success. 


794 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N«  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


In  distant  connexion  with  this  we  may  add 
that  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen's  'Ruth,'  performed  last 
week  in  Berlin,  was  nearly  as  great  a  failure  as 
Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's  '  Golden  Legend '  was 
shortly  after  its  production  at  Leeds  in  1883. 
Two  causes  are  accountable  for  this.  In  the 
first  place,  oratorio  is  not  so  beloved  in  Ger- 
many as  it  is  here,  and  again,  large  mixed 
choirs  are,  for  the  most  part,  conspicuous  by 
their  absence,  and,  consequently,  when  a  choral 
work  of  large  dimensions  is  to  be  performed  a 
"scratch"  chorus  has  to  be  provided,  with,  of 
course,  indifferent  results.  It  would  be  false 
modesty  to  mince  matters.  England  is  now 
once  again  the  most  musical  nation  in  Europe, 
as  she  was  three  centuries  ago  ;  far  ahead,  that 
is,  of  Germany,  Austria,  and  France  in  all  the 
higher  forms  of  the  art  save  opera,  and  Italy  in 
all.  This  statement  is  not  easily  susceptible 
of  contradiction. 

M.  Massenet's  new  opera  'Sapho,'  produced 
at  the  Paris  Opera  Comique,  seems  to  have 
awakened  much  interest  in  the  French  capital. 
If  we  are  not  backward  in  other  forms  of  music 
here,  we  certainly  are  in  opera,  or  the  brilliant 
lyric  dramas  of  the  most  gifted  of  living  French 
composers    would    not    be    so    neglected.      If 

*  Werther '  is  not  quite  strong  enough  for 
Covent  Garden,  '  Le  Roi  de  Lahore  '  is,  and 
why  this  melodious  and  picturesque  opera,  not 
to  mention  others,  should  ^o  quickly  have  fallen 
into  desuetude  it  is  indeed  difficult  to  say. 

With  regard  to  '  Sapho '  it  is  as  yet  impos- 
sible to  speak  with  exactitude,  as  the  score  is 
not  to  hand  ;  but  from  Parisian  reports  it  ap- 
pears to  be  a  work  of  considerable  interest. 
M.  Alphonse  Daudet's  romance  forms  the  sub- 
ject of  the  libretto,  and  it  is  needless  to  say  this 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  classic  heroine.  M. 
Henri  Cain,  with  the  assistance  of  M.  Bernede 
and  Madame  Calve,  is  responsible  for  the  founda- 
tion of  the  lyrical  version  of  the  story,  which 
is  quite  as  bad  as  many  others  of  the 
kind  in  which  our  friends  across  the  Channel 
delight.  M.  Massenet's  music  is  said  to 
be  in  the  composer's  best  manner,  and 
the  performance,  with  Madame  Calve,  Mile. 
Guiraudon,  Mile.  Wyns,  and  M.  Leprestre  in 
the  leading  parts,  is  criticized  in  flattering  terms. 

*  Sapho '  may,  perchance,  be  heard  in  London, 
but  the  wish  may  be  expressed  that  French 
composers  would  select  subjects  more  whole- 
some for  musical  treatment. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


SCN. 
MON. 
TUES 


Orchestral  Concert,  3.30,  Queeii's  Hall. 

National  Sunday  League.  Wagner  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

M   Dusoni's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  St.  James's  Hall. 

Popular  Concert.  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 

Miss  Maud  Rihll's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.  St.  James's  Hall. 

—  Master  Basil  Gauntlett's   Third   Annual   Pianoforte    Recital, 

3.  Steinway  Hall 

—  Hcrr  Buchmeyer's  Historical  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Queen's 

Small  Hall 

—  Banjo  Festival,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 

—  The  Newlandsmith  Concert  rrio.  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Schulz-Curtius's  Concert,  8  15,  Queen's  Hall  (Herr  Richard 

Strauss  as  conductor). 

—  Koyal  Amateur   Orchestral    Society's  Concert.  8.30.  Queen's 

Hall 
Wed.    Mr.  Brnnton  Steel's  Concert.  3,  Steinway  Hall 

—  Herr  Sauer's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.  St  James's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  H  Lnard  .Selby's  Concert,  8  Queen's  Small  Hall. 

—  Post  OfBce  Orphan  Home  Concert,  8.  St  James's  Hall. 
Thcks.  Miss  Katie  Goodson  and    Herr  Loevensohn  s  Recital,  3,   St. 

James's  Hall. 

—  Miss  May  Fussell  and  Miss  Gwendolyn  Toms's  Pianoforte  and 

Violoncello  Recital,  3.  Queen's  Small  Hall 

—  Hoyal  Choral  Society,  Berlioz's  '  Faust,'  8,  Albert  Hall. 

—  British  (chamber  Music  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Mr  H  Lane  Wilson's  Vocal  Recital,  8  Steinway  Hall. 
M  Busoni's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Crystal  Palace  Concert,  3. 
Popniar  Concert,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Symphony  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


Fri 
Sat. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

Avenue  Theatre.— Afternoon  Performances  :  '  Admiral 
Guinea,'  a  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By  W.  B.  Henley  and  R.  L. 
Stevenson. 

The  claims  upon  attention  of  *  Admiral 
Guinea '  are  literary  rather  than  theatrical. 
That  the  -work  is  without  dramatic  force 
iew  ■will  be  disposed  to  say.  It  has,  more- 
over, powerful  characterization,  and  is  well 


written  throughout.  The  personages,  never- 
theless,   whom   in   the  book   we  love,    are 
inefficient  on  the  stage.     The  blame  for  this 
cannot  be  said  to  rest  with  the  actors.     It 
is  true  that  the  environment  of  the  play — 
which  was  acted  in  a  cold  theatre — was  not 
wholly   successful.     Still,    the    actors    con- 
cerned  did   their  best,   and  the  characters 
were  realized.     They  proved,  however,  less 
impressive  upon  the  stage  than  was  antici- 
pated, and  the  sleep-walking  scene,  so  grim 
and  haunting  as  we  read  it,  went  for  nothing 
on    the    stage.     Miss   Cissie    Loftus,    who 
played   Arethusa  Gaunt,  is  not  at  all  the 
heroine  that  David  Pew  describes.     Hers  is 
not  the  arm  that  would  have  won  his  loudly 
expressed   and   often- repeated  admiration, 
nor  is  it  easy  to  imagine  her  overthrowing 
the  burly  ruffian   when    he    has  got  her 
in    his     grasp.     We     are    not    sure    even 
that     she      seems     capable     of     standing 
up    to    her   father    with    the    loyalty  and 
devotion    Arethusa  displays.     So  dainty  a 
figure  is  she,   however,  in  her  print  frock 
and  with  her  red-heeled  shoes,  and  so  much 
gentleness   and  winsomeness   does  she  ex- 
hibit, that  we  would  not  have  the  character 
otherwise   played.     She  is  exactly  the  sort 
of  "lass  that    loves  a  sailor,"  and  that  a 
sailor  will   be   sure   to   love.     Mr.  Sydney 
Valentine's  David  Pew  is  masterly  in  all 
respects.     Just  the  sort    of    ruffian  is   he, 
allowing  for  difference  of  time,  who  would 
have  sailed  with  Sir  Henry  Morgan  from 
Tortuga  to  wreck   Spanish  possessions  in 
the   West   Indies,   and  his  portrait   would 
be    in    its    place    among    the    cut-throats 
whose     physiognomies     grace     the    record 
of  Esquemeling.     The  character  is  greatly 
conceived   by  the    dramatist,   and  in  truth 
greatly  acted.     In   the   scene  in  which  he 
seizes  on  the  girl  and  wrenches  her  arm, 
he  begets  in  the  audience  a  feeling  of  abso  - 
lute  terror,  and  his  lugubrious  and  bibulous 
song  concerning  the  slaves  he  has  carried, 
"Time  for   us   to  go,"  sung  in    his  gruff 
and    husky    voice,    lives    in   the   memory. 
All  otherwise    impressive    than  the  grind- 
ing   and    squeaking    of    Macaire's    snuff- 
box   is    the   tap,    tap,    tap    of    the    blind 
man's  stick.     In  this   respect,   and  in  this 
alone,    Mr.    Valentine    rather     over-acted. 
Blind  men  are  less  demonstrative  than  he 
is,  and  the   taps  would   be  more  effective 
were  they  less  frequent.     Still  the  idea  of 
blindness   has   to   be   conveyed,    and   it   is 
difficult  to  over- accentuate  anything  in  the 
case  of  a  public  so  thick-headed  as  that  of 
England.     John  Gaunt,  otherwise  Admiral 
Guinea,    is    another    powerfully    conceived 
character,  though  of  a  cheaper   and   more 
familiar  type.     Scott  has   shown  us  many 
beings  like   this   stern,  relentless   Puritan, 
who,  after  a  life  of  atrocity,  has  found  faith 
and  salvation.     Nowhere,  however,  not  even 
in  Dirk  Hatteraick,   has  Scott  given  us  a 
character  so  picturesque  and  relentless  as 
this  strange,  fawning  villain,  whom,  after 
he  had  killed  him  in  a  previous  work,  he 
revived  for  the  sake  of  "  Admiral  Guinea." 
Mr.  MoUison's  performance  of  John  Gaunt 
had    considerable    intensity,    and    recalled 
the  style  of  Mr.  Fernandez.     Kit  Drake,  the 
bibulous   mariner,    and    Mrs.    Drake,    the 
landlady   of   the   Admiral    Benbow,    found 
acceptable  interpreters,  and  the  atmosphere 
of  the  period,  1760,  was  well  caught.     The 
entertainment  can  be  seen  with  pleasure 


more  than  once ;  but  separate  scenes  are 
cumbrous,  and  the  whole  as  an  acting  play 
halts.     It  was  received  with  signal  favour. 


dramatic  ^asiig. 

The  revival  at  Her  Majesty's  of  '  A  Man's 
Shadow,'  Mr.  Buchanan's  adaptation  of  'Roger 
la  Honte,'  proved  a  success,  and  will  doubtless 
serve  to  keep  the  theatre  in  full  swing  during 
the  rehearsals  of  '  Julius  Caesar.'  Neither  in 
the  original  nor  in  the  adaptation  is  the  piece 
more  than  a  conventional,  but  not  ineffective 
setting  of  a  single  scene.  A  man  afflicted,  like 
Lesurques  in  '  Le  Courrier  de  Lyon,'  with  a 
criminal  double,  is  put  on  his  trial  for  his  life, 
and  sees  evidence  of  apparent  guilt  multiply 
against  him.  His  infant  daughter  appears 
as  evidence.  She  has  witnessed  the  com- 
mission of  the  crime  and  honestly  believes 
him  the  criminal.  His  agonized  appeals  to  her 
to  tell  the  truth  only  wring  from  her  the 
piteous  declaration  that  she  knows  nothing.  In 
this  scene,  which  in  Mr.  Buchanan's  reshapen 
play  loses  a  measure  of  its  poignancy,  the 
interest  of  the  play  centres.  It  is,  however, 
strong  and  original  enough  to  support  the 
action.  Mr.  Tree  adds  to  the  interest  of  the 
performance  by  doubling  the  characters  of  the 
hero  and  the  villain,  which  he  carefully  and 
cleverly  difi"erentiates.  Mrs.  Tree  enacts  with 
infinite  tenderness  the  part  of  his  wife  ;  Mr. 
Lewis  Waller  takes  the  character  of  a  counsel 
torn  between  a  sense  of  forensic  duty  and  that 
of  extreme  injury,  and  plays  it  with  much  force. 
Mi.ss  Lily  Hanbury  and  Messrs.  Lionel  Brough, 
Allan,  Robson,  and  Du  Maurier  are  included  in 
the  cast. 

On  Monday  at  the  Vaudeville  the  part  of  Dr. 
Planchette  in  '  Never  Again  '  was  taken  for  the 
first  time  by  Mr.  William  Wyes. 

'  A  New  Leaf,  '  by  Mr.  Herbert  Darnley,  a 
one-act  piece  produced  at  the  Royalty,  is  well 
played  by  Miss  Mabel  Beardsley  and  Mr.  Charles 
Bell.  It  is  a  strange  piece,  in  which,  under 
inconceivable  conditions,  a  husband  overhears 
his  wife's  confession  of  a  shameful  past. 

'  The  Vagabond  King  '  has  been  withdrawn 
from  the  Court,  at  which  afternoon  representa- 
tions of  '  The  Children  of  the  King  '  begin  this 
afternoon.  Mr.  Pinero's  new  comedy  'Trelawney 
of  the  Wells  '  will  shortly  be  put  in  rehearsal. 

Mr.  Charles  Warner  and  Miss  Kate  Tyndall 
will  play  in  an  adaptation  of  '  Le  Camelot '  which 
has  been  undertaken  by  Mr.  Arthur  Shirley  and 
"Walter  Field,"  and  will  presumably  be  given  at 
the  Princess's. 

Mr.  Willard  has  produced  in  Brooklyn  an 
adaptation  of  portions  of  '  Martin  Chuzzlewit,' 
in  which  he  has  appeared  as  Tom  Pinch. 

Messrs.  Louis  Nethersole  and  R.  Pateman 
have  secured  the  English  rights  of  'Blue  Jeans,' 
a  play  by  Mr.  Arthur,  the  author  of  '  The  Still 
Alarm,'  which  has  obtained  prosperous  recogni- 
tion in  the  United  States. 

In  a  weekly  newspaper  wholly  occupied  with 
the  theatre  we  find  mention  of  "  L'Auberge 
John  Bon."  Surely  this  is  a  quaint  misprint  for 
'  L'Auberge  Tohu-Bohu,'  though  we  never  heard 
of  a  piece  so  named. 

Miss  Amy  Sedgwick's  *  Memories  of  Stage 
and  Society '  will  be  published  next  year,  and 
also  an  '  Amy  Sedgwick  Reciter,'  with  the  com- 
pilation of  which  she  had  occupied  herself. 


To  Correspondents.— K.  A.— S.  B.— B.  S.— H.  W.— M.  I». 
— D.  J.  P.— F.  N.— B.  C— B.  C.  K.— received. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Terms  of  Subscription  by  Post. 
To  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


».    d. 
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For  Twelve  Months... 

For  Six  Months       

For  all  Countries  within  the  Postal  Union. 

For  Twelve  Months 18    0 

For  Six  Months       9    ^ 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 THE     ATHEN^UM 79_5 

"  SKEFFINGT0NS;_NW_CHR1STMAS   LIST. 

THIRD  EDITION,  JUST  OUT,  with  4  Illustrations  by  HAL  LUDLOW,  crown  8vo.  cloth,  price  6^. 

ERNEST   G.   HENHAM'S   NEW  NOVEL  '  MENOTAH.'    A  thrilling 

Story  of  the  Canadian  North-West  Rebellion. 


The  SCO 7"A'/tf ^ A' says:—"  Menotah  is  an  uncommonly  fine  creation— impressive  in  her 

supreme  beauty  and  other  charms.     The  incidents  are  intensely  dramatic  and  patlietic  

Mr.  Henham  has  made  a  close  study  of  the  country,  the  people,  and  the  events  of  wliich  lie 
writes." 

The  WH/TEHALL  REVIEW  says  : — "  Replete  with  action.  The  close  is  well  and 
powerfully  described  and  is  ine.xpressibly  grand." 

The  LITEHAHY  n'OHLIJ  says  :— "  Menotah's  vengeance  and  death  are  powerfully  told, 
and  the  book  is  full  of  fire  and  passion." 

The  NORTH  STAli  says  :—"  Bright,  clever,  and  brilliant.  'Menofah'  is  one  of  the 
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LITERA  TURE  says : — "  Mr.  Henham  describes  the  scenery  and  customs  of  the  far 
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The  MANCHESTER  COUHIER  says  :—"  Brim  full  of  passion  and  incident.  This 
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The  STANDARD  says  ; — "  A  highly  coloured  story  of  adventure  and  romance." 

The  BIRMINGHAN  DAILY  GAZETTE  says -.—"Weird,  fantastic,  yet  singularly 
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The  WEEKLY  SUN  says  : — "  A  vigorous  and  dramatic  story." 

The  MORNING  POST  says  :— "  To  the  author's  imagination  we  owe  this  beautiful 
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The  SPEAKER  says:— "A  story  of  the  most  terrific  kind  is  duly  recorded  in  this 
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796 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 
NEW   BOOKS. 

NEW  BOOK  BY  ELIZABETH  STUART  PHELPS. 

THE       STORY       OF 
JESUS   CHRIST: 

An  Interpretation. 

By  ELIZABETH  STUAHT  PHELPS 
(MRS.  WARD), 
Author  of  '  The  Gates  Ajar,'  &c.    Crown  8vo.  6s. 
This  book  is  not  a  life  of  Christ  in  the  accepted  sense  of 
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798 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N"  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


N 


OTES    and    QUERIES.      (Eighth    Series.) 


THIS  WEEK'S  KITMBER  c.ntatns— 

NOTES:— 'IThealma  and  Clcarchus'— Contested  Klection.  1715— rrests 
of  the  Uojal  Navy- "  Tiod  "-Footpath— Drummond  Families— 
"Powder-niontey '— "  Kist  o'  whistles"— "  Long  "  and  "  l.anli  "  — 
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QUERIES  :— ■■  Helleborize  "— "  Ilcstorp  the.Heptarchy  !  "— "  Pot-Lord  " 
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—Stewkley  Church— Protestant  Churches  of  Poland— Koman  England 
— Settlement  from  the  Pyrenees— Old  Portraits— Instinct  in  Lambs 
—Spanish  Punishment— Lost  Dedications— Jersey  Flag— Marriage 
by  Blacksmiths— Linwood's  Galleries. 

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of  Protestation— "  Milord  '—Juvenile  Authors— Arabic  Star  Names 
— Oilman  Family— Ernest  Jones.  Chartist. 

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800 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3658,  Dec.  4,  '97 


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THE   ATHEN^UM 

Sowmaf  of  (ZBnglis:!)  antr  i^oreign  literature,  Science,  tjDe  d^fne  ^rtsf,  iWugffc  antr  tfie  lirama* 


No.  3659. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER    11,    1897. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE 

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802 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


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Process  of  Pliotojrraphic  Engraving  on  Copper,    yielding  results 

resembling  Mezzotint  Engravings. 
The  Company  has  successfully  reproduced  several  important  \Vork3 
by  this    process,    including   Portraits    by  Sir   J     E^    Millais    PKA 
J    Pettie    KA,  W.  W.  Ouless.  K.A..   F.  Hell,  R.A  ,  the  Hon.  Jno 
Collier  Sir  G.  Keid,  P.R  S  A.  ,  also  Examples  of  Gainsborough,  lurner. 
Constable,  Schmalz,  Douglas,  Draper,  &c. 

The  AUTOTYPE  MECHANICAL  PROCESS 

(Sawyer's  Collotype)  for  Hook  Illustrations  of  the  highest  class. 
This  process  is  rioted  for  its  excellence  in  copies  of  Ancient  MSS  , 
Coins  Seals.  Medals,  and  of  all  subjects  of  which  a  good  Photograph 
can  be  taken,  and  is  adopted  by  the  Irustees  of  the  Uritish  Museum, 
many  of  the  Learned  Societies,  and  the  leading  Publishers. 

Amongst  Works  lately  illustrated  by  the  Company 
vmy  be  mentioned  the  following  : — 

For  H.M.  GOVERNMENT.  -  ILLUSTRA- 
TIONS to  the  llEPORT  of  the  I'OYAL  COMMISSION  on  TUBER- 
CULOSIS-The  REPORTS  of  the  MEDICAL  OFFICER  of  the 
lOPAT.  GOVERNMENT  BOARD,  as  issued  to  both  Houses  oi 
Parntmont-INFLUENZA,  TSPHOID,  DIPHTHERIA,  CHOLERA, 
VACCINATION,  &c. 

ELECTRIC   MOVEMENT    in  AIR   and 

WATER;    with  Theoretical  Inferences.    By  Lord  ARMSIRONG, 

ThT  MONTAGU  COLLECTION   of  COINS 

and  MEDALS.  All  the  Illustrations  to  the  Sale  Catalogues  of  this 
renowned  Collection,  recently  dispersed. 

FORD  MADOX  BROWN :   a  Record  of  his 

Life  and  Work.    By  F.  M.  HVEFFER. 


The  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY  will  be  pleased  to  advise 
upon,  and  to  undertake,  the  REPRODUCTION  of  WORKS 
of  ARTISTIC,  SCIENTIFIC,  or  ANTIQUARIAN  IN- 
TEREST, of  every  character,  for  Book  Illustration,  for  the 
Portfolio,'  or  Mural  Decoration. 

Examples  of  Work  may  be  seen,  and  Terms  obtained,  at 

THE  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON. 


THE  HANFSTAENGL 

GALLERIES, 

16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 
(nearly  opposite  the  National  Gallery). 

Inspection  invited. 

REPRODUCTION  IN  CARBON  PRINT 

AND  PHOTOGRAVURE. 

PICTURES    in  the    NATIONAL 

GALLERY.  To  be  published  in  Ten  Parts.  Illustrated 
in  Gravure,  with  Descriptive  Text,  written  by  CHARLES 
L.  BASTLAKE,  Keeper  of  the  National  Gallery.  Cover 
designed  by  Walter  Crane.    Price  to  Subscribers,  11. 10*. 

[Part  V.  now  ready. 

The   HOLBEIN   DRAWINGS.     By 

Special  Permission  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen.  54  fine 
Reproductions  of  the  Famous  Drawings  at  Windsor 
Castle,  bound  in  Artistic  Cover.    Price  5i!.  5s. 


The  OLD  MASTERS.    Reproductions 

from  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE,  WINDSOR  CASTLE, 
NATIONAL  GALLERY,  LONDON;  AMSTERDAM, 
BERLIN,  BRUSSELS,  CASSBL,  DRESDEN,  HAAG, 
HAARLEM,  MUNICH,  VIENNA. 


LEADING   ARTISTS  of  the   DAY. 

9,000  Reproductions  from  the  Works  of  BURNE  JONES, 
WATTS,  ROSSBTTI,  ALMA  TADEMA,  SOLOMON, 
HOFFMAN,  BODENHAUSEN,  PLOCKHORST,  THU- 
MANN,  &o.  

CATALOGUES  POST  FREE. 


17'If.ES  of    the  TIMES  for  Nineteen  Y'ears,  1875 

A.  to  December.  IKil,  FOR  SALE.  Strongly  bound  in  Quarterly 
Volumes,  red  basil  backs,  cloth  sides.  In  good  condition.— Offers  to 
W.  T.  I).,  City  Liberal  Club,  \\  albrook,  London,  E  C. 

A  GENTLEMAN,  unmarried,  B.A.  Oxon.,  who 
has  taken  a  HOV.SE  at  HAMPSIEAD  to  form  a  home  for  him- 
self, desires  to  LET  TWO  GOOD  ROOMS  to  a  Literary  or  Profes- 
sional Man.  who  would  be  willing  to  reside  with  him.  — G.  H.  T., 
caie  of  Mr  Hewitson,  11,  High  Street,  Hampstead. 

TO  SCIENTIFIC  or  other  SOCIETIES.  —  An 
opportunity  ofters  for  obtaining  on  exceptionally  favourable 
terms  OFFICES  SUITABLE  for  a  SOCIETY,  with  the  use  of  Council 
and  Meeting  Rooms  as  required. -For  further  particulars  apply,  m  the 
first  instance,  to  Society,  care  of  Heywood  &  Co.,  Limited,  150,  Holborn, 
EC. 

TO  LITERARY  MEN.— TO  LET,  FURNISHED 

1  nr  UNFURNISHED  OFFICES,  clean  and  quiet,  at  3,  AMEN 
CORNER.— Apply  there. 


^Sales  bB  3^ttction. 


16,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  S.W. 


Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
IF.  POLLAllU,  Esq.,  of  Old  Cross,  Hertford. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  1.3.  Wellington 
Street  Strand  WC.  on  MONDAY,  Decemberl.3,  and  Following  Day, 
at  10' cloVk  precise  y  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIFIS,  including  the 
Sbraryo^the^llwW.' POLLARD,  Esq.,  of  Old  Cross  Hertford  and 
from  various  small  Private  Libraries,  comprising  Books  on  Angling 
and  other  Sports-the  Sporting  Magazine^  first  SS^o'""-*?,-? "?1 
Editions  of  Modern  Authors -Books  of  P^mts  and  fine  niustrated 
■Works—County  Histories  and  Local  Topography-Old  and  Kare  books 
—and  Standard  Works  in  General  Literature. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. ^^_ 

Engravings,  the  Property  of  a  Lady. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand  W.C  .  on  WEDNESDAY.  December  15  at  1  o  clock 
precisely  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a  LADY, 
ramprising  Mezzotint  and  other  Portraits  some  fine  P™o'^-Engray- 
ings  by  Old  Masters-a  few  Fancy  Subjects  by  G.  Morland  and  others- 
Collections  of  Engravings  in  Volumes. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Engravings  of  the  English  Schools  and  Water- Colour  Drawings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand  W  C.  on  THURSDAY,  December  16,  at  1  o  clock 
precisely  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  ENGLISH 
SCHOOIS  including  many  printed  in  Colours,  and  comprising  Works 
bv  BartoloVzi  EarlSm  Val.'^Sreen,  W.  Hamilton,  Angelica  Kaufmann 
G '^i  orland.  Sir  Joshui  Reynolds.  J  R  Smith,  J.  Ward,  Wheatley  and 
nthprs-a  Series  of  Portraits  of  the  Pretenders  and  their  Adherents- 
and'water  colour  Drawings  by  T.  KowUandson,  C.  Dayes,  T.  Heame. 
S.  Prout,  Clarkson  Stanfleld,  Girtin. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  valuable  Library  of  a  Gentleman,  chiefly  bound  by 
Zaehnsdorf  and  Morrell. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  1.3  WeUington 
Street,  "trand,  W  C^,  on  J^RID^Y  December  17.  and  Fo^'«.wj"|,l^^. 
at  1  o'clock  nreciselv  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  a  GtiN  i  i-.t-Mai''. 
cLsistiJrof  important  Works  in  the  various  Branches  of  English  and 
Fori  gn  LltemSre-rare  Modern  French  Books,  most  of  which  are 
prTntId  on  Large  and  Japanese  Paper,  and  "'anj'  o'  "'f™^"L*  e 
Illustrations  in  Two  and  Three  States,  and  comprising  La  Fontaine, 
fontps  et  Nouvelles  2  vols.,  1795-ConteB  et  Nouvelles  2  vols. 
^P^pilr  du  Jap™''  Didot,  1795),  reprint  188:3  -  Worlidge's  Gems. 
2vororiginaUssue  of  the' Plates,  printed  "P""/"'"-,!-""/'^?,'^?/ 
Rerun;  Natura,  Large  Paper-Petit  Conteurs  du  X\IIIi6me  bieue, 
12voTs-Parry^s  Fou?  Arctic  Voyages,  3  vols.  Large  PfPer-La  Fon- 
taine Contes  •■  Edition  des  Ferniers  G<5n(!raux,"  2  vols.,  1762 -Hou- 
bX'n's  Heads  of  Illustrious  Persons,  Large  Paper,  &c.,ch,eHy  bound 
in  the  best  style  by  Zaehnsdorf  and  Morrell- Works  illustrated  by 
H  K  Browne'^  Bewick  Blake,  R.  Doyle.  Leech,  Hugh  Thomson, 
linwlandson  and  others-First  Editions  of  the  Writings  of  Dickens. 
Andrew  Lang  Su.  tees  Thackeray,  &c.-Biography,  Poetry,  Voyages 
and  'rravels— fine  Illustrated  Books. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


The  Library  of  HAROLD  BAILLIE  WEAVER,  Esq. 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

xji->ui"->.  J-'"    ..„.„„.'   ..,,,„:,  Ti„„.p    Nn    1.1  wellineton 


IT  I      ^ni  Qp'iT  hv  AUCTION    at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
i      .  cT^Ihwp    on  MONDAY    December  20,  and  Following  Day, 

Authors,  &c.  .... 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Oil  Paintings. 

MESSRS    SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
wni  SELL  br  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13    Wellington 
<!trPPt    Strand    WC    on  WEDNESDAY,  December  22,  and  Following 
Street,  ''trana,   vy.v/. ,  ou   ""  „„    framed  and  in  the  Port- 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalognes  may  be  had. 

Miscellaneous  and  Oriental  Books-Works  relating  to  China 
aZ  the  East-Books  relating  to  London  and  the  Stcburbs- 
mcroscoves  and  Slides  (by  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  late 
W  J  BROWN,  Esq.,  Member  of  the  Quekett  Club),  i^c. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
?►  thpfr  vTooms   115  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
wi^Tnf-rw^  Following  Days,  at  I  i'clock  MISCELLANEOUS 
I^fd IuufntIl  B   OKS  (pa^^^^^  the  Collection  of  a  Member  of  the 

Consular  Service  comprising  Cunningham's  Archs-ologica  Survey  of 
India  21  ToU -Journal  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  II  vols.-Peking 
Gazette    17  vols.-Edkins,  Marsden,   Eitel,  Callery,  Medhurst,   Bridg- 

Huns    5  vol^-Jerdan's  I^rds  ind  Mammals  of    India,  4  vols.-See- 

S^H&^a^iV'vri^^^^^^^^ 

nassfcsTsfi  vols  -Duplicates  from  a  West-End  Club-and  an  -nt^rest- 
inl  CoUect  on  o  Books  relating  to  London  and  the  Suburbs-Book- 
^^Irp,  Musrc-Medical  and  othir  Scientific  Books:  also  Single  and 
g'ompVund    Microscopes   by    Beck  and   Smith-Sliies-Astronomical 

Telescope,  &c.  .  „  .  ,  ^.j 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


N"  3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


803 


M 


Miscellaneous  Books. 
ESSRS.    PUTTICK  &   SIMPSON  will    SELL 

j-Tj  bT  AUCTION,  ai  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C  ,  on 
MONDAY  December  13,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  ten  minutes 
past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  oj  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS, 
including  Grego's  Parliamentary  Elections,  extra  illustrated— Hoydell  a 
Shakespeare  9  yols  —Illustrations  to  Shakespeare-Stedman's  Surinam, 
Coloured  Plates  — Haryey's  Phycologia  Britannica,  4  vols  —Scott  8 
Novels  First  Editions— Surtees  Society  Publications,  25  vols.— Lemon  s 
History  ol  Punch,  extra  illustrated,  with  Portraits  and  Autograph 
Letters— Lafontaine'9  Tales  in  English  Verse,  inlaid  to  4to.  size  and 
«xtra  illustrated— Crowquill's  Phantasmagoria  of  Fun— Koberts's  Holy 
Land,  Egtpt.  and  Nubia.  4  vols— Collection  of  Old  Trade  Cards— Burns  s 
Foems.  1787— Voltaire,  La  Pucelle— Publications  ol  the  Kelmscott  Press, 
Ac  — Officium  Reatae  Mariie  Virginis,  printed  on  vellum  — Missale 
Oebenesis,  MS.  on  vellum,  1515- Perceforest.  Paris.  ISl'S-Quarles's 
Emblems— Heures  4  lUsalge  de  Paris,  1515— First  Editions  of  Dickens, 
Thackeray.  Lever.  Bewick,  &c  ,  many  in  fine  Bindings,  by  Kiviere, 
Bedford,  Zaehnsdorf.  Duseuil,  Derdme,  &c. 

Catalogues  may  be  had  ;  if  by  post,  on  receipt  of  stamp. 

Postage  Stamps, 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47.  Leicester  Square.  W.C.  on 
TUESDAV.  December  14.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  half-past  5  o'clock 
precisely,  rare  BKITISH,  FOREIGN,  and  COLONIAL  POSTAGE 
STAMPS. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Coins  and  Miscellaneous  Properti/,  including  the  Collection  of 
the  late  JAMES  HENRY  JOHNSON,  Esq.,  of  Silverdale 
and  SoiUhport,  Lancashire. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY.  December  16.  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGLISH  COINS  in  GOLD,  SILVER,  and  COPPER, 
comprising  many  fine  Specimens— a  choice  Collection  of  Antique 
Watches  of  English  and  French  workmanship,  in  Gold,  Silver,  Enamel, 
and  'fortoiseahell  Cases— several  hundred  ounces  of  Ancient  and 
Modern  Silver— Antique  Sheffield  Plate— fine  old  China-a  Collection 
of  nearly  4,500  choice  Havannah  Cigars  (1894  crop)— and  Chippendale 
and  other  Furniture,  comprising  Bookcases,  Whatnots,  Armchairs, 
Chests  of  Drawers,  &e. 

Catalogues  oo  application. 

Music  and  Musical  Instruments. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W  C,  on 
TUESDAY,  December  21,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely.  GRAND 
and  COTTAGE  PIANOFORTES,  ORGANS,  and  HARMONIUMS— 
Single  and  Double  Action  Harps— Violins,  Violas,  Violoncellos,  and 
Double  Basses— Guitars.  Mandolines,  and  Banjos— Brass  and  AVood 
Wind  Instruments— and  a  quantity  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Music. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

TUESDA  Y  NEXT.— RARE  INSECTS. 

The  REMAINING  PORTION  of  the  Collection  of  British 
Lepidoptera,  formed  by  the  late  J.  B.  HODGKINSON.  Esq., 
and  the  Collections  formed  by  the  Rev.  E.  MA  TTHEWS 
and  the  Rev.  A.  C.  HERl'EY ;  also  some  Jine  ExAic  Lepi- 
doptera— a  few  Books — Cabinets,  S,c. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will  SELL  the  above   by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38.  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  TUESDAY  NEXT,  December  14,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. ^ 

FRtDA  Y  NEXT. 

UOO  Lots  of  Scientific  and  Photographic  Apparatus,  Lanterns 
and  Slides,  and  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  the   above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  FRIDAY  NEXT,  December  17,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues 
had. 

MONDA  Y,  December  20. 

A  General  Collection  of  Natural  History  Specimens,  Curiosities, 

Antiquities,  ^c.from  Private  Sources. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS   will   SELL  the  above  by 
AUCTION,  at  his  Great  Rooms.  38.  King  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
on  MONDAY,  December  20,  at  half-past  12  o'clock  precisely. 

On  view  the  Saturday  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale,  and  Cata- 
logues bad. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely :— 

On    MONDAY,    December   13,    ENGRAVINGS 

after  R.  COSWAY,  and  OLD  ENGLISH  COLOURED  PRINTS. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  December  15,  and  Following 

Day,  a  COLLECTION  of  CHINESE  and  JAPANESE  WORKS  of  ART, 
8old  by  order  of  the  Court  of  Bankruptcy. 

On  THURSDAY.  December  16.  a  COLLECTION 

of  BOOKS  from  various  PRIVATE  LIBRARIES. 

On  FRIDAY,  December  17,  a  COLLECTION  of 

ORIENTAL  OBJECTS  of  ART,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN ;  and 
PORCELAIN,  OBJECTS  ol  ARl",  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE 
from  numerous  sources. 

On    SATURDAY,    December    18,     MODERN 

PICTURES  of  GEORGE  ATKINSON,  Esq..  deceased,  and  others. 

On   MONDAY,    December   20,   and    Following 

Day,  Choice  MODERN  ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property 
of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On  MONDAY,  December  20,  Choice  SEIZlfeME 

and  other  OBJECTS  of  ART,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN : 
tine  Old  ITALIAN  BRONZES,  GREEK  and  other  ANTIUUITIES,  &c  ; 
also  OBJECTS  of  ART  and  DECORATION,  the  Property  of  the  late 
EUDOXIE.  COUNTES.S  of  LINDSAY. 

On    TUESDAY,  December  21,  a  COLLECTION 

of  PORCELAIN  and  OBJECTS  of  ART,  the  Property  ol  a  GENTLE- 
MAN. 

On  WEDNESDAY,   December  22,  a  COLLEC- 
TION of  PICTURES  and  DRA'WINGS,  sold  by  order  of  the  Court  of 

Bankruptcy. 

HE      CHRIST      iii       SHAKSPEA  R^. 

By  CHARLES  ELLIS. 
\  ictorian  Edition,  leatherette,  3s.  6d.     "  A  very  valuable  addition  to 
Shakspearian  literature."— ScAoo!  Guardian. 

London :  Houlston  &  Sons,  Paternoster  Square. 


BICKERS  &  SON'S 
LIST  OF  NEW  REMAINDERS 

AND  LATEST  PURCHASES, 

OFPEBED  AT  GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES. 

All  New  and  Perfect. 


Published  at 

£.  s.  a. 


OfTered  at 

.€.  s.  d. 


"A  MAGNIFICENT  PRESENT." 

Bida's  Etchings.  The  Authorized  Ver- 
sion of  the  FOUR  GOSPELS,  with  the  whole  of  the 
superb  Etchiniis  on  Steel  (132)  after  Drawings  by 
M.  Blda      In  4  vols,  folio,  appropriately  bound  in 

12  12    0       cloth  extra         

Or  4  vole,  in  2,  half-morocco.  Roxburghe  style 

*.•  The  Drawings,  Etchings,  and  Engravings 
occupied  a  period  of  twelve  years  in  preparation  ; 
and  an  idea  of  the  importance  of  this  splendid  work 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  upwards  of  fifty 
thousand  pounds  have  been  expended  on  its  pro- 
duction. It  obwined  for  its  Pul>lisher8  the  Diplomc 
d'Honneur  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition. 

Old  Dutch  and  Flemish  Masters.     En- 
graved  by  Timothy  Cole,  with   Critical  Notes  by 
JOHN     C.     VAN    DYKE.     Thirty    very  beautiful 
specimens  ol  Wood  Engraving.    Imperial  8vo.  cloth 
2    2    0       extra         

Love  and  Sleep,  and  other  Poems.     By 

Sir  LEWIS   MORRIS      With  numerous  Full-Page 

Illustrations  from  Designs  by  Alice  Havers.    Small 

110       folio,  cloth  elegant 

Tennyson's  Miscellaneous  Poems.  With 

Illustrations  by  Creswick,  Millais,  Holman   Hunt. 
110       &c.    Square  8vo.  cloth  elegant 

Well -Worn   Roads  of  Spain,  Holland, 

and  ITALY.    Travelled  by  a  Painter  in  Search  of 

the  Picturesque     Bv  F.  HOFKINSON  SMITH.     10 

Full-Page  Plates  and  51  other  Illustrations.    Folio, 

2    2    0       cloth  gilt 

Rambles  and  Studies  in  Bosnia-Herze- 

GOVINA  and  DALMATIA.    By  ROBERT  MUNRO. 

Numerous  Illustrations.    8vo 


4  4 

5  15 


0  12    6 


My  Arctic  Journal  :  a  Year  among  Ice- 

Fields  and   Eskimos     By  J.  D.  PEARY.    And  an 

Account  of  a  Journey  across  Greenland.    By  Lieut. 

PEARY.     Many   very    beautiful  Full-Page  Plates. 

0  12    0        8vo.  cloth 

Portraits  of  Places   (Venice,  Chartres, 

Warwickshire,  London,  &c.).    By  HENRY  JAMES. 
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WHAT  MAISIE   KNEW.     By  Henry 

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N°3059,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


811 


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London :    HODDER  &  STOUGHTON, 
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812 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3659,  Dec. 


11,  '97 


RICHARD    BENTLE^  &  SON'S 
LIST. 


NEW  WORKS    NOW   READY. 


BY  MR.  BICKFORD  SMITH. 

CEETAN  SKETCHES.    By  R.  A.  H. 

BICKFORD  SMITH,  M.A.  F.S.A.,  Author  of 
'Greece  under  King  George,'  and  late  Com- 
missioner of  the  Cretan  Relief  Committee.  In 
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trations by  Melton  Prior. 


A  NEW  EDITION, 

MEMORIES   of  FATHER   JAMES 

HEALY,    Parish    Priest    of    Little   Bray  and 

Ballybrack.     With    a    Portrait.     A   New  and 

Cheaper  Edition,  being  the  Third,     In  1  vol, 
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BY  MR.  LORD, 

The  LOST  EMPIRES  of  the  MODERN 

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N''3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


813 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER  11,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
813 

814 
815 
816 


Mr.  Brvce's  Book  on  South  Africa    

A-N  Old  Irish  Saga    

Mr.  Whiblev's  Studies  in  Frankness  

Baird  Smith  and  the  Taking  of  Delhi       

Nkw  Novels  (Corleone;    Another's  Burden;  Miriam 

Rozella ;  The  School  for  Saints ;  This  Little  World  ; 

Joy  of  my  Youth  ;  Broken  Arcs ;    The  Tormentor  ; 

MisB  Secretary  Ethel ;  Totote) 817—818 

Christmas  Books        818 

The  Royal  Historical  Society 819 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      820—821 

'Mary  Queen  of  Scots';  Examiners  at  Glasgow 
University;  Brathwait's  'The  Good  Wife'; 
The  War  of  Greek  Independence  ;  A  Disputed 
Title;  The  Ashburnham  Sale;  An  Undk- 
ECRIBED  Cranmer  821—82:3 

Literary  Gossip         823 

Science  —  Morgan  on  Habit  and  Instinct;  Astro- 
nomical Notes  ;  Societies;  Meetings     ...      82.5—827 

Pink  Arts  —  Christmas  Books  ;  Art  for  the 
Nursery;  Wakefield  Cathedral;  Sales; 
Gossip  827—829 

Music— The  Week;  Gossip;   Performances   Next 

Wbkk  829—830 


LITERATURE 

Impressions   of    South    Africa.      By    James 

Bryce.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
A  PLETHORA  of  books  has  been  issued  con- 
cerning South.  Africa  since  the  exploration 
of  the  whole  country  between  the  Limpopo 
and  Zambesi  rivers  promised  new  and  happy 
hunting  grounds,  enticing  alike  to  literary 
and   "prospecting"    adventurers.      But   it 
would  have  been  a  public  loss  if  Mr.  Bryce 
had  abstained  from  putting  into  a  perma- 
nent and  generally  accessible  form  the  ideas 
and  conclusions  suggested  by  a  tour  made 
in  1895.     That  he  was  in  no  great  hurry 
to  publish  what  he  had  to  say  is  ground  for 
thankfulness,  for  he  has  now,  just  two  years 
after  his  actual  experience  was  gained,  pro- 
duced a  sterling  work  that  will  rank  as  a 
veritable  treasury  of  practical  information, 
no   less   than   suggestive   thought,    for   all 
earnest  readers,   so  long  as  the  main  con- 
ditions and  mutual  relations  of  the  peoples 
of  South  Africa  remain  unchanged.     More- 
over, his  book  is  so  fascinating  and  full  of 
entertainment  in  style  and  matter  that  no 
one  who  cares  at  all  for  the  subject  which  it 
discusses  will  desire  to  skip  one  of  its  six 
hundred  pages.     In  only  one  sense  is  it  dis- 
appointing.   Its  title  warrants  expectation  of 
a  larger  amount  of  personal  narrative  than 
is  forthcoming.     Just  a  third  part  is  given 
to  the  author's  own  movements,   and  that 
third  so  manifestly  belongs  to  the  "travel- 
scrip  "  of  the  tourist   who  walks   not  only 
with  open  but  anointed   eyes,   that   larger 
measure  would  have  meant  longer  pleasure 
to  the  reader. 

The  book  is  divided  into  four  distinct 
parts.  The  first,  headed  "Nature,"  com- 
mences with  an  admirably  plain  sketch  of 
the  physical  structure  of  the  entire  country 
under  consideration  from  south  to  north, 
assisted  by  two  maps  exhibiting  respectively 
the  average  rainfall  and  the  elevation  above 
«ea  level  of  the  various  territories  in  ques- 
■tion.  This  will  be  of  signal  advantage  to 
readers  whose  acquaintance  with  South 
African  physical  geography  is  of  that  hazy 
kind  derived  from  ephemeral  works  of 
travel.  Wild  animals,  vegetable  produc- 
tions, indigenous  or  imported,  climate  and 


scenery,  are  treated  under  this  section ; 
and  scattered  over  its  very  interesting  pages 
of  direct  teaching  are  passages  that  testify 
to  the  author's  keen  appreciation  of  African 
landscape,  wherein  colour  and  atmospheric 
effects  play  parts  the  more  impressive 
because  wood  and  water  are  so  frequently 
absent  from  the  panorama  :  — 

"  Monotonous  as  the  landscapes    often   are, 
there  is  a  warmth  and  richness  of  tone  about 
them  which  fills  and    delights    the   eye.     One 
sees  comparatively  little   of   that  whitish   blue 
limestone   which    so   often    gives   a   hard   and 
chilling  aspect    to   the   scenery   of    the    lower 
ridges  of  the  Alps  and  of  large  parts  of  the  coasts 
of  the  Mediterranean.     In  Africa  even  the  grey 
granite  or  gneiss  has  a  deeper  tone  than  these 
limestones,  and  it  is  frequently  covered  by  red 
and  yellow  lichens  of  wonderful  beauty.     The 
dark   basalts    and    porphyries   which   occur   in 
many  places,  the  rich  red  tint  which  the  surface 
of   the  sandstone   rock  often  takes  under   the 
scorching  sun,  give  depth  of  tone  to  the  land- 
scape ;  and  though  the  flood  of  midday  sunshine 
is  almost  overpowering,  the  lights  of  morning 
and  evening,  touching  the  mountains  with  every 
shade  of  rose  and  crimson  and  violet,  are  in- 
describably beautiful.     Mountains  fifty  or  sixty 
miles  away  stand  out  clearly  enough  to  enable 
all  the  wealth  of  their  colour  and  all  the  deli- 
cacy of  their  outlines  to  be  perceived,  and  the 
eye  realizes,  by  the  exquisitely  fine  change  of 
tint  between  the  nearer  and  the  more  distant 
ranges,  the  immensity  and  the  harmony  of  the 
landscape." 

Part  II.  consists   of  an  outline   history, 
opening  with  a  chapter  summarizing  what 
has  been  ascertained  or  conjectured  touching 
the  antecedents  of  the  three  races  into  which 
the     so  -  called     aborigines      are     roughly 
divided,  and  closing  with  a  brief  record  of 
recent    events    still     under    Parliamentary 
investigation,  on  which  the  author  properly 
reserves  his  judgment.     In  these  days  it  is 
customary  for  literary  travellers  to  include 
a   more   or    less    comprehensive    historical 
chapter  in  the    contents  of    even  a    small 
volume.     The    pity    is  that  most  of   them 
write  as   purveyors  for  one  or  the  other  of 
two  different  markets.     Mr.  Bryce  has  set 
down    all    that    the    general    reader    need 
know  of   South  African  history  up   to  the 
present  date,  but  he  has  carefully  refrained 
from  any  contact  with  partisanship  so  far  as 
any  set  of  people  or  of  fixed  ideas  is  con- 
cerned.    Moreover,  he  has  the  felicitous  art, 
which  those  who  have  been  in  the  way  of 
reading  various   long  or  short   histories  of 
Africa  can  well  appreciate,   of    telling    in 
lucid  language  just  what  is  needful  to  make 
a  past  crisis  or  present  situation  understood 
without    a     single     superfluous    detail    or 
comment. 

Part  III.,  dealing  with  the  extensive  tour 
that  brought  the  book  into  existence,  will 
naturally  be  its  most  popular  section. 
Besides  doing  justice  to  the  Cape  Colony 
and  Natal,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bryce  journeyed 
up  country  as  far  north  as  Fort  Salisbury. 
Thence,  turning  south  -  east,  they  passed 
through  Manicaland  and  a  portion  of  the 
Portuguese  possessions  to  Beira,  sailed  down 
to  Delagoa  Bay,  and  visited  both  the  Dutch 
republics  and  Basutoland,  the  most  beautiful 
of  the  native  reserve  lands.  Unfortunately 
the  sagacious  and  enlightened  Christian 
chief  Khama  was  absent  in  England  when 
Mr.  Bryce  passed  through  his  country.  An 
interview  between  the  English  statesman 
and  the  most  notable   of    surviving  Kafir 


worthies  under  his  own  roof-tree  would  have 
been  very  interesting,  although,  as  both 
Mr.  Theal  and  the  present  author  have 
pointed  out,  the  complaisance  that  leads  the 
native  to  reply  in  the  affirmative  to  most 
remarks  addressed  to  him  by  a  white  inter- 
locutor is  a  drawback  to  real  interchange  of 
sentiments  or  the  acquisition  of  trustworthy 
information.  Mr.  Bryce  visited  Palapshwye, 
Khama's  seat  of  government,  which,  being 
built  of  clay  roofed  with  grass,  struck  him 
as  looking  "  like  a  wilderness  of  beehives." 
Bulawayo  is  described  as  occupj'ing  a  site 
without  natural  beauty,  "  bare,  dusty,  and 
wind-swept,"  but  as  blest  with  "  deliciously 
fresh,  keen,  brilliant  air,  with  a  strong  breeze 
tempering  the  sun  heat,  and  no  risk  of 
fever."  The  place  was  very  cheerful 
because  everybody  was  hopeful,  and  nothing 
was  less  expected  than  any  serious  difficulty 
with  the  natives.     Mr.  Bryce  writes  : — 

"  We  travelled  unarmed  and  unconcerned,  by 
night  as  well  as  day,  through  villages  where, 
five  months  later,  the  Kafirs  rose  and  murdered 
every  European  within  reach.  So  entirely  un- 
suspected was  the  already  simmering  disaffec- 
tion." 

But  the  native  labour  question  was  even 
then  the  question  of  the  hour  at  Bulawayo, 
and  Mr.  Bryce  had  its  perplexities  deeply 
on  his  mind  as  he  wrote : — 

"All  hard  labour,  all  rough  and  unskilled 
labour,  is,  and,  owing  to  the  heat  of  the  climate, 
must  be,  done  by  blacks  ;  and  in  a  new  country 
like  Matabililand  the  blacks,  though  they  can 
sometimes  be  induced  to  till  the  land,  are  most 
averse  to  working  underground.  They  are  only 
beginning  to  use  money,  and  they  do  not  want 
the  things  which  money  buys.  The  wants  of  a 
native  living  with  his  tribe  and  cultivating 
mealies  or  Kafir  corn  are  confined  to  a  kaross 
(skin  cloak)  or  some  pieces  of  cotton.  The 
prospect  of  leaving  his  tribe  to  go  and  work  in 
a  mine,  in  order  that  he  may  earn  wages  where- 
with he  can  buy  things  that  he  has  no  use  for, 
does  not  at  once  appeal  to  him.  The  white 
men,  anxious  to  get  to  work  on  tlie  gold-reefs, 
are  annoyed  at  what  they  call  the  stupidity  and 
laziness  of  the  native,  and  usually  clamoar  for 
legislation  to  compel  the  natives  to  come  and 
work,  adding,  of  course,  that  regular  labour 
would  be  the  best  thing  for  the  natives." 

The  situation  of  Fort  Salisbury  was  much 
admired  ;  and,  while  admitting  the  tempo- 
rary necessity  for  investing  Bulawayo  with 
paramount  importance,  Mr.  Bryce  believes 
that 

"in  the  long  run,  and  especially  when  the 
regions  north  of  the  Zambesi  begin  to  be 
practically  occupied,  Bulawayo,  standing  in  a 
corner  of  the  country,  will  have  to  yield  to  the 
more  imperial  site  of  Fort  Salisbury,  which  is 
only  220  miles  from  the  Zambesi  at  Tete,  and 
only  370  from  the  port  of  Beira." 

Eastern  Mashonaland  is  the  best  watered, 
and  therefore  most  beautiful  and  fertile 
portion  of  the  Company's  territory.  Here 
are  many  spots  where  "  a  man  might 
willingly  settle  down  to  end  his  days,  so 
genial  and  full  of  beauty  is  the  nature 
around  him."  Here  also  are  a  few  Euro- 
pean farms,  sending  vegetables  to  Fort 
Salisbury,  which  fetch  enormous  prices  : — 

"  So  that  a  man  who  understands  business 
may  count  on  making  more  by  this  than  he 
will  do  by  '  prospecting '  for  gold  mines  or  even 
by  floating  companies." 

Part  of  the  journey  over  Portuguese 
ground  was  made  on  a  railway  line  with  a 
gauge  of  only  two  feet,  but  the  travellers 


814 


THE     ATHEN-^UM 


N°3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


had  no  inclination  to  criticize  a  means  of 
conveyance  that  took  them  over  118  miles  of 
"  one  of  the  most  unhealthy  regions  in  the 
world"  at  a  pace  of  ten  to  fifteen  miles  an 
hour,  which  is  something  more  than  express 
speed  as  compared  with  the  dragging  of 
a  waggon  where  roads,  as  understood  in 
England,  are  non-existent.  During  this 
railway  ride 

"the  train  ran  through  a  swarm  of  locusts 
miles  long.  It  was  a  beautiful  sight.  The 
creatures  flash  like  snowflakes  in  the  sun. 
The  air  glitters  with  their  gauzy  wings.  But  it 
is  also  terrible.  An  earthquake  or  a  volcanic 
eruption  is  hardly  more  destructive  or  more 
irresistible." 

The  fourth  part,  headed  "  Some  South 
African  Questions,"  discusses  many  topics — 
only  one  or  two  of  which  can  be  mentioned 
here — in  the  spirit  of  an  open-minded  in- 
vestigator inclined  to  prophesy,  who  wishes 
to  see  irrevocable  circumstances  turned  to 
the  best  account,  not  only  for  existing  but 
yet  unborn  generations.  Gold-mining  enter- 
prises, which  those  interested  in  them  will 
find  fully  examined,  should,  he  considers,  be 
viewed  as  an  episodical  rather  than  perma- 
nent means  of  procuring  a  livelihood,  and 
farming,  in  the  wide  sense  of  that  term, 
as  the  abiding  vocation  of  South  Africa's 
inhabitants.  He  rejects  the  idea  that  the 
Kafirs  will  migrate  further  north,  believing 
that  they  will  stay  where  they  are,  increase 
and  multiply,  renounce  heathenism,  if  they 
do  not  all  receive  Christianity,  and  develope 
higher  intelligence  as  education  spreads 
among  them.  Three  things  he  has  gathered 
that  thoughtful  colonists  declare  to  be  of 
essential  importance  in  connexion  with  the 
"  native  problem":  to  save  the  natives  from 
intoxicating  liquor,  to  enact  good  land  laws 
and  just  labour  laws,  and  to  create  much 
better  opportunities  for  industrial  education. 

Beyond  this,  adds  Mr.  Br3^ce, 
"  the  main  thing  to  be  done  seems  to  be  to 
soften  the  feeling  of  the  average  white  and  to 
mend  his  manners.  At  present  he  considers  the 
native  to  exist  solely  for  his  own  benefit.  He 
is  harsh  or  gentle  according  to  his  own  temper  ; 
but,  whether  harsh  or  gentle,  he  is  apt  to  think 
of  the  black  man  much  as  he  thinks  of  his  ox, 
and  to  ignore  a  native's  rights  when  they  are  in- 
convenient to  himself.  Could  he  be  got  to  feel 
more  kindly  towards  the  native,  and  to  treat 
him,  if  not  as  an  equal,  whicli  he  is  not,  yet  as 
a  child,  the  social  aspect  of  the  problem-  and  it 
is  not  the  least  serious  aspect — would  be  com- 
pletely altered." 


The  Voyage  of  Bran,  Son  of  Fehal,  to  the  Land 

of  the  Living:    an    Old  Irish   Saga.     Now 

first  edited,  with  Translation,  Notes,  and 

Glossary,     by    Kuno    Meyer.     With    an 

Essay    upon    the    Irish    Vision    of    the 

Happy     Otherworld      and      the      Celtic 

Doctrine    of    Re-birth   by   Alfred   Nutt. 

2  vols.     (Nutt.) 

The   first  volume   of   this  work   has  been 

before  the  public  for  a  couple  of  years  ;  but 

we  deemed   it   best  not   to   pass   it   under 

review  until  the  second  had  appeared.  That 

having  now  taken  place,  we  are  in  a  better 

position  to  appreciate  Mr.  Nutt's  essay.     It 

is  right  and  logical,  however,  to  begin  with 

Dr.  Kuno  Meyer's  part  of  the  work.    In  the 

first  volume   his  contribution   occupies  the 

first  third  of  the  whole,  and  comprises  Irish 

texts  with  translation,   notes,  and  indexes, 

together  with  an  introduction.  Far  the  most 


important  of  Dr.  Meyer's  texts  is  Imram 
Brain,  or  '  The  Voyage  of  Bran,'  and  in 
the  introduction  he  states  briefly  his  conclu- 
sion as  to  the  date  of  that  story,  as  follows  : 

"'The  Voyage  of  Bran'  was  originally 
written  down  in  the  seventh  century.  From 
this  original,  some  time  in  the  tenth  century,  a 
copy  was  made,  in  which  the  language  of  the 
poetry,  protected  by  the  laws  of  metre  and 
assonance,  was  left  almost  intact,  while  the 
prose  was  subjected  to  a  process  of  partial 
modernization,  which  most  affected  the  verbal 
forms.  From  this  tenth  century  copy  all  our 
MSS.  are  derived." 

Of  these  MSS.  he  enumerates  no  fewer 
than  seven,  and  prints  at  the  foot  of  his 
text  the  variant  readings  supplied  by  them. 
He  then  edits  in  the  same  careful  and 
exhaustive  manner  a  variety  of  texts  con- 
cerning or  narrating  portions  of  the  story 
of  Mongan,  who  is  represented  in  them  as 
a  rebirth  of  Finn,  son  of  Cumall,  his  real 
father  being  the  great  Tuatha  De  Danann 
wizard  Manannan  mac  Lir.  All  this  relates 
to  the  first  volume,  but  at  the  end  of  the 
second  volume  two  more  texts  are  edited 
by  Dr.  Meyer,  namely,  the  '  Story  of  Tuan 
mac  Cairill,'  illustrating  further  the  Irish 
idea  of  rebirth,  and  the  versified  Dinn- 
shenchas  of  Mag  Slecht,  describing  the 
ancient  worship  of  the  Irish  idol  known  by 
the  name  of  Cromm  Cruaich. 

Of  Dr.  Meyer's  work  generally  one  can 
only  say  that  it  has  been  conscientiously 
and  well  done,  and  that  it  alone  would  have 
sufficed,  especially  in  the  Imram  Brain,  to 
make  these  volumes  valuable.  Our  criticisms 
confine  themselves  to  very  minor  matters. 
We  may  mention  the  following  points. 
When  he  says  (i.  38)  that  perhaps  the 
obscure  Irish  word/k  is  cognate  with  Welsh 
gwy,  and  means  "water,"  we  should  be 
glad  to  be  convinced  of  the  actxiality  of  the 
Welsh  gwy.  We  are  familiar  with  Givy  as 
the  name  of  the  river  Wye,  and  with  a 
syllable  wy  in  the  names  of  other  Welsh 
rivers,  such  as  Llugwy ;  but  we  should  like 
to  be  reassured  as  io gwy  meaning"  water." 
At  i.  44  the  English  of  the  following  passage 
is  hardly  intelligible  : — 

"Fiachna  had  a  friend  in  Scotland,  to  wit, 
Aeddn,  the  son  of  Gabran.  A  message  went 
from  him  to  Aedan.  A  message  went  from 
Aeddn  to  him  that  he  would  come  to  his  aid. 
He  was  in  warfare  against  Saxons.  A  terrible 
warrior  was  bi-ought  by  them  for  the  death  of 
Aedan  in  the  battle.  Then  Fiachna  went  across. 
He  left  his  queen  at  home." 

As  we  understand  it,  this  is  to  explain 
how  Manannan  found  an  opportunity  to 
visit  the  lady  who  was  to  be  the  mother  of 
Mongan.  Fiachna  in  Ulster  and  Aedan 
in  Britain  were  in  the  habit  of  communicat- 
ing with  one  another,  and  the  second  com- 
munication mentioned  in  the  text  was  to  ask 
Fiachna  to  come  over  to  assist  Aedan,  a 
request  to  which  Fiachna  duly  acceded.  This 
would  be  clearly  enough  expressed  by  say- 
ing "  that  he  should  come,"  instead  of  "  that 
he  uould  come,"  as  Dr.  Meyer  has  put  it :  it 
may  be  nothing  more  than  a  mere  slip  on 
the  part  of  a  Scotch  compositor.  Lastly, 
we  venture  to  call  attention  to  the  following 
passage  (ii.  299,  300)  in  the  'Story  of 
Tuan':  — 

"Beothach,  the  son  of  larbonel  the  prophet, 
seized  this  island  from  the  races  that  dwelt  in 
it.  From  them  are  the  Tuatha  De'  and  Ande, 
whose  origin  the  learned  do  not  know,  but  that 


it  seems  likely  to  them  that  they  came  from 
heaven,  on  account  of  their  intelligence  and  for 
the  excellence  of  their  knowledge." 

We  are  not  sure  that  Dr.  Meyer  attaches 
the  same  meaning  as  we  do  to  the  original ; 
but  if  he  does,  ho  has  not  given  it  the  full 
expression  to  which  it  seems  to  us  to  be 
entitled.  We  may,  however,  be  mistaken 
in  our  rendering  of  the  passage,  but  this  is 
what  we  make  of  it : — 

"Beothach,  son  of  lardonel  the  prophet, 
took  this  island  from  the  nations  which  were  in 
it.  It  is  from  them,  that  is,  Beothach  and 
lardonel,  that  are  descended  the  Tuatha  D^  and 
And^,  whose  origin  is  unknown  to  the  learned, 
except  that  it  would  seem  probable  to  them  that 
the  Tuatha  De  and  And^  were  of  the  exiles 
expelled  from  heaven,  and  they  think  so  because 
of  the  Tuatha's  intelligence  and  the  excellence 
of  their  knowledge." 

The  intelligence  and  knowledge  alluded 
to  had  reference  chiefly,  no  doubt,  to  the 
magic  skill  usually  ascribed  to  the  Tuatha 
De  Danann.    The  suggestion  that  they  were 
of  the  number  of   the  spirits  exiled  from 
heaven  is  quite  in  keeping  with  the  tenor  of 
the  '  Story  of   Tuan '  as  we  have  it ;    and 
although   that   story  occurs   in   the  '  Book 
of  the  Dun  Cow,'  it  is  undoubtedly  com- 
paratively late.     So  it   is   relegated   to  an 
appendix  at  the  end  of  vol.  ii.,  and  not  used 
as  one  of  the  fundamental  texts  of  the  work. 
So  far  of  Dr.  Meyer's  portion  of  the  work 
and  of  the  texts  edited  by  him  to  serve  as 
chapter  and  verse  for  Mr.  Nutt's  doctrine 
in  the  essay  which  he  begins   in   the  first 
volume  and  completes  in  the  second.     The 
break  serves  to  separate  the  two  subjects 
of  his  reasoning,  the  Happy  Otherworld  of 
Celtic    paganism    and   the    Celtic    doctrine 
of  rebirth.     But  the  foregoing  remarks  will 
probably  have  left  the  reader  puzzled  as  to 
why  Dr.  Meyer  has  published  '  The  Voyage 
of  Bran  to  the  Land  of  the  Living  '  together 
with   stories    about    Mongan.      The   latter 
illustrate  the  doctrine  of   rebirth,  and  the 
former  deals  with  the  Happj*  Otherworld. 
But  it  does  more  :  it  introduces  Mongan  as 
a  rebirth,  and  it  is  part  and  parcel  of  Mr. 
Nutt's  argument  that  the  two  doctrines  go 
together  in  Irish  story.     Considerable  space 
is  allotted  in  the  first  section  of  Mr.  Nutt's 
essay   to  general  remarks  about  the  mate- 
rials and  to  the  discussion  of  the  historical 
evidence  bearing  on  the  Happy  Otherworld. 
Then  he  enters  on  parallel  tales  and  the  early 
romantic  use  of  the  conception  of  the  Happy 
Otherworld.     Finally,  he  roams  from  non- 
Irish  Christian  and  Jewish  analogues  through 
the  classical  accounts.     In  fact,  he  does  not 
stop  till  he  has  taken  a  bird's-eye  view  of 
the  whole  ground,   Scandinavian,   Iranian, 
and  Hindu.    His  conclusion  is  best  set  forth 
in  his  own  words  on  the  last  page  of  the 
first  volume : — 

"  The  vision  of  a  Happy  Otherworld  found  in 
Irish  mythic  romances  of  the  eighth  and  follow- 
ing centuries  is  substantially  pre-Christian  ;  it 
finds  its  closest  analogues  in  that  stage  of 
Hellenic  mythic  belief  which  precedes  the 
modification  of  Hellenic  religion  consequent 
upon  the  spread  of  the  Orphic-Pythagorean 
doctrines,  and  with  these  it  forms  the  most 
archaic  Aryan  presentment  of  the  divine  and 
happy  land  we  possess." 

Head  presentment  ivhich  we   possess    of  the 
divine  and  happy  land. 

The  second  section  takes  up  the  Mongan 
legend  and  other  Irish  stories  involving  tho 


N°3659,  Dec.  11/97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


815 


incident  of  rebirtli ;  and  in  the  course  of  h  s 
Ireument  Mr.  Nutt  devotes  chapters  to  the 
rSnof  Ireland  to  Christian  and  classic 
rntiquUy,  to  agricultural  ritual  m  Greece 
tndSn^,  to°the  Tuatha  Do  Danann  and 
to  the  contemporary  fairy  belief  ot  the 
Gaelic  -  speaking  peasantry.  Then  come 
summary  and  conclusion,  and  the  follow- 
ing statement  (ii.  122)  will  show  t^e  cour  e 
of  the  reasoning  throughout  a  considerable 
portion  of  this  section  : — 

"  The  Irish  re-birth  legends  are  probably  the 
oommon  property  of  the  Goidels  of  both  Britam 
Tnd  TrdaSdT  the'y  are  certainly  pre-Chnst.an  in 
contents  and  spirit  ;  they  are  P^obab  y  akm  to 
mythical  tales  which  must  have  existed  among 
the  southern  Celts,  representing  however  an 
earlier  stage  of  mythic  fancy,  unaffected  by  con- 
tac  with  fate  Greek  culture;  they  show  traces 
of  a  crude  pantheism  lacking  in  southern  Celtic 

belief  as  described  by  «la«f;<^^\^'',f  Ji^'.^'^iiS 
the  Pythagorean  system  with  which  that  beliet 

was  compared." 

In  view,  however,  of  the  current  mania 
for  regarding  everything  as  merely  copied 
from  something  else,  Mr.  Nutt  has  had  to 
say  a  great  deal  more  than  the  mere  ex- 
position of  his  own  views  would  seem  to 
require.  He  has  had  to  write  at  consider- 
able length  in  reply  to  or  in  anticipation  ot 
obi  ections.  Thus  he  has  thought  it  necessary 
to  state  at  some  length  a  highly  improbable 
theory  put  forth  by  Dr.  Jevons  We  take 
the  following  account  (ii.  262-3)  of  his  view 
from  Mr.  Nutt's  pages.  It  deals  with  Greece 
in  the  first  instance  : — 


"Tlie    increasing    definiteness     with    which 
Hades     was    located      underground     did     not 
obliterate  the  impression  that  the  dead   might 
also  go  to  a  far-off  land  ;  but  this  was  relegated 
to  a  far  backward  of  time,  and  if,  of  old   men 
went  there,  it  was  because  there  were  heroes 
then,  deserving  of  abetter  fate  than  the  gloomy 
underground  realm,  the  lot  of   most   mortals 
But  this  heroic  Otherworld  still  existed    beyond 
the   rays  of  the  setting  sun,  reserved  for  the 
mortals  whom  the  gods  specially  favoured      in 
Greece   this   conception  would  seem   to  be  an 
alien  one,  partly  borrowed  from  Egypt.     Ihe 
Egyptians,  too,  pictured  the  next  life  as  the  con- 
tinuation of  this  one,  but  they  pictured  it  at 
first  under  fair  and  smiling  colours,  and    the 
fertile  plains  of  Aalu  seem  to  have  given  the 
hint  of  the  Greek  Elysium.     From  the  Greeks 
this  vision   of   a   happy  Otherworld  -  not  the 
ordinary  Hades  to  which  men  at  large  went,  but 
an  old-time  wonderland  for  those  favoured  of 
the  gods-spread   to  the  Celts  and  originated 
the  lomantic  narratives  of  which  'The  Voyage 
of  Bran'  is  the  type." 

Mr    Nutt  has    thought   it   expedient   to 
combat  this  theory,  both  as  to  Greeks  and  to 
Celts.    Of  the  former  portion  of  Dr.  J  evons  s 
view  we  say  nothing  except  that  we  seem  to 
detect  traces  of  the  cloven  foot  of  the  demon 
of  etymology.     And  as   to  the   latter   part 
we  may  be  quite  as  brief :  it  is  not  likely 
that   any  Celtic  scholar  will  be   found    to 
accept  the  theory  that  the  idea  of  a  Happy 
Otherworld,  as  it  figures  in  '  The  Voyage  of 
Bran  '  and  most  other  old  Celtic  stories,  was 
imported  by   the   Celts   from    Greece.     Oi 
course  Dr.  Jevons  may  be  right,   and  the 
students  of  Celtic  literature  may  be  one  and 
all  quite  mistaken. 

Speaking  generally,  we  may  say  that 
neither  the  idea  of  a  Happy  Otherworld 
nor  of  that  of  rebirth  has  been  discovered 
in  Celtic  story  for  the  first  time  by  Mr. 
Nutt:  they  have  both  been  discussed  by 
Prof.  Ehys  in  connexion  with  mythological 


theories    which  he  has   since   relmqu  shed- 
But  Mr.  Nutt  has  been  the  first  to  submit 
fhese   subjects    to  a  detailed   examination, 
and  he  hL  done  it  well  and  convincing^. 
We  rather  from  a  note,  however,  that  M. 
Gaidoz  has  charged  him  with  having 
"ac^ed  unmethodically  and  unscientifacally  in 
u^n^    Vedic     and    post  -  Vedic    literature    to 
Xcidate  the  Celtic  and  Greek  Elysium  vision. 
We   are  to   some   extent  inclined  to  agi-ee 
with   M.    Gaidoz,    and   to    think    that   the 
author   might  have   been   more    careful  to 
avoid  wha?  he  calls  the  unpardonable  sin 
of  comparative  mythology.     In  any  case  it 
would  Lve  been  impossible  to  deve lope  the 
argument  at  such  a  length,  and   to  en  er 
into  collateral  questions  so  freely  as  he  has 
done,  without  touching  on  many  PO^^*    ^o 
which  differences  of  opinion  will  be  found 
to  attach.     For  instance   what  ^j^^^  1^;?^  ^^^^ 
laborator    Dr.    Kuno    Meyer,    who    thinks 
herrwere  no  Goidels  in  Britain  unti    some 
of   them   came   over   from   Ireland    in   the 
second  century  of  our  ^ra,  say  to  the    o - 
lowing  surmise  of  his  (i.   213)?     lo  us  it 
seems  a  perfectly  legitimate  one  :— 

"The  Land  of  Falga  [more  commonly  called 
the  Isle  of  the  Men  of  Falga]  is  a  synonym  of 
he  Land  of  Promise.  Now  Fa  ga  seems  o 
have  been  an  old  name  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
thidi  is  also  traditionally  P^-f  -^g.^^^ 
headship  of  Manannan,  lord  of  the  Happy 
Otherworld  in  other  stories.  It  is  po^-ble  that 
these  names  date  back  to  =^  P«"°i  ^^J"  ^^^ 
Goidels  inhabited  Britam  and  when  Man  was 
^ar  excellence  the  Western  Isle,  the  home  of  the 
lord  of  the  Otherworld." 

Or   what   will  the   more   old  -  fashioned   ot 
Celtic  scholars  say  to  his   freely  .implpng 
the  existence  at  one  time  in  these  islands  ot 
a  pre-Celtic  race?     And  what  will  be  said 
by  those  who  have  constituted  themselves 
guardians  of  the  good  name  and  morals  of 
The  early  Aryan  when  they  read  tha    the 
"hypothetical  early  Aryan  culture  was  in 
all  probability  matriarchal "  ?     Lastly,  we 
have  to  confess  that  we  also  have  a  number 
of  bones  to  pick,  so  to  say,  with  the  author 
but  we  cannot  think  of  doing  it  now,  for  we 
have  hardly  as  yet  digested  the    excellent 
and    appetizing    repast   which    he    has   so 
liberally  permitted  us  to  enjoy. 

Before  we  have  done  let  us  leave  this 
somewhat  canine  metaphor,  and  say  that 
Mr.  Nutt's  essay  has  been  provided  with  an 
ample  index  by  Miss  M.  James ;  her  task 
has  been  so  well  done  that  we  think  her 
name  deserving  of  special  mention.  Ihe 
only  portions  of  the  work  left  unmdexed 
are  Dr.  Meyer's  Appendixes  A  and  B. 


Studies  in  Franlcness.     By  Charles  Whibley. 

(Heinemann.) 
We  should  have  preferred  this  book  with- 
out the  title  and  without  the  introductory 
tirade  which  attempts  its  justification.  Mr. 
Whibiry  ventures  to  handle  once  agam  the 
ancient  quarrel  between  art  and  ethics. 
He  sets  uP  as  a  mark  for  his  scorn  a  some- 
what  ima'ginary  person  called  the  Puritan 
who  appears  to  be  identical  with  Chailes 
Seade's  Prurient  Prude,  and  who  ^s  accused 
of  compassing  the  destruction  of  Eabelais, 
Iristophanes,    and   Catullus    because   they 

fre  naked;  Jr.  rather,  to  P^t  ^-^^^^^^ 
cisely,  because,  being  naked,  to  the  1  uritan 
thev  appear  nude.  Against  this  attitude 
towlrds^literature  Mr.   Whibley   exhausts 


his  vocabulary  of  contempt :  but  1^^«  readers 
willprobablybemoreirritatedthan  ediQed  by 

^he  performance.     It  is  pretty  ^pamng,  but 
it  is  sparring  in  the  air.     For  as  a  matter 
of  fact  Mr.  Whibley  has  no  antagonist,  but 
a  sandbag,  a  ninepin.  No  sensible  and  edu- 
cated maf  really  holds  the  views  inveighed 
against.     Mr.  Whibley   has   to   delve   into 
the  past  for  a  musty  adversary,^  and  Jeremy 
Collier,  two  centuries  dead  and  ^n  hfeawel  - 
meaning  fanatic,  must  bear  ttie  brunt  of  his 
attack.     Moreover,   refuting  what  he  con- 
:Sers  cant,  Mr.  Whibley  falls  into  the  con- 
trary cant.     Gravely  he  pleads  on  behalf  of 
terature  for  a  life  Ipart  from  life,  a  gi-eater 
comprehensiveness,  an  ethical  detachment : 

Fnrr:ruLn.4bfproper  matter  for  bW^ 
ture      These  libertines  ot  speech  have  a  va  ue 
whTch  does  not  depend  upon  the  ^Jea^  w^  f 
they  connote.    They  are,  so  to  ^ay,  strong  no^es 
of  colour  upon  the  printed  P^gf »  ^nd    heir  use 
is  controlled,  not  by  morals,  but  by  taste. 
Surely  this  will  not  bear   analysis.     The 
tSeration    of     frankness    m    literature    is 
mrtly  a  matter  of  the  historic  sense  ;  partly 
ffeJling   that,    as    Mr.   Whibley   himself 
quite   rilhtly   says,    it   is   the  priv^l^g^  ^^ 
Renins -partly  also,  perhaps,  another  f  eel- 
iW  that  even  in  life  a  little  more  frankness 
wfu  d  be  no  such  bad  thing      But  a  theory 
Xh  would  put  literature  beyond  the  con- 
trol  of   ethics-divorce  a  J^anifesta   on  o^ 
life   from   other   manifestations   <^y^'^^ 
only    strike    the     philosophical     ^^^^     as 
Jesuitical   and   self-condemned.  J^^l^H 
or   another,    literature   must   make   up   its 

^T^\^il^^^i-^^-^-^''^-  seems  to  be 
nofonly  false^n  sentiment,  but  also  un- 
necessary.    It  is  an  attempt  Jo  bnng  into 
some   sort   of    unity   the    ««^^t^X  ^^^^^^^^ 
which  make  up  the  book.    Now  an  essay 
^ay  quUe  well  have  its  own  sef- contained 
^n^^v     Itisthe  expression  of  a  single  mood, 
or  orthe  writer's  deliberate  attitude  towards 
a  sSgle  subject.     Such  essays  are  collected 
betwSn  the^ame  pair  of  c-eis  merely  for 
convenience.    AVhy,  then,  attempt  to^mpose 
upon  them  an  external  unity  that  was  pro 
baWy  not  present  to  the  mind  when  they 
weri'writteS,  instead  of  ---"-f,  \«f  ^,^ 
with  that  vague  inner  unity  which,  as  ex 
^rtsionfof  one  personality,  they  are  bound 

to  exhibit?  ,         ^,  ^  ^^i. 

As  for  the  essays  themselves,  they  are  not 
wifhout  merits.     Mr.  Whibley  has  patience 
and    a    gift   for    detail.     He   will   compare 
Apuleiuf  and  Heliodorus  passage  by  pas- 
fago    wTth    tneir    Elizabethan    translators 
or^  trace     the    unimportant    career    of    so 
obscure    an     eccentricity    as     Sir    Thoma 
TTrouhart  without  loss  of  zest.     His  com 
Ss  ail  shrewd,  forcible,  f-quently  jus  . 
He   has   an  evident  love   of   good   books 
especially  of  such  as  are  met  with  in    he 
by  wa>^  of  literature,  the  picturesque  exotics 
of  eenius-Lucian,  Petronius  Sterne,  Edgar 

person  singular,  borrowed  f^--  Mi  Henley 
L  repeats  till  we  are  weary    ^wter   used    in 
affectation  of    the    capital  lettei   usea    m 


816 


i!"^°^~S'^  "Prude,"  the  "Pedant,"  the 
Young  Eeciter."  But  he  is  terse,  vigorous 
crisp;  from  time  to  time  he  raps  out  a 
telhng,  a  vivid  phrase.  "A  dissipated 
Odyssey  he  calls  the  '  Satiricon ' ;  it  is  a 
happy  collocation.  Mr.  Whibloy  is  not  a  great 
critic  because  he  has  no  reverence  and  is 
singularly  impervious  to  moral  ideas:  that 
senteiice  of  his,  already  quoted,  about  words 
which  have  a  value  independent  of  the  ideas 
they  connote,  of  itself  condemns  him.     It  is 


THE    ATHENE UM 


the  theory  of  "art  for  art's  sake"  run 
mad,  and  applied  to  what  is  not  art,  but 
literature. 

Hichard  Baird   Smith:    the    Leader    of    the 
JJelht   Heroes   in   1857.     By    Col    H    M 
Vibart.     (Constable  &  Co.) 
Col.  Vibart  in  his  title-page  uses  a  rather 
strong  term   when  he    styles  Cul.  Eichard 
Baird    Smith    "the    leader    of    the   Delhi 
heroes  m  1857,"  for  there  were  other  heroes 
^S""  i^^'^F?^  contributed  to  our  success  and 
who  had  far  too  much  individuality  to  be  led 
by  any  one  but  their  official  superior.     At 
the  same  time  it  cannot  be  denied  that  Col 
Baird  femith  exercised  great  influence,  and 
^ept   that    irresolute    commander.    General 
Wilson,  in  the  right  path  when   he  might 
otherwise  have  swerved  from  it.  We  remem- 
ber when  Baird  Smith  died  asking  Nichol- 
son 8  chief  staff  officer  about  the  dead  man's 
share  in  the  siege  of  Delhi,  and  being  em- 
phatically assured  that  he  was  one  of  the 
principal  factors  in  bringing  the  affair  to  a 
successful  close.     Of  this  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  and  if  any  one  is  to  be  singled  out 
as   having   brought   about   the   capture   of 
Delhi,  it  IS  not  Sir  Archdale  Wilson,  who 
^as    merely    the    figure-head,    but    Baird 
omitn. 

Born  in  1818,  Baird  Smith  entered  the 
Madras  Engineers  twenty  years  later,  only 
however,  to  be  transferred  before  long  to 
the  Bengal  Engineers.  In  1840  he  was 
appointed  to  work  on  the  Doab  Canals  and 
remained  connected  with  irrigation  till  the 
Mutiny  although  he  had  been,  it  is  true 
recalled  to  military  duty  on  the  occasion  of 
tne  hrst  and  second  Sikh  wars. 

Baird  Smith  found  on  his  arrival  at  the 
camp  before  Delhi  that  the  assault  which 
had  been  talked  of  had  been  deferred,  and 
he  soon  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
army  was  being  steadily  used  up.  There 
was  m  his  opinion,  only  one  of  two  steps 
to  be  taken,  viz.,  either  to  enter  on  regular 
siege  operations  or  hazard  an  assault.  The 
hrst  was  impossible,  owing  to  the  deficiency 
ot  artillery  and  engineering  material.     The 

exTdient^— *'^''^''^^^^*^  was  a  desperate 
"  It  could  only  have  been  ju.stified  by  assur- 
emeULv%'^'^?-^^^  f"^^«"'^  ^^-^  the'^crScal 
s^hTh.?  ''n  P°\"'''^  circumstances  had  been 
such  that  all  risks  must  be  run  to  achieve  a 
success.     The  possibihties  of  success  were  suffi 

an  "attr.^"'  ^■''^'--^^^^  the  General  in  making 
an  attack  even  so  desperate  as  that  on  Delhi 
would  have  been.  The  Chief  Engineer  came  o 
this  conclusion  at  the  time,  and\dhered  to  i" 

wL'iTf """."""  ^^  ^^  explained  hereafter 
nad  completely  changed." 

On  the  morning  of  the  5th  of  July  he 
had  a  long  interview  with  Sir  Henry 
^amard,  and  it  was  arranged  that  a  de- 
hmte  decision  should  be  announced  at  a 
second  interview,  which  was  fixed  for  noon  • 


but  in  the  mean  time  Sir  Henry  was  seized 
with  cholera,  so  the  second  meeting  never 
took  place.   General  Barnard  was  succeeded 
by  General  Eeed,  who,  being  incapacitated 
by  severe  sickness,  was  speedily  obliged  to 
go  to  the  hills.     His  successor  was  Sir  Arch- 
dale  Wilson,  and  the  result  of  Baird  Smith's 
representations   to   him  was   that   an   idea 
which  had  been  entertained  of  withdrawing 
to  the  left  bank  of  the  Jumna  was  aban- 
doned, and  it  was  resolved  that  the  force 
before  Delhi  should  remain  on  the  defensive 
until  siege  guns,  which  were  to  be  sent  for 
trom  i^  erozepore,  should  arrive.     We  have 
seen  that  Baird  Smith  had  been  previously 
an  advocate  for  an  immediate  assault.  How- 
ever, the  heavy  losses  sustained  in  repelling 

1  .?i,T*,'^?  ?*  *^^  «^^™y  o^  July  9th  and 
A^       induced  him  to  change  his  mind 
and  he  set  to  work   with  great  energy  to 
carry    out   his    task.    Unluckily,    while   in 
one  of  the  batteries,  he  was  struck  on  the 
instep  and  ankle-joint  by  a  splinter  of  a  shell 
Had  he  given  himself  rest  the  injury  would 
soon  have  been  cured ;    but  rest  he  could 
not   afford,    and   the   contusion    eventually 
suppurated.     He  was  also,  towards  the  end 
ot  the  siege,  attacked  by  intestinal  troubles 
He  nevertheless  persevered  as  if  he  were  in 
perfect  health,  and  not  tiU  the  fall  of  Delhi 
did    he   think    of    seeking    that   rest    and 
medical  attendance  of  which  he  had  Ion? 
been  in  so  much  need. 

The  most  interesting  part  of  the  book  is 
that  which  throws  light  on  the  character 
and  conduct  of  Sir  Archdale  Wilson  Sir 
Henry  Norman  and  others  have  sought  to 
place  that  officer  on  a  pinnacle  of  credit  if 
not  of  glory ;  but  he  seems  to  have  been  a 
very  ordinary  commander,  shrinking  from 
responsibility,  and  one  who,  had  it  not  been 
tor  the  pressure  of  several  most  able  lieu- 
tenants, would  not  have  taken  Delhi      In  a 

1  sJy"  l"*  ^'l  ^ife.  dated  Delhi,  August  27th, 
1857,  Baird  Smith  says  : 

"  I  think  the  old  General  is  taken  aback  by 
my  proposals  and  will  take  some  time  to  accus- 
tom himself  to  them.  I  dare  say  in  the  long 
run  he  w,ll  come  right  again.    He  shows  anmzin| 

SSrom'''^  '"^  ^"'  ^^"^^'^^^  P"-'i^'-  «' 
The  proposals  referred  to  were  that  as  soon 
as  the  siege-train  arrived  the  siege  should 
be  pushed  on  with  vigour,  and  that  after  a 
iejf  days    cannonade   the   place  should  be 
stormed       Wilson   was   very   unwilling   to 
adopt  this  proposal,  and  practically  cast  the 
responsibility  for  the  scheme  on  his  adviser 
A   letter   from   General   Nicholson    to    Sir 
John  Lawrence,  dated  September  1 1th  1857 
confirms  Baird  Smith's  statement.     In  the 
letter    are    to     be     found     the     following 
passages : —  ° 

nn\J^^!JT^  f  completely  in  our  hands,  we 
only  want  the  player  to  move  the  pieces.  For- 
tunately after  making  all  kinds  of  objections 
and  obstructions,  and   even   threatening   more 

fCT^  ^A^l'^^'r  '^^  g""«  ^»d  abandon 
the  attempt,  Wilson  has  made  everything  over 
to  the  engineers,  and  they  alone  will  deserve 
the  credit  of  taking  Delhi. " 

On  the  4th  of   September   Baird   Smith 

Wnson"^-^*^    to  his   wife,  complaining    of 

"The  General  is  a  terrible  bore.  He  is  so 
peevish  and  positively  so  childish  that  I  have 
sometimes  great  difficulty  in  keeping  my  temper 
with  lum.  He  combines  a  wondrous  amount  of 
ignorance  and  obstinacy,  is  so  discouraging,  has 


N°  3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


such  a  total  want  of  vis  and  energy,  that  he 
IS  literally  the  greatest  obstacle  extant  to  the 
vigorous  capture  of  Delhi." 

In  another  letter,  not  dated,  but  probably 
written  on  the  10th  of  September,  he  says  : 
'    ''He  is  quite  off  his  balance,  and  now  he  has 

cut  me  and  we  don  t  communicate  officially  at 
all  except  through  the  Staff  !  It  is  a  great  relief, 
and  the  result  is  pretty  much  as  poor  Walker 
anticipated  and  I  find  myself  somewhat  in  the 
position  of  commanding  the  army  in  a  quiet 
way.  I  command  the  General  anyhow,  and  as 
things  stand  he  is  conscious  of  it,  and  doesn't 
like  it^  and  takes  a  congenial  revenge  by  abusing 
myself  and  brigade  whenever  he  can." 

In  another  letter,  not  dated,  but  probablr 
written  on  the  12th  or  13th;  he  expressed 
himself  stiU  more  bluntly  :— 

"All  goes  well,  except  that  I  am  satisfied 
Wilson  has  gone  off  his  head." 

Eeferringto  Wilson's  telegrams  towards 
the  end  of  the  siege,  Baird  Smith  says  :— 

"They  were  the  embodiment  of  dreariness, 
and  killed  all  hope  out  of  people.  However 
men  must  be  true  to  their  nature,  and  it  i» 
Wilson  s  to  see  difficulties  where  they  don't 
exist,  and  to  fail  to  discover  facilities  that  are 
patent  as  daylight." 

Sir  Archdale  Wilson's  own  letters  of 
September  7th-12th  to  Col.  Baird  Smith  are 
sutncient  of  themselves  to  prove  what  aa 
incubus  to  the  besiegers  their  general  was. 

The    conduct    of    Sir    Archdale   Wilson 
during  the  siege  was  bad  enough,  but  it 
became     worse      when     Delhi     had     been 
entered.      About  4  p.m.  of  September  14tb 
the   day  the  army  got   inside  the  city,  he 
wrote    to    Sir    Neville    Chamberlain,    who 
had  been    left    behind   on   account   of   his 
still  unhealed  wound,  to  protect  the  ridge 
and  the    camp.      This   note    was   couched 
in   the   most   desponding   terms,    and   was 
understood   by   Sir  Neville   as  asking  his 
advice  as  to  withdrawal.  In  fact,  Sir  Neville 
declares  that    it  was   capable  of   no  other 
interpretation.    He  strongly  urged  the  hold- 
ing on  to  the  town.     He  adds  that  when  he 
first  joined   headquarters   inside   the   city 
Baird  Smith  stated  that  Wilson  had  con- 
sulted him  (Baird  Smith)  as  to  the  advisa- 
bility of   withdrawing.      This   assertion   is 
corroborated  by  the  following  passage  in  a 
letter  from  Baird  Smith  to  his  wife  :— 

"  And  even  that  assault  which  gave  value  by 
its  success  to  all  the  exertions  that  were  made 
would  have  ended  in  a  deplorable  disaster  if  I 
had  not  withstood  with  effect  the  desire  of 
General  Wilson  to  withdraw  the  troops  from 
the  city  on  the  failure  of  Brigadier  Campbell's 
column. 

Wilson  consulted  Major  Brind,  who  urged 
him  not  to  think  of  withdrawal.  Capt.  John- 
son, Assistant  Adjutant- General  of  Artillery 
gave  the  same  advice,  and  would  clearly  not 
have  given  any  counsel  unless  he  had  been 
asked  for  it.     In  the  face  of  the   above 
evidence  we  do  not  see   how  any  one  can 
venture  to  deny  that  Wilson  did  seriously 
contemplate  retiring  from  Delhi  on  the  day 
of  the  assault.     It  is  equally  difficult  to  see 
how  any  one  can  deny  that  the  merit  of  the 
capture  of  Delhi  must  be  attributed  to  Baird 
Smith    rather   than    to   Wilson.     Yet    the 
officer  to  whom  the  capture  of  Delhi  was 
chiefly  attributable  received  for  his  eminent 
military  services  no  reward  except  the  C.B. 
and  the   appointment  of   aide-de-camp   to 
the  Queen  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 
The   book   is  enriched  with  some  good 


N^  3659,  Dec.  11/97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


817 


maps  and  plans,  but  would  have  been  im- 
proved by  an  index.  It  is  a  praiseworthy 
attempt  to  arrive  at  historical  truth. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


CorUone.     By  F.  Marion  Crawford.     (Mac- 

millan  &  Co.) 
In  '  Corleone '  there  is   an  incident  which 
does   the   author  great  credit.     A  Sicilian 
kills  his  brother  in  a  church  in   the   sole 
presence   of    a   priest,    one   of    the   family 
enemies.      The  murderer  with  his   blood- 
stained hands  clasps  the  hands  of  the  priest, 
forces  upon  him  a  confession  which  is  sacred, 
rushes  out  of   the  church,  locks  the  door, 
and   tells   the    police   that   the    priest   has 
killed  his  brother.     It  is  a  pity  that  this 
excellent   bit  of  melodramatic   plot  should 
have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Marion 
Crawford.      It  is  a  triumph  of  ingenuity. 
Mr.    Crawford,    however,    like    Hannibal, 
knows  how  to  conquer,  but  not  how  to  use 
a  victory.      His  only  concern  is   to   make 
light  of  the  situation,  and  to  show  how  poor 
a  plot  it  really  is.     Possibly  it  may  be  in 
Sicily,  and  yet,  according  to  Mr.  Crawford, 
the  Sicilians  are  the  flower  of  Italy.     He 
differs  entirely  from  Ouida,  who  with  cha- 
racteristic   inaccuracy   calls    Signer   Crispi 
"ihe  Sicilian  attorney";  and  he  differs  from 
most  people  in  rating  the  Piedmontese  low 
in  comparison  with  the  Sicilians.     But  for 
all  that  bis  novel '  Corleone '  presents  a  most 
interesting  picture  of  Sicilian  life   and  of 
brigandage,  and  has  a  good  many  passages 
of    exciting    incident    told    with    excellent 
vigour.   He  is  still  too  fond  of  being  didactic 
and  instructive,  and  cannot  believe  that  any 
one  knows  anything  about  Italy  except  him- 
self.     He  thinks  it   necessary  to  translate 
"Via  Venti  Settembre,"  and  even  makes  a 
young  girl  who  has    spent  all  her  life  in 
a  convent  explain  to  a  Roman  the  nature 
of  the  Mafia.     He  points  out  that  there  is 
a  Southern  custom  of  distributing  titles  to 
aU  the  members  of  a  titled  family,  forgetful 
of  the  fact  that  the  custom  in  England  not 
to  do  so  is  an  exception  to  a  general  rule. 
If  he  could  only  learn  "  I'art  de  ne  pas  tout 
dire,"  what  an  improvement  there  would  be 
in  his  books ! 


Another' s  Burden.  By  James  Payn.  (Downey.) 

Mr.  James  Payn  teUs  the  story  of  'Another's 
Burden'  in  the  pleasant,  easy  style  which 
many  novelists  of  the  day  are  unwiUing,  or 
perhaps  unable,  to  employ.  His  stream  of 
narrative  flows  smoothly,  his  satire  is  with- 
out vehemence,  and  his  pathos  affecting, 
but  not  harrowing.  So  well,  indeed,  does 
he  tell  his  story  that  he  almost  persuades 
the  reader  to  accept  as  not  unnatural  the 
assumption  by  the  hero  of  his  dead  friend's 
fault.  The  circumstances  in  which  such  an 
act  becomes  possible,  and  even  necessary, 
are  exceedingly  well  contrived.  When  once 
the  act  of  self-renunciation  has  been  per- 
formed the  plot  becomes  comparatively  easy 
to  work  out — easy,  at  least,  to  an  accom- 
plished novelist.  The  only  thing  Mr.  Payn's 
readers  may  regret  is  that  the  nature  of  the 
story  has  not  allowed  him  to  introduce  those 
flashes  of  gay  humour  which  have  so  often 
made  one  forget  that  he  began  to  write 
novels  before  the  present  generation  was 
born. 


Miriam  Roulla,    By  B.  L.  Farjeon.    (White 

&Co.) 
Mr.  Farjeon's  keen   eye  for  stage   effect 
leads  him  to  construct  his   stories   on  the 
principle  that  everything  is  to  work  up  to 
a  dramatic  situation,  and  to  form  one  of  the 
details  of  a  scene.     It  is  a  plan  exceedingly 
well  calculated  to  arrest  and  retain  the  atten- 
tion of  his  readers,  though  at  the  same  time  it 
imposes  sundry  limitations  upon  his  method 
of  evolving  a  romance.    It  leaves  him  almost 
entirely  dependent  on  his  plot  and  incidents  ; 
and  in  '  Miriam  Rozella  *  Mr.  Farjeon  has 
found   a   sufficiently   startling    plot.      The 
heroine,   in  plain  terms,  sells  herself  to  a 
libertine,  in  order  to  save  her  mother  from 
death,  her  sister  from  starvation,  and  her 
brother  from  gaol.     That  being  the  central 
situation,  Mr.  Farjeon's  business  is,  first, 
to  intensify  the  misery  of  the  Rozella  family 
until  Miriam's   motive   appears    adequate ; 
next,  to  make  her  servitude  tolerable  for  the 
purposes  of  fiction  and  the  stage ;  and  lastly, 
to  develope  the  character  of  the  libertine  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  make  him  endurable, 
or  at  least  remediable,  in  the  eyes  of  clean- 
thinking  persons.    These  are  difficult  tasks, 
and  the  author  has  set  about  them  with 
much  skill  and  with  no  small  measure  of  suc- 
cess.    The  man  has  untold  wealth,  Miriam 
has  ineffable  virtue   and   courage,  the  cir- 
cumstances all  conspire  in  her  favour  as 
soon  as  she  has  taken  the  dreadful  plunge ; 
and  if,  in  addition  to   all  this,  the  reader 
will  match  his  credulity  with  Mr.  Farjeon's 
optimism,  he  will  find  '  Miriam  Rozella  '  as 
engrossing  as  it  is  poignant.     In  good  dra- 
matic fashion  the  characters  swarm  together 
for  the  closing  situations,  and  the  melodrama 
ends  yfiih.  fetix-de-joie . 


The   School   for    Saints.     By    John    Oliver 

Hobbes.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
This  fantastic  story  by  John  Oliver  Hobbes 
is  absolutely  different  from  the  ordinary 
novel,  for  it  has  no  particular  plot,  and  the 
characters  walk  in  and  out  in  a  delightfully 
inconsequential  manner ;  in  fact,  it  resembles 
a  succession  of  brilliant  scenes  interspersed 
with  reflections  rather  than  a  connected 
story.  Among  other  things  there  is  a 
good  deal  of  Roman  Catholic  lore  intro- 
duced. Robert  Orange,  the  hero,  turns 
Roman  Catholic,  and  he  and  his  friends  dis- 
cuss religion  with  some  fervour ;  but  they 
never  become  tiresome  about  it  or  give  the 
impression  that  they  are  preaching  at  the 
reader.  One  feels  that  the  conversations 
are  introduced  more  from  the  author's 
exuberant  joy  in  the  subject  than  from  any 
wish  to  proselytize.  The  book  resembles, 
indeed,  in  this  characteristic  and  in  the 
clearness  with  which  the  most  subordinate 
characters  are  defined,  Laurence  Oliphant's 
'  Altiora  Peto,'  a  book  like  this  one  written 
by  a  brilliant  writer  evidently  under  the 
obsession  of  a  very  strong  religious  idea. 
But  even  in  the  case  of  such  an  artistic 
writer  as  John  Oliver  Hobbes  the  weakness 
of  introducing  a  pet  subject  is  curiously 
illustrated,  where  the  subordinate  characters 
are  so  good,  by  the  comparative  failure  of 
Robert  Orange,  the  hero,  and  his  lady  Brigit, 
who  produce  almost  all  the  Roman  Catholic 
talking  and  writing  :  they  do  not  seem  to 
live  quite  in  the  same  way  as  Reckage  and 
his  brother.  Lord  Wight,  Lady  FitzReeves, 


and  that  accomplished  scoundrel  Purflete. 
The  hero  and  heroine  are  elusive,  they  seem 
more  minds  than  persons,  and  this  coldness 
and  want  of  directness  in  their  presentation 
seems  due  to  the  fact  that  they  are  usod  chiefly 
for  the  emission  of  the  author's  ideas.  But  as 
we  have  hinted,  the  author  riots  in  a  wealth 
of  minor  characters  whose  conversation  and 
acts  are  most  amusing  and  convincing.  Real 
and  imaginary  people  are  mingled  in  a 
most  eccentric  fashion:  Disraeli  is  introduced 
by  name,  though  it  must  be  confessed  he 
is  rather  disappointing,  and  an  English 
ambassador  to  Paris  is  brought  in  under 
a  very  thin  disguise ;  and  for  many  of  the 
other  characters  actuality  is  suggested  by 
foot-notes  or  parentheses  purporting  to 
represent  actual  events.  But  there  is  no 
vulgarity  about  it,  and  none  of  them  depends 
for  its  interest  on  any  likeness,  fancied 
or  real,  to  actual  persons.  Then  the  plot 
itself  is  wild  enough  to  satisfy  the  fantastic 
character  of  the  actors.  We  are  whirled  off 
from  Paris  to  an  English  by-election,  and 
thence  to  General  Prim  and  a  Carlist 
rising  in  Spain  ;  reigning  Grand  Dukes  and 
their  agents  intrigue  mysteriously  and  pur- 
poselessly throughout  the  proceedings,  and 
altogether  it  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating 
olla  podridas  we  have  met  for  some  time. 
At  the  end  the  author  promises  to  continue 
the  history  of  Mr.  Robert  Orange,  and  if 
the  second  part  is  half  as  good  as  this  it 
wiU  be  decidedly  welcome. 


This    Little     World.       By    David    Christie 
Murray.     (Chatto  &  Windus.) 

There  is,  perhaps,  not  &o  much  of  original 
character-drawing  in  '  This  Little  World  * 
as  we  have  been  wont  to  look  for  in  Mr. 
Murray's  best  stories,  though  he  introduces 
us  to  a  few  genial  country  folk  in  the  Eng- 
lish Midlands.  The  tale  itself  is  quietly 
interesting.  A  village  lad  has  the  making 
of  an  artist  in  him,  and  a  village  girl,  as 
humbly  born  as  himself,  sings  tis  well  as  he 
paints.  They  find  friends  who  encourage 
their  talents,  and  begin  to  make  their  way 
in  the  great  world,  where  the  threads  of 
their  life  are  crossed  and  intertwined  with 
other  threads,  and  their  fortunes  alternately 
separate  and  reunite  them.  There  is  no 
excitement  in  their  story,  but  it  is  honestly 
conceived,  thoughtfully  and  even  tenderly 
worked  out.  Mr.  Murray  does  not  rely  on 
idealization  ;  the  interest  of  his  stories  pro- 
ceeds mainly  from  his  insight  into  the 
quieter  moods  of  human  nature. 


Joy   of  my    Youth.      By   Claud   Nicholson, 

(Mathews.) 
It  is  difficult  to  say  what  Mr.  Nicholson's 
book  is  all  about.  It  appears  to  relate  the 
not  very  thrilling  adventures  of  a  young 
Frenchman,  called  sometimes  Cornelius, 
sometimes  Corneille,  sometimes  (by  his 
aunt)  "  my  O'reilly  "  or  -'  O'ReiUy."  His 
real  surname,  it  would  seem,  is  Cauder. 
In  the  fijrst  chapter  we  find  him  on  his 
death-bed,  and  the  story  seems  at  the  start 
to  purport  to  be  his  dying  recollections — an 
artifice  which  is  presently  dropped.  There 
are  a  good  many  scrappy  allusions  to  the 
services  of  the  Roman  Church,  and  several 
chapters  end  with  " — and,"  or  "neverthe- 
less, Gros  Jean  rings  the  couvre-feu^^  (it 
was   probably  the   angcliis,   but  that  is   a 

9 


818 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


detail).     There   are   also   snatches   of   dia- 
logue,   apparently   symbolical,    between    a 
figure  of  the  Virgin  and  an  Indian  idol  on 
the  mantelpiece.     "  Dis   done,"    "  je   veux 
bien,"  and  other  phrases  occur  with  some 
regularity,    though  the  frequent    introduc- 
licn  of  the  English  term   "damn"  rather 
detracts  from  the  "  local  colour  "  which  they 
would  otherwise  impart.     But  all  this,  even 
coupled  with  a  turn,  showing  itself  occasion- 
ally, for  pretty  description  of  isolated  scenes, 
does  not  make  a  story ;  no,  not  even  when 
introduced  by  a  dedication  (in  italics  and  a 
"  precious  "  style)  to  "  My  dear  So-and-so," 
between  the  title  and  the  table  of  contents. 
Mr.  Nicholson  has,   however,  achieved  one 
really  delightful  new  word  in   "  a  general 
syllibant  hiss  of  whispering."     Dr.  Murray 
we   hope   will   note   it   for  his   successors' 
benefit. 

BrolenArcs.  By  Christopher  Hare.  (Harper 
&  Brothers.) 

Mr.  Christopher   Hare   has  perhaps  not 
sufficiently  remembered  the  Horatian  caution 
to  writers,  and  has  rather  overweighted  him- 
self with  his  material.    It  is  hardly  given  to 
a  novelist,  unless  of  the  very  first  rank,  to 
handle  with  a  firm  grasp  the  humours  and 
griefs  of  a  country  village,  the  passions  and 
foibles  of   squire  and  peasant,  clandestine 
marriage,    battle,    and    murder,   all  within 
the  limits  of  one  tale.     Also  the  selection 
of  Dorsetshire— or  whatever  is  the  limited 
portion     of     England    where    people    say 
"idden"   for   "is    not "  — provokes   com- 
parisons   under   which     'Broken   Arcs'    is 
likely  to  come  off  second  best.    The  country 
folk  of  the  book,  indeed,  rather   give  the 
impression   of    having    been    studied,    not 
wholly  unsuccessfully,  but  with  a  view  to 
their  becoming  characters  in  a  story.     For- 
merly novelists  used  to  describe  what  they 
knew  about  otherwise  ;    now  they  seem  to 
settle  what  they  will  write  about,  and  then 
go  and  get  it  up.     Mr.  Christopher  Hare 
may,  for   aught  we   know,  have  lived  all 
his  life  among  these  people  ;  but  we  venture 
to  say  that  he  never  noticed  very  much  how 
they  talked  till  he  thought  of  putting  them 
into  a  novel.     The  result  makes  the  reader 
appreciate    the    wisdom    of    Mr.    Hardy's 
economy    in    the    matter    of    dialect,    and 
spoils  in  some  degree  a  not  uninteresting, 
though    rather    disconnected    story.       The 
charge  of  the  Heavy  Cavalry  at  Balaclava 
is   well    brought    in,  making   one   wonder 
incidentally  that   novelists,  on   the   whole, 
have    availed  themselves   so  little  of   the 
magnificent  mine    afforded    by  Kinglake. 
It  is  not,  however,  we    believe,   usual  for 
cavalry,  though  they  may  skirmish,  to  be 
preceded    by  what   are   technically  called 
"  skirmishers,"   as  the   author   in   another 
place  makes  the  Greys  be.     The  conclusion 
of  the  book  is  edifying,  but  somehow  not 
quite  satisfactory.     It  seems  to  us  to  share 
in  the  want   of   cohesion  which   has   been 
hinted  as  a  characteristic  of  this  perhaps  too 
appropriately  named  story. 

The  Tormentor.  By  Benjamin  Swift.  (Fisher 
Unwin.) 

In  these  days  we  have  learnt  that  a  difficult 
—even  an  involved— style  may  be  an  added 
charm  in  a  writer  of  fiction.  The  present 
instance,    however,  is    scarcely   a    case   in 


N°3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


point.     Mr.  Swift's  manner  is  too  obviously 
laboured.     We  do  not  admire  his   sudden 
lapses  from   the  past  to  the  present  tense, 
his  occasional  vulgarity,  nor  his  use  of  such 
an  expression  as  "  quicklier  "!    At  the  same 
time  as  a  writer  he   has  undoubted  ability 
and  originality,  which  make  these  affecta 
tions  the  more  regrettable.     There  is  some 
strength  in  his  new  story,  though  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  be  interested  in  the  fortunes  of  such 
unpleasant  people.    **  The  Tormentor  "  him- 
self   is    an    ingenious   edition   of    Mephis- 
topheles,    who    exercises     an    inexplicable 
influence  alike  upon  the  just  and  the  unjust 
of  Great  and  Little  Pines.     He  fascinates 
and  ruins   two  second-rate  young  women, 
destroys  the  reputation  of  a   harmless  old 
doctor,  does  not  hinder  a  yet  greater  crime 
which  wrecks  the  happiness  of  two  innocent 
lives,  and  all  apparently  for  no   purpose. 
That    retribution  finally  overtakes    him  is 
the  one  satisfactory  point  in  the  book,  but 
even  so  the  finale  leaves  us  with  a  sense  of 
incompleteness    concerning  the  other   cha- 
racters. 

Miss  Secretary  Ethel:  a  Story  for  Girls  of 
To-day.  By  Ellinor  Davenport  Adams. 
Illustrated  by  Harry  Furniss.  (Hurst  & 
Blackett.) 

Miss  Secretary  Ethel  is  quite  one  of  the 
latest  young  women— she  is  learned  in 
science,  in  history,  and  in  politics ;  she  is 
an  accomplished  reporter  and  withal  a 
brilliant  orator;  she  is  an  ideal  "private 
secretary,"  possessing  all  the  tact  needed 
for  the  delicate  duties  of  that  difficult  post, 
including  an  ardent  and  unselfish  devo- 
tion to  her  very  grumpy  chief.  Sir  Edgar 
Allesley.  Once  upon  a  time  Sir  Edgar  had 
a  daughter,  and  the  daughter  died,  and 
thereupon  Sir  Edgar  hated  all  girls  who 
lived  on  while  his  darling  went  down  into 
death.  Ethel's  youth  and  brightness  and 
pretty  ways  quite  win  Sir  Edgar's  wife, 
whose  "  heart  went  out  to  the  stranger,  and 
her  hands  went  out  likewise ;  for  here  was 
such  a  girl  as  Mabel  might  have  been, 
motherless  and  friendless  beneath  a  most 
inhospitable  roof."  But  Sir  Edgar  himself 
is  not  so  easily  conquered ;  he  is  hard  of 
heart  and  unrelenting,  and  Ethel  has  a  long 
and  dreary  struggle,  and  goes  near  to  lose 
her  life  in  his  service,  before  the  stubborn 
spirit  of  the  chief  breaks  down,  and  happi- 
ness comes  at  last  to  the  forlorn  and  in- 
domitable little  secretary.  It  is  a  pretty 
story,  simply  and  charmingly  told,  and  Mr. 
Harry  Furniss's  illustrations  are,  as  always, 
very  attractive. 

•  Totote.  Par  Gyp.  (Paris,  Nilsson.) 
If  '  Totote  '  had  not  been  illustrated,  or  had 
been  properly  iUustrated  in  the  usual  way, 
it  would  have  been  one  of  Gyp's  tragedies. 
That  accomplished  lady  has  from  time  to 
time  interrupted  her  character  sketches  and 
her  fashionable  politics  to  put  forth  a  long 
story  in  which  an  interesting  heroine, 
unhappy  in  the  conditions  of  her  life,  is 
surrounded  by  less  finished  figures.  Such 
is  'Totote,'  a  pathetic  single-figure  study. 
But  in  an  evil  moment  Gyp  has  allowed  it 
to  appear  "illustrated  by  photographs  from 
nature."  Gyp's  persons  are  ladies  and 
gentlemen.  The  wretched  people  who  have 
"  sat  "  for  the  illustrations  are  not.  At  the 
best,  such  illustrations  would  be  the  negation 


of  art.  Here  we  have  them  at  their  worst. 
The  people,  with  the  exception  of  the  actress 
who  has  posed  for  the  heroine,  appear  to 
belong  to  the  greengrocer  class;  and  the 
country-house  staircase,  with  the  guests 
going  to  bed,  and  other  surroundings  of 
the  figures  in  the  cuts,  are,  many  of  them, 
from  the  Paris  lodging-house.  The  effect 
produced  on  the  novel  is  disastrous. 

.CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

The  Knights  of  the  White  Rose,  by  Mr.  George 
Griffith  (White  &  Co.),  is,  of  course,  a  Jacobite 
romance.  It  is  full  of  fighting  from  beginning 
to  end,  for  the  hero,  Eustace  Ferrers,  Earl  of 
Harlestone,  who  tells  his  own  story,  learns  the 
profession  of  arms  in  France,  enters  the  service 
of  Louis  XIV.,  and  fights  up  and  down  Europe 
under  the  flag  of  the  Grand  Monarch  till  the 
year  of  grace  1689,  when  he  sails  from  Brest 
to  Ireland  with  that  luckless  expedition  which 
thought  to  set  up  James  Stuart  again  on  the 
throne  he  had  forfeited.  Lord  Harlestone  is 
a  tried  soldier,  yet  he  has  no  joy  in 
fighting  ;  the  horrors  of  war  oppress  his 
mind  and  sadden  his  tale,  and  he  is  sick 
to  death  of  the  vile  work  of  killing  and 
laying  waste.  He  begins  life  as  an  ardent 
upholder  of  the  Stuarts,  he  is  captain  of  the 
Knights  of  the  White  Rose,  and  he  fights  man- 
fully and  well  for  his  dethroned  monarch,  in 
whose  service  he  has  lost  all— name,  fame, 
lands,  and  wife.  But  he  is  a  man  of  honour 
and  of  clear  sight,  and  the  Stuart  ways  revolt 
him  day  by  day  and  year  by  year,  and  at  last 
there  comes  a  time  when  it  is  borne  in  upon 
him  that  his  true  master,  and  a  man  born  to 
rule  men,  is  William  of  Orange,  a  highly  Whig- 
gish  conclusion. 

Mr.  W.  O.  Stoddard,  in  The  Lost  Gold  of  the 
Montezumas  (Hodder  &  Stoughton),  deals  with 
the  struggle  of  sixty  years  ago  between  the 
new  republic  of  Texas  and  the  not  very  old 
republic  of  Mexico.  And  interwoven  with 
matters  of  fact  is  a  strange  romance,  the  history 
of  hidden  gold,  fatal  to  all  who  sought  it.  Mr. 
Stoddard's  descriptions  of  the  Texans  are  not 
faithful  to  history.— Battledotvn  Boys  (Sunday 
School  Union)  has  a  warlike  title,  and 
there  is  a  good  deal  of  warfare  in  Miss 
Everett  Green's  attractive  chronicle,  but 
the  boys'  weapons  are  not  always  of  this 
world.  The  Battledown  boys  are  the  six 
jolly  sons  of  Farmer  Battle,  and  their  enemy 
is  a  hard-hearted  landlord  who  grinds  them 
down  to  the  ground,  and  finally  threatens  to 
evict  them  from  the  farm  which  had  been  the 
home  of  the  Battle  family  for  centuries.  The 
boys  have  a  fine  spirit,  and  know  how  to  take 
their  own  part;  but  they  are  noble  -  hearted 
little  fellows  who  must  deal  rightly,  and  they 
heap  coals  of  fire  on  their  enemy's  head  till  his 
enmity  burns  out.  Battle  Farm  is  not  wrested 
from  its  ancient  owners,  and  the  Battledown 
boys  are  allowed  to  work  and  play  in  their  own 
healthy,  happy  fashion.  The  book  will  certainly 
rank  among  the  best  of  Miss  Everett  Green's 
chronicles  of  child  life. 

"I  do  not  know  how  it  is,"  said  Horace 
Walpole,  "  but  the  wonderful  seems  to  be  worn 
out,"  and  when  we  read  the  vapid  attempts  to 
write  new  Cinderellas,  Beauty  and  the  Beasts, 
and  Blue  Beards  that  so  frequently  appear  we 
feel  how  truly  he  spoke.  In  The  King's  Story- 
Boole  (Constable  &  Co.)  Mr.  G.  L.  Gomme  has 
wisely  tried  to  give  children  something  new 
and  something  comparatively  true,  for  his  book 
contains  well-chosen  stories  from  English  his- 
tory as  told  in  works  of  fiction.  The  laws  of 
copyright  have,  however,  deprived  him  of  any 
selections  from  some  of  the  masterpieces  of  this 
kind ;  but  he  makes  a  goodly  show  with  extracts 
from  Walter  Scott,  Gait,  Thackeray,  Dickens, 
C.  Bronte,  Kingsley,  &c.  He  gives  us  a 
glimpse,    too,   of  Mary  W.  Shelley's    'Perkin 


N**  3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


819 


Warbeck,'  likewise  one  of  Mrs.  Radcliffe's 
well-nigh  forgotten  'Gaston  de  Blonde ville'; 
out  he  wisely  avoids  Regina  Maria  Roche, 
whose  history  waa  misleading.  Shakspeare's 
'  King  John,'  &c.,  have  been  laid  under  contri- 
bution, and  William  of  Malmesbury  is  the 
teller  of  '  How  a  King's  Son  was  Drowned  ';  but 
to  our  regret  there  is  nothing  from  Froissart. 
— Nursery  Bhymes  (Horace  Marshall)  is  a  small 
collection  of  rhymes  well  known  to  all  children, 
with  illustrations,  or,  as  the  title-page  puts  it, 
with  pictures  to  paint.  They  are  by  Miss 
Gertrude  Bradley  and  Mr.  Brinsley  Le  Fanu, 
and  so  pretty  that  it  seems  a  pity  to  let  juvenile 
talent  loose  upon  them,  but  whatever  happens 
they  will  give  pleasure. 

We  feel  for  any  man,  woman,  or  child  who 
attempts  to  read  Cherriwink  (Macqueen).  Miss  (?) 
Rachel  Penn  is  the  author,  and  it  is  the  history 
of  a  pen  of  a  superior  make,  and  a  "harvest 
mouse "  called  Cherriwink,  who  has  a  friend 
called  the  Boxwood  Spoon,  who  is  "a  Spoon, 
and  his  name  is  Help-the-try-agains,  or  Boxey  ; 
but  sometimes  the  Fairies  call  him  dear  old 
Grumble  -  cum  -  Grump."  They  encounter  a 
number  of  adventures  which  are  extremely 
difficult  to  follow.  A  certain  amount  of  clever- 
ness has  gone  to  the  making  of  this  book,  but 
it  comes  out  in  a  very  fragmentary  manner. 

Master  Skylark,  by  Mr.  John  Bennett  (Mac- 
millan),  is  a  story  of  three  hundred  years  ago. 
There  were  then  in  England  three  great  com- 
panies of  players:    "the  High  Chamberlain's, 
the  Earl  of  Pembroke's  men,  and    the    stage 
players   of    my   Lord    Charles    Howard,   High 
Admiral  of    the  Realm."      It  was  the  fate  of 
little  Nick  Attwood,  a  lad  of  Stratford  and  akin 
to  mighty  Shakspeare,  to  be  kidnapped  by  the 
master  player  of  the  Admiral's  men  and  taken 
to  London,  "  the  market  heart  of  the  big  round 
world,"  where,  because  he  had   a  voice  of  sur- 
passing beauty,  they  called  him  "  Master  Sky- 
lark."    The    child's   mind  was   distracted   and 
torn  asunder  ;  love  for  his  art  and  love  for  his 
lost  mother  struggled  for  the  mastery,  but  the 
mother  won  the  day  and  Skylark  was  deaf  for 
her  sake  to  the   blandishments  of  the  Queen, 
who  would  fain  keep  him  at  Court  to  sing  in  her 
choir  and  play  on  the  lute.     "A  lad  who  loves 
his  mother  thus  makes  a  man  who  loveth  his 
native    land — and    it 's   no   bad  streak  in  the 
blood,"  said  the  Queen's  Majesty,  and  graciously 
gave  the  child  leave    to    go.     But  the  master 
player  was  cruel,  and  gripped  with  an  iron  hand 
the   bird    he   had   stolen,  and  Master  Skylark 
never  would    have    seen    the  merry  Midlands 
again  had  it  not   been  for   his  great  kinsman. 
The    story  of  the  poor  little  singer  is  full   of 
pathos  and  of  charm,  and  is  told  in  brave  style. 
Mr.   Bennett    talks    much  about  "  the  London 
players,"  and  introduces  "Master  Will   Shak- 
spere.    Masters    Jonson,   Burbage,    Hemynge, 
Condell,  and  a  goodly  number  more."     There 
are  many  pictures,  and  the  most  engaging  are 
those  which  show  us  Cicely  Carew,  Master  Sky- 
lark's fascinating    little    friend    and    comrade. 
The  writer  knows  the  Elizabethan  age,  and  his 
romance  is  better  than  many  a  history  lesson. 

Bad  Little  Hannah,  by  L.  T.  Meade  (F.  V. 
White  &  Co.),  and  An  Old- Field  Schoolcjirl,  by 
Miss  Marion  Harland  (Sampson  Low),  have  one 
thing  in  common  :  they  both  deal  with  cruelty 
to  children  ;  otherwise  they  are  entirely  dif- 
ferent. Hannah  is  a  fierce  and  fascinating  little 
lass  who  is  treated  abominably  by  her  mother. 
Luckily  humane  teachers  take  her  in  hand  and 
«ave  her  life  and  her  reason.  '  Bad  Little 
Hannah  '  is  distinctly  not  a  book  for  children, 
but  it  ought  not  to  be  neglected  by  parents 
and  guardians.  '  An  Old  -  Field  Schoolgirl  ' 
hails  from  Virginia,  and  describes  school  life 
"  fifty  odd  years  ago."  We  rejoice  that  it  was 
not  our  lot  to  be  taught  by  Mr.  Taylor,  for  a 
more  inhuman  wretch  than  the  master  of  Old- 
Field  School  it  would  be  difficult  to  conceive. 
Miss  Harland,  who  fears  that  her  readers  may 
set  down  the  teacher's  persecution  of   Felicia 


Grimsby  as  improbable  and  unnatural,  takes 
care  to  assure  us  that  "  this  specimen  of  an  Old- 
Field  School  tyrant  is  not  a  fancy  sketch."  We 
feel  bound,  of  course,  to  believe  her,  and 
are  more  sorry  than  we  can  say  for  Old  Virginia. 
—  Wild  Kitty,  by  L.  T.  Meade  (Chambers), 
does  not  appeal  to  our  hearts  like  "bad  little 
Hannah."  She  is  much  older  than  that  sturdy 
and  fascinating  little  rogue;  she  is  nearly  grown 
up,  she  is  beautiful,  headstrong,  full  of  whims, 
full  of  affectation,  and,  to  our  mind,  very  tire- 
some. She  comes  from  the  wilds  of  Ireland  to 
be  tamed  at  an  English  school,  and  she  plays 
one  prank  after  another  till  finally  she  is  ex- 
pelled. We  are  bound  to  say  that  we  do  not 
like  the  English  school  and  the  English  school- 
girls any  more  than  Kitty  did.  There  is  an  air 
of  unreality  about  the  whole  book.  We  cannot 
think  it  profitable  reading  for  girls,  and  it  is 
not  likely  that  boys  and  elder  people  will  care 
for  it. 

Miss  Louisa  Bedford  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  her  marked  and  rapid  progress  in  the  art  of 
telling  a  story.     Both  her  books — Mrs.  Merri- 
man's    Godchild    (S.P.C.K.),  which  deals  with 
peasants    and    gipsies,    and    Frue   the    Poetess 
(Skeffington),    the    history   of    a    dainty   little 
gentlewoman,  who  is,  moreover,  an  incomprise  — 
are  in  their  way  excellent,   elevating  in  tone, 
and  very  pleasant  to  read.     The  sketch  of  Prue's 
mother,  that  silent  and  sagacious  person,  is  quite 
masterly.  —  Miss    Annette    Lyeter    has    many 
admirers  who  are  sure  to  welcome  Mrs.   Brde's 
Foundlings  (S.P.C.K. ),  a  tale  of  the  London  poor, 
abounding  in  sketches  of  "  humours  "  and  mar- 
vellous coincidences,  but  well  put  together  and 
well  told.— Parsou  Prince  (Bemrose  &  Son),  by 
Miss  Florence  Moore,  is  an  unpleasant  parochial 
story.       The    "people"     are    represented    as 
self-seekers   of  a   low   type,    who,    when   they 
fail  to  extract  enough  doles  from  their  parson, 
"  pay  him  out "  in  various  ways.     They  may  be 
quite  true  to  life,   but  to  read  of  them  is  an 
unprofitable,  and  certainly  an  uninteresting  task. 
— Tu-o  Old  Ladies,  Two  Foolish  Fairies,  and  a 
Tom  Cat,  by  Miss  Maggie  Browne  (Cassell  & 
Co.),  is  rather  stiff  reading.     It  is  the  history  of 
a  revolt  in  fairyland,  told  with  some  detail,  and 
dealing  with  the  disastrous  eflect  of  the  revolt 
on  certain  mortals.     The  good  old  stories  have 
such  a  hold  upon  us  that  it  is  extremely  hard 
for  a  modern  fairy  tale  to  make  its  way,  and 
Miss  Maggie  Browne's  chronicle  is  too  elaborate 
to  be  popular. 

Many  of  the  stories  in  The  Diamond  Fairy 
Book  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)  are  somewhat  novel  ; 
but  this  cannot  be  said  of  '  Lillekort,'  which  is 
one  of  the  best.  In  the  list  of  contents  it  is 
said  to  be  from  the  French  of  Xavier  Marmier. 
M.  Marmier,  however,  must,  unless  the  com- 
piler has  omitted  to  notice  anything  to  the  con- 
trary, have  taken  it  from  Asbjornsen,  and,  after 
changing  it  a  little,  sent  it  into  the  world  with- 
out saying  whence  he  derived  it,  and  minus 
about  half  the  adventures  which  are  found  in 
the  Norwegian  original.  To  the  French  mind 
a  story  of  this  kind  is  ended  when  the  hero  has 
won  name  and  fame  and  a  beautiful  princess  ; 
but  the  hero  of  Asbjornsen's  folk-tale  goes  forth 
again  to  rescue  his  wife's  sister,  who  has  been 
carried  off  by  the  troll  he  has  already  once 
vanquished.  There  is  a  poor  story  by  Clemens 
Brentano  and  a,  better  one  by  Hauff.  As  a  rule, 
this  book  does  not  contain  folk-tales. 

In  Sir  Toady  Lion  (Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.) 
Mr.  Crockett  has  proved  once  more  that  he 
possesses  an  exceptional  knowledge  of  children. 
The  excellent  General  Napoleon  Smith  and  his 
phlegmatic  but  valiant  little  brother  are  splendid 
boys,  their  long  warfare  with  the  Smoutchies 
being  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  those  inter- 
minable romances  which  occupy  the  childish 
mind.  The  love-making  in  which  Cissy  has 
to  take  all  the  active  steps  is  also  very  well 
managed.  But  the  defect  of  all  such  books  is 
that  they  are  likely  to  be  much  more  popular 
with  parents  and  grandparents  than  with  the 


rising  generation  itself.  Boys  and  girls  do  not 
want  character  sketches  of  themselves  ;  anything 
like  talking  down  to  them  is  instantly  resented, 
and  we  doubt  the  value  of  this  as  a  child's  book, 
though  in  another  aspect  it  is  one  of  the  best 
things  Mr.  Crockett  has  written.  — Mr.  Leighton, 
the  author  of  the  '  Pilots  of  Pomona  '  and  other 
good  books  for  boys,  has  selected  as  the  subject  of 
his  Christmas  story  The  Golden  Galleon  (Blackie 
&  Son),  the  achievement  of  the  famous  Sir 
Richard  Gren ville  "at  Flores  in  the  Azores." 
The  tale  is  spirited  enough,  but  the  author  is 
not  always  happy  in  his  archaic  diction.  What 
sense  does  he  attach  to  "quotha,"  a  word  he 
seems  very  fond  of,  though  he  never  employs 
it  correctly  ? 

Mr.  Fred  Whishaw  says  he  dedicates  his  tale 
Elsie's  Magician  (Chambers)  to  "  Gwen  who 
loves  it,"  and  it  can  hardly  fail  to  please  any 
child  into  whose  hands  it  comes.  Elsie's 
magician  turns  out  to  be  her  grandfather,  and 
she  is  the  unwitting  instrument  of  a  touching 
reconciliation  between  him  and  his  daughter. 
The  interest  attaching  to  such  a  story  depends 
mainly  on  the  literary  skill  of  the  writer,  and  in 
this  respect  Mr.  Whishaw  .shows  himself  fully 
equal  to  his  task.  Mr.  Lewis  Baumer's  illus- 
trations to  the  text  are  well  drawn,  but  the 
process-work  reproduction  hardly  appears  to 
be  successful. 

Camille  et  Marcel.  Par  Madame  J.  M. 
Mermin.  (Paris,  Firmin- Didot.)  —  There  is 
something  irritating  to  the  adult  in  the  children 
who — in  Mrs.  Markham's  *  English  History  ' 
and  elsewhere — ask  all  the  right  questions  to 
elicit  improving  answers  from  their  elders  ;  but 
those  who  like  this  sort  of  thing  will  find  the 
conversations  on  natural  history  well  done  in 
'  Camille  et  Marcel.'  These  two  boys  stay 
with  their  grandparents  at  a  farm,  and  make 
all  sorts  of  pleasant  research  into  natural  objects 
— lentils,  birds,  cows,  donkeys,  &c.  The  illus- 
trations are  numerous  and  well  executed, 
but  the  grandfather  overstates  the  virtues  of 
some  of  the  animals. 

The  Cliristmas  numbers  of  the  Bookseller  (the 
Office,  12,  Warwick  Lane)  and  the  Publishers' 
Circular  (Sampson  Low)  are  both  amply  illus- 
trated. Armed  with  these  and  the  interesting 
and  well-printed  Christmas  annual,  the  Book- 
Buyer,  which  Messrs.  Scribner  have  pub- 
lished, the  hesitating  bookbuyer  can  choose 
the  best  at  leisure. 

The  December  Pearson's  (Pearson)  is  a  double 
Christmas  number,  and  a  wonderful  shillings- 
worth  which  is  sure  to  be  popular. 


THE    KOYAL   HISTORICAL   SOCIETY. 

The  eleventh  volume  of  the  new  series  of  the 
Society's  Transactions  contains  an  important 
paper  for  every  month  of  the  session.  Of  these 
there  are  nine,  and  it  would  perhaps  be 
difficult  to  find  a  more  evenly-balanced  collec- 
tion of  historical  discourses.  First  in  order  of 
dignity,  if  not  of  merit,  comes  the  President's 
lively  yet  scholarly  address  on  the  historical 
genius  of  Polybius.  In  former  years,  it  may  be 
remembered.  Sir  Mountstuart  Grant  Duff  has 
dealt  with  the  historical  capabilities  of  Hero- 
dotus, Thucydides,  and  Tacitus.  Possibly 
Polybius  is  an  author  but  too  little  read  in  the 
present  day.  To  those  who  read  him  for  the 
first  time  his  curious  modernness  and  his  almost 
scientific  precision  will  come  as  a  revelation. 
Sir  Mountstuart  Grant  Dufl  has  performed  a 
real  service  in  reminding  his  hearers  of  the 
versatile  historian's  existence. 

With  the  names  of  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison 
and  Prof.  York  Powell  are  associated  the  two 
most  important  papers  of  the  session — those, 
namely,  which  have  been  planned  to  relieve  the 
"needs  of  historical  students"  in  respect  of 
better  instruction  in  the  mysteries  of  biblio- 
graphy and  palteography.  Of  these  two  papers 
Mr.  Harrison's  on  the  former  subject  has  a 
special  interest,  since  it  must  have  been  written 


820 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N-'SeSG,  Dec.  11,  '97 


at  a  time  when  the  author  was  grappling  with 
the  difficulties  of  the  biography  of  '  \Villiam 
the  Silent,'  and  also  at  the  moment  when  Dr. 
Charles  Gross  was  preparing  for  the  press  the 
first  section  of  his  remarkable  'Bibliography 
of  English  History.' 

In  his  interesting  paper  on  an  English  £colc 
des  Charles,  as  it  might  be,  the  Oxford  Regius 
Professor  has  touched  a  still  deeper  note.  As 
far  as  printed  texts  go  (thanks  chiefly  to  the 
unequalled  "  Rolls  Series  "),  the  English  his- 
torical student  can  fairly  hold  his  own.  But 
this  is,  unfortunately,  not  the  case  with  those 
inedited  MSS.  from  which  the  gaps  in  our 
chain  of  historical  evidence  must  necessarily  be 
made  up.  At  the  present  time  the  process  of 
instructing  would-be  archivists  is  admittedly  a 
somewhat  rough  -  and  -  ready  one,  and  that  it 
has  succeeded  at  all  is  chiefly  due  to  the  tact 
and  scholarly  instincts  of  the  heads  of  the 
British  Museum  and  the  Record  Oflice.  Prof. 
York  Powell,  however,  includes  in  his  scheme 
the  erection  of  provincial  archives  manned  by 
certificated  archivists.  This  appears  to  be 
mainly  a  question  for  the  Treasury  to  decide  ; 
but  the  project  of  an  English  "School  of 
Charters  "  is  deserving  of  the  serious  attention 
of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  future  welfare 
of  English  historical  research. 

Amongst  the  other  papers  in  this  volume 
a  remarkable  collection  of  the  narratives  of 
'  Some  Survivors  of  the  Armada  '  wrecked  on 
the  Irish  coasts  has  been  brought  together  by 
Major  Martin  Hume.  The  horrors  endured  by 
the  unhappy  Spanish  crews  were  only  palliated 
by  the  comparative  humanity  of  the  native 
Irish,  which  contrasts  strangely  with  the  in- 
exorable savagery  of  the  English  soldiery. 

A  scarcely  less  romantic  narrative  is  that  of 
a  stout-hearted  usher  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer 
who  was  sent  into  the  parts  of  Almayne  in  the 
year  1556  to  serve  processes  upon  certain  Eng- 
lish Protestant  refugees.  The  messenger's  ad- 
ventures at  the  castle  of  Weinheim  and  elsewhere 
read  for  all  the  world  like  a  chapter  from  one  of 
Mr.  Weyman's  romances. 

Mr.  Figgis  contributes  a  most  admirably 
written  paper  on  'Some  Political  Theories  of 
the  Early  Jesuits,'  a  subject  which  will  prove 
attractive  to  a  large  number  of  readers.  This 
is  scarcely  likely  to  be  the  case  with  Mr,  Cor- 
bett's  essay  on  '  Elizabethan  Village  Surveys ' 
in  Norfolk,  although  few  more  important  con- 
tributions to  the  study  of  our  early  rural 
economy  have  recently  appeared.  Two  shorter 
papers,  by  Mr.  Oscar  Browning  and  Mr.  Frewen 
Lord  respectively,  conclude  the  volume,  which 
also  contains  the  usual  official  information  con- 
cerning the  Society's  proceedings. 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  late  Mr.  Walter  White  was  well  known 
to  the  readers  of  this  journal,  to  which  he  used 
to  contribute  letters  during  his  vacation  rambles. 
He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  perseverance  and 
tenacity  of  purpose,  who  made  his  way  in  the 
world  in  spite  of  serious  disadvantages, 
attained  considerable  popularity  as  a  writer, 
and  proved  a  most  conscientious  and  efficient 
Assistant-Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society.  But 
his  brother  has  done  him  no  service  by  pub- 
lishing The  Journals  of  Walter  White  (Chapman 
&  Hall).  It  is  obvious  that  Mr.  AVhite  kept  a 
diary  without  any  idea  that  it  would  ever  be 
published.  Many  of  the  entries  are  too  trivial 
to  be  worth  printing  ;  in  others  the  writer  has 
jotted  down  the  scandal  of  the  day,  and  it  was 
a  grave  indiscretion  on  his  brother's  part  to  give 
publicity  to  gossip  that  may  wound  the  feelings 
of  people  now  living  or  relations  of  those  who 
are  dead.  Of  course,  there  are  amusing  bits  such 
as  this  of  Sir  Roderick  Murchison  : — 

"  Wallick  was  once  speaking  to  Sir  R.  of  what 
folks  said  of  his  photograph,  it  looked  too  tame. 
'  Ah,' answered  Sir  Roderick,  •  you  should  take  me 
after  dinner  when  I  have  a  bottle  of  port  in  me  ;  I 
look  sprightly  enough  then.'  " 


Mes.skm.  Hodder  &  Stoughton  publish  a 
book  which,  though  slight,  is  one  of  much 
charm,  in  Everyday  Life  in  Turkey,  by  Mrs. 
W.  M.  Ramsay,  the  wife  of  Prof.  Ramsay,  the 
archieologist.  Mrs.  Ramsay  describes  with 
singular  fidelity  and  simplicity  what  she  saw 
when  inscription-hunting  with  a  party  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  gives  a  perfect  picture  of  Turkish 
Asiatic  life. 

Chambers's  Biog^'aphical  Dictionary,  edited  by 
Dr.  D.  Patrick  and  Mr.  Hindes  Groome  (W.  & 
R.  Chambers),  is  a  useful  and  accurate  com- 
pendium. The  chief  defect  is  the  inclusion  of 
notices  of  living  persons,  which  is  a  mistake, 
because  it  disturbs  the  proportion  of  the  book. 
The  consequence  is  that  Frederick  Field,  the 
editor  of  Origen,  is  dismissed  in  three  lines, 
and  Dr.  Farrar  has  over  thirty  !  Otherwise  it 
is  a  well-ordered  compilation,  which  reflects 
credit  on  the  care  and  ability  of  its  compilers. 
In  fact,  it  is  the  best  biographical  dictionary  in 
a  single  volume  that  has  appeared  for  a  long 
time.  The  notices  of  artists  and  architects  are 
the  weakest  part.  Chardin,  for  example,  is 
omitted  altogether,  and  so  is  Philippe  de  Cham- 
pagne. 

Mr.  a.  Ansted's  Dictionary  of  Sea  Terms  for 
the  Use  of  Yachtsmen,  Amateur  Boatmen,  and 
Beginners  (Upcott  Gill)  is  not  a  pretentious 
book,  and  in  a  small  compass,  within  its  pro- 
fessed limitations,  may  probably  be  found  use- 
ful. If  it  comes  to  a  second  edition  it  would 
be  as  well  to  correct  some  inaccuracies.  "To 
increase  speed  in  sailing,"  for  instance,  is  not 
the  meaning  of  "to  gather  way";  "the  order 
to  rowers  to  cease  rowing  "  is  not  "  Row  off 
all !  "  but  "  Rowed  of  all  !  "  and  "  Easy  all  !  " 
familiar  as  it  is  on  the  river,  is  unknown  on  the 
sea.  The  definition  of  "  half-deck  "  is  very  im- 
perfect ;  and  a  ship — it  is  curious  that  Mr. 
Ansted  should  not  know  it— is  "she,"  not  "it." 

Most  "Selections"  remind  one  of  the 
Athenian  who,  having  a  noble  house  to  dispose 
of,  took  a  detached  brick  to  market  as  a  speci- 
men of  the  premises.  The  authors,  however, 
whom  Mr.  Cecil  Headlam  has  drawn  on  for  his 
Selections  from  the  British  Satirists  (F.  E.  Robin- 
son) are  many  of  them  so  little  known  and  so 
impossible  to  read  at  length,  that  his  book  was 
a  decidedly  good  idea,  which  has  been  well 
carried  out.  The  field  is  satisfactorily  covered 
by  the  extracts.  Probably  Shakspeare  and 
Milton  have  been  omitted  in  order  to  make 
room  for  less  available  writers.  The  intro- 
ductory essay  occupies  some  seventy  pages,  and 
is  a  scholarly  performance,  somewhat  over- 
burdened with  quotation,  but  well  informed  and 
lively  in  style.  Mr.  Headlam  must  beware  of 
cleverness,  which  is  often  a  desolating  rather 
than  illuminating  quality.  Swift  is  rightly 
defended  against  Thackeray's  view  of  him,  but 
the  account  is  too  favourable.  Vauvenargues 
spoke  his  condemnation  in  the  maxims  that  "  in- 
evitable abuses  are  laws  of  nature,"  and  "those 
who  despise  men  are  not  great  men. "  As  we  have 
pointed  out  elsewhere,  to  speak  of  his  "mad- 
ness "  is  an  error.  He  died  imbecile,  not  insane. 
Crabbe's  style  is  described  as,  "except  in 
accidental  points,  essentially  his  own "  ;  but, 
against  Mr.  Headlam,  we  think  that  he 
did  deliberately  "waste  time  over  polish" 
which  echoed  Pope.  Thackeray  the  author 
underrates  as  satirist,  and  surely  any  list  of 
his  triumphs  shoxild  include  that  awful  indict- 
ment 'The  Campaigner.'  The  only  serious 
omission  we  have  noted  is  the  absence  of  any 
indication  of  the  German  genesis  of  '  Sartor 
Resartus,'  which  owes  much  more  to  Jean  Paul 
Richter  than  to  Swift.  It  might  also  be  stated 
that  Gifibrd  killed  the  Delia  Cruscan  school. 
"We  live,"  the  essay  concludes  well,  "in  an 
age  of  excuses,  when  righteous  indignation  is 
felt  to  be  a  little  out  of  place."  Yet  there  are 
some  shriekers  abroad.  Have  we  not  our  com- 
placent and  comprehensive  '  Silver  Domino  '  ? 
We  might  add   that  satire  takes  too  long  to 


write   to-day  :    epigrammatic  impertinence  has 
superseded  it. 

Transatlantic  Traits,  Essays,  by  the  Hon. 
Martin  Morris,  is  a  slight  book,  and  not  well 
named.  The  best  two  of  its  three  essays  are 
reprinted  from  reviews.  But  Mr.  Morris 
appears  to  have  more  than  inherited  the  ability 
of  his  father,  and  we  shall  expect  great  work 
from  him  in  the  future.  He  is  an  admirer  of 
Emerson  and  of  Thoreau,  but  it  is  not  impossible 
that  if  he  lives  he  may  surpass  his  models, 
and  he  already  often  reminds  the  reader  of 
Maeterlinck  at  his  best,  while  he  adds  to  the 
pathos  of  the  Fleming  his  own  Western  Irish 
wit.  The  people  of  the  United  States  are  "  a 
great  mob  of  common  jurors,"  for  there  is 
"nothing  special"  about  them,  yet  no  writer 
has  ever  more  thoroughly  appreciated  what  is 
best  in  America.  He  discerns  the  strong  points 
of  the  new  people  ;  he  blames  their  faults — 
such  as  the  treatment  of  the  blacks.  Although 
he  is  diflfuse  and  harps  too  much  upon  one 
string,  he  interests  and  persuades  the  reader. 
Mr.  Elliot  Stock  is  the  publisher. 

Messrs.  Flood  &  Vincent  publish  in  th& 
United  States  at  the  Chautauqua  Century  Press,  in 
the  series  known  as  the  "  Reading  Circle  Litera- 
ture "  of  "the  Chautauqua  Host,"  The  Social 
Spirit  in  America,  by  Prof.  Henderson,  of  the 
University  of  Chicago.  This  is  a  volume  on  prac- 
tical Christianity,  dealing  with  the  home,  public 
health,  temperance,  and  many  other  subjects 
in  the  spirit  of  Miss  Willard  and  her  friends. 
To  judge  by  the  recent  triumph  of  the  New 
York  boss  in  the  enlarged  city,  which  is  by  far 
the  greatest  of  the  continent.  "  the  Host  "  have 
plenty  of  work  before  them  in  creating  the 
American  "socialized  citizen"  of  the  future. 
The  book  is  fairly  sensible,  but  not  enlighten- 
ing. 

The  Roumanian  Minister  at  Brussels,  M. 
Georges  Bengesco,  publishes  through  M. 
Lacomblez,  of  Brussels,  and  M.  Soudier,  of 
Paris,  a  most  valuable  bibliography  of  La  Ques- 
tion d'Orieyit.  We  have  not  detected  omissions, 
except  of  volumes  in  English  which  bear  some- 
what of  a  party  complexion,  such  as  those  of 
the  Duke  of  Argyll. 

Under  the  title  Ceux  qu'on  Lit,  M.  Philippe 
Gille's  notices  of  new  books — chiefly  novels — 
are  reprinted  from  the  Paris  Figaro,  and  pub- 
lished by  M.  Calmann  L^vy. 

The  Librairie  £mile  Bouillon,  of  Paris,  pub- 
lishes a  new  edition  of  M.  Roger  Alexandre's 
Le  Musee  de  la  Conversation,  a  dictionary  of  the 
cant  sayings  of  France.  The  authors  who  are 
responsible  for  the  largest  number  of  proverbial 
sayings  are,  above  all,  Alphonse  Karr,  Henry 
Monnier,  and  Beaumarchais— in  that  order — 
Moliere,  Voltaire,  Talleyrand,  Bonaparte, 
Thiers,  Gambetta,  and  Brillat  -  Savarin  also 
being  high  up  in  the  list. 

M.  Michel  Alouf  has  brought  out  a  new  and 
revised  edition  of  his  Histoire  de  Baalbek.  In 
a  small  compass  M.  Alouf  gives  an  account  of 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Heliopolis  and  of  the 
historical  vicissitudes  of  the  sun-city  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  present  day.  A  native  of 
Baalbek,  he  combines  enthusiasm  for  his  birth- 
place with  an  erudition  which  must  fill  with 
admiration  those  aware  of  the  difficulties  that 
stood  in  the  way  of  his  studies.  The  book, 
which  contains  plans  and  illustrations,  is  pub- 
lished by  the  Imprimerie  Catholiqueof  Beyrout, 

The  Science  of  Ethics,  by  Fichte,  has  been 
translated  into  rather  uncouth  language  by  Mr. 
Kroeger,  and  issued  by  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co. 
in  their  "English  and  Foreign  Philosophical 
Library."  It  is  nearly  a  hundred  years  ago 
since  Fichte's  '  System  der  Sittenlehre '  ap- 
peared at  Jena,  and  both  in  Germany  and 
England  his  influence  has  waned  greatly  ;  but 
in  the  United  States  he  seems  to  have  under- 
gone a  revival  at  the  hands  of  the  Hegeliaioa 
of  the  Far  West. 


1 


N-'SeSO,  Dec.  11   '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


821 


An  abridged  edition  has  reached  us  of  Miss 
Kingsley's  vivacious  and  valuable  Travels  in 
West  Africa  (Macmillan). 

The  new  issue  of  Hazell's  Annual  (Hazell, 
Watson  &  Viney)  has  not  profited  by  the 
criticisms  we  made  last  year.  In  the  article  on 
'  University  Settlements  '  Arnold  Toynbee  is 
still  called  "a  Balliol  tutor";  Cambridge 
House  is  still  ignored  ;  while  settlements  are 
mentioned  which  have  no  connexion  with  either 
university.  If  Mr.  Palmer  does  not  care  to 
correct  his  mistakes,  there  is  no  advantage  in 
criticizing  his  volume.  A  bias  against  the  High 
Church  party  is  obvious  in  it.  In  the  article  on 
missionary  societies,  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 
pagation of  the  Gospel  is  dismissed  with  three 
lines,  and  a  column  and  a  half  awarded  to  the 
Baptist  Missionary  Society,  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society,  the  Methodist  Missionary 
Societies,  &c.  This  is  a  serious  fault  in  a  hand- 
book intended  to  record  facts  and  not  opinions. 
The  following  misprints  and  mistakes  occur  in 
the  'Literature  of  the  Year':  "formal"  for 
format  (p.  379)  ;  "  Miss  "  for  Mrs.  Fuller  Mait- 
land,  "  Horey  "  for  Hovey  (p.  381)  ;  "  failing  " 
ioT  falling,  and  "Afflalo"  for  Aflalo  (p.  388). 
'  The  Choir  Invisible '  is  mentioned  twice  over 
on  p.  384  :  once  correctly,  once  as  by  James 
Grant  Allen.  Mr.  Baring-Gould's  '  Lives  of  the 
Saints '  have  long  passed  vols.  i.  and  ii.  (p.  385). 

Messes.  De  La  Rue  &  Co.  have  sent  us  a 
selection  of  elegant  Diaries,  Focket-Books,  and 
Calendars,  conspicuous  for  good  taste  and 
adaptation  to  their  purpose.  —  From  Messrs. 
Marcus  Ward  &  Co.  come  a  great  variety  of 
Calendars  and  Christmas  Cards,  graceful  and 
effective  beyond  the  ordinary  wont.  Some  of 
them  are  most  elaborate. 

We  have  on  our  table  T?ie  Seventh  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  K.G.,  by  E.  Hodder  (Nisbet),— 
Eambles  round  my  Life,  by  Newton  Crosland 
(E.  W.  Allen),— National  Portrait  Gallery  of 
British  Musicians,  edited  by  J.  Warriner 
(Low),  —  The  Reminiscences  of  a  Bashi-Bazouk, 
by  Edward  Vizetelly  (Bristol,  Arrowsraith), — 
Crime  and  CrimiiLals,  by  J.  S.  Christison,  M.D. 
(Chicago,  Keener), —  Year-Book  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Aciricidture,  1896  (Wash- 
ington, Government  Printing  Office), — Suffolk 
Tales,  and  other  Stories,  by  the  late  Lady 
Camilla  Gurdon  (Longmans), — Ida  from  India, 
by  Mrs.  H.  Martin  (Griffith  &  Farran),  — T/te 
Story  of  Frank  and  his  Missionary- Box,  by 
G.  R.  Wynne,  D.D.  (S.'P.C.K.),— Australian 
Fairy  Tales,  by  Atha  Westbury  (Ward  & 
Lock), — Olga;  or.  Wrong  on  Both  Sides,  by 
V.  Vincent  (Griffith  &  Farran), — A  March  on 
London,  by  G.  A.  Henty  (Blackie),— T/ie  Bed 
House  by  the  Rockies,  by  Anne  Mercier  and 
Violet  Watt  (S. P. C.K.),—J7i  Spite  of  Fate,  by 
Silas  K.  Hocking  (Wurne),  —  Scarlet  Feather,  by 
H.  J.  Barker  (Griffith  &  Farran), — Uernani  the 
Jeiv,  by  A.  N.  Homer  (Low), — The  Laughter 
of  Jove,  by  H.  Schwartze  (Grant  Richards), — 
Queen  of  the  Jesters,  by  Max  Pemberton  (Pear- 
son),— The  Great  K.  and  A.  Train- Robbery,  by 
P.  L.  Ford  (Low), —  When  a  Maiden  Marries, 
by  A.  Deir  (Digby  &  Long), — Her  Royal  High- 
ness's  Love  Affair,  by  J.  M.  Cobban  (Pearson), 
— Lays  of  Love  and  Liberty,  by  J.  A.  Mackereth 
(Stock), — The  Penitent  Pilgrim,  re- edited  and 
abridged  by  G.  E.  Watts  (Nutt),— r/ie  Gi-owth 
of  Chiistianity,  by  J.  H.  Crooker  (Chicago, 
Western  Unitarian  Sunday  School  Society), — 
Missio7is  to  the  Jeus,  by  A.  L.  Willians 
(S.P.C.K.), — Letters  from  Heaven,  edited  by 
G.  E.  Watts  (Nutt),  —  Short  Readings  for 
Mothers'  Meetings  (S.P.C.K.),— OW  Testament 
History  for  Schools,  by  the  Rev.  T.  H.  Stokoe, 
D.D.,  Part  III.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press),— 
Ad  Lucem,  by  the  Rev.  A.  B.  Simeon  (Gardner, 
Darton  &  Co.),— Modern  Thoughts  on  Religion 
and  Culture,  compiled  by  H.  W.  Smith 
(Williams  &  Norgate), — Sources  vers  le  Fleuve, 
by  Robert  de  Souza  (Paris,  Mercure  de  France), 
— and  Ruskin  et  la  Religion  de  la  Beaute,  by 
Robert  de  la  Sizeranne  (Hachette). 


LIST  OF  NKW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 
Theology. 
Diurnal  of  the  Soul,  trans,  by  late  A.  L.  Marche.  3/6  cl. 
Duggan's  (Uev.  J.)  Steps  towanis  Reunion,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Jackson's  (G.)  The  Ten  Commandments,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Sister  Apolliue  Andriveau  and  the  Scapular  of  the  Passion, 
translated  by  Lady  Herbert,  cr.  8vo.  3/t)  cl. 
Law. 
Harris's  (E.)  Table  of  the  Death  Duties,  demy  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Berenson's  (B.)  The  Central  Italian  Painters  of  the  Renais- 
sance, cr.  8vo.  4/6  cl. 
Classical  Sculpture  Gallery,  edited  by  Prof.  F.  von  Reber, 
folio,  21/  cl. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Dunlop's    (T.)    John  Tamson's  Bairns,  and  other   Poems, 

cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Lyric  Poets  :  Keats,  2/6  net,  cl. 
Watson's  (W.)  Hope  of  the  World,  and  other  Poems,  3/6  cl. 

Bibliography. 
Davenport's  (C.)  Royal  English  Bookbindings,  4/6  net,  cl. 

Philosophy. 
Mellone's  (S.   H.)  Studies  in  Philosophical  Criticism  and 
Construction,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 
Adye's  (General  Sir  J.)  Indian  Frontier  Policy,  an  Historical 

Sketch,  Hvo.  3/6  cl. 
Blake,  W.,  Painter  and  Poet,  by  R.  Garnett,  3/6  net,  cl. 
Carlyle's  Heroes,  &c.,  ed.  by  Mrs.  A.  K.  Marble,  cr.  8vo.  4/6 
Cobb's  (8.  H.)  The  Story  of  the  Palatines,  cr.  8vo.  9/  cl. 
Cokayne's    (G.  E  )  Lord  Mayors    and   Sheriffs  of  London 

during  First  Quarter  of  Seventeenth  Century,  12/6  cl. 
Crawford's  (A.)  Our  Troubles  in  Puona  and  the  Deccan,  14/ 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  Vol.  63,  royal  8vo.  15/  cl. 
Early  Promoted,  a  Memoir  of  Rev.  W.  S.  Cox,  by  his  Father, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Fiske's  (J.)  Old  Virginia  and  her  Neighbours,  2  vols.  16/  cl. 
Letters  received  by  the  Bast  India  Company,  Vol.  2,  21/  net. 
Mahan's  (Capt.   A.  T. )  The  Interest  of    America   in    Sea- 
Power,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 
Thomason,  Hon.  J.,  Lieut.-liovernor  North-West  Provinces 

of  India,  by  Sir  W.  Muir,  cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
Wotton,  Sir  H.,  a  Biographical  Sketch,  by  A.  W.  Ward,  3/6 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Dubois's  (Abbe  J.  A.)  Hindu  Manners,  &c.,  2  vols.  21/  net. 
McCl u re's  (B.)  Historical  Church  Atlas,  Is  Coloured  Maps, 

4to.  16/  half-bound. 
Woodhouse's  (W.  J.)  jEtolIa,  its  Geography,  &c.,  21/  net,  cl. 

Philology. 
Aristophanes'  Wasps,  with  Introduction,  Metrical  Analysis, 

&c.,  by  W.  J.  M.  Starkie,  12mo.  6/  cl. 
Harbottle's  (T.  B.)  Dictionary  of  Quotations  (Classical),  7/d 
Hotali  Flacci  (Q  )  Opera  Omnia,  rec.  E.  C.  Wickham,  3/6 
Wright's  (J.)  I'ne  English  Dialect  Dictionary,  Part  4,  1.5/ 

Science. 
Simpson,  Sir  J.  Y.,  and  Chloroform,  by  H.  L.  Gordon,  3/6 
Text-Book  of  Physiology,  by  British  Physiologists,  25/  net. 

General  Literature. 
Ackworth's  (J.)  Beckside  Lights,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Brockman's  (L.)  Bright  Thoughts  TextrBook,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Bryant's  (B.  M.)  Norma,  a  School  Tale.  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
De  Salis's  (Mrs.)  The  Art  of  Cookery,  Past  and  Present,  2/ 
Bgerton's  tG.)  Fantasias,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 

Golschmann's  (L.)  The  Adventures  of  a  Siberian  Cub,  3/6  cl. 
Hamerton's  (P.  G)  The  Quest  of  Happiness,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Hurry's  (J.  B.)  District  Nursing  on  a  Provident  Basis,  2/  cl. 
Jackson's  (Rev.  G.)  A  Young  Man's  Bookshelf.  ]2mo.  2/6  cl. 
Kenyou's  (E.  C.)  The  Hand  of  his  Brother,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Lestrange's   (J.)   Bookkeeping,   Single  and  Double  Entry, 

cr.  8vo.  2/  cl. 
MacGregor's  (B.)  King  Longbeard,  illustrated,  4to.  6/  cl. 
Seymour's  (G.)  Cui  Bono  ?  18mo.  2/  cl.     (Ethics  of   the 

Surface  Series.) 
Sharp's  (E.)  All  the  Way  to  Fairyland,  4to.  6/  cl. 
Sienkiewicz's  (H.)  Hania,  cr.  8vo.  4/6  net,  cl. 
Warden's  (F.)  Giils  will  be  Girls,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Walkley's  (S.)  In  Quest  of  Sheba's  Treasure,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Waterborough's    (M.     L.)    Tom,   Unlimited,    a    Story    for 

Children,  cr.  8vo.  hi  cl. 
Wyndham's  (K.)  Revelation,  a  Romance,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Fouard  (C.) :  Saint  Paul,  ses  Dernifires  Annees,  7fr.  50. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 
Bissing  (F.  W.  v.)  :  Die  statistische  Tafel  v.  Karnak,  15m. 
Cop  pee  (F.) :  Le  Passant,  250fr. 
Curtius  (B.)  u.  Adler  (F.) :    Olympia,  die  Ergebnisse  der 

Ausgrabg  ,  50m. 
Maillard  (L.) ;  Les  Menus  et  Programmes  Illustres,  60fr. 

Drama. 
Doring   (A.) :    Hamlet,    ein    neuer   Versuch     zur   asthet. 

Erkliirg.  der  Tragodie,  7m. 
Laehr  (H.):  Die  Darstellung  krankhafter  Geisteszustande 
in  Shakespeare's  Dramen,  3m.  60. 
Bibliography. 
Bengesco  (G.):  Bssai  d'une  Notice  Bibliographique   sur  la 
Question  dOrient,  15fr. 

Philosophy . 
Henri     (V.)   :      Uber     die     Kaumwahrnehmungen      des 

Tastsinnes,  7m.  hO. 
Opitz  (H.  Q.) :  Grundriss  e.  Seinswissenschaft,  Vol.  1,  Part  1, 

7m. 
Riilf  (J.):    Wissenschaft  des  Einheits-Qedankens,  Vol.  2, 
Part  2,  8m. 

History  and  Biography. 

Burkard    (Lieut.) :    Quatrifeme    Zouaves    et  Zouaves  de  la 

Garde,  2  vols.  12fr 
Cavaignac  (G.)  :  La  Formation  de  la  Prnsse  Contemporaine  : 

Vol.  2,  1808-1813,  7fr.  50. 
Chartularium  Universitatis  Parisiensis,  edited  by  H.  Denifle, 

Vol.  4,  30fr. 


Genee  (R.) :  Zeiten  u.  Menschen,  6m. 

Goron  (M.):    Memoires :    Vol.  3,  Haute   et  Basse   PSg^e, 

3fr.  50. 
Herriot  (fi.):  Philon  le  Juif,  7fr.  50. 
Rousse  (6.) :  Une  Famille  Feodale  au  XV.  et  XVI.  SificleB  ; 

Les  Silly,  2fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Deschamps  (fi.) :  Au  Pays  d'Aphrodite,  Chypre,  4fr. 
Deville  (V.)  :  Partage  de  I'Afrique,  5fr. 
July  (H.) :  A  Iravers  I'Europe,  3fr.  60. 

Philology. 
Brockelmann  (C):    Geschichte  der  arabischen  Litteratur, 

Vol.  1,  Part  1,  lOra. 
Clapin  (S.):  Dictionnaire  Canadien-Franpais,  25fr. 
Codices  Graeci  et  Latini  photographice  depicti  Duce  Scatoae 

de  Vries  :  Vol.  2,  Codex  Bernensis  3S3,  200m. 
Hartmann  (M  ) :    Das  arabische   Strophengedicht,  Part  1, 

12m. 
Witkowski    (S.)  :     Prodromus     QrammaticJe     Papyrorum 

Gra-corum  jEtatis  Lagidarum,  3m. 

Science. 
Annuaire  du  Bureau  des  Longitudes  pour  1898,  Ifr.  60. 
Flammarion    (C):     Annuaire    Astronoraique    pour     1893, 

Ifr.  25. 
Tiirk  (W. ) :    Klinische  Untersuchungen  Ub.  das  Verhalten 
des  Blutes  bei  acuten  Infectionekrankheiten,  7m. 
General  Literature. 
Fogazzaro  (A.)  :  Un  Petit  Monde  d'Autrefois,  3fr.  .50. 
Vasov  (I.) :  Sous  le  Joug  Turc,  3fr.  50. 


'MARY  QUEEN  OF   SCOTS.' 

St.  Andrews,  November,  1897. 

Although  your  reviewer's  language  implies 
that  he  has  gone  through  the  whole  of  my  book 
on  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  he  has  been  unable  to 
detect  an  error.  In  over  five  hundred  pages  he 
has  only  found — to  borrow  his  own  words — "  an 
approach  to  a  blunder,  which,  however,  is  half 
corrected  by  a  note."  I  am  not  sure  that  I  can 
say  as  much  of  his  short  review. 

He  alleges  that  the  *'  author  seems  unable  to 
discriminate  between  what  is  essential  to  his 
theme  and  what  quite  trivial,"  and  illustrates 
this  by  saying  that,  while  in  the  text  there  is 
"the  barest  reference  to  Chastelard,"  one  con- 
stantly lights  on  passages  like  that  of  ten  lines 
concerning  the  baptismal  font  which  he  quotes. 
Though  there  is  little  of  Chastelard  in  the  text, 
there  is  a  three-page  note  on  him — a  note  which, 
by  the  way,  one  of  your  contemporaries  pro- 
nounces to  be  "the  best  account  in  existence 
of  that  infatuated  amorist." 

I  have  a  much  higher  opinion  of  the  intelli- 
gence of  Southron  readers  than  your  reviewer 
has.  He  doubts  if  one  in  fifty  will  be  able  to 
interpret  the  four  specimens  of  *'  unnecessary 
Scotch  "  which  he  has  selected.  The  longest 
of  these  specimens,  it  may  be  mentioned,  is 
from  the  partially  modernized  despatch  of  an 
English  ambassador  to  the  English  Secretary. 

Your  reviewer  charges  me  with  unfairness  to 
Mary,  which  he  says  "comes  out  nowhere  more 
strongly  "  than  in  my  remark  on  the  death  of 
her  first  husband.  Bishop  Lesley's  statement 
to  Wilson  is  so  extraordinary  that  notice  had  to 
be  taken  of  it  in  the  text  ;  but  neither  there 
nor  elsewhere  have  I  expressed  the  opinion  that 
Mary  was  implicated  in  the  death  of  Francis. 
In  connexion  with  her  third  marriage,  I  have 
proved  that  Bishop  Lesley  did  lie  shamelessly, 
and  lied  at  the  queen's  expense  to  screen  him- 
self and  his  leading  Scottish  co-religionists  ;  but 
in  the  matter  of  the  death  of  Francis  I  cannot  tell 
whether  he  was  merely  too  credulous  or  guilty 
of  deliberate  falsehood  because  in  danger.  In 
the  relative  note,  part  of  which  your  reviewer 
quotes,  there  was,  however,  little  if  any  need  to 
estimate  the  value  of  Lesley's  statement,  seeing 
that,  as  your  reviewer  puts  it,  on  such  evidence 
"one  should  not  give  a  dog  a  bad  name." 

The  '  Detection  '  and  the  '  Book  of  Articles  ' 
have  not  been  set  up  by  me  as  impartial  or 
worthy  of  implicit  trust.  On  the  contrary,  T 
have  pointed  out  blemishes  in  both.  In  spite 
of  their  vehement  one-sided ness,  however,  they 
have  a  value  which,  with  all  deference  to  your 
reviewer,  the  writings  of  M.  Philippson  and 
Mr.  Swinburne  can  never  possess,  for  their 
authors  had  at  least  the  opportunity  of  person- 
ally knowing  many  of  the  circumstances  with 
which  they  dealt.  I  am  even  censured  for  the 
crime  of  having  "  never  once  "  alluded  "  to  Mr. 
Swinburne's  masterly  essay  ";  yet  that  essay  is. 
quoted  by  me  (pp.  204-206). 


822 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


Your  reviewer  says  that  I  "scarcely  ever" 
cite  an  authority  by  name.  In  one  of  the  five 
examples  which  he  gives  —  "a  distinguished 
physician  " — I  had  no  option,  as  it  is  a  quotation 
from  Dr.  Small,  who  does  not  give  his  author's 
name.  So  far  is  your  reviewer's  statement  from 
being  accurate  that  a  chapter  of  the  text  which 
I  have  tested  yields  a  contrary  proportion  of 
about  seven  to  one.  D.  Hay  Fleming. 

*^*  Except  on  the  one  point  that  two  notes 
of  four  and  seven  lines  apiece  do  allude  to  Mr. 
Swinburne's  essay,  Mr.  Hay  Fleming's  answer 
completely  bears  out  our  review.  If,  on  the  one 
hand,  he  means  to  say  that  the  Chastelard  episode 
seems  to  him  trivial  and  the  baptismal  font 
essential  to  his  theme,  then  we  must  regard  him 
as  wholly  lacking  in  discrimination.  If,  on  the 
other  hand,  he  has  of  set  purpose  relegated  the 
essential  to  his  notes  and  admitted  the  trivial  to 
his  text,  then  he  is  most  unhappy  in  his  literary 
methods. 

The   "longest  of  the  four  specimens"  must 
be  the  following  :   "  It  was  now  rumoured  that 
she  had   '  a  secret   defence  upon  her   body,   a 
"knape  scall  "  for  her  head,  and  dagg  at  her 
saddle,'"^"  the  note  on  which  runs,  "  'Diurnal 
of    Occurrents,'    p.    84;     'Foreign    Calendar, 
Elizabeth,'  vii.  479,  480,  484,  485,  488;  Laing's 
'Knox,'   ii.    512."      An    English    ambassador, 
writing   from    Scotland,    might   very    well   use 
Scottish  words  like  "dagg  "  and  "knape  scall." 
We  question  still  if  one  Southron  in  fifty  will  be 
able  to  interpret  either  them  or,  if  Mr.  Hay 
Fleming  desires  further  specimens,  "  tynsale  of 
lif,"  "to  the  eflfect foirsaid  allanerlie,"  "  to  skail 
and  skattir  the  cloudis  of  al  tumulte,"  "  grit- 
tumlie,"  "slokin,"  "  he  can  baith  quhissill  and 
cloik,"    "  tak   ordour   with   some  of   his   a  wen 
turnis,"   "a  kell,"   "even   and    brent  up,"   or 
"  Weill  bodin  in  feir  of  weir."     It  was,  however, 
the   "  unnecessary  Scotch  "  that  we  chiefly  de- 
murred  to.     In   his  very  first  paragraph   Mr. 
Hay    Fleming    has    "the    Skottishe    Quene," 
"  sundre   tales,"    "vary   wayke,"    "alyve   and 
good  liking."     These  little  scraps  of  Scotch  or 
old  English,  or  whatever  else  they  may  be,  are 
intelligible  enough,  but  quite  unnecessary. 

As  to  Mr.  Hay  Fleming's  fourth  paragraph, 
we  can  but  reprint  the  words  of  our  review,  this 
time,  however,  giving  his  note  entire,  for  Mr. 
Hay  Fleming  seems  to  impute  suppression,  for- 
getful of  the  fact  that  it  is  impossible  to  quote, 
diflScult  even  to  master,  every  one  of  the  twelve 
thousand  and  odd  lines  of  his  notes  : — 


a  Protestant  by  Knox's  narrowness,  sujjerstition, 
and  fierce  intolerance." 


EXAMINERS  AT  GLASGOVi^   UNIVERSITY. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  learn  from  Mr.  Clapper- 
ton  that  the  regulation  which  disqualified  English 
and  Irish  graduates  has  been  rei^ealed  since  1894, 
when  the  correspondence  to  which  he  alludes 
took  place.  But  as  the  advertisements  made  no 
more  allusion  to  its  existence  in  1894  than  they 
did  in  1897,  my  mistake  is  not  unpardonable. 

Mr.  Clapperton  is  entirely  in  error  when  he 
suggests  that  he  told  me  in  1894  that  "the 
repealing  ordinance  was  already  in  draft."  If 
he  had  done  so,  I  should  have  made  inquiries 
before  writing  to  the  Athenceum.  What  he  did 
say  was  as  follows  : — 

"It  appears  from  a  draft  ordinance  lately  issued 
by  the  Scottish  University  Commissioners  that  the 
regulation  providing  that  examiners  for  Degrees  in 
Arts  must  be  members  of  the  General  Council  of 
one  of  the  Scottish  Universities  cannot  yet  be  con- 
sidered as  repealed." 

This  is  an  assertion  that  a  draft  ordinance 
exists  ;  but  it  distinctly  implies  that  the  draft 
ordinance  confirms  the  obnoxious  regulation. 
What  Mr.  Clapperton  meant  to  imply  is  a 
different  matter.  Cantab. 


"  His  unfairness  towards  Mary  comes  out  nowhere 
more  strongly  than  in  this  remark  on  the  death  of 
her  first  husband,  Francis  II.  :  'Sorrowful  as  Mary 
appeared  at  the  time,  it  was  declared  long  afterwards 
by  one  of  her  staunchest  friends  that,  as  he  under- 
stood, she  was  not  innocent  in  the  matter.'^'  One 
turns  up  note  54  with  some  curiosity,  and  here  is  the 
evidence  : '  Dr.Thomas  Wilson  informed  Cecil,  on  the 
8th  November,  1571,  that  the  Bishop  of  Ross,  then  in 
prison,  had  owned  to  him  that  he  credibly  under- 
stood that  Mary  had  poisoned  her  first  husband,  the 
King  ot  France  (Murdin's  '  State  Papers,'  1759,  p.  57; 
'Hatfield  Calendar,'  i.  564).  Mr.  Skelton  unwittingly 
attributed  this  statement,  not  to  Bishop  Lesley, 
Mary's  champion,  but  to  Buchanan,  her  detractor 
('  Impeachment  of  Mary  Stuart,'  1876,  p.  144).'  " 

What  we  pointed  out  is  that  according  to  the 
text  Bishop  Lesley  declared  something,  but  that 
according  to  the  note  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson  de- 
clared to  Cecil  that  Bishop  Lesley  had  declared 
it,  which  is  quite  a  different  story.  We  are  con- 
fident that  from  the  passage  in  the  text  and 
from  the  note  any  reasonable  mortal  would  infer, 
not  that  Queen  Mary  poisoned  Francis,  but  that 
Mr.  Hay  Fleming  thought  she  did.  And  as 
to  the  statement  being  extraordinary,  why  not 
then  notice  the  equally  extraordinary  statement 
that  Mary  tried  to  poison  her  baby  son  1 

As  to  the  '  Detectio '  and  the  '  Book  of 
Articles,'  we  have  nothing  to  add  to  what  we 
wrote;  and  we  still  think  that  "Skelton" 
would  have  been  both  shorter  and  better  than 
"  one  of  her  most  recent  and  most  brilliant  apo- 
logists "  or  "  one  who  has  hazarded  the  reckless 
opinion  that  Mary  was  deterred  from  becoming 


BRATHWAIT'S   'THE   GOOD  WIFE.' 
I  AM  sorry  to  trouble  you  again  respecting 
this  little  book,  but  Mr.  F.  Madan  has  most 
kindly  sent   me   a   few  interesting   particulars 
regarding  the  copies  in  the  Bodleian.  For  future 
reference  I  think  that  a  record  of  them  should 
find  a  place  in  the  Athenceum.     The  Bodleian 
has  no  less  than  three  copies  of  the  first  edition. 
One  of  these  (8vo.  T.  21  art)  is  complete  ;  the 
second  (Wood,  583)  has  the  title-page  injured  ; 
and  the  third  (Malone,  428)  has  signatures  c  2 — 
K  1  only.      Another  copy  (Malone,   427)   is   a 
reissue  of  the  sheets  of  the  1618  edition  from 
B  to  K  (errata  not  corrected).     This  reissue  is 
preceded  by  a  new  edition  of  sheet  a  (wanting 
the  first  leaf,  a  blank),  in  which  the  title-page  is 
dated  1619,  and  the  address  "  To  the  Reader" 
is  omitted.     Sheet  l  is  also  a  fresh  reprint,  but 
wants   the   last   leaf,   which   is   a   blank.     Mr. 
Madan  observes  in  reference  to  this  last  copy : — 
"  The  reason  wliy  this  cannot    be  your  second 
edition,   dated    1619,   is    that    the    errata    are    not 
corrected  in  sheets  B— l,  they  being  simply  reissues 
of  the  old  sheets.     It  is  in  point  of  form  a  part  of 
P.  Hannay's  'Happy  Husband  '  (Lend.,  1619).  and  is 
mentioned  on  the  title-page  of  that  work.     But  the 
signatures  of  the  Hannay  part  and  the  Brathwait  part 
are  quite  distinct." 

W.  Roberts. 


wholly  credible,  fact  on  his  sole  authority  (p.  168). 
Surely  this  is  not  sufficient  ground  for  accusing  me 
of  a  disposition  to  accept  M.  Lemaitre  as  an  autho- 
rity on  matters  of  fact.  Why  1  used  M,  Lemaitre 
at  all  needs  too  much  space  to  explain. 

"  Why  does  your  reviewer  go  out  of  his  way  to 
attack  the  character  of  the  brave  French  officer  who 
saved  the  Turkish  prisoners  from  the  Athenian  mob  ? 
Was  it  necessary  to  do  so  to  prove  that  miscreants 
who  had  already  murdered  several  hundred  people 
were  incapable  of  murdering  a  few  hundred  more  ? 
M.  de  Reverseaux  was  commander  of  a  I'rench  ship 
of  war.  He  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  scenes  he 
narrates,  with  indignation  indeed,  but  with  no  bom- 
bast that  1  can  see.  I  preferred  him  as  an  authority 
to  Finlay,  who  had  his  information  second-hand. 
Voilatout!  " 

We  should  have  thought  that  a  writer  like 
M.  Lemaitre  was  unworthy  of  any  mention  at  all 
in  a  history  making  special  claim  to  impartiality. 
If  he  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  of  "  any  authority 
at  all,"  and  if  he  is  "only  sometimes  to  be 
taken  seriously,"  Mr.  Phillips's  ten  references 
(including  the  preface)  are  surely  ten  too  many. 
In  the  instance  which  we  cited  Mr.  Phillips 
relies  upon  him  to  make  the  story  of  a  Greek 
crime  look  blacker  than  it  had  been  painted  by 
Finlay,  which,  to  those  who  have  read  Finlay, 
must  seem  unnecessary.  The  words  quoted  from 
Reverseaux  are  these  :   "  Je  criai  que  c'etait  sur 

moi  qu'ils  devaient  tirer mais que  s'ils  avaient 

I'audace,  j  e  trouverais  promptement  des  vengeurs ! 

Mon  mouvement  les  deconcerta."  Whether 

this  is  a  boast  or  not  is  a  matter  of  opinion.  We 
merely  pointed  out  that  Mr.  Phillips  had  used 
Lemaitre  to  suggest  that  the  crime  was  worse 
than  Finlay  believed.  The  few  words  of  Re- 
verseaux, quoted  by  Lemaitre  without  their 
context,  are  clearly  not  strong  enough  to  justify 
the  suggestion.  They  do  not  even  indicate  the 
moment  of  which  Reverseaux  was  speaking. 


THE  WAR  OF  GREEK  INDEPENDENCE. 

Mr.  Phillips  writes  :  — 

"  In  your  review  of  my  '  History  of  the  War  of 
Greek  Independence '    there  are    many    criticisms 
which   1  am  prepared  to  receive  in  the  spirit  of 
humility  ;   but  your  reviewer  has  attacked  me   on 
one  or  two  points  where  I  feel  that  I  have  a  right  to 
be  heard  in  my  defence.    First,  with  regard  to  my 
use  of  M,  Lemaitre's  brochure.     Your  reviewer  says, 
'  Mr.  Phillips  frequently  quotes  this  precious  autho- 
rity.'    I  should  have  thought  that  the  words  he  him- 
self gives  from  my  preface  would  have  sufficiently 
proved  that  I  did  not  regard  M.  Lemaitre,  in  him- 
self, as  any  authority  at  all— why  should  I  ?     I  said, 
indeed,  'The  facts  he  gives  are  true  enough,'  and  1 
am  horrified  to  find   that   this   phrase— careless,    I 
admit— is  taken  to  mean  that  I  'guarantee  all  his 
statements '  !     That  this  is  not  so  is  proved  by  the 
fact  that  I  have  three  times  specifically  contradicted 
him.i.^.,  on  pp.54,  192,  and  198,  adding  in  the  last 
instance,  'M.  Lemaitre  is  only  sometimes  to  be  taken 
seriously.'    As  for  'frequently  quoting  '  him,  in  these 
three  cases  I  quoted  but  to  condemn  ;  in  three  other 
cases  1  have  quoted  from  him  statements  of  eye- 
witnesses for   which   he  gives  chapter  and  verse. 
There  remain  but  three  other  references  to  him. 
On    p.  7.3  1  use  his  authority,  as  somewhat  of  an 
Orientalist,    to    correct    the    received    name    of    a 
Turkish  admiral  ;   once  I  remark  that  he  '  is  more 
explicit'  in  describing  certain  outrages   (given   on 
other  authority)  than  1  dare  be  (p.  59);  and  once 
only  do  1  give  a  comparatively  insignificant,  and 


A  DISPUTED   TITLE. 

163,  Piccadilly,  W.,  Dec.  2,  1897. 

I  CONTRIBUTED  to  GomhUl  for  April,  1893,  a 
story  entitled  '  A  First  Night. '  In  Chapman's 
Magazine  for  November  there  is  a  story  entitled 
'The  First  Night  '  by  "  E.  R.  Punshon." 

The  title  is  my  title  and  the  story  is  my 
story,  but  as  "  E.  R.  Punshon's  "  "  treat- 
ment "  of  my  story  is  not  also  identically  mine 
Mr.  Oswald  Crawfurd,  editor  of  Chapman's 
Magazine,  is  of  opinion  that  the  similarity  on 
other  points  is  a  matter  of  no  importance. 

Since  a  portion  of  the  public  may  not  be  of 
the  same  opinion  as  Mr.  Oswald  Crawfurd,  and 
since  Messrs.  Skeffington  &  Son  propose  to 
include  my  '  A  First  Night '  in  a  volume  which 
they  are  shortly  issuing,  I  shall  be  obliged  if 
you  will  allow  me  to  point  out  that,  by  the 
merest  accident,  my  story  was  written  first. 

Richard  Marsh. 


THE  ASHBURNHAM   SALE. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  com- 
menced the  sale  of  the  second  portion  of  the 
Ashburnham  Library  (Gadbury  to  Petrarch)  on 
the  6th  inst.     Very  high  prices  were  realized, 
especially  for  the  printed  Books  of  Hours.  Some 
of  the  best  in  the  first  two  days  were  the  follow- 
ing :  George  Gascoigne's    Whole  Works,  1587, 
40L     Gazius  de  Conservatione  Sanitatis,  1491, 
33?.  10s.     De  Gheyn,  Maniement  d'Armes,  rich 
Le   Gascon    binding,    1607,   55L     Giambullari, 
Feste  nelle  Nozzedi  Duca  di  Firenze,  on  vellum, 
1539,  26L  10s.  (sold  for  lOL  in  1859).    Glanville, 
De  Proprietatibus  Rerum,  Trevisa's  translation, 
title    and    last    leaf    in  facsimile,  Wynkyn  de 
Worde,  n.d.,  195L     Gower,  Confessio  Amantis, 
printed  by  Caxton,  1483,  having  191  lines  only 
instead  of  222  lines,  188L     Grafton's  Chronicle, 
1570,  with  a  letter  of  Thos.  Howard,  Duke  of 
Norfolk  (beheaded  1572),  in  the  margins,  70L 
Gratia  Dei  de  Esculo,  Qu£estiones  in  Aristotelis 
Physica,    on    vellum,    1484,    68i.      Gringoire, 
Les  FoUes   Enterprises,  fine  copy  with   rough 
edges,  Paris,  1505,  lOGL  Gueroult,  Hymnes  du 
Temps,    first    edition,    Lyon,    1560,   201.   10s. 


N°3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


823 


Habitus  Prfecipuorum  Populorum,  by  Jost 
Amman,  Niirnb. ,  1577,  291.  Hakluy t's  Voyages, 
with  the  rare  map  and  Cadiz  voyage,  1598- 
1600,  275^.  Hall's  Satires,  with  Certaine 
Worthye  Manuscript  Poems,  1597-99,  34L 
Hardyng's  Chronicle,  1543,  26L  Harman's 
Groundworke  of  Conny-Catching,  1592,  25L 
Hawes's  Pastime  of  Pleasure,  1554,  55L  Hay, 
Confutation  of  the  Abbot  of  Crosraguels  Masse, 
Edinburgh,  1563,  291.  Vie  et  Faits  Notables 
de  Henri  de  Valois,  1589,  46L  Heylyn's  His- 
toric of  the  Sabbath,  dedication  copy  to  King 
Charles  I.,  1636,  3U.  Hey  wood.  The  Spider 
and  the  Flie,  1556,  36L  10s.  Higden's  Poly- 
chronicon,  Caxton,  1482,  wanting  forty-six 
leaves,  2011. ;  Wynkyn  de  Worde's  edition  of 
the  same,  imperfect,  1495,  361.  Holbein's 
Dance  of  Death  (in  French),  first  edition,  Lyon, 
1538,  41^.  Holinshed's  Chronicles,  1577,  58L 
Engravings  (ninety-one)  by  the  Brothers  Hopfer, 
501.  Heures  h  Paris,  T.  Kerver,  1522,  601.  ; 
another  edition,  G.  Tory,  Paris,  1527,  311.  ; 
another  copy,  much  finer,  1411.  Heures  de 
Paris,  Kerver,  1552,  52L  Horre  ad  Usum 
Romanum,  Bourges,  1489,  179L  ;  another, 
printed  on  vellum,  Paris,  Marnef,  1492,  lOol. 
Heures  de  Rome,  on  vellum,  S.  Vostre,  1498, 
lOlL  ;  another,  by  Kerver,  1499,  on  vellum, 
165L  ;  another,  by  Hardouyn,  on  vellum,  1520, 
841.  Heures  de  Rome,  with  Tory  borders,  very 
choice  copy,  delicately  illuminated,  1525,  860L  ; 
another,  same  date,  but  inferior,  119/. ;  another, 
Paris,  O.  Maillard,  1541,  530/.  Heures  de 
Rouan,  Paris,  S.  Vostre,  1528,  175L  Horas 
secundum  Usum  Sarum,  on  vellum,  Paris,  1536, 
200/.  Horologium  Devotionis,  Colon.,  s.a.,  30/. 
Hortulus  Animfe,  Argent.,  1503,  46/.  Hortus 
Sanitatis,  Paris,  1539,  52i, 


AN  UNDESCRIBBD  CRANMER. 

Boston,  Lincolnshire. 

The  late  F.  Fry,  Esq.,  F.S.  A.,  who  examined 
and  compared  more  Cranmer's  Bibles  than  any 
other  man,  discovered  that  the  two  November 
(65-line)  editions  had  been  reissued  with  several 
leaves  reprinted.  But  it  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  suspected,  either  by  that  gentleman 
or  any  one  else,  that  a  62-line  Cranmer  had 
also  been  sent  forth  with  many  reprinted  leaves. 
Discrepancies  between  copies  of  the  same  date 
are  of  common  occurrence,  but  it  has  always 
turned  out  that  the  wrong  leaves  merely 
belonged  to  another  date.  It  can  now  be 
proved  that  there  was  also  an  edition  or  issue 
of  the  62-line  Cranmer  with  reprints  and  other 
distinctive  characteristics. 

Some  years  ago  I  bought  a  mixed  Bible, 
1539-40.  All  Part  I.  and  the  first  section  of 
Part  II.  (Psalms)  was  1539  ;  Part  II.  was 
April,  1540  ;  Parts  III.  and  IV.,  1539  ;  and  the 
New  Testament,  1540,  all  but  the  last  two 
sections  (sixteen  leaves),  which  were  1539. 

As  it  was  fine  and  sound,  and  I  had  an  im- 
perfect April  1540,  I  thought  a  good  complete 
Bible  could  be  made  out  of  the  two.  During 
the  summer,  with  that  intention,  I  placed  them 
together  and  began  to  collate  them.  When  I 
came  to  fol.  27  in  Kynges,  I  was  surprised  to 
find  the  woodcut  of  Samuel  anointing  Saul  left 
out,  and  on  fol.  30  the  woodcut  of  David  slay- 
ing Goliath  left  out.  This  discovery  led  to  a 
more  minute  examination,  and  after  comparing 
every  word  of  that  sig.  d,  all  the  eight  leaves 
of  it  were  found  to  differ  from  every  edition 
known  of  the  Great  and  Cranmer's  Bible.  Con- 
tinuing to  search  into  the  matter,  I  found  twelve 
more  leaves  in  that  division,  from  Joshua  to  Job, 
and  eight  leaves  in  the  New  Testament — alto- 
gether twenty-eight  leaves  —  in  the  two-fifths 
of  the  Bible  which  were  April,  1540,  quite 
different  from  all  known  editions.  The  other 
three-fifths,  being  the  1539  edition,  were  com- 
pared with  a  perfect  copy  of  that  date  and 
found  to  agree.  So  it  was  only  in  the  1540 
portion  that  there  were  reprinted  leaves.  The 
first  title  and  preliminary  leaves  were  missing 


(they  have  since  been  supplied  in  facsimile) ;  the 
other  four  titles  are  all  April,  1540. 

It  is  generally  easy  to  see  when  a  Bible  is 
made  up  of  various  editions,  from  the  difference 
in  the  tone  of  the  paper,  in  the  signs  of  wear 
and  tear,  water-stains,  wormholes,  space  at  the 
head,  difference  in  the  writing  on  the  margins, 
&c.  ;  but  this  Bible  is  quite  free  from  all  such 
distinguishing  marks,  and  there  is  such  a 
homogeneous  look  about  it  that  it  is  difficult  to 
believe  it  has  been  made  up  of  parts  of  two 
Bibles  imperfect  from  the  ravages  of  time.  It 
is  entirely  free  from  writing,  even  on  the  backs 
of  titles,  except  that  most  of  the  Psalms  are 
numbered  with  very  old-style  figures,  which 
run  alike  through  both  the  different  editions  of 
which  I  have  explained  the  Psalms  to  consist. 
It  is  rare  to  find  any  of  these  Bibles  not 
written  in,  but  to  find  two  such,  able  to  com- 
plete each  other,  would  almost  be  miraculous. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  this  "  mixed  "  Bible 
has  always  been  so,  and  that  it  was  originally 
published  a  composite  Bible.  Further  examina- 
tion strengthened  this  opinion.  When  taken 
to  pieces  the  leaves  were  in  compact  whole 
sections,  which  proved  that  the  book  had  not 
been  often  bound,  or  many  of  the  sections 
would  have  been  worn  into  single  leaves  from 
successive  takings  to  pieces. 

Another  noticeable  thing  was  all  the  reprinted 
leaves  were  in  pairs,  that  is,  in  whole  sheets, 
and  every  one  joined  to  its  fellow,  not  a 
detached  leaf  in  the  whole  lot. 

Now,  if  this  Bible  had  been  made  up  at  some 
time  from  two  imperfect  ones,  how  comes  it 
that  all  the  parts  of  it  are  in  such  good  con- 
dition, and  not  soiled,  as  you  might  expect 
Bibles  to  be  which  had  become  imperfect  from 
much  use  ?  And  how  is  it  that  both  beginning 
and  end  are  of  one  date  and  perfectly  sound  ? — 
for  when  the  ends  are  good  and  sound  the 
middle  is  almost  sure  to  be  so  too.  And  who 
would  take  away  the  ends  of  a  perfect  book  to 
complete  another  imperfect  book  of  no  more 
value  1 

It  seems  to  me  that  after  all  the  Bibles  were 
made  up  that  could  be  from  both  lots  of  sheets, 
then  they  put  the  surplus  together,  and  finding 
they  could  thus  make  up  several  more  copies 
if  they  reprinted  the  few  sheets  which  were 
exhausted  in  the  April  1540  Bible,  they  re- 
printed them.  Probably  the  copies  thus  put 
together  were  comparatively  few,  which  is  partly 
why  they  have  not  before  come  to  notice. 

The  leaves  are  neither  literal  nor  verbal  re- 
prints, but  contain  many  alterations,  which  are 
often  decided  improvements,  such  as  1  Sam.  ix. 
20.  The  reprint  reads,  "  vpon  whome  is  the 
desyre  of  all  Israel  sett  ?  Ys  it  not  vpon  the  ? 
&  vpon  all  thy  fathers  house  1  "  In  all  other 
Cranmers  it  reads,  "  And  moreouer,  whose 
shall  the  bewtifull  thinges  of  Israel  be?  belonge 
they  not  to  the,  and  vnto  all  thy  fathers 
house?"  which  is  very  like  the  Revised 
Version.  The  reprint  version  is  word  for 
word  the  same  as  James's  Bible.  A  few 
verses  further  on,  25  and  26,  all  the  different 
issues  twice  give  "vpon  the  toppe  of  the 
house,"  with  which  our  modern  version  agrees, 
but  the  reprint  in  each  case  has  "  vpon  an 
vpper  chambre  of  the  house."  In  1  Sam.  xii. 
21  all  others  read,  "  Nether  turne  ye  after 
vayne  thinges  whych  are  not  able  to  profyt  you, 
for  they  are  but  vanitye."  The  reprint  reads, 
"  Nether  turne  ye  {I  saye)  for  yf  ye  do  ye  shall 
tome  after  vayne  thiges,  which  are  not  able  to 
profyt  you,  nor  delyner  you,  for  they  are  but 
vanitie."  The  words  in  italics  are  additional.  In 
1  Sam.  xiv.  14,  relating  the  attack  of  Jonathan 
and  his  harness-bearer  on  the  Philistines,  in  all 
the  known  editions  the  passage  reads,   "And 

that  first   slaughter was  vpon  a  twetie  me, 

within  the  compasse  as  it  were  about  halfe  an 
aker  of  lande. "  The  reprint  alone  adds,  "or 
in  as  moche  as  a  payre  of  oxen  maye  tyll  in 
one  daye,"  a  very  important  addition,  which  is 
given  in  almost  the  same  words  in  our  modern 


Bible.  In  xvi.  18  all  the  hitherto  known 
Cranmers  read,  "and  is  an  actue  fellow,"  bub 
the  reprint  says,  "and  is  a  stroge  and  a  stoute 
felowe."  In  3  Kynges  x.  21  they  all  read,  "  all 
the  vesselles  of  the  house  of  the  wood  of  Libanon 
were  of  pure  golde";  the  reprint  alone  adds 
"  hauynge  no  whytt  of  syluer,"  which  corre- 
sponds to  our  modern  marginal  reading  "  there 
was  no  silver  in  them."  In  4  Kynges  i.  1  all 
but  the  reprint  say,  "And  Ahaziah  fell  thorow 
a  lattese  window  ";  it  says  he  "fell  thorowe  a 
graate  of  hys  vpper  chambre."  Many  more 
such  might  be  given,  but  these  are  enough  to 
show  not  only  that  these  leaves  were  reprinted 
from  type  reset,  but  that  they  were  carefully 
seen  through  the  press  by  some  one  able  to 
revise  and  correct  the  translation — able  to  appre- 
ciate delicate  shades  of  meaning,  which  makes 
it  more  remarkable  that  these  reprint  variations 
of  text  are  not  found  in  the  future  editions  of 
Cranmer's  Bible. 

The  reprinted  leaves  are,  in  Part  II.,  all  sig.  d, 
ff.  25  to  32  ;  sig.  g,  iii,  iv,  v,  vi,  ff.  51-4  ;  sig.  H, 
ii,  iv,  V,  vii,  tf.  58,  60,  61,  63  ;  sig.  l,  i,  viii, 
ff.  81  and  88  ;  sig.  M,  i,  viii,  ff.  89  and  96.  In 
the  New  Testament,  Kk,  i,  ii,  vii,  viii,  ff.  73,  74, 
79,  and  80. 

In  two  signatures  of  the  1540  part  a  pair  of 
1539  leaves  form  a  portion  of  the  section  :  they 
are,  like  the  above,  each  joined  to  its  fellow,  in 
one  sheet,  which  looks  as  if  they  had  been 
"gathered"  with  the  other  leaves  of  that 
section  while  flat,  and  "knocked  up"  and 
folded  as  part  of  a  complete  signature,  and  not 
like  leaves  which  had  been  put  into  an  imperfect 
book. 

While  this  matter  was  occupying  me  I  recol- 
lected that  some  time  before  I  had  found  a  whole 
wrong  section  (eight  leaves)  in  a  second  copy 
which  I  had  bought  of  the  1539  Bible.  After  a 
hasty  glance  I  had  set  these  leaves  down  as 
April,  1540  ;  but  with  my  discovery  of  the  re- 
prints I  thought  I  had  better  take  another  look, 
and  I  found  four  of  them  were  the  reprints  !  A 
very  timely  evidence  in  support  of  my  theory. 
These  leaves  formed  sig.  Kk,  exactly  the  same 
as  it  is  in  my  "composite"  Bible,  as  shown 
above,  that  is,  i,  ii,  vii,  and  viii  are  reprints,  and 
the  four  middle  leaves  are  the  usual  April, 
1540,  another  proof  that  the  section  had  been 
"gathered"  and  bound  so  originally,  as  in  ray 
"  undescribed  "  Bible. 

When  I  had  carefully  collated  my  Bible  and 
spent  much  time  in  comparing  it  with  all  the 
other  editions,  and  in  reading  the  reprinted 
leaves  over  and  over  again,  I  wrote  the  particu- 
lars to  Miss  P.  A.  Fry,  and  asked  if  her  father 
had  ever  met  with  a  Bible  with  these  reprinted 
leaves.  That  lady  very  kindly  gave  me  all  the 
information  on  the  point  she  was  able,  which 
was  that  at  different  times  Mr.  Fry  had  dis- 
covered five  leaves  which  he  called  "variations." 
These  were  sent  for  my  inspection,  and  I  found 
they  were  like  five  of  the  reprints  in  my  "  com- 
posite "  Bible. 

Whatever  difference  of  opinion  there  may  be 
as  to  the  manner  of  its  original  publication,  it> 
is  beyond  all  dispute  that  this  is  a  very  interest- 
ing Bible  of  the  most  extreme  rarity — probably 
unique.  Coverdales  with  map  are  rare,  still  we 
do  occasionally  hear  of  them  ;  but  who  ever 
till  now  heard  of  an  April  1540  Cranmer  with 
reprints  ?  Robert  Roberts. 


Uittrarp  CGossfp. 

The  forthcoming  volume  of  the  *  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography,'  which  is  to 
be  published  on  December  23rd,  extends 
from  Smith  to  Stanger.  No  fewer  than 
198  persons  of  the  name  of  Smith,  Smyth, 
or  Smythe  are  commemorated.  Of  these, 
Adam  Smith  and  Sydney  Smith  are  treated 
by  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen;  Albert  Smith  by 
the  late  G.  C.  Boase;  the  poet  Alexander 
Smith  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bayne ;    Sir  Harry 


824 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


George  Wakelyn  Smith  and  Richard  Baird 
Smith  by  Col.  Vetch ;  Prof.  Henry  John 
Stephen  Smith  by  Miss  A.  M.  Gierke ; 
Horace  and  James  Smith,  the  authors  of 
*  Rejected  Addresses,'  by  Dr.  Garnett ;  Sir 
James  Edward  Smith,  the  botanist,  by  Mr. 
G.  S.  Boulger ;  John  Smith,  of  Virginia,  by 
Mr.  J.  A.  Doyle ;  Admiral  Sir  Sidney  Smith 
by  Prof.  J.  K.  Laughton  ;  Bishop  William 
Smith,  co-founder  of  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  by  Mr.  I.  S.  Leadam ;  William 
Smith,  "father  of  British  geology,"  by 
Prof.  Bonney ;  AVilliam  Henry  Smith, 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons,  by  the 
Eight  Hon.  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell,  M.P. ; 
Prof.  William  Robertson  Smith  by  Mr. 
J.  Sutherland  Black ;  and  George  A.  F.  P.  S. 
Smythe,  seventh  Lord  Strangford,  by  Mr. 
Charles  Kent. 

In  the  same  volume  Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder 
writes  on  James  Smithson,  founder  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington;  Mr. 
Thomas  Seccombe   on  Smollett;    the   Rev. 

E.  F.   Russell   on   Bishop   Smythies ;    Mr. 

F.  M.  O'Donoghue  on  Sir  John  Soane, 
founder  of  the  Soane  Museum ;  Mr.  J.  M. 
Rigg  on  Lord  Somers ;  Mr.  A.  F.  Pollard 
on  Edward  Somerset,  second  Marquis  of 
Worcester,  author  of  the  Glamorgan  treaty 
and  alleged  inventor  of  the  steam-engine  ; 
Col.  E.  M.  Lloyd  on  Lord  Fitzroy  Somerset, 
Lord  Raglan  ;  Miss  Clerke  on  Mary  Somer- 
ville,  writer  on  science  ;  Mr.  Joseph  Knight 
on  Sothern,  the  actor  ;  the  Rev.  Alexander 
Gordon  on  Robert  South,  the  preacher,  and 
on  Joanna  Southcott ;  Dr.  A.  W.  Ward 
on  Thomas  Southerne ;  Dr.  Garnett  on 
Soutbey  ;  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  on  Robert  South- 
well ;  Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  on  James  Sped- 
ding;  Mr.  William  Carr  on  J.  H.  Speke, 
discoverer  of  the  sources  of  the  Nile ;  Mr. 

G.  Le  Grys  Norgate  on  Charles  Spencer, 
third  Earl  of  Sunderland  ;  Mr.  G.  A.  Aitken 
on  Dorothy  Spencer,  Countess  of  Sunder- 
land, Waller's  "  Sacharissa  "  ;  Mr.  J.  A. 
Hamilton  on  John  Charles  Spencer,  Vis- 
count Al thorp  and  third  Earl  Spencer ; 
Prof.  Hales  and  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  on  Edmund 
Spenser;  Mr.  Herbert  Rix  on  William 
Spottiswoode ;  Mr.  W.  P.  Courtney  on 
Bishop  Sprat ;  the  Rev.  A.  R.  Buckland  on 
C.  H.  Spurgeon  ;  Mr.  James  Tait  on  Henry 
Stafford,  second  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
Richard  III.'s  victim  ;  and  Mr.  Cosmo 
Monkhouse  on  Clarkson  Stanfield,  E.A. 

The  notes  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  on 
Flogel's  'History  of  Comic  Literature,'  of 
the  recovery  of  which  an  account  appeared 
in  the  Athenceutn  for  December  26th,  1896, 
have  now  been  completely  deciphered,  and 
are  to  be  published  in  the  pages  of  Cosmo- 
polis  with  such  introductory  and  other 
remarks  as  are  necessary  from  the  present 
possessor  of  the  annotated  copy  of  Flcigel, 
Mr.  Buxton  Forman.  The  notes  will  pro- 
bably be  in  one  of  the  early  numbers  of  the 
coming  year. 

Some  choice  modern  French  books, 
chiefly  on  large  and  Japanese  paper,  "the 
property  of  a  gentleman,"  will  be  sold  by 
Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  on 
Friday  and  Saturday  in  next  week.  The 
volumes  are  chiefly  bound  in  the  best  style 
by  Zaehnsdorf  and  Morrell.  There  are 
several  editions  of  La  Fontaine,  '  Contes  et 
Nouvelles  ' ;  a  large-paper  copy  of  Lucretius, 
'De  Rerum  Natura,'   one   of  twenty -five 


copies  only,  published  by  Jacob  Tonson, 
1712  ;  and  a  very  choice  example  of  Thomas 
Worlidge,  '  Selection  of  Drawings  from 
Curious  Antique  Gems,'  1768.  The  beautiful 
plates  are  of  the  original  issue,  and  are 
printed  upon  satin,  each  plate  being 
mounted  upon  stout  paper.  Messrs.  Puttick 
&  Simpson's  sale  on  Monday  next  will 
include  a  very  curious  little  rarity,  John 
Rosworm's  '  Good  Service  hitherto  111 
Rewarded  ;  or,  An  Historical  Relation  of 
Eight  Years'  Services  for  King  and  Parlia- 
ment done  in  and  about  Manchester  and 
those  Parts,'  1649,  privately  printed,  and 
unknown  to  Lowndes. 

The  Society  of  Authors  has,  as  we  inti- 
mated a  fortnight  ago  would  be  the  case, 
declined  to  join  the  booksellers  and  pub- 
lishers in  trying  to  abolish  excessive  dis- 
counts. We  understand  no  effort  is  likely 
to  be  made  to  aid  the  country  bookseller  in 
his  present  plight. 

The  Society  may  be  wise  in  its  resolution 
— we  do  not  think  it  is — but  it  has  certainly 
been  unwise  in  giving  its  reasons.  The  main 
one  is  oddly  indicative  of  that  belief  that 
the  publisher  is  an  hereditary  foe  which 
possesses  the  Society.  We  are  gravely  told 
that  if  the  Publishers'  Association  succeeded 
in  its  plan  of  refusing  trade  discounts  to 
cheapjacks  it  might  proceed  to  dictate  to 
the  retail  booksellers  what  books  they  should 
sell,  and  thus  force  authors  to  publish  with 
members  of  the  Association  on  any  terms 
those  monopolists  chose  to  grant.  In  view 
of  this  supposed  future  danger  from  the 
villain  publisher  the  country  booksellers, 
on  whom  all  authors  but  a  few  popular 
novelists  depend  for  the  distribution  of 
their  works,  are  to  be  sacrificed. 

The  public  bodies  affected  by  the  report 
of  the  Cowper  Commission  on  the  subject  of 
a  Teaching  University  for  London  have  been 
invited  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  University 
of  London  to  send  delegates  to  a  conference 
which  is  to  be  held  on  Tuesday  next.  The 
conference  will  consider,  amongst  other 
things,  the  provisions  of  the  Bill  passed  by 
the  House  of  Lords  last  session. 

The  scheme  for  a  "  University  of  West- 
minster" does  not  appear  to  have  secured 
the  approval  of  any  important  educational 
body.  The  Committee  of  Graduates  of  the 
University  of  London  have  unanimously 
resolved  that  the  compromise  contained  in 
the  Bill  of  1897  is  "  the  only  practical  solu- 
tion of  the  question." 

The  Literary  Section  of  the  Guild  of 
Graduates  established  in  connexion  with 
the  University  of  Wales  has  decided  to 
commence  its  series  of  reprints  of  Welsh 
prose  classics  by  the  publication,  in  the 
course  of  the  ensuing  year,  of  the  following 
works:  (1)  *  Synwyr  pen  pob  Kymro,'  which 
is  a  collection  of  Welsh  proverbs  published 
by  William  Salesbury  about  1546,  and 
therefore  probably  the  earliest  book  printed 
in  Welsh.  It  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  Gwenog- 
vrj'n  Evans,  who  has  already  made  a  tran- 
script of  the  unique  copy  preserved  at  Shir- 
burn  Castle.  (2)  The  earliest  Welsh  version 
of  the  '  Imitatio  Christi'  (1679),  to  be  edited 
by  the  Rev.  H.  Elvet  Lewis.  (3)  The  com- 
plete works  of  Morgan  Llwyd,  a  North 
Wales  Puritan,  whose  writings  are  strange 
mixtures  of  politics  and  religious  mysticism. 
This  volume  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  Thomas 


Ellis,  M.P.,  who  is  the  present  Warden  of 
the  Guild.  (4)  A  selection  of  Elizabethan 
prefaces,  edited  by  Prof.  J.  Morris  Jones,  of 
Bangor  College.  (5)  '  Drych  y  Prif  Oesoedd,' 
a  popular  traditionary  history  of  early 
Britain,  edited  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Evans.  Each 
volume  will  contain  an  introduction,  but, 
unlike  the  others,  the  last-mentioned  is  also 
to  have  notes  so  as  to  render  it  suitable  for 
use  as  a  text-book  in  schools.  Arrangements 
are  being  made  with  other  editors  for  the 
continuation  of  the  series. 

The  entire  edition  of  Mr,  Buxton  For- 
man's  new  volume,  '  The  Books  of  William 
Morris  Described,'  was  taken  up  before  the 
day  of  publication,  so  that  the  book  is 
already  "  out  of  print." 

Miss  E.  Jackson  is  bringing  out  '  Annals 
of  Ealing,  from  the  Twelfth  Century  to  the 
Present  Time,'  compiled  from  manorial  and 
parochial  documents,  with  a  preface  by 
the  vicar  of  the  parish.  The  history  of 
Ealing  has  been  traced  from  very  early 
periods,  and  its  connexion  shown  with  Brent- 
ford and  the  ancient  Gunyldesburg  (now 
Gunnersbury).  The  names  of  such  residents 
as  the  Princess  Amelia,  the  Duke  of  Kent, 
Henry  Fielding,  General  Elliot,  the  Per- 
ceval and  the  Walpole  families,  and  of 
Sale,  the  two  Lawrences,  Selwyn,  Newman, 
Huxley,  and  Thackeray,  are  connected  with 
Ealing.  The  illustrations  will  include  the 
several  churches  and  the  old  historic  houses, 
special  photographs  of  many  of  which  have 
been  taken  for  this  work. 

An  exhibition  of  the  works,  portraits,  &c., 
of  Tennyson,  which  has  just  taken  place 
at  the  Grolier  Club,  excited  much  interest 
in  New  York.  The  exhibits  were  104 
in  number,  of  which  60  were  printed 
volumes  of  Tennyson.  There  were  ex- 
hibited in  complete  sequence  all  of  the 
publicly  issued  works,  from  'Poems  by  Two 
Brothers,'  1827,  to  'The  Death  of  (Enone,' 
1892,  and  also  many  of  the  privately  issued 
poems.  Among  the  treasures  were  the 
'  Prolusion  es  Academicpe  '  (1829);  'The 
Gem:  a  Literary  Annual'  (1831),  con- 
taining three  poems  by  Tennyson  ;  *  The 
Tribute  '  (1837) ;  a  copy  of  the  '  Four  Idylls 
of  the  King'  (1859),  in  which  Nimue 
still  appears  instead  of  Vivien,  as  in 
the  privately  printed  volume  of  1857; 
'The  Sailor  Boy'  (1861),  of  which  were 
printed  "25  copies  for  the  author's  use"; 
"  Poems,  MDCCcxxx— MDCccxxxiir.,  Privately 
Printed,  1862";  'Idylls  of  the  Hearth' 
(1864),  printed  on  proof  paper,  with  "IV." 
in  ink  at  the  top  of  the  title-page,  and  the 
author's  MS.  corrections  throughout;  "The 
Window :  or  the  Loves  of  the  Wrens.  Can- 
ford  Manor,  1867  ";  "  The  Victim  :  Canford 
Manor,  printed  at  the  private  press  of  Sir 
Ivor  IBertie  Guest,  1867";  "Lucretius. 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  1868,  printed  for  private 
circulation";  " The  Last  Tournament.  Lon- 
don, 1871,  privately  printed";  "The  Pro- 
mise of  May.  London,  printed  for  the 
author,  1882";  and  'The  Silent  Voices,' 
ten  lines  published  for  copyright  purposes 
on  October  12th,  1892,  the  day  of  Tennyson's 
funeral,  and  sung  at  the  Abbey. 

Among  the  letters  is  one,  with  the  post- 
mark March  13th,  1851,  from  Chapel  House, 
Twickenham,  to  Dr.  C.  B.  Ker,  saying  that 
he  has  just  taken  the  house, 


N^SGoQ,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


825 


"  where  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  make  you  wel- 
come whenever  you  can  find  an  opportunity  of 
leaving   Cheltenhamic   infinitesioially -globuled 

patients  and  moving  Londonward You  will 

have  seen  that  I  kissed  the  Queen's  hand  on  the 
sixth.  Rogers  lent  me  his  court  dress,  the  very 
same  that  poor  Wordsworth  had  worn." 

In  a  letter  bearing  the  post-mark  July  4th, 
1853,  to  G.  F.  Flowers,  the  poet  says: — 

"I  am  so  engaged  in  flying  about  the  country 
in  this  wretched  house-hunting  business,  now 
in  Kent,  now  in  Sussex,  now  in  Gloucester  or 
Yorkshire,  that  I  never  can  be  sure  of  my  where- 
abouts a  day  beforehand." 

From  Farringford,  December  13th,  1853,  to 
Charles  Kingsley: — 

"  I  will  only  add  that  the  veneration  for 
Maurice  which  induced  me  to  pass  by  all  family 
claims  and  select  him  as  Godfather  to  my  child 
remains  unabated — I  may  say  is  increased." 

To  another  correspondent,  whose  name 
does  not  appear,  he  writes,  January  29th, 
1855:— 

"  My  heart  almost  bursts  with  indignation  at 
the  accursed  mismanagement  of  our  noble  little 
army,  that  flower  of  men." 

'The  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade'  had 
appeared  in  the  preceding  month.  All  the 
articles  exhibited  belong  to  members  of 
the  Grolier  Club. 

Mr.  a.  N.  Palmer,  of  Wrexham,  has  in 
the  press  a  story  descriptive  of  "Welsh 
life  called  '  Owen  Tanat.'  Mr.  Palmer 
is  known  as  the  author  of  a  series  of 
works  on  the  history  of  the  town  and  dis- 
trict of  Wrexham,  including  an  excellent 
essav  on  '  Ancient  Tenures  in  the  Marches 
of  North  Wales.' 

Mr.  Sergeant's  *  Greece  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century '  has  been  translated  into  Greek, 
and  will  be  published  in  Athens  early  in 
the  year  1898. 

Mr.  Stephen  Phillips,  the  author  of 
'  Christ  in  Hades,'  is  about  to  publish 
through  Mr.  John  Lane  a  new  volume  of 
poems,  which  will  include  '  The  Woman 
with  the  Dead  Soul '  and  other  poems  that 
have  appeared  in  the  Spectator;  also  a  poem 
ol  modern  life  which  is  likely  to  arouse  con- 
siderable comment.  '  Christ  in  Hades  '  is 
incorporated  in  the  new  volume. 

The  Oxford  Magazine  says  that  one  of  the 
largest  pieces  of  landed  property  which  the 
University  owns  lies  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey, 
along  the  shore  of  the  Swale,  and  has 
suffered  grievously  from  last  week's  storms: 

"The  furious  winds  which  raged  all  along  the 
Kentish  coast  broke  down  the  sea-wall  which 
protects  this  land,  and  some  1,300  acres  of  Uni- 
versity ground  is  at  present  under  two  feet  of 
salt  water.  The  farmers  holding  the  land  have 
been  ruined  by  the  drowning  of  their  flocks  and 
the  flooding  of  their  meadows,  and  no  rent  can 
be  expected  from  them .  The  sea-wall  must  be 
repaired  and  the  inundated  region  pumped  dry. 
Even  then  the  grass  will  have  been  ruined  by 
the  brine,  and  will  not  be  available  for  grazing 
for  some  years.  Hence  there  will  be  a  necessity 
to  spend  large  sums  at  once  on  reclaiming,  while 
the  income  which  should  be  ensured  thereby  will 
not  commence  to  come  in  again  for  a  long  time. 
Unless  a  bene6cent  press  comes  to  our  aid,  we 
must  begin  to  put  down  readerships  and  dock 
professors  and  University  officials  of  an  appre- 
ciable percentage  of  their  salaries." 

Mr.  John  Hogg  has  in  the  press  'The 
Handbook  of  Solo  Whist,'  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Wilks.  It  wiU  contain  the  new  standard 
code  of  laws  (adopted  by  many  leading 


clubs)  and  will  absorb  the  previous  work 
'  How  to  Play  Solo  Whist.' 

Messrs.  Keg  an  Paul  &  Co.  are  going  to 
issue  a  work  by  an  American  writer,  entitled 
'  Twelve  Naval  Captains,'  containing  an 
account  of  the  exploits  of  twelve  heroes  of 
the  U.S.  navy,  including  Paul  Jones  and 
Lawrence  of  the  Chesapeake. 

The  death  of  Dr.  Lake,  Dean  of  Durham, 
who  in  the  post  of  Warden  of  the  University 
there  rendered  considerable  services  to  edu- 
cation, is  announced ;  and  so  is  that  of 
M  .A.  Fremine,  author  of  several  novels  and 
poems. 

The  New  York  Critic  says  that  the  Ame- 
rican Bible  Society  is  in  difficulties,  and  that 
the  Bible  House  is  to  be  sold  unless  an 
appeal  which  is  to  be  made  to  the  religious 
public  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  proves 
successful. 

We  learn  that  the  last  twenty-four  of  the 
'  Mukamat '  of  Abu  Muhammud  al  iTasim 
al  iZan'ri,  edited  by  Dr.  Steingass,  are  com- 
pleted, and  will  be  published  for  the  Oriental 
Translation  Fund  in  January  or  February 
next. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  general 
interest  to  our  readers  this  week  is  a  Report 
of  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission 
on  the  MSS.  of  F.  J.  Savile  Foljambe,  of 
Osberton  (10«?.). 


SCIENCE 


Habit  and  Instinct.     By  C.  Lloyd  Morgan. 
(Arnold.) 

We  learn  from  the  preface  that  the  sub- 
stance of  this  volume  was  delivered  at  a 
Lowell  Course  in  Boston,  and  as  lectures  in 
New  York,  Chicago,  and  other  university 
centres,  during  the  early  part  of  1896, 
while  some  portions  have  appeared  in 
various  English  magazines.  As  indicated 
by  the  title,  the  subject  lends  itself  to  a 
lecture  or  a  sermon,  for  criticism  at  the 
time  of  delivery  is  impossible ;  but  the 
printing  of  these  lectures  shows  a  certain 
amount  of  self-confidence.  The  title  is  in 
itself  embarrassing.  As  regards  "habit," 
there  is  not  much  difficulty  in  finding  a 
common  platform;  but  "instinct"  is  less 
easily  defined,  and  there  are  some  close 
reasoners  who  consider  the  employment  of 
the  word — in  a  scientific  sense — as  the  last 
shift  of  an  illogical  writer.  The  subject, 
however,  affords  an  opportunity  for  many 
words,  after  which  we  find  ourselves  much 
as  we  were,  although  our  memory  has  been 
refreshed  by  a  perusal  of  the  many  notes 
culled  by  the  Professor  from  various  sources, 
some  good,  but  several  more  or  less  un- 
trustworthy. And  the  author's  deductions 
seem  to  be  based  upon  the  latter  quite  as 
much  as  they  are  upon  the  former,  except 
in  the  last  chapter,  "Heredity  in  Man,"  a 
very  thorny  subject  to  handle,  and  treated, 
on  the  whole,  with  considerable  ability. 

In  the  consideration,  of  the  "  Habits  and 
Instincts  of  Young  Birds,"  the  chapter  on 
"  Consciousness  and  Instinct "  might  advan- 
tageously have  been  included,  for  the  ques- 
tion, of  course,  arises  as  to  when  the  chick 
attains  consciousness.  Prof.  Morgan  quotes 
Mr.  Hudson's  statement  that  in  La  Plata, 
"  in  several  species  in  three  widely  separated 


orders,"  when  the  chick  is  hammering  at  its 
shell  and  uttering  an  imploring  chirp,  the 
strokes  and  the  complaining  instantly  cease 
at  a  warning  note  from  the  parent,  '•  until 
the  parent,  by  a  changed  note,  conveys  to  it 
the  intimation  that  danger  is  over."  Upon 
this  Prof.  Morgan  remarks:  "Here we  have 
a  remarkable  connate  response  to  definite 
stimulus."  His  experiments  with  various 
kinds  of  food  upon  young  fowls,  ducks, 
and  other  birds  will  interest  many  readers, 
though  others  may  find  some  of  them  rather 
trite.  We  agree  with  him  that  in  chicks 
there  is  no  "  congenital  discriminatiou 
between  nutritious  and  innutritions  ob- 
jects "  ;  but  the  same  holds  good  of  other 
bipeds,  and  it  is  possible  that  experiments 
with  berries  tended  to  check  the  increase  of 
population  in  prehistoric  times.  A  chick 
would  "run  eagerly  to  small  bits  of  a 
chopped-up  match,"  but  declined  to  support 
British  industry  on  a  larger  scale,  for  it 
"  would  shrink  away  from  a  whole  '  Bryant 
&  May.'  "  After  several  chapters  on  young 
birds,  Prof.  Morgan  summarizes  his  general 
conclusions  on  pp.  99-100,  and  to  these  no 
paraphrase  would  do  justice. 

In  the  notes  and  observations  upon  young 
mammals  another  instance  of  the  precocity 
of  animals  in  La  Plata  is  quoted  from  Mr. 
Hudson,  who  says  that  he  has  often  seen 
a  new-born  lamb  "  in  less  than  five  seconds 
struggle  to  its  feet,  and  seem  as  vigorous  as 
any  day-old  lamb  of  other  breeds,"  while  it 
would  run  freely  by  the  side  of  its  dam 
when  "  scarcely  a  minute  in  the  world." 
Are  these  things  so?  As  regards  the  as- 
serted precocity  of  certain  young  pigs, 
"beyond  some  strong  expressions  of  scep- 
ticism," "no  decisive  evidence"  was  ob- 
tained. But  we  prefer  Prof.  Morgan's  own 
experiments  to  the  statements  of  other 
people.  Aware  of  the  general  belief  in  the 
instinctive  antipathy  of  the  kitten  to  the 
dog,  he  was  surprised  to  obtain  no  response 
on  carrying  a  blind  puppy  to  a  litter  of 
kittens,  the  cat  being  away;  but  sub- 
sequently— the  duration  of  the  interval  is 
not  mentioned — he  repeated  the  experiment, 
and  then  the  kittens  were  much  disturbed. 
"  Unfortunately,  the  cat  was  there,  and 
I  long  bore  on  my  lip  the  mark  of  her 
claw."  The  mention  of  the  lip  would  lead 
to  the  inference  that,  in  his  zeal  to  resemble 
a  beast,  Prof.  Morgan  approached  the 
kittens  on  all-fours  and  took  the  puppy  in 
his  mouth.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  deduc- 
tion is  truly  philosophic  :  "In  any  observa- 
tions on  instinctive  antipathy,  all  influence 
of  the  parent  must  be  excluded." 

Intelligence  and  the  acquisition  of  habits, 
imitation,  the  emotions  in  their  relation  to 
instinct,  some  habits  and  instincts  of  the 
pairing  season,  nest  building,  incubation, 
and  migration,  the  relation  of  organic  to 
mental  evolution,  modification  and  varia- 
tion, with  the  question  as  to  whether 
acquired  habits  are  inherited — all  these  are 
discussed,  and  numerous  extracts,  more  or 
less  relevant,  are  given.  To  the  statements 
of  some  of  the  authors  quoted  we  do  not 
attach  much  importance,  and  it  would, 
therefore,  be  of  little  use  to  follow  Prof. 
Morgan  in  his  deductions ;  but  we  may  at 
least  congratulate  him  upon  the  production 
of  a  highly  readable  book,  with  just  the 
flavour  of  science  that  the  taste  of  the 
present  day  requires. 


826 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N^SeSQ,  Dec.  11, '97 


ASTKONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Herr  Villiger,  of  the  Munich  Observatory, 
whilst  searching  on  the  18th  ult.  for  small 
planet  No.  388,  detected  one  at  no  great  dis- 
tance from  its  place,  which  is  probably  new, 
and  is  below  the  twelfth  magnitude.  On  the 
23rd  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  discovered  another, 
which,  if  both  are  really  new,  will  reckon  as 
the  fifth  discovery  of  the  present  year.  Their 
numbers  in  a  general  list  cannot  yet  be  assigned. 
Herr  Villiger  publishes  in  No.  3462  of  the 
Astronomische  Nachrichten  a  series  of  observa- 
tions obtained  at  Munich  last  August  of  two  of 
the  three  planets  discovered  by  M.  Charlois. 

This  month's  number  of  the  Observatory  com- 
pletes the  twentieth  volume  of  that  useful 
periodical,  which  was  started  by  the  present 
Astronomer  Royal  in  1877,  and  has  undergone 
several  changes  of  editors.  Prof.  Turner  has 
held  the  post  for  some  time  past  in  conjunction 
with  Messrs.  Lewis  and  Hollis,  both  of  the 
Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich  ;  he  now  retires, 
leaving  it  wholly  in  the  able  hands  of  his  coad- 
jutors, though  he  will  continue  to  furnish  con- 
tributions. With  the  present  volume  is  issued 
the  Companion  for  1898,  which,  first  begun 
when  Mr.  Maunder  was  editor,  forms  a  most 
valuable  and  handy  vade  mecum  for  the  amateur 
astronomer,  giving  him  all  needful  information 
respecting  the  positions  of  the  sun,  moon,  and 
planets,  times  of  eclipses  and  other  phenomena, 
places  and  phases  of  variable  stars,  radiant 
points  of  meteoric  streams,  &c. 


SOCIETIES. 


EOYAL.— iVW.  30.~ Anfih'ersari/  Meet i /iff. —Ijord 
Lister,  President,  iu  the  chair.— The  Auditors  of  the 
Treasurer's  accounts  presented  their  report. — The 
Secretary  read  the  list  of  Fellows  elected  and  de- 
ceased since  the  last  anniversar)'.— The  anniversary 
address  was  delivered  by  the  President,  and  was 
ordered  to  be  printed. — The  medals  were  presented 
as  follows  :  the  Copley  to  Prof.  Albert  von  Kolliker, 
a  Royal  Medal  to  Prof.  A.  R.  Forsyth,  a  Royal  IVledal 
to  Lieut.-General  Sir  Richard  Strache)-,  the  Davy 
Medal  to  Dr.  J.  H.  Gladstone,  and  the  Buchanan 
Medal  to  Sir  John  Simon.— The  officers  and  Council 
were  elected  as  follows  -.—President,  Lord  Lister  ; 
Treasurer,  Sir  J.  Evans;  Secretaries,  Prof.  M.  Foster 
and  Prof.  A.  W.  Riicker  ;  Foreign  Secretary ,  Sir  E. 
Frankland  ;  other  Members  of  the  Council,  Prof. 
W.  G.  Adams,  Prof.  T.  C.  Allbutt,  Sir  R.  S.  Ball,  the 
Rev.  T.  G.  Boaney,  Prof.  J.  Cleland,  Prof.  R.  B. 
Clifton,  Prof.  J.  A.  Ewing,  A  B.  Kempe,  Dr.  J.  N. 
Langley,  Dr.  J.  Larmor,  Prof.  N.  Story  Maskelyne, 
Prof.  R.  Meldola,  Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton,  Dr.  W.  J. 
Russell,  D.  H.  Scott,  and  Prof.  W.  F.  R.  VVeldon. 

Society  of  Antiquaries.— A'«y.  25.— Viscount 
Dillon,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose 
presented  a  plau  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Lohr  of  a  Roman 
colonnade  uncovered  at  Lincoln.— Mr.  C.  U.  Read 
exhibited  the  stall-plate  of  Charles,  Earl  of  Wor- 
cester, K.G ,  1496-1520,  lately  lost,  but  found  in  New 
Zealand  and   brought  to  tliis  conuiry  (Athenainn, 
November  27th,  p.  755).— The  Rev. G.  H.  Engleheart 
read  an  account  of  the  excavation  of  a  group  of 
Romano-British  buildings  at  Cianville,  near  Andover. 
He  also  reported  the  discovery   by  himself  of  a 
deposit    at   Appleshaw    of   over    thirtv    Romano- 
British  pewter  vessels,  consisting  of  plates,  dishes, 
bowls,  cups,  &c.,   which  were  also  exhibited. — Mr. 
Fox  thought  that  the  Cianville  buildings  consisted 
of  a  small  farmhouse  with  a  farmyard  adjoining, 
surrounded  by  out-buildings.     The   plan  of  house 
belongs  to  a  class    not  common  in  this  country, 
where  the  chambers  lie  around  a  court  like  the  peri- 
style of  a  Southern  house,  such  as  one  would  find  in 
Italy.— Mr.  W.  Gowland    gave  an  account  of  his 
examination    of    the   Roman  metallic   vessels,   of 
which  the  chief  results  are  as  follows.   A  pair  of 
the    vessels    are    perfectly    preserved,   but    many 
are    more    or    less    corroded    and    converted   into 
a  whitish  mass  of  tin   oxide   and   lead  carbonate. 
Six  specimens,  typical  of  the  "  find,"  were  selected 
for  chemical  analysis.    Of  these,  one,  a  small  oval 
dish,  was  found  to  consist  of  tin,  and  the  others  of 
tin  alloyed  with  lead  in  various  proportions,  some 
being  of  similar  composition  to    English    pewter. 
The  analyses  showed  that  the  pewter  of  the  Romans 
was  not  a  single  definite  alloy  of  tin  and  lead,  but 
that  several  alloys  of  these   metals  were  used  by 
them.    The  "pewter"  vessels  analyzed  consist  of 
four  distinct  alloys,  composed  of  tin  alloyed  with 
lead,  not  in  haphazard  quantities,  but  in  which  the 
approximate  proportions  of  the  latter  metal  present 


are  5  per  ceut.,  10  per  cent.,  20  per  cent.,  and 
.'iO  per  cent,  respectively.  Very  few  analyses  of 
ancient  pewter  objects  have  hitherto  beeu  made. 
Five  only  are  recorded,  and  all  are  alloys  agreeing 
in  composition  with  one  or  other  of  the  vessels  of 
the  Appleshaw  "find."  Two  represent  stamped 
cakes,  to  which  a  date,  the  fourth  century,  was 
assigned  by  Sir  A.  Wollastou  Franks.  Some  of  the 
large  dishes  from  Appleshaw  bear  incised  designs 
inlaid  with  a  black  material  resembling  "  niello"  in 
ai)pearance.  An  examination  showed,  however, 
that  it  is  not  true  "niello,"  but  only  a  black  pigment 
of  organic  nature. 

Dec.  2.— Viscount  Dillon,  President,  in  the  chair. 
—The  President  announced  that  he  had  received  a 
letter  from  Mr.  J.  L.  Pearson  with  regard  to  the 
proposed  new  north  -  west  tower  of  Chichester 
Cathedral,  stating  that  there  was  no  intention  of 
taking  down  the  south-east  pier  of  the  tower,  or 
the  responds,  or  the  arches  resting  on  them. — The 
Rev.  C.  R.  Manning  exhibited  (1)  a  fine  engraved 
peg-tankard  bearing  the  York  hall-marks  for  1657, 
and  that  of  the  maker,  John  Plummer  ;  (2)  a  bronze 
seal  of  Richard  Blauwir,  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury ;  and  (3)  a  flint  knife  or  sickle  from  Roydon, 
Norfolk.— Sir  J.  C.  Robinson  exhibited  a  carving- 
knife  of  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  or  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  with  a  silver-gilt  haft 
decorated  with  enamels  and  slabs  of  carnelian. 
The  decorations  include  the  Beaufort  portcullis,  a 
Tudor  rose  within  the  Garter,  and  SS  and  roses 
alternately  round  the  edge.  These  devices  roint  to 
the  knife  having  formed  one  of  a  set  belonging 
to  an  officer  of  the  royal  household.  —  Chan- 
cellor Ferguson  exhibited  a  silver  Elizabethan 
communion  cup  and  cover  belonging  to  Cart- 
UQtl  Fell  Chapel,  with  the  unusual  decora- 
tion of  a  band  of  popinjays  round  the  bowl. — 
Mr.  \V.  Page,  as  Local  Secretary  for  Hertfordshire, 
made  a  report  upon  some  recent  excavations  at 
St.  Albans.  He  stated  that  while  the  north  side 
of  the  churchyard  of  St.  Alban's  Abbey  was  lately 
being  turfed  he  was  able  to  disclose  sufficient  of  the 
fouudations  of  the  parochial  chapel  of  St.  Andrew, 
which  adjoined  the  north-west  wall  of  the  abbey 
church,  to  enable  him  to  make  a  ground  plan  of  it. 
In  working  out  this  plan  it  appeared  to  him  that  the 
Norman  church  erected  by  Abbot  Paul  de  Caen  did 
not  extend,  as  has  hitherto  been  supposed,  to  the 

E resent  west  front,  and  this  theory  was  corroborated 
y  some  excavations  on  the  south  side  of  the  church, 
which  showed  a  thickening  of  the  foundation  of  the 
wall  for  a  length  of  2  ft.  6  in,  from  about  the  middle 
of  the  third  to  the  middle  of  the  fourth  bay  from 
the  west  end.  These  foundations  consisted  of  flint 
rubble  with  Norman  mortar,  which  shows  a  marked 
difference  in  colour  and  composition  from  that 
of  the  Early  English  and  later  work,  and  which 
seems  to  appear  nowhere  westward  of  this  point. 
The  conclusion  at  which  he  arrived  was  that  these 
foundations  were  those  of  the  west  front  of  the 
Norman  church,  which  probably  resembled  Nor- 
wich, and  that  Abbots  John  de  Cella  and  William 
de  Trumpington  extended  the  church  three  bays 
westward  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth  and  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  Mr.  Page  also  referred 
to  the  recent  discovery  in  St.  Michael's  churchyard, 
which  is  within  the  site  of  Verulamium,  of  five 
drums  of  a  Roman  column,  the  largest  of  which  is 
2  ft.  2  in.  in  diameter,  and  of  a  Roman  wall  which 
ran  diagonally  under  the  church. — In  connexion 
with  Mr.  Page's  report  the  following  resolution  was 
unanimously  adopted  :  "  The  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries of  London  desires  to  express  its  appreciation 
of  the  action  taken  by  the  Earl  of  Verulam  and  Mr. 
Andrew  Mcllwraith,  of  Campbellfield,  St.  Albans, 
in  protecting  a  portion  of  the  Roman  wall  of  Veru- 
lamium." 

British  Archaeological  association.— ZJecl. 
—Mr.  Blashill,  Hon.  Treasurer,  in  the  chair.— Mr. 
Patrick,  Hon.  Secretary,  stated  that  the  Council  that 
afternoon  had  considered  the  letter  of  a  corre- 
spondent referring  to  the  threatened  demolition  of 
the  ancient  and  interesting  "  Whitgift  Almshouses  " 
at  Croydon,  and  it  had  been  resolved  that  a  letter 
should  be  addressed  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation 
and  the  governors  of  the  charity  respectively  asking 
them  carefully  to  consider  whether  it  is  not  possible 
to  preserve  these  useful  and  picturesque  historical 
buildings,  which  are  iu  good  repair,  and  apparently 
fulfil  their  purpose,  and  at  the  same  time  add  so 
much  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  town.— The  first 
portion  of  a  most  interesting  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
Andrew  Oliver  on  the  buildings  of  "  vanished  Lon- 
don." This  was  abundantly  illustrated  by  a  large 
number  of  scarce  and  valuable  old  engravings  and 
maps  of  the  London  of  the  last  two  centuries  and 
the  early  years  of  the  present  century.  Amongst 
others  exhibited  were  views  of  Furni val's  Inn,  Guild- 
hall Chapel,  the  Stocks  Market,  and  Ely  Palace  as  it 
appeared  about  the  year  1536.  In  this  building  died 
Chancellor  Hatton  in  1591.  The  last  of  the  Hatton 
family  died  in  1772,  when  the  property  reverted  to 


the  Crown.  Views  of  Holborn  Hall  in  Shoe  Lane, 
the  site  of  which  is  now  occupied  by  Messrs. 
Pontifex  &  Co.'s  works,  and  of  Bangor  House  were 
exhibited  and  described. — In  the  discussion  which 
followed  the  Chairman  and  others  took  part,  and 
Mr.  Williams  remarked  that  the  first  house  rebuilt 
after  the  great  fire  of  1666  was  that  situated  at  the 
corner  of  Friday  Street. —  Mr.  Gould  also  spoke  as 
to  the  actual  position  of  Ludgate,  and  mentioned 
that  when  pulling  down  Paul  Pindar's  house  in 
Bishopsgate  it  was  found  to  be  built  entirely  of  oak, 
which  had  been  whitewashed  over,  and  not  of 
timber  and  plaster  as  supposed.  The  front  eleva- 
tion of  this  picturesque  house  is  now  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum. 


Arch^ological  Institute.  — Z»fc.  1.  — Chan- 
cellor Ferguson  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  C.  Edwards 
exhibited  twelve  Romano-British  pewter  vessels, 
part  of  a  deposit  of  thirty-three  vessels  found 
at  Appleshaw,  near  Andover,  by  the  Rev.  G.  H. 
Engleheart.  They  consisted  of  three  round  dishes 
of  about  15  in.  in  diameter,  and  ornamented  in  the 
centre  with  geometrical  patterns.  The  other  nine 
vessels  were  cup-shaped,  resembling  the  well-known 
types  of  Samian  pottery.  A  small  dish  in  the  shape 
of  a  fish,  and  having  in  the  centre  an  ornament  of  a 
fish,  and  a  shallow  circular  bowl  having  the  symbol 


.& 


on  its  base,  show  their  connexion  with  Christianity. 
It  was  announced  that  the  British  Museum  had 
acquired  the  whole  collection. — Dr.  Wickham  Legg 
read  a  paper  on  the  Eastern  omophorion  and  the 
Western  pallium.  Many  years  ago  G.  B.  de  Rossi 
had  pointed  out  to  him  that  the  modern  vestments 
of  a  Greek  bishop  corresponded  to  those  of  an 
emperor  or  consul :  the  stoicharion  and  saccos  to 
the  two  undergarments  shown  in  a  consular  diptych, 
and  the  omophorion  to  the  consular  scarf.  The 
epigonation,  not  seen  in  the  diptych,  Dr.  Legg 
referred  to  the  lozenge-shaped  ornament  seen  on 
the  emperor  and  his  courtiers  in  the  mosaics  at 
Ravenna.  With  the  aid  of  illustrations  from  mosaics 
and  pictures  the  relation  between  the  two  forms  of 
omophorion  and  pall— the  one  broad  and  silken,  and 
the  other  narrow  and  woollen— was  discussed,  and 
numerous  points  of  resemblance  in  detail  pointed 
out.  The  pall  in  the  East  was  the  distinctive 
episcopal  ornament,  much  as  the  stole  is  con- 
sidered the  distinctive  presbyteral  ornament  in  the 
West.  According  to  Abbe  Duchesne,  the  pall  was 
formerly  worn  by  all  bishops  in  the  West,  at  all 
events  in  the  Galilean  countries.  Here  it  was 
noticed,  however,  that  we  left  the  safe  ground  of 
the  monuments,  and  began  to  deal  with  the  uncer- 
tain information  given  by  writers  who  attributed 
various  meanings  to  the  same  word,  and  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  antiquary  in  unravelling  the  tangle 
were  not  diminished  by  the  controversies  which 
had  raged  round  the  symbolism  of  the  pall. — 
Mr.  H.  S.  Cowper  gave  an  account  of  the 
examination  of  a  ''  bloomery  "  or  old  iron- 
smelting  furnace  at  Coniston.  Verj'  little  is 
known  of  these  sites,  which  in  the  Furness  dis- 
trict are  numerous,  and  hitherto  no  attempt  has 
been  made  to  elucidate  them  by  excavation.  It  is 
known  that  the  Abbey  of  Furness  had  three 
smelting  hearths  in  Hawkshead  parish,  and  that 
after  the  Dissolution  the  smelting  was  leased  to 
a  private  firm  by  the  Crown.  These  were  stopped 
in  the  time  of  Elizabeth  on  account  of  the  damage 
to  the  woods,  but  the  decree  allowed  the  tenants  to 
continue  making  iron  for  their  own  use.  Heaps  of 
slag  are,  however,  found  not  only  in  the  manors 
belonging  to  the  abbe)',  but  also  in  the  adjacent  lay 
manors,  and  to  the  latter  class  the  Coniston  example 
belongs.  The  excavations  (conducted  by  Mr.  Cowper 
and  Mr.  W.  G.  Collingwood)  failed  to  bring  to  light 
anything  to  put  a  date  to  the  site  ;  but  the  founda- 
tions of  the  circular  hearths  were  small  and  rude, 
and  point  to  primitive  methods  having  been  in  use. 
A  very  difficult  point  to  explain  is  the  fact  that 
all  such  sites  are  close  to  a  stream,  and  as  the  ore 
was  brought  a  long  distance,  it  is  thought  washing 
would  have  been  done  before  its  arrival  at  the 
furnaces.  The  actual  situation  of  the  mounds  of 
slag  in  some  cases  renders  it  difficult  to  suppose 
that  the  stream  was  to  drive  a  wheel  for  an  air 
blast,  and  it  seems  possible  that  iron  was  wrought  at 
every  site  as  well  as  made,  which  might  show  the 
use  of  the  stream.  Mr.  Cowper  thinks  that,  in  spite 
of  the  rude  methods,  many  of  these  furnaces  are  of 
post- Reformation  date,  and  were  used  by  the  people 
for  making  iron  for  farm  use;  but  it  may  well  be  that 
different  bloomeries  represent  very  different  ages. 

Zoological.— iV<;i>.  30.— Mr.  E.  T.  Newton  in  the 
chair.— Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  exhibited  specimens  of 
a  partially  white  antelope  of  the  genus  Cervicapra, 
obtained  in  the  mountains  of  the  Lydenburg  dis- 
trict of  the  Transvaal.  He  also  exhibited  a  skin  of 
a  new  skunk  of  the  genus  Spilogale  from  Sinaloa, 


N^'SeSQ,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


827 


Mexico,  proposed  to  be  termed  Spilogale  vygmcea, 
barely    lialf    the    size    of    any    previously    known 
species,  and  also  differing  from  all  its  congeners  in 
the  median  dorsal  stripes  being  uninterrupted  i)OS- 
teriorlv,  and  in  having  white  hands  and  feet ;  ana 
a  badger  from  Lower  California,  proposed   to    be 
termed  Taxidea  taxus  infusca,  which  differed  trom 
the  described  forms  of  T.  taxus  in  its  dark  colora- 
tion and  broad  nuchal  stripe.  -  Mr.  Sclater  exhi- 
bited   the  head  of  a  Capra  from  Arabia,  which  had 
been  recently  described  as  Capra  mcngesi.     He  was 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  specimen  was  referable 
to    Capra     sina'dica,   in    which    opinion    Mr.    U. 
Thomas  agreed  with  him.-Mr.  R.  E.  Ho  ding  exhi- 
bited a  pair  of  deformed  horns  of  the  fallow  deer  — 
On  behalf  of  Mr.  R.  Lydekker  were  exhibited  a  skin 
and  antlers  of  a  small  form  of  the  mule  deer  trom 
Lower  California,  for  which  he  suggested  the  name 
Mazavta    hemumus   pcninsvl(B.     It    differed    from 
M.  h.   califurnicvs  in   its    small  size,  black  dorsal 
line,    and    the    reduction    of  "white  on    the   tail.— 
Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger  exhibited  some  specimens  ot  a 
South  American  siluroid  fish  (  VandMia  cirrhosa), 
and  made  remarks  upon  its  curious  habits.— A  com- 
munication was  read  from   Mr.  H.  H.  Bnndley    On 
Regeneration  of  the  Legs  in  Blattidre.'    It  consisted 
of  an  account   of  the  statistical  and  experimental 
evidence  of  the  reproduction  of  lost  or  injured  legs 
in  the  Blattidc-e,  obtained  since  the  publication  of 
Mr  W.  Batesou's  book  '  Materials  for  the  btudy  ot 
Variation  '  in  1894,  and  of  some  points  in  the  post- 
embryonic   development  of   the  cockroach    (Feri- 
planeta   orientalls) -Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger    read  a 
paper 'On  a  Gigantic  Sesi-Verch,  Stereoh-piS  gigas. 
This  fish  was  described  both  externally  and    in- 
ternally, and  the  author  pointed  out  that  Migapcrca 
isvUnagu  Hilgendorf,  was  specifically  identical  with 
it.— Mr.  Boulenger  also  described  a  new  tortoise  of 
the   African    genus    Stemotharus,   a   specimen   of 
which   had  lately  been  received  at,  and   was  still 
living  in,  the  Society's  gardens.     It  was  proposed 
to  name  it  Sternoth(Brus  oxyrhimts.—k  communica- 
tion was  read  from  Mr.   VV.  E.  Collinge  'On  the 
Structure    and    Affinities    of    some    Further    New 
Species  of  Slugs  from  Borneo.'    Three  new  species, 
namely,  ParviarUmfultoni,  P.flairscens.uDd  Micro- 
parmarion    constrictns,    were    described,   and    the 
author   intimated   that   Simroth's  genus    Micropar- 
marion    would,   on   examination   of  more  material, 
probably  be  found  to  be  of  only  sectional  value. 

ENTOMOLOGiCAL.-i>^r.  1.— Mr.  R.  Trimen,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Mr.  Hope  Alderson,  Mr.  A. 
Home.  Mr.  C.  H.  Pemberton.and  Mr.  E.  P.  Stebbing 
were  elected  Fellows.— Mr.  Dudley  Wright  exhibited 
an  aberration  of  Argynnis  cvphrosyne,  in  which  the 
upper  side  was  suffused  with  black  and  the  silver 
spots  of  the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  converted 
into  streaks.-Oa  behalf  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Tuck,  Mr. 
Tutt  showed  examples  of  Metcecus  paradoxus,  h., 
taken  in  nests  of    Vespa  vulgaris  near  Bury   St. 
Edmunds,    together    with    some    of    the    cells    in 
which    they     were     found.      About    a    fifth     of 
the    nests    examined     were     affected,    some    con- 
taining as  many  as  twenty-four,  twelve,  and  eight 
examples  of  the  beetle  ;   the  more   usual  number 
present  was  from  two  to  four.    The  dates   between 
which    examples    were    taken  in    1897  were  from 
August  2nd  to  October  1st.    According  to  Dr.  Chap- 
man the  eggs  were  laid  in  the  cracks  of  posts,  &c., 
from  which  the  wasps  got  the  pulp  to  make  their 
cells.    Combs  were  also  exhibited    from   nests  of 
Vespa  crabro  and    Vespa  germanica,  in  which  Mr. 
Tuck  had  found  larvse  of    Velleivs  dilatatns,  Fabr., 
which,  however,  he  had  been  unable  to  rear.— The 
Rev    A.  E.    Eaton    exhibited  a   specimen    of   the 
singular  Myodites  svbdipterus,  Fabr.,  taken  by  him- 
self at  Biskra,  Algeria,  and  a  near  ally  of  Metcecus. 
—Mr.  Blandford  called  attention  to  a  new  instance 
of  the  destructive  propensities  of  Derviestes   rul- 
pinns,  Fabr.    He  had  received  examples  found  at 
Hong  Kong  among  flags  made  of  bunting,  which 
were  presumably  injured,  although  no  details  had 
been  forwarded.    This  form  of  injury  was  analogous 
with  the  damage  to  woodwork  recorded  by  himself 
and  others  ;   it  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  feed- 
ing   habits    of    the    insect,    but   was    committed 
by    the     larva)    in    their    search    for    shelter    in 
which  to  pupate.      Probably  the  flags  had    been 
stored  at  some   period  in  the  neighbourhood  of  in- 
fested leather  goods  or  dried  provisions.    The  only 
other  case  of  damage  to  textile  fabrics  by  Dermestes 
vulpiiws  which  he  knew  of  occurred  in  connexion 
with   the   case   recorded  by  him  {Proc.  Ent.  Sac, 
1890,  p.  xxxi) ;    a  blue  handkerchief  spotted  with 
white,  left  in  the  infested  building,  was  found  next 
day  to  have  all  the  white  spots  eaten  out.— In  the 
ensuing  discussion  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  referred  to  the 
damage  done  by  agrotid  larva;  to  linen  spread  out  to 
bleach  on  the  hillsides  near  Belfast.    Investigation 
showed  that  this  did  not  take  place  except  when  the 
linen  was  gathered  up  and  brought  into  the  ware- 
houses without    being    shaken.     The    caterpillars 
which  Lad  taken  shelter  underneath  it  then  ate 


their  way  through  it,  in  order  to  escape  in  search 
of  food  —Mr.  Champion  communicated  papers  en- 
titled '  Notes  on  American  and  other  Tingitida^,  \vith 
Descriptions  of  Two  New  Genera  and  Four  ^'Pecies, 
and  'A  List  of  the  Staphylinida;  collected  by  Mr. 
J.  J.  Walker,  R.N.,  in  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar. 

PHiLOLOGiCAL.-X>d'c.  3.— Mr.  L  GoUancz  in  the 
chair  —Mr.  B.  Dawson  read  a  paper  on  the  metre  ot 
Shakspeare's  '  Coriolauus.'    After  bringing  forward 
scansions  of    various  lines  as   given    by   ditterent 
editors,  and  suggesting  other  scansions  as  preter- 
able   Mr.  Dawson  went  on  to  explain  his  objections 
to  some  of  the  scansions  in  Dr.  Abbott's    'Shake- 
spearian Grammar'  under  four  heads.     (1)  Shak- 
^peare  was  not  inconsistent  in  his  accentuation  ot 
proper  nouns.    Even  the  name    in  'Macbeth     so 
often  quoted  in  this  connexion  was  no  exception, 
for  in  all  the  eight  lines  in  which  the  word  was 
used  as  a  substantive  it  was  accented  Duusinane, 
and  in  the  single  line  in  which  it  was  an  adjective 
it  was  accented  differently,  on  the  second, '  Dun- 
siuane  hill."    Precisely  in  the  same  way  in  '  bamson 
Aconistes'    Milton  accents  the   substantive  Philis- 
tine, but  the  adjective  Philistine.     (2)  The  dictum 
'•  a  proper  alexandrine  with  six  accents  is  seldom 
lound  in  Shakspeare  "  is  open   to  objection,  because 
there  are  about  10  per  cent,  in  '  Coriolanus,  and  it 
some  of  them  are  not  "perfect,"  they  are  certainly 
as  good  as  the  16  per  cent.,  which  lack  the  proper 
pause  after  the  second  or  third  foot,  to  be  found  in 
the  first  eight  cantos  of  Spenser's  '  Fairy  Queen. 
Rather  more   than  70   per  cent,   of   Spenser  s  are 
"  perfect,"  having  a  decided  pause  after  the  thirct 
foot.     (3)  The  quasi-dissyllable  principle  is  carried 
too  far  when  a  monosyllable  containing  a  diphthong 
is  spread   over   two    measures,     (i)    The  introduc- 
tion   of    trisyllabic  and  quadrisyllable  feet   is   to 
be    deprecated  ;    they    were    evidently    the     cause 
of   some  of    the    objectionable    scansions    quoted. 
They  appeared  to  be  clumsy  expedients  to  exclude 
the  pvrrhic  and  the  spondee,  or,  if  new  names  were 
desired,  the  "  stressless  pair  "  and  the  "  two-stressed 
pair  "     Mr.  Dawson  explained  that  the  object  ot  his 
paper  was  not  to  attempt  to  set  up  socne  scientihc 
theory  upon  which  Shakspeare's  versification  was 
supposed  to  be  formed,  but  rather  to  devisa  some 
simple  method  by  which  the  student  niight  arrive 
at  the    scansion,  <■.<-,   where  he    should  place    the 
stresses  demanded  by  metre,  emphasis,  and  accent 
respectively.     The  earlier  plays  were  indisputably 
dissyllabic  in  metre,  and  when  in  later  plays  the 
poet  adopted  the  plan  of  adding  an  eleventh  syllable 
(an  extra  and  unaccented  one)  to  the  normal  line, 
the    dissyllabic    character    of     the    line    was    not 
changed  by  this  addition,  nor  was  it  lost  when  sub- 
sequently the  second  and  third  measures  were  occa- 
sionally treated  as   the  fifth  had   been.     On  this 
principle  all  the  measures  (excepting  in  a  few  lines 
containing  a  monosyllabic  first  measure)  consist  ot 
two  syllables,  the  pyrrhics  and  the  spondees  being 
useful  in  keeping  the  iambic  rhythm  in  suspense, 
and  the  trochee  forming  a  pleasing  variety.— 1  he 
reading  of  the  paper  was  followed  by  a  very  interest- 
ing discussion,  in  which  the  Chairman,  Dr.  i  urni- 
vall,  Dr.  Heath,  and  others  took  part.      It  became 
evident  how  far  from  exhausted  was  the  subject  ot 
the  metre  of  Shakspeare's  plays. 

Chemical.-2)«-.  2.-Prof.  J.  De war.  President, 
in  the  chair.— The  following  were  elected  tellows  : 
Messrs.  J.  Ball,  W.  Ball,  A.  A.  Beadle,  R.  Oxley  Bur- 
land  A  McLean  Cameron,  A.  Clarkson,  F.  Colling- 
ridge,  J.  Murrav  Crofts,  J.  Darnell,  A.  J.  D'xon, 
Oscar  Guttinann,  R.  Hamilton,  J.  Harger,  J.  VV. 
Horseman,  C.  Kelly,  T.  Lemmey,  J.  Scott  Maclunn, 
A  Macmullen,  C.  Jodrell  Mansford,  E.  Masters,  J.  A. 
Mathews,  P.  G.  G.  Moon,  J.  C.  Philip,  A.  Ferguson 
Reid,  E.  H.  Roberts,  E.  S.  Simpson,  R.  F.  Wood 
Smith.  T.  Southern,  jun..  F.  W.  Steel,  M.  E. 
Stephens.  G.  Stubbs,  E.  Howard  Tripp,  J.  Scnven 
Turner,  Framjee  Khurshcdjee  Viccajee,  P.J.  Vinter, 
A  J.  While,  and  F.  S.Young.— The  following  papers 
were  read  :  '  On  Collie's  Space-Formula  for  Ben- 
zene '  by  Dr.  F.  E.  Matthews,— and  '  Compounds  of 
Piperidine  with  Phenols,'  by  Drs.  0.  Rosenheim  and 
P,  Schidrowitz. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  —  iJ^-c.  7.— 
Sir  J.  W.  Barry,  President,  in  the  chair.  — It  was 
announced  that  twenty-seven  Associate  Members 
had  been  transferred  to  the  class  of  Members,  and 
that  one  hundred  and  one  candidates  had  been 
admitted  as  Students.— The  first  ballot  of  the  session 
1897-1898  resulted  in  the  election  of  nineteen 
Members,  thirty-two  Associate  Members,  and  five 
Associates. 

Society  op  Engineees.— Z'fc.  6.— Mr.  G.  M. 
Lawford.  President,  in  the  chair.— A  paper  was  read 
by  Mr.  R.  E.  Middleton,  entitled  'The  Pollution  of 
Water  and  its  Correction.' 

Society  of  Biblical  Archeology.— X'ec.  7.— 
A  report,  relating  the  proceedings  of  the  Oriental 


Congress  in  Paris,  was  read  by  Mr  J.  Offord  in 
which  special  attention  was  devoted  to  the  map  or 
Palestine  and  part  of  Egypt  found  depicted  in  a 
mosaic  at  Madaba,  in  Syria.  It  dates  from  the  time 
of  Diocletian.  Reference  also  was  made  to  the 
ancient  historical  record  of  the  early  Babylonian 
king  Entemena.  inscribed  on  a  monument  lately 
presented  to  the  Louvre.  The  recent  finds  ot 
ancient  Sanskrit  manuscripts  in  Thibet,  and  ot  the 
Hebrew  text  of  Ecclesiasticus,  also  of  an  early 
Arabic  version  of  Tatiau's  '  Diatessaron,  were 
alluded  to,  and  a  summary  of  many  communications 
to  the  Congress  was  given.-This  report  was  tol- 
lowed  by  a  paper  by  Dr.  Oppert,  of  Pans,  On  the 
Cuneiform  Inscriptions  and  the  Book  ot  Kings, 
giving  the  latest  results  of  his  researches  upon  the 
synchronisms  between  the  Jewish  and  Assyrian  and 
Babylonian  peoples. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
MoN.    London  Institution,  5.-'The  Weather  Office  and  its  Work,'  Mr- 
C.  Harding 

-  Aristotelian,  8.  „      ,     ,-r     .        ttt    rin   i?    it    a 

-  Society  of  Aits,  8-'Gutta  Perclia,' Lecture  III.,  Dr.  E.  F.  A. 

_       llr"  irn'^r^hftrtL^' -ulports  on  the  Third  Series  of  Experi- 

-  Ge"il?uphrcir8t-°Kccent  Visits  to  the  Barents  and  Kara  Seas.' 

bv  Col   H  W.  Feilden,  Mr.  A.  Tike,  &c.  .  .,  .  j  , 

Ties.    Asiatic    4 -•Some  Legends  of  the  Early  Life  of  Muhammad,' 

_        Statisu'cal';'''? -■  Jevonss  Coal  Question  :  Thirty  Years  After,' 

_  Ci"'r"n"ineer^s,  8 -.The"??reat  Land-Slides  of  the  Canadian 
I'aciflc  lUiilway  in  British  Columbia,  Mr  U    H   Stanton. 

_  zoological.  ai-'Upidosi,-en  pamdoxa  Uom  the  Amazon^  Dr. 
E  A  Goeldi;  •t-ollection  of  Lepidoptera  made  by  Mr.  F 
GiUett  in  Somaliland.' Dr  A  G  Butler ;  •  Mammals  obtaaned 
by  Mr  A  Whyte  in  N.  Nyasaland,'  Mr  O  Thomas;  'A  New 
Genus  and  Species  of  Acaridea.'  Kev  O.  V.  Cambridge. 

W.D.  MeteSro'logical^  7^-'  Daily  Values  '"' N°":I">*^'»'"'k  C  ^1o'ss: 
roloeical  I'henomena  m  London,  17S1-18!)0,  Mr.  K.  l-^  moss 
man;     'Rainfall  of    Seathwaite,    Borrowdale,   Cumberland, 

_       Ge"  o^Ll"" -"Pyromerides  of  Boulay  Bay    Jersey,;^ Mr   J 
ParkintonT  'Exploration  of  the  Ty  Newydd  Cave,  Ffynnon 
Beuno,  North  Wales,' Rev   Gtv  H  Pollen 
_       Chemical  84  -  Kekuli*  Memorial  Lecture.  Prof  F.  K.  Japp 
~       SocietTof  Arts;  8.-'  The  Purification  ot  Sewage  by  Bacteria,' 
Mr  S  llideal. 
Thurs.  Itoyal.  4j 

Z        "on'donTn'sfitution,  0.-'  Mendelssohn,'  Mr.  F.  G.  Edwards. 

Z  Linnlan"8''-'The  Affinities  of  the  Madrepcrarian  GenBS 
AUcopora'  Mr.  H.  M  Bernard;  'West- Indian  CharaceiB 
collected  by  T.  B.  Blow,' Messrs.  H.  and  J   uioves^ 

_       Chei  iSl   8  -■  Uesearches  in  the  Stilbene  Series.  Part  11./  Dr. 
J    J     Sudborough  ;  •  Stereo-Chemistry  of  Unsaturated  Com- 
Dounds     Part  I.    .Esteriflcation  of  Substituted  Acrylic  Acids 
??rr  J.   sudborough  and  Mr    L    Lloyd;    •  Formation  and 
Hydrolysis  of  listers,'  Dr.  J.  J.  Sudborough  and  Mr.  M.  E. 

Antk!uk*r°r3  8J  -■  Leaden  Crucifix  of  the  Fourteenth  Century  ' 
_       Antiquaries  8,       i.e  ^^  ^^^^  Fourteenth  Century  found 

ri  Devonshire,' Chancellor  Ferguson  ;  'Antiquities  found  on 

the   Bite  of  West   lllatchington  Church,    Sussex,    Mi     J.    A. 

Micklethwaite;    'Grant    of    Arms  under   the  Great  Seal  ol 

Edward  IV  to  Louis  de  Bruges,  Seigneur  de  la  (iruthuyse  and 

Karl  of  Winchester.  1472,'  Mr  W.  H  St  John  Hope, 

FRt.       Civil  Engineers,  8  - '  Elastic  Properties  of  Steel  W  ne,   "Jj  A^". 

Keigwin  ■  '  Elasticity  of  Portland  Cement,  Mi.  W.  L.  Brown. 

_  El'IctncaYEngi'ne'e?? ,  V  -  Discussion  on  '  Accumulator  Traction 
on  Kails  and  Ordinary  Roads' 


FINE    ARTS 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

Omen  Victoria,  by  R.  R.  Holmes,  illustrated 
(Boussod,  Valadon  &  Co.),  is  a  finely  printed 
quarto  enriched  with  a  large  number  of  portraits, 
landscapes,  and  views  of  buildings,  most  of 
which  are  more  or  less  due  to  photography  in 
diverse  forms.  Mr.  Holmes  has  fulblled  his 
task  in  a  careful,  creditable,  and  extremely 
discreet  manner,  producing  a  memoir  which,  if 
it  is  not  a  masterpiece,  may  be  trusted  in  what- 
ever it  says,  while,  of  course,  it  does  not  go 
very  deeply  into  the  motives,  feelings,  and  per- 
sonal concerns  of  the  illustrious  personages  it 
treats  of.  The  portraits  of  the  Queen  in  various 
stages  of  life-from  A.  Stewart's  miniature  taken 
when  Her  Majesty  was  two  years  old,  and  in- 
cluding the  works  of  Beechey,  VVestall,  Hayter, 
Wilkie  C.  R.  Leslie,  Chalon,  Landseer,  Winter- 
halter,  Ross,  Thorburn,  and  John  Phillip-add  to 
the  attractions  of  Mr  Holmes'snarrative.  Leslie  s, 
Landseer's,  Thorburn's,  and  Ross's  are  the  best 
of  these  pictures  and  the  most  sympathetic  like- 
nesses. Many  details  of  the  Queen's  childhood, 
doubtless  derived  from  herself,  are  interesting 
reading.  We  get  glimpses  of  old  Kensington  at 
a  time  when  that  suburb  was  still  comely,  ihen 
we  read  the  account  Wilberforce  gave  to  Hannah 
More  of  a  visit  he  paid  to  Kensington  Palace  in 
July,  1820  :— 

"  She  rthe  Duchess]  received  me,  with  her  fiiie, 
animated  child  on  the  floor  by  her  side,  wj^^J^^ 
playthings,  of  which  I  soon  became  one.  She  was 
very  civtl,  but,  as  she  did  not  sit  down,  I  did  not 
think  it  right  to  stay  above  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 


828 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


This  was  evidently  the  Queen's  first  interview 
with  a  man  of  note  not  a  member  of  her  own 
faiiiily,  courtier,  or  official.  Later  Her  Majesty 
writes  to  her  uncle  Leopold,  at  Brussels,  of 
Claremont  and  a  revisit  to  that  place  in  1842:— 
"This  place  brings  back  recollections  of  the 
happiest  days  of  my  otherwise  dull  childhood— days 
when  I  experienced  such  kitiduess  from  you,  dearest 
uncle  ;  Victoria  plays  with  my  old  bricks,  and  I  see 
her  running  and  jumpinft  in  the  flower  garden,  as 
old  (though  I  still  feel  little)  Victoria  of  former  days 
used  to  do." 

It  seems  that  the  "fine  Italian  hand,"  with  its 
clear  and  firm  hair  strokes  and  sloping  letters, 
which  Her  Majesty  still  uses,  is  due  to  Mr. 
Steward,  writing  master  of  Westminster  School. 
Westall  was  her  first  teacher  of  drawing,  fol- 
lowed by  others  of  whom  Mr.  Holmes  speaks 
cursorily  ;  but  we  have  not  found  in  this  book 
the  capital  anecdote  VV.  Leitch,  a  later  teacher, 
used  to  tell,  to  the  effect  that  one  day,  during  a 
lesson,  a  brush  was  dropped  on  the  floor,  when, 
both  the  master  and  the  pupil  stooping  to  pick 
it  up,  a  collision  happened  between  their  fore- 
heads. "If  we  put  our  heads  together  like 
that,"  said  the  lady,  "I  shall  soon  get  on 
famously."  A  little  further  on  we  find  Mr. 
Holmes  has  culled  from  various  records  the 
opinions  of  Walter  Scott,  Leigh  Hunt,  and 
others  concerning  the  youthful  princess,  and 
they  are  all  pleasant  and  hopeful. 

The  Shepheard's  Calender,  by  E.  Spenser 
(Harper  &  Brothers),  is  a  comely  edition  of  a 
most  exquisite  poem.  It  is  the  more  comely 
because,  as  we  announced  a  few  weeks  ago,  it 
is  "newly  adorned  with  twelve  pictures°and 
other  devices  by  Walter  Crane," a  most  suitable 
artist  when  the  idyllic  and  romantic,  and  not  the 
polemical  and  ecclesiastical  undercurrents  of  the 
'Calender' are  concerned.  The  latter  Mr.  Crane 
has  wisely  eschewed,  and  no  doubt  he  did  so 
chiefly  because  they  are  so  completely  out  of  date 
that  not  one  reader  in  twenty  understands,  ex- 
cept in  a  general  way,  what  Colin  Clout,  Cuddie, 
Thenot,  Hobbinol,  and  the  rest  of  them  are 
driving  at  when  matters  ecclesiastical  turn  up 
in  the  '  ^glogues.'  At  the  best  these  conversa- 
tions are  enriched  with  rather  obscure  and  tor- 
tuous apologues,  with  which  modern  readers 
need  not  concern  themselves,  and  therefore  our 
artist's  adornments  are  purely  artistic  and 
poetical.  In  this  sense  they  are  among  his 
most  appropriate  and  charming  designs."  He 
has  never  produced  anything  more  Spenserian 
than  the  group  of  dancers  in  the  frontispiece  to 
April's  '^gloga  Quarta,'  as  it  is  referred  to  in 
the  delightful  verse, 

Pring  hither  the  pink  and  purple  columbine 

With  gelliflowers; 
Bring  coronations  and  sops-in-wine. 

Worn  of  paramours  ; 
Strew  me  the  ground  with  daffadowndillies 
And  cowslips,  and  kingcups,  and  loved  lillie's  • 

The  pretty  paunce. 

And  the  chevisaunce. 
Shall  match  with  the  fair  flower  delice. 

Almost  equally  elegant  and  animated  are  the 
groups  of  virgins,  musicians,  and  dancers  which 
"  adorn  "  the  frontispieces  to  the  poems  on 
January,  May,  June,  and  August.  In  order,  as 
we  suppose,  to  be  in  keeping  with  the  archaistic 
typography  and  general  appearance  of  the  book, 
Mr.  Crane's  designs  have  been  engraved  with 
broad  and  heavy  lines  and  printed  heavily. 
VVe  would  rather  his  characteristically  refined 
and  finished  draughtsmanship  had  determined 
the  typography  and  general  style  of  the  book, 
ihis  IS  the  more  desirable  as  the  Spenserian 
spelhng  has  been  modernized  throughout  the 
text,  though  not  in  the  title. 

The  Faerie  Qxieene.  By  E.  Spenser.  Pictured 
and  decorated  by  L.  F.  Muckley.  2  vols 
(Dent  &  Co.) -These  rather  clumsy  and  "un- 
comfortable "  quartos,  printed  on  spongy  paper 
in  a  decidedly  "cheap  "  manner,  are  not  to  be 
recommended  to  the  lover  of  Spenser.  Neither 
as  a  designer  nor  as  a  draughtsman  does  Mr 
Muckley  seem  fitted  to  illustrate  '  The  Faerie 
Queene,'  for  most  of  his  cuts  are  conspicuously 


N°  3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


deficient  in  those  (|ualities  which  such  a  task  de- 
mands. Eventhebestofhisdesigns-for  instance, 
the  fight  of  champions  facing  p.  637;  the  frontis- 
pieces to  books  V.  and  vi. ;  the  appearance  of 
Cambina  in  the  lists,  canto  iii.  book  iv.— are 
unsatisfactory  ;  and  so  are  nearly  all  the  cuts 
which  refer  to  the  later  books  of  the  great 
romance.  The  earlier  prints  are  far  less  un- 
attractive. Some  of  the  borders  and  head  and 
tail  pieces  are  by  no  means  bad. 

Eenaud  o/Montanban.  First  done  into  English 
by    W.    Caxton,    and    now    abridged    and    re- 
translated by  K.  Steele.     (G.  Allen.)— There  is 
EOine  very  good  reading  in  this  condensed,  but 
decidedly  archaistic  version    of    the    old,  long- 
winded  romance,  and  we  welcome  it,  not  onfy 
on  account  of  its  picturesqueness  and  abundance 
of  local  colour,  but  for  the  sake  of  Caxton,  who 
thought  so  highly  of  it  as  to  put  it  into  English 
of  his  own,  and  for  the  sake  of  Don  Quixote, 
who  revelled  in  the  history  of  the  Four  Sons 
of  Aymon.     Besides,  is  it  not  possible  to  hear 
in     it    of    Roland,    of    Oliver     and    Ogier    le 
Danois,    and    many    another    doughty     cham- 
pion    of     Charlemagne's     reign  ?     We     gather 
incidentally  from   the   book  that  the   name  of 
the  designer  of  the  nine  illustrations  is  "  Mr. 
Mason."     Be  his  name  what  it    may,   we  con- 
gratulate him  upon  his  tine  and  original  repre- 
sentation   of   Maugis    the    Magician    with    the 
dragon,  Duke  Beuves  slaying  Lohier,  and  the 
angels  holding   torches.     Of  these  cuts  all  the 
elaborate  borders  are  good.     Of  the  remaining 
cuts  none  is  worth  much,  and  one  or  two  are 
poor  things. 

ART   FOR   THE   NURSERY. 

An  Alphabet.     By  W.    Nicholson.     (Heine- 
mann.)     There  can  be  no  more  doubt  about  the 
spirit,  vigour,  and  originality  of  Mr.  Nicholson's 
large  cuts,  printed  in  heavy  colours  upon  citron- 
brown  grounds,  and  representing  single  figures, 
each  to  a  letter,  than  there  can  be  about  the 
extreme  ugliness  of  most  of  them  and  the  irre- 
levances of  the  greater  number.     We  should 
not  like  to  give  a  child  a  type  of   "R"  in  the 
form  of  the  ruflian  who  stands  for  "  Robber  "  ; 
the  same  may  be  said  for  "  Ostler  "  under  "  O," 
and  the  "Idiot  "  under  "I."— There  is  a  great 
deal   of    "go"   in    Mr.   L.    Baumer's    designs 
illustrating  Jumbles  (C.  A.  Pearson),  and  some 
of  the  figures  of  children  depicted  on  its  pages 
are  pretty,  while  others  are  stupid,  trivial,  and 
feeble.     Pigs  figure  freely  in  this  questionable 
gift-book.— More    Beasts  (for    Worse    Children) 
(Arnold)    contains    in    its    outlined     sketches 
a    good   deal   of   variety   and   some   whimsical 
notions,  but  it  does  not  excel  in  wit. — Animal 
Land,  where  there  are  no  People,  by  S.  and  K. 
Corbet  (Dent  &  Co.),  is  a  little  book  of  out- 
rageously queer  sketches  of  more  or  less  quaint 
and   hideous   monsters  which    owe,  so  to   say, 
their  charm  to  their  extreme  ugliness  and  un- 
accountableness.     We  cannot  say  we  like  them 
the  more  on  that  account,  but  it  is  not  to  be 
denied  that  they  are  queer,   and  that  no  one 
would  like  them  long.     Their  funniness  is  too 
laboured  not  to  be  tiresome,  and  Mr.  A.  Lang, 
whose  ingenious  introduction  to  the  book  says  the 
best  he  can  for  them,  rightly  avers  that  "  the 
author  appears  to  possess,  at  the  early  age  of 
four,  a  mature  genius  for  sheer  nonsense."    Mr. 
Lang  admits  that  the   author  has,  if  anybody, 
followed  Edward  Lear,  the  immortal  author  and 
artist  of  'The  Book  of  Nonsense.'     If  so,  the 
inventor  of  '  Animal  Land  '    has    much  to    do 
before   the    level   of  Lear  is    reached.      Much 
nearer  is  she  to  the  level  of  Mr.  H.  S.  Marks's 
notes  on  the  biography  of  the  Wang-doodle  and 
its  family  bereavement.    The  constructive  quali- 
ties of  Lear's  and  the  R.A.'s  genius  are,  as  yet, 
denied  to  the  mind  of  Miss  Sybil  Corbet,  who, 
pace  Mr.  Lang's  more  serious  mood,  has  yet  to 
become  "the  Pascal  of  pure  Bosh."     'Animal 
Land '    is    simply  a    menagerie  of  very   queer 
oddities,  with  still  queerer  names,  but,  so  far  as 


it  goes,  it  is  wonderfully  good.— ?7ie  Dumpies, 
Frank  Verheck,  Discoverer,  A.  B.  Paine, 
Historian  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.),  contains  a  great 
number  of  very  fresh  and  funny  little  cuts, 
abounding  in  life,  variety,  and  energy,  neatly 
and  firmly  drawn,  and  thoroughly  amusing. 
The  text  is  very  much  less  entertaining. 

WAKEFIELD    CATHEDRAL. 

Unless  a  timely  protest  is  made,  a  very  foolish 
piece  of  church  tinkering  is  likely  to  be  per- 
petrated at  Wakefield.  The  cathedral  church 
of  Wakefield  is  the  ancient  parish  church,  a 
large,  rather  plain  building,  chiefly  of  the  fifteenth 
century  and  later,  but  with  nearly  eight  cen- 
turies of  history  in  its  walls.  In  the  sixties 
and  seventies  it  underwent  "restoration"  at 
the  hands  of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  and,  chiefly 
through  the  vigilance  of  the  late  Mr.  James 
Fowler  and  a  few  of  his  friends,  it  lost  less  in 
the  operation  than  most  have  done.  There  are 
some  important  remains  of  old  furniture,  and 
what  Scott  put  is  as  good  of  its  kind  and  suitable 
to  the  place.  Some  churchwardens'  additions 
of  poor  character,  but  relatively  not  important, 
have  been  put  in  since,  and  when  the  church 
was  made  cathedral  a  trumpery  throne  was  set 
up.  The  windows  have  been  tilled  with  painted 
glass,  some  of  which  is  bad,  but  more  good,  and 
the  good  has  been  designed  on  a  regular  scheme, 
which,  if  completed  by  the  removal  of  the  bad 
windows  and  the  substitution  of  others  according 
to  the  prevailing  treatment,  would  make  the 
church,  as  to  its  glass,  one  of  the  best  for  its 
size  in  England.  Last  year  a  well-intended,  but 
feebly  designed  reredos  was  set  up,  which  has 
at  least  the  merit  of  covering  a  part — unfortu- 
nately only  a  small  part— of  one  of  the  bad 
windows.  The  church  is  an  excellent  working 
parish  church.  Its  architectural  condition  is 
better  than  that  of  most  town  churches  now, 
and  with  a  little  judicious  pruning  and  some 
improvements  in  its  tittings  it  might  be  made 
better  still. 

But  it  is  now  a  cathedral  church,  and  they 
who  have  the  charge  of  it  would  fain  have  it 
what  they  think  cathedral-like.  And  they  are 
invoking  the  respectable  name  of  Dr.  How,  the 
late  bishop,  to  aid  them  in  their  scheme.  We 
learn  from  the  Yorkshire  Post  of  the  8th  inst. 
that  a  meeting  was  held  at  Wakefield  the  day 
before,  whereat  a  report  from  Mr.  Pearson  was 
read  and  adopted,  and  appeals  are  being  made 
for  funds  to  carry  out  Mr.  Pearson's  suggestions. 
The  suggestions  are  briefly  these.  The  east  end 
of  the  church  is  to  be  pulled  down,  and  the 
chancel  lengthened  by  a  bay,  with  transepts  and 
an  eastern  chapel  beyond  that,  and  chapter 
house  and  other  minor  chambers  below. 
The  present  choir  arrangement — which  is  the 
usual  one — is  pronounced  by  Mr.  Pearson  to  be 
"unsatisfactory,"  and  he  proposes  to  mend 
matters  by  giving  up  the  old  stalls  to  the 
canons,  which  means  leaving  them  empty  at  all 
ordinary  times,  and  arranging  two  stacks  of 
seats  for  the  singers  in  the  bay  to  the  east  of 
them,  where  they  would  be  separated  from  the 
congregation  by  the  length  of  the  choir  proper. 
That  is  to  say,  a  good  parochial  arrangement  is 
to  be  destroyed,  and  a  nondescript  affair,  good 
neither  for  parochial  nor  collegiate  use,  is  to  be 
put  into  its  place.  This  is  worse  even  than 
Truro,  where  an  ancient  parish  church  was 
destroyed  to  make  way  for  an  ecclesiastical 
plaything,  which,  however  ill  contrived  it  may 
be  from  a  practical  point  of  view,  has  at  least 
some  architectural  consistency. 

sales. 
Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  Woods  sold  on 
the  4th  inst.  the  following  pictures  :  G.  Barret, 
A  View  in  Norbury  Park,  131^.  Claude,  A 
Seaport  at  Sunset,  105L  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  Por- 
trait of  William  Locke,  220L  G.  Netscher,  Baron 
Muhlman,  105?.  Rubens,  The  Assumption  of 
the   Virgin,    141?,      J,    Vernet,    Naples,    120?. 


^"3659,  Dec.  11, '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


829 


Lancret,  Figures  in  a  Garden,  near  a  fountain, 
1051.  H.  Morland,  The  Countess  of  Coventry 
'formerly  the  property  of  Mr  A.  H.  Chambers), 
'3,4121. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  6th  inst.  the 
following  engravings  :  Primroses  (Cries  of  Lon- 
ion),  after  F.  Wheatley,  by  Schiavonetti,  381. 
Duke  Cherries  (Cries  of  London),  by  A.  Cardon, 
281.  After  G.  Morland  :  A  Visit  to  the  Board- 
ing School,  and  A  Visit  to  the  Child  at  Nurse, 
by  W.  Ward,  107?.  ;  The  Horse  -  Feeder,  by 
J.  R.  Smith,  32/!.  ;  Fox-Hunting  (Going  in'o 
Dover,  The  Check,  The  Death),  by  E.  Bell,  261. 
Mrs.  Elliot,  after  Gainsborough,  by  J.  Dean, 
m.  The  Countess  of  Derby,  after  Sir  T.  Law- 
rence, by  F.  Bartolozzi,  73L  La  Surprise,  after 
Dubufe,  by  S.  Cousins,  371.  Mrs.  Q.,  after 
Buet  Villiers,  by  W.  Blake,  381.  Windsor 
Oastle,  after  J.  B  ,  by  G.  Maile,  25Z.  Master 
Lambton,  after  Sir  T  Lawrence,  by  S.  Cousins, 
nil.  Preparing  to  Start,  and  Coming  In,  after 
r.  L.  Agasse,  by  C.  Turner,  361.  The  Fight 
between  Broughton  and  Stevenson,  after  Mor- 
timer, by  J.  Young,  48? 


In  January  next  Mr.  G.  Allen  will  publish  a 
book  for  which  many  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  admirers 
will  be  grateful,  and  which  is  a  bibliographical 
curiosity  in  its  way  because  it  contains,  on  about 
:hree  hundred  pages,  '  The  Bible  References  of 
John  Ruskin,  a  Dictionary  and  Guide  compiled 
by  Mary  and  Ellen  Gibbs.'  The  quotations  from 
Mr.  Ruskin's  writings  are  arranged  in  alpha- 
betical sequence  and  according  to  the  chro- 
nology of  the  Scriptures.  The  "  Oxford  Gradu- 
ate's "  profound  indebtedness  to  Holy  Writ  has 
been  frequently  remarked  on. 

At  the  Black  and  White  Gallery,  153,  Picca- 
dilly, Mr.  L.  Meyer  has  formed  a  collection 
of  original  drawings  by  MM.  O.  Wilson, 
R.  Sauber,  0.  Hammond,  O.  Eckhardt,  and 
others,  which  are  now  before  the  public. — At 
the  Goupil  Gallery,  5,  Regent  Street,  may  be 
seen  much  modern  Dutch  pottery,  with  the 
signature  of  a  stork  and  the  motto  "  Eozenburg 
den  Haag."  The  show  will  remain  open  till 
the  25th  inst. 

For  many  a  long  year  Canon  Greenwell 
has  been  President  of  the  Durham  and 
Northumberland  Archaeological  Society,  and 
never,  save  in  the  case  of  the  direst  neces- 
sity, has  he  failed  to  accompany  its  members 
on  their  excursions  and  to  give  a  lecture  on 
the  history  of  the  castles  and  abbeys  which  they 
visited,  brightening  the  whole  day  with  his 
geniality,  and  stamping  on  the  minds  of  his 
hearers  a  vivid  picture  of  bygone  days.  No 
wonder  the  Society  wishes  for  a  memorial  of  these 
excursions,  and  is  raising  a  subscription  to  get 
a  good  portrait  of  him  to  hang  in  the  library 
of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  at  Durham,  of  which 
he  is  librarian.  Subscriptions  are,  we  believe, 
received  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Gradon,  Durham. 

The  Directors  of  Henry  Graves  &  Co.,  Pall 
Mall,  invite  inspection  of  a  number  of  water- 
colour  drawings  by  Mr.  Carl  Weber,  illustrating 
scenery  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Con- 
necticut. The  exhibition  will  be  closed  on  the 
15th  prox. 

With  regard  to  the  proposed  north  -  west 
tower  of  Chichester  Cathedral,  the  President  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Lord  Dillon,  an- 
nounced at  the  meeting  of  the  Society  on  the 
2nd  inst.  that  he  had  received  an  assurance  from 
Mr.  Pearson  that  there  is  no  intention  to  take 
down  the  south-east  pier  of  the  old  tower  or 
any  of  the  arches  or  other  work  resting  upon  or 
above  it. 

Mr.  Frederick  Shields,  who  is  carrying  out 
the  decoration  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Ascension  at 
Bayswater,  has  written  a  '  Handbook '  to  the 
various  panels,  in  which  the  intention  and 
significance  of  the  scenes  are  explained  ;  a  short 


introduction  will  give  an  account  of  the  origin 
of  Mrs.  Russell  Gurney's  undertaking.  The 
'  Handbook  '  will  be  published  immediately  by 
Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall.— Philharmonic  Concerts. 

bT.  James's  Hall.— Mr.  Frederic  Lamond's  Beethoven 
Pianoforte  Kecital. 

Queen's  Hall. — Saturday  Symphony  Concerts. 

St.  James's  HALL.^Popular  Concerts. 

Queens  Hall  — Mr.  Schulz-  Curtiua's  Wagner  Concert. 

St.  James's  Hall  — Herr  Sauer's  Pianoforte  Recital. 

Wrstminster  Town  Hall  —  Westminster  Orchestral 
Society's  Comert. 

Queen's  Hall. — Stock  Exchange  Orchestral  Society. 

The  fever  for  liigli-class  concerts  continues 
unabated,  and  performances  which  twenty 
years  ago  would  have  commanded  columns 
must  now  be  dismissed  in  a  few  lines.  The 
third  of  the  Philharmonic  Concerts  before 
Christmas  took  place  on  Thursday  last 
week,  and  a  most  attractive,  but  too 
lengthy  programme  drew  a  full  audience. 
As  the  public  demand  much  stronger 
(musical)  meat,  Haydn's  bright  Symphony 
in  D,  No.  2  of  the  Salomon  set,  is  not 
frequently  heard  now,  and  its  revival 
was  therefore  welcome.  Herr  Popper  was, 
of  course,  perfect  in  Volkmann's  one- 
movement  Violoncello  Concerto  in  a  minor, 
Op.  33,  which  is  at  the  best  a  dull  work, 
really  interesting  compositions  for  the 
beautiful  instrument  being  strangely  few  in 
number.  The  principal  feature  of  import- 
ance in  connexion  with  the  concert  was  the 
appearance  of  Herr  Humperdinck  for  the 
first  time  in  London,  in  the  dual  capacity  of 
composer  and  conductor.  He  has  sprung 
into  European  fame  almost  at  a  bound,  and 
has  justified  it  by  theatrical  works  which  at 
once  are  eminently  modern  in  phraseology 
and  comparatively  simple.  Herr  Humper- 
dinck's  introduction  to  the  third  act  of 
'  Kcinigskinder '  is  a  beautiful  and  rather 
Wagnerian  piece,  and  it  is  surpassed  by  a 
new  overture  to  the  same  work,  not  hitherto 
performed  in  the  theatre.  It  is,  in  fact, 
perhaps  too  elaborate  for  a  work  primarily 
dealing  with  children.  It  is,  nevertheless, 
exceedingly  clever,  and  is  sufficiently  Wag- 
nerian to  require  a  second  hearing  before  it 
can  be  accurately  judged.  Humperdinck 
was  further  represented  by  two  songs, 
'  Sonntagsruhe '  and  '  Das  Mannlein  im 
Walde,'  from  '  Hansel  und  Gretel,'  beauti- 
fully sung  by  Madame  Blanche  Marchesi. 
Mr.  Frederic  Lamond  absolutely  revelled 
in  the  difficulties  of  Tscha'ikowsky's  Piano- 
forte Concerto  in  b  flat  minor,  one  of  the 
grandest  works  written  for  piano  solo  since 
Schumann.  The  concert  ended  with  Sir 
Alexander  Mackenzie's  clever  and  appro- 
priately Scotch  overture  to  '  The  Little 
Minister,'  for  the  first  time  on  a  scale  suit- 
able for  the  concert-room.  The  New  Year's 
season  of  the  Philharmonic  Society  will 
commence  on  March  1 0  th. 

It  was  the  late  Hans  von  Biilow  who 
gave  several  of  Beethoven's  most  advanced 
sonatas  at  one  sitting,  and  perhaps  hastened 
his  end  by  such  abnormal  exertion.  Mr. 
Frederic  Lamond  went  through  the  Bonn 
master's  sonatas.  Op.  53,  57,  lOG  (the 
colossal  work  in  b  flat),  110,  and  111,  on 
Friday  afternoon  last  week.  Alike  in  the 
interests  of  the  artist  and  the  audience 
such   a   performance    is    to    be   regretted, 


though  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  Mr. 
Lamond  played  from  first  to  last  with 
energy  and  intelligence.  He  is  beyond  all 
question  a  pianist  not  to  be  surpassed  in 
works  requiring  manipulation  of  an  exact- 
ing nature. 

The  Saturday  Symphony  Concerts  at  the 
Queen's  Hall  before  Christmas  have  con- 
cluded, the  final  performance  being  remark- 
ably well  attended.  We  had,  in  succession, 
Gluck's  fine  Overture  to  '  Iphigenie  en 
Aulide,'  with,  of  course,  Wagner's  ending, 
the  Overture  and  new  Venusberg  music  from 
*  Tannhauser,'  and  Beethoven's  c  minor 
Symphony,  all  played  with  scarcely  any 
flaw  by  Mr.  Henry  Wood's  orchestra. 
Liszt's  Hungarian  Rhapsody  in  d  minor  and 
G  major,  No.  4,  and  the  Prelude  and  Death 
Song  from  '  Tristan  und  Isolde  '  went  well, 
and  the  programme  (which  was  only  objec- 
tionable owing  to  its  extreme  length)  ended 
effectively  with  Weber's  'Obei-on'  Overture. 
Miss  Isabel  MacDougall  rendered  songs  by 
Berlioz  and  Saint-Saens  in  a  manner  highly 
artistic.  The  Saturday  Symphony  Concerts 
will  be  resumed  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on 
January  15th  next. 

Grieg  was  the  centre  of  attraction  at  the 
Popular  Concert  last  Saturday  afternoon, 
and  the  programme  included  some  of  the 
Scandinavian  composer's  most  characteristic 
works,  that  is  to  say  the  Quartet  in  g  minor, 
Op.  27  ;  three  Zieder,  artistically  sung  by 
Miss  Esther  Palliser ;  four  numbers  from 
the  '  Lyrische  Stiicke,'  exquisitely  played 
by  the  composer ;  and  the  piquant  Sonata 
(for  pianoforte  and  violin)  in  g.  Op.  13,  in 
which  MM.  Grieg  and  Johannes  Wolff 
coalesced.  Miss  Palliser  contributed  three 
tastefully  written  songs  by  Mr.  Cowen, 
accompanied  by  the  composer. 

On  Monday  Lady  Halle  made  her  wel- 
come reappearance,  and  the  small  audience 
can  only  be  attributed  to  the  adverse 
weather,  for  there  was  no  want  of  interest 
in  the  programme.  Beethoven's  Quartet  in 
c.  Op.  59,  No.  3,  was  one  of  the  first  works 
led  by  Madame  Neruda,  as  she  was  then 
termed,  in  1869,  and  she  is  now  almost  as 
powerful  as  Herr  Joachim  in  this  mighty 
example  of  the  Bonn  master's  genius.  Lady 
Halle's  solo  was  the  middle  movement  from 
Herr  Joachim's  *  Hungarian '  Concerto. 
The  pianist.  Mile.  Kleeberg,  gave  a 
pleasant  rendering  of  Beethoven's  bril- 
liant and  not  very  difiicult  Sonata  in  d, 
Op.  10,  No.  3 ;  and  the  concert  ended 
with  M.  Saint-Saens's  clever  if  not  very 
inspired  Sonata  in  c  minor,  Op.  32,  for 
pianoforte  and  violoncello,  interpreted  by 
Mile.  Kleeberg  and  Mr.  Paul  Ludwig. 
Mr.  Plunket  Greene  gave  ample  satisfaction 
as  the  vocalist. 

Notwithstanding  weather  that  might  have 
induced  the  most  ardent  musical  amateur 
to  remain  at  home,  the  Queen's  Hall  was 
thronged  on  Tuesday  evening,  when  Herr 
Eichard  Strauss  made  his  first  appearance 
in  London  as  a  conductor.  Not  many  years 
ago  the  public  were  quite  indifferent  as  to 
new  composers,  performers,  and  conductors. 
Now  all  is  changed,  and  the  extraordinary 
popularity  of  orchestral  music  at  present  is 
a  matter  to  be  noticed.  Herr  Strauss  was 
born  at  Munich  on  June  11th,  1864,  and 
he  is  now  a  Kapellmeister  there  in  succession 
to  the  unfortunate  Hermann  Levi.  He  is  a 
hard  worker  in  musical  art,  and  as  early  as 


830 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


1881  a  symphony  from  his  pen  created  a 
remarkable  impression.  AVe  knew  his 
humorous  s^'mphonic  poem  '  Till  Eulen- 
spiegels  Lustige  Streiche,'  and  his  weighty 
and  turgid  '  Don  Juan,'  the  latter  failing 
to  make  an  impression.  On  Tuesday  yet 
another  symphonic  poem,  'Tod  und  Ver- 
kliirung,'  was  presented,  and  proved  to  be 
a  striking  work,  though  so  strange  in 
structure  that  it  cannot  be  appreciated  at 
its  value  on  a  first  heai'ing.  The  themes 
are  novel,  and  the  orchestration  essentially 
Wagnerian.  Beyond  this  we  dare  not 
venture  at  present.  Later  in  the  pro- 
gramme Herr  Strauss  conducted  some 
familiar  Wagner  items,  and  by  his  astonish- 
ing energy  imparted  new  life  to  selections 
which  might  well  be  termed  hackneyed. 
As  he  is  only  thirty-three  years  of  age,  the 
fairest  future  for  him  may  be  confidently 
expected. 

The  pianoforte  recital  of  Herr  Emil  Sauer 
on  Wednesday  afternoon  afforded  conclu- 
sive evidence  that  the  performer  is  still 
gaining  strength  at  the  key-board.  The 
first  work  was  Beethoven's  '  Sonata  Pathe- 
tique'  in  c  minor,  Op.  13,  a  composition  that 
involves  no  great  strain  either  on  the  brain 
or  the  muscles.  The  next,  however,  was 
Schumann's  '  Carnaval,'  which  requires  the 
exercise  of  both,  and  Herr  Sauer  fully  rose 
to  the  occasion,  the  most  difficult  sections  of 
the  strangely  fascinating  work  being  played 
in  a  manner  that  was  little  short  of 
miraculous.  Rather  less  satisfactory  was 
the  interpretation  of  Chopin's  Sonata  in 
B  flat  minor,  Op.  35.  The  technique  was 
perfect,  but  there  was  not  sufficient  intensity 
of  expression,  especially  in  the  '  Funeral 
March.'  Three  piquant  little  pieces  by 
the  executant,  'Impressions  dans  la  Foret,' 
may  be  recommended  to  pianists  with 
nimble  fingers. 

We  have  already  drawn  attention  to  the 
scheme  of  the  Westminster  Orchestral 
Society  for  the  present  season,  and  as  the 
opening  concert  on  Wednesday  evening 
did  not  include  any  novelties,  we  need 
do  little  more  than  congratulate  Mr. 
Stewart  Macpherson  and  his  orchestra 
on  the  marked  improvement  shown  year 
by  year.  Wednesday's  programme  com- 
menced with  three  of  Dvorak's  Slavonic 
Dances,  Op.  46,  the  other  orchestral 
items  being  Beethoven's  Symphony  in  d. 
No.  2,  and  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan's  Suite  from 
his  music  to  '  Victoria  and  Merrie  England.' 
All  these  were  played  in  a  manner  that 
would  not  have  disgraced  a  professional 
orchestra.  Mr.  Donald  Heins,  a  young 
violinist  of  much  promise,  rendered  solos 
by  Saint-Saens,  Brahms,  and  Simon  with 
neatness  and  fluency,  and  Miss  Georgina 
Delmar  proved  herself  a  well-trained  mezzo- 
soprano,  inclining  to  contralto. 

Regret  is  rightly  felt  at  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  George  Kitchin  as  conductor  of  the 
Stock  Exchange  Orchestral  and  Male- Voice 
Choir  Society,  owing  to  ill  health.  Mr. 
Arthur  W.  Payne  is  a  first-rate  musician 
and  a  good  leader  of  an  orchestra,  but 
he  lacks  the  verve  of  Mr.  Kitchin.  The 
rendering  of  Mr.  MacCunn's  overture  'Land 
of  the  Mountain  and  the  Flood '  and  Beet- 
hoven's Symphony  in  c  minor  was  not  so 
spirited  as  might  have  been  wished,  though 
as  to  the  tone  of  the  instruments  no  falling 
off  was  observable.     More  spirit  might  be 


infused  into  future  performances.  A  similar 
remark  will  apply  to  Madame  Lucile  Hill, 
who  sang  '  Elizabeth's  Greeting '  from  '  Tann- 
hauser '  as  if  she  were  uttering  a  funereal 
lament  instead  of  a  cry  of  joy  over  the  un- 
expected return  of  her  lover.  Mr.  Gerald 
Walenn  was  crisp  and  charming  in  violin 
solos  by  Saint-Saens  and  other  composers, 
and  the  male-voice  choir  sustained  its  re- 
putation in  unaccompanied  part -music  by 
Stevens,  Hatton,  and  other  composers. 


P«airal  (i^saigr. 

Although  the  ante  Christmas  series  of  Satur- 
day afternoon  orchestral  concerts  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  and  the  Queen's  Hall  have  ceased,  there 
is  plenty  of  music  to  be  heard  in  both  places, 
and  as  our  calendar  this  week  shows,  perform- 
ances are  generally  as  numerous  as  ever.  Nor 
does  it  seem  probable  that  there  will  be  any 
real  Christmas  recess. 

Theke  were  so  many  concerts  on  Friday 
afternoon  and  evening  in  last  week  that  it  is 
quite  impossible  to  notice  them  all.  Madame 
Bertha  Moore's  entertainment  in  the  Steinway 
Hall  was  rendered  interesting  by  the  production 
of  a  musical  idyl,  "Good-night,  Babette,"  words 
from  Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  '  Proverbs  in  Porce- 
lain,' and  music  by  Miss  Liza  Lehmann.  It  is 
a  charming  composition,  quite  worthy  of  the 
author  of  'In  a  Persian  Garden,'  and  it  was 
capitally  rendered  by  Madame  Moore  and  Mr. 
Charles  Copland. 

On  Friday  afternoon  last  week  a  very  inter- 
esting concert  was  given  in  the  Queen's  Hall  by 
the  Royal  Engineers'  band.  It  included  an 
overture,  '  Prodana  Nevesta,'  by  Smetana  ;  a 
Symphony  in  c  by  Woldemar  Bargiel ;  one  of  Sir 
A.  Mackenzie's  Scotch  Rliapsodies  ;  a  Spanish 
waltz,  'La  Morena,'  by  Seilor  (?)  Fetras  ;  and 
other  minor  novelties,  concerning  which  we 
must  speak  on  another  occasion  should  they  be 
repeated.  The  concert  was  conducted  by  Mr. 
J.  Sommer,  bandmaster  of  the  Royal  Engineers. 

The  Patti  concert  at  the  Albert  Hall  last 
Saturday  afternoon  of  course  does  not  call  for 
detailed  criticism  ;  but  it  should  be  recorded 
that  the  gifted  soprano  retains  her  rich  voice  in 
all  its  purity,  and,  naturally,  her  perfect  method. 
Unhappily  Madame  Patti  does  not  increase  her 
repertory,  so  we  only  heard  hackneyed  airs,  ren- 
dered, it  must  be  confessed,  to  perfection.  The 
artist  was  assisted  by  a  number  of  acceptable 
performers,  chiefly  vocal,  and  Mr.  Wilhelm 
Ganz  was,  as  ever,  an  irreproachable  accom- 
panist. 

The  revival  of  Offenbach's  opera  honffe  '  The 
Grand  Duchess '  at  the  Savoy  last  Saturday 
tended  to  prove  that  we  have  deteriorated  in 
this  class  of  light  musical  fare.  The  German- 
French  composer  was  derided  in  his  time  by 
earnest  musicians  ;  but  his  music  is  infinitely 
superior  to  the  wretched  trash  that  is  now 
foisted  upon  us  with  such  titles  as  "burlesque 
operas"  and  "variety  musical  dramas."  The 
only  fault  that  we  can  find  with  Mr.  D'Oyly 
Carte's  revival  of  '  The  Grand  Duchess '  is 
that  at  the  first  performance,  if  not  later, 
the  work  was  taken  too  seriously.  Miss 
Florence  St.  John,  Miss  Florence  Perry,  Mr. 
Charles  Kenningham,  Mr.  Henry  A.  Lytton, 
Mr.  William  Elton,  Mr.  Walter  Passmore,  and 
other  performers  sang  and  acted  well,  but  with 
scarcely  the  "devil-may-care"  spirit— to  use 
a  vulgar  phrase  —  necessary  in  Offenbach's 
operettas,  which  were  primarily  intended  as 
caricatures. 

Berlioz's  late  opera  'LosTroyens  a  Carthage  ' 
was  performed  at  the  Manchester  Halle  Concerts 
on  Thursday  last  week,  with  Mesdames  Marie 
Duma  and  Katherine  Fisk,  and  Miss  Lizzie  Bur- 
gess, together  with  Messrs.  Lloyd,  Hirwen 
Jones,    and   Douglas  Powell,  in  the    principal 


parts.  It  is  reasonable  to  hope  this  and 
other  of  the  French  master's  compositions, 
intended  primarily  for  the  stage,  but  quite 
acceptable  in  the  concert-room,  will  be  heard 
in  London  when  opportunity  permits.  Accord- 
ing to  the  best  records  the  performance  under 
Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen  aflbrded  much  satisfaction  to 
all  present. 

Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  has  again  been  unani- 
mously appointed  conductor  of  the  Leeds  Fes- 
tival, to  be  held  early  in  October  next  year. 
Prof.  Villiers  Stanford's  new  Latin  '  Te  Deum  ' 
and  a  symphonic  poem  by  Herr  Humperdinck 
will  be  among  the  principal  novelties.  The 
chorus  will  be  selected  from  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  as  at  the  two  previous  festivals, 
and  will  include  singers  from  Leeds,  Bradford, 
Halifax,  Huddersfield,  and  Dewsbury.  Sir 
Arthur  Sullivan  has  now  definitively  promised 
to  produce  a  new  work  for  the  festival,  so  that 
it  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  a  celebration  of  much 
interest.  No  decision  has  yet  been  come  to  as  to 
the  lowering  of  the  pitch  of  the  organ,  and  the 
sooner  the  necessary  expense  for  this  matter 
is  agreed  to  the  better  for  all  concerned.  This 
sensible  change  must  become  universal  in  time. 

It  is  difficult  to  understand  why  foreign  words 
should  continue  to  be  employed  in  reference 
to  performers  in  this  country.  Frequently  an 
artist  is  still  spoken  of  as  an  "  artiste,"  and  on 
Thursday  last  week  criticism  was  invited  of 
"Mr.  Willy  Hess's  String  Quartette"  from 
Cologne.  Observations  as  to  the  merits  of  the 
quartet  party  must  be  reserved,  and  all  that 
can  be  done  now  is  to  record  that  the  perform- 
ance of  the  "Giirzenich  Quartette"  included 
Brahms's  Quartet  in  a  minor.  Op.  51,  No.  2  ; 
Beethoven's  in  c,  Op.  59,  No.  3  ;  and  Schu- 
mann's in  A  minor,  Op.  41,  No.  1. 

BusoNi  gave  two  more  pianoforte  recitals  this 
week,  notice  of  which  must  be  reserved  until 
next  week.  In  connexion  with  this  it  will  be 
noted  that  prefixes  such  as  Miss,  Madame,  Mr., 
Signor,  Herr,  M.,  Frau,  and  Friiulein  are  now 
dropping  in  concert  advertisements  and  pro- 
grammes. This  is  a  democratic  line  which  must, 
of  course,  be  followed  in  notices,  or  confusion 
might  arise. 

The  sixtieth  birthday  of  Herr  Max  Bruch 
will  occur  on  January  6th,  and  the  occasion  is 
to  be  observed  in  various  parts  of  Germany. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sin. 

MON. 


Wed. 

Th  I-  US. 


Sat. 


Orchestral  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

National  Sunday  League,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Madame  Adelina   <le  Lara's  Chamber  Concert,  3,  Hampstead 

Conservatoire 
Ml-  Qiienton  Ashlj-n's  Concert,  3,  Queen  6  Small  Hall. 
Mrs.  Halkett's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3  30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Popular  Concert,  8,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Tilbury  Cottage  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Rruno  Steindel's  Last  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Queen  9  Hall. 
Mr   Walter  Ford's  Vocal  Keeital,  3,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
BritishC'hamber  Music  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Miss  Winifred  Holiday  and  Mr,    Jasper    Sutcliffe's    Chamber 

Concert,  8  30,  Kensington  Town  Hall. 
Herr  Grieg's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St  James's  Hall. 
Gompertz  Quartet  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Herr  Sauers  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  St.  James's  Hall. 
Koyal  Academy  of  Music,  First  Performance  in  London  of  Prof. 

Stanford's  '  Kequiem,'  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Dorothy  Hanbury's  Concert,  3,  Queen  s  Small  Hall. 
British  Chamber  Music  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Small  Hall. 
Guildhall  School  of  Music   Concert,  ■  Tlie  Golden  Legend,    8, 

St.  Jamess  Hall. 
Roval  Artillery  Band  Concert,  3,  Queen  s  Hall 
Miss  Hilda  Stapylton's  Concert,  3,  Queen  s  Small  Hall 
Strolling  Players'  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen  s  Hall. 
Signorina  Emma  Boi  cardo's  Concert.  8,  St  James  s  Hall. 
Charles  Inches  and  Olga  Leonow's  Concert,  8  30,  Queen  s  Small 

Hall.  „  „ 

Popular  Concert,  3,  St  James  s  Hall.  „..,„„ 

Herr  Buchmayer's   Historical   Pianoforte  Recital,  3,    Queeu  i 

Small  Hall. 
Pol>technic  Concert.  8.  Queen's  Hall. 
Oic'hesti-al  Concert,  8,  St  James's  Hall. 


To  CoRRiSPONDENTS.— W.  A.  S.— W.  H.  H.— G.  F.  M.— 
J.  F.  W.  H.-J.  T.  P.-M.  E.  S.-H.  L  -U.  E.  D.-T.  L.- 
A.  H.— received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


NI  N  E  V  EH. 

REPRODUCTIONS     in     PARIAN     PORCELAIN     from     the 
ASSYRIAN    SCULPTURES  in  the  BRITISH    MUSEUM,  comprising 
Statuettes  of  Sennacherib,  Sardanapalus  and  his  Queen  ;  a  Copy  of  the 
Jehu  Panel  'Black  Obelisk);  also  Reduced  Facsimiles  of  the  Winged 
Human-headed  Lion  and  Bull,  the  Garden  Scene,  &c. 
"  Interesting  and  faithful  reproductions."— ^t/ic'io-i""- 
"  Most  agreeable  ornaments  for  the  drawing-room    —AH  Jminial. 
■■The  forms,  the  features,  and  the  elaborate  embroidered  drapery 
are  rendered  with  most  scrupulous  fidelity."— /Ir«i/e»iy. 
■  Every  detail  is  faithfully  and  vividly  portrayed 

'  Illuslrated  Archaoioijist. 

'■  May  be  safely  used  by  lecturers,"- /lm«'"«'«  AnHqxuiri<m. 

Alfred  Jarvis  (Sole  Publisher),  43,  Willes  Road,  London,  N.W. 


N°3659,  Dec.  H,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


SELECTIONS     FBOM     GASSELL     d      GOMPANYS 

PRESENTATION       VOLUMES. 


831 


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834 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3659,  Dec.  11,  '97 


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N^SGoQ,  Dec.  11,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


835 


THE  LIFE  OF  SIR  STAMFORD  RAFFLES, 

FOUNDER   OF   SINGAPORE   AND  THE   ZOO. 
By  DEMETRIUS  C.  BOULGER. 

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E 


P     s 


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COCOA. 


Extract  riioM  A  Lectvre  on  'Fooos  and  their  Values,'  bv  Dr. 
Andrew  WiiioN,  F.R.S.E.,  &c.— "  If  any  motives— first,  of  due  regard 
for  health,  and  second,  of  getting  full  food-value  for  money  expended — 
can  be  said  to  weigh  with  us  in  choosing  our  foods,  then  I  say  that 
Cocoa  (Epps's  being  the  most  nutritious)  should  be  made  to  replace  tea 
and  coffee  without  hesitation.  Cocoa  is  a  food  ;  tea  and  coffee  are  not 
foods.  This  is  the  whole  science  of  the  matter  in  a  nutshell,  and  he 
who  runs  may  read  the  obvious  moral  of  the  story." 


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Owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  obtaining  pure 
Brandy  at  a  moderate  price,  Whisky  is  often  re- 
commended to  invalids  and  others.  This  is  no 
longer  necessary,  as,  owing  to  their  large  purchases 
of  fine  Brandy  for  Grant's  Morella  Cherry  Brandy, 
THOMAS  GRANT  &  SONS  are  enabled  to  offer 
the  genuine  old  REGINA  BRANDY  at  the  low 
price  of  48s.  per  Dozen  Case,  delivered  to  any  part 
of  England;  or  it  can  be  obtained  through  any 
Wine  Merchant. 

Small  Sample  free  for  cost  of  postage  (Threepence). 

T.  GRANT  &  SONS,  Maidstone. 

I  N  N  B  F  O  R  D'S      MAGNESIA. 

The  best  remedy  for 

ACIDITY  of  the  STOMACH,  HEARTBURN, 

HEADACHE,  GOUT, 

and  INDIGESTION, 

And  Safest  Aperient  tor  Delicate  Conetitntions, 

Children,  and  Infants. 

DINNEFORD'S        MAGNESIA. 


836 


THE     ATHEN^U]\r 


N°  3659,  Dec.  11, '97 


AT    ALL    BOOKSELLERS'    AND    RAILWAY    BOOKSTALLS. 

BENTLEY'S    FAVOURITE    NOVELS. 

Each  Work  can  he  had  separately^  uniformly  hound,  price  6s. 


LATEST    ADDITIONS. 

ACTE.    By  Hugh  Westbury,  \_Just  ready, 

THE  OLD,  OLD   STORY.      By  Rosa  N.  Carey. 
DEAR  FAUSTINA.      By  Rhoda  Broughton.        {Second  Edition.) 


By  ROSA  N.  CAREY. 

The  Old,  Old  Story. 

The  Mistress  of  Brae  Farm. 

Sir  Godfrey's  Grand-daughters. 

Basil  Lyndhurst. 

Nellie's  Memories. 

Barbara  Heathcote's  Trial. 

Heriot's  Choice. 

Queenie's  Whim. 

Mary  St.  John. 

For  Lilias. 

Not  Like  Other  Girls. 

Only  the  Governess. 

Robert  Ord's  Atonement. 

Uncle  Max.    |    Wee  Wifie. 

Wooed  and  Married. 

Lover  or  Friend  ? 

By  MARY  LINSKILL. 

Between  the  Heather  and  the 
Northern  Sea. 

The  Haven  under  the  Hill. 

In  Exchange  for  a  Soul. 

Cleveden. 

Tales  of  the  North  Riding. 


By  JESSIE  FOTHERGILL. 

The  ''  First  Violin." 

Borderland.    |    Kith  and  Kin. 

Probation. 

From  Moor  Isles.     |     Aldyth. 

By  FLORENCE  MONTGOMERY. 

Misunderstood. 
Thrown  Together. 
Seaforth. 


By  RHODA  BROUGHTON. 

Dear  Faustina. 

Scylla  or  Charybdis  ? 

Mrs.  Bligh. 

Cometh  Up  as  a  Flower. 

Good-bye,  Sweetheart. 

Joan.  I  Nancy. 

A  Beginner. 

Not  Wisely,  but  Too  Well. 

Red  as  a  Rose  is  She. 

Second  Thoughts. 

Belinda.        |       Alas ! 

^^  Doctor  Cupid." 

By  MRS.  ANNIE  EDWARDES. 

Leah :  a  Woman  of  Fashion. 
A  Girton  Girl. 
Susan  Fielding. 

By  HAWLEY  SMART. 

Breezie  Langton. 

By  HELEN  MATHERS. 

Comin'  thro'  the  Rye. 


By  MRS.  W.  K.  CLIFFORD. 

Aunt  Anne. 

By  MRS.  ALEXANDER. 

The  Wooing  o't. 
Her  Dearest  Foe. 

By  J.  SHERIDAN  LE  FANU. 

Uncle  Silas. 

In  a  Glass  Darkly. 

The  House  by  the  Churchyard. 

By  W.  E.  NORRIS. 

ThirlbyHall. 
Major  and  Minor. 

By  E.  WERNER. 

Success. 
Fickle  Fortune. 


By  MAARTEN  MAARTENS. 

My  Lady  Nobody. 

An  Old  Maid's  Love. 

The  Sin  of  Joost  Avelingh. 

''  God's  Fool." 

The  Greater  Glory. 

By  MARY  CHOLMONDELEY. 

Diana  Tempest. 

Sir  Charles  Danvers. 

By  ANTHONY  TROLLOPE. 

The  Three  Clerks. 

By  LADY  G.  FOLLERTON. 

Too  Strange  Not  to  be  True. 

By  BARONESS  TAUTPHCEUS. 

The  Initials. 

Quits  ! 

By  MARCUS  CLARKE. 

For  the  Term  of  his  Natural 
Life. 

By  JANE  AUSTEN. 

{The  only  Complete  Edition.) 

Emma. 

Mansfield  Park. 

Lady  Susan,  and  The  Watsons. 

Northanger  Abbey,  and   Per- 
suasion. 

Pride  and  Prejudice. 

Sense  and  Sensibility. 

By  MRS.  RIDDELL. 

George  Geith  of  Fen  Court. 
Berna  Boyle. 

By  L.  DOUGALL. 

The  Madonna  of  a  Day. 


Editorial  Commonicatioiis  sbonid  be  addressed  to 


London :  RICHARD  BENTLE Y  &  SON,  New  Burlington  Street, 

PuhlisJierx  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


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Ajfents  lorScoTLiND,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradfute  and  Mr.  John  Mennies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  December  11,  189T. 


THE   ATHEN^UM 

Soutnal  of  (Sngli^ft  antr  i^oreign  Eitctature,  Science,  tjDe  ;^int  ^m,  iWii^k  antr  tfie  iirama. 


No.  3660. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER    18,    1897. 


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Reading  Rooms  ;  and  their  Families  are  admitted  to  the  Lectures  at  a 
reduced  charge.  Payment :  First  Year,  Ten  Guineas  ;  afterwards.  Five 
Guineas  a  Year ;  or  a  composition  of  Sixty  Guineas. 

T^HE       FOLK-LORE       SOCIETY. 


The  NEXT  EVENING  MEETING  will  be  held  at  22,  ALBEMARLE 
STREET,  PICCADILLY,  On  TUESDAY.  December  21,  1897,  at  8  r.M, 
when  a  Paper,  entitled  '  The  Wooing  of  Penelope,'  will  be  read  by  Mr. 
W.  CROOKE. 

F   A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C  ,  Dec,  1897. 

ROYAL    SOCIETY   of    PAINTERS   in   WATER 
COLOURS  —Gallery,  5i.  Pall  Mall  East,  S.W.— WINTER  EXHI- 
BITION NOW  OPEN.— Admission  Is  .  10  to  5. 

SIEGFRIED  H.  HERKOMER,  Jun.,  Secretary. 

JAPANESE  GALLERY.  — ORIENTAL  ART.— 
Mr  T.  J.  LARKIN  has  ON  VIEW  the  highest-class  JAPANESE 
LACQUER,  CHINESE  CERAMICS,  JADES,  &c.,  at  28,  NEW  BOND 
STREET,  W. 

q^'HE   COUNCIL   of   the  PRINTERS'  PENSION 

X  CORPORATION  beg  to  inform  the  Subscribers  and  Friends  of 
the  above  Institution  that  they  have  duly  appointed  Mr.  JOSEPH 
MORTIMER  to  the  position  of  Secretary. 

F.  J.  E.  YOUNG,  Chairman. 
Gray's  Inn  Chambers,  20,  High  Holborn.  W.C. 

GOOD  English,  French,  and  German  Correspon- 
dence, Shorthand,  and  Typing.  Knowledge  of  Italian  LADY 
desires  SECRETARIAL  ENGAGEMENT.— M.  D.  W.,  41,  Finboroneh 
Eoad,  8.W. 

BA  Lond.,  First-Class  Honours  with  distinction, 
•  ■^^»  wife  French,  both  speaking  German,  always  using  French 
in  home,  eleven  years  in  present  place,  seeks  MASTERSHIP  for  GOOD 
MATHEMATICS  (Corrected  Work  on  'Differential  Equations')  and 
LANGUAGES.    150?.  to  1801 —F.  W.,  14,  Edmund  Street,  Rochdale. 

CALIFORNIA. —  WANTED,  for  TWO  BOYS, 
12  and  14,  the  Sons  of  an  English  Gentleman,  a  TUTOR.  Fishing, 
Shooting,  and  Riding  —For  further  particulars  write  T.,  18  Delamere 
Terrace,  W. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON,  for  WOMEN, 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PRINCIPAL  of 
BEDFORD  COLLEGE.  Testimonials  (not  exceeding  four  in  number) 
and  names  of  references  to  be  sent  in  on  or  before  January  15  1898 
Twenty  copies  of  the  testimonials  to  be  forwarded  to,  and  all  inquiries 
to  be  made  of,  LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary 

9,  Pelham  Place,  South  Kensington,  8  W . 


gCHOOL      of      ART,      HANLEY. 

HEAD  MASTERSHIP. 
The  Committee  of  HANLEY  SCHOOL  of  ART  are  prepared  to 
receive  applications  for  the  HEAD  M.VSTERSHIP  of  the  School 
•which  is  about  to  become  vacant  in  consequence  of  the  appointment  of 
the  present  Head  Master  to  a  Government  Inspectorship —Particulars 
may  be  obtained  on  application  (at  once),  by  letter,  to  Edward  J 
DiNiEL,  Hon.  Sec.  School  of  Art,  Hanley. 


u 


NIVERSITY      of       EDINBURGH. 


CHAIR  OF  MORAL  PHILOSOPHY. 


The  Curators  of  Patronage  of  the  University  of  Edinhnrgh  request 
that  each  Candidate  for  the  above  Chair  should  lodge  with  the  under- 
signed, not  later  than  March  31,  1898,  eight  copies  of  his  application, 
and  eight  copies  of  any  testimonials  which  he  may  desire  to  subniit. 
One  copy  of  the  application  should  be  signed. 

R.  HERBERT  JOHNSTON,  W.S.,  Secretary. 
j;  66,  Frederick  Street,  Edinburgh,  December  14, 1897. 


u 


NIVERSITY      COLLEGE,      LONDON. 


QUAIN  PROFESSORSHIP  OF  PHYSICS. 
This  Chair  will  be  VACANT  by  the  resignation  of  Prof.  Carey  Foster 
at  the  CLOSE  of  the  PRESENT  SESSION.    Applications,  accompanied 
by  such  testimonials  as  Candidates  may  wish  to  submit,  should  reach 
the  Secretary  by  Tuesday.  March  1,  1893.    Further  inforniation  will  be 
sent  on  application. 
The  new  Professor  will  enter  on  his  duties  in  the  October  following. 
J.  M    HORSBURGH,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


u 


NIVERSITY      of      WALES 


MATRICULATION  EXAMINATION,  1893. 
The    University    Court  will  shortly  APPOINT    MATRICULATION 
EXAMINERS  as  follows  :— 

In  the  Subjects  of 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  the  HISTORY  of  ENGLAND 

and  WALES  (Two  Examiners). 
LATIN  (Two  Examiners) 
MATHEMATICS  (fwo  Examiners). 
GREEK  (One  Examiner). 
DYNAMICS  (One  Examiner). 
WELSH  (One  Examiner). 
FRENCH  (One  Examiner). 
GERMAN  (One  Examiner). 
CHEMISTRY  (One  Examiner). 
BOTANY  (One  Examiner). 
Particulars  will  be  given  by  the  Rkgistr.vu  of  THii  University,  Town 
Hall  Chambers,  Newport,  Mon.,  to  whom  applications  must  be  sent  on 
or  before  January  19,  1898. 

ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill,  Staines.— The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  lor  Employment  in  Europe,  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September.  1898.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Asstsiaot 
Engineers  in  the  Public  Works  I>epartnient,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  Assistant  Superintendents  in  the  Telegraphs  Department.  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P.W.D  ,  and  One  in  the  Traffic  Department,  Indian 
State  Kail  ways. —For  particulars  apply  to  Seceptaby,  at  College. 

LANGLAND      COLLEGE,      EASTBOURNE. 
Patrons. 
Tbe  Right  Hon    LORD  ABERDARE. 
The  Right  Rev.  the  LORD  BISHOP  OF  PETERBOROUGH. 
Sir  DOUGLAS  GALTON,  K.C.B.  F.R. 8. 
Sir  JOHN  T.  DILLWYN  LLEWELYN,  Bart.  M.P.  F.K.S. ;  and  others. 
Principal— Miss  M    E.  VINTER, 
Seven  years  Head  Mistress  of  the  Swansea  High  School.  Girls'  Public 
Day  School  Company;    four    years  Chief  Mathematical   and    Science 
Mistress,    Kensington    High    School ;    Senior    Optime,    Mathematical 
Tripos,  Cambridge;    Intermediate  Science,  London  University,  First 
Division ;    Certiflcated    Student   in  Honours,  and  Scholar  of  Girton 
College,  Cambridge ;  Associate  and  Arnott  Scholar  of  Bedford  College, 
London. 

Entire  charge  of  Children  whose  parents  are  abroad. 

SCHOOL  for  the  DAUGHTERS  of  GENTLE- 
MEN.  Granyille  House,  Meads,  Eastbourne  —Thorough  education. 
Highest  references.  Home  comforts.  Large  grounds,  with  Croquet 
and  Tennis  Lawns.— For  Prospectus  apply  to  the  Pp.I^CIFAL. 

C^OACHES    and    VISITING    TEACHERS.— Ex- 

V  '  perienced  University  Women,  with  distinctions  in  Literature, 
History,  Classics.  Mathematics,  French,  German.  Moral  and  Natural 
Science,  are  RECOMMENDED  by  the  UNIVERSITY  ASSOCIATION  of 
WOMEN  TEACHERS.  Lessons  also  by  Correspondence,  and  Prepara- 
tion for  Examinations.— Hon.  Sec,  48,  Mall  Chambers,  Kensington,  W. 

GOVERNESSES  for  PRIVATE  FAMILIES.- 
Miss  LOUISA  BROUGH  can  RECOMMEND  several  highly 
qualified  English  and  Foreign  GOVERNESSES  lor  Resident  and  Daily 
Engagements.  —  Central  Registry  for  Teachers,  25,  Craven  Street, 
Charing  Cross,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs  GABBITAS. 
THRING  A  CO..  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowledge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furnish  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
requirements. — 36,  Sackville  Street,  W. 

ADVICE  as  to  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS.— The 
Scholastic  Association  (a  body  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Gra- 
duates) gives  Advice  and  Assistance,  without  charge,  to  Parents  and 
Guardians  in  the  selection  of  Schools  (for  Boys  or  Girls)  and  I'utors  for 
all  Examinations  at  home  or  abroad. — A  statement  of  requirements 
should  be  sent  to  the  Manager,  K.  J.  Beevor,  M.A.,  8,  Lancaster  Place, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

''I'^YPE-WRITERS    and  CYCLES.— The  standard 

-L  makes  at  half  the  usual  prices.  Machines  lent  on  hire,  also  Bought 
and  Exchanged.  Sundries  and  Repairs  to  all  Machines.  Terms,  cash 
or  instalments.  MS.  copied  from  lOd.  per  1,000  words. — N.  Taylor, 
74,  Chanctry  Lane,  London.  Established  1884.  Telephone  690.  Tele- 
grams, "Glossator,  London." 

SECRETARIAL  BUREAU,  9,  Strand,  London.— 
Confidential  Secretary.  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci  Tripos, 
1893),  Indexer  and  Dutch  Translator  to  the  India  Ortice.  Permanent 
Staff  of  trained  English  and  Foreign  Secretaries.  Expert  Stenographers 
and  Typists  sent  out  for  temporary  work.  Verbatim  French  and  Geiman 
Reporters  for  Congresses,  &c.  Literary  and  Commercial  'Iranslations 
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NOTICE.— CHRISTMAS  DAY.— The 
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lished on  THURSDAY  NEXT,  December  23, 
at  2  o'clock.  The  latest  time  for  receiving 
Advertisements  for  this  issue  will  be  on 
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FRANCE. —  The  ATHENiEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations  in 
France : — 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES.  BEAULIEU-8UR  -  MER.  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
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MONACO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS,  PAU,  SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOURS, 
TOULON. 

And  at  the  GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  224,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris. 

'T"'HE  BUSH  LANE  HOUSE  TYPING  OFFICE  — 

X  Authors'  MSS  ,  Plays.  Legal  and  General  Copying  executed  with 
accuracy  and  despatch.  Translations  and  Shorthand  Work  of  any 
description  undertaken.— For  quotations  apply  to 

Miss  H.  D.  Wilson,  Bush  Lane,  Cannon  Street,  EC. 

'I'^yPE-WRITING.- MSS.,  Scientific,  and  of  all 

J-  Descriptions.  Copied.  Special  attention  to  work  requiring  care. 
Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-writing).  Usual  terms.— Misses 
Farrin,  Donington  (late  Hastings)  House,  Norfolk  Street,  Strand, 
London. 


''PYPK-WRITING  with    accuracy  and  despatch. 

J      Authors' MSS  9<i  1,000  words.  Plays,  Indexing,  General  Copying. 


-Miss  W\T,  33,  Ossian  Road,  Stroud  Green,  N. 


TYPE-WRITING,    in    best    style.    Id.   per  folio 
of  72  words     References  to  Authors.— Miss  Gladdino,  23,  Lans- 
downe  Gardens.  South  Lambeth,  S.W. 

MSS.  of  every  description — English,  French,  and 
German— carefully  COPIED  by  experienced  Writers.  References 
to  Authors,  Publishers.  Scientists.  Clergymen.  Medical  Men, and  others. 
Fireproof  safe  for  MSS— Mrs.  Gill,  Typewriting  Office,  35,  Ludgate 
Hill.    (Established  1883.) 

TYPE-WRITING.— All  kinds  of  COPYING  care- 
fully and  promptly  executed  in  best  style.  Authors'  MSS  from 
10<f.  per  1.000  words.  Established  1893 —Miss  Disnev,  38,  Balham  Grove, 
London,  S.W. 

389,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

MR.  E.  P.  HODDER  begs  to  announce  that  he 
has  made  arrangements  with  Messrs.  J  S  VIRTUE  &  CO  , 
Ltd..  of  26,  Ivy  Lane  and  291.  City  Road,  London,  EC,  Proprietors  and 
Printers  of  the  Art  .rowtml.  for  the  EXTENSION  of  his  PUBLISHING 
BUSINESS,  and  will  bo  pleased,  therefore,  to  hear  from  Authors 
having  MS.  ready  for  publication  in  Book  Form,  Address  in  first 
instance  as  above. 

MESSRS.  W.  THACKER  &  CO.  will  be  glad  to 
hear  from  Authors  having  MSS.  ready  on  the  following  sub- 
jects :— Sport  Travel  and  Adventure,  and  Books  relating  to  India  and 
the  East.  Correspondence  Invited.  Established  1819.— W.  Thacker  & 
Co  ,  2,  Creed  Lane,  B.C. 

^yo    AUTHORS.— The    ROXBURGHE    PRESS, 

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SOCIETY  of  AUTHORS.— Literary  Property. 
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N.B.— The  AUl'HOR,  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly, 
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THE  AUTHORS'  AGENCY.      Established  1879. 

Jl  Proprietor.  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  1,  Paternoster  Row.  Th6 
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838 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18, '97 


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ILLIAMS       &       NORGATE, 

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British  Museum.  To  be  completed  in  Eight  Parts,  each  containing  Ten  magnificent  Hand-Coloured  Illustrations, 
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MONOGRAPH  of  the  HIRUNDINIDJE,  or  FAMILY  of  SWALLOWS.     By 

Dr.  BOWDLER  SHARPE  and  CLAUDE  W.  WYATT.  Illustrated  with  103  Hand-Coloured  Plates  and  26  Coloured 
Maps,  showing  Distribution.    2  vols.  4to.  half-morocco  gilt,  top  edges  gilt,  121. 

IN  FORWARD   PREPARATION. 

MONOGRAPH  of  the  FAMILY  of  THRUSHES.      By  the  late  Henry  Seebohm. 

Edited  and  Completed  by  Dr.  BOWDLER  SHARPE.  Illustrated  with  141  Plates  drawn  by  J.  G.  Keulemans  and 
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A   CALENDAR    of  the   INNER   TEMPLE    RECORDS.     Edited  by   F.  A. 

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THIS  VALUABLE  WORK  GREATLY  REDUCED  IN   PRICE. 

THE    HISTORY    OF    MODERN    PAINTING. 

By  RICHARD  MUTHER, 
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of  Prints  and  Engravings  at  Munich. 

2304  pages,  over  1,300  Illustrations,  3  vols,  imperial  8vo,  cloth,  with  gilt  lettering  and  top. 

Published  at  2Z.  15s.     Net  price  £1  Is. 

TIMES. — "There  need  be  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  this  work  of  Muther  the  most  authoritative  that  exists  on 
the  subject,  the  most  complete,  the  best  informed  of  all  the  general  histories  of  Modern  Art."  (Second  Notice.)— "  Not 
only  the  best,  but  the  only  history  of  Modern  Painting  which  has  any  pretension  to  cover  the  whole  ground.  The  English 
is  good,  and  tbe  book  does  not  read  like  a  translation Mr.  Hillier's  excellent  translation." 

DAILY  NEWS  (Second  Notice). — "  A  monumental  work of  cyclopeedic  value This  author  is  distinctly  cheering. 

He  has  no  slavish  and  indiscriminate  admiration  for  the  old  masters,  and  his  enthusiasm  and  his  hopes  are  with  the  art 

of  his  time There  are  many  illustrations,  a  copious  bibliography,  and  a  good  index It  is  incomparably  the  best  work 

of  its  kind ;  in  some  respects,  the  only  one  of  its  kind." 


NEW    PRINTS,    &C. 


MR.    GOULD'S    WORKS. 

A  FULL  DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  of  the  GRAND  ORNITHOLOGICAL  and  other  WORKS 
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tion, will  be  sent  post  free  on  application  to  the  Publishers. 


MILLAIS 

(Sir  J.  E.,  P.R.A.). 

THE    LAST    TREK. 

Very  finely  reproduced  in  Photogravure 
from  the  Artist's  Original  Drawing  (his  last 
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to  his  son's  work,  '  A  Breath  from  the  Veldt,' 
where  it  appears  on  a  reduced  scale.  It 
therefore  possesses  a  twofold  interest,  as  one 
of  the  very  last  productions  of  its  Author's 
pen,  and  from  its  own  touching  subject — the 
death  of  a  hunter  on  the  Veldt,  watched  by 
his  two  faithful  native  "  boys,"  under  the  rays 
of  the  setting  sun.  The  reproduction  is  a 
very  fine  one,  and  conveys  with  remarkable 
success  the  effect  of  the  original  drawing. 


SEEBOHM    (HENRY,    F.Z.S.), 

Author  of  '  Siberia  in  Europe,'  &c. 

PORTRAIT  OF, 

Finely  reproduced  in  Photogravure  from  the  last 
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in  a  permanent  form.  The  above  has  been  excel- 
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FACSIMILE  OF  THE  GUILDHALL 
SHAKESPEARE  DEED. 

A    PHOTOLITHOGRAPHIC    FACSIMILE 

(Size  3ii  by  27|  inches) 

Of  a  Deed  of  Purchase  of  a  House  in  Blackfriars, 
March  10,  1612/13. 

Containing  the  AUTOGRAPH  SIGNATURE 
of  WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE, 

The  above  celebrated  Deed,  preserved  in  the 
Guildhall  Museum,  London,  is  believed  to  contain 
the  Poet's  most  authentic  Autograph  ;  but  although 
the  Signature  itself  has  been  given  in  Halliwell's 
Shakespeare,  the  complete  deed  has  never  yet  been 
reproduced.  The  above  facsimile  has  been  executed 
under  the  direction  of  the  Library  Committee  of 
the  Corporation,  and  only  a  very  small  number 
have  been  printed,  copies  of  which  are  now  offered 
at  the  net  price  of  10s,  Qd. 


HENRY  SOTHERAN  &  CO.,  Publishers,  140,  Strand,  W.C. ;  and  37,  Piccadilly,  W. 


844 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N"  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


DAVID      NUTT, 

270-271,  STKAND. 


Just,  out,  CONCLUDING  NUMBER  of  CLASSICAL 
KEVIKW,  Vol.  XI.,  containing  a  lengthy  notice,  with 
many  suggested  emendations,  of  the  New  Bacchylides. 

THE     CLASSICAL      REVIEW. 

Vol.  XI.,  DECEMBER.  1897,  No.  9,  Is.  6rf.  net. 
Contents. 
ROBINSON  ELLIS  and  A.  PLATT.     Notes  on  the  '  Frag- 
ment of  Menander's'  VtiopyoQ. 
H.  RICHARDS.    The  Minor  Works  of  Xenophon  IX.    (The 
Ylopoi.) 

A.    E.    HOUSMAN.      Critical  Notes  on  Ovid's  '  Heroides.' 
(Continued.) 

W.  RHYS  ROBERTS.    The  Quotation  from  Genesis  in  the 
'  De  Sublimitat.e.' 

A.  H.  J.  GRBBNIDGB.     The  Porcian  Coins  and  the  Porcian 

Laws. 

C.  C.J.  WEBB.    On  some  Fragments  of  the  'Saturnalia' 
of  Macrobius. 

J.  B.  MAYOR.    Unrecorded  Uses  of  avriKa. 

B.  A.  NAIRN.     The  Division  of  Horace  '  Od.'  i.  28  into  Two 

Separate  Odes. 

T.  L.  AGAR.     On  t  he  •KordSit]<l)V(Tt  in  Homer. 

F.  HAVERFIELD.    Note  on  Tacitus,  '  Agric'  24. 

G.  B.  GRUNDY.    Note  on  the  Topography  of  Pylos. 
J.  B.  BURY.    Note  on  Aesch.  '  Agam.'  735. 

Kenyon's  '  Editio  Princeps' of  Bacchylides.    J.A.NAIRN. 
Nicole's  '  Fragments  of  Menander.'    F.  G.  KENYON. 
Kaibel's  Edition  of  the  '  Antigone.'    L.  CAMPBELL. 
Heinze's  Edition  of  '  Lucretius,'  Book  III.   W.  A.  MERRILL. 
Klebs  and  Dessau's '  Prosopographia  Imperii  Romani.'    F.  T 

RICHARDS. 
Caruselli  on  the  '  Origin  of  the  Italians.'    R.  S.  CONWAY. 
Jex-Blake  and  Sellers's  '  The  Elder  Pliny's  Chapters  on  the 

History  of  Art.'    A.  G.  BATHER. 

MONTHLY  RBCORD-SUMMARIBS-BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
i,^<P,^^^  u^F^^  ^°'"  ^°''  ^^-  °f  t'^e  CLASSICAL 
SuAR?'o'f  „\\r?"ell  "■'•^    ""•    '    ^^   ^°'-  ^"-    - 


TWO    PAPERS    on   the    OSIAN 

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—  20  HANSA  TOWNS  —21.  EARLY  BRITAIN.  — 22.  BARBARY 
CORSAIRS.— 23.  RUSSIA  —24  JEWS  UNDER  the  ROMAN  EMPIRE.— 
25,  SCOTLAND— 26  S WI'IZERLAND  — 27.  MEXICO.— 28.  PORTUGAL. 
-29.  The  NORMANS— 30  BYZANTINE  EMPIRE.— 31.  SICILY.— 32. 
TUSCAN  REPUBLICS.-33  POLAND.— 31.  PARTHIA.— 35  AUSTRA 
LIAN  COMMONWEALTH  —36  SPAIN.  — 37  JAPAN —38.  SOUTH 
AFRICA  —39  VENICE— 40.  CRUSADES  -41  VBDIC  INDIA —42. 
WEST  INDIES  —43  BOHEMIA —44  BALKANS.— 15.  CANADA.— 46. 
BRITISH  INDIA.-47.  MODERN  FRANCE. 


INTRODUCTORY     STUDIES    in 

GREEK  ART:   Delivered  in  the  British  Museum.     By  JANE  B. 
HARRISON.    Fourth  Edition.    Map  and  Illustrated.    Cloth,  7s.  6d. 


The    PRINTERS    of   BASLE    in    the 

FIFTEENTH  and  SIXTEENTH  CENTURIES:  their  Biographies, 
Printed  Books,  and  Devices  By  CHAS.  WM.  HECKE'THOBNE, 
Author  of  '  Secret  Societies,'  &c.  Illustrated.  Buckram,  gilt, 
II.  Is  net. 


PROFESSOR  PASQUALE  VILLARI'S 

WORKS. 

The  LIFE  and  TIMES  of  GIROLAMO  SAVONAROLA.    New  Edition. 

Illustrated.    Cloth,  7s  6<i 
The  LIFE  and  TIMES  of  NICOLO  MACHIAVELLI.    Revised  EditiOQ. 

2  vols,  illustrated,  cloth,  32s. 


LIVES  of  TWELVE  BAD  MEN.  Edited 

by  THOMAS    SECCOMBE,   M.A.     Illustrated.     Second  Edition. 
Cloth,  6s. 

A  COMPANION  VOLUME  TO  ABOVE. 

LIVES   of  TWELVE   BAD   WOMEN. 

Edited  by  ARTHUR  VINCENT.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  16s. 


STORIES  from  the  '  SPECTATOR.' 

CAT    and    BIRD    STORIES.     With    Introduction   by    J.    ST.    LOB 

STRACHEY.     Cloth.  6s. 
DOG  STORIBS,     Introduction  by  J.  ST.  LOE  STRACHEY.    Second 

Edition.    Cloth,  5s. 


The  INNER  LIFE  of  the  HOUSE  of 

COMMONS  :  selected  from  the  Writings  of  William  White  With 
Prefatory  Note  by  HIS  SON  and  an  Introduction  by  JUS'TIN 
MCCARTHY,  M.P.    2  vols,  demy  8vo.  cloth,  16s. 


QUOTATIONS   for   OCCASIONS. 

Compiled  by  KATHARINE  B.  WOOD.    Cloth,  3s.  6cf. 

The  LIFE  of  RICHARD  COBDEN.  By 

the  Right  Hon  JOHN  MORLEY.  Photogravure  Portrait.  2  vols, 
cloth,  7s. 

THIRD  YEAR  OF  PUBLICATION. 

GOOD    READING:    being    Extracts, 

complete  in  themselves,  selected  by  their  Authors  from  many 
■Works.  This  book  is  embellished  with  about  40  Poitraits  and 
Autographs  of  the  Authors  represented  in  the  "Work.  la  long  8vo. 
paper  covers,  Is. ;  or  in  cloth,  2s. 


A  LIST 0/ ME.  T.  FISHER   UNWIN'S  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS  mill  he  sent  post  free  to  any 

address  on  receipt  of  card. 

London  :  T.  FISHER  UNWIN,  Paternoster  Square,  E.G. 


W  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


845 


Published  Monthly,  price  Sixpence,  in  crown  4to.  tastefully  printed  on  art  paper  and  illustrated. 

THE    ANTIQUARY. 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  MAGAZINE  DEVOTED  TO  THE  STUDY  OF 

THE  PAST. 

FOR    1898. 

During  the  coming  year  it  is  intended  to  chronicle,  rather  more  fully  than  hitherto,  the  Meetings  and 
Proceedings  of  the  Provincial  Societies,  and  also  to  devote  a  small  space  for  recording  Sales  of  Old 
Books,  Antiquities,  &c.,  as  well  as  to  publish  items  of  ArchEeological  News  other  than  such  as  may  call 
for  comment  in  the  "Notes  of  the  Month."  By  means  of  these  developments  it  is  hoped  that  the 
magazine  may  become  still  more  useful  as  a  medium  of  arch^ological  information  between  Antiquaries 
in  various  parts  of  the  country. 

The  following  is  an  outline  of  the  Papers  n-Mch  it  has  been  arranged  are  to  appear,  amongst  others, 

during  1S98 : — 

THE     ROMAN     ANTIQUITIES     OF     BRITAIN. 

Mr.  F.  HAVERFIELD,  F.S.A.,  will  continue  the  very  valuable  Series  of  QUARTERLY  NOTES  ON 
ROMAN  BRITAIN  which  have  been  so  widely  appreciated  in  the  past.  Mr.  W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE, 
M.  A.,  will  con  tribute  a  Paper  on  RECENT  EXCAVATIONS  AT  SILCHEsTBR;  and  detailed  ACCOUNTS 
OF  THE  EXCAVATIONS  ALONG  THE  ROMAN  WALL  will  also  be  given. 

OLD     ENGLISH     INDUSTRIES. 

A  Series  of  Papers  on  "ENGLAND'S  OLDEST  HANDICRAFTS"  will  be  given.  The  Series  will 
comprise  Papers  on  WORKERS  IN  WOOL  AND  FLAX  ;  DECORATIVE  WORK  IN  IRON ;  THE 
POTTERS'  CRAFT;  EMBROIDERY  AND  TAPESTRY;  WORK  IN  PRECIOUS  METALS;  HOME- 
MADE LACE;  MAKERS  OF  WEAPONS;  and  WORKERS  IN  WOOD.  In  addition  to  this  Series  of 
Papers  it  is  hoped  that  space  may  be  found  for  an  annotated  Paper  on  the  ORDINANCES  OF  THE  OLD 
CRAFT  OF  GOLDSMITHS  AT  YORK,  as  well  as  some  NOTES  ON  PEWTER  AND  PEWTERERS' 
MARKS.    Mr.  E.  W.  HULME  will  write  on  ELIZABETHAN  INDUSTRIES. 

ECCLESIASTICAL     ARCHAEOLOGY. 

The  Editor  has  had  placed  in  his  hands  some  very  important  CHURCH  NOTES  BY  THE  LATE 
SIR  STEPHEN  GLYNNB,  Bart,  (mostly  taken  circa  1825),  and  dealing  with  various  Churches  in  the 
Counties  of  Durham,  Lancaster,  Leicester,  Lincoln,  and  Nottingham.  It  is  intended  to  print  these 
during  1898.  Dr.  J.  WICKHAM  LEGG,  F.S.A.,  will  contribute  a  Historical  Paper  (which  will  be 
illustrated)  on  the  LITURGICAL  DANCE  BEFORE  THE  ALTAR  IN  SEVILLE  CATHEDRAL. 
Besides  these,  a  Paper  (illustrated  by  Photographs  taken  just  before  its  demolition)  will  be  given  on  the 
OLD  CHAPEL  OF  ST.  JOHN'S  COLLEGE,  CAMBRIDGE.  Mr.  A.  KNOX  will  contribute  a  Paper  on 
THE  RUINED  KIRK  OF  LONAN,  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  LIGHTS  IN  YORKSHIRE  CHURCHES  will 
form  the  subject  of  another  Paper.  A  Paper  describing  the  CONSTITUTION  AND  PRIVILEGES  OF 
THE  CHAPTERS  OF  CANONESSES  IN  FRANCE,  which  were  suppressed  at  the  Revolution,  will 
also,  it  is  believed,  be  found  of  interest. 

MANNERS     AND     CUSTOMS     OF     THE     MIDDLE     AGES. 

VISCOUNT  DILLON  (President  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries)  will  write  on  ARMOUR;  and  Mr. 
GEORGE  NEILSON  will  contribute  a  Paper  on  MEDIEVAL  ARTILLERY.  FONERAL  AND  OTHER 
CUSTOMS  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES  AS  EVIDENCED  IN  TESTAMENTARY  WILLS  will  be 
critically  described  in  one  or  more  papers. 

OBJECTS     OF     ANTIQUITY. 

Under  this  heading  may  be  included  a  Paper  on  SOME  UNDESCRIBED  ALABASTER  TABLETS 
IN  THE  NORTH  OF  ENGLAND;  a  Critical  Paper  on  ENGLISH  ORNAMENTAL  SPOONS  OF  THE 
MIDDLE  AGES;  and  a  Paper  on  THE  SECULAR  DRINKING  VESSELS  KNOWN  AS  "CHALICE 
CUPS."  It  is  also  hoped  that  space  may  be  found  for  Papers  on  OLD  ENGLISH  MEDIEVAL 
WEIGHTS  and  MEASURES,  &c.,  which  are  in  preparation. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  for  Papers  dealing  with  Prehistoric  Objects  and  Remains.  In  this 
connexion  an  Illustrated  Paper,  by  Mr.  D.  MACRITCHIE,  F.S.A.Scot.,  on  the  CAVE  AT  AIRLIE, 
may  be  more  specially  named. 

GENERAL     ARCH-EOLOGY. 

One  or  more  Papers  on  HERALDRY  AND  HERALDIC  SUBJECTS  will  be  contributed  by  the  Rev. 
C.  V.  COLLIER,  F.S.A.  ;  MORE  RAMBLINGS  OF  AN  ANTIQUARY  (illustrated),  by  Mr.  GEORGE 
BAILEY;  SOME  ANNOTATED  INVENTORIES  AND  WILLS,  by  Mr.  W.  BROWN,  and  others;  OLD 
SUSSEX  FARMHOUSES  AND  THEIR  FURNITURE,  by  Mr.  J.  LEWIS  ANDRfi,  F.S.A. ;  and  the 
Translation  of  a  CLERICAL  DIARY  KEPT  AT  SAINTES  immediately  before  and  during  the  first 
years  of  the  French  Revolution. 

THE  VOLUME  FOR  1897  IS  NOW  READY, 
bound  in  Roxburghe,  with  gilt  top  and  rough  edges,  price  7s.  Qd,  post  free. 


THE  NEW  MAGAZINE  OF 
GENEALOGY    AND    HERALDRY. 

Published  Monthly,  price  One  Shilling,  in 
handsome  imperial  8vo.  tastefully  printed   in  old- 
face  type  and  illustrated. 

THE   GENEALOGICAL 
MAGAZINE. 

A  JOURNAL  OF  FAMILY  HISTORY, 
HERALDRY,  AND  PEDIGREES. 

T/te  following  Artichs  will  appear  in  the  Early 
Numbers  of  the  QENEALUOICAL  MAGAZINE 
during  the  year  1898  '. — 

The   Nelson   Pedigree    and    Various 

ORIGINAL  NELSON  LETTERS. 

The  Arden  Family.   By  Mrs.  C.  C.  Stopes. 
The  Beresford  Family.    By  Major  C.  E. 

DE  LA  POBR  BERESFORD.    Illustrated. 

The   Penderels   of   Boscobol.     By  J. 

PBNDERBL-BRODHURST.     Illustrated. 

A  Series  of  Articles  on  Baronets  and 

the  BARONETAGE.    By  "  X.'  and  othera. 

An  Extensive  Series  of  Royal  Descents. 
Some  Notes  on  Lyon  Office.      By  J. 

BALFOUR  PAUL,  Lyon  King  of  Arms. 

An  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Heraldry. 

An  Article  on  Liveries. 

The  Arms  of  the  London  Livery  Com- 

PANIES.  (Including  an  Article  on  the  Arms  of  the 
Drapers'  Company,  by  BVBRARD  GREEN,  Esq.,  Rouge 
Dragon.)    Illustrated. 

The  Loudoun  Family.    By  A.  C.  Jonas, 

Esq.,  F.R.H.S. 

A  List  of  Strangers  in  London  during 

the  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY.  A  very  complete  List  of 
Huguenot  Families.  By  Rev.  A.  W.  CORNELIUS 
HALLEN. 

Some  Notes  on  the  Albemarle  Peer- 

AGE.     By  HUBERT  HALL,  F.S.A. 

An  Article  on  Ecclesiastical  Heraldry. 

By  G.  AMBROSE  LEE,  Esq.,  Blue  Mantle. 

The  Washington  Family  Pedigree.    By 

M.  DB  LANO. 

The  Seals  of  the  Borough  of  Honiton. 

By  J.  GALE  PEDRICK. 

The   Blakes  of  Galway.     By  Martin  J. 

BLAKE.  

EXTRACTS  FROM  NOTICES  OF  THE 
GENEALOGICAL  MAGAZINE. 

"An  excellent  design  and  admirably  carried  out.  __The 
tvDoeraDhical  arrangements  are  all  that  can  be  desired." 
'^  ^    ^^  ^  Literary  World. 

"  Of  value  as  well  as  interest."— .<4carfemy. 

"  A  section  of  the  Magazine  which  is  bound  to  be  useful 
is  a  chronicle  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  devolution  and 
creation  of  titles  and  honours,  changes  of  name,  appoint- 
ments, &c.,  and  in  addition  to  the  family  histories  and 
historical  pedigrees,  a  feature  is  to  be  made  of  the  serial 
publication  of  heraldic  v/orks."— Daily  Chronicle. 

"Beautifully  got  up,  and  will  bring  interest  to  many. 

Vanity  tair. 

"  A  welcome  is  due  to  the  first  number  of  the  Genealogical 
Magazine,  which  promises  well  both  as  to  contents  and 
general 'get-up.'" — Guardian. 

"  This  new  venture  will  doubtless  find  ready  acceptance 
among  county  families  and  students  of  history.  The  ex- 
tremely well-written  articles  are  not  without  interest  to  the 
general  reader."— Bedford  Times. 

"We  extend  the  most  cordial  welcome  to  the  new  Maga- 
zine, which  should  become  very  popular  amongst  the  large 
number  of  readers  of  antiquarian  tastes,  who,  it  must  be 
confessed,  are  not  catered  for  in  a  fittingly  popular  manner. 

Birmingham  Daily  Gazette. 

A  Specimen  Copy  of  the  Magazine  will  be  sent, 
post  free,  for  One  Shilling.  Annual  Subscription, 
Twelve  Shillings. 


London  :  ELLIOT  STOCK,  62,  Paternoster  Row,  E.G. 


846 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


RICHARD   BENTLEY  &  SON'S 
LIST. 


STANDARD     WORKS 

SUITABLE   FOR 

CHRISTMAS  PRESENTS. 


The    HISTORY    of    the    FRENCH 

REVOLUTION.  By  ADOLPHE  THIERS. 
Translated  by  FREDERICK  SHOBERL.  With 
50  Engravings.     5  vols,  demy  8vo.  45s. 

The   LIFE    of  MARY,    QUEEN    of 

SCOTS.  From  the  French  of  M.  MIGNET. 
By  Sir  ANDREW  SCOBLE,  Q.C.  1  vol, 
crown  8vo.  with  2  Portraits,  6s. 

The  LL?E  of  OLIVER  CROMWELL. 

From  the  French  of  M.  GUIZOT.  By  Sir 
ANDREW  SCOBLE,  Q.C.  1  vol.  crown  8vo. 
with  4  Portraits,  Qs. 

The    PRIVATE    LIFE    of    MARIE 

ANTOINETTE,  By  HBNRIETTE  FJfeLICIT^ 
CAMPAN,  First  Lady-in- Waiting  to  the  Queen. 
With  2  Portraits.     1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s, 

MEMOIRS    of    NAPOLEON    BONA- 

PARTB,  By  FAUVELET  de  BOURRIENNE. 
Edited  by  Col.  PHIPPS.  4  vols,  crown  Svo. 
with  Illustrations,  36s. 

The  LIVES  of  WITS  and  HUMOUR- 
ISTS :  Swift,  Foote,  Steele,  Goldsmith,  Sheri- 
dan, Sydney  Smith,  Theodore  Hook,  &c.  By 
JOHN  TIMES.     2  vols,  crown  Svo.  12.*. 

The   INGOLDSBY   LEGENDS.     By 

the  Rev,  RICHARD  HARRIS   BARHAM.     A 

New  Annotated  Edition.     Edited,  with  Notes, 
by   Mrs.    EDWARD   A.  BOND.     Illustrations 
on  Steel.    In  3  vols,  demy  Svo.  31s.  M. 
The    CARMINE    EDITION,     Small   demy   Svo. 

■with  20  Illustrations  on  Steel,  with  gilt  edges  and 

bevelled  boards,  10s.  Qd. 

The  EDINBURGH  EDITION,  An  Edition  in 
large  type,  with  50  Illustrations.  Crown  Svo,  red 
cloth,  6s. 

A    HUNTER'S    WANDERINGS    in 

AFRICA,  By  FREDERICK  COURTENAY 
SELOUS.  Third  Edition.  With  Map  and 
19  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  Smit  and  Whym- 
per.     In  demy  Svo.  ISs. 

An  OLD  COACHMAN'S   CHATTER. 

By  EDWARD  CORBETT.  With  8  Full-Page 
Coaching  Sketches  on  Stone  by  John  Stui-gess. 
Second  Edition.     Demy  Svo,  155, 

The  FIFTEEN  DECISIVE  BATTLES 

of  the  WORLD.  By  Sir  EDWARD  CREASY, 
late  Chief  Justice  of  Ceylon.  Thirty-seventh 
Edition.  With  Plans.  Crown  Svo.  canvas 
boards,  Is.  4«?, ;  or  in  cloth  gilt,  red  edges,  2s. 

The  HEAVENS.    By  Amedee  Guille- 

MIN.  In  demy  Svo,  with  over  200  Illustra- 
tions, 12s, 

CURIOSITIES    of    NATURAL   HIS- 

TORY.   By  FRANCIS  TREVELY AN.   Popular 
Edition,  in  Four  Series.     With  a  few  Illustra- 
tions.    Each  Series  separately,  in  small  Svo 
2s.  %d. 


London:  RICHARD  BENTLEY  &  SON, 

New  Burlington  Street, 
Publishers  in  Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 


HURST   &    BLACKETT'S 

LIST  OF  BOOKS  FOE 

CHRISTMAS    PRESENTS. 


The  GARDEN  of  DELIGHT.    Fairy 

Tales.  By  NETTA  SYRETT,  Author  of 
'Nobody's  Fault,'  &c.  Illustrated  by  Nellie 
Syrett.     1  vol.  large  Svo,  handsomely  bound,  5^, 

MISS    SECRETARY    ETHEL.      A 

story  for  Girls  of  To-day.  By  ELLINOR 
DAVENPORT  ADAMS,  Author  of  '  The  Dis- 
agreeable Duke,'  &c.  Illustrated  by  Harry 
Furniss.  1  vol,  crown  Svo.  extra  cloth,  gilt 
edges,  4«, 

SUNSET.     By   Beatrice    Whitby, 

Author  of  '  The  Awakening  of  Mary  Fenwick,' 
&c.     Fourth  Edition.     1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s. 

YOUNG  NIN.    By  F.  W.  Robinson, 

Author  of  'Grandmother's  Money.'  Second 
Edition.     1  vol.  crown  Svo.  Qs. 

ACE    0'    HEARTS.      By   Charlotte 

BAIN.     1  vol.  crown  8vo.  6s. 

SALTED   with    FIRE.     By   George 

MAC  DONALD,  LL.D.     1  vol.  crown  Svo.  6s, 

The   NEW    FICTION,   and   other 

Essays  on  Literary  Subjects.  By  H.  D. 
TRAILL,  Author  of  'The  New  Lucian,'  'The 
Life  of  Sir  John  Franklin,'  &c.  1  vol.  crown 
Svo.  Gs. 

IN     CAMP     and     CANTONMENT. 

Stories  of  Foreign  Service.  By  EDITH  E. 
CUTHELL,  Author  of  'Only  a  Guard-room 
Dog,'  'The  Wee  Widow's  Cruise,'  &c.  1  vol. 
crown  Svo.  3s.  Qd, 


BEATRICE   WHITBY'S    NOVELS. 

Each  in  One  Volume,  crown  Svo,  price  3s.  6d. 


The  AWAKENINa  of  MARY 
FENWICK. 

PABT  of  the  PROPERTY. 

MARY     FBNWICK'S 
DAUGHTER. 


ONE  REASON  WHY. 

IN   the    SUNTIMB    of    her 
YOUTH. 

A  MATTER  of  SKILL. 


EDNA  LYALL'S  NOVELS. 

Bach  in  One  Volume,  crown  Svo.  price  6s. 


DONOVAN.    I    WE  TWO. 
IN  the  GOLDEN  DAYS. 
TO  BIGHT  the  WRONG. 


KNIGHT  ERRANT. 
WON  BY  WAITING. 
A  HARDY  NORSEMAN. 


NOVELS    BY 
GEORGE   MAC  DONALD,  LL.D. 

Each  in  One  Volume,  crown  Svo.  with  Frontispiece, 
price  5  s. 
DAVID  BLGINBROD.         1         ALEC  FORBES. 
ROBERT  FALCONER.         I         SIR  GIBBIB. 


WORKS  BY 
THE  LATE   MRS.  OLIPHANT. 

NEW  and  CHEAPER  EDITION,  uniformly  bound  in  1  vol. 
crown  Svo.  cloth,  price  HALF-A-CROWN. 

Now  ready  at  all  Booksellers', 


ADAM  GRAEME. 
LAIRD  of  NORLAW. 
AGNES. 


LIFE  of  IRVING. 
A  ROSE  in  JUNE. 
PHCEBE  JUNIOR. 


IT  WAS  A  LOVER  AND  HIS  LASS. 


London  :  HURST  &  BLACKETT,  LIMITED, 
13,  Great  Marlborough  Street,  W. 


MR.  WM.  HEINEMANN'S  LIST. 

TEE  BEST   CHRISTMAS  PRESENT. 

A   HISTORY    OF    DANCING, 

FROM  THE  EARLIEST  AGES  TO  OUR 

OWN  TIMES. 

From  the  French  of  GASTON  VUILLIER. 

With  a  Sketch  of  Dancing  in  England  by  JOSEPH  GREQO. 

With  20  Plates  in  Photogravure  and  409  Illustrations 
in  the  Text. 

In  1  vol.  4to.  cloth,  36s.  net;  or  vellum,  gilt  top,  50s.  net. 

Also  35  Copies  printed  on  Japanese  Vellum  (containing 
Three  additional  Plates),  with  a  Duplicate  Set  of  the  Plates 
on  India  Paper  for  framing.  Each  Copy  numbered  and 
signed.    121.  12s.  net. 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH.— "  Con&titutes  a  complete  cyclo- 
paedia of  dancing,  ancient  and  modern.  Of  great  artistic 
worth  are  the  engravings  and  photogravures,  and  there  is 
hardly  a  page  which  is  not  embellished  with  a  reproduction, 
admirably  executed,  boasting  an  historic  interest,  as  well  as 
a  pictorial  attractiveness." 

NEW  LETTERS  OF  NAPOLEON  I. 

Suppressed  in  the  Collection  published  under  the 
auspices  of  Napoleon  III.  Translated  from  the  French 
by  Lady  MARY  LOYD.  1  vol.  demy  Svo.  with  Frontis- 
piece, 15s.  net. 

lyORLD.—"  From  none  of  the  many  biographers  of  the  First  Napoleo 
has  the  world  obtained  so  clear  an  insight  into  the  character  and  inner 
mind  of  the  man  as  is  afforded  by  these  letters.    Lady  Mary  Loyd  has 
rendered  an  invaluable  service  to  English  students  of  the  most  remark- 
able personality  in  modern  history." 

MY  FOURTH  TOUR  IN  WESTERN 

AUSTRALIA.  By  ALBERT  F.  CALVERT,  F.R.G.S. 
1  vol.  4to.  with  many  Illustrations  and  Photographs, 
21s.  net. 

DAILY  NSIFS.—"  Who  that  reads  this  book  of  travel  and  adventure 
shall  say  that  romance  is  dead  ?  This  book  is  so  interesting  because 
it  is  a  photographic  portrait  of  every  aspect  of  West  Aastraliaa  life 
now.    It  gives  us  a  vivid  Idea  of  the  rush  for  gold." 

SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
THE    NIGGER    OF    THE    "NAR- 

CISSUS."    A  Tale  of  the  Sea.     By  JOSEPH  CONRAD. 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH.—"  Even  as  a  moving  panorama  of  the  phases 
of  ocean  the  book  Is  admirable.  But  it  has  a  value  apart  from  its 
picturesque  setting.  There  are  few  char-acters  among  the  crew  which 
do  not  stand  out  with  vivid  and  lifelike  presentment.  We  know  them 
all." 

THE  BETH  BOOK.    By  Sarah  Grand. 

PUNCH.— "'The  heroine  of  'The  Beth  Book  '  is  one  of  Samh  Grand's 
most  fascinating  creations.  With  such  realistic  art  is  her  life  set  forth 
that,  for  a  while,  the  reader  will  probably  be  under  the  impression  that 
he  has  before  him  the  actual  story  of  a  wayward  genius  compiled  from 
her  own  genuine  diary.  The  story  is  absorbing ;  the  truth  to  nature  in 
the  characters,  whether  virtuous,  ordinary,  or  vicious,  every  reader 
with  some  experience  of  life  will  recognize." 

IN   THE   PERMANENT   WAY,   and 

other  Stories.  By  FLORA  ANNIE  STEEL,  Author  of 
'  On  the  Face  of  the  Waters.' 

SPECTATOR— "While  her  only  rival  in  this  field  is  Mr.  Kipling, 
her  work  is  marked  by  an  even  subtler  appreciation  of  the  Oriental 
standpoint.  The  book  is  profoundly  interesting  from  beginning  to 
end." 

ST.  IVES.    By  R.  L.  Stevenson. 

r/Jlf.E.S.— "Neither  Stevenson  himself  nor  any  one  else  has  given  us  a 
better  example  of  a  dashing  story,  full  of  life,  and  colour,  and  interest. 
St.  Ives  is  a  character  who  will  be  treasured  np  in  the  memory  along 
with  David  Balfour  and  Alan  Breck,  even  with  U'Artagnan  and  the 

Musketeers." 

THE    CHRISTIAN.    By  Hall  Caine. 

SKETCH.—"  It  quivers  and  palpitates  with  passion,  for  even  Mr. 
Caine's  bitterest  detractors  cannot  deny  that  he  is  the  possessor  of  that 
rarest  of  all  gifts,  genius." 

MARIETTA'S  MARRIAGE.    By  W.  E. 

NORRIS. 

WESTMIXSTER  GAZETTE.—"  Keen  observation,  delicate  discrimina- 
tion, a  pleasant,  quiet  humour,  rare  power  of  drawing  characters  that 
are  both  absolutely  natural  and  interesting  to  study." 

WHAT  MAISIE   KNEW.     By  Henry 

JAMES. 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— "It,  is  quite  impossible  to  ignore  that,  if 
the  word  have  any  significance,  and  is  ever  to  be  used  at  all,  we  are 
here  dealing  with  genius.    This  is  a  work  of  genius  as  much  as  Mr. 
Meredith's  best  work." 

THE    GADFLY.    By  E.  L.  Voynich. 

ST.  JAMES'S  GAZETTE  —"  A  very  strikingly  original  romance, 
which  will  hold  the  attention  of  all  who  read  it,  and  establish  the 
author's  reputation  at  once  for  first-rate  dramatic  ability.  Exciting, 
sinister,  even  terrifying,  we  must  avow  it  to  be  a  work  of  real  genius.  * 

THE      FREEDOM      OF      HENRY 

MBBEDYTH.  By  M.  HAMILTON,  Author  of  '  McLeod 
of  the  Camerons,'  &c. 

OBSERVER.— "Miss  Hamilton  has  seldom  written  to  better  advan- 
tage. There  is  a  distinctly  human  note  throughout,  and  the  author 
displays  her  insight  into  everyday  life  and  its  complications." 

THE   GODS   ARRIVE.    By  Annie  E. 

H0LD8W0RTH,  Author  of  'Joanna  Traill,  Spinster.' 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.-"  SrlgM,  wholesome,  and  full  of  life  and 
movement.    Miss  Holdsworth  has,  too,  a  very  witty  style.' 

London : 
WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 


N"  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


847 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER  IS,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

847 
847 
849 
849 
850 
850 


Collected  Fbagments  of  Mr.  Herbert  Spenckr 

Hokbuck's  Life  and  Letters       

Sixteenth  Century  Life  in  Northumberland 

The  Authoress  of  the  Odyssey  

Life  in  a  Monastery  

Two  Books  about  the  Benin  Expedition 

New  Novels    (His  Grace  of  Osmonde;   High  Play; 

Poor  Little  Bella  ;  Iva  Kildare ;  Only  a  Love  Story ; 

The  Americaa  Cousins) 852 

Christmas  Books        852 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books     ...      853—854 
Db.  Henry  Drisler;  Heine's  Centenary;   Thomas 

Winter's  Confession;  Bacchylides;  The  Ash- 

burnham  Library  ;  Prof.  A.  Palmer      ...      855—857 

Literary  Gossip         857 

Science  —  Astronomical    Literature;    Societies; 

Meetings  ;  Gossip  858—859 

Fine     Arts  —  Christmas    Books  ;     Art    for    the 

Nursery;  Mr.  J.  L.  Pearson,  R. A.;  'LesDella 

Robbia';  Gossip 8«0— 862 

Music— The  Week;  Gossip;   Performances  Next 

Week  862—863 

Drama—"  The  Temple  Dramatists  ";  Gossip       863—864 


LITERATURE 


Various   Fragments.      By  Herbert   Spencer. 
(Williams  &  Norgate.) 

This  small  volume  brings  together  a  number 
of  pieces,  ranging  in  date  from  1852tol89G, 
■wbich  Mr.  Spencer's  readers  will  be  glad  to 
possess  in  a  collected  form.  The  longest  of 
them,  entitled  'Views  concerning  Copyright,' 
contains  his  evidence  given  before  the  Royal 
Commission  in  1877,  together  with  a  speech 
made  at  a  meeting  of  the  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation (1881).  There  are  further  two  short 
papers  discussing  respectively  '  The  Book- 
selling duestion  '  and  '  Book  Distribution.' 
The  first  of  these,  which  appeared  as  a  letter 
in  the  Times  for  April  5th,  1852,  is  a  protest 
against  a  proposal  then  made  by  the  Book- 
sellers' Association  to  get  rid  of  the  discount 
system,  and  is  republished  for  the  sake  of 
its  bearing  on  the  recent  attempt  in  the 
same  direction.  The  second  is  a  proposal 
addressed  to  the  late  Mr.  Fawcett  when 
Postmaster -General  for  facilitating  direct 
dealings  between  publishers  and  the  public. 
Something  of  the  kind  seems  possible,  even 
without  the  Post  Office  machinery  that 
Mr.  Spencer  proposes,  and  may  become  the 
system  in  the  future.  In  the  mean  time, 
the  transitional  state  brought  about  by 
the  failure  of  the  booksellers'  proposition 
seems  to  have  done  no  particular  good  to 
the  kind  of  literature  of  which  Mr.  Spencer 
desires  to  promote  the  circulation.  In  his 
evidence  on  '  Copyright '  he  argues  in  favour 
of  the  system  of  copyright  for  a  fairly 
long  term  of  years  against  the  system  of 
"royalties"  which  some  members  of  the 
Commission  were  inclined  to  favour. 
Mr.  Spencer,  as  it  seems  to  us,  has  the 
best  of  the  argument,  though  the  use  of 
the  term  "free  trade"  by  both  parties 
rather  begs  the  question.  The  term 
should  be  confined  to  the  technical  sense  of 
unrestricted  international  exchange.  At- 
tempts to  bring  other  conceptions  under  it, 
and  then  to  make  general  propositions  about 
the  advantages  of  "free  trade"  in  some 
extended  sense,  have  usually  been  failures. 
Carried  beyond  its  strict  technical  mean- 
ing, it  becomes  a  vague  and  popular 
instead     of     a     precise     scientific     term. 


"Free  trade  in  labour,"  for  example,  is  a 
wholly  different  conception  from  that  of 
free  trade  in  commodities.  Nothing  that  is 
proved  about  one  applies  necessarily  to  the 
other.  In  Mr.  Spencer's  examination  his 
questioners  apparently  hold  that  the  system 
of  copyright  is  a  "  monopoly,"  and  that  this 
is  necessarily  bad,  while  the  system  of  royalties 
is  one  of  "free  trade,"  which  is  necessarily 
good.  It  might  have  been  pointed  out  that 
the  opposite  of  free  trade  is  not  monopoly, 
but  "protection,"  in  a  correspondingly 
restricted  sense.  Mr.  Spencer,  however, 
takes  the  line  of  arguing  that  copyright  is 
not  a  monopoly  at  all,  but  simply  the  legal 
enforcement  of  something  implied  in  a  free 
contract  between  author  and  publisher,  and 
that  it  comes,  therefore,  under  the  head  of 
"  free  trade."  But  why  not  say  that  it  is 
technically  a  monopoly,  but  one  that  ought 
to  exist  within  certain  limits  for  the  public 
good? 

A  reprint  of  four  articles  contributed  to 
the  Times  in  1896  against  the  metric  system 
will  be  read  with  special  interest.  Mr. 
Spencer  points  out  the  greater  theoretical 
as  well  as  practical  advantages  of  the  duo- 
decimal system  originally  employed  by  the 
Babylonians,  and  embodied  in  many  exist- 
ing divisions  of  weights  and  measures.  To 
substitute  the  decimal  system  in  retail  trade 
would  be  highly  inconvenient  practically,  as 
well  as  a  retrogression  theoretically  wherever 
it  displaced  the  duodecimal  system.  If  we 
are  to  aim  at  a  perfect  system,  then  we 
ought  to  change  our  system  of  numeration 
to  the  duodecimal  rather  than  our  system 
of  weights  and  measures  uniformly  to  the 
decimal.  Men  of  science,  for  whom  the 
metric  system  is  so  practically  convenient, 
do  not  feel  the  need  of  subdividing  quanti- 
ties for  exchange,  and  hence  are  not  autho- 
rities in  relation  to  commercial  practice,  nor 
are  the  great  merchants  in  relation  to  the 
most  numerous  class  of  commercial  trans- 
actions. And  the  decimal  system,  as  has 
been  shown,  is  theoretically  inferior.  If 
for  the  present  we  postpone  reform,  then, 
Mr.  Spencer  holds,  there  is  nothing  chi- 
merical in  the  expectation  that  civilized 
mankind  may  some  time  decide  to  make  the 
duodecimal  system  universal. 

The  rest  of  the  papers  are  for  the  most 
part  rejoinders  to  various  objections  against 
positions  in  Mr.  Spencer's  philosophical,  and 
especially  in  his  ethical,  doctrine.  Among 
them  is  reprinted  the  letter  that  appeared 
in  the  Athencemi  for  August  5th,  1893,  in 
reference  to  Prof.  Huxley's  celebrated 
Eomanes  Lecture.  Here  and  elsewhere 
Mr.  Spencer  very  effectively  points  out  the 
appeal  that  is  made  in  his  writings  to 
altruistic  as  distinguished  from  egoistic 
feelings.  In  fact,  whether  we  agree  or 
not  with  his  views  about  State  action,^  it 
is  a  mere  confusion  to  identify  them  with 
"individualism"  in  the  sense  that  the 
individual's  duty  is  simply  to  attend  to  his 
own  interests.  And  in  judicial  matters  Mr. 
Spencer  is  for  more  State  action  than  most 
people  would  at  present  regard  as  prac- 
ticable. He  condemns  the  "  vicious  laissez 
/aire  "  by  which  litigants  are  left  to  attend 
to  their  own  interests  without  any  active 
care  on  the  part  of  the  State  that  justice 
should  be  done.  To  carry  out  Mr.  Spencer's 
view  here  would  seem  to  require  a  public 
endowment  of  the  legal  profession. 


A  short  paper  entitled  '  Social  Evolution 
and  Social  Duty '  is  directed  against  the 
fallacy  that,  "  according  to  the  evolutionary 
doctrine,  it  is  needless  for  individuals  to 
have  any  care  about  progress,  since  pro- 
gress will  take  care  of  itself."  As  Mr. 
Spencer  points  out,  no  progress  at  all 
could  have  taken  place  without  the 
activities,  egoistic  and  altruistic,  of  in- 
dividuals. The  argument  for  inaction, 
therefore,  if  seriously  meant,  implies  that 
the  effect  will  be  produced  when  the 
causes  are  suspended.  To  see  through  the 
fallacy  we  have  to  distinguish  between 
ourselves  subjectively  regarded  as  having 
certain  desires,  and  ourselves  objec- 
tively regarded  as  part  of  the  causes 
that  make  up  the  whole.  The  neces- 
sity in  the  case,  as  it  might  be  put,  is 
partly  within  us.  If  we  treat  things  as 
wholly  determined  by  an  external  fate 
irrespective  of  our  own  deliberations,  we 
ignore  part  of  the  cause ;  and  it  is  only 
then  that,  as  Mr.  Spencer  quotes  from  a 
real  or  imagined  opponent,  "  evolution 
erected  into  the  paramount  law  of  man's 
moral  and  social  life  becomes  a  paralyzing 
and  immoral  fatalism."  The  objection  is 
far  from  being  new  in  the  history  of 
thought.  It  was  a  familiar  argument 
against  the  Stoic  determinism,  and  Mr. 
Spencer's  reply  on  behalf  of  his  own  evolu- 
tionary doctrine  is  essentially  that  which 
the  Stoics  made  to  the  same  fallacy.  The 
error,  as  he  remarks,  belongs  to  a  peculiar 
class.  Errors  of  this  kind  imply  "  a  large 
amount  of  knowledge  with  a  good  deal  of 
thought,  but  yet  with  thought  not  commen- 
surate with  the  knowledge."  They  are,  in 
fact,  the  characteristic  errors  of  semi-philo- 
sophical minds.  And  the  need  of  exposing 
them  is  the  greater  because  they  occasionally 
mislead  evolutionists  themselves. 


Zi/e  and  Letters  of  John  Arthur  Roehuch. 
With  Chapters  of  Autobiography.  Edited 
by  Eobert  Eadon  Leader.     (Arnold.) 

As  eighteen  years  have  passed  since  Roe- 
buck's death,  a  smaller  and  more  critical 
volume  than  this  would  have  better  served 
the  purpose  which  Mr.  Leader  appears  to 
have  had  in  compiling  it.  Forty  pages  of 
very  interesting,  albeit  somewhat  slipshod, 
autobiographical  gossip,  throwing  welcome 
light  on  Roebuck's  training  down  to  his 
thirtieth  year,  are  followed  by  scrappy 
extracts  from  his  correspondence  and 
speeches  during  nearly  half  a  century 
which  are  rather  dull  and  confusing  read- 
ing. Roebuck  was,  as  Mr.  Leader  says, 
"a  man  of  unique  personality,  who  played 
a  prominent  part  in  his  country's  affairs." 
Concerning  himself  in  almost  every  public 
movement,  holding  and  expressing  strong 
opinions  on  all,  he  was  more  or  less  ac- 
quainted with  nearly  every  public  man, 
and  there  were  few  with  whom,  inter- 
mittently or  permanently,  he  was  not  at 
feud.  To  explain  the  significance  of  all 
the  brief  notes  and  allusions  here  strung 
together  in  chronological  order,  Mr.  Leader 
would  have  required  not  one  volume,  but 
at  least  a  dozen.  We  may  be  grateful  to 
him  for  not  having  ventured  on  that  un- 
necessary task.  But  he  would  have  made 
a  much  more  acceptable  and  useful  book 
had  he,  after  studying  his   mass  of  frag- 


848 


THE    ATHENiRUM 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


mentary  material  more  carefully  than  lie 
seems  to  liave  done,  worked  up  its  more 
valuable  portions  into  a  compact  and  dis- 
criminating review  or  sketch.  Roebuck  is 
already  a  "personality"  of  the  past.  If 
his  memory  is  to  be  preserved,  as  it  deserves 
to  be  on  account  both  of  his  merits  and  of 
his  demerits,  this  could  be  much  more  aptly 
done  in  a  lively  half-crown  volume,  in  one 
of  the  "series"  that  are  now  plentiful 
enough,  than  in  a  bulky  octavo  four  or  five 
times  as  costly  and  heavy. 

Writing  in  his  seventieth  year,  when  he 
began  an  account  of  his  "life  history" 
which  unfortunately  barely  passed  the 
threshold,  Eoebuck  said:  "I  have  been 
happy  as  a  son,  as  a  husband,  as  a  father  ; 
I  have  been  happy  in  my  public  career." 
The  last  statement  reads  strangely,  but  is 
doubtless  true.  A  profound  belief  in  him- 
self, a  self-satisfying  vanity,  enabled  him, 
after  the  first  smart  at  any  rate,  to  enjoy 
rebufEs  that  would  have  brought  misery  on 
others ;  and  if  obstacles  of  his  own  raising 
blocked  the  way  to  such  success  in  political 
life  as  he  aimed  at,  and  as  his  talents, 
under  proper  guidance,  might  have  secured 
for  him,  he  found  consolation  in  the  assurance 
that  he  deserved  it.  Of  his  happiness  in 
his  family  life  the  correspondence  with 
Mrs.  Eoebuck  here  printed  affords  ample 
evidence. 

His  early  experiences,  as  he  said,  "  deeply 
affected  my  whole  character,  and  went  far 
in  forming  the  man."  He  was  born  in 
Madras  in  1802,  where  his  father  died 
suddenly  a  few  years  afterwards,  leaving 
a  young  widow  to  maintain  herself  and  six 
children  on  "very  uncertain  means,"  which 
were  not  improved  by  her  making  "  an 
unwise  marriage."  Weak  health,  aggra- 
vated by  permanent  results  of  a  sprained 
knee,  and  other  causes,  prevented  his  going 
to  school,  and  he  was  chiefly  educated  by  his 
mother.  After  a  few  years'  residence  in  Eng- 
land, the  family  emigrated  in  1815  to  Canada, 
where  the  refinements  of  London  life  were 
as  far  as  possible  observed  amid  rough  sur- 
roundings. He  told  his  own  story  in  the 
third  person  at  a  meeting  in  1860  : — 

"I  recollect  in  my  early  life  meeting  a  man 
who  had  become  an  emigrant.     He  was  one  of 
a  family  born  to  wealth,  reared  in  luxury,  and 
in  this  country  accustomed  to  all  the  appliances 
which  luxury  can  give.     He  emigrated  with  his 
family  to  America.     He  was  compelled  to  apply 
himself   to  the    mere   ordinary  occupations   of 
gaining  a  livelihood  as  a  farmer.     Now,  what 
did  that  family  do  ?     They  were   composed  of 
ladies  and  gentlemen  of  England.     The  mother 
of  that  family  was  a  woman  of  great  acquire- 
ments and   ability.      I  recollect   her  perfectly 
well.     I  had  every   reason  to   know  her  well. 
She  instituted  a  code  in  that  family  that  I  would 
recommend  to  every  working  man  of  my  country. 
It  was  that  there  should  be  as  much  courtesy, 
good   breeding,   and    every  means    that   could 
promote   the  happiness  of  that  family,  though 
now  reduced  to  the  position  of  mere  working 
men,  as  existed  in  it  when   they  were  of  the 
gentry  of  England.     I  recollect  that  young  man 
telling   me   that   his   mother   never  came   into 
the  room  but  every  one  of  the  children  rose  to 
salute  her.     They  took  out  their  library  from 
England  to  America.     They  passed  their  time 
in  the  day  in  the  ordinary  occupation  of  working 
men  ;  the  evening  they  dedicated  to  intellectual 
enjoyment." 

According  to  his  own  account,  Eoebuck 
soon  made  himself  master  of  the  household : 


"  When  I  went  to  Canada  I  was  very  young, 
and  very  ignorant,  necessarily,  of  the  world  and 
its  ways.  lwas,l)esides,  in  my  hidden  nature,  very 
romantic,  and  living  most  of  my  time  in  dream- 
land  I  was  in  the  habit  of  constantly  writing 

verse  and  prose,  and  I  recollect  well  the  dread 
that  I  felt  lest  my  brothers  should  find  these 
effusions,  and  bring  them  forward  to  be  laughed 
at,  and  myself  held  up  to  ridicule.  Yet,  in 
spite  of  the  felt  and  acknowledged  difference 
between  myself  and  my  brothers,  as  years  went 
on,  my  influence  over  them  and  the  affairs  of 
the  family  daily  grew,  and  I  was  allowed, 
without  much  interference,  to  pursue  my  own 
course  as  it  pleased  me.  My  devotion  to  study 
met  with  a  tacit  approval,  the  more  especially 
as  it  never  took  me  away  from  daily  work, 
which  I  performed  as  faithfully  as  any  one  of 
the  others,  and  of  which  I  took  my  share 
without  shrinking.  All  my  brothers  grew  to 
powerful  men.  I,  on  the  contrary,  was  from 
the  beginning  small,  frail,  and,  before  I  went 
to  Canada,  an  invalid.  My  health  there  grew 
assured,  but  I  never  became  strong.  My  knee 
always  interfered  with  any  great  exertion,  and, 
though  I  was  agile  and  strong  for  my  size,  I 
could  not  have  held  my  own  with  these  sons  of 
Anak  had  not  my  intellect  helped.  That  came 
effectually  to  my  aid,  and  before  I  left  Canada 
I  ruled  the  family." 

At  the  age  of  twenty- one  Eoebuck  re- 
turned to  London  with  50/.  in  his  pocket, 
resolved  to  fight  his  own  way  in  the  world. 
He  called  on  his  mother's  friend  Thomas 
Love  Peacock,  who  introduced  him  to  John 
Stuart  Mill,  and  he  was  thus  brought  into 
contact  with  Bentham,  James  Mill,  the 
Grotes,  and  others,  among  them  with 
Francis  Place,  the  Eadical  tailor.  With 
the  younger  Mill  he  was  on  terms  of  close 
intimacy  for  several  years,  but  apparently 
in  less  accord  than  they  imagined,  and  at 
length  they  separated,  under  conditions, 
differently  explained  by  each,  which  lessen 
the  value  of  Eoebuck's  strictures  on  his  old 
friend.  Place  was  a  more  congenial  com- 
panion. He  encouraged  and  gave  material 
help  to  Eoebuck — who  meanwhile  had  quali- 
fied for  the  Bar,  and  had  kept  himself  afloat 
by  journalism — in  the  political  career  on 
which  he  was  fairly  started  when  he 
entered  the  reformed  House  of  Commons  as 
member  for  Bath  in  1833.  Of  the  position 
he  at  once  made  for  himself  there  Mr.  Leader 
gives  a  flattering  account : — 

"  The  old  order  of  things  had  gone.  With 
a  widened  suffrage  there  had  come  new  men, 
new  methods,  new  aspirations,  and  a  marked 
disruption  of  the  former  lines  of  party  demarca- 
tion. Nowhere  was  the  revolution  more  strik- 
ingly typified  than  in  the  presence,  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  of  the  member  for  Bath. 
He  concretely  personified  all  the  hopes  enter- 
tained by  enthusiastic  reformers  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  the  new  era.  On  him  was  concentrated 
all  the  mistrust  of  those,  whether  Tories  or 
Whigs,  who  clave  to  the  past,  and  who  hated 
change  and  innovation.  Mr.  Roebuck  lost  no 
time  in  justifying  the  fears  of  his  foes  and  in 
gratifying  the  expectations  of  his  admirers.  He 
quickly  showed  that  with  the  changed  condi- 
tions there  had  come  a  vivifying  power  into  the 
debates  of  the  House  of  Commons.  On  the  first 
night  of  the  debate  on  the  address,  there  pre- 
sented itself  to  the  House  a  thin,  slight  figure, 
with  clean-cut,  thoughtful  face,  uttering  curt, 
crisp  sentences  which  from  the  first  rang  out 
incisively  in  clear  telling  tones,  all  the  more  im- 
pressive through  the  absence  of  gesticulation, 
and  an  avoidance  of  the  factitious  arts  of  emo- 
tional oratory." 

Eoebuck    had,   beyond    question,    great 
talents  aa  a  debater.    Nor  can  there  be  any 


doubt  as  to  his  sincerity.  Starting  as  a 
Eadical  of  the  extremost  type,  he  was  fear- 
less in  the  statement  of  his  views,  and  he 
took  an  active  and  effective  part  in  bring- 
ing about  many  important  reforms — notably 
in  respect  of  popular  education,  the  treat- 
ment of  the  poor,  religious  toleration,  the 
promotion  of  Free  Trade,  and  colonial  policy 
— which  are  now  generally  approved  by  the 
successors  of  those  he  bitterly  opposed.  But 
he  lacked  much  besides  the  tact  necessary  to 
the  making  of  a  statesman.  He  was  a  born 
fighter,  but  not  resourceful  enough  to  be  a 
leader,  and  too  insubordinate  to  be  a  follower. 
He  quarrelled  more  persistently  and  reck- 
lessly with  men  on  his  own  side,  like  Joseph 
Hume,  Cobden,  and  Bright,  than  with  the 
politicians  on  the  other  side.  From  first  to 
last  he  hated  the  Whigs  more  than  the 
Tories.  Lord  John  Eussell  was  all  along 
his  bugbear.  He  only  tolerated  Lord 
Palmerston  after  Palmerston  had  lost  the 
confidence  of  the  Eadicals,  and  he  ended 
by  being  practically  a  supporter  of  Disraeli. 
He  was  seventy-two  when,  although  it  was 
supposed  that  he  had  lost  all  the  sympathy 
of  the  Shefiield  electors  whom  he  had  repre- 
sented for  twenty-five  years,  he  was  again 
returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll,  and  in  the 
solitary  election  speech  that  he  made  on  that 
occasion  he  aptly  summed  up  his  claims  as 
a  politician : — 

"Something  very  near  to  fifty  years  ago, 
I  determined  within  myself  to  be  a  public 
man  upon  the  public  stage  of  England,  and  I 
thought  when  I  regarded  the  state  of  party  in 
this  country,  and  the  form  of  government  under 
which  we  live,  that  there  required  something 
more  than  there  had  hitherto  been  seen,  some- 
thing more  than  the  clashing  battles  of  Tory 
and  Whig,  of  Conservative  and  Liberal ;  that 
there  ought  to  be  a  body  of  men  neither  of  one 
party  nor  the  other,  but  simply  of  the  party  of 
the  country  itself.  I  determined  within  myself 
to  be  one  of  that  party.  I  hoped  that  by  show- 
ing an  example  others  might  follow  in  my  steps ; 
but  I  determined  that  everything — place,  profit, 
distinction,  honour — all  should  be  sacrificed  to 
the  one  great  object  that  I  desired,  namely,  to 
bring  before  my  countrymen  a  body  of  inde- 
pendent members,  who  should  follow  only  the 
interests  of  the  country.  Now  that  has  been 
my  object  through  life,  and  so  steadily  have  I 
pursued  it  that  although  often  place,  power,  and 
profit  have  been  within  my  grasp,  I  forfeited 
them  all  because  I  wished  to  continue  onward 
in  the  course  which  I  had  begun,  namely,  an 
independent  member  of  Parliament.  That  I 
have  been.  From  the  beginning  to  the  hour  in 
which  you  withdrew  your  confidence  from  me, 
I  was  emphatically  an  independent  member  of 
Parliament.  Neither  Whig  nor  Tory  could 
count  upon  me,  and  the  '  whipper  in  '  dared  not 
approach  me  with  his  whip.  It  has  been  in- 
variably said — aye,  I  speak  it  with  proud  confi- 
dence—  'It  is  not  worth  while  to  ask  for  Roe- 
buck's vote.  You  don't  know  which  way  he 
will  vote  ;  he  votes  as  he  thinks  proper.'  " 

Eoebuck  kept,  or  honestly  thought  that 
he  kept,  himself  as  independent  in  the 
closing  years  of  his  life,  when  he  associated 
amiably  with  peers,  as  he  had  been  in  the 
old  days,  when  all  his  friends  were  plebeians. 
Of  the  few  good  anecdotes  printed  in  Mr. 
Leader's  volume  this  is  one  of  the  best : — 

"19,  Ashley  Place,  May  8,  1876.— ...On 
Saturday  the  Duke  of  Wellington  called.  He 
immediately  began  about  the  Titles  Bill.  In 
the  course  of  the  conversation  he  told  me  this 
story.  '  My  father  was  Prince  of  Waterloo,  but 
he  never  called  himself  so.  He  had  too  many 
itles  to  mention  them  all  on  all  occasions,  but 


N«3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


TH  .     ATHEN^UM 


849 


he  had  once  to  pay  dear  for  them.  He  told  a 
man  to  order  dinner  for  him  at  a  particular 
hotel.  The  man  did  so,  mentioning  all  the 
Duke's  titles.  The  Duke  came,  waited  a  short 
time,  "Is  the  dinner  not  coming?"  he  said. 
"'Why  don't  you  bring  the  dinner  ? "  The 
waiter  answered,  "  We  are  waiting  for  the  rest 
of  the  party."  They  had  prepared  dinner  for 
about  twenty  people — and  which  cost  201.'  " 


Life  in  Northumberland  during  the  Sixteenth 
Century.    By  W.  W.  Tomlinson.    (Scott.) 
Mr.   Tomlinson   has   gathered   together   a 
good   deal   of    information    about    life    in 
Northumberland  during  the  period  which  he 
regards  as  the  most  interesting  in  English 
history.     It  is  certainly  interesting  to  read 
about,  but   it  must  have   been  -wretchedly 
uncomfortable   to   live   in,    especially  in   a 
Border  county,  where  to  the  humbler  sort 
life  was  made  up  of  trying  to  win  a  live- 
lihood   in    circumstances    much    more    un- 
favourable to  agriculture  than  the  present, 
trying  to  guard  crops  and  horses  and  cows, 
&c.,  from  the  Scotch,  and  making  or  sharing 
in  dangerous  forays  themselves.     No  pro- 
perty was  safe,  few  comforts  were  to  be  had, 
and  even  in  a  castle  life  must  have  been 
painful.     The  chimneys  would  not  always 
"suffer  fire,"  the  owners  would  not  provide 
enough   coals.     The  Earl  of   Northumber- 
land's '  Household  Book,'  which  must  have 
been  a  great  help  to  Mr.  Tomlinson,  shows 
that  in  his  Northumbrian  home 
"only  twenty-four  fires  were   allowed   besides 
those  in  the  kitchen  and  hall,  and  most  of  them 
were  limited  to  a  peck  of  coals  a  day.     After 
Lady  Day  no  fires  were  permitted  in  the  rooms 
except  half-fires  in  the  Earl's  and    his  Lady's 
and  Lord    Percy's  bedrooms,  and  the  nursery. 
Eighty  chaldrons  of  coals  at  4s.  2d.  a  chaldron 
sufficed  for  the  household  throughout  the  whole 
year. " 

How  cold  they  must  often  have  been ! 
All  windows  were  not  glazed,  and  the  panes 
of  those  that  were,  were  taken  out  of  their 
frames  and  stowed  away  for  safety  when 
*'  the  family  "  went  from  home.  They  must 
"have  been  dull  too,  for  "news  came  slowly 
up  that  way,"  and  letters  also,  even  when 
marked  "Forliff,  liff,  liff  !  " 

"  Some  letters  of  importance,  addressed  to 
Lord  Hunsdon,  the  Lord  Treasurer,  and  Secre- 
tary Walsingham,  were  delivered  by  Sir  Henry 
Widdrington  to  the  postal  authorities  at  Ber- 
wick at  5  o'clock  P.M.  on  August  25th,  1582, 
but  did  not  reach  Belford,  a  distance  of  four- 
teen miles,  before  12  o'clock  the  same  night, 
and  Alnwick,  a  distance  of  thirty  miles  from 
Berwick,  until  ten  the  next  morning." 

Seventeen  hours  to  travel  thirty  miles — 
Jeanie  Deans  would  almost  have  walked 
it  as  quickly ! 

The  delay  was  doubtless  due  to  "the 
■cattle."  "  The  cattle  of  this  country  are  so 
little  and  so  weak,  and  the  way  so  deep, 
that  they  can  scarce  draw  an  empty 
carriage,"  wrote  Sir  W.  Ingleby  of  the 
main  road  to  Berwick  {deep^  we  suppose,  is 
miry).  It  required  "  seven  great  trottynge 
horses,"  really  waggon  horses,  to  draw 
the  fifth  Earl  of  Northumberland's  chariot, 
without  counting  the  nag  on  which  the 
•driver  rode. 

We  pity  the  Princess  Margaret  when, 
in  July,  1503,  she  toiled  through  the  mire 
to  Scotland : — 

■"  The  vehicle  in  which  four  of  the  ladies  in 
attendance  travelled  with  the  Princess  is  de- 


scribed as  '  a  chair,  richly  dressed,  with  six  fair 
horses,  led  and  conveyed  by  three  men last- 
ing the  voyage.'  " 

It  was,  we  conclude,  the  carriage  which  was 
spoken  of  as  "  lasting  the  voyage."  If  the 
earth  under  foot,  and  probably  over  foot, 
was  miry,  the  "  ayer  "  overhead  was,  accord- 
ing to  South-Country  officials,  "  unhappy." 
Sir  James  Crofts  found  it  "  unagreeable," 
and  Lord  Willoughby  longed  to  bo  "  retired 
from  this  accursed  contry,  whence  the  sunn 
is  so  removed,"  and  prayed  to  be  delivered 
"  from  the  darknes  heere,  which  I  protest  is 
no  less  to  me  than  Hell !  "  According  to 
Sir  John  Brende,  the  muster-master  of  the 
Northern  ports,  even  discharged  soldiers 
showed  alacrity  to  return  from  "  the  sour- 
ness of  this  northern  air." 

Drainage  has  done  much  for  the  climate. 
Low-lying  lands  were  often  mere  bogs  and 
swamps ;  and,  as  Mr.  Tomlinson  reminds 
us,  until  1857  there  were  at  Prestwick  Car 
(within  seven  miles  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne) 
"  1,100  acres  of  marshy  ground  covered  in 
places  with  large  pools  of  water." 

If  the  climate  has  improved,  so,  happily, 
have  the  people.  There  was  little  regard 
for  life  in  the  sixteenth  century,  as  witness 
the  Border  raids  and  the  private  feuds, 
which  rivalled  those  in  Corsica.  Each  side 
complained  of  the  evil  deeds  of  the  other ; 
but  in  the  lists  of  losses  property  always 
took  precedence  of  human  life.  For  instance, 

"on  Friday  morning,  August  30th,  1583,  the 
notorious  Will  o'  Kilmont,  with  other  Arm- 
strongs to  the  number  of  300,  ran  an  open 
foray  into  Tynedale  '  unto  certen  places,  that  is 

to  saye,  the  Key  me  (Barty  Milburn's  pele,) 

and  there  raysed  fyer  and  brunte  the  most 
pairte  of  them,  and  maisterfullie  refte,  stale  and 
drave  awaye  fowre  hundrethe  kyen  and  oxen, 
fowre  hundrethe  sheip  and  goate,  xxx  horses  and 
mears,  and  the  spoyle  and  insyght  of  the  howses 
to  the  walewe  of  towe  hundrethe  pounds,  and 
slewe  and  murdered  crewellie  six  parsons,  and 
maymed  and  hurte  elevin  parsons,'  &c." 

The  clergy  do  not  show  to  advantage  in 
Northumbrian  records.  They  absented  them- 
selves for  long  periods  of  time  from  their 
parishes,  and  when  there  shared  in  their 
parishioners'  evil  deeds.  One  of  the  worst 
charges  brought  against  the  Northum- 
brians at  this  time  is  that  they  were 
wreckers  :  — 

"On  Holy  Island  they  were  wreckers   to  a 
man.  Father  Blakhal,  who  was  storm-stayed  on 
the  island  in  1G43,  and  witnessed  a  fight  between 
the    minister  of    the  parish  and    a    gentleman 
of  the  neighbourhood  for  a  case  of  castor  hats 
with  gold    hat-bands    thrown   up   by  the  sea, 
learnt  from  the    Governor    how  the    common 
people  ther  do  pray  for  shippes  which  they  sie 
in  danger.     They  al  sit  downe  upon  their  knees 
and  hold  up  their  handes  and  say  very  devotely, 
'Lord,  send  her  to  us  ;  God,  send  her  to  us.' 
'  You,' said  he,  'seeing  them  upon  their  knees 
and  their  hands  joyned,  do  think  that  they  are 
praying  for  your  sauvetie,  but  their  myndes  are 
far  from  that.  They  pray  not  God  to  sauve  you, 
or  send  you  to  the  port,  but  to  send  you  to  them 
by  shiprack,   that   they  may  gette  the  spoil  of 
her.     And  to  show  you  that  this  is  their  mean- 
ing,' said   he,    'if   the  ship  come  wel  to  porte, 
or    eschew  naufrage,    they   gette   up  in  anger, 
crying,  '  the  devil   stick  her,  she  is  away  from 
us!    ' 

Mr.  Tomlinson  tells  us  that  to  call  any 
one  "  a  Skott  "  was  in  the  sixteenth  century 
the  greatest  insult,  and 

"  if  any  brother  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company  of 
Newcastle  defamed  another  by  calling  him 'a 


Scott,  a  morderer,  a  thefe,'  and  'at  sise  or 
sessions  was  ffounde  culpable,'  he  was  to  be 
expelled  from  the  Company,  and  not  received 
again  '  till  such  tyme  that  he  be  clerely  and 
duely  purged  and  acquited  by  dew  order  of  the 
law.'" 

We  wonder  that  the  author,  who  knows 
the  district  so  well,  has  not  often  seen  the 
fury  which  the  appellation  still  raises  there. 
A  fight  inevitably  follows.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  Mr.  Tomlinson  has  not  made 
more  of  Northumbrian  folk-lore,  still  his 
book  is  eminently  readable. 


The  Authoress  of  the    Odyssey.     By  Samuel 

Butler.  (Longmans  &  Co.) 
A  MONOGRAPH  On  a  classical  subject  is  quite 
a  rarity  in  these  days  of  handbooks  and 
school-books.  Many  scholars  will  gladly 
exchange  two  or  three  of  the  annual  crops 
of  German  views  on  Homer  for  Mr.  But- 
ler's ingenious  and  entertaining  volume. 
As  regards  the  topography  of  the  Odyssey 
the  author's  views  will  not  be  new  to 
our  readers  :  they  were  expounded  in  the 
Athenceum  (January  30th  and  February  20th, 
1892),  and  are  backed  up  by  considerable 
research  in  Sicily. 

Joshua  Barnes  thought  that  Solomon 
wrote  Homer  ;  now  Mr.  Butler  shows  that 
Nausicaa  wrote  the  Odyssey,  and  even  adds 
the  lady's  portrait  as  his  frontispiece.  There 
is,  he  says,  no  cL  priori  reason  why  a  woman 
should  not  have  written  it,  and  Bentley 
judged  from  its  feminine  characteristics 
that  it  was  written  for  women.  Men,  the 
author  surmises,  may  be  the  interlopers  in 
literature.  But  if  we  agree  that  women  are 
and  have  been  readier  with  their  tongues 
than  men,  that  proves  nothing  about  their 
ability  with  the  pen.  And  the  "arts  of  peace, 
and  among  them  all  kinds  of  literary  accom- 
plishment," cannot  be  regarded  as  entirely 
women's  sphere  in  the  age  of  the  Odyssey, 
which  presents  us  with  two  minstrels, 
Phemius  and  Demodocus,  who  are  both 
male.  The  women  do,  indeed,  come  sur- 
prisingly before  the  men  in  importance  and 
even  verbal  order.  But  it  is  not  always  so  ; 
Ulysses  says  to  Nausicaa:  "I  hope  you  will 
be   happy;  the  life  of  a  man  and  woman 


[not 
184) 


" a  woman 
is  the  best 


and   man"]  together  (vi. 
thing  I  know."     Various 


"howlers"  are  adduced  which  only  a  woman, 
it   is  argued,  could  make.     But   reviewers 
know  that  the  men  are  as  bad  as  the  women, 
if  not  worse.     Who  weighed  the  horses  as 
well    as    the   men   at    the    Derby  ?      Who 
made  a  hero  throw  a  cricket-ball  200  yards? 
Man    has    done    these    things    and    more 
outrageous,    though    a    female    reputation 
for  splendid  mendacity  has  outshone  that  of 
all  others.    Nor  is  it  easy  even  for  "  a  Times 
reviewer" — or  any  one  else,  for  that  matter 
— to  hit  certainly  on  the  sex  of  a  writer.  We 
could  mention,  an  we  would,   undiscovered 
ladies  of  to-day  who  are  "  promising  men  " 
with  the  best  of  reviewevs.     The  killing  of 
the   suitors   is   adduced  as   "  aggressive  in 
its  want  of  plausibility,"  and  therefore  due 
to   a  feminine  hand.     But  let   Mr.   Butler 
consult  a  publisher's  "reader,"  and  he  wiU 
learn  that  such  an  incident  is  plausible  to 
much    invented    by  that  alarmingly  active 
body  the  writing  public,  male  and  female 
alike.     Nor  is  it  so  impossible  that   Pene- 
lope   shoidd    sleep    soundly    through    the 
killing  of    the   suitors.     A  friend  of  ours 


850 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


slept  soundly  tlirough  tlie  -worst  tliundcr- 
storm  known  to  a  high  scientific  authority 
in  the  last  sixty  years. 

An  important  point  is  the  question  of 
Penelope — whom  Mr.  Butler  unkindly  calls 
"  a  middle-aged  paragon  " — and  the  suitors. 
He  adds  that  "  the  writer  who  can  tell 
such  a  story  with  a  grave  face  cannot  have 
even  the  faintest  conception  of  the  way  in 
which  a  man  feels  towards  a  woman  he 
is  in  love  with."  Of  course  not,  and  this 
proves  nothing.  Love  in  the  modern 
romantic  sense  is  a  comparatively  modern  in- 
vention, and  it  is  difficult  to  realize  that  it 
had  no  existence  in  the  Greece  even  of  a 
later  date.  No  one  will  believe,  for  instance, 
that  the  love- element  is  entirely  absent  in  the 
*  Medea '  of  Euripides  until  he  has  searched 
the  play  in  vain  for  so  obvious  and  appro- 
priate a  sentiment.  Mr.  Benecke,  in  his 
'  Women  in  Greek  Poetry,'  showed  this  ; 
he  realized,  like  Mr.  Butler,  that  the  real 
trouble  with  the  suitors  was  nothing  to 
do  with  Penelope,  but  the  fact  that  they  ate 
so  much  pork. 

The  author  does  good  service  in  showing 
that  the  writer  of  the  Odyssey  was  saturated 
equally  with  the  most  doubted  and  un- 
doubted books  of  the  Iliad.  As  he 
neatly  says,  "  What  is  an  appropriate  line 
good  for  if  it  is  not  to  be  appropriated  ?  " 
Indeed,  the  book  is  full  of  clever  things. 
With  the  protest  of  the  introduction  against 
the  pedantry  of  "Olumpos"  and  the  like 
many  will  sympathize  who  feel  no  disposition 
to  pass  academic  lives  in  the  desert  of  pedan- 
try in  order  that  their  sons  may  "  enter  on 
an  orthographical  Canaan."  The  question 
whether  Greek  or  Latin  goddesses  repre- 
sent modern  English  is  rather  a  frivolous 
and  difficult  one.  Mostly  perhaps  not,  but 
the  sporting  world,  which  Mr.  Butler  cites, 
talks  of  "  Hebe  at  the  bar."  On  the  whole, 
we  prefer  Ulysses  to  Odysseus,  though 
Ulysses  has  been  styled  "  a  different  person 
with  Ovidian  associations."  But  it  is  im- 
possible to  be  consistent.  The  "  academic  " 
mind — the  scholars  who  treat  Mr.  Butler  so 
badly — may  ask :  If  Ulysses,  why  not  '  The 
Ulyssey '  ? 


Twelve  Years  in  a  Monastery.  By  Joseph 
McCabe  (lately  Father  Antony,  O.S.F.). 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

Me.  McCabe,  formerly  Father   Antony  of 
the  Order  of  St.  Francis,  makes  plain  to  us 
in  his  '  Twelve  Years  in  a  Monastery  '   the 
inner  life  of  a  modern  mendicant  friar,  his 
prayers,  his  relaxations,  his  austerities,  and, 
alas !  his  abundant  potations,  for  potus  non 
frangit  jejunium.     It    is,  indeed,   a   curious 
volume.      The    failure   of    the   attempt  to 
reach   in  modern    England    the   mediaeval 
ideal  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi  is  shown  in 
a  light  at  once  ludicrous  and  pathetic.     Mr. 
McCabe,  whose  ability  and  experience  render 
him  an  excellent   guide,  takes   his  reader 
from  house  to  house  of   his  order,  and  in- 
troduces him  to   every  phase  of   the   mis- 
sionary and  conventual   life.      He   himself 
joined    the    Franciscan    College   of    Man- 
chester   at    sixteen,    passed    through    the 
novitiate     at     Killarney,    and    was    after- 
wards moved   to   the  monastery  at   Forest 
Gate,  in   the  East-End   of  London,  where 
he  made  such  progress  in  his  studies  that 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Philosophy 


before  he  was  ordained  priest.  He  then 
spent  some  time  in  a  house  of  his  order  at 
Louvain,  where  he  attended  the  lectures 
at  the  University  on  Hebrew  and  Syriac 
as  well  as  metaphysics.  He  was  finally 
aj)pointed  superior  of  the  new  monastery 
and  college  of  higher  studies  established  by 
the  order  at  Buckingham  ;  and  here  it  was 
that  he  seceded  from  the  Eoman  Church. 
For  years  he  had  struggled  with  his  doubts, 
which  he  had  secretly  discussed  almost 
weekly  with  the  learned  and  patient  Father 
David,  who,  on  this  score  at  least,  is  some- 
what to  be  pitied.  To  accomplish  an  act  of 
secession  appears  to  be  no  easy  task  for  a 
Franciscan,  even  in  England.  The  clothes 
on  his  back  he  may  not  consider  his  own, 
and  he  cannot  lawfully  possess  a  penny  in 
his  pocket.  Father  Antony,  retiring  to  the 
house  of  a  friend,  was  pursued  thither  by 
a  chief  of  his  order,  accompanied  by  a  police- 
man, demanding  restitution  of  property 
which,  however,  in  strict  ecclesiastical  law, 
belonged  not  to  the  community,  but  to  the 
Pope. 

Mr.  McCabe  tells  of  no  grave  scandals, 
and  there  is  as  little  in  his  book  of  the  odour 
of  sanctity.  Its  interest  lies  in  the  "  human, 
very  human,"  element.  Eccentric  austerity 
and  humiliating  laxity  show  side  by  side 
in  the  same  house  or  in  the  same  person. 
What  does  not  edify  must  at  least  be 
removed  to  a  safe  distance  from  the  sight 
and  hearing  of  the  novices,  who  are  ac- 
cordingly secluded  in  a  separate  wing  of 
the  establishment.     "But,"  says  the  writer, 

"  we  frequently  met  one  of  the  juniors  moving 
stealthily  along  the  corridor  with  a  bottle  peep- 
ing out  from  his  mantle,  and  often  as  we  lay 
awake  at  midnight  we  caught  the  faint  echo 
from  the  distant  room  of  '  Killarney  '  or  '  The 
Dear  Little  Shamrock.' " 

The  most  noteworthy  feature  of  the  life, 
apart  from  the  parochial  duties  when  there 
are  any  at  all,  and  the  hours  of  prayer,  is 
its  aimlessness  and  vacuity.  A  taste  for 
study  or  even  for  works  of  charity  is  rare, 
or  is  wasted  in  puerilities.  At  Louvain, 
where  better  things  might  be  expected,  the 
hobby  of  one  venerable  friar  was  to  bless 
babies  or  to  distribute  prayers  to  the  pea- 
santry as  recipes  for  curing  diseased  cattle. 
Another  devoted  himself  to  the  problem 
of  perpetual  motion,  and  a  third  had  de- 
signed a  cycle  which  was  to  outrun  any  in 
the  market  if  he  could  but  devise  a  brake 
capable  of  stopping  it.  Others  made  clocks 
or  collected  little  pictures.  The  monotony 
seems  intolerable,  and  hence  the  craving 
for  festivities  and  the  extraordinary  con- 
sumption of  beer,  port,  and  champagne. 
On  the  mission,  it  appears,  the  average 
priest  neglects  every  study  but  casuistry. 
This  forms  the  habit  of  his  mind.  The  old 
woman  who  lost  her  purse  and  was  heard 
praying  that  it  might  not  fall  into  the  hands 
of  a  theologian  had  an  instinctive  percep- 
tion of  the  fact.  The  owner  of  some  land 
for  sale  in  Dublin,  wishing  to  prevent  any 
church  building  upon  it,  made  a  condition 
that  the  purchaser  should  erect  dwelling- 
houses.  A  religious  community  accepted 
the  contract,  built  their  church  and  a  dwell- 
ing-house on  its  roof  ! 

Another  striking  and  apparently  charac- 
teristic feature  of  the  Franciscan  life  is  the 
spirit  of  intrigue,  canvassing  for  offices, 
cabals  and  petty  jealousies,  to  which  it  leads. 


(_)ne  story  in  connexion  with  this  topic 
approaches  the  sensational.  A  colleague 
told  Father  Antony  that  one  day,  entering 
the  cell  of  a  hostile  friar,  he  found  a 
revolver,  which  he  abstracted  and  destroyed. 
He  added  that  thereafter  he  kept  a  private 
lock  on  his  bedroom  door  at  night,  for  the 
ordinary  lock  is  open  to  the  superior's 
master  key,  and  the  friar  in  question  was 
a  superior  and  a  priest  of  high  repute. 
Even  the  young  students  just  out  of  the 
novitiate  learned  to  develope  a  strong  sense 
of  self-assertionandcombativeness.  "  During 
our  five  years  of  study  at  Forest  Gate," 
says  Mr.  McCabe  with  some  apparent  com- 
placency, 

"we  succeeded  in  removing  no   less  than  six 

professors     and     superiors Our    immediate 

superiors    came     to    bear    the     name     of    the 
'  Removables '  in  the  province. " 

Turning  to  the  larger  question  of  the 
effect  of  the  Eoman  mission  in  this  country, 
Mr.  McCabe,  supports  his  conclusion  with 
some  interesting  statistics.  He  thinks  that 
the  Papal  Church  has  made  no  progress 
in  the  last  twenty  years,  but  rather,  allow- 
ing for  the  increase  of  population,  has  lost 
ground.  In  Germany  and  in  the  United 
States  it  may  not  be  so.  The  strangest  con- 
clusion is  that  notwithstanding  the  large 
increase  in  the  membership  of  the  active 
and  missionary  orders,  Jesuits  and  Francis- 
cans, the  leakage  remains  greatest  among 
the  poor,  the  portion  of  the  flock  least  cared 
for  by  the  modern  religious.  The  contrast 
between  the  picture  of  the  primitive  Francis- 
cans' devotion  to  the  really  poor,  as  sketched 
in  Prof.  Brewer's  'Monumenta  Franciscana,' 
and  that  here  drawn  of  their  modern  repre- 
sentatives by  Mr.  McCabe  is  not  pleasant. 


The  Benin  Massacre.      By  Capt.  Alan  Bois- 

ragon.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Benin,  the    City  of  Blood.     By   Commander 

E.  H.  Bacon.     (Arnold.) 

The  publication  of  Capt.  Boisragon's  narra- 
tive is  opportune,  coming  as  it  does  so 
shortly  after  the  surrender  and  banishment 
of  the  King  of  Benin,  and  the  execution  of 
some  of  the  chiefs  implicated  in  the  massacre 
of  Consul  Phillips's  expedition.  The  volume 
supplies  a  want,  as  it  contains  the  first  cir- 
cumstantial account  we  have  had  of  the 
events  immediately  preceding  the  cata- 
strophe. 

The  brief  historical  sketch  of  the  kingdom 
of  Benin,  although  not  so  complete  as  it 
might  be,  will  be  welcome  to  the  general 
public,  as  little  is  known  of  the  country 
and  people,  and  of  the  cruel  and  tyrannous 
rule  which,  after  enduring  for  centuries, 
has  now  happily  disappeared  for  ever. 
Benin  was  discovered  in  1485  by  Joao 
Alfonso  de  Aveiro,  who  carried  back  to 
Portugal  an  ambassador  from  the  king; 
missionaries  were  shortly  afterwards  sent 
out  to  convert  the  natives,  but  met  with 
scant  success ;  merchants  followed,  and  a 
considerable  trade  sprang  up.  The  Portu- 
guese were  ousted  by  the  Dutch,  who 
remained  in  the  country  until  early  in  the 
last  century.  The  kingdom  of  Benin  was 
far  more  extensive  in  those  days,  and  the 
power  of  its  kings  far  greater  than  it  has 
of  late  years  been.  There  is  ground  for 
believing  that  Benin  is  identical  with  the 
pagan      kingdom      of     Amenuan,     which, 


N"  3660,  Dec. 


18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


851 


according  to  Portuguese  historians,  had 
communications  with  a  potent  Christian 
prince,  who  resided  at  a  distance  of  twenty 
months'  journey  to  the  eastward.  This,  no 
doubt,  was  the  ruler  of  Abyssinia,  and  some 
of  the  early  "missioner"  priests  are  said 
to  have  reached  Abyssinia,  taking  the  same 
route  as  that  followed  by  the  Beninese  ; 
the  first  of  these  was  a  Castilian,  a  Francis- 
can friar,  an  account  of  whose  journey  was 
published  in  1877  from  a  manuscript  at 
Madrid.  The  first  English  adventurers 
reached  Benin  in  1553. 

Sir  Eichard  Burton  visited  Benin  city  in 
August,  1862,  accompanied  by  Lieut.  Stokes 
and  by  Dr.  Henry,  whose  wife  had  been 
driven  into  the  bush  "when  the  natives 
attacked  and  looted  the  factory  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Benin  river  during  her  hus- 
band's absence.  She  succumbed  to  hard- 
ship and  exposure ;  and  Burton's  aim  was 
to  obtain  redress  for  the  ill-treatment  she 
had  received.  His  account  of  his  journey 
to  and  from  Benin  city  and  his  interviews 
with  the  king  appeared  in  Fraser's  Magazine 
in  the  spring  of  1863. 

Capt.  Boisragon  has  wisely  and  pro- 
perly "kept  away  from  all  questions  of 
politics  and  policy."  This  attitude  is 
perfectly  correct  on  the  part  of  an  officer 
of  the  Niger  Coast  Protectorate ;  but  were 
he  not  precluded  by  his  position  from 
criticizing  the  acts  of  his  superior,  it  can 
scarcely  be  doubted  that  he  could  throw 
some  light  on  matters  which  at  present  are 
not  clear.  All  who  know  the  ways  of  the 
more  or  less  barbarous  natives  of  West 
Africa,  their  treacherous  habits,  and  the 
influence  of  superstition  over  them,  will 
deem  it  extraordinary  that  Mr.  Phillips 
should  have  persisted  in  his  endeavour 
to  interview  the  King  of  Benin  when  he 
was  "making  custom"  for  his  father, 
especially  when  he  had  plainly  expressed 
objection  to  receiving  visitors  at  such  a 
time ;  and  Capt.  Boisragon  does  not 
conceal  the  fact  that  not  only  he  himself, 
but  also  Major  Copland  -  Crawford  and 
Mr.  Locke,  entertained  serious  misgivings 
as  to  the  upshot  of  the  enterprise.  In  fact, 
he  plainly  states  that  he  was  of  opinion 
that  the  mission  would  be  stopped  by  the 
Benin  warriors,  and  adds  that  this  view  was 
shared  by  his  two  colleagues. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  be  wise  after  the  event ; 
but  certain  facts  are  mentioned  which,  one 
would  imagine,  would  have  caused  the  unfor- 
tunate leader  to  pause  and  hesitate,  or  even 
to  retrace  his  steps ;  and  among  his  own  stafi 
and  the  traders  there  must  have  been  men 
with  wider  experience  than  himself  to  warn 
him  of  the  danger  of  intruding  upon  the 
king  at  such  a  time.  It  is  easy  to  ridicule 
the  gross  superstitions  of  barbarous  people  ; 
but  the  immense  power  which  these  super- 
stitions have  over  them  should  not  be 
disregarded.  Moreover,  treachery  and  dis- 
simulation are  almost  universal  amongst  the 
tribes  of  West  Africa,  and  the  extreme 
apparent  friendliness  of  such  of  the  Beninese 
as  the  expedition  came  into  contact  with 
immediately  before  the  attack  should  have 
aroused  distrust  and  put  the  white  men 
on  their  guard.  Capt.  Boisragon  remarks 
that  "  Chief  Dore  before  he  left  us  told  us 
the  Benin  men  meant  to  stop  our  getting  to 
^enin  city,  and  tried  to  persuade  Phillips 
^  to  go  on."  Again,  he  declares  that  Dudu 


Jerri  "was  also  full  ot  warnings  and  fore- 
bodings, all  of  which  we  laughed  at  at  the 
time."  Dudu  Jerri  said  that  the  Benin 
soldiers  would  fire  on  the  expedition  ;  but 
even  to  this  plain  speaking  no  heed  was 
paid.  Then  we  are  told  of  the  "secret, 
mysterious  talk  "  between  the  inhabitants  of 
the  third  village  on  the  route  and  Mary 
Bonda ;  also,  on  the  same  page  it  is  stated 
that  "Basilli,  the  guide,  must  have  heard 
something  of  the  talk."  Basilli,  on  the 
other  hand,  although  undoubtedly  privy  to 
the  designs  of  the  king,  chiefs,  and  Juju- 
men,  uttered  no  word  of  warning,  but 
was  "as  usual  squatting  at  Phillips's 
feet,  telling  about  Benin  customs."  It  is 
an  open  secret  that  for  months  previously 
officials  of  the  Niger  Coast  Protectorate  had 
publicly  boasted,  in  the  hearing  of  natives, 
that  they  were  going  to  seize  the  King  of 
Benin  and  hang  him,  and  Nana,  then  a 
prisoner,  no  doubt  found  means  to  warn  the 
king;  and  that  after  such  threats  had 
been  uttered  the  expedition  should  have 
proceeded  unarmed  only  increases  our 
wonder. 

When  we  come  to  the  details  of  the 
attack  we  are  constrained  to  express  our 
opinion  that  Mr.  Phillips's  order  to  his 
officers  not  to  wear  their  revolvers,  and 
"  not  to  show  them  for  fear  of  frightening 
the  natives,"  was  a  fatal  error.  White  men 
travelling  in  such  countries — missionaries 
excepted — carry  revolvers  and  other  weapons 
without  "  frightening  the  natives,"  and  the 
practice  has  frequently  prevented  violence 
and  robbery.  Capt.  Boisragon  further 
states  that  even  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  onslaught  the  use  of  revolvers 
was  again  expressly  forbidden,  even  in  self- 
defence,  although  nine  resolute  and  deter- 
mined white  men,  finding  themselves  at 
bay,  might  probably  have  driven  off  many 
of  their  assailants,  and  at  least  have  pre- 
vented the  completeness  of  the  disaster ; 
but  even  this  chance  was  denied  them,  for 
Capt.  Boisragon  writes  : — 

"At  the  first  shot  we  couldn't  believe  that 
the  firing  was  in  earnest,  and  thought,  as  some 
one  suggested,  that  it  was  only  a  salute  in  our 
honour.  However,  that  idea  was  soon  exploded 
by  the  cries  from  our  wretched  carriers  and  yells 
from  the  Benin  men.  As  soon  as  we  were  cer- 
tain what  it  was  I  sang  out  that  I  was  going 
back  to  get  my  revolver,  and  Crawford  said  he 
would  do  the  same,  but  poor  old  Phillips,  for 
some  reason  of  his  own,  said,  '  No  revolvers, 
gentlemen.' " 

The   treacherous  assailants   showed   signal 
poltroonery,  for 

"although  the  Benin  men,  from  all  accounts, 
fought  really  pluckily  against  the  punitive  ex- 
pedition a  few  weeks  later,  here  they  behaved 
like  veritable  curs,  and  ran  away  every  time  we 
charged  them  with  our  sticks." 
What  would  they  have  done  had  the  officers 
been  permitted  to  use  their  revolvers  ?  Run 
away,  in  all  probability.  For  instance, 
"  whenever  he  saw  a  man  putting  a  gun  up,  oflf 
would  go  Elliott  into  the  bush  and  charge  him 
out  of  it"; 

and  after  the  author  was  wounded  a  second 
time  (in  the  right  arm)  he  says  : — 

"The  force  of  the  blow  was  so  great  that  it 
knocked  me  over  like  a  shot  rabbit.  However, 
the  wound  didn't  hurt  a  bit,  nor  had  it  the 
slightest  effect  at  the  time  on  my  arm,  for  I  got 
up,  picked  up  my  cane  in  my  right  hand  again, 
and  chased  the  man  from  behind  a  tree  before 


he  had  time  to  tire.  He  promptly  ran  away  into 
the  bush,  so  I  went  back  to  the  others." 

The  courage  and  devotion  displayed  by  the 
European  officers  were  admirable,  and  many 
of  the  carriers  and  other  coloured  members 
of  the  expedition  behaved  splendidly.  "  One 
of  them,"  Capt.  Boisragon  writes,  "  quite  a 
small  lad,  too,  put  a  pal  on  his  back  who 
had  been  wounded  in  the  leg,  and  took  him 
along."  It  is  impossible  to  speak  too  highly 
of  the  heroic  endurance  of  the  author  and 
Mr.  Locke  during  their  wanderings  in  the 
bush  after  getting  away  from  the  scene  of 
slaughter,  and  the  story  of  their  adventures 
will  be  read  with  interest,  although,  as  our 
quotations  have  shown,  Capt.  Boisragon  has 
little  skill  in  writing. 

So  much  has  already  appeared  in  the 
daily  press  regarding  the  punitive  expe- 
dition that  Commander  Bacon's  volume 
has  to  a  great  extent  been  forestalled. 
It  is  a  history  of  the  organization  and 
operations  of  that  expedition,  written  in 
a  commendably  clear  and  concise  style. 
The  author's  pooition  as  Intelligence 
Officer  to  the  force  secured  him  excep- 
tional facilities  for  obtaining  a  knowledge 
of  details.  We  cannot  do  better  than  quote 
his  own  words  : — 

"  I  venture  to  think  that  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  and  Captain  Egerton,  Chief  of  the  Staff, 
may  be  congratulated  on  having  performed  a 
feat  of  organisation  and  equipment  which  has 
never  been  equalled  in  similar  expeditions.  In 
twenty-nine  days  to  collect,  provision,  organise, 
and  land  a  force  of  1,200  men,  coming  from  three 
places  ranging  between  3,000  and  4,500  miles 
from  the  position  of  attack  :  to  march,  by  an 
unknown  and  waterless  road,  through  dense 
bush  held  by  a  warlike  race,  fighting  five  days, 
and  in  thirty-four  days  to  have  taken  the  chief 
town  ;  in  twelve  days  more,  the  city  having 
been  left  to  the  Protectorate  forces,  to  have  re- 
embarked  all  the  men,  and  coaled  the  ships 
ready  to  proceed  to  any  other  place  where  cir- 
cumstances might  require  them,  is  a  feat  that 
seems  so  marvellous  that  it  is  scarcely  credible." 

Great  precautions  were  taken  to  ensure 
rapid  success  and  to  guard  against  mishaps 
so  possible  in  such  expeditions  in  an  un- 
known and  difficult  country.  Yet  the  too  fre- 
quent mistake  of  underrating  or  despising 
the  native  soldiers  was  nearly  made,  and  we 
are  told  that 

"so  much  had  been  written  and  said  lately  of 
the  non-fighting  qualities  of  the  Beni,  that  the 
Commander-in-Chief  decided  to  cut  down  the 
men  landed  to  seven  hundred,  instead  of  employ- 
ing twelve  hundred  as  originally  intended." 

The  reduced  force  proved  none  too  strong 
for  the  task  of  overcoming  the  stubborn 
resistance  of  the  Benin  warriors. 

On  one  point  Commander  Bacon  differs 
from  Capt.  Boisragon,  for  he  states 
that  ultimately,  in  view  of  Mr.  Phillips's 
representations,  the  King  of  Benin  consented 
to  receive  the  mission  ;  but  the  former  could 
only  learn  this  at  second  hand,  whereas 
Capt.  Boisragon,  as  a  member  of  Mr. 
Phillips's  staff,  was  in  a  position  to  know 
the  truth,  and  he  makes  no  mention  of  such 
consent  being  given,  therefore  we  must 
believe  that  Commander  Bacon  was  mis- 
informed. We  regret  to  notice  the  frequent 
use  by  Commander  Bacon  of  the  word 
"nigger":  it  would  be  far  preferable  to 
write  negro  or  nafAve. 

Both  the  volumes  are  creditably  got  up, 
and  printed  on  good    paper   in  very  clear 


852 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


type.  The  few  illustrations  in  Commander 
Bacon's  book  are  so  excellent  that  it  is 
to  be  regretted  that  there  are  not 
many  more  of  them,  whilst  his  map, 
although  admittedly  imperfect,  is  valuable 
as  enabling  us  to  follow  the  course  of  opera- 
tions. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

His  Grace  of  Osmonde.   By  Frances  Hodgson 

Burnett.  ( Warns  &  Co.) 
Mrs.  Burnett  would  have  been  wiser  had 
she  rested  secure  upon  the  laurels  won  for 
her  by  '  A  Lady  of  Quality,'  and  not  suc- 
cumbed to  the  temptation  of  telling  the 
same  story  all  over  again,  with  the  Duke 
of  Osmonde  as  the  central  figure.  In  the 
first  book  the  striking  personality  of  Clorinda 
Wildairs  overrode  all  the  reader's  doubts  of 
the  morality,  and  blinded  him  to  the  impos- 
sibility, of  most  of  her  conduct.  Now  he 
is  called  upon  to  regard  her  through  the 
adoring  eyes  of  a  man  who  in  her  more 
interesting  phases  knows  her  less  intimately 
than  we  do  ourselves  —  a  man,  moreover, 
who  starts  life  as  a  second  Lord  Fauntleroy, 
and  who  never,  in  spite  of  his  prowess  in 
arms,  his  manliness,  and  his  many  other 
and  oft-recounted  virtues,  impresses  us  as 
being  a  man  at  all.  It  is  in  his  Grace's 
company  that  we  first  become  aware  of  the 
absurdity  of  many  of  Clorinda's  actions. 
We  certainly  learn  more  of  her  graces  and 
virtues  as  my  Lady  Dunstanwolde,  and  later 
as  the  Duke's  own  most  devoted  consort; 
but  she  is  no  longer  quite  the  amazing  and 
unfettered  creation  of  our  first  affections. 
And  in  this,  since  it  is  certainly  uninten- 
tional on  the  part  of  the  author,  must  be 
said  to  lie  the  failure  of  her  experiment. 
At  the  same  time,  for  those  who  can  appre- 
ciate the  exuberance  of  Mrs.  Burnett's 
eighteenth  century  language,  there  is  the 
same  charm  in  the  telling  of  the  second  as 
of  the  first  story,  and  we  cannot  but  admire, 
in  much  that  is  repetition,  her  consistent 
adherence  to  the  details  of  the  plot.  It  is 
pleasant  to  meet  Mistress  Anne  again,  and 
a  satisfaction  to  some  of  us  to  know  that 
his  Grace,  when  in  possession  of  his  wife's 
secret,  has  the  intelligence  to  add  discretion 
to  his  other  merits. 


Sigh  Play.      By   George   Manville    Fenn. 
(Downey  &  Co.) 

Mb.  G.  M.  Fenn  entitles  his  novel  "A 
Comedy  off  the  Stage  ";  but  we  are  inclined 
to  think  it  is  better  calculated  to  furnish  the 
material  for  a  melodrama  on  the  stage.  As 
a  novel  it  can  hardly  be  called  successful, 
though  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not 
achieve  popularity  in  the  smoking-room 
and  on  club-tables.  A  young  and  "  rapid  " 
peer  who  wrecks  his  own  life  and  that  of 
his  mistress,  and  who  sadly  injures  his 
wife  and  his  best  friend,  provides  nearly 
all  the  incident  in  the  story.  The  time 
seems  to  be  as  nearly  as  possible  that  of 
to-day,  and  there  is  little  with  which  the 
novel-reader  is  not  fairly  familiar.  The 
book  is  written  with  care  throughout,  and 
its  chief  disadvantages  lie  in  the  facts  that 
it  is  somewhat  too  long,  and  that  some  of 
the  scenes  are  too  highly  coloured.  The 
element  of  comedy  is  not  apparent,  and 
there  is  no  reason  to  read  the  book  for 
example  of  life  or  instruction  of  manners. 


By    F.    C.    Philips. 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


Poor     Little     Bella. 
(Downey  &  Co.) 

Vulgarity  can,  of  course,  be  made  amus- 
ing and  interesting  in  a  novel,  as  is 
evident  from  Dickens  and  Thackeray 
and  Mr.  Meredith,  but  it  is  not  by 
the  photographic  methods  adopted  by 
Mr.  Philips.  The  form  of  narrative  em- 
ployed here  is  in  itself  unfortunate,  as  it  is 
an  autobiography  by  the  daughter  of  a 
designing  mother,  in  which  all  the  sordid 
intrigues  of  the  mother  to  marry  her 
daughter  are  laid  bare.  This  from  the 
first  takes  away  all  the  sympathy  one  is 
expected  to  feel  for  the  victim  of  these 
intrigues,  who  is  rejiresented  as  showing 
up  her  mother  in  the  worst  colours.  More- 
over, the  daughter  herself  does  not  appear 
in  much  more  alluring  colours  than  the 
mother,  as  she  seems  almost  as  anxious 
about  her  own  marriage  as  her  mother  is. 
And  the  book  has  not  a  glint  of  humour  in 
it  from  beginning  to  end  ;  it  is  a  mere  repro- 
duction of  sordid  naggings  and  sordid 
devices  to  hide  poverty,  which  are  doubtless 
true  enough  to  life,  but  are  inexpressibly 
dreary.  The  only  way  of  treating  people 
like  Mrs.  Dyce  and  her  daughter  in  fiction  is 
by  showing  up  the  glorious  humour  of  their 
proceedings,  as  Mr.  Meredith  does  with  his 
countess  in  '  Evan  Harrington.'  Mr.  Philips's 
plodding  industry  in  recounting  tittle-tattle 
only  succeeds  in  arousing  weary  disgust. 

Iva  Eildare.     By  L.  B.  Walford.      (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 

A  PAIR  of  "hopeless  lovers  gloriously  re- 
united," and  a  charming  and  resolute  Irish 
widow  who  herself  proposes  to  her  third 
husband,  distinguish  this  story  from  other 
matrimonial  problems.  The  self-made  man, 
who  is  also  a  natural  gentleman,  Jabez 
Druitt,  is  an  unusual  and  pleasant  exception 
to  most  of  his  kind  in  fiction.  The  story  is 
brightly  written,  if  occasionally  careless  in 
phrase.  Such  slips  as  "deaconal"  and 
"persumably"  may  probably  be  set  down 
to  the  printer. 

Only   a   Love    Story.     By  Mrs.  E.  Jocelyn. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Veronia  Brackendale  was  a  young  girl 
educated  in  the  country  and  in  a  somewhat 
manly  fashion,  and  when  her  cousin  Peggie 
presumed  upon  his  early  acquaintance  and 
proposed  to  marry  her,  she  had  the  sense 
to  throw  him  over  for  a  middle-aged  paladin 
of  great  distinction.  Col.  Eadcliffe,  V.C, 
makes  love  very  modestly  and  tenderly,  and 
is  altogether  a  picturesque  and  pleasant 
hero.  Peggie,  who  has  been  playing  fast 
and  loose  with  a  girl  in  the  Midlands  while 
wooing  his  Irish  cousin,  settles  down  with 
Alice  Carr,  who  is  in  every  respect  too  good 
for  him.  The  tale  is  slight  enough,  but 
fairly  well  told.  Mrs.  Jocelyn  is  still 
bothered  about  "who"  and  "  whom." 

The    American    Cousins.     By   Sarah   Tytler. 
(Digby,  Long  &  Co.) 

This  work  is  a  good  deal  defaced  by  the 
occasional  lapses  into  bad  grammar  in  which 
the  writer's  long  sentences  involve  her.  Her 
method  of  telling  the  story  partakes  of  the 
conversational  peculiarity  called  running  on. 
Sentences  which  appear  to  start  well  end  in 
Thucydidean  obscurity,  verbs  and  relatives 


dropping  out,  antecedents  missing.  The 
punctuation,  too,  is  entirely  arbitrary.  It  is  a 
pity  the  proof-sheets  were  not  better  revised^ 
for  there  is  animation  and  some  fair  draw- 
ing of  character  in  the  tale,  which  relate* 
how  two  young  men  from  America  make 
acquaintance  with  the  ancient  Warwickshire 
family  from  which  their  ancestors  have  de- 
scended, and  the  results,  matrimonial  and. 
other,  of  their  visit.  They  find  the  Shel- 
drakes of  Oakspur  in  the  throes  of  a  family 
convulsion,  the  young  squire  having  out- 
raged the  feelings  of  his  mother  and  sisters 
by  espousing  the  gentle  daughter  of  a 
bicycle  manufacturer,  who  has  not  even 
attained  the  potent  position  of  a  millionaire, 
and  afterwards  outraging  those  of  his  father- 
in-law  by  posing  as  a  Socialist,  and  inflaming 
the  workmen  against  the  capitalist.  Willie 
Sheldrake  is  an  amiable  young  fanatic, 
whose  most  sensible  proceeding  is  the  mar- 
riage aforesaid.  Mrs.  Sheldrake  senior,  in 
spite  of  her  pomposity,  is  good  and  womanly 
when  her  qualities  are  really  tried.  The 
self-made  man  of  cycles  shows  plenty  of 
sense  and  spirit,  though  his  English  ia 
defective  ;  and  the  young  Americans  (especi- 
ally the  more  American  of  the  two,  George^ 
the  elder)  are  well  drawn  and  well  con- 
trasted. The  younger,  with  his  English 
and  antiquarian  proclivities,  is  well  matched 
with  his  aristocratically  -  minded  cousin 
Elizabeth. 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

Madame  Darmesteter,  who  can  do  so  many 
things  well,  has  turned  her  reading  of  old 
chronicles  to  account,  and  written  a  book  of 
stories,  A  Medictval  Garland  (Lawrence  & 
Bullen),  which  she  speaks  of  in  her  dedication 
as  "flowers  found  between  the  leaves  of  old 
books. "  It  is  a  pretty  fancy,  but,  as  Browning 
writes,  "  Alack,  there  be  roses  and  roses  !  "  and 
to  our  mind  these  stories  might  more  properly 
have  been  called  "  embers  from  old  fires  of 
torment,"  for  nearly  every  one  of  them  reveals 
the  misery  and  injustice  which  had  to  be  born© 
in  past  times.  '  The  Story  of  Antonio  '  is  an 
exception.  The  '  Garland  '  contains  the  well- 
told  and  most  pitiful  tragedy  of  Alipz,  the 
pathetic  stories  of  Duke  Humphrey's  little 
daughter,  'The  Ballads  of  the  Dauphine,' 
and  many  others  equally  sad.  They  are  of 
unequal  merit,  but  all  are  prettily  told— not 
in  English  by  Madame  Darmesteter,  for  her 
'  Marguerites  du  Ten^ps  Passe '  was  written  in 
French,  and  has  been  translated  by  Miss  (?)  May 
Tomlinson.  The  translator  should  not,  how- 
ever, have  described  the  hero  of  a  sixteenth 
century  love  story  as  "a  dashing  young 
man,"  for  that  is  a  vulgar  eighteenth  cen- 
tury expression.  It  is  only  fair  to  add  that 
her  translation  reads  well.  —  "If  all  traces 
of  Spenser's  fascination  and  power  could 
be  removed  from  subsequent  English  litera- 
ture," says  Mr.  J.  W.  Hales  in  his  excellent 
introduction  to  Stories  from  The  Faerie 
Queene  (Gardner,  Darton  &  Co.),  "that 
literature  would  be  a  very  different  thing  irom 
what  it  is  :  there  would  be  strange  breaks  and 
blanks  in  many  a  volume,  hiatuses  in  many  a 
line,  an  altered  turning  of  many  a  sentence, 
a  modification  of  many  a  conception  and  fancy." 
This  is  well  said  and  true,  and  doubtless  it  is 
the  length  of  the  poem  which  prevents  its  being 
read  and  enjoyed  as  it  ought  to  be  ;  but  we  are 
not  at  all  sure  that  this  book  will  make  it  more 
known,  for  the  patience  of  youthful  readers  is 
all  but  unlimited,  and  archaisms  soon  present 
no  difficulty  to  them.  To  our  mind  they  are 
not  more  likely  to  seek  out  the  original  afte 
reading  Miss  Mary  Macleod's  pretty  stori'' 
but  less,  for  they  will  be  satisfied  with  v***^ 


\ 


N''3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


853 


they  have  had.  Many  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Walker's 
illustrations  are  good. 

Every  one  recognizes  Asbjdrnsen  as  one  of 
the  most  delightful  narrators  of  folk-tales,  so 
Fairy  Tales  from  the  Far  North  (Nutt)  is  sure 
of  a  hearty  welcome.  It  contains  a  large  num- 
ber of  stories,  which  are  well  and  sympathetically 
translated.  We  think,  however,  that  Mr.  H. 
Brsekstad,  the  translator,  sliould  have  made 
some  mention  in  his  preface  or  list  of  contents 
of  Asbjornsen's  friend  and  fellow  workman 
Jorgen  Moe,  for  some  of  the  stories  published 
as  Asbjornsen's  are  in  reality  by  Moe. — The 
contents  of  The  Eerie  Book  (Shiells)  quite  prove 
its  right  to  this  name,  and  even  rival  the  grim- 
ness  of  its  cover.  The  stories,  which  are  taken 
from  various  authors,  all  deal  with  the  night 
side  of  nature.  The  illustrations,  however, 
have  remarkably  little  to  do  with  nature  of  any 
kind.  They  depict  lank  ghosts,  tortured  pri- 
soners, oddly  curved  mothers  spotted  with  occa- 
sional stars,  and  there  is  even  Frankenstein's 
monster  with  added  horrors.  The  only  fragment 
of  cheerfulness  from  cover  to  cover  is  the  title- 
page,  on  which  the  name  of  Miss  (?)  Margaret 
Armour,  the  editor,  is  printed  in  scarlet  in  a 
scarlet  medallion.  The  stories  are  clever,  but  a 
little  more  relief  would  have  been  acceptable. 

Young  people  will  welcome  another  of  Mr. 
Church's  historical  romances.  In  the  present 
one,  which  is  called  Lords  of  the  World  (Blackie 
&  Son),  he  deals  with  the  life  and  adventures  of 
a  Greek  youth,  one  Clean  or,  who  escapes  from 
the  sack  of  Chelys,  a  small  town  near  Carthage. 
In  course  of  time  he  makes  the  acquaintance  of 
such  notables  as  Masinissa,  Scipio,  and  Polybius, 
and  is  present  at  the  fall  of  Carthage  and  of 
Corinth.  As  usual,  the  story  is  a  thread  on 
which  are  woven  several  interesting  pictures  of 
the  life  of  the  period.  The  incidents  in  the 
temple  of  Baal-Hammon  and  with  the  brigands 
at  Thermopyla3  are  amongst  the  best  in  the 
book.  A  special  word  of  commendation  must 
be  given  to  the  illustrations  by  Mr.  Ralph 
Peacock.     Some  of  them  are  first-rate. 

The  Laughter  of  Feterkin,  by  Fiona  Macleod 
(Constable  &  Co.),  is  a  successful  and  commend- 
able attempt  by  the  accomplished  author  to 
thi-ow  into  the  form  of  a  fairy  tale  for  children 
the  ancient  masterpieces  of  the  Gael  '  The 
Three  Sorrows  of  Story-telling.'  Miss  Macleod 
has  long  since  proved  her  gift  of  paraphrasing 
in  popular  form  the  old  legends  she  loves  so 
well.  In  general  her  method  leaves  little  to  be 
desired;  she  "has  the  Gaelic,"  not  perhaps 
very  scientifically  or  thoroughly,  but  she  adds 
to  a  considerable  knowledge  of  the  modern  ver- 
nacular a  sensitive  appreciation  of  modes  of 
thought  and  turns  of  expression.  Yet  we  would 
have  her  beware  of  too  intense  an  effort  after 
precious  diction.  It  is  apt  to  leave  grammar 
and  common  sense  behind.  It  is  well  to  adhere 
to  accidence.  "  Thyselves  "  is  more  original 
than  satisfactory.  "  O  wild  swans,  we  hear  the 
beating  of  thy  wings."  Besides  the  derange- 
ment of  pronouns,  we  deprecate  the  coining  of 
unnecessary  words.  "Shoring"  for  shearing 
is  an  instance  in  point.  But  to  leave  minute 
and  perhaps  cavilling  objections,  we  recognize 
the  general  value  and  taste  of  the  presentment, 
in  the  shape  of  stories  told  to  little  Feterkin 
on  lona  by  his  friends  Iain  and  Eilidh,  of  stories 
which  for  centuries  have  been  the  romantic 
nutriment  of  infancy  and  age  in  Ireland  and 
Scotland  alike.  'The  Four  White  Swans,' 
dealing  with  the  wanderings  of  the  hapless 
children  of  Lir,  turned  by  a  jealous  stepmother 
into  the  form  of  birds,  but  retaining  their  human 
voices  and  intelligence,  is  wonderfully  tender 
in  its  representation  of  parental  and  filial  fond- 
ness, and  the  steady  affection  of  Fionula,  the 
eldest,  for  her  ill-starred  brothers.  Their 
sojourn  by  the  loch  side,  where  for  three  cen- 
turies Bove  Dearg,  the  king,  and  Lir,  their 
father,  kept  their  rath  to  be  near  their  lost 
ones  ;  their  three  centuries  of  tossing  on  the 
wild    Moyle    between    Ireland    and    Kintyre 


three  centuries  more  spent  on  the  west  coast  of 
Ireland;  and  their  final  deliverance  bySt.  Kemoc, 
when  the  Christian's  bell  announces  the  coming 
of  the  Tailcen,  their  baptism  and  death,  are 
told  in  crystal  prose  and  with  snatches  of  verse, 
afterthemannerof  the  mostancient  sqenlachdan. 
'The  Sons  of  Turenn,'  here  much  condensed, 
is  a  story  of  slaughter  and  wild  vengeance, 
hardly  attractive,  we  should  think,  for  youthful 
readers.  'Deirdre,'  on  the  other  hand,  one  of 
the  best  known  and  earliest  love  stories  in 
our  islands,  can  hardly  fail  to  attract  a  young 
intelligence.  The  beautiful  maid,  destined  by 
prophecy  from  birth  to  be  the  author  of  un- 
numbered woes — a  Celtic  Helen,  and  so  a  faith- 
ful— is  one  of  the  most  touching  figures  in  legend. 
Darthool  the  author  calls  her  ;  Dearduil  is 
the  Highland  equivalent.  We  like  less 
Nathos  for  Naesi,  though  Macpherson  adopted 
the  form.  How  Concobar  of  Ulster  tried  to 
immure  the  maiden,  to  be  his  bride  in  due  time  ; 
how  Lavarcam,  a  sort  of  Juliet's  nurse,  could 
not  resist  giving  her  a  meeting  with  her  ideal 
hero,  Naesi,  with  skin  of  snow,  hair  like  the 
raven,  and  colour  like  blood  in  his  cheek  ;  how 
the  pair  fared  forth  to  Scotland  and  revelled  in 
the  chase  and  the  rude  plenty  of  Dunuisneachan 
by  far  Loch  Etive  ;  their  betrayal  by  Fergus  Mac- 
Rossa,  of  whose  conduct  Miss  Macleod  takes  a 
harsher  view  than  is  to  be  found  in  the  old  texts ; 
and  the  tragic  close,  with  the  ruin  of  Emania 
and  the  wars  of  Uladh  and  Connacht,  form  a 
piteous  yet  a  stirring  tale.  Miss  Macleod  has 
a  pretty  fancy  in  her  occasional  flights  of  verse, 
based  generally  on  originals  from  the  MSS. 
She  takes  a  good  deal  of  licence  with  her 
models.  For  instance,  in  Deirdre's  well-known 
song, 

0  that  where  the  shallow,  bickering  Kuel  flows 

1  might  hear  again,  o'er  its  flashing  gleam. 
The  cuckoos  calling  by  the  murmuring  stream, 

is  barely  suggested  by 

Sweet  is  the  cuckoo's  voice  on  bending  bough 
On  the  ridge  above  the  glen  of  Roes. 

But  the  book  is  a  charming  fairy  tale,  not  an 
exercise  in  philology. 

The  Vanished  Yacht  (Nelson  &  Sons)  is  a 
boy's  sea  story  of  the  usual  type.  Mr.  E.  Har- 
court  Burrage  has  made  an  original  departure 
in  that  the  seizure  of  a  yacht  by  the  Spanish 
sailing-master  is  the  cardinal  incident  in  the 
story.  A  tidal  wave  and  its  concomitants 
add  much  to  the  interest  of  the  story,  and  the 
characterization  of  some  of  the  originals  before 
the  mast,  as  Mutton  and  Blower,  will  find 
appreciation. 

Exiled  from  School,  by  Andrew  Home  (Black), 
is  a  spirited  story  of  a  "  boarding-school,"  not, 
be  it  understood,  a  public  school.  The  rapid 
change- movement  effected  between  Sid  Hardy 
and  George  Kirby  in  the  early  chapters  is  more 
farcical  than  possible,  although  the  excellent 
Jim  Patterson,  with  his  theatrical  scraps  and 
his  faculty  of  leading  his  less  mercurial  com- 
panions into  and  out  of  the  direst  scrapes,  is  a 
humorous  and  not  too  extravagant  present- 
ment of  an  inspired  schoolboy.  All  ends  hap- 
pily, although  the  shadow  of  crime  which  dogs 
the  wretched  Sidney  is  chilling,  and  out  of  har- 
mony with  the  life  of  ingenuous  youth. — Dr. 
Gordon  Stables,  in  his  medley  entitled  The 
Island  of  Gold  (Nelson  &  Sons),  brings  the 
reader  by  not  too  impracticable  stages  from  life 
in  a  barge  on  a  Midland  canal,  in  which  we  first 
meet  "Ransey  Tansey,"  the  boy  hero,  and  his 
sister,  "little  Babs,"  to  a  wider  experience  in 
the  South  Paci6c.  A  comic  dog  and  a  crane  of 
the  dancing  species  will  add  to  the  attractions 
of  a  book  which  embraces  strenuous  warfare 
with  savages,  entombment  in  a  gold-mine,  and 
the  realistic  journal  of  a  shipwrecked  crew.  This 
is  a  thoroughly  good  book  for  young  boys,  in 
spite  of  its  anomalous  construction. — The  Gold 
Ship  (Sampson  Low  &  Co.)  is  offered  to  the 
omnivorous  boy  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Holmes.  Two 
lads  ship  in  the  cook's  galley  on  different 
vessels,  and  the  knowledge  obtained  by  one  of 


them  of  a  nefarious  plot  to  mutiny  on  board  the 
other's  ship  leads  to  the  necessary  complications. 
Very  bad  Irish  and  Scottish  dialect  is  spoken 
by  certain  of  the  crews.  Yet  these  shortcomings 
are  slight  beside  the  uncanny  experience  of  the 
boy  who  is  put  to  freeze  in  the  meat-preserving 
compartment,  and  there  is  such  a  variety  of 
adventures  as  to  compensate  for  a  cruder  nar- 
rative. —  Mrs.  Wood  Baker  draws  in  Little 
Tora  (Nelson  &  Sons)  a  pleasant  and  realistic 
picture  of  rustic  life  in  Sweden.  English 
tourists  confine  their  attention  so  much  to 
Norway  that  one  is  glad  to  meet  with  a  cheerful 
book  dealing  with  the  most  eastern  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian kingdoms. 


OUR  LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Mr.  Hugh  E.  Egerton  is  the  author  of  an 
excellent  Short  History  of  British  Colonial 
Policy,  published  by  Messrs.  Methuen  &  Co. 
It  is  able,  impartial,  clear.  Perhaps  its  most 
interesting  feature  is  the  account  of  the  admir- 
able and  far-seeing  policy  pursued  in  the  difticulb 
time  of  Charles  II.  by  Shaftesbury,  with  the 
assistance  of  John  Locke.  With  the  proviso 
that  our  attitude  is  one  of  general  laudation  and 
assent,  we  may  point  out  a  few  errors  and  some 
matters  of  doubt.  The  "seeds  of  trouble"  in 
Newfoundland  were  "laid"  rather  before  and 
by  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht  than  by  the  Treaty  of 
Versailles.  "P.  Le  Roy-Beaulieu  "  should  be 
Paul  Leroy-Beaulieu  (Paul,  because  Pierre,  as 
well  as  Anatole,  is  now  a  distinguished  writer, 
and  writes  on  the  British  colonies).  "  Higgin- 
botham  "  should  be  Higinbotham,  and  we  may 
note  that  Mr.  Egerton  would  have  done  well 
to  study  the  position  of  that  really  great 
Chief  Justice.  As  Lord  Granville  is  justly 
attacked  for  timidity,  Mr.  Egerton  ought  to 
have  given  him  what,  from  his  point  of  view  (here 
we  dissent),  is  the  credit  for  the  adoption  in 
modern  times  of  the  policy  of  extension  of 
empire  through  chartered  companies.  The  North 
Borneo  charter  was  wholly  without  precedent  ; 
it  was  wholly  Lord  Granville's,  and  it  has  been 
closely  followed  in  the  three  charters  since 
granted.  P.  466  shows  that  Mr.  Egerton  is  not 
familiar  with  the  successive  steps  by  which  the 
British  sphere  was  extended  to  the  Zambesi. 
He  is  right  in  his  supposition  that  Mr.  Rhodes 
had  no  hand  in  them.  The  credit  is  due  in  the 
first  place  to  Mr.  Mackenzie,  and  in  the  second 
to  Mr.  Chamberlain.  The  main  omission  from 
Mr.  Egerton's  most  valuable  volume  is  that  of 
the  policy  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  of  1854,  of 
the  dropping  of  the  treaty  in  1868,  and  of  the 
unsuccessful  negotiations  for  a  new  treaty  on  at 
least  one  later  occasion.  The  matter  has  per- 
manent interest  and  special  importance  at  the 
present  time. 

Mr.  Laurence  Gomme,  the  statistical  officer 
of  the  London  County  Council,  delivered  this 
year  some  excellent  Lectures  on  the  Principles  oj 
Local  Government,  which  are  now  republished 
by  Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  There  was  little 
on  the  subject  available  for  students  except  in 
the  rather  dull  essays  published  by  various  pro- 
fessors in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Gomme's 
work,  though  philosophically  handled,  is  more 
attractive,  and  in  itself  better. 

The  Art  of  Conversincj  (Warne  &  Co.),  by  the 
lady  who  wrote  '  Manners  and  Tone  of  Good 
Society,'  and  subsequently  issued  a  new  edition 
called  'Manners  and  Rules  of  Good  Society,* 
makes  no  attempt  at  competing  with  Prof. 
Mahaffy's  'Principles  of  the  Art  of  Conversa- 
tion,' but  is  a  mere  amplification  of  a  former 
handbook  by  the  same  lady  on  '  Society  Small 
Talk.'  This  lady,  "a  member  of  the  aristo- 
cracy," has  learnt  much  by  practice  in  writing, 
but  her  experience  has  made  her  cease  to  be 
amusing.  She  is  now  correct,  but  dull ;  formerly 
she  was  sprightly,  but  ridiculous. 

The  Dreyfus  case  has  brought  forth  several 
books    in    France  on  L'Espionnage    Militaire, 


854 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


which  is  the  title  of  the  least  bad  of  them,  by 
Lieut.  Froment,  published  by  M.  F.  Juven,  of 
Paris.     That  we  spy  on  others  we  know,  as  an 
English  detective    lately    "did"  two  years   in 
France  for  trying  to  get  a  Russian  weapon  which 
the  French  ordnance  factory  was  turning  out. 
Our  newspapers  have  also   related  the  getting 
rid  not   long  ago  of   a  British  military  attache 
for  spying  on  the  Russians  in  the  interest  of  the 
Germans — an  extra  duty  which  he  would  hardly 
have  undertaken   after  the  German  Emperor's 
telegram  to  President    Kruger.     That    we  are 
spied    on    we    also    know,    for    have  we    not 
heard  from   the  same  vigilant  press  how  Her 
Majesty's  late  ambassador  in  Paris  found  a  con- 
fidential servant  of  Lord  Lyons   and  his   suc- 
cessors opening  a  cabinet  box  with  a   cabinet 
key  1     The  cabinet  noir  we  can  defeat  by  cipher 
and  by  Queen's  messengers,  but   how  can  we 
protect  our  despatches  as  they  go  from  room  to 
room?  The  plan  pursued  in  continental  countries 
of  using    non-commissioned    officers    of     high 
character  as  messengers  is  probably  the  safest 
and    the    best.     We  do    not  believe  that  the 
embassies   are,  as  a  rule,  used  by  the  Powers 
for  their  spy-work,  and  the  story  that  they  are 
is  one  of  the  strongest  reasons  for  doubting  the 
evidence  in  the  Dreyfus  case. 

Barotseland,  just  north  of  the  Zambesi,  but 
west  of  the  main  streams  of  exploration,   has 
been  all  but  a  sealed   land   since   the   days   of 
Livingstone.     The  French  and  Swiss  Protestant 
missionaries  who  have  long  dwelt  at  the  Barotse 
Court  have,  however,  now  an  excellent  and  well- 
known  agent  of  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany with  them,  and  Barotseland  is  a  peaceable 
"Protectorate."     A  book  by  M.  Frani^ois  Coil- 
lard,   of    the    Missions   Evang^liques    of  Paris, 
has    just    appeared    in    France,    and   a   trans- 
lation   of     it    by    M.    Coillard's    niece.     Miss 
Mackintosh,    is   published   by  Messrs.  Hodder 
&  Stoughton  under  the  title  On  the  Threshold 
of  Central  Africa :    a  Record  of  Twenty  Years' 
Pioneering    among    the   Barotsi    of   the    Upper 
Zambesi^  well  illustrated  from  photographs  by 
M.  Coillard.     The  book  is  written  in  the  style 
formerly   used    by  Low  Church   and   Noncon- 
formist  missions,    but   now   unusual   here.     It 
contains,  however,  matter  which   will  make  it 
necessary  to  the  ordinary  traveller,  and  even  to 
the    "prospector,"   and,    standing    as    it   does 
alone,  may  be  pronounced  valuable.  The  French 
and    Swiss    Protestants    of    wealth   who    give 
largely  to  the  missions  expect  to  be  addressed 
in  the  language  which  M.  Coillard   uses,   and 
his  phraseology  does  not  conceal  his  practical 
governing  abilities.     He  is  himself  friendly  to 
the  British  South  Africa  Company,  but  explains 
that  the  Barotse  king  is  much  hurt  at  having 
been,  contrary  to  his  intention,  put  under  this 
company — not    the    Crown.     The    magnificent 
presents  intended  for  the  Queen,  through  the 
Duke  of  Fife,  have  been,   to  the  king's  rage, 
intercepted  by  the  Company,  and  decorate  their 
office — at  least,  so  says  the  author  in  a  note. 

The  Christmas  number  of  the  Neiosagent 
and  BookseJler's  Review  contains  information 
specially  useful  to  newsvendors,  giving  full  par- 
ticulars of  Christmas  numbers  and  their  date  of 
publication. 

With  the  Queen  Almanac  a  number  of  in- 
teresting portraits  are  given. 

Messrs.  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.  publish 
an  English  edition  of  An  Emigrant's  Home 
Letters^  by  the  late  Sir  Henry  Parkes,  of  which 
we  noticed  with  the  highest  praise  the  Australian 
edition,  published  by  Messrs.  Angus  &  Robert- 
son, of  Sydney. 

Whitaker's  Almanack  (12,  Warwick  Lane)  is 
now  thirty  years  old,  and  long  ago  became  a 
thoroughly  useful  and  informative  volume.  It 
wisely  avoids  scraps  of  literature  and  science 
to  insert  more  useful  matter.  The  section  on 
sport  has  been  enlarged,  but  why  is  not  lawn- 
tennis  included  as  well  as  racquets  in  the  issue 
for  1898  which  is  now  before  us  ?      Twice  on 


Corinthians  "  should  be 
p.   631  Wainwright 


Old 
and 


p.  635  "the  Old 
Carthusians,    and    on 

Donnan  are  misprinted.  The  list  of  music- 
halls  omits  by  far  the  most  popular  Pavilion. 
It  would  have  been  better  to  give  the  head 
master  of  Rugby  his  surname  James  instead  of 
"Jas.,"  and  cut  down  his  Christian  names  if 
space  was  so  very  precious  !  The  head  master 
of   Charterhouse   is    a 


"Rev."  followed  by  a 
blank  ;  so  '  Whitaker '  evidently  thinks  that 
Mr.  T.  E.  Page  has  no  chance  of  the  place. 

The  Fast  Office  London  Directory  for  1898, 
published  for  the  first  time  by  Kelly's  Direc- 
tories, Limited,  goes  on  increasing,  and  now 
contains  over  three  thousand  pages.  It  is  an 
indispensable  mammoth  which  puts  all  other 
annuals  in  the  shade.  The  "  Conveyance  Direc- 
tory "  does  not  mention  among  the  hotels  of 
Dover  the  Grand,  which  is  perhaps  the  best. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Story  of  Lancashire 
(Arnold), — From  Jungle  to  Java,  by  A.  Keyser 
(Roxburghe     Press),  —  The    Boston     Browning 
Society   Papers,    1886-1897    (Macmillan),— T/ie 
Works  of  George  Berkeley,  D.D.,  edited  by  G. 
Sampson,   Vol.   I.    (Bell), — Stray  Thoughts    on 
Reading,  by  Lucy  H.  M.  Soulsby  (Longmans), 
— Convergent  Strabismxis  and  its  Treatment,  by 
E.  Holthouse  (Churchill), — The  Dwelling- House, 
by  G.   V.    Poore,   M.D.   (Longmans), — Cupid's 
Garden,  by  E.  T.  Fowler  (Cassell),— Hts  Chief's 
Wife,  by  Baroness  A.  d'Anethan  (Chapman  & 
Hall), — The  Millionaire  of  Parker sville,  by  M.  G. 
Wood   (Bristol,    Arrowsmith),  —  Dorcas  Dene, 
Detective,  by  G.   R.   Sims  (F.  V.  White),— T/ie 
Older    Brother,    by    Pansy    (Nisbet),  —  Gubbins 
Minor,  by  F.  Whishaw  (Griffith  &  Farran), — 
An  Emperor's  Doom,  by  H.  Hayens  (Nelson), — 
Martin  Luther,   by  E.    Velvin   (S.S.U.),— ^ti- 
gresses and  Sermons,  by  Basil,  Archbishop    of 
Smyrna,  translated  byRev.  A.Baker(S.P.C.K.), 
— A  History  of  American  Christianity,  by  L.  W. 
Bacon   (New   York,    the   Christian    Literature 
Co.), — The   Silence  of  God,    by   R.    Anderson, 
C.B.,    LL.D.    (Hodder     &   Stoughton),  —  The 
Social  Teaching   of  Jesus,  by  S.  Mathews  (Mac- 
millan), —  The    Non  -  Religion    of    the   Future, 
translated    from   the    French   of    Marie   Jean 
Guyau  (Heinemann), — and  Outlines  of  a  Philo- 
sophy of  Religion  based  on  Psychology  and  His- 
tory, by  A.  Sabatier,  translated  by  T.  A.  Seed 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton).     Among  New  Editions 
we  have   Vergil:  Aeneid,    Book  I.,    edited   by 
A.  H.  AUcroft  and  W.  F.  Masom  (Clive),— T/ie 
Ritual   of  Health,  by  H.  C.  Pattin  (Jarrold), — 
and  Kingston's  The  Three  Commanders  (Griffith 
&  Farran). 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Drummond's  (H.)  The  Ideal  Life,  and  other  Unpublished 

Addresses,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Esperance's  (E.  d")  Shadow  Land,  or  Light  from  the  other 

Side,  cr.  8vo.  6/  net,  cl. 
Figgis's  (Rev.  J.  B.)  The  Christ  Life,  cr.  8to  2/6  cl. 
Jackson's  (J.)  The  Queen's  Diamond  Jubilee  Bible  Text- 
Book,  18mo.  2/6  cl. 
Moberly's  (R.  C.)  Ministerial  Priesthood,  8vo.  14/  cl. 
Morrow's  (Rev.  H.  K.)  The  NewTestaraent  Emphasized,  10/6 
Overton's  (J.  H.)  The  Anglican  Revival,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Phelps's  (E.  S.)  The  Story  of  Jesus  Christ,  an  Interpretation, 

cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Stock's  (S.  G.)  Missionary  Heroes  of  Africa,  4to.  2/6  cl. 
Thorold,  Bishop,  Selections  from  the  Works  of,  cr.  8vo.  5/cl. 

Law. 
Intermediate  Law,  Jurisprudence,  and  Roman  Law  Papers, 
cr.  8vo.  2/6  limp  cl. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology . 
Blunt's  (J.  H.)  Tewkesbury  Abbey  and  its  Associations,  3/6 
Cable's  (G.  W.)  Old  Creole  Days.illus.  A.  Herter,  21/  net,  cl. 
Caran  d' Ache's  The  Story  of  Marlborough  told  in  Fifty-two 
Pictures,  with  Text  by  the  Hon.  F.  Wolseley.  4to.  10/6  cl. 
Fulleylove's  (J.)  Pictures  of  Classic  Greek  Landscape  and 

Architecture,  folio,  31/6  net,  cl. 
Gerard's  (F.)  Picturesque  Dublin,  illus.  royal  8vo.  12/  cl. 
Longfellow's  Evangeline,  illus.  by  Oakley  and  Smith,  8vo. 
10/6  net,  cl. 

Poetry. 
Gilbert's  (W.  S.)  Bab  Ballads  and  Songs  of  a  Savoyard,  illus- 
trated, 8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Lee's  (B.)  Hinemoa,  and  other  Poems,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 
Sturges's  (R.  Y.)  Song  and  Thought,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Wallace's  (L.)  The  Wooing  of  Malkaton  :  Commodus,  10/6 

Philosophy. 
Baldwin's  (J.  M.)  Social  and  Ethical    Interpretations    in 
Mental  Development,  cr.  8vo.  10/6  net,  cl. 


Fowler's  (J.  A.)  A  Manual  of  Mental  Science  for  Teachers 

and  Students,  cr.  8vo.  4/  cl. 

Political  Economy. 
Ham's  (J.  P.)  Universal  Interest  Tables,  ob.  4to.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Kerr's  (A.   W.)    Scottish    Banking    during  the   Period    of 

Published  Accounts,  1865-1896,  8vo.  5/  net,  cl. 
Norman's  (J.   H.)   Universal  Cambist,  a  Ready  Reckoner  of 

the  World's  Exchanges,  8vo.  12/6  net,  cl. 

History  and  Biography. 

Atlay's  (J.  B.)  The  Trial  of  Lord  Cochrane  before  Lord 
Bllenborough,  8vo.  18/  cl. 

Clarke's  (H.  B  )  The  Cid  Campeador  and  the  Waning  of  the 
Crescent  in  the  West,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 

Raffles,  Sir  S.,  Life  of,  by  D.  C.  Boulger,  royal  8vo.  21/  net. 

Taylor,  W.,  of  California,  Bishop  of  Africa,  an  Autobio- 
graphy, cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Jeaffreson's  (J.  R.)  The  Faroe  Islands,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Sola's  (A.  E.   I.)  Klondyke,   Truth  and  Facts  of  the  New 
El  Dorado,  imp.  8vo.  5/  net. 

Philology. 
Higher  Latin  Reader,  ed.  by  Maidment  and  Mills,  cr.  8vo.  3/6 
Macmillan's  (M.)  Handbook  of  English  Grammar  for  Indian 
Students,  cr.  8vo.  3/  cl. 

Science. 
Al  tree's  Helps  to  Higher  Arithmetic,  cr.  8vo.  5/cl.;  Key,  2/6 
Evans's  (T.  J.)  Notes  on  Carpentry  and  Joinery,  Vol.  1, 

First  Stage,  8vo.  7/6  cl. 
Fletcher's  (B.  F.  and  H.  P.)  Carpentry  and  Joinery,  5/  cl. 
Kellogg's  (T.  H.)  A  Text-Book  of  Mental  Diseases,  8vo.25/cl. 
Lungwitz's  (A.)  A  Text-Book  of  Horseshoeing,  7/6  net,  cl. 
Morrison  (A.)  On  Cardiac  Failure,  8vo.  10/  cl. 
Paget's  (S.)  Ambrose  Pare  and  his  Times,  1510-1590,  10/6  cl. 
Power's  (D.)  Some  Points  in  the  Anatomy,  &c. ,  of  Intus- 
susception, 8vo.  4/  cl. 
Wood's  (Capt.  A.)  New  Supplement  to  Allen's   Guide  to 
Examinations  for  Mates  and  Masters,  4/6  cl. 
General  Literature. 
Alcock's  (D.)  By  Far  Euphrates,  a  Tale,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Black's  (H.)  Friendship,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 

Cooper's  (E.  H.)  The  Marchioness  against  the  County,  6/  cl. 
Cotton's  (A.  E  )  Queer  Creatures,  4to.  2/6  bds. 
David  Lyall's  Love  Story,  by  Author  of  '  The  Land  o'  the 

Leal,"  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Dealings  with  the  Dead,  translated  by  Mrs.  A.  E.  White- 
head, cr.  8vo.  3/6  net,  cl. 
Dickens's  Works,  Gadshill  Edition  :  Little  Dorrit,  2  vols.  12/ 
Drummond's  (H.)  The  Monkey  that  would  not  Kill,  Stories, 

cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Fitzgerald's  (8.  J.  A.)  Fame  the  Fiddler,  a  Story  without 

a  Plot,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Fowler's  (G.  H.)  On  the  Outside  Edge,  being  Diversions  in 

the  History  of  Skating,  16mo.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Fox's  (J.)  The  Kentuckians,  a  Novel,  cr.  Svo.  5/  cl. 
Hovendeu's  (F.)  What  is  Life  ?  «vo.  6/  cl. 
Lummis's  (C.  F.)  The  King  of  the  Broncas,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Montgomery's  (F.)  Tony,  a  Sketch,  18mo.  2/  cl. 
Motograph  Moving  Picture  Book,  4to.  3/6  cl. 
Orient's  (G.)  A  Handbook  of  Cartomancy,  &c.,  2/  net,  cl. 
Penton's  (S.)  The   Guardian's   Instruction,  or  Gentleman's 

Romance,  reprinted  from  Edition  of  16»8,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
Pollard's  (B.)  Elsie's  Adventures  in  Fairyland,  cr.  8vo.  5/  cl. 
Rays  from  the  Starry  Host,  by  Lucus  a  Non  Lucendo,  5/  cl. 
Russell's  (Rev.  J.  M.)  Geordie,  the  Black  Prince,  2/  cl. 
Sea  well's  (M.  B.)The  History  of  Lady  Betty  Stair.  2/6  net,  cl. 
Sienkiewicz's  (H.)  Quo  Vadis  ?  a  Narrative  of  the  Time  of 

Nero,  2  vols.  cr.  Svo.  21/  net. 
Stein's  (C.)  Self  and  Comrades,  Tales  by  a  Soldier,  3/6  cl. 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Hausrath  (A.) :  Aleander  u.  Luther  auf  dem  Reichstage  zu 

Worms,  7m. 
Milius  (O.) :    Jonas  auf  den  Denkmalern  des  christlichen 

Altertums,  3ra.  60. 
Trenkle  (F.  S.) :  Einleitung  in  das  Neue  Testament,  5m.  60. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology . 
Antike    Sculpturen    aus   den    konigl.  Museen    zu  Berlin, 

Vol.  1,  120m. 
Arnoult  (L.) :  Les  Elements  d'une  Forraule  de  I'Art,  3fr.; 

Traite  d'Esth^tique  Visuelle  Transcendantale,  30fr. 
Klein  (W.)  :  Praxiteles,  20m. 

Le  Nordez  (M.)  :  Jeanne  d'Arc  racontee  par  I'lmage,  20fr. 
Uzanne  (O.) :    L'Art  dans    la    Decoration    Bxterieure   des 

Livres  de  ce  Temps,  40fr. 
Vuillier  (G.) :  La  Danse  k  travers  les  Ages,  30fr. 
WiIpert(J.):  Die  Malereien  der  Sacramentskapellen  in  der 
Katakombe  des  hi.  Callistus,  3m.  60. 
Drama. 
Bureau  (G.) :  Le  Theatre  et  sa  Legislation,  lOfr. 

Philosophy. 
Bilharz   (A.)  :   Metaphysik  als    Lehre  vom  Vorbewussten, 

Vol.  1,  Part  2.  6m. 
Blondeau  (C  ) :  L'Absolu,  sa  Loi  Constitutive,  6fr. 
FuUiquet  (G.) :  Essai  sur  I'Obligation  Morale,  7fr.  50. 
Gumplowicz  (L.) :  Sociologie  et  Politique,  6tr. 
Malapert  (P.) :  Les  Elements  du  Caractfire  et  leurs  Lois  de 

Combinaison,  5fr. 
Sighfile  (S.) :  Psychologic  des  Sectes,  5fr. 

Political  Economy. 
Bunge  (M.  Ch.) :   Esquisses  de  Litterature  Politioo-icono- 

mique,  7fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography . 
Bettelheim  (A.) :    Biographisches   Jahrbuch    u.  deutscher 

Nekrolog,  Vol.  1,  12ra. 
Bourlier  (J.) :  Les  Tch6ques  et  la  Boh6me  Contemporaine, 

3fr.  50. 
Marcks  (E.) :  Konigin  Elisabeth  v.  England  u.  ihre  Zeit,  3m. 
Meyer  (E.  H.);  Deutsche  Volkskunde,  6m. 
Servier  (J.) :  M6moires  du  Sieur  de  Potitis,  15fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Bayern    (Therese    Prinzessin    v.) :    Meine    Reise    in    den 

brasilianischen  Tropen,  12m. 
Bovet  (Mile.) :  L'£cosse,  30fr. 
Coillard  (F.) :  Sur  le  Haut-Zamb6ze,  20fr. 


N"  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


855 


Delmas  (£.)  :  Java,  Ceylan,  lea  Indes,  6fr. 
Grosclaude  (E.) :  Un  Parisien  a  Madagascar,  lOfr. 
Hautforb  (P.):  Au  Pays  des  Palmes,  Biskra,  .Sfr. 
Keyserling  (R.  Graf):    Vom  japanischen  Meer  zum  Ural, 

6m. 
Origans  (Prince  Henri  d")  :  Du  Tonkin  aux  Indes,  20fr. 
Rothlisberger  (E.) :    El  Dorado,  Eeise-  u.  Kulturbilder  aus 

dem  siidamerikan.  Columbian,  7m. 

Science. 
Toply  (K.  R.  V.)  :  Studien  zur  Geschichte  der  Anatomie  im 

Mittelalter,  4m. 

General  Literature. 
Lambros  (S.  P.).  Politis  (N.  G.),  et  Christomanos  (C.) :  Les 

Jeux  Olyrapiques,  lofr. 
Levasseur  (E.) :  L'Ouvrier  Americain,  2  vols.  20fr. 
Marin  (Capitaine  P.)  :  Dreyfus  ?  3fr.  50. 
Produktivkrafte  (Die)  Russlands.  12m. 
Simon  (J.) :  Colas,  Colasse,  Colette,  lOfr. 


DR.  HENRY  DRISLER. 
The  death  of  Prof.  Drisler,  unexpected, 
though  he  was  in  his  eightieth  year,  removes  a 
venerable  and  beloved  figure  from  the  circle 
of  scholars  in  New  York.  He  had,  indeed,  re- 
tired from  active  work  in  Columbia  University 
in  1894,  after  a  sixty  years'  connexion  with  that 
institution  as  student,  tutor,  and  Professor  of 
Greek,  but  he  was  still  of  undiminished  mental 
activity.  The  Greek  Club  in  New  York,  which 
he  founded  forty  years  ago,  has  experienced  a 
sad  bereavement. 

Dr.  Drisler  was  born  in  Staten  Island  in  1818, 
graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1839,  and 
acted  as  Classical  Instructor  there  until  1845, 
when  he  was  appointed  Adjunct  Professor,  and 
in  1867  succeeded  Dr.  Charles  Anthon  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Greek.  After  the  death  of  President 
Barnard,  in  1889,  Dr.  Drisler  acted  as  President 
of  the  University  until  the  appointment  of  Pre- 
sident Seth  Low.  Dr.  Drisler  was  devoted  to 
the  work  of  education,  and  it  is  believed  that 
he  made  more  Greek  scholars  and  diffused 
a  wider  interest  in  Greek  studies  than  any 
other  American.  He  was  the  chief  collaborator 
of  Anthon  in  his  works,  and  did  much  of  the 
work  in  re  -  editing  Passow's  Greek  lexicon, 
Yonge's  enlarged  lexicon,  Liddell  and  Arnold's 
'Latin  Dictionary,' and  Smith's  'Classical  Dic- 
tionary.' He  was  an  associate  editor  of  the 
Oxford  edition  of  Liddell  and  Scott  published 
in  1883.  His  correspondence  with  the  best 
scholars  of  his  time,  and  his  many  classical 
papers,  will,  it  may  be  hoped,  fall  into  good 
editorial  hands.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the 
American  Classical  School  in  Athens,  and 
to  the  last  was  keenly  interested  in  all  dis- 
coveries relating  to  his  classical  studies.  No 
man  was  ever  more  beloved  by  those  whom  he 
had  taught.       

HEINE'S  CENTENARY. 

Dr.  Buchheim  writes  from  King's  College, 
London : — 

"  There  is  a  vexatious  uncertainty  about  the  date 
of  Heine's  birth.  Formerly  December  13th,  1799, 
was  generally  considered  as  the  correct  date,  and 
this  date  is  still  adhered  to  by  the  members  of  his 
family,  more  especially  by  Ludwig  von  Embden,  and 
also  by  a  number  of  literary  historians.  Some 
years  ago,  however,  the  learned  Heinekenner,  Prof. 
Ernst  Elster,  of  Leipzig,  demonstrated  in  the 
Vierteljahrsschrift  fur  Litteraturgeschichte,  after 
much  painstaking  research,  that  Heine  was  born 
two  years  earlier,  viz.,  on  December  13th,  1797 ; 
and  I  understand  that  another  distinguished 
Heinekenner,  Dr.  Gustav  Karpeles,  is  now,  like 
some  other  biographers,  inclined  to  Dr.  Elster's 
opinion.  Owing  to  this  diversity  of  opinion,  the 
camp  of  Heine  admirers  is  divided,  which  circum- 
stance cannot  but  greatly  weaken  the  impression  of 
any  public  celebrations  in  honour  of  the  poet's  cen- 
tenary, both  this  year  and  two  years  hence.  The 
subject  is  sure  to  call  forth  a  controversy,  more 
especially  as  there  are  so  many  latent  hostile 
elements  at  work,  which  will  readily  seize  the 
pretext  for  discouraging  all  public  demonstra- 
tions in  Heine's  favour.  Added  to  this  there  are 
unfortunately  still  a  number  of  German  Chau- 
vinists who  cannot  pardon  his  sallies  against  Ger- 
many, although  they  were  at  bottom  prompted 
by  his  love  of  Germany  and  by  his  fervent  wish  to 
see  her  united.  England  has  good-humouredly  long 
forgotten  his  sallies  against  her,  and  there  is  no 
country  where  his  poems  have  found  so  many 
admirers  as  in  this  one.  The  Germans  should  re- 
member that  a  number  of  passages  in  his  works 


prove  conclusively  that  he  yearned  for  a  free  and 
united  Germany,  and  whatever  his  irreconcilable 
detractors  may  say  to  the  contrary,  he  was  a  German 
poet  to  the  core,  and  without  his  writings  in  prose 
and  verse  the  post  -  Goethean  literature  would 
present  a  deplorable  void." 


THOMAS  WINTER'S  CONFESSION. 
Despite  the  authorities  whom  Prof.  Gardiner 
cites  against  me  I  must  still  avow  my  incredulity 
as  to  the  genuineness  of  this  celebrated  docu- 
ment. 

1.  In  the  first  place,  as  Mr.  Gardiner 
observes,  we  approach  the  question  somewhat 
difierently.  He,  and  apparently  his  witnesses, 
take  into  consideration  only  the  handwriting 
and  other  similar  features  of  the  MS.  before 
them,  and  decide  that  the  evidence  so  furnished 
tells  in  favour  of  Winter's  authorship.  It  seems 
to  me,  on  the  other  hand,  that  there  are  other 
circumstances  to  be  considered,  and  that  when 
all  are  taken  into  account  belief  in  that  author- 
ship becomes  impossible. 

"There  are,  for  instance,  sundry  features  of 
the  narrative  itself  which  are  hard  to  explain. 
Here  is  the  fullest  and  most  complete  story 
of  the  Powder  Plot  ever  alleged  to  have  been 
furnished,  either  by  Winter  himself  or  any  of 
his  confederates,  and  supplying  important  in- 
formation not  found  elsewhere.  Yet,  though 
Winter  is  examined  by  the  Commissioners 
upon  the  very  day  of  its  delivery  to  them 
(November  25th),  neither  he  nor  they  ex- 
hibit any  acquaintance  with  it  or  its  contents, 
the  examinee  restricting  himself  to  particulars 
comparatively  trivial,  and  his  examiners  abstain- 
ing from  all  allusion  to  his  far  more  ample 
declaration,  and  exhibiting  no  curiosity  as  to  the 
various  points  suggested  by  it.  Ten  days  later 
(December  5th)  he  is  examined  again,  and  refers 
his  questioners  to  his  previous  examination,  but 
says  nothing  of  the  Confession  in  which  he  is 
supposed  so  unreservedly  to  have  unbosomed 
himself.  Neither  upon  this  occasion  nor  in  two 
subsequent  examinations  (January  9th  and  17th) 
does  he  think  of  mentioning,  nor  the  Commis- 
sioners of  asking,  anything  about  various  points 
of  prime  importance  which  the  Confession  alone 
contains  —  no  word  being  said  of  the  famous 
mine,  nor  of  the  complicity  of  Hugh  Owen,  the 
Government's  pet  aversion,  nor  of  the  origin  of 
the  conspiracy,  nor  of  the  plans  devised  for  its 
consummation.  Of  all  this,  so  far  as  his  undis- 
puted utterances  show.  Winter  knew  nothing, 
nor  of  the  Confession  in  which  he  had  so  freely 
discoursed  of  all  these  matters. 

Other  points  might  be  adduced  of  the  same 
equivocal  character,  but  what  has  been  said 
may  serve  to  show  that  the  document  is  one 
the  credentials  of  which  must  be  carefully 
scrutinized.  Can  it  be  said  that  these  cre- 
dentials are  of  such  a  character  as  to  dissipate 
all  suspicion  1 

2.  To  begin  with,  it  is  undeniable  that  the 
signature  at  the  foot  of  it  is  markedly  different  in 
form  from  that  employed  by  the  supposed  writer 
in  every  other  instance  known  to  us,  and  used 
by  him  twice  on  the  very  day  upon  which  the 
Confession  is  said  to  have  been  delivered,  if 
not  actually  written.  It  is  not  only,  as  Mr. 
Gardiner  implies,  in  the  four  specimens  I  have 
facsimiled  that  he  wrote  himself  "  Wintour," 
but  in  the  other  four  examples  of  his  signature 
preserved  in  the  Record  Office.  This  is  likewise 
the  form  invariably  adopted  by  his  two  brothers 
in  nearly  a  dozen  instances,  and  I  should  like 
to  ask  whether  there  be  any  known  instance  for 
many  years  afterwards  in  which  any  member 
of  the  family  adopted  a  difi"erent  spelling. 

But  the  Confession  is  signed  "Winter,"  which 
was  the  form  most  usually  favoured  by  Govern- 
ment officials.  Mr.  Gardiner  argues  that  such 
a  mistake  is  the  last  a  forger  would  commit,  and 
undoubtedly  such  a  man  ought  to  be  most  par- 
ticularly careful  in  regard  of  this  all-important 
point.  But  is  it  not  still  less  credible  that  the 
owner  of  the  name  should   fall   into   such   an 


error  ?  A  man  accustomed  to  writing  his  own 
name  necessarily  acquires  a  habit  which  makes 
it  mechanically  uniform,  almost  as  though  it 
were  printed  from  a  stereotype.  Even  in  those 
days,  when  men  were  quite  reckless  about  the 
names  of  others,  we  find  them  remarkably  con- 
sistent as  to  their  own,  even  in  cases  most 
liable  to  maltreatment — as  Coke,  and  Waad,  and 
Faukes.  Winter's  undoubted  signatures  indi- 
cate that  he  had  formed  such  a  habit,  so  as 
to  sign  his  name  without  having  to  think 
of  its  spelling.  Indeed,  Mr.  Gardiner,  unlike 
some  critics  less  well  informed,  does  not  believe 
him  to  have  written  "  Winter"  by  mistake  ;  he 
believes  that  the  variation  was  deliberately 
adopted  for  a  purpose,  and  suggests  an  hypo- 
thesis so  extraordinary  as  to  make  it  seem 
impossible  for  any  cause  to  survive  such 
support.  He  inclines  to  the  belief  "that  the 
writer  hoped  to  work  upon  the  compassion  of 
the  king  or  the  members  of  the  Council,  and 
consequently  adopted  a  signature  familiar  to 
them."  This  would  seem  to  be  a  theory  of 
despair.  Why  should  the  king  or  the  Govern- 
ment prefer  a  form  of  the  name  which  must 
inevitably  impair  the  authority  of  the  document 
to  which  it  was  affixed  1  How  was  this  form 
"familiar"  to  them?  Certainly  not  from 
Winter's  practice,  for  he  had  never  used  it, 
and  he  at  once  reverted,  reckless  of  con- 
sequences, to  his  old  spelling.  And  why  were 
his  judges  to  be  propitiated  by  a  misspelling 
which  they  adopted  on  no  principle,  but  blun- 
dered into  according  to  the  haphazard  method 
adopted  for  names  not  their  own  ?  The  compli- 
ment which  Winter  is  supposed  to  have  intended 
was  far  too  delicate  to  have  been  even  remarked. 
On  the  document  itself  Sir  E.  Coke  called  him 
both  "Winter"  and  "Wyntcr,"  and  in  an 
endorsement  on  the  back  Salisbury  called  him 
"  Wyntor,"  Are  we  to  say  this  was  by  way  of 
insinuating  that  his  obsequiousness  was  all  in 
vain  1  It  is  obvious  moreover  that  if  Winter  were 
really  so  complaisant  in  regard  of  his  signature 
he  would  be  at  least  equally  ready  to  say  what- 
ever he  was  wished  to  say. 

3.  With  the  signature  is  connected  the  ques- 
tion of  handwriting.  Of  Winter's  penmanship 
on  November  25th  we  have  an  undoubted  speci- 
men in  the  little  note  of  six  lines  reproduced  in 
my  pamphlet,  and  it  certainly  diflfers  consider- 
ably from  that  of  the  Confession,  written  on  the 
same  day  or  two  days  earlier.  Winter  had  been 
severely  wounded  in  the  right  arm  on  the  8th, 
and  on  the  21st,  as  we  learn  from  Waad,  he 
found  himself  sufficiently  recovered  to  attempt 
a  written  statement.  The  six-line  note  is  pre- 
cisely what  we  should  expect  in  such  circum- 
stances, the  writing,  though  plainly  his,  being 
laboured  and  tremulous.  But  the  writing  of 
the  Confession  is  comparatively  firm  and  flow- 
ing, so  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  suppose — in 
the  opinion  of  judges  better  than  myself — that 
it  was  produced  by  the  same  hand.  Mr.  Gardiner 
maintains  that  the  apparent  difference  of  the 
two  is  chiefly  due  to  the  reduced  scale  upon 
which,  contrary  to  my  intention,  the  facsimile 
of  the  Confession  was  prepared,  and  that  much 
of  it  disappears  when  the  original  is  seen.  I 
will  only  say  that  to  others  as  well  as  myself 
the  discrepancy  appears  aggravated  rather  than 
removed  on  inspection  of  the  original,  and  that 
any  one  by  the  simple  expedient  of  using  a 
magnifying  glass  to  the  reduced  facsimile  can 
form  his  own  judgment  upon  the  point. 

Mr.  Gardiner  adds  that,  the  short  note  being 
written  in  a  hurry  and  the  long  composition  at 
leisure,  the  penmanship  might  be  expected  to 
difi'er.  But  why,  except  that  it  is  badly  written, 
should  we  suppose  the  note  to  have  been  written 
in  haste  1  Whatever  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
may  not  have  had,  he  had  time  in  super- 
abundance, and  he  would  be  less  likely  to  be 
hurried  over  a  note  of  six  lines  than  over  a  nar- 
rative of  ten  foolscap  pages.  Moreover,  haste 
does  not  make  the  hand  tremble,  and  Winter's 
and  undoubtedly  trembled  over  his  six   lines. 


856 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


4.  Aparb  from  its  relation  to  this  note,  the 
handwriting  of  the  Confession  is  certainly  very 
like  that  of  Winter's  letters  in  his  unwounded 
days,  as  is,  indeed,  to  be  expected,  for,  if  it  be 
not  his,  it  was  expressly  intended  to  be  taken 
for  his.  Mr.  Gardiner  quotes  high  authorities  as 
pronouncing  for  its  genuineness,  and  the  weight 
of  their  opinion  is  not  to  be  gainsaid,  but  he 
does  not  tell  us  the  precise  grounds  upon  which 
they  base  their  verdict.  I  learn  from  Fr. 
Gasquet,  who  is  quoted  as  concurring,  that  he 
firmly  believes  the  writing  not  to  be  Winter's, 
and  considers  the  signature  alone  fatal  to  the 
authenticity  of  the  document.  What  he  said, 
he  tells  me,  is  this,  that  if  there  were  nothing 
but  the  handwriting  in  question,  any  one  com- 
paring it  with  Winter's  would  naturally  conclude 
it  to  be  his,  so  skilful  is  the  imitation,  but  that, 
taking  into  account  all  the  circumstances  which 
require  to  be  considered,  he  cannot  believe  it 
to  be  so.  He  adds  that  in  his  opinion  no  expert 
can  with  certainty  pronounce  two  documents  to 
be  written  by  the  same  man,  though  it  is  pos- 
sible to  determine  that  they  are  not. 

For  my  own  part,  the  more  I  study  the  Con- 
fession the  less  possible  do  I  find  it  to  believe 
that  it  is  Winter's  own.  It  seems  to  me  that 
while  the  forms  of  the  several  letters  have 
been  carefully  copied,  the  general  character  of 
Winter's  writing  has  not  been  caught,  so  that 
the  total  result  is  not  like  his  at  all.  Even  in 
regard  of  particular  letters  various  forms  are 
employed  which  he  is  never  found  to  have  used, 
and  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  scribe  to  lapse  occasionally  into  a  cha- 
racter bearing  no  resemblance  to  Winter's  in 
various  important  particulars.  The  signature 
especially,  apart  from  the  question  of  spelling, 
is  exceedingly  unlike  his  style,  and  appears  to 
have  been  written  by  a  man  unaccustomed  to 
write  the  name. 

5.  A  point  adduced  by  Mr.  Gardiner  appears 
to  tell  against  his  view.  Between  the  21st  and 
26th  of  November,  as  we  learn  from  Waad's 
letter  of  the  latter  date.  Winter  undoubtedly 
wrote  a  confession,  but  it  was  not  the  Confes- 
sion of  which  we  are  speaking,  for  it  referred  to 
the  "  Spanish  Treason,"  of  which  our  document 
says  nothing.  It  is  evidently  to  the  same 
"  ispanish  Treason  "  that  the  six-line  note  refers, 
which  is  clearly  meant  to  supplement  some  in- 
formation already  imparted.  Here  then  we 
have  a  sufficient  explanation  of  the  communi- 
cation promised  on  the  2l8t.  But  are  we  to  say 
that  within  these  four  days  Winter  wrote  two 
confessions,  one  a  very  long  one?  That 
the  Spanish  Confession  was,  as  Mr.  Gardiner 
assumes,  a  lengthy  production,  we  have  no 
sort  of  evidence,  nor  that  the  handwriting 
diflFered  from  that  of  the  little  note  which  served 
as  an  appendix  to  it. 

6.  As  Mr.  Gardiner  points  out,  the  Hatfield 
Confession  abounds  in  alterations  and  correc- 
tions, but  the  nature  of  these  appears  to  furnish 
a  strong  argument  against  Winter's  authorship. 
As  a  rule  they  involve  no  change  of  sense 
whatever,  but  are  concerned  with  mere  turns  of 
expression  which  only  a  purist  would  regard. 
What  could  it  matter  to  a  man  in  Winter's  posi- 
tion, setting  down  his  own  accusation  to  knot 
the  halter  more  surely  round  his  throat,  whether 
he  spoke  of  "coming  to  London"  or  "coming 
up  to  London  "—of  his  friends  as  being  "glad  of 
his  company"  or  "glad  to  see  him  "—of  "a 
second  letter"  or  "another  letter" — of  "further 
discourse  "  or  "further  conference  "?  It  is  not 
difficult  to  see  that  variations  of  such  a  cha- 
racter might  inadvertently  be  introduced  by  one 
transcribing  a  lengthy  draft,  and  principally 
intent  on  counterfeiting  another's  writing  ; 
and,  at  least,  emendations  such  as  these  smack 
more  of  a  document  prepared  for  the  press 
than  of  one  penned  by  a  criminal  in  sight  of  the 
gallows. 

7.  A  hiatus  in  the  Confession,  upon  which 
Mr.  Gardiner  lays  stress,  appears  to  bear  a  sig- 
nificance other  than  he  supposes.     Speaking  of 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


his  return  from  abroad  with  Faukes,  Winter  is 
made  to  say,  "  We  took  a  pair  of  oars  and  landed 
at  the  and  came  to  Mr.  Catesby."    A  forger, 

argues  Mr.  Gardiner,  would  have  had  the  name 
of  the  landing-place  ready,  or  would  not  have 
mentioned  it  at  all,  whereas  Winter  might  easily 
have  forgotten  such  a  detail.  Should  it  not 
rather  be  said  that  Winter  would  not  have 
thought  of  mentioning  so  trivial  a  particular 
unless  he  remembered  all  about  it,  while  a  man 
seeking  circumstantial  details  to  lend  verisimili- 
tude to  a  fictitious  narrative  might  be  in  doubt 
as  to  the  precise  spot  which  would  suit  his  pur- 
pose and  leave  a  gap  to  be  filled  in  afterwards  ? 

8.  The  Confession  exists  in  two  MS.  forms — 
(A)  the  Hatfield  document,  said  to  be  written 
by  Winter  :  (B)  the  Record  Oftice  copy,  made 
by  Levinus  Munck,  with  names  of  witnesses 
added  by  the  Earl  of  Salisbury.  Mr.  Gardiner 
believes  that,  intermediate  between  these  two, 
there  was  a  third  (AB),  a  copy  made,  with  some 
omissions,  from  the  original  (A),  and  that  from 
this  the  other  copy  (B)  was  taken.  It  was,  he 
supposes,  this  earlier  copy  (AB)  which  was 
acknowledged  before  the  Commissioners  and 
attested  by  them,  and  from  it  not  only  the  text 
was  copied  by  Munck,  but  tlie  witnesses'  names 
by  Salisbury,  for  none  of  these  names,  except 
Coke's,  appears  in  the  original.  Of  the  docu- 
ment (AB)  which  plays  so  large  a  part  in  this 
hypothesis  no  trace  whatever  can  be  found  ; 
its  existence  depends  solely  on  the  needs  of  the 
theory  which  requires  it.  This,  however,  is 
certain  :  it  was  neither  the  original  nor  the 
supposed  attested  copy  which  was  shown  to  the 
king,  but  the  other  document  (B) — the  copy, 
according  to  Mr.  Gardiner,  of  a  copy.  Had 
there  been  an  original  which  could  endure 
scrutiny,  or  a  copy  duly  acknowledged  and 
witnessed,  can  we  suppose  that  his  Majesty 
would  have  been  put  off  with  a  transcript  less 
authoritative  than  either  ? 

Of  Mr.  Gardiner's  exceedingly  complex  theory 
as  to  the  inter-relations  of  these  various  docu- 
ments I  will  at  present  say  no  more  than  that 
it  appears  to  me  wholly  unsatisfactory. 

9.  Finally,  to  omit  various  points  which, 
however  interesting,  are  of  minor  moment,  it 
would  seem  that  two  days  after  the  Confession 
is  said  to  have  been  delivered,  the  king  at  least 
was  quite  in  the  dark  as  to  the  story  it  contained, 
and  was  even  unaware  of  any  evidence  con- 
necting Winter  with  the  Powder  business  at  all. 
On  November  27th  Sir  Thomas  Lake  wrote  to 
the  Commissioners  in  his  Majesty's  name  (Cecil 
MS.  cxiii.  48)  reminding  them  that  though  it 
had  been  supposed  that  Winter  might  be  the 
person  who  received  the  powder  -  barrels  at 
Lambeth,  this  could  not  be  so,  for  according  to 
the  evidence  the  man  in  question  had  no  hair 
on  his  face  ;  therefore  he  wished  them  to  take 
further  steps  for  the  clearing  of  the  matter.  But 
what  could  be  the  motive  of  troubling  to  inquire 
whether  Winter  had  received  powder- barrels  at 
Lambeth  if  he  had  already  told  all,  not  only 
about  this  part  of  his  and  his  confederates' 
doings,  and  that  Keyes  was  in  charge  there,  but 
about  the  mine  and  the  cellar,  and  the  storing 
of  these  same  barrels  beneath  the  Parliament 
chamber  at  Westminster  ? 

John  Gerard,  S.J. 


Bard  well  Rectory,  Suffolk,  Dec.  6,  1897. 
Prof.  Gardiner  agrees  with  Father  Gerard 
in  thinking  that  some  difficulty  is  created  by 
the  fact  that  Winter  spells  his  own  name  in 
two  different  way.s,  and  he  will  not  accept  the 
explanation  of  accidental  change.  Is  there 
really  sufficient  reason  for  putting  that  explana- 
tion out  of  court?  Mr.  Newcome,  who  was 
vicar  of  this  parish  1599-1G31,  spells  his  own 
name  in  three  different  ways  on  a  single  page 
of  a  MS.  register  book  of  that  date  preserved 
in  our  parish  chest.  F.  E.  Warren. 


BACCHYLIDES. 

St.  Paul's  School,  Dec.  11,  1897. 
On  the  eleventh  line  of  the  fifth  of  the  newly 
discovered  odes  of  Bacchylides  Mr.  Kenyon  has 
the  following  note  : — 

"This  line  and  the  corresponding  line  in  the  anti- 
strophe  (1.  26)  have  a  syllable  more  than  the  corre- 
sponding lines  in  all  the  remaining  strophes,  and 
the  same  is  the  case  with  11.  14  and  29,  the  rhythm 
of  which  is  similar.  There  is  nothing  suspicious  in 
the  text  in  either  place,  and  the  phenomenon  must 
be  left  for  metrologists  to  take  note  of." 

The  metrically  superfluous  syllables  (three 
long  and  one  short)  occur  at  the  ends  of  the 
lines  in  question,  so  that  the  phenomenon  is 
one  of  which  metrologists  have,  indeed,  every 
reason  to  take  the  most  careful  note. 

I  cannot,  however,  agree  with  Mr.  Kenyon 
that  there  is  "nothing  suspicious  "  in  the  text. 
I  believe  that  the  antistrophe  bears  on  its  face 
evident  marks  of  corruption,  and  that  either 
the  strophe  has  been  altered  to  suit  the  metre  of 
the  corrupt  antistrophe  or  vice  versa.  The  por- 
tion of  the  antistrophe  involved  runs  as  follows : 

ov  viv  Kopv(f)al  /xeydXa^  tcr^ovcrt  -yatas, 

ov8'  (xAos  a/ca/zaras 

SncTTratTraAa  Kvixma'  vu)\u.a.A 

SI    >      .         '         -v ' 
ev  aTpvTU)  Aa€t, 

XeiTTorpL^a  crvv  Zii(f)vpov  irvo- 

atoTLV  eOeipav  apty[vw-] 

Tos  fier'  dv$p<I)7roi<s  tSetv. 
I  have  bracketed  the  two  superfluous  syllables. 
The  accusative  A£7rTOT/3t;^a  edeipav  is  almost 
unintelligible  as  the  text  stands,  nor  can  I 
attach  in  the  context  any  meaning  to  a-vv 
Z£(j>vpov  TTvoaia-Li'.  But  the  papyrus  supplies  a 
clue.^  Nw/xarat  is  written  NfiMAITAl  (i.e., 
uay/jL^Tai),  with  a  stroke  through  the  former  iota, 
so  that  a  reading  vwyua  is  suggested.  Mer' 
dv6p<x)TT0is  is  difficult,  as  the  eagle  is  in  the 
void  and  not  "  among  men  ":  a  simple  dative  is 
required. 

Therefore,  on  the  ground  of  the  sense,  I  pro- 
pose a  reading  which  has  the  incidental  advantage 
of  removing  both  the  unmetrical  syllables  :  — 

SDcrTratVaAa  KVfKXTa'  vw- 

/xa  S'  €v  arpuTO)  Xaet 

AeTTorpiva  (rvv  Ztcbvpov  tti/o- 

aiiriv  eueipav,  api- 

yi^wTos  dvdpioTTOLS  iSeic. 
"  In  the  illimitable  void,  keeping  pace  with 
the  west  wind,  he  plies  the  delicate  plumage  (of 
his  wings),  an  easy  sight  for  men  to  discern." 
These  alterations  would  involve  that  in  1.  12  of 
the  strophe  ttAe?  should  be  read  for  7re/x;r«, 
and  that  in  1.  14  8e  should  be  omitted. 

R.  J.  Walker. 
*#*  We  have  received  some  suggestions  for 
the   amendment   of   the  text  from  Mr.  A.  E. 
Housman  which  we  must  delay  inserting    till 
next  week. 


THE  ASHBURNHAM  LIBRARY. 
The  sale  of  the  second  portion  of  this  library 
by  Messrs.  Sotheby  was  brought  to  a  close  last 
Saturday,  the  11th  inst.  The  high  prices  of 
the  first  three  days,  which  we  reported  last  week, 
were  sustained,  and  in  some  cases  exceeded, 
and  a  record  price  for  a  Caxton  was  obtained. 
We  give  some  of  the  most  interesting  items. 
Alex.  Hume's  The  Flytting  betwixt  Mont- 
gomerie  and  Polwart,newly  corrected  (13  leaves), 
Edinburgh,  1629,  4.21.  Imitatio  Christi,  first 
edition,  G.  Zainer,  1471,  &c.,  in  1  vol.,  421. 
Drawings  of  Indian  Birds,  &c.  (65),  511.  Laude 
di  Frate  Jacopone  da  Todi,  Firenze,  1490, 
4.01.  10s.  James  VI.,  Essay es  of  a  Prentise, 
first  edition,  Edinburgh,  1584,  401.;  Daemono- 
logie,  first  edition,  1597,  251.  Ben  Jonson's 
Works,  Vol.  I.,  presentation  copy,  1616,  491, 
John  Knox's  History  of  the  Reformation  in 
Scotland,  first  edition,  Edinburgh,  1584,  311. 
Lancelot  du  Lac,  first  edition,  Paris,  J.  du 
Pre,  1488,  134L;  the  same,  Verard's  edition, 
first  and  third  volumes  on  vellum  (imperfect), 
1494,    751.      Laudonniere,    Four    Voyages    to 


N^SeeO,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


857 


Florida,  translated  by  Hakluyt,  1587,  o90l. 
Le  Fevre,  Recueil  desHistoires  deTroye,  printed 
by  Caxton,  c.  1476  (wanting  33  leaves),  600L  ; 
the  same  in  English,  by  Caxton,  c.  1472-4 
(wanting  49  leaves),  950L  ;  Le  Fevre's  Boke  of 
the  Hoole  Lyf  of  Jason,  translated  and  printed 
by  Caxton,  a  perfect  copy,  with  rough  edges,  1477, 
2,100L  (this  is  the  highest  price  ever  paid  for  a 
Caxton  at  auction).  Lydgate,  Siege  of  Troy,  first 
edition,  Pynson,  1513, 121.  Sir  David  Lyndsay's 
Dialogue  between  a  Courtier  and  Experience, 
T.  Purfoot,  1566,  321.  Wolfifganng  von  Man,  Das 
Leiden  Jesu  Christi,  woodcuts,  printed  on 
vellum,  Augspurg,  1515,  42L  10s.  Mandeville, 
Marco  Polo  and  Ludolphus  de  Suchen,  in  1  vol. 
c.  1485,  521.  ;  Mandeville's  Voyages  in  English, 
uncut,  T.  Snodham,  1625,  41L  Manuale  ad 
Usum  Sarum,  Antw.,  1523,  501.  Marguerite 
de  Navarre,  Contes  et  Nouvelles,  1708,  271. 
Peter  Martyr's  Decades  of  the  Newe 
World,  by  Eden,  first  edition,  1555,  511. 
Masuccio,  II  Novellino,  Venet.,  1492,  2001. 
Increase  Mather's  War  with  the  Indians, 
1675,  and  three  other  American  Tracts  of 
the  same  period,  54?.  Jean  Maugin,  L'Amour 
de  Cupido  et  de  Psiche,  Paris,  1546,  QOl. 
Prophecies  of  Merlin,  3  vols.,  finely  bound 
by  Le  Monnier,  A.  Verard,  1498,  760L  La 
Vita  de  Merlino  di  P.  Delphino,  Venet.,  1507, 
531.  Pierre  Michault,  La  Dance  des  Aveugles, 
Paris,  n.d.;  126L  Milton's  Paradise  Lost, 
eighth  title,  1669,  51L  Mirrour  of  the  Worlde,  by 
Caxton  (imperfect),  1481,  225L  Missale  Ecclesise 
Brixinensis,  1493,  93L  Missale  Moguntinense, 
1483,  341.  Missale  Romanum,  Venet.,  1481, 
361.  Missale  Romanum,  Antw.,  1572,  printed 
upon  vellum,  491.  Missale  ad  Usum  Sarum, 
Paris,  1504,  1921.  ;  another,  Paris,  1514,  imper- 
fect, 461.  Missale  Ordinis  Benedicti,  on  vellum, 
Bamberg,  1481,  130L  Missale  Monachorum  Con- 
gregationis  Casinensis,  on  vellum,  Venet.,  1506, 
lllL  Missale  ad  Usum  Ordinis  Cisterciensum, 
on  vellum,  Paris,  1512,  731.  Missale  Romanum 
Ord.  S.  Hieron.,  on  vellum,  Coesaraugusta, 
1526,  141L  Missale  Fratrum  Prsedicatorum,  on 
vellum,  imperfect,  Venet.,  1496,  271.  Le  Livre 
du  Roy  Modus,  first  edition,  Chambery, 
1486,  5951.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  1557,  241.  10s. ; 
Utopia,  first  edition  in  English,  1551,  51L  ;  The 
Debellacyon  of  Salem  and  Bizance,  1533,  39L 
Les  Neuf  Preux,  Abbeville,  1487,  41L  Nonius 
Marcellus,  printed  upon  vellum,  Venet.,  N. 
Jenson,  1476,  371.  Oflacium  B.V.M.  Ferrarije, 
1497,  821.  Officium  B.V.M.  sec.  Cons.  Romanse 
Curiae,  on  vellum,  Venet.,  Giunta,  1505,  7Sl. 
Officium  Romanum,  on  vellum,  Mediol.,  1506, 
271.  10s.  Officia  B.V.M.,  &c.,  without  title 
(not  described  by  bibliographers),  Neapoli, 
A.  de  Frizes,  1519,  74L  Ordynarye  of  Chrys- 
tyante,  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1502,  751.  Painter's 
Palace  of  Pleasure,  first  edition,  1961.  Palsgrave, 
Lesclarcissement  de  la  Langue  Francoyse,  first 
edition,  1530,  41L  Pamphlets  containing  some 
account  of  the  Province  of  Pennsilvania  granted 
to  W.  Penn,  1681,  lOlL  Passion  in  German, 
with  the  Teutsch  Vigili,  1495-6,  65L  A  Metrical 
Declaration  of  the  VII.  Petitions  of  the  Pater- 
noster (6  leaves),  probably  unique  (15 — ),  411. 
Petrarca,  finely  bound,  Florent.,  1515,  371.  The 
total  of  the  six  days'  sale  amounted  to  the  large 
sum  of  18,649L  9s. 


PKOF.  AETHUR  PAXMBK. 
A  FRESH  gap  has  been  made  in  the  ranks  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  the  fourth  in  this  year 
of  dark  pre-eminence  in  the  annals  of  the 
College.  But  while  the  former  losses  were  those 
of  old  men,  who  had  fulfilled  the  reasonable 
span  of  their  life,  we  now  deplore  a  sadder  and 
greater  damage  to  the  College,  the  death  (at  the 
age  of  fifty-six)  of  Arthur  Palmer,  Professor  of 
Latin,  the  foremost  of  our  critical  scholars,  in 
many  ways  a  force  not  likely  to  be  replaced.  In 
the  society  of  this  or  any  other  great  college 
each  man  of  originality  makes  for  himself  a 
peculiar    position,    represents    and     promotea 


peculiar  views,  gives  a  peculiar  tone  to  his 
teaching,  all  of  which  must  fade  with  his  de- 
parture, even  though  his  official  work  may  be 
well  performed  by  his  pupils  and  successors. 
Each  such  successor  may  have  his  own  ideas— as 
good,  perhaps,  and  as  distinctive— but  they  are 
not  those  of  the  former  master.  This  is  the 
meaning  of  the  complaint  that  Arthur  Palmer 
cannot  be  replaced.  For  he  was  not  only  a  man 
of  great  ability  and  eminent  learning,  but  a  man 
of  peculiar  views,  keen  about  the  welfare  of  his 
college,  and  ready  to  sacrifice  time  and  money 
in  carrying  out  these  views. 

He  was  not  one  of  those  who  think  that 
when  they  have  conscientiously  performed  their 
official  work  their  bargain  is  complete,  and 
ignore  that  they  still  owe  a  sentimental  debt  to 
the  great  mother  that  has  adopted  them.  And 
yet,  though  full  of  this  zeal  and  public  spirit 
towards  his  college,  the  circumstances  of  his 
life  seemed  moulded  by  an  adverse  fate,  which 
baulked  his  most  earnest  desires.  Foremost  in 
the  movement  to  celebrate  the  tercentenary  of 
the  College,  and  nominated  secretary  and  chief 
organizer  of  that  memorable  feast,  he  was  torn 
from  his  work  by  such  anxious  and  prolonged 
illness  in  his  family  that  he  did  not  obtain  one 
glimpse  of  the  brilliant  success  of  his  plans. 
Exceptional  for  his  social  gifts,  he  lived  apart 
from  his  colleagues  at  such  a  distance  as  to  make 
daily  intercourse  after  business  hours  a  diffi- 
culty, and  so  lost  touch  to  some  extent  with  the 
opinions  of  his  fellows.  This  choice  of  a  sub- 
urban residence  was  chiefly  due  to  the  feeling  that 
city  air  did  not  suit  his  health,  which  long  since 
showed  signs  of  failure.  But  there  was  also  a 
mental  cause— a  peculiar  shyness,  or  rather  way- 
wardness, which  demanded  periods  of  retirement 
from  his  ordinary  associates,  and  which  seemed 
to  those  who  judged  him  superficially  to  be  in- 
constancy and  impatience  of  the  bonds  of  friend- 
ship. Very  few  men  could  boast  that  they 
knew  him  familiarly  all  through  his  life.  With 
many  he  was  sometimes  intimate,  sometimes 
distant,  though  always  courteous,  and  often 
only  requiring  an  advance  on  their  part,  a  query 
on  some  classical  point,  a  visit  on  a  Sunday 
afternoon,  to  obtain  a  new  lease  of  his  friend- 
ship. But  for  this  waywardness  of  temper  no 
man  would  have  had  more  influence.  Hand- 
some in  appearance,  refined  in  manner,  abound- 
ing in  wit  and  drollery  when  his  spirit  moved 
him,  full  of  learning,  possessing  a  vast  memory 
stored  with  all  the  beauties  of  Greek,  Roman, 
and  English  masterpieces— such  a  man  seemed  fit 
to  hold  the  highest  place  in  any  society  he  chose 
to  select.  And  yet  it  was  only  to  a  very  small 
circle— to  his  family  and  two  or  three  lifelong 
friends  — that  he  disclosed  his  deeper  nature,  his 
steady  afl"ection,  his  delicate  sympathy,  his  un- 
varying goodness  of  heart. 

The  external  record  of  his  life  is  simple,  and 
gives  little  idea  either  of  his  great  powers  or  his 
great  charm.  His  father,  who  sprang  from  an 
old  Irish  family,  was  Archdeacon  of  Toronto, 
so  that  his  earliest  years  were  spent  in  Canada. 
Then  he  went  to  Cheltenham  College,  and  then 
to  Dublin,  where,  after  carrying  off  all  the 
lesser  prizes  in  classics,  he  obtained  his  Fellow- 
ship in  1867 — an  unusual  feat  for  a  man  only 
known  as  a  classical  scholar,  as  the  examination 
in  philosophy  is  very  arduous,  and  requires  a 
sound  and  wide  knowledge  of  metaphysic.  He 
was  for  some  years  a  popular  tutor,  and  was 
then  elected  Professor  of  Latin,  a  post  he  held 
till  his  death. 

He  was  also  Public  Orator,  and  in  presenting 
candidates  for  honorary  degrees  showed  the 
same  ease  and  grace  in  his  Latinity  which 
always  marked  his  speaking  and  writing  of 
English.  His  chosen  pursuit  was  the  emending 
of  the  Latin  poets,  in  which  he  showed  no 
small  ingenuity,  as  well  as  a  complete  mastery 
of  his  authors.  His  knowledge  of  Greek  was  as 
thorough  as  his  knowledge  of  Latin.  When  his 
fatal  illness  overtook  him  he  was  aiding  both 
Mr,    Kenyon   in  his    '  Bacchylides '   and   Mr. 


Starkie  in  his  '  Wasps  '  with  his  invaluable  judg- 
ment and  learning.  His  editions  of  Horace's 
Epistles  and  of  Ovid's  Epistles,  of  Catullus,  of 
the  '  Amphitryo  '  of  Plautus,  are  school-books  in 
size,  but  of  a  very  different  quality  from  most 
school-books.  His  critical  work  was  published 
in  Hermathena  or  the  Classical  Review;  his 
beautiful  translations  into  Latin  verse  are  to 
be  found  in  the  pages  of  Kottabos.  A  collec- 
tion of  his  scattered  writings  would  show  not 
only  the  elegance,  but  the  versatility  of  his 
scholarship.  He  even  contributed  a  most  learned 
article  to  the  Quarterly  upon  the  turf.  His 
knowledge  of  the  great  Greek  masters  was  such 
that  he  has  been  heard  to  say  (and  to  no  man 
was  boasting  more  repulsive)  that  if  they  were 
lost  he  thought  he  could  restore  perhaps  half  ot 
their  texts  from  his  memory.  But  his  favourite 
pursuit  was  the  emending  of  difficult  passages. 
He  was  constantly  on  the  track  of  some  dis- 
covery of  this  kind,  and  seldom  did  a  friend  visit 
him  in  his  retreat  that  he  had  not  fresh  sugges- 
tions to  communicate  upon  some  favourite  author. 
In  his  younger  days  he  had  taken  a  prominent 
share  in  sports.  He  was  a  good  cricketer,  he 
was  fond  of  shooting,  and  played  golf  to  the 
last  year  of  his  life.  Well  versed  in  English 
literature,  the  works  of  Dickens  and  the  Falstaff 
scenes  in  Shakspeare  were  his  peculiar  delight. 
Even  the  least  known  of  Dickens's  stories  were 
perfectly  familiar  to  him,  and  these  peculiarities 
in  taste  point  to  the  curious  fact  that,  though  an 
Irishman  by  descent  and  residence,  he  never 
shook  off  the  effects  of  his  Canadian  and  English 
education.  He  seemed  always  a  very  English 
Irishman,  and  so  the  humour  which  attracted 
him  in  literature  was  not  that  which  is  popular 
among  his  countrymen. 

These  are  but  lesser  features.  To  those  who 
knew  him  well  greater  qualities  will  mark  his 
memory — gentleness,  hospitality,  refinement,  an 
antique  sense  of  honour,  an  almost  obsolete 
adherence  to  Tory  principles — in  truth,  a  most 
lovable  man,  if  he  would  let  you  love  him.  It 
is  easy  to  say  that  he  might  have  avoided  some 
troubles  in  his  life  if  he  had  courted  the  advice 
of  friends  ;  but  then  the  original,  attractive, 
enigmatical  Arthur  Palmer  might  have  dis- 
appeared into  an  ordinary  man.  He  died  very 
quietly  on  December  14th,  at  his  residence  in 
Glenageary.       ^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Hiterarp  ©ossip. 

To  tlie  January  number  of  the  CornhtU 
the  Eev.  W.  H.  Fitchett,  author  of  '  Deeds 
that  Won  the  Empire,'  contributes  the  first 
of  a  series  of  'Fights  for  the  Flag,'  to  be 
continued  throughout  the  year.  The  subject 
is  Sir  John  Moore  at  Corunna.  Mr.  Stephen 
Phillips,  author  of  '  Christ  in  Hades,'  in  an 
anniversary  study  of  the  poetry  of  Byron, 
employs  the  comparative  method  to  de- 
monstrate the  "creative  splendour"  of 
Byron's  genius.  Dr.  Conan  Doyle,  in  *  Cre- 
mona :  a  Ballad  of  the  Irish  Brigade,'  cele- 
brates a  forgotten  act  of  heroism  in  the  war 
between  France  and  Austria  in  1702.  Mr. 
T.  C.  Down  writes  on  *  The  Eush  to  Klon- 
dike,' and  Miss  Elizabeth  Lee  traces  the 
history  of  the  friendship  between  Mrs. 
Browning  and  Miss  Mitford.  The  number 
also  contains  an  unpublished  letter  on  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  from  the  Hon.  Katharine 
Arden,  daughter  of  the  first  Lord  Alvanley, 
bearing  date  Brussels,  July  9th,  1815;  a 
paper  on  '  Ancient  Methods  of  Signalling ' 
by  Mr.  Charles  Bright;  a  study  on  the 
famous  trial  of  Madame  Lafarge  for 
poisoning;  short  stories  by  Mrs.  Meyer 
Henne  and  Mr.  C.  E.  Eaimond ;  'Pages 
from  a  Private  Diary';  and  the  first  instal- 
ment of  Mr.  Stanley  Wey man's  new  serial 
*  The  Castle  Inn.' 


858 


THE    ATHEN^.UM 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


Mr.  Eedway  is  going  to  issue  a  volume 
of  Dickens's  fugitive  pieces,  collected  by 
Mr.  F.  G.  Kitton,  the  title  of  which,  is  taken 
from  '  To  be  Read  at  Dusk,'  a  tale  which 
appeared  in  the  Keepsake  in  1852.  The 
volume  contains  some  of  Dickens's  contribu- 
tions to  the  Examiner,  such  as  his  review  of 
Lockhart's  pamphlet '  The  Ballantyne  Hum- 
bug Handled,'  as  well  as  '  Crime  and  Edu- 
cation,' a  letter  in  the  Daily  Neivs  founded  on 
an  article  for  the  Edinlurgh  which  Macvey 
Napier  rejected,  besides  several  of  his  con- 
tributions to  Household  Words,  and  his  paper 
on  '  Mr.  Fechter's  Acting '  which  appeared 
in  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 

Early  in  1898  Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stough- 
ton  will  publish  *  The  Correspondence 
between  Burns  and  Mrs.  Dunlop,'  which 
has  hitherto  not  seen  the  light.  The  book, 
which  is  being  prepared  by  Mr.  "William 
Wallace,  editor  of  the  last  edition  of  Robert 
Chambers's  '  Life  and  Works  of  Robert 
Burns,'  contains  nearly  forty  letters  of  the 
poet  which  have  not  been  given,  in  whole 
or  in  part,  in  any  biography,  and  100  letters 
of  his  well-known  patroness.  The  corre- 
spondence, which  is  fully  annotated  and 
elucidated,  clears  up  a  number  of  points  in 
connexion  with  Burns's  life  and  works, 
contains  his  views  on  religion,  and  proves — 
what  was  never  known  before  —  that  his 
friend  endeavoured  to  secure  for  him  a 
professorship  in  Edinburgh  University. 

In  his  speech  at  the  dinner  of  the  Cymm- 
rodorion  Society  last  Monday,  Lord  Justice 
Yaughan  Williams,  discoursing  generally 
on  Welsh  archaeology,  made  some  interesting 
speculations  concerningthe  fate  of  the  ancient 
monastic  MSS.  of  the  Principality,  which,  un- 
less they  were  destroyed  at  the  Reformation, 
might  well,  he  thought,  have  been  scattered 
through  the  Cistercian  houses  on  the  Con- 
tinent or  even  have  found  a  refuge  in  the 
Vatican  itself.  Unfortunately  for  the  sound- 
ness of  this  inviting  theory,  it  is  only  too 
certain  that  the  assiduous  collectors  of  the 
sixteenth  century  would  not  have  failed  to 
account  for  at  least  some  portion  of  these 
manuscript  treasures,  whilst  it  is  equally 
certain  that  the  admirable  arrangement  of 
the  archives  of  France  and  Germany  (which 
have  preserved  so  many  Franco  -  Saxon 
MSS.^  precludes  the  possibility  of  any  con- 
siderable finds  on  the  Continent.  The 
Vatican  is  still  a  happy  hunting-ground 
for  students  of  all  nations,  but  apart  from 
the  question  of  the  actuality  of  these  Welsh 
monastic  manuscripts,  the  fate  of  the  North- 
umbrian diplomata  and  the  well-known  law 
that  the  preservation  of  historical  MSS.  is 
governed  by  the  undisturbed  conditions  or 
otherwise  of  the  national  life  would  seem 
to  ofier  a  more  reasonable  solution  of  the 
supposed  problem. 

The  portion  of  the  library  of  Mr. 
Baillie  Weaver  which  Messrs.  Sotheby, 
Wilkinson  &  Hodge  will  sell  on  Monday 
and  Tuesday  next  contains  good  editions 
of  many  modern  works.  Another  property 
includes  a  rare  black-letter  book,  '  Con- 
futation of  a  Popishe  and  Sclanderous 
Libelle,  in  form  of  an  Apologie,'  ostensibly 
by  William  Fulke,  but  possibly  written  by 
J.  Howman,  of  Feckenham,  1571  ;  and 
a  sound  copy  of  Calvin's  '  Catechisme  ;  or, 
Maner  to  teache  Children  the  Christen  Reli- 
gion,' printed  by  J.  Kyngston,  c.  1580. 


It  is  always  a  trifle  risky  for  the  collector 
to  despise  even  the  shilling  shocker.  To 
paraphrase  a  celebrated  politician's  pro- 
phecy, the  time  may  come  when  one  is 
compelled  to  buy  them.  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling's  shilling  booklets,  which  a  year 
or  two  ago  might  have  been  fished  out  of 
the  "twopenny"  boxes,  are  now  objects  of 
competition  in  the  auction-room.  On  Tues- 
day last  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  four  copies 
each  of  'The  Phantom  'Rickshaw,'  'The 
Story  of  the  Gadsbys,'  'In  Black  and 
White,'  and  '  Under  the  Deodars,'  aU  in 
the  original  pictorial  wrappers,  and  bear- 
ing the  imprint  of  Wheeler  &  Co.,  Allah- 
abad, found  ready  purchasers  at  from  nine 
shillings  to  a  guinea  apiece. 

To-DAY  Mr.  Theodore  Watts  -  Dunton's 
volume  '  The  Coming  of  Love,  and  other 
Poems,'  passes  into  a  second  edition. 

Mr.  Joseph  Hatton's  new  novel  will  be 
published  in  February  by  Messrs.  Hutchin- 
son. It  is  to  be  called  '  The  Vicar.'  Messrs. 
Lippincott  will  issue  it  in  America  simul- 
taneously with  the  English  edition. 

Dr.  Prevost,  of  Newnham,  Gloucester, 
has  undertaken  to  re- edit  and  enlarge 
Dickinson's  '  Glossary  of  Cumberland  Words 
and  Phrases,'  originally  published  by  the 
English  Dialect  Society.  Other  glossary 
collectors,  the  works  of  writers  in  the  dialect, 
and  the  county  newspapers  have  been  laid 
under  contribution,  with  the  result  that 
several  words  and  phrases  have  been  added. 
Besides,  many  correspondents  within  the 
county  have  rendered  assistance  by  supply- 
ing words  not  hitherto  collected.  When- 
ever possible  a  quotation  has  been  taken 
from  some  publication  as  an  illustration  of 
the  use  of  the  word,  and  the  data  necessary 
for  future  reference  printed.  On  the 
advice  of  Profs.  Skeat  and  Wright,  such 
words  as  are  dialectal  only  by  reason  of 
their  pronunciation  have  been  placed  in  the 
introduction,  in  a  list  by  themselves.  All 
words  have  been  rendered  into  Ellis's 
glossic  method  of  spelling  by  Mr.  S.  Dick- 
son Brown,  a  resident  in  the  county.  The 
subscription  previous  to  publication  is  half 
a  guinea,  and  the  names  of  subscribers  may 
be  sent  to  Messrs.  Thurnam,  of  Carlisle,  or 
Messrs.  Bemrose,  of  London, 

The  Modern  Language  Quarterly  is  to  be 
much  enlarged  at  the  New  Year,  and  re- 
baptized  as  the  Modern  Quarterly  of  Language 
and  Literature. 

The  Governors  of  Holloway  College,  not 
being  able  to  secure  a  duchess  to  preside 
over  their  institutions,  have,  as  was  expected, 
elected  Miss  Penrose.  Miss  Penrose  has 
been  decidedly  successful  at  Bedford  College, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  she  may  succeed  at 
HoUoway,  in  spite  of  the  difficult  situation 
created  by  the  action  of  the  governing  body. 

The  decease  is  announced  of  Mr.  Julian 
Harney,  who  in  his  youth  took  an  active  part 
in  circulating  unstamped  newspapers,  and 
for  many  years  was  an  industrious  journalist, 
writing  both  on  politics  and  literature. 

Mr.  E.  E.  Newton  writes  : — 

"In  addition  to  the  errors  concerning  Keats 
appearing  in  the  Hampstead  Annual,  mentioned 
by  you  in  your  issue  for  December  4th,  is  another 
referringto  the  placingofamemorial tablet  on  the 
house  in  which  the  poet  lived,  Lawn  Bank,  John 
Street,  Hampstead.  Dr.  R.  F.  Horton,  writing 
on  '  Distinguished  Inhabitants,' says  : — 'Hamp- 


stead has  been  the  abode  of  many  distinguished 
people,  though  its  present  inhabitants  do  not 
much  concern  themselves  with  the  fact.  It  was 
a  little  group  of  American  enthusiasts  that 
marked  the  house  where  Keats  lived  and  com- 
posed, so  they  say,  the  "Ode  to  the  Night- 
ingale.'" As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  it  was 
solely  on  my  initiative  that  the  Society  of  Arts 
very  kindly  placed  the  tablet  on  the  house,  and 
I  have  the  honour  of  being  a  resident  of  Hamp- 
stead, and,  moreover,  an  Englishman  as  well. 
So  far  as  Hampstead  jjeople  not  '  concerning 
themselves  '  with  its  former  worthies,  I  have 
only  to  state  that  no  less  than  four  of  these 
memorial  tablets  exist  in  our  borough  on  the 
houses  of  former  'distinguished  people,' which 
have  all  been  erected  through  the  exertions  of 
Hampstead  residents,  and  if  circumstances  per- 
mitted more  work  would  have  been  done  in  this 
direction.  Dr.  Horton  says  he  knows  no  place 
so  well  as  Hampstead,  where  he  has  resided  for 
eighteen  years,  but  I  venture  to  suggest  that  he 
might  very  much  improve  that  knowledge,  for 
he  makes  several  other  mistakes  in  his  article. 
He  cannot  be  confounding  the  bust  of  Keats 
placed  by  '  admiring  Americans '  in  the  parish 
church  here  with  the  memorial  tablet,  because 
he  mentions  the  bust  as  well." 

Dr.  Alexander  Brown,  of  Norwood, 
Virginia,  author  of  'The  Genesis  of  the 
United  States,'  has  completed  his  historical 
work  on  Virginia,  which  will  be  entitled 
'The  First  Republic  in  America.'  The 
government  of  the  colony  under  the  Virginia 
Company  of  London,  1609-24,  is  thus 
designated.  The  volume  is  divided  into 
three  parts:  (1)  "Under  the  Crown," 
(2)  "Under  the  Company,"  (3)  "Resumed 
by  the  Crown."  The  work  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  when 
a  sufficient  number  of  subscribers  to  cover 
the  expenses  have  been  obtained. 

The  American  Society  of  Colonial  Dames, 
which  has  for  one  of  its  objects  the  col- 
lection and  preservation  of  historical  mate- 
rial, will  publish  in  six  volumes  the  ante- 
Revolutionary  letters  written  to  George 
Washington.  The  period  embraced  is 
1754-75,  or  from  the  battle  of  the  Meadows 
to  that  of  Bunker  Hill.  The  preparation 
of  these  volumes  from  the  Washington 
Papers  in  the  Department  of  State  has  been 
confided  to  Mr.  S.  M.  Hamilton,  who  has 
long  been  an  official  in  the  State  Library. 
Each  volume  will  contain  about  500  pages, 
and  the  cost  of  each  to  subscribers  will  be 
five  dollars. 

Mr.  Escott  has  written  an  article  on 
'Cornish  Colour  in  Tennyson's  Poetry,'  the 
result  of  a  sojourn  with  the  late  Mr.  Sewell 
Stokes  at  Truro  between  twenty  and  thirty 
years  ago,  at  the  same  time  as  the  poet. 

There  are  no  Parliamentary  Papers  of 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week. 


SCIENCE 


astronomical  literature. 

The  Concise  Knowledge  Astronomy,  By  Agnes 
M.  Gierke,  A.  Fowler,  F.R.A.S.,  and  J.  EUard 
Gore,  F.R.A.S.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)— This 
excellent  work  is  distributed  into  four  divisions, 
two  of  which  are  handled  by  the  same  writer, 
so  that  the  whole  proceeds  from  three  pens.  It 
will  be  seen  from  the  titles  of  the  separate 
sections  that  the  volume  presents  a  comprehen- 
sive view  of  all  those  parts  of  scientific  astro- 
nomy which  do  not  require  high  mathematical 
knowledge  for  their  treatment,  whilst  its  size 
will  show  that  the  conciseness  does  not  mean 


N''  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


859 


that  the  information  is  unduly  abbreviated. 
This  latter  expression  is,  perhaps,  most  applic- 
able to  the  first  section,  in  which  Miss  Agnes 
Gierke — the  well-known  author,  besides  other 
works,  of  '  A  Popular  History  of  Astronomy 
during  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  a  book  now  so 
indispensable  to  the  astronomical  student  that 
we  sometimes  wonder  how  we  could  ever  have 
done  without  it — writes  a  brief  survey  of  the 
history  of  discovery  in  two  chapters,  entitled 
respectively  "From  Hipparchus  to  Laplace" 
and  "A  Century  of  Progress."  Mr.  Fowler, 
author  of  a  small  but  valuable  '  Popular  Tele- 
scopic Astronomy,'  takes  the  second  section,  on 
"  Geometrical  Astronomy  and  Astronomical  In- 
struments," in  which  the  principles  of  astro- 
nomy as  a  science  are  lucidly  explained.  The 
remaining  two  sections  set  forth  the  present 
state  of  our  knowledge  of  descriptive  astronomy, 
or  of  the  facts  which  modern  methods  and 
observations  have  ascertained  respecting  the 
heavenly  bodies :  the  first,  as  regards  those 
contained  in  the  solar  system,  of  which  the 
earth  is  a  member  (this  being  by  Miss  Clerke), 
and  the  second  on  the  more  distant  bodies 
forming  the  sidereal  heavens,  which  is  by  Mr. 
J.  Ellard  Gore,  several  of  whose  admirable 
little  treatises  are  in  the  hands  of  most  astro- 
nomical readers.  We  have  lately  been  reminded 
in  a  popular  periodical  that  critics  are  not,  as  is 
foolishly  supposed,  a  fault-finding  race  ;  if  that 
were  indeed  their  principal  role,  they  would 
have  little  scope  for  their  art  in  the  work  before 
us,  which  is  not  only  of  a  high  standard  through- 
out, but  remarkably  free  from  casual  slips,  from 
which  no  human  composition  is  entirely  exempt. 
It  may,  however,  not  be  amiss  to  point  out  that 
the  expression  "rustic,"  as  usually  understood, 
is  scarcely  applicable  to  Palitzsch,  the  first  to 
rediscover  Halley's  comet  at  its  first  predicted 
return,  for  though  an  agriculturist  by  occupa- 
tion, he  was  a  man  of  scientific  knowledge  in 
various  directions,  and  found  the  comet,  not  (as 
has  been  often  supposed)  with  the  naked  eye, 
but  by  the  aid  of  a  telescope  of  eight  feet  focal 
length  of  which  he  was  possessed  ;  also  that  the 
notion  (repeated  in  many  books)  that  Bayer 
made  any  attempt  to  arrange  the  letters  which 
he  afiixed  to  the  stars  in  the  constellations 
according  to  the  successive  degrees  of  brightness 
of  each  is  now  known  to  be  quite  erroneous,  all 
he  did  being  to  divide  them  into  batches,  and 
then  follow  the  form  of  the  figure.  The  illus- 
trations which  accompany  the  present  volume 
are  fully  up  to  date  in  their  standard  of  excel- 
lence ;  and  we  may  confidently  predict  for  '  The 
Concise  Knowledge  Astronomy '  a  long  career 
of  usefulness  and  popularity. 

We  have  received  the  eighth  and  ninth 
numbers  of  this  year's  volume  of  the  Memorie 
della  Societa  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani.  The 
former  is  wholly  occupied  with  a  paper  by 
Signor  Mascari  on  the  solar  protuberances 
observed  at  Catania  during  the  year  1896.  To 
the  latter  Prof.  Ricco  communicates  a  note, 
accompanied  by  views,  on  the  observatories  of 
Catania  and  Etna ;  and  it  also  contains  a  paper 
by  M.  Belopolsky,  giving  the  results  of  some 
researches  made  last  summer  regarding  the 
spectrum  of  that  remarkable  multiple  star 
P  Lyrse,  which  he  proposes  shortly  to  extend. 

Messrs.  George  Philip  &  Son  send  us  another 
of  their  planispheres,  which  are  very  useful  for 
finding  the  constellations  at  any  hour  of  the 
night  and  knowing  beforehand  which  will  be 
visible  at  any  time  in  the  year. 


SOCIETIES. 

EoYAL.— Dec.  9. — Lord  Lister,  President,  in  the 
chair. —  The  President  announced  that  he  had 
nominated  the  Treasurer  (Sir  John  Evans).  Prof. 
Clifton,  Mr.  Story  Maskelyne,  and  Dr.  W.  J.  Russell 
to  act  as  Vice-Presidents  for  the  ensuing  year. — The 
following  papers  were  read  :  '  On  the  Densities  of 
Carbonic  Oxide,  Carbonic  Anhydride,  and  Nitrous 
Oxide,'  by  Lord  Rayleigh, — '  On  the  Application  of 
Harmonic  Analysis  to  the  Dynamical  Theory  of  the 


Tides  :  Part  II.,  On  the  General  Integration  of  La- 
place's Dynamical  Equations,'  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Hough.— 
'  A  Note  on  some  Further  Determinations  of  the 
Dielectric  Constants  of  Organic  Bodies  and  Electro- 
lytes at  Very  Low  Temperatures,'  by  Profs.  Dewar 
and  Fleming,— 'On  Methods  of  making  Magnets 
independent  of  Changes  of  Temperature,  and  some 
Experiments  upon  Negative  Temperature  Coetfi- 
cients  in  Magnets,'  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Ashworth,— '  The 
Electric  Conductivity  of  Nitric  Acid,'  by  Mr.  V.  H. 
Veley  and  Mr.  J.  J.  Manley,— '  On  the  Calculation 
of  the  Coefficient  of  Mutual  Induction  of  a  Circle 
and  a  Coaxial  Helix,  and  of  the  Electromagnetic  Force 
between  a  Helix  and  Coaxial  Circular  Cylindrical 
Sheet,'  by  Prof.  J.  V.  Jones,— and  '  On  the  Ref rac- 
tivities  of  Air,  Nitrogen,  Argon,  Hydrogen,  and 
Helium,'  by  Prof.  W.  Ramsay  and  Mr.  M.  W.  Travers. 

Geological.— 2)i:'C.  1.— Dr.  H.  Hicks,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Messrs.  E.  L.  Alihusen,  W.  R.  Bald- 
win-Wiseman, J.  E.  Clark,  E.  A.  Douglas,  W.  Ed- 
wards, P.  Griffith,  J.  H.  Heal,  A.  E.  Kitsou,  E.  St. 
John  Lyburn,  C.  H.  Pollen,  R.  P.  Rothwell,  H.  G. 
Scott,  F.  J.  Stephens,  and  C.  G.  Cullis  were  elected 
Fellows. — The  following  communications  were  read: 
'A  Revindication  of  the  Llanberis  Unconformity,' 
by  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Blake,— and  '  The  Geology  of  Lam- 
bay  Island,  CO.  Dublin,'  by  Messrs. C.I.Gardiner  and 
S.  H.  Reynolds.  

Meteorological.  —  Dfc.  1.5.— Mr.  E.  Mawley, 
President,  in  the  chair— Mr.  W.  Marriott  read  a 
paper  on  the  rainfall  of  Seathwaite,  Cumberland,  a 
place  noted  for  its  heavy  rain.  —  Mr.  R.  C.  Moss- 
man  n  read  a  paper  on  the  daily  values  of  non- 
instrumental  meteorological  phenomena  in  London 
from  1763  to  1896.  The  phenomena  discussed  were 
thunderstorms,  lightning  without  thunder,  fog, 
snow,  hail,  and  gales. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.— !>(?(?.  14.— 
Sir  J.  Wolfe  Barry,  President,  in  the  chair. — The 
paper  read  was  '  The  Great  Land  -  Slides  on  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  in  British  Columbia,'  by 
Mr.  R.  B.  Stanton. 


Society  of  Engineers.  —  Dec  13.  —  Annval 
General  Meeting.— Mr.  G.  M.  Lawford,  President, 
in  the  chair.— The  following  gentlemen  were  duly 
elected  by  ballot  as  the  Council  and  officers  for 
1898  :  President,  Mr.  W.  W.  Beaumont ;  Vice- 
Presidents,  Messrs.  J.  C.  Fell,  H.  O"0onnor,  and 
C.  Mason  ;  Ordinary  Mevibrrs  of  Council,  Messrs. 
J.  P.  Barber,  J.  Bernays,  G.  Burt.  D.  B.  Butler, 
P.  Griffith,  R.  St.  George  Moore,  N.  J.  West,  and 
M.  Wilson  ;  Hon.  Sec.  and  Treasurer,  Mr.  P.  F. 
Nursey ;  Hon.  Auditors,  Messrs.  A.  Lass  and 
S.  Wood.  

Mathematical.— 2)fc.  9.— Prof.  Elliott,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair.— Miss  A.  Q.  Maddison  and  Mr. 
W.  F.  Sheppard  were  elected  Members;  and  Messrs. 
A.  Berry  and  E.  T.  Whittaker  were  admitted  into 
the  Society.— Mr.  F.  Hardcastle  communicated  'A 
Theorem  concerning  the  Special  Systems  of  Point 
Groups  on  a  Particular  Type  of  Base  Curve,'  and 
Mr.  Love  gave  a  sketch  of  a  paper  by  Prof.  W. 
Buruside  '  On  the  Straight  Line  joining  Two  Given 
Points.' — Informal  communications  were  made  by 
Messrs.  Macaulay,  Berry,  and  Whittaker. 

Physical.— Ufc.  10.— Mr.  Shelford  Bidwell,  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.— Mr.  A.  Campbell  exhibited 
(1)  an  experiment  to  illustrate  alternate  exchange 
of  kinetic  energy  ;  (2)  an  experiment  to  illustrate 
the  low  heat-conductivity  of  glass,  and  the  expan- 
sion of  glass  by  heat.  Mr.  Campbell  then  read 
a  ])aper  '  On  Temperature  Compensators  for 
Standard  Cells.'— Mr.  J.  Rose-Innes  read  a  mathe- 
matical paper  '  On  Lord  Kelvin's  Absolute  Methods 
of  Graduating  a  Thermometer.' 

Aristotelian.— iVoi'.  29.— Mr.  A.  F.  Shand,  V.P., 
in  the  chair. — Prof.  E.  Westermarck  was  elected  a 
Member. — Mr.  W.  MacDougall  read  a  paper  '  Ou  the 
Physiological  Conditions  of  Consciousness.'  Con- 
sciousness seems  to  be  determined  by  the  novelty 
of  the  reactions  between  the  mind  and  its  environ- 
ment. The  passage  of  conscious  voluntary  actions 
into  unconscious  or  automatic  actions  on  fre- 
quent repetition  is  often  observed  and  generally 
admitted.  In  the  case  of  more  complex  mental 
processes  there  is  a  similar,  but  less  easily  observable 
passage  of  conscious  into  unconscious  activity. 
In  all  cases  of  complex  conscious  mental  pro- 
cess there  are  concerned  two  kinds  of  neural 
processes,  namely,  those  with  and  those  without 
conscious  correlates.  The  latter  are  spoken  of  as 
the  automatic  parts  of  the  total  process,  or  as  "  the 
fringe  of  thought."  This  fringe  of  thought  consists 
of  neural  processes  which,  originally  accompanied 
by  consciousness,  have,  through  repetition,  become 
automatic — i.e.,  have  ceased  to  be  accompanied  by 
consciousness.    The  distinctive   features   of    mind  i 


are  consciousness  and  a  great  capacity  for  expe- 
rience. Consciousness  always  results  in  experience, 
and  these  two  things  are  invariably  conjoined. 
Experience  is  the  establishment  of  new  connexions 
among  neurons.  The  type  of  all  experience,  of  all 
mental  growth,  is  the  modification  of  one  reflex  arc 
through  the  setting  up  of  a  connexion  with  some 
other  reflex  arc,  so  that  the  excitement  of  one 
always  results  in  the  excitement  of  the  other.  Such 
a  connexion  is  set  up  when  the  two  arcs  are  excited 
contiguously  in  time  by  means  of  neurons  of  a 
later  growth  in  the  psychological  individual.  A 
well  -  developed  nervous  system  consists  of  many 
superposed  layers  of  neurons.  The  neurons 
of  the  lowest,  oldest  layers  have  been  organ- 
ized long  ago  into  reflex  paths ;  those  of  the 
middle  layers  have  been  organized  more  recently 
into  more  complex  paths,  the  nervous  bases  of 
instincts  and  habits  ;  those  of  the  upper  layers  are 
not  yet  organized  into  fixed  paths,  but  afford  possi- 
bilities of  new  connexions,  new  combinations  of  the 
already  organized  paths  of  the  lower  levels  into 
more  complex  paths.  Their  organization  in  this 
way  constitutes  experience,  and  is  accompanied  by 
consciousness.  This  process  of  complication  of 
nerve  paths  by  the  setting  up  of  new  connexions 
between  neurons  and  systems  of  neurons  is  the 
physiological  basis  of  apperception,  the  process 
whereby  a  mental  system  appropriates  a  new  ele- 
ment. Apperception,  which  is  one  aspect  of  the 
attention  process,  is  determined  by  novelty  in  the 
environment  or  some  previous  change  in  the  mental 
system  concerned.  Where  there  is  no  such  novelty 
there  is  no  apperception,  no  attention,  no  conscious- 
ness, and  no  establishment  of  new  connexions  among 
neurons.  Since,  then,  consciousness  constantly  ac- 
companies this  process  of  establishment  of  new 
connexions  between  neurons,  we  are  led  to  suspect 
a  causal  relation  between  the  two  things.  May  we 
not  regard  consciousness  in  its  aspect  of  an  "  ex- 
istent "  as  a  force  concerned  in  the  process  of 
estabiishment  of  these  connexions?  Just  as  we 
regard  matter  as  but  a  group  of  energies  co-ordi- 
nated in  space,  may  we  not  regard  mind  as  a  still 
more  complex  group  of  co-ordinated  energies  of 
which  consciousness  is  one?— The  paper  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  discussion. 


MON. 
TVES. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  WEEK. 
Institute  ot  Actuaries,  5J  — '  Treatment  of  Endowment  Assurance 

Policies  in  Periodical  Valuations.'  Mr  H   A  Tliomaon. 
Civil  Engineers,  8.— 'A  New  Transmission  Dynamometer,'  Mr. 

W.  E  Ualby. 
Folk-lore,  8  — '  The  Wooing  ol  Penelope,'  Mr.  W.  Crooke. 


We  regret  to  announce  the  death  of  Prof. 
F.  A.  T.  Winnecke,  which  took  place  at  Bonn 
on  the  3rd  inst.  He  was  born  in  Hanover  on 
February  5th,  1835,  and  educated  at  Berlin. 
After  assisting  Encke  at  the  observatory  there, 
and  afterwards  Argelander  at  Bonn,  he  accepted 
an  appointment  in  Russia,  and  many  years  of 
his  scientific  activity  were  spent  at  Pulkowa. 
In  1868,  however,  he  took  charge  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  Carlsruhe,  and  in  1872  he  was 
nominated  Professor  of  Astronomy  at  the 
newly  founded  University  of  Strasburg,  a  post 
which  he  held  until  the  state  of  his  health  (a 
distressing  mental  disorder)  compelled  retire- 
ment. He  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1863.  The 
comet  which  is  called  by  his  name  is  now  daily 
expected. 

The  mineralogist  Dr.  Albrecht  Schrauf,  author 
of  several  scientific  works- among  others  of  a 
'Lehrbucli  der  physikalischen  Mineralogie,'  of 
a  'Handbuch  der  Edelsteinkunde,'  and  of  an 
'Atlas  der  Krystallformen ' — has  just  died  at 
Vienna  in  his  sixtieth  year.  Dr.  Schrauf  was 
Professor  of  Mineralogy  at  the  University  of 
that  place  and  Director  of  the  Mineralogisches 
Museum. — The  decease  is  abo  announced  of 
that  distinguished  chemist  M.  A.  Joly,  super- 
intendent of  the  laboratory  of  the  Ecole  Nor- 
mals, and  professor  in  the  Paris  Faculty  of 
Sciences. 

Continental  papers  report  that  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences  intends  bestowing  the 
Prix  Lacaze,  amounting  to  10,000  francs,  on 
Prof.  Rontgen,  in  consideration  of  his  famous 
discovery. 


860 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


FINE    ARTS 


CHRISTMAS   BOOKS. 

Mr.  Gibson's  admirable  studies  of  men  and 
women  of  New  York,  which  were  published  in 
this  country  a  year  or  two  ago,  combined 
with  fine  and  masculine  draughtsmanship  many 
kindly,  many  sardonic,  more  sarcastic,  and  not 
a  few  poetical  touches.  In  London  as  Seen  by 
G.  D.  Gibson  (Lane)  he  has  collected  some 
thirty  drawings  of  the  same  kind.  Technically 
speaking,  they  are  hardly  so  good  as  their 
forerunners.  Their  grouping  is  not  so  well 
studied,  and  the  finish  of  the  works  is  not 
so  grateful  to  artistic  eyes.  As  the  ladies 
the  artist  delights  to  delineate  are,  broadly 
speaking,  of  the  same  race  and  not  dis- 
similar in  their  education,  habits,  and  training, 
it  is  not  surprising  to  find  close  resemblances 
very  frequent  between  his  belles  of  London  and 
New  York,  many  of  whom  are  of  very  noble 
and  beautiful  types.  There  is  a  greater  diflS'erence 
among  Mr.  Gibson's  male  types  of  English 
birth,  none  of  which  reminds  us  of  his  fellow, 
and  the  men  are  handsomer  than  the  men  of  New 
York,  as  well  as  more  intellectual  and  physically 
superior.  In  short,  our  draughtsman  seems  to 
think  the  English  represent  a  superior  race.  Be 
this  as  it  may,  it  is  no  disparagement  to  his 
talents  or  his  art  to  say  that  his  readings  of 
character,  manners,  and  incidents  in  London 
are  not  so  full  of  fun,  so  subtle,  or  so  searching 
as  those  he  gave  us  from  New  York.  On  the 
other  hand,  some  of  his  studies — which  are  evi- 
dently portraits,  and  owe  their  fine  qualities  to 
their  veracity— are  first  rate,  among  these  the 
still  handsome  lady  who  faces  us  in  '  On  Bond 
Street '  ;  the  grinning  and  coatless  fellow  who 
contemplates  enlisting  under  '  Sergeant  Charley' 
in  Trafalgar  Square  ;  the  dense  mob  who  wait 
under  umbrellas  on  a  wet  evening  for  admittance 
'  Outside  the  Pit  Entrance  '  of  a  theatre ;  nearly 
all  the  heads  in  '  A  First  Night '  at  the  play  ; 
the  queer  '  Hamlet '  whose  figure  faces  this 
group  ;  and  the  portrait  of  a  stupid  and  blatant 
'Park  Orator,'  who  declares  that  "a  Prime 
Minister  has  robbed  him."  Almost  the  only 
sardonic  and  subtle  touch  we  find  here  is  in 
the  drawing  of  a  gentleman  and  lady  after 
dinner  '  At  the  Savoy.'  A  kindly  tone  pervades 
the  somewhat  trivial  letterpress  accompanying 
these  interesting  and  valuable  studies,  the  capital 
draughtsmanship  of  which  forbids  us  to  call  them 
sketches.  The  reader  cannot  do  better  than 
observe  the  beautiful  outlining  of  the  lady's 
back  and  shoulders  in  'Your  Hostess.'  The 
heads  of  men  grouped  before  her  are  hardly  less 
commendable. 

The  Work  of  Charles  Keene.  By  J.  Pennell. 
(Fisher  Unwin.)— If  there  is  anything  Charles 
Keene  would  not,  on  any  account  whatever, 
have  put  up  with,  it  is  the  publication  of  about 
a  third  of  the  sketches  and  studies  of  details 
comprised  in  this  handsome  volume.  Nor  would 
he  have  been  pleased  at  the  trivial  remarks 
which  it  has  pleased  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell 
to  make  about  Keene's  mode  of  drawing 
and  his  method  of  composing  his  designs. 
Mr.  Pennell  has  taken  advantage  of  modern 
facilities  for  reproducing  drawings  in  ink,  chalk, 
or  pencil  to  put  forth  designs  of  very  unequal 
value  and  merit,  and  with  all  the  zeal  and  in- 
discretion of  a  discoverer,  he  dilates  upon  them 
as  if  no  one  cared  for  Keene,  his  art  and  his 
wit,  before  this  book  appeared.  By  way  of 
justifying  his  rhapsodies,  Mr.  Pennell  falls  foul 
of  Mr.  Ruskin,  demolishes  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  sacrifices  Leighton  to  the  manes  of  Keene, 
although  it  is  evident  he  knows  nothing  what- 
ever about  their  personal  relations.  The  Pre- 
Raphaelites  are  brought  in  in  most  curiously 
incorrect  chronology.  Mr.  Pennell  must  have 
been  a  good  deal  at  sea  when  he  wrote  "  the 
chances  are  that  he  [Keene]  knew  Rossetti," 
and  we  are  told  of  Keene  that  "  he  was  just  the 


greatest  English  artist  since  Hogarth."  Which 
is  simply  absurd.  Turning  to  Keene  from  his 
injudicious  admirer,  let  us  welcome  the  repub- 
lication in  a  tolerably  successful  form  of  such 
capital  designs  as  that  called  'Delicate  Atten- 
tion,' from  Punch's  Almanack,  1877,  in  which 
Mr.  Swabber,  the  bathing  man,  assures  his 
client  that  he  has  warmed  the  sea  with  "a 
Kittle  o'  Bilin'  Water."  The  joke  is  not  much, 
but  the  studies  are  precious  which  represented 
the  surface  of  the  sea  so  truly,  and  gave  us  the 
face  of  the  chilly  spinster  and  her  attitude  on  that 
cold  morning.  H  ighly  characteristic  of  the  artist 
is  the  sketch-portrait  of  the  man  with  the  violon- 
cello on  p.  263.  Half  a  dozen  such  examples 
as  this  did  more  for  Keene's  reputation  than 
scores  of  the  minor  scribbles  Mr.  Pennell  rhap- 
sodizes about.  The  reproductions,  though  gener- 
ally satisfactory,  are  not  always  so  ;  witness  No.  6 
of  the  "  Miss  Lavinia  Brownjones "  series, 
p.  245,  which  is  heavy  and  black  in  parts,  and 
nowhere  so  clear  and  crisp  as  it  should  be. 
Keene's  friends  and  admirers  will  be  thankful 
to  Mr.  W.  H.  Chesson  for  the  extensive, 
if  not  exhaustive  bibliography  of  the  artist's 
drawings  of  all  sorts,  dating  from  1842  till  1895, 
with  which  this  book  concludes. 

A  Legend  of  Camelot :  Pictures  and  Poems, 
dx.  By  G.  Du  Maurier.  (Bradbury,  Agnew  & 
Co.) — Except  a  poem  called  'A  Lost  Illusion' 
the  verses  and  designs  before  us  were,  the 
introduction  says,  previously  published  in 
Punch.  The  '  Lost  Illusion  '  was  printed,  but 
not  published,  and  privately  circulated.  This, 
apart  from  its  rollicking  style  and  compre- 
hensive satire,  will  be  welcome  because  of  the 
capital  design — a  thoroughly  characteristic  one — 
showinghow  "Sirene,"thehideousauthorof  'The 
Ghoul  of  May  fair,'  was  discovered  as  a  "wall- 
flower "  at  the  Tomkinses'  ball  by  her  infatuated 
adorer.  'Vers  Nonsensiques,'  in  very  queer 
idiomatic  French,  will  be  less  enjoyed  by  many 
than  the  comical  caricatures  which  illustrate 
them.  The  ultra-Swinburnian  rhapsody  called 
'A  Love  -  Agony,'  and  the  exquisite  design, 
which  shows  a  gaunt  and  languid  modern  Nar- 
cissus reclining  near  a  pool,  self-contemplative 

With  love-wan  eyelids  on  love-wanton  eyes, 
are  here,  and  together  form  the  finest  satire  of 
the  series.  The  longest  section  of  the  book 
is  the  decidedly  Thackerayan  prose  history  of 
'  The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Jack  Spratts,'  which 
has  a  little  of  the  flavour  of  a  Disraelian 
romance. 

The  Art  of  Painting  in  the  Queen's  Reign.  By 
A.  G.  Temple.  Illustrated.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) 
— Mr.  Temple,  to  whose  energy  and  tact  the 
public  is  largely  indebted  for  the  exhibitions  in 
the  Guildhall,  has  made  use  of  the  advantages 
they  offered  to  compile  this  handsome  volume, 
adding  to  it  seventy-seven  excellent  collotype 
illustrations,  reproducing  many  of  the  best 
paintings  which  were  lent  to  the  City.  Few  of 
them  have  been  better  reproduced,  and  some  of 
them  have  not,  so  far  as  we  know,  been  repro- 
duced before.  It  would  have  been  better,  how- 
ever, to  leave  alone  the  famous  work  by  Turner, 
'Returning  from  the  Ball.'  Mr.  Temple  has 
written  very  concise,  well  -  considered,  and 
thoroughly  sympathetic  accounts  of  the  painters 
whose  paintings  he  has  selected  for  this  volume, 
and  supplied  intelligent  criticisms  of  their  sub- 
jects. Generally  speaking,  these  details  are  such 
as  the  reader  bent  on  gaining  comprehensive 
knowledge  of  the  pictures  of  the  reign  would 
desire.  We  do  not  know  a  better  compilation 
of  its  kind,  and  certainly  none  that  surpasses  it. 
Now  and  then  an  extra  note  seems  desirable  or 
a  correction  required.  Thus  it  is  not  true  that 
Mason's  'Lost  Path'  was  "  skied  "  at  the  Aca- 
demy of  1863  ;  nor  was  the  same  painter's 
'Bathers'  "skied"  in  1867:  it  was  hung  im- 
mediately above  "  the  line  "  in  the  North  Room. 
Rossetti's  'Girlhood  of  Mary,  Virgin,'  v,'as  not 
at  the  Portland  Gallery,  Regent  Street,  in  1849, 
but  at  the  Free  Exhibition,  Hyde  Park  Corner  ; 


his  '  Ecce  Ancilla  Domini ! '  was  at  the  Portland 
Gallery  in  1850.  "A.  A.  Egg,  R.A."  (p.  105), 
should  be  A.  L.  Egg,  R.A.  "  C.  T.  Meade" 
(p.  104)  should  be  C.  T.  Maude.  It  would 
have  been  well  to  have  added  to  the  account 
of  Madox  Brown's  greatest  work,  '  The  Last  of 
England,'  that  the  two  figures  it  contains  are 
most  faithful  and  powerful  portraits  of  the 
painter  and  his  second  wife  ;  and  that  the  face 
of  Millais's  '  Ferdinand,'  a  wonder  of  finish,  bril- 
liance, and  skill,  was  completed  in  one  sitting 
of  five  hours,  and  never  touched  after  that.  It 
would  have  been  a  distinction  of  a  high  class 
if  Mr.  Temple  had  recorded  that  Mr.  W.  S. 
Burton's  '  Cavalier  and  Puritan  '  was  placed  in 
one  of  the  best  parts  of  "the  line"  at  the 
Academy  of  1856,  although,  owing  to  an  acci- 
dent, neither  the  title  of  the  picture  nor  the 
name  of  the  painter  was  known  to  the  oflicials, 
so  that  those  details  were,  perforce,  omitted 
from  the  first  edition  of  the  catalogue.  Mr. 
Temple  is  mistaken  about  the  effect  of  extraneous 
influences  upon  that  sturdiest,  most  self-centred 
and  independent  of  painters,  Madox  Brown. 
It  is  with  great  pleasure  we  find  honourable 
places  in  these  pages  allotted  to  some  unduly 
neglected,  but  very  able  men,  such  as  W.  Davis, 
R.  Tonge,  and  W.  Huggins  of  Liverpool,  J.  W. 
Inchbold,  J.  W.  Oakes,  and  W.  L.  Windus. 

In  illustrating  Poems  by  liobert  Browning 
(Bell  &  Sons),  Mr.  Byam  Shaw — to  the  merits 
of  whose  fine  and  really  very  Brown- 
ingish  picture  at  the  Academy  this  year  all 
the  critical  world  turned  with  interest — has  in 
nearly  every  instance  failed  to  do  justice  to  his 
subjects,  and  almost  as  completely  failed  to 
do  justice  to  himself.  Such  instances  as  '  Fra 
Lippo  Lippi,'  '  Childe  Roland,'  and  '  Saul '  are 
unfortunate  efforts.  "  I  am  poor  brother  Lippo, 
by  your  leave  !  "  almost  rises  to  the  occasion, 
and,  if  Mr.  Shaw  had  taken  more  pains  with  it, 
it  would  have  been  quite  a  respectable  cut.  '  The 
Lost  Mistress  '  is  feeble.  Several  more  cuts  are 
indescribably  queer,  but  there  is  a  sort  of 
Rossetti-ish  savour  in  '  "  Hist  !  "  said  Kate  the 
Queen';  considerable  passion  informs  "Her 
upturned  face  met  the  face  of  the  Crone"; 
and  there  is  much  poetic  suggestiveness  about 
'In  a  Year.'  But  on  the  whole  the  technique 
of  these  illustrations  is  not  what  it  should  be. 


ART  FOR   THE   NURSERY, 


Singing  Verses  for  Children  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
is  a  comely  book,  comprising  verses  by  L.  A. 
Coonley,  illustrations  in  colours  by  A.  K.  Tyler, 
music  by  E.  Smith  and  others.  The  verses  are 
mostly  simple  and  nicely  finished,  free,  too,  from 
cant ;  but  they  are  neither  profound  nor  touching. 
Artistically  speaking,  the  illustrations  are  better 
than  the  verses,  because  there  is  more  vivacity 
about  them,  and  because,  in  a  quiet  way,  they 
are  full  of  colour  and  vitality.  Nothing  is  easier 
than  to  become  inoffensive  by  being  dull,  and  to 
make  a  piece  of  verse  or  a  picture  harmless  by 
taking  all  the  life  out  of  it.  Nothing  of  the  kind 
has  happened  to  Miss  Tyler's  carefully  yet  freely 
drawn  designs  of  figures,  while  some  of  the  floral 
decorations  are  really  neat,  accomplished,  and 
firmly  executed.  Such  of  the  music  as  we  have 
tried  proves  to  be  agreeable,  and  suitable  in  taste 
to  the  occasion. — 'There  is  much  to  be  said  in 
praise  of  Mr.  Heath's  designs,  clever  and  spirited, 
but  not  demonstrative,  which  illustrate  the  lively 
verses  in  Songs  for  the  Children,  xoith  Pictures 
fur  them  in  Black  and  White  (Chapman  &  Hall). 
They  are  quaint  enough  to  amuse  little  students, 
and  true  enough  to  nature  to  make  them  interest- 
ing ;  but  they  are  not  ambitious,  and  therefore 
they  will  never  bewilder  anybody.  We  like  best 
the  single  figures  or  simple  groups  in  outlines 
of  children  inserted  on  the  fly-leaves  between 
the  songs,  nearly  every  one  of  which  is,  in  its 
way,  charming  ;  for  instance,  the  little  girl  with 
a  sunshade  called  'Somebody,'  the  other  little 
girl  referred  to  in  'The  Maid  and  the  Wild 
llowers,'  and  the   dancing  children  concerned 


N"  3060,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


861 


with  '  Kitty. '  —  The  Dear  Old  Nursery  Songs 
(Warne  &  Co.)  is  illustrated  by  very  smooth 
German-looking  pictures  in  bright,  but  not  too 
artistic  colours,  by  Miss  C.  Haslewood.  Of 
course  we  like  the  songs,  but  the  pictures  are 
too  pretty.  The  little  page  cuts  in  monochrome 
are  better. — The  taste  of  the  parent  who  de- 
termines to  train  his  child  in  artistic  matters 
and  decorative  moralities  by  aid  of  The  Black- 
berries and  their  Adventures  (Kegan  Paul)  is  not 
to  be  commended.  Tlie  cuts  in  colours  which 
that  work  contains  are  not  without  spirit ;  those 
in  monochrome  are  at  least  as  good,  but  even 
when  they  are  not  vulgar  they  are  rather  stupid, 
and  they  are  all  ugly.  The  Blackberries  are 
negro  children  who  pass  through  certain  adven- 
tures about  which  no  member  of  Caucasian 
race  will  care  to  read  or  to  see  illustrated  in 
cuts  of  any  kind  whatever.  Mr.  E.  W. 
Kemble,  who,  we  suppose,  is  a  coloured  artist 
and  poet,  is  responsible,  intellectually  speak- 
ing, for  this  not  very  delectable  production 
in  both  arts.  — An  Almanac  of  Twelve  Sports. 
By  W,  Nicholson.  Words  by  Rudyard 
Kipling.  (Heinemann.)  Although  we  do 
not  like  the  heavy,  "blotted"  mannerisms  of 
Mr.  Nicholson  s  draughtsmanship,  the  frequent 
ugliness  of  his  types,  and  the  complete  absence 
of  anything  like  beauty,  or  even  comeliness, 
in  his  designs,  there  is  undeniable  spirit  in  the 
racing  greyhounds  under  "February"  in  this 
'Almanac,'  in  the  horse  the  jockey  rides  in 
"April,"  and  in  the  figure  of  the  shooter  in 
"September."  Attached  to  the  last  is  a  verse 
which,  as  a  specimen  of  Mr.  Kipling's  share  in 
the  book,  we  may  as  well  quote  ;  it  is  the  best 
of  all  the  verses  : — 

SHOOTING. 

"  Peace  upon  Earth,  Goodwill  to  Men  !  " 

So  greet  we  Christmas  Day. 
O  Christian,  load  your  gun,  and  then, 

O  Christian,  out  and  slay  ! 

The  Nursery  Rhyme  Book  (Warne  &  Co.)  is 
ably  edited  by  Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  and  profits 
prodigiously  by  the  humorous,  graceful,  and 
spirited  woodcuts  after  designs  by  Mr.  L.  L. 
Brooke,  most  of  which  are  first  rate  in  all 
respects,  not  the  least  of  them  being  the  careful, 
accomplished  draughtsmanship  of  the  artist, 
which  is  satisfactory  in  every  case.  He  has 
employed  an  abundant  inventive  faculty  on  these 
cuts,  and  high  praise  is  due  to  'Old  King  Cole  ' 
and  his  merry-minded  "fiddlers  three."  If  King 
Arthur  who  stole  the  pecks  of  barley  meal  was  like 
the  mean  and  truculent  monarch  of  p.  33,  there 
may,  after  all,  be  something  to  be  said  for  his 
erring  spouse.  Some  of  Mr.  Brooke's  dancing 
maidens  (pp.  95,  97)  are  nearly  as  worthy  of  him 
as  is  that  marvellous  cow  who  "danced  the 
Cheshire  round "  with  Doll  the  milkmaid. 
Humpty  Dumpty  surpasses  our  expectations 
on  p.  129.  Great  is  the  fun  of  the  little  girl 
who  asked  Pussy-cat  where  she  had  been. 
A  crowning  mercy  is  '  Tommy  Snooks  and  Bessy 
Brooks.' 


MR.    JOHN    LOUGHBOROUGH    PEARSON,    R.A. 

The  grandfather  of  Mr.  Pearson  was  a  solicitor 
of  Durham  city,  a  member  of  a  family  which  is 
said  to  have  an  old  record  in  the  County  Palatine, 
and  at  one  time  to  have  been  well  endowed 
with  property.  William,  one  of  the  younger 
sons  of  the  solicitor,  became  a  water-colour 
painter,  and,  as  such,  exhibited  drawings  at  the 
Academy  and  elsewhere,  but  attained  no  parti- 
cular eminence.  His  youngest  son  was  the 
Academician  who,  after  a  remarkably  long 
and  prosperous  career,  died  on  Saturday 
morning  last.  Born  at  Brussels,  July  5th, 
1817,  John  L.  Pearson  lived  to  be  one  of 
the  oldest  members  of  the  Academy,  and  we 
think  the  oldest  architect  practising,  he  having 
so  long  ago  as  1831  become  a  pupil  of  Mr. 
Bonomi,  an  architect  in  Durham,  and  a  re- 
lative of  the  better -known  Joseph  Bonomi, 
A.R.A.  After  having  been  Bonomi's  assistant  for 
three  years,  he  worked  in  the  offices  successively 
of   Anthony  Salvin— an  architectural   light  in 


his  day— and  Philip  Hard  wick,  whom  he  as- 
sisted especially  as  to  Lincoln's  Inn  Hall,  a 
capital  building,  the  influence  of  which  is  trace- 
able in  the  best  of  the  pupil's  works.  Indeed,  it 
would  have  been  well  if  the  dignified  breadth 
and  simplicity  of  the  hall  had  been  reproduced 
in  Pearson's  designs,  instead  of  a  certain  primness 
and  hardness  which  often  are  not  admirable. 
The  hall  was  in  hand  till  1846,  soon  after  which 
time  Pearson  started  for  himself.  Scott,  whose 
excellent  church  at  Camberwell  is  a  piece  of  real 
modern  Gothic,  became  Pearson's  model,  and 
there  is  much  resemblance  between  their  archi- 
tecture not  less  than  their  career.  Pearson's 
faults  were  such  as  Street  avoided,  and  the 
same  that  damaged  Scott.  His  first  church 
— he  was  essentially  an  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tect —  is  said  to  be  a  small  one  at  Ellerby, 
Yorkshire,  which  is  admitted  to  be  a  success, 
according  to  the  canons  of  those  days.  Several 
small  commissions  followed  this  ;  but  the  large 
church  of  Holy  Trinity,  Bessborough  Gardens, 
built  in  1850,  was  the  first  thing  which  secured 
him  real  standing  in  his  profession.  It  is 
what  is  called  a  "  book  church,"  meritorious  and 
not  ungraceful.  Its  details  are  commendable, 
but  it  wants  verve  and  character.  Ten  years  had 
to  pass  before  Pearson  made  a  more  successful 
effort,  and  produced  the  quasi-French  St.  Peter's, 
Vauxhall,  which  possesses  a  narthex,  an  un- 
usually large  clearstory — a  desirable  feature  in 
a  London  church — an  extremely  large  west  win- 
dow, and  an  apsidal  chancel.  St.  Peter's,  like 
Street's  church  in  Garden  Street,  Westminster, 
is  vaulted  in  brick,  with  stone  ribs,  and,  like 
it,  cost  a  surprisingly  small  sum.  Pearson 
proved  himself  a  good  planner  when  he  had 
to  deal  with  a  restricted  site.  St.  Augus- 
tine's, Kilburn,  was,  in  1871,  regarded  by  many 
as  Pearson's  best  effort.  It  is  much  larger 
than  his  former  works,  and  has  (or  rather  will 
have  when  it  is  complete)  a  very  excellent  tower 
and  spire,  the  loftiness  of  which  is,  for  London, 
phenomenal ;  but  his  next  important  church, 
St.  John's,  Red  Lion  Square,  is  better  worth 
studying,  although  it  is  smaller.  Its  nave  is 
not  less  than  40  ft.  wide,  an  advantage  for  a 
church  in  such  a  locality  which  was  secured 
with  unusual  skill  in  construction.  Some  of  its 
larger  external  features  are  not  beautiful,  but, 
as  usual  with  Pearson,  the  minor  ones,  mould- 
ing, and  traceries  are  all  good,  if  not  new. 

It  was  one  of  Pearson's  misfortunes  to  be 
called  upon  to  redesign  (this  is  what  it  comes 
to)  the  upper  portion  of  the  north  (or  Solomon's) 
porch  of  Westminster  Abbey.  This,  though  a 
tolerable  piece  of  academic  work,  is  not  a 
success.  It  would  have  been  well  for  him,  too, 
if  he  had  refused  to  touch  the^  west  side  of 
Westminster  Hall.  It  was  not' till  1878  that 
he  began  actually  to  build  at  Truro  the  much 
discussed  cathedral,  which  remains  unfinished. 
As  a  design  the  critic  has  but  to  compare  it  with 
Burges's  cathedral  of  St.  Finn  Bar  at  Cork  to 
detect  its  weaknesses,  for,  in  spite  of  much 
pretension,  it  fails  in  strength,  dignity,  and 
style  Pearson  executed  a  very  consider- 
able number  of  minor  buildings  —  schools, 
mansions,  chapels,  and  what  not — and  since 
Scott  and  Christian  were  taken  from  us  no 
architect  has  been  responsible  for  so  many  or 
more  drastic  "restorations."  He  was  an  in- 
veterate "restorer,"  and  no  old  building  was 
safe  in  his  hands.  For  what  he  did  at  Peter- 
borough no  antiquary  will  thank  him,  and  as 
to  Chichester  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  second 
thoughts  will  prevail  now  he  has  gone.  In 
1874  he  was  chosen  an  A.R.A.  ;  in  1878  he 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  ; 
in  1880  he  had  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Institute 
of  Architects,  and  in  the  same  year  the  Royal 
Academicianship. 

Of  some  of  his  technical  merits  and  demerits 
we  have  spoken  above.  Except  where  his 
constructive  ingenuity  helped  him,  a  certain 
coldness,  amounting  to  timidity,  injured  his 
vaultings,  of  which  he  was  proud  ;  while  when 


mural  painting  and  stained  glass  were  introduced 
into  his  churches  they  were  never  exhilarating 
or  instructive.  Perhaps  this  was  the  fault  of 
the  people  he  employed.  It  is  to  his  honour 
that,  like  Pugin,  Street,  and  Burges,  and  unlike 
Scott,  he  made  a  point  of  designing  with  hia 
own  hand  the  decorative  metal  and  wood  work 
he  required  ;  but,  unlike  Pugin,  Street,  and 
Burges,  and  quite  like  Scott,  he  was  rather  an 
archieologist  than  an  artist. 


'  LE3    DELLA    ROBBIA.' 


La  Fantaisie,  Mentone. 

Matters  of  more  moment  and  the  journeying 
hither  have  occupied  me  since  the  publication 
(Athen.,  Oct.  2nd)  of  your  article  on  M.  Rey- 
mond's  work,  a  copy  of  which  has  since  been  sup- 
plied to  me.  Although  there  may  be  much  in 
that  favourable  review  with  which  I  can  agree, 
it  pains  me  to  observe  a  somewhat  unpatriotic 
expression  of  gladness  on  its  writer's  part  in 
sharing  M.  Reymond's  contemptuous  opinion 
of  the  valuable  series  of  circular  panels  of 
enamelled  ware  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  hitherto  so  highlj'  prized  as  works 
executed  under  the  direction  of  Luca  della 
Robbia,  if  not  absolutely  painted  by  his  own 
brush,  and  his  statement  that  he  is  "glad  that 
Luca  is  relieved  of  their  paternity  ";  he  also 
gains  some  joy  in  approving  that  writer's  objec- 
tions to  the  details,  and,  indeed,  to  the  anti- 
quity, of  the  early  dated  roundel  now  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford. 

As  regards  the  former  of  these  works  I  will 
not  now  occupy  your  valuable  space  by 
endeavouring  to  maintain  their  importance 
and  the  gladness  that  all  Englishmen  should 
feel  at  the  possession  of  such  rare  examples  of 
early  Italian  ceramic  art  by  one  of  our  national 
museums. 

On  the  latter,  the  small  roundel  in  gesso  duro 
which  M.  Reymond  does  me  the  honour  of  con- 
necting with  my  name,  he  gives  several  pages 
of  his  book  to  a  minute  consideration  of  what 
he  considers  as  its  demerits  and  of  the  objections 
to  its  antiquity  as  declared  by  the  inscription  on 
its  back.  He  particularizes  it  as  "la  ddcouverte 
faite  par  M.  Drury  Fortnum  d'une  Madone  qui 
appartient  aujourd'huiau  Musee  d'Oxford  ";  but 
it  would  appear  that  his  knowledge  of  the  facts 
of  this  decouverte  is  as  slight  as  his  knowledge 
of  the  work  itself. 

The  real  facts  are  these.  When  sojourning  at 
Florence  in  1858-9  I  bought  the  roundel  for  a 
trifle,  then  in  the  rough  from  dirt  and  having 
the  back  covered  by  plaster  with  which  it  had 
been  attached  probably  to  some  inner  wall.  In 
that  state  it  was  sent  with  other  of  my  gather- 
ings to  England,  and  subsequently  cleaned  at  my 
own  house  by  Mr.  Andrews,  the  able  restorer 
then  employed  by  the  South  Kensington 
Museum.  He  suggested  the  removal  of  that 
plaster  from  the  back  and  edge,  and  on  detach- 
ing a  portion  some  lines  as  of  sgraffito  writing 
were  discovered.  He  worked  carefully  under  my 
own  eye,  and  the  remainder  of  the  stucco  being 
removed,  the  whole  of  the  very  interesting  in- 
scription was  revealed.  The  face  of  the  relief 
was  merely  cleaned,  the  original  colouring  in 
imitation  of  bronze  remaining  intact  ;  it  was 
afterwards  framed.  My  own  opinion  at  the 
time  was  that  it  was  a  cast,  taken  probably  from 
an  original  sketch  model  in  clay  (perhaps  not 
baked)  which  had  been  prepared  for  casting  in 
bronze.  The  inscription  was  doubtless  scratched 
in  the  wet  gesso  by  the  formatore. 

The  "pomposity"  of  this  inscription,  paralleled 
not  very  rarely  on  pieces  of  maiolica,  is  a  crea- 
tion of  M.  Reymond's  highly  poetic  mind. 

I  could  not  agree  with  those  connoisseurs  who 
ascribed  the  work  to  Ghiberti,  its  serenity 
hardly  being  in  agreement  with  his  more  active 
touch  ;  but  Luca  della  Robbia  might  well  be 
its  author,  and  so  have  thought  all  recent 
historians  of  that  great  artist  and  his  works. 
I  will  not  venture  to  criticize  M.  Reymond's 
opinion    of    the    demerits   of    my  poor  little 


862 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N''  3660,  Dec.  18,  -97 


roundel,  except  by  remarking  that  his  objections 
prove  his  small,  if  any,  actual  acquaintance  with 
the  original.  A  photograph  may  have  been 
deemed  amply  sufficient  to  satisfy  his  keen  and 
perhaps  preconceived  judgment.  But  I  would 
venture  to  correct  some  errors  into  which  he 
has  been  led.  He  objects  that  the  lower  limbs 
of  one  of  the  angels  are  nude.  This  is  not  so  ; 
a  light  drapery  covers  both,  their  form  being 
visible  through  it.  He  sees  no  wings,  which  he 
tells  us  angels  of  that  period  ought  to  have, 
although  two  of  Luca's  are  apterous.  Their 
position  precludes  their  wings  from  being  appa- 
rent, but  there  is  an  indication  observable  above 
the  shoulder  of  one,  which  is  probably  so  far 
intentional.  I  may,  however,  remark  that 
throughout  the  composition  the  outlines  are 
not  keenly,  but  sketchily  defined. 

As  to  theobject  in  theChild's  hand,  from  which 
He  seems  to  be  conveying  some  portion  to  the 
mouth,  it  may  be,  as  M.  Reymond  defines,  a 
bunch  of  grapes — an  unheard-of  circumstance, 
according  to  our  critic,  in  art  of  that  time.  Are 
not  the  grape  and  the  vine  Christian  emblems  ? 
Do  we  not  find  them  represented  in  yet  earlier 
times  ?  A  fish  holding  a  bunch  of  grapes  in  its 
mouth  occurs  on  an  early  Christian  gem  ;  and 
are  not  grapes  more  appropriate  in  that  Child's 
hands  than  a  bird,  or  than  the  apple  through 
which  came  the  fall  ? 

But  I  must  not  occupy  more  of  your  valuable 
space  in  considering  his  series  of  smaller  objec- 
tions. I  would  merely  answer  his  expressed  idea 
that  this  work  may  be  "  un  pastiche  fait  au 
XIX*  si^cle,"  which  he  has  the  audacity  to 
venture,  although  in  the  same  paragraph  con- 
fessing that  he  has  not  "les  dMments  pour  la 
discuter,"  and  offering  that  unwarrantable  sug- 
gestion in  the  face  of  all  the  connoisseurs  of  the 
last  half-century  who  have  seen  and  carefully 
scrutinized  this  interesting  rilievo.  One  more 
remark  and  I  have  done.  M.  Reymond  ob- 
serves that  the  expression  of  the  Virgin's  face 
is  "  molle,  effeminde,  ces  airs  penches,  cette 
allure  de  belle  fiUe  qui  fait  des  graces,"  &c. — a 
discovery  on  his  part  which  only  the  practised  eye 
of  an  appreciative  observer  of  such  expressions 
in  the  life  could  imagine,  but  never  perceive — 
the  suppressed  smirk  of  the  grisette  or  the  mock 
modesty  of  an  '  Innocence'  by  Greuze  in  a  face 
which,  to  our  own  and  other  older  eyes,  is  one 
of  perfect  serenity  and  maiden  dignity. 

C.  Drdry  E.  Foktnum. 


The  long-promised  autobiography  of  Mr. 
Gambart  is  in  progress,  but  it  will  not  appear 
immediately.  The  work  begins  in  1824,  when 
the  venerable  collector  and  dealer  was  still 
young,  and  records,  though  briefly,  his  juve- 
nile recollections.  In  1843  his  career  as 
a  fine  -  art  publisher  commenced,  and  in 
1854,  in  succession  to  Mr.  Pocock,  he  opened 
the  French  Gallery  in  Pall  Mall,  where  he  put 
before  the  English  public  many  fine  works  of 
French  masters  then  little  known  on  this  side 
of  the  Channel.  We  need  not  say  that  this 
record  is  full  of  anecdote.  An  exhibition  of 
pictures  for  the  benefit  of  the  Crimean  sick  and 
wounded,  and  largely  due  to  his  energy,  brought 
not  less  than  13,O0OL  to  the  fund  it  was  designed 
to  help.  It  is  interesting  to  read  that  the  Queen 
and  Prince  Albert  attended  the  opening  of  Mr. 
Gambart's  little  gallery.  From  that  time  till 
the  Prince's  death  Her  Majesty  and  he  never 
failed,  Mr.  Gambart  tells  us,  annually  to  visit 
his  collections  of  G^romes,  Meissoniers,  Corots, 
and  what  not. 

Lady  Dilke  is  now  nearing  tlie  completion 
of  those  studies  in  the  art  of  the  days  of 
Louis  XV.  and  Louis  XVI.  on  which  she 
has  been  engaged  of  late  years.  Her  work, 
when  finished,  will  deal  not  only  with  the 
architecture,  sculpture,  painting,  and  engraving 
of  the  French  School  during  those  famous  epochs, 


but  also  with  the  history  of  the  Paris  Royal  Aca- 
demy, with  the  decoration  of  interiors,  and  with 
all  those  minor  arts  which  were  treated  with  such 
wonderful  distinction  towards  the  close  of  the 
century.  From  her  recent  visits  to  Stockholm 
and  Berlin  she  has  brought  back  a  great  deal  of 
valuable  material.  At  Stockholm  there  is  much 
to  be  learnt,  especially  as  regards  the  works  of 
Chardin  and  Boucher,  mostly  commissioned, 
through  the  Comte  de  Tessin,  about  1740,  for 
the  Swedish  Court,  and,  at  a  later  date,  for  the 
Queen  Louise  Ulrique.  The  royal  palaces  at  Pots- 
dam not  onlyshow  four  paintings  by  Chardin,  but 
teem  with  the  works  of  Watteau,  Lancret,  Pater, 
and  other  artists  of  the  same  date,  which 
special  permission  enabled  her  to  examine  at 
leisure,  making  notes  and  sketches  on  the  spot. 

On  Thursday  last,  the  16th  inst.,  the  Fine- Art 
Society  held  a  private  view  of  a  collection  of 
water-colour  drawings  of  Venice  and  Egypt  by 
Mr.  A.  N.  Roussoff,  the  third  or  fourth  of  a 
similar  kind  by  this  artist. 

At  Messrs.  Christie's  on  the  11th  inst.  Rem- 
brandt's 'A  Jewess,'  in  brown  dress,  with  the 
engraving,  fetched  315Z. ;  and  '  The  Infant 
Christ,'  by  Van  Dyck,  105L 

Mr.  Oliver  Baker  writes  : — 

"  I  have  nearly  completed  a  book  on  '  Leather 
Drinking  Vessels  in  England,'  and  shall  be  greatly 
obliged  if  any  of  your  readers  who  possess  examples 
of  black  jacks  or  leather  bottles,  and  have  not 
already  heard  from  me,  will  let  me  have  particulars 
of  them.  Those  which  remain  in  their  original 
homes,  or  have  arms,  dates,  or  ornaments,  especially 
interest  me." 

Mr.  Baker's  address  is  101,  Gough  Road,  Bir- 
mingham. 

The  German  papers  report  the  death  of  Prof. 
Nikolaus  Geiger,  the  sculptor,  of  the  Berlin 
Academy  of  Arts.  He  was  born  in  1849  at 
Lauingen  in  Bavaria.  His  sculpture  has  been 
accused  of  being  too  pictorial,  and  of  late  years 
Prof.  Geiger  did  some  considerable  work  as  a 
painter,  chiefly  large  religious  paintings  on  the 
walls  and  vaults  of  churches. 

A  CURIOUS  literary  incident  is  reported  from 
the  Fatherland.  Some  time  ago  the  art  critic  Dr. 
Theodor  Volbehr,  of  Magdeburg,  accused  Prof. 
Muther,  of  Munich,  of  having  plagiarized  one 
of  his  treatises.  The  latter  defended  himself, 
and  the  contending  parties  submitted  the  matter 
to  the  Philosophical  Faculty  of  Breslau,  which 
settled  the  dispute.  But  now  we  hear  that  the 
two  art  critics,  who  are  officers  in  the  army,  have 
been  deprived  of  their  rank  because  they  had 
not  submitted  their  quarrel  to  a  "  military  court 
of  honour." 

The  Boston  (U.S.)  Committee  of  the  Egypt 
Exploration  Fund  announces  that  its  first 
annual  volume,  now  in  course  of  preparation, 
will  be  a  quarto  of  three  hundred  pages,  illus- 
trated with  facsimile  plates,  and  that  its  contents 
will  include  a  fragment  of  the  second  or  third 
century  containing  most  of  the  first  chapter  of 
St.  Matthew  ;  a  leaf  containing  the  Acts  of 
St.  Paul  and  Thecla  ;  portions  of  a  Sapphic 
poem,  probably  by  Sappho  ;  fragments  of  the 
'  (Edipus  Tyrannus '  of  Sophocles,  of  Plato's 
'Republic,'  of  Xenophon's  'Hellenica,'  of 
Isocrates  and  Demosthenes,  and  of  a  lost  comedy 
(fifty  lines) ;  part  of  a  treatise  on  metre,  per- 
haps by  Aristoxenus  ;  part  of  a  chronological 
work,  356-316  B.C. ;  a  proclamation  by  Flavianus 
Titianus,  Prefect  of  Egypt  under  Hadrian  ;  an 
interview  between  Marcus  Aurelius  and  a  magis- 
trate of  Alexandria  ;  a  list  of  the  quarters  and 
streets  of  Oxyrynchus,  and  their  guards,  in  the 
fourth  century  a.d.  ;  and  a  portion  (perhaps)  of 
Thucydides.  The  secretary  of  the  society  is 
Mrs.  Marie  N.  Buckman,  of  Boston. 

The  Athenian  Archaeological  Society,  in  spite 
of  the  present  unfavourable  circumstances,  is 
carrying  on  its  excavations  in  ^tolia,  the  least 
explored  of  the  ancient  Greek  states,  and  the 
French  School  will  very  shortly  resume  work 
at  Delphi. 


At  Buscemi,  in  Eastern  Sicily,  a  find  of  some 
Greek  inscriptions  on  the  walls  of  an  artificial 
grotto  has  induced  the  Directors  of  the  Museum 
of  Syracuse  to  excavate  on  the  spot  during  the 
last  month.  Their  researches  have  resulted  in 
the  discovery  of  two  other  grottoes,  which  were 
buried  under  a  hard  deposit  of  earth,  with  a 
considerable  number  of  inscriptions  relating  to 
ephehi  scratched  here  and  there  on  the  surface 
of  the  rock.  These  records  point  evidently 
to  the  seat  of  a  gymnasium  or  ephebic  college, 
belonging  to  some  ancient  Greek  city  of  the 
neighbourhood.  A  discovery  of  the  same  sort 
was  announced  in  another  Doric  country  a  few 
months  ago  by  Dr.  Hiller  von  Gartringen  after 
excavation  in  the  island  of  Santorin.  There 
also  the  large  cave  supposed  by  Boeckh  and 
Ross  to  be  a  sanctuary  of  Poseidon  has  proved 
by  inscriptions  to  be  simply  a  rear  room  of  the 
gymnasium  of  Thera.  "The  best  preserved 
amongst  the  Buscemi  inscriptions  have  been 
sawn  out  from  the  rocks  and  placed  in  the 
Museum  of  Syracuse. 

Dr.  Dorpfeld's  arch  geological  excursions 
for  next  year  will  take  place  from  April  3rd  to 
April  18th  and  from  May  4th  to  May  12th.  The 
first  journey  will  be  devoted  to  visiting  the 
Peloponnesus  and  the  neighbouring  places,  with 
the  following  plan  :  Corinth,  Nauplia,  Tiryns, 
Mycenae,  Epidauros,  Argos,  Tripolis,  Mantinea, 
Tegea,  Megalopolis,  Lycosura,  the  temple  of 
Bassse,  Olympia,  Ithaca,  and  Delphi.  The  second 
trip  will  begin  with  the  coast  of  Attica  from 
Cape  Sunion  to  Marathon  and  other  historic 
localities,  as  Thoricus,  Rhamnus,  and  Oropus, 
and  extend  to  Eretria  in  Euboea  and  the  islands 
of  the  JEgean,  Andros,  Tenos,  Myconos,  Delos, 
Paros,  Naxos,  Santorin,  Milos,  Poros,  and 
-lEgina.  Troy  and  the  coast  and  islands  of  Asia 
Minor  have  been  excluded  from  the  programme. 

The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  New  York  has 
opened  a  new  room,  which  contains  the  collec- 
tion recently  presented  to  the  city  by  Mr.  Mar- 
quand.  It  consists  chiefly  of  Roman,  Etruscan, 
and  early  Italian  bronzes  and  terra  -  cottas, 
amongst  which  are  to  be  noted  some  Etruscan 
urns  with  reliefs  and  inscriptions,  a  bronze  cista 
from  Prseneste,  and  other  well-preserved  pieces 
still  unknown  to  archaeologists. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 

St.  James's  Hall.  —  Popular  Concerts.  Herr  Grieg's 
Pianoforte  Kecital. 

Queen's  Hall.  —  Eoyal  Academy  of  Music  Orchestral 
Concert  :  First  Performance  in  London  of  Prof.  Villiers 
Stanford's  Requiem. 

The  second  performance  of  Mr.  d' Albert's 
Quartet  in  e  flat  last  Saturday  at  the 
Popular  Concerts  served  to  reveal  new 
beauties.  The  work  is  unquestionably  very 
clever,  if  not  very  inspired,  but  the  move- 
ments which  were  rather  puzzling  at  first 
proved  quite  clear  on  better  acquaintance, 
especially  the  scherzo  and  the  finale.  Mr. 
d' Albert  should  eventually  take  a  high  posi- 
tion as  a  composer  of  classical  chamber 
music.  Mile.  Clotilde  Kleeberg  was  refined 
and  at  the  same  time  sufficiently  intellectual 
in  Schumann's  *  Waldscenen,'  Op.  82,  too 
infrequently  heard  ;  and  the  concert  closed 
with  Beethoven's  'Kjeutzer'  Sonata,  in 
which  Mile.  Kleeberg  was  associated  with 
Mr.  Kruse.  Miss  Greta  Williams  was 
fairly  successful  as  the  vocalist. 

Monday's  programme  was  largely  devoted 
to  Grieg,  although  it  began  with  Beet- 
hoven's Quartet  in  e  flat,  Op.  74,  ex- 
cellently played  by  Lady  Halle  and  the 
other  members  of  the  present  string  quartet. 
The  Scandinavian  musician  was  first  heard 


N-'SeeO,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


863 


in  his  *  Humoresken,'  Op.  G,  the  four  little 
pieces  being  played  with  the  peculiarly  deli- 
cate and  musical  touch  which  musicians  justly 
associate  with  the  name  of  the  best  known 
of  living  Norse  musicians.  These  delightful 
pieces,  mere  trifles  though  they  may  be, 
should  receive  earnest  attention  from 
students.  The  concert  closed  with  Grieg's 
genial  Pianoforte  and  Violin  Sonata  in  f, 
Op.  8,  in  which  the  composer  was  associated 
with  Lady  Halle.  Miss  Isabel  MacDougall, 
a  young  but  already  refined  artist,  was  in 
all  respects  commendable  as  the  vocalist. 

Herr  Grieg's  performance  at  St.  James's 
Hall  on  Wednesday  afternoon  was  termed 
a  pianoforte  recital,  though  it  was  virtually 
a  chamber  concert.  It  commenced  with  the 
Scandinavian  composer's  vigorous  and  cha- 
racteristic Quartet  in  g  minor.  Op.  27, 
admirably  played  by  Messrs.  Wolfi,  Inwards, 
Gibson,  and  Ludwig,  and  ended  with  the 
equally  original  and  more  familiar  Sonata 
in  c  minor  for  pianoforte  and  violin.  Op.  45, 
in  which  the  composer  took  part  with 
M.  Wolff.  Herr  Grieg  played  some  of  his 
'  Scenes  from  Popular  Life  in  Norway,' 
and  Madame  Grieg  rendered  several  of  her 
husband's  songs,  some  in  Norse,  with  the 
same  purity  of  voice  that  she  has  always 
displayed.  There  was  an  overwhelming 
audience. 

Prof.  Villiers  Stanford's  choral  master- 
piece, the  Eequiem  Mass  produced  at  the 
recent  Birmingham  Festival,  has  been  heard 
in  London  sooner  than  was  expected,  and 
much  credit  is  due  to  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Music  for  presenting  it  without  delay  to  the 
notice  of  metropolitan  amateurs.  No  further 
critical  remarks  are  required  at  present  con- 
cerning this  noble  setting  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  service  for  the  dead,  except  to  say 
that  a  second  performance  only  serves  to 
bring  into  stronger  relief  its  mingled  power 
and  beauty.  If  the  performance  could 
not  compare  with  that  at  Birmingham, 
it  was  exceedingly  creditable  to  the  institu- 
tion in  Tenterden  Street.  Fair  justice  was 
rendered  to  the  solos  by  Miss  Gertrude 
Drinkwater,  Miss  Jane  Spicer,  Mr.  William 
Maxwell,  and  Mr.  Ford  Waltham  ;  and  the 
orchestra  and  chorus,  xinder  the  direction  of 
Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie,  were  distinctly 
above  the  average  in  merit.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  performance  Prof.  Stanford 
was  called  to  the  platform  and  heartily 
applauded.  The  audience  in  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  Thursday  afternoon  was  very  large 
and  perhaps  too  demonstrative,  for  several 
numbers  in  a  Requiem  Mass  should  be 
received  in  silence. 


It  will  be  in  time  for  many  of  our  readers  to 
note  that  a  special  Wagner  concert  will  take 
place  at  the  Crystal  Palace  to-day  (Saturday). 
The  programme  will  include  the  whole  of  the 
second  act  of  '  The  Flying  Dutchman  '  in  Eng- 
lish, with  Madame  Ella  Russell  and  Mr.  William 
Ludwig  in  the  principal  parts.  Selections  from 
Rienzi,'  'Tannhauser,'  'Lohengrin,' and  'Die 
Meistersinger  '  will  also  be  performed  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Manns. 

An  agreeable  pianoforte  and  violoncello  recital 
took  place  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  Thursday 
afternoon  last  week,  the  executants  being  Miss 
Katie  Goodson  and  Mr.  Marix  Loevensohn. 
Their  programme,  which  was  executed  from 
first  to  last  in   a   style   which  may    justly   be 


described  as  artistic,  began  with  Mendels- 
sohn's well-written  but  somewhat  dry  Varia- 
tions in  D,  Op.  17.  Miss  Goodson,  who  shows 
satisfactory  progress  as  a  pianist,  oflFered  Beet- 
hoven's Sonata  in  e,  Op.  90,  and  the  two  artists 
finished  the  performance  with  Rubinstein's 
efi"ective  Sonata  for  both  instruments,  inn  major 
—not  minor,  as  printed— Op.  18.  Solos  were 
given  by  various  composers,  and  earned  applause 
from  a  critical  audience. 

There  is  continuous  improvement  in  the  pro- 
grammes of  the  Ballad  Concerts  at  St.  James's 
and  the  Queen's  Hall.  For  example,  the  scheme 
last  Saturday  in  Langham  Place  included  items 
by  Giordano,  Handel,  Brahms,  Liza  Lehmann, 
Schubert,  Tschaikowsky,  Goring  Thomas,  Grieg, 
Liszt,  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  and  Horsley.  We 
therefore  consider  this  a  programme  that  could 
not  have  given  displeasure  to  the  most  serious  of 
musical  amateurs.  Unfortunately  Mr.  Andrew 
Black  was  unable  to  sing,  but  Mr.  Lane  Wilson, 
a  very  promising  artist,  took  his  place  with 
success. 

Pianoforte  recitals  continue  to  be  given  in 
ever-increasing  numbers.  One  that  deserves 
mention  was  that  of  the  child  pianist,  Bruno 
Steindel,  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Tuesday  after- 
noon. This  was  said  to  be  his  "last  recital," 
and  the  statement  has  been  misinterpreted.  It 
was  merely  his  last  for  the  present  season.  He 
played  items  by  Beethoven,  Field,  Schubert, 
Raff,  Godard,  and  other  composers  in  a  manner 
little  short  of  miraculous.  At  present  he  does 
not  seem  to  be  sufi'ering  at  all  from  his  exer- 
tions, but  we  must  reiterate  our  words  of 
caution.  Mozart,  Schubert,  and  Mendelssohn 
died  before  middle  age,  chiefly  in  consequence 
of  premature  work. 

The  concert  of  students  at  Trinity  College 
held  in  St.  Martin's  Town  Hall  on  Tuesday 
evening  was  one  of  the  most  successful  ever 
given  by  this  pushing  institution.  The  choir, 
ably  conducted  by  Dr.  Henrv  T.  Pringner, 
rendered  Mendelssohn's  "Judge  me,  O  God," 
Benet's  madrigal  "All  creatures  now  are  merry," 
and  other  items,  unaccompanied,  in  a  manner 
to  which  we  have  been  unaccustomed  in  London 
for  several  years.  Madrigals,  in  which  English 
music  is  so  rich,  are  now  sadly  neglected, 
owing  to  the  increase  in  popularity  of  instru- 
mental music,  and  it  might  be  well  for  Trinity 
College,  or  some  other  association,  to  give  a 
performance  made  up  of  the  masterpieces  of 
such  composers  as  Wilbye,  Weelkes,  Gibbons, 
Morley,  and  Pearsall,  in  order  to  feel  the  pulse 
of  the  public. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  Prof.  Frederick 
Bridge  has  now  been  definitely  appointed  con- 
ductor of  the  Royal  Albert  Hall  Choral  Society. 
He  has  done  his  work  so  far  very  well  indeed, 
and  the  authorities  at  Kensington  Gore  could 
not  have  made  a  better  choice  in  succession  to 
Sir  Joseph  Barnby, 

Mr.  .John  Philip  Sousa  has  made  arrange- 
ments to  bring  his  American  orchestra  to  London 
next  year.  The  force  has  a  high  reputation  in 
the  States,  though  in  what  measure  it  is  deserved 
cannot  be  stated  at  present. 

Another  surprise  is  in  store  for  amateurs. 
Chopin  is  said  to  have  written  a  fugue,  and  the 
manuscript  copy  has  been  secured  by  Mile. 
Janotha.  She  was  to  play  it  at  the  Berlin 
Singakademie  last  week  ;  and  whatever  may  be 
its  value— for  Chopin  was  not  a  great  master  of 
counterpoint — it  cannot  fail  to  prove  interesting. 
Spohr,  to  judge  by  his  writings,  was  no  great 
admirer  of  Wagner,  but  an  Italian  paper  states 
that  a  posthumous  opera  from  his  pen,  built 
on  Wagnerian  lines,  is  to  be  produced  at  Cassel. 
This  report  needs  confirmation. 

The  accounts  of  the  recent  Hereford  Festival 
have  now  been  made  up,  and  it  appears  that 
there  has  been  a  serious  loss  on  the  working 
expenses,  as  there  always  is  ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  charities  have  benefited  to  the  extent 
of  over  1,000^,  which  is  above  the  average. 


Miss  Mary  Carmichael  announces  her  first 
concert  on  Thursday,  January  27th,  at  St. 
James's  Hall.  The  programme  will  consist 
largely  of  her  own  compositions,  in  which  she 
will  be  assisted  by  several  esteemed  performers. 

Mr.  Vert  announces  that  Herr  Georg  Lieb- 
ling  will  give  four  more  pianoforte  recitals  early 
next  year,  the  programmes  to  be  selected  mainly, 
if  not  entirely,  from  the  works  of  Beethoven, 
Schumann,  Liszt,  and  himself. 

The  Ducal  Kapellmeister  Herr  E.  O.  Toller 
has  just  died  at  Altenburg,  where  he  was  born 
in  the  year  1820.  He  was  very  active  as  the 
director  of  the  Militiir-  and  Hofkapelle  since 
1848,  and  particularly  excelled  as  a  violoncellist 
and  teacher  of  counterpoint.  It  is  supposed 
that  his  musical  remains  contain  some  valuable 
works. 


Srv. 

MON. 

Wed. 
Sat. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Orchestral  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall 

Miss  Maude  Danks's  Concert  in  Aid    of  the  British  Naraes' 
AsaociatiOB.  8,  St.  James's  Hall 
Reftor  Manuel  Lopez's  Concert.  8.  St   Martin's  Town  Hall 
Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Society's  Concert,  U,  Queen's  Hall 
"Ihe  Messiah,' 3,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


"the  temple  dramatists." 
We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co. 
four  more  numbers  of  this  pocket-volume  edition 
of  selected  plays. 

A  Woman  killed  with  Khidness.  Heywood. 
Edited  by  A.  W.  Ward,  Litt.D.— The  mention 
of  Dr.  Ward's  name  should  be  a  sufficient 
guarantee  for  the  soundness  of  this  edition  of 
Heywood's  famous  play  :  he  furnishes  no  textual 
notes,  but  supplies  their  place  with  a  useful 
series  of  explanatory  notes  on  dance  music, 
hawking,  and  games  of  cards,  mentions  of  which 
are  frequent  in  this  play.  In  his  introduction 
he  gives  a  full  account  of  Heywood's  life  and 
labours,  together  with  an  essay  on  the  domestic 
drama  of  sentiment,  and  on  this  play  in  par- 
ticular as  a  typical  example  of  the  species.  A 
slip  on  p.  xvi  of  the  introduction  may  here  be 
corrected  :  Young  Chartley,  the  hero  of  '  The 
Wise  Woman  of  Hogsdon,'  is  there  called 
"Charlton." 

The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton.  Anonymous. 
Edited  by  Hugh  Walker,  M.A.— In  a  brief  but 
sufficient  introduction  to  this  charming  little 
play  Mr.  Walker  discusses  the  usual  matters  of 
interest  in  connexion  with  it— editions,  date  of 
composition,  question  of  authorship,  source,  and 
contemporary  and  other  references  to  it.  His 
notes  are  sufficient,  though,  did  space  permit, 
we  might  incline  to  question  some  of  the  ex- 
planations ofiered  on  the  many  doubtful  pas- 
sages in  the  text  of  the  original.  There  is  a 
curious  misprint  in  the  last  line  but  one  of 
p.  77  in  the  notes  :  "  pricot  "  for  priest  should 
have  arrested  the  attention  of  the  least  careful 
corrector  of  the  press. 

Edward  III.  Anonymous.  Edited  by  G.  C. 
Moore  Smith,  M. A.— Since  Capell  in  1760,  in 
his  'Prolusions,' &c.,  first  reprinted  this  play 
as  one  "thought  to  be  writ  by  Shakspeare" 
scarcely  any  editor  or  commentator  has  refrained 
from  discussing  the  interesting  question  thus 
raised.  It  is  not  likely  that  it  will  ever  be 
authoritatively  answered.  There  is  no  pre- 
tension to  answer  it  here  ;  but  Mr.  Smith  has 
done  the  next  best  thing  by  presenting  in  his 
introduction  a  good  and  impartial  resume  of  the 
present  position  of  the  discussion.  His  text  and 
notes  are  evidence  of  careful  and  intelligent  work. 
It  should  be  noted  that  the  editors  of  these  last 
two  plays  acknowledge  much  assistance  from  the 
scholarly  editions  of  Messrs.  Warnke  and  Proe- 
scholdt  in  their  series  of  "  Pseudo  -  Shake- 
spearian Plays." 

The  Faithful  Shepherdess.  Fletcher.  Edited 
by  F.  W.  Moorman,  Ph.D.,  B.A.— The  editor, 
in  his  preface,  treats  of  the  literary  history  of 
the  play,  its  derivation  and  influence  on  suc- 
ceeding writers  of  pastoral  poetry,  especially  as 


864 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


regards  Browne  ('  Britannia's  Pastorals  ')  and 
Milton  ;  he  also  adds  a  brief  account  of  the  life 
and  work  of  Fletcher.  Mr.  Moorman  is  appa- 
rently warm  in  his  appreciation  of  the  play  as 
literature, but  not  interested  inthemeredrudgery 
of  editorship.  One  does  not,  of  course,  look  for 
exhaustive  treatment  in  a  series  of  this  kind  ; 
but  definiteness  and  accuracy  are  desirable 
qualities  under  any  circumstances.  We  notice 
here  that  the  editor  in  his  account  of  the  revival 
of  the  play  at  Court  leaves  his  reader  in  doubt 
whether  that  event  took  place  in  1633  or  1634, 
and  that  he  has  got  his  enumeration  of  the 
quarto  editions  and  their  dates  into  a  hopeless 
muddle. 


'  The  Children  of  the  King  '  has  been 
revived  at  the  Court  for  afternoon  performances. 
Some  not  very  obtrusive  changes  have  been  made 
in  the  second  act.  The  cast,  comprising  Miss  Cissie 
Loftus,  Miss  Isabel  Bateman,  Miss  Hilda  Spong, 
Mr.  Dion  Boucicault,  Mr.  Martin  Harvey,  and 
Mr.  F.  Thorne,  is  prastically  unaltered. 

Mrs.  Brown  Potter  appeared  at  the  Grand 
Theatre,  Islington,  on  Monday  as  Charlotte 
Corday  and  Mr.  Kyrle  Bellew  as  Marat. 

'  Two  Little  Vagabonds  '  is  being  once  more 
withdrawn  from  the  Princess's,  at  which  house 
will  be  produced  on  Boxing  Night  'How  London 
Lives,'  a  version  by  Messrs.  Field  and  Shirley 
of  'Le  Camelot,'  to  be  played  by  Misses 
Geraldine  Oliffe  and  Kate  Tyndall  and  Mr. 
Charles  Warner. 

The  Adelphi  will  in  the  spring  pass  once  more 
into  the  hands  of  an  American  company  headed 
by  Mr.  Gillette,  by  whom  will  be  produced  the 
long-promised  farcical  comedy  'Too  Much  John- 
son '  and  a  domestic  drama  called  '  The  Heart 
of  Maryland.' 

Mr.  George  Alexander  has  accepted  from 
Mr.  Walter  Frith  a  four-act  piece  called  *  The 
Man  of  Forty.' 

Sir  Henry  Irving  has  announced  in  Man- 
chester that  the  new  play  '  Peter  the  Great,'  the 
work  of  his  son,  will  make  its  appearance  with 
the  New  Year. 

The  cast  with  which  '  Julius  Caesar '  will  be 
given  at  Her  Majesty's  comprises  Miss  Evelyn 
Millard,  Portia ;  Miss  Lily  Hanbury,  Calpurnia ; 
Mrs.  Tree,  Lucius  ;  Mr.  Louis  Calvert,  Casca  ; 
Mr.  Franklin  McLeay,  Cassius ;  Mr.  Charles 
Fulton,  Julius  Csesar ;  Mr.  L,  Waller,  Brutus  ; 
and  Mr.  Tree,  Mark  Ajitony. 

Mr.  William  Blakeley,  who  died  on  the 
8th  inst.  at  Walham  Green  at  the  age  of  sixty - 
seven,  possessed  a  comic  individuality,  which 
he  turned  to  profitable  account  on  the  stage. 
He  was  a  comedian  of  the  type  of  Buckstone, 
who  never  went  outside  himself  and  was  droll 
enough  without  so  doing.  He  was  first  seen  in 
London  on  December  21st,  1867,  at  the  old 
Prince  of  Wales's,  as  Sir  Abel  Hotspur  in 
Boucicault's  'How  She  Loves  Him,'  but  had 
previously  played  in  Dublin,  Liverpool,  and 
elsewhere.  After  appearing  in  Robertson's 
*Play,'  Yates's  'Tame  Cats,'  &c.,  he  accom- 
panied Sothern  to  America.  He  is  best  remem- 
bered at  the  Criterion,  his  connexion  with  which 
began  in  1881,  in  pieces  such  as  'Betsy,'  'The 
Pink  Dominos,'  &c.  His  last  appearance  was 
as  Thomas  Tyndal  in  Mr.  W.  S.  Craven's  'Four 
Little  Girls,'  produced  at  the  Criterion  on 
July  17th. 

'  No  Appeal  '  is  the  title  of  a  four-act  play  by 
Mr.  W.  S.  Craven,  which  has  been  given  at  the 
Eden  Theatre,  Brighton. 

An  adaptation  by  Mr.  Buchanan  of  M.  Paul 
Bourget's  story  of  Andre  Corndlis  has  been 
accepted  for  Her  Majesty's  Theatre. 


To"  Correspondents.  —  E.   J.    D.— C.   C— D.    H.    F.- 
R.  H.  J.— G.  F.  M.— R.  M.-H.  M. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.'S 

NEW   BOOKS. 

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own." 

The  DAILY  NEWS  says  :—"  All  the  main  ideas  on  sea 
power  which  have  been  elaborated  in  treaties  by  the 
distinguished  author  permeate  these  essays.  One  finds  iu 
these  pages  the  same  braad  sweep  of  vision,  the  same  wide 
easy  grasp  of  principles,  underlying  multitudinous  details, 
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which  render  his  earlier  books  so  impressive." 

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THE  LIFE  OF  OUR  LORD 
JESUS  CHRIST. 

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By  JAMES  TISSOT. 

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4 


N°  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


865 


CHAPMAN  &  HALL  S  BOOKS  FOR  PRESENTS  AND  PRIZES. 


HISTORY,    BIOGRAPHY,    &c. 
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SOCIAL  SWITZERLAND :  Studies  of  Present-Day  Social 

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MOEO  ;  or,  Maori  Tattooing.    By  Major-General  Uobley.    With 

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ART  AND   ARCHITECTURE. 
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of  the  painters'  works." 

AQUITAINE:  a  Traveller's  Tales.    By  Wickham  Flower, 

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MODERN  ARCHITECTURE :  a  Book  for  Architects  and 


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HISTORIC  ORNAMENT :  a  Treatise  on  Decorative  Art 

and  Architectural  Ornament.    By  JAMES  WARD,  Author  of  '  I'he  Principles  of  Ornament.' 
Vol.1.  Prehistoric  Art ;  Ancient  Art  and  Architecture;  Eastern.  Early  Christian,  Byzantine,  Saracenic, 
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LIFE   and  LETTERS   of  JOHN    CONSTABLE,   R.A. 

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The  HORSE  in  ART  and  NATURE.     By  Cecil  Brown,  M.A. 

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LECTURES    on    ART.     By  Sir   Edward   J.  Poynter,    P.R.A., 

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UNIFORM  WITH  ABOVE. 

LYRICAL  VERSE,  from  EHzabeth  to  Victoria.    Edited 

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the  beautiful  and  tasteful  garb  which  fits  the  volume  to  be  an  ornament  to  drawing-room  or  boudoir— while 
itB  contents  will  recommend  it  alike  to  the  cultivated  man  and  woman  of  the  world,  and  to  the  serious  student 
of  English  poetry." 

ENGLISH  EPIGRAMS   and   EPITAPHS.    Collected  and 

Edited,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Index,  by  AUDREY  S'fEWAR'r,  and  3  Woodcut  Portraits  by 
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A  COLLECTION  of  BALLADS.     Collected  and  Edited,  with 

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TWO    NEW    NOVELS. 
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UNKIST,    UNKIND  !     A  Romance.     By  Violet  Hunt.     Third 

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of  the  book  is  weird  and  uncanny The  character  drawing  is  appropriately  vigorous,  clear,  and  pic- 
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N**  3660,  Dec.  18,  '97 


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T  LEAVES :  a  Collection  of  Pieces 

for  Public  Reading.  By  EDWARD  F.  TURNER, 
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A  SELECTION  from  the  POETRY 

of  ELIZABETH  BARRETT  BROWNING.  First 
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PREHISTORIC    MAN    and 

BEAST.  By  the  Rev.  H.  N.  HUTCHINSON. 
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and  LETTERS  :  being  an  Autobiography  (1819- 
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MARIE  HALLfi.  With  2  Portraits.  Demy  8vo. 
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The   LIFE  and  LETTERS  of 

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HOURS   in  a  LIBRARY.     By 

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c/rt 


THE   ATHEN^UM 


4/VJM-j 


journal  of  dHnglisiD  antr  dForefgn  literature,  Science,  tj^e  :^im  ^m,  iWu^ic  antr  tfie  Brama, 


No.  3661. 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER    25,   1897. 


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THREEPENCE 

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u 


NIVERSITY      of       EDINBURGH. 


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GO,  Frederick  Street,  Edinburgh,  December  14, 1897, 


N 


EWPORT  (MON.)   TECHNICAL  and  ART 

SCHOOLS. 

The  Committee  propose  to  appoint  a  REGISTRAR  for  the  above 
Schools,  and  they  invite  applications  from  Candidates  suitable  for  the 
position.  The  person  ap[>ointed  will  have  to  devote  the  whole  of  his 
time  to  the  duties  of  the  nftlce,  the  particulars  of  which  can  be  obtained 
on  application  to  the  Secretary.  Salary  lOOi  per  annum,  increasing  to 
150(. 

A  knowledge  ot  the  routine  and  regulations  ot  the  Science  and  Art 
Department  is  indispensable,  and  a  person  possessed  ot  organizing 
ability  would  be  preferred. 

Applications,  setting  forth  experience  and  qualifications  and  accom- 
panied by  not  more  three  testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  by  JANUARY  3 
NEXT  to  ttie  Chairman  of  the  Executive,  Councillor  G  H.  Llewellyn, 
Pencraig,  Caeran  Crescent,  Newport,  Moo. 

Canvassing  not  allowed. 

Bv  order  ot  the  Committee, 

K.  H.  JOHNS,  Secretary. 

ROYAL  INDIAN  ENGINEERING  COLLEGE, 
Cooper's  Hill,  Staines  —The  Course  of  Study  is  arranged  to  fit  an 
Engineer  for  Employment  in  Europe.  India,  and  the  Colonies.  About 
Forty  Students  will  be  admitted  in  September.  1898.  The  Secretary  of 
State  will  offer  them  for  competition  Twelve  Appointments  as  Assistant 
Engineers  in  the  Public  AVorks  Department,  and  Three  Appointments 
as  -Assistant  Snperintendents  in  the  Telegraphs  Department.  One  in  the 
Accounts  Branch  P  W  D  ,  and  One  In  the  'I'rafflc  Department,  Indian 
State  Railways —For  particulars  apply  to  SECBCTiay,  at  College. 

SCIENCE  LABORATORIES. —  SKERRY'S 
COLLEGE,  27,  Chancery  Lane.  W^C.— Thorough  Instruction  in 
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Practical  Microscopy,  Practical  Pharmacy,  Physics.  &c.  Most  expe- 
rienced Professors.  Private  Students  admitted  Highest  successes  at 
all  recent  Exams.  Call  or  write.— Mr.  Q.  E.  Skerry,  MA.  F.R  G  S 
27,  Chancery  Lane. 

BEDFORD  COLLEGE,  LONDON  (for  WOMEN), 
York  Place,  Baker  Street,  W. 
SESSION  1897-8. 
The  LENT  TERM  BEGINS  on  THURSDAY,  January  20. 
Lectures  in  all  Branches  ot  Higher  Education.    Courses  in  prepara- 
tion tor  all  the  Examinations  in  the  Faculties  ot  Arts  and  Science  held 
by  the  University  of  London.    Special  Course  of  Scientific  Instruction 
in  Hygiene  and  Public  Health. 
Six  Laboratories  open  to  Students  for  Practical  Work. 
ART  SCHOOL  open  from  10  to  4     Students  can  reside  in  the  College 
LUCY  J.  RUSSELL,  Honorary  Secretary 

LANGLAND      COLLEGE,      EASTBOURNE, 
Patrons. 
The  Right  Hon   LORD  ABERDARE 
The  Right  Rev.  the  LORD  BISHOP  OF  PETERBOROUGH 
Sir  DOUGLAS  GALTON,  K.C.B    FR  S 
.Sir  JOHN  T.  DILLWYN  LLEWELYN,  Bart.  M.P.F.R.S. ;  and  others. 
Principal— Miss  M    E.  VIN'I'ER 
Seven  years  Head  Mistress  ot  the  Swansea  High  School  Girls'  Public 
Day  School  Company;    four   years  Chief  Mathematical' and    Science 
Mistress,    Kensington    High    School;    Senior    Optime,    Mathematical 
Tripos.  Cambridge;    Intermediate  Science,  London  University    First 
Division ;    Certiflcated    Student   in  Honours,  and  Scholar  of  Girton 
College,  Cambridge ;  Associate  and  Arnott  Scholar  of  Bedford  College 
London.  ' 

Entire  charge  of  Children  whose  parents  are  abroad. 


T^DUCATION.— Thoroughly  RELIABLE  ADVICE 
J  can  be  obtained  (free  of  charge)  from  Messrs.  GABHITAS. 
THKIXG  &  CO.,  who,  from  their  extensive  and  personal  knowleilge  of 
the  best  Schools  for  Boye  and  Girls,  and  successful  Tutors  in  England 
and  abroad,  will  furniih  careful  selections  if  supplied  with  detailed 
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issuing  the  Work  in  Twelve  Parts,  appearing  at  Monthly 
intervals.  The  first  Six  Parts  can  now  be  obtained.  Sub- 
scriptions are  only  taken  for  the  Complete  Work. 

SOME  PRESS  OPINIONS  ON  THE  FIRST  PART. 

The  7"/ A/ £'5  says:— "  When  completed  this  will  be  the 
most  sumptuous  New  Testament  in  existence." 

The  GUARDIAN  says  :— "  There  can  be  no  question  this 
year  as  to  which  of  the  many  books  that  are  associated  by 
custom  with  the  Christmas  season  shall  have  the  first  place 
assigned  to  it.  Nothing  can  approach  the  magnificent 
reproductions  of  the  original  drawings  which  Messrs. 
Sampson  Low  are  presenting  to  the  English  public  under 
the  title  '  The  Life  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,'  by  James 
Tissot."  

London  : 

SAMPSON  LOW,  MaKSTON  &  COMPANY,  Ltd., 

St.  Danstan's  House,  Fetter  Lane,  B.C. 


N"3661,  Dec.  25,  ^97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


873 


SATURDAY,   DECEMBER  S5,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 


P»GB 


Mr.  S.  R.  Gardiner's  Lectures  ox  Cromwell      ...    873 
Db.  Budge's  Tkanslation  of  the  Book  of  the  Dead     874 

A  Memoir  of  Lord  Vivian  875 

Two  Translations  of  Bokthius's  Consolation  of 

Philosophy 877 

New  Novels  (Deborah  of  Tod's  ;  Sunset;  Maime  o'  the 
Corner ;  The  Sinner  ;  The  Iron  Cross  ;  The  Freedom 
of   Henry  Meredyth;   A  Man  of  tlie  Moors;   The 

Widow  VVoman  ;  The  Making  of  p.  Pri({)        878 

Hannay's  Short  History  of  the  Navy         879 

Kecent  Verse 880 

Books  about  India     881 

Christmas  Books— Local  History        8h2 

American  Fiction       883 

Our  Library  Table— List  of  New  Books  ...  883—885 
'Sibylline  Leaves';  An  Undescribed  Cranmer;  A 
Pupil  of  Koger  Bacon  ;  The  Franciscan  Myth  ; 
JuTisH  Elements  in  Kentish  Place-Names; 
Matthew  Arnold's  'Poems  of  Wordsworth'; 
'La  Saisiaz';  The  Law  of  Author  and  Pub- 
lisher; Bacchylides;  M.  Alphonsk  Daudet  885—887 

Literary  Gossip         883 

Science— The  Dolmens  of  Ireland  ;  Library  Table  ; 

Astronomical  Notes;  Societies;  Meetings  88s— 891 
Fine  Arts— Medals  and  Decorations  of  the  Army 
AND  Navy  ;  Library  Table  ;  Christmas  Books  ; 
The  Society  of  Painters  in  Watkr  Colours; 
Notes  from  Paris  ;  Notes  from  Athens  ;  Salfs  ; 

Gossip  sei-f'S* 

Music -Life  of  Verdi  ;  Gossip    895 

Drama— The  Westminster  Play;  Gossip     896 


LITERATURE 


CromiveWs  Place  in  History.  Founded  on 
Six  Lectures  delivered  in  the  University 
of  Oxford.  By  Samuel  Rawson  Gardiner, 
D.C.L.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

All  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Stuart  period  will  give  a  hearty 
welcome    to    Mr.    Gardiner's    estimate    of 
"  Cromwell's  place  in  history,"  but  it  will, 
we  fear,  be   distasteful  to  the  many  who, 
when   they  think  at   all,    still   regard   the 
great  struggle  of  seventeenth  century  Puri- 
tanism in  the  direction  of  religious  freedom 
not   as  a  political  lesson,  but  as  a  highly 
picturesque  drama,  in  which  our  forefathers 
were  permitted  to  play  their  parts  mainly 
for  the  sake  of  stimulating  the  imagination 
of    their  successors.      "What    such    people 
think,    it   may   be   objected,   cannot  be   of 
much  consequence  to  any  but  themselves. 
This  is,  however,  a  mistake,  for  while  they 
continue  to  exist,  not  as  mere  intellectual 
curiosities   only — survivals   from   the   days 
when  the  novels  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in- 
fluenced political  thought — they  encourage 
the   production   of    romance-histories    that 
go  on   spreading  delusions  which  common 
sense  finds  it  very  hard  to   combat.      The 
country  squire  who    said,    "I    never   read 
Lingard  because  my  family  were  Yorkists, 
and  he  wrote  in  favour  of   the  usurpation 
of    Henry   of    Richmond, "   is   a   specimen 
but  slightly  exaggerated  of  prejudice  still 
often  encountered. 

Mr.  Gardiner  is  an  historian  whom  it 
would  be  something  very  like  impertinence 
on  our  part  to  praise.  He  has  not  only  a 
large  measure  of  that  faculty  (rare  at  any 
time)  which  is  called  the  historical  instinct, 
but  his  knowledge  of  the  more  obscure  lite- 
rature of  his  subject,  especially  of  foreign 
documents,  has  never  been  equalled.  This 
secures  for  him  a  breadth  of  view,  and  a  con- 
sequent calmness,  which  could  not,  from  the 
nature  of  the  circumstances,  be  attained  by 
any  of  his  predecessors.  He  knows,  too, 
that  the  historian  must  not  degenerate  into 
the  mere  annalist,  however  necessary  such 
hodmen  of  literature  may  be  on  their  own 
lower  level;  and  he  has  been  careful  through- 
out to  avoid  philosophical  and  moral  digres- 


sions, which,  however  entertaining,  are  no 
part  of  the  historian's  true  work,  and  are 
apt  to  distract,  if  they  do  not  pervert  the 
judgment  of  the  reader.      Working  as  he 
has  done   for  many  years  upon  the  seven- 
teenth century,  he  has  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  characters  of  the  men  among  whom 
Oliver's  childhood  and  youth  were  passed,  and 
of  those  with  whom  he  associated  in  later  life, 
which  fits  him  admirably  for  understanding 
and  entering  into  the  future  Protector's  out- 
look on  the  world.     He  realizes  how  perilous 
it   is  to  attribute  unreservedly  to  men   of 
the   Puritan   time    feelings    identical   with 
our    own.       Eight    and    wrong     may     in 
themselves  be  absolute,  but  they  influence 
the  actions  of  men  in  ways  which  differ  in 
different  ages.    An  action,  or  even  a  sugges- 
tion, may  be  at  one  time  honourable,  and 
therefore  within  the  limits  of  expediency, 
which  would  be  at  another  revolting.    Much 
of   the   wild  writing  which   disfigures   the 
literature  of   this  and  other  countries  has 
had  its  origin  in  the  inability  of  authors  to 
comprehend  that  in  many  matters,  such  as 
religious  toleration,  slavery,  and  the  treat- 
ment of  the  vanquished  and  prisoners,  it  has 
been  an  absolute  impossibility  for  the  best 
and  most  wide-minded  of  the  men  of  former 
days  to  think  as  we  are  accustomed  to  do 
It  is,  no  doubt,  most  difficult  to  realize  this ; 
but,  until  we  do,  we  can  never  hope  to  pass 
judgment  on  the  good  and  the  bad  of  former 
days  with  anything  approaching  fairness. 

The   unmeasured   laudation   with   which 
some    of     the    moderns    have    thought    it 
becoming   to   honour   the   memory   of    the 
Protector  is  almost,  if  not  quite,  as  offensive 
as  the  ribaldry  with  which  the  men  of  the 
Restoration  amused  themselves.    A  reaction 
was  needed  ;  but  it  passed  so  far  beyond  the 
limits  of  right  reason  that  there  was  some 
danger  that  the  old  superstitions  might  be 
once   more   rehabilitated.     We   trust   that, 
now  Mr.  Gardiner  has  spoken,  his  summing- 
up  on  at  least  all  the  more  important  features 
in  Oliver's  career  will  be  regarded  as  autho- 
ritative  by   those   who    have   not   time   or 
inclination  to  make   detailed    investigation 
for    themselves.      The    verdict   is,    on    the 
whole,  favourable,  but  we  find  that  Oliver's 
was    no    more    a    perfect    character    than 
that   of     other    men.      It    was    far    from 
being   in   harmony  with   itself.     In   points 
where   he   has   been    usually   regarded    as 
almost  preternaturally  strong,  Mr.  Gardiner 
detects    evidence    of    something   very   like 
incapacity.     That   Oliver   was    of   a   quiet, 
orderly  nature,  with  no  far-reaching  yearn- 
ing after  personal  or  family  advancement, 
seems  certain.     Had   he    been    anxious  to 
attract  attention   to   himself,  he  had  from 
his  position  many  chances  of  doing  so  ;  but 
except  for  fen-bickerings  of  small  account, 
he  must  have  led  the  quiet  life  of  a  rural 
squire    with    limited    interests.      We    can 
imagine  him  riding  or  tramping  about  his 
small  estate  during  the  day,  and  spending 
the    evening    over    his   Bible    and   a   few 
volumes   of   Puritan   divinity,    deriving   at 
times  secular  refreshment  from  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh's  '  History  of  the  World,'  a  book 
we  know  he  esteemed  highly,  for  in  after 
days  he  advised  his   son  Richard  to  "re- 
create''   himself   therewith.     Mr.  Gardiner 
draws  attention  to  the  fact  that 


"Cromwell   kept   quiet    during    the    years   in 
which   Charles   was   governing  without   a  Par- 


liament.    He  is  not  heard  of  as  resisting  the 
payment  of  ship-money,  nor  even  as  setting  at 
defiance   the   ecclesiastical   courts.     Clearly  he 
was  no  ambitious  firebrand,  but  a  man  under 
authority,  whose  aim  it  was  to  carry  obedience 
to  the  utmost  limits  consistent  with  his  personal 
duty.     This,  too,  is  characteristic  of   the  man, 
and  displays  itself  again  and  again  in  his  pro- 
longed   hesitations    to    break   with   established 
authority.     In  his  conservative  dislike  to  hasty 
changes  combined   with  a  religion    influencing 
the  conduct  as  well  as  the  creed,  Cromwell  was 
a  fair  representative  of  the  better  part  of  Eng- 
land ;    none   the   less   because   when    once   his 
reluctance  to  step  forward  had  vanished,  he  was 
capable  of    administering  heavy  blows  against 
those  who  blocked  the  way  too  persistently  even 
for  his  patience,  and  because  when  once  he  had 
broken  with  the  past,  no  going  back  was  any 
longer  possible  for  him." 

The  lecturer  dwells  on  the  fact  that  Oliver 
was  not  in  creed  only,  but  in  life  and  con- 
duct, a  God-fearing  man.     This,  indeed,  is 
as  surely  demonstrated  as  the  holiness   of 
any  one  of  the  saints  of  mediseval  Christen- 
dom,  and  it  crushes  at  once  many  of  the 
calumnies  which  have  gathered  round  him, 
though,  of  course,  it  cannot  affect  the  cha- 
racter of  some  actions  which  a  modern  view 
must  necessarily  regard  as  discreditable  to 
Cromwell.     No  reasonable  man  would  now, 
we  trust,  speak  of  the  slaughters  in  Ireland 
as  anything  but  atrocious  crimes.     To  call 
them    "terrible   surgery,"    as   Carlyle   has 
done,  is  to  efface  the  line  which  separates 
evil  from  good.     No  immediate  gain  in  the 
present,  no  hope  of  advantage  in  the  future,, 
can  excuse  the   massacre  of   the  innocent. 
Had  the  slaughter  of  Drogheda  really  been 
the   means   of   permanently   pacifying    the 
whole  of  Ireland,  it  would  have  been  none 
the  less  intrinsically  evil ;  but  the  result  has 
not  been  what  the  victor  hoped  for.   It  would 
be  rash  to  say  what  it  has  been.     There  are 
those  who  trace  a  great  part  of  the  evils 
which  Ireland  underwent  during  two  suc- 
ceeding centuries  to  this  violation  of  natural 
right.     The  most  perverted  casuistry  has  no 
defence  for  actions  such  as  these ;  but  they 
are   not   difficult   of   interpretation   to   any 
one   who   knows   the    spirit   of    the    time. 
We  may  well  believe  that  to    Cromwell's 
mind  there  was  a  full   justification.      He, 
like  all  the  rest  of  England  at   the  time,, 
received  as  simple  truths  the   wild    exag- 
gerations regarding  the  massacre  which  had 
occurred    in  Ireland  a  few  years  before  — 
an    event    terrible  enough    in    itself,    but 
magnified  out  of  all  proportion  by  the  fierce 
religious  hatred  of  the  time.     He,  moreover, 
regarded  the  national  religion  of  the  Irish 
as  a  form  of  idolatry  which  it  was  impos- 
sible to  tolerate  in  a  Protestant  state.     The 
Puritans  with  all  their  many  virtues  pos- 
sessed hardly  any  faculty  for  seeing  religion 
from  any  other  standpoint  than  their  own. 
It  is  by  no  means  easy  for  a  modern  to  com- 
prehend the    power  which    the    letter    of 
Scripture  possessed  in  fashioning  their  con- 
duct.   The  earlier  Reformers  in  their  attacks 
on  Catholic  rites    had  fallen  back  on    the 
denunciations  of  idolatry  to  be  found  in  the 
Old  Testament.  English  Puritanism  accepted 
and  even  exaggerated  this  teaching.    Oliver 
knew  his  Bible  as  few  men  do  to-day ;  his 
heart  had,  no  doubt,  thrilled  from  boyhood 
at  the  wars  of  Joshua  and  the  dealings  of 
Elijah  with  the  prophets  of  Baal ;  to  him  it 
had  become  a  fixed  conviction  that  he  had 
been  raised  up  by  God  to  bestow  peace  on 


874 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


the  land,  and  tread  in  the  footsteps  of  those 
whom  he  believed  to  have  been  directly 
guided  by  the  Most  High. 

This,  we  are  well  aware,  is  not  an  excuse, 
but  we  submit  it  to  be  the  true  interpreta- 
tion of  events  which  have  cast  so  dark  a 
shadow  over  his  otherwise  humane  cha- 
racter. It  is  well  to  remember  also  that 
such  evidence  as  we  have  seems  to  show 
that  during  the  few  years  in  which  he 
exercised  supreme  authority  the  persecution 
of  the  English  Catholics  was  less  severe 
than  it  was  either  before  or  afterwards.  It 
was,  then,  by  no  means  personal  hatred 
which  stimulated  him  to  the  atrocities  of 
the  Irish  campaign.  That  Oliver  never 
attained  to  the  modern  idea  of  toleration 
is,  of  course,  obvious.  We  doubt,  indeed, 
whether  any  one  of  his  day  did  so,  but  that 
in  practice  he  approached  near  to  it  is 
beyond  doubt.  Mr.  Gardiner  sums  up  the 
matter  in  the  following  striking  passage  : — 

"  How  earnestly  Cromwell  desired  to  set  con- 
viction before  force  is  known  to  all.  He  had 
broken  the  Presbyterian  and  Calvinistic  chains, 
and  liad  declared  his  readiness  to  see  Moham- 
medanism professed  in  England  rather  than  that 
the  least  of  the  saints  of  God  should  suffer 
wrong.  Yet  he  dared  not  give  equal  ^liberty  to 
all.  To  the  Royalists  his  person  was  hateful  as 
the  murderer  of  the  king,  as  the  general  whose 
army  had  despoiled  them  of  their  property,  and 
as  the  violator  of  '  the  known  laws  '  of  the  land. 
How,  then,  could  he  tolerate  the  religion  of  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  which  had  become 
the  badge  of  Royalism  ?  It  is  true  that  the 
tide  of  persecution  rose  and  fell,  and  that  it  was 
never  very  violent  even  at  its  worst ;  but  it  is 
also  true  that  it  could  never  be  disowned.  There 
was  to  be  complete  freedom  for  those  who  were 
Puritans,  little  or  none  for  those  who  were  not. 
Liberty  of  Religion  was  to  be  co-extensive  with 
the  safety  of  the  State.  It  was  a  useful  formula, 
but  hardly  more  when  the  safety  of  the  State 
meant  the  predominance  of  the  army,  and  the 
head  of  the  State  dared  not  throw  himself  on  a 
free  Parliament  to  give  him  a  new  basis  of 
authority." 

Mr.  Gardiner  has  studied  the  Protector's 
foreign  policy  with  great  thoroughness. 
It  was  impossible  to  do  so  until  very  re- 
cently, and  we  are  not  aware  that  any  one 
has  worked  in  the  newly  opened  mines  so 
long  and  so  carefully  as  he  has  done.  His 
opinions  are  worthy  of  respectful  attention, 
but  the  last  words  have  not  been  said  as 
yet  on  this  most  involved  subject.  We 
referred  to  it  when  we  criticized  the  second 
volume  of  Mr.  Gardiner's  '  History  of  the 
Commonwealth  and  Protectorate '  {Athen. 
No.  3653).       

The  Book  of  the  Dead.  The  Egyptian  Text 
according  to  the  Theban  Recension.  By 
E.  A.  Wallis  Budge,  Litt.D.  3  vols. 
(Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 

It  appears  idle  to  hope  at  present  for  a 
definitive  version  of  '  The  Book  of  the  Dead.' 
The  late  Dr.  Birch  made  the  first  attempt 
in  1867  by  rendering  into  English,  for 
Bunsen's  great  work  on  Egypt,  the  whole  of 
the  Turin  Papyrus.  M.  Pierrot  improved 
on  this  in  1881  in  a  French  version  of  the 
same  papyrus,  made  after  careful  collation 
with  the  other  texts  of  the  same  kind  in  the 
Musee  du  Louvre.  But  both  these  efforts 
were  conBned  in  the  main  to  but  one 
example,  which  belongs,  moreover,  to  the 
period  of  the  very  last  native  dynasty  that 


ruled  in  Egypt.  At  the  (London)  Orientalist 
Congress  of  1874  it  was  decided  to  attempt 
the  publication  of  a  '  Book  of  the  Dead,' 
compiled  from  all  the  texts  of  whatever 
date  then  extant,  and  the  task  was  entrusted 
to  the  capable  hands  of  M.  Naville.  But 
M.  Naville  found  the  swarms  of  papyri  of 
late  date  too  numerous  to  deal  with,  and 
when  his  *  Todtenbuch '  was  published  in 
1886  it  was  found  to  contain  only  examples  of 
the  Theban  period,  or,  in  other  woi'ds,  of  the 
eighteenth  and  the  two  succeeding  dynasties. 
These  Sir  Peter  Eenouf  set  to  work  in  1891 
to  translate,  collating  them  with  many  other 
papyri  discovered  after  the  appearance  of 
M.  Naville's  work,  and  the  task  was  nearly 
complete  at  the  regretted  death  of  the  ex- 
Keeper  of  Oriental  Antiquities  a  few  weeks 
ago.  But  since  the  beginning  of  Sir  Peter 
Penouf's  translation  additional  texts  have 
become  accessible.  The  Papyrus  of  Ani, 
the  most  ornate  copy  of  the  Theban  '  Book 
of  the  Dead '  yet  to  hand,  was  bought  by 
the  British  Museum  in  1888,  and  its  pur- 
chase was  followed  in  1890  by  that  of  the 
still  more  important  Papyrus  of  Nu.  Both 
these  have  now  been  deciphered  and  studied, 
and  with  their  aid  Sir  Peter  Renouf's  suc- 
cessor. Dr.  Budge,  has  been  able  to  produce 
the  three  thick  volumes  before  us.  They 
contain  the  hieroglyphic  text,  a  translation, 
and  a  vocabulary  of  a  '  Book  of  the  Dead ' 
which  may  fairly  claim  to  be  the  most 
complete  yet  published. 

A  glance  at  Dr.  Budge's  translation  will 
convince  any  one  of  the  difficulty  of  making 
such  a  work  intelligible  to  those  who  are  not 
Egyptologists.  '  The  Book  of  the  Dead  '  is 
known  to  the  majority  of  readers  as  the 
collection  of  religious  texts  generally  found 
in  Egyptian  tombs;  but  it  was  really  a  great 
deal  more  than  this.  It  was,  in  effect,  a 
corpus  of  magical  prayers  and  spells  by  which 
the  dead  Egyptian  hoped  to  attain  to  a  life 
beyond  the  tomb  and  to  happiness  in  the 
next  world.  Without  its  aid  it  was  held 
that  his  spiritual  part  could  neither  come 
forth  from  the  tomb  nor  make  its  way 
through  all  opponents  to  the  Hall  of  Judg- 
ment, nor  defend  itself  there  before  the  grim 
Judge  of  the  Dead,  nor  even  when  "justi- 
fied "  claim  a  share  in  the  offerings  of  food 
made  to  the  gods,  without  which  it  would 
surely  suffer  "the  second  death"  and  con- 
sequent annihilation.  Such  a  belief  seems 
to  have  been  coeval  with  Egyptian  civiliza- 
tion, and  we  find  many  of  the  chapters  of 
*  The  Book  of  the  Dead '  carved  upon  the 
tombs  of  the  pyramid-building  kings  of  the 
fifth  dynasty.  But  a  belief  which  thus 
endured  for  forty-five  centuries  must  needs 
undergo  frequent  changes,  and  the  many 
foreign  invaders  who  preceded  Alexander  all 
left  their  marks  upon  the  Egyptian  theology. 
Hence  it  happened  that  several  chapters 
which  were  once  stamped  with  the  grossest 
materialism  came  to  be  interpreted  by  later 
ages  in  a  mystical  or  non-natural  sense ; 
that  others  ceased  to  be  intelligible,  even 
to  the  professional  scribes  who  reproduced 
them ;  and  that  others  which  perhaps  afforded 
keys  to  the  explanation  of  the  rest  drojiped 
out  altogether  from  the  later  recensions. 
Those  who  have  noted  the  change  which 
has  generally  come  over  educated  Eng- 
lish opinion  with  regard  to  such  doc- 
trines as  the  existence  of  an  evil  principle 
and   a  material  hell   can   form   some  idea 


of  the  difficulty  of  placing  anything  like 
a  consistent  interpretation  on  the  text 
before  us. 

That  this  difficulty  has  been  altogether 
overcome  by  Dr.  Budge  it  would  be  idle  to 
assert.  Sir  Peter  Renouf,  indeed,  accom- 
panied his  translation  by  a  running  com- 
mentary representing  the  most  approved 
opinions  of  scholars  of  his  day.  But  then 
he  was  writing  for  a  learned  society  whose 
members  might  be  supposed  to  have  at  least 
an  elementary  knowledge  of  the  history  and 
language  of  ancient  Egypt.  Dr.  Budge, 
whose  translation  is  avowedly  made  "for 
popular  use,"  can  assume  no  such  know- 
ledge on  the  part  of  his  readers,  and  he 
therefore  contents  himself  with  an  introduc- 
tion dealing  with  the  most  salient  points 
of  the  Egyptian  religion.  Here  he  steers  a 
middle  course  between  the  extreme  theories 
of  M.  Amelineau  on  the  one  hand,  and  of 
Herr  Wiedemann  on  the  other,  so  that  we 
are  not  startled  by  such  propositions  as  that 
the  Christian  Church,  instead  of  converting 
the  heathen  Egyptians,  itself  adopted  their 
beliefs,  or  that  the  Egyptians  never  at  any 
time  possessed  a  consistent  religion,  but 
only  a  disjointed  body  of  religious  ideas. 
He  explains  clearly  the  essentially  Egyptian 
doctrines  of  the  resurrection  of  the  soul 
and  its  fourfold  nature,  as  also  the 
theory  of  magic  which  led  to  the  burial 
of  books  and  amulets  with  the  corpse.  He 
is  careful,  too,  to  claim  for  the  Egyptians 
the  monotheistic  tendency  with  which  most 
students  of  their  religion  are  inclined  to 
credit  them.  But  when  all  this  is  said, 
he  finds  himself  bound  to  confess  that  there 
were  manj'  apparent  inconsistencies  in  their 
beliefs  which  cannot  be  explained  in  our 
present  state  of  knowledge,  and  that  we 
must  wait  for  further  discoveries  for  their 
elucidation.  If  the  one  "  eternal,  immortal, 
and  invisible  "  Creator  whom  the  Egyptians 
worshipped  possessed,  as  Dr.  Budge  asserts, 
"  all  the  essential  attributes  of  the  Chris- 
tian's God,"  how  could  they  think  that  their 
chance  of  future  happiness  depended  on  the 
parrot-like  knowledge  of  the  mere  names  of 
hundreds  of  inferior  deities  ?  And  if  they 
believed  that  the  burying  of  certain  spells 
with  the  deceased  caused  him  to  become  a 
god,  why  did  they  resort  to  the  tedious  and 
expensive  process  of  embalming  as  well  ? 
To  such  questions  as  these  Dr.  Budge's 
introduction  gives  no  answer. 

From  the  literary  standpoint  there  is  not, 
perhaps,  much  to  be  said  for  Dr.  Budge's 
translation,  because,  as  he  tells  us  in  the 
preface,  he  has  purposely  made  it  as  literal 
as  possible,  so  that  the  reader  may  "  judge 
for  himself  the  contents  of  the  Theban  'Book 
of  the  Dead.'  "  Faithfulness  to  the  original 
is  no  doubt  a  virtue  in  a  translator,  but  in 
a  popular  version  of  a  sacred  text  some 
attempt  should  be  made  to  preserve  a  cer- 
tain grace  of  diction  as  well.  That  this 
need  not  interfere  with  accuracy  is  apparent 
from  the  work  of  Dr.  Budge's  predecessors. 
Thus  M.  de  Horrack,  in  rendering  into 
French  a  '  Book  of  the  Dead'  of  the  Grsoco- 
Roman  period,  begins  : — 

"  Oh  Osiris  N —  [the  name  of  the  deceased], 
tu  es  pur,  ton  creurest  pur,  la  partie  ant^rieure 
de  ton  corps  est  pure,  la  partie  posterieure  de 
ton  corps  est  pure  !  Ton  intdrieur  est  tout 
niyrrhe  et  tout  natron.  II  n'y  a  membre  de 
toi  qui  soit  en  etat  de  peche," 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


875 


lienouf. 
"  I  subsist  upon  Righteous- 
ness :  I  sate  myself  with 
uprightness  of  heart.  I  have 
done  that  which  man  pre- 
scribeth  and  that  which 
pleaseth  the  gods.  I  have 
propitiated  the  god  with  that 
which  he  lovetb." 


a  passage  which,  is  thus  rendered  by  Dr. 
Budge :  — 

"Hail,    Osiris Thou   art    pure,   and    thy 

heart  is  pure.  The  foreparts  of  thee  are  pure, 
thy  hindparts  are  cleansed,  and  thy  interior  is 
made  clean  with  heel  incense  and  natron.  No 
member  of  thine  hath  any  defect  whatsoever." 

Or  we  may  put  his  rendering  of  the  famous 
"  Negative  Confession  "  in  chap.  cxxv.  of 
the  Theban  recension  side  by  side  with  that 
of  Sir  Peter  Eenouf.     Thus  : — 

Budge. 
"  I  live  upon  right  and 
truth,  and  1  feed  upon  right 
and  truth.  I  have  performed 
the  commandments  of  mea 
as  well  as  the  things  whereat 
are  gratified  the  gods.  I 
have  made  the  god  to  be  at 
ppaoe  with  me  by  doing  that 
which  is  his  will." 

Both  passages  present  some  difficulties,  but 
their  latest  translator  has  certainly  not  erred 
on  the  side  of  elegance. 

There  is,  however,  a  point  of  view  from 
which  Dr.  Budge's  work  deserves  almost 
unqualified  praise.  Among  the  crowd  of 
Englishmen  who  now  visit  Egypt  for  amuse- 
ment or  health,  there  are  many  who  wish 
to  acquire  some  knowledge,  however  slight, 
of  the  ancient  Egyptian  language,  in 
order  to  give  them  a  greater  interest 
in  the  antiquities  of  the  country.  But 
such  of  the  hieroglyphic  texts  as  have 
hitherto  been  transcribed  are  for  the  most 
part  buried  in  huge  folios  to  be  found 
only  in  museums,  and  this  has  proved  a 
serious  obstacle  to  their  study.  Dr.  Budge 
has  already  been  of  service  to  this  con- 
stantly increasing  class  of  students  by  the 
publication  of  his  '  First  Steps  in  Egyptian  ' 
and  *  Egyptian  Eeading  -  Book,'  and  his 
*  Book  of  the  Dead '  should  be  cordially 
welcomed  by  them.  Even  to  more  advanced 
students  it  supplies  in  a  more  convenient 
form  than  usual  a  great  number  of  care- 
fully transcribed  texts,  and  they  may  learn 
much  from  the  generously  ample  voca- 
bulary which  forms  part  of  it.  As  regards 
external  matters,  the  plates  which  accom- 
pany the  translation  are  a  great  help  to  the 
understanding  of  the  text,  and  are  well 
drawn  and  reproduced,  though  the  manner 
in  which  they  are  bound  leaves  something 
to  be  desired.  The  three  volumes  are  well 
and  clearly  printed  by  Mr.  Holzhausen,  of 
Vienna,  to  whom  Dr.  Budge  returns  special 
thanks  in  his  preface.  Although  we  admit 
that  English  proof  -  readers  are  not  so 
accomplished  in  such  matters  as  their 
continental  brethren,  we  regret  that  Dr. 
Budge  had  to  go  so  far  for  a  printer,  all 
the  Egyptian  publications  of  the  British 
Museum  being,  so  far  as  we  know,  printed 
in  England.  In  his  transliteration  of  Egyp- 
tian words  it  is  pleasant  to  see  that  Dr. 
Budge  has  avoided  the  worst  excesses  of  the 
later  school  of  English  Egyptologists,  who 
by  too  lavish  a  use  of  diacritical  marks  do 
but  replace  one  system  of  hieroglyphics  by 
another.  But  he  is  not  altogether  guiltless 
in  this  matter.  There  are,  for  instance, 
three  alphabetic  signs  which  correspond, 
according  to  him,  to  the  sounds  represented 
by  the  English  letters  t,  d,  and  tch,  the 
last  named  being  surely  more  like  the  dj 
of  the  Coptic  letter  dj'andfa.  Yet  he  trans- 
literates them  all  by  t,  marking  it  in  the 
second  case  with  a  point  under,  and  in  the 
last  named  with  an  acute  accent  over  the 
English  letter.     As  often  neither  point  nor 


accent  can  be  seen  by  unspectacled  eyes, 
this  is  carrying  the  imitation  of  German 
pedantry  rather  far. 


Richard  Uussey  Vivian,  First  Baron  Vivian : 
a  Memoir.  By  the  Hon.  Claud  Vivian. 
(Isbister  &  Co.) 

Lord  Vivian  was  a  good  and  distinguished 
officer,  but  he  cannot  lay  claim  to  be  con- 
sidered a  great  commander  of  cavalry. 
Indeed,  great  leaders  of  cavalry  are  rare 
in  every  country — more  rare,  in  fact,  than 
great  commanders  of  armies,  for  though 
the  qualifications  which  enable  a  man  to 
shine  as  a  commander  of  cavalry  are  of 
a  lower,  yet  they  are  of  a  more  special 
nature  than  those  of  the  general-in-chief 
of  an  army.  To  a  certain  extent  a  chief 
of  cavalry,  like  a  poet,  is  born,  not  made, 
and  great  leaders  of  cavalry  in  the  English 
army  during  the  last  two  and  a  half  cen- 
turies may  be  counted  on  the  fingers  of  one 
hand.  Cromwell  was  perhaps  the  greatest, 
Marlborough  also  knew  how  to  handle 
horsemen  with  effect,  and  a  high  place  may 
be  assigned  to  Lord  Ligonier  and  the  Mar- 
quis of  Granby.  The  list  is  completed  by 
the  name  of  Lord  Combermere,  the  only 
eminent  leader  of  cavalry  who  came  to  the 
front  in  the  British  army  dui-ing  the  great 
war  which  ended  in  1815.  Yet  though  Lord 
Vivian  was  not  an  eminent  cavalry  chief, 
he  saw  much  and  varied  active  service  ;  he 
was  better  educated  than  most  of  his  brother 
officers,  and  his  remarks  on  men  and  matters 
are  acute  and  worthy  of  attention. 

Born  at  Truro  in  1775,  he,  after  a  few 
months  at  the  local  grammar  school,  spent 
three  years  at  Harrow,  followed  by  two 
terms  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  his  educa- 
tion being  completed  in  France.  There,  how- 
ever, doubtless  owing  to  the  disturbed  state 
of  the  country,  he  remained  only  a  few 
months.  His  father,  a  lawyer  of  some 
repute,  wished  him  to  go  to  the  bar,  and  he 
was  articled  to  a  solicitor  at  Devon  port;  but 
the  knowledge  he  picked  up  of  military  life 
in  a  garrison  town  induced  him  to  adopt  the 
army  as  a  profession,  and  in  1793  he  was 
gazetted  ensign  in  the  20th  Foot.  After  a 
few  months'  home  service,  interrupted  only 
by  the  abortive  expedition  to  the  coast  of 
Brittany  in  support  of  the  Royalists,  Hussey 
Vivian  was,  in  May,  1794,  promoted  to  a 
company  in  the  28tli  Regiment,  with  which 
he  took  part  in  campaigns  in  France, 
Belgium,  and  Holland.  In  the  autumn  of 
1796  the  regiment  went  to  Gibraltar,  and 
Capt.  Vivian  exchanged  subsequently  into 
the  7  th  Light  Dragoons,  and  took  part 
in  the  short  and  unsuccessful  expedition  to 
the  Helder  in  1799.  In  March,  1800,  he 
became  regimental  major  after  less  thaii 
seven  years'  total  service.  Then  ensued 
eight  years  of  home  service,  distinguished 
by  only  two  incidents.  One  was  his  run- 
away match  with  a  daughter  of  Philip 
Champion  de  Crespigny,  of  Aldborough ; 
the  other,  a  most  gallant  rescue  of  a  drown- 
ing man  at  Woodbridge.  In  1804  he  was 
promoted  to  the  lieutenant-colonelcy  of  the 
25th  Light  Dragoons,  but  three  months 
later  exchanged  back  into  the  7th  Hussars, 
which  he  commanded  in  Sir  John  Moore's 
campaign  in  Spain.  The  regiment  belonged 
to  General  Baird's  corps.  In  the  brilliant 
action  at    Sahagun,   Col.   Vivian  was   not 


engaged,  though  he  received  the  gold  medal 
for  that  occasion,  the  explanation  being,  we 
imagine,  that  the  7th  Hussars  were  repre- 
sented by  an  officer  and  twelve  men.  He 
gives,  however,  the  following  brief  account 
of  the  action  : — 

^^  December   :2l.- — On    this   morning,    Lieut. - 
General  Lord  Paget,  with  the  15th  Regiment  of 
Hussars,  marched  at  one  o'clock  from  Melgar 
Abaxo    in  order  to  attack  a  French  regiment 
quartered     at     Sahagun.       He     succeeded     in 
arriving  there  at  daybreak  in  the  morning  and 
just  as  the  regiment  had   turned   out,   having 
heard  from  an  advanced  post,  with  which  his  lord- 
ship had  fallen  in  and  of  whom  he  had  taken 
six  —  being  half  only  —  that  the  English  were 
advancing.     He    therefore    found    the    enemy 
prepared    for    him,    and    the    two    regiments, 
French  and  15th,  trotted  in  column  alongside 
of  each  other  for  a  short  distance,  until  Lord 
Paget  thought  he  had  outflanked  them  on  the 
side   where  their  retreat  lay,  when  he  halted, 
wheeled    into   line,    and    charged.     They    also 
formed   their  line   and  stood  firm,  but  it  was 
only  for  a  short  time  ;  they  were  soon  broken, 
and  a  general  rout  ensued.     They  lost  in  killed 
and   wounded   and   prisoners   about    220 ;    the 
English,    none    killed,    fourteen    wounded,    of 
which    number   were    Lieut.  -  Col.  Grant    and 
Adjutant  Jones.     The  number  of  the  15th  was 
about  500  ;  the  French  between  600  and  700. 
Their  two  Lieut. -Cols,  and  eleven  officers  were 
made  prisoners." 

He  played  an  active  part  in  the  cavalry 
affair  at  Benavente  eight  days  later. 

Writing  on  the  1st  of  January,  1809, 
Lieut. -Col.  Vivian  observes  : — 

"  The  conduct  of  the  British  soldier  thus  far 
had,  although  in  some  instances  very  irregular, 
been  in  general  otherwise  ;  but  at  Villa  Franca 
it  became  extremely  bad." 

To  check  outrages  three  men  of  the  7  th 
were  arrested  for  plundering,  and  were 
required  to  cast  lots  which  one  of  them 
should  suffer  death.  The  unlucky  one 
met  his  fate  with  fortitude.  In  the  retreat 
from  Lugo,  Lieut. -Col.  Vivian  and  his 
regiment  formed  the  rearguard,  and  he  thus 
describes  the  scenes  which  he  witnessed  : — 

"The  commissary  stores  previous  to  our 
departure  had  been  so  short  as  to  admit  of 
one  day's  bread  only  being  delivered,  and  even 
this  some  regiments  did  not  receive.  But  even 
still,  hunger  was  the  least  of  the  poor  soldiers' 
sufferings  ;  want  of  rest,  want  of  shoes,  wretched 
roads,  and  heavy  rain  filled  up  the  sum  of  their 
miseries.  Although  I  left  the  advanced  posts, 
which  were  four  miles  in  advance  of  the  town, 
full  four  hours  after  the  retreat  of  our  army,  I 
found  the  houses  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town 
full  of  stragglers.  Many  of  these  I  succeeded 
in  driving  out  by  force  or  persuasion.  Others 
were  so  ill  «,nd  harassed  that  nothing  could 
move  them.  From  this  instant  the  road  pre- 
sented one  constant  string  of  stragglers,  many 
of  whom  no  efforts  of  ours  could  drive  before 
us  ;  although  the  certain  consequence  of  their 
dropping  behind  was  their  becoming  prisoners, 
as  the  enemy  would  certainly  follow  early  in  the 
morning.  Every  house  was  full  (I  may  say, 
out  of  some  we  drove  upwards  of  a  hundred)  of 
these  stragglers,  and  such  was  the  state  of  care- 
lessness and  the  total  want  of  spirit  occasioned 
by  fatigue,  &c.,  that  on  being  told  that  the 
enemy  would  certainly  shoot  them,  many  re- 
plied, '  They  may  shoot  us,  sir,  as  you  may 
shoot  us,  but  we  cannot  stir '  ;  and  although 
there  were  many  instances  in  which  our  men 
actually  proceeded  to  severe  measures  to  force 
the  people  on,  hundreds  remained  immovable  ; 
of  these  several  were  almost  in  a  dying  state, 
and  two  or  three  were  found  actually  dead. 
Wherever  they  found  straw  they  rolled  them- 
selves up  in  it,  and  although  our  men  rode  in 


876 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3C61,  Dec.  25, '97 


upon   them   they  would  not  cry  out  ;    and  we 
found    the   only  means  was  to  prick  with    our 
swords   in    order   to   discover  them    and  make 
them  stir.     The  road  presented  a  spectacle  even 
more   distressing.     Fine    fellows,    willing    and 
anxious  to  get  on,  their  feet  bleeding  for  want 
of  shoes,  and  totally  incapable  of  keeping  up  ; 
others,    whose    spirit    was    better    than    their 
strength,  actually  striving  till  the  last  to  join 
their  battalions,  and  several  of  this  description 
perished  in  the  attempt.    I  myself  saw  five  dead 
on  the  roadside,  and  two  women,  whilst  every 
now  and  then  you  met  with  a  poor  unfortunate 
woman,  perhaps  with  a  child  in  her  arms,  with- 
out shoes  or  stockings,  knee  deep  in  mud,  crying 
most  piteously  for  that  assistance  which,  alas  ! 
we  could  not  afiFord  her.     One  poor  wretch  of 
this  description  actually  died  with  two  children 
at  her  breast,  one  of  whom  was  also  dead,  and 
the  second  would  have  shared  the  fate  of  its — I 
may  say,  under  the  circumstances— happy  little 
relative." 


The  retreat  upon  Astorga  was,  in  Vivian's 
opinion,  unavoidably  rapid  : — 

"From     Astorga    this    hurry    appeared    no 
longer  necessary.     The  strength  of  the  country 
— full  of  defiles,  and  consequently  defensible  by 
a  small  body  against  even  a  very  superior  force, 
with  the  circumstance  of  its  containing  only  one 
road  passable  for  artillery— rendered  the  retreat 
of  our  army  at  its  leisure  perfectly  feasible  ;  the 
more  so  as  the  road  leading  to  Orense,  which 
was  the  only  one  by  which  it  was  possible  for 
an   enemy  to  advance  on   our  flanks,  was  de- 
fensible by  a  very  small  body  of  light  troops. 
This  circumstance,  however,  never  appears   to 
have   entered  the  head  of  the  Commander-in- 
Chief,  and  perhaps  the  greatest  error  committed 
was  the  manner  in  which  he  hurried  his  retreat 
from    Astorga.     It   is  true    that  to    the    flank 
he  detached  Brig. -Gen.  Crawfurd  with  a  light 
corps  ;  but  they  retreated  as  fast  as  the  main 
body  ;    and  from  this  rapidity  of  retreat  arose 
that  dreadful   system   of   straggling,  and   that 
complete  state  of  disorganization  in  which,  to 
quote  Sir  John's   own   orders,   the   army    was 
thrown.     Had   two   or   three   bodies    of    light 
troops  been  formed  into  rear-guards,  to  relieve 
each  other  and  defend  each  pass  ;  and  had  the 
three  days'  halt  at  Lugo  been   dispensed  with 
and  added  to  the  marching  days  ;    had  every 
bridge  that  possibly  could  have  been  destroyed 
been  destroyed,  instead  of  having  made  away 
with    the    entrenching   tools    and    placed    the 
engineers  in  the  ridiculous  situation  of  attempt- 
ing to  destroy  them,  and  that  without  efi"ect  ; 
had  the  passes  over  the  mountains  been  scarped, 
which  might  easily  have  been  efi"ected  ;  the  army 
might   have   retired    at   its    leisure    and    have 
avoided  the  severe  losses  it  experienced,  which 
amounted  to  scarcely  less  than  5,000  men.     I 
am  well  aware  of  the  difliculties  that  presented 
themselves  towards  the  feeding  of   the  army  ; 
but  a  tolerable  commissariat  would  easily  have 
placed  provisions  for  two  days  in  such  places 
that  the  army  never  need  have  had  the  slightest 
want ;  and  indeed  I  am  fully  persuaded  that  the 
rapidity  of  the  march  added  to  the  difficulty  on 
this  head,  instead  of  taking  from  it.    By  a  little 
arrangement  also,  shoes,   of  which  there   were 
plenty,  might  have  been  supplied  to  the  troops, 
instead   of   its   being  necessary,  as  was    really 
done,  to  destroy  both  provisions  and  clothing 
to  prevent  them  falling  into  the  enemy's  hands." 

There  is  an  absence  of  letters  till 
August,  1813,  when  he  again  embarked 
for  the  Peninsula,  and  in  September 
joined  the  army  in  the  north  of  Spain, 
where  presently  he  was  given  the  command 
of  a  cavalry  brigade.  Constantly  in  contact 
with  the  enemy  and  frequently  engaged, 
at  Croix  d'Orade  he  gained  great  credit 
from  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  who  thus 
mentioned  his  conduct  in  despatches  : — 


"The  18th  Hussars  under  the  immediate 
command  of  Col.  Vivian  had  an  opportunity  of 
making  a  most  gallant  attack  upon  a  superior 
body  of  the  enemy's  cavalry,  which  they  drove 
through  the  village  of  Croix  d'Orade  and  took 
about  100  prisoners  and  gave  us  possession  of 
an  important  bridge  over  the  Ers,  by  which  it 
Avas  necessary  to  pass  to  attack  the  enemy's 
position." 

Col.  Vivian,  just  after  he  had  ordered  the 
charge,  was  disabled  by  a  carbine  shot. 
Napier  assigns  the  credit  of  the  charge  to 
the  commanding  officer  of  the  18th  Hussars, 
whereas  the  order  to  charge  had  been  given 
by  the  brigadier.  At  all  events  Welling- 
ton, it  will  be  seen,  did  him  justice.  His 
wound  was  so  severe  that  he  was  unable 
to  take  any  further  part  in  the  campaign. 
Indeed,  his  arm  was  still  useless  fifteen 
months  later  at  Waterloo. 

At   Waterloo   Sir    Hussey   Vivian    com- 
manded a  brigade  consisting  of  the  10th  and 
18th  Hussars  and  the  1st  Hussars,  K.G.L., 
the  two  latter  having  served  under  him  in 
the  Peninsular  war.   He  was  at  the  Duchess 
of  Richmond's  ball  when  he  heard  of  the 
advance  of  the  French,  and  at  once  returned 
to  his  brigade,  whence  he  marched  at  day- 
break   by   dreadful   roads    forty   miles    to 
Quatrebras,   too   late   to   take   part  in    the 
fighting.     On  the  17  th  he  retreated  steadily 
before    a     considerable     body    of     French 
horsemen,  and  on  the  18th  his  brigade  was 
placed  on  the  extreme  left  of   the  British 
line,  Sir   John  Vandeleur's  brigade    being 
close  to  it  on  the  right,  the  villages  in  their 
front  being   occupied   by  small   bodies    of 
infantry.     During   the    early   part   of    the 
battle   Vivian's   and   Vandeleur's    brigades 
stood  dismounted  in  rear  of  the  main  ridge, 
suffering  little  loss,  though  a  shot  or  shell 
fell    occasionally    amongst    them.      About 
the  beginning  of  the  battle  Lord  Anglesey 
sent  injunctions  to  Vandeleur   and  Vivian 
to  engage  the  enemy  whenever  they  could 
do  so  with  advantage  without  waiting  for 
orders,  and   we   have   Vandeleur's   written 
statement  in  support  of  this  assertion.  When 
about    2   P.M.  the   Household    and   Union 
brigades  had  been  practically  wrecked  by 
pushing  their  charges  too  far,   Vandeleur, 
who  was  nearest,  brought  up  his  brigade, 
and,  though  somewhat  retarded  by  a  hollow 
road  on  his  right  flank,  arrived  in  time  to 
check  the  pursuing  French,  and  forced  them 
up  the  hill  again.     Vivian,  who  had  ridden 
forward   to  observe  what  was   happening, 
saw  the  disordered  state  into  which    Pon- 
sonby's  brigade  had  fallen,  and  at  once  sent 
back  word  by  a  staff  officer  to  the  10  th  and 
18th   to  move    to  their   right,  leaving  the 
1st  K.G.L.  to  lookout  to  the  left.  Indeed,  he 
was  not  particularly  anxious  about  that  flank, 
as  he  knew  that  the  Prussians  were  close 
at  hand.     Hindered  by  the  hollow  road,  he 
did  not  reach  that  part  of  the  crest  whence 
Ponsonby  had  commenced  his   charge  till 
Vandeleur  had  done  all  that  was  necessary. 
Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  in  his  '  Cavalry  in  the 
Waterloo   Campaign/   tells    the    following 
story: — 

"  When  the  Prussian  military  attache,  seeing 
what  was  likely  to  occur,  urged  Vandeleur  and 
Vivian  to  move  to  the  support  of  the  Union 
brigade,  they  both  declined,  saying,  '  Alas  !  we 
dare  not  move  without  orders';  and  Miifiling 
eventually,  having  left  them  before  Vandeleur 
moved,  remained  for  years  under  the  impression 
that  neither  had  advanced." 


Sir  Evelyn  Wood  does  not  mention  his 
authority  for  a  statement  which  is  evidently 
incorrect,  but  it  is  taken  from  Miiffling's 
memoirs.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  both 
Vandeleur  and  Vivian  did  move.  We  think 
that  we  can  clear  up  the  error.  Somewhere 
about  6  P.M.,  Vivian  tells  us,  learning 

"that  the  cavalry  in  the  centre  had  8ufi"ered 
terribly,  and  the  Prussians  having  by  that  time 
formed  to  my  left,  I  took  upon  myself  to  move 
ofl"  from  our  left,  and  moved  directly  to  the 
centre  of  our  line,  where  I  arrived  most  oppor- 
tunely, at  the  instant  that  Buonaparte  was 
making  his  last  and  most  desperate  effort  ;  and 
never  did  I  witness  anything  so  terrific  ;  the 
ground  actually  covered  with  dead  and  dying, 
cannon  shots  and  shells  flying  thicker  than  I 
ever  heard  even  musketry  before,  and  our 
troops  — some  of  them — giving  way.  In  this 
state  of  affairs  I  wheeled  my  brigade  into  line 
close  (within  ten  yards)  in  the  rear  of  our 
infantry,  prepared  to  charge  the  instant  they 
had  retreated  through  my  intervals.  (The  three 
squadron  officers  of  the  10th  were  wounded  at 
this  instant.)  My  doing  this,  however,  gave 
them  confidence,  and  the  brigade,  which  was 
literally  running  away,  halted  on  our  cheering 
them,  and  again  began  firing." 

For  half  an  hour  he  remained  exposed  to  a 
most  dreadful  fire,  but  he  saved  the  centre 
from  being  broken.  Siborne  says  that 
Vivian,  finding  that  there  was  nothing  to 
be  feared  on  the  extreme  left,  and  hearing 
that  fresh  cavalry  were  needed  in  the  centre, 
proposed  to  Vandeleur  that  the  two  brigades 
should  move  towards  the  centre.  Vandeleur 
declined  to  move  without  orders,  so  Vivian 
set  out  with  his  own  brigade.  On  the  way 
he  met  Lord  Uxbridge,  "who  was  much, 
pleased  to  find  the  Duke's  wishes  had  been 
thus  anticipated,  and  sent  orders  to  Van- 
deleur to  follow."  Clearly  Sir  Evelyn  Wood 
has  mixed  up  this  second  movement  to  the 
right  with  the  first  movement  made  four 
hours  previously.  Thus  the  discrepancy  is 
explained. 

Up  to  this  time  Vivian  had  suffered  com- 
paratively little,  and  had  not  once  charged. 
His  opportunity  came  at  last,  and  he  had 
fighting  enough  to  satisfy  a   glutton.     At 
nightfall,  after  the  repulse  of  the  Imperial 
Guard  and  the  flank  movement  of  Adams's 
brigade,  the  Duke  ordered  Vivian  to  thefront, 
at  the  same  time  giving  instructions  for  a 
general  advance,  and  Vivian  passed  along 
the  front  of  Vandeleur's  brigade.    When  he 
reached  the  bottom  of  the  valley  he  perceived 
"  the  French  retiring  up  the  hill  and  along 
the  high  road,  covered  by  their  guns,  two 
large  bodies  of  cavalry,  and  two  squares  of 
infantry."      Under  a  heavy  fire   of   grape 
from  the  artillery,  and  musketry  from  the 
squares,  he  led  the  10th  against  a  body  of 
cuirassiers  and  lancers  on  the  French  left. 
"  Having  seen  them  fairly  in,"  he  galloped 
back  to  the  18th,  who  had  been  halted  by 
his  orders,  and  attacked  a  body  of  cuirassiers 
on  the  French  right.  These  also  were  routed 
and  the  artillerymen  were  cut  down  at  their 
guns,  fourteen  of  which  were  captured.    He 
then  came  to  a  squadron  of  the  10th,  which 
Major  Howard  had  rallied,  the  rest  of  the  regi- 
ment being  dispersed,  many  following  the 
routed  enemy,  and  ordered  Howard  to  charge 
a  French  square  that  remained  intact.  Vivian 
had  at  first  hesitated  to  attack  these  resolute 
men,  who  refused  to  acknowledge  defeat,  but, 
observing  some  of  our  own  infantry  approach- 
ing, reckoned  on   their  help.     The  square 
was  not  broken  (Howard  was  killed  in  the 


N-'Seei,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


877 


charge),  but  gradually  pushed  into  a  ravine, 
where  in  the  darkness  and  confusion  it 
scattered  and  mingled  with  the  crowd  of 
fugitives  rushing  to  the  rear.  In  the  mean 
time  Vivian  had  himself  brought  up  the 
2nd  Hussars,  K.G.L.  He  proceeded  in 
pursuit,  followed  by  the  rest  of  the  brigade. 
When  Vivian  was  leading  half  the  Ist 
Hussars,  K.G.L. ,  he  was  passed  by  Sir  John 
Vandeleur's  brigade,  and  a  conversation  be- 
tween the  two  commanders  took  place.  In  the 
course  of  it  Vandoleur  showed  much  anger 
at  Vivian's  having  a  few  minutes  previously 
sent  an  A.D.C.  to  request  him  (Vandeleur) 
to  come  on  and  support  Vivian's  brigade. 
Vandeleur,  Vivian  writes,  said  "  I  had  no 
business  to  send  orders  to  my  senior 
officer."  But  Vivian  declares  that  he  sent  no 
orders,  only  a  request.  He  considered  that 
sufficient  appreciation  was  not  shown  of 
the  exploits  of  his  brigade  at  the  close  of 
the  battle,  and  that  Vandeleur  received  too 
great  a  share  of  the  credit.  Sir  John 
Vandeleur  himself,  in  a  memorandum  on 
the  subject,  written  in  1836,  says  of  the 
force  under  his  orders : — 

"It  then  supported  Vivian's  brigade,  which 
made  several  charges  on  the  left  of  the  retiring 
enemy.  Vandeleur's  brigade  then  relieved 
Vivian's  brigade,  pursued,  charged,  and  broke 
the  last  infantry  which  preserved  its  order  near 
La  Belle  Alliance.  It  was  then  quite  dark,  and 
the  troops  remained  on  the  ground." 

Vivian  himself  writes,  though  we   are  not 
told  on  what  date,  as  follows  : — 

"The  time  between  the  attack  of  my  brigade 
(the  6th)  and  the  advance  of  that  of  Sir  J. 
Vandeleur  must  have  been  at  least  twenty 
minutes,  if  not  thirty.  It  may  be  judged  of 
from  the  following  facts  :  the  10th  had  charged 
and  rallied  ;  the  18th  had  charged  after  the 
order  to  halt  had  been  given  to  the  10th  ;  the 
order  to  halt  had  been  given  to  the  18th  ; 
the  rallied  body  of  the  10th  had  charged  ;  and 
it  was  after  this  that  Capt.  Keane  was  sent  by 
Sir  H.  Vivian  to  beg  Sir  J.  Vandeleur  to  move 
on  in  his  support ;  and  Sir  H.  Vivian  was  in 
the  act  of  movmg  on  with  two  squadrons  of  the 
1st  Hussars  when  Sir  J.  Vandeleur,  with  his 
brigade,  passed  his  right  flank,  and  a  conversa- 
tion took  place  between  them.  I  have  been 
thus  particular  in  stating  these  facts,  because 
the  confusion  occasioned  by  the  attack  of 
cavalry  from  the  left  has  been  attributed  to  an 
attack  of  both  these  brigades  ;  whereas  in  fact 
it  was  one  only  that  made  the  most  important 
impression.  In  saying  this,  it  is  not  my  object 
to  take  from  the  merit  of  the  conduct  of  Sir  J. 
Vandeleur's  brigade.  That  brigade  had  been 
much  exposed  and  suffered  severely,  and  had 
behaved  gallantly,  early  in  the  day  ;  whilst  mine 
was  in  comparative  security.  It  was  fair  and 
right  therefore  that  the  brunt  of  the  battle 
should  at  last  fall  upon  me  ;  and  having  so 
fallen  it  is  equally  fair  and  right  that  we  should 
have  credit  for  it  Truth  is  history,  and  history 
without  truth  does  not  deserve  the  name  ;  and 
I  am  anxious,  for  the  s.ike  of  the  gallant  men 
that  I  commanded,  that,  one  day  at  least,  the 
truth  may  be  known.  I  assert  positively  that 
when  I  advanced  I  left  Vandeleur's  brigade 
standing  on  the  position,  and  they  cheered  me 
as  I  passed.  The  10th  charged  ;  the  18th 
charged  ;  the  squadron,  or  more,  of  the  10th, 
under  Howard,  formed,  and  charged  again  ;  and 
I  had  myself  ordered  the  10th  and  18th  to  be 
re-formed  and  to  follow  me.  Having  placed 
myself  at  the  head  of  two  squadrons  of  the 
1st  Hussars,  two  other  squadrons  being  in  sup- 
port, I  was  advancing  in  pursuit  of  the  broken 
enemy  when  I  found  on  my  right  and  front  the 
11th  regiment,  part  of  Vandeleur's  brigade.  So 
completely  had  I  found  myself  alone  with  my 


brigade  prior  to  this  that  I  had  actually,  some 
time  before,  sent  my  A  D.C.,  Capt.  Keane,  to 
Sir  J.  Vandeleur  to  request  he  would  come  on 
and  support  me." 

Our  own  opinion  is  that  Vivian  made  out 
his  case. 

With  Waterloo  the  interest  in  Vivian's 
career  almost  ceases.  From  1825  to  1830 
he  was  Inspector- General  of  Cavalry,  from 
1831  to  1835  he  was  Commander  of  the 
Forces  in  Ireland,  and  from  1835  to  1841 
he  was  Master- General  of  the  Ordnance, 
and  sat  in  Parliament  for  several  years  as 
member  for  Truro,  Windsor,  and  East 
Cornwall.  On  resigning  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage,  but  died  in  the  follow- 
ing year  suddenly  from  aneurism  of  the 
heart. 

Vivian  had  no  opportunity  of  proving 
himself  a  great  commander,  but  he  will 
go  down  to  posterity  in  military  history 
as  an  excellent  colonel  and  brigadier. 
The  story  of  his  life  has  been  well  told  by 
his  grandson,  who  judiciously  lets  him  speak 
for  himself.  The  only  fault  which  we  have 
to  find  with  the  book  is  that  there  is  neither 
an  index  nor  plans  illustrating  Lord  Vivian's 
achievements  in  the  Waterloo  campaign. 


Tlie  Consolation  of  Philosophy  of  Boethius. 
Translated  into  English  Prose  and  Verso 
by  H.  E.  James,  M.A.  (Stock.) 
Boethius's  Consolation  of  Philosophy.  Trans- 
lated from  the  Latin  by  George  Colville, 
1556.  Edited  with  an  Introduction  by 
E.  Belfort  Bax.  "Tudor  Library." 
(Nutt.) 
It  is  a  hundred  and  eight  years,  if  the 
British  Museum  Catalogue  is  to  be  trusted, 
since  the  '  De  Consolatione,'  once  the  most 
popular  of  books,  was  translated  into  Eng- 
lish ;  and  now,  within  a  space  of  a  few 
months,  two  English  versions  of  it  are 
offered  to  the  reader.  Only  one,  however, 
is  really  new ;  the  other  is  making  its 
second  appearance  on  the  stage,  after  a 
lapse  of  three  centuries  and  a  half.  Col- 
vile's  translation  (we  do  not  know  why  Mr. 
Bax  spells  the  name  with  two  Vs  on  the 
title-page,  when  the  introductory  matter  in 
the  book  itself  consistently  has  the  single 
letter)  is,  in  fact,  the  oldest  version  in  Eng- 
lish since  the  time  of  Chaucer,  and  has 
never  previously  been  reprinted,  so  far 
as  we  know.  It  is  now  reissued,  with 
all  the  advantages  of  good  paper,  good 
print,  and  ample  margins,  in  the  "Tudor 
Library,"  and  presents  an  excellent  repre- 
sentative specimen  of  average  Elizabethan 
prose  in  a  handsome  volume,  well  worth 
a  prominent  place  on  table  or  bookshelf. 
Mr.  James's  volume,  on  the  other  hand, 
which  in  its  own  way  is  also  well  turned 
out  by  its  publisher,  is  of  a  much  smaller 
size,  comfortable  both  to  read  and  to 
carry ;  and  it  embodies  a  new  translation 
of  the  work,  including  verse  renderings  of 
the  lyrics  with  which  it  is  interspersed, 
which  the  earlier  translator  discreetly  veiled 
in  pedestrian  prose. 

Any  one  who  wishes  to  make  acquaint- 
ance with  one  of  the  most  highly  esteemed 
books  of  the  Middle  Ages,  a  book  described 
by  Gibbon  as  "  a  golden  volume  not  un- 
worthy of  the  leisure  of  Plato  or  Tully," 
may  cordially  be  recommended  to  obtain 
and   study   Mr.  James's   version ;    and  the 


study  is  likely  to  bear  fruit  in  reflection. 
For  something  like  a  thousand  years  the 
treatise  of  Boethius  was  the  recognized 
literary  consoler  of  the  sorrowful  and 
afflicted,  occupying  somewhat  the  same 
position  as  has  been  held  in  our  own  day 
by  Hinton's  '  Mystery  of  Pain '  or  Tenny- 
son's 'In  Memoriam';  but  with  the  Renais- 
sance its  influence  waned,  until  at  the 
present  day  it  is  practically  unknown  to  all 
but  a  few.  Its  former  excessive  popularity 
is,  perhaps,  as  strange  as  its  present  neglect. 
So  totally  devoid  of  Christian  sentiments  that 
the  question  of  the  faith  of  its  author  has 
been  warmly  debated,  it  was  yet  popular  at 
a  period  when  the  Christian  Church  supplied 
practically  the  whole  of  literary  thought  and 
popular  feeling,  and  that  although  it  treated 
of  a  subject — the  consolation  of  the  afflicted 
— in  which  the  superiority  of  Christian  over 
pagan  beliefs  is  especially  conspicuous.  It  is 
strange,  indeed,  that  the  ages  which  were 
most  saturated  with  Christian  teaching 
should  have  turned  for  comfort  to  these 
philosophic  commonplaces  on  the  instability 
of  fortune  and  the  joys  of  philosophy,  which 
echo  the  doctrines  of  pagan  ethics.  This 
paradox  in  itself  lends  a  value  to  a  trea- 
tise which,  if  it  hardly  deserves  Gibbon's- 
eulogy,  possesses  not  a  little  literary  charm, 
and  a  special  interest  for  Englishmen  as- 
having  been  translated  both  by  King 
Alfred  and  by  Chaucer.  Mr.  James,  wha 
has  now  been  tempted  to  translate  it  again, 
has  done  his  work  really  well.  Both  the 
prose  treatise  itself  and  the  verse  inter- 
ludes which  divide  its  sections  are  rendered 
into  easy  and  idiomatic  English  ;  and  the 
only  complaint  we  have  to  make  is  that  he^ 
has  not  supplied  fuller  information  about 
the  work  and  its  author  in  his  introduction. 
A  longer,  though  not  wholly  satisfactory, 
introduction  is  prefixed  by  Mr.  Bax  to  Col- 
vile's  translation. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  two 
versions,  in  sixteenth  and  in  nineteenth 
century  English  prose,  of  the  passage  con- 
taining a  sentiment  which  has  become  a 
commonplace  among  the  poets  from  Dante^ 
onwards  : — 

Colv'de. 
'^Philosophy.  If  the  forme  of  thys  worlde  be 
so  seldom  stedefast,  and  turnythe  wyth  so  many 
alteracions  and  chaunges  :  why  then  wylte  thou 
put  confydence  in  the  vnstedefast  fortunes  of 
men  ?  Or  wylte  thou  trust  to  the  goodes  of 
fortune,  that  be  vncertayne  and  transitorye? 
It  is  nianyfest  and  establyshed  by  gods  law, 
perdurable,  thi.t  nothynge  gotten  or  engendred, 
is  alwayes  stedefaste  and  stable. 

"  Boethius.  O  thou  noryce  of  al  vertues,  thou 
sayest  treuthe.  I  cannot  deny  the  swyfte  course 
of  my  prosperytye.  But  thys  is  the  thynge 
that  moste  greuyth  me,  when  that  I  doo  re- 
member y'  I  was  happye  or  in  prosperitye.  For 
in  all  aduersitie  of  Fortune,  the  mooste  greife 
of  aduersitie,  is  to  remember,  that  I  haue  been 
in  prosperitie. " 

Mr.  James. 
"  Thus  if  Nature's  changing  face 

Holds  not  still  a  moment's  space, 

Fleeting  deem  man's  fortunes  ;  deem 

Ijliss  as  transient  as  a  dream. 

One  law  only  standeth  fast : 

Things  created  may  not  last. 

Then  said  I :  True  are  thy  admonishings,  thou 
nurse  of  all  excellence;  nor  can  I  deny  the 
wonder  of  my  fortune's  swift  career.  Yet  it  is 
this  which  chafes  me  the  more  cruelly  in  the 
recalling.  For  truly  in  adverse  fortune  the 
worst  sting  of  misery  is  to  have  been  happy." 


878 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N'^  3661,  Dec.  25, '97 


Dante's  paraphrase  in  the  mouth  of  his 
Francesca  is  a  familiar  quotation  : — 

Nessun  mags^ior  dolore 
Che  ricordarsi  del  tempo  felice 
Nella  miseria. 

But  the  opposite  sentiment  of  Browning's 
'  Ferishtah  '  is  less  well  known  : — 

Fool,  does  thy  folly  think  my  foolishness 
Dwells  rather  on  the  fact  that  God  appoints 
A  day  of  woe  to  the  unworthy  one, 
Than  that  the  unworthy  one,  by  God's  award, 
Tasted  joy  twelve  years  long  ? 


NEW   NOVELS. 


Dehor  ah  of  TocVs.     By  Mrs.  Henry  De  La 
Pasture.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

A  SIMPLE  and  wholesome  romance  of  the 
country-bred  girl  transplanted,  as  the  wife 
of  an  elderly  general,  to  the  unnatural 
atmosphere  of  London  society,  is  a  story  to 
be  greeted  with  pleasure.  Unhappy  as  her 
disillusionment  is,  Deborah  meets  in  the 
process  the  man  who  really  loves  her,  and 
does  not  hesitate  to  ask  him,  when  he  offers 
marriage,  if  there  is  any  "  woman  wronged 
in  this  world  that  should  stand  between  j'ou 
and  me."  This  occurs  in  the  last  chapter, 
which  is,  curiously  enough,  the  best  chapter 
of  the  book.  As  a  rule  the  novel  is  well  and 
carefully  written,  though  there  is  no  reason 
why  such  a  phrase  as  "pretty  equally" 
should  occur  otherwise  than  in  conversa- 
tion. The  author's  method  of  writing  is 
direct  and  lucid,  and  will  please  those  who 
like  to  have  nothing  left  to  their  imagination. 
There  is  genuine  pathos  in  her  work,  but  it 
is  lacking  in  art. 

Sunset.     By  Beatrice   Whitby.     (Hurst    & 
Blackett.) 

When  will  English  writers  learn  that 
"  ilk  "  =  same  ?  Miss  Whitby's  "  recog- 
nised ilk "  is  about  the  worst  perversion 
we  have  seen  of  that  much  abused  ex- 
pression. Yet  it  is  good  old  English  as 
well  as  Scotch.  Other  slips  are  "  a  woman 
like  she  is,"  "  expatiating  her  carelessness," 
and  "let  hindrances,"  where  "let  "  appears 
to  be  an  adjective.  It  is  a  pity  the  writer 
will  not  stick  to  grammar,  as  she  has  a 
deliberately  formed  and  sometimes  forcible 
style  ;  but  one  recognizes  the  effort  to  follow 
a  certain  "  great  master."  For  the  story,  it 
may  be  safely  commended  as  a  study  of  the 
sort  of  romance  which  alone  is  possible  in 
the  conventional  life  of  stay-at-home  people. 
Frances  Blake  has  been  a  little  too  hard 
and  worldly-wise  in  early  youth,  and  finds 
somewhat  later  that  her  mature  affection 
elicits  no  return  from  the  man  who  suffered 
from  her  first  mistake.  George  Brand  has 
since  loved  and  lost  a  wife,  and  phlegmatic- 
ally  goes  off  to  the  antipodes.  Frances 
bears  herself  bravely,  and  learns  to  reward, 
"at  sunset,"  an  intelligent  and  patient 
lover,  worth  more  than  he  whom  she  has 
missed.  The  fate  which  mars  the  union 
between  dull  John  Beaumont  and  his  gentle 
spouse  is  natural  as  well  as  tragic  ;  and  the 
two  contrasted  children,  Fra  and  Allis,  are 
excellent  portraits. 


duced  by  some  pleasant  verse  of  that  lady's. 
Maime's  story  is  one  of  misfortune — un- 
deserved, unrelenting — which  pursues  the 
workhouse  child  through  the  hard  byways 
of  industrial  life.  Treated  as  a  pariah  by 
the  coarse  farmers'  wives  and  working 
women,  and  contemptuously  discarded  by 
the  young  son  of  her  employer,  who  had 
made  light  love  to  her — the  only  element 
of  hope  and  brightness  she  has  known — she 
lives  to  turn  to  her  fellow  in  misfortune, 
Joe  Beattie,  whose  honest,  dog-like  affection 
through  the  dark  days  of  poverty  and  starva- 
tion in  the  great  city  conquers  her  heart  at 
last.  So  the  end  of  the  simple  pair  is  happi- 
ness, which  is  all  the  better  for  the  artistic 
finish  of  the  story.  The  Lancashire  folk- 
tongue  is  well  introduced,  of  course,  and  the 
people  and  our  old  acquaintance  the  Canon 
are  full  of  vitality. 

The  Sinner.  By  Rita.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 
"  The  Sinner  "  is  a  certain  masterful  Irish 
doctor,  who  has  a  fine  taste  in  female  beauty, 
and,  after  ruining  sundry  lives,  marries  a 
poor  lady  for  her  wealth,  and  ruthlessly  does 
her  to  death  to  marry  a  fairer  and  younger 
woman.  In  fact,  the  story,  in  many  of  its 
incidents,  is  modelled  on  an  "  ower-true " 
tale  of  sordid  murder  in  Ireland  which 
occurred  not  many  years  ago.  Rita's  brace 
of  nurses,  Nellie  Nugent  and  Deborah  Gray, 
are  sufficiently  attractive..  Deborah  Gray's 
patient  yet  unswerving  determination  to 
assist  the  ends  of  justice,  even  at  the  cost  of 
bitter  suffering,  is  dignified  and  probable. 
The  routine  of  hospital  life  is  well  described. 
But  only  those  for  whom  murder  has  a  fas- 
cination, and  to  whom  crime — even  the 
meanest,  most  modern,  and  least  heroic  in 
its  form — presents  nothing  distasteful  from 
a  literary  point  of  view,  will  read  the  long- 
drawn-out  details  of  Mrs.  Langrishe's  death 
with  satisfaction  or  interest. 


Maime   o'  the    Corner.     By  M.   E.  Francis. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

Mrs.  Bltjndell  has  dedicated  to  her  sister, 
Mrs.  Sweetman,  this  story  of  tlie  country 
round  Liverpool,  and  each  chapter  is  intro- 


The  Iron  Cross.     By  R.  H.  Sherard.     (Pear- 
son.) 
Cap  Breton  in  the  Landes  is  the  scene  of 
Walter  Pughe's  remarkable  discovery.    The 
local  colouring  sets  forth  that  part  of  old 
Aquitaine  with  considerable  vividness.    The 
figure  of  the  old  Napoleonic  warrior,  who 
keeps  guard  over   his  son's  hearth  in  his 
easy-chair,  and  calls  the  donkey  "  Velton"; 
the  son  himself,  with  his  habit  of  shooting 
his   neighbours'    cats   and   hens ;    and   the 
blind,  but    energetic    Madame   Daubagna, 
are  as  reminiscent  of    cottage  interiors  in 
the  south  of  France  as  the  village  elders, 
with     their     suspicions     and    jealousy    of 
"  1' Anglos,"    and    the    Gothamite   wisdom 
which  brings  the  Bayonne  police  upon  him, 
are  suggestive  of  its  egregious  bureaucracy. 
For   the   story,    which   turns   on   the   hard 
birthright   of   degradation   inherited    by    a 
noble  Spanish  damsel  in  consequence  of  the 
loss  from  a  monastery  of  a  celebrated  relic, 
which  it  was  the  du.ty  of  the  prior,  a  great- 
uncle  of  her  own,  to  preserve,  it  is  enough 
to  say  that  it  suffices  to   give  continuity  to 
the  hero's  experiences.     The  conduct  of  his 
own    ancestor,    an   English    officer   in   the 
Peninsular   war,    in   making   off   with   the 
relic,  is  difficult  to  explain.     A"bluggy" 
account  of  a  bull-fight  diversifies  the  narra- 
tive. 


The   Freedom   of  Henry  Meredyth.     By  M. 
Hamilton.     (Heinemann.) 

'  The  Freedom  of  Henry  Meredyth  '  is  at 
least  more  readable  than  the  average  novel, 
for  it  aims  at  producing  a  picture  of  realities, 
and  to  some  extent  succeeds  in  its  aim.   But 
it  is  an  unequally  written  book,  a  book  that 
seems  as  though  it  might  easily  have  been 
better.      The    beginning  is  promising,  the 
end     is    not    without     good    points.      The 
rest  of  the  matter  leaves  something  to  be 
desired.      It  shows  lapses   into  a  state,  if 
not  of  absolute  weakness,   of  an  approach 
thereto.     Some  of  the  situations  and  actors 
are  well  and  clearly  focussed — not  all,  how- 
ever.    There  is  at  times  a  want  of  aptness 
and  decision,  generally  in  the  very  places 
where  they  would  have  been  most  appre- 
ciated.   Some  of  the  figures,  and  occasionally 
the   dialogue,   are   stereotyped.      The   con- 
fraternity of  slum  workers  and  their  con- 
fidences   are     on     this    wise,    and    Alison 
Carnegie,   the  capable,  warm-hearted,  and 
wise-minded  woman  of  means,  is  extremely 
familiar  to  novel-readers.     Miss  Urquhart, 
a   passionate    "feminist,"   is   a   conception 
already  worked  out.     In  Henry  Meredyth. 
himself  there  are  clever  touches,  but  also 
some  incongruities,  if  not  absurdities.  Some- 
how the  man's  temperament  is  almost,  but 
not  quite  realized.     The  same  thing  applies 
to  his  daughter  Vivien  :  she  does  not  quite 
"  come  off  "  as  she  should. 


A  Man  of  the  Moors.    By  HalliweU  Sutcliffe. 

(Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 
Moorland  folk  know  that  the  atmosphere 
and  spirit  of  their  moors  are  real,  if  not 
very  definable  properties.  In  '  A  Man  of 
the  Moors '  the  author  may  be  said  to  pro- 
test overmuch,  to  be  over-conscious  of  his 
natural  background.  This  to  some  extent 
reduces  the  strength  of  his  effects,  human 
and  scenic.  The  strain  of  character  and 
situation  chosen  appears  at  times  a  little  too 
strong  for  the  writer.  One  feels  that  he 
is  himself  not  quite  certain  what  he  intends 
to  be  the  crowning  feature  of  the  picture. 
Yet  the  story  has  some  fine  touches  and  a 
few  interesting  moments. 

The    Widoiv    Woman :    a    Cornish  Tale.     By 

Charles  Lee.  (Bowden.) 
This  is  a  capital  little  study  of  life  in  a 
Cornish  village  — ■  fresh,  humorous,  and 
convincing.  The  leading  character  is  Mrs. 
Pollard,  fat,  bearded,  and  forty-three,  pro- 
prietress of  a  three-hundred-pound  lugger, 
five  cottages,  and  a  barking- house  ;  and  the 
tale  of  her  wooing  by  many  staid  suitors,  set 
forth  in  faultless  dialect,  is  quite  Homeric 
in  its  massive  simplicity.  When,  with  noble 
self-abnegation,  she  lets  poor  John  Trelill 
off  his  promise,  and  even  gives  facilities  for 
his  clumsy  proposals  to  Vassie  Jenkin,  the 
humour  of  the  situation  comes  close  to 
pathos.  Indeed,  she  is  such  a  thoroughly 
"good  sort"  that  one  almost  feels  inclined 
to  go  down  to  Pendennack  and  try  to  marry 
the  worthy  dame  oneself,  for,  as  Mr.  Lee 
says,  the  latest  advices  from  that  quarter 
represent  the  "widow  woman"  as  still  un- 
wed.   

The  Making  of  a  Prig.     By  Evelyn  Sharp. 

(Lane.) 
It  is  perhaps  a  pity  that   so   charming  a 
writer  as  Miss  Sharp  should   gratuitously 


N^Seei,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


879 


burden  herself  with,  an  arbitrary  and  un- 
warrantable title.   Katharine  Austen  cannot 
be  said  to  come  under  any  one  of  the  recog- 
nized definitions  of  the  prig  proper.     She  is 
at  worst,  or  best,  a  child  of  nature — a  frank 
tomboy,  when  we  meet  her,  who  developes 
into  a  very  lovable  woman  under  the  in- 
fluence of  a  strong  passion,  which  she   is 
innocent  enough  to  advertise  quite  openly. 
We  are   to  judge  that  this  very  innocence, 
which  allows  her  to  visit  Paul  Wilton  in  his 
chambers,  uninvited,  at  an  unusual  hour  of 
the  evening,  finally  moves  that  gentleman 
to  condemn  her  as  a  prig  for  not  responding 
to  the  feeling  into  which  his  rather  blood- 
less  nature    has    been    surprised.      "  You 
can't  help  it,"  he    tells   her.      "Now   and 
again  Nature  makes  woman  a  prig,  and  it 
is  only  the  right  man  who  can  regenerate 
her.     Unfortunately  circumstances  prevent 
me    from    being    the   right  man."     To  do 
Katharine  justice,  she  is  as  much  troubled 
as  the  reader  to  discover  her  claim  to  the  title. 
To  her  father,  the  most  exquisitely  irrespon- 
sive of  audiences,  she  ultimately  confides  her 
solution  of  the  enigma:  "  A  prig  is  one  who 
tries  to  break  what  the  ordinary  person  is 
pleased  to  call  the  law  of  Nature,  and  to 
substitute  the  law  of  his  own  reason  instead. 
....  The    world   won't   tolerate   ideals :    it 
sneers  at  us  for  trying  to  find  out  new  ways 
of  being  good."     Now  to  get  a  bad  name  is 
to  go  far  towards  deserving  it ;  and  it  would 
certainly  seem  by  this  sort  of  speech  that 
Katharine  is  in  a  fair  way  to  become  the 
thing  which  she  has  been  very  inaccurately 
called.    Apart  from  the  conclusion,  which  is 
not  worthy  of  the  rest,  the  novel,  with  its 
comparatively   commonplace   incidents,   yet 
holds  the  attention  by  force  of  its  artless 
sincerity   and    general    reasonableness.     It 
presents  a  most  acceptable  study  of  woman's 
character ;    but   while   it   is   perhaps    only 
natural  and  even    proper  that  Miss  Sharp 
should  understand  her  own  sex  better  than 
the  other,  there  seems  no  adequate  reason 
why  almost  all  her  men  should  be  intolerable. 
It  does  not  appear  that  she  intended  this. 
She  wishes  her  readers  to  understand  that 
Paul  Wilton  is  a  most  fascinating  personalitj'; 
yet   she  altogether  fails  to   convince   them 
that    a    girl    of    an    intelligence    so    sane 
and   unspoilt  could  be    enamoured  of  this 
objectionable      egoist,     when      confessedly 
there  was  no  physical  attraction  to  recom- 
mend     him.       His     habitual     assumption 
that   he   has    only   to  lift  his   little  finger 
to    do    what    he    likes     with     her    makes 
them,    against   their   will,    and   apparently 
against  the  author's  intention,  despise  the 
girl  that  could  submit  to  this  degradation. 
"'I   can't  marry  you;    I   don't  love   you 
enough  for  that,'  she  said,  moving  restively 
under  his   touch.      He   stroked   her  cheek 
gently.     '  Then  why  do  you  thrill  when  I 
touch   you?'    he  asked."      This   is   almost 
inconceivably  ofEensive.     Of  the  other  male 
characters,  Heaton  may  possibly  have  been 
designed  for  the  snob  that  he  is  ;  yet  he  is 
represented  as  the  personal  friend  of  Wilton, 
for  whose  fastidiousness  the  author  is  pre- 
pared to   vouch.      Ted    Morton   too,    with 
all   his    air    of    ingenuousness,    is,    in  his 
spaall  way,  a  snob.     But  many  unimportant 
sins  may  be  pardoned  to  the  book  for  the 
saving  grace  of  its  buoyancy  and  unstudied 
humour.    "  '  Your  cousin  is  a  most  interest- 
ing psychological  study,'  said  Paul  vaguely. 


*  What  do  you  mean  ?  She  is  a  very  nice 
girl  indeed,'  cried  Marion  indignantly  ;  and 
Paul  silently  condemned  the  whole  sex  with- 
out reservation."  The  least  happy  feature 
of  Miss  Sharp's  humour  is  to  be  found 
in  Ted  Morton's  very  limited  slang,  which 
betrays  the  hand  of  the  amateur.  And 
"talking  of"  the  Temple  (as  the  in- 
consequent Monty  would  say  in  intro- 
ducing a  new  topic),  is  Miss  Sharp  quite 
precise  in  her  details  ?  Is  it  not  wanton  to 
allude  to  the  "thoroughfare"  from  Foun- 
tain Court  to  the  Embankment,  when  the 
authorities  have  taken  the  pains  to  put  up 
a  notice  on  the  spot  saying  that  there  is  no 
such  thing  ? 


A  Short  History  of  the  Royal  Navy,  1217  to 
1688.  By  David  Hannay.  (Methuen  & 
Co.) 

Mk.  Hannay  has  written  a  book  which 
many  will  pronounce  delightful — a  book 
that  invites  readers,  and  will  surely  find 
them ;  for  to  any  one  who  knows  little  or 
nothing  about  the  subject  it  will  be 
pleasant,  interesting,  and  artistic  from 
cover  to  cover — or  perhaps  we  ought  to  say 
from  stem  to  stern — and  it  will  not  trouble 
him  with  difficult  problems  to  solve,  doubt- 
ful points  to  discuss.  Everything  is  easy, 
straightforward,  and  clear  as  the  light  of 
day.  To  any  one,  however,  who,  with  some 
knowledge,  attempts  to  read  it  critically  the 
question  must  arise  whether  it  answers 
to  its  title ;  whether  it  is  properly  called 
history  ;  whether  it  is  not  largely  made  up 
of  the  opinions  and  fancies  of  Mr.  Hannay. 
It  will,  in  fact,  frequently  appear  that  the 
author  is  filling  up  a  hiatus  in  the  record  by 
drafts  on  his  imagination  or  the  bank  of 
Messrs.  Must-have- been. 

The  method  he  has  adopted  of  vaguely 
naming  his  authorities  at  the  beginning  of 
eachchapter,  but  printing  no  exact  references, 
is  hardly  one  that  inspires  confidence ;  it  is  one 
that  holds  out  facilities,  if  not  temptations,  to 
loose  statements  which  it  is  impossible  to 
verify  or  to  contradict.  No  author  has  a  right 
to  call  on  his  readers  to  prove  a  negative  ;  it 
is  his  duty  to  prove  the  affirmative,  and 
when  he  makes  a  statement  which  is  not 
matter  of  common  knowledge  to  cite  the 
authority  from  which  he  derives  it.  The 
want  of  this  haunts  us  throughout.  State- 
ments which  appear  doubtful  are  left  un- 
supported ;  sometimes  there  is  room  for  a 
suspicion  that  the  evidence,  if  it  was  pro- 
duced, would  not  be  worth  much.  Thus,  on 
p.  55,  we  have  :  — 

"  Pr^gent  plundered  the  coast  of  Sussex 
while  the  English  ships  were  re6tting,  till  he 
had  an  eye  knocked  out  by  an  English  arrow." 

The  authorities  vaguely  named  at  the 
head  of  the  chapter  are  Charnock's  *  Naval 
Architecture '  (a  non-existent  work),  Oppen- 
heim's  '  Administration  of  the  Navy,'  and 
Brewer's  'Calendar  of  State  Papers,'  in 
neither  of  which  is  there  any  mention  of 
Pregent's  eye  having  been  knocked  out. 
The  story  is  from  Holinshed,  who,  however, 
words  it  rather  differently.     He  says  : — 

"Prior  John was  shot  in  the  face  with 

an  arrow  so  that  he  lost  one  of  his  eyes  and 
was  like  to  have  died  of  the  hurt." 

Holinshed  is  not  a  writer  at  first  hand,  and 
his  story  may  or  may  not  be  true — most 
probably  not.     It  refers  to  the   middle  of 


April,  1514  ;  but  in  a  letter  from  Calais  of 
April  30th  Pregent  was  reported  to  have 
been  at  Dieppe  about  ten  days  before, 
threatening  to  burn  Calais  ;  and  on  May  27th. 
Lord  Thomas  Howard  wrote  that  Prior 
John  had  been  lying  at  anchor  between 
Calais  and  Boulogne,  till  he  was  cleared  out 
by  a  few  ships  commanded  by  Sir  Stephen 
Bull.  Whether  Pregent  had  his  eye 
knocked  out  or  not  is  a  matter  of  trifling 
importance  in  an  English  history ;  but  it  is 
not  a  trifle  that  we  should  be  referred  to 
the  '  Calendar  of  State  Papers '  for  a  story 
which  not  only  is  not  there,  but  is  virtually 
contradicted  by  what  is  there. 

In  the  account  of  the  campaign  of  1545 
we  have  a  variety  of  curious  statements, 
some  of  which  will  certainly  not  bear  ex- 
amination. Nelson,  we  are  told  incidentally, 

"  thought  it  beyond  the  power  of  the  most  skil- 
ful and  practised  body  of  captains  ever  collected 
under  one  command  to  combine  the  movements 
of  more  than  thirty  well-constructed  ships  in 
such  a  manner  that  they  could  be  brought  to 
bear  upon  an  enemy  all  together  "  ; 

whereas,  up  to  the  very  last.  Nelson  was 
praying  the  Admiralty  to  send  him  more 
ships,  and  in  his  celebrated  memo  of  October 
9th,  1805,  he  directed  the  combined  move- 
ments of  forty  ships,  which  he  then  thought 
he  would  have  under  his  command.  Mr. 
Hannay's  remarks  on  signalling  in  1545  are 
also  interesting.  He  says,  "The  system  of 
signals  was  hardly  yet  in  existence."  But 
what  system  ?  the  system  formulated  more 
than  a  hundred  years  later  by  the  Duke  of 
York,  or  that  promulgated  by  Lord  Howe 
more  than  another  hundred  years  later,  or 
that  worked  out  by  Admiral  Colomb  still  a 
third  hundred  years  later  ?  The  sentence, 
as  it  stands,  has  no  meaning.  A  system 
there  was,  primitive  it  is  true,  leaving  much 
to  be  desired  in  the  way  of  precision,  but 
very  far  in  advance  of  what  Mr.  Hannay 
describes  when  he  says  : — 

"There  were,  and  indeed  at  all  times  must 
have  been,  a  few  arbitrary  signals,  to  anchor  or 
to  get  up  anchor,  to  fight  or  leave  off  fighting, 
and  so  forth,  but  there  were  no  means  by  which 
an  admiral  could  communicate  an  order  to  make 
a  particular  movement  except  by  sending  a  boat 
with  an  officer.  Of  course  this  implies  that  the 
movements  of  fietts  must  have  been  very  slow, 
or  else  a  messenger  who  had  to  row  could  not 
have  overtaken  the  captain  to  whom  he  was  sent. 
Even  so,  to  send  orders  to  ships  ahead  of  the 
admiral  must  have  required  an  amount  of  time 
which  made  any  rapidity  of  movement  im- 
possible, besides  leaving  an  interval  for  acci- 
dents which  would  render  the  orders  improper 
by  altering  the  whole  circumstances." 

There  is  most  certainly  too  much  of  the 
"must  have  been"  in  this  to  satisfy  any 
student  of  history,  and  more  especially 
when  the  assumption  on  which  it  all  rests 
is  unsound.  "  There  were  no  means,"  Mr. 
Hannay  says,  "  by  which  an  admiral  could 
communicate  an  order  to  make  a  particular 
movement  except  by  sending  a  boat  with  an 
officer."  On  the  contrary,  there  were  signals 
to  indicate  strange  sail  in  sight,  their  bear- 
ing, their  number,  friend  or  enemy ;  to 
chase,  in  any  direction,  singly,  by  divisions, 
all  together.  In  point  of  fact,  the  system 
of  signals  in  vogue  was  quite  equal  to  the 
few  simple  orders  commonly  wanted.  When 
an3'thing  more  elaborate  was  necessary  the 
order  was  given,  not  by  sending  a  small  row-, 
ing  boat  to  catch  a  ship  bowKng  along  before 


880 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


N°  36G1,  Dec.  25,  '97 


a  fair  wind  half  a  dozen  miles  off,  but  by 
making  tlie  signal  for  the  ship  wanted  to 
come  within  hail — primitive,  certainly,  but 
not  absurd. 

But  having  settled  the  matter  of  signals, 
Mr.  Ilannay  goes  on  :  — 

"In  fact,  no  battle,  in  the  sense  the  word 
had  in  even  the  seventeenth  century,  could  well 
be  expected  to  take  place  between  these  two 
fleets  in  1545." 

We  have  seen  something  like  this  before, 
when,  in  1891,  the  committee  of  the  Naval 
Exhibition  stultified  itself  by  permitting  a 
writer  in  the  Official  Catalogue  to  say  that 
"  victories  such  as  that  of  Sluys  were  not 
naval  victories  in  the  modern  sense  of  the 
term."  Of  course,  they  were  naval  vic- 
tories, just  as  much  as  were  Quiberon  Bay 
and  Trafalgar — battles  which  differed  essen- 
tially in  their  details  from  any  that  could 
be  fought  now  ;  just  as  much  as  Creoy  and 
Modden  were  victories  for  the  army,  though 
fought  with  very  different  weapons  from 
those  of  the  present  day,  and  though  some 
of  the  highest  officers  had  previously  com- 
manded at  sea.  That  there  was  not  a 
battle  between  the  fleets  of  1545  was  not 
because  a  battle  was  impossible,  but  because 
neither  Lisle  nor  Annebault  thought  it 
prudent. 

Mr.  Ilannay  has  again  some  curious 
remarks  when  he  comes  to  speak  of  the 
defeat  of  the  Armada  of  1588  : — 

"The   piety  of   the  time    accounted  for  the 
failure  of  the  mighty  armament  by  saying  that 
God    had    blown    upon    it,    and    it   had    been 
scattered.     This  verdict   has   not  always   been 
accepted  by  the  rationalism  or  the  patriotism 
of  modern  times,  and  yet  it  may  be  said  to  be 
essentially  true.     The  Armada  failed  through  its 
own  weakness  and  the  incapacity  of  its  chief. 
With  the  single  exception  of  their  use  of  the 
fireships  in   Calais  Roads,  the  English  leaders 
did    nothing    to   force    the    Duke    of   Medina 
Sidonia  into  a  disadvantageous  position." 
As  Mr.   Hannay  wrote    this,  did    he    con- 
sider that  the  same  might  be  said  of  nearly 
every  great   battle   that   has    been   fought 
from  that  time  to  this  ?  of  Quiberon  Bay, 
of   the    Nile,    of    Trafalgar?    that   neither 
Hawko   nor  Nelson  did  anything  to  force 
his  enemy  into  a  disadvantageous  position  ? 
that  his  merit  lay  in  the    quickness  with 
which  he  grasped  the  forelock    of    oppor- 
tunity ?     But,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  Howard 
did     more   with   what    Mr.    Hannay   calls 
"the  single  exception."     As    it  was  suffi- 
cient,  there  was  no   need    to  duplicate  it. 
But  Mr.  Hannay  thinks  that  the  battle  of 
Gravelines   did   little   more    than   convince 
the  Spaniards  of  their  inferiority  in  man- 
oeuvring power,  and  of  the  utter  incapacity 
of   their    chief ;    and  that  the  loss    of    the 
Spanish  ships  was  due  solely  to  the  "  suc- 
cession of  storms  of  extraordinary  violence 
for   the   season   of   the   year."     If   forcing 
the   ships   to    sea    without   their   anchors, 
with   their    rigging   cut,     or,     in   Nelson's 
phrase,    "  their    ropes    ends,"    with    their 
masts    badly    wounded,    their    hulls    shot 
through   and   through,    short-handed    and 
without  water — after  having  reduced  them 
to   this   state  —  had  nothing   to   do   with 
the  loss,  then  Mr.  Hannay  may  be  right ; 
but  he  will  have  some  difficulty  in  finding 
a  seaman  to  agree  with  him. 

It  is  everywhere  the  same;  fancies  or 
ideas  are  stated  as  facts.  No  instance  of 
this  can  be  stronger  than  the  account  given 


in  some  detail  of  the  first  Dutch  war.     In 
reality,   the  details  of  the  fighting  in  this 
war    are    exceedingly    obscure.       Nothing 
comes  out  certainly,  except  that  the  ships, 
on  both  sides,  fought  in  groups  or  clusters. 
There  are  fair  grounds  for  believing  that 
the  Dutch,  under  the  guidance  of  Trorap, 
were  led  to  aim  at  forming  in  line  ahead, 
in  which  they  were  very  quickly  followed 
by   the    English ;    but    it    can    scarcely    be 
said  that  this  is  known,   or  can  be  known 
till  we  have  before  us  the   results   of   the 
exhaustive    work    on    this  war  which  Dr. 
Gardiner     is     now    doing    for    the     Navy 
Records   Society.      Mr.    Hannay,    however, 
feels   no   need   to   wait.      He   evolves    the 
whole   thing   out   of    his    inner    conscious- 
ness and  the  suggestions  of  Granville  Penn. 
He  occupies  a  considerable  space  in  show- 
ing that  it  is  not  likely  that  the  English 
went  into  battle  as  a  mere  "  collection  of 
ships."     All  this  is  beating  the    air.     We 
know  they  did  not.     But  it  does  not  there- 
fore follow,   as    Mr.   Hannay  imj)lie8,    that 
they  fought  in  the  line  ahead.     We  know 
that   a    large    fleet,    fully   organized,    was 
divided   into   three  squadrons — red,    white, 
and  blue — and  each   squadron   again   into 
three    divisions  —  van,    centre,    and    rear, 
bearing  in  mind  that   "van"  might  mean 
van,    but  very  often   meant   right,    in   the 
same  way  that    "rear"  ver^'  often   meant 
left.     The  fleet  was   thus   broken   up   into 
nine   subdivisions,    giving    from    seven    to 
ten,  or  even  twelve,  ships  of  various  sizes 
to  each  flag  officer.     Only  a  small  propor- 
tion of  these  were   capital   ships,   and  the 
utter  want  of  separation  according  to  their 
rates  is  very  strong   evidence  that  at  this 
time  no  formation  at  all  resembling  the  line 
of  battle  was  attempted.     It  was  attempted 
in  the  next  war,  notably  on  July  25th,  1666, 
and  again  in  the  third  war,  in  the  battle  of 
Solebay,  where  the  line  was  composed  of 
the   capital   ships    only.      Eighteen    years 
later   the   term    "capital  ships"    began  to 
give   place  to  "ships  fit  to  lie  in  a  line," 
and  that,  a  couple  of  years  still  later,  to 
"  ships  of  the  line  of  battle." 

We  have  dwelt  on  these  statements  merely 
as  typical  of  the  way  in  which  Mr.  Hannay 
has  treated  the  whole  subject.  There 
is  a  great  deal  too  much  assertion  on 
slender  grounds,  a  great  deal  too  much 
"  must  have  been "  on  no  grounds  at  all. 
Another  and  kindred  fault  —  not  perhaps 
of  so  much  importance,  but  still  most 
annoying  to  the  careful  reader — is  the  ex- 
treme want  of  accuracy  in  j^etty  details. 
The  author  saj'S,  for  instance,  "  The  old 
system  of  compensating  the  officers  by 
'  dead-pays '  disappeared  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth."  On  the  contrary,  it  lasted 
through  the  effective  reign  of  Charles  I., 
and  disappeared  during  the  Civil  War. 
Again,  in  May,  1652,  "Trorap  came  into 
Dover  Eoad,  and  there  exchanged  civilities 
with  Admiral  Bourne."  Bourne  was  then 
lying  in  the  Downs ;  between  him  and 
Tromp  there  was  no  salute,  and  when 
Tromp  anchored  in  Dover  Road  he  did  not 
salute  the  Castle,  but,  with  gross  rude- 
ness, exercised  his  men  in  firing  musketry 
at  a  mark.  Again,  on  the  1st  of  June,  1666, 
"  The  Blue  Squadron  was  commanded  by 
Sir  George  Ayscue  as  admiral,  with  Sir 
William  Berkeley  as  vice  and  John  Harman 
as  rear."      These  were,  in  fact,  the   com- 


manders  of    the  White    Squadron,    which 
suffered  so    heavily.      The    biographer    of 
Rodney  ought    to    have    known    the    date 
of    Rodney's    great  action,    but  it  is  more 
than    once    given    as    1783.     Again,    many 
name    are  wrongly  spelt.     "  I  have   made 
it  the  rule,"  Mr.  Hannay  says,  "to  adopt 
the    accepted    spelling ";    but   he  does   not 
say  how  the    accepted  spelling  is   known. 
What  is  to  be  said  for  Wrenn  with  Wren 
as  a  variant  ?   Are  both  spellings  accepted  ? 
WhatforMr.Whateley,  theauthorof  'Samuel 
Pepys  and  the  World  He  Lived  In '  ?    What 
for  Holland  and  Ilyonsbie,  who  wrote  *  Dis- 
courses  on    the    Navy '    which    have  been 
printed  by  the  Navy  Record  {sic)   Society  ? 
What  for  the  fictitious  Axon,  who   is   de- 
scribed as  fighting   and   dying  instead    of 
Hoxton,  the  captain  of  the  Garland?     But, 
in  fact,  with    all    these    and    many   more 
before    us,    we    came    to    understand    the 
opinion  expressed  on  p.  73,   which,   when 
we  first  met  it,  astonished  us  more  than  a 
little  :  the  opinion  that  '  La  Armada  Inven- 
cible '  of  Duro  is  admirably  extracted  and 
combined  by  Mr.  Froude  in  his   'Spanish 
Story  of   the  Armada,'    a  work  which,  in 
proportion  to  its  length,  contains  nearly  as 
many  inaccuracies  as   '  A  Short  History  of 
the  Royal  Navy.' 


EECENT   VERSE. 

Mr.  Bliss  Carman  is  writing  too  much.  It 
is  not  long  since  he  published  '  Behind  the 
Arras,'  and  now,  with  his  former  companion, 
Mr.  Richard  Hovey,  he  gives  us  More  Songs 
from  Vagnbondia (Mathews).  This  second  series 
is,  indeed,  in  many  ways  as  good  as  the  first ; 
but  it  is  not  better,  and  it  seems  to  show  here 
and  there  a  slackening  of  poetic  energy,  with  a 
consequent  recourse  to  what  is  merely  humorous 
or  merely  startling.  The  difficulty  of  writing 
colloquial  verse  which  shall  also  be  poetry  is 
very  great,  and  it  cannot  be  said  that  these 
clever  and  spirited  writers  have  always  suc- 
ceeded. Great,  too,  is  the  difficulty  of  con- 
tinually sounding  such  a  note  as  this  ;  — 

Over  the  Bhoulders  and  slopes  of  the  dune 

I  saw  the  white  daisies  go  down  to  llie  sea, 

A  host  in  the  sunshine,  an  army  in  June, 

Tlie  people  God  sends  us  to  set  our  heart  free. 

The  bobolinks  rallied  them  up  from  the  dell. 

The  orioles  whistled  them  out  of  the  wood  ; 

And  all  of  their  singing  was,  "  Earth,  it  is  well !  " 

And  all  of  their  dancing  was,  "  Life,  thou  art  good  ! " 

In  this  blithe  little  piece  the  sensation  of  natural 
happiness,  of  the  fresh,  instinctive  joy  of  the 
open  air,  is  rendered  with  an  efficacy  all  the 
greater  on  account  of  its  briefness.  The  same 
sensation,  rendered  over  and  over  again,  begins 
at  last  to  seem  as  hackneyed  as  those  other 
sensations — once  so  fi-esh,  new,  and  unspoilt  — 
which  have  got  to  seem  so  familiar  to  us  in 
the  more  commonplace  kind  of  verse.  In 
'  Behind  the  Arras '  Mr.  Carman  seemed  to 
have  discovered  for  himself  a  new  kind  of  sub- 
ject-matter. Why,  then,  has  he  already  deserted 
it?  A  good  thing,  once  done,  can  r.-irely  be 
repeated,  and  '  Songs  from  Vagabondia  '  are  less 
likely  than  most  things  to  come  twice  to  the 
same  singer.  But  there  are  many  secrets,  be- 
sides those  on  which  Mr.  Carman  has  already 
lighted,  to  be  found  "behind  the  arras";  and 
we  cannot  but  wish  a  more  patient  devotion 
on  his  part  to  an  ideal  of  more  serious 
dignity.  Mr.  Hovey  too,  if  we  are  not  mis- 
taken, has  done  other  work  of  his  own  well 
worth  continuing.  Vagabondia  is,  after  all,  a 
little  kingdom,  full  of  long  and  dusty  roads 
leading  only  to  barren  moors  or  the  sea's  brink. 
If  it  has  more  of  the  stars  and  wind  than  most 
kingdoms,  it  has  also  less  than  most  kingdoms 
of  the  thoughtfulness  which  can  consider  stars 
and  wind  at  no  more  than  their  just  value  in 
the  great  spectacle  at  which  we  are  all  on-lookers. 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


881 


The  little  book  of  Poems,  by  Mr.  J.  L.  Tupper, 
carefully  selected  and  edited  by  Mr.  W.  M. 
Rossetti,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Longman, 
cannot  but  have  a  certain  interest  as  the  work 
of  a  contributor  to  the  Germ  and  a  friend  of  the 
Pre-Raphaelites.  Its  actual  value,  indeed,  is 
not  great ;  by  no  means  so  great  as  Mr.  Rossetti 
generously  tries  to  assume  it  to  be.  "The  time 
seems  to  have  colne  at  last,"  he  says  in  his 
prefatory  notice, 

"for  impressing  his  name  more  definitely  upon  tho 
public  memory,  auil  for  indicating  — and  indeed,  I 
think,  proving  — that  he  was  a  man  with  a  very 
considerable  poetic  gift  of  his  own,  and  highly 
deserving  of  explicit  and  honourable  record." 

That  Mr.  Tupper  had  poetical  feeling  we  are 
far  from  denying  ;  but  it  is  not  enough  claim  for 
remembrance  to  have  had  a  certain  measure  of 
poetical  feeling.  Nor  is  it  enough  to  have  had 
really  individual  poetical  feeling  of  so  faint  a 
kind  as  Mr.  Tupper's.  All  this,  and  much  more, 
the  minor  poet  may  have  ;  and  what  does  the 
minor  poet  amount  to,  after  all  2  The  curiosity 
of  Mr.  Tupper  is  that  he  is  the  minor  poet 
©f  an  earlier  generation  than  ours,  and  thus 
has  for  us  a  kind  of  novelty,  which  he  could 
not  have  had  in  his  own  time.  And  we  find  in 
him,  along  with  a  lamentable  weakness  of  hand 
in  the  working  out  of  almost  every  poem,  short 
passages  in  which  a  really  condensed  expression 
is  obtained  by  the  simple,  straightforward  use 
of  apparently  prosaic  words,  a  precision  in  the 
utterance  of  emotion,  the  description  of  natural 
things,  welcome  enough  at  a  time  when  the  aim 
of  the  minor  poet  is,  for  the  most  part,  to  be 
at  once  vague  and  magniloquent.  Here,  for  in- 
stance, is  a  quaint  touch  of  observation  in  a 
little  poem  called  'Tardy  Spring  ': — 

That  gold-striped  snail  I  could  but  spare 

A  fortiii(»ht  since  for  promising 

The  early  coining  of  the  spring, 
Although  he  makes  the  gardens  bare, 

Hath  closed  his  gumtiiy  shutters  fast 

Against  this  snowing  eastern  blast. 

And  in  '  Eden  after  Sixty  Centuries  '  a  note  of 
fantasy  enters  into  a  picture  not  less  essentially 
precise,  with  an  effect  of  curious  music,  nowhere 
repeated  in  Mr.  Tupper's  other  pleasant  and 
thoughtful  poems. 

In  J  Days  Tragedy  (Chapman  &  Hall)  Mr. 
Allen  Upward  has  attempted,  he  tells  us,  to 
write  a  novel  in  rhyme.  Here,  in  its  way, 
is  the  novel,  and  certainly  it  is  in  rhyme  ;  but 
why  is  not  so  clear.  We  have  an  impression 
that  Mr.  Upward  has  already  written  novels 
m  prose,  and  we  should  imagine  his  novels  in 
prose  to  be  better  than  his  novel  in  rhyme. 
Here  is  a  specimen  of  his  verse  : — 

Lordly  London,  city  sublime  ; 
(Greatest  gem  in  the  crown  of  time ; 
Vaster  than  the  city  of  On  ; 
Richer  than  royal  Babylon  ; 
More  renowned  in  arts  thau  these; 
Than  the  city  of  Pericles. 
More  renowned  in  war  ;  than  Home, 
Of  freer,  happier  men  the  home  I 

Here  is  another  specimen  :  — 

And  before  I  knew 
The  pack  of  the  law  was  full  in  view. 
On  my  wrist,  was  the  cbilline  steel. 
And  on  my  neck  opprobrium's  heel. 

Why  is  it,  one  wonders,  that  persons  of  intelli- 
gence, with  some  notion  of  how  to  tell  an 
exciting  story,  should  imagine  that  to  tell  it  in 
Thyme  rather  than  in  prose  (surely  more  diffi- 
cult !)  can  in  any  possible  way  improve  the 
story?  It  is  hardly  likely  that  Mr.  Upward, 
for  instance,  supposes  he  has  been  writing 
poetry  ;  yet,  if  one  is  not  at  least  trying  to 
write  poetry,  why  write  in  rhyme  at  all  ? 

No  one  can  doubt  that  the  writing  of  Wild 
Flon-er  Lyrics,  and  other  Poems  (A.  Gardner), 
afforded  Mr.  J.  Rigg  keen  deliglit,  and 
that  they  are,  as  he  says,  "the  outflowings  of 
his  heart  to  the  lovely  flowers  that  adorn  our 
lanes,  fields,  and  fells,  and  that  smile  upon  us 
and  cheer  and  bless  us  in  our  country  rambles." 
There  are  a  great  many  pages,  and  all  show  the 
utmost  love  of  Nature,  joined  to  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  her  ways.  Mr.  Rigg's  taste  is 
catholic,  his  range   is  wide — he  will  hymn  a 


field   of    curly  greens  in   blossom  or  a  gymna- 

denia  with  equal  glibness  and  confidence.    Some 

idea  of  his  fluency  may  be  gained  from  the  fact 

that  eight  poems  have    been    inspired    by  the 

bramble,    nine    by    the    broom,  eleven    by   the 

j  daisy,  and  seventeen  by  natural  selection  ;  and 

'  almost   every  known    flower   or   weed    finds    a 

{  place  in  his  three  hundred  closely  printed  pages. 

The  lover  of  art  will  not  linger  over  Mr.  Rigg's 

pages,   but  the  lover  of  Nature  may,  for  it  is 

not   only  floral   nature   that  breathes  in  these 

many  pages,  but  the  nature  of  the  author,  and 

a  pleasant,  kindly,  beauty-loving  nature  it  is. 

The  following  will  serve  to  show  Mr.  Rigg  at 

his  best  : — 

To  THE  Red  Campion  (Lychnis  diurna). 

Like  a  littlH  rosy  maiden 

Peeping  through  the  ferny  brake 
In  thy  rolies  so  downy  laden — 
All  the  woods  sing  for  thy  sake. 
Thou  art  sure  a  ruby  set 
In  the  spring's  gay  coronet. 
»  •  *  » 

Campion,  thou  dost  count  the  sun, 

And  the  insects  of  a  day 
O'er  thy  ruddy  blossoms  r>in, 

Seeking  still  their  honeyed  way  ; 
You  and  they  with  little  strife 
Linking  still  the  chain  of  life. 

We  feel  a  great  kindness  for  Mr.  Rigg,  and  we 
hope  it  is  not  ungenerous  to  yield  to  the  tempta- 
tion to  quote  a  verse  from  his  lines 

To  THIS  POTATOE  (Solanum  UihttrO'Um). 
Dear  to  the  roamin'  pnet's  bosom 
Is  thy  snow-white  or  lilac  blossom  ; 
Au' — to  his  een— O  rare  symposum  1  — 

Thy  stamen's  gold  ! 
Thy  leaves — solanum  tuberosum  — 

How  rich  an'  bold  ! 

Mrs.  Radford's  verse  has  always  a  dainty 
and  simple  grace,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  meet 
once  more  A  Light  Load  (Mathews).  The 
illustrations  by  Miss  B.  E.  Parsons,  weakly 
derivative,  seem  to  us  rather  to  detract  from 
the  value  of  the  poems,  and  the  paper  on  which 
the  book  is  printed  is  of  a  slippery  shininess 
most  offensive  to  eye  and  hand.  For  the  benefit 
of  those  who  have  not  met  with  Mrs.  Radford's 
little  book  we  may  allow  ourselves  to  quote  a 
song  which  is  an  excellent  example  of  her 
peculiar  and  pathetic  charm  :  — 


The  birds  sang  from  the  tree, 

"  Sweetheart. 
Go  forth  across  the  silent  hills. 
For,  in  the  vale  their  shadow  tilU, 
Thy  love  awaiteth  thee 

With  lonely  heart." 

She  wound  a  wreath  of  flowers 

So  sweet. 
And,  while  the  birds  still  sang  their  song. 
Across  the  hills,  she  passed  along 
In  the  fair  sunrise  hours 

Her  love  to  meet. 

But  when  the  sun,  asleep 

At  eve. 
Lay  bid  behind  a  purple  cloud, 
Kach  little  bird  in  leafy  shroud 
Saw  her  return  and  weep. 

"  And  dost  thou  grieve  ?" 

"  Ah  no,  I  am  not  sad," 

She  said, 
"  He  did  not  know  me  when  I  came. 
But  I  have  crowned  liim  all  the  same, 
And  how  can  I  be  sad  ? 

My  heart  is  glad." 

Australia  to  England,  by  Mr.  John  Farrell 
(Angus  &  Robertson),  is  a  poem  written  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Queen's  Jubilee,  and  is  at  once 
stronger  and  more  restrained  than  Australian 
poetry  is  wont  to  be.  There  is  about  it  none 
of  the  rollicking  abandon  that  has  made  the 
charm  of  Australia's  best  singers,  and  there  is, 
on  the  other  hand,  a  dignity  and  a  finish  to 
which  these  have  not  aspired.  The  poem  opens 
well :— 

What  of  t  he  years  of  Englishmen  ? 

What  have  they  brought^  of  growth  and  grace 
Since  mud-buiit  London  by  its  fen 

Became  t  he  Briton's  breeding-place  ? 
What  of  the  village,  wliere  our  blood 

Was  brewed  by  sires,  half  mau  half  brute. 
In  vessels  of  wild  womanhood 

From  blood  of  Saxon,  Celt,  or  Jute  ? 

Mr.  Farrell  then  describes  in  few  and  graphic 
words  the  Jubilee  procession  with  the 

heaving  sea  of  life  that  beats 

Like  England's  heart  of  pride  to-day,; 
And  up  from  roaring  miles  of  streets 
Flings  on  the  roof  its  human  spray.. 


Australia  does  not  hesitate  to  tell  England  of 
her  sins  and  errors — her 

courage  proved  in  battle  feasts — 

The  couraf»e  of  the  beast  that  eats 

Its  torn  and  quivering  fellow  beasts  ; 

but  admits  that  England  has  been  the  first  to 

burst  the  bonds  and  break  the  yoke 

That  made  her  men  llie  slaves  of  kings. 

And  so  in  the  end  the  poem  wishes  us  well,  only 
bidding  us  remember  that 

the  safest  time  of  all 

For  even  the  migljtiest  stale  is  when 
Not  even  the  least  desires  its  fall. 

'Australia  to  England,'  in  spite  of  two  false 
rhymes,  one  of  them  so  shocking  that  we 
humanely  refrain  from  mentioning  it,  has  con- 
siderable merit  of  a  solid  sort,  less  rare  in  the 
old  country  than  in  the  new.  Yet  even  in  the  old 
country  j)oems  like  this  do  not  grow  on  every 
bush,  and  we  shall  look  forward  with  more  than 
common  interest  to  the  next  work  from  its 
author. 


BOOKS   ABOUT    INDIA. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  publish  Indian 
Frontier  Pulicij,  an  Historical  Shetch,  by  General 
Sir  John  Adye,  a  little  volume  which,  if  described 
by  the  first  throe  words  of  its  title,  without  the 
three  which  follow  in  smaller  type,  might  be  ex- 
pected to  contain  matter  which  will  not  be  found 
in  it.     Sir  John  Adye's  historical  sketch  is  not 
very  full,  and  not  free  from  serious  omissions. 
In   the  little  he  says  of  policy  he  scoffs  at  the 
need  for  providing  against  invasion  by  Russia, 
and     even     states     "that     the    mountains    of 
Afghanistan     form    a    natural     and     enduring 
barrier   against   a    further  advance and    in- 
deed a  really  scientific  frontier."     An  examina- 
tion of  this  view  would  lead  us  far.     At  Herat 
the  mountains  are  turned.     We  have  guaranteed 
the  State  of  Afghanistan  with  its  present  fron- 
tiers, and  a  great  part  of  that  state  lies  north 
of    the   mountains   to    which    Sir    .lohn   Adye 
alludes  ;  and  we  are  bound   by  three  successive 
declarations,  made  in  the  strongest  terms  under 
Mr.  Gladstone,  not  to  adopt  a  frontier  which 
would   mean  a  partition  of  Afghanistan,  but  to 
aid  the  Afghans  to  prevent  the  Russians  from 
coming  to  the  mountain  range  in   question.     It 
will   not  be  easy,  even  under  a  new  Ameer,  to 
revise  our  agreements  in  such  a  way  as  to  carry 
out  Sir  John  Adye's  policy  ;    and  to  proclaim 
it    in     the    present    circumstances    would     be 
dangerous  in  the  extreme.     If  Russia  is  to  be 
allowed  to  come  to  the  main  line  of  the  Hindu 
Kush,    then   we   shall    either   have   to   remain 
stationary  in   face  of  this  vast  advance,  which 
will  certainly  lead  to  disquiet  throughout  India, 
or    else    to   advance   ourselves    into    Southern 
Afglianistan,  with  all  the  dangers  of  that  course. 
Sir  John  Adye  thinks  that  Russia  has  not  the 
power  to  invade    India,    which    is,   of    course, 
admittedly  true  so  far  as  starting  from  the  pre- 
sent  frontier  goes  ;    but  lie  does  not  attempt 
to  discuss  what  is  to  happen  when  Russia  pro- 
poses to  make  the  first  of  several  obvious  suc- 
cessive bites  at  her  cherry,  and  it  is  somewhat 
idle  to  set  up  a  doctrine  which  nobody  holds 
and    to    artiue    against    it,    without    discussing 
real  probabilities.    To  Sir  John  Adye  the  whole 
story  of  Russian   advance  is   what  he  calls  an 
"old  bugbear,"  and  in  consequence  his  book  is 
not  fruitful.     Where  he  gets  on  to  the  Durand 
agreement  of  1893,  which  he  evidently  thinks 
has  been  the  cause  of  our  present  troubles,  he 
is  upon  much  safer  ground,  although   he  writes 
of  Cliitral  in  such  a  way  as  to  imply  that  it  lies 
in  a  district  impossible  of  access,  whereas  the 
repeated   Russian  explorations  of  the  slopes  of 
the  Pamir  in    its  neighbourhood    have   shown 
the  importance  attributed  to  this  base  by  that 
power. 

Though  we  cannot  agree  with  the  author  as 
to  the  propriety  of  the  title  he  has  selected  for 
his  book,  nor  with  the  choice  he  has  made  of 
gentlemen  who  are  described  as  "chief  among 
the  Empire-builders  of  the  nineteenth  century," 
yet  for  various  reasons  a  welcome  may  bo  offered 


882 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


to  the  biographical  sketches  called  Tioelve  Indian 
Stutesmen,  by  Dr.  Georf^e  Smith  (Murray).  For 
if  some  of  his  heroes  were  more  remarkable  for 
the  strain  of  puritanism  in  their  natures  tlian 
for  marked  ability  either  in  military  or  in  civil 
administration,  still  we  are  given  the  pleasure 
of  more  or  less  acquaintance  with  certain  estim- 
able persons  whose  names  are,  perhaps,  less 
known  to  fame  than  their  merits  warrant.  Such, 
for  example,  was  the  late  Sir  Donald  McLeod, 
than  whom  no  less  aggressive  Christian  or  more 
refined  gentleman  and  scholar  ever  held  the 
high  position  of  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the 
Punjab.  Other  names  seem  to  be  less  happily 
included,  and  readers  who  know  the  circum- 
stances cannot  fail  to  be  amused  by  the  con- 
fidence with  which  the  biographer  claims  the 
very  highest  qualities  for  his  characters,  and 
the  omniscience  with  which  he  lays  down  the 
law,  a  habit  possibly  contracted  when  conducting 
an  Anglo-Indian  newspaper.  Nevertheless  the 
sketches  are  interesting,  specially,  as  is  natural, 
to  persons  who  knew  the  men,  and  they  cannot 
fail  to  recall  many  memories  ;  but  the  want  of 
portraits  is  a  serious  defect.  If  the  remark  is 
fair  and  not  merely  inspired  by  Belial,  we 
should  like  to  say  that  the  author  is  probably 
a  better  judge  of  missions  and  missionaries 
than  of  statesmen  and  soldiers  ;  and  we  learn 
with  apprehension  that  he  hopes  to  review  his- 
torically the  acts  of  all  the  Governors-General 
from  the  Marquess  of  Dalhousie  to  the  present 
Earl  of  Elgin.  A  large  order  surely,  and  let 
the  evildoers  tremble. 

When  Mr.  James  Thomason,  who  was  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  North- Western  Provinces 
of   India  from  1843   to  1853,   died,   his   secre- 
tary, Mr.  Muir,  wrote  an  article  in  the  Calcutta 
Review  in  which  the  story  of  his  life  was  briefly 
told,  whilst  his  special  achievements  as  an  ad- 
ministrator were  related  at  greater  length.    The 
record  was  appropriate,  and  it  was  made  use  of 
a  few  years  ago,  when  his  life  was  written  by 
Sir  Richard  Temple  for  the  "Rulers  of  India  " 
series.    It  may,  therefore,  be  questioned  whether 
the  reproduction  of  the  article  under  the  title 
of  James  Thomason,  by  Sir  William  Muir  (Edin- 
burgh, Clark),  was  desirable,  or  perhaps  it  would 
be  better  to  say  whether  demand   for  the  in- 
formation contained  in  the  little  volume  is  likely 
to  justify  its  supply.     Nevertheless,  concerning 
a  man  of  such  unquestioned  eminence  the  older 
generation   is  glad  to  be  reminded  of  certain 
details — such  as  that  Thomason  carried  out  and 
perfected  Robert  Bird's  reforms  in  the  Revenue 
Department ;  that  under  his  guidance  Sir  Robert 
Montgomery,  Sir   Donald  Mcleod,   Lord    Law- 
rence, and  others  learnt  their  lesson  and  intro- 
duced his  system  to  the  Punjab  ;    that  he  was 
the  strenuous  and  influential  supporter  of  Sir 
Proby  Cautley,  who  designed  tlie  Ganges  Canal ; 
and  that  he  originated  the  idea  of  which  the 
Thomason  College  at  Roorkee  is  the  expression. 
To  young  men  who  are  about  to  begin  work  in 
the  Indian  Civil  Service  the  example  set  forth 
may  be  of  untold  value.     The  credit  of  selecting 
Thomason  for  high  office  is  due  to  Lord  Ellen- 
borough,    who,    as    Sir   Herbert   Ed  ward es   re- 
marked, possessed  that  keen  insight  into  cha- 
racter which   is  to  statesmen  and  governors  a 
diviner's  rod.     No  Governoi'-General  was  more 
careful   and    impartial    in    the   exercise    of    his 
patronage,  and  few,  if  any,  have  been  so  success- 
ful in  bringing  forward  men  of  the  first  rank. 

The  Mayo  College,  by  Mr.  Herbert  Sherring 
(Calcutta,  Thacker,  Spink  &  Co.),  is  a  record,  in 
two  volumes,  of  the  origin  of  the  institution  and 
the  work  it  has  accomplished  during  the  first 
twenty  years  of  its  existence,  written  principally 
for  the  students.  The  building,  which  is  de- 
scribed in  considerable  detail,  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  A j mere  valley  and  is  primarily 
intended  for  the  instruction  of  the  noble  youth 
of  Rajputana.  The  centre  hall  is  said  to  be  one 
of  the  finest  in  India,  and  it  certainly  seems  to 
be  furnished  in  a  miscellaneous  fashion.     It  is 


provided  with  newspapers  and  periodicals  for 
the  improvement  of  the  students'  minds,  our 
esteemed  contemporary  Fiinch  occupying  a  pro- 
minent position  ;  on  other  tables  there  are  illus- 
trated books  and  albums  of  photographs,  behind 
which  are  supplied  the  means  of  playing  indoor 
games  of  skill.  There  is  even  a  billiard  table, 
which,  as  may  readily  be  believed,  is  extremely 
popular.  Around  the  walls  are  cases  which 
hold  the  library,  and  on  them  are  hung  por- 
traits, including  one  of  Sir  Edward  Bradford 
by  Mr.  Ouless.  Altogether  the  variety  seems 
pleasing.  Then  there  is  a  temple  with  graven 
images  for  the  Rajputs  when  seriously  disposed, 
whilst  a  swimming  bath,  cricket  field,  racquet 
court,  and  arrangements  for  polo  and  for  ritie- 
shooting,  are  among  the  preparations  made  for 
their  amusement  and  exercise.  The  author 
suggests  that  a  chiefs'  college  in  England  affi- 
liated to  either  Oxford  or  Cambridge  is  a  neces- 
sary complement  to  this  Indian  Eton,  and  that 
the  scholars  would  then  learn  what  the  West  has 
to  teach  without  becoming  denationalized,  as  "  is 
generally  the  case  with  individual  students  from 
India  who  plunge,  one  by  one,  into  the  vortex 
of  English  life."  The  second  volume  contains 
historical  and  other  statistics  of  Rajputana,  with 
notices  of  officials  who  have  been  and  are  con- 
nected with  the  college.  These  and  the  tabular 
statements  with  which  both  volumes  are  over- 
freely  furnished  will  not  appeal  to  English 
readers,  but  may  be  appropriate  for  the  public 
to  whom  the  book  is  immediately  addressed.  A 
few  illustrations  from  photographs  of  the  build- 
ings and  the  places  of  interest  in  the  neighbour- 
hood might  with  advantage  have  been  supplied. 
The  volumes  are  creditably  turned  out. 


CHRISTMAS    BOOKS. 


Wk  suppose  that  Mr.  Barrington  Macgregor 
calls  King  Longbeard  (Lane)  a  collection  of  fairy 
tales  because  his  majesty  lives  in  a  castle  by  the 
side  of  a  silver  river,  which  is  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  rainbows,  but  in  the  same  sentence 
he  brings  us  down  to  earth  by  comparing  it 
with  the  Forth  and  Brooklyn  bridges.  These 
are  not  fairy  tales  which  children  will  care  for. 
Who  indeed — man,  woman,  or  child—  will  relish 
such  story-telling  as  this  1  A  stork  is  the 
speaker. 

"  I  put  my  car  to  the  keyhole  of  the  front  door, 
and  heard  a  sort  of  low,  hasty  muttering.  Some 
creature  was  saying  to  itself,  hurriedly,  'Lay  the 
tnble  !  Ye?,  I  must  lay  the  table.  Teal  that's  a 
noun,  common— singular  ?  Very  singular  1  Mascu- 
line gender?  Yes— that 's  a  conjunctional  sentence 
— "lay  the  talile  flnrf  the  tea  will  appear."  Verb, 
transitive?  No;  30U  can't  make  the  tea  appear 
anything.  Yes,  you  can  !  It  appears  too  long 
dr;iwn.'  My  curiosity  was  so  excited  that  I  knocked 
at  the  door.  •  A  knock,' said  a  voice  inside.  'Knock 
—  adjective,  demonstrative— noun,  common,  i)lural, 
feu)inine — I  can't  wait '  A  sound  of  busy,  pattering 
feet  followed  ;  and  a  rabbit,  dressed  in  a  short  coat, 
opened  the  door.  '  I  beg  your  pardon,'  I  snid  ;  '  but 
may  I  ask  wlio  you  are  ?'  '  Nouseuse  ! '  he  replied  ; 
'  you  can't  are  anybody,  can  you,  stupid  head  ?  It 
can't  be  transitive,' "  &c. 

"  When  a  new  book  comes  out,"  said  Samuel 
Rogers,  "read  an  old  one,"  and  this  saying  is 
worthy  of  all  acceptation  so  far  as  fairy  tales 
are  concerned.  Lady  Gwendolen  Ramsden's  A 
t^mile  vnthin  a  Tear  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)  is  a 
readable  collection,  but  we  find  in  it  allusions 
to  the  "isms"  of  the  day,  and  miss  the  sim- 
plicity and  directness  of  the  old  stories  which 
found  their  way  into  print  fifty  or  a  hundred  or 
more  years  ago. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Fletcher,  whose  books  are  often 
a  delight,  presents  in  The  Maldiiq  of  Matthias 
(Lane)  a  very  attractive  study  of  country  life. 
Matthias  is  a  lonely  child,  whose  only  com- 
panions are  the  creatures  of  the  woods  and  the 
fields,  and  he  lives  with  the  wild  folk  till  he 
becomes,  as  it  were,  a  king  among  them,  and 
reigns  over  the  birds  and  beasts  and  insects  till 
duty  calls  him  to  lay  aside  the  crown  of  his 
childhood  and  take  up  the  harness  of  the  man. 


The  story  of  the  child's  imaginary  kingdom  is 
full  of  grace  and  charm  ;  but  we  do  not  think 
that  the  young  are  so  likely  to  appreciate  it  as 
the  old.  Miss  Kemp- Welch's  many  beautiful 
drawings  will  have  admirers  of  all  ages. — The 
Flamp,  The  Ameliorator,  and  The  ISchoolboy's 
Apprentice  (Grant  Richards)  are  three  little 
stories  for  little  ones,  written  by  Mr.  E.  V. 
Lucas,  and  bound  up  in  a  tiny  volume  which 
announces  itself  as  the  first  of  "The  Dumpy 
Books  for  Children."  "Dumpy,"  which  we  take 
to  mean  something  short  and  thick,  is  not  at  all 
the  right  adjectivewherewithtodescribeaslender 
and  well-proportioned  little  book,  but  Mr.  Lucas 
is  probably  not  responsible  for  the  title  of  the 
series.  '  The  Flamp  '  is  the  story  of  an  amiable 
and  impossible  monster,  and  is  quite  readable  ; 
'The  Ameliorator '  and  'The  Schoolboy's  Appren- 
tice '  are  too  elaborately  funny  to  be  really 
amusing. 

The  Gentlemanly  Giant  (Hodder  &  Stoughton) 
is  the  most  agreeable  giant  we  have  ever  met. 
His  adventures  as  related  by  Miss  Beata 
Francis  will  be  read  with  interest  by  children. 
'  Lotis  and  the  Lily,'  too,  is  readable  ;  but  we 
found  '  The  Pink  Cat '  rather  long  and  dull, 
and  sighed  for  'The  White  Cat'  of  Madame 
d'Aulnoy.  'The  Silver  Bird'  is  by  no  means 
good,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  illus- 
trations. —  Untold  Tales  of  the  Past  (Black- 
wood &  Sons),  by  Miss  B.  Harraden,  are 
good  and  interesting,  and  will  make  intelli- 
gent children  go  to  history  to  find  stories 
for  themselves.  The  stories  from  Greek  and 
Roman  history  are  the  best. — It  is  a  pleasure  to 
be  taken  All  the  Way  to  Fairyland  by  Miss 
Evelyn  Sharp  (Lane).  Of  course  we  meet  with 
the  Wymps  there  as  well  as  the  fairies  ;  but  we 
regret  to  say  that  the  fairies  and  the  Wymps 
do  not  get  on  well  together,  because  the 
Wymps  "live  at  the  back  of  the  sun  and  do 
not  know  manners";  while  the  Wymps  dis- 
like the  fairies,  because  the  latter  "live 
at  the  front  of  the  sun  and  cannot  take  a 
joke."  Not  being  able  to  take  a  joke  costs 
the  fairies  dear,  for  when  the  Wymps  catch  one 
they  shut  him  up  for  fifteen  days  without  food, 
because,  if  he  cannot  take  a  joke,  he  cannot 
take  anything.  Miss  Sharp's  jokes  are  pleasant, 
and  her  stories  are  amusing. 

Mrs.  Marshall's  new  story.  In  the  Choir  of 
Westminster  Abbey  (Seeley  &  Co.),  will  prove 
agreeable  reading  for  girls,  being  a  pleasant  tale, 
of  which  Henry  Purcell  is  the  centre.  The 
narrative  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  the  heroine, 
and  Mrs.  Marshall  has  tried  hard  to  reproduce 
the  phraseology  of  the  period,  but  unluckily  the 
run  of  her  sentences  is  quite  different  from  that 
of  any  seventeenth  century  writer. 


LOCAL   HISTORY. 

Pembrokeshire  Antiqxtities.  (Solva,  W^illiams.) 
— Though  this  unpretentious  little  volume  is 
made  up  of  reprints  from  the  antiquaries' 
column  of  a  Pembrokeshire  journal  with  a  very 
limited  circulation,  its  contents  possess  a  much 
wider  and  more  permanent  value  than  most 
provincial  collections  of  "notes  and  queries." 
The  publisher,  himself  an  intelligent  antiquary 
who  has  an  enviable  record  as  a  discoverer 
of  inscribed  stones,  tells  us  that  he  had  long 
desired  an  opportunity  to  establish  such  a 
column  in  his  paper,  and  it  at  last  arrived  some 
two  years  ago,  when  it  was  decided  to  set  on 
foot  an  archiBological  survey  of  the  county. 
That  the  premier  position  in  this  volume  should 
be  assigned  to  pure  archaeology  is  therefore  most 
appropriate.  Prof.  Rhys  leads  off  with  a  com- 
prehensive article  and  a  couple  of  supplemental 
letters  dealing  seriatim  with  all  the  "  Celtic 
inscriptions  "  of  the  county,  a  large  number  of 
which  are  written  both  in  Roman  and  Ogam 
characters.  Mr.  Edward  Laws  (who has  under- 
taken the  general  supervision  of  the  column) 
tells  his  less  learned  readers  how  to  recognize 
Ogam  inscribed  stones  and  where  to  look  for 


N"3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


883 


them.     "You   may  expect    to    see  them,"   he 
says,  "  as  gate-jambs,  rubbing-posts   for  cattle, 
built  into  church  walls,  or,  in  fact,  anywhere." 
It  is  gratifying  to  think  that  at  least  one  im- 
portant inscription  of  this  kind  has   been  dis- 
covered since  Mr.    Laws's  "  hints  "  were  given. 
There  are  also  several  no  tes  on  preh  istoric  sub  j  ects, 
the  most  important  being  a  somewhat  detailed 
account  by  Dr.  Henry  Hicks  of  the  submerged 
forests  of  the  Pembrokeshire  coast.      But  the 
subjects  which  have  drawn  the  largest  number 
of  local  contributors — and  it  will    be    on    the 
faithfulness  of  such  contributors  that  the  success 
of  the  column  will  eventually  depend  — are  the 
popular  customs   and   folk-lore  of  the  county. 
At     the    end    of    harvest    a    "neck"  of    corn 
was  cut,  but  in  the  Welsh-speaking  district  it 
went  by  the  name  of  "y  wrach,"  or  the  old 
woman  ;  at  Christmas  the  hunting  of  the  wren 
was    indulged    in  ;    but  the    strangest    custom 
which  this  volume  has  brought  to  light  is    a 
"wake-night  "  ceremony,  said,  on  what  appears 
to  be  good    authority,   to  have  been   formerly 
practised    throughout     North    Pembrokeshire. 
The  dead  body,  wrapped  in  its  white  shroud,  was 
drawn  up  through  the  chimney  by  means  of  a 
rope,  and  when  it  had  been  brought  to  the  top 
it   was  carefully    lowered    and  replaced  in  its 
coffin  !     This  gruesome  custom  appears  to  have 
hitherto  escaped  the  notice  of  folk-lorists,  but 
it  appears  to  have  been  a  symbolic  process  of 
purification  by  fire,   which    was    probably    in- 
tended to  relieve  the  deceased  of  his  sins.     An 
adequate  index  is  supplied,  while  the  general 
appearance  of  the  little  volume  reflects  much 
credit  on  a  local  press  from  which  there  recently 
issued  another  work  relating  to  the  same  county 
— '  A  Bibliographical  Index  of  Pembrokeshire 
Literature.' 

The  Registers  of  Stratford -on- Avon.    (Privately 
printed.) — The    Parish    Register    Society    has 
made  an  excellent  start.     This  is,  we  believe, 
the  tenth  volume  it  has  undertaken   since  its 
recent  foundation,  so  that  it  evidently  believes 
in  giving  its  subscribers  "a  great  deal  for  their 
money,"  to  quote  the  advice  of   the  late  Mr. 
Green  to  the  Oxford  Historical  Society.  Nor  has 
this  been  accomplished  at  the  cost  of  inferior 
production  :  hand-made  paper  has  wisely  been 
selected,  and   the   printing   is   admirable.      In 
spite  of  the  number  of  learned  societies  and  the 
difficulty  some  of  them  find  in  keeping  up  their 
numbers,  the  ever-increasing  interest  in  genea- 
logy should   secure  for  this   new  enterprise  a 
prosperous  career,  not  only  in  England,  but  in 
America  and  the  colonies,  where  it  ought  to  be 
peculiarly  welcome.      At    the  same  time,  it  is 
scarcely  fair   to   the   Harleian   Society  and  its 
Parish    Register   section    to   confine    the    work 
hitherto  done  to  "local  societies  and  individual 
antiquaries."     We  are  very  glad  to  see  that  the 
registers  will  be    printed  in  extenso,  thus  pre- 
serving the  "colour  "  of  the  original,  while  the 
shape  adopted    for  the  volumes    is   extremely 
convenient.     The  title  on  the  cover  of  the  one 
before  us  is  somewhat  misleading,  for  only  the 
baptisms  from  1558  to  1653  are  here  printed. 
The   great   interest   for   the   general  public  of 
this   volume  is  the  baptism  of  Shakspeare,  of 
which  it  contains  the  transcribed  entry  ;    but 
the  student  will  find  much  else  in   it.     There 
is  appended  to  the  short  preface  a  note  that 
"  Nothus  "   and    "  Notha  "    in    these     pages 
describe     the     children     of     married     women 
begotten   by  other  than  their  husbands.     Can 
this  be  so  ?     The  words  are  used  by  "  William 
Gilbard,  alias  Higgs,  minister,"  but  before  and 
after,  his  time  we  find  the  homely  "bastard." 
It  seems  a  pity  to  introduce  so  doubtful  a  view. 
The  index  appears  to  be  first  rate,  but  we  do 
not  understand   on   what  principle  the  list  of 
"Descriptions  "  has  been  made. 


AMERICAN   FICTION. 


The  English  heroine  of  The  Barn-Sformers, 
by  Mrs.  0.  N.  Williamson  (Hutchinson  &  Co.), 


who  sails  alone  to  the  New  World  to  seek  her 
fortunes,  reminds  us  throughout  rather  of  the 
countiy  of  her  adoption  than  of  that  of  her 
birth.  Monica  is  a  fresh  and  charming  con- 
ception, but  her  qualities  are  not  essentially 
those  of  English  girlhood.  Her  experiences 
with  the  Barii-Stormers,  a  low  theatrical  com- 
pany to  which  she  attaches  herself,  provide 
plenty  of  incident  of  a  humorous  as  well  as  of 
an  exciting  nature.  Indeed,  the  readableness 
of  the  story  lies  mainly  in  the  Yankee  humour 
and  sprightliness  with  which  it  is  told,  and 
which  distracts  our  attention  from  much  that  is 
i  mprobable  in  its  details.  The  different  members 
of  the  company  are  represented  to  us  with  a 
good  deal  of  vividness,  and  Monica's  friendship 
with  the  poor  piano-player  is  a  pretty  and 
natural  undercurrent  to  the  main  plot.  As  for 
Randolph,  so  many  are  his  charms  as  a  deus  ex 
tnachind  that  obviously  only  the  exigencies  of 
the  story  prevented  Monica  from  falling  a  victim 
to  them  in  the  very  beginning,  and  thereby 
denying  us  some  amount  of  entertainment. 

The  Mills  vf  God.  By  Francis  H.  Hardy. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)— The  story  of  Jim  Rud- 
derow,  son  of  a  farmer  near  Philadelphia,  is 
among  the  best- told  stories  that  have  come  to 
English  readers  from  the  United  States.  It  is 
short  and  crisp,  full  of  genuine  humour  and 
pathos,  and  never  vulgar.  The  contrast  between 
the  peaceful  life  on  the  farm  and  the  excitement 
of  the  American  express-car  guardian's  dangers 
is  good,  and  the  tragedy  of  the  struggle  between 
the  train  robbers  and  the  express-car  man  is 
described  graphically,  but  with  restraint  and 
skill.  Some  portion  of  the  interest  of  the  story 
would  no  doubt  be  anticipated  by  a  summary  of 
the  plot ;  but  the  true  interest  of  the  book  lies 
in  the  character  sketching  and  the  short  but 
clever  delineation  of  scenery  and  surroundings. 
Without  over-elaboration,  every  point  and  detail 
is  well  brought  out,  and  there  is  a  sense  of  pro- 
portion in  the  relative  treatment  of  incidents 
which  is  gratifying  to  any  one  accustomed  to 
the  slipshod  methods  of  the  bulk  of  recent  fiction. 
Most  of  the  broader  Americanisms  seem  to  have 
been  weeded  out  for  English  readers,  with  rare 
exceptions,  as  where  we  read  (p.  136),  "the 
scenery  took  on  new  dignity,  new  grandeur,"  and 
in  another  place  "  it  was  half  after  six."  The 
book  is  singularly  pleasing  literature,  and  it 
is  literature  for  adults,  and  not  for  children. 

Bess.  By  Helen  M.  Boulton.  (Harper  & 
Brothers.) — 'Bess'  well  deserves  a  few  words 
of  notice.  The  author's  power  is  above  the 
average.  She  writes  vigorously,  almost  im- 
pressively. Some  of  her  characters  are  vividly 
presented,  but  are  a  trifle  melodramatic.  The 
unbelieving  clergyman  who  unburdens  his  soul, 
and  the  heroine  who  urges  an  erring  friend  to 
drown  herself,  and  at  last  pushes  her  off  a 
bridge  to  make  sure,  are  instances  in  point. 

That  Affair  Next  Door.  By  Anna  Katharine 
Green.  (Putnam's  Sons.) — The  author  of  'The 
Leavenworth  Case ' — a  book  that  gained  more 
than  a  due  siiare  of  success — is  not  happy  in 
the  method  chosen  for  presenting  her  detective 
story  of  'That  A  flair  Next  Door.'  The  story 
is  told  by  a  sprightly,  inquisitive,  and  tiresomely 
jocular  old  maid,  and  it  is  much  too  long.  The 
coroner  and  the  detective  are  almost  as  tedious 
and  injudicious  as  the  old  maid  herself.  One 
can  only  express  a  hope  (coupled  with  a  belief) 
that  many  incidents  in  the  story  are  a  burlesque 
version  of  the  conduct  of  police  matters  in  New 
York. 

Wanolasset,  which  being  interpreted  signifies 
"the  little  one  who  laughs,"  is  a  story  of  the 
Puritans  in  Med  field  in  the  year  1075.  The 
Pilgrim  Fathers  and  the  Pilgrim  sons  and 
daughters  had  got  the  better  of  the  "  wolves 
who  sat  on  their  tayles  and  grinned  at  them," 
but  not  of  the  Indians,  and  this  is  a  pleasantly 
written  little  story  telling  of  an  Indian  attack 
on  the  settlement  in  which  Wanolasset  dwelt. 
Of  course,  after  much  hardship  and  many  adven- 


tures all  comes  right  for  the  Puritans,  but  the 
less  said  of  what  happened  to  the  Indians  the 
better.  The  author,  Mr.  A.  G.  Plympton,  has 
illustrated  his  book  very  prettily.  Messrs. 
Roberts  Brothers,  of  Boston,  U.S.,  are  the 
Ijublishers. 

The  standard  of  writing  in  the  historical 
novel  has  gone  up  since  fifteen  years  ago, 
and  John  Marmaduke,  by  S.  H.  Church 
(Putnam's  Sons),  is  in  many  respects  quite  up 
to  high-water  mark.  The  wooden  dummy  no 
hunger  figures  us  hero,  and  the  old  catch- 
words and  forced  local  colouring  have  nearly 
vanished.  Mr.  Church  creates  the  fitting 
atmosphere  without  apparent  eflfort.  In  the 
improved  novel  all  this  and  more  may  be 
almost  taken  for  granted,  yet  one  does  not  wish 
to  be  ungrateful  nor  tardy  of  praise  in  particular 
instances.  'John  Marmaduke'  has  many  in- 
teresting chapters.  Mr.  Church  has  before 
now  written,  but  in  a  graver  vein,  of  the  Crom- 
wellian  epoch,  and  his  study  of  the  time  has 
informed  his  lighter  work  with  an  air  of  know- 
ledge and  conviction.  Some  strong  scenes  occur 
in  this  novel,  principally  in  connexion  with  the 
skirmishes  between  Roundheads  and  "  Irishry  " 
— the  basis,  indeed,  of  the  story.  The  action 
passes  entirely  in  Ireland,  allowing  oppor- 
tunities for  a  love  story  between  two  persons 
separated  by  racial  and  religious  prejudices. 
Marmaduke,  an  officer  in  the  Parliamentary 
forces,  and  a  beautiful  high-spirited  Romanist 
maiden,  the  chatelaine  of  an  ancient  mansion 
invested  by  hostile  troops,  are  at  length  united. 
Tiie  Cromwells,  Ireton,  Prince  Rupert,  and 
others  appear  not  ineffectively,  but  the  illus- 
trations are  not  quite  up  to  the  level  of  the 
letterpress.        


OUR   LIBRARY    TABLE. 

3Iore  Tramps  Abroad  (Chatto  &  Windus)  may 
not  be  the  best  of  Mark  Twain's  books  as  litera- 
ture. It  is  too  long,  and  there  are  passages  in 
it  that  are  too  diffuse  ;  but  none  of  his  works 
would  stand  better  for  a  sample  of  all  his  wares 
— humour,  good  sense,  good  nature,  genuine 
good  fun,  shrewd  observation,  and  bits  of  de- 
scription which  would  be  hard  to  equal  in  the 
writings  of  the  most  serious  travellers.  This  is 
not  meant  to  be  an  exhaustive  catalogue  of  this 
popular  writer's  qualities,  but  it  may  serve  to 
indicate  the  merits  of  his  new  book.  Justice 
could  be  done  to  it  only  by  a  great  deal  of  quo- 
tation, more  than  we  can  find  room  for.  Tlie 
beginning  of  the  "  tramp  "  is  to  Australia.  It  is 
not  worth  while  stopping  to  question  whether 
an  ocean  voyage  is  aptly  so  described.  The 
marvels  of  boomerang  throwing  crop  up  as  a 
topic  of  conversation.  An  Australian  passenger 
caps  the  other  stories  by  saying  that  his  brother 
once  saw  a  boomerang  "kill  a  bird,  away  off  a 
hundred  yards,  and  bring  it  to  the  thrower."  In 
another  deck  conversation 

"  the  naturalist  spoke  of  the  bell-bird,  the  creature 
that  at  short  iiitirvals  all  day  rings  its  mellow  and 
exquisite  peal  from  the  deeps  of  the  forest.  It  is 
the  favourite  aud  best  friend  of  the  weary  and 
thirsty  sundowner,  for  he  knows  that  wherever  the 
bell-liird  is  there  is  water,  and  he  goes  somewhere 
else." 

"Sundowner"  is  the  Australian  equivalent  for 
"tramp."  A  ])assage  too  long  to  qui)te  shows 
that  Mark  Twain  has  appreciated  the  difi'erence 
between  American  and  English  humour  — a 
thing  that  is  beyond  the  powers  of  many 
capable  American  writers.  It  is  pleasant  to 
hear  that  he  was  well  received  in  Australia.  He 
was  there  while  the  war  cloud  was  "hanging 
black  over  England  and  America,"  and  he  says 
that  "the  welcome  which  an  American  lecturer 
gets  from  a  British  colonial  audience  is  a  thing 
which  will  move  him  to  his  deepest  depths,  and 
veil  his  sight  and  break  his  voice."  He  read 
the  newspapers,  he  studied  the  attitude  of 
politicians  and  of  the  public  ;  and  his  conclusion 
is  that  "the  English  speaking  race  will  dominate 
the  earth  a  hundred  years  from  now  if  its  sections 


884 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


do  not  get   to  fighting   each   other."     Turning 
again  to  lighter  matters,  he  describes  the  effect 
of   the   silver   discovery   at   Broken    Hill   with 
delightful    terseness    as    a    case    where    "  the 
common  sailor  invests  the  price  of  a  spree,  and 
next  month  buys  out   the   steamship  company 
and  goes  into  business  on  his  own  hook."     A 
facsimile  page  showing  how  the  author  worked 
out  one  of  his  "  Pudd'nhead  Wilson's  maxims" 
is  as  funny  as  anything  in  the  book.     It  must 
be  left  for   the    reader   to    enjoy   for   himself. 
Mark  Twain  goes  from  Australia  to  India,  and 
from  India  to  South  Africa.     He  was  there  a 
few  months  after  the  Jameson  raid.     He  states 
the  case  vigorously,  but  he  refuses  to  forecast 
the  future.  He  does  not  love  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes. 
Messrs.    Bentley    &    Son    publish    Cretan 
Sketches,  by  Mr.  Bickford-Smith,  the  late  Com- 
missioner   of    the    Cretan    Relief    Committee, 
illustrated  by  Mr.  Melton  Prior.     The  reader  is 
somewhat  set  against  this  volume  by  the  extra- 
ordinary style  of  the  first  few  pages,  whicli  are 
adorned  with  so  indiscriminate  and  so  lavish  a 
use  of  slightly  obscure  classical  illustration   as 
to  be  more  difficult  than  a  bit  of  Browning  ;  but 
the  book  improves  greatly  as  it  goes  on,  and 
forms,  on  the   whole,  a  most  excellent  view  of 
Crete  as  it    stands  under  the  Concert  of    the 
Powers.      The    author    is    impartial,    and    we 
imagine  his  view  of  the  two  sides  to  be  exactly 
truthful.     It  is,  of  course,  in  many  matters  a 
case  of    six  of  one  and    half    a  dozen  of    the 
others  ;    but    the    Moslem    inhabitants,    when 
they  desecrate  the  Christian  churches,  are  alone 
in  the  disgusting   practice   of    digging   up   the 
bodies  of  all  the  Christians  who  have  been  suf- 
ficiently recently  buried  to  be  still  remembered 
in    the    villages.     The    Christians,    of    course, 
avenge  themselves  by  desecrating  the  mosques, 
but  they  omit  this    particular  custom.     Those 
who   know  the  Turkish  East  are  aware  of  the 
curious  superstition  of  the  Turks  which  leads 
them,  even  in  Constantinople,  to  consult  Greek 
soothsayers   as   well   as  their   own   astrologers. 
The  author  of  the  present  volume  mentions  the 
use  by  the  Moslem  in  Crete  of  Christian  relics 
as  a  charm  against  Christian  bullets.    There  is  a 
good  deal  of  arch.Teology  incidentally  introduced 
into  the  volume,  and  some   hints  to  those  who 
may  wish   to   "dig"  in    Crete   after   peace    is 
restored.     We  find   that  the  Greek  element  is 
gradually  prevailing  against    the  Turkish    and 
Moslem  Greek  even   under    Turkish  rule,   and 
the  name  of  the  town  of  Candia  now  seems  to 
be  locally  fixed  in  its  Greek  form  Herakleion. 
The  account  of  the  bombardment  of  the  Chris- 
tians by  the  allied  fleet  differs  a  good  deal  from 
that  which  appeared  at  the  time  in  the  news- 
papers.    It  seems  that  the  first  two  people  who 
were  killed — by  a  French  shell — were  Turkish 
soldiers  who  had  been  disarmed  and  captured 
by  the  insurgents.   Among  those  who  were  most 
exposed  to  fire  were  an  American  correspondent 
and   an   Oxford    undergraduate.     There    is    an 
interesting    side-light    tlirown    upon    Mediter- 
ranean fleets  by  the  fact  that  one  of  the   first 
shells   to   burst  in  the  blockhouse  was  a   high- 
explosive     shell    filled    with    melinite,     which, 
being  described  as   "large,"  as  compared  with 
the  French  and  German  5  inch  shells,  was  pro- 
bably a  Russian  9  inch  shell.    Our  naval  officers 
have  no  doubt  reported  to  the  Admiralty  this 
use   by  the  Russians  in  the  Mediterranean  of 
French  melinite  shells.  Our  own  Mediterranean 
fleet    does  not  possess  a  single  high-explosive 
shell,  although  some  few  are    now  carried    by 
the  Channel  squadron  to  please  the  public. 

The  anonymous  compiler  of  the  Life  and 
Letters  of  IVi'liam  Juhn  Butler  (Macmillan 
<fe  Co.)  has  shown  both  taste  and  tact,  for  she 
has  avoided  in  large  measure  tlie  ecclesiastical 
(juarrels  in  which  the  late  Dean  of  Lincoln 
showed  more  enthusiasm  than  discretion,  and 
dwells  largely  on  the  excellent  work  he  did  at 
Wantage,  and  on  the  sisterhood  he  founded, 
and  which,  under  his  fostering  care,  became  a 
great  and  beneficent  organization.     The  work, 


therefore,  contrasts  favourably  with  some  recent 
biographies  that  would  lead  the  ingenuous 
reader  to  suppose  that  the  life  of  a  High  Church 
clergyman  is  spent  in  trying  to  bring  about  the 
excommunication  of  all  who  differ  from  him. 
No  doubt  Butler  was  too  much  inclined  to 
stigmatize  Low  Churchmen  and  Broad  Church- 
men as  heretics  (he  compared  poor  Mr.  Gor- 
ham  to  Arius  I)  :  but  this  should  not  interfere 
with  our  admiration  for  the  devotion  and  energy 
he  displayed  as  a  parish  priest.  Wantage  when 
he  came  to  it  had  been  greatly  neglected.  It  was 
rather  a  large  village  than  a  town  ;  the  vicar, 
the  Dean  of  Windsor,  who  also  held  a  living  in 
Lincolnshire,  was  an  absentee,  and  little  was 
done  for  the  s[)iritual  welfare  of  the  inhabitants. 
Butler  altered  this  :  he  was  indefatigable  in 
visiting  his  parishioners,  built  a  second  church, 
started  excellent  schools  for  boys  and  girls, 
and  changed  the  entire  atmosphere  of  the  place. 
Nor  did  he  confine  himself  to  ministering  to  the 
souls  of  his  flock,  for  he  founded  a  penny  bank 
which  he  worked  himself,  he  pulled  down  un- 
healthy houses  and  replaced  them  by  healthy 
ones,  he  improved  the  water  supply,  and  looked 
after  the  drainage.  No  wonder  that  his  name 
is  remembered  with  gratitude  in  Berkshire. 
All  this  is  pleasantly  and  modestly  told  in  the 
book  before  us.  The  letters  printed  are  judi- 
ciously selected,  and  characteristic  of  the  man. 
Some  written  from  the  scene  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war  in  the  autumn  of  1870  vary  agree- 
ably the  usual  tenor  of  the  book. 

A  Dictionary  of  English  Authors  (Redway), 
by  Mr.  R.  F.  Sharp,  of  the  British  Museum, 
contains  both  biographical  and  bibliographical 
details  of  seven  hundred  writers,  and  is  a  de- 
cidedly useful  book  of  reference  of  convenient 
size  and  shape.  There  are  too  many  queries  in  the 
biographies  which  research  might  have  settled. 
As  to  the  "literary  eminence"  required  for 
insertion,  without  making  odious  comparisons 
we  think  that  a  list  which  includes  Mr.  Birrell, 
Mr.  Pinero,  Mr.  William  Archer,  "Q,"  Mr.  Grant 
Allen,  and  Mr.  William  Watson  might  also 
deal  with  Dr.  Jessopp,  Mr.  Zangwill,  Mr.  H.  A. 
Jones,  Mr.  Rider  Haggard,  Mr.  Conan  Doyle, 
F.  Anstey,  Anthony  Hope,  and  Messrs.  David- 
son and  Krancis  Thompson,  who  are  all  omitted. 
The  absence  of  some  famous  females  we  bear 
with  more  equanimity.  In  any  case  the  book 
should  have  recorded  the  life  and  works  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh. 

Lord  Selborne  and  some  of  the  early  Words- 
worthians  were  excellent  persons,  but  a  little 
inclined  to  be  dull  and  dry.  This  fault  cannot 
be  urged  against  A  Primer  of  Wordsworth 
(Methuen  &  Co.),  which  Mr.  Laurie  Magnus  has 
written  to  make  the  life  and  works  of  the  poet 
"easy  of  access."  It  is  a  clever  and  well- 
informed  performance,  which  does  not,  indeed, 
always  secure  assent  for  its  comparisons  and 
conclusions.  But  it  contains,  especially  in  '  A 
Critical  Essay '  added  at  the  end,  a  great  deal 
of  valuable  matter.  The  comparison  between 
Wordsworth  and  Tennyson  is  particularly  good. 
It  is  surely  too  much  to  say  of  Wordsworth's 
matter  that  "  when  it  was  not  complicated  by 
technicalities  in  the  telling,  his  style  was  always 
equal  to  it."  In  fact,  many  other  passages  in  this 
primer  disprove  this,  and  testify  to  the  poet's 
lapses  into  the  ridiculous  in  lines  like  "  A  Mr. 
Wilkinson,  a  clergyman."  "  In  contrast  to 
Tennyson,  whose  idylls  were  of  the  king,  and 
whose  honey  was  won  from  roses,  Wordsworth 
went  to  humble  life  for  his  people  and  flowers." 
So  Mr.  Magnus  neatly  writes;  but  a  botanist 
will  tell  him  that  Tennyson  knew  and  wrote 
about  commonplace  wayside  flowers,  such  as  the 
mallow,  certainly  as  much  as  Wordsworth,  if 
not  more  so.  The  bibliography  and  dates 
appended  will  be  most  useful. 

Mk.  J.  B.  Hakbottle's  Dictionary  of  Quota- 
tiuits:  Classical  (Soiinenschein)  is  a  more  com- 
prehensive collection  than  any  we  have  seen, 
but   it   is    marred    by   faults   which    render   it 


irritating  and  often  useless.  The  arrangement 
is  generally  alphabetical,  but  many  well-known 
quotations  are  not  to  be  found  in  their  proper 
order.  Thus  "  Panem  et  circenses  "  is  found 
under  a  word  in  Juvenal's  previous  line  which  no 

onewill  remember;  "Quemdeusvultperdere " 

is  under  "Stultus."  Even  a  separate  line 
like  "  Parturiunt  montes,  nascentnr  [so  "Mr .  Har- 
bottle  writes]  ridiculus  mus,"  is  printed  under  a 
previous  one  which  is  quite  distinct,  and  not 
indexed  under  "  Mus."  The  most  famiKar 
source  of  the  Greek  maxim  about  doing  good 
and  being  abused  is  Marcus  Aurelius,  but  the 
compiler  only  mentions  Plutarch  and  Diogenes 
Laertius.  Mr.  Hai  bottle  seems  to  rely  on  rather 
antique  verse  translations  when  he  can  get  them. 
This  is  just  as  well.  His  classics  do  not  seem 
very  bright.  "  Pro  captu  lectoris  habent  sua 
fata  libelli  "  does  not  mean  "in  the  matter  of 
attracting  readers,"  &c.  ;  nor  will  this  note  on 
"ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala,"  '  from  morning  til? 
night,  in  allusion  to  the  Roman  cena,"  satisfy 
all  readers.  We  mention  a  few  out  of  many 
omissions:  the'  Hocvolo;  sic  jubeo"  of  Juvenal, 
the  "  brutum  fulmen  "  (beloved  of  the  Times) 
of  Pliny,  the  "  urbem  fecisti  quod  prius  orbia 
erat"  of  Rutilius  Namatianus,  and  many  famous 
verses  of  the  Vulgate.  We  hasten  to  add  that 
one  or  two  of  these  may  be  lurking  somewhere 
to  repay  prolonged  research  after  discovering 
their  context,  though  we  have  not  hit  on  then* 
in  the  index.  No  one  can  be  sure  of  saving 
time  or  satisfying  a  half-memory  with  a  book 
like  this. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  sent  us,  enclosed 
in  a  neat  case,  the  charming  little  "  People's 
Edition"  of  Tennyson  in  twenty-five  well-printed 
volumes.  Equally  desirable  is  a  case  containing 
eight  of  their  well-known  GoJdeii>  Treasury  Poets^ 
from  Cowper  to  Matthew  Arnold,  bound  in 
green  and  gold. 

The  members  of  the  Upper  Norwood  Athe- 
naeum have  just  commemorated  its  coming  of 
age,  and  in  addition  to  the  usual  Record  pub- 
lished by  the  society,,  of  which  Mr.  .J.  Stanley 
and  Mr.  W.  F.  Harradence  are  the  editors,  Mr. 
Charles  Quilter,  the  honorary  secretary,  has 
contributed  '  A  Short  Sketch  '  of  its  origin  and 
progress.  The  society  was  established  "for 
the  purpose  of  the  rational  enjoyment  of  Satur- 
day afternoons  ";  places  of  beauty  or  of  anti- 
quarian interest  are  visited,  and  papers  are 
read  explanatory  of  the  various  rambles,  of 
which  there  have  now  been  over  two  hundred 
and  fifty.  The  number  of  members  is  limited 
to  120,  and  there  are  only  ten  vacancies.  The 
rambles  are  well  attended,  the  record  being 
broken  on  the  occasion  of  a  visit  to  Westminster 
and  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  conducted  by 
Mr.  Daniel  Stock,  vice-president,  when  125 
persons  were  present. 

The  first  of  the  peerages  to  reach  us  has  been 
Debrett's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage. 
(Dean  &  Son),  and  a  highly  satisfactory  volume 
it  is,  distinguished  by  the  amplitude  of  its  in.- 
formation  and  the  care  exercised  by  the  editor. 
The  number  of  fresh  honours  which  the 
Jubilee  has  forced  him  to  commemorate  has 
added  considerably  to  his  duties.  He  comments 
gravely  on  the  flutter  caused  among  the  baronets 
by  the  recent  warrant  regarding  the  children 
of  Life  Peers.  —  We  have  also  received  Dod'» 
Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage  (Sampson 
Low  &  Co.),  a  cheap  and  businesslike  volume,, 
the  merits  of  which  are  widely  recognized. 

Among  the  diaries  before  us  The  Boyal  Naval 
List  Diary,  issued  by  Messrs.  Witherby  in  con- 
junction with  Lean's  lioyal  Naval  List,  deserves 
especial  mention,  both  on  account  of  its  being  a 
new-comer,  and  because  of  its  utility. — The 
Paihray  Diary  and  Offi,cials'  Directory  of  Messrs* 
McCorquodale  is  cheap  and  practical. 

Messrs.  Cassell  have  sent  to  us  sundry 
excellent  specimens  of  Letts's  famous  Diaries. 
— Messrs.  C.  Straker  &  Sons  have  forwarded  a 
large    selection    of    Pettitt's    and    Blackwood's 


N"3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


885 


Diaries,  which  deserve  warm  praise  for  service- 
ableness  and  moderation  of  price. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


ENGLISH. 

Theoloff!/. 

Snell's  (Rev.  B.  J.)  The  Widening  Vision,  Sermons,  First 

Series,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Spurgeon's  (C.  H.)  Come,  ye  Children,  a  Book  for  Parents 
and  Tea<hers,  cr.  8vo.  2/  d.  ;   Everybody's  Book,   The 
Pilgrim's  Guide,  <&c.,  4to.  2/  cl. 
Law. 
Bellot  (H.   H.  L.)  and  Willis's  (R.  J)  The  Law  relating  to 
Unconscionable  Bargains  with  Moneylenders,  8vo.  7/t5  cl. 
Fine  Art. 
Maclean's  (H.)   Popular  Photographic  Printing  Processes, 

cr.  8vo.  2/«  cl. 
Pennell's  (J.)  Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughtsmen,  42/  net. 
Westlake    (S.   H.  J  )    On     the    Authentic   Portraiture    of 
S.  Francis  of  Assisi,  4to.  7/6  swd. 
Poetry. 
Calder's  (K.  McLean)  Songs  and  Poems,  edited  by  W.  S. 

Crockett,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Mangan's  (J.  C.)  Life  and  Writings,  by  D.  O'Donoghue,  7/6 
Sacrament  in  Song,  being  Extracts  from  English  Poets,  by 
E.  A.  D  ,  cr.  8vo.  2/6 

Music. 
Hadow's    (W.  H.)  A  Croatian  Composer,  Notes  toward  the 
Study  of  Joseph  Haydn,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  net. 
History  and  Btography, 
Boas's  (Mrs.  F.)  English  History  for  Children,  cr.  8vo.  2/6  cl. 
Glover,  Sir  J.  H.,  Life  of,  by  Lady  Glover.  8vo.  14/  cl. 
Harrisse's  (H.)  The  Diplomatic  History  of  America,  its  First 

Chapter,  cr.  8vo.  7/6  net. 
Whitehead,  Henry,  1825-1896,  a  Memorial  Sketch,  by  Rev. 
H.  D.  Kawnsley,  8vo.  6/  cl. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Beckford-Smith's  (R.  A.  H.)  Cretan  Sketches,  Svo.  6/cl. 

Philology. 
Euripides,  Medea,  ed.  by  C.  B.  S.  Headlam,  12mo.  26  cl. 
Malot's  Remi  et  ses  Amis,  12ino.  2/  cl.    (Pitt  Press  Series.) 

Science. 
Taylor's  Euclid,  Solutions  of  the  Exercises  in,  by  W.  W. 

Taylor,  12mo.  10/6  cl. 
Wilson's  (Mrs.   L.   L.   W.)  Nature    Study  in    Elementary 
Hchools,  12mo.  3/6  cl. 

General  Literature. 
Austen's  (.T.)  Northanger  Abbey  and  Persuasion,  illustrated 

by  H.  Thomson,  cr.  8vo.  3/6  cl. 
Daniels's  (J.  H.)  History  of  British  Post-Marks,  cr.  Svo.  2/6 
Ellis's  (H.)  Affirmations,  Svo.  6/  cl. 

Erskine's  (Hon.  S.)  Lord  Dullborough,  a  Sketch,  3/6  cl. 
Hamilton's  (M.)  The  Pinero  Birthday  Book,  12mo.  2/6  cl. 
HaufC's  (W.)  Marie  of  Lichtenstein,  a  Tale  of  Love  and  War, 

translated  by  R.  J.  Craig,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Isabell's  (Rev.  J.)  Wonderland  Wonders,  imp.  8vo.  6/  cl. 
Jay's  (K.)  Rose,  a  Romance  of  192-,  cr.  8vo.  2/  swd. 
Soley's  (L.  J.  R.)  Manoupa,  cr.  8vo.  6/  cl. 

FOREIGN. 

TTieology. 
Briand  (E.) :  Histoire  de  Ste.  Radegonde  et  des  Sanctuaires 

et  PSIerinages  en  son  Honneur,  15fr. 
Heinrich  (J.  B.)  u.  Gutberlet  (C.) :  Dugmatische  Theologie, 

Vol.  8,  12m. 
Lietzmann  (H.) :  Catenen,  Mitteilungen  iib.  ihre  Qeschichte 

u.  handscbriftl.  Uberlieferg.,  4m. 
Lippe  (K.) :  Rabbinisch-wissenschaftliche  Vortrage,  2m.  40. 
Wolf  (13.) :  Die  Qeschichte  des  Propheten  Jona,  2m. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Champeaux  (A.  de) :  L'Art  Dficoratif  dans  le  Vieux  Paris, 

2&fr. 
Louys(P.):  L6da,  lOfr. 

Marx  (R.):  Les  M^dailleurs  Franfais  depuis  1789,  25fr. 
Robert  (C.)  :  Die  antiken  Sarkophag-Reliefs  :  Vol.  3,  Part  1, 

Actaeon-Hercules,  160m. 
Tbode  (H.):  Correggio,  3m. 

Music. 
Reimann  (H.) :  Johannes  Brahms,  3m.  ."iO. 
History  and  Biography , 
Allou    (R.)  et    Cheuu    (C.) :    Grands  Avocats    du    Sificle, 

12fr.  50. 
Bienemann,  Jun.  (F.) :  Livlandisches  Sagenbuch.  5m. 
Grotefend  (H  ) :    Zeitrechnung  des  deutschea  Mittelalters 

u.  der  Neuzeit,  Vol.  2,  Part  2,  9m. 
Hartmann  (L.   M):    Qeschichte    Italiens    im    Mittelalter, 

Prtrt  1,  12m  50. 
Kraus  (F.  X.):  Dante,  sein  Leben  u.  sein  Werk,  2Sm. 
Martens  (W.)  :  Die  romische  Frage  unter  Pippin  u.  Karl 

dem  (jrossen,  3m.  50. 
Tolra(H.):  Saint  Pierre  Orsfiolo,  Doge  de  Venise,  sa  Vie  et 

son  Temps,  lOfr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Wundt  (T.) :  In  luftigen  Hoh'n,  Skiz7en  aus  dem  Berg- 
steigerleben,  20m. 

Philology. 

Grober(G.):  Grundriss  der  romanischen  Philologie,  Vol.  2, 

Section  2,  Part  4,  2m. 
Janssen  (V.  F.) :  Die  Prosa  in  Shaksperes  Dramen,  Part  1, 

2m.  60. 
Meyer   (E.) :    Die    Entwickelung  der  franiosischen  Litte- 

ratur  seit  18.30,  5ra. 
Schipper(J  ) :  Kouig  Alfreds  Ubersetzung  v.  Bedas  Kirchen- 

geschichte.  Part,  1,  15m. 


Christ  (H.) 


Science. 
Die  Farnkrauter  der  Erde,  12m. 


•SIBYLLINE  LEAVES.* 

British  Museum,  Dec.  21,  1897. 
In  all  collected  editions  of  Coleridge's  poems 
appears  one  entitled  'Mutual  Passion,'  which 
was  originally  printed  in  the  Courier  for  Sep- 
tember 21st,  1811,  and  afterwards  in  'Sibylline 
Leaves,'  where  it  was  described  in  the  preface 
as  "a  song  modernized,  with  some  additions, 
from  one  of  our  elder  poets,"  and  in  the  head- 
ing as  "altered  and  modernized  from  an  old 
poet  "  Prof.  Brandl,  in  his  '  Life  of  Coleridge,' 
says  that  it  is  "  an  imitation  of  the  old-fashioned 
rhymes  which  introduce 'Minnesang'sFriihling'"; 
and  both  the  late  Mr.  Dykes  Campbell  in  his 
edition  of  Coleridge  and  I  in  that  recently 
noticed  in  your  columns  have  adopted  this  state- 
ment, although  Mr.  Campbell  remarks,  "The 
former  characterization "  (that  in  the  preface) 
"  would  lead  the  reader  to  suppose  an  Eng- 
lish poet."  Mr.  Campbell  had  good  grounds 
for  his  hesitation,  for  Mr.  VV.  E.  Henley  points 
out  to  me  that  the  old  poem  "  modernized  "  by 
Coleridge  is  by  no  less  a  writer  than  Ben 
Jonson,  being  the  third  in  the  Underwoods 
series  (second  section)  ;  and  that  it  is  printed 
as  such  by  Mr.  Henley  himself  in  his  '  English 
Lyrics  '  (No.  160),  under  the  title  of  *A  Nymph's 
Passion.'  While  congratulating  Mr.  Henley 
upon  a  discovery  which  has  escaped  all  the 
editors  of  Coleridge,  I  must  add  that,  in  my 
opinion,  the  alterations  made  by  Coleridge  are 
so  trivial  that  the  piece  ought  not  to  continue 
to  be  printed  among  his  poems. 

R.  Garnett. 


AN   UNDBSCRIBED   CRANMER. 

Boston,  Lincolnthire. 
In  my  announcement  on  December  11th 
there  was  an  unfortunate  omission.  It  is 
correctly  stated  that  this  Bible  has  twenty- 
eight  reprinted  leaves  containing  new  read- 
ings and  variations  ;  but  in  specifying  them 
only  twenty-four  are  pointed  out.  One  sec- 
tion in  the  New  Testament  is  omitted,  sig.  l1, 
which,  like  the  preceding  sig.  Kk,  has  also 
four  leaves  reprinted,  and  the  corresponding 
four  leaves,  i,  ii,  vii,  viii,  flF.  81,  82,  87, 
and  88  ;  so  these  two  adjoining  sections  have 
each  been  made  up  in  the  same  way — the  four 
middle  leaves  are  the  usual  April,  1540,  and  the 
four  outside  leaves  of  both  are  reprints.  The 
variations  in  l1,  as  in  all  other  cases,  are  in 
pairs — that  is,  in  whole  sheets.  These  pairs  of 
leaves  were  never  put  in  to  mend  a  worn  and 
imperfect  book  ;  the  Bible  was  published  in 
that  form.  Robert  Roberts. 


A  PUPIL  OF   ROGER  BACON. 

Burlington  House,  W. 
On  two  of  the  (thirteenth  century)  Bacon 
MSS.  in  the  British  Museum  (7  F.  viii.  ff.  13a 
and  47a)  there  are  carefully  obliterated  inscrip- 
tions. The  head  of  the  MS.  Department,  by 
the  intervention  of  Mr.  Bickell,  was  kind 
enough  to  attempt  the  restoration  of  these,  and 
under  treatment  they  reveal  the  fact  that  the 
MSS.  were  used  by  William  Herebert  (forty- 
third  divinity  lector  of  the  Minorites  at  Oxford, 
died  1333,  Wadding),  who  had  procured  them  for 
the  order.  The  importance  of  this  restoration 
cannot  be  estimated  just  at  present,  but  it 
points  to  the  advisability  of  carefully  examining 
any  MSS.  of  Herebert  that  exist.  Further,  if 
this  is  the  W.  Herbert  of  the  '  Lanercost  Chro- 
nicle,' who  was  in  Paris  area  1291,  did  he  obtain 
the  MSS.  in  Paris  then  ;  and,  if  so,  is  it  pro- 
bable that  Bacon  died  in  Oxford  ? 

Robert  Steele. 


THE  FRANCISCAN  MYTH. 
I. 


Several  letters  in  manuscript  which  Mr. 
Philip  Francis  addressed  to  his  brother-in-law 
Mr  Alexander  Macrabie  and  his  cousin  Major 
Philip  Baggs,  and  others  which  he  received  from 
friends,  have  been  sold  at  Sotheby's.     Most  of 


these  letters,  if  not  all  of  them,  were  before  Mr. 
Joseph  Parkes  when  preparing  the  '  Memoirs 
of  Sir  Philip  Francis '  which  Mr.  Merivale  com- 
pleted, and  which  appeared  in  1867.  As  auto- 
graphs they  might  have  a  market  value,  inas- 
much as  they  were  penned  by  Francis,  who  was 
one  of  the  members  of  the  Council  of  Bengal 
nominated  in  an  Act  of  Parliament,  who  was 
the  deadly  opponent  of  Warren  Hastings,  the 
chief  instigator  of  his  impeachment,  and  an  active 
and  energetic  member  of  the  Whig  party  in  Par- 
liament during  many  years.  The  Catalogue  of 
them  circulated,  and  possibly  compiled,  by  the 
auctioneers  contains  a  misleading  prefatory  note 
to  the  eflect  that  Sir  Philip  Francis  is  "the  gener- 
ally accepted  author  of  the  'Junius  Letters,'"  and 
the  inaccurate  statement  that  "  the  references  to 
Junius  are  of  extraordinary  interest."  There  are 
extracts  in  it  from  several  letters,  and  facsimiles- 
of  three. 

The  compiler  of  the  Catalogue  appears  to  be 
under  the  delusion  that  Francis  and  Junius, 
though  two  in  name,  are  one  in  fact,  and  he 
has  chosen  his  extracts  with  a  view  to  support  a 
foregone  and  foolish  conclusion.  He  has  not  inti- 
mated that  the  more  important  passages  have  been 
printed  in  the  '  Memoirs  of  Sir  Philip  Francis,' 
neither  does  he  apprehend  that  the  extractis 
now  put  in  type  for  the  first  time  contribute  still 
more  than  those  in  the  '  Memoirs  '  to  invalidate 
the  hypothesis  that  Francis  wrote  the  letters 
signed  "  Junius."  He  does  not  seem  to  be  well 
informed.  After  stating  that  the  fifth  letter 
(dated  March  12th,  1768)  contains  a  reference 
to  "Jack"  Wilkes,  he  adds  that  "Wilkes  was 
fiercely  attacked  by  Junius  in  his  letter  of 
April  5th,  1768."  Now  the  first  letter  signed 
"Junius"  appeared  in  the  Public  Advertiser  for 
November  21st,  1768,  and  it  was  not  included  in 
the  collection  prepared  by  Junius,  and  published 
in  1772  by  Henry  Sampson  Woodfall.  After 
letter  x.,  dated  August  13th,  1768,  in  which  the 
supersession  of  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst  is  referred 
to,  it  is  said,  "The  dismissal  of  Sir  Jeffrey 
Amherst  was  frequently  discussed  by  Junius  iu 
1768."  The  writer  who  took  the  part  of  Sir 
Jeffrey  in  the  Public  Advertiser  signed  his- 
letters  "Lucius."  Writing  to  Macrabie  on 
September  6th,  1769,  Francis  reports  the  news 
that  "the  Duke  of  Bedford  is  just  beaten,  in 
a  most  shameful  manner — out  of  his  head- 
quarters at  Bedford."  This  information  was 
possessed  by  any  reader  of  the  newspapers,  and 
if  writing  to  a  friend,  connexion,  or  relative  in. 
America,  he  could  have  communicated  it,  yet 
the  compiler  discerns  something  in  the  state- 
ment which  identifies  Francis  with  Junius,  for 
he  adds  that  thirteen  days  later  Junius  addressed; 
the  Duke  as  "  the  little  tyrant  of  a  little  corpora- 
tion." 

In  the  "Preliminary  Remarks"  to  Parkes 
and  Merivale's  '  Memoirs '  of  Francis,  Mr.  Meri- 
vale says  that  the  Francis  papers,  "voluminous 
as  they  are,"  contain  no  word  of  confession  on 
his  part  as  to  the  authorship  of  Junius,  nor  do 
they  contain  "any  direct  evidence  of  it  what- 
ever," yet  that  many  passages  have  been  "  care- 
fully cut  out  with  the  scissors,"  and  that 
wherever  the  reader  seems  on  the  point  of 
arriving  at  a  clue  which  might  probably  lead 
him  "into  the  heart  of  the  Junius  mystery,  there 
the  provoking  excision  i.s  sure  to  be  met  with 
at  the  critical  point,"  This  statement  leaves 
much  to  the  imagination  ;  wnile  the  specimens 
of  Francis's  papers  given  in  the  Catalogue  are 
a  warning  to  the  imagination  against  running 
riot.  An  extract  from  a  letter  dated  Decem- 
ber 6th,  1769,  exemplifies  these  excisions  :  "The 

two were  hanged  to-day  near  Bethnal  Green. 

Church."  The  men  who  were  executed  were 
named  Doyle  and  Valine.  A  letter  "dated- 
June  12th,  1770,  is  printed  in  facsimile,  and 
it  has  been  mutilated.  Mr.  Merivale  has  been 
able  to  reproduce  the  missing  words,  which  I 
italicize  :  — 

"If  the  Opposition  do  not  intirely  succeed  ia 
all   their  designs,  they  have  at  least  the  pleasure 


886 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


of  tormenting  his  viost  gracious  Majesty  most 
abomiuably. ' 

Another  sentence  runs  : — 

"The  offence  he  has  given  to  his  Majesty  and 
[apparently]  the  Duke  of  Grafton  is  more  than  any 
private  man  could  support." 

Words  and  passages  which  have  been  ex- 
cised in  these  letters  might  have  shocked  a 
lady,  and  I  venture  to  affirm  that  Sir  Philip's 
widow,  wielding  a  pair  of  scissors,  cut  out  what 
she  deemed  objectionable  or  improper,  and  in  so 
doing  had  not  the  sliglitest  intention  of  cuttino- 
the  clue  "  into  the  heart  of  the  Junius  mystery." 
It  is  quite  possible  that  passages  which  disproved 
her  fantastic  belief  that  her  deceased  husband 
was  Junius  would  have  been  ruthlessly  cut  out, 
while  her  veneration  for  his  writings  might  have 
hindered  her  from  committing  one  of  them  to 
the  flames.  Francis  would  not  have  edited  his 
manuscripts  with  a  pair  of  scissors. 

Another  letter  given  in  facsimile  is  dated 
July  26th,  1771,  and  addressed  to  Francis's  cousin 
Major  Baggs,  who  was  then  at  Gibraltar.  In 
the  course  of  it  Francis  writes  :— 

"The  plan  for  the  City  is  to  have  Crosby  Mayor 
^^^^Vi"^"*^  *^x*;  Livery  must  return  two  to  the  Court 
of  Aldermen.  Now  the  way  is  to  return  one  Bridnen 
with  Crosby  N.B.  :  this  Bridgen  is  the  most  scurvy 
Kascal  m  the  City,  and  particularly  odious  to  the 
Aldermen. 

The  information  here  given  was  current  in  the 
City.  Nearly  a  month  later  Junius  addressed  a 
letter  to  Wilkes,  in  which  he  urged  Wilkes  to 
support  Sawbridge  for  Mayor,  and  added  :— 

"Your  plan,  as  I  am  informed,  is  to  engage  the 
Livery  to  return  him  [Crosby]  with  Mr.  Bridgen  — 
Jn   my  own   opinion   the   Court  of  Aldermen  will 

choose  Bridgen, that  he  [Crosby]  will  be  defeated 

is  to  my  judgment  inevitable." 

Here  the  trumpets  of  Francis  and  Junius  sound 
different  notes.  Francis  holds  that  Bridgen 
will  not  be  chosen  because  he  is  "particularly 
odious  to  the  Aldermen,"  while  Junius  writes 
that  in  his  opinion  the  Court  will  choose  Bridgen. 
This  does  not  render  it  clear  and  incontrovertible 
that  the  two  writers  were  really  one  and  the 
same. 

Either  through  ignorance  or  intentionally,  the 
compiler  of  the  Catalogue  makes  mystery  where 
none  can  exist,  except  in  his  own  mind.  Thus 
in  a  letter  written  by  Lord  Barrington  to  Francis 
on  February  19th,  1772,  he  requests  Francis  to 
call,  when  "we  may  without  interruption  con- 
verse on  a  subject  very  material  to  me,"  and 
the  question  is  asked  in  large  type,  "To  what 
does  this  letter  refer?"  Another,  dated  Feb- 
ruary _26th  is  styled  "ail  eciually  mysterious 
letter,  and  a  quotation  from  it  begins,  "  The 
matter  will  soon  be  known  to  so  inany  'persons 
that  it  cannot  remain  a  Secret."  A  perusal  of 
the  letter  itself  would  havesatisfied  thecompiler's 
curiosity.  It  was  printed  at  length  in  the 
Memoirs    of  Francis,  and  begins  :  — 

it  will  therefore  be  necessary  that  I  should  look  out 
ultnl^  ''fv!"?^!"^'^ a  stranger  to  the  office.  I  came 
late  to-day  thither,  %yh,ch  prevented  my  telling  you 
my^I^resent  plan,  which  Mr.  Chamier  will  communi" 

Tlien  follow  the  words  in  italics  quoted  above. 
While  the  real  question  was  how  to  arrange  about 
the  terms  of  Francis's  resignation,  the  compiler 
would  have  it  appear,  if  he  had  any  object  in 
view,  that  the  letters  had  some  relation  to 
Junius. 

It  is  probable  that  the  compiler  of  this  Cata- 
logue IS  unacquainted  with  what  has  appeared  of 
late  years  m  the  A thena^nm  concerning  Junius 
and  Francis,  and  those  who  have  purchased  the 
letters  of  Francis  in  ignorance  of  the  facts  may 
be  equally  in  need  of  instruction.  The  truth 
18  that  whenever  an  endeavour  is  made  to 
show  that  Francis  was  Junius,  the  result  has 
been  to  prove  the  contrary.  Judging  from 
the  vehement  asseverations  of  Junius  no 
worse  man  ever  lived  than  Lord  Barrington 
while  letters  from  which  copious  extracts  are 
given  in  this  Catalogue  conclusively  number 
Lord    Barrington    among    Francis's    heartiest 


friends.  When  Francis  left  the  War  Office 
after  his  friend  D'Oyley  had  resigned,  and 
when  he  declined  to  accept  promotion  by  taking 
DOyleys  place,  Chamier  was  installed  in  the 
vacant  chair.  Junius  wrote  in  virulent  terms 
about  the  expulsion  of  D'Oyley  and  Francis, 
and  vilified  Chamier  on  account  of  his  own 
demerits,  and  also  because  he  was  the  brother- 
in-law  of  Bradshaw.  Yet  in  a  letter  (from 
which  an  extract  appears  in  this  Catalof^ue) 
which  Barrington  wrote  on  November  15th, 
177o,  to  Francis  at  Calcutta  these  words  appear  : 
4.  "nT  ^^J®  obeyed  your  commands  in  conveying 
to  Mr  Chamier  your  best  compliments,  and  I  am 
desired  to  convey  his  to  you  in  return." 

Bradshaw,  who  was  as  hateful  to  Junius  as 
Chamier,  is  shown  by  the  extracts  in  this 
Catalogue  to  have  been  on  friendly  terms 
with  Francis.  Two  letters  from  him  are  pre- 
served, the  one  being  written  in  1770,  the 
other  in  1771.  No  extracts  from  either 
are  given  in  the  Catalogue;  but  these  words 
in  the  second  of  the  two,  dated  from  Hampton 
Court,  August  19th,  1771,  have  a  value  which 
all  students  of  Junius  will  understand  and  know 
how  to  estimate  : — 

"I  have  read  Britannlo/s  ^vith  great  pleasure 
as  I  always  do  every  production  of  the  same  pen 
because  they  are  dictated  by  a  sound  understanding 
and  a  good  heart.  * 

Not  one  of  the  many  letters  which  have  been 
attributed  to  Junius  bears  the  signature  of 
"Britannicus";  yet  that  was  the  signature  which 
Francis  appended  to  this  letter  by  him  euloaiz- 
ing  George  III.  which  appeared  in  the  Public 
Advertiser.  w.  Fkaser  Rae 


JUTISH   ELEMENTS   IN  KENTISH  PLACE-NAMES. 

80,  Bccleston  Square,  S.W. 

There  are  in  Kent  some  peculiar  place-names 
which  have  baffled  hitherto  all  attempts  to  eluci- 
date them.  It  occurred  to  me  that  liaht  mio-ht 
be  (thrown  upon  them  from  North  Friesic  and 
Jutish,  which  were  more  akin  to  old  Norse  than 
to  Saxon  speech.  The  Rev.  A.  L.  Mayhew  of 
the  'English  Dialect  Dictionary,' thinks  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  names  in  question  are 
of  Jutish  origin,  and  he  adds  :  "I  believe  you 
are  the  very  first  to  have  seen  the  importance 
of  the  N.  Fris.  dialect  as  an  aid  to  explain  the 
local  names  in  Jutish  Kent." 

Bapchild  appears,  in  the  vernacular  account  of 
the  council  held  there  c.  697  a.d.,  as  Baccancelde 
(  A.-S  Chron  ed.  Thorpe,  p.  66  ;  '  Cart.  Sax.,' 
1.  p.  1S7).  Ihe  intermediate  form  Bacchild 
appears  in  a  '  Valor  Beneficiorum '  of  1695.  The 
second  element  is  evidently  celd,  aiven  in  the 
glossary  to  Earle's  'Charters'  as  "a  copious 
spring,"  and  appearing  in  a  Kentish  charter 
(A.D.  858^Sweet's  '  O.  E.  T.,'  "an  hwite  celdan 
hec  ).  It  18  evidently  the  Jutish  kalda,  the 
Friesic  laid  (see  'Jutish  Lovbuch,'  quoted  by 
Outzen,  '  Glossarium  der  Friesischen  Sprachen  ' 
Copenhagen,  1837),  meaning  "a  well"  Y\^- 
fusson's  'Icelandic  Dictionary'  illustrates  the 
Norse  form  by  the  Northern  English  held  a 
spring.  The  name  occurs  in  St.  Kilda=-Holy 
Well,  which  gave  origin  to  the  designation  of 
the  island  (see  Macaulay's  '  Visit  to  St.  Kilda  ' 
1765,  p.  96).  Honeychild  in  Romney  Marsh 
contains,  I  think,  the  same  element,  and  seems 
to  mean  "sweet  well  "  as  distinguished  from  the 
brackish  waters  of  the  marsh  (cf.  Honeywell 
Honeybourne).  ' 

The  term  Baccan  is  the  genitive  case  of  Bacca 
Backe,  a  well  known  N.  Friesic  personal  name 
(see  Outzen,  p.  424). 

Stutfall  is  the  designation  of  the  hill  upon 
which  the  Roman  castrum  of  Lympne  stands 
The  term  "fal  "  or  "  fall  "  occurs  elsewhere  in 
Kent,  and  always  in  association  with  a  hill 
This  seems  to  represent  the  N.  Friesic  fjal,  the 
Northern  English /eZ«  (e.cj  ,  Goatfell,  &c.).  The 
termination  does  not  seem  to  occur  in  Saxon 
localities. 

"  Gil  "  is  another  word  which  is  or  was  current 
in  the  Kentish  dialect  for  "  brook  ";  it  occurred  in 


N°  3 661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


place-names  also  (see  Pegge's '  Kentish  Glossary,' 
17o0,  reprinted  in  Arch.  Cant.,  ix.  pp  63 
et  seq.).  It  is  evidently  the  Scandinavian  ail,  a 
rivulet,  so  common  in  Northern  England. 
-.- ".J'}«  .  ^'^ore  "  finds  its  explana^tion  in  the 
JN.   friesic  naar,  7(ar  =  narrow;  cf.   Sveo-Goth. 

(citedbyOutzen,p.220)Nor  =  AngustumFretum. 
Eigentumlich,"  he  .says,  "  ist  es  aber  kein 
/return,  sondern  wie  Saxo,  p.  177,  es  giebt, 
sinus.  Vigfusson  makes  it  (nor)  a  "sea-loch," 
an  "inlet,"  which  suits  the  circumstances  of  the 
locality.  Mr.  Mayhew  writes  :  "  I  believe  you 
are  the  first  to  find  the  etymology  of  'the 
Nore. '  There  can  be  no  doubt  you  are  right  in 
identifying  the  name  with  the  N.  Fris.  ndr." 

Edmund  McClure, 


MATTHEW  ARNOLD'S   '  POKMS    OF  WORDSWORTH. 

May  I  point  out  three  curious  maculce  in  this 
famous  little  book  ? — 

1.  In  the  index  of  first  lines  two  sonnets— 
"Degenerate  Douglas!"  and  "There's  not  a 
nook"— are  included  which  are  not  in  the 
volume. 

2  The  faulty  1832  text  of  the  '  Redbreast 
and  Butterfly,'  in  11.  35,  36  of  which  bird 
and  fly  have  got  mixed  up  in  the  funniest 
way,  IS  carelessly  reprinted  by  Arnold,  whose 
text  mostly,  but  not  consistently,  follows  that 
of  the  four-volume  edition  of  this  year  :— 

His  [t.  e.,  the  butterfly's]  beautiful  bosom  is  drest 
lu  crimson  as  bright  as  thine  own. 

Here  the  MS.  printer's  copy  of  1807  runs  :— 

His  beautiful  wings  in  crimson  are  drest 
As  if  he  were  bone  of  thy  bone  ; 

but  at  the  last  moment  Wordsworth,  to  avoid 
the  startling  directness  of  the  second  line, 
altered  it  to 

A  brother  he  seems  of  thine  own. 
In  the  '  Simpliciad  '  (1808),  a  satire  on  the  Lake 
poets,  in  which  the  poems  of  1807  are  roughly 
handled,  Wordsworth  and  Coleridge  are  rallied 
on  their  proneness  to  fraternize  with  beast  and 
bird  : — 

Poets  with  brother  donkey  in  tlie  dell" 
Of  mild  equality  who  fain  would  dwell ; 
With  brother  lark  or  brother  robin  fly,  ' 
And  flutter  with  half-broilier  butterfly. 

In  1815,  consequently,  Wordsworth  cancelled 
the  line  "A  brother  he  seems,"  &c.,  and  sub- 
stituted 

A  crimson  as  bright  as  thine  own; 

and  this  reading  occurs  in  1827.  The  blunder 
of  1832  is  corrected  in  a  slip  of  errata  pasted  in 
at  the  back  of  p.  xlvii,  vol.  i.  of  that  edition, 
and,  as  a  matter  of  course,  disappears  from  the 
text  of  ed.  1836,  which  resumes  the  reading  of 
edd.  1815  and  1827. 

3.  Arnold  added  "S.  T.  Coleridge"  byway 
of  foot-note  to  line  1  of  the  '  Castle  of  Indolence 
Stanzas ' ;  and  although  he  abandoned  this  in- 
terpretation later  on,  he  sufl!"ered  the  foot-note 
to  remain,  with  the  necessary  result  of  per- 
petuating a  tiresome  misunderstanding  of  the 
entire  poem.  His  letter  to  Prof.  Knight 
('Eversley  Wordsworth,'  ii.  310  — the  date  is 
not  given)  indicates  his  change  of  mind.  "I 
believe,"  he  writes,  "that  the  first  described  is 
Wordsworth,    and   that   the    second    described 

is  Coleridge I  have  a  sort  of  recollection  of 

having  heard  something  about  the  'inventions 
rare,'  and  Coleridge  is  certain  to  have  dabbled, 
at  one  time  or  other,  in  natural  philosophy." 
An  interesting  confirmation  of  the  trait  in  the 
description  of  Coleridge  (st.  v.  11.  4,  5)— 

And  a  pale  face  that  seemed  undoubtedly 
As  if  a  blooming  face  it  ought  to  be— 

occurs  in  a  letter  of  his  to  Davy,  February,  1801 
('Letters  of  S.  T.  Coleridge,'  p.  348),  where  he 
speaks  of  "that  little  suffusion  of  bloom  which 
belongs  to  my  healthy  state." 

T.  Hutchinson. 


'LA   SAISIAZ." 
17,  Albany  Street,  Edinburgh,  Dec.  16,  1897. 
Last  year  I  had  an  opportunity  of  describing 
in   the   Contemporary  lieview   the   villa   of   La 


N-'Seei,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


887 


Saiziaz,  situated  near  Collonges-sous-Salfeve,  six 
miles  out  of  Geneva  by  tramway,  and  celebrated 
through  the  poem  of  Robert  Browning  and  the 
tragedy  which  occurred  there  during  his  visit 
just  twenty  years  ago.  That  is  probably  the 
reason  why  the  proprietor,  Dr.  Roussel,  writes 
me  that  his  picturesque  2)lace  is  now  for  sale  — 
a  piece  of  information  which  I  pass  on  in  case 
there  are  those  whom  it  may  concern. 

A.  Taylor  Innks. 


THE  LAW  OF  AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHBK. 

An  order  was  made  last  week  by  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  of  considerable  interest  to  authors 
and  the  publishing  trade.  It  related  to  the 
dealing  with  copies  of  books  remaining  unsold 
upon  the  bankruptcy  of  a  publisher.  The  de- 
cision come  to  was  in  the  nature  of  a  compro- 
mise, and  lacks  the  authority  of  a  judgment  ; 
but  it  is  probable  that  the  case  may  become  a 
precedent,  and  the  facts  have  therefore  a  special 
interest  to  those  connected  with  literature.  The 
plaintiff  was  Mr.  Frederick  Wicks,  and  the  de- 
fendants Remington  &  Co.,  Limited,  Mr.  Sidney 
Cronk,  the  liquidator  of  the  company,  and  Mr. 
John  Grant  Macqueen,  the  purchaser  of  Reming- 
ton's business.  The  company  and  its  prede- 
cessors, Eden,  Remington  &  Co.,  had  published 
and  sold  three  editions  of  'The  Veiled  Hand,' 
of  which  Mr.  Wicks  is  the  author,  and  had 
printed  a  fourth  edition  of  5,000  copies.  Be- 
tween 2,000  and  3,000  of  these  remained  unsold 
when  the  company  went  into  liquidation.  The 
company  had  also  printed  5,000  of  '  The  Broad- 
moor Patient '  and  5,000  of  '  The  Infant,'  by  the 
same  author,  and  had  sold  about  2,000  of  each. 
The  defendant  Macqueen  therefore  acquired 
possession  of  some  8,000  copies  of  the  three 
works.  The  agreements  made  by  Mr.  Wicks 
with  Messrs.  Remington  were  agreements  to 
print  and  publish  only,  and  in  each  case  the 
author  retained  the  copyright.  It  is  part  of  the 
established  law  that  agreements  of  this  kind  are 
not  assignable  without  the  consent  of  the  owner 
of  the  copyright,  and  that  they  do  not  pass  to 
an  assignee  in  bankruptcy  nor  to  a  liquidator 
of  a  company.  Mr.  Cronk,  however,  assigned 
the  agreements  and  sold  the  stock  to  Mr. 
Macqueen,  who  gave  him  an  indemnity  for 
all  the  consequences  of  this  act.  The 
correspondence  showed  that  Mr.  Wicks  en- 
deavoured to  procure  from  Mr.  Macqueen 
some  acknowledgment  of  his  rights  and  some 
arrangement  for  the  continuance  of  the 
sales  ;  but  his  title  to  any  participation  in  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  was  denied  in  the  first 
instance  by  both  parties.  Later  an  endeavour 
to  make  an  arrangement  was  promised  by  Mr. 
Macqueen,  but  Mr.  Wicks  was  requested  to 
wait  until  full  consideration  could  be  given  to 
the  matter.  A  few  months  later,  nothing  having 
been  arranged,  Mr.  Wicks  found  his  books  on 
sale  at  Messrs.  Smith  &  Son's  bookstalls  at  a 
slightly  reduced  jirice.  He  ascertained  that  some 
1,200  copies  had  been  bought  and  paid  for  three 
months  before  without  any  consent  on  his  part, 
and  when  he  applied  for  an  account  it  was 
refused.  Some  months  after  he  was  offered  a 
third  of  the  royalty  stipulated  by  the  original 
agreement  on  a  part  of  the  sales  only,  and  the 
Court  was  applied  to.  Pressure  being  put  upon 
the  parties  by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  to  make 
an  arrangement,  it  was  ultimately  decided  to 
take  an  order  requiring  Mr.  Macqueen  to  bind 
the  books  to  the  satisfaction  of  Mr.  Wicks,  to 
sell  them  at  prices  agreed  to  by  Mr.  Wicks,  to 
expend  a  reasonable  amount  in  advertising  the 
books,  which  amount  would  be  fixed  by  a  third 
person,  and  to  pay  to  Mr.  Wicks  the  amount 
acknowledged  in  the  account  rendered,  and  a 
royalty  on  future  sales  as  stipulated  in  the 
original  agreement  respecting  '  The  Veiled 
Hand.'  This  agreement  fixed  the  royalties  at 
Is.  lOd.  per  copy  on  the  10s.  6rf.  edition,  and 
9ci.  on  the  3s.  (id.  edition,  to  be  increased  to 
2s.  3d.  and  lO^d.  respectively  after  the  sale  of 


5,000,  which  has  been  the  case  with  'The 
Veiled  Hand.'  The  liquidator  of  the  company, 
who,  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  said,  had  assigned 
agreements  that  he  had  no  power  to  assign,  was 
ordered  to  leave  in  the  hands  of  the  plaintiff 
five  guineas  paid  into  court. 


and  xvii.  37.  (7)  /xeAas  is  often  used  in  con- 
nexion with  ^ai'aTos.  (9)  ^£ts,  "  having  made," 
is  more  euphonious  than  the  more  obvious  Sous. 
(10)  evKTiTos  is  found  in  iii.  4G,  and  (11) 'A/otjos 
in  v.  34  and  ix.  44.  J.  E.  Sandys. 


bacchylides. 
University  College,  London. 

I  SHALL  be  grateful  if  you  can  find  room  for 
these  remarks  on  the  text  of  Bacchylide?.  My 
colleague  Prof.  Piatt  allows  me  to  quote  several 
of  his  coneclions,  some  of  which  coincide  with 
my  owu. 

i.  15  (p.  U'?).  Eu/jcoTTi'Sa.  32.  vocruiv.  31.  lcov. 
42.   X(i;^'e  Toi/df  xpovov. 

ii.  4.   OfHiarvxeip  «p'. 

iii.  22.  7;np'  /ipiiTTOV.  48.  Tod'  d,3po^aTav  erreTav. 
62.  (h'(TTefJ.\lfe.  t)3.  ccroi  6ffxtv.  64.  fxey  ivalvrj6\ 
90.   fxivvvSei  or  /nift'f^ft. 

v.  -18.  ut'  t'i<j)v(iKpoTov.  122.  irXfvvas.  151.  fxl- 
vvvPfv  or  fUvCudei.  160.  roi*  ((pa.  184.  r/Xdfu 
i^epiviKos  iS  (iiTiCpyovs.  189.  aTToxra/xefouy.  191. 
Tahf  or  rdvSf.  193.  ov  av  dddvuToi  rip.w(Ti,  tovt<o 
Ka\  j^poTuii>  (pfjpav  (TreaSai. 

vi.  3.  rrpoxouii  df^Xoov. 

ix.  IC.  (^oii/tKiifTTrififf.  13.  "KTavyevovTa.  35.  ^odv 
T  wpLve  Xaiov  oi.  39.  'Aa-cowov.  41  should  end 
with  a  colon,  44  with  a  comma.  45.  TroXi/fijXcore 
(so  also  Prof.  Piatt).  46.  eyyovov  or  (Kyuvov. 
55.  Ti'y   t'   ov   x^apiTwuvp-ov,     56.  u   Aioj  ir\u6itaa 

\€X(t. 

X.  51.   y\(o(T(Tav  Wtias. 

xi.  8.  ner  fvnXoitdfjLOV  Kovpas.  24.  8e  k  tni. 
77.  Ka^duT  (Piatt).  102  aTid  103  are  spoken  by 
Proetui--.  110.  ret  (so  alfo  Piatt).  114.  (ivdpeaui 
TTpui  'nnnjTpiJ<j:)oi'  noUw.  119.  npii  yovfol  (Piatt) 
(iraav  tpfv. 

xiii.  29.  TioLpoiy  ^poTtovald  (Piatt).  70,  ^odaw. 
117.  Tttipai  {^o  also  I'latt).     1G6.  dp(pcricnii<i. 

xiv.  1.  baip.ovns  (Piatt).  3.  iadXov  k  dfiuX^C- 
Vfic.  5.  BnrjTov  16"  l\l/i(h(ivii  Tfu'^oi.  9.  fiia  S'  t^ 
uXXdv.      10.   nnv  xp^'^"^  Kv',iipva  <tvi>. 

XV.  13.   rjWfoii. 

xvii.  7.  neXeftatyibos.  17.  pteXtov.  31.  nXaOuffa. 
35.  piyeltrn.  38.  KnXXva-fia.  43.  e'aiSdV.  49.  Bovpav. 
62.  Retain  Bpdafi  vQ)p.a.  68.  MiVw.  fj?  mp. 
SS.  KitTovpov.  90.  a-dtf  viv.  9].  (irjTa.  1()^>.  p^ynp'o' 
T(  Btiov  i'poXe.  102.  Retain  e'fiei erf.  109.  af/niiii/ 
re  (ko  also  Piatt).  110.  i'Se  /io^Trti^  (ditto). 
112.  aivXav  TTopfpvpav.     118.  Retain  flf'A&xrij'. 

xviii.  27.  See  Ovid,  '  Ibii«V  407,^"  ut  Sini.s  et 
Sciron  et  cum  Polypemone  natus.''  35.  pioivov 
(TvvoTradvwv.    .51.  Kpardi  ff  viro.    53.  (TTipvmi  up<pi.. 

six.  5.  T£  e  Kui  (Piatt).     19.  TLT'"'A.pyov 

A.  E.  HuusMAN. 


Cambridge,  Dec.  20,  1897. 
Mr.  Kenyon  has  already  shown  that  Ode  xx. 
is  founded  on  the  "legend  of  Idas  and  Mar- 
pessa,  who  eloped,  with  Poseidon's  help,  from 
the  palace  of  Evenus,  Marpessa's  father." 
According  to  Apollodorus  (i.  7,  7-9)  a  "winged 
chariot "  was  given  by  Poseidon  to  Evenus,  who 
was  "  a  son  of  Ares."  As  the  ends  of  eight  of 
the  eleven  lines  are  left  unattempted  in  the 
editio  princeps,  I  submit  the  following  sugges- 
tions. The  additions  now  proposed  are  distin- 
guished by  spaced  type  : — 

'Eirdpr(^  ttot'  iv  [t^  pos  tu  p  ^ 

^avBd  Ao/<eSa[i/xoi/t  o  icr  lv 

Toi6v^€  fJLeXos  K[a  T  ry  p  ^  o  v  0'' 

6t'  ay€TO  KaAAt7ro[i^i)v 
5   Kopai'  6pa(rvKdp[8ios''18a<; 

Mdpirr](Tcrav  t6[7r  Aokov,  atcrav 

<f>vyMV  Oavdrov  [/x  e  A  a  i  !»  a  i', 

dva^taAos  nocr([Sai' 

Tttttovs  re  ol  tcrar[€/xoDS  ^cts[?], 
10  HXtvpQv'  es  €vkt\it  ov  wpcrtv 

^pvada-TTiSos  vlo[v  " A  p  r]  o  s 

Of  the  above  suggestions  the  most  uncertain 
is  (1)  7]pos  oJpci.  because  it  assumes  that  ^av^ds 
can  be  used  (like  4>oiviKdv6ep.o'i)  as  an  epithet 
of  "  spring."  (3)  /ueAos  Kairipyovd'  is  supported 
by  Eur.,  'Here.  Fur.,'  750,  Kardp-x^imi  p^kKo^. 
(6)   iottAokos   is    found   in  Bacchylides,  ix.   72 


M.  ALPHONSB   DAUDBT. 


Alphonse  Daudet  died  suddenly  at  his  house 
in  Paris  on  December  17th.  He  was  born  at 
Nimes,  May  13th,  1840,  and  his  first  book,  a 
collection  of  verses  called  '  Les  Amoureuses,' 
was  published  in  1858,  the  year  after  he  had 
come  up  to  Paris.  A  few  years  later  came  the 
'  Lettres  de  mon  Moulin  '  (1866)  and  other  tales 
and  sketches  of  the  South.  Then  came  '  Le 
Petit  Chose,'  'Les  Aventures  Prodigieuses  de 
Tartarin  de  Tarascon,'  'Fromont  Jeune  et 
Risler  Aine'  (1874),  'Jack'  (1875),  '  Le 
Nabab'  (1878),  'Les  Rois  en  Exil'  (1879), 
'Numa  Roumestan'  (1880),  '  L'fivangeliste ' 
(1882),  'Sapho'  (1884),  'Tartarin  sur  les 
Alpes'  (1885),  'L'lmmortel'  (1888),  '  Trente 
Ans  de  Paris  '  (1888),  '  Souvenirs  d'un  Homme 
de  Lettres  '  (1888),  '  Port  Tarascon  '  (1890),  and 
'  La  Petite  Paroisse  '  (1895). 

The  novels  of  Daudet  are  distinguished  from 
the  average  popular  novel  not  in  kind,  but  in 
degree.  The  study  of  manners,  the  novel  of 
sensation,  the  pathetic  novel,  the  novel  of 
satire,  the  novel  of  humour,  he  has  done  them 
all,  and  he  has  done  them  all  with  an  admirable 
skill,  a  controlling  sense  of  art.  But  he  has 
brought  nothing  new  into  fiction,  or,  if  he  has 
brought  anything,  it  is  the  particular  variety  of 
his  humour,  a  Southern  blend,  which  seems  to 
unite  American  humour  with  Irish  humour. 
'  Tartarin  '  should  be  compared  with  the  work 
of  Mark  Twain  and  with  the  work  of  Carleton  ; 
not,  certainly,  with  anything  greater  than  the 
work  of  these  admirable  writers.  'Tartarin' 
is  an  heroical  farce,  full  of  comic  observation, 
of  comic  invention,  but,  after  all,  how  little 
more  than  the  froth  on  the  wine  as  it  bubbles 
over  !  Daudet  is  himself  rash  enough  to  chal- 
lenge comparison  with  'Don  Quixote,' and  the 
comparison  has  been  extended  to  Falstaff.  But 
here  the  difference  is  a  difference  in  kind. 
Daudet  is  a  genuine  humourist,  but  he  is  a 
humourist  for  his  time,  not  for  all  time.  He 
deals,  not  with  that  humour  of  fundamental 
ideas  which  is  one  of  the  voices  of  wisdom,  but 
rather  with  a  humour  of  shining  accidents, 
which  is  at  its  best  but  the  consecration  of 
folly.  There  are  men  of  science,  men  who 
deserve  well  of  science,  who  have  spent  their 
lives  in  classifying  a  single  species  of  beetle. 
That  is  what  Daudet  has  done  in  'Tartarin,' 
into  which  he  has  packed  all  the  exterior  quali- 
ties of  the  South,  "les  gestes,  fren^sies  et 
Ebullitions  de  notre  soleil,"  as  he  says. 

And  so  with  his  serious  studies  in  life.  He 
is  a  quick  observer,  but  never  a  disinterested 
observer,  for  he  is  a  sentimentalist  among  real- 
ists. All  his  power  comes  from  the  immediate- 
ness  of  his  appeal  to  the  heart :  to  the  intellect 
he  never  appeals.  He  appeals,  certainly,  to 
the  average  human  sympathies,  and  he  appeals 
to  them  with  his  power  of  writing  a  story  which 
shall  absorb  the  interest  as  an  English  novel 
absorbs  the  interest — by  its  comedy,  using  that 
word  in  its  broadest  sense.  Even  '  Sapho  '  is 
essentially  comedy,  and  Daudet  is  not  far  from 
being  at  his  best  in  that  brief,  emphatic  tale  of 
a  dull  and  disenchanted  Bohemia.  Others  before 
Daudet  had  studied  the  life  of  a  woman  pro- 
fessionally "gay."  Huysmans  had  studied  it 
brutally,  with  a  deliberate  lack  of  sympathy, 
in  '  Marthe.'  Zola  had  studied  it,  with  his 
exuberant  method  of  representing,  not  the  living 
woman,  but  the  pattern  of  her  trade.  Goncourt 
had  studied  it,  delicately,  but  with  a  subtlety 
which  digresses  into  merely  humanitarian  con- 
siderations, in  *  La  Fills  Elisa.'  Daudet  gives 
us  neither  vice  nor  romance,  but  the  average 
dreariness  of  le  collage.  Yet  he  is  not  content 
with  painting  his  picture  :   he  must  moralize, 


^8 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^Seei,  Dec.  25,  '97 


arrange,  with  an  appeal  to  the  sympathies  as 
definitely  sentimental,  for  all  its  disguises,  as 
that  of  'La  Dame  aux  Cam^lias.'  He  cannot 
be  as  indifferently  just  to  his  Sapho  as  Flaubert 
in  'L' Education  Sentimentale  '  is  indifferently 
and  supremely  just  to  Rosanette.  And,  partly 
for  this  very  reason,  it  is  only  the  external  sem- 
blance of  life  which  he  gives — rarely  the  heart, 
never  the  soul. 

In  his  vivid,  passionate,  tragically  pathetic 
■studies  of  "ce  Paris  excitant"  (it  is  his  own 
word),  "ou  les  poupe'es  elles-memes  parlent,  ' 
Daudet  is  as  entertaining  as  the  writer  of  a  fairy 
tale,  and  he  writes  fairy  tales,  in  which  J.  Tom 
li^vis,  the  pseudo-Englishman  of  the  confi- 
dential agency,  Jansoulet,  the  Nabob,  Delo- 
belle  the  actor,  Sidonie  (a  new  Sidonia  the 
Sorceress),  Bompard,  Tartarin,  are  all  in- 
habitants of  a  world  certainly  more  amusing 
than  real  life.  That  they  should  "  o'erstep  the 
■modesty  of  nature  "  at  every  movement  is  partly 
4iis  intention,  partly  he  is  indifl:'erent  to  it,  and 
.partly  unaware  of  it. 

No  gift  with  which  a  man  can  be  cursed  is 
■more  fatal  than  a  thin  vein  of  poetry.  Daudet 
had  a  thin  vein  of  poetry,  not  enough  to  make 
him  a  poet,  but  enough  to  distort  the  focus  of 
his  vision  of  truth.  When  he  looked  at  external 
objects  he  saw  something  a  little  different  from 
fheir  shape  as  it  appears  to  people  in  general, 
but  he  did  not  see  them  transfigured  into  the 
celestial  images  of  themselves,  as  the  poet  sees 
them.  He  saw  the  face  of  Joy  a  little  more 
laughing  than  it  is,  the  face  of  Sorrow  a  little 
more  distressed,  and  just  that  half- poetical 
exaggeration,  missing  all  that  is  essential  in 
poetry,  was  enough  to  leave  him  somewhere 
between  the  realists  and  the  properly  imagina- 
tive writers,  artistically  insincere,  though,  in 
his  intention,  of  an  almost  touching  sincerity. 

He  was  a  novelist  as  men  are  ceasing  to  be 
novelists,  a  novelist  for  the  story's  sake.  He 
professes  frankly  to  amuse  you,  and  his  absence 
of  affectation  in  regard  to  his  own  art  is  itself 
almost  an  affectation.  And  his  stories  first  of 
ctll  amuse,  excite,  distress,  himself  ;  "  et  puis 
en  les  aime,  ces  livres,  ces  romans,  fruits 
douloureux  de  vos  entrailles,  faits  de  votre 
■sang  et  de  votre  chair ;  comment  se  desin- 
t^resser  d'eux  ?  "  He  never  could,  indeed,  look 
on  them  disinterestedly,  either  while  they  were 
making  or  when  they  were  made.  He  made 
them  with  actual  tears  and  laughter  ;  and  they 
are  read  with  actual  tears  and  laughter,  by  the 
■crowd.  May  it  not,  therefore,  be  said  that  he 
achieved  his  end,  that  he  gained  the  reward  he 
had  proposed  to  himself,  and  that  a  more  lofty, 
a  more  lonely,  fame  would  have  left  one  who 
was  always  so  eager  after  present  happiness, 
after  what  is  companionable  in  praise,  a  little 
-cold  and  unsatisfied  ?  Arthur  Symons. 


UiiErar^  €Josstp. 

Mr.  George  Meredith  has  finished  three 
-'  Odes  in  Contribution  to  the  Song  of  French 
•History.'  The  poems  are  entitled  'The 
[Revolution,'  '  Napoluon,'  'Alsace-Lorraine,' 
and  they  will  appear  in  the  numbers  of 
Cosmopolis  for  March,  April,  and  May. 

A  BOOK  of  madrigals— on  an  Elizabethan 
model,  and  set  to  music  —  ia  honour  of 
"Queen  Victoria,  is  in  course  of  preparation. 
Among  the  contributors  of  the  words  will 
T)e  Mr.  Austin  Dobson,  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson, 
Mr.  Robert  Bridges,  Mr.  Gosse,  and  the 
Poet  Laureate;  while  the  music  will  be 
•supplied  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  Sir  Walter 
Parratt,  Prof.  Villiers  Stanford,  Mr.  Hubert 
Parry,  and  others. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Steevexs,  who  is  at  present 
in  Egypt,  is  engaged,  with  Mr.  Grant 
Pichards  as  joint  author,  in  the  production 


of   a   romantic  novel   dealing  with   life   in 
ancient  Rome  and  its  tributary  Egypt. 

It  is  said  that  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  is  the 
only  living  writer  whose  name  is  included  in 
the  large  list  of  authors  inscribed  on  the 
walls  of  the  new  Congressional  Library  at 
"Washington.  The  name  of  Thomas  Moore 
was  omitted  because  of  his  verses  against 
America,  the  designers  not  being  aware  of 
the  poet's  retractation  and  apology. 

The  Council  of  Girton  College  have 
decided  to  appeal  to  the  public  for  help  in 
carrying  out  the  building  which  the  great 
pressure  on  the  accommodation  renders 
necessary.  It  is  proposed  to  annex  the  pre- 
sent hall  to  the  library  ;  to  build  a  new  hall 
and  kitchen  department,  a  chapel,  and 
lecture  rooms  ;  to  make  further  provision  for 
the  resident  staff ;  and  to  add  rooms  for 
about  fifty  students,  making  up  the  whole 
to  a  hundred  and  fifty.  The  hall  will  be 
planned  on  such  a  scale  as  to  suffice  for  two 
hundred  and  fifty,  the  number  fixed  as  the 
ultimate  limit,  and  it  would  be  easy  to  add 
students'  rooms  from  time  to  time  as  they 
were  wanted.  The  number  of  requests 
for  admission  is  continually  on  the  increase, 
and  unless  some  action  can  soon  be  taken 
it  will  be  necessary  to  turn  away  many 
promising  applicants. 

The  recent  strike  among  the  printers  in 
Edinburgh  has  caused  some  delay  in  the 
printing  of  new  books.  One  of  these  is 
Mrs.  Bishop's  work  on  Korea,  which  will 
not  be  published  by  Mr.  Murray  till  early 
in  January.  Mr.  Murray  will  also  pub- 
lish early  in  January  Canon  Gore's  new 
book  on  the  Ephesians  ;  the  volume  of 
poems,  *  By  Severn  Sea,'  &c.,  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  '  Law 
and  Politics  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  by  Mr. 
Edward  Jenks ;  'The  Flower- Hunter  in 
Queensland,'  by  Mrs.  Rowan,  illustrated 
from  some  of  her  sketches  ;  Major  Darwin's 
work  on  bimetallism ;  and  new  editions  of 
the  handbooks  of  India  and  Surro}'. 

It  is  possible  that  the  recent  controversy 
respecting  the  authenticity  of  the  now  famous 
Hatfield  confession  of  Thomas  Winter,  of 
Gunpowder  Plot  notoriety,  has  not  been 
finally  closed.  In  this  case  the  technicalities 
surrounding  the  question  are  likely  to  be 
emphasized  rather  than  dissipated. 

A  SOCIETY  for  printing  the  parish  re- 
gisters of  Shropshire  was  started  at  Shrews- 
bury the  other  day,  when  Lord  Harlech 
proposed  the  resolution  forming  the  Shrop- 
shire Parish  Register  Society.  The  new 
body,  which  will  start  work  immediately, 
numbers  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
members,  including  the  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
one  marquess,  a  viscount,  five  bishops,  four 
barons,  and  eight  baronets.  Mr.  Stanley 
Leighfon,  M.P.,  acts  as  chairman  of 
council. 

The  Corporation  of  Leicester  have  decided 
to  publish  a  volume  of  their  earliest  records 
(1100-1327),  and  have  entrusted  the  work 
to  Miss  Mary  Bateson,  Associate  of  Newn- 
ham  College,  Cambridge.  The  volume  will 
consist  largely  of  extracts  from  the  Merchant 
Gild  Rolls  and  Mayors'  Accounts  of  the 
thirteenth  and  early  fourteenth  centuries. 
The  collection  of  Merchant  Gild  Rolls  dates 
from  1196,  and  is  singularly  complete.  The 
Mayors'  Accounts  give  a  detailed  record  of 


the  financial  burdens  borne  by  a  town  under 
seignorial  domination.  The  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press  will  publish  the  book. 

About  two  years  ago  we  referred  to  a 
Heine  monument  which  was  projected  for 
New  York,  and  we  are  glad  to  hear  that 
it  has  just  been  completed  at  the  marble 
quarry  of  Laas  in  Tyrol,  and  transported  to 
Venice  to  be  shipped  thence  to  America. 
The  monument,  which  will  be  erected  next 
spring  on  behalf  of  the  Deutsche  Miinner- 
gesang-Verein  at  New  York,  was  designed 
and  modelled  by  Prof.  E.  Herter,  and  con- 
sists of  a  Loreley-Brunnen  of  colossal  dimen- 
sions. The  figure  of  the  Loreley  forms  the 
centre,  and  the  socle  exhibits  the  bust  of 
the  poet  crowned  with  laurels.  It  is  cer- 
tainly gratifying  to  think  that  if  the  Ger- 
mans at  home  neglect  to  do  honour  to  their 
great  lyric  poet,  the  Germans  abroad  make 
up  for  it ;  and  we  should  not  wonder  if  the 
German  colony  in  London  were  to  follow 
one  day  the  generous  example  set  by  their 
countrymen  in  America. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Return  of  the  Charities  of  the 
Parish  of  Christchurch  in  the  County  of 
London  {Id.);  and  a  Report  by  the  Board 
of  Trade  Labour  Department  on  the  Strikes 
and  Lock-Outs  of  1896  (Is.  2d.). 


SCIENCE 

The  Dolmens  of  Ireland:  their  Distribution, 
Structural  Characteristics,  and  Affinities 
in  other  Countries,  together  with  the  Folh- 
lore  attaching  to  Them.  By  W.  Copeland 
Borlase,  M.A.  -^  vols.  (Chapman  & 
Hall.) 

In  Dr.  Stukeley's  '  Brazenose  Diary,'  under 
date  of  August  3rd,  1763,  wo  find  the  fol- 
lowing entry  : — 

"This  day  I  read  over  Wood  the  architect's 
account  of  Stonehenge,  written  to  contradict 
me.  'Tis  such  a  heap,  a  ruin  of  trifling,  non- 
sensical, impertinent,  and  needless  measuring 
of  the  stones  designed  to  be  rude,  as  if  they 
were  the  most  nice  and  curious  Grecian  pillars 
in  any  of  their  capital  temples  :  a  tedious  and 
miserable  parade  of  twenty  pages  of  feet,  inches, 
halfs  and  quarters." 

Such  was  the  spirit  in  which  the  Dryasdusts 
of  yore  generally  regarded  the  study  of  pre- 
historic remains  which  they  attributed  to  a 
Druidic  origin ;  indeed,  the  Bath  ai'chitect 
here  mentioned  seems  to  have  been  among 
the  first  to  apply  measurements  to  the  Wilt- 
shire circles,  whilst  his  more  famous  con- 
temporary Dr.  Borlase,  Vicar  of  St.  Just 
and  the  friend  of  Pope,  published  his  de- 
scription of  the  Cornish  cromlechs,  with 
plans  drawn  to  scale,  in  1754.  It  is  to  a 
lineal  descendant  of  this  last  antiquary  that 
archa3ologists  are  indebted  for  the  present 
full  and  well-illustrated  description  of  the 
rude  stone  monuments  in  Ireland. 

That  accuracy  of  measurement  so  despised 
by  Stukeley  is  now  looked  upon  as  the  prime 
requisite  of  descrijjtion  by  modern  anti- 
quaries. Thus  Mr.  Flinders  Petrie,  con- 
sidering that  the  Ordnance  Survey  plan  of 
Stonehenge  of  1867  (because  it  could  not 
lay  claim  to  accuracy  greater  than  a  few 
inches)  was  not  valuable  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  important  results  and  deduc- 
tions as  to  date  and  origin,  produced  in 
1880  a  plan  correct  to  a  few  tenths  of  an 


N'.SOGl,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  ^  U  M 


889 


inch,  as  closely  as  could  be  estimated  ;  and, 
oven  subsequently  to  this,  another  inde- 
pendent plan  of  this  monument  was  drawn 
for  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  by  Mr.  Lukis 
in  1882. 

Mr.  Borlase's  previous  explorations  in 
his  own  county  formed  the  best  possible 
preparation  for  the  study  of  the  prehistoric 
antiquities  in  Ireland,  which,  as  he  says, 
are  a  counterpart  of  those  in  Cornwall  ; 
and  he  tells  us  that  for  the  last  ten  years 
he  has  devoted  summer  after  summer  to  a 
systematic  examination  of  the  Irish  mega- 
liths. 

Mr.  Borlase  divides  his  work  into  four 
parts,  in  the  first  of  which  he  gives  a  list 
or  survey  of  the  dolmens,  arranged  in  order 
of  their  localities.  We  venture  to  think 
that  by  adopting  a  more  synoptic  method 
iu  tabulating  the  list  of  these  monuments, 
much  needless  repetition  of  words — such  as 

"In    the    Baronry  of in    the   Townland 

of and  Parish   of is  a  dolmen  called 

" — might  have  been  avoided  and  much 

space  saved.  It  is,  however,  to  the  second 
part,  dealing  with  the  classification,  con- 
struction, distribution,  and  comparison  of 
these  structures,  that  archooologists  will 
turn  with  greater  interest ;  and  not  a  few 
of  them  will  certainly  demur  to  the  some- 
what awkwardly  rendered  definition  of  a 
dolmen,  to  the  use  of  which  French  term 
Mr.  Borlase's  late  colleague — Mr.  Lukis — 
was  wont  strongly  to  object.  According  to 
Mr.  Borlase : — 

"A  dolmen,  then,  is  a  covered  structure 
formed  of  slabs  or  blocks  of  stone  in  such 
manner  as  that  the  stone  or  stones  which  con- 
stitute the  roof  are  supported  in  place  by  the 
upper  points  or  edges  of  some  or  all  the  other 
stones  which,  set  on  end  or  edge,  enclose  or 
partially  enclose  an  area  or  vault  beneath." 

The  belief  that  cromlechs,  previously  re- 
garded as  Druid  altars,  were  but  uncovered 
tumuli  which  originally  contained  sepulchral 
remains,  was  apparently  first  propagated 
in  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy  early  in  this 
century ;  and  Mr.  Borlase  informs  us  how 
Mr.  Bell  of  Dundalk,  after  disinterring  over 
sixty  cromlechs  from  cairns  in  Ulster,  was 
of  opinion  that  all  dolmens  were  covered  by 
tumuli.  It  will  bo  remembered  that  Fer- 
gusson,  who  attempted  to  trace  out  a  gradual 
evolution  of  megalithic  dolmens  from  smaller 
kists  buried  in  mounds,  strongly  maintained 
that  a  certain  class  of  these  monuments 
never  could  have  been  enclosed  in  tumuli,  and 
these  he  termed  "free  standing  dolmens," 
a  view  which  was  supported  by  Mr.  Borlase 
in  his  earlier  work,  '  Nsenia  Cornubioe.' 
published  but  shortly  after  Fergusson's  j 
*  Eude  Stone  Monuments.'  | 

We  are  glad  to  find  that  Mr.  Borlase  now  j 
admits  that  the  dolmen  is  only  the  more  j 
megalithic  portion  of  the  so-called  "  Giant's  I 
Grave,"  and  must  have  been  originally  j 
closed  in.     He  writes  : —  | 

"  Monuments    marked  cnirns   in  the  earlier 
Ordnance   Survey,    and   where    then    no   trace 
existed    of    the   megalithic    structure,    will    in  i 
several   places   have   to  be  marked  dolmens  in  ■ 
subsequent  surveys,  since  the   cairn    has  been 
removed  and  the  structure  exposed  to  view." 
Yet  Mr.  Borlase  is  somewhat  contradictory 
when  he  declares,  in  reference  to  the  "  Giant's 
Grave  "  at  Drumcliff — where  the  peristyle  or 
outer  range  of  stones  is  in  close  proximity 
to     the     structure  —  that,      "  since     the 


peristyle  marked  the  utmost  circuit,  in 
almost  ever}'  case  of  monuments  of  this 
tj'pe,  it  follows  that  the  monument  was  not 

buried  in  a  mound "  ;  whilst  on  the  next 

page  he  figures  the  plan  and  section  of  a 
typical  dolmen  in  tumulus  at  Brane,  "  a 
monument  of  the  wedge-shaped  type  sur- 
rounded by  a  circular  peristyle  in  close 
proximity  to  it,  and  the  little  conical  mound 
over  which  was  still  perfect." 

The  author  quotes  Miss  Margaret  Stokes, 
a  trustworth}'  authority  on  the  distribution 
of  dolmens  in  Ireland,  to  show  that  a  largo 
proportion  of  the  sea-coast  examples  are 
dolmen-circles  and  dolmen-cairns,  whilst 
where  the  wedge-shaped  dolmens  occur  in 
river-basins  they  are  generally  found  on  the 
hillside  or  b}'  a  lake  or  stream  ;  but  in  the 
flat  lands  they  are  almost  entirely  absent. 
The  similarity  of  the  megalithic  monuments 
found  on  both  borders  of  the  Irish  Channel 
gives  plausibility  to  a  theory  that  the  route 
of  the  dolmen  builders,  whoever  they  were, 
was  from  the  south,  round  the  Land's  End, 
and  up  St.  George's  Channel  and  around 
the  entire  coast  of  Ireland,  which  island 
they  specially  made  their  own. 

"Early  in  the  Neolithic  Age  a  seafaring 
people  were  erecting  their  dolmen-cairns  upon 
the  coast,  whereas  a  settled  population  in  the 
Lite  Neolithic  Age  and  in  the  early  Bronze  Age 
erected  a  different  class  of  monument  in  the 
interior — namely,  in  the  case  of  Ireland  and 
Sweden  alike,  the  long  wedge-shaped  dolmen. 
The  passage-tomb  people,  who,  in  the  case  of 
Ireland,  built  New  Grange,  did  not  arrive  until 
later,  and  then  confined  themselves  to  a  few 
rich  lands." 

Whilst  the  builders  of  New  Grange 
derived  their  structural  details  and  decora- 
tion from  Groeco-Scythian  tombs  in  the 
Bronze  Age,  these  wedge-shaped  dolmens, 
says  Mr.  Borlase,  may  be  plausibly  regarded 
as  models  of  ships  after  the  ancient  Greek 
pattern.  With  theso  ho  compares  those 
remarkable  cyclopean  buildings  found  in 
the  Balearic  Islands,^  called  "  navetas," 
lately  described  by  Emile  Cartailhac  in 
his  '  Monuments  Primitifs  des  Baleares ' 
(see  AthencBum,  September  2ud,  1893),  and 
supposed  by  him  to  have  been  used  as 
ossuaries.  We  cannot  quite  agree  with 
our  author  in  these  comparisons,  nor  do 
we  concur  in  the  following  : — 

"No  structure  known  to  architecture  re- 
sembles so  precisely  in  external  form,  in  tlie 
laying  of  the  courses  of  its  masonry,  and  in 
other  details  of  its  construction  the  little  boat- 
shaped  stone  structures  found  on  the  south- 
western coasts  of  Ireland,  and  traditionally 
attributed  to  Christian  hermits,  whose  tombs 
they  were  in  some  cases  said  to  contain,  as  does 
this  Nao  dels  Tudons." 

Of  this  Nao  dels  Tudons,  by  the  way,  two 
illustrations  are  given  where  one  would 
suffice.  Another  statement  of  Mr.  Borlase, 
that  "  most  remarkable  among  the  artificial 
caves  near  San  Vicente  in  Minorca 
[St.  Vincent  in  Majorca  ?'\  are  those  which 
are  in  the  form  of  a  ship,"  is  not  borne  out 
by  M.  Cartailhac's  drawing  and  description 
in  his  work  above  mentioned,  which  book 
is,  curiously  enough,  not  quoted  by  Mr. 
Borlase,  who  also  omits  all  reference  to  the 
taulas.  It  is  noticeable  that  Mr.  Borlase 
whilst  dealing  with  the  circles  and  alignments 
makes  no  allusion  to  Stonehenge,  and  the 
supposed  transport  thither  of  the  blue  stones 
from  Ireland,  believed  in  by  Fergusson. 


When  we  como  to  the  third  part,  which 
deals  with  tlie  legends  associated  with  the 
dolmens,  wo  find  our  author  controverts  Mr. 
Fergusson's  opinion  that  "it  is  from  the 
Irish  annals  that  the  greatest  amount  of 
light  will  be  thrown  on  tho  history  and  uses 
of  the  megalithic  monuments." 

"To  imagine  for  a  moment  that  any,  even 
the  faintest  echo  of  a  tradition  as  to  the  persons 
by  whom  the  earlier  examples  were  erected 
could  have  survived  from  the  Neolithic  or 
Bronze  Age  when  tliey  were  built  until  the 
present  day  may  be  dismissed  as  an  absurdity." 

Mr.  Fergusson  put  the  date  of  the  mounds 
and  megaliths  of  Moytura  at  a  period  sub- 
sequent to  tho  Christian  era,  whereas  evi- 
dence is  now  adduced  by  Mr.  Borlase  to 
show  that  this  class  of  monument — not  so 
ancient  as  the  earliest  dolmens — belongs  to 
an  age  when  incineration  and  urn  burial 
were  in  use,  and  when  riveted  bi'onze 
daggers  had  been  introduced.  He  admits 
that  a  vague  tradition  of  battle  in  connexion 
with  them  may  have  survived. 

In  the  fourth  part  the  author  traces  the 
early  stages  of  culture  through  which  those 
people  passed  who  eventually  raised  the 
tombs  known  as  dolmens ;  but  as  not  a 
single  skull  has  yet  been  measured  which 
has  actually  been  taken  from  an  Irish 
"  giant's  grave,"  he  has  to  go  to  France  to 
find  examples  of  crania  of  what  is  known 
there  as  the  dolmen-builders'  type. 

A  most  interesting  discussion  of  the  early 
immigrations  of  the  traditional  Irish  tribes 
— the  Fomorians,  Fir  -  Bolg,  Tuatha  De 
Danann,  and  Milesians — concludes  with  an 
ingenious  and  altogether  new  interpretation 
of  the  ancient  Irish  manuscripts,  which  Mr. 
Borlase  suggests  may  prove  to  contain  in 
many  particulars  the  barbarian  tradition,  in 
contrast  with  the  Roman  and  Byzantine 
accounts  of  the  events  which  were  taking 
place  in  the  dark  ages,  from  the  third  to 
the  sixth  century. 

"The  saga  of  Partholan  is  Bardic,  brought  by 
Bardi,  who,  like  Chauci  and  Menapii,  had  settle- 
ments in  Ireland,  where  they  recited  the  tradi- 
tions of  their  origin.  The  saga  of  Nemed  is 
also  German,  and  relates  to  wars  of  Sclaves  and 
Germans  on  the  south- western  shores  of  the 
Baltic.  The  Fomorians  are  the  Pomeranian 
Sclaves  ;  the  Fir-Bolg  are  (speaking  generally) 
any  of  those  people  to  whom  the  term  Hunnish 
or  Bulgar  would  have  been  applied  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries  ;  (speaking  specially) 
they  are  the  Heruli  ;  in  the  Tuatha  D^ 
Danann  we  have  Scando-Germanic  tribes,  in 
particular,  perhaps  the  Bardi,  represented  to  us 
through  their  gods,  which  prove  to  be  closely 
related  to  those  of  the  Norse  Pantheon.  That 
they  come  under   the    general    term  of    Picts 

seems  likely  enough Lastly,  for  the  Feinne 

I  would  venture  to  suggest  affinities  among  the 
peoples  of  Finno-Germanic  origin   around  the 

Gulf    of  Riga   and    in  East  Prussia whose 

ancestors  on  the  Finnic  side  may  once  have 
surrounded  the  entire  Baltic  Lake,  from  which 
the  British  Islands  from  the  remotest  prehistoric 
ages  to  the  Norman  conquesc  have  ever  been 
receiving  fresh  instalments  of  population." 

A  bibliography  of  the  literature  on  rude 
stone  monuments  is  much  needed,  and  we 
wish  that  Mr.  Borlase  could  have  followed 
M.  Cartailhac's  example,  and  prefaced  his 
description  of  the  Irish  dolmens  with  a 
catalogue  of  all  the  books  from  which  he 
quotes.  There  is,  however,  an  excellent 
index,  which  will  greatly  assist  future 
students  whenever  they  have    recourse  to 


890 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


this  storehouse  of  examples  and  illustrations 
of  primitive  megalithic  remains,  not  only 
in  Ireland,  but  in  many  other  far  distant 
quarters  of  the  old  world. 

We  cannot  agree  with  many  of  Mr. 
Borlase's  conclusions,  nor  can  we  accept,  as 
he  does,  the  sacrificial  theories  propounded 
by  Col.  Conder  in  connexion  with  the  Syrian 
monuments ;  but  wo  have,  on  the  whole, 
nothing  but  praise  to  bestow  on  the  labour 
and  ability  with  which  he  has  amassed  such 
a  heap  of  valuable  information,  and  we  are 
sure  that,  like  his  great-great-grandfather's 
book  on  the  antiquities  of  Cornwall,  his 
work  on  the  Irish  dolmens  will  be  held  in 
estimation  by  future  generations  of  anti- 
quaries. 


Marriage  Customs  in  Many  Lands.     By  the 
Rev.  H.  N.  Hutchinson.     (Seeley  &  Co.)— The 
unfortunate  "general  reader"  is  responsible  for 
this  useless  book.     If  Mr.  Hutchinson  disdains 
the  discussion  of  "scientific questions  connected 
with   the   origin    of    marriage   and   the   human 
family,"  he  should  at  least  have  been  guided  in 
his  compilation  by  the  results  of  the  scientific 
research  of  the  eminent  authorities  to  whom  he 
refers  so   airily  in  his   preface.      The   general 
reader  will  not  thank  him    for    being    led    to 
think  wrongly,  and  tliat,  we  fear,   will  be  the 
result  of   Mr.   Hutchinson's   book.     The   plain 
fact  is  that  the  time  has  gone  by  for  such  books. 
When  Lady  Augusta   Hamilton  published  her 
'Marriage  Rites,  Customs,  and  Ceremonies  of 
all  Nations '  in  1822,  things  were  different,  and 
her   book    was   not   an   anachronism.      At   the 
present  time,  to  reproduce  the  faults  of  Lady 
Augusta's    book    and     to     add     thereto     new 
faults      is      unpardonable,     and     we     do     not 
thank   Mr.    Hutchinson   for   using    his    ability 
and  industry  in   this   fashion.      Mr.    Hutchin- 
son's     plan      is      in      a     sense    geographical. 
Starting    with    India,    he    proceeds   to   China, 
Japan,  Persia  and  Arabia,  Turkey  and  Syria, 
Africa,    America,    Australasia,    Melanesia    and 
Polynesia,  Greece,  the  Daimbian  Principalities, 
Russia,    Scandinavia    and    Poland,    Germany, 
Bohemia,    Austria    and    Hungary,    Tyrol    and 
Switzerland       Italy,      Spain      and      Portugal, 
France,  Holland    and    Belgium,   England   and 
Wales,    Scotland,    Ireland,    the     gipsies     and 
Mormons.     There  is  something  to  be  said  for 
such     a     plan     if     it     is     accomplished     with 
care.     But  it  is  not.      Geographical  areas  con- 
tain   ethnographical    units.       Mr.    Hutchinson 
seems  to  be  aware  of    this,  but   he  puts  it  to 
no  possible  use.     In  the  case  of  India,   where 
the  greatest   possible    care  is    needed,  he  tells 
his    readers,    casually  enougli,    that    there    are 
"a    very    large    number    of    different    races," 
which    there    are    not,  and    then    proceeds    to 
describe  marriage   customs  without   any  refer- 
ence to  racial  distinctions  at  all.     He  does  not 
confine  himself  to   descriptions.      He  tells  us, 
against  the  facts,  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  the 
sacred  books  of  the  Hindus  countenance  poly- 
gamy, and  he  applies  Western  ideas  to  Eastern 
facts.     From    the   Abb^    Du    Bois    he    quotes 
largely,    but    without    proper    references,    and 
then   proceeds   to   the   Kols,    the   Gonds,    and 
other  tribes,  without  a  word  of  warning  that 
geography  is  the  only  connecting  link  between 
these  people  and  the  Hindus.  He  goes  to  Central 
India  for 

"a  curious  little  custom  which  perhaps  serves  to 
explain  our  habit  of  giving  presents  to  brides- 
maids." 

On  the  other  hand,  he  commits  himself  to  the 

assertion  that 

"Irish  wakes  we  know  are  far  from  dismal  affairs, 

but  no  one  ever  heard  of  their   being  turned  into 

occasions  for  courtship  and  love-making  in  a  public 

manner,  and   by  a  considerable  number  of  young 

people." 

Finally,  the  author  informs  us  that  he  has 
reserved  the  account  of  the 


"customs  of  our  country  to  the  end,  in  order  tl.at 
the  reader  may  be  in  a  better  position  to  understand 
the  origin  and  meaning  of  those  observimces  wliich 
have  been  handed  down  from  a  more  or  less  remote 
antiquity." 

And  he  proceeds  to  account  for  the  "  best  man," 
the  honeymoon,  bridesmaids'  presents,  lifting 
the  bride  over  the  doorstep,  bride  cake,  throw- 
ing the  slipper  and  throwing  the  rice,  by  a 
series  of  wild  suggestions  which  go  back  at  one 
moment  to  the  Stone  Age  British  .savage,  at 
another  to  the  Romans,  at  another  to  pure 
symbolism  of  no  period  at  all.  It  will  be 
gathered  from  this  account  of  the  book  that  it 
does  not  even  keep  to  the  author's  plan  of  being 
a  mere  compilation.  It  seeks  to  explain  origins 
in  a  few  cases,  and  explains  them  wrongly  ;  it 
comments  on  other  ceremonies  from  the  ethical 
standpoint  of  Western  civilization,  or  rather 
Western  puritanism  ;  it  compiles  from  all  sorts 
of  authorities,  whose  trustworthiness  cannot  be 
tested  because  they  are  not  always  mentioned  ; 
and  it  leaves  the  general  reader  in  a  state  worse 
than  that  of  ignorance,  because  it  must  be  that 
most  dangerous  of  all  conditions,  namely,  that  of 
possessing  "a  little  knowledge."  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son supplies  his  book  with  very  acceptable 
illustrations. 

Life  Histories  of  A  merican  Insects.  By  Clarence 
Moores  Weed,  D.Sc.  (Macmillan  &  Co.)— This 
book,  nicely  printed  on  good  paper,  well  illus- 
trated, and  written  by  an  American  professor 
of  zoology  and  entomology  on  a  most  attractive 
subject,  must  be  judged  by  an  admission  in  its 
preface:  "I  have  drawn  freely  for  facts  upon 
the  published  writings  of  my  fellow  entomo- 
logists." Compilation  is  almost  a  fine  art;  to 
avoid  the  erroneous  and  absorb  the  true  and 
important  requires  a  knowledge  of  the  subject 
which  renders  compilation  unnecessary.  In  the 
present  case  the  trite  observation  as  to  the 
merits  of  the  "new"  and  the  "true"  is  very 
applicable.  The  various  articles  on  diverse  in- 
sects are  too  short  for  the  purposes  of  "  life  his- 
tories," too  cautious  for  criticism,  antique  in 
treatment,  and  somewhat  fossil  in  information. 
Possessing  wide  margins,  large  print,  and  many 
blank  pages,  the  book  should  have  been  com- 
pressed into  half  its  size.  If  addressed  to  the 
public  it  will  doubtless  serve  to  convey  much 
useful  information  ;  but  if  proposed  as  an 
addition  to  entomological  knowledge  its  perusal 
will  create  surprise,  and  provoke  the  query  cui 
bono  ? 


ASTRONOMICAL   NOTES. 

Db.  Gill  has  recently  published  a  volume 
containing  the  results  of  the  meridian  observa- 
tions which  were  made  at  the  Royal  Observa- 
tory, Cape  of  Good  Hope,  during  the  years 
1861-5  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Thomas 
Maclear.  The  reduction  of  these  had  been 
begun  by  Mr.  Stone,  who  succeeded  Sir  Thomas 
in  1870  but  much  work  was  still  needed  for  its 
completion  and  revision.  A  second  volume,  in 
course  of  preparation,  will  embrace  the  years 
1866-70,  after  which  it  is  intended  to  combine 
the  whole  ten-year  series  in  a  Cape  general 
catalogue  for  the  equinox  1865. 

We  have  received  the  tenth  number  of  this 
year's  Memorie  delta  Societa  degli  Spettroseopisti 
Italiani.  The  principal  matter  consists  of 
papers  giving  the  results  of  Prof.  Tacchini's 
observations  of  the  solar  spots,  faculje,  and 
protuberances  during  the  third  quarter  of  the 
year ;  and  the  spectroscopical  images  of  the 
solar  limb  as  seen  at  Rome  and  Catania  are 
continued  to  the  month  of  May,  1896. 


SOCIETIES. 

Royal. — Dec:  IC— Lord  Lister,  President,  in  the 
chair.— Prof.  G.  Lippinann,  Foreign  Member,  was 
admitted  into  the  Society.— The  following  Papers 
were  read  :  '  Ou  a  Method  of  Determining  the 
Reactions  at  the  Points  of  Support  of  Continuous 
Beams,'  by  Mr.  G.  Wilson.  — '  The  Comparative 
Chemistry  of  the  Suprarenal  Capsules,'  by  Messrs. 


B.  Moore  and  S.  Vincent,— '  Memoir  on  the  Inte- 
gration of  Partial  Differential  Equations  of  the 
Second  Order  in  Three  Independent  Variables,'  by 
Prof.  Forsvth,  —  '  On  the  Biology  of  Stereum 
hirsvtvm  (Fr.).' by  Prof.  H.  Marshall  Ward,— '  An 
Examination  into  the  Registered  Speeds  of  American 
Trotting  Horses,  with  Remarks  on  their  Value  as 
Hereditary  Data,'  by  Mr.  F.  Galtou,  — 'On  the 
Thermal  Conductivities  of  Pure  and  Mixed  Solids 
and  Liquids,  and  their  Variation  with  Temperature,' 
by  Dr.  C.  H.  Lees,—'  Cloudiness  :  Note  on  a  Novel 
Case  of  Frequency,'  by  Prof.  Pearson,— and  '  On  the 
Occlusion  of  Hydrogen  and  Oxygen  by  Palladium,' 
by  Dr.  Mond,  Prof.  Ramsay,  and  Dr.  J.  Shields. 

Society  of  Antiquaries.— Dec.  9.  — Viscount 
Dillon,  President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  C.  Bicknell  com- 
municated   an    account    of    singular    devices    and 
emblems  incised  on  some  rock  surfaces  in  Val  Fon- 
tanalba,  Italy. —  Mr.   A.  J.   Evans  pointed  out  the 
great  interest  of  Mr.  Bicknell's  discoveries.    He  had 
himself  visited  a  limestone  plateau  above  Finalbergo 
presenting    somewhat     analogous    figures,    among 
which    two    types    were    specially   remarkable    as 
giving  a  clue  to  the  date.    One  was  a  kind  of  hal- 
berd with  three  rivets,  quite  characteristic  of  the 
Early   Bronze  Age  in  Europe,  and   diffused  from 
Great  Britain  and  Scandinavia  to  Southern  Spain. 
The  other  was  a  type  which  at  first  sight  resembled 
a  kind  of  beetle,  but  which  could  be  traced  by  inter- 
mediate examples  to  the  well-known    symbol    of 
Tanit  as  seen  on  Sardinian  and  African  stclce.    De- 
velopments of  the  symbol  were  seen  on  the  Early 
Iron  Age  ornaments  of  Italy  of  the  ninth  or  tenth 
century  B.C.    The  importance  of  the  Col  di  Tenda, 
near  which  these  rock  carvings  lay,  was  very  great 
as  an  avenue  of  intercourse  between   the  Ligurian 
coastland  and  the   Po  valley,  and  the  present  dis- 
coveries might  be  regarded  as  evidence  that  it  was 
an  early  line  of  commerce  with  the   Mediterranean 
shores.    Later,  as  was  shown  by  finds  of  coins,  part 
of  the  overland  trade  from  Massalia  to  the  Adriatic 
passed  this  way. —  Mr.  J.  E.   Pritchard  exhibited  a 
carved   walrus -ivory  draughtsman    of  the  twelfth 
century  and  an  ivory  box  with  small  glass  bottles 
for  essences,  both   lately  found  at  Bristol.  —  Mr. 
Micklethwaite  showed  part  of  an  ingot  of  solder 
found  in  a  drain  at  Westminster  Abbey,  and  pro- 
bably lost  when    the    filter  next  the   |)arlour  was 
fitted  up  near  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
The    ingot    has    been    in    the    form   of    a    grate 
which    is  still    in    use,    though    the    size    is    now 
much    larger.     It  bears    the    stamp    of    an    angel, 
the    mark    of    the    London     Plumbers'    Company, 
and  is  probably  the  oldest  example  of  that  stamp 
in    existence.     Mr.   Micklethwaite    also    showed    a 
number  of  small  articles  found  on  the  site  of  West 
Blatchington  Church,  near  Brighton,  one  of  which 
was   an    iron    bar,    which   he    believed    to  be   an 
Osmund.    Osmunds  are  often  mentioned  as  articles 
of  commerce  in  the  Middle  Ages,  but  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite said  that,  so  far,  English  autiquaries  had 
been  content  to  describe  them  only  as  "  a  kind  of 
iron."     He    showed  that    osmunds  were   Swedish 
iron  of  the  best  sort,  were  small  in  size,  and  were 
packed  in  barrels  for  convenience  of  transport,  that 
fourteen  barrels  made  a  last,  and  that  a  last  con- 
tained 4,8001b.  of  iron.  Theosmnnd  shown  weighed 
1  lb.  3oz.— Mr,  Gowland  made  some  further  remarks 
on  the  osmund  process  of  iron  smelting  ;  and  Mr. 
C.  J.  Chatterton  gave  some  information  as  to  the 
customs  of    the   Plumbers'   Company,  and   stated 
that  the   stamping  of    solder  was   now   given   up, 
but   was  practised  within    memory,  and   that  the 
device   of    the   stamp   was    then    an   angel. — Mr. 
A.  F.  Leach,  by  the  courtesy  of  the  town  clerk  and 
corporation,  exhibited   the  "earliest  charter  to    the 
burgesses  of  Walden,  Essex,  now  known  as  Saffron 
Walden.    It  is  in  the  form  of  a  deed  poll  (there 
being  two  identical  counterparts)  from  Humphry 
de  Bohun,  seventh  Earl  of  Hereford,  and  third  Earl 
of  Essex  of  that  name.    Each  counterpart  has  the 
seal  attached  by  pink  silk  cords  in  green  wax,  show- 
ing the  shield  of  the  earl  :  azure,  hrtwceii  nix  lioncels 
or,  a  lend  argent,  eotised  or,  flanked  by  two  smaller 
shields   quarterly  for    Mandeville,  his  great-grand- 
mother of  that  family  having  brought  the  earldom 
to  the  De  Bohuns.    The  counter-seal  shows  the  earl 
on  horseback,  with  a  trapper  of  his  arms.     This 
charter  had  been  overlooked  by  Lord  Braybrooke  in 
his  '  History  of  Audley  End  and  Walden,'  and  on  it 
was  endorsed  a  statement  that  it  was  the  deed  of 
Humphry  de  Bohun,  the  first  Bohun  Earl  of  Essex, 
1228  to  1275.    But  both  the  character  of  the  writing 
and  the  identity  of  the  seal  with  one  appended  to 
the  barons'  letter  to   Pope  Boniface  VIII.  in  1301, 
asserting  the  sovereignty  of  England  over  Scotland, 
assigned  it  to  the  later  Humphry,  who  succeeded  in 
1298,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Boroughbridge 
in  1321.     The  charter  is  undated,  and  the  names  of 
the  witnesses  do  not  fix  the  date  precisely  ;   but 
being  merely  a  confirmation  of  freedom  from  relief 
and  heriot,  and  of  the  continuance  of  all  liberties 
previously  enjoyed,  it  was  no  doubt  granted  Boon 


N"3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


891 


after  the  earl's  accession,  i.e.  about  the  year 
1291).  The  two  charters  are  kept  together  in  a 
plain  round  wooden  box  or  skippet,  the  top  of  which 
is  peg-top  shappd.  Great  diversity  of  opinion  was 
expressed  as  to  the  date  of  the  box,  it  being  assigned 
variously  to  each  century  from  the  fourteenth  to  the 
seventeenth.    It  had  been  turned  in  a  lathe. 

Numismatic— 2)^^.  16.— Sir  J.  Evans,  President, 
in  the  chair.— Mr.  F.  A.  Walters  was  elected  a 
Member,  and  Messrs.  P.  Nelson,  G.  H.  Pedler,  and 
J.  Young  were  proposed.— The  President  exhibited 
twelve  base  gold  staters  of  the  Brigantes  and  Parisi, 
ancient  British  tribes  who  occupied  the  greater  part 
of  the  country  north  of  the  Humber  and  Mersey  and 
south  of  the  Tyne.  The  coins  bore  inscriptions 
■which  have  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  explained. — 
Dr.  B.  V.  Head  exhibited  a  silver  wine-taster  stamped 
with  three  hall-marks,  apparently  French,  and  of 
the  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century.  The  bottom 
of  the  cup  consisted  of  a  silver-gilt  medal  struck 
shortly  before  1585  in  commemoration  of  the 
Swiss  confederation,  and  bearing  figures  of  Tell, 
Stouffacher,  and  Erni  taking  the  oath  of  inde- 
pendence.— Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  communicated  a 
paper  on  the  mint  at  Barnstaple  during  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Early  English  periods.  Having  assigned 
to  this  place  a  penny  of  Henry  I.  reading  oter 
ON  berd[e]sta,  Mr.  Lawrence  urged  that  all  the 
coins  from  ^thelred  II.  to  William  I.  and  IL 
with  the  readings  bar,  bard,  beardan,  beardas, 
BERDEST,  &c.,  which  have  hitherto  been  attri- 
buted by  Hildebrand  and  others  to  Bardney  in 
Lincolnshire,  should  be  transferred  to  Barnstaple. 
— In  the  discussion  which  followed.  Sir  J.  Evans 
and  Mr.  Grueber,  while  accepting  the  attribution 
of  the  coin  of  Henry  I.  to  Barnstaple,  were  opposed 
to  the  transfer  to  that  mint  of  the  other  jjieces 
hitherto  assigned  to  Bardney. 

Zoological.— i?^'^.  U.— Lieut.-Col.H.H.  Godwin- 
Austen,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. —  The  Secretary  read  a 
report  on  the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during 
November.— Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger  offered  further 
remarks  upon  the  siluroid  fish  Vandtllia  cirrhosa, 
and  stated  that  he  had  made  an  experiment  which 
satisfied  him  as  to  the  possibility  of  the  fish  pene- 
trating the  male  human  urethra— a  habit  which  has 
been  attributed  to  it  by  various  travellers  in  South 
America.— Mr.  J.  G.  Kerr  gave  an  account  of  his 
recent  expedition,  along  with  Mr.  Budgett,  to  the 
Chaco  of  Paraguay  in  quest  of  Le|)idosiren,  and 
made  remarks  on  its  habits  as  there  observed.  Mr. 
Kerr  also  gave  a  general  account  of  the  early  stages 
of  its  development,  drawing  special  attention  to  tlie 
presence  in  the  larva  of  external  gills  and  a  sucker 
similar  to  those  of  the  Amphibia.— Communications 
■were  read  :  from  Dr.  E.  A.  Goeldi,  '  On  Lepidosireii 
paradoxa  from  the  Amazons,'  the  memoir  treating 
of  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Lepidosiren 
on  the  Amazons,  and  of  its  external  structure  and 
dimensions,  and  giving  an  account  of  its  habits  in 
a  natural  and  captive  state,— from  Dr.  A.  G.  Butler, 
containing  a  list  of  ihirty-three  species  of  butter- 
flies obtained  by  Mr.  F.  Gillett  in  Somaliland  during 
the  present  year,  and  giving  the  dates  of  the  capture 
of  the  specimens  and  their  localities,— by  Mr.  O. 
Thomas,  'On  the  Mammals  obtained  by  Mr.  A. 
Whjjte  in  North  Nyasaland,  and  presented  to  the 
British  Museum  by  Sir  H.  H.  Johnston,  K.C. B., 
being  a  Fifth  Contribution  to  the  Mammalogy  of 
Nyasaland,'  containing  notes  on  sixty-one  species 
of  mammals,  four  of  which  were  characterized  as 
new,  viz.,  Macroscelides  brachyrhynchus  vialoste, 
Ofocidura  lixa.  Myosorcx  soulla,  and  Gravhbirus 
johnstoui,— from  the  Rev.  O.  P.  Cambridge,  de- 
scribing a  new  genus  and  species  of  Acaridea 
{Eatonia  scopulifcra),  from  Algeria,- by  Mr.  J.  S. 
Gardiner,  'On  some  Collections  of  Corals  of  the 
Family  PocilloporidtB  from  the  South-West  Pacific 
Ocean';  twenty  species  of  the  genus  Pocillopora  and 
one  of  the  genus  Seriatopora  were  enumerated  and 
remarked  upon,  five  species  of  the  former  genus 
being  described  as  new,  viz.,  Pocillopora  septata, 
P.  obtmata,  P.  coronata,  P.  rngosa,  and  P.glome- 
rata,—a.nd  by  Mr.  W.  E.  de  Winton,  on  a  collection 
of  manmials  from  Morocco,  made  by  Mr.  E.  Dobson 
on  behalf  of  Mr.  J.  I.  S.  Whitaker  ;  twenty-one 
species  were  enumerated  as  represented  in  the  col- 
lection, of  which  the  following  were  described  as 
new,  viz.,  Crocidura  nlutaheri,  Mus  peregrinvs,B.ui\ 
Lepns  atlanticus, 

Hakluyt.— D^c.  \Q.— Annual  General  Meeting. 
— Sir  Clements  Markham,  President,  in  the  chair. 
— The  Secretary  submitted  the  report  and  state- 
ment of  accounts  for  the  year,  from  which  it 
appeared  that  three  volumes  had  been  issued  since 
the  date  of  the  preceding  report,  viz.,  'Danish 
Arctic  Voyages '{in  two  volumes),  edited  by  Mr.  C.  A. 
Gosch,  and  a  translation  by  Mr.  McCrindle  of  the 
'Christian  Topography  '  of  Cosmas  Indicopleustes  ; 
that  the  publications  for  1898— the  concluding  part 
of  Azurara's  '  Discovery  and  Conquest  of  Guinea ' 


and  Mr.  Ravenstein's  edition  of  a  journal  of  the  first 
voyage  of  Vasco  da  Gama— were  well  advanced  ;  and 
that  the  financial  i)osition  was  very  satisfactory,  a 
considerable  balance  being  carried  forward  to  the 
new  year. — The  vacancies  on  the  Council  were  filled 
by  the  election  of  Sir  M.  Conway,  Mr.  E.  J.  Payne, 
and  Mr.  J.  Scott  Keltie. — A  few  alterations  were 
made  in  the  rules,  effect  being  given  to  a  new 
arrangement  by  which  American  subscribers  may 
discharge  their  liability  by  paying  five  dollars  to 
Messrs.  Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.,  of  New  York. 


MEETINGS  FOR  THE  ENSUING  'WEEK. 
TuES.     Royal  Institution,  3— 'Tlie  Principles  of    the   Electric    Tele- 
graph.'l*rof  <)   Lod^e. 

—  London  Institution.  4  — '  Insects  at  Home  '  Mr  F,  Enock. 
Thurs.  lloyal  Institution,   a— 'The  I'rincipies  dl   the    Electric  Tele- 
graph,' Prof  O  Lodge 

—  London  Institution,  4  — *  Insects  at  Work,'  Mr.  F  Enock. 

SiT.       Koyal  Institution.  3  — ■  rhe  I'rincipies  of   the    Electric  Tele- 
graph.'Prof  O  Lodge 


FINE    ARTS 


Medals  and  Decorations  of  the  British  Army 
and  Navy.  By  John  Horsley  Mayo. 
2  vols.     Illustrated.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Even  after  the  ■works  of  Favine,  Evelyn, 
Eapin,  Perry,  and  Pinkerton,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  labours  of  Stothard,  Ver- 
tue,  Nicolas,  and  Norman,  and  the  valuable 
'  Medallic  Illustrations  of  English  History,' 
published  by  the  British  Museum  in  1885, 
there  ■was  still  room  for  these  elaborate 
volumes  by  Mr.  Mayo,  which  treat  of  their 
subject  in  a  more  complete  and  trustworthy 
form  than  any  of  their  predecessors.  Mr. 
Mayo,  •who  served  for  forty  years,  first  in 
the  India  House  under  the  old  Company, 
and  then  in  the  India  Office,  had  not  only 
suitable  training  for  the  compilation  of  such 
a  work,  but  special  opportunities  for  making 
it  a  standard  one.  He  devoted  to  his  task 
many  years  of  patient  research,  and,  -while 
making  use  of  the  authorities  already  extant 
on  the  subject,  he  has,  unlike  them,  con- 
fined himself  in  the  main  to  official  records. 
Though  his  book  may  therefore  lack  the 
brilliant  setting  which  has  attracted  readers 
to  some  previous  works  on  these  medals  and 
decorations,  it  gains  a  solidity  and  trust- 
worthiness which  those  works  could  not 
claim.  Mr.  Mayo  did  not  live  to  see  his 
volumes  through  the  press ;  but  the  work 
was  practically  complete,  and  the  finishing 
touches  were  given  by  his  widow,  who 
had  long  assisted  in  the  preparation,  and 
by  his  cousin,  Canon  Mayo,  of  Salisbury. 

Among  the  ancients,  crowns  and  wreaths, 
and  ornaments  for  the  neck  and  arm,  were 
the  personal  decorations  employed  as 
honorary  rewards.  In  modern  times  the 
same  purpose  has  been  served  by  collars, 
chains,  medals,  crosses,  stars,  and  various 
kinds  of  badges  and  clasps.  Medals  com- 
memorated important  events  in  ancient 
times  ;  but  the  custom  of  making  the  medal 
serve  also  as  a  personal  decoration  is  a 
modern  one  among  nations,  with  the  single 
exception  of  the  Chinese.  Mr.  Mayo's 
introduction  is  concise  and  interesting,  and 
treats  at  length  of  the  various  decorations 
granted  to  our  army  and  navy  from  very 
early  days  to  the  present,  supplying  parti- 
culars of  the  designers,  of  the  method  of 
mounting,  of  the  ribbons  with  which  the 
medals,  &c.,  were  worn,  of  the  metals  em- 
ployed in  making  them,  of  the  regulations  as 
to  wearing  these  decorations,  and  many  other 
points  necessary  to  their  history.  He  has  not 
only  had  recourse  to  the  India  Office  records, 
and  thus  been  able  to  furnish  his  readers 
with  much  matter  unknown  to  other  writers 
on  the  subject,  but  he  has  also  delved  in 


the  State  Papers  and  in  the  War  Office  and 
Admiralty  records  at  the  Public  Record 
Office,  and  thus  obtained  fresh  light  on  his 
theme,  and  avoided  several  mistakes  com- 
mitted in  former  works.  In  fact,  Mr.  Mayo's 
book  will,  by  its  accuracy,  fulness  of  detail, 
and  yet  terseness,  supersede  other  works  of 
similar  purpose.  "Regimental"  medals  and 
decorations  conferred  by  foreign  powers  on 
British  officers  and  men  are  not  included,  as 
Mr.  Mayo  found  that  these  two  classes  would 
require  a  separate  volume  for  their  treat- 
ment. 

The  first  medal  described  is  that  granted 
at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  and 
from  1588  down  to  the  present  day  we  have 
as  perfect  a  list  as  has  yet  appeared  of  all 
medals  and  decorations  granted  for  any 
distinguished  service.  Not  that  in  all  the 
conflicts  of  England  were  similar  honours 
bestowed  to  commemorate  them.  Our 
armies  which  "  swore  terribly  in  Flanders" 
received  no  such  rewards,  nor  had  the  con- 
querors of  Plassey  and  Quebec,  nor  had 
the  "  unsurpassable  six  "  Minden  regiments, 
nor  Rodney,  Hawke,  Boscawen,  and  their 
men.  But  Mr.  Mayo  records  all  the  deco- 
rations that  were  bestowed,  including  every 
clasp  worn  with  a  medal.  We  have  noted 
but  two  clasps  that  have  been  omitted  in 
dealing  with  the  navy  medal  (general  ser- 
vice), 1793  to  1840.  We  refer  to  the  clasps 
for  the  Basque  Roads,  1809,  and  the  clasp 
for  "Boat  Service,"  December  14th,  1814. 
Both  of  these  are  wanting  in  the  plate 
(No.  33)  at  the  beginning  of  vol.  ii.  Mr. 
Mayo's  work  describes  nearly  two  hundred 
and  fifty  decorations.  It  is  rendered  more 
valuable  and  attractive  by  the  illustrations 
of  these  decorations,  comprised  in  a  series 
of  fifty- five  plates.  These  illustrations  are 
superior  to  any  we  have  before  seen.  The 
difficulty  to  be  dealt  with  was  how  to  produce 
the  effect  of  relief,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
obtain  a  metallic  appearance.  The  method 
adopted  has  been  to  show  the  flat  surface  of 
the  medals  burnished,  and  the  relief  work 
frosted,  the  appearance  thus  produced  re- 
sembling as  nearly  as  practicable  that  of 
medals  when  newly  struck.  The  coloured 
illustrations  are  decidedly  successful ;  and 
we  may  single  out  those  of  the  collar  given 
to  the  Duke  of  Wellington  by  the  Prince 
Regent,  the  jewel  given  to  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax  by  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
the  jewel  given  to  Miss  Florence  Nightin- 
gale by  Queen  Victoria.  The  colours  of  the 
several  ribbons  are  excellently  represented. 
Some  indication  should  have  been  added  at 
the  foot  of  p.  28G  that  plate  33  (made  to 
face  it)  was  the  frontispiece  to  vol.  ii.,  and 
a  like  note  should  have  been  made  at  the 
foot  of  the  plate  to  indicate  the  page.  The 
index  is  the  weak  part  of  this  superb  work. 
If  the  index  be  compared,  say  with  pp.  292- 
305,  it  will  at  once  be  seen  how  many  names 
of  persons  have  been  omitted.  This  laxity 
is  the  more  regrettable  as  no  military  or 
naval  historian  can  afford  to  do  without 
this  work. 


George  Cruikshmtk's  Portraits  of  Himself  By 
G.  S.  Layard.  Illustrated.  (W.  T.  Spencer.) 
— "The  best  portraits  are  those  in  which 
there  is  a  slight  mixture  of  caricature "  is 
Mr.  Layard's  apt  motto  for  his  capital  book, 
which,  in  more  than  forty  autographic  ex- 
amples, shows  completely  what  was  Cruik- 
shank's    idea   of   his   own   appearance,   for   he 


892 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3661, 


was  the  most  frequent  character  in  his 
innumerable  designs.  Mr.  Layard,  who  is  in 
sympathy  with  his  subject  and  has  taken  a 
great  deal  of  pains,  has  done  full  justice  to  this 
curious  fact,  and  notes  that  "  the  complete  and 
unbroken  autographic  record  of  the  artist's  per- 
sonal appearance,  from  the  early  age  of  twelve 
to  the  time  when,  in  old  age,  he  was  preparing 
the  illustrations  for  that  autobiography  which" 
alas  !  was  never  completed,  is  unparalleled  in 
the  annals  of  published  art."  He  also  well 
says  that  Cruikshank  always  took  himself 
quite  seriously,  and,  as  a  natural  result, 
often  made  himself  supremely  ridiculous.  But 
he  never  saw  this,  and  his  personal  vanity, 
we  well  remember,  led  him,  when  time  had 
thinned  the  once  comely  and  abundant  masses 
of  his  hair,  to  train  with  a  band  of  what  ladies 
call  "elastic"  a  fine  remaining  lock  over  the 
bald  place,  all  the  while  persuading  himself 
that  neither  the  device  nor  the  "  elastic  "  was 
perceptible.  The  same  inordinate  vanity  made 
him  claim,  with  exquisite  naivete,  as  his  own, 
all  sorts  of  work  which  other  men  had  achieved. 
On  this  point  Mr.  Layard  is,  we  think,  often  not 
a  little  too  severe  upon  him,  but  there  is  truth 
in  the  following  : — 

"As  in  the  case  of  Dickens  and  Laman  Blanchard, 
£0  he  did  now  in  the  case  of  Ainsworth,  and  claimed 
to  have  invented  '  1  he  Tower  of  London,'  '  Old 
St.  Paul's,'  aud  '  The  Miser's  Daughter.'  " 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  true  that 
through  Cruikshank's  etchings  some  of  the 
novels  of  Ainsworth  have  survived  their 
author.  An  instance  of  greater  egotism  may 
be  quoted  from  another  authority  on  Cruik- 
shank, who,  writing  an  introduction  to 
Thackeray's  essay  on  the  satirist,  pointed  out 
that  "George  "  actually  persuaded  himself  that 
it  was  an  etching  of  his  which  compelled  the 
Government  to  consent  to  the  abolition  of 
capital  punishment  for  forging  bank-notes,  and 
promoted  that  mitigation  of  the  Penal  Code 
which  is  one  of  the  feats  of  modern  humani- 
tarianism.  It  was  G.  W.  Reid  (not  Read, 
as  Mr.  Layard  sometimes  has  it),  the  late 
Keeper  of  the  Prints,  who,  many  years  ago, 
commented  on  the  fact  that  as  early  as  c.  1804, 
when  Cruikshank  published  his  '  Lottery  Prints,' 
"he  was  already  introducing  his  own  likeness 
in  his  designs."  Mr.  Layard  might  as  well  have 
corrected  one  or  two  more  of  Reid's  omissions 
and  errors  in  his  catalogue  of  Cruikshank's 
works.  On  p.  69,  when  speaking  of  Cruik- 
shank's famous  plate  entitled  '  Coriolanus 
[George  IV.]  addressing  the  Plebeians,' in  which 
the  once  notorious  J.  T.  Wooler,  the  editor  of 
the  Black  Dwarf,  is  a  conspicuous  character, 
Mr.  Layard  follows  Reid's  mistake  in  calling 
Wooler  "  Woolner."  The  disgust  of  the  sculptor 
may  be  imagined.  The  fact  is  edifying  as  well 
as  amusing  that  Cruikshank,  whose  honesty  was 
above  suspicion,  scourged  Wooler  and  all  his 
company,  from  John  Cam  Hobhouse,  Hunt, 
Garble  of  'The  Age  of  Reason,'  and  Thistle- 
wood  of  the  "  Cato  Street  Gang,"  to  Cobbett. 
This  was  the  prophet  who  had  in  earlier  years 
sided  with  William  Hone,  and  in  the  frontispiece 
to  the  '  Collected  Pamphlets  '  of  Hone  actually 
represented  himself  in  confabulation  with  that 
ultra  -  democrat.  Nevertheless,  the  hero  of 
'  Coriolanus '  is  the  Prince  Regent,  who  in 
that  design  defies  Wooler  and  all  his  works. 
Mr.  Layard  errs  (p.  69)  in  speaking  of  "  Orator 
Hunt "  as  the  brother  of  Leigh  Hunt.  In 
referring  to  Cruikshank's  venture  of  the  Comic 
Almanack,  1835,  one  of  the  cuts  representing 
the  publisher's  shop  in  Fleet  Street  is  reproduced 
here  ;  but  the  author  has  forgotten  to  mention 
that  this  shop  has  long  been  the  office  of  Punch, 
and  he  speaks  of  it  as  No.  89,  although  in  the 
cut  "  8G  "  is  written  on  each  side  of  the  entrance 
by  the  conscientious  Cruikshank.  Mr.  Layard 
says  that,  contrary  to  the  received  opinion  that 
"  George  "  never  drew  in  Punch,  he  supplied  a 
cut  for  an  advertisement  of  the  publication  of 
The  Table  Book,'  a  venture  of  his  own,  which, 


Dec.  25,  '97 


towards  the  end  of  1844,  often  appeared  on  the 
wrapper  of  "  our  facetious  contemporary."  A 
copy  of  this  cut  is  reproduced  here,  and,  as 
usual,  the  artist  himself  appears,  together  with 
Thackeray  and  other  members  of  Mr.  Punch's 
staff  at  that  epoch.  Mr.  Layard's  discovery  is  not, 
of  course,  fatal  to  the  received  opinion,  because 
the  advertisement  is  no  part  of  Punch  proper. 
It  remains,  in  fact,  much  to  Cruikshank's  credit 
that,  though  decidedly  badly  off  at  the  time, 
he  firmly  refused  to  draw  for  Punch,  because 
he  had  "  seen  inexcusable  personalities  in  the 
paper."  'The  Table  Book,'  though  it  contains 
some  capital  designs,  and,  of  course,  many 
portraits  of  its  chief  promoter,  among  them 
the  wonderful  'Triumph  of  Cupid,'  had  but  a 
short  career.  Mr.  Layard  is  very  nearly  correct 
in  saying  that  "it  died  of  glyphography,"  the 
process  of  Edward  Palmer,  of  Newgate  Street, 
which  ruined  its  inventor,  but  was  useful  in 
leading  up  to  Dawson's  typographic  etching. 


CHRISTMAS    BOOKS. 

The  Thames  Illustrated.  By  J.  Ley  land. 
(Newnes.) — A  photographer  took  the  views 
of  noteworthy  and  beautiful  places  which  are 
represented  in  the  plates  of  this  garishly  bound 
volume.  Mr.  Leyland  wrote  the  popular  and, 
for  the  occasion,  sufficient  letterpress  which  ac- 
companies the  prints.  Although  we  should  not 
like  to  be  responsible  for  Mr.  Leyland's  archeo- 
logy, it  is  manifest  that  he  writes  with  sym- 
pathy, and  often,  if  not  always,  with  good  taste. 
The  "  illustrations "  of  both  kinds  extend 
from  Richmond  to  Oxford,  and  the  cuts  are  as 
excellent  as  "process"  photography  can  turn 
out. 

All  about  Animals  for  Old  and  Yoxmg. 
(Newnes.) — Although  its  title  is  over  ambitious, 
not  to  say  mistaken,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  two  hundred  and  forty  large  photographic 
portraits  of  numerous  creatures — the  dog  only, 
so  far  as  we  have  discovered,  being  conspicuous 
by  its  absence— will  be  acceptable  to  all  the 
young  of  the  human  species  and  to  a  good 
many  of  those  who  are  old.  Being  invariably 
photographed  from  life,  the  animals  have 
naturally  much  of  the  air  of  the  Zoological  Gar- 
dens about  them.  Nevertheless,  the  prints  are 
clear,  interesting,  and  faithful.  "The  series  com- 
mences with  a  capital  delineation  of  our  honoured 
friend  "Toby,"  the  "  record  lion  "  of  Antwerp, 
who,  despite  popular  reports,  was  not  in  the  least 
like  Mr.  Gladstone.  His  character  is  truly  given 
as  "  strong,  benevolent,  and  mild,"  but  when 
he  sat  to  the  photographer  it  is  manifest  that 
he  was  somewhat  low-spirited.  "Prince,"  of 
Regent's  Park,  who  came  from  Upper  Nubia, 
is  to  our  minds  a  much  nobler  lion  than  "  Toby," 
and  better  rendered  here.  Wc  have  an  excellent 
likeness  of  that  illustrious  beast  the  African 
black  rhinoceros,  for  whom  the  Zoological 
Society  paid  1,000L  when  he  was  only  the  size 
of  a  large  pig.  The  portrait  of  Mr.  Tyrrell,  of 
the  Snake  House,  as  shown  caressing  deadly 
cobras  and  monstrous  boas,  is  sufficiently  thrill- 


ing. 


THE    SOCIETY    OF   PAINTERS     IN    WATER    COLOURS. 

WINTER   EXHIBITION. 

(Second  and  Concluding  Notice  ) 

Having  disposed  of  the  figure  pictures,  we 
may  say  a  few  words  about  the  landscapes  and 
sea-pieces,  such  as  Mr.  S.  P.  Jackson's  Filey 
Brigg  (No.  21),  which  is  expansive  and  bright, 
although  the  sea  is  hard  and  rather  opaque, 
a  departure  from  the  manner  of  the  painter, 
who  is  an  idealist,  bent  on  expressing 
pathetic  and  poetic  motives,  and  not  a 
realist.  On  the  other  hand,  his  Wastivatei 
(89)  is  large  in  style,  and  the  sky  is  good,  while 
his  noble  Land's  End  (117)  reflects  the  dignity 
and  mournful  austerity  of  the  hour  and  place. 
Here  in  portraying  the  clifi's  he  has  discarded 
that  fidelity  to  the  actual  scene  for  which  he  cares 
little  ;  though  flushed  with  the  rays  of  an  almost 


pallid  twilight,  they  have  more  of  the  local  colour 
of  sandstone  than  the  weather-stained,  grey, 
and  gloomy  olives  and  dun  of  the  granite  at 
the  extremity  of  Penwith.  Church  Cove,  the 
Lizard  (146),  is  a  capital  example  of  Mr.  Jack- 
son's manner.  Pentewan  Bay  (154)  is  an  admir- 
able composition  inspired  by  grand  motives,  and 
the  sky  is  expansive  and  expressive,  as  it  often 
is  in  his  works.  Its  simplicity  and  severity  are 
almost  austere,  and  yet  there  is  no  want  of  what 
artists  call  colour.  Mawgan  Purth  (222),  though 
not  up  to  the  artist's  mark,  will  please  many 
students  of  style.— Mr.  C.  N.  Hemy's  Storm 
(39)  bears  the  impress  of  an  energetic  and 
thoroughly  realistic  painter,  who  prefers  scenes 
full  of  rapid  motion  to  the  placid  and  dignified 
landscapes  that  Mr.  Jackson  afliects— sorrowful 
twilights,  stern  headlands  from  which  day  fades 
swiftly,  untrodden  inlets,  miles  of  sand,  and 
bays  that  echo  nothing  but  the  slow  thunders 
of  the  Atlantic  ground-swell  and  the  cries  of 
the  gulls  and  cormorants.  The  one  artist  lives 
in  a  sort  of  ghostland  ;  the  other  rejoices  in  the 
rush  of  the  deep-green  billows,  the  swift  rise 
and  fall  of  the  boats  that  ride  upon  them,  and 
the  gloom  and  movement  of  storm  clouds  and 
furious  gales.  Capital  examples  of  Mr.  Hemy's 
way  of  conceiving  his  subject  are  to  be  seen  also 
in  The  Cutter  (47),  where  there  is  much  first-rate 
drawing  and  painting  of  tumultuous  seas  and 
weather-beaten  rocks  ;  in  A  Coastguard  Watch- 
house  (98),  a  grand  cliff  and  sea-piece  ;  and  in 
Clear  Weather  (150),  a  bold  and  strong  study 
of  nature,  made,  we  suppose,  in  the  Mount's 
Bay  region,  and  full  of  colour  and  movement. 
Orey  Weather  (167)  is  the  latter's  counterpart, 
and  portrays  a  fine  mass  of  surges  dashing 
amongst  rocks.  Always  able  in  that  way,  Mr. 
Hemy  is  improving  rapidly  in  painting  the 
turbulence  and  strong  lines  of  the  deep  sea. 

Mr.  A.  Goodwin's  landscapes  were  never 
more  delicate  or  more  harmonious.  He  follows 
Turner's  noblest  style  in  such  lovely  and 
majestic  drawings  as  Sunset  Light  on  the  Moun- 
tains of  Si7iai  (99),  dazzlingly  white  pinnacles 
seen  over  the  blue  sea,  and  the  ruddy,  dun,  and 
purple  evening  band  which  almost  hides  the 
lower  land  and  the  huge  sides  of  the  mountains. 
Agra  (110)  resembles  a  huge  pearl.  Basle  (124), 
seen  in  bluish  twilight  through  manifold  veils 
of  vapour,  is  exquisite,  and  with  it  may  be 
classed  Clovelly  (132),  though  the  foreground  is 
thin,  artificial,  and  so  much  out  of  keeping  in 
every  respect  that  it  seems  unfinished.  Salis- 
bury Close  (145)  is  another  lovely  rendering  of 
bluish  twilight,  and  masses  of  bare  trees,  and 
brilliant  gleams  on  the  ground  ;  and  Spietz, 
Lake  Thun  (201),  yet  another  study  of  bluish 
twilight,  is  broad  and  refined. — There  is  much 
of  Cox  in  Mr.  E.  A.  Waterlow's  Eoad  to  the 
Ferry  (102),  a  flood  of  golden  light  on  some  red 
houses.  The  VillageGreen{116),  by  Mr.  Waterton, 
is  intensely  English,  a  brilliant  and  solid  har- 
mony of  light  and  colour.— Mr.  S.  T.  G.  Evans's 
Fvening,  Bruges  (103),  is  equal  to  his  best  work  ; 
and  also  excellent  and  in  his  characteristic 
vein  is  Mr.  G.  H.  Andrews's  Off  the  Coast  of  York- 
sliire  (67). — The  same  may  be  said  of  Mr.  E.  A. 
Goodall's  careful  reminiscence  of  studies  in 
Egypt,  called  Interior  of  a  Khan,  Cairo  (109). 

Although  it  is  rather  weak  in  tone  and  but 
somewhat  less  so  in  colour,  there  is  a  good  deal 
of  tenderness  and  harmony  in  Mr.  W.  Pils- 
bury's  By  Mead  and  Stream  (27),  a  vista  of 
water  in  misty  sunlight,  a  favourite  theme 
with  painters  of  Mr.  Pilsbury's  calibre.  — 
Loch  Torridon  (45)  is  a  good  specimen  of  Mr. 
M.  Hale's  style  and  taste.  —  In  A  Highland 
Cottage  (56)  Mr.  Birket  Foster's  traditions  are 
admirably  maintained.  The  same  may  be  said 
of  his  other  contributions,  of  which  A  Rest 
by  the  Way  (239)  is,  perhaps,  more  than 
usually  different  from  its  numerous  fore- 
runners. —  Mr.  H.  Marshall's  Village  on  the 
Dyke,  Holland  (70),  is  warm  and  broad,  and 
the  sky  is  capital,  as  it  usually  is  in  his  pictures 
of  London   streets.     This   is   one  of   a    set    of 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


drawings  which  indicate  that  in  Low  Country 
cities  Mr.  Marshall  has  found  fresh  fields  for  the 
delineation  of  buildings,  mist-laden  and  sun- 
lit air,  and  masses  of  light  and  shade,  such 
as  till  now  he  so  often  found  in  this  metro- 
polis. —  Mr.  R.  W.  Allan's  Beccles  (71) 
reminds  us  of  De  Wint,  It  is,  in  fact, 
an  excellent  drawing,  though  rather  slight 
and  rough,  and  decidedly  better  than 
several  more  ambitious  contributions  of  the 
painter. —  Mr.  H.  C.  Whaite's  Bridge  at 
Bettws-y-Coed  (80),  like  most  of  his  drawings, 
is  a  little  "  tinty "  and  forced  in  colour  and 
effect  ;  still  it  is  a  powerful  representation  of 
the  famous  valley  in  stormy  sunlight.  Mr. 
Whaite's  drawing  of  Machno  Glen  (76)  is  less 
effective,  but  purer,  broader,  more  tender  and 
reposeful.  —  Mr.  W.  E.  Walker's  Morning 
Mists  (85)  is  broad,  luminous,  and  soft,  and  he 
proves  himself  to  be  a  sympathetic  student  of 
atmospheric  effects  of  a  tender  kind  in  such 
works  as  this,  Sunlight  mid  Shadow  (106',  and 
livening  Glow  (175).  They  are  all,  however, 
rather  weak  in  tone.— The  Sunset  (91)  of  Mr. 
Brewtnall  is  somewhat  pyrotechnic,  yet  it  is 
effective,  and  perhaps  almost  as  impressive  as 
the  painter  intended  it  should  be.  It  is  arti- 
ficial, a  fault  we  have  not  found  in  his  previously 
mentioned  figure  drawings.— An  old  house  by  a 
roadside  is  neatly  and  soundly  depicted  in  Mr. 
Vi\s,h\ivy'sOctoher Sunshine  (94).— Mr.  C.  Rigby's 
Ennerdale  Lake  (6)  is  bright  and  broad  ; 
Mr.  C.  Gregory's  In  Surrey  (12)  is  luminous  and 
true;  and  Mr.  A.  Hopkins's  Sea  Sketch,  Swanage 
(13),  is  a  pleasing  and  clear,  though  conventional 
and  rather  a  scenic  drawing. 

There  is  a  good  deal  to  like  in  Mr.  R.  T. 
Waite's  Beverley  Minster  (113),  the  huge  towers 
dominating  the  distant  plain  just  after  sunset, 
which  contains  some  praiseworthy  figures,  and 
is  solid  and  rich  ;  and  we  can  also  admire  and 
like  his  Haymakers  going  to  Work  (130),  and 
Mr.  Matthew  Hale's  Wollocomhe  Sands  (120), 
Old  Harbour,  Neidyn  (126),  and  his  massive, 
well -studied  contribution,  a  masterpiece  in 
its  way,  representing  Dartmoor  (137),  the 
shadowy  ridges  of  the  waste  being  shown  in 
lurid  twilight  charged  with  mist.— The  Startled 
Herons  (144)  of  Mr.  North  is  an  entirely  amor- 
phous drawing,  too  artificial  to  remind  us  of 
nature,  unfortunately  feverish  and  thin.  — 
Vitr6  (147),  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Hodson,  the  castle's 
walls  and  towers  in  the  purplish  shadows  of 
early  morning,  is  not  only  his  best  drawing,  but 
one  of  the  best  of  its  kind  in  the  gallery.— Mr. 
Crane  has  drawn  two  ancient  row-boats  on  a  sun- 
lit beach  with  rare  firmness,  skill,  and  brilliancy 
in  Old  Salts  (182) ;  and  we  are  also  bound  to  praise 
Mr.  W.  Field's  pretty  Sonninq  Village  (185), 
Mr.  C.  Gregory's  Under  the  Bourns  (208),  Mr. 
E.  A.  Goodall's  Crossing  the  Ford  (240),  Mr. 
H.  S.  Marks's  In  the  Fish  House  at  ''The 
Zoo  "  (254)  and  his  Sittings  in  Banco  (270),  Mr. 
J.  J.  Hard  wick's  Almond  Blossom  (258),  and 
Mr.  B.  Foster's  A  Stream  (261). 

NOTES   FROM   PARIS. 
I. 

In  view  of  the  confusion  which  reigns  for 
the  moment  in  French  art,  among  critics  and 
commonplace  persons  as  well  as  artists,  there 
IS  some  pleasure  in  taking  refuge  in  the  study 
of  the  masterpieces  of  the  past,  immutable 
models  to  which  every  age  brings  renewed 
youth  and  freshness.  I  shall,  then,  devote  my 
letter  to-day  to  the  acquisitions  recently  made 
by  the  museums  of  Paris. 

For  the  national  museums  (the  Louvre 
Luxembourg,  Versailles,  and  Saint-Germain) 
the  chief  event  is  tlie  law  of  April  26th,  1895 
which  has  created  the  Museum  Funds.  This  law' 
which  has  been  in  operation  since  January  1st! 
l»Jb,  secures  to  the  national  museums  an  annual 
revenue  of  168,516  francs  proceeding  from  the 
sale  of  the  Crown  jewels.  Thanks  to  so  im- 
portant a  subsidy,  the  treasury  of  the  Museums 
was  able  in   1897  to  lay  out  351,800  francs 


893 


including  in  that  sum  the  160,000  francs  sup- 
plied by  the  State.  A  large  sum  and  a  small 
one  :  has  not  the  Louvre  to  meet  by  itself  as 
many  needs  as  the  united  museums  of  London  : 
National  Gallery,  British  Museum,  South  Ken- 
sington Museum,  National  Portrait  Gallery,  &c.  ? 
Now  what  is  351,800  francs  for  so  varied  a 
combination  when  the  acquisition  of  Perugino's 
'  St.  Sebastian  '  swallowed  up  150,000  francs, 
that  of  Bertin's  portrait  by  Ingres  80,000,  and 
that  of  the  tiara  of  Saitapharnes  200,000  ?  It  is 
a  mere  drop  in  the  ocean.  Another  innovation 
connected  with  the  treasury  of  the  Museums  is 
the  authorization  given  to  them  to  dispose 
directly  of  their  revenues.  For  instance,  up 
till  now  the  money  produced  by  the  sale  of  the 
engravings  of  the  Chalcographie  of  the  Louvre 
was  mixed  up  with  the  mass  of  receipts  of  the 
Public  Treasury.  In  the  future  the  Chalco- 
graphie will  get  its  profits.  It  is  easy  to  see 
what  a  new  impetus  such  a  measure  must  give 
to  so  interesting  a  department.  Thanks  to  this 
innovation,  the  receipts  of  the  Chalcographie 
have  risen  rapidly  from  25,000  to  38,000  francs. 
Has  the  creation  of  a  superior  commission  of 
Museums,  composed  of  artists,  amateurs,  ad- 
ministrators, political  men  (!),  which  answers  to 
the  "Trustees"  of  the  British  Museum,  com- 
plicated at  first,  as  people  declare,  the  machinery 
which  promised  to  work  so  well  ?  What  is  cer- 
tain is  that  this  commission  placed  above  the 
body  of  keepers  dominates  them,  fights  them, 
and  sometimes  paralyzes  their  movements.  I 
have  heard  people  regret  that  its  members, 
instead  of  being  an  addition  to  the  keepers, 
who  would  have  profited  by  their  intelligence 
and  sometimes  by  their  means  of  propaganda, 
have  been  invested  with  a  superior  authority. 
Can  it  be  true  that  more  than  one  collision  has 
already  taken  place  ?  Can  it  be  true  that  works 
of  art  which  the  keepers  proposed  to  acquire 
have  been  rejected  by  the  superior  commis- 
sion ?  Whatever  the  state  of  the  case  is,  the 
keepers  of  the  Louvre  must  have  a  strong  tincture 
of  professional  devotion,  and  a  robust  faith  in 
the  greatness  of  their  mission,  to  bring  the  same 
love  and  zeal  to  purchases  for  which  they  are  no 
longer  entirely  responsible. 

If  these  innovations  have  not  been  fortu- 
nate enough  to  win  the  enthusiasm  of  public 
opinion,  which  is  generally  indifferent  about  the 
arrangement  of  art  matters,  another  project  has 
aroused  a  lively  agitation.  I  speak  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  fee  of  entry  to  museums,  which 
have  up  till  now  been  quite  free  in  France  by 
invariable  rule.  In  fact,  the  idea  was  proposed 
of  increasing  the  funds  of  the  museums  by 
establishing  a  turnstile  at  the  door  of  the 
Louvre,  as  the  Italians  do  in  so  illiberal  a 
fashion,  like  several  of  the  great  establishments 
of  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany. 

What  is  inconceivable  is  that  a  large  number 
of  the  keepers  of  the  Louvre  have  pleaded  the 
necessity  of  purging  this  temple  of  art  from 
all  the  miserable  creatures  who  come  there  to 
seek  a  refuge  against  the  rain  and  the  cold.  Is 
this  a  serious  consideration  for  the  legislator  ? 
Why  not  close  then,  also,  the  classes  of  our 
great  teaching  establishments  to  those  crowds 
of  hearers  who  come  more  with  the  idea  of 
warming  than  instructing  themselves  ?  Is  it  to 
be  said  that  the  First  Empire,  the  Restoration, 
and  every  Government  since,  have  respected  the 
great  principle  of  free  entry  only  for  the  Third 
Republic  to  inaugurate  these  restrictive  mea- 
sures ?  To  be  consistent  must  we  not  also 
deduct  a  fee  from  the  readers  who  frequent  the 
public  libraries?  The  result  would  be  that,  to 
acquire  one  statue  or  canvas  more,  we  should 
deprive  hundreds  and  thousands  of  workers  of 
the  sight  and  continual  study  of  masterpieces. 
Where  education  is  concerned,  one  must  avoid 
as  much  as  possible  placing  the  public  between 
its  interests  and  its  aspirations.  The  Chamber 
of  Deputies  has  understood  this  very  well,  and 
rejected  l)y  a  strong  majority  a  measure  so  con- 
trary to  the  traditions  of  France  since  the  Revo- 


lution. I  wish  to  emphasize  this  vote  of  the 
Chamber  ;  it  shows  what  echoes  are  awakened 
by  all  these  (juestions  of  the  day  as  soon  as  they 
are  removed  to  the  region  of  politics  !  To  bury 
the  question  of  the  turnstile  it  was  only  necessary 
to  invoke  the  principles  of  democracy. 

What  would  have  been  surprising  would  have 
been  the  closure  of  the  day  museums  at  the 
precise  moment  when  the  evening  museums 
were  being  organized.  This  last  movement,  so 
wholesome  in  effect,  has  found  in  the  critic  of 
Justice  (M.Gustave  Geffroy)  a  firm  and  eloquent 
champion  ;  theMunicipalCouncilof  Paris— which 
cannot  be  denied  the  credit  of  being  active  and 
ready  to  move— has,  on  its  own  part,  taken  under 
its  patronage  so  generous  an  idea.  Before  long 
a  museum  -still  in  a  very  early  stage  of  develop- 
ment—will open  for  the  large  portion  of  the 
people  which  has  no  time  for  leisure  except 
the  evening.  A  wing  of  the  March^  du  Temple 
will  bo  employed  for  the  new  creation.  Original 
works— everything  points  to  it— will  be  seldom 
seen  there,  at  least  at  first.  On  the  other  hand, 
an  interesting  selection  of  reproductions, 
changed  every  few  months,  will  be  on  view- 
plaster  casts,  electro  plates,  photographs,  &c. 

Here  again  the  administration  has  come  into 
collision  with  the  hostility,  daily  increasing,  of 
a  certain  number  of  artists.  There  are  only  too 
many  to-day  who  would  like  to  make  a  clean 
sweep  of  all  models -a  wish  too  naive  or  too 
cynical  !  They  would  evidently  be  less  embar- 
rassed by  crushing  remembrances.  The  sculptor 
Batfier-only  to  mention  one  name — has  pub- 
lished a  fierce  pamphlet  against  M.  Geffroy. 
"Modern  museums."  writes  this  iconoclast,  "are 
nothing  but  the  Hotels  des  Invalides  of  art, 
which  we  ought  to  visit  from  time  to  time  as 
philosophers,  as  thinkers ;  we  must  go  in, 
meditate  a  while,  bow  with  respect,  and  retire." 
"Do  you  think,"  observes  M.  Bafiier elsewhere, 
"  that,  in  order  to  influence  the  creation  of  the 
Parthenon,  Pericles  busied  himself  with  collect- 
ing old  Egyptian  statues  and  old  Assyrian  vases 
to  make  a  gallery  of  them  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  inspiring  Phidias  and  Ictinus  ?  "  What  igno- 
rance of  the  most  elementary  facts  of  history  ! 
Does  not  M.  BaflSer  know  that  the  sites,  the 
streets,  the  public  edifices  of  Athens,  were  so 
many  museums  ;  that  at  Delphi  and  Olympia 
thousands  of  statues  were  erected  to  serve  as 
models  and  permanent  incentives  to  the  artists 
who  burned  to  do  better  ?  Without  these  models 
would  Greek  art  have  reached  perfection,  after 
having  vegetated  for  many  long  generations  in  an 
archaism  which  lacked  flavour  and  eloquence  ? 

I  do  not  press  the  point.  I  shall  have,  alas  ! 
only  too  often  to  return  to  the  iconophohy  of  so 
many  French  artists  of  to-day. 

After  these  necessary  digressions,  let  us  cast 
an  eye  on  the  latest  acquisitions  of  the  Louvre. 
The  Chaldean  collection,  created  almost  entirely 
by  the  excavations  of  M.  de  Sarzec  at  Telloh, 
and  organized  by  M.  Heuzey  with  so  persistent 
an  ardour,  has  been  enriched  during  these  last 
years  by  a  series  cf  monuments  of  great  an- 
tiquity, formed  to  illustrate  the  origins  of  the 
art  and  general  history  of  the  East.  These 
monuments  come  before  the  reign  of  Naram- 
Sin,  whom  an  inscription  of  King  Nabonid 
dates  as  far  back  as  3,700  years  before  our  era. 
Let  me  notice  in  this  series  the  silver  vase  of 
the  patesi  Entemena,  mounted  on  four  feet  of 
copper,  and  decorated  by  zones  of  animals,  real 
or  fantastic,  engraved  in  outline  ;  the  fragments 
of  the  great  stele  of  victory  of  King  Ennadou, 
second  predecessor  of  Entemena,  shown  on  his 
war  chariot  at  the  head  of  his  army  ;  the  genea- 
logical bas-reliefs  of  King  Our-Nina,  high  priest 
of  Ennadou,  represented  as  carrying  himself  the 
basketof  the  builder,  surrounded  by  his  children, 
and  his  otiicers,  all  carrying  their  names  written 
on  their  robes  ;  the  mace,  still  older,  of  Mesilim, 
King  of  Kish,  ornamented  with  a  zone  of  eight 
roaring  lions  ;  a  lance-point  in  copper,  equally 
big  (Om.  80),  bearing  a  lion  engraved  on  it,  and 
the  name  (unreadable)  of  another  King  of  Kish  ; 


894 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


the  cone  in  terra-cotta  of  Enteniena,  whicli  pre- 
serves one  of  the  oklest  historic  accounts  in  the 
world,  and  estalilishes  tlie  date  further  and 
further  back  of  these  monuments  and  the  royal 
names  which  are  found  on  them  ;  a  series  of  clay 
tablets  where  are  seen  the  names,  as  well  as 
the  authentic  seals,  of  Naram-Sinand  his  father, 
Sargani  (Sargon  the  Ancient),  of  an  antiquity 
certainly  less  great  than  the  succession  of  reigns 
established  above. 

In  another  department  it  is  right  to  notice 
among  the  acquisitions  made  by  M.  Heuzey  a 
superb  bust  of  a  female  of  Grpeco- Egyptian 
style  found  at  Elche  in  Spain. 

The  section  of  ancient  ceramics,  in  its  turn, 
has  been  notably  developed.  It  has  been 
enriched  by  grand  vases,  vessels  to  hold  bones, 
and  various  works  of  terra-cotta,  derived  from 
the  island  of  Crete  (Mycenian  and  Oriental  in 
style) ;  two  grand  vases  from  Dipylon ;  an 
amphora  from  Thebes  with  very  archaic  reliefs  ; 
sarcophagi  from  Clazomenre  ;  a  vase  in  the  shape 
of  an  image  (Silenus  crouched  down,  holding  a 
scyphos  of  Corinthian  style);  a  vase  in  the  form 
of  a  double  head,  of  a  beautiful  archaic  style, 
with  the  name  of  the  ceramist,  Cleomenes,  son 
of  Nicias  ;  finally,  a  series  of  statuettes  or  busts 
from  Attica,  from  Tanagra,  or  from  Smyrna, 
and  among  them  statuettes  of  actors  and 
grotesques. 

The  catalogues  drawn  up  by  M.  Pottier  add 
still  more  to  the  interest  of  this  series.  This 
scholar  has  published,  at  a  year's  interval,  his 
'  Catalogue  des  Vases  Antiques  de  Terre  Cuite. 
Premiere  Partie  :  Les  Origines  '  (1896),  and  the 
'  Vases  Antiques  du  Louvre,  Salles  A-E :  les 
Origines,  les  Styles  Primitifs,  Ecoles  Rhodienno 
et  Corinthienne  '  (1897).  A  subsidy  granted  by 
the  Academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres 
from  the  Piot  Fund  has  made  it  possible  to  add 
numerous  illustrations  to  this  last  publication. 

Among  the  acquisitions  of  the  department 
of  Greek  and  Roman  sculpture,  it  is  enough  to 
mention  the  treasure  of  silver  of  Bosco  Reale, 
and  the  tiara  of  Saitapharnes,  which  has  given 
rise  to  so  much  polemic. 

In  the  department  of  modern  sculpture  may 
be  noticed  the  opening  of  the  room  devoted  to 
the  enamelled  terracottas  of  the  Delia  Robbia 
and  to  other  polychrome  sculptures,  as  well  as 
the  publication,  so  long  asked  for,  of  a  cata- 
logue. This  volume,  begun  by  the  much 
regretted  Louis  Courajod,  who  was  devoted 
body  and  soul  to  the  series  he  had  the  care  of, 
has  been  finished  by  his  successor,  M.  Andr^ 
Michel. 

In  a  future  more  or  less  near  the  Museum 
of  the  Louvre  will  receive  a  complement, 
in  one  of  the  parts  of  this  noble  palace,  in 
the  Museum  of  Decorative  Arts.  A  law  has 
assigned  for  its  residence  the  Pavilion  of 
Marsan  ;  but  before  it  is  installed  the  removal 
of  the  archives  of  the  Court  of  Accounts  must 
first  be  proceeded  with,  and  the  adaptation  of  the 
quarters.  If  I  say  that  all  this  may  be  finished 
in  1900,  at  the  time  of  the  Exhibition,  I  shall 
show,  they  tell  me,  that  I  am  an  optimist. 

The  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts,  which  displays 
one  of  its  facades  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine, 
facing  the  Louvre,  has  seen  its  series  of  original 
works  of  art  enter  on  a  brilliant  development, 
thanks  chiefly  to  the  legacies  bequeathed  in  1891 
by  M.  Achille  Wasset.  This  collector,  caring 
little  for  report,  has  left  to  the  school,  in  order 
to  serve  for  the  instruction  of  the  pupils,  several 
thousands  of  antique  works  of  art,  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  of  the  Renaissance,  and  of  modern  times, 
consisting  of  medals  in  the  finest  preserva- 
tion, bronzes  terra-cottas,  ivories,  enamels,  gold- 
smithery,  carved  wood,  faience,  and  the  like. 
These  form  a  precious  and  instructive  supple- 
ment to  the  series  of  the  Louvre  and  the  Hotel 
de  Cluny. 

I  now  turn  to  what  is  a  resurrection,  if  not 
a  new  acquisition — the  torso  of  Minerva  of 
Pentelic  marble,  which  came  from  the  Villa 
Medici  at  Rome  to  enrich  in  1841,  thanks  to 


the  initiative  of  Ingres,  the  Museum  of  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux-Arts. 

This  splendid  marble,  long  secluded  under  an 
arcade  on  the  first  floor,  at  a  heiglit  where  it 
was  impossible  to  appreciate  it,  has  now  been 
deposited  in  the  vestibule  of  the  school  itself,  in 
a  place  of  honour,  a  few  paces  off  the  casts  which 
reproduce  the  pediments  of  the  Parthenon.  It 
is  commended  especially  to  the  notice  of  the 
English  public  because,  to  follow  the  theory 
maintained  by  Herr  Furtwiingler  in  his  '  Inter- 
mezzi,' it  came  from  the  eastern  pediment  of  the 
Parthenon,  whose  other  sculptures  have  found 
a  refuge  in  the  British  Museum.  Herr  Furt- 
wiingler declares,  in  fact,  that  it  must  have 
occupied  the  centre. 

But  how,  the  reader  will  ask,  has  one  of  the 
fragments  of  the  Parthenon  become  stranded  in 
Italy,  when  the  others  stayed  in  their  places  till 
the  time  when  Lord  Elgin  acquired  them  for 
England  ?  This  objection  is  not  suggested  to 
confound  Herr  Furtwiingler.  He  observes,  with 
a  good  deal  of  reason,  that  the  statues  occupy- 
ing the  centre  of  the  pediment  were  wanting  as 
long  ago  as  the  seventeenth  century.  In  all 
probability,  the  first  centuries  of  Christianity 
saw  them  transported  by  some  Roman  emperor 
to  Rome.  Did  not  the  masters  of  the  ancient 
world  practise  these  methods  of  annexation  1 
Once  transported  to  Rome,  all  other  trace  of  it 
is  lost.  In  my  researches  on  the  marbles  of  the 
Villa  Medici  ('Les  Collections  d' Antiques  des 
Medicis  au  XVP  Siecle ')  I  was  unable  to  dis- 
cover any  mention  of  it  whatever.  We  only 
know  that  the  torso  was  there  at  the  beginning 
of  this  century.  It  is  easily  recognized  in  the 
engraving  in  the  work  of  Baltard  (pi.  xiv.).  A 
more  serious  objection  to  the  conjecture  of  the 
learned  professor  of  Munich  is  the  testimony 
of  Pausanias,  who  declares  that  the  pediment 
delineates  the  birth  of  Athena.  The  dimensions 
of  the  torso  (2m.  80),  without  counting  the 
head,  which  was  certainly  helmeted,  are  not 
calculated  either  to  turn  the  scale  in  favour  of 
his  view.  The  pediment  reconstructed  is  only 
Im.  50  high  in  the  centre.  One  would  then 
need  to  double  its  height  to  admit  the  torso. 

The  Cabinet  des  Me'dailles,  on  its  part,  has 
acquired,  for  the  sum  of  421,000  francs,  the 
valuable  collection  of  coins  left  by  M.  Wadding- 
ton,  composed  of  7,200  medals  of  four  hundred 
towns  of  Asia  Minor.  Here  again,  as  at  the 
Louvre,  after  a  long  period  of  inaction,  reigns 
an  activity  worthy  of  notice.  M.  Babelon  has 
published,  one  after  the  other,  his  '  Catalogues 
des  Bronzes  Antiques  '  (1895)  and  the  '  Cata- 
logue des  Camees  Antiques  et  Modernes ' 
(1897),  all  profusely  illustrated,  thanks  to  the 
subsidies  of  the  Academie  des  Inscriptions  et 
Belles-Lettres.  There  have  also  seen  the  light 
lately  the  '  Catalogue  des  Monnaies  Gauloises  ' 
of  MM.  Muret  and  De  La  Tour,  the  '  Catalogue 
des  Monnaies  Carlovingiennes  '  of  M.  Prou,  and 
the  first  volume  of  the  '  Catalogue  des  Jetons  ' 
of  M.  de  La  Tour,  which  will  be  completed  in 
five  volumes.  Eugene  Muntz. 


NOTES   FROM    ATHENS. 


At  the  opening  of  the  German  Archieological 
Institute  this  year  at  the  Winckelmann  celebra- 
tion the  speakers  were  the  first  secretary.  Dr. 
W.  Diirpfeld,  and  the  Greek  General  Ephor  of 
Antiquities,  Dr.  P.  Kavvadias.  Dorpfeld  first 
spoke  on  the  activity  of  the  Institute  in  the 
previous  year,  the  excavations  undertaken  in 
Asia  Minor,  especially  in  Priene  by  Dr.  Wie- 
gand,  the  search  on  Ithaca  for  the  alleged  palace 
of  Odysseus,  and  other  work  by  the  members  of 
the  Institute  and  its  meetings.  Then  Kavvadias 
took  for  his  subject  the  temple  of  Nike  on  the 
Acropolis.  Occasion  to  do  so  was  given  by  the 
discovery  of  two  inscriptions,  engraved  on  two 
sides  of  one  and  the  same  stone,  which  came  to 
lightduring  the  last  excavations  he  himself  super- 
intended at  the  Acropolis.  His  conclusions  on 
these  inscriptions  and  the  way  the  gaps  in  these 
should  be  filled  up  lead  him  to  suppose  that  the 


small  and  beautiful  temple  of  Athena  Nike  was 
not  built  under  Cimon,  but  only  after  he  had 
been  banished  in  the  time  of  Pericles.  It  is, 
however,  older  than  the  Propykiea,  and  either 
of  the  same  date  as  the  Parthenon,  447  B.C.,  or 
built  a  short  time  before  that  year.  It  thus 
belongs  to  the  first  period  of  the  political 
activity  of  Pericles.  In  one  of  the  inscriptions 
in  question  Callicrates  is  quoted  as  architect, 
the  companion  of  Ictinus  in  the  building  of  the 
Parthenon  ;  the  architect,  according  to  Plutarch 
('Vit.  Per.'  13),  also  undertook  for  pay  the  build- 
ing of  the  long  walls.  Fi-om  one  of  tlie  two 
inscriptions  it  is  clear  that  it  deals  with  the 
temple  of  Athena  Nike  ;  in  the  other,  in  accord- 
ance with  a  decree,  the  preparation  of  the 
door  valves  is  entrusted  to  Callicrates.  This 
information  on  the  Nike  temple  the  speaker 
supplemented,  as  the  result  of  his  find  in  inscrip- 
tions, by  communications  on  the  manner  in  which 
public  buildings  were  erected  at  Athens.  When 
a  building  was  in  question,  the  demos  appointed 
the  architect,  and  entrusted  him  with  the  pre- 
paration of  the  plan,  and  the  framing  of  the 
arrangements  involving  details.  At  the  same 
time  three  members  of  the  Council  of  the  Five 
Hundred  were  chosen,  who,  with  the  architect, 
saw  to  the  contract  for  the  buildings  and  the 
carrying  out  of  the  work.  This  committee  had, 
however,  no  right  to  hand  over  the  work  to  a 
workman,  but  was  obliged  to  bring  the  results 
of  the  auction  before  the  Council,  who  brought 
it  before  the  demos,  which  reserved  the  right  of 
granting  its  permission. 

Prof.  Dorpfeld 's  exposition  on  the  Greek 
theatre  was  an  extension  and  justification  of 
his  well-known  theory,  which  he  has  developed 
in  his  special  writings  on  the  subject,  that  the 
Greek  theatre  had  no  stage  in  the  modern  sense 
of  the  word,  and  the  actors  played  in  the 
orchestra  itself.  New  especially  was  the  proof 
that  Vitruvius  in  maintaining  that  the  Greek 
logeion  was  higher  than  the  Roman  was  in  no 
way  in  the  wrong  in  view  of  the  theatre  of 
Alexandrian  date  as  built  in  Asia  Minor,  as  the 
latest  excavations  in  that  country  prove.  The 
theatre  of  Pompeius  in  Rome  was  an  imitation 
of  that  of  Mytilene  on  a  larger  scale  and  size. 
It  was  this  theatre  which  Vitruvius  had  in  view 
in  his  plan  of  a  Greek  theatre. 

S.  P.  Lambros. 


SALES, 

Messrs.  Christie,  Manson  &  W^oods  sold  on 
the  20th  and  21st  inst.  the  following  engrav- 
ings :  Chill  October,  after  Sir  J.  Millais,  by  B. 
Debaines,  271.  L'Angelus,  after  J.  F.  Millet, 
by  C.  Waltner,  331.  A.  H.  Haig,  Burgos 
Cathedral,  the  Transept,  401.  ;  The  Vesper 
Bell,  591.  ;  The  Quiet  Hour,  291.  ;  Mont  St. 
Michel,  461.  After  J.  L.  E.  Meissonier,  La 
Partie  Perdue,  by  F.  Bracquemond,  25/.  ;  La 
Rixe,  by  the  same,  105L  ;  '1814,'  by  Jules 
Jacquet,  12GI.  ;  '  1806,'  by  the  same,  31L  ; 
'  1807,'  by  the  same,  521.  The  Countess  of 
Blessington,  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  by  S. 
Cousins,  29L  La  Surprise,  after  Dubufe,  by 
the  same,  42/.  After  Sir  E.  Landseer,  The 
Shepherd's  Grave,  and  The  Shepherd's  Chief 
Mourner,  by  B.  P.  Gibbon,  36/.  ;  Not  Caught 
Yet,  by  T.  Landseer,  30/.  ;  Children  of  the  Mist, 
by  the  same,  39/.  ;  Night,  and  Morning,  by  the 
same,  53/. ;  The  Stag  at  Bay,  by  the  same,  70/.  ; 
The  Monarch  of  the  Glen,  by  the  same,  62/.  ; 
Hunters  at  Grass,  by  C.  G.  Lewis,  111/.  ;  ditto, 
49/. 

The  same  auctioneers  sold  on  the  18th  inst. 
Children  in  a  Hayfield,  a  drawing  by  Birket 
Foster,  for  100/. 


On  Monday,  the  3rd  prox.,  the  Winter  Exhi- 
bition of  the  Royal  Academy,  composed  exclu- 
sively of  pictures  by  Millais,  will  be  opened  to 
the  public.     It  will  be  nearly  complete. 


N°3661,  Dec.  25,  '97 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


895 


The  Society  of  Landscape  Painters,  which 
has  held  several  very  interesting  and  meri- 
torious exhibitions  in  recent  years,  proposes  to 
open  another  in  the  approaching  season. 

The  exhibition  of  C.  P.  Knight's  pictures, 
removed  from  Bristol,  where  it  was  largely 
attended  and  highly  successful,  is  likely  to  be 
held  in  London  in  March  and  April  next. 

After  Easter  the  Burlington  Club  contem- 
plates filling  its  little  private  gallery  with  pic- 
tures of  the  Milanese  School. 

The  galleries  of  the  Fine-Art  Society  are  now 
more  than  ordinarily  attractive,  owing  to  the 
presence  of  two  collections.  The  fresher  and 
more  brilliant  of  them  consists  of  sixty  -  six 
drawings  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Cook,  who  calls  it  an 
effort  in  "  Quest  of  Beauty  in  the  Sunny  South 
and  in  Utopia."  So  far  as  the  aggregate  goes, 
the  painter's  "quest"  is  evidently  an  extremely 
successful  one.  His  taste  for  the  brilliant  and 
delicate  representation  of  harmonies  in  light 
and  colour,  as  they  are  employed  in  pure,  high, 
and  tender  keys,  has  enjoyed  full  play  in 
such  quasi-Turnerish  drawings  as  that  of  '  Hack- 
fall '  (No.  1).  A  firmer  touch  and  sharper 
definitions  of  form,  with  much  minute  drawing 
of  details,  occur  in  '  Ca  dOro,  Venice '  (3), 
which  is  a  remarkable  specimen,  reminding 
us — as,  indeed,  most  of  the  drawings  do — of 
A.  W.  Hunt's  triumphs  in  the  same  direction, 
although  we  are  bound  to  say  Mr.  Cook  is  a 
more  precise  and  searching  draughtsman.  '  The 
Blue  Depths  off  Capri  '  (7)  is  a  charming  instance 
of  good  fortune  in  dealing  with  strong  hues 
subtly  graded  and  a  splendid  illumination. 
'  St.  Mark's,  Venice  '  (10),  is  full  of  truth  of  a 
vigorous  kind.  Decidedly  beautiful  in  its  way 
is  '  The  Enchanted  Lake  '  (13).  Almost  as  good 
as  'Ca  d  Oro  '  is  'The  Gates  of  the  Loggetta, 
Venice  '  (16).  After  these  we  noted  for  praise 
'  Porta  della  Carta,  Venice  '  (19);  and  '  Evening 
Concert  on  the  Grand  Canal '  (28),  a  tender  yet 
strong  portrayal  of  mixed  daylight  and  moon- 
light, with  many  lamps  glimmering  in  the  lustre 
and  the  shade.  '  The  Lady  of  the  Land  '  (35) 
contains  a  sort  of  Cleopatra-like  nude  figure, 
which,  being  too  heavy  for  fine  art,  is,  like  most 
of  Mr.  Cook's  "Utopian"  views,  rather  too 
much  like  an  opera  piece.  A  very  queer  Adam 
occurs  in  the  capital  landscape  called  '  Nature's 
Paradise  '  (43).  Decidedly  sweet  is  '  Sunset 
o'er  the  Swell  of  Summer's  Slumberous  Seas' 
(55),  of  which  the  title  more  than  the 
picture     cloys     us.       Lastly,     let     us      praise 

•  A  Doorway  at  St.  Mark's,  Venice '  (65). 
The  Fine-Art  Society's  visitors  know  the 
merits,  characteristics,  and  mannerisms  of 
Mr.  A.  N.  Roussoffs  drawings  so  well  that 
we  need  say  no  more  of  the  contents  of  the 
larger  gallery  in  New  Bond  Street  than  that, 
in  our  opinion,  the  best  of  the  works  there 
are  '  Cloudy  Morning  on  the  Nile  '  (1), 
although  it  is  rather  painty  and  thin  ;  '  What  is 
happening  in  Old  Venice  '  (3),  the  vista  of  a  by- 
canal,  with  houses  falling  into  ruins  ;  'Drawing 
Water,  Venice  '  (7)  ;  'A  Mosque  in  Cairo  '  (14) ; 

*  In  the  Pinetta,  Ravenna  '  (23),  twilight  among 
pine  trees  ;  '  A  Narrow  Court,  Venice  '  (26)  ; 
'  Preparing  Dinner,  Burano  '  (38) ;  '  A  Reading 
Lesson,  San  Zacharia  '  (42),  a  girl  spelling  out, 
letter  by  letter,  the  inscription  on  a  tomb  ; 
'  Ponte  della  Panada,  Venice  '  (44) ;  and  '  Ferry 
on  the  Nile  '  (49). 

Mr.  F.  Haverfield,  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  is  engaged  in  preparing  another  supple- 
ment to  the  volume  of  Romano-British  inscrip- 
tions in  the  'Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum.' 
It  will  be  printed,  like  preceding  supplements, 
in  the  Ephemeris. 

What  we  fear  will  be  an  ineffectual  as  well 
as  a  final  plea  is  advanced  by  some  of  the 
artistic  journals  of  Paris  on  behalf  of  the  noble 
mural  paintings  by  Chasseriau,  which,  despite 
the  effects  of  nearly  thirty  years'  exposure  to 
the  weather  at  the  ruins  of  the  Cour  de  Comptes, 
Paris,  are  asserted  to  be  very  much  less  injured 


than  seemed  inevitable.  In  the  current  Chro- 
ni<j"e  des  Arts  M.  Ary  Renan  says,  appeal- 
ingly  :  — 

"Nous  avons  revu  ces  relique?.  Tout  n'est  pas 
consomme,  il  reste  encore  d'admirables  fragment?, 
et  ces  fragments  peuvent  facilement  etre  detaches 
et  conserves.  '  La  Guerre '  a  beaucoup  souffert ;  mais 
li\  uiemrt  des  figures  enti^res  subsistent  ;  la  moiete 
de  '  La  Pais  '  est  presque  intacte  ;  les  grisailles  ont 
garde  Icur  beaute  ;  le  parfum  du  bouquet  n'est  pas 
evapore." 

As  to  the  possibility  of  detaching  these  pictures 
from  the  walls  there  can  be  very  little  doubt 
indeed,  after  so  many  successful  experiments  in 
removing  wall  paintings.  Contracts  have  already 
been  entered  into  for  the  removal  of  the  ruins, 
and  it  has  been  decided  that  the  pictures  are 
the  property  of  the  contractor. 

Mr.  Head's  '  Historia  Numorum '  in  a  Greek 
translation  by  Dr.  J.  Svonoros,  the  Director  of 
the  Athenian  Coin  Cabinet,  will  shortly  appear 
in  the  "  Maraslis  Library."  The  translator 
contributes  many  corrections  and  notes.  The 
work  will  be  accompanied  by  plates  of  a  photo- 
type character  for  which  the  firm  of  Rhomaides 
at  Athens  are  responsible. 

We  ought  to  have  recorded  earlier  the  de- 
cease of  Prof,  von  Sallet,  the  Keeper  of  the 
Coins  at  the  Berlin  Museum  and  editor  of 
the  Zeitschrift  fiir  Numismatik,  who  died  on 
November  25th,  in  his  fifty-sixth  year. 


MUSIC 


Verdi,  Man  and  Musician.     By  Frederick  J. 

Crowest.  (Milne.) 
As  the  author  of  this  highly  interesting 
volume  rightly  sajs,  Yerdi  bibliography, 
particularly  that  in  England,  is  not  exten- 
sive ;  but  he  has  made  an  important  addi- 
tion, a  book  that  should  be  read  by  all 
admirers  of  the  Italian  composer. 

Verdi's  genius  has  undergone  steady  de- 
velopment from  the  time  he  penned  his  first 
opera,  '  Oberto  ';  and  his  last  three  works — 
'Aida,'  'Otello,'  and  '  FalstafE '— are  by  far 
his  finest.  As  showing  our  conservative 
tendencies  as  a  musical  nation,  it  is  amusing 
to  read  the  vituperation  that  was  showered 
upon  him  in  London,  chiefly  during  the 
Lumley  regime  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre. 
One  critic  whose  opinions  were  much  sought 
for  said  in  his  remarks  on  '  Zabuco' : — 

"Neither  in  'Ernani,'  'I  Lombardi,' nor  in 
the  work  produced  on  Tuesday  is  there  a  single 
air  of  which  the  ear  will  not  lose  hold.  The 
music  becomes  almost  intolerable,  owing  to  the 
immoderate  employment  of  brass  instruments. 
How  long  Signer  Verdi's  reputation  will  last 
seems  to  us  very  questionable." 

Then  of  '  Ernani '  :— 

"For  new  melody  we  have  searched  in  vain  ; 
nor  have  we  even  found  any  varieties  of  form 
indicating  an  original  mind  at  work,  as  in  one  of 
Pacini's  or  Mercadante's  or  Donizetti's  better 
cavatinas.  All  seems  worn  and  hackneyed  and 
unmeaning." 

Then  it  was  said  of  '  I  Masnadieri '  that  it 
"  must  at  all  events  increase  Verdi's  discredit 
with  every  one  who  has  an  ear.     We  take  it  to 
be  the  worst  opera   which  has  ever  been  per- 
formed in  our  time  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre." 

As  '  I  Masnadieri '  was  a  failure  every- 
where, perhaps  these  opprobrious  words 
were  not  much  too  severe.  Of  '  Eigoletto  ' 
another  critic  said  :  — 

"  The  imitations  and  plagiarisms  from  other 
composers  are  frequent,  while  there  is  not  a 
single  elaborate  and  well-conducted  finale.  In 
aiming    at    simplicity    Signer    Verdi    has     hit 

frivolity In     short,     with      one     exception 

('  Luisa  Miller  '),  '  Rigoletto  '  is  the  most  feeble 


opera  of  Signor  Verdi  with  which  we  have  the 
advantage  to  be  acquainted,  the  most  unin- 
spired, the  barest,  and  the  most  destitute  of 
ingenious  contrivance.  To  enter  into  an 
analysis  would  be  a  loss  of  time  and  space." 

If  some  of  our  previous  quotations  may 
cause  a  smile,  this  last  is  worthy  of  hearty 
laughter.  Musical  history  may  be  said  to 
have  repeated  itself,  for  the  same  measure 
of  abuse  was  lavished  on  Wagner  by  writers 
on  the  art,  and  in  both  instances  the  general 
public  were  the  first  to  recognize  the  genius 
of  the  men,  for  amateurs,  in  the  true  sense  of 
the  term,  make  no  use  of  the  spectacles 
of  pedantry. 

Many  who  have  followed  the  course  of 
musical  events  in  this  country  during  the 
past  quarter  of  a  century  will  remember 
the  extremely  silly  observations  made  con- 
cerning the  splendid  Manzoni  Requiem 
when  it  was  produced,  under  the  composer's 
own  direction,  at  the  Albert  Hall  in  1875. 
Because  the  music  was  truly  redolent  of 
Italian  warmth,  and  bore  no  resemblance 
whatever  to  the  sober  style  of  church  music 
thought  most  appropriate  in  England  and 
Germany,  it  was  condemned  in  strong 
terms,  the  tremendous  dramatic  force  of 
the  "  Dies  Tree,"  the  exquisite  beauty  of  the 
"Eecordare"  and  the  "  Offertorium,"  and 
the  profound  pathos  of  the  "Lacrymosa" 
only  exciting  the  ire  of  those  who  seem  to 
be  of  opinion  that  all  saci-ed  music  should 
be  penned  in  one  manner,  and  that  the  least 
effective  from  an  art  point  of  view.  Even 
Mr.  Crowest  says  some  hard  things  about 
the  Requiem,  declaring  that  it  savours 
more  of  the  world  than  the  cloister.  This 
is  nothing  against  it,  for  most  of  us  are 
labourers  in  the  vineyard,  and  have  no 
desire  to  be  immui-ed  in  the  cloister. 

The  closing  chapters  deal  with  Verdi 
more  as  a  man  than  as  a  musician.  A  cordial 
tribute  is  paid  to  the  sterling  qualities  of 
the  master's  personal  character,  his  love  for 
gardening,  which  keeps  him  alive,  his  modesty 
and  gentleness,  though  as  a  typical  Italian 
he  can  display  excitability  when  he  pleases. 
The  book  is  enriched  with  several  well- 
executed  portraits,  and  is  fully  indexed. 


Pwsiral  dusaigr. 

There  were  various  academical  performances 
last  week  which  require  brief  record.  In  order 
to  summarize  them  we  should  begin  with  that 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Music  on  Tuesday 
evening.  "The  programme,  under  the  direction 
of  Prof.  Villiers  St? n ford,  included  Beethoven's 
'Coriolan'  Overture,  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen's  'Scandi- 
navian '  Symphony,  and  Dvorak's  '  Carnaval ' 
Overture,  all  excellently  played.  Mr.  Herbert 
Fryer,  a  scholar,  gave  a  very  creditable  per- 
formance of  Grieg's  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  a 
minor. 

On  Thursday  evening  in  St.  James's  Hall  the 
'  Golden  Legend '  was  performed  by  students 
of  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Cummings,  and,  speaking 
generally,  the  performance  left  very  little  to 
desire.  The  evening  hymn,  "O  gladsome  light," 
was  rendered  with  such  merit  that  there  was  no 
deflection  in  pitch,  which  so  frequently  occurs 
in  this  unaccompanied  movement.  As  to  the 
efforts  of  the  principal  performers,  it  would  be 
premature  to  offer  criticism,  as  they  are  still 
under  study.  The  performances  emanating  from 
Trinity  College  and  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music 
have  already  received  notice. 

There  was  an  extra  concert  at  the  Crystal 
Palace     last     Saturday     afternoon,     consisting 


896 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N^'Seei,  Dec.  25, '97 


entirely  of  Wagnerian  selections,  the  prin- 
cipal item  being  the  major  portion  of  the 
second  act  of  '  The  Flying  Dutchman,'  ex- 
ceedingly well  rendered  as  to  the  principal 
parts  by  Miss  Ella  Russell,  Mr.  Ludwig, 
and  Mr.  Herbert  Grover.  The  chorus,  how- 
ever, was  very  small.  Previous  to  this  were 
interpreted  the  Evening  Star  song  and  Eliza- 
beth's Greeting  from  'Tannhauser,'  the  Prelude 
to  'Lohengrin,'  and  selections  from  'Die  Meister- 
singer.'     Mr.  Manns,  of  course,  conducted. 

Also  on  Saturday  Herr  Richard  Buchmayer 
gave  his  second  historical  pianoforte  recital  at 
the  Queen's  Hall,  and  though  the  audience  was 
small,  owing  probably  to  the  fog,  the  programme 
was  exceedingly  interesting  and  instructive, 
especially  to  young  musicians.  It  ranged  from 
Sweelinck  to  Brahms,  and  included  items  by 
John  Bull,  C.  Ritter,  and  Kuhnau,  and  various 
other  pieces  by  Couperin,  Scarlatti,  Rameau, 
J.  S.  Bach,  W.  F.  Bach,  Krebs,  and  Kirnberger. 
An  item  worthy  of  mention  was  the  set  of  Varia- 
tions by  Beethoven  on  the  theme  which  he  has 
used  in  the  '  Eroica  '  Symphony.  Herr  Buch- 
mayer may  be  encouraged  to  give  more  recitals 
of  this  description  when  opportunity  permits. 

The  ante-Christmas  season  of  the  Popular 
Concerts  closed  on  Saturday  afternoon  last  with 
a  programme  that  included  Mozart's  Quartet  in 
c.  No.  6,  perhaps  the  finest  of  the  set  dedicated 
to  Haydn,  with  Lady  Halle  as  the  leader.  M. 
Slivinski  was  at  his  best  in  Chopin's  Sonata  in 
B  flat  minor,  with  the  Funeral  March,  a  work 
which,  of  course,  suited  the  Polish  composer's 
countryman  ;  and  the  concert  ended  with  Schu- 
mann's Pianoforte  Trio  in  f.  Op.  80,  in  which 
the  artists  already  named  were  ably  assisted  by 
Mr.  Paul  Ludwig.  Mr.  Robert  North  was  the 
vocalist. 

Performances  of  '  The  Messiah  '  were  given 
at  the  Manchester  Halle  Concerts  on  Thursday 
and  Friday  last  week,  with  Madame  Alice  Esty, 
Miss  Ada  Crossley,  Mr,  Lloyd,  and  Mr.  Santley 
as  the  principal  vocalists.  Under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  F.  H.  Cowen  the  Manchester  per- 
formances appear  to  be  as  prosperous  and 
artistic  as  when  Sir  Charles  Halle  was  at  his 
post. 

Here  Sauer's  Chopin  pianoforte  recital  on 
Thursday  last  week  in  St.  James's  Hall  was 
successful  in  every  respect.  The  manipulation 
in  the  two  elaborate  Sonatas  in  b  flat  minor, 
Op.  35,  and  in  b  minor,  Op.  58  was  little  short 
of  miraculous,  and  many  smaller  pieces  were 
executed  in  an  equally  effective  manner.  A 
little  more  warmth  of  feeling  might,  perhaps, 
have  been  infused  into  some  of  the  selections, 
but  no  other  fault  could  possibly  be  found  with 
the  playing  of  Herr  Sauer. 

The  concert  given  by  Miss  Maude  Danks  in 
St.  James's  Hall  on  Monday  evening,  in  aid 
of  the  Benevolent  Fund  of  the  Royal  British 
Nurses'  Association,  was  considerably  above  the 
average  of  entertainments  given  for  charitable 
purposes.  Messrs.  Ross  and  Moore  afforded 
some  of  their  examples  of  perfect  ensemble  piano- 
forte playing.  Mr.  Percy  Such  evinced  con- 
siderable skill  as  a  violoncellist  in  two  movements 
by  Davidoff,  and  Miss  Lilian  Stuart,  Mr. 
Ffrangcon  Davies,  and  the  concert-giver  took 
effective  part  in  the  performance. 

The  first  concert  of  the  new  year  will  take 
place  on  Saturday  next  at  the  Queen's  Hall, 
the  work  to  be  performed  being  'Elijah.' 
Madame  Medora  Henson,  Miss  Ada  Crossley, 
Mr.  Lloyd  Chandos,  and  Mr.  Santley  will  be 
the  principal  artists. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  the  Committee  of 
the  Bach  Choir  have  decided  to  perform  Prof. 
Stanford's  magnificent  '  Requiem  '  at  their  con- 
cert in  the  Queen's  Hall  on  March  8th  next  year. 
The  principal  parts  will  be  sustained  by  Miss 
Marie  Brema,  Mr.  Plunket  Greene,  Madame 
IMedora  Henson,  and  Mr.  Thomas.  The  more 
frequently  this  work  is  heard  the  better  it  will 
le  appreciated,  for  it  is  veritably  a  masterpiece. 


The  new  choral  work  which  Sir  Arthur  Sul- 
livan has  definitely  arranged  to  produce  at  the 
Leeds  Festival  in  October  next  year  may  be 
based  on  'The  Vicar  of  Wakefield.'  Prof. 
Villiers  Stanford's  new  '  Te  Deum '  will  be 
among  the  novelties,  and  also  a  symphonic 
poem  by  Herr  Humperdinck. 

The  Crystal  Palace  Saturday  Concerts  will 
not  be  resumed  until  March  12th,  but 
will  be  continued  until  May,  when  an  extra 
performance  will  be  given,  as  usual,  for  the 
benefit  of  Mr.  Manns. 

Permission  has  been  given  by  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan  to  the  Royal  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company 
to  perform  his  cantata  '  The  Martyr  of  Antioch  ' 
as  an  opera.  The  production  will  take  place 
early  next  year,  and  though  we  shall  have  to 
judge  it  in  a  critical  manner,  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  work  in  its  new  form  will  prove  more 
successful  than  it  has  been  in  the  concert-room. 

The  Bohemian  String  Quartet  will  return  to 
England  at  the  end  of  February  next,  when, 
besides  appearing  in  Manchester,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  Birmingham,  Bradford,  Leeds,  York, 
and  other  provincial  towns,  they  will  give  their 
first  concert  at  St.  James's  Hall  in  London  on 
March  1st  ;  they  will  appear  also  at  the  last  of 
the  Hampstead  Popular  Concerts  on  March  11th, 
and  at  St.  James's  Hall  on  March  29th. 


DRAMA 


THE   WESTMINSTER   PLAY. 

This  year  the  Westminster  boys  performed 
as  their  Latin  play  the  '  Trinummus  '  of  Plautus, 
who,  if  inferior  to  Terence  in  polish,  makes, 
with  his  broader  fun  and  livelier  dialogue,  a 
ready  appeal  to  a  modern  audience.  This  play, 
which  seemed  somewhat  unduly  cut  down,  was 
rendered  with  that  clear  elocution  which  is  a 
Westminster  tradition, and  its  many  pointed  lines 
on  such  subjects  as  the  inconsiderate  longevity 
of  wives,  and  the  views  of  young  men  on  their 
fathers'  property,  were  well  enunciated  and 
appreciated.  We  noticed  two  or  three  strange 
quantities,  which  seem  to  be  traditional,  as  we 
he&rd  fides  both  this  and  last  year.  Mr,  G.  H. 
Bernays  distinguished  himself  in  the  comic  part 
of  Stasimus  the  slave.  His  remarks  on  the  in- 
salubrity of  the  land  he  wished  no  one  to  take 
from  his  master  were  capitally  delivered,  and 
his  action  throughout  was  good,  though  over- 
done at  the  beginning  of  his  drunken  scene. 
Mr,  A,  C.  L.  Wood  as  Lysiteles,  and 
Mr,  E.  JE.  Cotterill  as  Lesbonicus,  a 
prodigal  son  with  a  dash  of  generosity, 
an  ancient  Charles  Surface,  were  spirited,  the 
latter  especially  in  his  scene  with  Philto.  Char- 
mides  (Mr.  F.  T.  Barrington-Ward)  was  the  best 
of  the  old  men,  but  Philto  as  the  complacent 
father  deserves  notice,  as  does  the  Sycophant, 
who  wore  a  mushroom  hat  and  Arabian  trousers. 
Megaronides  and  Callicles  were  creditable,  but 
dressed  too  much  alike.  The  epilogue  contained 
plenty  of  smart  hits  couched  in  the  usual 
classical  form.     One  notable  line  was  :  — 

Nescioquid  maius  nascitur  Austinide, 
and  "  Ranji  "  was  praised  in  Latin,  probably  for 
the  first  time. 


The  monotony  of  the  dullest  season  in  the 
year  was  rudely  disturbed  by  the  assassination 
of  Mr.  William  Terriss  outside  the  Adelphi 
Theatre  on  the  evening  of  the  16th.  There  is 
no  need  to  say  more  concerning  an  incident 
which,  sad  as  it  is,  furnishes,  when  stripped  of 
adventitious  trappings,  an  exhibition  of  squalid 
and  morbid  vanity.  Things  of  the  sort  happen 
occasionally  to  ruffle  the  surface  of  life,  apt  with- 
out them  to  seem  tame  and  colourless.  More  than 
enough  publicity  is  given  to  incidents  of  this 
class  by  the  publications  which  thrive  on  sen- 
sation.    William  Charles  James  Lewin,  other- 


wise Terriss,  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of 
George  Lewin,  barrister,  and  the  nephew,  on 
his  mother's  side,  of  George  Grote.  He  was,  it 
is  stated,  born  in  London  in  1849,  was  a  blue- 
coat  boy,  subsequently  educated  at  Windermere 
College  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  was 
for  a  short  time  in  the  royal  navy.  These 
statements,  most  of  them  printed  in  the 
'Dramatic  List,'  are  not  supported  by  the 
'  Alumni  Oxonienses '  of  Mr.  Foster.  Mr. 
Terriss  began  in  October,  1867,  his  theatrical 
career  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre,  Bir- 
mingham. He  appeared  in  London  at  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  Theatre,  under  the  Bancroft  manage- 
ment, in  Robertson's  'Society,'  and  went  to 
Drury  Lane  and  elsewhere.  His  name  appears 
to  be  given  indifferently  at  the  outset  as  William 
Terriss,  Walter  Terriss,  and  W.  H,  Ter- 
riss. In  the  intervals  between  his  successive 
appearances  he  made  experiments  in  tea- 
planting,  sheep  -  farming,  &c.,  but  decided  at 
length  to  stick  to  the  stage.  Doricourt  in  '  The 
Belle's  Stratagem  '  was  played  by  him  at  the 
Strand  250  times.  After  playing  Julian  Peveril 
in  '  Peveril  of  the  Peak  '  and  many  other  parts, 
he  won  recognition  at  the  Court  as  Squire 
Thornhill  in  '  Olivia,'  a  part  he  repeated  at  the 
Lyceum.  At  the  Haymarket  he  played  Capt, 
Absolute,  and  at  the  Lyceum  Chateau-Renaud  in 
'The  Corsican  Brothers,'  Sinnatus  in  'The  Cup,' 
Cassio,  Mercutio,  Romeo,  &c.  During  late  years 
he  has  been  most  closely  associated  with  the 
Adelphi,  His  best  performance  was  as  William 
in  'Black-Eyed  Susan,'  He  kept  to  the  end 
his  slim  figure,  his  handsome  face,  and  his 
gallant  bearing,  and  remained  an  ideal  repre- 
sentative of  Adelphi  melodrama.  There  was 
not  much  subtlety  or  psychology  about  his  per- 
formance, but  he  was  extremely  popular  with 
the  gods,  Mr,  Terriss  leaves  behind  him  on  the 
stage  a  son  and  a  daughter, 

Alphonse  Daudet  was  a  fairly  prolific 
dramatist.  His  contributions  to  the  stage 
consist  of  '  La  Derniere  Idole,'  a  one-act  comedy 
written  in  conjunction  with  Ernest  Le'pine 
(Manuel),  Odt^on,  February  4th,  1862;  '  Les 
Absents,'  one  act  (music  by  Poise),  Op^ra 
Comique,  October  26th,  1864  ;  '  L'CEillet  Blanc  ' 
(with  Lepine),  one  act,  Comedie  Frangaise, 
April  8th,  1865;  '  Le  Frere  Ain^,'  one  act, 
Vaudeville,  December  18th,  1867  ;  '  Le  Sacri- 
fice,' three  acts.  Vaudeville,  February  11th, 
1869;  'Lise  Tavernier,'  five  acts,  Ambigu, 
January  29th,  1872  ;  '  L'Arl^sienne  '  (music  of 
Bizet),  Vaudeville,  September  30th,  1872  ; 
'  Fromont  Jeune  et  Risler  Ain^  '  (with  Belot), 
five  acts.  Vaudeville,  September  18th,  1876  ; 
'  Le  Char  '  (with  P,  Arene,  music  of  Pessard), 
Opdra  Comique,  January  18th,  1878;  'Le 
Nabab '  (with  Pierre  Elzear),  five  acts.  Vaude- 
ville, January  30th,  1880;  'Jack'  (with 
Lafontaine),  five  acts,  Od^on,  January  11th, 
1881 ;  '  Les  Rois  en  Exil '  (with  P,  Delair),  five 
acts.  Vaudeville,  December  12th,  1883  ;  '  Sapho ' 
(with  Belot),  five  acts,  Gymnase,  Decem- 
ber 18th,  1885;  '  Numa  Roumestan,'  five  acts, 
Od^on,  December  16th,  1887  ;  '  La  Lutte  pour 
la  Vie,'  five  acts,  Gymnase,  October  31st,  1889; 
'L'Obstacle,'  four  acts,  Gymnase,  December 
27th,  1890 ;  and  '  La  Menteuse  '  (with  L^on  Hen- 
nique),  three  acts,  Gymnase,  February  4th,  1892, 
A  volume  of  his  '  Theatre  '  was  issued  in  1880, 

In  the  speech  of  farewell  made  by  Mr, 
Forbes  Robertson  at  the  close  of  his  season  at 
the  Lyceum,  the  announcement  was  made  that 
'Hamlet'  would  be  played  early  in  the  new  year 
in  some  principal  German  cities. 

Mr.  E.  Terry  will  appear  at  Terry's  in 
February  in  '  The  White  Knight '  of  Mr.  Stuart 
Ogilvie.  His  company  will  include  Miss  Annie 
Hughes,  Misses  Esm^  and  Vera  Beringer,  and 
Mr.  Abingdon, 

To   CORRFSPONDENTS— W.  W.— E.  D.  E.— T.  H.-L.  D.  E. 
— L.  D.  B.— received. 

ErraUm.—Trio.  3660,  p.  859,  col.  2,  Mathematical  Sov.ets, 
line  5,  for  "  Mr.  F.  Hardcastle  '  read  AJiss  /•'.  HardciaVe. 


N°3661,  Dec.  25/97 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


897 


LAWRENCE  &  BULLEN'S  NEW  GIFT-BOOKS. 


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The  Mill  Pool.     EDWAED  FAHEY. 
Sable  Antelopes.     ARCHIBALD  THORBURN. 
Grizzly  Bear.     EDWARD  CALDWELL. 
Black  Game.     ARCHIBALD  THORBURN. 
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CALDWELL. 

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"The  first  far-away  echo"  (Fox).     ARCHIBALD 
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Gazelles.     J.  G.  MILLAIS. 

Wild  Goose.     ARCHIBALD  THORBURN. 

Homing  Pigeons.    J.  G.  KEULEMANNS. 

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898 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°36G1,  Dec.  25, '97 


m     H     E  A      T      H      E      N      ^      U      M 

inal  of  Englis-h  and  Foreipn  Litorature,  Science, 


ry     H     E 

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Fall  of  Harald  Hardraua,'  'Old  Beiibow,'  '  Marston  Moor,' and  'Corporal 
John.'  the  soldier's  name  for  the  famous  Duke  of  Marlborough,  wliich  is 
a  specially  good  ballad.  'Queen  Eleanor's  Vengeance  is  a  vividly  told 
story.  Coining  to  more  modern  times,  'The  Deeds  of  Wellington,' 
'  Inkermann.'  and  '  Balaklava '  are  excellently  well  said  and  sung.  As  a 
book  of  ballads,  interei-ting  to  all  who  have  British  blood  in  their  veins. 
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SONGS  for  SAILORS. 

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Daily  A>ic.«.— "  Very  spirited." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.—"  Iteally  admirable." 

Morning  Advertiser  —"Sure  of  a  wide  popularity." 

John  Bttll.—"  Very  successful." 

MetropoUinn.—"  Instinct  with  patriotic  flre. 

IlluUrated  Ijondon  News.—"  Right  well  dfine." 

Newst  of  the  ir^Wt/.— "There  is  real  poetry  in  these  songs." 

3/fn-or.— "  With  admii'able  felicity  he  embodies  national  sentiments 
and  emotions  which  stir  the  hcai-ts  of  the  pe<iple." 

J^Wio—"  These  songs  are  literally  written  for  sailors,  andthey  are 
precisely  the  kind  of  songs  that  sailors  most  eBJoy" 

Nonconformist  —"These  songs  bear  a  true  literary  mark,  and  give  out 
the  genuine  rin?  " 

Examiner. — •'Full  of  incident  and  strongly  expressed  sentiment,  and 
having  a  simple,  dashing,  musical  roll  ami  movement  that  reminds  us 
of  some  songs  that  are  favourable  with  all  sailors,  and  the  touches  of 
humour  he  introduces  are  precisely  of  the  kind  that  they  will  relish." 

i^cotsman.—'- lir     Hennett's   heart  is  thonmglily   in   his   work All 

spirited  and  vigoious.  There  is  a  healtliy.  manly,  fresh-air  dash  about 
them  which  ought  to  make  thfin  popular  with  the  class  for  whose  use 
and  pleasure  they  ai'e  designed." 

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mantle  of  Dibdin  " 

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I>r.  iJennett  as  a  popular  song-writer.  In  his  volume  of  sea  songs  we 
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object  in  this  cf)mpreliensive  yet  inexpensive  work.  This  gem  deserves 
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Subjects : — 


English,  Irish,  and  Scottish  History. 

The  Plagues  of  1605  and  1625— Wolves  in  England- 
Prices  in  the  Middle  Ages — Execution.«  of  1745— The 
"Meal  Tub  Plot"— Episcopacy  in  Scotland  —  English 
Roman  Catholic  Martyrs— Hereward  le  Wake— Hiding- 
Places  of  Charles  II.— Where  did  Edward  II.  die?— 
Battle  between  Armies  of  Suetonius  and  Boadicea  — 
William  III.  at  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne— '  The  Green 
Bag"— Confidential  Letters  to  James  II.  about  Ireland- 
Anne  Boleyn's  Heart— Hubert  de  Burgh— Henry  Martin 
the  Regicide — Lord  Hussey  and  the  Lincolnshire  Re- 
bellion. 

Biography. 

Luis  de  Camoens  —  Thomas  Bell — Cromwell — William 
Penn— Nell  Gwynne— Coleridge— Curll  the  Bookseller- 
Sir  John  Cheke— Gibson,  Bishop  of  London— Thorpe  the 
Architect— Sir  Richard  Whittington— Charles  Wolfe. 

Bibliography  and  Literary  History. 

Shakspeariana— Chap- Book  Notes— "  Adeste  Fideles"— 
"The  Land  of  the  Leal"— John  Gilpin— '  Reynard  the 
Fox' — "Lead,  kindly  Light" — Rabelais— London  Pub- 
lishers of  18th  Century— The  Welsh  Testament  — The 
Libraries  of  Balliol,  All  Souls',  Brasenose,  and  Queen's 
Colleges,  Oxford— Key  to  '  Endymion '—Early  Roman 
Catholic  Magazines— Stuart  Literature— The  Libraries  of 
Eton,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge—"  Dame  Europa" 
Bibliography  — Unpublished  Letters  of  Dr.  Johnson— 
"Rock  of  Ages"— 'Eikon  Basilike  Deutera '—William 
of  Tyre— Bibliography  of  Skating- 'The  Book '—Notes 
on  the'Religio  Medici' — Authorship  of  the  'Imitatio' 
—Tristram  Shandy— Critical  Notes  of  Charles  Lamb. 

Popular  Antiquities  and  Folk-lore. 

Slavonic  Mythology —  Folk-lore  of  Leprosy  —  Lycan- 
thropy— North  Italian  Folk-lore  —  Friday  unlucky  for 
Marriage— West  Indian  Superstitions—"  Milky  Way  "— 
Folk-lore  of  Birds— Feather  Superstition— Medical  and 
Funeral  Folk-lore. 

Poetry,  Ballads,  and  Drama. 

The  Drama  in  Ireland— '  Tom  Jones'  on  the  French 
Stage—'  Auld  Robin  Gray  '  — '  Harplngs  of  Lena  '— 
MS.  of  Gray's  '  Elegy  '—The  '  Mystery  '  of  8.  Panta- 
leon— Rogers's  'Pleasures  of  Memory'— "  Blue  bonnets 
over  the  Border" — Swift's  Verses  on  his  own  Death- 
Tennyson's  'Palace  of  Art'— Ballad  of  'William  and 
Margaret'  —  The  Australian  Drama  — Poem  by  J.  M. 
Neale  —  Shelley's  'Ode  to  Mont  Blanc'  — Hymns  by 
Chas.  Wesley— '  Cross  Purposes'— Tennyson's  'Dream 
of  Fair  Women '— '  Logie  o'  Buchan.' 

Popular  and  Proverbial  Sayings. 

"To  rule  the  roast "—"  Licked  into  shape "—"  Bosh  " 
—Joining  the  majority— Up  to  snuCf— "To  the  bitter 
end  "—Conspicuous  by  his  absence  — Play  old  Goose- 
berry-"The  grey  mare  is  the  better  horse"— Bred 
and  born  — Drunk  as  David's  sow — Cut  oft  with  a 
shilling— Tin==money— Getting  into  a  scrape. 


Philology. 

Tenuis  —  Puzzle  —  Rickets — American  Spelling — Snob— 
Jolly—Boycotting—Argosy— Jennet — Bedford  —  Maiden 
in  Place-names— Deck  of  Cards— Masher— Belfry — Brag 
—Bulrush  —  Tram  —  Hearse  —  Whittling  —  Beef -eater  — 
Boom — At  bay. 

Genealogy  and  Heraldry. 

The  Arms  of  the  Popes— Courtesy  Titles— Rolls  of  Arms 
—Book-plates— Earldom  of  Mar- Arms  of  the  Bee  of 
Tork— Fitzhardinges  of  Berkeley— Heraldic  Differences 
—  Barony  of  Valoines  —  Colonial  Arms  —  Earldom  of 
Ormonde— The  Violet  in  Heraldry- Arms  of  Vasco  da 
Gama- Seal  of  the  Templars— Earldom  of  Suffolk. 

Fine  Arts. 

Hogarth's  only  Landscape— The  'Hours'  of  Raphael— 
Rubens's  'Daniel  and  the  Lions'  — Early  Gillrays— 
Retzsch's  Outlines— Portraits  of  Byron— Velasquez  and 
his  Works— Tassie's  Medallions— Copley's  'Attack  on 
Jersey.' 

Ecclesiastical  Katters. 

The  Revised  Version— Pulpits— The  Episcopal  Wig— 
Vestments— Temporal  Power  of  Bishops— Easter  Sepul- 
chres-Canonization—The  Basilican  Rite— The  Scottish 
Office— Tulchan  Bishops— Seventeenth  Century  "  Indul- 
gence"- The  "Month's  Mind"  — Clergy  hunting  in 
Scarlet — The  Irish  Hierarchy— Libraries  in  Churches- 
Lambeth  Degrees— Fifteenth  Century  Rood-screens- 
Franciscans  in  Scotland— Bishops  of  Dunkold— Prayer- 
Book  Rule  for  Easter— Fur  Tippets— The  Church  in  the 
Channel  Isles— Metrical  Psalms— Order  of  Adminis- 
tration. 

Classical  Subjects. 

'  Persii  Satirae  '—Roman  Arithmetic— The  Alastor  of 
Augustus—"  Acervus  Mercurii "— "  Vescus  "  in  Georgics, 
iii.  175— Oppian— Juvenal's  Satire  ii.— Transliteration  of 
Iliad  1.— Aristophanes'  '  Rans '— Bimplicius  on  Epic- 
tetus— Tablet  of  Cebes— Imitative  Verse— "Felix  quem 
faciunt,"  &c. 

Topography. 

Grub-street— Porta  del  Popolo—"  Turk's  Head  "  Bagnio 
—The  Old  Corner  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral— Thames 
Embankments— Statue  in  Brasenose  Quadrangle— Middle 
Temple  Lane— Ormond-street  Chapel— Roman  Villa  at 
Bandown— Ashburnham  House— Carew  Castle— Rushton 
Hall,  Westenhaugh— Welton  House. 

Miscellaneous. 

Christian  Names— Election  Colours— Buried  Alive— O.  K. 
—Ladies'  Clubs— Zoedone— Berkeley-square  Mystery- 
Wife  Selling— The  Telephone— Scrutin  de  Liste— Croco- 
dile's Tears— Jingo— The  Gipsies— Hell-Fire  Club— Tarot 
—Tobacco  in  England— Sea  Sickness  unknown  to  the 
Ancients— Names  of  American  States— Carucate— Female 
Soldiers  and  Bailors— Mistletoe— Giants— Jewesses  and 
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post  8vo.  5s.  each.  

CORPUS    POETARUM    LATINORUM,    a    se 

aliisque    denuo    recognitorum    et     brevi    lectionum  varietate    instructorum,    edidit 
JOHANNES  PERCIVAL  POSTGATE.    Tom.  I.  quo  contineutur  Ennius,  Lucretius, 
Catullus,  Horatius,  Vergilius,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  Ovidius.    Large  post  4to.  21s.  net. 
Or  in  Two  Parts,  paper  wrappers,  9s.  net  each. 
*j(*  The  above  is  the  first  volume  of  the  New  Edition  of  the  '  Corpus  Poetarum  Latin- 

orum,"  which  has  been  in  preparation  for  several  years.    The  whole  will  be  completed  ir  .< 

four  parts,  making  two  volumes.  

BOOK  SALES  of  the  YEAR  1897.    Containing- 

a  Detailed  Description  of  all  the  most  important  Books  sold  at  Auction,  with  th»; 
Names  of  the  Purchasers  and  the  Prices  realized.  With  Complete  Indexes  of  Name 
and  Subjects,  and  General  Introduction  and  Notes.  By  TEMPLE  SCOTT.  Pott  4to 
prluted  on  antique  laid  paper  at  the  Chiswick  Press.    Edition  limited.    15s.  net. 

*#*  A  few  Copies  of  Vols,  for  1895  and  1896  left,  at  15s.  net  each. 


DICTIONARY  of  the  FRENCH  and  ENGLISH 

LANGUAGES.    By  F.  E.  A.  GASC.    A  New   Edition,  reset  in  New  Type,  and  con- 
siderably Enlarged.     Small  4to.  12s.  6d. 


THE  ONLY  AUTHORIZED  AND  COMPLETE  "  WEBSTER." 

WEBSTER'S  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY. 

2118  pages.    3,500  Illustrations.    Medium  4to.  cloth,  31s.  6rf. 

In  addition  to  the  Dictionary  of  Words,  with  their  Pronunciation,  Alternative  Spelling, 
Etymology,  and  Various  Meanings,  illustrated  by  Quotations  and  numerous  Woodcuts, 
there  are  several  valuable  Appendices,  comprising :— Noted  Names  of  Fiction  ;  a  Brief  His- 
tory of  the  English  Language  ;  a  Dictionary  of  Foreign  Quotations,  Words,  Phrases, 
Proverbs,  &c. ;  a  Biographical  Dictionary  with  10,000  Names,  &c. 

"A  thoroughly  practical  and  useful  Dictionary." — Standard. 

"  A  magnihcent  edition  of  Webster's  immortal  Dictionary."— DaiZy  Telegraph. 

"  We  recommend  the  new  '  Webster '  to  every  man  of  business,  every  father  of  a  family, 
every  teacher,  and  almost  every  student— to  everybody,  in  fact,  who  is  likely  to  be  posed  at 
an  unfamiliar  or  half-understood  word  or  phrase."— Si.  James's  Gazette. 

Prospectuses,  with  Specimen  Pages,  on  application. 


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4 


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Agents  lor  Scotland,  Messrs.  Bell  &  Bradtute  and  Mr.  John  Menr.ies,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  Peccmber  25,  1897. 


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